Fundamentals of local tourism activities: educational methodical manual 9786010421110

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AL-FARABI KAZAKH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

Z. M. Abisheva Sh. T. Abdreeva G. R. Aizholova

FUNDAMENTALS OF LOCAL TOURISM ACTIVITIES Educational-methodical manual

Almaty «Qazaq university» 2016 1

UDC 379.8(075.8) А 15 Recommended for publication by the Scientific Council of the Faculty of geographical and RISO of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University (protocol No.1 from 02.11.2016) Reviewers: doctor of geographical sciences, acting professor R.V. Plokhikh doctor of geographical sciences, associate professor I.B. Skorintseva

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Аbisheva Z.M. Fundamentals of local tourism activities: educational methodical manual / Z.M. Аbisheva, Sh.T. Abdreeva, G.R. Aizholova. – Almaty: Qazaq university, 2016. – 144 p. ISBN 978-601-04-2111-0 Discipline «Fundamentals of local tourism activities» refers to compulsory component of major disciplines 5B090200 – «Tourism». Training manual is intended for students enrolled in this specialty. The manual includes theoretical content of lecture course, training-methodological materials for contact hours and students’ individual studies on discipline, test assignments for preparation for exam.

UDC 379.8(075.8) ISBN 978-601-04-2111-0

© Аbisheva Z.M., Abdreeva Sh.T., Aizholova G.R., 2016 © Аl-Farabi KazNU, 2016

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INTRODUCTION Regional studies are studies of particular area of a country, region, zone, city, settlement by local population, for whom those part of territory is considered as motherland. Integral research of little territory takesvast complex of issues, those problems cover such range of questions as history, ethnography, culture, archeology, population, economy and etc. Complex studies of homeland include follow points: 1. Nature and all of its elements (geology, relief, soil, climate, hydrology, vegetation, fauna), as well as its interconnections. 2. Historical past and demography (ethnography of a town and settlement, toponyms, etc.). 3. Material life, connections of environment and economy, as well as connection of separated branches of economy. 4. Cultural and spiritual life, art activity of nations (national art, folklore, architecture). Regional studies and tourism are closely connected. Without reliable and diverse regional studies information it is impossible to develop tourist routes and excursions. Development of domestic tourism, holding hiking trails, and sightseeing requires organizers of tourist business of local knowledge, recreational facilities and methods of field research. Therefore, a basic knowledge of the tourist, local history work and techniques of natural history research are integral parts of professional training for tourism. Course «Basis of tourist regional studies» is related to one of obligatory components of profile courses of State standards of specialty of «5B0902-00-Tourism». The main goal of the course is to own methodology of studies of tourist and recreational resources (natural and historical-cultural) for development of domestic and international tourism. Course objectives:  to examine the main sources of the regional studies data;  to acquire skills in applying the obtained data in creating tourist-excursion programmes;  to teach students how to deal with data collection and analysis process. Learning outcomes Students will be able to know: 3

1) basic concepts used in region studies and their systematization; 2) historic studies of the region and specifics of working with scientific literature and periodicals; 3) methods of complex physical and geographical studies; 4) orographic scheme of the region; 5) climatic and hydrological studies and their role in organizing excursions and tours; 6) landscape studies and their role in organizing recreational activity; 7) landscape mapping of tour (istic) routes. 2. Professional skills: Students will be able to: 1) work with old historical and archive documents, memoirs, geographical and historical maps, tourist maps, and periodicals; 2) conduct comparative analysis on the data from different sources; 3) prepare summary information on different recreational and tourist-excursion issues; 4) use the information from regional museums in the development of tourist-excursion activity. 3. Competences: Learning competence Students will be able to: 1) self-evaluate their competences and define their development and learning needs; 2) be capable of collaborative learning and sharing knowledge in teams and working communities. 3) Communicative and social competence 4) Students will be able to: 5) be capable of listening to others and communicating in writing, verbally and visually using different communication styles; 6) understand the principles of group and teamwork and be able to work together with others in multidisciplinary teams; 7) apply information and communication technologies at work. 4

Professional competence Students will be able to: 1) plan and design tours for different market segments; 2) work out a plan of the company in conducting research on the region; 3) develop social tourism programs; 4) apply the obtained knowledge on regional studies for promoting tours in a region. According to the State standards on specialty «5B090200-Tourism» minimum of knowledge, skills and abilities includes following points: а) to work with such sources as historical and archive documents, memories, geography and historical maps, touristic maps, periodic publications; b) to compare data of various sources, to prepare information on particular touristic and excursion issue; c) to use data of museums to develop touristic and excursion activity. Presented text book was created by the State Standards, typical educational plan on specialty «5B090200-Tourism». Text book includes theoretical issues, methodology to prepare independent work and organize field studies, as well as shot test quiz. Text book is aimed for students studying on specialty «5B090200Tourism».

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Chapter 1 THE NATURE AND OBJECTIVES OF REGIONAL STUDIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN 1. Nature and objectives of regional studies 2 .Types and forms of regional studies 3. History of regional studies research in Kazakhstan

1. Nature and objectives of regional studies Regional studies are studies of particular part of country, area, zone, city, village that conducted by local citizens for whom noted territory is to be considered as homeland. According to definition of S.V. Kolestikov regional studies is a discipline, which does researches on small territories. Small territory is available for personal and independent studies and researches, excursions and gathering various information and materials. On this area clearly affects the dependence of the researched phenomena from a purely local, ever-changing environment. Therefore it is possible to find detailed features of nature, as well as the life and activity of the population. Small territoryis an administrative center, city, or country side, where the man lives. Small homeland is historical or administrative region, c which is small by territory. For citizens of Almaty the homeland is Zhetysu, which includes in Almaty and Zhambyl regions. Homeland is the same to the meaning of Fatherland, a place where a man was born, as well as country, where a man was born and his ancients were habitat. The native Homeland is a place where a man feels himself as a part of the land. Integral research of little territory takes vast complex of issues; those problems cover such range of questions as history, ethnography, culture, archeology, population, economy and etc. Complex studies of home land include follow points: 1. Nature and all of its elements (geology, relief, soil, climate, hydrology, vegetation, fauna), as well as its interconnections. 2. Historical past and demography (ethnography of a town and settlement, toponyms, etc.). 6

