George Whetstone Mid-Elizabethan Gentleman of Letters

Citation preview

Cjeorge W hetstone NUMBER COLUMBIA IN

I58

OF

UNIVERSITY

ENGLISH

AND

THE STUDIES

COMPARATIVE

LITERATURE

Qeorge W hetstone M ID -E L IZ A B E T H A N GENTLEM AN OF LETTERS

Hy Thomas Q lizard

T'few York

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS MCMXLI I

C o p y rig h t

1942

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS, NEW YORK Oxford University Press, Humphrey Milford, Amen House, London, E. C. 4, England, and B. I. Building, Nicol Road, Bombay, India fo re ig n a g e n ts :

MANUFACTURED IN TH E UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

To

OSCAR JAMES CAMPBELL

Preface George Whetstone: Mid-Elizabethan Gentleman of Letters is a result of many hours spent in the Columbia University Library—chiefly in a tiny room toward the attic in South Hall. Practically every member of the excellent staff of the Library has at one time or another supplied friendly and efficient assistance in searching out books here or in other libraries of the United States and England. In beginning his investigations, the author had the benefit of the kindly interest and encouragement of Professors H arry Morgan Ayres and Frederick S. Boas. In fact, from beginning to end Professor Ayres has retained a benevolent sort of sovereignty. Professor Oscar James Campbell has patiently read every page from the roughest first draft to the last copy and has been unfailingly kind and wise in offering advice. Others of the University’s fine scholars who have generously examined the manuscript and offered suggestions arc Professors Dino Bigongiari, Roger Sherman Loomis, Marjorie Nicolson, and William York Tindall and Dr. Henry Willis Wells. Miss Evelyn Boyce and Mr. Henry H . Wiggins of the Columbia University Press have supplied valuable editorial aid. Acknowledgment should also be made of the kindness of various publishers in granting permission to quote copyrighted material: the Cornell University Press for quotations from T . F. Crane’s Italian Social Customs o f the Sixteenth Century and Their Influence on the Literature of Europe; E. P. D utton & Co. for quotations from Laurie Magnus’s Documents Illustrating Elizabethan Poetry; the Encyclopcedia Britannica for quotations from the eleventh-edition articles "George Whetstone’’ and “Sin” ; the President and Fellows of Harvard College for quotations from Donald A. Stauffer’s English Biography before i"joo and from John C. Rolfc’s translation of Aulus Gcllius in the Locb Classical Library; the University of Illinois Press for a quota tion from Harold Goldcr’s “Bunyan’s G iant Despair” in the Journal

viii

Preface

of English and Germanic Philology; the Philological Quarterly for a quotation from Robert H . Wilson’s “The Mariana Plot of Measure for M easure’; T he Macmillan Company for a quotation from W alter Pater’s Appreciations, with an Essay on Style; the Cambridge University Press and T he Macmillan Company for a quotation from The Cambridge History of English Literature; George Allen & Unwin Ltd. for a pas sage from Odell Shepard’s Lore of the Unicorn; the British Record Society for the inquisition post mortem of Robert W hetstone; the Clarendon Press for passages from Charles Singer’s edition of The Cures of the Diseased in the Forraine Attem pts of the English Nation, from G. H . M air’s edition of Wilson’s Arte of Rhetorique, and from Captain B. M. W ard’s articles on Gascoigne in The Review of English Studies; the Harleian Society for the augmentation of Bernard W het stone’s coat of arm s; the Corporation of London for the abstract of Robert W hetstone’s will; Scholars’ Facsimiles and Reprints for a quotation from Don Cameron Allen’s edition of Palladis Tamia; and the Yorkshire Archaeological Society for feet of fines concerning the Whetstone family. T . C. I. South Hall Columbia University August 26, 1942

Contents The H ap and H ard Fortune o f George Whetstone, Gent.

i

T he Roc{e of Regard

35

Promos and Cassandra

52

A n Heptameron of Civill Discourses

80

A Mirour for Magestrates of Cyties and A Touchstone for the T im e 131 The Honorable Reputation of a Souldier

162

The English Myrror

177

T he Censure of a Loyall Subject

219

Six Elegies

227

Appendix

265

Bibliography of Whetstone’s Worlds

279

Index

289

The H ap and H ard Fortune of Cjeorge Whetstone, Qent.

T

he o n ly entrance requirement for the hypothetical reader of this

book is that he recall George W hetstone—somewhat hazily is sufficient—as the writer of Promos and Cassandra. For this frail grasp on immortality our author is indebted to the compilers of Shake speare handbooks, who inform us that Whetstone wrote an unwieldy ten-act play, published in 1578 but never acted, from which Shakespeare quarried much of the stuff for Measure for Measure. This information, fortunately, seems to be perfectly true. Critics and historians of Elizabethan literature, however, often find it necessary to consider Whetstone in relation to matters un-Shakespearean. In The Cambridge History of English Literature, for ex ample, he crops up some twenty-five or thirty times in connection with such diverse subjects as prose fiction, translations, “the New English poetry,” the functions of comedy, dramatic criticism in the sixteenth century, miscellanies ( T he Paradyse of Dainty Deuises and Floweres of Epigram m es), early English tragedy, early English comedy, Scottish literary antiquaries, the trend toward realism, the Puritan attack upon the stage, and Italian influences. W hetstone has a way, too, of sidling in when other authors are being discussed—George Gascoigne, perhaps, or Stephen Gosson, or Richard Edwards, or Sir Philip Sidney—and attracting a modicum of attention to himself. But in general the infor mation about Whetstone supplied by critics, historians, and bibliog raphers is likely to be sketchy and is often erroneous. Even the scholarly eleventh edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica (vet to zym) is something less than infallible. H ere are the closing sentences of its article on Whetstone, with remarks inserted in brackets to suggest its shortcomings: The Puritan spirit was now abroad in England, and Whetstone followed its dictates in his prose tract A Mirour for Magestrates (1584), which in a second

George Whetstone, Gent.

2

edition was called A Touchstone for the Time. [The Puritan spirit was abroad, but the central ideas in A Mirour for Magestratcs (of Cytiesl) were lifted without significant alteration from The Image of Gouvernaunce by Sir Thomas Elyot, whose death in 1546 antedates Puritanism by some years, and Whetstone’s book also includes conventional sermon material older than Chaucer. Furthermore, A Touchstone for the Time was no second edition; it appeared in the same volume and is paged continuously with A Mirour for Magestrates of Cyties.) Whetstone did not abuse the stage as some Puritan writers did, but he objected to the performance of plays on Sundays. (The book is concerned with the evils of the taverns rather than with those of the stage; and it seems that plays were no longer presented on Sunday anyway at the time Whetstone was writing. The one brief aside in which the stage is mentioned, though it lacks complete clarity, might well be construed as a disparagement of the whole stage controversy.] In 1585 he returned to the army in Holland, and he was present at the battle of Zutphen. [Apparently the Whetstone who went to Holland in 1585 was George’s brother Bernard; George began his service in Holland in August, 1587, almost a year after the battle of Zutphen.] His other works are a collection of military anecdotes entitled The Honourable Reputation of a Souldier (1585) [a conduct-book for soldiers would be a more accurate description; the anecdotes arc few and are mere incidental illustrations]; a political tract, the English Myrror (1586), numerous elegies on distinguished persons, and The Censure of a Loyall Sub ject (1587). No information about Whetstone is available after the publica tion of this last book, and it is conjectured that he died shortly afterwards. [ But Whetstone’s last published book was a metrical life of Sir Philip Sidney, in which the printer stated that Whetstone had gone to the Low Countries and had died. Accounts of Whetstone’s death have long been available in the widely known and well-indexed Calendar of State Papers.] T he eleventh-edition article on Whetstone has been retained, with slight abridgment, down to and including the current fourteenth edi tion. T he bracketed interpolations, needless to say, will be supported and documented in the appropriate chapters of this book. They serve here merely to demonstrate the unreliability of the information about Whetstone to be found in usually reliable reference works. But in the realm of free and easy conjecture about the life of W het stone, the farthest point west seems to have been reached by Charles Singer in the introduction to a reprint of a book on tropical medicine.1 1 The Cures of the Diseased in Forraine Attempts of the English Nation (London, 1598), reproduced in facsimile with introduction and notes by Charles Singer (Oxford,

*915).

George Whetstone, Gent.

3

T he initials G. W . signed to the dedication of the book provided Mr. Singer with a point of departure. T o appreciate the ingenuity of his ensuing speculations the reader needs only to remember that George Whetstone died in the fall of 1587: Richard Hakluyt in the dedication to Sir Robert Cecil of The Third and Last Volume of the Voyages Navigations Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation, published in the year 1600, wrote as follows: "I was once minded to have added to the end of these my labours a short treatise, which I have lying by me in writing, touching The Curing of hot diseases incident to traveilers in long and Southerne voyages, which treatise was written in English, no doubt of a very honest mind, by one M. George Wateson, and dedicated unto her sacred Maiestie.” But H akluyt had learned that Doctor Gilbert contemplated an even better book on the subject, to be written perhaps with the collaboration of “The whole Colledge of the Physicians.” Mr. Singer continues: “But who was George Wateson or G. W ., the author of our pamphlet? W e may hazard the guess that he was none other than the poet and swashbuckler, George Whetstone, remembered as the author of the crude play Promos and Cassandra, the original of Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure. Whetstone, like many other Eliza bethan writers, was accustomed to sign his productions with his initials only.” M r. Singer then attempts to show that bits of verse in the book re semble verse known to be Whetstone’s, and argues further: “The banality of putting the table of contents into verse is an offense of which Whetstone is quite capable. Typical of him is also the unctuous loyalty to the Queen exhibited by the verse on page 5, and by the dedication. The English Myrror of George Whetstone, published in 1586, bore a dedication to Queen Elizabeth very similar to that of our pamphlet. Lastly, we may add that nearly all of W hetstone’s work ap peared in pamphlet form of about the size and general get-up of the production before us.” Then Mr. Singer shows that Whetstone spelled his own name some times as Whetston or Whetstones, adding: “Moreover, in one of his works, The censure of a loyall subiect, a character who is apparently his own mouthpiece is called Weston. . . . In Middle English the word

4

George Whetstone, Gent.

whetstone appears as watstone and weston. H akluyt’s spelling, Wateson, is therefore as near as a stranger might be expected to reach in those times.” T he introduction ends with a brief life of Whetstone, for which the information was gleaned from the Dictionary of National Biography, and concludes: In 1585 he again entered the army, and in 1587 was back in London, having written his Censure of a loyall subiect. In a note preceding that work a friend T. C. explains that he is seeing the book through the press, G. W. being away in the country. With this note George Whetstone apparently disappears from literature. Although he was not without literary friends, no notice has been found of his death, the date of which is therefore doubtful. If our pamphlet was really written by him, we may suppose that the intervening period of silence be tween his disappearance in 1587 and its publication in 1598 was occupied in part by travels in the West Indies and in part by the imprisonment in Spain to which he refers in the opening sentence of his dedication. He would thus have been about fifty-four years of age when the pamphlet was published, and was still living in 1600 when Hakluyt wrote his preface. T h e text of The .res of the Diseased indicates that Mr. Singer’s G. W . was a seafaring man, apparently a ship’s officer. T h e following remark is one of several of a similar nature to appear in the book: “My selfe hauing 80. men, 800 leagues forth of England, sicke of the Scurvey, I caused this meanes of scarifying to be used . . . which with com fort of some fresh meates (obtained) rccouercd them all, except one person, and they arriued in England perfectly sound.” A “George Watson, maimed in the Queen’s service," was granted a pension on June 1, 1598,2 and “Capt. G. W atson” in a letter to “Sec. Cecil” on June 22, 1599, refers to experiences aboard the L io n s Whelp.3 It is therefore moved that this possible product of the enforced inac tivity in 1598 of Captain W at(e)son be, tentatively at least, allowed to him and that it no longer be catalogued as Whetstone’s. Its style and content would have been exceeding strange to George Whetstone, even in 1598. Now, Whetstone, it is of course conceded, is not a figure of first importance. Inaccuracies concerning him will doubtless not appreciably * Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, 1598-1601, p. 59.

* Ibid., p. 216.

George Whetstone, Gent.

