Glimpses of Glory: John Bunyan and English Dissent 9781503620254

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Glimpses of Glory John Bunyan and English Dissent

Glimpses of Glory JOHN BUNYAN AND ENGLISH DISSENT

Richard L. Greaves

Stanford University Press Stanford, California 2002

Stanford University Press Stanford, California © 2002 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford junior University Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Greaves, Richard L. Glimpses of glory : john Bunyan and English dissent I Richard L. Greaves. p. em. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN o-8047-4530-7 (acid-free paper) 1. Bunyan, john, 1628-1688. 2. Christianity and literature-EnglandHistory-17th century. 3. Dissenters, Religious-England-History-17th century. 4· Authors, English-Early modern, 1500-1700-Biography. 5· Christian literature, English-History and criticism. 6. Dissenters, ReligiousEngland-Biography. 7· Bunyan, john, 1628-1688-Religion. 8. Dissenters, Religious, in literature. 9. Christian biography-England I. Title. PR3332.G66 2002 828'407-dc21

2001055039

This book is printed on acid-free, archival-quality paper. Original printing 2002 Last figure below indicates year of this printing: n w ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ oo Typeset at Stanford University Press in w!I3 Minion

Frontispiece: John Bunyan, by Robert White. ©Copyright The British Museum

TO JUDITH

for sharing and enriching life's pilgrimage

Preface

John Bunyan first attracted my attention in 1962 when I commenced doctoral studies at the University of London under the direction of the incomparable Geoffrey F. Nuttall. Although my scholarly interests have ranged rather widely since that time, I have repeatedly been drawn back to this fascinating seventeenth-century author. Over time some of my views about him have changed, partly because of the work of other scholars, and partly as a result of my research in the puritan, separatist, and nonconformist traditions and 'radical' activity and thought during the late seventeenth century. My assessment of his theological principles, however, has not altered. Nevertheless, as I observed in 1992, the Bunyan to whom I was introduced in the early 1960s changed rather dramatically in the ensuing years. In many ways this biography represents the fruits of nearly four decades of research and reading about early modern Britain. Two friends and colleagues, Jim Forrest and Ted Underwood, urged me to write this biography, and I hope the result in some small way meets their expectations. In this book I employ current psychological research on major depressive episodes and dysthemia to analyze Bunyan. This represents a substantive change in my thinking about him, for I had long regarded Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners as little more than a work that was heavily shaped by other spiritual autobiographies, albeit one that rose above its contemporaries in the quality and intensity of its writing. A gift from Robert and Lili Zaller in November 1990, William Styron's chilling Darkness Visible: A Memoir of Madness, unexpectedly revealed numerous experiences similar to those described by Bunyan. Intrigued, I began reading recent studies of clinical depression, all the while reflecting on and rereading Grace Abounding. Although the use of psychology to study people who have long been deceased is fraught with difficulty, it is a valuable, almost an indispensable tool for biographers, and I have therefore cautiously used it in this work. Bunyan's contemporaries certainly knew about depression, which they typically termed melancholy. In fact, in some circles it was a fashionable and

viii

PREFACE

probably feigned malady, but obviously that does not negate its reality for others. Those who have plunged into the black depths of seemingly interminable despair will probably recognize a fellow sufferer in Bunyan. I am not suggesting that he experienced depression throughout his life, but the evidence points quite strongly to episodes in the 1650s and again in the early 166os. I have attempted to indicate how this probable illness affected his writing, including his classic, The Pilgrim's Progress. Other scholars, such as Josiah Royce, William James, and Esther Harding, have seen evidence of psychological problems in Bunyan, and Vera Camden and Vincent Newey have commented perceptively on this topic. That Bunyan should have used the insights he gained from this illness so effectively in his writings is a tribute to his literary talent. He not only survived depression, but triumphed over it by creatively utilizing his experience in his work. This biography also differs from its predecessors in another way, for I have provisionally dated the composition of virtually all Bunyan's writings, including those published posthumously, something that has never been attempted in toto. The only exceptions are two broadsides, Of the Trinity and a Christian and Of the Law and a Christian, both of which are probably undatable. I emphasize that the dates I suggest, which are based on internal and external evidence, are provisional, and I offer them as a basis for additional research and modification as appropriate. Dating the posthumously published works is possible only in a relatively detailed history of nonconformity, particularly in the period from 1672 until Bunyan's death in 1688. As far as possible, it is essential to recreate a sense of what he would have learned about the treatment of dissenters, especially on his trips to London, and this I have attempted to do. Although many biographies of Bunyan have been written, this is the first to deal with all of his works in the context of his life and the broader world of nonconformity. Most biographers have mistakenly ignored his minor works, including those that were posthumously published, but these offer invaluable insights into his beliefs and his response to the struggles of dissent to withstand persecution. As every Bunyan scholar knows, his letters have apparently not survived, and, unlike Richard Baxter and John Owen, references to him in the correspondence of others are rare. We are also handicapped by the apparent loss or destruction of the legal records for the borough of Bedford from 1660 to 1700, including presentments, depositions, recognizances, and jail lists, though such documents, with gaps, exist for the county. Without the borough records, the persecution of Bunyan's congregation cannot be fully reconstructed In 1988 Christopher Hill remarked that he and I, starting from different perspectives, had reached similar views of Bunyan. In certain respects this assessment is correct, for the Bunyan that emerges in this biography, fully rooted in his historical context, is very different than the one portrayed in the classic biography

PREFACE

IX

by John Brown more than a century ago, or in the fine study by Michael Mullett, who concluded that "the authentic Bunyan may actually be closer to the Victorian version," "a Protestant man for all seasons." Although there is much to admire in Mullett's biography, I disagree with such a portrayal. Over the years various fellowships and grants have facilitated my research. Two recent ones-a resident fellowship at the Rockefeller Center in Bellagio, Italy, and a John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship-were particularly crucial for this book. I am also indebted to the fine archivists at the following libraries: the Bedfordshire and Luton Archives, Bedford; the Bodleian Library, Oxford; the British Library; the Cambridge University Library; the Corporation of London Record Office; Dr. Williams's Library, London; the Friends' Library, London; the Guildhall Library, London; the Henry E. Huntington Library; the Inner Temple Library, London; the London Metropolitan Archive; the Nottingham University Library; and the Public Record Office, London. During the past four decades I have learned much about Bunyan from my colleagues in the field, and this book is heavily indebted to their research and stimulating ideas. It was my good fortune to have known the leading Bunyan scholars of the late twentieth century, particularly Roger Sharrock, Jim Forrest, Christopher Hill, and Michael Mullett. My debt to Roger, who invited me to edit four volumes in the Oxford edition of Bunyan's works, is particularly substantial. My colleagues in that endeavor-Ted Underwood, J. Sears McGee, Graham Midgley, Owen Watkins, and Bob Owens-have advanced Bunyan studies substantially by their· expert editorial work. My successors as president of the International John Bunyan Society, Neil Keeble and Vera Camden, have taught me a great deal, as has John Knott. Paul Seaver, Ted Underwood, and Vera Camden read drafts of the full manuscript and offered perceptive criticism; the shortcomings that remain are, of course, my responsibility. Earlier in my career I was assisted by Gordon Tibbutt and Joyce Godber. Geoffrey Nuttall, whose friendship I deeply cherish, has provided invaluable counsel over the years. Among others whose scholarship and friendship have meant a great deal are Sharon Achinstein, Jacques Alblas, Robert Collmer, Michael Davies, David Gay, Tim Harris, Dayton Haskin, Mark Knights, Anne Laurence, Roger Pooley, Greg Randall, Laura Rosenthal, Eileen Ross, Jonathan Scott, Ken Simpson, Stuart Sim, Dewey Wallace, Robert Zaller, and Arlette Zinck. Amid the stunning beauty of Bellagio, Eileen Higham engaged in helpful discussions about the mood disorder we call depression. Stanley Carpenter answered a variety of questions about military practices in the 1640s, and Donald Foss, dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at Florida State University, has been very supportive. Once again it has been a genuine pleasure to work with Dr. Norris Pope, Editorial Director of Stanford University Press, and John Feneron.

X

PREFACE

I am deeply grateful for the support and encouragement of my family, especially my mother, my daughters Sherry and Stephany, and my son-in-law, Michael Zaic. My debt is especially great to my wife Judith, who has shared life's pilgrimage, making it so much richer and meaningful. To her I offer these lines from John Donne: If our two loves be one, or thou and I Love so alike that none do slacken, none can die.

R.L.G.

Contents

Abbreviations

1.

XV

Prologue

1

The Early Years

3

"My Heighth ofVanity": Bunyan's Youth, 4 "Kill, Kill, Was in Mine Ears": Bunyan in the Military, 11 "The Religion of the Times": Early Religious Influences, 21 2.

Spiritual and Psychological Crisis

30

"An Exceeding Maze": The Struggle with Despair, 31 "To Jayne in Fellowship": John Gifford and the Bedford Church, 61 "Thred-bare at an Ale-House": The Ranter Challenge, 67 3. The Young Preacher

75

"A New Upstart Sect": Bunyan and the Quakers, 75 "These Dangerous Rocks": Sectarian Ferment, 88 "Scalding Lead": Professional Clergy and the Rich, 96 "Two Covenants in Their Right Places": Pulpit Theology, 103 "Inchantments, and Witchcrafts": Quakers and Witches, 115 "Throw Away All Thy Own Wisdome": Pulpit Controversy, 121 4· Confronting Persecution "Sweetly in the Prison": Arrest, Trial, and Appeal, 130 "Holding Fast the Good": The Early Prison Years, 146 "Gospelly Good": Christian Behaviour, a Last Testament, 161

s.

Millenarian Expectations

127

173

"Out of Babylon": The Return of the Holy City, 176

"Now Is the End Come": The Last Judgment, 189 "Read My Lines": Poetry and the End Times, 199 "A Drop of Honey": Autobiographical Reflections, 207 6. Charting the Pilgrimage "The Way He Runs": The Christian Life as Metaphor, 211 "Against Our Religion": The Setting of The Pilgrim's Progress, 216 "Whither Must I Fly?":

210

CONTENTS

Xll

The Pilgrimage, 227 "As I Pull'd, It Came": Inspiration and Experience, 229 "By Dint of Sword": Persecution and Allegorical Warfaring, 243 "Turn up My Metaphors": Interpreting the Allegory, 252 7· The Anvil of Debate

266

"A Strict Separation": Church Membership and Communion, 271 "Like an Eel on the Angle": Edward Fowler and the Debate about Justification, 278 "Escape the Prison": Freedom, 286 "Union and Communion Among the Godly": The Baptismal Controversy, 291 "Cumber-ground Professors": Prophetic Admonitions, 301 "Shie ofWomen": The Agnes Beaumont Episode, 309 8. Evangelical Concerns

313

"Anathematised of God": Enemies of the Faith, 317 "Wholsome Medicine": Teaching the Basics, 323 "Holy-day Saints": Damned Professors, 328 "Venture Heartily": Preaching Grace, 334 "What Chaines So Heavy?": Evangelical Outreach, 341

9. Popery's Long Shadows

355

"This Day of Jacobs Trouble": The Popish Plot and the Godly, 356 "Good Coin in the Best ofTryals": A Sense oflmpending Danger, 366 "0 Debauchery, Debauchery": Restoration Society and the Reprobate, 374 "The Drum in the Day of Alarum": England in Crisis, 390 10.

HolyWarfare

401

"The Alarm of War": The Campaign to Repress Dissent, 403 "New Modelling the Town": Efforts to Control the Boroughs, 411 "Blood, Blood, Nothing but Blood": The Plot of The Holy War, 414 "If Thou Wouldest Know My Riddle": Interpreting the Allegory-Soteriology and Personal Experience, 419 "Things of Greatest Moment Be": Millenarian and Historical Concerns, 426 "Turn the World Upside Down": Challenging Unregenerate England, 433

n. The Struggle with Evil

439

"Tyranny of the Antichristian Generation": Antichrist and the ToryAnglicans, 443 "Vipers Will Come": Maintaining Priorities amid Political Turmoil, 452 "The Rage of the Enemy": Battling Persecution, 455 "A Place to Fight and Wrestle in": Repudiating Iniquity, 470 12.

Nonconformity and the Tory Backlash

479

"To Set You Right": Defining Women's Place, 480 "Kiss the Rod": Survival and the Ethic of Suffering, 485 "To Friends, Not Foes": A Return to The Pilgrim's Progress, 498 "His Own Executioner": The Suicide ofJohn Child, 515 "The Christians Market-day": Repulsing the Seventh-day Sabbatarians, 519 13. Facing a Catholic Monarch "These Pretended Righteous Men": Denouncing Hypocritical, Persecuting Conformists, 530 "God's Iron Whip": Seeking Hope Amid Persecution, 535 "Catching Girls and Boys": Homely Rhymes and Poetic Diversions, 538

526

CONTENTS

"Take Shelter": Christ as Refuge, 548 The Church in the Wilderness, 554

XJll

"Sack-cloth, Tears and Affliction":

14. Toleration Renewed: Bunyan's Final Months "Liberty ... to Eat Freely": Dissent and the Lure of Toleration, 565 "Watchman, Watchman, Watch": Reinforcing the Faithful, 573 "A Voice from the Throne": Grace as a River, Christ as an Advocate, 580 "Where Promises Swarm": The Quest for Jerusalem Sinners, 588 "Ah! Pride, Pride!": A Transcript of the Heart, 594

Epilogue

601

"Ah Goodman Bunyan!": A Retrospect, 601 "To Every Place": Bunyan and His Pilgrims Through the Ages, 610 "As Fancy Leads the Writers": Bunyan's Literary Reputation, 619

Appendix: Provisional Dating of Bunyan's Publications Bibliography of Primary Sources Index of Biblical References General Index

637 643

661 665

Abbreviations

Add. MSS

Additional Manuscripts

Arber, Term Catalogues

Edward Arber, ed., The Term Catalogues, 1668-1709, 3 vols. (London: For the Author, 1903-6)

Arber, Transcript

Edward Arber, A Transcript of the Registers of the Company of Stationers of London; 1554-1640 A.D., 3 vols. (London and Birmingham: n.p., 1913-14)

Awakening Words, ed.

Awakening Words: John Bunyan and the Language of Community, ed. David Gay, James G. Randall, and Arlette Zinck

Gay, Randall, and Zinck

(Newark: University of Delaware Press; London: Associated University Presses, 2000) Backscheider

Paula R. Backscheider, A Being More Intense: A Study of the Prose Works of Bunyan, Swift, and Defoe (New York: AMS Press, 1984)

Baxter, Calendar

Calendar of the Correspondence of Richard Baxter, ed. N. H. Keeble and Geoffrey F. Nuttall, Press, 1991)

BDBR

2

vols. (Oxford: Clarendon

Biographical Dictionary of British Radicals in the Seventeenth Century, ed. Richard L. Greaves and Robert Zaller, 3 vols. (Brighton: Harvester Press, 1982-84)

BL

British Library

BLA

Bedfordshire and Luton Archives

BM

John Bunyan, The Life and Death of Mr. Badman, ed. James F. Forrest and Roger Sharrock (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988)

Brown

John Brown, John Bunyan (1628-1688): His Life, Times, and Work, ed. Frank Mott Harrison (London: Hulbert, 1928)

BS

Bunyan Studies: John Bunyan and His Times

Bunyan, ed. Collmer

Bunyan in Our Time, ed. Robert G. Collmer (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1989)

xvi

ABBREVIATIONS

Bunyan, Works (1692) John Bunyan, The Works of That Eminent Servant of Christ, Mr. John Bunyan, ed. Charles Doe (London, 1692)

Calamy Revised

A. G. Matthews, Calamy Revised (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1934)

Capp,FMM

B. S. Capp, The Fifth Monarchy Men: A Study in SeventeenthCentury English Millenarianism (London: Faber and Faber, 1972)

CB

The Minutes of the First Independent Church (now Bunyan Meeting) at Bedford 1656-1766, ed. H. G. Tibbutt, PBHRS, 55 (1976)

CJ

Journals of the House of Commons

CLRO

Corporation of London Record Office

CSPD

Calendar of State Papers, Domestic

CUL

Cambridge University Library

Damrosch, GP

Leopold Damrosch, Jr., God's Plot and Man's Stories: Studies in the Fictional Imagination from Milton to Fielding (Chicago: University

DNB

Dictionary of National Biography

DWL

Dr. Williams's Library, London

Foxe, Acts and

Monuments

John Foxe, The Acts and Monuments of John Foxe, ed. George Townsend, 8 vols. (New York: AMS Press, 1965)

Frye, GMS

Roland Mushat Frye, God, Man, and Satan: Patterns of Christian

of Chicago Press, 1985)

Thought and Life in Paradise Lost, Pilgrim's Progress, and the Great Theologians (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1960) GA

John Bunyan, Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, ed. Roger Sharrock (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962)

GL

Guildhall Library, London

Greaves, DUPE

Richard L. Greaves, Deliver Us from Evil: The Radical Underground in Britain, 166o-1663 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986)

Greaves, EUHF

Richard L. Greaves, Enemies Under His Feet: Radicals and Nonconformists in Britain, 1664-1677 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1990)

Greaves,/B

Richard L. Greaves, John Bunyan (Appleford, Abingdon, Berkshire: Sutton Courtney Press, 1969)

Greaves, !BEN

Richard L. Greaves, John Bunyan and English Nonconformity (London: Hambledon Press, 1992)

Greaves, SDK

Richard L. Greaves, Secrets of the Kingdom: British Radicals from the Popish Plot to the Revolution of 1688-1689 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992)

Greaves, SR

Richard L. Greaves, Saints and Rebels: Seven Nonconformists in Stuart England (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1985)

ABBREVIATIONS

XVII

Harris, LC

Tim Harris, London Crowds in the Reign of Charles II: Propaganda and Politics from the Restoration until the IJ ·elusion Crisis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987) "

Harris, PULS

Tim Harris, Politics Under the Later Stuarts: Party Conflict in a Divided Society, 1660-1715 (London: Longman, 1993)

Hill, TPM

Christopher Hill, A Tinker and a Poor Man: John Bunyan and His Church, 1628-1688 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989)

HMC

Historical Manuscripts Commission, Reports

HW

John Bunyan, The Holy War, ed. Roger Sharrock and James F. Forrest (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980)

JBHE, ed. Laurence, Owens, and Sim

John Bunyan and His England, 1628-88, ed. Anne Laurence, W. R. Owens, and Stuart Sim (London: Hambledon Press, 1990)

Jeaffreson

Middlesex County Records, ed. John Cordy Jeaffreson, 4 vols. (London: Middlesex County Records Society, 1886-92)

John Bunyan, ed. Keeble

John Bunyan, Conventicle and Pamassus: Tercentenary Essays (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988)

Keeble, LCN

N.H. Keeble, The Literary Culture of Nonconformity in Later Seventeenth-Century England (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987)

Knott, DM

John R. Knott, Discourses of Martyrdom in English Literature, 1563-1694 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993)