3. Material life, connections of environment and economy, as well as connection of separated branches of economy. 4. Cultural and spiritual life, art activity of nations (national art, folklore, architecture). Objectives of regional studies are various. Major functions of regional studies are as follow:  Research function – organization and conducting of researches in different spheres of knowledge: historical-cultural, socio-economical, identifying natural, historical and cultural monuments, developing and organizing projects on providing safety of monuments, and studying the history of settlements.  Documentary function – saving and rational using of monuments of nature, material and spiritual culture, forming funds of archives, museums, and data on (of) history and culture of region.  Educational function – saving and transferring of traditions, education of children and adults.  Organizational function – joining of people by their interests, organization of free time. 2. Types and forms of regional studies Regional studies includes complex of numerous scientific disciplines, which are different by content and personal methods. In spite of this fact that disciplines lead to complex knowledge of homeland and region. Therefore, depended on research objects regional studies are divided as sectorial and complex regional studies. Sectorial region studies include following topics:  natural and geographical, which studies components of nature and natural-territorial complexes;  economical-geographical studies economy and industrialterritorial complexes;  biological, which studies flora and fauna of region;  historical-regional,which includes studies of monuments, archeology, literary and archive sources, architecture and etc.  ethnography, which studies includes researches of nations, life, activity of people. 7

 folklore, (from the German translated as «nation») which studies decorative ornaments of architecture, arts and crafts, folklore and folk rituals.complex regional, which studies natural and social phenomena in all of causal links. L.S. Berg considered regional studies as «small geography», «small country studies». Forms of regional studies are defined by tools of conducting regional studies. In Kazakhstan three forms of regional studies are defined: 1. State regional studies as usual are conducted by republic, regional, city, districts regional museums, archives, libraries and research institutions, executive government structures (governance of economy, environment, Akimats and Statistics Department and etc.). 2. Public regional studiesare conducted by tourists, amateur researchers, public organizations – Society of Nature Protection, hunters and fishers. Amateur researchers as usual are discoverers of monuments of history, culture or nature. They are also involved in protection of nature and historical and cultural monuments. 3. School regional studies are performed by school students under a supervision of their teachers. Two basic forms of school regional studies have developed: program (training) and extracurricular. The meaning of program (training) regional studies is that it allows us to learn the material studied directly at particular sites. Surrounding environment and nature is the best visual aid for students. This instrument of studies is not comparable with any illustrations or collections. School of regional studies is the basis for a deeper and more meaningful learning, which develops outlook and practical skills for school pupils; it plays an important role in the education of love for the motherland and environmental education. Extracurricular regional studies are extra organizations that wasn’t included in school programs, for example, touristic clubs, hiking, excursions, etc. 8

3. History of regional studies research in Kazakhstan First sources about Kazakh land. Despite the antiquity of the culture of people who inhabited Kazakhstan, references on its geography and natural conditions were extremely poor. In ancient times, the most valuable geographical information about the Kazakh land obtained by neighboring Arab and Asian nations. Europeans as explorers of Central Asia and Kazakhstan appear only in the XIII century. The significance of this period for the accumulation of the initial information about the geography of Kazakhstan isthe gradual expansion of ideas about the nature of the region. Cons are lack of information: there exist only the south-western and southern parts of the Caspian, Aral Seas, and rivers as Or, Talas, Chu, and Syr. Great importance in the development of the cultural life of the peoples of Kazakhstan in the past had ancient and medieval manuscripts, which I tought more than one generation of students in the medieval secular and religious schools. In Muslim schools were distributed handwritten works, treatises of Al-Farabi, Ulugbek Kydyrali, Balasaguni, and Yasawi. Central features of the manuscripts were their multialphabet and multilingualism, which hindered their learning to some extent. Later they were written in the Arabic alphabet. Among these manuscripts, can be called Yusuf Balasaguni’s first work «Kutadgu Bilik», written in the XI century. Among the many manuscripts there are ancient manuscripts, relating directly to the history of the Kazakh people. These monuments include the «Oguz-Nam», stories and legends about the crust ate, Alpamys poem, epic Manas, proceedings of the poet, thinker Yasawi, and turkologist Mahmud of Kashgar. Geographical knowledge of Kazakhstan during the establishment of closer Russian-Kazakh relations (XVI century – XIX century). During this period, there was a wealth of materials on the characteristics of the natural conditions of Kazakh lands. This was facilitated by Russian-Kazakh communication. Global science received extensive geographic travels and reliable geographical information about the Orenburg region, the Aral-Caspian basin, Trans-Ili Alatau. End of XVI and beginning of the XVII century. Kazakh Kadyrgali Hoshum Dzhalairy, who lived first in Moscow and later in Kasimov, compiled a book «Jami al-tavarikh» («Collection of Histories») – a 9

document of the Kazakh people and their land. The book was written at the request of Boris Godunov. The manuscript was kept in the library of the University of Kazan, was published by Professor I.N.Berezin only in 1854. Levshin (one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society) tried to summarize and comprehend a huge collection of natural conditions of Kazakhstan accumulated to the 30 s of the 19 th century. In 1832, he published his great work «Description KyrgyzCossack or Kyrgyz-Kaisak hordes and steppes. Levshin’s book consists of 3 parts. In the first part, the author collected all the geographical data of the Kazakh steppe. The second and third parts of the book are devoted to the historical and Ethnographic Review of the Kazakh people. He analyzed all available, by the time, sources of Kazakhs. Of great interest is the geographical part where Levshin considering geographical location, natural boundaries and Turan tries to landscape characteristics «Kirghiz steppes». By Turan he understands the vast space within: Altai, Irtysh, Tobol, Wil, the Urals, the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea, the Chinese border. Author divides all this space into 7 strips (zones), based on allocation of climatic characteristics and the nature of the soil. It was enclosed in the book «Map of land belonging to the Kirghiz Cossacks, and Turkestan». Book of Levshin reflects the overall level of geographical study of Kazakhstan to the 30s of the 19th century and has great importance. Along with this, his book testified the incompleteness of geographical information about all Kazakhstan. The Russian Geographic Society was created in 1845, in the second year of the existence of serious attention to the study of the geographical territory of Kazakhstan and Central Asia. As a result of the systematization and development of the history and geography of Kazakhstan and Central Asia, rich materials were kept in the archives of Saint Petersburg and Orenburg.In 1847-1861 was published a considerable amount of materials about the Kazakh people, the authors were wellknown Russian geographers of the time Y.V. Hanykov and M.I. Ivanin. Y.V. Hanykov, who was talented geographer and cartographer, has studied the territory of Kazakhstan for 15 years. In 1839 he published his first work «Geographical Review of the Orenburg region» about the geographical location, statistical and ethnographic data 10