5

hasten the collapse of Western civilization. But his name appears a thousand times or more in a fairly adequate research library and is mentioned other thousands of times annually in the classrooms of the English-speaking world for the reason that he was a person of some importance in the important but relatively neglected period which im mediately preceded the emergence of Shakespeare. The attempt to com prehend his mind and his times, even to arrive at some of the facts about his life, might by one of reasonably generous nature be classified as harmless or even as virtuous employment. The sane way of proceeding with such an undertaking obviously is not to consult the biographers, bibliographers, and commentators but to examine W hetstone’s own writings and the few available documents relating to him. The first of these documents is an abstract of an inquisition post mortem: Inquisition taken at the Guildhall, 15 July, 5 and 6 Philip and Mary (1558], before Thomas Curteys, knight, Mayor and cscheator, after the death of Robert Whetston, by the oath of Thomas Lytton, Robert Lee, Henry Rob erts, William Smyth, Thomas Dewxell, Robert Davies, Thomas Warren, William Dent, Walter Me\yns, George Pert, Thorns Kendall, and Henry Calys, who say that Robert Whetstone was seised of 1 tenement called the three gilded Ankers, situate in Westcheape in the parish of St. Vedast, London, in the tenure of John Ayleworthe, esq. and John Key^wiche, by virtue of a demise of the said tenement made by the said Robert Whetstone to the said John Ayle worthe and John Key/^wiche, by indenture dated 27 July, 4 and 5 Philip and Mary (1557], for the term of 99 years, they paying yearly for the same The said Robert Whetstone was likewise seised of two other tenements in Westcheape in the said parish, in the tenures of Robert Wynche and John Willyams; and 5 messuages in Gutterlane alias Good Roonc lane in the said parish, in the several tenues of Hugh Morgan, Thomas Flynt, Thomas Adams, Richard Droone, and John Keykwiche; which said tenement in the tenure of the said John Key^wiche, the said Robert Whetstone by indenture dated 24 April, 1 and 2 Philip and Mary [1555], demised to the said John Key\wiche and Elizabeth, his wife, for the term of 40 years, they paying yearly for the same 1 lb. of cherries (cerasurum). So seised, the said Robert Whetstone, by his will dated 9 August, 4 and 5 Philip and Mary [1557), bequeathed all the said premises to his son George Whetstone and his heirs; for default, to John Whetstone, his son and his heirs; for default, to Francis Whetstone, his son and his heirs; for default, to

6

George Whetstone, Gent.

his child unborn, if a son, and to the heirs of the said child; for default, to his son Barnard and his heirs; and lasdy for default, to his right heirs for ever. All the said premises are held of the King and Queen in free burgage, by fealty only and not in chief, and arc worth per ann., clear £23. Robert Whetston died 10 August, 4 and 5 Philip and Mary (1557); Robert Whetson is his son and next heir, and is now aged 17 years and more. Inq. p.m., 5 and 6 Philip and Mary, p.2. No. 98.* From this inquisition we learn that George Whetstone was the son of Robert W hetstone of Westcheap in the Parish of St. Vedast, that Robert W hetstone left a considerable am ount of London property to George, and that George was one of five brothers: Robert, Bernard, George, John, and Francis. W e learn also that Robert Whetstone, Senior, died on August 10, 1557, having on the preceding day made a will, that his wife was pregnant at the date of his death, and that his son Robert was at the time of the inquisition aged seventeen years. Apparently it was chiefly on the basis of this inquisition that Sir Sidney Lee, following H unter and others, estimated the date of George W het stone’s birth as 1544. They seem to have calculated after this fashion: George was the third child; consecutive children were often born about two years apart. Therefore, if Robert was seventeen, Bernard was fifteen, and George was thirteen in 1557. George then was born about 1544. (Robert was, however, said to be seventeen in 1558, rather than in 1557, and their answer should have been 1545.) But before accepting this calculation, as all the standard reference works have, let us examine an abstract of another document, the will of Robert W hetstone: 1560. Monday next after the Feast of St. Luke, Evangelist (18 Oct.]. W HETSTONE (Robert), haberdasher.—To Robert his son and heir all his lands and tenements in co. York in tail; remainder to Barnarde, his eldest4* a . d.

4 This abstract is quoted from Abstracts of Inquisitiones post mortem Relating to the City of London, Returned into the Court of Chancery, Part I, 1 Henry VII to 3 Elizabeth, 14851561, edited by George S. Fry (British Record Society, Index Library, London, 1896), p. 166. (The editor promises to "print these records so fully that it will be unnecessary . . . to consult the originals, which are now deposited in the Public Record Office.”) Other inquisitiones post mortem of Robert Whetstone, unavailable at the present time, would possibly yield further details of biography: Lists and Indexes No. XXIII, Inquisitiones Preserved in the Public Records Office. Vol. I, Henry VIII to Philip and Mary, "Somerset: Chancery Series II, Vol. 114, No. 40; Exchequer Series II, File 944, No. 19," and "York: Chancery Series II, Vol. i n , No. 34." Both arc for "4 and 5 Philip and Mary."

George Whetstone, Gent.

7

son by Margaret his present wife, in tail; remainder to George, brother of said Barnarde. Also to the said Barnardc his manor of Woodford, co. Essex,6*8 in tail; remainder to John and Francys his sons. Also to George his son his tenements in Cheapcside and Gutter Lane in tail; remainder to his other sons. To John his son his lands and tenements in Ratebyc (Ratby] and Isylyc Walton [Isley-Walton J, co. Leicester, and other property in the county of Stafford. To his child en ventre sa mere he leaves divers estates in co. Kent, as well as at Bristowc, Taunton, and Frome, co. Somerset. Also to Frauncys his aforesaid son his lands and tenements in the parish of Stokegurssye (Stogurscy], co. Somerset. To James his brother his lands and tenements in the parish of Hanneworth, co. Middlesex. Notwithstanding the above devises, his wife Margaret is to enjoy a life estate in those lands and tenements left to Barnard, George, John, Frauncys, and to his infant en ventre sa mere. Dated 9 August, a . d. 1557. Roll 250 (160).® The elder Whetstone, then, was a haberdasher who in addition to considerable London property owned numerous estates in various counties. And his “present wife” was named Margaret. But now wc have another basis for estimating the date of George W hetstone’s birth, a basis scarcely more trustworthy than the conventional one but deserv ing equal consideration. Since Bernard was the eldest son by his “pres ent wife,” it seems that Robert W hetstone had been a widower for an indeterminate time between the births of his sons Robert and Bernard. Let us estimate, not from the seventccn-year-old Robert, son of the first wife, but from the unborn fifth child of his widow. Francis then be comes two, John four, and George six in 1557, if we use the estimated spacings formerly employed by the best authorities. In that case George 6 The following entry shows that at least a part of the property of Robert Whetstone had been acquired fairly recently: "1553. Nov. 28. The like (license), for 10L. 13s. lcs . . ." He is per haps recalling carelessly Gruget, l^es Diverses lx\ons de Pierre Messie (Lyon, 1561), Part III, chap. XI, p. 566: "Plinc, Isidore, & Elian . . . client que quand cote bestc con duit . . . qu’avcc ses dens agues die estraint & troncist la teste du masle . . . & que ce quelle con^oit sont des ocufz qui sc forment dans son corps aux poissons: dcsquelz oeufz sortent Viperes crcuent le ventre de leur mere . . Whetstone's reference to Nero's murder of his mother (pp. 7-8) was probably suggested by Gruget, Part I, chap. XXXI, p. 212, a passage which Whetstone uses more extensively on pp. 114-15 of The English Myrror. The story of Marius' escape from prison (p. 12) is told in Gruget, Part IV, chap. Ill, p. 710, and also in North's translation (Tudor Translations, London, 1895-1896) of Plutarch's Lives. "Life of Cams Marius," III, 212. Whetstone's story of the "Gcncowe” merchant's failure when he attempted to persuade Tainbcrlaine to show mercy to helpless suppliants (pp. 15-16) is taken from p. 397 of Gruget's chapter "Du Roy Tamburlan" (Part II, chap. XXVII), a chapter which Whet stone translated for his chap. XII (pp. 78-83) of The English Myrror. 9 Page 20. 10 Op. cit.. Part II, chap. XIX, pp. 355-60. 11 Ibid., Part II, chap. XX, pp. 362-63.

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The English Myrror

Only a man with an over-«xalted estimate of his own powers could have hoped to improvise anything more to the purpose. At any rate, Whetstone next wrote: The Lacedemonians receyued the like scourge for their ingratitude, in banish ing the good King Licurgus their Lawgiuer, a man of so holy life and com mendable maners, as Valerius Maximus testifieth that Pithius the oracle of Apollo answered, he knew not whether he ought to be placed among the number of men, or gods. Other illustrative material on adjoining pages of Grugct seems also to have caught Whetstone’s eye. O n page 364 he found: Servile Halla, apres avoir conserve la liberte dc Rome dc l'ambition dc Spurie Emilie maistre des chevaliers, qui se vouloit faire Roy (lequel il tua 8c fit mourir) pour recompense fut banny. Public Lcntulc, apres avoir vertcuscmcnt defendu la Republiquc, 6c rcprim6 les furieuses entreprises des Grecz, pour recompense fut banny de Rome . . . A corresponding passage on page 363 also tells of Scipio Nasica’s volun tary banishment to Pcrgima. And Whetstone wrote: Seruilius Halla, having preserued Rome from the ambition of Spurius Emilius, who being but master of the horse, would have made himselfe king, was in recompense commanded into exile: the like reward had Publius Lentulus, for repressing the furious enterprises of the Greenes: Scipio Nasica, whose vertucs were equal with the other Scipios, thought it the lessc cvill of both, voluntarily to banish himselfe into Pergima . . .‘a T hat was pithy and to the point, but perhaps as Whetstone read it over it lacked something in copiousness. In the history of this ungrateful world there is no dearth of such examples if a man only knows where to find them promptly. And Whetstone knew. H e clearly turned to the encyclopaedic D u Vcrdier, in whose work he gleaned the following: Pithagore fut brusle tout vif par les Cilonicns, commc dit Plutarque. Anacharsis fut tul des siens pour auoir voulu introduire la religion 6c les dieux des Grccs en la Scythic. A Callisthene son [Aristotle’s] disciple furent coupees les leurcs 6c le nez, puis ferre entre deux murailles mourut de la maladie, que les Grccs appellent 6tipiaai809).

268

Appendix

chap. XX, pp. 124-39.* All Whetstone’s details, including sources indicated in text and marginal notes, are there. Chap. IX (pp. 65-66) all except lines 1-7 is translated from Gruget • Part II, chap. XLIV, pp. 505-7. Whetstone’s closing sentence reads, "The authours of this report are Plotinus in the life of Pope Gregorie the ninth, Sabellicus in the thirde parte of histories, and many others of great knowledge.” A mar ginal note beside the last sentence adds: “Plat, de vita Greg. 9. Sab. hist. per. 3.” All these citations were, needless to say, taken from Gruget. Chap. X (pp. 66-69) except for slight abridgments is a translation of Du Vcrdicr, Book IV, chap. XV, pp. 291-94. Chap. XI (pp. 69-78) is, except for the last paragraph, a slightly abridged translation of Gruget, Part I, chap. XIII, pp. 7^-98. Of Whetstone’s last para graph, the first nine lines arc taken from the end of Gruget, chap. XII, p. 77. Whetstone (p. 69) provided this marginal note: “Pom. Mel. Lib. dc Cosmo 1. cap. 18,” which is more accurate than Gruget: “Pomponius. Mela, li. 1.” Whetstone’s more specific reference may indicate that he verified the citation or that he was using an edition of Gruget other than that used for this study. Chap. XII (pp. 78-83) is, except for the latter half of p. 83, translated from Gruget, Part II, chap. XXVII, pp. 388-99. Chap. XIV (pp. 87-93) *s drawn from Gruget, Part V, chap. XX, pp. 91926. Whetstone does not follow Gruget as closely in this chapter as he does in many of the others; the order is altered and there arc frequent insertions of material from neither Gruget nor Du Verdier. Whetstone’s allusion in Book II to Prefer lohn (p. h i ) echoes the opening of Du Vcrdier’s chapter "Dc Prete-Ian Roy d’Ethiopic,’’ Book II, p. 60. About a dozen lines on p. 137 are translations from Du Verdier, Book III, chap. XXVII, pp. 250-51. Other details on this page are drawn from the same passage, though rearranged. The passage about Pylate on p. 150 shows indebtedness to Gruget, Part II, chap. VIII, pp. 301-4; e. g., Whetstone, p. 150, and Gruget, p. 302: After this wicked judgment he did nothing but iniustice, A pres ces choses . . . il ne fit oneques . . . que iniustes 6r iniques. and being thereof accused, as also for prophaning De quoy estant accuse devant Caius Caligula . . . the temple «c & aussi d'avoir prof ani le temple . . . & encor89 8 Let Divertet Lefons d ‘Antoine du Verdier . . . tuyant eelles de Pierre Mettie, fourth edition (Lyon, 1592). 9 Let Diverset Lefont de Pierre Mettie mites en /ranfait par Claude Gruget (Lyon, 1561).