Knott, SS

John R. Knott, Jr., The Sword of the Spirit: Puritan Responses to the Bible (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980)

Lacey

Douglas R. Lacey, Dissent and Parliamentary Politics in England, 1661-1689 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1969)

Lindsay

Jack Lindsay, John Bunyan: Maker ofMyths (London: Methuen Publishers, 1937)

LJ

Journals of the House of Lords

LMA

London Metropolitan Archive

Luther, Galatians

Martin Luther, A Commentary on St. Paul's Epistle to the Galatians, ed. PhilipS. Watson (Cambridge: James Clarke and Co., 1953)

Luttrell

Narcissus Luttrell, A Brief Historical Relation of State Affairs from September 1678 to April1714, 6 vols. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1857)

Luxon

Thomas H. Luxon, Literal Figures: Puritan Allegory and the Reformation Crisis in Representation (Chicago: University of ChicagoPress, 1995)

xviii

Minute Book, ed. Parsloe

ABBREVIATIONS

The Minute Book of Bedford Corporation, 1647-1664, ed. Guy Parsloe, PBHRS, 26 (1949)

Morrice

Roger Morrice, "Entr'ing Book, Being an Historical Register of Occurrences from April, Anno 1677 to April1691," DWL

Mullett, ]BC

Michael Mullett, John Bunyan in Context (Keele, Staffordshire: Keele University Press, 1996)

MW

John Bunyan, The Miscellaneous Works of John Bunyan, general editor, Roger Sharrock, 13 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976-94)

NUL

Nottingham University Library

Owen, Works

John Owen, The Works ofJohn Owen, D.D., ed. William H. Gould, 16 vols. (London: Johnstone and Hunter, 1850-53)

PBHRS

Publications of the Bedfordshire Historical Record Society

Pepys

Samuel Pepys, The Diary of Samuel Pepys, ed. Robert Latham and William Matthews, n vols. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970-83)

Pilgrim's Progress,

The Pilgrim's Progress: Critical and Historical Views, ed. Vincent

ed. Newey

Newey (Totowa, NJ: Barnes and Noble, 1980)

Plomer,DBP

Henry R. Plomer, A Dictionary ofthe Booksellers and Printers . .. 1641 to 1667 (London: Bibliographical Society, 1907)

from Plomer,DPB

Henry R. Plomer, A Dictionary of Printers and Booksellers . .. 1668 to 1725 (Oxford: Bibliographical Society, 1922)

from pp

John Bunyan, The Pilgrim's Progress from This World to That Which Is to Come, ed. James Blanton Wharey and Roger Sharrock (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1960; reprinted with corrections, 1967)

PRO,SP

Public Record Office, London, State Papers

"Relation"

John Bunyan, "A Relation of the Imprisonment of Mr. John Bunyan," ad cal. Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, ed. Roger Sharrock (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962)

Sharrock, JB

Roger Sharrock, John Bunyan (London: Macmillan; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1968)

Sim and Walker

Stuart Sim and David Walker, Bunyan and Authority: The Rhetoric of Dissent and the Legitimation Crisis in SeventeenthCentury England (Bern: Peter Lang, 2ooo)

Spurr, RCE

John Spurr, The Restoration Church of England, 1646-1689 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991)

Stachniewsky

John Stachniewski, The Persecutory Imagination: English Puritanism and the Literature of Religious Despair (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991)

ABBREVIATIONS

Swaim

xix

Kathleen M. Swaim, Pilgrim's Progress, Puritan Progress: Discourses and Contexts (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1993)

Talon

Henri Talon, John Bunyan: The Man and His Works, trans. Barbara Wall (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,

Tindall

William York Tindall, John Bunyan: Mechanick Preacher (New York: Columbia University Press, 1934)

Underwood, PRL W

T. L. Underwood, Primitivism, Radicalism, and the Lamb's

1951)

War: The Baptist-Quaker Conflict in Seventeenth-Century England (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997)

Glimpses of Glory John Bunyan and English Dissent

Prologue

On 12 November 1660 John Bunyan, having been warned that he faced arrest if he preached to a small group in an obscure Bedfordshire hamlet, refused to be deterred. "Resolved to see the utmost of what [the magistrates) could say or do" to him, he began the service with prayer, only to be interrupted by a constable who took him into custody.' In the weeks and months that followed, he firmly declined the opportunity to be released in return for a promise to cease preaching and devote himself to his brazier's craft. He made this decision notwithstanding the psychological and financial burden on his pregnant wife Elizabeth, his blind ten-year-old daughter Mary, and the latter's three younger siblings. He knew too that his defiance could lead to banishment and, if he subsequently returned to England, the hangman's noose, a fact that weighed heavily on his mind. For refusing to yield to the government, he paid a terrible penalty: The child his wife was carrying died when she went into premature labor upon news of his arrest, and during an imprisonment of more than eleven years he had only a minimal taste of the joy of family life. Resolved not to sacrifice his convictions, he remained adamantly opposed to the Church of England throughout his career, even when ecclesiastical authorities incarcerated him a second time. For a while the government succeeded in silencing his voice, but he utilized his years in prison to hone his writing skills, transposing his message from the pulpit to the press and lashing out at the established church as antichristian, pharisaical, and alien to the gospel. If prison was the crucible in which his faith was tested, the dissenting tradition provided him with spiritual sustenance and a sense of community, particularly in its struggles to survive persecution by a repressive state seeking to impose religious uniformity. '"Relation," 106.

2

PROLOGUE

Still, the Bedford jail was but an external dungeon for Bunyan, who, long before the prison doors closed on him, endured the prison of his own mind. Especially as a young man he battled an equally insidious if unseen foe-the pervasive, interminable waves of black despair that washed over him, plunging him into inky depths from which escape was seemingly all but impossible.

CHAPTER 1

The Early Years

Of his ancestry Bunyan says only that, as many knew, he was descended from "a low and inconsiderable generation," his "fathers house being of that rank that is meanest, and most despised of all the families in the Land." He referred as well to the "meanness and inconsiderableness" ofhis parents, neither of whose names he bothered to record (GA, §2), and he asked the readers of his third book, A Few Sighs from Hell, or, the Groans of a Damned Soul (1658), to embrace his teachings notwithstanding his "low and contemptible descent in the world" (MW, 1:248). He was born in a cottage on the eastern border ofElstow, near the hamlet ofHarrowden, in November 1628. The register of the Elstow parish church records that the minister, John Kellie, christened him on 30 November, and that he was the son of Thomas Bonnionn, Jr. Bunyan's mother was Thomas' second wife, Margaret, daughter of William Bentley and his wife Mary (nee Goodwin). On his father's side Bunyan's ancestors were emphatically not among the most despised families in England, for five generations earlier, in 1542, William Bonyon held part of the manor of Elstow from Henry VIII. William's son Thomas, described as a laborer, sold part of this land in April1548, probably because he, like so many others, was confronted with mounting inflation and shortages of cattle and dairy products. Economic hardship seems to have forced this Thomas off the land to earn a living as a victualer and brewer. 1 Did the Bunyan family remember this event as they gazed on land that had once been theirs?' Could smoldering resentment have helped to motivate Bunyan's seething condemnation of "drunk1 Brown, 22-24, 32, and the genealogical chart between 20 and 21; Victoria County History, Bedfordshire, 3:279; Paul Slack, "Social Policy and the Constraints of Government, 1547-58," in The Mid- Tudor Polity, c. 1540-1560, ed. Robert Tittler and Jennifer Loach (Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1980), 95. 'The family name was attached to various property in the Elstow area, including Bonyon's End and two fields known as "Bunyans" and "farther Bunyans." Brown, 23-24.

THE EARLY YEARS

4

en[,] proud, rich, and scornful Landlords" in 1658? Was the family's past misfortune in his mind when he wondered if landlords "would not bear the burden of the ruine of others for ever?" (MW, 1:316). Bunyan's grandfather, Thomas Bunyon, grandson of Thomas the victualer, was a petty chapman, an itinerant trader who marketed his wares in local villages and probably Bedford itself. At one point he owned nine acres, but he too sold some of the family lands. Yet he was hardly indigent, for he possessed enough goods to warrant a will, the executor of which was Thomas Carter of Kempston, a "loveinge and Kind Friend" as well as a member of the gentry. In the will, made in November 1641, he bequeathed a cottage to his wife, £5 to his daughter, 6d. each to his grandchildren (including John Bunyan), and the remainder of his goods to his wife. This Thomas manifested a degree of popular anticlericalism, for in October 1617 he had been cited in an ecclesiastical court for calling churchwardens "forsworne men."' He may have bequeathed more than material possessions, for his grandson imbibed the anticlerical spirit, castigating "filthy blind Priests" in 1658 and wondering how many souls they had destroyed "by their ignorance, and corrupt doctrine" (MW, 1:314). "My Heighth ofVanity" 4 : Bunyan's Youth The son of Thomas the chapman, also named Thomas Bonyon, described himself as a brazier, a term that included pewterers as well as tinkers. The family's slide down the social scale continued, for Thomas' cottage, with its single hearth, was not subject to the hearth tax in 1673-74. In fact, Thomas lived in one of the humbler abodes in Elstow, where thirty-six of the sixty-one homes had two or more hearths.' Like his father, Thomas apparently could not write, but he too left a will, signing with a mark, as had his father. 6 Clearly, he was not destitute, nor was he a godly man, for Bunyan later recalled that he did not "learn me to speak without this wicked way of swearing" (GA, §27). Yet Bunyan seems to have loved his father and by 1663 was hoping for his conversion. In Bunyan's tract, Christian Behaviour, the advice he offered to godly children whose parents were unregenerate must have reflected his own relationship with his father at that time: "Speak to them wisely, meekly, and humbly; do for them faithfully without repining; and bear, with all child-like modesty, their reproaches, their railing, and evil speaking." What a joyous occasion it would be, he reflected, if God used children to teach their fathers to believe (MW, 3:39-40). 'Ibid., 27-28.

•cA, §u. 'Brown, 33· 6 lbid., 28, 293·

THE EARLY YEARS

5

Although Bunyan's parents were not godly, they, like many others among the lower orders, valued education/ sending him to school to learn reading and writing. In his spiritual autobiography, Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, he downplays his learning, claiming to have attained this knowledge "according to the rate of other poor mens children," and even to have forgotten the little he had learned (§3). This, of course, is obviously untrue. In addition to boasting that he had never studied Plato or Aristotle (MW, 2:16), he later sneered at boys who attend "the Latin School; they learn till they have learned the grounds of their Grammar, and then go home and forget all" (MW, 13:91). If he briefly attended such a school, this contempt may reflect his own experience. Observing that even Bunyan's earliest writings display an ability to write coherently and grammatically, Roger Sharrock plausibly concluded that he may have attended grammar school for a time.• If so, he distanced himself from its curriculum, preferring to link classical philosophy and its embodiment in medieval scholastic thought with the traditional divines in the Church of England. In A Few Sighs from Hell he damns such clerics because they "nuzzle up [their] people in ignorance with Aristotle, Plato, and the rest of the heathenish Philosophers, and preach little, if any thing of Christ rightly" (MW, 1:345). An adherent of the basic Protestant tenet that Scripture is understandable to the perspicacious reader enlightened by the Holy Spirit, Bunyan was keenly sensitive to any appearance that he relied on human learning to acquire biblical understanding. As late as 1675 he was at pains to aver his total dependence on the Bible: I have not writ at a venture, nor borrowed my Doctrine from Libraries. I depend upon the sayings of no man: I found it in the Scriptures of Truth, among the true sayings of God. (MW,8:51)

This, too, was an exaggeration, for, as we shall see, he learned from other Protestant authors. The point to make here is simply that he would not have wanted his readers to attribute his teachings to a grammar-school education, if indeed he received one. His ability to read Martin Luther's meaty commentary on Galatians suggests an educational level above that of a petty school. At the very least, Bunyan built on the rudimentary education he obtained in a petty school by teaching himself the writing and expository skills necessary to publish. After 1660 he also acquired a degree of legal knowledge on his own; inA. Sharpe, Early Modern England: A Social History, 1550-1760 (London: Edward Arnold, 1987), 272-75; Margaret Spufford, "First Steps in Literacy: The Reading and Writing Experiences of the Humblest Seventeenth-Century Autobiographers," Social History 4 7 }.

(1979): 407-35·

'Roger Sharrock, "'When at the first I took my Pen in hand': Bunyan and the Book," in John Bunyan, ed. Keeble, 74·

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deed, as early as 1659 he was referring to such legal terms as praemunire and "replieve" (i.e., bail), perhaps as the result of knowledge gained from his earliest legal difficulties (MW, 2:139). Prior to his marriage he concentrated his reading on ballads, newspapers, and medieval romances probably acquired from chapmen or at the market in nearby Bedford! In an autobiographical passage in A Few Sighs from Hell, he recalled his earlier reading preferences: "Alas, what is the Scripture, give me a Ballad, a Newsbook, George on horseback, or Bevis of Southampton, give me some book that teaches curious arts, that tells of old fables" (MW, 1:333). His reference to manuals on "curious arts" presumably reflects an early interest in alchemy or witchcraft, and he probably read the story of St. George in Richard Johnson's The Most Famous History of the Seven Champions of Christendome (1596) (1:400). A medieval chivalric romance, Bevis of Southampton tells of a hero who, as a slave, refused to worship his masters' false deity Apoline, and then went on to command an army, escape from a dungeon, repulse two lions in a cave, defeat a thirty-foot giant, invade England, and take vengeance on his father's murderer, who had married his dastardly mother. Perhaps remembering how much he had once enjoyed this tale, Bunyan would include a giant, a dungeon, the monster Apollyon, and lions in The Pilgrim's Progress. Rather than forgetting what he had learned, he became an avid reader. Bunyan provides another valuable clue about his early life and development when he describes his boyish nightmares. As an adult he attributed these terrifying experiences to his youthful propensity to swearing, blasphemy, and lying. Yea, so setled and rooted was I in these things, that they became as a second Nature to me; the which, as I also have with soberness considered since, did so offend the Lord, that even in my childhood he did scare and affright me with fearful dreams, and did terrifie me with dreadful visions. For often, after I had spent this and the other day in sin, I have in my bed been greatly afflicted, while asleep, with the apprehensions of Devils, and wicked spirits, who still, as I then thought, laboured to draw me away with them; of which I could never be rid. (GA, §5)

Judging from the research of specialists on children's dreams, the "dreadful visions" Bunyan describes can be provisionally dated to his pre-adolescent years, that is, ages n to 13. Children's nightmares primarily occur during this period and in two earlier ones, namely, 1V2 to 2 1/2 and 4 to 6. 10 Because children's nightmares someMargaret Spufford, Small Books and Pleasant Histories: Popular Fiction and Its Readership in Seventeenth-Century England (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1981), 7· 11'Ava L. Siegler, "The Nightmare and Child Development: Some Observations from a Psychoanalytic Perspective," in The Nightmare: Psychological and Biological Foundations, 9

ed. Henry Kellerman (New York: Columbia University Press, 1987), 199, 211. However, an older study undertaken at the University of California, Berkeley (1954), found that the incidence of disturbing dreams declined at ages 9 and 10, and were rare at ages 11 to 14.

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times focus on monsters that threaten to take them away, the origins of Bunyan's dreams may lie in an earlier period, but the content as he depicts the nightmares in Grace Abounding points to his pre-adolescent years. This is confirmed by his recollection that during the same period he was "greatly afflicted and troubled," both day and night, with the specter of the day of judgment and the prospect of spending eternity with "Devils and Hellish Fiends" in the fires of hell. Writing in his late thirties, Bunyan thought these fears and nightmares had occurred when he was about 9 or 10; they were clearly a defining experience in his youth (GA, §§6-7). Either he erred by several years in his dating (which is possible) or he was somewhat atypical in experiencing nightmares at this point in his life. Psychologists have identified numerous triggers for nightmares, including the death of or separation from a family member, parental abuse, sexual molestation, febrile illness, daytime fears, verbal threats, and concerns associated with physical development, such as puberty's onset." Within a short period, Bunyan lost his mother (died 20 June 1644), his sister Margaret (buried 24 July 1644), and his half-brother Charles (buried 30 May 1645), 12 but these tragedies significantly postdated the onset of his nightmares. An overzealous preacher, a religious broadside, or a printed sermon may have triggered Bunyan's terrifying dreams. He makes it clear that his nightmares were recurrent, which suggests, according to psychologists, that they originated in a time of stress. Such dreams typically cease when the problem that caused the stress is resolved. 13 To aver that Bunyan experienced severe nightmares is not to suggest that he was psychotic. Such experiences can be carried over into one's waking hours, as happened to Bunyan, without causing a regression in the ego's ability to function. The danger nightmares pose occurs when those having them lose the ability while awake to test the dreams' reality. "The ego's capacity to maintain dream-reality distinctions in the face of intense conflict and anxiety is a hard-won strength and is subject to regression and disruption throughout childhood and adult life." 14 As Cited in Ernest Hartmann, The Nightmare: The Psychology and Biology of TerrifYing Dreams (New York: Basic Books, 1984), 28-29. 11 Franklin D. Raddock, "Nightmares, Problem Sleep, and Peculiar Bedtime Behavior in Children," in The Nightmare, ed. Kellerman, 135; John E. Mack, Nightmares and Human Conflict (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1970), 214. 12 Brown, genealogical chart between 20 and 21. 13 G. William Domhoff, "The Repetition of Dreams and Dream Elements: A Possible Clue to a Function of Dreams," in The Functions of Dreaming, ed. Alan Moffitt, Milton Kramer, and Robert Hoffmann (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993), 29899; Domhoff, Finding Meaning in Dreams: A Quantitative Approach (New York: Plenum Press, 1996), 195-97. ' 4 Mack, Nightmares and Human Conflict, 32.