about the Kazakhs. In 1841 he published «Essay on the state of the Inner Kirghiz hordes», the travel story about the journey along the western Kazakhstan. In 40-50s, he worked on mapping and publishing activities. He compiled «Map of the Aral Sea and the Khanate of Khiva to their surroundings» (1851), «Map of the Lands of the Inner Kirghiz hordes and Small» (1845), and «Map of the northwestern part of Central Asia, with applications» (1855). M.I. Ivanov, who was a member of the Russian Geographical Society (1801-1874), served in the Orenburg region from 1835 to 1855, as the local housing officer, advisor and manager of the Provisional Council of the Inner Bukeyev hordes. In 1846, he explored most places of Mangishlak peninsula. He pointed to the presence of oil, Glauber's salt and white conchoidal limestone suitable for use in construction. He wrote about lowering the level of the Caspian Sea, which he doubted. Ivanov is the first researcher of mountainous part of the peninsula. He was interested in the spiritual culture of Kazakh’s Junior Juz: their hospitality, national ceremonies, medical knowledge, and beliefs. Formation and development of regional studies in Kazakhstan. Historical research in Kazakhstan has a long and interesting history. The history of regional studies movement in Kazakhstan has three stages: 1. Pre-revolutionary period. This is the period of occurrence of regional studies by clubs, societies and museums on the outskirts of Russia. The researches of regional studies has a leading Russian scientists, travelers (I.K. Kirillov, A.I. Tevkelev, Pallas, I.P. Falk, P.I. Rychkov, A.I. Levshin, P.P. Semenov-Tien Shan, N.A. Severtsev, I.V. Mushketov, V.V. Radlov, L. Meyer, M. Krasovsky, A.I. Dobrosmyslov, V.V. Velyaminov-Grain, V.V. Bartold, P.P. Rumyantsev, V. Dal, S.U. Remezov); political exiles, Polish exiles, the Decembrists, populists. 2. Period of formation and development of regional studies, from 1917 to mid-20s. During this period, regional studies were to act as a new social scientific and cultural movement. 3. Period of development of the mass movement of regional studies from the mid of 20s to the mid of 30s. During this period, foundations of the historical regional studies were laid in Kazakhstan. 11

Pre-revolutionary period.In Kazakhstan organized regional studies began in the late XIX century by departments of Russian Geographical Society (RGS), the Academy of Sciences of the Eastern Branch of the Russian Archaeological Society, the Society of Friends of Natural Science, Anthropology and Ethnography. Russian scientists contributed the intensive study of the territory of Kazakhstan to the emergence in the late 60-ies of the local departments of scientific societies. In Kazakhstan, Orenburg, West Siberian, Turkestan departments and Semipalatinsk subdivision of the RGS were acted one of the main roles. Since the beginning of the XX century field research of Geological Committee and Resettlement Department began. The first Orenburg Division IRGC was established in 1867. It took the initiative in the scientific study of the western and northern part of Kazakhstan. In 1870, the Society of Naturalists, Anthropology and Ethnography was organized in Tashkent. West Siberian branch of the Russian Geographical Society was created in 1877, in Omsk. In February of 1897, Turkestan Department of the Russian Geographical Society was created for a more in-depth study of Central Asia and the southern part of Kazakhstan. At the end of the XIX century,statistical committees were established in the regional centers of Kazakhstan, which have contributed to the study of economics, geography and history of the region. Russian scientists, government officials and officers of the administrative agencies have actively participated in the organization of these societies and their work. RHS members were well-known historians as Sh.Sh. Valihanov, NM Potanin N. Yadrintsev, Altynsarin. N. Bekchurin, GS Karelin, and Beloslyudovs. In the second half of the 19th century, the study of the geographical territory of Kazakhstan was enriched by solid research. There were made up of maps and atlases of mountains and plains, lakes and seas. During this period, Balkhash, the Aral Sea, the Caspian Sea, and the Tien Shan have been studied extensively. The focus of the scientist-travelers was the problem of the Tien Shan. Studies of PP Semenov, Ch. Valikhanov, IA Severtsova, and IV Mushketov, established science-based scheme of orographic and geological structure of the Tien Shan. An integrated approach and the phenomena of nature, the task of finding out the laws of the earth's surface, and close relationship with 12

research management practices have provided Russian geographers success in the study of the nature of Kazakhstan in the second half of the 19th century. Orenburg scientific archival commission was created in December 1887. The purpose of the commission was tidying up and preparing of archival documents in the office of Governor-General for research. An important focus for the archive committee was to create a museum in Orenburg. However, the priority of the museum belonged to the Orenburg Regional Committee. In 1888 was taken the decision to establish it in historical and archaeological museum. The most active member of the Orenburg Scientific Archive Commission was I. Castanet. His scientific work conducted in two directions: excavated and compiled set of ancient sites of the Kazakh steppe. Particularly successful was his work on the systematization of information on the archeology of the Kazakh steppe. The result of years of research work was the work, which included descriptions of monuments of all regions of Kazakhstan. Southern department of Kazakhstan archeologically successfully studied only historical and scientific institution in – Turkestan, circle of fans of archeology, which was opened in December of1895. Activities of Kazakh scientists, educators and their role in the study of native land. Scientific merits of Ch. Valikhanov as a researcher of Central Asia and Kazakhstan have been recognized by the world of science. Proceedings were published in Russian, English, German and French. The Geographical Society published his works onlyin 1964. He managed to write a number of important works on the history, geography and ethnography of the peoples of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. Abai Kunanbayev was a great poet, writer and public figure, the founder of modern Kazakh written literature, reformer of culture in the spirit of rapprochement with the Russian and European culture on the basis of enlightened liberal Islam. Subsequent to the Abay generation of intellectuals, united around the Alash Orda, Abay was apprehended as their spiritual forerunner, as the spiritual leader of the revival of the Kazakh nation. Moving in line with Abay’s heritage, followers of Abay could raise it to new heights. Ibrahim (Ibrahim) Altynsarin was prominent Kazakh educator, writer, ethnographer, folklorist. Altynsarin initiated the secular education of the Kazakh 13