Appendix

269

robbing the common treasure in Rome, he was by d'avoir desrobe les deneirs commun . . . il jut ye Emperor Caligula banished vnto Lions, the place banny en la ville Lyon . . . quelques uns as some said of his birth: dirent que cestoit le lieu de sa naissance, through griefe of which disgrace, by the iusticc of ou il jut tcllement traite que luy mesme se God he desperately slew himself that he might die by tua de sa propre main . . . A fin q u il mourust par ye most wicked person aliue. le main du plus meschant bom me du monde. The story of Pope “Sixtus the 4” (p. 178, erroneously numbered 177) is from Grugct, Part II, chap. VI, p. 293. This story recurs on p. 220. Whetstone, p. 183: “I thinke the lawe of the Aegyptians . . . is a most sure defence against Enuy: for by this lawe of King Amazis, (which was, that euerie man shoulde put his name in a common booke, and at the yeeres ende should acquainte the Goucrnour ncerc his abiding, with the trade and order of his liuing.)’’ Du Verdicr, Book III, chap. XXVI, p. 227: "Solon fit une loi, dont Amasis Roy d'Egypt auoit estc iadis auteur . . . que chacun monstre tous les ans d’ou il vit, par deuant le magistrat, autrement a fautc de ce faire, qu’il soit puni de mort.” In Du Verdicr the law is first stated in Greek. Whetstone as usual skipped the Greek. Whetstone’s p. 201 should be 191. Since the remaining pages are numbered consecutively, the erroneous numbering will be used for all pages beyond this point. Whetstone, p. 201: “The dignitic Royall, is so greate and holy, as kings that arc protectors and defenders of humane society, imitate the prouidence of God, whose office and action is to gouerne al things, and therforc rightly and properly are they called Vicars and Ministers, of that most soucrainc puissant and universall gouerner. And he himself calleth them gods.” Du Verdicr, Book III, chap. XXXIII, p. 241: “Or la dignite Royale cst si grande 6csi saincte que la Rois estans protecteurs 6c defenseurs des societez dcs hommes, imitent la prouidence de Dicu, 1’oficc 6c action desquels est de regir 5c gouuerner toutes choses, dont a bon droit sont ils dits vicaircs 61 ministres de ce tout-puissant 5c souuerain Rccteur de l’vniuers, lequel les appclle lui mesme Dicux.” Whetstone, p. 201: “Porrus king of the Indians being taken in battaile,

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Alexander demaunded of him how he would be intertained. Porrus answered, as a king. Alexander demaunded againe if he would say anything else: Porrus said no, for all honor is contained in this word king. This name king, was held of so great reucrence among the people of many nations, as the Indians, and Persians worshipped their kings as deuine Idols, 6c held the incounter happic, if by chance, they saw their king.” Du Vcrdier, Book III, chap. XXXIII, p. 241: “Porus Roy des Indiens ayant csit pris en bataille, commc Alexandre lui demandast cn quelle sorte il vouloit estre traite dc lui, cn Roy, respondit-il: 6c commc il lui demandast derechcf, s’il ne vouloit pas dire autre chose: non, dit-il, car tout est compris cn cc mot la En Roy. Cc nom de Roy a estc cn si grande veneration ennuer plusieurs nations, que Ies Indiens 6c Persans adoroyent leur Roy comme deuin simulacre, 6c prenoyent a bon-encontrc 6c heur dc voir lc Roy quand il auenoit qu’ils lc vissent.” This story can also be found in North’s Plutarch,101IV, 369, in Plutarch’s Morals;M I, 45, and again in Plutarch’s Morals, I, 202. But Du Vcrdicr is clearly Whetstone’s source. Whetstone, p. 202: “He that resisteth because the king is a tyrant increaseth his sinnes, and doubleth Gods wrath, who sendeth Tyrants to punish the sinnes of the wicked, who saith, / will do vengeance on my enimies, by my enimies, God (saieth Job) ma{eth the hypocrite to raigne for the sinnes of the people. In Osee God speaketh thus. I will giue theeahjng in my furie: And in Essay, Assur is the Rodde, and staffc of my furie." Du Vcrdier, Book III, chap. XXXIV, pp. 244-45: “Or Dieu a permis 6c permet quelquefois que les Tirans regnent pour chastier les hommes meschans, disant: le ferai vengeance de mes ennemies par mes ennemies. Dieu (dit Job) fait regner l’homme hypocrite a cause dcs pechez du peuple. En Osee, Dieu parle ainsi. Ic tc donnerai vn Roy cn ma furcur: 6c en Esaye. Assur est la verge 6c baston dc ma furcur.” Whetstone, p. 203: "Even so a kingdome, which as Plato defineth, is com posed of a mightie number of people . . . would soone haue come to naught, through the couctous desire to raigne, and disdainc to obey, if there were not one soucraigne commaunder of these infinite affections: which prooveth that Monorchia which is the goucrncment of one, is far more sacred, excellent and perfite then Aristocratia, Democratia, Oligarchia, Laocratia, or any other com pound gouerncmcnt: for it is a harder matter to findc out many, than one that is good.” Du Vcrdier, Book III, chap. XXXIII, pp. 241-42: "Et Platon estime lc Royaumc entre les mortels estre vn divin 6c souucrain bien. . . . £ertainement la monarchic sera tresparfaitc 6c exccllentc, par dessus l’aristocratie, 10 Plutarch, Lives, Englished by Sir Thomas North (Tudor Translations, London, 18951896). 11 Goodwin edition (Boston, 1870).

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Democratic, Oligarchic, ou Laocratie 8c toutes autres cspeces de gouuerne* mens, la ou plusicurs personnes, ou peu, ou bicn, lc peuplc gouucrncnt. Et tout ainsi qu’il est plus deficile de trouuer plusicurs hommes de bien qu’vn, aussi est-il plus facile que les mocurs de plusicurs soyent corrompucs que non pas cclles d’vn.” The brief stories (p. 204) of Antigonus and the soldier, of the Athenian ambassadors and Philip, and of Dennis and Plato are from Gruget, Part II, chap. VI, pp. 288, 292, and 291 respectively. Whetstone, p. 205: "Mamyllus asked Caesar what thing hce had doone, wherein hce held himsclfe most honoured, / sweare vnto thee Mamillus by the immortall gods (saidc Caesar) that I haue done nothing whereof I holde my selfe so much honoured and happie, as for that I haue lyberallie rewarded those, that haue serued me, and mercifullie haue forgiuen such as haue of fended m e ” Du Verdier, Book III, chap. XXXI, p. 235: “Par les Dieux immortcls, ie tc iure, 6 Mamille, que ie n’estime auoir meritc gloire de nulle autre chose dc ceste vie, ni nulle autre me cause tant d’alcgressc que de pardonner a ccux qui me font iniure, 6c gratificr ceux que me seruent.” Beside the marginal note “Pet. Mes. dc reb. memo. lib. 4.” on p. 206 are three allusions: “The people of Meroe an Hand uppon Nylus, elect him for their Prince, that hath the best countenance . . . King Demetrius, had so honorable 6c sweete a presence, as no painter durst vndertake his countcrfct. . . . Marius” because of his “grauc 6c furious countenance” was allowed to escape from prison by one sent to kill him. All three were taken from Gruget, Part IV, chap. Ill, p. 710. They appear there in the same order, and phrases in Whetstone’s passage arc echoed from Grugct’s. From the same chapter of Gruget, pp. 714-15, Whetstone drew the story (pp. 206-7) of the attempted assassination of Ferdinando of Spain. Again Whetstone correctly cited “lib. 4.” Whetstone, p. 207: “Plutar^e and Aulus Gelius recite, that when Alexan der was borne, king Philip his father wrote in this manner vnto Aristotle: I than{ not God so much for that I haue a sonne, as for that he is borne in the time of Aristotle 6cc.“ Whetstone’s marginal note reads: “Aul. Gel. lib. >5. 3 ” Gruget, Part III, chap. X, p. 559: “Nous lisons que le Roy Filippe voyant Alexandre luy estre nc, 6c sachant Aristote estre en Athens, il luy enuoya une lettre fort notable rccitee par Plutarque 8c Aulugclle, au liurc XV chapit iii. Par laquclie il rcmcrcioit Dieu, non tant pour auoir eu ce filz, que pourcc qu'il luy estoit ne au temps d’Aristotc.” Whetstone’s letter from Alexander to Aristotle (also p. 207) was drawn from Grugct’s same chapter, p. 561, and the letter from Antigonus to Zeno (pp. 207-8) also comes from Gruget, pp. 559-60. Whetstone, p. 208: ”0 happy art thou Marcus Cato (saith Cicero) of whom

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no man dare demaund a wicked thing. He is worthy of a kingdomc and soueraigne rule, and giueth hope of a good prince, that pursucth the wicked, hateth the intemperate, reiecteth the lyars, 6c as the pestilence flicth the coun sels of voluptuous persons, for whoso cffectcth the desires of such counsellers his infancie wilbe shamclcs, his youth effeminated, and his age infamous." Du Verdier, Book V, chap. XI, p. 393: "O toi heureux Marc Caton (dit Ciceron) auquel personne nose demandcr chose mcschantc. Celui sera estime digne d’vne principaute 6c souueraine puissance 6c donnera esperance dc bon Prince, qui poursuyura les meschans, haira les intemperans, reiettera les menteurs 6c qui fuira commc pcstc ccux lui conscilleront de suyure les voluptez: car qui prend plaisir a croire l’avis de tels conscillers 6c a le mettre en cfet, l’cnfance de cestui-la sera impudique, la Jeunesse efcmincc 6c vieillcssc infamc.” On Du Vcrdicr’s preceding page (392) the prince was warned against flatterers, as on p. 208 of The English Myrror. Whetstone’s passage about Balthasar (p. 209) seems to have been suggested by Du Vcrdicr’s Book IV, chap. IV, p. 261. Whetstone, p. 209: "Pompey the great, hauing vanquished Tygranus king of the Armenians, hee established Tygranus againc in his kingdomc: saying that it was as Magnanimous a thing, to give a king his kingdomc as to take it from him.” Du Verdier, Book V, chap. XII, p. 396: “Autant en fit Pompce alendroit de Tigranes Roy d’Armcnie, ayant lcquel en sa puissance le remit en son Royaume, disant estre chose aussi magnanime dc faire regner vn Roy, que de la veincre.” Whetstone, p. 209: "But the magnificent clemcncic of Philip Maria Duke of Mylaine, toward his vanquished enimies, deserueth more than morall hon our. This Philip Maria, by victorie in a battaile uppon the Sea, tooke Alfonsus king of Aragon and Sidle, with two of his brethren, Thierry king of Nauare, the Prince of Tarent, and three hundred men of great reputation, all of which he sent backc freely into their owne countries, and where by the Law of Armes, he might haue taken great ransomes of these Estates, such was the honour of his mind, as hee gaue unto euerie one of them rich presents.” Du Verdier, p. 397: "De pareille 6c encore plus grande clcmence ont vse aucuns mauuais Princes enuers leurs Rois 6c souuerains, 6c entre autres Phi lippes Marie viconte 6c due de Milan, lcquel tenant prisonniers Alfonsc Roy d’Arragon 6c de Sicile, deux de ses freres, Thierry Roy de Nauarre, lean Antoine Vrsin, le Prince de Tarente 6c autres, avee bien trois cens hommes d’estat 6c haute qualite qui auoyent estc tous prins par les Gennois en bataille nauale sur la mer: 6c estant lors seigneur de Gcnncs les traita tous non en prisonniers ains en amis 6c leur donnant plusieurs beaux presens les deliura 6c mit en liberte les renuoyant en leur pais.” Whetstone, p. 209: "The senate of Rome deliuered, 2700 Carthagenian prisoners without ransome.”

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Du Verdier, p. 397: . . Senat Romain, qui dcliura aux ambassadeurs dcs Carthaginois deux mil sept ccns prisonniers sans en prendre aucune ranqon.” Whetstone, p. 219-20: “The Emperour Tyberius put the Priests of the idoll Anubis to the sworde, because they were the instruments for the wanton Knight Mundus to commit adultery (by theyr dcccite) with the chaste Romaine Ladie Paulina." Du Verdier devotes an entire chapter (Book IV, chap. VIII, pp. 267-69) to this story, which he had apparendy drawn from Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book XVIII, chap. Ill, section 4. Whetstone, pp. 220-21: "Pope Sixtus the fourth, that vaunted how he passed Sainct Peter because he had golde, siluer, and pretious stones, was not wroath with the bcggerlic Frier that aunswered hym he lacked notwith standing much of Sainct Peters holyncss: for hce could not saie unto the lame and impotent arise and walke. . . . With this admonition of the Frier, the blowe that a Countrey peisant gauc the Archbishop of Cullen, ought to be as patiently receiued of the Cleargie, as the bolde tale of the saluage Mylo was of the Senate of Rome. Upon a dayc as the Archbyshop trauelled accom panied (according to the custome of Germanie) with an armed troupe, a Countrcy fellow encountred hym with a rude laughter, whiche the Arch bishop noting, demaunded what mooued him to laugh so, the fellowe aun swered, to see Sainct Peter prince of the Prelates, who lyued and dyed poorely, to lcaue such wonderfull pompe and riches to hys successors: the Archbishop that was a little galled to excuse himsclfe, said my friends, I goc with thys companie, because I am a Duke, as well as a Bishop, whereuppon the loute doubled his laughter, and boldly sayde, my Lord I beseech you if the Duke which you speake of were in Hell, where should then be the Arch bishop?” The passage appears to have been translated from Gruget, Part II, chap. VI, pp. 293-94. “Cullen” was there “Colongne.” Several details in Whetstone’s chapter on “Iudiciall Maiestrates” (Book III, chap. IV) were drawn from Du Verdicr’s “Des iuges & magistrats,” Book V, chap. XIII. Whetstone, pp. 222-23: “The Magistrates or Ministers of these charges ought to be chosen by the counsell that lethro the Priest gaue [marginal note: Exod. 18 J vnto hys sonne in lawe Moyses, which was, that he should choose among the people vertuous men, and such as feare God, true men hating couetousnesse, and make them heads ouer the people, and let them judge the people at all seasons, &c.” Du Verdier, Book V, chap. XIII, p. 398: “lethro sacrificatcur de Mardian [marginal note: Exod. 18J & beaupere de Moyse, enseigne cn Exod. quels doyuent estre les Magistrats disant ainsi Moyse, Estis d’entre tout lc peuple hommes vertueux craignans Dieu, hommes veritables hayssans auaricc: & les constituc sur eux gouverneurs . . . lesquels iugeront lc peuple en tout temps.”