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we shall see, Bunyan's tortured conversion experience was almost certainly colored by the recurrence of his pre-adolescent nightmares. When this happened, his current anxiety became associated with his childhood fears, at which point he confronted his old nemesis, the Devil, "not as the competent person [Bunyan] may actually have become, but as the small and helpless child surrounded by a world of ... dangerous forces that he perceives in much the same way as he did in the earlier period when they confronted him daily with his powerlessness." 15 The key to understanding the great drama that dominates Grace Abounding is partly situated in Bunyan's childhood nightmares. Bunyan's experience with nightmares may be linked to both his later bouts with depressed moods and his unquestionable creativity. According to Ernest Hartmann, "depression often appears to be associated with an increase of nightmares."'6 Moreover, depressed people are significantly more likely to have dreams with a masochistic content than other individuals. Such content includes critical representations of the self, with the dreamer exaggerating his or her negative characteristics, much as Bunyan does in Grace Abounding. It can also embrace discomfort, failure to attain goals, disappointment, and lack of affection, all of which are characteristic of Bunyan's psychological turmoil." Masochistic themes are common in the nightmares of people suffering from moderate depression, whereas those experiencing deep depression have nightmares focusing on helplessness or hopelessness.'" This is not to suggest that nightmares trigger depression, but that depressed individuals are more prone to nightmares than most other people. Sufferers of frequent nightmares tend to be creative people with an ability to depict their dreams in unusually real terms. They also are typically expressive, likely to have extrasensory experiences, and sensitive to both the inner and the outer worlds,'• as Bunyan certainly was. Hartmann has depicted such people as having "thin boundaries," by which he means permeable or fluid distinctions lbid., 212. '6Hartmann, The Nightmare, 35; cf. 66-67. Here I refer to depression in a general sense. Chapter 2 includes a substantive discussion employing clinical terminology. "Carolyn Winget and Milton Kramer, Dimensions of Dreams (Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, 1979 ), 84-85; Domhoff, Finding Meaning in Dreams, 35-37. 18 Anthony Shafton, Dream Reader: Contemporary Approaches to the Understanding of Dreams (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995), 323. ' 9 Harry Fiss, "The 'Royal Road' to the Unconscious Revisited: A Signal Detection Model of Dream Function," in The Functions of Dreaming, ed. Moffitt, Kramer, and Hoffmann, 404-5; Domhoff, "The Repetition of Dreams," 301; Ernest Hartmann, Boundaries in the Mind: A New Psychology of Personality (New York: Basic Books, 1991), 192-96; Hartmann, The Nightmare, 129; Mack, Nightmares and Human Conflict, 93-99. 15

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between dreaming and waking, fantasy and reality, past and present, ordinary sensory experience and extrasensory experience, and oneself and others.'" The boundaries are important to the work of creative people who have to be open to new ways and be able sometimes to see things in two ways at once. They must be especially sensitive and open to their inner world and often the outer world as well. 21

The formation of thin boundaries, according to Hartmann, commences in early childhood and is the result of both genetic and environmental factors." Those who develop thin boundaries become "painfully sensitive to, and in danger from, their own wishes and impulses as well as demands or threats from the world outside."23 Bunyan's nightmares, his profound waking fear of eternal damnation, and his creativity, taken together, point to thin boundaries. So, too, does the fact that his adolescent years, as characterized in Grace Abounding, were stormy and difficult, and that he later suffered from depressed moods. 24 Unfortunately, Bunyan provides little information about his adult nightmares. So deep was his despair as a boy that he wished there had been no hell or that he could have been "a Devil" capable of tormenting others rather than being tormented, but "these terrible dreams" finally ceased, and he forgot them. "My pleasures did quickly cut off the remembrance of them, as if they had never been," he later wrote (GA, §§7-8). The nightmares resumed as religious concerns began to weigh heavily on his mind sometime after his marriage, apparently triggering the recollection of his troubling boyhood dreams. Recalling his spiritual struggle in his late thirties, he provided only hints of his dream world, but the turmoil he experienced clearly affected his sleep. At times he could not "lie at rest or quiet" (GA, §165). The temptation "to sell and part with Christ" assaulted him as he lay in bed one morning, possibly after a troubled night. Overwhelmed with "great guilt and fearful despair," he arose and went "moping" into a field (§§13940). He was overcome with this temptation, he says, for a year, during which time he "was not rid of it one day in a month, no not sometimes one hour in many dayes together" unless he was asleep (§133). Hartmann, The Nightmare, 136-37; Hartmann, Boundaries in the Mind, 20-48. Fiss regards Hartmann's theory as "highly speculative ... [but) extremely intriguing, because it all points toward a fundamental property of human nature whose importance has so far been insufficiently appreciated." "'Royal Road'," 405. 21 Hartmann, The Nightmare, 129. For a more general discussion of the link between dreams and creativity, see Anthony Stevens, Private Myths: Dreams and Dreaming (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995), 278-91. "Hartmann, The Nightmare, 130, 157; Hartmann, Boundaries in the Mind, 111-21. 23 Hartmann, The Nightmare, 158. 24 Cf. ibid., 35, 66-67. 20

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Near the end of his spiritual travail, when Bunyan found substantial solace in the Pauline promise of justification by grace, he likened this experience to that of a person who has "awakened out of some troublesome sleep and dream" (§258). Manifestly, he was speaking from recent experience. In the midst of his struggle, he attained momentary comfort one evening from a biblical insight (Jeremiah 31:3), following which he went to sleep. When he awoke, apparently having slept well, he recalled the previous evening's experience. The fact that he remembered this occurrence more than a decade later suggests the importance he attached during his travail to a night's sleep framed with positive religious thoughts (§190). When at last the spiritual struggle was over, he slept well: "That night was a good night to me, I never had but few better; ... I could scarce lie in my Bed for joy, and peace, and triumph, thorow Christ" (§263). Apart from the nightmares that had such an important role in shaping his experiences, Bunyan had relatively little to say about his youth. When he wrote Grace Abounding many years later, he depicted his youthful deeds in highly deprecatory terms. Prior to his marriage he claims to have been "the very ring-leader of all the Youth that kept me company, into all manner of vice and ungodliness" (§8). He offers no details, but admits that his offenses, had he been apprehended, would have rendered him subject to legal punishment. Although he liked to swear (§258), he may also have imbibed alcohol too freely or perhaps enjoyed sexual intimacy with one or more village maidens. Of such matters we can only speculate. He had an adventurous spirit, as exemplified when he stunned a venomous adder with a stick, forced open its mouth, and extracted a fang (§12). Although he could "sin with the greatest delight and ease" and take pleasure in his friends' evil ways, his conscience troubled him, especially when he saw others read books on Christian piety; this sight, he recalled, "would be as it were a prison to me"-an interesting analogy inasmuch as he was incarcerated when he wrote this passage. As a boy he palpably had at least a shallow understanding of what such works contained and probably sampled some himself. He was troubled as well when the ostensibly pious acted wickedly, particularly a religious man who swore, causing Bunyan's "heart to ake" (§§1o-n). Thus the boyish Bunyan, troubled for several years by horrendous nightmares, struggled with his conscience even as he flaunted the laws in pursuit of sensual pleasures. A self-described ringleader of free-spirited youth, he also found time for reading. As for so many other young people in the early 1640s, his boyhood abruptly ended when he entered military service. Here, perhaps for the first time, he would learn discipline, and here too he would be exposed to the teachings of religious dissidents who challenged the prevailing tenets and practices of the Church of England.

THE EARLY YEARS

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"Kill, Kill, Was in Mine Earsm5: Bunyan in the Military When civil war erupted in England during the summer of 1642, Bunyan was thirteen years old, but on or shortly before his sixteenth birthday he enlisted or was conscripted into one of the armies. The evidence for his service in a parliamentary garrison is persuasive. The muster rolls for the garrison at Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire, list John Bunnion (or Bunion) as a member of Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Cokayne's company from 30 November 1644 through 8 March 1645; the rolls prior to this period are not extant. In December 1644 Cokayne's company numbered 128 "Centinells" (privates) in addition to officers. Although the muster rolls for this company terminate on 8 March 1645, Bunyan's name appears with sixty-six others on the rolls for the company of Major Robert Bolton between 21 April and 27 May of the same year. The principal muster rolls for this company do not survive after this period, but Bolton's company was not disbanded until September 1646.26 Bunyan was not legally liable for military service until he reached his sixteenth birthday in November 1644, though he may have volunteered before this. In mid-October 1643 royalist forces of Prince Rupert occupied Bedford and Newport Pagnell in an attempt to compel the earl of Manchester to divert troops from his Lincolnshire campaign. Rupert's move cut Parliament's line of communication to the north and threatened the Eastern Association. From their Newport base, which Sir Lewis Dyve commanded, royalist parties launched raids into Cambridgeshire and Hertfordshire. On the 27th, Dyve retreated after the earl of Essex ordered troops from London under the command of Major-General Philip Skippon to advance on Newport Pagnell. Parliamentary soldiers led by Colonel Thomas Tyrell occupied Newport on the 28th, and the Eastern Association secured Bedford with 6oo horse. Fighting continued in the area, as on 4 November when forces from Newport and Northampton engaged royalists near Olney, Buckinghamshire. The youthful Bunyan would have witnessed or heard about these events and perhaps been inspired to volunteer." "HW, 3· 26 Anne Laurence, "Bunyan and the Parliamentary Army," in JBHE, ed. Laurence, Owens, and Sim, 19-20. Bolton was raising a company in late January 1645, at which time officers in other units were transferring some of their men to him. Bunyan, however, was in Cokayne's company until at least 8 March. The Letter Books 1644-45 of Sir Samuel Luke: Parliamentary Governor of Newport Pagnell, ed. H. G. Tibbutt (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1963), 424. 27 Clive Holmes, The Eastern Association in the English Civil War (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1974), 103, 105; Frederick William Bull, A History of Newport Pagnell (Kettering, Northants.: W. E. and J. Goss, 1900), 156-57; "The Papers of Sir Will.

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Bunyan probably became a member of the Newport garrison sometime after Sir Samuel Luke was appointed governor of the town on 25 January 1644. By 8 June Luke had a commission to raise 1,200 foot for the garrison, which was also supposed to have 300 horse, but inadequate finances and poor cooperation from the Eastern Association plagued his efforts. Four months later, he complained to Essex that he had fewer than 6oo troops in the town, and he wanted to enlist 500 more by the end of October. As he explained to his father, Sir Oliver Luke, MP for Bedfordshire, Sir Samuel hoped for a better response from that county, which was expected to pay £750 a month toward the garrison's maintenance; should these funds not materialize, troops from another region could be quartered in the county for its defense. (Indeed, the Committee of Both Kingdoms wanted Manchester to station more troops at Newport Pagnell during the winter.) By 16 November Bedfordshire was nearly £5,000 behind its its payments, though its contingent was 300 greater than the 225 required. These men, however, had completed their two months of service and were "importunate to be withdrawn," at least partly because the county had stopped paying them by 24 November. Three weeks earlier Sir Samuel had warned that without funds from Bedfordshire the soldiers faced starvation, and by month's end he feared mutiny." Between 12 October and 26 November 1644 Luke welcomed more than 200 foot, with Bunyan likely among them. He may have joined this garrison in part because of family connections; his paternal uncle Edward may have been the Edward Bynion who was the personal servant of Sir Samuel's father, Sir Oliver Luke. In any event, Sir Samuel found the new Bedfordshire contingent interesting; they "make a fair show and tell you strange things," he reported to his father.'• Was Bunyan's powerful imagination already at work relating strange tales? Boteler, 1642-1655," ed. Herbert Fowler, PBHRS 18 (1936): 3; A Letter from Colonell Harvie, to His Excellency Robert Earle of Essex (London, 1643), sigs. A2r-A4r; The Happy Successe of the Parliaments Armie at Newport and Some Other Places (London, 1643), sigs. A2r-A4v. "Luke, Letter Books, 22, 25, 27-28, 37, 54, 56, 74, 82, 84, 91, 94-95, 593; BL, Add. MSS 61,681, fol. mr; CSPD, 1644-45, 66; An Ordinance of the Lords and Commons Assembled in Parliament: For the Erecting and Maintaining of a Garrison at Newport-Pagnell (London, 1643), 1-3, 6; Bull, History, 160-61, 163. At £750 a month, Bedfordshire's assessment was the highest. Altogether the garrison was supposed to receive £4,000 each month. Through 1644 the parliamentary war effort relied heavily on the excise, which had been introduced the previous year, but beginning in 1645 the monthly assessment surpassed the excise as the primary source of funds. Local regiments and garrisons, and the New Model Army beginning in September 1645, sometimes had recourse to free quarter, but this was very unpopular with the inhabitants because it effectively meant double taxation. Ian Gentles, The New Model Army in England, Ireland and Scotland, 1645-1653 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992), 28-31. For Luke see BDBR, s.v. 29 Luke, Letter Books, 25, 96, 99 (quoted). For Edward Bynion see ibid., 186,438, 476.

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The conditions under which Bunyan served were grim, and morale must normally have been low, though such trying conditions probably increased the troopers' sense of camaraderie. The foot were fifteen days behind in their pay on 29 November, and few had money with which to purchase food or clothing. In the space of a week, fifteen files of musketeers, dismayed by the lack of pay, left the garrison. Notwithstanding the monetary problems, Luke continued his efforts to attain the assigned goal of 1,200 foot and 300 horse, which further exacerbated conditions. His second-in-command, Lieutenant-Colonel Cokayne, reported to the Bedfordshire Committee in January that the troopers were losing respect for their officers: "We having lived so long and wholly subsisted on our credits, ... are now become men of no reputation and of no command amongst our own soldiers." The men were pawning their clothes and "bands" for bread. By midJanuary no one had been paid for fourteen weeks, though the officers were assisting the troops with loans. Eight months behind in its payntents on 22 January, Bedfordshire bore a heavy share of responsibility for the dismal circumstances in which Bunyan served. By late January the townsfolk were refusing to house soldiers in their homes because the troops owed so much money. As space became a problem, soldiers slept "3 and 3 in a bed," and in one pathetic case, two soldiers shared a single pair of breeches, "so that when one was up, the other must of necessity be in his bed." The cavalry had neither boots for themselves nor horseshoes for their mounts, and Luke urgently requested muskets, pikes, and "horsearms"; 150 pairs of pistols and 150 backs and breasts had been sent in November. 30 The royalists tried to take advantage of these conditions after Charles received word on 26 January from supporters in Newport that at most 200 soldiers were in its garrison and that half the defensive works had collapsed. Only inclement weather prevented the king from mounting an assault on Newport, though the scare prompted Parliament to send £500 to Luke. 31 Because of the shortages in the garrison, two troops and a number of dragoons briefly mutinied in early February 1645, but still the wretched conditions continued. "The great arrears of the monthly tax in Bedfordshire have put our troopers so far behindhand here," complained Sir Samuel a few days later, "that we have been forced to eat up the inhabitants in these 3 hundreds that they neither have horsemeat for any, or corn for themselves to sow."" So scarce was food for Bunyan and his comrades that Luke constantly struggled to keep Eastern As30 lbid., 100, 106-7, 119, 121-22 (quoted), 124, 421-22, 6oo, 602; CJ, 3:699. For the problem of shortages of food and clothing for soldiers, see Charles Carlton, Going to the Wars: The Experience of the British Civil Wars, 1638-1651 (New York: Routledge, 1992), 95-97. 31 Weekly Account (29 January-5 February 1645). 32 Luke, Letter Books, 128-29, 134-35 (quoted); CSPD, 1644-45, 287, 319.

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sociation troops from foraging in the Newport area, and on one occasion he was even prepared to order his men to take up arms to prevent Manchester's soldiers from quartering at nearby Chicheley. 33 Clothing was in such short supply that some troopers had to borrow attire, while others had to remain in bed during the winter because they had no coats. Not surprisingly, the soldiers sought relief by seizing the money and sometimes even clothing from the growing number of royalist prisoners confined in the town. Relief finally came after Parliament learned of Charles' plans to attack Newport; the House of Commons sent £soo, and on 10 February the Lords approved an ordinance to strengthen the garrison. On the 22nd, the Committee of Both Kingdoms, noting the soldiers' "extreame necessity" and Newport Pagnell's dangerous condition, ordered the Bedfordshire Committee to pay arrears. To repair the town's defensive works, Luke requisitioned 6oo laborers and twenty-six carts from Bedfordshire. From Buckinghamshire came 100 loads of timber and 2,ooo poles, but the construction, though essential, further strained the garrison's meager resources. By March 1645, between 3,ooo and 4,000 workers were repairing the fortifications. 34 The dawning of spring found the garrison in which Bunyan served almost at full strength, with 1,ooo foot and 300 horse, but still facing staggering shortages. "The lamentations of the soldiers here," wrote Sir Samuel, "are so great through misery and want, that my pen is not able to express it." His best troop had weapons for only forty men, his cavalry lacked saddles and horseshoes, and his soldiers in general were still short of boots and attire. In April forty-one troopers protested to Sir Samuel that if they quartered in the countryside, the people would cut their throats to obtain relief when royalists approached. At Elstow fair the following month, violence erupted between some of Major Christopher Ennis' men and local folk, inciting fear as soldiers threatened to wreak vengeance. At this time Bunyan was serving in Bolton's troop, but his father may have been among the poor Elstow men whom the soldiers threatened. Relations with some of the local aristocrats were also tense as troopers from the Newport garrison hunted without permission in Salcey Forest, prompting a complaint from Sir Richard Samuel, and poached deer in Robert Lord Bruce's park. 3' Delays in receiving their money continued to plague Bunyan and his fellow troopers, causing the Newport Committee to protest in May about "the extreordinarie clamour of souldiers and work men for want of paie." So serious was the problem that Par"Luke, Letter Books, 79, 97, 117-18, 126, 136, 138, 413-14, 419. 34 Ibid., 201, 421, 6o6, 614; C], 4:70; L], 7:180, 184; BL, Add. MSS 61,682, fol. u; H. Roundell, "The Garrison of Newport Pagnell During the Civil Wars," Records of Buckinghamshire 2 (1863): 299-300,304-5. 3'Luke, Letter Books, 223, 236 (quoted), 246,514-15,544, 584; Hill, Tinker, 48.

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liament itself passed an ordinance in September 1645 to remedy the problem, although difficulties continued.36 Boredom and inactivity generally plagued garrison life, much of which was taken up with training and guard duty. Bunyan probably learned how to employ a musket, the use of which increased during the civil wars, especially as manufacturing costs fell. To be effective, muskets had to be fired at close range-near enough for a shooter to see the whites of his target's eyes-but they were unreliable, with a misfire rate of 12 percent (18 percent in wet weather). Bunyan may also have been equipped with a hand gun; in The Holy War only a shooter's poor aim saves Lord Understanding from being shot with a harquebus, a small-caliber firearm that required minimal training to use and was accurate up to a hundred meters. Bunyan certainly would have received training in the use of a sword. In warfare, "the shaking of a sword is fear'd," and Mansoul "saw the swords of fighting men made red." Bunyan may never have learned to use a pike, a somewhat cumbersome weapon that was between 16 1/2 and 18 feet in length, made of ash, and had an iron tip. Yet he would have at least observed its use, for the House of Commons directed that 150 pikes (and 250 muskets) be sent to the Newport garrison in June 1645 while Bunyan was almost certainly there. Judging from The Holy War, Bunyan found the sword more interesting than the pike, perhaps because the latter was only effective when used by well-ordered, sizable units, whereas the sword, at least in literary works, provided greater visual drama and opportunity for individual daring. In practical terms, swords and guns, not pikes, were needed to guard garrisons. The monotonous routine of drilling and guard duty was broken when troopers went on patrol in search of the enemy or to harass civilians who supported the other side. The danger in going on patrol should not be underestimated, for 47 percent of the estimated deaths that occurred in England during the civil wars happened in minor skirmishes and small-scale sieges. (Major sieges claimed 24 percent, and major battles, 15 percent.)" Although some biographers have assumed that Bunyan never participated in the fighting, this is not necessarily so. He may never have served in the small units that left Newport Pagnell to search for royalists, for these generally comprised only horse. With the rest of the garrison, he would have experienced the 36 BL, Add. MSS 61,682, fols. 23r (quoted), 27r, 79r; An Ordinance of the Lords and Commons Assembled in Parliament, for the Maintenance and Pay of the Garrisons of Newport Pagnel, Bedford, Lyn Regis (London, 1645). 37 HW, 4 (quoted), 61; Geoffrey Parker, The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500-1Boo (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 16-17; Carlton, Going to the Wars, 99-100, 152, 204, 206-7; C], 4:165. Three months earlier, in March 1645, the Commons had ordered pistols, carbines, and saddles for the cavalry at Newport. C/, 4:70.

