General of the Army: George C. Marshall, Soldier and Statesman [Hardcover ed.] 0393027759, 9780393027754

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“Impressively researched, delightfully written, and judiciously argued,

General of the

Army is the best one-volume life of George Marshall to date. It deserves to be read by anyone

interested

in

recent

history.”

American

—Robert Dallek' author of Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932-45

He was one of the most powerful men of his time,

in Winston

Churchill’s phrase

“the

organizer of victory.” As chief of staff of the United States Army through World War II, George Marshall the soldier shaped the vast mobilization

of men and made agonizing

decisions allocating scarce equipment to the various fronts, and to allies. He was an active participant, often a decisive influence, in the conferences between Roosevelt,

Churchill,

and Stalin that shaped the strategy to defeat first Nazi Germany,

then Imperial Japan.

Marshall the statesman had an even more profound effect on events of the twentieth century:

he

will

be

remembered

as

Truman’s secretary of state, winner of the Nobel

Prize

for

Peace,

creator

of

the

European Recovery Act that he steadfastly refused to call the Marshall Plan. But, as revealed in this authoritative new biography, George Marshall was not necessarily born to command or to succeed. The austere leader, so revered by contemporaries and by the presidents he served, emerged only gradually from the once-unpromising VMI cadet. During his lifetime, and not by coincidence, the United States also grew into a role of leadership in world affairs. In

the

years

following

his

brilliant

service in World War I, Marshall’s career seemed many times to have ground to a halt in

the

dusty parade grounds and

limited

opportunities of the peacetime army. If not for the second war, he would have retired as an over-age colonel. But his true gift, as he had proved in France under Pershing, and subsequently in the Army Infantry School, was for Marshall

organization. managed

Cray shows us how

the

almost

impossible

(continued on back flap)

Jacket design by Mike Mclver 3-90

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General of the Army George C. Marshall, soldier and statesman DATE DUE

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..V J949671 Their common experiences: Gertrude Samuels, “Touring with Marshall of the Red Cross,” New York Times Magazine, February 16, 1950, p. 30. 671 Only by courtesy: William S. White, “Mr. George C. Marshall of Leesburg, Va.,” New York Times Magazine, August 7, 1949, p. 7. 672 To whom duty: Ibid. 672 She had always: Samuels, p. 27. 673 Arms folded: Ibid., p. 28. 673 60 percent: Ibid. 673 Greater military power: Department of State Bulletin, January 23, 1950, p. 113. 673 Seriously unfavorable: FRUS: 1343, IX, p. 261.

Notes (pages 674—683)

801)

PAGE

674 The current disparity: Joint Chiefs of Staff, “Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense,” February 10, 1949, in FRUS: 1949, IX, pp. 284-86. 674 Our policy: Donovan, Tumultuous Years, p. 75. 674 The loss of China: Ibid. 674 America’s failure in China: Ibid., p. 77. 675 In the past year: Koen, p. 256, n. 18. 675 The unfortunate but inescapable: White Paper, p. xvi. 675 The conclusion: Acheson, Present, p. 303. 675 The lovely leisurely: Madame Chiang to Dear General, August 1, 1950, GCMRL. 676 I do not intend: Acheson, Present, p. 360. 676 Nevertheless are still: Reeves, p. 224. 676 Unless we believe: Isaacson and Thomas, p. 466. 676 Is that he is: Associated Press dispatch to the Los Angeles Times, April 21, !95°677 A pathetic thing: Ibid. 677 Bad security risk: Steel, p. 467. 677 Pro-communist group: Ibid. 677 We have evidence: New York Times, September 24, 1949. 677 We are in a straight race: Herken, p. 303. 678 To have caught: Ibid., p. 307. 678 We should not: New York Times, May 31, 1950.

Chapter XXXIX

•

Positions Reversed

679 Play actor: Ferrell, Off the Record, p. 47. 679 Mr. President: Goulden, p. 48. 679 Felt certain: Truman, Memoirs, II, p. 379. 680 Substantially greater: Los Angeles Times, May 2, 1951. 680 If we can afford it: Military Situation in the Far East, Hearings Before the Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Foreign Relations, 82nd Congress, 1st Session, Senate, I, p. 373. 680 The U.S. has little: National Security Council Report to the President, NSC-68/2, p. 13, GCMRL Xerox 1574. 681 If Washington only: Goulden, p. 53. 681 The North Korean government: Schoenbaum, p. 211. 682 With the end: Congressional Digest (December 1945), p. 304. 683 We should know: New York Times, October 19, 1945. 683 Let us take: “Reminiscences of James T. Williams, Jr.,” Oral History Research Office, Columbia University, p. 932. Thirty-nine years later, events proved Marshall correct. President Reagan signed legislation making the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff the principal military adviser to the president. As Marshall had recommended, the four military chiefs of staff were to be subordinate to the chairman. See The New York Times, October 2, 1986.

(8c

NOTES

(pages 683-693)

PAG

683

684 684 684 684 684 684 685 685 685 685 685

686 686 686 687 687 687

688 689 689 689 690 690 690 690

Seemed almost limitless: Prados, p. 6. Information on the Eberstadt and Lovett role came from an interview with former CIA general counsel Lawrence R. Houston, July 29, 1982* Houston wrote the actual language of the bill. Preventative wars: Hanson Baldwin in The New York Times, September 1, !95°The first aggressors: Stone, p. 92, quoting The New York Times, August 26, 1950. The political domination: Millis, Arms, p. 235. Unwittingly, Truman: Bradley and Blair, p. 503. But when the President: Rose Page Wilson, p. 343. Nothing could be more: Goulden, p. 160. We were defending: Ibid. (Italics in original). Mr. President: Ferrell, Off the Record, p. 189, quoting a letter from Truman to his wife, September 7, 1950. Wonder of wonders: Truman, Dear Bess, p. 562. I didn’t think: Goulden, p. 163. The camel: Time, September 25, 1950, p. 20. It should be remembered: New York Times, September 14, 1950. The Communist-appeasing: Congressional Record, September 15, 1950, PP- 14913~14Jenner? Jenner?: Pogue IV, p. 428. Harrowing experience: Acheson, Present, p. 441. From a purely military: Acheson, Sketches, p. 163. There are two persons: Paraphrased from Edward B. Lockett, “Again tlje Marshall-Lovett Team,” New York Times Magazine, October 29, 1950, p. 12. She was a great mediator: Carter interview, March 9, 1988. The military situation: Life, December 18, 1950. To the dangerous point: Radford, pp. 218—19. To wrest the initiative: NSC-68/2, September 30, 1950, GCMRL Xerox i574, p. 6. A defeat of free: NSC-68, April 30, 1950, GCMRL Xerox 1574. Rare, awkward: Bradley and Blair, p. 519. The history: New York Times, November 25, 1950. A sour little war: Goulden, p. xv.

Chapter XL 692 692 692 692

693 693

•

Imperator

The swiftness: Bradley and Blair, p. 556. To cringe behind: Donovan, Tumultuous, p. 277. There’s no stopping: Isaacson and Thomas, p. 532. It would have taken: Donovan, Nemesis, p. 85. I was full: Isaacson and Thomas, p. 532. Committed one cardinal: Bradley and Blair, p. 561.

Notes (pages 693 — 704)

6

94

694 695 695 6

95 95

6

695 695 695

696 696 696 696 696 696

697

803)

Your military objective: Ibid., p. 563. Incipient revolution: Davis, p. 349. I don’t see why: Ferrell, Off the Record, p. 47. The success of Inchon: James, III, p. 485. We want you to feel: GCM to MacArthur, September 29, 1950, GCMRL Xerox 2566. Unless and until: MacArthur to GCM, September 30, 1950, GCMRL. Please accept: GCM to MacArthur, September 30, 1950, GCMRL. Thanks, George: MacArthur to GCM, October 1, 1950, GCMRL. Chinese did not: Isaacson and Thomas, p. 533. Mere vaporings: Ibid. In his later Korean War, Acheson is less flippant. He describes Chou’s words as a warning, “not to be disregarded, but, on the other hand, not an authoritative statement of policy” (p. 55). Major Chinese Communist units: Truman, Memoirs, II, p. 413. The Chinese people: Bradley and Blair, p. 571. As I understood: Goulden, p. 264. General Marshall didn’t think: Ibid. Fine patrician: Ibid., p. 188, giving no source. And it goes against: “Substance of Statements Made at Wake Island Conference on 15 October 1950,” GCMRL Xerox 2566. Pace, that’s troublesome: Pace’s oral history is quoted in Goulden, p.

273

-

698 698 698

699 699 700 700 700 700 701 701 701 701 701 702 702

703 703 703

703

7°3 7°3 704

The auspicious time: Goulden, p. 288. Hasty conclusions: Bradley and Blair, p. 583. Flown to exhaustion: Goulden, p. 298. I he army would not understand: MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 421. Men and material: Truman, II, pp. 427—28. Was a grave insult: Bradley and Blair, p. 585. Curious quiescence: Isaacson and Thomas, p. 538. Very personal: James, III, p. 523. Complete agreement: Ibid. The massive compression: New York Times, November 24, 1950. We face: James, III, p. 536. A posterity paper: Isaacson and Thomas, p. 536. This command: James, III, p. 536. We are much closer: FRUS: 1930, VII, pp. 1242 ff. Would be to fall: Ibid. Insulting: Goulden, p. 387. Why don’t: Ridgway, Korean War, pp. 61—62. An enormous handicap: U.S. News and World Report, dated December 8, but on newsstands December 1, 1950. I should have relieved: Truman, Memoirs, II, p. 437. Of the greatest magnitude: Pogue IV, p. 466. Is in very serious trouble: Ferrell, Off the Record, p. 202. We consider: Blair, Forgotten War, p. 529. Turn the tide of battle: Bradley and Blair, p. 608.

(8c

NOTES

fpages 704—717)

PAG

7°4 704 705 705

Against vulnerable allies: James, III, p. 550. And their morale: FRUS: 1950, VII, pp. 56—57. If things went wrong: Acheson, Present, p. 515. Eighth Army in good shape: Donovan, Tumultuous, p. 349.

Chapter XLI 706

7°7 7°7 7°7 708 708 708 708 709 709

710 710 710 710 710 710

711 711 711 711 712 712 712 712 712 712

7*3 7*3 7*4 7*4 7!5 716 716

7l7

•

The Shatter of Icons

Dulled the public interest: U.S. News and World Report, April 13, 1951, pp. 24 ff. Accomplishment of our mission: Donovan, Nemesis, p. 149. With clearing: Schnabel and Watson, III, Part I, p. 525. Operations continue: James, III, p. 586. Most extraordinary statement: Truman, Memoirs, II, p. 501. Was confident: Goulden, p. 477. Liberal opinion: Stone, Hidden, p. 272. The demands of security: New York Times, March 28, 1951. Meeting force: Military Situation, p. 3544. The last straw: Ferrell, Off the Record, p. 210. I knew the general: Miller, Plain Speaking, p. 328. If you relieve: Blair, Forgotten War, p. 784. Full panoply: Acheson, Present, p. 521. Involves basic: Truman, Memoirs, II, p. 510. Approaching something: GCM to John Leighton Stuart, December 29, 1950, GCMRL. Unquestionably one of the ablest: Rose Page Wilson, p. 350. Could lead: Bradley and Blair, p. 633. It was a sad: Collins, War in Peacetime, p. 283. Not in sympathy: Ibid., p. 284. Son, not tonight: Heller, Truman White House, p. 157. Quite an explosion: Ferrell, Off the Record, p. 211. This country is in: New York Times, April 13, 1951. A Communist victory: Goulden, p. 499. The happiest group: Los Angeles Times, April 13, 1952. Hello, George: Bradley and Blair, p. 639. Seldom had: Time, April 23, 1951, p. 24. One of the most: James, III, p. 613. I do not stand here: New York Times, April 20, 1951. We saw: James, III, p. 616. Nothing but a bunch: Miller, Plain Speaking, p. 337. The positions: Military Situation, I, pp. 13—14. A soldier can: U.S. News and World Report, May 18, 1951, p. 117. General, we are faced: Military Situation, I, pp. 75 ff. Powerful impression: United Press dispatch to the Los Angeles Times, May

7 195

1

’

7 !7

-

A very distressing: Military Situation, I, pp. 323 ff.

Notes (pages 720—729)

805)

PAGE

720 Frankly, in the opinion: Ibid., II, p. 732. 720 There was tremendous: Bradley and Blair, p. 640. 721 The utter futility: Collins, p. 292. 721 A conspiracy: Congressional Record, June 14, 1951, p. 6602. The speech is reprinted, with some emendations, in McCarthy’s America's Retreat from Victory. The attribution of the authorship to Davis is in Reeves, pp. 373—

74

-

722 It was Marshall: Congressional Record, p. 6602. 722 Apparently indifferent: Congressional Record, p. 6572. 722 Created the China policy: Congressional Record, p. 6602. 722 What is the objective: Ibid. 723 Larger conspiracy: Congressional Record, p. 6603. 723 I do appreciate that: David Ignatius, “They Don’t Make Them Like George Marshall Anymore,” Washington Post Weekly Edition, June 8, 1987, p. 25. 723 Hysterical form: Reeves, p. 372. 723 Senator Joe: Wedemeyer, p. 154. 723 Easy prey: Ibid., p. 370. 723 Fantastically false: New York Times, August 20, 1952. 724 Now look: Newsweek, September 1, 1952. 724 Kept columnists: Reeves, p. 372. 724 Marshall’s loyalty: Buckley and Bozell, p. 392. 724 Least militant: Acheson, Present, p. 559. 724 In our present situation: Associated Press dispatch to the Los Angeles Times, May 16, 1951. 724 Winning a little battle: Stone, p. 273.

Chapter XLII

*

Sunset

Forrest Pogue’s George C. Marshall: Statesman, 1945—1959 provided a number of details about Marshall’s last years. 726 726 728 728 728 728 728 728 728 728 729 729

Very personal reasons: Time, September 24, 1951. I wouldn’t: Ibid. Are my boys: United Press dispatch to the Los Angeles Times, August 30, !952. What can we say: Papers of Adlai Stevenson, IV, p. 50. Betrayed his principles: Donovan, Tumultuous, p. 400. Eisenhower was forced: Rose Page Wilson, p. 371. Sell out his grandmother: Congressional Record, August 3, 1954, p. 12960. Poor fellow: Pogue IV, p. 497. I think: New York Times, August 4, 1954. You deserved far better: GCM to Adlai Stevenson, November 7, 1952, GCMRL. A hundred million persons: Reporter, January 5, 1954. My best friend: Pogue IV, p. 503.

(8c

NOTES

(pages 730—733)

PAG

73° 73°

Was in 1940: United Press to the Los Angeles Times, November 1, 1953. A tribute to: Associated Press to the Los Angeles Times, November 29,

730

Grateful for the momentary: Tess Jaksohn, Los Angeles, to the author, January 6, 1981. Murderer!: Associated Press to the Los Angeles Times, December 11, 1953. This is no peace: Ibid. There has been: Marshall’s Nobel Prize speech is reprinted as “Essentials to Peace,” Social Research (Spring 1954), pp. 1 — 10. The blackbirds: Associated Press dispatch to the Los Angeles Times, June

953-

*

730

731 731 731

5 1954

732 732 732 732 732

733 733

’ \ Rather like: White, “Marshall at 75: The General Revisited,” New York Times Magazine, December 25, 1955. Your old Lieutenant: James Fulton to President Eisenhower, August 19, 1957, GCMRL. Absolutely all right: White, “Marshall at 75.” The general made: George to Lovett, March 12, 1958, GCMRL. Hindsight would be: Saturday Review of Literature, June 1, 1957. I have so much time: Rose Page Wilson, p. 388. A citizen: GCM to the Observer (London), January 28, 1959, GCMRL.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Citations in the notes are by author and, if needed, short title. The exception is the ongoing series of Marshall’s papers, edited by Larry I. Bland, et al., which is cited as Papers.

Acheson, Dean, Fragments of My Fleece (New York: W. W. Norton, 1971). , “Homage to General Marshall,” The Reporter, November 26, 1959, p. 25. , The Korean War (New York: W. W. Norton, 1971). , Morning and Noon (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965). , Present at the Creation (New York: W. W. Norton, 1969). , Sketches from Life (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1959). Adams, Henry H., Harry Hopkins (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1977). Alperovitz, Gar, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam, expanded, updated edition (New York: Penguin, 1985). Alsop, Joseph, FDR 1882—1945: A Centenary Remembrance (New York: Viking Press, 1982). Ambrose, Stephen E., Eisenhower, Vol. I (New York: Simon 8c Schuster, 1983). , Eisenhower and Berlin, 1945: The Decision to Halt at the Elbe (New York: W. W. Norton, 1967). , Supreme Commander: The War Years of General Dwight D. Eisenhower (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1969). American Armies and Battlefields in Europe: A History, Guide, and Reference Book (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1938). Anderson, Jack, with James Boyd, Confessions of a Muckraker (New York: Random House, 1979). Andrews, Robert Hardy, A Corner of Chicago (Boston: Little, Brown, 1963). Arkes, Hadley, Bureaucracy, the Marshall Plan and the National Interest (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1972). Armstrong, Anne, Unconditional Surrender (Rutgers, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1

96l)‘

Arnold, Henry A., Global Mission (New York: Harper 8c Brothers, 1949). Bachrack, Stanley D., The Committee of One Million (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976). Baker, Leonard, Brandeis and Frankfurter: A Dual Biography (New York: Harper 8c Row, 1984). Baldwin, Hanson, Great Mistakes of the War (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1950). Ball, George W. The Past Has Another Pattern (New York: W. W. Norton, 1982).

(8o8

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bamford, James, The Puzzle Palace (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982). Bartlett, Bruce R., Cover-Up: The Politics Of Pearl Harbor, 1941—1946 (New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1978). Baruch, Bernard, The Public Years (New York: Holt, Rinehart Sc Winston, i960). Beitzell, Robert, The Uneasy Alliance (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972). Berle, Adolf A., Navigating the Rapids (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1

973)*

Bernstein, Barton, “A Postwar Myth: 500,000 U.S. Lives Saved,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (June—July 1986), pp. 38—40. Bernstein, Irving, The Lean Years (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, i960). Beschloss, Michael R., Kennedy and Roosevelt: The Uneasy Alliance (New York: W. W. Norton, 1980). Bidault, Georges, Resistance (New York: Frederick Praeger, 1967). Biennial Report of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, July 1, 1941 to June 40, 1943 to the Secretary of War (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, !943)-

Birse, A. H., Memoirs of an Interpreter (London: Michael Joseph, 1967). Blair, Clay, The Forgotten War (New York: Times Books, 1987). , Ridgway’s Paratroopers (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday Sc Co., 1985). Blum, John Morton, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of Urgency, 1938—1941 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965). , V Was for Victory (New York: Harvest/HBJ, 1976). Blumenson, Martin, Anzio: The Gamble That Failed (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, *963).