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Whetstone, p. 223: “Cicero sayeth, that Sophocles counselled Pericles to make choice of Judges that had not oncly theyr handes, but theyr eyes chaste and continent [marginal note: Offic. 1).” Du Verdier, p. 298: Sophocle en Ciceron admoneste Pericles d’eslire dcs iuges qui n’aycnt pas sculcment les mains contcncntes, mais aussi les yeux (marginal note: Oflic. 1]." Whetstone, p. 223: "It behoueth that Judges do not buy theyr offices, for as Alexander Seuerus sayeth, he that buieth, must needes sell, and therefore sayeth he I will suffer no Merchants of Estate, for if (quoth he) I suffer the one, I must needes indurc the other, as a matter too seucre to punish him that buyeth, although he selleth [marginal note: Lampr. de vita Alexand].’’ Du Verdier, p. 398: “II ne saut qu’ils paruicnent a ccst ofice par deniers: car (commc disoit Alexandre Severe in Aelie Lampride) il est necessaire que celui qui achcte l’honeur du droict 6c du glaive le vende: 6c ie ne soufrirai point (dit il) aucuns marchans d’estats. Car si ie les permets 6c endure, ic ne les puis condamncr, ayant honte dc punir vn hoinmc qui achcte 6c vend.” Whetstone doubtless remembered this passage from Elyot’s Image of Couernaunce, which he used extensively in writing his Mirour for Magestrates of Cyties; it is quite possible that he knew it in Lampridius also. Notice that his source note is slightly more specific than Du Verdicr’s. Passages which he translates literally arc often familiar to him from other sources. Whetstone, pp. 223-24: "Plato was so curious in the choice of iudiciall officers, as he gaue counsell to giue no dignitie or offices to the ambitious, or to such as coueted or sought them, but vnto such as meercly refused them." Du Verdier, p. 399: "Platon conseille dc ne baillcr les dignitez 6c oficcs a ccux qui sont ambiteux 6c qui le apetent, mais a ccux qui n’en veulent point, 6c qui les refusent.” Whetstone, p. 224: Diogenes bceing asked what thing an office was, said, it was a dangerous beast, for (quoth he) it is as hard a matter for the Judges of the people to keepe theyr consciences sound, as barefooted for a man to walke vpon sharpe stones vnhurt, or to thrust his hand into the fire without the burning thereof." Du Verdier, p. 400: “Nc pensez marcher sur les pierres a pied nud sans vous blcsser ni tenir la main dans lc feu sans la brusler." It is to be remem bered that Du Verdier is also discussing "iuges 6c magistrats" and that Whet stone has been a steady borrower from this same chapter, but where did he get the information that Diogenes said this? Not from Du Verdier. Near the end of p. 226 Whetstone seems to have turned to Gruget. Practi cally all of the remainder (pp. 226-29) c^ap* IV (on judicial magistrates) is translated from Gruget, Part III, chap. XXI, pp. 602-6. A marginal note at the beginning of the translated passage reads “Pet. mcs. de. cho. memo.” On p. 234 the following words seem to have been suggested, along with the marginal note, by Du Verdier, Book V, chap. XVII, p. 418: "A man . . .

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may say by lawyers as Cicero did by Poets, when he alowed the sentence of Plato: and yet Cicero honoured good Poets, as appeareth by his Oration for the Poet Archias, in which he perswaded the Citizens to receiue him, as one that would greatly honour and benifitc the Citie [marginal note: Cic. pro. Archia Poetaj.” On p. 242 nearly all of the examples of "Atheists punished"—Diomede, Arnutius Pctcrculus, Appius Claudius, Adonibezek, Perillus, and Caligula— were selected from Du Verdier, Book IV, chap. XXIV, pp. 286-91. From p. 243, line 6, to the bottom of p. 244 Whetstone translated Du Verdier, Book III, chap. IV, "De plusieurs payens, qui sc trauuerent mal d’aucir mesprise leur religion,” pp. 179-82. For the first time in any of his writings Whetstone on p. 137 of The Eng lish Myrror refers to Antoine du Verdier’s Diverses Lefons. The reference appears in the marginal note: "lib. sec. de Antverd. fo 239." The passage which Whetstone was there translating appears on pp. 25051 (Book III, chap. XXVII) of the fourth edition (1592) chiefly used for this study. Again, on p. 209, Whetstone provides a note: "Ant. Verd. lib. 4.” This time the reference appears at first glance to be to Book V, chap. XII, of the 1592 Du Verdier. But the note seems to have been printed low on the page, the upper part of which is taken from Book IV, chap. IV. A third note (p. 220)—"Ant. verd. lib. 4. 8."—is precisely correct for the 1592 edi tion; the story consumes Du Vcrdicr’s entire chap. VIII of Book IV. A fourth and last note (p. 244) referring apparently to p. 173 of Du Verdier ("Antho. Verd. de diui. lect. 173” ) appears on p. 179 of the 1592 fourth edition. Whet stone’s references seem, then, to be accurate when they refer to the latter half of Du Verdier where he refers to book and chapter, but a few pages short in the earlier parts, where he refers to page. A note on p. 147, "looke the chapter of her. fol. 61,” might mistakenly be taken for a reference to Du Verdicr’s chapter "Des heresies.” It is, in fact, a reference to the chapter on heresies in The English Myrror, pp. 60-64. A queer hybrid in the New York Public Library provides an explanation. It contains title page, other preliminary matter, and pp. 1-322 of a 1580 second edition of Du Verdier. This incomplete copy has been pieced out by having bound with it pp. 337-611 of a fifth edition (1596). The table of con tents shows that the second edition contained five books of which this copy has the first three and a part of the fourth. All Whetstone’s specific citations arc within the scope of this fragment, and all of them are correct. His "fo 239,’’ for example, refers accurately to p. 239. This second edition (1580), as far as it goes, is practically identical with the fourth (1592) used for this study. The chief difference is in the matter of pagination. It is evident, too, that Les Diverses Lemons grew in successive editions chiefly by additions at the end. The fourth edition was enlarged by the addition of a seventh book, according to the author’s preface. There are two third editions—(1) Lyon

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(1584), 478 pp., and (2) Paris (1584), 364 ft.—listed in the Bibliotheque Nationale catalogue. The second edition (1580) contained five books and was probably identical with the first (1577); both contain “422 p. et table” (Bib liotheque Nationale catalogue). Whetstone’s copy, then, was of the first or second edition. It seems important, in this connection, not to overlook the fact that Whetstone did not attempt to conceal entirely his extensive indebted ness to Du Vcrdier. At wide intervals, too, there arc references to Grugct’s Diverses Lemons scattered through Whetstone’s writings, beginning with An Heptameron of Civill Discourses, though he never mentions Grugct’s name. Apparently the only ones in The English Myrror occur on p. 206: ”Pet. mes dc reb. memo, lib. 4” and “Pet. Mes. lib. 4"; and on p. 226: "Pet. mes. de cho. memo.” These notes arc typical. Every reference to Peter Messie or Messire can be located in Gruget. Gruget calls his work a translation of Messie—Les Diverses Lemons de Pierre Messie. As a subtitle he sometimes uses "Des choses memorables," for example, "Second Partie des choses memorables” at the beginning of his second book. Whetstone for some reason preferred to ignore Gruget as the translator, but not Du Vcrdier, to refer to Gruget’s book as Messie, and to call it by a subtitle. The most probable purpose was to avoid confusing two books having identical titles. He apparently began the use of Gruget first and became accustomed to thinking of it as Mexia’s. His indebtedness to Gruget seems therefore also to have been partially acknowledged, and it seems probable that his edition was that of 1561 used for this study. For his facts on English history Whetstone is probably indebted chiefly to Holinshed. In Book II, chap. IX, the translation of a papal bull (p. 141) ap pears in Holinshed,1* IV, 521. The account of Doctor Morton’s mission which follows in The English Myrror (p. 141) also follows in Holinshed, IV, 521. The names of Thomas Persy and Charles Neucl, supplied by Whetstone, were apparently collected from the surrounding pages. The continuation of Whetstone’s account (p. 142) seems also to have been supplemented with details from Holinshed, IV, 235 * Whetstone’s information about Someruile (p. 162) is similar in facts and phraseology to Holinshed, IV, 529. Conspiracies enumerated on pp. 143-44 of The English Myrror appear in Holinshed, IV, 252-54. Whetstone’s account of Doctor Parry (pp. 152-53) resembles Holinshed, IV, 561-87. The letter to the Lord Treasurer alluded to in the margin (p. 153) appears in Holinshed, p. 571. The name “ap Hary” used by Whet stone (p. 152) seems to have been suggested by “a proper epigram” (pp. 586-87) in Holinshed, which begins, 13 Holinshed's Chronicles (London, 1808).

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William Parric Was ap Harric By his name From the Alehouse To the gallows Grew his fame. Much of the information for Whetstone’s chap. XII (pp. 160 ff.) was col lected apparently from Holinshed, IV, 521 ff. The faculty granted by Gregory XIII (p. 160) is printed and translated in Holinshed, IV, 522. Most of Whet stone’s details of the attempted assassination of the Queen by Appeltrc (p. 163) appear in Holinshed, IV, 425, who cites "I. Stowe” as his source. Whet stone’s many allusions to Throgmorton (Frogmorton) in this chapter prob ably were in the main inspired by the account of him which begins in Holins hed, IV, 536. Whetstone’s references to the uprisings of 1536-1538 (p. 168) seem in the main to spring from Holinshed, III, 798-807, quite possibly supplemented by Hall,'3 pp. 819-27, and Fabyan,'4 pp. 700 ff. Whetstone, p. 169: "The Traytor Parry in his confession, sayd, that his accusor Neuill vsually sayde, that all the aduanccmcnt that her Maiestie could giue hym, should seruc but for her scourge, if euer time ministred occasion.” Perhaps this was taken from Holinshed, IV, 569, where Parry in his confession says Ncvill "did swearc to me at diuerse times that all the aduanccmcnt she could giue, should scrue but for hir scourge, if euer time and occasion should scrue.” 13 Hall’s Chronicle (London, 1800). 14 Robert Fabyan, The New Chronicles of England and France, edited by Henry Ellis (London, 1811).

bibliography of Whetstone's Works x575

“In praise of George Gascoigne and his posies.” Commendatory verses pre fixed to The Posies of G. Gascoigne Corrected and Augmented (1575). 1576 The Rockc of Regard, diuided into foure parts. The first, the Castle of De light: Wherein is reported, the wretched end of wanton and dissolute liuing. The second, the Garden of Vnthriftincssc: Wherein are many sweete flowers, (or rather fancies) of honest loue. The thirde the Arbour of Vcrtue: Wherein slaunder is highly punished, and vertuous Ladies and Gentlewomen worthily commended. The fourth, the Ortchard of Repentance: Wherein are dis coursed the miseries that foliowe dicing, the mischiefes that follow quarrel ing, the fall of prodigalitic; and the souden ouerthrowe of four notable cousncrs; with divers other moral!, natural & tragical discourses: documcntes and admonitions: being all the invention, collection and translation of George Whetstone, Gent. Formae nulla fidcs. (Colophon:] Imprinted at London for Robert Waley. Anno 1576. A reprint of The Roc{e of Regard, issued by John Payne Collier in 1870, was used for this study. M. St Clare Byrne and Gladys Scott Thompson (in The Review of Eng lish Studies, Vol. VII, No. 28, October, 1931, p. 400) report Th’orchard of repentaunce 410. Vellem listed in the catalogue of the library of the Earl of Bedford. No issue of this item as a separate pamphlet is otherwise recorded. The title is that of the fourth part of The Roc/^e of Regard. Brief passages from The Roc/(e of Regard as well as Whetstone’s entire poem “In praise of Maistrcsse M. H. now Bridges” (from pp. 177-78) are quoted in Sir Egcrton Brydges’s Censura Literaria, second edition (London, 1815), VI, 13, 14, 16-19. J. P. Collier, A Bibliographical and Critical Account of the Rarest Booths in the English Language (New York, 1866), IV, 239-41, quotes brief verse selections from The Roc^e of Regard, including the entire poem “In praise of my L. Cecil of Burleigh." 1577

“GcorgeWhetstones gentleman in the authors commendation." Commenda tory verses prefixed to Floweres of Epigrammes (1577) by Timothy Kendall.