16

THE EARLY YEARS

excitement when some of these parties returned with prisoners, as did those led by Captains Thomas Evans and Henry Andrewes in March 1645; the former brought back fifty captives and the latter seventeen. 38 Such scenes may have been in Bunyan's mind when he wrote the passage in The Holy War recounting how Lord Willbewill's company captured some of Captain Boanerges' soldiers and took them into Mansoul; "they had not lain long in durance, but it began to be noised about the Streets of the Town," much as news of Evans' and Andrewes' exploits would have circulated rapidly in Newport Pagnell (HW, 51-52). Occasionally, the foot left the garrison on military missions, as in January 1645 when the Committee of State ordered 300 of them to march to Farnham, Surrey. Although Cokayne protested to the Bedfordshire Committee that his men were unfit to do so, they went anyway. Commanded by Captain James Bladwell, they traveled via Aylesbury. Most were surprisingly cheerful, perhaps because the venture provided a change from the bleak existence at Newport and offered an opportunity to forage en route. Cokayne was able to supply them with at least fifty pounds of gunpowder, eight skeins of match, and 8oo bullets. 39 Troops from the Newport garrison became involved in two significant engagements in May and early June 1645-the parliamentary siege of Oxford and the royalist attack on Leicester. On 3 May the Committee of Both Kingdoms renewed its order commanding Luke to send 300 foot to Aylesbury where they and 400 foot from Northampton were to rendezvous with troops under Major-General Richard Browne and ultimately with Sir Thomas Fairfax's army. This left Luke with 500 men and concerns that more would leave at the harvest season. He therefore actively recruited new men, notwithstanding serious problems with the pay and support of those already in the garrison. Moreover, on 21 May he had to assign 100 foot to convoy money to Grafton Regis, Northamptonshire. 178, 586, 603-4; youth, 56, 9-10, 30, 204, 232, 593; nightmares, 69, 33, 46, 33; importance of sleep, 9-10, 53, 55, 57, 235, soz; military service, 11-21, 28-29, 417-19 -family relations: with his children, 1, 30, 34, 142, 175, 211, 546-48; with his second wife, Elizabeth, 1, 142-45, 175, 538; with his parents and stepmother, 4-5,335, 400; with his first wife, 30-31, 57

GENERAL INDEX

-and his imprisonments: arrest, interrogation, and trial (166o), 1, 131-37, 13942, 247-48; from 1660 to early 1666, 14245, 150-51, 159--62, 174-76, 19(}-91, 202-3, 210-11, 266--67; from late 1666 to 1672, 210-11, 218, 225, 267, 269, 287-88; warrant for second arrest, 313-14; second imprisonment (1676--77), 342-45 -personal aspects: legal knowledge of, s6, 143, 585; belief in witches, 6,115-21, 186, 255, 279, 319, 327, 365, 514; work ethic of, 97, 102, 603; personal allegations against, 285, 299, 309, 311, 326, 343-44, 346, 375, 408; physical description of, 6o1; deed of gift and death, 538, 598-99 -religious and psychological experience: in the period of turmoil, 7-8, 32-35, 4161, 174-76, 189, 208-9; later spiritual life, 208--9, 422, 552-53, 587, 595-96,597, 607; reflected in his allegorical works, 232-43, 421-25, 501-3, 602-3; other refs., 215, 290, 602 -importance oflight and darkness: in his period of spiritual and psychological turmoil, 43, 46, 52, 55, 6o; in his basic prose works, 112,165, 188--89,337,350, 453, 464--65; in his verse, 148, 201-2, 54546; in his allegories, 241-43, 423-24, 502-3 -importance of music and noise for, 101, 206, 354, 365, 424-25, 509--10, 544-45, 576--77, 607 -use of experience in his writings: in his basic prose works (to 1676), 99, no, 15354,162,188,190,207-9,336--37,339--40; in his verse, 148, 160, 201, 203-205; in his allegories, 230-43, 42o-25, 501-3; in his basic prose works (1677-88), 350, 399, 453,537,587,593,595--97,602 -possible influence on: by Thomas Ford, 21-22, 105; by William Erbery, 23, 105; by Paul Hobson, 24-25, 105, 155, 18o; by John Gibbs, 27-28, 105; by William Perkins, 212, 6os; by others, 32, 105--6, 147, 155-56, 176-77, 18o, 2oo, 229-30, 37576

-influence on: by Arthur Dent and Lewis Bayly, 31, 105, 230, 604, 607; by John Gifford, 34, 43-47 passim, 65, 105, 155, 273f; by John Dod and Robert Cleaver, 105, 604; by William, Dell, 124-25, 140, 155 -influence on, by Martin Luther: during his spiritual and psychological turmoil, 47-48, 234, 236, 240, 290, 604, 607; on his theology, 108-9, 123n, 283, 339, 398, 49495; on Pilgrim's Progress, 221, 234, 236, 245, 253, 512; other refs., 54n, 65, 105, 124, 350,353 -influence on, by John Foxe: during his imprisonment, 140, 154--60 passim, 178, 206, 215, 244f, 249; in his later works, 352-53, 370, 478, 495-96, sn, 558, 575; other refs., 98, 361, 6o4f -and perceived Ranters, 43,49-50, 67-77 passim, 96, 111, 187, 191-92, 214, 279 -and the Fifth Monarchists, 9o-93, 139, 298, 558--59, 587 -and the ministry: preaching (16sos), 5455, 56, 95--96, 104, 122; preaching (166os and 1670s), 212, 290--91, 337, 369--70; preaching (168os), 452, 534, 593, 594--95, 597-98; and the imposition of discipline, 93--94, 150, 218, 263, 269, 276, 302-304, 374-75, 576; and "pastoral Arminianism," 110-11, 149, 213, 331-32, 583; relations with other churches, 95, 182, 214, 277, 288, 291, 295--96, 478, s8o; and catechizing, 222, 323, 325-27; organizational work of, 286-89; calls for national repentance, 307-9, 329-30, 379, 396ff, 47677 -opposition to the Quakers: in the 1650s, 73, 75-88, 96, 101, 111, 115-21; in the 166os, 73-74, 166--67, 214, 262; in the 1670s, 279, 283, 319f, 330, 336; in the 168os, 73, 398 -and controversies: with Edward Burrough, 76--86, 101; with Thomas Smith, 121-23; with Edward Fowler, 260-61, 278-86, 320, 322, 326, 330, 339, 340-41; with William Penn, 279, 320, 322, 326,

GENERAL INDEX

339, 398; with Baptists, 291-301, 330, 336; with sabbatarians, SI9-2S -opposition to the Church of England: in the I66os, 133, 135, 150, 152-sS, 166-67; in his allegories, 2s7-6o, 365, 435, 512; in the I670S,276-77,279,284-85,308-9,32 0, 326, 330, 340-41, 363-64, 370; in the early I680S,448,454,465-66,476,496-97 ;in the late I680S, 53o---31, S35, S43, 554, 56o--62,S76,592,597;otherre~.,97-98,6o9

-opposition to Catholicism: during Charles II's reign (excluding allegories), I66,178,279,353,36I-62,370-72,447 -48, 465; in his allegories, 245-47, 434, 512-13; during James II's reign, 553-54, s6o, s8687,592 -opposition to Latitudinarians, 258f, 26061, 278-86, 319f, 330, 336, 398 -opposition to Socinians, 279f, 330, 398 -religious views of: on adiaphora, 136-37, 154, 166-67, 248, 330, 496-97; on Antichrist, 177, 181-89 passim, 446f, 448-51, 561; on the atonement, 79, 83, 319; on baptism, 95, l14-IS, 263, 273-75, 293-300 passim, 508-9, S76; on the Bible, 5, 44, 79, 98-99, 134, 141, 208-9, 272, 321; on the church (in allegories), 250-s1, 263, 507, 509; on the church (in other works), 183, 273-76,3o2-4,s6I-62,576,578-79;o n conscience, 81-83, 197, 204-5, 222, 22526, 247-49, 272, 275; on the covenants, 103-15 passim, 174, 348, 373, 588; on the day of grace, 44, nof, 162, 185, 194, 213, 302-5 passim, 348, 594; on death, 148-49, l95,205-6,238,240,30S-6,335.365, 38789; on doctrinal purity, 583-84; on faith, 77, 103, uoff, u4, 165, 283f, 331f, 551; on good works, 162-70, 172, 262, 302f, 339, 364-65; on grace, 25, 98, uof, 283, 336-37, 373, sSo, 581-82; on heaven, 188-89, 2023, 206, 240-41, 337; on hell, 9, 101-2, n2, 19of, 198-99, 201-2, 207, 337, 453-s4; on heresy, 84, 85-86, 140, 182, 247, 327,41920; on human nature, 196, 283, 419, 542; on justification, 83-84, 262, 273, 283-84,

326, 338-40, 532-33, 534, 551; on the last judgment, 122, 149, 190, 193-99, 257, 330; on the law (in sermons), 122, 332; on the law (in allegories), 262, 421; on the law (in other works), 83f, 108-9, u4, 197, 283, 339-40, 522ff, 587-88; on the Lord's supper,54,II4,263,274,296,507-8,509 ;on millenarianism, 18o-8I, 184-88, 426-28, 469, 523; on ministers, 187, 197, 578-79; on perseverance, UI-12 , 171-72, 262, 373, 420; on prayer, 136-37, 152-s9, 208, 251, 326, 531, 546; on predestination (in sermons), 103, 106,331-32, 335-36, 348-49, 598; on predestination (in other works), 83, 149, 173-74, 193-94, 261-62, 272-73, 327; on providence, 182, 350, 377-83 passim, 389, 494, 537; on purity of worship, 154-55, 276-77; on repentance, 194, 197, 213, 273, 284, 332, 336, 339, 388; on resurrection, 79-80, 81, 191-95, 262; on the sabbath, 32, 330, 519-25; on sanctification, 84, 230, 262, 284, 419f, 509, 534; on the Trinity, 29, 562; on the unpardonable sin (in Bunyan's experience), 46, 48-56, 290, 343; on the unpardonable sin (in his writings), no-u, 236, 319-20, 333, 467, 594; on the will, 213,331,349,373,453, 495; on the work of Christ, 56, So, 104, 263, 55o---55 passim, 584-85, 587, 592-93 -political views of: and James II's policy of toleration, s69-73, 574, 581, 590; on Charles II, 166, 248, 433-34, 44s-so passim, 467, 497, 510, SIS; on history, 181-88, 426-27, 428-32, 448-51; on James II, 53738, 590; on magistracy, 141, 273, 372, 492, S36, SSI; on monarchs (during Charles II's reign), 185-87,362-63,444-47, 449, 467, 492; on monarchs (during James II's reign), 536,573-74, 590; on obedience, 139-40, 141; on resistance (in the allegories), 249-52, 436-38, 5U-12, 6o8; on resistance (in other works to 168s), 272, 363-64,372,444-45,468,492,496-9 7;on resistance (in James II's reign), 5s8-6o, s73-74; on the Stuarts in general, 253,

GENERAL INDEX

444-45, 530; Whiggish views of, 395-97, 398,429-30,433-38 -social views of: on the aristocracy, 101, 142, 186, 253-54, 37o-71, 432, 513; oneconomic practices, 171, 255-56, 383-85, 43233; on human learning (in religion), 5, 77, 97, 123, 148, 285f, 320, 353; on human learning (and his formal lack of), 104-5, 177-78, 48o; on human learning (and his own knowledge), 105-6,574-75,586, 603-4, 606-7; on poor relief, 170, 364-65, 577, 579, 607; on popular culture, 102-3, 303; on race and ethnicity, 414-15n, 452; on Restoration society, 164, 252-57, 37887,389-90, 434-35; on sexual relations, 17of; on social conduct, 167-71, 477-78; on suicide, 57-58, 231, 234, 239, 388-89, 515-18 passim, 537; on swearing, 4, 10, 34, 41, 167,379, 382-83; on the role of women, 87, 167ff, 309-12, 469-70,480, 482-85, 503-7, 511, 579, 598; on wealth and poverty (in the allegories and Mr. Badman), 253-57, 379-80, 432-33, 513-13; on wealth and poverty (in Bunyan's other works), 96-101 passim, 148-49, 214-15, 364-65, 551-52, 579-80, 582, 607-8; on women's behavior, 87, 167ff, 469-70,503-7, su; on women's role in the church, 87,480, 482-85, 579; on women (Agnes Beaumont episode), 309-12; insensitivity to women,598 -on persecution: in the 1650s and 166os, 98, 149, 157, 159-61, 166, 182-83, 243-49; in the 1670s and early 168os, 361-62, 37173, 398ff, 448, 455, 466-69, 51o-13; in James II's reign, 536-37,543,546, sso-s1, 557-58, 559, 574, 581, 591; and the ethic of suffering, 166, 362f, 398, 469, 493-98 -London associations: in the 166os, 147, 150-51, 225; in the 1670s, 292, 296f, 31416, 318, 323, 328f, 337-38, 341, 347; and their influence on Mr. Badman, 374, 382, 386; in the early 168os, 404-9 passim, 437-42 passim, 452, 519; in the late 168os, 548, 585, 589-99 passim

-and contemporary politics: and the Popish plot, 358ff, 361-64, 395, 43o-31, 445; and Bedford politics, 411, 413-14; and the Rye House and Monmouth plotting, 462ff, 469, 473, 475-77, 489-92, 495, 510, 514-15 -relations with printers and booksellers: with Benjamin Alsop, 70n, 360, 410-11, 439, 451, 475, 484, 489, 639; with Matthias Cowley, 76, 78, 637; with Joan Dover, 152, 176, 637; with John Harris, 533, 640; with George Larkin, 409, 573, 591, 594f, 617, 637, 64of; with Dorman Newman, 360, 410, 439, 584, 586, 639f; with Nathaniel Ponder (in the 1670s), 219f, 226, 347, 360, 365, 638f; with Nathaniel Ponder (in the 168os), 360, 374, 413, 498f, 514, 539, 581, 639f; with Jonathan Robinson, 638, 641; with Francis Smith (in the 166os), 146-47,152,161, 176, 297, 637f; with Francis Smith (in the 167os), 271, 278, 289, 297, 323, 328, 335, 358ff, 638; with John Wilkins, 297, 638; with Ralph Wood, 96; with John Wright the younger, 70, 76, 78, 637; with M. Wright, 96 -writings of: use of typology, 44, 85,17981, 321-22, 464, 522-23, 555, 575-76; use of animals, birds, and other creatures, 47, 113-14, 204, 244-45, 333, 351-52, 453, 54144; style of, 86, 209, 219-20, 601; analogies and similitudes, 112-13, 180, 206-7, 340, 349, 35o-51; metaphors, 113-14, 21314, 215-16, 306, 321, 35G-51, 601; hermeneutics, 141, 178-81, 464, 522-23, 555-57, 574-75; use of verse, 147-50,159-61,199207,301, 510n, 514-15, 538-47, 578-8o, 607; view of allegory, 219-21, 263-64, 321, 419, 426; use of parody, 582-83; other refs., 104, 333-34. See also titles of individ-

ualworks -suppositious works, 617-18 Bunyan, John (son), 211, 275n, 548,599 Bunyan, Joseph (grandson), 275n Bunyan, Joseph (son), 548, 599

GENERAL INDEX

Bunyan (nee Bentley), Margaret (mother), 3, 7

Bunyan, Margaret (sister), 7 Bunyan, Mary (daughter), 1, 30, 3m, 34, 142, 175, S99 Bunyan, Mary (sister), 335 Bunyan, Sarah (daughter), 211, S99 Bunyan, Sister,* 278n Bunyan, Thomas (brother), 335, 487, 546n Bunyan, Thomas (son), 546-48, S99 Bunyan (Bonnionn), Thomas (father), Jr., 3f, 220n, 335 Bunyan (Bonyon), Thomas (grandfather), 4 Bunyan (Bonyon), Thomas (great-greatgrandfather), 3f Bunyan (Bonyon), William, 3 Burges, Mary Anne, 615 Burgess, Anthony, puritan, 106 Burgess, Daniel (P), 578n Burke, Edmund, 624 Burman, Barry, artist, 632 Burnet, Thomas (Cf), 177 Burnyeat, John (Q), 87 Burrough, Edward (Q), 73,76-86, 87n, 96, 11sn, 119, 167,308, 6os Burroughs, Jeremiah (C), 344n, 619-20 Burton, John (OCB),* 66f, 76-77,78, 87-96 passim, 105, 12S-30 passim, 1SS, 274, 6o6 Burton, Robert (Cf), 3S-36 Busher, Leonard (GB), 446 Butler, Samuel, 627 Butt, John Marten, 615 Bynion, Edward, servant of Sir Oliver Luke, 12

Caesar, Julius, 443 Cain, so, 173, 304, 399, 416, 463, 466f, 469 Caine, Sarah,* 374 Calamy, Edmund (P), tile elder, 155f Calvert, Elizabeth (PBS), 76n, 146, 1S2 Calvert, Giles (PBS), 69, 146 Calvin, John, 183, 28s, 437f, 446, 6o8 Cambridge Platonists, 340 Cambridgeshire: general, 11, 100, 293, 307n,

474, s89; Cambridge, 115, nSf, 273, 307, 479, 487, 568; Caxton, 300; Fen Ditton, 119; Gamlingay, 288, 309,312, 374; Long Stanton, n8; Toft, 122f, 288 Camden, Vera, 57n Campbell, Gordon, 261f Campbell, Sir Hugh, of Cessnock, plotter, 461f Campion, Edmund, Jesuit, 279, 605 Care, Henry (PBS), 486, S91 Carleton, Guy, bishop of Chichester, 406, 460,526 Carlton, Charles, 4m Carlton, Peter J., 44 Carpenter, Richard (Cf, Catholic, C), 2528,10S Carstares, William (P), 471f Carter, Thomas, ofKempston, 4 Carteret, Sir George, 4S4n Cartwright, Thomas (P), 474 Cartwright, Thomas, bishop of Chester, S64 Caryl, Joseph (C), 619 Case of Conscience Resolved, A, 145n, 469, 480, 482-8S, 498, S03f, 511 Catechizing, 222, 323-27 Cater, Edward, 65, 92 Catherine of Braganza, Queen, 366, 403, 409