, Mark Clark (New York: Congdon Sc Weed, 1984). , Patton: The Man Behind the Legend (New York: William Morrow, 1985). , The Patton Papers, Vols. I and II (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974). Bohlen, CJiarles, Witness to History, 1929—1969 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973). Botting, Kenneth, From the Ruins of the Reich (New York: Crown, 1985). Bradley, Omar N., A Soldiers Story (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1951). , and Clay Blair, A General’s Life (New York: Simon Sc Schuster, 1983). Brandon, Henry, Special Relationships (New York: Atheneum, 1988). Brereton, Lewis H., The Brereton Diaries (New York: William Morrow, 1946). Brown, Anthony Cave, Bodyguard of Lies (New York: Harper Sc Row, 1975). , The Last Hero: Wild Bill Donovan (New York: Times Books, 1982). Brown, David, and W. Richard Brumer, I Can Tell It Now (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1964). Bryant, Arthur, Triumph in the West (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday Sc Co., 1959). , The Turn of the Tide (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday Sc Co., 1957). Buckley, William F., Jr., and Brent Bozell, McCarthy and His Enemies (Chicago: Henry Regnery Co., 1954). Buell, Thomas B., Master of Sea Power (Boston: Little, Brown, 1980). Bullard, Robert L. Personalities and Reminiscences of the War (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1925). Bullitt, William, For the President, Personal and Secret (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972).

Burns, James MacGregor, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970).

B ibliography

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Bush, Vannevar, Modem Arms and Free Men (New York: Simon 8c Schuster, 1949). Butcher, Harry C., My Three Years with Eisenhower (New York: Simon 8c Schuster, 1946). Butler, J. R. M., and M. A. Gwyer, Grand Strategy, Vols. Ill and IV (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1964). Butow, Robert J. C., Japan's Decision to Surrender (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1954). , Tojo and the Coming of War (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1961). Byrnes, James F., All in One Lifetime (New York: Harper 8c Brothers, 1958). , Speaking Frankly (New York: Harper 8c Brothers, 1947). Cadogan, Sir Alexander, The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan, O. M., 1938—1945, edited by David Dilkes (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1972). Calder, Angus, Revolutionary Empire (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1981). Callwell, Major-General Sir C. E., Field-Mar shall Sir Henry Wilson, Vol. II (London: Cassell, 1927). Caraley, Demetrios, The Politics of Military Unification (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966)*. Carlyle, Margaret, ed., Documents on International Affairs, 1945—48 (London: Oxford University Press, 1952). Casey, Lord, Personal Experience, 1939—1945 (London: Constable 8c Co., 1962). Catton, Bruce, The War Lords of Washington (New York: Harcourt, Brace 8c Co., 1948). Caute, David, The Great Fear: The Anti-Communist Purge Under Truman and Eisenhower (New York: Simon 8c Schuster, 1978). Chandler, Alfred D., Jr., ed., The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower: The War Years (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1970). Chennault, Claire Lee, Way of a Fighter: The Memoirs of Claire Lee Chennault, edited by Robert Hotz (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1949). China and United States Far Eastern Policy (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1967). Churchill, Winston S., Closing the Ring (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1951). , The Grand Alliance (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1950). , The Hinge of Fate (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, i960). , Their Finest Hour {Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1949). , The World Crisis (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1942). , Triumph and Tragedy (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1953). Clark, Mark W., Calculated Risk (New York: Harper 8c Brothers, 1950). Clay, Lucius I)., Decision in Germany (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday 8c Co., , The Papers of General Lucius D. Clay, edited by Jean Edward Smith, Vols. I and II (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1974). Clemens, Diane Shaver, Yalta (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970). Cline, Ray S., Washington Command Post: The Operations Division (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, i960). Cochran, Bert, Harry Truman and the Crisis Presidency (New York: Funk 8c Wagnalls, 1973). Coffey, Thomas M., Hap (New York: Viking Press, 1982).

(8i o

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Cole, Wayne S. America First: The Battle Against Intervention (Madison, Wise.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1953J. Collins, J. Lawton, War in Peacetime: The History and Lessons oj Korea (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969). Colville, John, Winston Churchill and His Inner Circle (New York: Wyndham Books,

i9Sl), The Fringes of Power (New York: W. W. Norton, 1985). Compton, Arthur H., Atomic Quest (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956). Compton, Karl, “If the Atomic Bomb Had Not Been Used,” Atlantic Monthly (December 1946), pp. 54—56. Condit, Kenneth W., “U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy, 1947—1949,” Historical Division, Joint Secretariat, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Unpublished manuscript in the Marshall Library. , The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy, Vol. II (Wilmington, Del.: Michael Glazier, 1979). Corson, William R., The Armies of Ignorance (New York: Dial Press, 1977). Cunningham, Andrew B., A Sailors Odyssey (London: Hutchinson, 1951). Dallek, Robert, The American Style of Foreign Policy (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 8

!9

3)-

, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932 — 1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979). Danchev, Alex, Very Special Relationship (London: Brassey’s Defence Publishers, !986). Daniels, Jonathan, The Man oflndependence (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1950). Davenport, Marcia, Too Strong for Fantasy, reprint edition (New York: Avon 1979). Davis, Kenneth S., FDR: The New York Years, 1928—1932 (New York: Random House, 1985). Davison, W. Phillips, The Berlin Blockade (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press',’ 1958). Dawson, Raymond H., Foreign Policy and Domestic Politics (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1959). de Gaulle, Charles, War Memoirs: Unity, 1942—44, Documents, Vol. II, Parts 1 and 2 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1959). , War Memoirs: Salvation, 1944—46, Vol. Ill (London: Weidenfeld Sc Nicolson, i960). de Guingand, Sir Francis, Operation Victory (London: Hodder Sc Stoughton, 1947). De Weerd, H. A., Selected Speeches and Statements of General of the Army George C. Marshall (Washington, D.C.: Infantry Journal, 1945). Deane, John R., The Strange Alliance (New York: Viking Press, 1947). Dear Bess : The Letters from Harry to Bess Truman, edited by Robert H. Ferrell (New York: W. W. Norton, 1983). Djilas, Milovan, Conversations with Stalin (New York: Harcourt, Brace Sc World, 1962). Donovan, Robert, Conflict and Crisis (New York: W. W. Norton, 1977). , Tumultuous Years (New York: W. W. Norton, 1982). dos Passos, John, 1919 (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1932). Douglas, Lord Sholto, with Robert Wright, Combat and Command: The Story of an Airman in Two World Wars (New York: Simon Sc Schuster, 1966).

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i980Truman, Harry S., Memoirs, Vols. I—II, reprint edition (New York: New American Library, 1965). Truscott, Lucian K., Command Missions (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1954). Tuchman, Barbara W., The Guns of August, reprint edition (New York: Bantam Books, 1976). , Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 7977—7945, reprint edition (New York: Bantam Books, 1972). , The Zimmermann Telegram, reprint edition (New York: Dell, 1965). Tully, Grace, F.D.R., My Boss (New York: Scribners, 1949). United States Army in the World War, 79/7—79/9, The, IX (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, 1948). United States Foreign Policy for a Post-War Recovery Program, Hearings Before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, 80th Congress, 1st and 2nd Sessions, Parts I and II (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1948). United States Strategic Bombing Survey: Summary Report (European War) and The Effects of Strategic Bombing on the German War Economy, Vol. Ill (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1945). Universal Military Training, Hearings Before the Senate Committee on the Armed Services, 80th Congress, 2nd Session (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1948). Vandenberg, Arthur H., The Private Papers of Senator Vandenberg, edited by Arthur Vandenberg, Jr., and Joe Alex Morris (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1952). Viorst, Milton, Hostile Allies (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1965). Wainwright, Jonathan, General Waimvright’s Story, edited by Robert Considine (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday 8c Co., 1946). Walters, Vernon, Silent Missions (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday 8c Co., 1978). Watson, Mark S., The United States Army in World War II, Chief of Staff: Prewar Plans and Preparations (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1950).

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INDEX Acheson, Dean, 631, 664, 673, 686, 724, 725 China aid and, 570 in departure from State Department, 615—17, 631 on European economic crisis, 609 and fall of Chiang, 674—76 Greek and Turkish aid and, 594—96 Johnson’s conflicts with, 684 Korean War and, 680, 692, 695—96, 699—701, 705,708-9 /MacArthur’s conflicts with, 685 on MacArthur’s congressional address, 714 MacArthur’s relief and, 708—11 McCarthy’s attacks on, 72 1-23 Marshall admired by, 591 Marshall Plan and, 611 — 12, 614, 620 Marshall’s China mission and, 561—62, 570, 8

573 579 5 3 ’

’

on Marshall’s management of State Department, 589-91, 593 Marshall’s relationship with, 687 Marshall’s reliance on, 588-89 on Marshall’s retirement, 668—69 Marshall’s State Department appointment and, 588 NATO and, 689 Red-baiting and, 676 Adams, Alva, 152, 204 Afrika Korps, German, 323 TORCH and, 346 in Tunisian campaign, 381, 383 Agriculture Department, U.S., 114 Air Corps, U.S., 125, 146-47, 193,684 ARCADIA and, 275 atomic-capability of, 648 blacks turned away from, 169 plans for expansion of, 129-32, 135, 140, 165—66, 17 1 war strategy planning by, 201 Alexander, Sir Harold, 365—66, 464n, 499, 501, 506, 513 Sicilian invasion and, 405 in Tunisian campaign, 380, 383 Algiers, Allied assault on, 341, 344, 347 Allied Control Council, 598, 602, 646 Almond, Edward M., 701 America First, 165, 210 America f irst Research Bureau, 204 American Battle Monuments Commission, 672, 727 American-British Conversations (ABC-i), 19091, 201 American Chamber of Commerce, 637 American China Policy Association, 632

American Expeditionary Forces (AEF), 50, 55, 57’ 67, 86, 88, 91 American Institute of Pacific Relations, 672 American Legion, 728 American Red Cross, 452, 727 Marshall’s appointment to, 672 Marshall’s management of, 672—73 American Society of Newspaper Editors, 676 Andaman Island invasion, see BUCCANEER Anderson, Clinton, 555 Anderson, Kenneth A. N., 344 in Tunisian campaign, 379-80, 382 Anfa Camp, 357—58 Anschluss, 153 Anthony, George W., 526 Antonov, Aleksei I., ARGONAUT and, 508, 51 o—11, 513

Antwerp, capture of, 483, 486 ANVIL, 444—46, 459, 468 Churchill on, 448-49, 466-67, 471 Eisenhower on, 456-57, 464—65, 472 EUREKA on, 434 SEXTANT on, 435 troops committed to, 446 U.S.-British dispute over, 463-67, 471 Anzio assault, 444—47 Anzio breakout, 457 ARCADIA (Washington Conference), 267-76, 282, 308 Churchill’s six-point strategy presented at, 268-69 Combined Chiefs of Staff established at, 274-

75 Europe-first strategy accepted at, 269, 272, 275 Marshall’s unified field command plans at, 272-74 on war production, 274 Ardennes, German offensive in, 491—92, 499— 501, 508-9 Argentina, 628 ARGONAUT (Yalta Conference), 497—98, 505, 506-14,518 on Soviet entrance into Pacific War, 507, 511 —

>3

on war-ending offensive, 510 Army, French, 45, 53 casualties of, 50, 53, 56, 66 Fourth, 80 in Meuse-Argonne offensive, 75, 77 Moroccan Divisions of, 68 mutiny in, 177 on St. Mihiel front, 60—61 in St. Mihiel offensive, 73

(824

INDEX

Army, French (continued) Second, 68-69 Army, U.S.: balanced-force budget of 132-35, 165 blacks in, 168—69 CCC and, 114—16, 134 debates over size of, 233 desegregation of, 705 domestic anti-riot activities of, 112—13 in maneuvers with National Guard, 40—41 Marshall’s biennial reports on state of, 203—4, 207, 209, 413, 554 Marshall’s decision on career in, 22-24, 27 Marshall’s mobilization plan for, 154—58 Marshall’s officer’s commission in, 29—30 Marshall’s reorganization of, 278-79 Marshall’s retirement from, 553—55 Marshall’s selection of junior leadership of, ^6-77

Marshall’s selection of senior leadership of, !75-76

need for expansion of, 147—48 pay in, 32, 113 Pearl Harbor attack investigated by, 478, 480— . 81-.556-57 Philippine insurrection and, 31—34 postwar demobilizations of, 91-94, 11 2, 517, 628 promotion and retirement reforms in, 174—75 readiness of, 51, 192 Senate consideration of appropriations for,

52_53

1

Signal Intelligence Service of, 220 size of, 374, 441-42 in Solomon Islands campaign, 327 Texas-Mexican border maneuvers of, 40 threatened demobilization of, 202—3 war strategy planning by, 200 see also specific units Army Air Force, U.S., see Air Corps, U.S. Army and IVfavy Club, 33, 42—43 Army and, Navy Journal, 119, 414 Army Group B, German, 520 Army Group Center, German, 197 Army Reorganization Act, 94, 116, 144 Army School of the Line, 36 Army Staff College, 37 Army War College, 37 Marshall’s lectureship at, 101—4 Arneson, Gordon, 648 Arnim, Jurgen von, 422 in Tunisian campaign, 381, 383, 387 Arnold, Eleanor, 347 Arnold, Hank, 358 Arnold, Henry “Hap,” 3, 5—6, 158, 231, 305,

347- 39°- 4l8- 420, 458-59> 469. 531 appointment of supreme commander and, 419 ARCADIA and, 274—75 in Army reorganization, 278—79 Atlantic Conference and, 210—11, 215 atomic bomb and, 543, 548 in Batangas maneuvers, 44 Battle of the North Atlantic and, 375 Berlin toured by, 542—43 death of, 729 on ending war in Far East, 540 EUREKA and, 429, 433 Europe-first strategy and, 304 and expansion of Air Corps, 130—31 hve-star rank of, 490—91

illnesses of, 518 MacArthur’s conflicts with, 439 Marshall’s friendship with, 5—7, 45 OCTAGON and, 474 OVERLORD and, 11,414, 460—62 QUADRANT and, 412 in reinforcing Philippines, 249—50 retirement of, 545, 637-38 SEXTANT and, 423, 425, 435 Solomon Islands campaign and, 342—44 SYMBOL and, 356, 359-60, 364, 367 TRIDENT and, 387 in War Department mobilization, 193 Asbjornson, Mildred, 653 Atkinson, Brooks, 488 Atlanta Constitution, 138, 140 Atlantic Charter, 217, 275 Atlantic Conference (Placentia Bay Conference), 210—17

British strategy to defeat Germany and Italy presented at, 215-16 British vs. U.S. preparation for, 216—17 results of, 217 Atlantic Union Committee, 727 atomic bomb, 321, 525, 537—43 Berlin crisis and, 648 building of, 6 casualties caused by, 548 invasion of Japan vs., 539-40 Japanese surrender and, 545 proposed demonstration of, 539 selection of targets for, 543 Soviet development of, 677—78 testing of, 542—46 Atomic Energy Commission, 625, 628 atomic weapons, civilian vs. military control of, 648-49 Attlee, Clement, 546 on partition of Palestine, 656 TERMINAL and, 547 Auchinleck, Claude, 204 Auriol, Vincent, 598 Austin, Warren, 415 Australia, 265 Japanese bombing of, 299 MacArthur’s transfer to, 300—301 Australian, British, Dutch, American (ABDA) command, 272, 274, 299-300 Austria: peace treaty with, 603, 612, 639—42, 663 reparations of, 639 AVALANCHE, 406-8, 422, 447-48 EUREKA on, 429—30 Bach, Johann Sebastian, 6 Badoglio, Pietro, 410 Baillie, Hugh, 707 Baker, Newton, 91 Balfour Declaration, 656 Bali, Japanese invasion of, 299 Balkan campaign, 400, 421-22, 445, 503-4 Barbarossa, Operation, 197—98 Barkley, Alben W., 557, 701 Baruch, Bernard, 93, 152, 234-35, 617, 631,688 Bataan, Japanese assault on, 302 Batangas maneuvers, 43—44 Bay of Bengal, Japanese offensive in, 309 BBC, 614 Beal, John Robinson, 581 Beardall, John R., 253

Index Beaverbrook, Max, 274 Belgium, fall of, 153—54 Bell, J. Franklin, 36—37, 43-44, 47, 50—52, 85 Belleau Wood, German attack at, 63 Benes, Edvard, 623, 644 Benning Revolution, 106 Berlin: battle for, 519—22, 525 Marshall’s tour of, 542—43 occupation of, 519 Berlin crisis, 646-49, 663—64, 719 airlift during, 647—48 Berlin offensive, 500 Bernadotte, Folke, 661—62 Bevin, Ernest, 663 Berlin crisis and, 649 London Foreign Ministers’ Conference and, 640—42 Marshall Plan and, 614—15, 619 on Marshall’s retirement, 668 Moscow Foreign Ministers’ Conference and, 601, 603 Bidault, Georges: London Foreign Ministers’ Conference and, 640—42 Marshall Plan and, 614, 617 Moscow Foreign Ministers’ Conference and, 601 Biddle, Francis, 159 Bizonia, 642 Blanchard, Mrs., 108 Bliss, Tasker, 41 Boeing Aircraft Company, 232 Bogota Inter-American Conference, 650—54 Bohlen, Charles “Chip,” 665 background of, 597 Czech crisis and, 625 Korean War and, 692 Marshall Plan and, 611 — 12, 620 Moscow Foreign Ministers’ Conference and, 597- 604-6 BOLERO, 306, 313, 317, 321—22, 328—29, 331, 336, 340, 344, 355, 387, 407 Bolshoi Ballet, 604 BONIFACE, 191 Bonnet, Georges, 136 Bonnier de La Chapelle, Fernand, 352 Bonus Expeditionary Force, 112—13, 694 Bordeaux, Paul-Emile, 58—59 Borneo, Japanese attack of, 277 Borodin, Mikhail, 101 Boxer Rebellion, 96 Boyden, Frank L., 607 Bozell, Brent, 724 Braddock, Edward, 18 Bradley, Omar, 6, 151, 369—70, 486, 500, 502, 518, 607, 631,684, 687, 729, 735 Battle of the Bulge and, 493—95 congressional testimony of, 720—21 in difficulties with MacArthur, 694-95 end of war estimate of, 483 Infantry School instructorship of, 106 Korean War and, 692—93, 695—98, 700, 702, 720 on Marshall, 484 NATO and, 664—65 NSC-68 and, 690 in OVERLORD, 443-44, 455-56, 461, 463 promotion to four stars for, 501 in Rhine offensive, 516