people. The author of the first Kazakh textbooks: «Kazakh reader» (1879, 2nd ed., 1906) and «Quick Start Guide to learn Kazakh Russian Language» (1879), the author of fables and stories, as well as translations of Leo Tolstoy and Ivan Krylov. Created versions of the alphabet based on the Russian letters for writing in Kazakh. He founded four two-year central Russian-Kazakh school (vocational school and women's college), five township schools, and two schools for the children of Russian settlers. As well as school teacher in Troitsk, laterhe was transferred to Orenburg. Period of formation and development of regional studies. All the monuments, libraries, museums and archives were nationalized after the establishment of Soviet power. In the post-October period of local history movement in Kazakhstan acquired a wide scale. In 1920 he created the «Society for the Study of the Kyrgyz region». Constituent Assembly was held on October 15, 1920. AP Chuloshnikov was elected as the chairman, later known by one of the first works on the history of the Kazakh people. CA activities associated with SD Asfendiyarov, A. Divaeva, A.P. Gra, A.L. Melkova, S. Seifullin, T. Ryskulov. At that time, when the country was not yet public research institutions, Society for the Study of Kazakhstan united a significant part of the intelligentsia. The Company has actively cooperated with S.D. Asfendiyarov, A.P. Chuloshnikov, A.F. Ryazanov, A.P. Gra, A.L. Melkova, S.S. Seifullin, T. Ryskulov, A.L. Kalmyks,and M.Auezov. In those years, there was the all-Russian scientific-methodical center of regional studies of Central Bureau of Local History (CBLH)at the Academy of Sciences. It was created in 1921 at the first All-Russian Studies Conference. CBLH members were famous at the time: D.N. Anuchin, N.Y. Marr, Fersman, and P.G. Smidovich. Among the organizers of the first Soviet and local history teachers were A.P. Pinkevich and S.T. Shatsky. SSK had local branches, regional offices of local lore, and regularly published magazines and local history collections. In the mid 20-s in the USSR 250 organizations had their own local history books. «Local History» magazine began publishing in 1923, as well as, «Proceedings of CBLH» in 1925. In 1930, they were united in the magazine «Soviet Study» (out until 1936). 14

Period of development of the mass movement of regional studies from the mid-20s to the mid-30s. In 1925, the SRH has been transformed into a «Society for the Study of Kazakhstan», stood as an independent unit from the scientific department Kaznarkompros. The new society, as a research institution, was engaged in a comprehensive study of Kazakhstan and adjacent areas in the historical and archaeological, natural-geographic, economic relations. In April of 1930, the first All-Kazakh Scientific Congress of Local Lore was opened in Almaty, which summed up the local history movement in the Republic. The destruction of local lore began in 30s Engage in local history in our country has become dangerous. They were accused of attempting to organize a conspiracy against the Soviet government. Such serious charges, due to the fact that the local history movement in the 30s, was no longer fit into the official ideology and policy. Local history is a movement with democratic traditions, giving knowledge to the population without the «guidance» and bypassing official channels. Historians have always been for the diversity of the economy and did not agree with the unification of the economy, for the development of the culture of all the peoples of the Soviet Union, and did not agree with the destruction of monuments of history and culture. In 1937, the mill was liquidated. The termination of the Company's study of Kazakhstan was officially connected with the appearance in 1932 of the Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences database. In 1932 the USSR Academy of Sciences held a conference devoted to the development of the productive forces of Kazakhstan. In the same year, was organized the Kazakh base of Sciences of the USSR, which was transformed into the Kazakh branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1939. In 1933 was organized hydro meteorological «Kazupravlenie». Later, the role of natural history research center undertook Local Studies Commission of the Geographical Society of the USSR. Formation of child tourism and regional studies in schools of Kazakhstan related to the 20s of the XX century. In 1924, the first conference of Regional Studies teachers on local history hosted at Semipalatinsk. After that, they began to establish a school teacher mugs of Local History in Orenburg, Kyzyl-Orda, Taldy-Kurgan, and 15

Alma-Ata. Their work is overseen by the Provincial Bureau of Youth Associations of local history organizations. In 1951, Kustanaj created the Republic's first Children's excursion and tourist station. Prior to 1973 such children's extracurricular institutions were opened and operated in all regional centers. Between 60s and 90s of XX century, children and youth service clubs in housing management in the community, as well as the district, city and regional Houses and Palaces of Pioneers, young technicians, naturalists, hikers, clubs, tourist centers, summer camps were opened all over the country. By 1985, there were thousands of children's institutions, where students from a variety of activities carried out regularly: tourism and local history of the expeditions, scientific and practical conferences, meetings and competitions. Since the beginning of the restructuring in connection with the reduction in funding and reform of the education system, most of the children of tourist and local history institutions stopped their work, but in the regional centers they continued to operate the station for young tourists. In 1995, Republican center for young tourists was renamed as «International Centre for Students Tourism» (ICST). Control questions and independent work 1. Define «regional studies», «small territory», «own settlement», «small motherland». 2. What are the meanings of tourist and regional studies for tourism specialists? 3. What basis types of Regional Studies are allocated? List and characterize them. 4. Who is considered as a founder of regional studies in Russia? Please, provide evidence of your answer. 5. Why Ch.Valikhanov is considered as the first Kazakh researcher of a region? 6. Which government institutions and non-governmental organizations were engaged in studying of Kazakhstan territory before the October Revolution? 7. Which government institutions and non-governmental organizations were engaged in studying of Kazakhstan territory after the October Revolution? 8. Identify the stages of development of school regional studies in Kazakhstan. 9. What are state and public organizations involved currently in regional studies in the Republic of Kazakhstan? 16

Chapter 2 SOURCES AND METHODS OF REGIONAL STUDIES RESEARCH 1. Principles and sources of regional studies 2. Main stages of research in regional studies 3. Classification of methods of regional studies