Bibliography of Whetstone s W or\s The verses appear in the reprint made for the Spenser Society (Man chester, 1874), p. 12. A Remembravncc of the wcl imployed life, and godly end, of George Gaskoigne Esquire, who deceassed at Stalmford in Lincolnc Shire the 7. of October. 1577. The reporte of Geor. Whctsions, Gent, an eye witnes of his Godly and charitable end in this world. Formac nulla Fides. Imprinted at London for Edward Aggas, dwelling in Paulcs Churchyard and arc there to be soldo. This title page is reproduced from the facsimile on p. 15 of Edward Arbcr’s edition (English Reprints, No. n , London, 1869) of George Gascoigne, Esquire: 1, Certayne Notes of Instruction in English Verse; 2, The Steele Glas; 3, The Complaynt of Philomene; Preceded by George Whetstone's A Remembrance of the Well Imployed Life and Godly End of George Gascoigne, Esquire, &c. Whetstone’s elegy is on pp. 16-29. Other reprints are as follows: Alexander Chalmers, The Worlds of the English Poets (London, 1810), II, 457-66. George Whetstone's Metrical Life of George Gascoigne the Poet (Bristol, 1815). One hundred copies were printed. Gascoigne's Princely Pleasures, with the Masque Intended to Have Been Presented before Queen Elizabeth at Kenilworth Castle in 1575, with an Introductory Memoir and Notes (London, t82i), pp. xxixxxviii. A Remembraunce of the Wei Imployed Life and Godly End of G. Gascoigne, Esq., Aungerville Society Reprints, No. 9 (Edinburgh, 1888). Of this edition, one hundred and fifty copies were printed. Stanzas 35-40 were included in The Parodyse of Dainty Deuises (1580 edition and in the successive editions after that date) and have been reprinted in the edition (London, 1810) of Sir Egerton Brydgcs ( “What is this world a net a snare") and that (Cambridge, 1927) of Hyder Edward Rollins ( “A Description of the World” ). The signature of these verses is G. G. They do not appear in the reprint of J. P. Collier (London, 1867) since he used only the 1578 edition supplemented by that of 1576. F. G. Waldron, printed these stanzas in The Literary Museum (London, 1792), pp. 23-24, as “supposed to have been written by Gascoigne." W. C. Hazlilt, printed them as Gascoigne’s in Gascoigne's Complete Poems (London, 1869-1870), II, 334-35. Alexander Chalmers, though he prints the entire elegy as Whetstone’s, ascribes these lines to Gas coigne in a note (op. cit., II, 462).

Bibliography of Whetstone’s Worlds

281

1578 The Right Excellent and famous Historye, of Promos and Cassandra: Dcuided into two Comicall Discourses. In the fyrstc parte is showne, the unsufferable abuse, of a lewde Magistrate: the vertuous bchauiours of a chaste Lady: The uncontrowled leawdenes of a fauoured Curtisan. And the undeserued estimation of a pernicious Parasyte. In the second parte is dis coursed, the perfect magnanimitye of a noble kingc, in checking Vice and fauouringe Vcrtuc: Wherein is showne, the Ruync and ouerthrowc, of dis honest practises: with the advauncement of upright dealing. The worke of George Whetstones Gent. Formae nulla fidcs. (Colophon:) Imprinted at London by Richarde Jhoncs, and are to be soldc ouer agaynst Saint Sepulchres Church, without Newgate. August. 20. 1578. The title page above is drawn from the facsimile in "Old English Drama," Students’ Facsimile Edition of Promos and Cassandra, re produced from the British Museum copy and edited by J. S. Farmer (Amcrsham, 1910). Repiints arc: Six Old Plays on Which Shakespeare Founded His Measure for Meas ure, Comedy of Errors, Taming the Shrew, King John, K. Henry IV and K. Henry V, King Lear (London, 1779), I, 1-108. The "Adver tisement" is signed by J. Nichols, who appears to have been the editor. Shakespeare’s Library, edited by W. C. Hazlitt and J. P. Collier, second edition (London, 1875), VI, 201-304. Whetstone’s dedicatory preface to Promos and Cassandra is included in Elizabethan Critical Essays, edited by G. Gregory Smith (Oxford, 1904), I, 58-bo. "Verses written of 20. good precepts, at the request of his Especiall good freend & kinseman, M. Robart Cudden of Grayes Inne,” in The Paradyse of Dainty Deuises (1578 edition). This piece appears in the Hydcr Edward Rollins edition (Cambridge, 1927) of The Paradyse of Dainty Deuises (1576-1606), pp. 10 8 -n . It is not in that of Sir Egerton Brydges (London, 1810), since he did not see a 1578 edition. But it is included in J. P. Collier’s reprint (London, 1867) of the 1578 edition, pp. 118-21. Rollins {op. eit., pp. xvi-xvii) makes it appear practically certain that Whetstone’s verses were first printed in a 1577 edition now lost.

28 2

Bibliography of Whetstone's Works 1579

A Rcmcmbrauncc of the woorthic and well imployed life of the Right Honourable Sir Nicholas Bacon, Knight; Lorde Keeper of the Greate Scale of England, and one of the Queencs Maiesties most honorable Privie Counsell; who deceased the 20th daye of Februarie 1578 [/9?] With an Ex hortation neccssarie for every estate. The woorke of George Whetstones, Gentleman. Imprinted at London for Myles Jcnnyngs, dwellyng at the signe of the Bible in Paules Church-Yarde. This title page is taken from the reprint by Alexander Boswell in his Frondes Caducae (Auchinleck, 1816). 1582 An Heptameron of civill discourses. Containing the Christmasse Exercises of sundrie well courted Gentlemen and Gentlewomen: in whose behaviours the better sort may see a representation of their own vertucs: and the inferiour may learne such rules of civil government, as will rase out the blemish of their basenessc: Wherin is renowned, the vertues of a most honourable and brave mynded gentleman. And herein also (as it were in a mirrour) the unmaried may see the dcfcctcs whichc eclipse the gloric of mariage: and the wel maried as in a table of householde lawes, may cull out needfull prcceptes to establysh their good fortune. A worke intercoursed with civyll pleasure, to reave tediousnesse from the reader: and garnished with morall noates, to make it profitable to the regarder. The report of George Whetstone, Gent. Formae nulla fides. At London: Printed by Richard Jones, at the signe of the Rose and Crowne, near Holburne bridge, 3 Feb. 1582. A filmed reproduction of the Huntington Library copy was used for this study. W. C. Hazlitt reported (in Handbook to the Popular, Poetical, and Dramatic Literature of Great Britian, London, 1867, p. 651) seeing a copy bearing the 1582 date and apparently otherwise identical except that the passage “in whose behaviours . . . their good fortune" is omitted from the title page. In 1593 the Heptameron was issued with an entirely new title page which Hazlitt (op. cit., p. 651) gives as follows: Aurelia. The Paragon of Pleasure and Princely delights: Contaying the Seucn dayes Solace (in Christmas Holy-dayes) of Madona Aurelia, Quecne of the Christmas Pastimes, & sundry other well-courted Gentle men & Gentlewomen, in a noble Gentlemans Pallace. London, printed by R. Iohnes, at the Rose fit Crowne, nccre Holburne Bridge, 1593.

Bibliography of Whetstone s W or\s

283

“The rare historic of Promos and Cassandra, reported by Madam Isa bella” from the Fourth Day’s Exercise of An Heptameron of Civill Dis courses was reprinted by Collier and Hazlitt in Shakespeare's Library, second edition (London, 1875), Part I, Vol. Ill, pp. 154 66. Sir Sidney Lee in his article on Whetstone in the Dictionary of National Biography reports another reprint of the same story in Cassell's National Library, 1889. An excerpt from the same story is also quoted in Sir Egerton Brydges’s Centura Literaria, second edition (London, 1815) VI, 34-35. The opening pages of the First Day’s Exercise and nine stanzas of verse selected from An Heptameron of Civill Discourses were quoted by Thomas Corser, Collectanea Anglo-Poetica, Part XI (Chetham Society Publication, Manchester, Vol. CXI, 1883), pp. 387-91. Bibliotheca Anglo-Poetica . . . Early English Poetry in the Possession of Longman, Hurst, Hees, Orme, and Brown (London, 1815), p. 408, quotes the verses beginning, “No joy comes near the heavenly joy of love,” from the First Day’s Exercise. A part of “The Dance of the Second Nights Mask,” including the verses presented by Soranso to his lady, is quoted in Sir Egerton Brydges, Centura Literaria, VI, 35-37. In Restituta; or. Titles, Extracts, and Characters of Old Boo{s in English Literature, Revived, by Sir Egerton Brydges (London, 1816), IV, 5-6, two poems from the Heptameron are reprinted: "Care, care go pack . . from the Fourth Day’s Exercise and “Farewell, bright Gold . . .” from the Third Day’s Exercise. A Remcmbraunce of the precious venues of the Right Honourable and Reverend Judge, Sir James Dier, Knight, Lord Checfe Justice of the Common Pleas: who disseased at great Stawghton, in Huntingdonshire, the 24th of Marche Anno 1582. The reporte of George Whctstons, Gent. Formae nulla fidcs. Imprinted at London by John Charlewood. The Dyer Remembrance was reprinted by Alexander Boswell in his Frondes Caducae (Auchinlcck, 1816). From this reprint the title page above was taken. 1583

A Remcmbraunce of the Life, Death, and Vcrtues of the Most Noble and Honourable Lord, Thomas late Earle of Sussex, viscount Fitz-water, Lord of Egremont and Burnell, Justice of an Ayer of her Maiestics Forrestes, Parkes, Chaces, and Warrantes on the south side of Trent, Captaine of the Pensioners and Gentlemen at Armcs, Lord Chamberlaine of her Majesties Honourable Household, Knight of the Noble Order of the Garter, and of her Highncsse

284

Bibliography of Whetstone's W or\s

most gratious and prudent Pryvy Councell; Who deceased at Barmesey the n th of June 1583. The report of George Whetstones, Gent. Formac Nulla fidcs. London: Imprinted by John Wolfe fit Richard Iones. 1583. The copy used for this study is the reprint by Alexander Boswell in his Frondes Caducae (Auchinleck, 1816). 1584

A Mirovr For Magestrates of Cyties. Representing the Ordinaunccs, Policies, and Diligence, of the Noble Empcrour, Alexander (surnamed) Sevcrvs, to suppresse and chastise the notorious Vices noorished in Rome, by the super fluous nomber of Dicing-houses, Tauarns, and common Stewes: Suffred and cheerished, by his beastlye Prcdecessour, Hcliogabalvs, w ith sundrie graue Orations: by the said noble Emperor, concerning Reformation. And herevnto is added, A Touchstone for the Time: Containyng: many perillous Mischicfcs, bred in the Bowels of the Citic of London: by the infection of some of thease Sanctuaries of Iniquitie. By George Whetstones. Gent. Virtute, non vi. Printed at London, by Richarde Iones. 1584. Authorised and allowed. A photostatic reproduction of the British Museum copy was used for this study. In 1586, it appears, the unsold copies of A Mirour for Magestrates of Cyties . . . and . . . A Touchstone for the Time were provided with a new dedication to Woolston Dixi, successor to Sir Edward Osborne as Lord Mayor, and were issued with a second title page. That title page follows, as it is quoted by Thomas Park in Sir Egerton Brydgcs’s Censura Literaria, second edition (London: 1815), VI, 31: The Enemie to Unthryftinesse. Publishing by Lawes, documents and disciplines, a right rule for reformation of pride, and other prodigall and riotous disorders in a common-wealth. For the worthines of di rections, a perfect Mirour for all Magistrates: especially of Cities: and for sound counsels and admonitions, a Card of Compase, for every yong gentleman, honorablie and profitablie to governe his actions. Partcly drawne out of the sage government of the most worthie Emperor Alexander Scverus, and gencrallye discoveringe the unsufTerable abuses now reigning in our happie English common-wealth. By George Whetstone, Gent. Malgre dc fortunes. Printed at London by Rd. Jones, 1586. J. P. Collier repeats verbatim the anecdote of Judge Chomley from A Touchstone for the Time (p. 3 2 V ,) in his Poetical Decameron (Edin burgh, 1 8 2 0 ) , II, 3 7 - 3 8 ; he also repeats (pp. 2 4 0 - 4 1 ) Whetstone’s para graphs on stage plays from A Touchstone for the Time (p. 2 4 2 ) . Collier in the same volume (p. 39) quotes from the list of Whetstone’s works

Bibliography of Whetstone's W or\s

285

taken from the back of the title page of The Enemie to Unthryftincsse. This list is repeated by Thomas Park in Brydges, Censura Literaria, VI, 31-32. 1585

A Mirror of Treuc Honnour and Christian Nobilitie: exposing the Life, Death, and Devine Vertues of the most Noble and Godly Lorde, f r a u n c i s e a r l e o f Be d f o r d , Baron Russell, Lord Chiefc Justice in Oier of all the Quecne’s forrestes, &c by South Trent: Warden of the Stanncrics in the west countries; high steward of the Duchy of Cornwale: and of her Highnesse most honorable Privy-counscll: who deceased at Bedford-house, the xxviii of June, 1585. Aetatis suae, 58. Whereunto is adjoyned A Report of the Vertues of the right valiant and worthy Knight, s. f r a u n c i s , l o r d r u s s e l l , sonne and heire apparent of the honour and good giftes of the sayd Right Noble Earle: who, upon a daye of truce, was slainc by a treacherous strategeme of the Scots, the 27 day of the said month of June. The report of George Whetstone, Gent. A faithfull servaunt of the sayd Right Honorable Earle. Malgre de fortune. Imprinted at London, by Richard Jones, 1585. This title page is taken from the reprint in Heliconia, Comprising a Selection of English Poetry of the Elizabethan Age: Written or Pub lished between 7575 and 1604 (London, 1815), edited by Thomas Park, Vol. II. The Honorable Repvtation of a Souldier: With a Morall Report, of the Vertues, Offices, and (by abuse) the Disgrace of his profession. Drawcn out of the liues, documents, and disciplines, of the most renowned Romaine, Grecian, and other famous Martialistes. By George Whetstone, Gent. Malgre de fortune. Imprinted at London, by Richard Ioncs: dwelling neere vnto Holburne Bridge, 1585. A photostatic reproduction of the Huntington Library copy was used for this study. The following title of an English-Dutch edition is taken from the British Museum catalogue and the Short Title Catalogue: The honourable reputation of a souldier . . . Drawcn out of the lives, documents, and disciplines of the most renowned Romaine, Grecian, and other famous martialistes. . . . Endc nu . . . verduytscht . . . door J. Walravcn. Hier volcht noch d’ [Engel] sche pronunciatic (Leyden, 1586). J. P. Collier, A Bibliographical and Critical Account of the Rarest Booths in the English Language (New York, 1866), IV, 245-46, quotes from The Honorable Reputation of a Souldier, sig. A4r and v, parts of the verses, “God with S. George! Allons, Brave Gentlemen . .