Caution to Stir up to Watch Against Sin, A, 514-15 Cellier, Elizabeth, Catholic plotter, 368 Chamberlen, Peter (SDB), 481 Chandler, Ebenezer,* 104, 601, 6o6, 619 Chapman, Livewell (PBS), 146, 152 Charles I, 13f, 2of, 24n, 91, 426, 428f, 433, 445,526 Charles II: and the Restoration, u8f, 143, 146, 156, 258; Bunyan's view of, 166, 248, 426, 428, 433-34, 445-50 passim, 467, 497, 510; and the Declaration of Indulgence, 210, 219, 287,306, 313; and the repression of nonconformists, 217ff, 269, 405, 458; and the succession struggle, 366-72 passim, 390-96 passim, 401-4 passim, 430,

GENERAL INDEX

433, 442, 6o8; and the Monmouth and Rye House cabals, 460, 461-62, 472, 531; death of, 463, 527; other refs., 328, 356, 407, 412, 488f, 530, 619 Charnock, Stephen (P), 442 Charter, Edith, 623 Cheare, Abraham (PB), 200 Cheever, George, 616, 621 Cheshire: general, 277, 406, 439, 456, 460, 463, 527, S54; Chester, 2s5n, 460, S29, 554; Macclesfield, s66f Chester, Sir Henry, Bedfordshire JP, 13s, 144ff, 412 Cheyney, John (P), 277 Chichester, diocese of, 406, 460, S26 Child, John (FM, PB),* 76, 78, 9D-9S passim, 236, 29s, 338, 481, 51s-18, 594 Christ, work of, So, 263, 281-82, sso-54 passim, s84-8S, S87, S92-93 Christ a Compleat Saviour, sso-s2, 596 Christian Behaviour, 4, 152, 161-72 Christianson, Paul, 177n Church, nature of: and the Bedford congregation, 62, 66, 276; in Bunyan's allegories, 2so-s1, 263, so7; in Bunyan's other works, 273-76, 302-4, s61-62, S76, s78-79; other refs., 24 Church Army, 623 Church discipline: views of, 66, 301-4, S76; practiced by the Bedford congregation, 91-92,94,1S0,218,263,276,374-7S.S76 Church of England: Bunyan's view of (165os and 166os), 96ff, 133, 135, 150, 1S2s8, 166-67; in Bunyan's allegories, 2576o, 365, 435; Bunyan's view of (1670s), 276-77,284-85,308-9,320,326,330,34041, 363-64, 370; Bunyan's view of (early 168os), 448, 454, 465-66, 476, 496-97; Bunyan's view of (late 168os), 530-31, 53S, S43, 554> s6o-61, 562, S76, S92; views of others, 24, 269, 346, 394, 441, s16-17; and James Il's indulgence policy, s64-65, 568; other refs., 597, 609 Clare, Gilbert Holies, earl of, 401, 4S8 Clarendon, Henry Hyde, earl of, 409

Clarendon Code, 223, 253, 315. See also the relevant laws under Statutes Clark, John,* 267n Clark, Samuel (P), 316 Clarke, Henry,* Bedford councilman, 571 Clarke,Samuel(P),37S,377,383,606 Clarke, Ursula, alleged witch, 117 Clarkson, David (C), 459, 530 Clarkson, Lawrence (RR), 67-73 passim, 604 Clayton, Sir Robert, mayor of London, 334, 367,393.395,408 Cleaver, Robert, puritan, 105, 604 Cobb, Paul, clerk of the peace, Bedfordshire, 139-41, 146, 149, 217 Cochrane, Sir John, of Ochiltree, 461 Cokayne, George (C): congregation of, 6s, 345, 357; relations with Bunyan and the Bedford congregation, 92, 126, 150, 158, 274; at the Restoration, 130, 138, 142, 146; Fifth Monarchist, 298, 316; prosecuted for nonconformity, 4S6, 459, 486, 53s; opinion of Bunyan, 595-96, 607, 619, 621; other refs., 210, 31S, 347, 356f, 382n, 391, 571n, 572n, S99 Cokayne, Lieut.-Col. Richard, 11-18 passim Coleman, Richard (PB), 291 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 626ff, 629 College, Stephen, Whig author, 402-5 pasSim

Collier, Thomas (PB), 87, 97, 478n, 521, 532, 6o6 Collingham, G. G., 614 Collings, John (P), 392, 407 Collins, Hercules (PB), 517, S18n Collins, John (C), 442n, 452, 4S9n, S28, 6om Come, & Welcome, to Jesus Christ, 25, 103, 105,348-53,360,S33.591,598 Compton, Henry, bishop of London, 526n, 548, S53 Confession of My Faith, and a Reason of My Practice, A, 9S, 271-77, 295ff, 339, s6o Congregationalists (Independents): and alleged plotters, 1so-51, 476; hostility to

GENERAL INDEX

liturgy, 155, 158; differences with Bunyan over baptism, 167, 214, 297, 315, 478, 576; and James II's indulgence policy, 550, 554, 566ff, 590; other refs., 129, 138, 277, 291, 391, 440, 452, 482. See also individual

Congregationalists by name Conscience, 81-83, 87, 197, 204-5, 222-26, 247-49> 272, 275 Conventicles: in the 166os, 132, 135, 144, 266-68, 316; in the 1670s, 226, 268-69, 314-16, 346f; in the early 168os, 404-8, 413f, 439-41, 456-60, 485-89; in James II' s reign, 526, 529, 535, 549; other refs., 22 Cooper, Grace,* 347n, 404n, 46on, 487n Cooper, Richard,* 88, 91 Cooper, Susanna,* 374 Cooper, Thomas,* 287f Coppe, Abiezer (RR), 67,70 Coppin, Richard (RR), 67 Corah (or Korah), opponent of Moses, 466 Corbet, John (P), 560 Cornish, Henry, sheriff of London, 393,395, 409 Corns, Thomas N., 2s4n Cornwall, 115, 406 Cosin, John, bishop of Durham, 396 Cotton, Sir John, s69 Coulridge, Rhoda, 613 Covenants, in theology, 103f, 106-1s, 283, 348,373,588 Coventry, Henry, secretary of state, 219, 306,313,346,3s7~367

Cowell, John, 52111 Cowley, Matthias (PBS), 76, 78, 637 Cowper, William, 62S Cox, Benjamin (PB), 62-63 Cox, John, suicide, 388-89 Coxe, Nehemiah (PB),* 269, 287f, 344n, 391,4S6,528 Crabb, Peter, informer, 1SO Cradock, Walter (C), 23, 107, 109n, 1S6 Cranmer, Thomas, martyr, archbishop of Canterbury, 183, 496 Craven, William Craven, earl of, 473

Crew, Nathaniel, bishop of Durham, 564 Crisp, Stephen (Q), 611 Crisp, Tobias, Antinomian, 109n, 532n Crofton, Zachary (P), 129 Croker, John,* 34sn Crompton, (Robert?), Bedfordshire JP, 135 Cromwell, Oliver, 20, 24n, 64, 66, 88f, 98, us, 129, 633 Cromwell, Richard, 127, 31S Crook, John (Q), 65, 75, 87, 92 Cross, Walter, nonconformist, 471 Crowley, Theodore (Cf), 6S Cumberland: Greystoke, 488 Cummings, E. E., 631 Curdall, Joseph, 613 Cyrus, king of Persia, 186, 441, 443, 468 Damrosch, Leo, 240, 244, 421 Danby, Thomas Osborne, earl of, 328f, 3S6f, 366, 391, 403 Dangerfield (alias Willoughby), Thomas, plotter, 368 Daniel, 372, 468, 497 Danielson, Dennis, 222n Danson, John (C), 391 Dante Alighieri, 6o, 4S4, 627 Danvers, Henry (PB): and the baptismal debate, 296-301 passim, 336, 6os; alleged plotter, 316, 334, 471ff, s27, ss8f; accused of nonconformity, 407, 456, 459; other refs., 146, 344n, 358, 360, 382n, 448, 490, S18 Danvers, Samuel, S49 Darius, king of Persia, 166, 186, 248, 253 Davenant, Sir William, poet, 381 David: and Bunyan's religious experience, 49f, 208, 290, 339; as an example, 331, 371, 491, 497, S10, S93; other refs., 322, 357, 408 Davies, Michael, 33n Davis, J. Colin, 67-68, 72 Davis, Paul, 263n Dawson, David, 264n Day, Wentworth (FM), 130 Day, William, bishop of Winchester, 279, 6os

GENERAL INDEX

Day of grace, 44, 110-11, 162, 185, 194, 213, 302-5 passim, 348, 594 Deacons, 66, 94, 579 Deane, Richard,* 304 Death, 195, 205-6, 238, 240, 305-6, 335, 365, 387-89 Deborah, judge oflsrael, 483, 511 Declaration of Breda, 128, 258, 306n, 429 Declaration oflndulgence: (1672), 210, 219, 287,302, 306f, 313,315, 445; (1687), 463, 535f, 564-68,573, 581, 595; (1687), 463, 535f, 564-68, 573, 581, 595

Defence of the Doctrine of justification, by Faith, A, 260, 27of, 278-86, 287,321,339, 532, 603 Defoe, Daniel, 443n, 630 De Krey, Gary, 223 Delamere, Henry Booth, Lord, 328, 527 Delaune, Thomas, Baptist, 486 Dell, William (C): views of, 64, 91, 97, 107n, 275, 434; and interregnum politics, 88, 92; and Bunyan, 95-96, 123-26 passim, 140, 155, 273; and the Restoration, 13of, 142 Denne, Henry (GB), 48n, 109n, 123-24,138, 146, 15lll, 292 Denne, John (GB), 291-92,293-94, 296n, 299ff, 485, 6os Dennis, Benjamin (C), 517,594 Dennis, John, 624 Dent, Arthur, puritan: and the dowry of Bunyan's first wife, 31, 105, 604; influence on Bunyan, 82, 105, 230, 350, 386n, 387, 6o6n, 607; on the end times, 176, 189n, 446, 449f Dent, Edward,* 374 Depression: and Bunyan's experience, 8, 35, 51-60, 174-76, 602-3; views of, 8, 35-41; reflected in Bunyan's writings, 190, 2012,232-43,350,399,422-24,453,602- 3 Derbyshire: general, 566; Ashover, 382 Desborough, Maj.-Gen. John, 316 Desiderio, Giacomo, biographer, 586 Desire of the Righteous Granted, The, 534-35 Devon: general, 589; Axminster, 528; Barn-

staple, 62; Exeter, 392, 404f; Plymouth, 406f, 456 De Vries, Pieter, 109n, 533n Dewsbury, William (Q), 75 Dickens, Charles, 630 Dicks, Oliver,* 94

Differences in Judgment about WaterBaptism, No Bar to Communion, 95, 29497 Diggers, 256f Diodati, John, Genevan theologian, 556n

Discourse of the Building, Nature, Excellency, and Government of the House of God, A, 573, 578-83 passim Discourse of the House of the Forest of Lebanon, A, 29, 555-62, 563, 574 Discourse upon the Pharisee and the Publicane, A, 73, 530-33, 534, 551 Disher, Robert,* 278n, 487n

Doctrine of the Law and Grace Unfolded, The: analysis of, 103-15; use of typology, 179, 321; other refs., 22, 29, 86, 116f, 122, 162,332,373,585 Dod, John, puritan, 105, 604 Doe, Charles (PBS): and details of Bunyan's life, 54n, 210, 269, 271, 342, 489, 595, 598; and dating Bunyan's works, 189, 199, 617; edits and sells Bunyan's works, 173, 211, 555, 6n-12n, 638ff; influenced by Bunyan, 337, 534, 619, 621; other refs., 222n, 415, 535 Doelittle, Thomas (P), 408, 439, 456, 486, 529 Donne, John (C), 64, 88,92-93,95,126, 130f, 142, 267, 287f Dorset: general, 406, 456, 460, 480; Bridport, 487; Dorchester, 519-20; Lyme Regis, 406, 487, 527; Melcombe Regis, 307; Poole, 412; Sherborne, 307; Weymouth, 307; Winterborne Whitchurch, 442 Dover, Joan (PBS), 152, 168, 176, 218, 637 Dover, Simon (PBS), 152, 218 Downame, John, puritan, 556n Drabble, Margaret, 631 Draper, J. W., 255n, 26on

GENERAL1NDEX

Dryden, John, 510, 624 Dublin, 273, 482, 488, 566 Dubois, John, London Whig, 455 Dugdale, Clarence Eugene, 249n Dunan, Anne, 376n Dunlop, John, 625 Duns Scotus, John, Catholic theologian, 26,320 Dunton, John (PBS), 451,498-99, 620 Diirer, Albrecht, 2, 6o6 Dyke, Daniel (PB), 296, 391, 528 Dysphoria, 41-49 passim, 54-60 passim Dysthymia, 38-39, 40, 44, 46, 51, 57, 6o Dyve, Sir Lewis, 11, 24n

Esther, 183 Eston, John, the younger, 569f, 572, 589 Eston (or Easton), John, the elder,* 62f, 65f, 88, 91, 98, 253, 412, 569 Evans, Capt. Thomas, 16 Eve, 173, 312n, 463f, 469f, 484, 505-10 passim Evelyn, John, diarist, 177, 578 Everard, John, puritan, 180, 604-5 Exeter, diocese of, 406

Ebal and Gerizzim, 147, 199f, 204-5, 206-7

Fairfax, John (P), 270 Fairfax, Sir Thomas, 16-24 passim Faith, 77, 103, 11off, 114, 165, 282ff, 326, 331f, 551 Faldo, John (C), 270, 458 Faldo, Sister,* 570 Faldo, William, the elder, Bedford alderman, 570 Familists, 77 Farmer, Richard (PB), 291 Farr, George, nonconformist, 287,345, 487 Farrington, William (P), 408 Favell, Richard and Mary, alleged witches, 117 Feake, Christopher (FM), 92 Fell, Henry (Q), 138 Fell, John, bishop of Oxford, 37-38, 528n Fell, Margaret (Q), 484n Fenne, John (OCB)*: and Bedford church discipline, 93, 150, 218; and the Bedford Common Council, 346, 570, 572; other refs., 76, 91, 94, 267, 269, 287f, 413 Fenne, Samuel (OCB)*: debates with the Quakers, 76, 91; and the Bedford church, 126, 218, 287f; other refs., 88, 267, 269, 304, 413, 571 Fenne, William, mayor of Bedford, 412-13 Fenoglio, Beppe, 63o-31 Ferguson, Robert (C): religious views of, 226-27,317, 318-19,358, 430; likely con-

Economic practices, 171, 255-56, 383-85, 432-33 Edict of Nantes, 443,548,555 Edward VI, 444 Edwards, Thomas (P), 23, 25, 118, 482 Elgar, Sir Edward, 614 Elijah, prophet, 193, 249, 450 Eliot, George (Mary Anne Evans), 630 Elisha, prophet, 371, 450 Elizabeth I, 444 Ellis, John (Cf), 122 Ellison, Lieut.-Col. Jeffrey, 316 Ely, diocese of, 122 Ely, Isle of, 406, 482 Emblems, 200, 236, 242, 539-48, 579-80 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 631 Ennis, Major Christopher, 14, 17, 18n Erbery, William, Seeker, 23, 28, 69, 105 Erickson, Kathleen Powers, 632 Esau, son oflsaac, 34, 48-58 passim, 290, 304,416 Essex: general, 405, 481, 519, 567f, 589; Braintree, 342, 567; Chelmsford, 20, 591; Colchester, 566 Essex, Arthur Capel, earl of: and the succession crisis, 366f, 390, 401, 403; and Monmouth's cabal, 461, 474, 491; other refs., 392, 409, 489n Essex, Robert Devereux, earl of, 11f

Exposition on the Ten First Chapters of Genesis, and Part of the Eleventh, An, 463-70,522-23,530 Ezekiel, prophet, 193 Ezra, Hebrew priest, 443, 447

GENERAL INDEX

tacts with Bunyan, 315, 321, 347, 490; his Whig views, 395f, 433f, 436, 440; accused of nonconformity, 407, 456; and the Monmouth and Rye House cabals, 442, 461f, 47o-76 passim, 528; other refs., 329, 344n,369,391,393,527,62on Feversham, Louis de Duras, earl of, 401, 409 Few Sighs from Hell, A: castigation of the wealthy in, 96, 99-101, 148, 215, 365, 379, 580; discussion of hell in, 101-2, 198, 453; later editions of, 100, 360, 637f, 640; other refs., 3, 28f, 86, 89, n6n, 211, 325, 387 Fifth Monarchists: Bunyan's likely sympathy for, 9D-93, 176, 298, 587; and Venner's revolt, 137-39; Bunyan's later repudiation of their views, 558-59; other refs., 88-90, 129ff, 151, 224,316, 347n, 474· See

also individual Fifth Monarchists by name Filmer, Sir Robert, political theorist, 392 Finch, Heneage Lord, lord chancellor, 344 Firmin, Giles (P), 156 Fish, Stanley, 259, 263n, 265 Fitten, James (FM, Baptist), 315, 337 Fitzharris, Edward, informer, 403, 430 Fitzhugh, Robert, mayor of Bedford, 98 Fleetwood, Gen. Charles, 23, 69, 316, 386, 549 Fleetwood, Smith, 316, 548 Ford, Sallie Rochester, 616 Ford, Stephen (C), 356,391 Ford, Thomas (P), 21-22, 28, 105 Forrest, James F., 26on Forty, Henry (PB), 518 Fosket (or Foskitt), Mary,* 375,576 Foster, George (RR), 67 Foster, William, Bedford attorney, 134f, 146, 248, 268, 313f, 327, 414, 569f Foulds, John, 614 Fowler, Edward (Cf): and Pilgrim's Progress, 258-62 passim; Bunyan's controversy with, 220, 278-86, 532, 603, 6os; later reflections of the controversy, 31722 passim, 326, 330, 339f, 551; other refs., 364, 535, 619

Fox, George (Q), 75-83 passim, 87, 96, 138, 143f, 156, 268, 633 Foxe, John: influence on Bunyan in the 1650s, 98, 604; influence on Bunyan during his imprisonment, 140, 154-60 passim, 178, 206, 215, 244f, 249; reflected in Bunyan's later works, 352-53, 370, 478, 495-96, 511, 575; other refs., 177, 361, 446, 6os Frampton, Robert, bishop of Gloucester, 406,487 Franklin, Benjamin, 625, 630 Franklin, William (RR), 67 Freeman, Capt. Francis (RR), 67 Freeman, Rosemary, 539 Freke, John, plotter, 342 Friedman, Jerome, 67-68 Friends, Society of, see Quakers Froude, James Anthony, 252, 260, 628 Frye, Roland, 249, 263n, 511, 6o6 Fuller, Thomas (Cf), 574 Fuller, William, bishop of Lincoln, 268, 289, 307, 314 Furlong, Monica, 211n Gadbury, Mary (RR), 67 Gale, Elizabeth,* 529 Gale, John, Bedford tailor, 529 Gale, Theophilus (C), 143 Gammon, John (OCB), 532n, 597f Gardiner, Sir Edmund, 569f, 589 Gardiner, William,* 374 Garnett, Richard, 627 Gauden, John (Cf), 156 General Baptists, 117, 146, 167, 214,315,330, 336, 360, 577· See also Baptists and indi-

vidual Baptists by name Gerard, Sir Gilbert, 391, 396 Geree, Stephen, puritan, 533 Gibbs, John (C): debate with Richard Carpenter, 25-28, 105; relationship with Bunyan, 28, 97, 105; ties to the Bedford congregation, 93, 95, 126, 142, 288; other refs., 64, 130, 375 Gibbs, Thomas, gentleman, 88n