1. Principles and sources of regional studies Regional studies are an integral part of professional training on tourism. It includes obtaining knowledge of homeland, forming skills in gathering data, studying of observing methods, ability to analyze obtaining data and information, application obtaining skills to develop efficiency of touristic firms. Principles of regional studies arescientific approach, systematic and coherent, integrated and regional. Regional studies sources: literature (regional bibliography), cartography, archives (documentary), statistics, oral information, observing. Literature sources arediverse: monographs and proceedings, essays and memoirs, scientific and popular scientific literature, journalism and publication of reference books.As a rule, those books, tell about various aspects of development of the region: its history, economy, culture, nature, and attractions. Such information would include primary information (monuments of history and culture of particular period), but in the most of cases indirect information, which is perceived and processed by authors of sources, is generalized. Regional bibliography is quite diverse by type of editions, by direction and completeness of literature selection, by frequency of issue and covering periods, by category. By type of editions bibliography differs as follow:  bibliographical indexes published as separate books or pamphlets;  printed catalogs of local libraries; 17

 bibliographies in books: lists of references or literature on subject of a book, subscript references;  references of papers, literature review and review. Cartography sources. Geographical map is reduced and generalized representation of the Earth on a flat surface, model of this surface. Science which studies theory and methods of map making is called cartography. Research methods of maps are called cartographic methods. In regional studies maps are applied as source of information. Maps are classified by territorial scope, content, scale and degree of schematization of image. Archival sources. State archives are keepers of a hundred years documentary heritage as the greatest national property. Central state archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan is located in the Almaty (address is 050000, 39 Abay av. (http://www.cga.kz). Archivesare an accumulation ofhistorical records of the place they are located.Archives containprimary sourcedocuments that have accumulated over the course of an individual or organization's lifetime, and are kept to show the function of that person or organization. Professionalarchivistsand historians generally understand archives to be records that have been naturally and necessarily generated as a product of regular legal, commercial, administrative or social activities. They have been metaphorically defined as «the secretions of an organism», and are distinguished from documents that have been consciously written or created for communication with a particular message to posterity. In general, archives consist of records that have been selected for permanent or long-term preservation on grounds of their enduring cultural, historical, or evidentiary value. Archival records are normally unpublished and almost always unique, unlike books or magazines (for which many identical copies exist). This means that archives are quite distinct from libraries with regard to their functions and organization.Although archival collections can often be found within library buildings. Statistics sources. One of the sources of researches of homeland is data of state statistics. According to the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan «About the State Statistics», agency of the Republic of 18

Kazakhstan on Statistics is authorized body forming and implementing the state policy in a field of statistics, developing and implementing programs on improving statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan (http://www.stat.kz). Periodic census provide information on a state of population at current moment, moreover, provide information about its number, natural movement, family, socio-demographic and national structure of population, level of education, location and migration, etc. During an interval between censuses population, accounting is conducted by department of civil registration (registry office), which registers births, deaths, marriages and divorces, as well as the passport police departments, which records an arrival and departure of people for a certain location. All of this information are reported in a district and municipal Central Statistical Administration (CSA), therefore data on a population of a region for a current year is available in local CSA. Oral sources. Language, as the eldest approach of people's communication, keeps the richest details of life in the most various ages. Such sources include conversations that usually are implemented as «meetings» with interesting people or a sociological survey. Language channel that transmits this information are oral folk art (folklore): epics, sagas, fairy tales, legends, folk tales, songs, proverbs and sayings. Also to oral sources could be included such types of sources as toponyms (geographical names, which are closely related to geographical conditions of area and history of settling the territory). Observation of natural and social objects and processes. Observing is targeted perception of objects. The most important source of knowledge of regional studies is direct study of processes or individual sites and attractions during independent trips, tours, expeditions. Major purposes of such trips are:  Positioning of objects and conducting observing;  Observing dynamics of a phenomena and processes;  Studying a state of protected sites to control compliance with rules of behavior, performance of norms of protection laws on a territory. 19

2. Main stages of research regional studies Main stages of regional studies include: 1. Selection, studying and generalization of various literary and regional materials in libraries, organizations and institutions. 2. Conducting systematical observes on selected territory in advance. 3. Studying region, conducting observes during process of targeted tracks and excursions. 4. Processing and obtaining data (making a plan, maps, graphs, charts and collections). 5. Summarizing and analysis of obtaining data. 3. Classification of methods of regional studies Main methods of regional studies are literal, cartographical, statistical, historical, visual, questionnaire, and comparison. 1. Studying of literature regional sources is conducted on the first level of regional researches to get prior data. Obtained information should be included in card. Extract should have name and initials of author, a paper title, exact reference to title of publication indicating its editional year, and page number of a newspaper or journal. 2. Cartography method of researches directed to clarification of spatial placement of natural, economic, historical, archaeological and other objects and phenomena in a studied area. All of regional researches should begin with creating of maps or plans of studied territory. Base map are used for application on them findings. 3. Major methods of field studies are stationary and expeditions. The first noted method is concluded in observations of researchers at permanent place of residence or long-term residence. The second method is observation during a short stay of traveling or hiking. Most available methods during travels are visual or questioning observations. 4. The statistical method is based on the selection and analysis of quantitative indicators, followed by drawing up maps, charts, tables, graphs, charts. This method is widely used in 20

the study of local lore economy, population and economic relations of the edge with other territories. 5. Questioning is the most common type of survey, in which the researcher and respondent communication mediated by the text of the questionnaire. Profile – a joint research with one intent system issues, aimed at identifying the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the object and subject of study. It is currently used several types of questionnaires: dispensing, post and via the media. 6) Photos, documentary videos, and pictures. Control questions and independent work 1. What are «principles» of Regional Studies? 2. What is the technique of working with different types of bibliographic information? 3. What kind of information can be obtained from cartographic sources? 4. What types of documentation are required for work in the state archives? 5. What kind of information on tourism can be taken from statistical bulletins? 6. What are the principles of drawing up questionnaires and conducting public opinion polls? 7. What methods are used at various stages of the study of local site?