825)

on sacking MacArthur, 7og-i 1 Sicilian invasion and, 404—6 in Tunisian campaign, 382—83 War Department mobilization and, 196 war-ending plan of, 519-20 Brandon, Henry, 600 Bratton, Rufus: Pacific command alerts and, 255—56 U.S.-Japanese negotiations and, 248, 250, 253-56

Brewster, Andre, 87 Brewster, Owen, 559, 674 Bricker, John, 479 Bridges, Styles, 629, 674, 716, 720 Bright, Joan, 460 BRIMSTONE, 356 Britain, Battle of, 164, i6g, 173, 191 British Chiefs of Staff, 458 on Czechoslovakia, 529—30 Malta Conference and, 498, 503 OVERLORD and, 415, 457 SEXTANT and, 427 SYMBOL and, 359, 367 TRIDENT and, 394 Brooke, Sir Alan, 321-22, 325, 329, 370, 46263, 487, 639, 729 ANVIL and, 459, 466 Anzio assault and, 445, 447—48 ARCADIA and, 271 ARGONAUT and, 509—11, 513-14 AVALANCHE and, 407, 409, 411, 447—48 background of, 308 Eisenhower criticized by, 492, 499-500, 502—3 on Eisenhower’s war-ending plan, 521—22 ETO conferences and, 333—34 EUREKA and, 430—34 on follow-ons to Sicilian invasion, 400 Malta Conference and, 498, 501-4, 506 MODICUM and, 308-1 1 OCTAGON and, 471-72 OVERLORD and, 409-10, 457 QUADRANT and, 408, 409—10 SEXTANT and, 424-25, 427-28, 436, 438 on SLEDGEHAMMER and ROUNDUP, 31011

SYMBOL and, 355, 359—64, 366—68 TERMINAL and, 543-44 Tobruk defeat and, 324 TORCH and, 340, 369 TRIDENT and, 385, 387-89, 393, 396-98 Tunisian campaign and, 387 Brown, Allen (stepson), 109, 111,118, 159, 352, 441, 448, 666, 727, 729 death of, 450, 452, 454, 465-66 Brown, Clifton, Jr. (stepson), 109, 441 Brown, Clifton S., 108—9 Brown Brothers, 616 Brown Brothers Harriman, 668, 687 Brussels treaty, 663 Bryan, William Jennings, 23, 47, 234 Bryden, William, 193 BUCCANEER: EUREKA on, 434 SEXTANT on, 424, 426-27, 435—36 Buck, Pearl, 234 Buckley, William F., Jr., 724 Bulge, Battle of the, 492—95, 506 casualties of, 495 end of, 500 Bulkeley, John D., 301

(826

INDEX

Bullard, Robert L., 59—60, 63—64 Bullitt, William C., 129 Bundy, Charles, 255 Bundy, Harvey, 230, 447 Bureau of the Budget, 646—47 Burghley, Lady Mary, 729 Burke, Edward R., 167, 172 Burma, Allied invasion of, 364 Burma campaign, 283, 422, 525 Chiang’s participation in, 389—90, 476 SEXTANT on, 424-26 TRIDENT on, 389, 392-94, 397 Bush, Vannevar, 321 Butcher, Henry, 366, 369, 381,451 Byrnes, James F., 138, 152, 167, 174, 442, 483, 485, 688 atomic bomb and, 537-39, 543, 545 Clay’s friendship with, 617—18 draft extension and, 206 Japanese surrender and, 549 Marshall compared with, 596, 598, 640 Marshall’s China mission and, 561—62 resignation of, 585 State Department managed by, 589, 591 Truman’s reliance on, 537 Truman’s replacement of, 574, 583 Byroade, Henry A., 562 Cadogan, Sir Alexander, 434, 597 Atlantic Conference and, 211, 215 Cairo Conference, see SEXTANT Calapan, Marshall’s posting in, 31—32 Cambrun, Jacques de, 78 Camp Leonard Wood, waste in construction of, 185 Canada, TORCH and, 340 Cannon, Clarence, 200 Cantigny, battle for, 62-63 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 676 Carolines invasion, 475 Carrazana, Venustiano, 46 Carter, Marshall, 587, 590, 631—32, 652, 662, 664-65, 667, 687—88 Carter, W. Hodding, Jr., 607 Casablanca Conference, see SYMBOL Casablanca landings, 341—42, 346—47 CC Clique, 565-66, 572—75, 581, 585 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 625, 651, 657, 683 Korean War and, 715 Central Pacific offensive, 440 successes of, 402 TRIDENT on, 397 see also Solomon Islands campaign Central Republic Bank, g2 Chamberlain, Neville, 136, 153—54 Hitler’s territorial demands and, 128—29 Chandler, Albert B., 394-96 Chang Chun, 564—65, 567—68 Changchun, fall of, 572 Chang Tso-lin, 97—98 Chateau-Thierry, German attack at, 63 Chen Kou-fu, 565 Chen Li-fu, 565 Chennault, Claire, 1 1,476, 487 background of, 389—90 “cheap” campaign of, 390-93, 397 congressional allies of, 395 TRIDENT and, 389, 392—93, 397

Chiang Kai-shek, 101, 123, 234, 237, 252, 283, 411, 628, 681,694 ARGONAUT and, 507, 512 Burma campaign and, 389—90, 476 Chennault’s “cheap” campaign and, 390-93 constantly retreating troops of, 475—76 fall of, 667—68, 673—76, 685-86 in flight to Taiwan, 667, 673—76 Japanese isolation of, 220 Korean War and, 702, 704, 709, 715, 718 loss of power by, 632, 635-37 Mao’s negotiations with, 560—61 Marshall’s China mission and, 555, 560, 56266, 568, 571-85 Marshall’s criticisms of, 633 press on, 488 Roosevelt’s commitment to, 281 Roosevelt’s warnings to, 476, 487 SEXTANT and, 418, 423-27 Stilwell's dislike of, 282 SYMBOL on, 361 Wedemeyer’s China mission and, 633—34 Chiang Kai-shek, Madame, 390—91, 393-94, 411, 424, 589, 667, 675-76, 727, 732 Marshall’s China mission and, 571—72, 574, 582-84 Chicago Chamber of Commerce, 620 Chicago Daily News, 160 Chicago Tribune, 116—17, 175> 249- 620, 685 Child, Marquis, 414 China, Nationalist, see China, Republic of; Formosa; Kuomintang China, People’s Republic of (PRC): Korean War and, 692-93, 695-705, 706-9, 715-16, 718-20 proclamation of, 676 China, Republic of, 265 ARGONAUT on, 507, 512-13 Burma campaign and, 389, 392-94 397 . congressional allies of, 395 financial problems of, 569 Japanese war with, 123-24, 136, 219—21, 234 Lend-Lease aid to, 560, 570, 575, 578, 581-82, 636 Malta Conference on, 506 Marshall’s command in, 95—102 Marshall’s mission to, 555—56, 558, 560—85, 587 Nationalists vs. Communists in, 561—68, 570— 85, 596, 628, 632-37, 667—68 rapid deterioration of, 475—76 Roosevelt’s policy on, 281,487—88, 506, 512— 13, 560, 632 SEXTANT on, 423-28 Soviet claims on, 507, 512, 546 Stilwell's mission to, 282-83 SYMBOL on, 361 U.S. aid to, 237 U.S.-Japanese negotiations on, 238, 240—41, 243, 246, 250-52 Wedemeyer mission to, 633—35 see also, Formosa; Kuomintang; Manchuria China Lobby, 577, 632, 671, 692, 727 on fall of Chiang, 674—75 on KMT aid, 636 McCarthy defended by, 724 Wedemeyer’s China mission and, 633, 635 Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 560—61, 596, 628, 632—37, 667

Index Formosa and, 673 Marshall’s China mission and, 562—68, 570—84 Wedemeyer’s China mission and, 633—34 see also China, People’s Republic of Chou En-lai, 676 Korean War and, 695, 708 Marshall’s China mission and, 564—65, 567, 573-81,585 Christian Science Monitor, 416 CHROMITE, 691-92 Chrysler, Tank Arsenal of, 185 Churchill, Randolph, 358 Churchill, Winston, 87, 134, 154, 162, 300, 303, 307, 312, 319-20, 417, 437, 489, 494, 496,

5*5- 529> 535~36- 554’ 594> 639, 658, 721, 727, 729 ANVIL and, 448—49, 466—67, 471 Anzio assault and, 444—45 appointment of supreme commander and, 420 ARCADIA and, 267-69, 273—76 ARGONAUT and, 506—9, 513—14 Atlantic Conference and, 210—17 atomic bomb and, 32 1, 546 AVALANCHE and, 406—7, 447—48 Balkan campaign and, 421, 445, 503—4 on Battle of the Bulge, 495 r. BOLERO and, 322 Darlan deal and, 349-50, 352 death of, 733 on Dill’s death, 490 Dodecanese campaign and, 418—19 Eisenhower criticized by, 492, 499—500, 503 Eisenhower’s meetings with, 399—401 on Eisenhower’s war-ending plan, 521—22 electoral threats to government of, 325, 328 EUREKA and, 4-5, 429—30, 432—35 on European economic crisis, 610 on follow-ons to Sicilian invasion, 400—401 on German occupation and partition, 42 1 and German offensive against Soviet Union, 198-99 German surrender and, 523, 531—32 GYMNAST and, 276, 322 on Hitler’s territorial demands, 129 invasion of England anticipated by, 157 on Japanese threat, 225 Lend-Lease and, 183-84 Malta Conference and, 498, 501, 504—6 Marshall respected by, 544 on Marshall’s unified held command plan,

273-74 Mediterranean strategy of, 7,9 MODICUM and, 308-9, 311 Nobel Prize awarded to, 730 OCTAGON and, 468-69, 471-74, 476 opportunistic strategy of, 463—65 OVERLORD and, 8, 406-9, 415, 419, 445-47,

449’ 453- 457- 459~62- 464 Pearl Harbor attack and, 261 QUADRANT and, 408-9 on Roosevelt’s reelection, 179-80 Roosevelt’s relationship with, 269 second front issue and, 398-99 SEXTANT and, 11,418, 422—26, 438 Sicilian invasion and, 365, 405 on SLEDGEHAMMER and ROUNDUP, 3089-31U 325-26 on surrender of Singapore, 299 SYMBOL and, 354—55, 357-59, 361-68 TERMINAL and, 542, 544

827)

on territorial concessions to Soviet Union, 316 Tobruk defeat and, 323—24 TORCH and, 334, 338-39, 341-42, 349-50, 352-53 TRIDENT and, 385, 387-88, 393, 398 Tunisian campaign and, 384 on unconditional surrender, 487 U.S. aid requested by, 156, 158, 181-82, 304 U.S.-British alliance announced by, 271—72 U.S.-Japanese negotiations and, 241 war declared against Japan by, 267 Citizens’ Committee for the Marshall Plan, 620 City of Flint incident, 148 Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 114—16, 121, 125, 133-35, 176 Civilian Military Education Fund, 113 Clark, Grenville, 167-68, 176 Clark, Mark W., 263, 331, 335, 445, 449, 452, 466, 599, 721 Marshall’s meetings with, 514 Moscow Foreign Ministers’ Conference and, 601 TORCH and, 345-46, 348-49 Clarke, Carter W., 480 Clausewitz, Karl von, 722 Clay, Henry, 617 Clay, Lucius I)., 606, 734 on bankruptcy of Germany, 599-600 Berlin crisis and, 646-48 Czech crisis and, 624 German currency reform and, 642-43 London Foreign Ministers’ Conference and, 640 Marshall Plan and, 617-18 Clayton, William L.: on European economic crisis, 610—12 Marshall Plan and, 614 Clemenceau, Georges, 56, 65—66, 78, 83, 85, 227 n Clifford, Clark, 657—61 Cocke, William H., 101—2 Cohan, George M., 50 Cohen, Benjamin V.: Marshall Plan and, 611 Moscow Foreign Ministers’ Conference and, 601 Cold Harbor, siege of, 54 Cold War, 619 Coles, Charlotte (sister-in-law), 637 Coles, Sally (aunt), 39 Collins, J. Lawton “Lightning Joe,” 151 in difficulties with MacArthur, 694-95 Korean War and, 696, 704-5 in OVERLORD, 443 on sacking MacArthur, 7 1 1 Colombia, insurrection in, 652-54 Colorado Saloon, 33 Colville, John, 469, 503-4 Combined Chiefs of Staff, 299, 422, 433, 456, 462, 494, 518 atomic bomb and, 545 AVALANCHE and, 406 BOLERO and, 306 Darlan deal and, 349 on Eisenhower’s war-ending plan, 521 establishment of, 274-75 EUREKA and, 434 German surrender and, 532 Malta Conference and, 501, 503-5 OCTAGON and, 472

(828

INDEX

Combined Chiefs of Staff (continued) OVERLORD and, 446, 458-60 QUADRANT and, 408-10, 412 SEXTANT and, 425-26, 435 SYMBOL and, 358, 361, 363—64, 369 TERMINAL and, 543, 545 TORCH and, 334 TRIDENT and, 389, 392, 394, 396-98 in war-ending plan, 530 Command and General Staff School, 151 Commerce Department, U.S., 134 Committee of One Million, 632, 727 Committee of Three, 564—66 Communists: alleged infiltration of State Department by,

555 in Greek civil war, 594—95, 627, 635, 649, 665-66, 719 postwar influence of, 505—6 see also China, People’s Republic of; Chinese Communist Party; Soviet Union Conant, James B., 607—8, 612 conferences, wartime: listing of, 2 1 m see also specific conferences Congress, U.S., 13, 41,46, 77, 84, 127, 134, 146, 184, 196, 242, 417, 527, 608, 730 Air Corps expansion and, 131—32 on Army pay, 113 CCC and, 114 Churchill’s announcement of U.S.-British alliance to, 271—72 conscription and, 167, 169-72, 202—10, 234,

499 on Dill’s death, 490 and expansion of Air Corps, 166, 171 on fall of Chiang, 674 five-star rank approved by, 490—91 and funding for Protective Mobilization Force, 170-71 and Greek and Turkish aid, 594—96 isolationism of, 123—24, 136 Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack of, F^7—P;Q, F;7O on KMT aid, 636—37 Korean War and, 702, 714-25 Lend-Lease and, 182—83, *85, !99~200 MacArthur’s address to, 713—14 MacArthur’s allies in, 297, 379, 395, 698, 700, 709, 712, 714 MacArthur’s testimony before, 715—18, 725 Marshall honored by, 669, 726 Marshall Plan and, 610—12, 615, 620-26, 637-38, 642, 645 Marshall’s balanced-force budget and, 165 and Marshall’s biennial reports on state of Army, 203—4 Marshall’s mobilization plan and, 156—58 Marshall’s officer’s commission confirmed by,

3° on Marshall’s promotion to five stars, 572 Marshall’s relationship with, 10, 544, 587 on munitions sales to Britain, 159, 173 NATO and, 665, 677 Neutrality Act repeal and, 147-48 NSC-68 and, 690 OVERLORD and, 8 Pearl Harbor attack investigations and, 260n, 266, 477-79, 481, 556-59, 570

on post-World War I Army demobilization, 9i-94, 112 Red-baiting and, 629—30 Republican electoral success in, 581 restrictive immigration laws adopted by, 94 Spanish-American War and, 26 UMT and, 724-25 war against Imperial Germany declared by, 48,

51 Wedemeyer’s China mission and, 634 see also House of Representatives, U.S.; Senate, U.S. Congressional Record, 415 Congress of Industrial Organizations, 485 Congress of Vienna (Nicolson), 604 Connally, Tom, 136—37 Connecticut, Army and National Guard maneuvers in, 40—41 Conner, Fox, 67, 69, 80—81, 91, 110, 263—66, 330 Constantine, Crown Prince of Greece, 732 Cooke, Charles M. “Savvy,” 326—27, 694 OVERLORD and, 446 Solomon Islands campaign and, 377 SYMBOL and, 356—57, 359 CORONET, 498, 535—36 Corregidor, Japanese shelling of, 302—3 Coughlin, Charles, 146, 164 Council of National Defense, 48 Council on Foreign Relations, 620 Covington, Burling and Rublee, 668 Craig, Malin, 34, 119-20, 122, 124-25, 133, 147,

M9> *75’ !92 Air Corps expansion and, 130—32 balanced-force concept pressed by, 135 retirement of, 126, 137—38, 143 Cross, Samuel, 317 Cunningham, Lord Andrew, 458, 471, 504, 545,

639 Currie, Lauchlin, 391 Curtin, John, 300, 312 Czechoslovakia: British Chiefs of Staff on, 529—30 collapse of coalition government of, 623—25, 6

44

Hitler’s territorial claims on, 128—29 Marshall Plan and, 614—15 Daladier, Edouard, Hitler’s territorial demands and,128—29 Darlan, Alain, 348 Darlan, Jean Francois, 348—52, 366, 370 Darlan deal, 349—52 Davies, John, 428 Davis, Elmer, 351—52 Davis, Forrest, 72 1 Dawes, Charles G., 92—93 Deane, John R., 362, 498, 511 Defense Department, U.S., 670, 732 Marshall’s appointment to, 682—87 Marshall’s management of, 687—88 Marshall’s resignation from, 726 on partition of Palestine, 656-57 unification of armed services into, 682—83 de Gaulle, Charles, 159, 350, 473 D-Day message of, 462-63 ETO conferences and, 335 Marshall's conflicts with, 463 Marshall’s meetings with, 335