GENERAL INDEX

Gibson, Sir John, 67 Gideon, judge oflsrael, 57 Gifford, Andrew (PB), 142n, 528 Gifford, John (C)*: influence on Bunyan, 34, 43-47 passim, 65, 105, 155, 273f; and the Bedford church, 63, 66, 350; other refs., 89, 538, 6o6, 609 Gilpin, Joseph, 615 Gladstone, William, 612 Gloucester, diocese of, 406, 487 Gloucestershire: general, 406; Bourton, 131; Bristol (repression of nonconformists in), 268-69, 404ff, 440, 460; Bristol (other refs.), 18n, 273,307,392, 412, 528, 566; Gloucester, 392, 404, 412, 566; Tewkesbury, sso; Winchcombe, 131 Godber, Joyce, 575n, 612 Godfrey, Sir Edmund Berry, Westminster JP, 357, 403, 431 Godman, Henry (C), 578 Goldie, Mark, s66n, 570n Goodenough, Francis, plotter, 474 Goodenough, Richard, plotter, 403, 472, 474 Goodgroom, Richard (FM), 130 Goodman, Benjamin,* 347n Goodman, Christopher, Marian exile, 474 Good News for the Vilest of Men, 29, 590-94, 598 Goodwin, John (C), 106 Goodwin, Thomas (C), 91,138,533,599, 620n Good works, 162-70, 172, 262, 302f, 339, 364-65 Gosnold, John (GB), 146, 291 Gouge, Thomas (P), 376n Gouge, William, puritan, 164 Grace, doctrine of, no, 281, 283, 336-37, 373, s8o, 581-82

Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, s10 passim: and Bunyan's early years and period of turmoil, 5-10 passim, 17, 25, 33ff, 6o, 111; purpose of, 61, 99, 207-8; and allegations against Bunyan, 115, 309, 311; and his struggles in prison, 174-76,

208-9; and corresponding passages in verse, 203f, 206; later editions of, 21of, 216, 289-91, 343-44, 350, 360, 390; and his allegories, 230-36 passim, 354, 421; reception of, 623, 627, 631; other refs., son, no, 191, 333, 337, 464, 593, 602, 609 Graham, Elspeth, 42 Granger, James, 625 Grantham, Thomas (GB), 138, 344n, 489, 521, 523ff, s6o, 574n, 6osf Great Ejection, 156 Greatness of the Soul, The, son, 371, 443, 452-55, 463 Green, Ian, 323f Greenham, Richard, puritan, 387 Greenhill, William (C), 138, 344n Green Ribbon Club, 342, 345, 356, 368, 403 Gregg, John A. F., archbishop of Dublin, 610 Grew, John,* 62-67 passim, 95, 98, 253 Grey, Ford Lord, plotter, 402, 442, 461f, 472n,474n Grey, Jean, 613 Gribben, Crawford, 42m, 427n Griffith, George (C): and ties to Lord Wharton, 143, 315, 360, 387n; and ties to Bunyan, 158, 315, 347, 360; nonconformist activities of, 180, 315, 452, 455, 532n, 590; reputed knowledge of Monmouth's cabal, 455, 462, 471ff, 490, 528; prosecuted for nonconformity, 456, 486; other refs., 138, 291, 441, 492 Griffith, Gwilym 0., 22on Griffith, John (GB), 369, 458, 486 Guild, William (P), 180, 604 Gulston, William, bishop of Bristol, 460 Gunpowder plot, 428, 457 Hale, Sir Matthew, 143-46 passim, 151 Halifax, George Savile, viscount; earl of (16 July 1679), 367, 390,393, 409 Hall, Christopher (Cf), 32 Haman, chief minister of Persia, 357 Hammon, George (GB), 146 Hammond, Brean, 247, 257

GENERAL INDEX

Hammond, Col. Robert, 19f Hampden, John, plotter, 461, 474ll Hampshire: Southsea Castle, 270 Hancock, Maxine, 229 Handley, James, 618 Hardcastle, Thomas (OCB), 270 Harding, Esther, 627 Harley, Edward, 443n, 508 Harley, Robert, future earl of Oxford, 599 Harrington, Anthony,* 62f, 65,95 Harris, Benjamin (PBS), 338, 348, 359f, 362, 368, 391, 396, 533. 638ff Harris, Howel, 621 Harris, John (PBS), 533f, 640 Harris, Samuel (PBS), 533 Harris, Thomas (FM), 93 Harris, Tim, 485 Harrison, Edward (PB), 93, 150, 291, 295, 515 Harrison, Frank Mott, 142n, 152, 623 Harrison, G. B., 105, 230 Harrison, John, 449 Hartmann, Ernest, 8-9 Hartopp, Lady Elizabeth, 386, 442n Hartopp, Sir John, 316, 344, 369, 386, 549 Harvey, Christopher, poet, 180 Haskin, Dayton, 232, 236n Hatton, Christopher Lord, 37 Hatton, Lady Frances, 37-38 Haversham, Frances Lady, 386 Hawkes, William,* Bedford councilman, 538, 57lf Hawkins, Anne, 420n Hawkins, George, Bedford draper, 88n Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 630 Hayes, William, 66 Haynes, Simon, nonconformist, 287 Haynes, Thomas, nonconformist, 267,287 Hearne, Thomas, 603 Heaven, 7D-71, 73, 188-89, 202f, 206, 24041,337 Heavenly Foot-Man, The, son, 73,103,21116, 289, 332f Hell, ?D-71, 73, 101-2, 112,190, 198-202 passim, 207,337,453-54

Helme, Carnsew (FM), 131, 138, 146 Henry IV, king of France, 446 Henry VIII, 444, 445n Henry, Philip (P): religious views of, 52n, 277, 378n, 585n; social views of, 1oon, 253n, 380, 547; and persecution of nonconformists, 266, 469, 495, 529; other refs., 382n, 387D, 39m, 459, 541n, 609 Henson, Herbert Hensley, bishop of Durham, 610 Herefordshire: general, 404, 440; Hereford, 518 Heresy, heretics, perceptions of, 84, 85-86, 140,182,247.327,419-2 0,562n Hermeneutics, 27,141, 178-81,464,522-23, 555-57. 574-75 Hertfordshire: general, n, 101, 338, 401, 406, 462, 474, 481f; Ashwell, 288; Hertford, 567; Hitchin, 104, 342, 567f Hewling, Benjamin, Monmouth rebel, 527 Hewling, William, Monmouth rebel, 527 Heywood, Oliver (P), 277 Hezekiah, king ofJudah, 49 Hickes, John (P), 527 Hieron, Samuel (P), 307, 313 Hill, Christopher: on Bunyan's allegories, 254f, 429, sun, 513n, 629; other refs., 85n, uo, 414n, 420n, 597 Hills, Henry (PBS), 455 Hiram, king ofTyre, 186 Hobbs, Matthew, Bedfordshire dissident, 529n Hobson, Paul (PB), 23-25, 28, 69, 105, 109, 155. 180 Holcroft, Francis (C), 487 Holland, Cornelius, MP, 22 Holmes, Lieut.-Col. Abraham, plotter, 473 Holstock, Robert,* 345n Holy City, The: analysis of, 174-89; parallels with One Thing Is Needful, 199, 201f; typology in, 179-81, 321; other refs., 152, 190,192,332,417,448.555.580 Holy days, 157 Holy Life, A, 469, 515, 620 Holy War, The: and Bunyan's military ex-

680

GENERAL INDEX

perience, 15f, 18, 28, 417-19; and Bunyan's political views, 101, 433-38, 446, 490, 497, 530; and Bunyan's theology, 109, 419-20; reception of, 413, 6n, 616, 622, 627ff; plot of, 414-17; and the influence of Bunyan's psychological andreligious experience, 420-25; and millenarianism, 426-28; historical interpretations of, 428-32; and Bunyan's social views, 432-33; other refs., 61, 180, 207, 373-74, 410-11, 507n, 511, 603 Hone, William, plotter, 476 Hooper, John, martyr, 183 Hopkins, John, versifier of Psalms, 147, 577n Horle, Craig, 485 How, Samuel, sectary, 97,516, 534 Howard ofEscrick, William Lord, plotter, 403,409,461,474n,531 Howe, John (P), 36, 277,369, 452, 456, 459, 565,589f Howgill, Francis (Q), 138 Hudson, Mary, alleged witch, 117 Huguenots, 356, 371, 443, 555 Huldah, prophetess, 483 Hulton, Ann Henry, 387n Human learning: Bunyan's professed lack of reliance on, 5, 77, 97, 123, 148, 285f, 320, 353; views of others, 24, 26-27, 77, 125; Bunyan's defensiveness about lack of, 104-5, 177-78, 480; Bunyan's own learning, 105-6,574-75,586,603-4,606-7 Human nature, 45n, 196, 28of, 283, 419, 542 Hume, David, 624 Humfrey, John (P), 223-24, 440, 486 Hunilove, Thomas, the elder,* 547 Hunilove, Thomas, the younger, 547 Huntingdonshire: general, 100, 293, 406, 589; Fenstanton, 300; Hail Weston, 95; St. Ives, 300; St. Neots, 304, 389; Upthorpe, 288; Wonditch, 288; Yaxley, 23 Hus, John, reformer, 183, 426, 450n Ignatius of Antioch, martyr, 511 Independents, see Congregationalists

Informers: activities of (166os), 150, 225, 345; activities of ( 167os ), 132n, 219, 268f, 314, 316, 356f; in Bunyan's writings, 253, 373, 389-90, 532; activities of (168os), 403, 408, 435, 439f, 457 Ingle, Larry, Bon Instruction for the Ignorant, 117, 314,323, 325-27,344 Ireton, Clement (PM), 89 Irish plot, alleged, 392 Isaiah, prophet, 536 Ishmael, son of Abraham and Sarah, 304, 416 Israel's Hope Encouraged, 360, 393, 394-400 Ives, Jeremiah (GB), 521f, 6o6 Ivimey, Joseph (PB), 615 I Will Pray with the Spirit, 146, 152-58, 251 Jackson, Thomas (Cf), 387 Jacob, Henry, semi-separatist, 61 Jacombe, Thomas (P), 369, 456, 459 James II: his policy of indulgence, 550, 554, 564-71 passim, 581,588, 590; Bunyan's view of, 537f, 573f, 581, 590; other refs., 443,463,526,528-29,535,548,572n,6o8 James, duke of York: popular hostility toward, 129, 467; and the succession crisis, 366ff, 372, 39G-94 passim, 401ff, 409f, 432ff, 440, 447-53 passim, 512; and the Monmouth and Rye House cabals, 442, 46off, 472, 6o8; other refs., 341, 491n. See also James II James, Prince (the future James III), 571n, 572n James, William, 57n, 176n, 627 Jamison, Kay Redfield, 59n Janeway, Richard (PBS), 434, 490n Jarvis, William (C), 288 Jeffreys, Sir George, 247,393, 406, 527, 528n, 536 Jenkins, Sir Leo line, secretary of state, 404, 459, 461, 471, 473 Jenks, Francis, London linendraper, 34142,356 Jenkyn, William (P), 143, 439, 452, 486

GENERAL INDEX

Jenner, Thomas {C), 200,387,540, 605 Jennings, Jonathan (GB), 518 Jeremiah, prophet, 237 Jerome, biblical scholar, 26, 221 Jerome of Prague, Bohemian reformer, 496 Jeshua, Hebrew priest, 450 Jessey, Henry (OCB): ministerial career of, 61-62, 92f, 130, 176; ties to the Bedford church, 93, 126, 150, 274; views of baptism, 273-74, 297, 301; fondness for verse, 200, 538; other refs., 63, 146, 15m, 315f, 325, 519n Jezebel, queen oflsrael, 186 Joachim of Fiore, Cistercian, 18m Job, 238f, 252 John, St., 166, 290 Johnson, Richard, London author, 6, 229, 25m, 604 Johnson, Samuel, chaplain, 493 Johnson, Samuel, critic, 625 Johnson, William, deputy registrar of Lincoln, 314 John the Baptist, 338 Jollie, Thomas (C), 129, 277, 404n, 529,549, 554.563,567,590 Jones, James (PB), 515, 517f Jones, Jenkin (OCB), 129 Jones, Nathaniel (Cf), 129 Joseph, 372, 381 Joshua, 322 Josiah ("Josias"), king ofJudah, 468 Joyce, James, 631 Judas, 49, 182, 399, 416 Julian the Apostate, emperor, 496 Justification, doctrine of: Bunyan's view of, 83-84,262,273,283-84,326,338-40,53233, 534, 551; views of others, 87, 282-83, 318n, 319n

Justification by an Imputed Righteousness, Of, 338-41, 342, 532 Kames, Henry Home, Lord, 625 Kaufmann, U. Milo, 242, 252, 255n, 26m, 510n Keach, Benjamin (PB): verse of, 200, 409-

681

10, 538; possible influence on Bunyan, 2oo, 510, 577, 58m, 585n, 6o6; other refs., 112, 481, 499, 517, 518n, 560 Keats, John, 630 Keeble, Neil: on Bunyan's allegories, 221, 247n, 411n, 504, 50sn, 612; other refs., 59. 61, 158, 311, 6o6n Keeling, Josiah, plotter, 461f, 476 Kellie, John, 3 Kelsey (or Kelsay), Maj.-Gen. Thomas, 345, 360,391 Kelynge (or Keeling), Sir John, Bedfordshire JP, 135-37, 146, 152, 158, 247, 249n, 412 Kennet, White, later bishop of Peterborough, 479 Kent: general, 482; Canterbury, 405, 439, 456; Dover, 269, 405; Maidstone, 412, 566; Sandwich, 591; Tunbridge Wells, 444, 455; Upper Deptford, 578 Kent, Thomas (C), 288 Kestian, Nicholas (P, C), 291 Kiffin, William (PB): on baptism, 63, 292, 294-301 passim; alleged plotter, 150, 473; persecuted as a nonconformist, 15m, 457, 529n; other refs., 138, 275, 291, 329, 480, 48m, 527f, 566, 589 Kipling, Rudyard, 628 Knights, Mark, 391 Knollys, Hanserd (PB): religious views of, 36, 63, 446, 449f, 465n; persecuted for nonconformity, 15m, 456, 486; other refs., 291, 344n, 386n, 480, 522, 538, 577 Knott, John: on Bunyan's allegories, 233f, 242, 244f, 247. 249n, 264,507, 511; other refs., 194, 352, 604 Knowles, John (C), 97 Knox, John, reformer, 308,474 Lamb, Charles, 630 Lamb, Thomas (GB), 129, 299 Lambert, Maj.-Gen. John, 127-28, 13of Lamplugh, Thomas, bishop of Exeter, 405f Lancashire: general, 120,277, 529; Liverpool, 554; Warrington, 120; Winwick, 324

682

GENERAL INDEX

Lancaster, James (Q), 75 Lane, Anthony (Cf), 310 Lang, Cosmo Gordon, archbishopdesignate of Canterbury, 610 Langley, Thomas, possible,* 487n Langley, William,* 345n, 347n, 404n, 405n Larke, Sampson (PB), 527 Larkin, George (PBS): as Bunyan's publisher, 573, 591, 594f, 598, 617, 637, 64of; other refs., 76, 218f, 391, 409, 490n, 533, 618 Last judgment, 122, 149, 190-99, 257, 330 Lathrop, John, semi-separatist, 61 Latimer, Hugh, martyr, 251,429 Latitudinarians: Bunyan's criticism of, 25862 passim, 278-80, 283-86, 319f, 330, 336, 349, 398, 420n; other refs., 254, 515 Lauderdale, John Maitland, duke of, 357, 366 Law, theological role of: Bunyan's view in the 1650s and 166os, 108-9, 114, 122, 197, 262; Bunyan's view in the 1670s and 168os,283,332,339-40,522,524,587 -88; views of others, 25, 83, 107, 522, 524 Law and a Christian, Of the, 587-88 Lawrence, Richard (C), 315, 456 Lawson, Sir John, former vice-admiral, 89f Lazarus, 96, 100 Leavis, F. R., 260 Lee, Samuel (P), 574, 619 Lee, Thomas, plotter, 476 Leicestershire: general, 284, 369, 405, 474, 568; Great Bowden, 291; Leicester, 16-17, 18, 291, 412, 549 Leon, jacob Jehudah, 574n L'Estrange, Roger, surveyor of the press: and the suppression of dissident literature, 218f, 334, 341, 368, 434; ToryAnglican views of, 437,526, 528, 550; other refs., 317, 435 Levellers, 24n, 257,395, 6o8 Lewis, John (Cf), 620 Life and Death of Mr. Badman, The, 116, 365,374-90,432,627 Lightfoot, John, puritan, 574

Light for Them That Sit in Darkness, 317-23, 344 Lilburne, John, Leveller, 24n Lincoln, diocese of, 268, 488 Lincolnshire: general, 11, 138, 482, 569; Grantham, 268n Lindale (or LindaU), William (Cf), 133f, 146, 148 Lindsay, Jack, 22on, 428f, 629 Linford, Mary,* 94, 295, 547n Lloyd, Capt. Griffith, 316 Lloyd, Morgan (C), 23 Lloyd, William (1627-1717), bishop of St. Asaph, 451, 456 Lloyd, William (1637-1710), bishop of Peterborough, 454n, 526; bishop of Norwich, 599n Lobb, Stephen (C), 391,440, 457f, 472-78 passim, 485, 490, 528, 566, 590 Locke, John, 223, 392, 432 Lockyer, Nicholas (C), 224,396 Loder, John (C), 315f Loeffs, Isaac (C), 391 London: semi-separatists and sectaries in, 61, 62n, 63, 69, 90, 92f, 115, 137-39; and the Restoration, 128ff, 155; visited by Elizabeth Bunyan, 142-43, 152; Congregationalists in, 129, 150-51, 158f, 291, 31416,356-57, 386,452, 458-59, 567; Bunyan's associations with (166os), 147, 15051, 176, 225; conventicles in (1670s), 219, 268ff, 314-15, 334-35, 356-57; Baptists in (after 166o), 275, 291f, 296ff, 314-15, 458f, 480-81, 517-20 passim, 566, 577f; Bunyan's association with (1670s), 292, 296f, 314-16, 318, 323, 328f, 337-41 passim, 347, 371; politics in, 329, 334, 341-42, 367, 414, 455, 589-90; anticatholicism in, 355-61 passim, 367, 434, 512; and the succession crisis, 372, 390-96 passim, 401, 404; reflections in Mr. Badman, 374,382, 386; Bunyan's association with (early 168os), 404-9 passim, 437-42 passim, 452, 475, 478, 519; conventicles in (168os), 405-8 passim, 439f, 456-59 passim, 485f, 529,