Seminar 1 Classification of sources of local lore. Review and analysis of regional literature and materials 1. Types and forms of regional studies. Place of Regional Studies in training of specialist for tourist-excursion work. 2. Classification of sources of regional studies. 3. The value and place of literature knowledge of regional studies. 4. Working with non-fiction and periodicals. 5. Information (reference) publishing and their meaning for regional studies. 6. Preparation and filing of an annotated list of local literature. 7. Features of the statistical sources of regional studies. 8. The rules of work in the archives. 9. Features of using cartographic sources of regional studies. 21

Literature: 1. Краеведение: пособие для учителя // А.В. Даринский и др. – М., 1987. 2. Вуколов В.Н., Назарчук М.К. Основы туристско-краеведческой работы. – Алматы, 1997. 3. Вуколов В.Н. Основы туристско-краеведческой работы. – Алматы, 2005. 4. Михлина И.И. Краеведческая библиография. – М., 2008. 5. http://gendocs.ru /v441/ лекции_по краеведению

Laboratory work №1. Bibliography of regional studies literature of the homeland. Goal: to research and study literature references of your homeland andto develop skills of working in the catalog, sources of literature, bibliographical and reference materials. Task. To make a list of references according next plan of student’s own region, locality: 1. Nature 2. Nation 3. Economy 4. History 5. Culture The list of references should be in around 40 items. In the work is necessary to specify the methods of literature search (the type of library, kind of catalogs, e.t.c.P). In compiling the list you should to specify, which of bibliographic data were used. Samples of references: Monograph, text book and books: Surname and name (shortly) of author (s). Name of a book. Place of edition: Editor, year of edition. Numberofpages. Абишева З.М. Основы туристско-краеведческой работ. Учебное пособие. – Алматы: Қазақ универститеті, 2007. – 92 с. 1) An article in journal of proceeding: Surname and name (shortly) of author (s). Name of an article / name of a journal or proceeding. – Place of edition: Editor. – P. №. 22

Ердавлетов С.Р. К вопросу о казахстанском турпродукте / в сб.: Современные тенденции и закономерности в развитии географической науки в Республике Казахстан. Мат. межд. науч.практ. конф.28 апреля 2010. – Алматы: Қазақ университеті, 2010. – С. 236-239. 2) Books under the general editorship: Name of a book / number of authors; under the edition of N. Surname. – Place of edition: Editor, year of edition. – number of pages. География туризма / кол. авторов; под ред. А.Ю. Александровой. – М.: КноРус, 2008. – 592 с.

23

Chapter 3 NATURAL GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONAL STUDIES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Research subject in physical geographical regional studies Geological and mineral research Geomorphological research Meteorological research Hydrological and glaciological research Geobotanical and zoological research Phenological research Topographic surveys

1. Research subject in physical geographical regional studies Natural basis of any regional research activity is particular territory with its natural conditions, which identified through resources for all types of activity. Major components that are available for researchers' studies are geology structure and composition of rocks, topography, climate, surface water, soil, vegetation, wildlife. Studying of each component of nature is conducted by particular geographical sciences: geology, geomorphology, hydrology, climatology, geography of plants and animals. Interrelations between nature's components are established by physical geography. Therefore, physical-geographical researches are a base of home land's studies. What is physical-geographical research? Physical geography (or physiography) focuses on geography as anEarth science. It aims to understand physical problems and issues of lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and floraand faunapatterns. Physical geography is that branch of natural science which deals with the study of processes and patterns in the natural environment like atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere, as opposed to the cultural or built environment, the domain of human geography. Research in physical geographical region studies is often interdisciplinary and uses the systems approach. 24

Approaches of physical geography  Quantitative geographyis thequantitative researchtools and methods applied to geography.  Systems approach. Physical-geographical studies are divided on several successive stages: 1. A stage of preparation is introducing with literature or founds materials on territory of future researches, preparation of cartography materials (topography basis). Large-scale maps(from 1:5000 to 1:150000) are convenient for regional studies. It is important to study all available reports of touristic groups, scientific expeditions, photograph, maps of topography basis and theme physical-geographical maps. 2. Field studies are routes surveys, tracing profiles, method of key sites (observing and measuring, sampling). 3. Cameral processing of collected materials are all collected samples of rocks, soils, plants are studied and systematized, component and complex maps and profiles (geomorphological, soil, botanical, landscape) are created at this stage. 4. Making of physical-geographical description of a region. Standard scheme of nature's characteristic of any area is established. Components are reviewed from the most static to the most movable as follows: physical-geographical localization; tectonic and geological structure, its impact on landscape forming, relief; climate and weather; internal waters; land cover and wildlife. Interrelation and interaction of natural components, manifestation of the general principles of differentiation of geographic envelope and individual features of territory should be identified in physicalgeographical description of region. 2. Geological and mineral research Geology is science studying structure, composition and history of the Earth's crust's development. The Earth's crust is upper solid shell of the Earth that consists of rocks. Crustal thickness is just 5-7 km under mid-ocean ridge and about 55-70 km under the young folded mountains. 25

Geology and mineralogy attract a number of travelers. Touristgeologist should know major types of rocks and minerals, be able to make a description of rocks and minerals, collect samples, and if it is possible, to define connection between geology structure of locality and relief. As result of observation, geologist should make a collection of samples of main rocks (rocks and minerals of studied area) and to make its geology map. About 3000 minerals are known. There are different types of rocks. The difference of rock types is in their formation. There are three different types of rocks: igneous rocks, sedimentary and metamorphic. 1. Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools. Dependently on condition of magma's cooling process igneous rocks are divided into two groups: Intrusive igneous rocksare formed when magma cools deep below the surface of the earth and extrusive igneous rocks are formed when magma reaches the surface and cooling. Intrusive igneous rocks are granite, gabbro, diorite, syenite etc. Extrusiveigneous rocks are basalt, liparite, tuff, obsidian etc. 2. Sedimentary rocks are formed on the surface of the earth through various ways. Part of them is formed of products of rock destruction (clastics sedimentary rocks). Fragments of clastics can range in size and degree of roundness (clay, sand, gravel, boulders, etc.). Clastic rocks typically consist of particles that are cemented into a solid mass: breccia (of rubble), conglomerate (of pebbles and gravel), siltstone and sandstone (sand). Part of sedimentary rocks is formed by activity of organisms – organic. They include limestone (chalk, coquina), coal, lignite, oil, peat, some types of ore.A limestone that consists of exclusively fragments is called a coquina. Through chemical reactions occurring on the earth's surface, chemogenic sedimentary rocks are formed: marls salt, gypsum, and metal ores. 3. Metamorphic rocks are formed as result of transformation of rocks of different origin under high temperature and pressure in the depths of the Earth, contact with other rocks of che26