Index OVERLORD and, 462-63 SYMBOL and, 367-68 Delta State Teachers’ College, Acheson’s speech at, 609 Democratic League, 564, 566, 577 Dempsey, Miles, 455 Denfeld, Louis E., 625 Denmark, German invasion of, 151 Dern, George, 127 Marshall’s promotion to brigadier general and, 118-20 de Seversky, Alexander, 374 Devers, Jacob, 263, 483—84, 486, 501 Dewey, John, 116 Dewey, Thomas, 479—80, 661,664, 666 DeWitt, John L., 137 Diaz, Porfirio, 40 Dieppe raid, OVERLORD vs., 431-32 Dill, Sir John, 305, 308-9, 334, 415, 450, 735 appointment of supreme commander and, 420 ARCADIA and, 269—73 Atlantic Conference, 211, 213, 216 death of, 489-90 honors presented to, 447 illnesses of, 471 Marshall’s relationship with, I2-13, 269—71, 489-90 OVERLORD and, 446, 457 QUADRANT and, 409 SEXTANT and, 438 SYMBOL and, 355-56, 359, 363 Dill, Lady Nancy, 270, 489 Disney, Walt, 374 Dodecanese campaign, 418-19, 422 Rhodes offensive in, 424—27, 435 Dodona Manor, 150, 313-14 Doolittle, James H., 312 Douglas, Helen Gahagan, 700 Douglas, Lewis, 630 Douglas, Sir Sholto, 410 Douglas, William O., 592 Downey, Sheridan, 207 DRAGOON, see ANVIL Drake, Waldo, 578 Dresden, bombing of, 518 Drum, Hugh, 70—72, 81, 92, 95 chief of staff appointment sought by, 137—39 Marshall’s conflicts with, 280-82 Dulles, Allen, 522—23, 597 Dulles, John Foster, 165, 733 background of, 597 Japanese peace treaty and, 688 Korean War and, 681 London Foreign Ministers’ Conference and, 640 Moscow Foreign Ministers’ Conference and, 597, 601 NATO and, 671 Dunkirk evacuation, 155, 157-58 E. I. duPont powderworks, 155 Dutch East Indies, 265 Japanese offensive in, 225, 277 U.S.-Japanese negotiations on, 240 Dwiggins, William, 607 Eaker, Ira, 6 Early, Stephen, 228—29, 523 Eastman, George, 22 EASY RED, Beach, 460

829)

Eaton, Charles A., 622 Eden, Anthony, 400, 463, 535—36 Edward VIII, King of England, 399 Eichelberger, Robert L., 176, 376 18th Infantry Regiment, U.S., 52, 60—61 Eighth Air Force, U.S., 378 Eighth Army, British, 320, 322-23, 339, 346, .365. 369-70, 449- 468 Sicilian invasion and, 400 in Tunisian campaign, 379-80, 382 Eighth Army, U.S., 691,695, 701-2, 704—5, 706, 708, 711 8th Cavalry Regiment, U.S., 698 VIII Corps, U.S., 84 8th Infantry Division, U.S., 248 Marshall’s command in, 111, 113—15 Eighth Route Army, Chinese Communist, 565 82nd Airborne Division, U.S., 456, 653 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 6, 110, 299, 315, 335, 403-4, 409-10, 414, 416-17, 420, 433, 485, 496, 508-9, 515, 517-19- 553- 640, 655, 683, 688, 732-33 ANVIL and, 456—57, 464—65, 472 and appointing OVERLORD commander, 437 appointment of supreme commander and, 422-23 Ardennes assault and, 491—92 AVALANCHE and, 406-7, 422 background of, 263—64 Battle of the Bulge and, 492-95 BOLERO and, 306, 331 and bombing component of OVERLORD, 453 China mission of, 574 Churchill’s meetings with, 399—401 commanders for OVERLORD selected by, 443-44 on crumbling defenses of Philippines, 283, 297-300, 303 Darlan deal and, 349-52 de Gaulle and, 462-63 Dodecanese campaign and, 419 ETO command given to, 329-31 at ETO conferences, 332—33 EUREKA and, 429 five-star rank of, 490—91 on follow-ons to Sicilian invasion, 400-401 forward headquarters of, 459 German surrender and, 530—31 and launching of OVERLORD, 451-52 MacArthur’s conflicts with, 297-98 on McCarthy, 723-24, 728-29 Malta Conference and, 498, 502-3, 506 manpower replacement plan of, 499-500 MARKET-GARDEN and, 482 Marshall compared with, 10-11 Marshall described by, 278 Marshall’s attitude toward, 368-69 Marshall’s China Mission and, 570 Marshall’s death and, 734 Marshall’s doubts about, 499 at Marshall’s funeral, 735 Marshall’s meetings with, 499—501, 503 and Marshall’s plan for OVERLORD, 455—56 Montgomery’s criticisms of, 484, 492, 500 NATO appointment of, 677 need for deputy commander for, 502—3, 506 on OVERLORD-ANVIL simultaneity, 447,

456-57 OVERLORD battlefields toured by, 460—61

(830

'

INDEX

Eisenhower, Dwight D. (continued) OVERLORD command given to, 9, 12-13 ' OVERLORD delayed by, 446-47 OVERLORD reports of, 454-56, 466 on Patton controversies, 453—54 in planning unified field commands, 272 political ambitions of, 638 presidential campaign of, 723, 727-28 procurement problems of, 314 Rhine offensive and, 486, 513 Roosevelt’s promotion of, 413 on Roosevelt’s redividing theater responsibilities, 301 SEXTANT and, 426, 443 Sicilian invasion and, 404—6 supply problems of, 483, 485 SYMBOL and, 365-68 temper of, 305 TORCH and, 334, 337-41, 345-46, 349-52,

369 TRIDENT on, 397—98 Tunisian campaign of, 379-84, 387 on unconditional surrender, 486 victory parade for, 540 war-ending plan of, 500—501, 519—22, 525, 529 30 War Plans appointment of, 264—66 Eisenhower, John, 443 El Alamein, Montgomery’s victory at, 346 Eliecer Gaitan, Jorge, 652 Eliot, T. S., 607 Elizabeth II, Queen of England, 732 coronation of, 729 Ely, Hanson, 101 Embick, Stanley D., 130, 200, 275, 591 Emergency Relief Organization, 452 Enola Gay, 547 Ethiopia, Italian invasion of, 123—24, 129 Ethridge, Mark, 627 EUREKA (Teheran Conference), 3—4, 8—9, 418, 426, 438-35 on AVALANCHE, 429-30 on OVERLORD, 428-35 Europe: economic crisis of, 599—600, 605—6, 608—13, 638 Marshall’s tour of, 39—40 postwar Communist influence in, 505—6 predictions on end of war in, 510—11, 525 World War II casualties of, 496 European Recovery Program, see Marshall Plan European Theater of Operations (ETO), 5, 13 Eisenhower appointed commander of, 329-31 Roosevelt’s options presented on, 333 ROUNDUP and, 332-34 SLEDGEHAMMER and, 332—33 TORCH and, 334—35 Executive Order 9835, 629 -

Far East Air Force, U.S., 231 Farley, James A., 138—39 Farrell, Leo A., 138, 140 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 248, 297, 677 f ederal Council of Churches, 620 Federal Emergency Relief Administration, 134 Feng Yu-hsiang, 97, 560 Ferguson, Homer, 477, 481, 557-59 Fifteenth Army, Japanese, 283

15th Infantry Regiment, U.S., 563, 734 Marshall’s command of, 95—102 15th Panzer Division, German, 404 Fifth Army, U.S., 445, 448, 449, 465—66, 468,

5}4’

525

58th Guards Division, Soviet, 529 Fire Island, N.Y., Marshall’s family rescued from, 127-28 1st Armored Division, U.S., 448, 450 in Tunisian campaign, 380—81 First Army, British, 383 First Army, U.S., 79—81, 280, 483, 494, 520 Marshall’s transfer to, 69—70 1st Infantry Division, U.S., 52, 55, 57—59, 455 casualties of, 59, 62-63, 64-65, 67-68, 78 German attacks on, 58, 61—62 Marshall’s command of, 124 Marshall’s departure from, 66—67 in Meuse-Argonne offensive, 78 Picardy defended by, 61-62 and recapture of Sedan, 81 on St. Mihiel front, 60—61 1st Marine Division, U.S., 204—5, 326, 343, 376, 691 1st United States Army Group, 453, 458 Fish, Hamilton, 204, 621 504th Regimental Combat Team, U.S., 404 509th Composite Group, U.S., 547 Flanders’ field, Battle of, 50 Flying Tigers, 390 Flynn, John T., 559 Foch, Ferdinand, 65—67, 338, 599 attempt to relieve Pershing by, 78—79 counterattacks planned by, 68 Meuse-Argonne offensive and, 70, 73—74, 76 Pershing’s conflicts with, 68-69, 78—79 and recapture of Sedan, 80 St. Mihiel offensive and, 68—69 truce negotiations and, 82—83 Fonseca, Lieutenant, 652-53 Foreign Affairs, 618 Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service, 547 Foreign Legion, French, 56 Foreign Military Assistance Act, 671, 677 Foreign Office, British, 351,463 Formosa, 694 Chiang’s flight to, 667, 673—76 King’s call for invasion of, 475 MacArthur on, 684-85 Nimitz’s call for invasion of, 470 see also China, Republic of; Kuomintang Forrestal, James, 481, 528, 555, 594, 618, 683 budget increase requests of, 646—47 on control of atomic weapons, 648 Czech crisis and, 625 Marshall’s retirement and, 669 NATO and, 664-65 on partition of Palestine, 657, 659 resignation of, 670 suicide of, 670 Fort Benning Infantry School, Marshall as assistant commandant at, 104—8, 110—11 Fort Clark, 34 Fort Crockett, Marshall’s posting at, 42 Fort Douglas, Marshall’s posting at, 47 Fort Leavenworth:' Command and General Staff School at, 151 Infantry and Cavalry School at, 35—39 Marshall’s instructorship at, 38 Fort Logan Roots, Marshall’s posting at, 41-42

l8°>

Index Fort McKinley: Marshall’s posting at, 42-45 Officers’ Club at, 43 Fort Moultrie, Marshall’s command at, 115—16 Fort Myer, 30, 38, 8g Fort Necessity, 18 Fort Reno, Marshall’s posting at, 34—36 Fort Screven, Marshall’s command at, 111, 113— 15 Fort Snelling, Marshall’s posting at, 42 Fortune, 146, 632 42nd Infantry Division, U.S., 64, 81 XLVI Panzer Corps, German, 191 Foulois, Benjamin D., 38, 64 442nd Infantry Regiment, U.S., 514 IV Corps, U.S., 130 Fourth Field Army, Chinese Communist, 696 4th Infantry Regiment, U.S., 41—43, 455 4th Marine Regiment, U.S., 230 France, 47 Allied invasion of, see OVERLORD bankruptcy of, 610—11 Berlin crisis and, 646 British distrust of, 65—66 German invasion of, 155—57, 159> 165 and German invasion of Poland, 143, 145 and German occupation and partition, 420 on German peace treaty, 598 Hitler’s territorial demands and, 128—29, 136 Indochinese war of, 627 Marshall Plan and, 614—15, 617 Marshall’s posting in, 52—85 Pershing’s conflicts with commanders of, 54—

55- 58-59 prisoners captured by, 56 rehabilitation of, 505 unified Allied command and, 65—66 U.S. sales of munitions to, 146, 153, 161, 165 war damages in, 599 World War I casualties of, 50, 53, 56 France, Vichy: anti-Semitic decrees of, 351 TORCH and, 340, 344-49 Franco, Francisco, 123 Franco-Prussian War, 66 Frankfurter, Felix, 160—61, 526 Franklin, Benjamin, 21 Fredendall, Lloyd R., 344 Frederick II (the Great), King of Prussia, 542 Frederika, Queen of Greece, 730, 732 Freeman, 710 Freeman, Sir Wilfrid, 211 French, Edward, 256—57 Frick, Henry Clay, 21 Friedensturm, 67 Friedman, William F., 220, 248, 251 Fritchey, Clayton, 723 Fuchida, Mitsuo, 258 Fuchikami, Tadao, 257 Fuchs, Klaus, 676 Gavin, James, 456 Genda, Minoru, 219, 226—27, 245 “General Marshall Trials, The,” 651 General Service and Staff College, 36 Geneva Convention, 535 George, C. J., 652, 664-65, 671, 732, 735 George VI, King of England, 729 Germany, Imperial: attacks on 1st Infantry Division by, 58, 61—62

831)

Belleau Wood and Chateau-Thierry attacks of, 6

3 casualties of, 66 collapse of, 82 in general retreat, 80 Meuse-Argonne offensive and, 75—78 on St. Milnel front, 60—61 St. Mihiel offensive and, 72-73 spring of fensives of, 65—67 U-boat threat of, 47-48 U.S. declaration of war against, 48, 51 Germany, Nazi, 5, 7, 187 in alliance with Japan and Italy, 220—21, 238, 259

Allied invasion of, 516—17, 519—2 1, 525, 529 Allied morale bombings of, 503 Ardennes of fensive of, 491—92, 499—501, 508-9

Battle of the North Atlantic and, 375—76 bomber campaign against, 364 casualties of, 198 Eisenhower’s plan to end war with, 500—501, 519-22,525,529-30 France invaded by, 155—57, 159, 165 Norway and Denmark invaded by, 151 occupation and partition of, 420—21 Poland invaded by, 143, 145-47, 149 reaction to OVERLORD of, 458—60 rearmament of, 123 Sicilian invasion and, 404-6 southern redoubt of, 520—21 Soviet non-aggression pact with, 143 Soviet offensive against, 352, 402-3, 509-10 Soviet offensive of, 197-99, 316, 320 surrender of, 522—23, 530—33 SYMBOL on, 359-60, 362-64, 367-68 TORCH and, 337-39, 346, 348, 351-52 TRIDENT on, 385,'387-88, 394, 396-97 Germany, Occupied: bankruptcy of, 599—600, 611,617 currency reform in, 642-43, 647 economic organization of, 602—3 form of government for, 603 London Foreign Ministers’ Conference on, 639,64!

Marshall Plan and, 614—15, 617, 619 Moscow Foreign Ministers’ Conference on, 598, 601—6 peace treaty with, 598, 612, 639, 642, 663 reparations of, 603, 639, 641-42 reunification of, 639, 641 unifying French, British, and U.S. zones of, 642, 644, 647, 649 war damages in, 599 Gerow, Leonard “Gee,” 255, 299, 559 Pearl Harbor attack and, 481 Philippine alerts and, 256 U.S.-Japanese negotiations and, 249-50 warning to MacArthur drafted by, 242—44 Gibbs, William, 607 Giraud, Henri Honore, 345-48, 352, 367 Goebbels, Joseph, 644 Goering, Hermann, 164 Good Earth, The (Buck), 234 Goulden, Joseph, 708 Grand Rapids Herald, 609 Grant, Ulysses S., 92, 464, 555, 590 Grant, Walter S., 67, 71, 73 Great Britain, 4, 47, 52—54 anticipated invasion of, 157

(832

INDEX

Great Britain (continued) bankruptcy of, 610 Battle of the North Atlantic and, 375-76 Berlin crisis and, 646 casualties of, 50, 56, 61,65—66, 311 command responsibilities of, 300 French distrust of, 65—66 German bankruptcy and, 599—600 and German invasion of Poland, 143, 145 and German occupation and partition, 420—21 on German peace treaty, 598 Greek civil war and, 594 Hitler’s territorial demands and, 128—29 India and, 628 JCS postwar projections on, 476—77 Korean War and, 699-701, 706 Lend-Lease aid to, 182—85, 191—92, 198, 233, 262 and Marshall’s biennial reports on state of Army, 204 Marshall’s posting of, 87 merchant losses of, 213 Meuse-Argonne offensive and, 76 OVERLORD and, 7 Pacific theater participation of, 472—74, 542—

44 Palestine Mandate of, 627, 655, 657, 661 Pershing’s conflicts with commanders of, 54—

55 scientific research and intelligence data exchanged with, 191 Tobruk surrender of, 323—24 TORCH and, 337—41, 344—46, 348, 351 Turkish aid and, 594 unified staff command with, 65—66, 272—74 U.S. meetings on joint operations with, 187—

91 U.S. sales of munitions to, 146, 153, 155—56, 158-61, 164-65, 172-73 World War I casualties of, 50, 56, 61 Great Depression, 113, 117, 176, 187, 526 Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 219, 222, 226, 534 Greece: Communist-led civil war in, 594—95, 627, 635, 649, 665-66, 719 fall of, 191 Italian invasion repelled by, 180 U.S. aid to, 594—96, 608, 629 Grew, Joseph, 222, 236, 246 Grey, Sir Edward, 45 Gromyko, Andre, 452 Groves, Leslie R., 315, 677 atomic bomb and, 537—39, 542, 544, 547-48 Gruin, Frederick, 572 Grunert, George, 478, 556 Guadalcanal, Battle of, 343—44, 376—79 Guam: Allied invasion of, 461 Marshall on Japanese threat to, 242 Guderian, Heinz, 155—56 Guingand, Francis de, 494 Gulf of Siam, Japanese threat in, 254 Gunichi, Mikawa, 343 Gunther, John, 471 GYMNAST, 276, 282, 284, 311, 322, 333 Haakon VII, King of Norway, 730 Hagood, Johnson, 44, 47, 118 Haig, Douglas, 61, 66, 67

Haile Selassie, 124 Hale, Robert, 674 Halifax, Lord, 450, 536, 555, 589, 639-40 Halsey, William “Bull,” 377, 379, 474-75, 490,

535 Handy, Thomas, 483, 485 Handy, T. T., 345 Hanriegan, Robert, 575 Harbord, James, 93, 95 Harding, E. Forrest, 106, 376 Harding, Warren G., 92—93, 734 Harriman, Averell, 211,414, 497—98, 602, 616, 630, 685, 687 ARGONAUT and, 507, 511 Bogota Inter-American Conference and, 652 Korean War and, 690, 692 Marshall Plan and, 615, 620 on sacking MacArthur, 709—11 Harriman, Kathleen, 507 Harvard University: Marshall honored by, 607—8, 612 Marshall’s speech at, 608, 612-14 Hassett, William D., 458 Hay, John, 26 Hayden, Carl, 153 Headmasters Association, 94 Hearst, William Randolph, 116 Heffner, William, 726, 732, 735 Henderson, Loy, 656—57 Henderson, Peter, 22 Henderson & Company, 22 Herron, Charles D., 120, 223 Hertling, Georg von, 68 Hess, Rudolf, 399 Hill 609, 383 Hines, John, 89, 95 Marshall’s China command and, 99—100 Hirohito, Emperor of Japan, 550, 554 Hiroshima, atomic bomb dropped on, 547-48 Hiss, Alger, 676 Hitler, Adolf, 7, 79, 116, 123, 143, 157, 160, 165, 204, 215, 247, 267, 505, 543, 554 Ardennes assault and, 492 Darlan’s opposition to, 348 death of, 530 Marshall’s mobilization plan and, 155 military budget of, 136 in negotiation with Japan, 225—26 Operation Barbarossa of, 197—98 Operation Sealion of, 180 OVERLORD and, 458, 460 Pearl Harbor attack and, 259 Petain’s collaboration with, 280 Sicilian invasion and, 365 territorial demands of, 128—29, 136—37 U.S. Air Corps expansion and, 131 Hobart, Alice Tisdale, 234 Hodges, Courtney, 45, 483, 518, 520 Hoffman, Paul G., 723 Hollis, Sir Leslie, 311 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 669 Holocaust, 656, 659 Homma, Masaharu, 694 Hoover, Herbert, 112—13, 160, 625, 714 Hopkins, Harry, 3—4, 131, 305, 450, 524 and appointing OVERLORD commander,