286

Bibliography of Whetstone’s W or\s

[A panoplic of Devices.] This is a lost work, possibly never printed. It is listed by Richard Jones, the printer, on the back of the title page of The Enemie to Unthryftinesse among Whetstone’s “Books redy to be printed” and is entered in the Stationers’ Register on October 4, 1585, without an author’s name. 1586 The English Myrror. A Regard Wherein al estates may behold the Conquests of Enuy: Containing ruinc of common wealcs, Murther of Princes, cause of heresies, and in all ages, spoile of deuine and humane blessings, vnto which is adioyned, Enuy conquered by vertues. Publishing the peaceable victories obtained by the Quecncs most excellent Maiesty, against this mortall cnimie of publike peace and prosperitie, and lastly A Fortris against Enuy, Builded vpon the counsels of sacred Scripture, Lawcs, of sage Philosophers, and pollicies of well gouerned common weales: wherein euery estate may see the dignities, the true office and cause of disgrace of his vocation. A worke safely, and necessaric to be read of eucrie good subject. By George Whetstones Gent. Malgre. Seene and allowed. At London. Printed by I. Windet for G. Seton, and are to be sold at his shop vndcr Aldcrsgate. 1586. A copy from the Newberry Library in Chicago was used for this study. Addison and Steele in The Tatler, essay No. 42, quote twenty lines of verse from The English Myrror, p. 236, ascribing the verses to the Tatler’s great-grandfather. The same verses are quoted also by J. P. Collier, A Bibliographical and Critical Account of the Rarest BooJ(s in the English Language (New York, 1866), IV, 243-44. The acrostic on Elizabetha Regina from the back of the title page is quoted entire in Sir Egcrton Brydgcs, Censura Uteraria, second edition (London, 1815), VI, 24. In the same volume (pp. 26-27) appears an extract from The English Myrror, pp. 131-32. J. P. Collier in The Poetical Decameron (Edinburgh, 1820), II, 33-34, quotes the verses on the subject of the sword of Damocles from The English Myrror, p. 163. Collier in the same work (pp. 34-36) reprints two anecdotes from The English Myrror, pp. 13-14, 186-87. 1587

The Censure of a loyall Subiect: Vpon certainc noted Spcach and behauiours of those fourteenc notable Traitors, at the place of their executions, the xx. and xxi. of September last past. Therein is handled matter of necessarye instruction to all dutiful Subiectes: especially, the multitude of ignorant people. Fcare God: be true to thy Prince; and obey the Lawes.

Bibliography of Whetstone’s Works

287

At London. Printed by Richarde Ioncs, dwelling at the Signc of the Rose and Crowne, neere Holbornc bridge, 1587. The above edition evidently made its appearance shortly before the be heading of Mary Queen of Scots on February 8. It was reissued after February 8 with slight changes on the last page to include a reference to the decapitation. The pre-February 8 issue was reprinted in Illustrations of Early English Popular Literature, edited by J. P. Collier, Vol. I (London, 1863), from which the title page above was drawn. Sir Phillip Sidney, his honorable life, his valiant death, and true vertues: A perfect Myrror for the followers of Mars and Mercury: who (in the right breaking upon the encmie by a few of the English, being, for the most part, Gentlemen of honor and name) received his deathes wound here unto Zutphen, the 22d of September last past; dyed at Arnam the 16th of Octo ber following; and, with much honor, and all possible mone, was solemnly buried in Paulcs the 16th of February 1586. By G. W. Gent. Whercunto is adjoyned, one other briefe Commendation of the universal lamentation, the never dying praise, and most solemn funerall of the said right hardy and noble Knight. By B. W. Esquire. Dedicated to the Right Honorable the Earle of Warwickc, by his Lordships faithful servant, George Whetstones. Mors honesta ignominiosae vitae preferenda. Imprinted at London for Thomas Cadman [1587?]. A manuscript copy in the Public Record Office (Cal. S. P. Dom., 15811590, p. 387) is entered under the date of Sidney’s funeral. For the word commendation we have, more properly, it would seem, com memoration in the title page as supplied by the Cal. S. P. This elegy was reprinted in Frondes Caducae (Auchinlcck, 1816) by Alexander Boswell. The title page above is quoted from Frondes Caducae. Twenty-eight lines of the Sidney elegy are quoted by J. P. Collier, The Poetical Decameron (Edinburgh, 1820), I, 62-63, 67. The six-line epitaph with which the elegy closes was quoted by Churchyard in A True Discourse Historicall of the Succeeding Gouernours in the Netherlands . . . Translated and Collected by T[homas C\hurchyard and Ric[hardj Ro[binson] out of the Reverend E[manuel vanJ M[eteren) of Antwerp, His Fifteene Bootes Historiae Belgicae, and Other Collections Added . . . A t London Imprinted for Matthew Lownes (1602), p. 91 (New York Public Library copy).

Index Albrecht, Louis, 59, 62 Alcn^on-Anjou, 122. 123 Alexander Severus, Emperor, 101, 1 4 3 ! cen‘ tral figure in A Shrour for Magestrates of Cyties, 134-6! passim; laws of, 136-39* 154; sources of material about, 145 A-* 148. 173 Alexander the Great, 171, 192 {., 210 Amplification, term, 152 Antiquarian spirit, 177 Anti-stage controversy, 141 -43 Arber, Edward, 128; quoted, 230 "Arbour of Venue, The" (third part of The Roch.e of Regard), 9, 35, 41-44 Arcadia (Sidney), 126 Aristotle, 95, 125, 157 Arte of Rhetorique, The (Wilson), 120, 150, 189; excerpts, 152, 255-58 Aschatn, Roger, quoted, 75 A solan1 (Bembo), 114 Attic Nights, io2, 103 Augustine, Saint, 156, 250, 251 Aurelia, the Paragon of Pleasure and Princely Delights. 80; see An Heptameron of Cit-ill Discourses Authors, see Writers Ayleworth, John, 46

Bibliography of the seventeen works, with notes on later editions and reprintings, 279-87 Bickerstaff, Isaac. 217 Bingham, Sir Richard, quoted, 29 Bishop, Richard, 8 Bishops, dedication to, 182 Blessings of Peace, The, see English Myrror, The Bliss, Philip, quoted, 8 Boas, Frederick S., 215, 216 Boccaccio, 87, 90, 97. 115 Bodenhain, John, 228 Bowyer, Nicholas, 15, 228 Breton family, 178/1 Breton, Anne, 178/1 Breton, Nicholas, 16, 232 Breton, Richard, 178, 228, 231 Breton, William, 178n. 232 Brewer, J. S., quoted, 160 Bromley, Sir Thomas, dedication to, 239; text, 240 Browne, Robert, 127 Brydgcs, Mary, 43 Budd, Frederick E., 53, 60, 63; quoted, 73 Burghley family, 9, 43, 44; see also Cecil Byrne, St. Clare, 246

Babington conspiracy, 28, 220, 222, 224, 240 Bacon, Elizabeth, 232 Bacon, Francis, 233 Bacon, Sir Nicholas, 1780; elegy on, 22, 231-39, 282; poems, 233 Bakeless, John, quoted, 215 Bandello, Matteo, 38, 85, 86, 87, 90 Bargagli, Girolamo, 115 Bedford, Earls of, see Russell Bclleforcst, Francois dc, 38, 85, 91 Bembo, Fietro, 114 Berkcnhout, John, 31 Bernard, Margaret, 7, 8 Berners, Lord, 105 Bible, 200-202

Cadman, Thomas, 28; quoted, 252 Cambridge History of English Literature, The. 1, 69, 77/1 Campeggio, Lorenzo, Cardinal, 160 Cantrell, Henry, 15, 45, 50 Castiglione, Count Baldassare, 115; Whet stone's indebtedness to, 94-98, 114; quoted, 94-96, I2t "Castle of Delight, The" (first part of The Rocke of Regard), 35, 37-39 Cato, Dionysius, 50, 51, 2to Cecil, Anne, 9, 43 Cecil, Lady, of Burleigh, 9, 43 Cecil, Sir Thomas, 9, 44 Cecil, Sir William, 9

290

Index

Censure of a Loyall Subject, The, 2, 3, 4, 9, 22, 27, 193, 201, 219-26, 228, 239; editions: titles: extant copies, 27, 219; subject matter, 220; source material, 220 f., 223; is a kind of supplementary appendix to The English Myrror, 220; style, 222; bibliography, 286 Chalmers, Alexander, quoted, 231 Chambers, Sir Edmund, 70 Chapman draft of Promos and Cassandra, 70 Charlton, H. B., quoted, 57 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 144 f., 204 Chauncy, Isaac, 90 Christian Hero (Steele), 168 Chronicle (Hall), i6 r, 267, 277 Chronicle . . . (Hellowcs), 145 Chronicle (Holinshcd), 161, 195, 196, 197, 199, 205, 267, 276 f. Churchyard, Thomas, 9, 11, 213, 219, 228 Cinthio, Giraldi, 97; Hecatommithi, 53-63 passim, 73, 88, 90, 112; Epitia, 53-63 pas sim, 88 Civic corruption, importance of subject, 65 Civill conversazione (Guazzo), 116; ex cerpt, 117 Clergy, book dedicated to, 179, 182 Collier, J. P., 142, 220, 221 Comedy, conception of function and nature of, 7 * Compilation, The English Myrror not en tirely, 182 Complete Peerage, The, excerpt, 246 Conjugal love, discourse on, 99-102 Cooper, Bishop, 204 Cooper, Lane, 113 Cornelius, Thomas, 46 Cornelius Agrippa, 145, 154 Courtier, The (Castiglionc), Whetstone’s indebtedness to, 94-98, 114; excerpts, 9496, 121 Courtly Controversy of Cupid's Cautels, A (Yver), 119 Courts, injustice in, 181 Crane, T. F., 97, 114, 115, 118, 129 Cressida (Henryson), 90 Cudden, Robert, 15, 45, 46, 47, 50 Cures of the Diseased . . . (Singer), 2n Davenant, William, 86 Decade de las vidas de los X Cesares (Gue vara), 146 Decameron (Boccaccio), 87, 90, 115

Decorum, use by critics, 75 De Republica Anglorum (Smith), 206, 210 Desperation, 235-39 Dial of Princes (North), 104 Dialogue form in literature, 111-16 Dice, invective against, 46, 48 Dictionary of National Biography, cited, 4, 42, 46, 211, 233, 2400 Digges, Thomas, quoted, 28 Diologo de Giuochi (Bargagli), 115 Disraeli, Isaac, quoted, 224 Diverses Lemons d'Antoine du Verdier . . . suyans celles de Pierre Messie, Let, as source material, for A Mirour for Magestrates of Cyties, 154-57; for The English Myrror, 184-95 passim, 200, 208, 209, 267-75; for An Heptameron of Civill Discourses. 263-65; for The Honorable Reputation of a Souldier, 267; hybrid copy: growth in successive editions, 275 Diverses Lefons de Pierre Messie, Les (Gruget), as source material, 99, 154, 157, 223; for The Honorable Reputation of a Souldier, 169-76 passim, 265-67; for The English Myrror. 183-95 passim, 200, 208, 209, 215, 216, 266, 268 f., 271, 274, 275 Dixi, Woolston, 132 Dorn Diego, story of, 39 Dutch edition of The Honorable Reputation of a Souldier. 163 Dyer, Sir James, elegy on, 25, 239-42, 283 Ecclcs, Mark, 28 Economic maladjustments, failure to touch causes of, 143; responsible for stream of reform literature, 144 Edwards, Richard, 75, 76; quoted, 77 Elegies, Whetstone’s earliest, in The Roc^e of Regard. 46; poetic style, 229, 241, 251; motives for writing, 239, 245; vehicles for patriotic loyalty, 241; method used in writing, 255; outstanding examples of contemporary conception of the form, 258 Elegies on: Sir Nicholas Bacon, 22, 231-39, 282; Sir James Dyer, 25, 239-42, 283; George Gascoigne, 16, 227-31, 280; Thomas Raddiffc, 25, 242-44, 283; Fran cis Russell, Earl of Bedford, and his son, 25, 164, 244-5G 285; Sir Philip Sidney, 2, 11, 28, 31, 230, 244, 251-55, 287 Elizabeth, Queen, 139, 214; dedication to, 3, 178, 181, 182; attitude toward Sir