GENERAL INDEX

549; and The Holy War, 415n, 417, 434; and the Monmouth and Rye Hose cabals, 461f, 471-74; women's meetings in, 48off; and John Child, 515-18 passim; Bunyan's association with (late 168os), 548, 585, 589-99 passim; and James II's policy of indulgence, s6s-68 passim, 589-90, 594; other refs., n8, 345, 467, 519f, 535, 558-59, 610 Longford, Francis Aungier, earl of, 407 Lord's supper, 24, 54, 114, 263, 274, 293, 507-9 Louis XIV, 246, 355f, 371, 433, 443, 446f, 548 Luke, St., 166 Luke, Sir Oliver, MP, 12 Luke, Sir Samuel, MP and governor of Newport Pagnell, 12-22 passim Luther, Martin: his commentary on Galatians read by Bunyan, 5, 47-48, 350, 398, 533n, 6o6n, 607; impact on Bunyan's experience during his period of turmoil, 54n, 234, 236, 240, 290, 604; Bunyan's general indebtedness to, 65, 105, 124; on law, grace, and justification, 108-9, 283, 339, 398; on human learning, 123n, 353; on persecution and suffering, 244f, 253, 494-95; on women, 469; other refs., 115, 183, 203n, 214, 221, 252n, 512, 524, 532n Luttrell, Narcissus, diarist, 407, 458, 488, 526,588 Luxon, Thomas, 136 Lynch, Beth, 420n Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 626 Macclesfield, Charles Gerard, earl of, 527 MacDonald, Michael, 232 MacDonald, Mrs. George, 614 McGee, J. Sears, 163, 178n, 18m, 182, 185n, 360 Mackenzie, Donald, 427n McKeon, Michael, 25m, 256n Magistracy, 141, 273, 372, 492, 536, 551 Magna Carta, 395-96, 6o8 Malthus, Thomas (PBS), 498n, 533

Man, Edward (PB), 518 Man, Henry,* 345n, 404n, 405n Man, William,* 267,374-75, 487n, 576 Manasseh, king ofJudah, so, li6, 290, 349, 590 Manchester, Edward Montagu, earl of, n, 14,20 Manly, Sister,* 150 Mansell, Col. Roderick, 368 Manton, Thomas (P), 143, 619 Mapp Shewing the Order & Causes of Salvation & Damnation, A, 173-74, 603 Marcus of Arethusa, martyr, 511 Margetts, Thomas, MP for Bedford, 569 Mariott, Thomas (Cf), 276f Marriage, views of, 3o-31, 168-69,386--87, 509 Marsden, Jeremiah (C), 356, 357n Marshall, Stephen (PBS), 620 Marshall, Stephen, puritan, 156, 308 Martha, 6o6 Marvell, Andrew, 219, 223, 226, 246, 317, 347.355.358 Mary, mother ofJesus, 505 Mary I, 244f, 363, 372, 429, 433 Mary Magdalen, 113, 349, 6o6 Massey, Edmund, reputed plotter, 472 Master-servant relations, 168, 169-70 Mately, Dorothy, Ashover miner, 382 Mather, Nathaniel (C), 138 Matthews, A. G., 25 Meade, Matthew (C): troubles because of nonconformity, 138, 405, 407f, 440, 456f, 486; as a dissenting minister, 291, 315f, 452n, 455, 529, 577-78, 589, 591-92; alleged links to the Monmouth cabal, 461f, 470-75 passim, 490, 528; and the Monmouth rebellion, 527, 558; other refs., 158, 533, 587, 595, 619 Meal Tub plot, 368f, 390, 428 Mede (or Mead), Joseph (Cf), 449f Medley, William (FM), 559 Melanchthon, Philip, reformer, 183 Melchizedek, king of Salem, 318, 321, 555 Melville, Herman, 630

GENERAL INDEX

Mence, Francis (C), 518 Mendle, D. J., 611 Merrill, Humphrey,* 263 Metaphors, use of, 113-14, 213-14, 215-16, 306, 317-18, 321, 350-51, 601 Mews, Peter, bishop of Bath and Wells, 346,595 Middlesex: general, 266, 392, 405f, 439f, 457-58, 473f, 485f, 549, 568; Hackney, 315, 457;Stepney, 406n,4o8,457,595;Stoke Newington, 549; Wapping, 129,461, 517f; Westminster, 150, 314,408, 440,456, 486, 566 Midgley, Graham: on Bunyan's verse, 161, 200, 510n, 539, 544, 578; and dating Bunyan's works, 555, 578, 581; other refs., 147, 212,214,333.560,580 Midland Association, 481, 483 Midwinter, Edward (PBS), 618 Millennium, millenarianism, 176-77,18081,184-88,426-28,469,523 Miller, John, 568 Mills, David, 233 Milton, John, 23, 223, 442, 474, 626, 633 Milward, John (P), 129 Ministers, selection and role of, 66, 94, 125, 187,197.578-79 Miriam, prophetess, 483 Mr. Bunyan's Last Sermon, 598 Mitchell, John, 615 Monarchs, role of, 185-87, 362-63, 444-47, 449.467,492,536,573-74,590 Monmouth, James Scott, duke of: and the succession crisis, 366f, 372, 390, 392, 396f, 403, 408, 441-47 passim, 468f; and his cabal, 455-63 passim, 47D--74 passim, 48992, 510, 513ff, 531f, 6o8; and his rebellion, 527-29, 533-38 passim, 550, 558f, 574 Monmouthshire, 406, 567 Montagu, Elizabeth, 624 Moore, Sir John, mayor of London, 393 Mordecai, cousin of Esther, 372, 497 More, Henry, Cambridge Platonist, 177 More, Stephen (OCB), 534 Morgan, Joseph, 616

Morice, Sir William, secretary of state, 267 Morton, Charles, schoolmaster, 442-43 MoseS,44,262~321~450,523,525,536,567

Muddiman, Henry, king's journalist, 266 Muggleton, Lodowick, sectary, 116n, 450 Muggletonians, 69, 116n Muhammad, 46, 285 Mullett, Michael, 113n, 247n, 271n, 383, 387, 433n, 499n, 538n Music, 147, 206, 365, 424-25, 509-10, 54445, 576--77, 614-15 Music, David W., 577n Nabokov, Vladimir, 631 Napier, John, 35, 446 Nayler, James (Q), 84, 88 Neale, J. M., 610, 613 N ebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, 166, 248, 253, 445 Negus, Daniel (OCB), 288 Nehemiah, governor of Jerusalem, 303 Nellist, Brian, 218n, 234n, 239f Nelson, Robert,* 150, 218, 304 Nelson, William, 621 Nero, emperor, 496 Ness, Christopher (C), 367, 446,451 Newcome, Henry (P), 475 Newcomen, Matthew (P), 156 Newey, Vincent, 230-36 passim, 237n, 238, 420n Newman, Dorman (PBS), 360,391, 410, 439.473.490,584,586,639f Newman, S. J., 233 Newton, George (P), 346 Newton, Isaac, 177 Nicholls, Robert, reputed sectary, 22 Nicholls, William,* Bedford alderman, 571f Nightmares, 6--9 Nimrod, reputed king of Assyria, 416, 435, 465ff Nisbet, John, Covenanter agent, 462, 471 Noah, 464, 468f, 555 Norfolk: general, 69, 115, 391, 405, 407, 456, 486, 567; Great Yarmouth, 69,269,307,

GENERAL INDEX

389,392, 567; King's Lynn, 566; Norwich, 307,389,566f North, Dudley, sheriff of London, 455 Northamptonshire: general, 131, 474; Brafield on the Green, 288, 388-89; Grafton Regis, 16; Northampton, 11, 16, 20, 174n, 413, 417, 568; Rothwell, 347; Wollaston, 288 Northumberland: general, 405; Berwickupon-Tweed, 150, 405; Hexham, 273; Newcastle upon Tyne, 439; Tynemouth Castle, 361 Norwich, diocese of, 404, 565 Norwood, Capt. Robert (RR), 67 Nottinghamshire: general, 439, 566, 589; Nottingham, 273 Nowell, Alexander (Cf), 279, 6os Nussbaum, Felicity A., 6on Nuttall, Geoffrey F., 23, 155 Nye, Henry (C), 566 Nye, Philip (C), 9m, 223,315,566 Oates, Titus, 246, 357-60 passim, 391f, 408n, 512 Occasional conformity, 277 O'Connolly, Col. Owen, 19f Offor, George, 621 Ogilby, John, versifier, 540 O'Hara, Capt. Charles, 19 Okey, Col. John, 88-92 passim, 130f, 139n One Thing Is Needful, 147,199-206, 27on Origen, theologian, 26, 221, 285, 496 Overton, Charles, 610 Owen, Col. Henry, suspected plotter, 471f Owen, John (C): theological views of, 64, 106£, 373n, 448, 532; repression because of nonconformity, 138, 407f, 440, 456, 459; links to Lord Wharton, 143, 316; on the Church of England and its liturgy, 156, 158, 259n, 458-59; on toleration, 223-25, 317f, 321; association with Bunyan, 226, 297,301,315, 329,344-47 passim, 353, 360, 619; activities as a dissenting minister, 270, 277, 291, 315, 394. 442f, 452, 57sn; and Protestant unity, 277, 478, s6o; and

68s

his congregation, 316, 345, 386, 533; and informers, 356, 389; on persecution, 357, 368-69, 441, 442n; on the Popish plot, 358, 394; calls for national repentance, 368-69, 409f, 441; on resistance, 436-37, 438, 444, 446; and the Monmouth cabal, 442, 462, 47o-75 passim, 490, 528; and the Tory Reaction, 455-59 passim; and the sabbatarian controversy, 519-23 passim, 6os; other refs., 9m, 268, 347, 391, 544.549,620n Owen, Thankful (C), 391 Owens, W. R., 339, 598 Oxfordshire: general, 589; Oxford (in the civil war), 16-17, 18, 23, 29, 418; Oxford (oilier refs.), 21, 366n, 392,395, 401f, 404 Oxford University, 474 Palmer, Anthony (FM, C), 131, 150-51, 225, 268, 315f, 347· 452 Palmer, Samuel (P), 442 Papillon, Thomas, London Whig, 329, 455 Parent-child relations, 4, 167, 169, 547 Parker, Alexander (Q), 75, 87, 268 Parker, Samuel, bishop of Oxford, 180,224, 317-22 passim Parkin-Speer, Diane, 248n Parliament: Long, 11, 14-15, 18-21 passim, 32; Rump, 64, 70, 127-28, 411; Nominated Assembly (Barebones), 64-65; second Protectorate Parliament, 88; 1659 Parliament, 105n, 127; 166o Convention, 124, 131; Cavalier (and the treatment of nonconformity), 217, 219, 248, 267, 306, 328; Cavalier (other refs.), 316,334, 356, 359, 372; 1st Exclusion Parliament, 366-69 passim, 395, 413; 2nd Exclusion Parliament, 39o-95 passim, 401; 3rd Exclusion Parliament, 393-94, 395, 401f; of James II, 526, 548 Parody, 582-83 Parsons, Andrew (P), 129, 357, 391, 440 Parsons, Thomas (GB), 358,360 Particular Baptists: differences over baptism with Bunyan, 117, 167, 214,291-301,

686

GENERAL INDEX

330, 336; other refs., 23-24, 93, 277, 315, 481,515-18 passim. See also Baptists and

individual Baptists by name Partridge, Nathaniel (C), 270 Passinger, Thomas (PBS), 499 "Pastoral Arminianism," 11of, 149, 171, 213, 331, 583 Patrick, Simon, bishop of Ely, 625 Patshall, John (FM), 559 Paul, St.: theological views of, 45n, 72, 104, 141, 191f, 468, 524; Bunyan's view of, 46, 61, 208; on Christian behavior, 72, 384, 399, 475, 509; and persecution, 244, 361ff, 511, 536, 591; on women, 470, 483f, 504-5; other refs., 154, 180, 290, 319n, 320, 338, 551 Paul, Thomas (PB), 291-301 passim, 605 Paul's Departure and Crown, 360, 361-65 Peaceable Principles and True, 95, 297-301 passim, 481 Pearse, William (P), 458n Pearson, John, bishop of Chester, 404n Pecock, Sister,* 150 Penington, Isaac, the younger (Q), 8o-8m Penn, William (Q): on religious freedom, 223f, 226, 634n; attacked by Bunyan, 279, 317-22 passim, 339, 398, 6os; and James II's policy of indulgence, 548, 567-68; other refs., 326, 62on Pennell, Elizabeth Robins and Joseph, 616 Pepys, Samuel, diarist, 217, 385 Percival, Peter, banker, 359 Percivale, John, 62on Perkins, William, puritan, 164, 173f, 212, 255n, 459n, 6os Perrinchief, Richard (Cf), 224 Perrott, Robert (FM), 559 Perseverance, doctrine of, 111-12, 171-72, 262,373,420,507n Peter, St., 49, 136, 290, 491, 496, 511, 593 Peterborough, countess of, 316 Peterborough, diocese of, 454n Peterborough, Henry Mordaunt, earl of, 409, 413, 569f, 572 Petre, Edward, Jesuit, 568

Petto, Samuel (C), 106 Peyton, Sir Robert, 334, 341 Philip, evangelist, 193 Philpot, John, martyr, 478 Pilgrim's Progress, The: influences on, 6, 229-43, 6osf; and Bunyan's psychological and religious experience, s6n, 61, n6, 206, 230-43, 350, 420, 501f, 602-3; as a polemic work, 73-74,260-61, 286f, 365; and Bunyan's theology, 86, 112, 261-63, 580; as a critique of the Restoration state and society, 101, 252-57, 365, 378-79, 6o8; and the decision to employ allegory and similitudes, 180, 200, 206-7, 220-22, 321, 351; seeds of, 211, 215-16; historical context of, 216-27; advice about publishing it, 219-20,346-47, 351; plot of, 227-28, 499ff; treatment of persecution in, 24349, 435, 510, suf; and Christian militancy, 249-52; as a critique of the Church of England, 257-60, 609; and the idea of progress, 264-65; later editions, 343n, 354, 365, 374, 390, 595; music and noise in, 424, 509, 539; comparison of the two parts, 499-513 passim; reception of, 610-33 passim; other refs., 121, 175, 205n, 352,377,387,415n,s42 Pilgrim's Progress, The, Part Two, 470,47478, 480, 485, 498-515, 539, 583, 610 Pilkington, Sir Thomas, sheriff of London, 393,403f Pillai, Krishna, 631 Plaatje, Sol T., 632 Plant, Thomas (PB), 456, 459, 485f, 515, 517, 535, 549n, 594 Plato,s,26,97,285 Player, Sir Thomas, MP, 341,367,401 "Pocket Concordance, A," 269-71 Poiret, Pierre, mystic, 621 Polycarp of Smyrna, martyr, 511 Pomfret, Thomas (Cf), 413 Pomponius Algerius, martyr, 558-62 passim Ponder, Nathaniel (PBS): and Pilgrim's Progress, 226, 347, 365, 374, 498f, 638ff; and other works of Bunyan's, 271, 360,

GENERAL INDEX

374, 514,539,581, 639f; and John Owen, 347, 409; other refs., 142n, 219f, 410,413 Poole, Mary, alleged witch, 117 Pooley, Christopher (SDB), 52m, 522 Pooley, Roger, 6om Poor relief, 94, 170, 364-65, 577, 579, 582, 6o7 Pope, Alexander, 624 Popish plot, 353-62 passim, 391, 394f, 428, 430f, 445 Popular culture, 6, 102-3, 303 Portman, John (FM), 89f Portsmouth, Louise-Renee de Keroualle, duchess of, 392 Powell, Vavasor (C, FM), 23, 9Q---91, 130, 146,152,156,270-71,575n,6o5 Pratt, Elizabeth, alleged witch, 117 Prayer, 66, 136-37, 152-59, 208, 251, 326, 531, 546 Predestination, doctrine of: in Bunyan's sermons, 103, 106, 302, 331-32, 335-36, 348-49, 598; in Bunyan's other works, 83, 149,173-74,193-94,261-62,272-73.327 Presbyterians: Bunyan's criticism of, 167, 214, 272; and Protestant cooperation, 277, 315,452, 478; and the policies of indulgence, 289, 291, 550, 554, s6s-66, 588; persecution of, 440, 486, 529n, 549; other refs., 21, 98, 100, 297, 389, 391, 408, 595·

See also individual Presbyterians by name Preston, John, puritan, 620 Price, Edward (PB), 518 Printers and booksellers, see Benj. Alsop, Bern. Alsop, J. Blare, J. Boekholt, T. Braddy!, T. Brewster, J. Buckland, E. Calvert, G. Calvert, H. Care, L. Chapman, M. Cowley, C. Doe, J. Dover, S. Dover, J. Dunton, B. Harris, J. Harris, S. Harris, H. Hills, R. Janeway, G. Larkin, T. Malthus, S. Marshall, E. Midwinter, D. Newman, N. Ponder, T. Passinger, J. Robinson, R. Royston, F. Smith, G. Thomason, T. Underhill, J. Wilkins, J. Wright the younger, M. Wright. See also Bunyan, John-relations with printers and booksellers

Priscilla, co-worker with Paul, 483

Prison Meditations, 147, 159-61 Privy Council: in the 166os, 217, 246; in the 1670s, 219, 287, 307, 357f, 366, 368, 390; in the early 168os, 401, 413f, 455; in the reign ofJamesll,s5o,568,570 Prodigies, 146, 316 Profitable Meditations, 146-50, 161 Providence, views of, 182, 350, 376-83 passim, 389, 494, 537 Pryor, Margaret, reputed witchcraft victim, 118-20 Pushkin, Alexander, 631 Quakers (Friends): and music, 42, 577; Bunyan's opposition to (165os), 47, 73, 75-88, 96f, lll, 115-21, 580; similarities to reputed Ranters, 73, 77; Bunyan's opposition to (166os), 73, 166, 192, 214, 262; Bunyan's opposition to (168os), 73, 420n, 483, 551; in Bedfordshire, 75-76, 87-88; and witches, 115-21; suppression of, 131, 138-39, 266, 268, 456, 474, 485; liberation of, 143, 289, 548-49; Bunyan's opposition to (1670s), 279, 319f, 330,332, 336, 343; and James Il's policy of indulgence, 554, s66f, 57m; other refs., 97, 100, 241, 382ff, 386, 477, 484n, 552, 611. See also individ-

ual Quakers by name Quarles, Francis, poet, 230, 236, 539-46 passim, 6os, 624

Questions about the Nature and Perpetuity of the Seventh-Day-Sabbath, 109, 520-25 Quick, John (P), 440 Quilligan, Maureen, so6n Quo warranto proceedings, 412ff, 588 Radden, William (GB), attorney, 358,360 Randall, James Gregory, 3m Ranters (reputed): Bunyan's early knowledge of, 43, 49-50, 67, 68-69, 290, 604; views of, 69-74, 38on; Bunyan's attacks on, 96, 111, 187, 191-92, 214, 420n, 483; other refs., 67-68, 77· See also individual

reputed Ranters by name

688

GENERAL INDEX

Rawlins, William, ejected minister, 92 Read, Joseph (P), 440 Reeve, John, Muggletonian, 450 Relation of the Imprisonment, A, 146, 585 Repentance, 194, 197, 213, 273, 280-84 passim, 294, 332, 336, 339 Reresby, Sir John, 564, 566 Resistance, views of: in Bunyan's allegories, 249-52, 436-38, 511-12, 6o8; in Bunyan's other works, 272, 363-64, 372, 444-45, 468,492, 496-97, 558-60, 573-74; in John Owen's works, 436-37, 438, 444, 446; other refs., 410 Restoration, 127-30 Resurrection, 69-81 passim, 189-99, 262