435- 436 ARCADIA and, 269, 274 and Army promotion and retirement reform,

W5

Index Atlantic Conference, 211,215 background of, 133 BOLERO and, 329 on Chennault’s “cheap” campaign, 391 death of, 729 Europe-first strategy and, 307 and German offensive against Soviet Union, 199 illnesses of, 148—49, 153,448—49, 471 Lend-Lease and, 184 Marshall’s balanced-force budget and, 134-35 and Marshall’s biennial reports on state of Army, 413 Marshall’s chief of staff appointment and, 139, 144 Marshall’s friendship with, 7, 12, 135 MODICUM and, 307—9, 311 — 12 need for preparedness stressed by, 135—36 OVERLORD and, g, 12-13, 415-16 on Pacific military priorities, 299 Pearl Harbor attack and, 259 QUADRANT and, 411 Roosevelt-Molotov meetings and, 317—18 Roosevelt’s relationship with, 133—34 SYMBOL and, 356, 365 TRIDENT and, 388 and U.S. aid to Britain, 164 LI.S.-Japanese negotiations and, 251—52, 253n Hopkins, Robert, 358 Hopkins, Stephen, 449 House, Edward, 23911 House of Representatives, U.S., 10, 153 Appropriations Committee of, 151,626, 630, 684 Foreign Affairs Committee of, 620, 622 Military Affairs Committee of, 29, 170, 174, 209—10, 416 Rules Committee of, 608 Ways and Means Committee of, 650 see also Congress, U.S. Howard, Roy, 685 Howell, Fannie, 18 Hudson, Mr. and Mrs. Tom, 107 Huerta, Victoriano, 46 Hughes, Charles Evans, 179 Hughes, John, 99 Hugo, Jean, 55 Hull, Cordell, 161, 173, 187, 22 1, 242, 497, 505,

591 Darlan deal and, 350 U.S.-Japanese negotiations and, 236-38, 241 — 43- 245-46, 250-55 on U.S. readiness for Japanese attack, 241 Humelsine, Carlisle, 589—90 Hurley, Patrick J., 284, 300, 423, 487, 513, 561 on f all of Chiang, 674 Marshall’s China mission and, 555 Huston, Walter, 655 hydrogen bomb, 678

Import-Export Bank, 570 India, Great Britain and, 628 Indochina: ARGONAUT on, 507, 513 French war in, 627 Japanese offensive in, 224—26, 229 U.S.-Japanese negotiations on, 238, 240—41, 243, 246, 250-52 Industrial Revolution, 18

833)

Infantry and Cavalry School, 35-39 Marshall’s enrollment at, 36-39 Infantry Journal, 92, 96 Interim Committee, 538-39 Interior Department, U.S., 1 14 International News Service, 415—16 Inverchapel, Lord, 593—94 Ironsides, Sir Edmund, 157 Ismay, Hastings “Pug,” 309, 311, 322, 324-25, 425, 504 atomic bomb and, 545 GYMNAST and, 325 Malta Conference and, 503 TRIDENT and, 388 Israel, 663 independence declared by, 661 UN peace proposal for, 661-62 U.S. recognition of, 658-61 Italy, 7 in alliance with Germany and Japan, 220—2 1, 238-

259

attempted invasion of Greece by, 180 Ethiopia invaded by, 123—24, 129 Marshall’s inspection of U.S. troops in, 514-15 rehabilitation of, 505 Sicilian invasion and, 365, 404—6 surrender of, 41 o, 413 surrender of German forces in, 522—23 SYMBOL on, 360, 362, 365, 368 TORCH and, 339, 351 TRIDENT on, 385—88, 397-98 I wo Jima, 517 casualties of, 534-35

Jackson, Robert H., 131 Jackson, Thomas “Stonewall,” 24—25, 39, 44, 417, 660 JAEL, 458-59 James, D. Clayton, 713 Japan, 5, 160 in alliance with Germany and Italy, 220—21, 238, 259 atomic bomb and, 538—39, 542, 545—49 Bali invaded by, 299 Bataan assault of, 302 Bay of Bengal offensive of, 309 Borneo attacked by, 277 breaking diplomatic code of, 220—2 1 Burma campaign and, 392-93 Chennault’s “cheap” campaign against, 390— .

93.397

Chinese war with, 123—24, 136,219-21,234 Churchill’s declaration of war against, 267 Corregidor shelled by, 302—2 diplomatic initiatives by, 237—38 Doolittle’s bombing raid over, 312 Dutch East Indies attacked by, 225, 277 gas used against, 534—35, Indochina offensive of, 224—26, 229 JCS on ending war with, 540—41 Korea annexed by, 42 Manchuria invaded by, 129 Marshall’s visit to, 45 OCT AGON on, 472—74, 476 offensives planned by, 203, 224—27 peace treaty with, 663, 688 Philippine aggression threatened by, 173, 236, 239, 242, 248-50 Philippine-based bombers as threat to, 239-40

INDEX

(8 3 4

Japan (continued) Philippines attacked by, 261-62, 264-66, 277, 283-303, 320 Philippines lost by, 525 planned Allied invasion of, 495, 498, 504, 517 528, 533-:36. 539-40, 544 Portuguese Timor invaded by, 299 Potsdam ultimatum to, 547—49 Solomon Islands campaign and, 327-28, 342— .43.376-77 Soviet entry into war against, 498, 505, 507, 511-13, 528, 533, 540, 542, 546, 549-50 Soviet neutrality treaty with, 226 surrender of, 544-45, 547> 549-50, 554 SYMBOL on, 359, 361—64, 367—68 TRIDENT on, 385-86, 392-93, 397 U S. bombing of, 512, 533-34, 550 U.S. embargoes against, 219, 221, 227, 229 U.S. negotiations with, 236—47, 250—55, 481 U.S. occupation of, 547, 693—95 U.S. readiness for attack by, 241—43 warnings about threat of, 225, 236, 240—44 Jarman, Pete, 623 Jeanne d’Arc, Saint, 54 Jenner, William E., 686, 712 Jewish Agency, 658 Jodi, Alfred August, 530 Johnson, Edwin C., 403 Johnson, Hiram, 137, 204, 206 Johnson, Louis, 126-27, 129-3°, 132, 144, 148. 160—61, 670, 688 balanced-force concept pressed by, 135 and fall of Chiang, 675 Korean War and, 679 Marshall’s chief of staff appointment and, 138 Marshall’s mobilization plan and, 154 on NSC-68, 690 resignation of, 685, 687 Truman’s dissatisfaction with, 683—85 Johnson, Lyndon, 716 Johnson, Thomas, 80 Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), 5, 326, 395, 469, 522, 6

55

on aid to Chiang, 633, 636 ANVIL and, 466 appointment of supreme commander and, 419-20 ARCADIA and, 275 ARGONAUT and, 507, 511 on atomic bomb, 538—39 AVALANCHE and, 407 and creation of Defense Department, 682-83 Czech crisis and, 625 in difficulties with MacArthur, 694—95, 702 on ending war in Far East, 540-41 EUREKA and, 418, 428 on Formosa, 673-74 on German occupation and partition, 421 Japanese peace treaty and, 688 Korean War and, 680, 691—92, 696-703, 707— 8, 710-12, 715, 717-18, 720 MacArthur’s relief and, 708, 710—11 Marshall’s relationship with, 687 Marshall’s reorganization of, 279—80 NATO and, 665 NSC-68 and, 6go OCTAGON and, 474—75 OVERLORD and, 408, 446, 457, 460—62 on partition of Palestine, 656—57

on peace to come, 476-77 second front issue and, 318 SEXTANT and, 425, 427-28 Solomon Islands campaign and, 328, 342, 344 SYMBOL and, 358-59, 363 TERMINAL and, 542 on Tobruk defeat, 324 TRIDENT and, 386-87 Truman’s respect for, 525 Jones, Joseph M., 595 Jouatte, Madame, 55, 485, 665 Judd, Walter H., 596, 632, 637, 674 Juin, Alphonse, 500 JUPITER, 311, 322 Kalgan, Nationalist drive to, 578-79 Karl I, Emperor of Austria, 77 Kasserine Pass, Battle of, 380-81 Kee, John, 622 Keefe, Frank, 557—59 Keehn, Roy D., 116—17, 130 Kennan, George F., 689 on European economic crisis, 608—11 and Greek and Turkish aid, 594 Korean War and, 6g2 Marshall Plan and, 610—13 on partition of Palestine, 657 on Soviet Union, 591—93, 618, 640 “X” article of, 618—19 Kennedy, John F., 172, 674 Kennedy, Joseph, 145, 172 Kenney, George, 378 Kerensky, Alexander, 59 Kesselring, Albert, 445—46 Khudyakov, Sergei, 510 Kimbrough, Clifford, 655, 667 Kim II Sung, 680, 698 Kimmel, Husband E., 249 Japanese embargoes and, 227 Pearl Harbor alerts issued to, 245, 257 Pearl Harbor attack and, 477—79, 559 Pearl Harbor defenses and, 224 relief of, 266 King, Campbell, 59, 110—11 King, Edward P., 302 King, Ernest, 5, 10-11, 305, 326, 335-36, 395, 398, 418, 458-59, 469, 517, 682, 694, 729 appointment of supreme commander and, 419 ARCADIA and, 273 ARGONAUT and, 507 Atlantic Conference and, 210, 212—13, 215— 16 Battle of the North Atlantic and, 375 BOLERO and, 329 COMINCH appointment of, 266 on ending war in Far East, 540—41 ETO conferences and, 332 EUREKA and, 429 Europe-first strategy and, 304, 307 five-star rank of, 490—91 and investigations of Pearl Harbor attack, 479 MacArthur’s conflicts with, 439—40 Malta Conference and, 504—5 and Marshall’s reorganization of JCS, 279—80 Nimitz and, 470 OCTAGON and, 474-75 OLYMPIC-CORONET and, 535-36 OVERLORD and, 414, 446, 460—62 Pacific theater interests of, 310

Index Philippine crisis and, 284 at Roosevelt’s funeral, 526 second front issue and, 316 SEXTANT and, 424, 435—36 Solomon Islands campaign and, 327—28, 342—

43- 377 SYMBOL and, 355—59, 361—64, 367—68 TORCH and, 334 TRIDENT and, 394, 396—98 KMT, see Kuomintang Knowland, William, 685, 692 Knox, Frank, 148, 160—61, 163, 180, 187, 305, 559 Pearl Harbor attack and, 259, 266 on Pearl Harbor defenses, 222 U.S.-Japanese negotiations and, 252, 254 on U.S. readiness for Japanese attack, 241 Knox, Philander, 29 Knutson, Harold, 650 Kohlberg, Alfred, 632, 635 Kohler, Walter J., Jr., 728 Konoye, Fumimaro, Prince of Japan, 219, 221, 236-37 Koo, Wellington, 633 Korea, 663 ARGONAUT on, 513 Japanese annexation of, 42 Marshall’s visit to, 45 post-World War II division of, 679—80 reunification of, 695, 706 U.S. vs. Soviet Union on, 628 Korea, People’s Republic of (North), 680 Korea, Republic of (South), 680—81 Korean War, 679—81,684, 689—721 cease-fire negotiations in, 704, 707—8, 724—25 Chinese entrance into, 701 — 2 CHROMITE in, 691-92 MacArthur’s air plan in, 698—701 stalemate in, 706-7, 719, 724 Wake Island meeting during, 696—97 Kramer, Alwin D., 251—53 Krock, Arthur, 703 Krueger, Walter, 137 Kuomintang (KMT), 97—98, 101, 560-61, 596, 628, 632-37 lobbying campaign for, 632 Marshall’s China mission and, 562—68, 570—84 U.S. aid for, 635—37, 667, 671 Wedemeyer’s China mission and, 633—34 see also China, Republic of; Formosa Kurusu, Saburo, 238—40, 243 Kuter, Laurence, 165, 518

Labor Department, U.S., 114 LaGuardia, Fiorello, 591 Landon, Alfred, 160 Latin America, Marshall Plan for, 650—51 Lattre de Tassigny, Jean de, 484 Lawrence, David O., 587, 692 Lawrence, Ernest O., 539 League of Nations, 85—86, 116, 129 Leahy, William D., 8, 11,409, 655 appointment of supreme commander and, 419 ARGONAUT and, 510 background of, 279—80 on ending war in Far East, 540—41 EUREKA and, 430, 434 five-star rank of, 490—91

835)

Japanese surrender and, 549 MacArthur’s conflicts with, 439 Malta Conference and, 506 OVERLORD and, 414 on Poland, 528 SEXTANT and, 427, 435 Lee, Robert E., 21, 25, 660 Leigh-Mallory, Sir Trafford, 454 Lejeune, John A., 69 LeMay, Curtis E., 547 Lend-Lease, 271, 282, 722 to China, 560, 570, 575, 578, 581—82, 636 Congress and, 182-83, 185, 199-200 to Great Britain, 182-85, >91-92, 198,233, 262 to Soviet Union, 198—200, 312, 316-18, 320,

498- 513 Lend-Lease Act, 204

Leyte Gulf, Battle of, 475, 534-35 Liberty Lobby, 611 Lieberman, Doris, 440 Liebling, A. J., 158 Life, 10, 234, 632 Liggett, Hunter, 45, 79, 81-82, 85 Lilienthal, David, 591 Lincoln, Abraham, 709, 734 Lindbergh, Charles A., 146, 164-65, 191 Lindemann, F. A., 211 Lindley, Ernest K., 233 Lindsay, Catherine, 2 1 Lindsay, Judge, 21 Lippmann, Walter, 113—14, 124- 233> 35°’ 650 Lloyd George, David, 85 Lockard, Joseph L., 257 London: 1919 Victory Parade in, 87 war damages in, 599 London Foreign Ministers’ Conference, 628—29, 638-42, 644 on Austrian peace treaty, 640—41 on Occupied Germany, 639, 641 Long, Huey, i2on “long telegram,” 592—93 Los Angeles Times, 578 Lost Battalion, 77-78 Lovett, Adele Quartly, 616, 630 Lovett, Robert, 161—62, 531, 590, 627, 630, 65471, 668, 687-88, 725, 732, 735 Acheson replaced by, 616—17, 631 background of, 616 in departure from State Department, 669 on KMT aid, 636 Korean War and, 698-701, 708 London Foreign Ministers’ Conference and, 641 on MacArthur’s relief, 708 Marshall Plan and, 617-18, 622, 625 Marshall replaced by, 726 Marshall respected by, 687 Marshall’s relationship with, 631—32 NATO and, 663-64 on partition of Palestine, 657, 659—61 Vinson’s Soviet mission and, 664 Lucas, John P., 445—46 Lucas, Scott, 686 Luce, Clare Boothe, 514 Luce, Henry Robinson, 234, 488, 576—77, 632 Ludendorff, Erich, 61, 63, 66—68, 75, 77, 79, U57

(836

INDEX

Lusitania, sinking of, 47 Luxembourg, fall of, 153—54 Luzon, capture of, 475 MacArthur, Arthur, 301 MacArthur, Douglas, 5—6, 13, 64, 88, 137—38, 146, 221, 264, 333, 336, 369-70, 374, 398, 416, 479, 490, 508, 518, 534 air plan of, 698—701 and appointing OVERLORD commander, 437 Battle of Leyte Gulf and, 475 CCC and, 116 Central Pacific offensive and, 402 congressional address of, 713—14 congressional allies of, 297, 379, 395, 698, 700, 709, 712, 714 congressional testimony of, 715—18, 725 contradictory nature of, 693—94 in defense of Philippines, 236, 261—62, 265, 284-303 domestic rebellions suppressed by, 112—13 in evacuation from Philippines, 299—303 on Formosa, 684—85 Japanese occupation and, 547 Korean War and, 679—81, 691-705, 707—9, 713-21, 725 Marshall’s China mission and, 563 Marshall’s meetings with, 438—40 Marshall’s promotion to brigadier general and,

>'9 Marshall’s relationship with, 39, 230, 312 Marshall’s 33rd Division command and, 117 Medal of Honor awarded to, 298 Navy’s conflicts with, 439—40 OLYMPIC-CORONET and, 535—36, 539-40 overconfidence of, 231—32 Pacific theater interests of, 310 paranoia ascribed to, 81 Philippine retreat of, 277, 284—98 Philippines retaken by, 459, 470, 486, 525 presidential ambitions of, 10 press and, 703, 710, 712-13, 715, 717 RAINBOW-5 criticized by, 231—32 recalled to active duty, 227-31 recapture of Philippines urged by, 305, 312 and recapture of Sedan, 81 reinforcements sought by, 305, 312—13 reputation of, 694 Roosevelt’s conflicts with, 1 ign—2on Roosevelt’s Hawaiian visit and, 469—70 sacking of, 708-13, 716, 722 self-confidence of, 694 Solomon Islands campaign and, 326—27, 342-

44- 376-79 Stimson’s conflicts with, 230 supreme Pacific theater command given to, 542 transfered to Australia, 300—301 Truman policy criticized by, 684, 716 Truman’s conflicts with, 703, 708—9 USAFFE command given to, 229 Wake Island meeting and, 696 warning on imminent Japanese attack issued to, 242-45, 257, 261 MacArthur, Jean, 301 McAuliffe, Anthony, 194—95 McCarthy, Frank, 5, 438, 441,450, 524, 548, 556, 587, 735 McCarthy, Joseph, 700

Eisenhower on, 723—24, 728—9 Korean War and, 722 on MacArthur’s relief, 712, 722 Marshall attacked by, 721-25, 728-29 on Marshall’s Defense Department nomination, 686 Red-baiting by, 676-77 McClellan, George B., 709 McClintock, Robert, 659 McCloy, JohnJ., 161, 177, 205 atomic bomb and, 538, 543 McCormick, Robert W., 116—17, x75> 620, 685 McCoy, Frances, 117 McCoy, Frank R., 117, 120, 176, 631 McKinley, William, 23, 29 McMahon, Brien, 716—17 Macmillan, Harold: Darlan deal and, 349 SYMBOL and, 357, 361-62, 368 McNair, LesleyJ., 151 in Army reorganization, 278—79 McNarney, Joseph T., 195, 331, 599 in War Department management, 278—79 Madero, Francisco, 40 MAGIC, 203, 220-21, 237, 242, 245, 248, 253/1, 254. 259, 321, 558-59 Pearl Harbor attack and, 478—79, 481 secrecy of, 256, 478—81, 556 Malay Peninsula, planned Japanese offensive on, 225 Malta Conference, 497—98, 501—6 on Communist influence in postwar Europe, 5°5-6 on Eisenhower’s war-ending plan, 501 — 2 on necessity for deputy commander for Eisenhower, 502—3, 506 on Southeast Asian and Pacific theaters, 504 Manchester, William, 39, 81 Manchuria: Communist domination of, 632 Japanese invasion of, 129 Marshall’s visit to, 45 Nationalists vs. Communists in, 565, 567—68,