mical composition or physical condition (gneisses, schist, marble, diamond, mica, etc.). Most frequently it is possible to observe outputs on the surface of rocks of different origin in the form of geological outcrops. For geological and mineralogical collections should be taken only fresh samples of indigenous outcrops like rock outcrops, and they should not be taken from the talus or dumps. Especially carefully, regardless of size, it is necessary to collect the individual crystals, Druze, concretions, inclusions, fossils. If there is a concern of breaking a sample at pricking with a hammer, it is better to take the whole sample. Each sample should be shown with a label. A number and title of a sample, a place where sample was taken, date of collecting, name of tourist, and author of a sample should be written at a label. Label folded double or quadruple, inscription inside and wraps around in a corner of the paper, which is wrapped in a sample. At a site of collection of a sample full record should be made in notebook (or diary). In such way it would be easily to find this field in a case if we will need it. We must also specify where the sample was taken: directly from rock or talus, sediment, etc. A place of findings should be marked on a route map. Equipments of tourist-geologist: geological hammer, compass of Hadrian and Clinometers, Hand Lenses, trowels and shovels, sample bags, wrapping paper, thin twine, notebook (label), a notebook, a pencil and a thick notebook, mineral exploration equipment. 3. Geomorphological research Relief is a set of ground surface irregularities. Geomorphology studies terrain and processes that create and transform its shape. Tourist-morphologist should make a description and characteristic of particular forms of relief, at least of a small form (for an example, hills, valleys areas, ravines, hollows, caves, peaks and slopes some hills). Researcher should try to define reasons of forming irregularities and identify a dependency of a shape of relief. As a result of researches, tourist should make a morphological map of an area. Objectives of studying relief:  identify external signs of surface form and quantitative indicators; 27

 identify factors of relief formation and ways of developmentof relief;  identify genetic groups and their distribution through a territory;  evaluate an impact on economic activity and ways of using; Relief locationsare divided into flat, hilly and mountainous. Separate relief elements are known as natural points and lines of relief. Mountains are strongly dissected landforms. Mountains consist of a set of positive and negative forms of relief. Amountain is a large landform that stretches above the surrounding land in a limited area, usually in the form of a peak. A mountain is, generally, steeper than ahill.Mountains are formedthroughtectonic forcesorvolcanism. These forces can locally raise the surface of the earth by over 10,000 feet (3,00 m). Mountains erode slowly through the action ofrivers, weather conditions, and glaciers. A few mountains are isolated summits, but most of them occur in huge mountain ranges. Separated mountain is a positive form of relief,isolated rising over relatively flat space of more than 200 m. On all sides the mountain is limited inclined planes – slopes. Transitions from slopes to the plain are sole mountains. The highest part of the mountain called the vertex (peak, round, flat). Mountain ridges (хребет) – linearly extended large positive landforms bounded descending into opposite sides of slopes. Slopes dissected by mountain valleys. Rising areas create peaks of a ridge, the lowestcreatepasses. Broad passes called saddles, and deeply embedded – mountain passes. Mountain belt isseveral interconnected mountain ranges, mountain chains and ridges when crossing form mountain sites. Highlandsare vast areas of the earth's surface, characterized by a combination of mountain ranges interspersed with broad, flat basins. Mountain belt is a geographic area containing numerous geologically related mountains. A mountain system or system of mountain ranges sometimes is used to combine several geological features that are geographically (regionally) related. Equipments of morphologist are tablet with a compass, roulette, Sapper shovel, geological hammer, altimeter (altimeter), sample bags, 28

paper, labels, binoculars, sketchbook, a set of colored pencils and simple, notebook or field diary with graph paper, and camera. 4. Meteorological research Scientific forecasting of weather is based on analysis of surface and upper synoptic maps compiled from ground-based weather stations, atmospheric probes or air space observations. Experience of many centuries of people in weather observations allowed revealing folk omens by local features. Using them is necessary to take into consideration followings:  It is impossible to do forecasting only by a single feature, more signs indicate to specific type of weather;  The more rapidly changing meteorological elements (temperature, pressure, cloud cover) will take greater probability of a correct prediction;  The weather has «inertia»; if there are no signs of change, in the near future it will remain the same. Meteorology observations of tourists at inaccessible or seldom visited places would be useful for science and economy. Observation for each meteorology elements should be done 4 or 8 times a day. It is preferably to do observations in the accepted international terms: 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19 and 22 hours. Notes are maintained according to special form (meteorological journal). It is also recorded weather forecast, its accuracy and mistakes. Results of observations registered in log files (Table 1). Data on a climate of travelling area can be founded in a climatological handbook. Information about weather and advising can be taken personably or via written request in major cities in Hydrometeorological Bureau of Hydrometeorological Service of local governments, as well as weather stations. 4. Recommended meteorological instruments:  for measuring air pressure (one of the following instruments): altimeter, barometer aneroid of a station, aneroid barometer school. Suitable for mountain trekking, only the first two units;  for measuring air temperature thermometer sling usual thermometer aspirated psychrometer. For temperatures below 29

minus 33°, when the mercury in a mercury thermometer starts to freeze, it is necessary to use alcohol thermometer;  to measure wind speed: hand anemometer of Arkadyev;  for measuring wind direction: pennant on a stick, used in conjunction with a compass. Other meteorology elements defined through a visual way (tables 2, 3). Table 1 Meteorological journal Data, time

Air tem pera ture

Barometri cpressure

Wind (direction, speed)

Clouds (on a scale, clouds form)

Precipit ation (type,int ensity)

Atmos pheric pheno mena

Obser ver

Evaluation of wind speed Windis the flow of gases on a large scale. On the surface of the Earth, wind consists of the bulk movement of air. In outer space, solar wind is the movement of gases or charged particles from the sun through space, while planetary wind is the outgassing of light chemical elements from a planet's atmosphere into space. In meteorology, winds are often referred to according to their strength, and the direction from which the wind is blowing. Short bursts of high speed wind are termed gusts. Strong winds of intermediate duration (around one minute) are termed squalls. Longduration winds have various names associated with their average strength, such as breeze, gale, storm, hurricane, and typhoon. Wind is caused by differences in atmospheric pressure. When a difference in atmospheric pressure exists, air moves from the higher to the lower pressure area, resulting in winds of various speeds. Typology of clouds. External signs of cloudiness Clouds are classified into a system that uses Latin words to describe the appearance of clouds as seen by an observer on the ground. Further classification identifies clouds by height of cloud base. 30

For example, cloud names n containing the prefix «cirr-» », as in cirrus clouds, are located att high levels while cloud names with the prefix «alto o-», as in altostraatus, are found aat middle levels. This module intro oduces several clo oud groups. The ffirst three groups are identified based upon their heig ght above the grouund. The fourth group g consists of vertically developeed clouds, while the final group consists of a colleection of miscall