Index Humphrey Gilbert's expeditions, 19, 20; denunciation of conspiracies against gov ernment of, 28, 220; French marriage projected for, 122-25; physician to, x ti; charged with poisoning her, 212; por trait, 233 Elizabethan England, accomplishments of the greatest age in literature made pos sible by period of experiment preceding it, 129; causes of her predicament, 143, 225; book carrying the flavor and atmos phere of, 161; wealth of allusions which reflect, 213 f., 234; temper of, conducive to the writing of elegies for the great, 241; end of a period in political and literary history coinciding with end of Whetstone's life, 258; accurately repre sented by Whetstone, 259 Ellis-Fermor, U. M., 215 Elyot, Sir Thomas, 2, 205, 208. 239, 274; source of information on Alexander Sevcrus, 147-50, «7 3 ; quoted, 149 Encyclopedia Britannica, 231; article on Whetstone, excerpt, 1 Enemie to Unthryftinesse. The, 26, 132, 133. 286; see A Mironr for Slagestrates of Cyties and A Touchstone for the Time English Myrror, The. 2, 3, 22, 25. 132, 134, *5 *. *5 7. 164, 173. *77-2i8, 228, 239, 260; editions, 26; separate publication of substantial sections: their titles, 26, 177, 225; subtitles of the three books into which divided, 26, 178; subject matter, 26, 178 ff.; a kind of encyclopedia, 177; unity achieved: attack against envy, 178; dedications, 178, 179, 181, 182; not en tirely a compilation, 182; borrowings and translations from Grugct and Du Verdier, 183-92, 195, 200, 208, 209, 215, 216, 266, 267-75; from other sources, 192 ff., 274. 276 f.; use of proverbs, maxims, and other quotations, 207, 209 f.; a warning to Queen against poisoning by physician? 211; conveys flavor of England's golden age, 213; as a possible source of Mar lowe's Tamburlaine, 215: connection with The Censure of a Loyall Subject. 220, 221, 223; excerpt, 261; bibliography, 286 Envy, attack against, 178 Epistles, elegant, 119 f. Epitaphs, see Elegies Epitia (Cinthio), 53-63 passim, 88

29I

Erasmus, 146, 224, 260 Euphuism, 126 Fabyan, Robert, 195, 196, 197, 267, 277 Fenton, Geoffrey, 16, 204; quoted, 106 Field, John, quoted, 142 "Fiftic Apples of Admonition," 50 Fleetwood, William, 16, 52, 134 Fleming, Abraham, 15, 197 Floorish upon Fancie, The (Breton), 16 Floweres of Eptgrammes, I, 279 Flower of Friendship (Tilncy), 118 Fortescue, Thomas, Forest, 99, 1690, 206.

215

Foxe, John, 146, 161, 195, 196, 199 Frobisher, Sir Martin, 19 Froude, James Anthony, quoted, 225, 246 "Garden of Unthrifdnesse, The" (second part of The Roc^e of Regard), 35, 39-4* Gascoigne, George, 36, 38, 75, 1780. 260; death, 8, 230; elegy on, 16, 227-31; friendship with, 16, 228; quoted, 76; authenticity of facts about, 228 ff.; pub lications by, 229; wife, 232; Whetstone's "In praise of George Gascoigne and his posies," 279 Gellius, Aulus, quoted, 103 Gentlemen adventurers, 17 Gibbon, Edward, 85 Gibbs, Vicary, 246 Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, expeditions of, 1621 Gilbert, Sir John, 17, 21 Giraldi, Giovanni Battista, see Cinthio, Giraldi Golden Book_ of Marcus Aurelius (Gue vara), 104 Golden Rule, 48, 146 Colder, Harold, quoted, 236 Golding, Arthur, 203; translation of Ovid, 91; of Justin, 158, 171, 192, 244, 267 Gomara, F. Lopez de, 203 Goodwin, William W., 266n, 2700 Government, Whetstone's concern for re form and, 37. 65, 134 ff-. *4 3 » *77. «8o, 186; his service to: dangers threatening,

2*5

Greville, Fulke, quoted, 255 Grey, Lady Jane Sibylla, 41, 42, 4 4 . 248 Gruget, Claude, Les Dwerses Lefons de Pierre Messie, as source material, 86, 99,

292

Index

Gruget, Claude ( Continued) >5 4 . *5 7 . 223; I** The Honorable Repu tation of a Souldier. 169-76 passim. 26567; for The English Myrror, 183*95 passim. 200, 208, 209, 215, 216, 266, 268 f., 271, 274. 275; ignored as trans lator of Mexia's book, 276 Guazzo, Stcfano, Cuill eoniersazione. 116; quoted, 117 Guevara, Antonio de, 104, 146; Familiar Epistles. 118 Guicciardini, Lodovico, 195, 196, 198, 205 Hakluyt, Richard, 3, 4 Hall, Chronicle, 161, 267, 277 Harvey, Gabriel, 48 Hatton, Sir Christopher, 126 f. Hazlitt, William Carcw, 63, 163; quoted, 227 Hecatommithi (Cinthio), 53-63 passim. 73, 88, 90, 112 Hcllowes, Chronicle . . . , 145 Henryson, Robert, 90 Heptameron (Marguerite of Navarre), 84, 86, 87, 90. 115 Heptameron of d r ill Discourses. An, 22, 32, 80130, 131, 157. >9 9 . 222. 233, 259, 276; principal literary result of the Italian journey, 24 f.; a conspicuously im portant work, 25, 129; Promos and Cas sandra included in, 52, 53, 63, 64; re issued as Aurelia, the Paragon of Pleasure and Princely Delights. 80; an effort to bring about refinement of taste and im provement in social life and customs, 80, 81, 114-17; P^n and structure, 80 ff., 111-16; largely a discussion and study of marriage, 80, 82, 99-102, 122-26; source material, 85 ff., 263-65; indebtedness to Castiglionc’s The Courtier. 94-98, 114; discourse on conjugal love, 99-102; pas sages of verse, 107; dialogue form, 11116; contemporary preoccupations reflected by, 119 ff.; why publication timely, 122; dedication, 126; commendations, 127; appraisals of, 128-30; bibliography, 282 Heraldic symbols, 119, 121, 134 Hey wood, Jasper, 13 History dealt with in The English Myrror, 178. >95 History of Herodian, The, excerpt, 147 Hoby, Sir Thomas, 43, 114; parallels be

tween Whetstone and his translations of The Courtier, 94-96 Holinshed, Chronicle, 161, 195, 196, 197. 199, 205. 267, 276 f. Holland, war in, 2, 163, 251 "Honest Minded Mans Adventures, The . . (in The Roc^e of Regard), 13, 47, 48. 163 Honourable Reputation of a Souldier, The. 2. 11, 22, 158, 162-76, 181, 182, 246, 251; one of The English Myrror group, written in behalf of government and re ligion, 26, 177. >95. 225; * conduct book for soldiers, 162; edition in English and Dutch, 163; dedication, 164; summary, 165 ff.; source material, 168-76, 265-67; singularly humane and enlightened atti tude, 168; style, 174; bibliography, 285 Hope, voyage on. 17, 21 Hopkins, R. V. Nind, 147 Hopton, Mary, 228 Hopton, Sir Owen, 43, 228 Image of Christian lustier. The, 134; see The English Myrror Image of Couiernaunce. The (Elyot), 2, >73. 205, 208, 274; indebtedness of A Mirour for Magestrates of Cyties to, 14750; excerpt, 149 Inns of Court, Whetstone probably a stu dent at, I3*>5, 205; dedication to the young gentlemen of, 134 "In praise of George Gascoigne and his posies," 279 Inquisition post mortem, abstract, 5 Insatiate Countess (Marston), 38 “Invective against Dice" (in The Roche of Regard), 46, 48 "Inventions of P. Plasmos" (in The Roche of Regard), n-13, 47, 48 Italian journey and events, 22-24; principal literary result, 24 Italian social customs and diversions, plan to introduce among English, 80 Jews, 140. 211 Jones, Richard, 16, 53, 122, 133, 177 Justin, 158, 171, 173. >9 2 . >9 3 . 244. 267 "King" Antonio, see Perez, Antonio "King Cophetua and the Beggar-Maid,” 108 Knowles, Henry, 17 f., 21

Index Koeppel, Emil, to6, 107, 109, 118, 126; quoted, 39, 129 Krapp, George Philip, 259; quoted, 260 Lampridius, life of Alexander Severus, M5 >48. 173 Lawrence, William Withcrle, 62; quoted,

72

Laws like cobwebs, 209 Lederbogen, Fritz, 68 Lee, Sir Sidney, 6, 211 Lennox, Charlotte, quoted, 73 Letter writing, 119 f. Linche, Richard, 40 Literature, translation and its results, 39; dialogue form, 111-16; how accomplish ments of greatest age in, made possible. 129; influenced by shifting theological concepts, 238; tee alto Poetry; Writers Litigation, 26 Lives (Plutarch), 104, 174, 263, 267, 270; excerpt, 159 London, examples of reforms to be fol lowed in, 134, 136 ff.; evil conditions, >39 Lopez, Roderigo, 211 f. /-ore of the Unicorn (Shepard), 89 Love, writers who "bemoane the perplex ities of," 40 Love letters, 120 Machiavelli, 85, 86, 91 Magistrates, book dedicated to, 181, 182 Magnus, Laurie, quoted, 33, 259 Marcus Aurelius, 104 f. Marguerite of Navarre, Heptameron. 84,

86, 87, 90. i«5

Marlowe, Christopher, sources of Tamburlaine. 215 f.; mental quality, 216 Marriage, collection of stories and exten sive study of the institution of, 80, 82 ff., 99-102, 122-26; books about, 125 Marston, John, 38 Mary Stuart, Queen, 27, 219, 220, 240 Measure for Measure (Shakespeare), much of plot quarried from Promos and Cas sandra. 1, 3, 48, 32, 62, 64; comparisons between the two plays, 64-70; re-cast of a play drafted by Chapman? 70; criti cisms directed at Shakespeare's innova tions, 72: title, 146 Mendoza, Bernardino de, 122

293

Meres, Francis, 40; quoted, 32, 151 Messie, Peter, see Mexia, Pedro Metrical lives, see Elegies Mexia (Messie), Pedro, 98, 147, 154, 183, 215, 216, 276; forms of name, 98, 157, 276; see also Let Diverset Lemons . . . de Pierre Messie Middleton, Thomas, 86 Military art, 162; subject gaining in popu larity: books on, 168 Military experience of Whetstone, 2, 10, t i , 28, 162. 163 Military matters, authorities on, 105 Mirour for Magestrates of Cyties. A. I, 131-61, 172, 181, 182, 205, 208, 209, 228, 274; one of The English Myrror group, written in behalf of government and religion, 26, 177, 193, 223; begins a new period in Whetstone's writing, 131, 134; title page, text: dedication, 132; A Touchstone for the Time published, bound, and paged with, 132; Alexander Severus the central figure in, 134-61 passim; rarely mentioned except as an anti-stage publication, 141; not related to the Mirror for Magistrates, compilation, 143; source material, 144 ff-. 154-5 7 ; an uninspired little book: carries the flavor and atmosphere of mid-Elizabethan Eng land, 161; bibliography, 284 Mirror for Magistrates. 38, 224, 241; not related to Whetstone's A Mirour for Magestrates of Cyties. 143 Mirror of Treuc Honnour and Christian Nobilitie . . . Frauncis Earle of Bed ford. Baron Russell . . . Whereunto It Adjoyned A Report of the . . . Sonne . . . . 244-51, 283 Mr. Secretary Walsingham . . . (Read), 220 Moralia (Plutarch), 93, n o , 172, 189, 193, 265; excerpt, 90 Morals (Plutarch), 266, 270 Mornay, Philip of, 203 Mulcaster, Robert, 206 Music, lofty estimate of the power of, 241 Names of characters altered, 34 Nassau-Orange, motto of house, 124 North, Sir Thomas, translation of Plutarch's Lives. 104. 159. >7 4 . 265, 270 Note, John, 15, 46