571_74> 578, 580 Wedemeyer’s China mission and, 634—35 Manhattan Project, 537, 676-78 two bombs conceived by, 541-42 see also atomic bomb Manila, Marshall’s posting in, 33 Manley, Chesly, 249 Mansfield, Mike, 623 Mansfield, Richard, iog Mao Tse-tung, 676 Chiang’s negotiations with, 560-61 Korean War and, 708 Marshall’s China mission and, 562, 565—67, 569* 573> 575-76 military successes of, 632, 637 March, Peyton, go—93 Marianas campaign, 397 Marianas Turkey Shoot, 469 Marine Corps, U.S.: drafting by, 442 KMT supported by, 577 press relations of, 517 see also specific units MARKET-GARDEN, 482-83 Marne, Battle of the, 49, 63, 68 Marne, Second Battle of the, 67—68

Index Marshall, C. B., 693 Marshall, Elizabeth Carter Coles “Lily” (first wife), 35, 40, 45, 51-52, 87-88, 108, 111, 122 background of, 28 death of, 103-4, 1Q6 European tour of, 39-40 heart condition of, 90, 102 honeymoon of, 30 hospitalization of, 102-3 Marshall’s China command and, 95—97, 99, 102 Marshall’s courtship and winning of, 28—30 Marshall’s devotion to, 8g Marshall’s domestic life with, 88—89 Marshall’s faithfulness to, 33 Marshall’s Fort Leavenworth posting and, 37-

39 Marshall’s Fort Reno posting and, 34 Marshall’s Philippine postings and, 32-33, 42 Marshall’s 33rd Division command and, 117 Marshall, George Catlett, Jr.: aging of, 563, 572 aloofness of, 6—7, 25—27, 93, 270, 479, 481, 6

75

ambition of, 36—37, 40, 45—46, 270, 442, 586 austere manner of, 5 celebrity of, 402 competitiveness of, 37 confidence of, 5, 27 courteousness of, 89 curiosity of, 60 death of, 734 decisiveness of, 277 depressions of, 117—18 diplomacy of, 8—9 education of, 20—21, 23—28 finances of, 21, 24, 86, 669, 726 fishing enjoyed by, 121, 124 frankness of, 170, 186, 207, 509, 601, 604—5, 670 funeral of, 734—35 gossip disliked by, 88—8g global vision of, 5—6 heritage of, 17—18, 20 horseback riding enjoyed by, 33, 45, 87, 99— 100, 105, 111, 118, 122, 202, 254, 270 hunting enjoyed by, 45, 109, 111, 118, 727 idealism of, 660 illnesses and injuries of, 25—26, 44—45, 62-64, 74, 87, 107, 121-22, 132-33, 232, 655, 667-69,710,725,730-33 insight of, 6 leadership of, 6—7, 10, 32 loneliness of, 105, 107 matter-of-fact manner of, 310 medals and honors received by, 84, 166, 442, 452, 555- 593- 607-8, 621,643, 669, 726, 729-31 memoirs of, 95 memory of, 194-95 musical talent of, 18 nervous tic of, 85, 107 nicknames of, 17-18, 74, 727 organizational skills of, 8 paternalism of, 121 personal heroes of, 21, 39 physical appearance of, 5, 17-18, 25-26, 32, 87, 100, 108, 588, 671-72

837) poetry written by, 90 political influence of, 402, 414 popularity of, 620—2 1 pragmatism of, 100, 660 prestige of, 9—10, 68g public confidence in, 10 reading interests of, 67 1, 726 reputation of, 40, 43-44, 110, 170, 401,403, 413, 416, 423, 435, 477, 481, 559, 651, 674, 685, 700, 710 respect commanded by, 402 self-confidence of, 5, 27, 481 self-control of, 277-78 selflessness of, 270, 593, 724 self-satisfaction of, 554 sense of duty of, 593 sense of humor of, 731—32 sports enjoyed by, 27, 45, 100, 111, 122, 178— 79, 727 stolidity of, 438 success drive of, 24, 26 tactfulness of, 651 temper of, 5-6, 57, 235, 305, 395-96, 442-43, 463

writing style of, 203 Marshall, George Catlett, Sr. (father), 35 death of, 39 genealogy of, 17, 20-21 Marshall’s childhood and, 17—22 Marshall’s education and, 23 Marshall’s officer’s commission and, 29 Marshall, John, 17 Marshall, Katherine Boyce Tupper Brown (second wife), 8, 111, 127, 184, 277-78, 398, 413> 443- 526, 651 background of, 108—9 on Dill’s death, 489 Dodona Manor purchased by, 313-14 illnesses of, 654, 667, 669, 725, 730, 733 injuries of, 240, 25311 Marshall’s China mission and, 555-56, 570-

75- 583 Marshall’s courtship of, 109 Marshall’s 1st Division command and, 124 Marshall’s first meeting with, 107-8 Marshall’s Fort Moultrie command and, 1 1516 Marshall’s Fort Screven posting and, 113-14 at Marshall’s funeral, 735 Marshall’s leisure time with, 149-50, 178-79, 240, 3 !4> 377“78- 553- 555- 6o6- 63°- 662, 665-66, 675, 682 Marshall’s promotion to brigadier general and, 120—21 Marshall’s retirement and, 553, 671-72, 7273°,732 Marshall’s State Department appointment and, 588 Marshall’s Vancouver Barracks command and, 120—21 OVERLORD and, 454 reminiscences of, see Together on son’s death, 450 TORCH and, 347 wedding of, 109—10 Marshall, Laura Emily Bradford (mother), 35 Marshall’s childhood and, 19—21, 24 Marshall’s education and, 24 Marshall, Marie (sister), 19, 106

(S38

INDEX

Marshall, Stuart (brother), 19, 21, 23—24, 27, 29,

37 Marshall Plan, 610-15, 617-26, 629, 637-38, 642, 645, 657, 663, 723, 729-30 announcement of, 612—14 European reaction to, 614—15 for Latin America, 650—51 lobbying campaign for, 620, 625 Marshall’s congressional testimony on, 621—23 Paris meeting on, 619 Martha, Princess of Norway, 182 Martin, Frederick L., 222-23 Martin, Joseph W., 629 draft extension and, 208 Korean War and, 709, 720 on MacArthur’s relief, 712 Marwitz, General von der, 77 Marxism, 593 Masaryk, Jan, death of, 625 Massachusetts State Militia, Marshall’s training of, 40 Mast, Charles, 345—47 Matsuoka, Yosuke, 220, 222, 225—26 Max, Prince of Baden, 79 Maxwell Field, 130—31 May, Andrew J., 174 Melby, John, Marshall’s China mission and, 577,

5 81 Memoirs of My Service in the World War (Marshall),

95 Metz, Patton in, 482—83, 486 Meuse-Argonne offensive, 70—78 casualties of, 76—78 deployment of troops for, 71—75 Miall, Feonard, 614 Midway, Battle of, 321 Mikolajczyk, Stanislaw, 458 Miles, Sherman, 245 U.S.-Japanese negotiations and, 249—50, 253^-

56 Miller, Futher, 734 Mills, Ogden, 86 Mitchell, Billy, 711 MODICUM (London mission), 307—13 Moley, Raymond, 114 Molotov, Vyacheslav M., 549 ARGONAUT and, 507, 512 London Foreign Ministers’ Conference and, 640—42 Marshall Plan and, 614—15 Moscow Foreign Ministers’ Conference and, 601-5 on Poland, 527—29 Roosevelt’s meetings with, 316—19 Monroe Doctrine, 188 Monte Cassino, bombing of, 449 Monfaugon heights, battle for, 75—76 Montgomery, Bernard Law, 369—70, 410, 45657, 496, 501, 504, 509, 729 Battle of the Bulge and, 492—95 Eisenhower criticized by, 484, 492, 500 MARKET -GARDEN and, 482—83 OVERLORD and, 444 press on, 493-95, 518 Rhine offensive and, 486, 513, 516 Sicilian invasion and, 400, 404-5 TORCH and, 346 Tunisian campaign and, 379—80, 382 war-ending plan and, 502, 519-21 Moore, Richard C., 193

Moran, Lord, 424, 432, 471 Morgan, Sir Frederick, 412, 416-17, 432, 444 Morgan, J. P., 675 J. P. Morgan and Company, 51, 86 Morgenthau, Henry, 131, 139, 148, 617 background of, 153 British aid requests and, 158 Marshall’s mobilization plan and, 154—55 Roosevelt’s relationship with, 153 Morrison, John, 36 Morrow, Dwight, 86 Moscow Foreign Ministers’ Conference, 597, 600—606, 608 on Occupied Germany, 598, 601—6 Moseley, George Van Horn, 118 Mothers for America, 210 Mountbatten, Lord Louis, 309—10, 332, 334, 461, 476-77, 504 QUADRANT and, 412 SEXTANT and, 424 Southeast Asian command given to, 410 Munich crisis, 129 Murphy, Robert, 519, 734 Berlin crisis and, 648 Darlan deal and, 351 Moscow Foreign Ministers’ Conference and, 601, 606 TORCH and, 345, 348, 350—51 Mussolini, Benito, 123, 137, 156, 406, 410, 422,

5°5 Nagasaki, atomic bomb dropped on, 549 Nagumo, Chuichi, 238 Pearl Harbor attack of, 247, 250 Nason, Virginia, 6, 194 Nation, 234 National Cotton Council, 620 National Defense Act, 48 National Farm Institute, 620 National Geographic Society, 727 National Governors Convention, 479 National Guard: in maneuvers with Army, 40—41 see also specific units National Guard Association, 116 National Press Club, 680 National Security Act, 683, 686—87 National Security Council (NSC), 663, 689 and fall of Chiang, 667—68 Formosa and, 674 Korean War and, 680, 692, 701 Navy, U.S., 166, 673 in Battle of Midway, 321 Central Pacific offensive of, 379 drafting by, 442 OP-20-G of, 220 readiness of, 192 in Solomon Islands campaign, 326—27, 342—

44’377 Navy Department, U.S., 184, 279 Johnson’s conflicts with, 683 MacArthur’s conflicts with, 439—40 Pearl Harbor attack investigated by, 478, 481

556-57. 559 on Pearl Harbor defenses, 222—23 in planning joint operations with British, 188 90

war strategy planning by, 200-202 Netherlands, fall of, 153—54

Index Neutrality Act, 123—24, 135, 145—46, 159 congressional repeal of, 147-48 New Deal, 13, 526 New Orleans Times-Picayune, 25, 631 New Republic, 85, 416, 645 News-Chronicle (London), 668 Newsweek, 9—10 New York Mirror, 138 New York State Relief Administration, 134 New York Sun, 414 New York Times, 147, 172, 204, 413, 488, 533, 587, 621-22, 671, 703, 732 New York Times Magazine, 485 New York Tribune, 93 New York World, 41 Nichols, Edward W., 40, 42, 46, 51 Nicholson, Leonard Kimball “Nick,” 25—27, 631 Nicolson, Harold, 604 Niebuhr, Reinhold, 116 Niles, David K., 659 Nimitz, Chester, 459, 474—75, 490, 694 Central Pacific offensive and, 402, 440 invasion of Formosa promoted by, 470 OLYMPIC-CORONET and, 535 Roosevelt’s Hawaiian visit and, 469—70 Solomon Islands campaign and, 326, 342, 377-78 XIX Corps, French, 345 94th Infantry Division, U.S., 514 92nd Infantry Division, U.S., 168 gth Armored Division, U.S., 516 Ninth Army, U.S., 494, 509, 520, 525 Ninth International Conference of American States, 651—54 Nitze, Paul, 689—90, 692 Nixon, Richard, 700, 712 Nobel Peace Prize, 729—31 Nomura, Kichisaburo, 221—22 in negotiations with U.S., 237—40, 243, 245, 25°-5L 253-54 Non-Partisan Committee for Peace Through Revision of the Neutrality Act, 146 Normandy invasion, see OVERLORD North Atlantic, Battle of the, 375-76 TRIDENT on, 397—98 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 642, 663-65, 666, 677, 689, 697, 703 Senate debate on, 663, 670—71 Norway, German invasion of, 151 NSC-81, 692—93 NSC-68, 689-90 Nye, Gerald P., 171 Observer (London), 733 O’Connor, Basil, 672 OCTAGON (Quebec Conference), 468—69, 471-76, 482 on British participation in Pacific War, 472—74 Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 522, 597 Office of War Mobilization, 442, 537 Officers Reserve Corps, U.S., 47 Oil for the Lamps of China (Hobart), 234 Okinawa: assault on, 504, 525, 534-35 casualties of, 535 O’Laughlin, John Callan, 119, 414 Oliphant, Herman, 131 OLYMPIC, 498, 535-36, 539-40 OMAHA Beach, 452, 454-55, 460, 466 O’Mahoney, Joseph, 169

839)

101st Airborne Division, U.S., 451,461, 492—93 129th Field Artillery Regiment, U.S., 529 Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 539, 607, 678 Oran, Allied assault on, 341 Organization of American States, 654 Oshina, Baron, 247 Ostrava, Hitler’s claims on, 128 Ouida, 56 Oumansky, Constantine A., 198 Outerbridge, William W., 257 Outline of History (Wells), 307 OVERLORD, 5, 7—8, 406—10, 421-22, 438, 443, 451-67 appointing commander of, 8—13, 408—9, 414— 17, 419-20, 432, 435, 436-37 bombing component of, 453—54 casualties of, 453—55 deception schemes for, 458—60 Dieppe raid vs., 431-32 Eisenhower’s commanders for, 443—44 Eisenhower’s reports on, 454—56, 466 EUREKA on, 428—35 German reaction to, 458-60 JCS tour of battlefields of, 460-62 landing exercises for, 453 launching of, 451—52 Marshall’s plan for, 455—56 QUADRANT on, 408-11 SEXTANT on, 425—28, 435—37 SHINGLE and, 444—47 troops committed to, 441, 446, 449 U.S. landing beaches in, 452, 454—55, 460, 466 Pace, Frank, 696—97 Pacific Theater of Operations, 5, 13, 310 British participation in, 472—74, 542-44 MacArthur appointed supreme commander of, 542 Malta Conference 011, 504 TERMINAL on, 542-44 Palestine, partition of, 627, 655-63 Palmer, John McAuley, 89, 91, 102, 631,645 Panama, alerts issued to, 255, 257, 261 Pan American Airways, 672 Panikkar, K. M., 695 Papuan campaign, 376 Paris: fall of, 159 Marshall’s visits to, 598—99 meeting on Marshall Plan in, 619 1919 Victory Parade in, 86—87 UN meeting in, 662—64, 666 Paris Peace Conference, 76, 85 Parker, Frank, 81 Pasco, H. Merrill, 524, 527, 531 Passchendaele, Battle of, 66 Patch, Andrew M., 472 Patterson, Cissy, 175 Patterson, Robert A., 161—62, 176—77, 205, 594, 620, 680 Patton, George S., Jr., 6, 53-54, 144, 151, 176, 3°5> 323’ 369- 4!0- 5°2, 529» 545’ 665 Battle of the Bulge and, 492-93, 495 controversies stirred by, 453—54 in Metz, 482-83, 486 OVERLORD and, 444, 453—54, 458 promotion to four stars for, 501 in Rhine offensive, 486, 516 in St. Mihiel offensive, 72 Sicilian invasion and, 384, 404—6

( $4°

INDEX

Patton, George S., Jr. (continued) SYMBOL and, 357 « TORCH and, 337, 340, 344, 346-47 In Tunisian campaign, 381—82 Pawley, William Douglas, 654 Pearl Harbor: alerts issued to, 240-41, 244-45, 255-58 Japanese submarine sightings near, 256—57 reviews of defenses of, 222-24 Pearl Harbor attack, 5, 255—58 as campaign issue, 479—80 casualties of, 260 consequences of, 259—62, 264—67 investigations of, 26011, 266, 477—79, 481,

German spring offensives and, 65—66 TORCH and, 348-49 Petersburg, siege of, 54 Peyton, “Buster,” 27 Philippines, 124,469 air reinforcements sent to, 231 alerts issued to, 240—44, 255—57 "crumbling U.S. defenses in, 283—303 freedom granted to, 33-34 insurrection in, 27, 29, 31—34 Japanese attack of, 261—62, 264—66, 277, 283-303, 320 Japanese conquest of, 320 Japanese threat to, 173, 236, 239, 242, 248-

556-59- 57° planning of, 218-19, 222, 226-27, 235, 245, 247 Tokyo-Berlin exchange prior to, 247-48 Pearson, Drew, 444 Pecos River area, Marshall’s mapping of, 34—35 Pegler, Westbrook, 403 Peiping-to-Mukden railroad, 96 Pendergast, Tom, 525 Pennsylvania National Guard, Marshall’s training

5° MacArthur’s calls for recapture of, 305, 312 MacArthur’s evacuation from, 299—303 MacArthur’s return to, 459, 470, 486, 525 Marshall’s dependence on bombers in, 239-40 Marshall’s postings in, 30-34, 42-46 recapture of, 470, 474-75, 525 Spanish-American War and, 26 Phillips, Cabell, 172 Phony War, 151 Picardy: Allied offensive, 50, 53 1st Infantry defense of, 61—62 Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce, 620 Pius XII, Pope, 666 Placentia Bay Conference, see Atlantic Conference Plan Dog, igo, 201, 267 Plattsburg Officers Training Camps, 50-52 Plisetzkaya, Maya, 604 Pogue, Forrest, 27, 334, 485, 570, 590, 626, 642, 654n, 664, 724, 732 Poindexter, Joseph B., 260 Poland: German invasion of, 143, 145—47, M9 Hitler’s territorial demands on, 136—37 Marshall Plan and, 614 revised borders of, 4 Soviet invasion of, 146—47 Truman-Molotov meeting on, 527—29 Political Consultation Conference, 561, 564, 566 Portal, Sir Charles, 639 QUADRANT and, 412 SYMBOL and, 360-62, 364, 367 TRIDENT and, 394 Portland Chamber of Commerce, 122 Portuguese Timor, Japanese invasion of, 299 Potsdam Conference, see TERMINAL Potsdam Proclamation, 547—49 Pound, Sir Dudley, 2 11 SYMBOL and, 364 TRIDENT and, 398 Powder, James H., 524—26, 733, 735 Pravda, 639 Pravda Ukraine, 614 Presidio, Marshall’s posting at, 47 press: on battle for Cantigny, 63 on Chiang, 488 on Connecticut maneuvers, 41 Darlan deal and, 349—50 on deployment of troops for Meuse-Argonne offensive, 74-75 on Korean War, 707 MacArthur and, 703, 710, 712—13, 715, 717 on Marshall Plan, 621—22

of-38-39 Percival, Arthur, 299 , Peron, Juan, 628 Perry, Glen, 414 Pershing, John J., 46, 50-51, 53-54, 64, 111, 115, 122, 124, 149, 152, 165, 196, 205, 228, 264, 403, 464, 570-71, 599, 631, 672, 690, 71 i, 727, 734 on blacks in Army, 168 in conflict with French and British commanders, 54-55, 58-59 five-star rank and, 491 Foch’s attempted sacking of, 78-79 Foch’s conflicts with, 68-69, 78-79 funeral of, 524, 655 and Lily Marshall’s illness and death, 102—3 Ludendorff’s offensives and, 61 March’s conflicts with, 90—92 Marshall as aide to, 84—95 Marshall’s chief of staff appointment and, 128,