Resurrection of the Dead, and Eternall Judgement, The, 189-99, 211-12, 257, 332 Reynolds, John, author, 376, 6o6 Rhye, John, former Leveller, 396 Rich, Peter, sheriff of London, 455 Richardson, Edward (C), 396 Richardson, Samuel, 624 Ridley, Nicholas, martyr, 183, 251, 429 Roberts, Marmaduke, nonconformist, 458n Robins, John (RR), 380 Robinson, Jonathan (PBS), 617, 638, 641 Robinson, William, 546-47 Rogers, John (FM), 93, 13of, 150, 481-82, 483 Rogers, John, Bible translator, 604 Romanus, martyr, 511 Roosevelt, Theodore, 633 Ross, Aileen, 506, 507n Rossetti, Christina, 630 Row, John, plotter, 472 Royce, Josiah, 627 Royston, Richard (PBS), 76 Ruffhead, Josias, 288 Rumbold, Richard, plotter, 46on, 476 Rumsey, Col. John, plotter, 471f Runde, Robert, archbishop of Canterbury, 611 Rush, John (Q), 75, 87 Rush, John,* Bedford councilman, 21m, 276,570f

Ruskin, John, 627 Russell, Lady Rachel, 492 Russell, Lord William, 401-2, 413, 442, 455, 460-61, 462, 492f, 513, 533 Russell, William (GB), 521, 605 Rutherford, Samuel (P), 107n, 442, 620 Rye House plot, 461-62, 463, 470-73, 47576, 489-92, 495, 514-15, 559, 6o8 Ryther, John (C), 391 Sabbath, 32, 330, 519-25 Sadler, Lynn Veach, 22on, 433n Sadler, Thomas, artist, 601 St. Asaph, diocese of, 456

Saints Knowledge of Christs Love, The, 53638

Saints Privilege and Profit, The, 550-55 passim, 58of, 584 Salisbury, James Cecil, earl of, 315, 401, 403 Salisbury, Norwich, reputed plotter, 472 Saller, William (SDB), 519 Salmon, Joseph (RR), 67 Salter, Richard (Cf), 562 Saltmarsh, John, sectary, 23,107,109, 156 Samm, John (Q), 75 Samson, Israelite judge, 171, 208, 321, 331, 419n Samuel, Sir Richard, 14 Sancroft, William, archbishop of Canterbury, 122n, 404n, 454, 460, 488, 535, s64f, 594-95 Sanctification, doctrine of, 84, 230, 262, 284, 286, 419f, 509, 534 Sargent, George, 613 Saul, king oflsrael, 46, 491 Saunders, Col. Thomas, 89 Saunders, Emme, alleged witch, 117 Saved by Grace, 335-37, 339, 350, 360 Savonarola, Girolamo, Catholic reformer, 450n Savoy Conference, 155 Scott, Oliver,* 375, 46on, 487n Scott, Sir Walter, 626 Scroggs, Sir William, 367 Seaman, Lazarus (P), 143

GENERAL INDEX

Seasonable Counsel, 489-98, 519, 530, 551 Sedgwick, William, Seeker, 69 Seed, David, 6o6n Seekers, 67, 69 Seventh-Day Baptists, 458, 519-22 Sexual relations, 10, 70, 170f, 374-75, 38o-81 Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, earl of: parliamentary concerns of, 315,328, 356; associations of, 329, 342, 360, 474n, 475, 492, 559; publications of, 334, 359, 394; and the Popish, Meal Tub, and Irish plots, 358, 368, 392; and the succession crisis, 372, 39o-96 passim, 401-4; proposed insurrection of, 442, 455, 46of; other refs., 366f, 431f Shanie,49,52,196,257-58 Sharrock, Roger: and Bunyan's period of psychological and religious turmoil, 43n, 52, 57n; on Bunyan's allegories, 230, 236, 245, 247n, 419n, 42m, 427n, 513n; other refs., 5, 113, 224-25, 383, 539n, 57m, 611 Shaw, George Bernard, 614, 628, 630 Sheldon, Gilbert, archbishop of Canterbury,267,317,324,334 Sherlock, Richard (Cf), 324 Sherlock, Williani (Cf), 180, 317-22 passim Shernian, Thon1as, 498f, 615, 620 Sherwood, Mary Martha, 615-16 Shorter, Sir John, 456-57, 486, 589f, 619 Shropshire: general, 405; W em, 129 Shute, Benjaniin and Mary, 386 Shute, Samuel, sheriff of London, 393, 403f Sibbes, Richard, puritan, 241, 459n, 620 Sidney, Algernon, plotter, 461f Sini, Stuart, 105n, 212n, 233n, 26on, 278n, 419n, 444n, 503 Sin1ilitudes, 180, 200, 206-7, 221, 593 Sin1on, sorcerer of San1aria, 116 Sin1pson, John (FM), 92f, 126, 130, 150, 274, 345.522 Sin1pson, Sidrach (C), 9m Skippon, Maj.-Gen. Philip, 11, 17, 23 Slater, Samuel (C), 589-90 Sleep, 38ff, 53-59 passim, 235, 502 Sn1ith, Aaron, plotter, 471

Sn1ith, Francis (GB, PBS): as a target of government action, 143, 147, 218,342, 359, 362, 403, 486, 490; associations of, 143, 358, 360, 442; relations with Bunyan (166os), 146-47, 152, 161, 176, 637f; and publications of other authors, 146, 270, 359, 394, 404n; relations with Bunyan (1670S),271,278,289,323,328,335,358ff, 638; other refs., 138, 268, 297, 391, 396, 590,640 Sn1ith, Mehetabel (SDB), 520, 6os Sn1ith, Sir Willian1, 406 Sn1ith, Thon1as, keeper of Can1bridge U niversity library, 121-23, 125, 133f, 148 Snagge, Thonias, Bedfordshire JP, 135 Social conduct, 167-76, 374-87 passim, 47778 Socinians, Socinianisni, 67, 77, 279f, 330, 398 So lenin League and Covenant, 21f, 129, 346, 411,570 Solonion, king of Israel, 49f, 181, 186, 290, 322, 542, sssf, 574f, 593 Solomon's Temple Spiritualiz'd, 555-56, 57378,580,583

Some Gospel- Truths Opened According to the Scriptures, 76-87 passim, 115, 180 Son1erset: general, 268, 406, 439, 479, 482; Sedgen1oor, 527, 559; Taunton, 314, 346, 412, 487ff, 527; Wells, 314, 527 Soursby, Henry (SDB), 519f, 6os Southey, Robert, 626 Southwark Cathedral, 610 Southwell, Sir Robert, 366, 431 Spargo, Tan1sin, 145n, 31m, 484 Sparrow, Anthony, bishop of Norwich, 391 Spencely (or Spencly), Richard,* 66, 76, 78, 91,94 Spenser (or Spencer), John,* Bedford alderman,487n,570f Spilsbury, John (PB), 62n Spira, Francesco, 50, 236, 305, 343, 350, 453, 517n, 594, 604 Spousal relations, 167 Spufford, Margaret, 300, so8n

GENERAL INDEX

Spurgeon, Charles Haddon, 621 Spurstowe, William (P), 156 Squibb, Arthur (FM), 89, 522 Stachniewski, John, 235n, 256n, 26m, 264 Staffordshire, 460, 463 Stanley, A. P., 610 Stanton, John,* 375 Stationers' Company, 218-19 Statutes: Conventicle Act (1593), 131, 135, 140, 144,393, 405; Licensing Act (1662), 152,156, 363; Act of Uniformity (1662), 154, 217; Conventicle Act (1664), 216, 266, 268; Conventicle Act (1670), 218,260, 266, 268f, 313, 315; Quaker Act (1662), 266; Test Act (1673), 306, 308; Five-Mile Act (1665), 407f; Corporation Act (1661), 411-14 passim; Act Repealing the Writ de haeretico comburendo (1677), 443 Steele, William, former lord chancellor of Ireland, 316 Stennett, Edward (SDB), 458, 520,522 Stennett, Joseph (SDB), 566 Stephen, martyr, 352, 511 Sterne,Laurence,624 Sternhold, Thomas, versifier of Psalms, 147, 510n, 577n Sterry, Peter (C), 315 Stevenson, Bill, 100 Stevenson, Robert Louis, 630 Stockton, Owen (P, C), 132n Strait Gate, The, 328-34 Stratton (or Straton), Edward,* 345n, 347n, 404n,405n Stretton, Richard (C), 566 Strudwick, John, London grocer, 598f Stubbs, Thomas (Q), 75 Stucley, Lewis (C), 307 Styron, William, 59-60, 234, 238n, 239, 241f Succession, dispute over, 366-67, 390-97 passim, 401-3, 432ff, 462 Suffering, ethic of, 166, 362f, 398, 469, 49398 Suffolk: general, 69, us, 391, 474, 481, 519, 567f; Bury St. Edmunds, 273; Mildenhall, 591; Wickam-skeyth, 121

Suicide, 39, 57-58, 231, 234, 239, 388-89, 51518 passim, 537 Sunderland, Robert Spencer, earl of, 367, 401,491n,549n,569 Surrey: general, 406, 456, 459; Farnham, 16; Ryegate, 591; Southwark (N. Vincent's anticatholic sermons at), 246,355, 513n; Southwark (nonconformist congregations at), 273, 407, 481, 515, 518, 534; Southwark (other refs.), 367,473, 549n, 591 Sussex: Chichester, 44on; Rye, 405; Westmeston, 129 Sutton, Edward, possible,* 487n Swaan, Johannes Samuel, 616 Swaim, Kathleen, 230, 234n, 238n, 505, 539 Swearing, 4, 10, 34, 41, 167,379, 382-83 Swift, Jonathan, 624 Swinnock, George (P), 494n Swinton, William, informer, 389 Sylvester, Matthew (P), 529n Tallents, Francis (P), 529 Talon, Henri, 211n, 245, 260 Tawney, R. H., 383 Taylor, Isaac, 613 Taylor, Jeremy (Cf), 26,163, 62on Taylor, Nathaniel, 65,92 Taylor, Thomas, puritan, 180, 604 Temple, Sir William, 401 Ten Commandments, 29, 41, 109, 276, 283, 325,520 Thackeray, William Makepeace, 630 Thickstun, Margaret Olofson, 311n, 507n, 509n Thimbleton, Walter (FM), 549, 559 Thirty-nine Articles, 280, 285, 560 Thodye, Oliver,* 374 Thomas, Sir Keith, 351, 541 Thomason, George (PBS), 78n Thompson, E. P., 622 Thompson, Frank, 616 Thompson, Sir John, 533 Thompson, Stephen, 16m, 199n

GENERAL INDEX

Thoreau, Henry David, 630 Thurloe, John, secretary of state, 89-90 Tillam, Thomas (SDB), 450n, 521-22 Tillinghast, John (FM), 90, 18m Tilney, Mary,* 253, 269 Timewell, Stephen, mayor of Taunton, 488 Timothy, co-worker with Paul, 133, 484 Tindall, William York, 120, 259n, 382n, 383, 427n, 428, 629 Titus, Roman emperor, 307 Tobiah the Ammonite, 303 Toleration, policy and practice of, 564-72, 588-89 Tolstoy, Leo, 632 Tombes, John (PB), 26n, 106 Tomkins, Thomas (Cf), 224 Tong, Israel (Cf), 392 Toplady, Augustus, 624 Tory Reaction, 479-80, 485-89, 530 Towgood, Stephen (C), 528 Trapnel, Anna (FM), 51 Trapp, John (puritan, Cf), 556n Travers, Walter, puritan, 474 Treatise of the Fear of God, A, 74, 369-74 Trelawney, Jonathan, bishop of Bristol, 588 Trevelyan, George Macaulay, 628 Trinity, doctrine of, 562 Trinity and a Christian, Of the, 562, 587 Trosse, George (P), 565 Tucker, Charlotte, 613, 616 Turner, Francis, bishop of Ely, 459n Turner, James, 256f Twain, Mark (Samuel Clemens), 615, 619, 630 Twisden (or Twysden), Thomas, judge of the King's Bench, 144ff, 158, 217, 247 Tyndale, William, reformer, 604 Typology, 24, 44, 85, 179-81, 321-22, 464, 522-23,555,575-76 Tyrell, Col. Thomas, 11 Underhill, Cave (Cf), 254, 408 Underhill, Thomas (PBS), 87

Underwood, T. L., 89, 270, 295, 296n, 48In Underwood, Thomas, mayor of Bedford, 570 Unpardonable sin: Bunyan's fears about, 46, 48-56, 290, 343; Bunyan's subsequent discussions of, 110-11, 236, 319-20, 333, 467,594 Uzza, Hebrew carter, 573f Vane, Sir Henry, parliamentary radical, 89 Van Gogh, Vincent, 234,632 Vaughan Williams, Ralph, 615 Veale, James, Bedford councilman, 571 Venereal disease, 381-82 Venner, Thomas (FM), 89f, 93,137-39, 266, 559 Vincent, Nathaniel (P), 246, 355, 357, 407, 431, 459, 513n, 62on Vincent, Thomas (P), 376n

Vindication of the Book Called, Some Gospel-Truths Opened, A, 77-87 passim, 92, 96,115,605 Viner, Sir Robert, mayor of London, 329 Vries, Pieter, see De Vries, Pieter Wade, Nathaniel, plotter, 345n, 476 Walcott, Thomas, plotter, 475, 492 Waldo (Valdes), Peter, 450n Wales, 566 Walker, David, 105n, 212n, 278n, 419n, 444n, 503 Walker, James Edward, 615 Walpole, Horace, 625 Walters, Lucy, Monmouth's mother, 396 Walwyn, William, Leveller, 341, 395 Ward, Graham, 33n Ward, Sir Patience, mayor of London, 393, 395,409 W arr, Daniel, 621 Water of Life, The, 581-84, 591, 598 Watson, Thomas (P), 315,317, 340n, 407, 529n Wavel, Richard (C), 452,589

GENERAL INDEX

Wealth and poverty: in Bunyan's allegories, 253-57, 379-80, 432-33, 513-14; in Bunyan's other works, 96-101 passim, 14849, 214-15, 364-65, 551-52, 579-80, 582; other refs., 607-8 Weeks, William Raymond, 621 Weemes (or Wemyss), John, Scottish divine, 180 Wells, Francis (Cf), 316 Wesley, John, 611, 621 Wesley, Samuel (C), 442, 443n West, Alick, 629 West, Robert, plotter, 462,467-75 passim Westminster Abbey, 610 Westmorland; general, 119, 404; Kendal, 121 Wharton, Anne, Lady, 456 Wharton, Philip Lord: friendship with nonconformist ministers, 143, 307, 369, 442n; supports toleration, 224, 315, 328, 408; and the Popish plot, 358, 360, 392; other refs., 277, 315-16, 343, 387n, 474, 489 Wharton, Thomas, 474 Wheeler, William (C), 64, 93, 95, 126,130, 267,288 Whitbread, William,* 63, 253, 544, 572 White, Major Francis, 24n White, Robert, artist, 601 White, Thomas, bishop of Peterborough, 454 Whitefield, George, 621 Whitehead, George (Q), 87n, 119, 266, 287, 344n Whitley, W. T., 314 Whitman, John,* 93, 95, 126,347 Whitman, Walt, 631 Whitney, Geoffrey, poet, 230, 605 Whittier, John Greenleaf, 631 Whyte, Alexander, 621 Wilcocks, Thomas, Baptist, 518 Wildman, John, Leveller, 341, 527, 533 Wildman, John, of Bedford,* 346, 347n, 375 Wilkins, John (PBS), 297, 638 Wilkins, John, bishop of Chester, 212, 254f Will, 213, 331, 349, 373, 453, 495

Williams, Charles, 89, 91 Williams, Daniel (P), 565 Williams, Roger, separatist, 23, 87 Williamson, Hugh Ross, 614 Williamson, Sir Joseph, 289, 334, 341f Wills, Obadiah (C), 298 Wilson, John,* 104,309,601, 6o6 Wilson, John (P), 76n Wiltshire: general, 269, 405f, 480; Marlborough, 406; Salisbury, 383, 406 Wingate, Francis, Bedfordshire JP, 132-34, 142, 146, 158, 414 Wise, Laurence (C, FM; Bapt. after c. 1664), 151, 485, 549 Wishart, George, reformer and martyr, 249 Witches (reputed), witchcraft, 6, 115-21, 186, 255, 279, 319, 327, 365, 514 Wither, George, poet, 540 Wolleb, Johannes, reformer, 173 Wolseley, Sir Charles, 223-24 Women: their role in the church, 87, 93f, 480-85, 579; Bunyan's view of their behavior, 87, 167ff, 469-70, 503-7, 511; Agnes Beaumont episode, 309-12; other refs., 598 Wood, Anthony, 620 Wood, George, 616 Wood, Ralph (PBS), 96 Wood, Thomas, bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, 564 Woodward, Thomas,* Bedford alderman, 571f Worcester, Henry Somerset, marquess of, 409 Worcestershire: Stourbridge, 255; Worcester, 413 Wordsworth, Dorothy, 630 Worthington, John (Cf), 326 Wright, John, nonconformist, 266-67, 287f, 345,487 Wright, John, reputed witch, 117-18 Wright, John, the younger (PBS), 70, 76, 78,637 Wright, M. (PBS), 96, 637 Wyclif, John, 140, 183, 426, 450n

GENERAL INDEX

Xiuquan, Hong, 632 Yates, Thomas (C), 316 Yeamans, Sir Robert, Bristol councilor, 269

Yorkshire: general, 277, 578; Darfield, 129;

693

Draw-well, 115; Hull, 269, 566; Welburn, 67; York, 406, 591 Young, Thomas, puritan, 156 Zacharias, father ofJohn the Baptist, 463-64 Zerubbabel, governor ofJudah, 450