29 4

Index

Orations, conventional divisions: terminol ogy, 150; Thomas Wilson’s dicta on, text. 255-58 Orlando Furioso. 106 Orphic hymns, 96 “Ortchard of Repentance, The" (fourth part of The Roch.e of Regard), 9, 35, 36, 44-47 Osborne, Sir Edward, 132, 134 Ovid, 91 f., 106, 250 Owst, Gerald Robert, 145 Painter, William, The Palate of Pleasure, 38, 42, 85, 86, 87, 90, 98 Palingcnius, Marcellus, 243. 244 Panoplie of Devices, A. 134, 286 Parodyse of Dainty Deuises, The, i, 15, 50 f., 229, 280, 281 Pardoner’s Tale. The (Chaucer), 144 Park, Thomas, 127; quoted, 133 Pater, Walter, quoted, 128 Patriotism, Whetstone's, 177, 214, 225, 241; professional, of writers, 241 Paul the Deacon, 85 Pembroke, Countess of, 126 Perez, Antonio, 212 Petrarch, 106 f. Philanira (Rouillet), 53*59 passim, 73 Phillipps, W. F. March, 225 Plato, i n , 112, 113, 115, 122, 157 Platonic love, 114 "Pleasant Fable of Ferdinando Jeronimi . . .** (Gascoigne). 38 Pliny, 92, 94; quoted, 93 Plutarch, Lives, 104, 174, 265, 267, 270 (excerpt, 159); Moralia, 90, 93, n o , 172, >89, 193, 265; Morals, Goodwin edition, 266, 270 Poetry, use of songs by playwrights, 60, 78; use of prose and verse in plays, 78; of old and new forms together, 79; verse translations difficult to trace, 107; style used in the elegies, 229, 241, 251 Posies, The (Gascoigne), 16, 36, 227, 228, 279 Printemps (Yver), 119 Promos and Cassandra, 1, 3, 42, 48, 52-79, 87, 131, 146; much of Measure for Meas ure plot quarried from, 1, 3, 52, 62, 64; dedication, excerpts, 16, 52, 71, 75; in cluded in An Heptameron of Civill Dis courses, 52, 53, 63, 64; rejected for stage:

converted into prose, 52; basic plot, 53; variants of the story and characters used by other writers, 53; relationships and degrees of indebtedness between the dif ferent versions, 58; comparison of Meas ure for Measure with, 64-70; speculations as to revisions, 68; and possibility of an intermediate play, 70; reasons for failure of, 72; length: division into parts, 75; title page, text, 76; verse and prose in, 78; Walter Pater on, 128; bibiliography, 281, 283 Protestantism, ardor for, 177, 186, 225; dangers real and threatening, 225 Proverbs and quotations, use of, 207, 209 f. Quiller-Couch, Sir Arthur, 69 Quotation of proverbs and maxims, 207, 209 f. Radctiffe, Thomas, Earl of Sussex, elegy on, 25, 2 4 2 - 4 4 . 283 Raleigh, Carew, 17, 21 Raleigh, Sir Walter, 17, 21, 9 4 n; quoted, 114 Read, Conyers, 220 Realism, 71, 259 Recreations of His Age. The (Bacon), 233 Reformed rake, fashionable pose, 36 Reforms, reasons for writers' interest in, 37; Whetstone's interest, 37, 65; reasons for failure to accomplish, 143; respon sibility for stream of reform literature, 144; see also Government Religion, Whetstone's Protestantism, 177, 186, 225; dangers real and threatening, 225; literature influenced by shifting the ological concepts, 238 Remembraunce of the . . . Life and Godly End of George Gascoigne, Esquire, A. 227-31, 280 Remembraunce of the . . . Life of . . . Sir Nicholas Bacon, Knight, A. 22, 23139. 282 Remembraunce of the Precious Venues of . . . Sir fames Dier, Knight. A. 239-42, 283 Remembraunce of . . . Thomas (Radcliffc) Late Earle of Sussex. A. 242-44, 283 Rhetoric, interest in, 120; Thomas Wilson's dicta on, text, 150, 255-58

Index Rich, Barnabe, quoted. 136 Riddles and games. 119, >21 Rime royal, 241, 251 Robertson, J. M., 70 Robinson, Richard, 11 Rock* of Regard, The, 8, 10-13, »6. 32, 35-51, 60, 141, 164, 228, 246, 251, 259; dedications, 9, 41-44; supposedly auto biographical material in, 10-13, 44. 4 7 . 162, 163; friends who contributed verse to, 15; prefaces, 36, 37; names and nature of the four parts, 35; their outlines and subject matter, 37-49; elegies in, 46; ap praisal of, 48; made up chiefly of light verse and romantic story, 131; bibliog raphy, 279 Rolfe, John C., 103 Rollins, Hyder Edward, 50, 51 Rouillet, Philanira, 53-59 passim, 73 Russell, Lady Anne, 245, 247, 251 Russell, Edward, Earl of Bedford, 42, 245 Russell. Lady Elizabeth, 43, 164, 246, 251 Russell, Francis, Earl of Bedford, 42, 228; elegy on son and, 25, 164, 244-51, 285; authorities quoted on character and lead ership of, 246 f. Russell, Lord John, 43, 246 Russell, Sir William, 164, 246, 251 Saintsbury, George, quoted, 68 f. Schclling, Felix E., quoted, 227 Scott, Mary Augusta, 87, 128 Snip!ores hisloriae Augustae. 145 Sensual experience, passion of writers for describing, 37 Seven deadly sins, 235 f. Severus, Emperor, 143 Shakespeare, indebtedness to Promos and Cassandra for main outlines of his Meas ure for Measure plot, 1, 3, 48, 52-74 passim: readings and sources, 48, 62, 242; measure of Whetstone’s influence on, 68, 214; references to King Cophetua, 109 Shepard, Odell, quoted, 89 Sidney, Sir Philip, 30, 77, 121, 126, 164, 203: elegy on, 2, 11, 28, 31, 230, 244. 251-55, 287; death: funeral, 28; quoted, 78; at battle of Zutphen, 252-55; sol dierly qualities, 253 Silva de varia leccion (Mexia), 98, 183 Sin, nature of, 235-37

295

Singer. Charles, information about Whet stone, 2-4 Smith, G. Gregory, quoted, 141 Smith, Sir Thomas, 206, 210 Social intercourse, efforts to refine and im prove, 80, 81, 114-17 Social unrest, failure to touch underlying causes, 143; responsible for stream of reform literature, 144 Soldiers, book on moral conduct of, 162; see The Honorable Reputation of a Souldier Songs, use by playwrights, 60, 78 Sonnet form, rare use of, 230 Spenser, Edmund, 241; quoted, 245, 247 Stage, attitude toward, 2, 71, 78, 142; func tion and nature of ideal comedy, 71; the anti-stage controversy, 141-43 Stauffer, Donald A., quoted, 258 Steele, Sir Dick, 168 Steevens, George, 31 Stubbs, John, 123 Swinburne, Algernon Charles, 86 Symbols, heraldic, !2 i, 134 Symposium (Plato), 113, 115 Tamburlaine (Marlowe), sources, 215 f. Taller, The, 217 Taverns, evils of, 136-40, 144 Taylor, E. G. R., 20; quoted, 21 Taylor, Thomas, 96 Tcager, Florence E., 232 Theater, see Stage Theme, method of developing and enforc ing, 151 Thompson, Gladys Scott, 246 Throckmorton, Sir Nicholas, 239 Tilney, Edmund, 118 Tilchbourne, Chidiock, 225 Touchstone for the Time, A, 2, 11, 47, 179, 181, 182; one of The English Myrror group, written in behalf of government and religion, 26, 177, 195, 225; pub lished, bound, and paged with A Mirour for Magestrates of Cyties fq.v.), 131 ff.; title page, text: dedication, 132; rarely mentioned except as an anti-stage pub lication, 14 x; bibliography, 284 Translating, Whetstone addicted to, 185 Translations, 39 Trench, W. F., 143

296

In d ex

True Discourse Historicall, A. 11 Turbervile, George, 86 Udall, Edmund, 255; duel with Whetstone, 29; military reputation, 31 Underhill, Edward, 248-50 Underhill, John Garrett, 126 Unicorn-rhinoceros myth, 89 Usury, 140 Vcrdier, Antoine du. Let Diverses Lefons as source material, for A Mirour for Magestrates of Cyties, 154-57; for The English Myrror, 184-95 pustim, 200, 208, 209, 267*75; for An Heptameron of Civill Discourses, 263-65; for The Hon orable Reputation of a Souldier, 267; hybrid copy: growth in successive edi tions, 275 Verse, tee Poetry “ Verses Written of 20. Good Precepts . . . 50, 281 Virgil, 89, 90, 109, 204 Wallace, Malcolm William, quoted, 254 Walravcn, Jacob, 164 Walsingham, Sir Francis, 30, 220 War, attitude toward, 162, 168; present significance of remarks on, 176 Ward, B. M., 232; quoted, 231 Warwick, Ambrose, Earl of, 251, 252 Watson, Thomas, 128 Webbe, William, quoted, 32 Whetstone ancestors, 10 Whetstone, Anne (Mrs. George), 25, 44, 178/1 Whetstone, Bernard, 2, 6, 7, 10, 30, 59, 164, 228; with Sidney at battle of Zutphen, 28, 251; granted an augmentation to his coat of arms, 163 Whetstone, Francis, 5, 7, 8, 10, 32 Whetstone, George, sources of information about, 1 ff.; Shakespeare's indebtedness to, for Measure for Measure plot, 1, 3, 52-74 passim: military service, 2, 10, 11, 28, 162; death, 2, 3, 4. 28, 29 f., 253; last published work, 2; attitude toward the stage, 2, 71, 78, 142; spellings of name, 3, 10; a ship's officer? 4; age, 4; frequent appearance of name in books: important in his time, 5; property left to, 5, 7; brothers of, 5; date of birth, 6,

7; where youth was spent: first pub lished work, 8; supposedly autobiograph ical material in The Roc^e of Regard, 10-13, 44. 47. 162, 163; desire for patronage and preferment, 10, 240; evidendy a student at Inns of Court, 1315, 205; early friendships, 15, 45 f.t 50; read French easily, 151*; with Sir H um phrey Gilbert's expedidon, 16-21; Italy journey and its literary results, 22-24; wife, 25, 44. 178/1; legal difficulties, 26; duel with Udall, 29 f., 255; praise by Digges the nearest approach to an elegy for, 29; usually quoted comments on, 32-34; misinformadon about, in the Stecvens-Berkenhout sketch, 32; pose as a reformed rake, 36; interest in reform and in government, 37, 65, 134 ff., 143, 180. 225; serious subjects, preoccupied with, 48; his only play, 52; measure of his influence on Shakespeare, 68, 214; realism, 71, 260; dissatisfied with dis crepancy between his play and his lofty conception of an ideal comedy, 71; a pioneer in dramatic cridcism, 75, 77 f.; indications as to scope of his reading, 90, 104, 185, 203; method in use of hi> sources, 96, 119. 153, 158, 168, 196. 207; plan, attitude, and method show indebtedness to Castiglione, 97; wealth of allusions which reflect the Elizabethan world, 119, 161, 213 234; contempo rary preoccupadons reflected by, 119 IT.; how conventional and how original he was, 119, 174; beginning of a new period in his writing, 131, 134; curious notice of his list of works, 133; efforts to accomplish reforms in London, 134 ff.; why he and others failed to accomplish reforms, 143; influence of oration form upon, 150; method of developing and enforcing a theme, 151; recondite allu sions collected from a single encyclo pedia, 156, 157. 158; never used Greek, *57. 185; use of English sources difficult to trace, 160; contradicts own statements about military experience, 162, 163; singularly humane and enlightened atti tude toward war and the soldier, 168: present-day significance of remarks on war, 176; Protestantism, 177, 186, 225; patriotism, 177, 214, 225, 241; in dis-

Index claiming originality frees himself from suspicion of plagiarism, 182; addicted to translating: not excessively learned, 185; identification of sources difficult because he merely summarizes or alludes, 196; use of biblical references, 200; quotations suggesting legal training, 205*7; method in use of proverbs and quotations, 207-9; warning to Queen against poisoning by physician, 211; as ancestor of later writers, 217, 218; lofty ideals, 218, 259; the one book addressed to middle and lower classes, 222; books of value in solidifying public opinion and determin ing future of England, 226; appointment as commissioner of musters, 226; most frequently reprinted work, 227; motives for commemorating deaths of celebrities, 239, 241, 245; method used in writing elegies, 255; end of a period in history with which end of his life coincides, 258; a product of his age, 259; prose style appraised, 259 f.; bibliography of his seventeen works, with notes on later editions and reprintings, 279-87 Whetstone, John, 5, 7 Whetstone, Margaret Bernard, 7

297

Whetstone, Robert, Sr., to; property and will, 5, 6. 27 Whetstone, Robert, Jr., 6, 26 x99 William of Orange, 124, *9 5 » Wilson, John Dover, 69, *4 * Wilson, Robert H., 6 t; quoted, 64, 70 Wilson, Thomas, 120, 189; on orations and rhetoric, text, 150, 255-58; on amplifica tion, 152 Wingfield, Robert, 9, 46 Wood, Anthony, 8, 230 Wotton, Henry, 119 Writers, literary success a road to prefer ment at court: reasons for interest in reforms, 37; passion for describing sexual experience, 37; and the perplexities of love, 40; preoccupation with envy, death, and similar abstractions, 48; with rhe torical form, 120, 255; stream of reform literature, 144; interest in oration form, 150; professional patriots, 241; tee alto Literature; Poetry Wytton, John, 15; quoted, 33 Yver, Jacques, 119 Zodiaeus vitae (Palingenius), 244 Zutphen, battle of, 2, 251