38-39- 144

1

Marshall’s China command and, 98—100 Marshall’s confrontations with, 56—57, 93, 132,

*55 Marshall’s off-duty relationship with, 89-90,

95 Marshall’s posting at headquarters of, 66—85 Marshall's promotion to brigadier general and, 118-20 on Marshall’s recommendations for promotions, 176 Marshall’s respect for, 88 Marshall’s second wedding and, 110 memoirs of, 110 Meuse-Argonne offensive and, 71-73, 75-78 on need for standing Army, 91—92 OVERLORD and, 414—15 and recapture of Sedan, 80 retirement of, 95 St. Mihiel offensive and, 67—70, 73 Siebert relieved by, 59 and taking of Cantigny, 62 unified Allied command and, 65 Petain, Henri Philippe, 55, 61, 74, 157, 159 Battle of the Marne and, 63, 68 in collaboration with Hitler, 280

Index on Marshall’s appointment as commander of OVERLORD, 414—16 on Marshall’s appointment to State Department, 586-87 and Marshall’s biennial reports on state of Army, 204, 207 Marshall’s chief of staff appointment and,

i38-39> l44 Marshall’s China mission and, 584 on Marshall’s death, 734 on Meuse-Argonne offensive, 76—77 on Montgomery, 493-95, 518 on Moscow Foreign Ministers’ Conference,

597-98 on OVERLORD, 8, 13 on Pearl Harbor investigations, 557, 559 Prince of Wales, sinking of, 217 Princeton University, Marshall’s speech at, 609 Principles of War (Foch), 66 Protective Mobilization Force, 166-67, 170-71 Purchasing Commission, British, 173 Pyke, Geoffrey, 412 Pykrete, 412 Pyle, Ernie, 461 QUADRANT (Quebec Conference), 8, 408—13 on OVERLORD, 408-11 on relations with Soviet Union, 411-12 on Southeast Asian command, 410—11 Quebec conferences: of 1943, see QUADRANT of 1944,5^ OCTAGON Quezon, Manuel, 298 Quirino, Elpidio, 689 Rabaul offensive, 377-79 Radford, Arthur W., 689 rail strike, Marshall’s concern about, 442-43 RAINBOW-5, 231—32, 267 RAINBOW plans, 188-89 Ramadier, Paul, 598 Rayburn, Sam, 204 draft extension and, 205—6 Red-baiting, 629—30, 700 of McCarthy, 676—77 Remagen, capture of Ludendorff Bridge at, 518 Reminiscences (MacArthur), 26 m Repington, Charles, 74—75 Reston, James, 587, 621—22 Revolt of the Admirals, 683-84 Reynard, Paul, 157 Reynolds Metals, 185 Rhee, Syngman, 680, 692, 713 Rhine offensive, 484, 486, 500—502, 509, 511,

5!3> 5l6 Rhodes campaign, SEXTANT on, 424-27, 435 Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 247 Ridgway, Matthew B., 653 Korean War and, 703—5, 706-7, 716, 718 MacArthur replaced by, 711 Marshall’s China command and, 98, 101 in OVERLORD, 444 Rio Conference, 650—51 Roberts, Owen J., 266 Robertson, Walter S., 563—64 Robertson, Sir William, 307 Robinett, Paul, 193—95 Rogers, Will, 728 Romagne, American Cemetary at, 85 Romania Libera, 649

841)

Rome, Allied capture of, 452, 457—58 Rommel, Erwin, 320, 323-24, 363, 454 GYMNAST and, 325, 333 OVERLORD and, 460' TORCH and, 339, 346 in Tunisian campaign, 380—81, 383 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 524, 526, 662 Roosevelt, Elliott, 9, 211-13, 358, 434 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 113, 123—24, 127, 200, 225. 235, 303, 305-6, 309, 320, 379, 395, 411, 442, 489, 497, 535, 591,596-97, 610, 649-50, 672, 688, 694, 720, 729, 734 Air Corps expansion pressed by, 129—32, 135, 140, 165—66 ANVIL and, 466-67 Anzio assault and, 444—45 appointment OVERLORD commander and, 9, 12-13, 432, 435, 436-37 appointment of supreme commander and, 420, 422-23 ARCADIA and, 267-69, 273-75 ARGONAUT and, 498, 507—8, 511 — 13 and Army promotion and retirement reform, 175 Atlantic Conference and, 210—17 atomic bomb and, 321 Balkan campaign and, 503 Battle of Britain and, 164 Battle of the Bulge and, 493 BOLERO and, 306, 313, 328—29 British arms sales and, 159 CCC and, 114, 1 16 on Chennault’s “cheap” campaign, 391—92, .

397

Chiang warned by, 476, 487 China policy of, 281,487—88, 506, 512-13, 560, 632 Churchill’s congressional address and, 271 Churchill’s pleas for aid to, 181—82 Churchill’s relationship with, 26g conscription and, 166—69, 172, 205—9 Darlan deal and, 349 D-Day prayer of, 454-55 death of, 523-24, 529, 537 de Gaulle and, 462 on Eisenhower’s war-ending plan, 521—22 ETO conferences and, 333 EUREKA and, 3—4, 8—g, 418, 428—30, 432—

35 Europe-first strategy and, 304, 307 on expansion of Army, 147—48 Far East policy of, 173 Fireside Chats of, 114 five-star rank and, 491 funeral of, 524—26 on German occupation and partition, 421 and German offensive against Soviet Union, 198-99

German surrender negotiations and, 523 GYMNAST and, 276, 325 Hawaiian visit of, 469—70 Hitler’s aggression and, 136—37 Hopkins’s relationship with, 133—34 illnesses of, 486, 504-5 and investigations of Pearl Harbor attack,

556-59 and Japanese attack of Philippines, 266 Japanese embargoes and, 219, 221, 227 on joint operations with British, 187-91 Leahy and, 279-80

($4

2

INDEX

Roosevelt, Franklin D. (continued) Lend-Lease aid and, 182-83, 191-92 MacArthur’s conflicts with, iign—2on * MacArthur’s popularity and, 297—98 MacArthur’s recall to active duty and, 228 and MacArthur’s requests for reinforcements,

3X3 McCarthy’s attacks on, 722 Malta Conference and, 504-6 Marshall appointed chief of staff by, 7, 139— 40, 144 Marshall retained as chief of staff by, 413-14 Marshall’s access to, 149 Marshall’s balanced-force budget and, 132, !35 and Marshall’s biennial reports on state of Army, 204 Marshall’s confrontations with, 132, 154-55 Marshall’s mobilization plan and, 154—58 Marshall’s promotion to brigadier general and, 1

*9

Marshall’s relationship with, 12, 144-45 MODICUM and, 307, 309, 311, 313 Molotov’s meetings with, 316—19 Morgenthau’s relationship with, 153 in negotiations with Japan, 237—38, 240—44, 246, 250-52 OCTAGON and, 468, 471,473-76 OVERLORD and, 8-9, 12-13, 408-9, 4141

7. 4J9> 453- 454-55- 461

Pearl Harbor attack and, 259-61, 266, 477, 479-81 Pearl Harbor defenses and, 224 Philippine crisis and, 284—99 presidential campaigns of, 4, 145, 159—61, 164-65, 179-80, 448, 469-71, 479-80 QUADRANT and, 408-9, 411-13 and recapture of Philippines, 470 second front issue and, 316—18 self-confidence of, 13 SEXTANT and, 3-4, 11-13, 423-24, 426-28,

436,. Solomon Islands campaign and, 328, 344 state of national emergency declared by, 147 SYMBOL and, 354-58, 361-67 on territorial concessions to Soviet Union, 316 theater responsibilities reshuffled by, 300-301,

3°4 Tobruk defeat and, 323-24 TORCH and, 334-36, 338-42, 345, 347, 349,

353 T RIDENT and, 386—88, 392-94, 397—98 Truman’s responsibilities under, 536—37 Tunisian campaign and, 384 UN planned by, 275 U.S. military aid to Britain and, 172—73 on U.S. readiness for Japanese attack, 241-42 war declaration and, 261 weariness of, 518—19 Roosevelt, Franklin D., Jr., 172, 358 Roosevelt, Theodore, 12, 554 Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr., 56 Root, Elihu, 161 Rosenberg, Anna M., 688, 705 Rosenman, Sam, 139 Roughriders, 51 ROUNDUP, 306, 308-11, 313, 322, 326, 332— 34, 336, 365, 374 Solomon Islands campaign and, 327 TRIDENT on, 394, 397

Rowell, Frank, 137 Royal Air Force, British, 191, 449 Royall, Kenneth C.: on KMT aid, 637 Marshall Plan and, 617—18 Ruhr offensive, 519—21 Runyon, Damon, 82 Rusk, Dean, 202 Korean War and, 679—80, 692, 699—700 on Marshall’s management of State Department, 591 UN Paris meeting and, 662—63 Russell, Richard, 688, 715, 718—19 Russo-Japanese War, 42, 45 Rutherford, Lucy Mercer, 523 Ryder, Charles W., 347 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 414 St. Mihiel: Allied offensive at, 66—73 1st Infantry Division on front at, 60—61 release and readjustment of units after, 71—75 St. Petersburg Times, 443 St. Peter’s Episcopal Church, 17—18 Salerno landing, see AVALANCHE Saltonstall, Leverett, 686 Samuels, Gertrude, 673 San Francisco Conference, 527—28 San Juan Hill, 51 Sato, Ambassador, 549 Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 660 Schuman, Robert, 649 Scott, Hugh, Jr., 478-79, 692 Sealion, Operation, 180 2nd Armored Division, U.S., 305, 323, 347, 357,

545 Second Army, British, 455 II Corps, South Korean, 698 II Corps, U.S., 380—83 2nd Infantry Division, U.S., 63, 68—69 Second Supplemental Appropriation Act, 174 Sedan, Allied recapture of, 80—82 Selective Service Act, 169—72, 204, 206, 208—9 Senate, U.S., 314, 537, 577 Appropriations Committee of, 170—71, 629 Armed Services Committee of, 688, 714—15, 718 Army appropriations considered by, 152-53 Foreign Relations Committee of, 136—37, 204, 386, 395, 586, 596-98, 609-10, 621, 657, 7i4-i5» 718 League of Nations rejected by, 86 Military Affairs Committee of, 10—11,91, 94, 206-8, 415, 682 NATO and, 663, 670-71 Pacihc-hrst proponents in, 394—96 Special Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program of, 10, 186—87, 52^» 536 see also Congress, U.S. Seoul, fall of, 707 Seventh Army, U.S., 405, 525 Seventh Fleet, U.S., 685 7th Infantry Division, U.S., 691 77th Infantry Division, U.S., 77, 81 Severeid, Eric, 297 SEXTANT (Cairo Conference), 3—4, 11-13, 308, 418, 422-28, 438, 443 on ANVIL, 435 on Burma campaign, 424—26 on China, 423—28

Index on OVERLORD, 425—28, 435—37 on Rhodes campaign, 424—27, 435 second half of, 3-4, 435—37 Seymour, Charles, 447 Sforza, Carlo, 666 Shafer, Paul, 415 Shang Chen, 425 Shang-hai, student riots in, 99 Shannon, Jimmy, 85 Shenandoah campaign, 24, 39 Shepley, James R., 562 Sheridan, Philip, 159 Sherrod, Robert, 240 Shertok, Moshe, 657-58 Sherwood, Robert, 134, 182, 192, 267, 299 SHINGLE, 444-47 ' Shipp, Scott, 24-27, 29-30, 35 Sho plans, 498 Short, Dewey, 714 Short, Walter Campbell: Japanese embargoes and, 227 Pearl Harbor attack and, 477—80, 556, 558—59 Pearl Harbor defenses and, 223—24 relief of, 266 warnings on imminent Japanese attack issued to, 244-45, 250, 257, 261 Sibert, William L., 51—53, 55—57, 59 Sicilian invasion, 370, 384, 402, 404-6 casualties of, 404, 406 discussions of follow-ons to, 400—401 SYMBOL on, 361, 364—65 TRIDENT on, 385-86, 388, 394 Signal Corps, U.S., 40 Signal Corps School, 38 Simpson, William, 520 Sims, William S., 212 Singapore, British surrender of, 299 16th Infantry Regiment, U.S., 52, 58 Sixth Army, German, 352 VI Corps, U.S., 117, 445 69th Infantry Division, U.S., 529 SLEDGEHAMMER, 306—11, 313, 323, 325-26. 329, 340-41 Churchill’s opposition to, 325—26 Eisenhower’s drafting of, 332—33 Slessor, Sir John, 363, 464 Smith, Lee, 20 Smith, Walter Bedell, 151, 158, 264, 331, 335, 500, 683, 688, 729, 735 Battle of the Bulge and, 492—94 Berlin crisis and, 649 in German surrender negotiations, 530 Malta Conference and, 501—3 Marshall Plan and, 615 Moscow Foreign Ministers’ Conference and, 600—602, 606 in War Department mobilization, 193 Smuts, Jan, 460, 462 Snow, Early J., 671 Soldiers and Statesmen (Robertson), 307 Solomon Islands campaign, 326—28, 342-44, 364, 422 Battle of Cuadalacanal in, 343—44, 376—79 casualties of, 377 Rabaul offensive in, 377—79 Somervell, Brehon, 263, 314, 416, 531, 536, 729 in Army reorganization, 278 SYMBOL and, 356, 368 Somme, Battle of the, 49-50, 66 Soong, T. V., 411,553

843)

Sophia, Princess of Greece, 732 “Sources of Soviet Conduct, The” (Kennan), 618 Southeast Asian Theater: Malta Conference on, 504 QUADRANT on, 410—11 southwestern Texas desert, Marshall’s mapping of, 34 Southwest Pacific campaign, 440 Soviet Union, 4, 123, 303 aerial bombings in support of, 503 ARCADIA and, 275 atomic bomb and, 539, 542, 546, 677—78 Berlin crisis and, 646—48 casualties of, 198 Chinese claims of, 507, 512, 546 and collapse of Czech coalition government, 623-25, 644 containment policy toward, 595—96, 623 on currency reform, 647 entrance into war against Japan by, 498, 505, 507, 511-13, 528, 533, 540, 542, 546, 549-50 expansionism of, 546, 592—93, 618, 638—40, 644 German non-aggression pact with, 143 on German occupation and partition, 42 1 German offensive of, 352, 402-3, 509—10 German offensives against, 197-99, 316, 320 on German peace treaty, 598 Greece and Turkey threatened by, 594—96 on Greek civil war, 635 Japanese neutrality treaty with, 226 in Japanese surrender negotiations, 544-45,

547- 549 JCS postwar projections on, 476 Kennan on, 591—93, 618, 640 Korea and, 628 Korean War and, 681, 692-93, 697, 701—2, 706, 716—18, 720 Lend-Lease aid to, 198-200, 312, 316—18, 320, 498, 513 Marshall Plan and, 613—15, 619—21,623, 638 Marshall’s China mission and, 564—65, 568,

571-73. 582-83 mutual suspicions between U.S. and, 592 NSC-68 on, 689—90 Poland invaded by, 146—47 proposed Vinson mission to, 664 QUADRAN T on relations with, 411 — 12 reparations demanded by, 603, 641—42 second front issue and, 316—19 SLEDGEHAMMER and, 306-7 SYMBOL on, 360 TRIDENT and, 386—88, 396 in war-ending plan, 519-21, 525, 529-30 Wedemeyei’s China mission and, 634 Spain, TORCH and, 337, 339-40 Spanish-American War, 26-27, 43, 51, 165, 188, 690 Spanish Civil War, 123—24 Squier, George O., 38, 40 SS Robin Moor, sinking of, 191 Stagg,J. M„ 451 Stalin, Joseph, 12, 204, 417, 436, 466, 644, 664, 666, 721-22 ARGONAU T and, 507-13 atomic bomb and, 539 Berlin crisis and, 649 calls for second front by, 309 Eisenhower’s war-ending plan and, 521—22

(844

INDEX

Stalin, Joseph (continued) EUREKA and, 4-5, 418, 426, 428-35, expansion of, 592 and German offensive against Soviet Union, i97» 199

German surrender negotiations and, 522—23 Marshall admired by, 544 Marshall Plan and, 615 Moscow Foreign Ministers’ Conference and, 604-6 OCTAGON and, 468 OVERLORD and, 7-8, 13 on Poland, 528 second front issue and, 317, 354, 362, 398-99, 408 SEXTANT and, 422 SYMBOL and, 354—55, 362 TERMINAL and, 542, 544, 546—47 TORCH and, 339 TRIDENT and, 394 in war against Japan, 549 Stark, Harold, 149, 159, 166, 180, 192, 221, 248,

279’ 559’ 735 . . alerts issued to Pacific commanders by, 245, 255-56

ARCADIA and, 273 Atlantic Conference and, 2 10—12, 215—16 on Japanese embargoes, 227 Pearl Harbor attack and, 259—60, 266 Pearl Harbor defenses and, 222, 224 Philippine crisis and, 284 in planning joint operations with British, 187—

9° U.S.-Japanese negotiations and, 236—37, 240—

44’ 251-52 on U.S. readiness for Japanese attack, 241 State Department, U.S., 123, 275, 527, 608, 654n, 680, 687 Acheson’s departure from, 615-17, 631 alleged Communist infiltration of, 555 Berlin crisis and, 647 Czech crisis and, 624 Darlan deal and, 351 on fall of Chiang, 667—68, 673—74 Johnson’s conflicts with, 684 Korean War and, 692, 699, 707 Marshall Plan and, 610—11, 620, 622, 629 Marshall’s appointment to, 586—88 Marshall’s China mission and, 558, 562, 579 Marshall’s management of, 589-91, 593 Marshall’s resignation from, 668—70 on partition of Palestine, 656—57, 661—62 Policy Planning Staff of, 591 Red-baiting and, 629—30, 676—77 size of, 590 Stayer, Morrison C., 107, 132—33, 139, 232, 733 Steelworkers’ Union, 442 Stettinius, Edward, Jr., 86, 159, 240, 497, 525 ARGONAUT and, 508-9,' 513 Malta Conference and, 505 on Poland, 527 Stevenson, Adlai, 638, 701, 723 presidential campaign of, 727-28 Stilwell, Joseph, 5—6, 11, 134, 275, 331, 395, 462,

475-76’ 487> 563 Chennault’s “cheap” campaign and, 390—93 China mission of, 282-83 GYMNAST and, 276 Infantry School instructorship of, 106 Marshall’s China command and, 100—101

Marshall’s friendship with, 100—101, 106 relief of, 488 SEXTANT and, 423-24, 426 TRIDENT and, 389, 392-94, 397 Stilwell, Winifred, 100, 282 Stimson, Henry L., 41, 104, 178, 180, 187, 204, 234, 242, 248-50, 257, 305-6, 353, 379, 392, 395-96, 398, 411, 442, 447, 463, 518, 525’ 529> 570’ 589- 616, 687, 711 and aid to Soviet Union, 198 atomic bomb and, 537—39, 543—46 background of, 160—61 Battle of Britain and, 164 China policy and, 281—82 Churchill’s congressional address and, 271 conscription and, 167-69, 172, 205, 495-96 on crumbling defenses of Philippines, 283, 298 Darlan deal and, 350 Europe-first strategy and, 304, 307 German surrender and, 531—33 GYMNAST and, 322, 325 illnesses of, 655 and investigations of Pearl Harbor attack, 556,

559 and Japanese attack of Philippines, 262, 266 Japanese surrender and, 549 on leaking of Victory Program, 249 Lend-Lease aid and, 183 MacArthur’s conflicts with, 230 MacArthur’s recall to active duty and, 228—29 MacArthur’s seduction of, 231-32 Marshall accessible to, ig4 Marshall praised by, 554—55 on Marshall’s management of War Department, 263 on Marshall’s recommendations for promotions, 176-77 Marshall’s relationship with, 162 and Marshall’s reorganization of JCS, 280 in negotiations with Japan, 236, 242—43, 246, 250, 254-55 OVERLORD and, 9, 12-13, 415, 452 Pearl Harbor attack and, 260, 266, 477, 480— 81 Pearl Harbor defenses and, 222, 224 on Poland, 528 QUADRANT and, 408 Solomon Islands campaign and, 327—28 TERMINAL and, 546 TRIDENT and, 387, 394 on U.S. readiness for Japanese attack, 241 war declaration and, 261 War Department appointment of, 160—63 War Department mobilization and, 193 warning to MacArthur issued by, 243-45 Stone, Harlan F., 143, 271 Stone, I. F., 443 Straight, Willard, 86 Strout, Richard, 416 Stuart, Eliza (aunt), 20, 25 Stuart, John Leighton: background of, 576-77 Marshall’s China mission and, 576—78, 580, 582-84 Sudentenland, Hitler’s claims on, 128 Summerall, Charles F., 104 Sumner, Jessie, 415 Sun Yat-sen, 97, 101, 560, 580 Sutherland, Richard, 297 Suzuki, Kantaro, 547

Index Sweeney, Charles W., 549 Swing, Raymond Gram, 473 Swope, Herbert Bayard, 93 SYMBOL (Casablanca Conference), 354-68, 378- 395- 448 British proposals at, 359-62 operations discussed at, 361, 363—64 on Sicilian invasion, 361, 364-65 on submarine warfare, 375 on unconditional surrender, 368 U.S. position at, 360-63 Taft, Robert A., 162, 518, 620, 650, 677, 712 Taft, William Howard, 33, 51, 104, 161 Taiwan, see Formosa Tariff Commission, 88 Taylor, Maxwell, 151 Tedder, Arthur, 494 Teheran Conference, see EUREKA Ten-Point Plan, 243, 245, 250 Tenth Army, U.S., 525 X Corps, U.S., 701-3, 705 10th Pennsylvania Infantry, 22—23, 26-27 TERMINAL (Potsdam Conference), 542-47 atomic bomb and, 544-45 Texas-Mexican border: Army maneuvers on, 40 campaign on, 51 Third Army, U.S., 264, 453, 482, 492, 529 III Corps, U.S., 75-76 Third Fleet, U.S., 474 3rd Infantry Division, U.S., 63 Marshall’s command of, 120—22 Third Punic War, 9 13th Infantry Regiment, U.S., 42 30th Infantry Regiment, U.S., 31—33 34th Infantry Division, U.S., 514 in Tunisian campaign, 380, 382—83 32nd Infantry Division, U.S., 376 33rd National Guard Division, Marshall’s command of, 116—18 Thomason, R. Ewing, 170 Thompson, Andy, 19—22, 25, 35 308th Infantry Regiment, U.S., 77 Time, 234, 240, 379, 413, 438, 442, 488, 514, 572- 575, 597-98, 621,632, 643, 727 Time, Inc., 577 Times (London), 74-75 Tito (Josip Broz), 7, 427, 429, 649 Tobruk, British surrender at, 323—24 Together (Katherine Marshall), 443, 630—31 Togo, Shigenori, 245, 250 Tojo, Hideki, 219, 225, 469 U.S.-Japanese negotiations and, 237, 246-47 Tokyo, bombing of, 533—34, 540 Topeka Capital, 160 TORCH, 334-36, 337-53- 383 casualties of, 348, 350 Darlan deal and, 349-52 Marshall’s criticisms of, 369 success of, 347 Trade and Navigation, Treaty of, 219 TRB, 645 Treasury Department, U.S., 183, 221 TRIDENT (Washington Conference), 385—99,

4°7 on Burma campaign, 389, 392-94, 397 decisions taken up at, 399 results of, 398 Sicilian invasion and, 385-86, 388, 394

845)

Tripartite Pact, 220—21, 238, 259 Trizonia, 647 Trotsky, Leon, 59 Truman, Bess, 578, 685 Truman, Harry S., 10, 153, 470, 609, 616, 650, 688, 694, 727, 729, 733 atomic bomb and, 537—39, 543, 545—46, 548 Berlin crisis and, 647-48 Byrnes removed by, 574, 583 China aid and, 668 on civilian vs. military control of atomic weapons, 649 CORONET and, 536 duties performed for Roosevelt by, 536-37 Eisenhower denounced by, 728 on ending war in Far East, 540 and fall of Chiang, 675 on Forrestal’s budget requests, 646 and Greek and Turkish aid, 594, 596 and investigations of Pearl Harbor, 556 Israel recognized by, 661 Japanese surrender and, 549 Johnson’s conflicts with, 683—85 Korean War and, 679-81,689, 692, 696-700, 702-3, 705-9, 714, 716-18, 720 London Foreign Ministers’ Conference and, 641 MacArthur sacked by, 708—12, 716 MacArthur’s conflicts with, 703, 708-9 on MacArthur’s congressional address, 714 MacArthur’s criticisms of, 684, 7 16 McCarthy’s attacks on, 72 1-23 Marshall appointed head of American Red Cross by, 672 Marshall appointed to Defense Department by, 682-87 Marshall Plan and, 610, 612—13, 620—2 1, 625 Marshall respected and admired by, 525, 597, 669, 685 Marshall’s China mission and, 555—56, 560, 562, 564, 569-70, 572, 574, 577-79- 583 at Marshall’s funeral, 735 Marshall’s relationship with, 186, 526-27, 529,

536-37 and Marshall’s resignation from Defense Department, 726 and Marshall’s resignation from State Department, 668—70 Marshall’s State Department appointment and, 588 Marshall’s successor chosen by, 668 military procurement investigated by, 185—87 NATO and, 663-65 on partition of Palestine, 656—61 on Poland, 527—29 Red-baiting and, 629-30 reelection campaign of, 655, 659—60, 662, 664,

666 Roosevelt’s death and, 523-24 on Soviet atomic bomb development, 677—78 on Soviet clamp down on Czechoslovakia, 624-25 Soviet expansionism and, 546 Soviet Union condemned by, 644—45 TERMINAL and, 542, 544—47 UMT and, 645, 724 Vinson’s Soviet mission and, 664 Wedemeyer’s China mission and, 633—35 Truman, Margaret, 624, 684 Truman Committee, 10, 186—87, 526, 536

(846

INDEX

Truman Doctrine, 596, 608, 614, 619, 623, 629 Truscott, Lucian K., Jr., 332, 348, 449, 484 Tsushima, Battle of, 250 Tuberculosis and Health Association, 133—34 Tuchman, Barbara, 392 Tully, Grace, 260—61 Tunisian campaign, 379—84, 387 Battle of Kasserine Pass in, 380—81 casualties of, 383 prisoners taken in, 383 Turkey: SYMBOL on, 364-65 U.S. aid to, 594—96, 608, 629 12th Army Group, U.S., 519 20th Infantry Division, Indian, 525 28th Infantry Regiment, U.S., 52, 67-68 in attack on Cantigny, 62—63 21st Army Group, British, 509, 519, 521 24th Infantry Regiment, U.S., Marshall’s command of, 40, 110—11 29th Infantry Division, U.S., 455 27th Infantry Battalion, U.S., 516 26th Infantry Regiment, U.S., 52 Tydings, Millard, 395 Tyler, Kermit, 257 ULTRA, 191,460 Under Two Flags (Ouida), 56 Uniontown, Pa.: Marshall’s visits to, 35 Marshall’s youth in, 17—23 United Nations, 4, 635, 678, 680, 728 General Assembly of, 655, 657, 659, 662 Israel peace proposal of, 661—62 Korean War and, 681, 695—96, 699, 701, 706— 8, 715, 718 Paris meeting of, 662-64, 666 on partition of Palestine, 657, 659, 662 Relief and Rehabilitation Administration of, 591

Roosevelt’s planning for, 275 San Francisco meeting of, 527-28 Security Council of, 681 Wedemeyer’s China mission and, 634 United Nations Declaration, 281 United Press, 707 United Services Organization (USO), 178 United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE), 229 United States News, 586—87 United States Relations with China, 1944 — 1949, 675 United States Steel Exporting Co., 159 universal military training (UMT), 645, 688-89, 716, 724-25 Universal Military Training and Service Act, 724 Uranium Committee, 321 U.S. News and World Report, 684, 703 USS Housatonic, sinking of, 48 USS Niblack, U-boats Bred on by, 191 UTAH Beach, 452, 454—55 Vancouver Barracks, Marshall’s command at, 120-22 Vandenberg, Arthur, 379, 395, 596 background of, 609—10 death of, 714 on KMT aid, 637 London Foreign Ministers’ Conference and, 640

Marshall Plan and, 610, 622, 624-25, 730 Moscow Foreign Ministers’ Conference and,

597 NATO and, 663 Vandenberg, Hoyt, 695, 703 Van Fleet, James, 666, 711, 718 Vaughan, Harry H., 527, 712 Versailles Treaty, 110, 116, 123 Veterans of Foreign Wars, 684 Vicksburg, siege of, 54 Victoria, Queen of England, 464 Victory Program, 200-202, 249, 263, 314, 442 Victory Through Air Power (de Seversky), 374 Viet Minh, 627 Villa, Francisco, 46 Vincent, John Carter, 562, 579, 584, 635 Vinson, Fred M., 588, 664 Virginia Military Institute (VMI), 13, 21 Confederate tradition of, 24—26 hazing at, 26 Marshall’s attendance at, 23—28 superintendency offered to Marshall by, 101 — 2 VITTLES, 648 Voroshilov, Kliment, 430—32 VULCAN, 382 Wadena Pioneer Journal, 650 Wadsworth, James W., 91, 93, 167, 172, 607 draft extension and, 208, 2 10 Wainwright, Jonathan, 301-3, 712, 729 Wake Island, Marshall on Japanese threat to, 242 Wake Island meeting, 696-97 Waldrop, Frank, 415 Walker, Walton, 681, 695, 698, 701, 704 Wallace, Henry, 623, 650 Walters, Vernon “Dick,” 651—52, 665 War College, 125 Ward, Orlando, 151 War Department, U.S., 40, 59, 64, 91, 92, 118, 134, 147 atomic bomb and, 548 CCC and, 115—16 Chiang warned by, 476 jDarlan deal and, 350 Department of the East of, 50—51 draft extension and, 207 and expansion of Air Corps, 130—31 expenditures of, 315 General Staff of, 195 and German offensive against Soviet Union, 198 Lend-Lease and, 183—84 logistics and, 374—75 Marshall’s management of, 150—51, 192-96, 263, 278-79, 441-42, 589 Marshall’s promotion to brigadier general and, 119

mismanagement of supplies by, 51 Pearl Harbor attack and, 480, 559 on Pearl Harbor defenses, 223 in planning joint operations with British, 188—

9° Roosevelt’s death and, 524 Stimson’s appointment to, 160—63 TORCH and, 340 Truman Committee and, 187 Victory Program of, 200—202, 249, 263, 314, 442

Index War Plans Division of, 124, 126—27 see also Defense Department, U.S. War Manpower Commission, 688 War Plan Orange, 298, 303 War Plan White, 112, 118 Washington, George, 18, 150, 272, 402-3, 442 Washington conferences: of 1941, see ARCADIA of 1943, see TRIDENT Washington News, 1 13 Washington Post, 233, 453 Washington Times-Herald, 175, 249, 253n, 415, 724 Watson, Edwin, 228 Wavell, Sir Archibald, 204, 272—74 TRIDENT and, 389, 392 Wedemeyer, Albert, 194, 324, 374, 410—1 1, 488, 513, 561,637, 680, 723 China mission of, 633—35 Marshall’s China mission and, 563, 570, 576 MODICUM and, 307, 309 SYMBOL and, 356—57, 359, 364—65, 368 Victory Program of, 200—202 Welles, Sumner, 263 Atlantic Conference and, 211^214—15 Wells, H. G., 307 Wesson, Charles “Bull,” 195 Western Desert Force, British, 180 West Point, 23 Marshall’s address to graduating class at, 3 18 Wheeler, Burton K., 183, 249 Wherry, Kenneth, 234, 674, 677 White, Theodore, 282, 488, 575 White, William S., 671-72, 732 Whittlesey, Charles, 77—78 Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 80, 82 Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands, 232 Wilkinson, Theodore, 253 Williams, E. J., 43 Willkie, Wendell, 171, 179 Willoughby, Charles, 698 Wilson, Sir Henry Maitland “Jumbo,” 78—79, 418, 448, 464-65, 490, 515 Anzio assault and, 445 SEXTANT and, 426-27 Wilson, Rose Page (goddaughter), 88-90, 564, 645, 684, 728, 732-33 Lily Marshall’s death and, 103—4, 106 Marshall’s chief of staff appointment and, 138 Marshall’s 33rd Division command and, 117 Wilson, Woodrow, 91, 168, 179, 239n, 660 convalescence of, 88

$4 7)

neutrality of, 45—48 peace negotiations and, 76-79, 85—86 Winant, John G., 250 Wing, Richard, 655, 734 Winn, James, Jr. (son-in-law), 184 Winn, Jimmie (stepgrandson), 732 Winn, Molly Brown (stepdaughter), 107, 109, 111, 113, 118, 122, 127, 149, 184,413, 44i, 631, 735 Wise, John, 29 Wolff, Karl, 522—23 Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAACS), 373, 403-4 Wood, Leonard, 40—41 Woodring, Harry H., 116, 126—27, 129, 131-32, M3, M4> ‘59 dismissal of, 160 Marshall’s chief of staff appointment and, 138 Marshall’s mobilization plan and, 154 Neutrality Act repeal and, 148 Workers and Soldiers Committees, 82 Works Progress Administration (WPA), 6, 132—

34 World War I, 36 casualties of, 50, 53, 56, 61 costs of, 85 final battles of, 79-82 World War II: casualties of, 496, 554 end of, 550 predictions on end of, 469, 510—11, 525 Wright, Orville, 38, 64 Wright brothers, 38 Wright Flyers, 38 Wu Pei-fu, 97 “X” article, 618—19 Yalta Conference, see ARGONAUT Yamamoto, Isoroku, 259 Pearl Harbor attack planned by, 218-19, 226,

.

235 247 war strategy of, 218— ig Yamashita, General, 534 Yap, attack on, 475 Yeaton, Ivan, 199 Yugoslavia, fall of, 191 Zhdanov, Andrei, 619—20 Zhukov, Georgi, 519 Zimmermann, Arthur, 48

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(continued from front flap)

task of supplying England during the Battle of Britain

while

also

building

our

own

forces back to an acceptable level of military preparedness. A strong irony of Marshall’s life was that he never was granted the field command that

would

have

crowned

his

military

career. Marshall absolutely refused to lobby on his own behalf, and Roosevelt, who found him indispensable as chief of staff, said that he could not sleep easily if Marshall were not

in

Washington.

It

was

Eisenhower,

handpicked by Marshall over many senior men,

who

invasion

was

of

given

command

Normandy,

while

of

the

Marshall

remained behind to plan it all. Many fascinating personal relationships dominate

these

pages:

with

Eisenhower,

who never forgot the debt he owed Marshall;

with

MacArthur,

first

rival,

then

an

subordinate; with

awkward

a

successful

Truman, who referred to him as “the greatest living American”; and, of course, with Roosevelt. General of the Army brings us face to face with a genuine American

hero, a soldier

whose highest priority was peace.

George

Marshall represented those qualities Americans

most

respect:

integrity,

generosity,

selfless service, and unswerving adherence to principle. This masterful biography may help us to relearn these lessons for our own times. ED CRAY is a distinguished journalist and author of more than a dozen books, among them Chrome

Colossus, a history of General

Motors. He is currently associate professor of journalism at the

University of Southern

California. He is married and lives in Los Angeles

with

his

wife.

They

have

three

grown children. He is currently at work on a biography of Earl Warren.

Churchill, Truman, Stalin, Acheson, Patton, Bradley—thought George

C.

Marshall was

the greatest man they ever met. In this warm, sympathetic,

and insightful biography,

Ed

Cray shows why.” —Stephen Ambrose author of Eisenhower and Nixon, the Education of a Politician Printed, in the United States of America

Photograph by U.SArmy Signal Corps

“All the big men of the age—Ike, Roosevelt,