Pict. 1. Beaufort w wind scale

High-level cloud ds form above 200,000 feet (6,000 meters) and sincee the temperaturees are so cold aat such high elev vations, these clouds are primarily composed c of ice ccrystals. High-lev vel clouds are typiccally thin and wh hite in appearancee, but can appear in a magnificent array of colors when w the sun is low w on the horizon. 31

Table 2 Typology of clouds

Name of levels

International name

Symbolical notation

Cirrus

High level clouds, 6 km, (20 000 feet)

External signs

Сi

Gentle white clouds. Composed of ice crystals. Have the form of bands, threads, feathers, fibers. The most common form of high-level clouds are thin and often wispy cirrus clouds. Cirrus clouds are composed of ice crystals that originate from the freezing of super-cooled water droplets. Cirrus generally occur in fair weather and point in the direction of air movement at their elevation.

Cs

Thin whitish veil, giving to sky milky colour. The Sun or Moon can be seen through them as colorless light ring, diameter of which is many times larger than sun or moon (circles of Gallo).

Сс

Form in the sky «lambs» of small sizes, have often in groups or rows. The sun shines through the upper layer, giving weak shadows on the ground. Precipitation does not given

As

Smooth white or bluish veil covering the whole sky. Sun shines as through matt glass, giving no shadows. Tight can produce precipitation in the form of individual drops or snowflakes

Ас

Form ridges, bowls, frozen waves. Sun and moon shines through thin, given them a ring around with color in a rainbow of colors (crowns)

Cirrostratus

Cirrocumulus

Altostratus

Middle level, from 2 to 6 km Altocumulus

32

Stratus St Nimbosstratus Low-Level Cloud ds, below 2 km (6500 feet)

Ns Stratocuumulus Sc

Cumuluus Cloud ds with Verticcal Devellopment

Си

Cumuloonimbus

Cb

Dirty pallium, alm most has no pattern. The sun does not shine. Precipitation does not given Dirty-gray, low cloouds torn forms, of which raain or snow falls. Observed at a background of Stratus Clouds, similar to Altocumulusbut more m dense in located to a heightt of 2 km. Waves of Large siizes. Precipitation is noot given. The sun does not shinee. Typical cloud withh a flat base and domed shape. Rain did not give. At intensive development upward moving inn Cumulonimbus, haaving lead, threatening appearrance, the upper part is oftenn blurred, moving in Cirrus Heavy rainfalls falll as rain, snow, hail. Storm observed in

Piict. 2. External signs oof cloudiness

Mid-Level Cloud ds. The bases oof mid-level clou uds typically appeear between 6,50 00 to 20,000 feeet (2,000 to 6,0 000 meters). Becaause of their low wer altitudes, theyy are composed primarily of 33

water droplets; however, they can also be composed of ice crystals when temperatures are cold enough. Low clouds are of mostly composed of water droplets since their bases generally lie below 6,500 feet (2,000 meters). However, when temperatures are cold enough, these clouds may also contain ice particles and snow. Vertically Developed Clouds. Probably the most familiar of the classified clouds is the cumulus cloud. Generated most commonly through either thermal convection or frontal lifting, these clouds can grow to heights in excess of 39,000 feet (12,000 meters), releasing incredible amounts of energy through the condensation of water vapor within the cloud itself. 5. Hydrological and glaciological research Hydrology observations, particular studies of small rivers, have national economy importance. Touristic groups would have an impact in researches. During travel hydrology description should be done according next plan: 1) general data about river: its name, area, region, land, republic, where river flows; beginning and end of the river; which types of basin river related to, what kind of flows does river have; Description of related land to a river.Description of the surrounding areas, valleys and the river bed (on sites); measurements of water flow, information about available at each site waterworks; 3) information on the regime of the river, collected by the survey; 4) information on the use of the river in some areas, and as a whole. Equipment tourist hydrologist: tablet for visual survey with compass and ruler of sight; durable, do not stretch the cord (or twine) 20-25 cm long, marked-up by the meter; thin pole length 1,5.-2 m, the markup by centimeters – for measuring depth, clock with a second hand or a stopwatch, camera; field diary and notebook, stock pencils and erasers. Glaciological observations can only lead by experienced travelers who while traveling in the mountains have to go through snowfields and glaciers. 34

Glaciers feed the rivers, which are often important for the national economy (irrigation, hydroelectric power, etc.). Glaciology is necessary to record the following data: 1) the name of the glacier, the exposure of the slope on which it is Hall of Gaeta, the height of the end of the «language», average width and length of the glacier, the height of the firn0 line; 2) the morphology of the surface of the glacier: a) the food area (shaped pool supply, distribution of cracks), b) the melting region (lateral and medial moraines, ice falls, fractures); c) the form of the end of the glacier; 3) Evidence of the speed and the recent attacks and retreats of the glacier; 4) the type of the glacier (kar, hanging valleys, tree revived, etc..); 5) the date of the observation of the glacier. Equipment tourist-glaciologist: camera, centimeter, binoculars, notebook, album for sketches. 6. Geobotanical and zoological research Very popular botany among tourists . The homogeneity of the vegetation is a sure indicator of the homogeneity of the geographical environment, a change from one type of its other evidence of climate change, the nature of the underlying rocks and other differences in the natural environment. Therefore, the uniformity of the vegetation may be one of the signs for the division of the territory. In addition to records of vegetation, it is necessary to make a herbarium. For herbarium should choose a plant with well-developed leaves, flowers and fruits are not damaged. In rainy weather, or early in the morning until the dew dries up, the fee is not recommended, Digging the plant up by the roots, it is placed in a folder or botanical grid between the sheets of paper folder is closed and tightly knotted, large plants is folded in half, leaves and flowers carefully straightened so they do not crinkled. In conifers necessarily take bumps. To needles drying not showered, dried twigs of conifers in the hot sand. The hardest thing to dry plant with thick fleshy leaves and stems and. His best scald with boiling water or immerse briefly in alcohol, and then placed in a paper bag and fill with hot sand. 35

If the plant is dry, elated beyond the end of the stem, it is kept straight and not bent. The label record sequence number, name of the plant in detail the location and conditions in which it is grown, by whom and when thwarted. If the scientific name of the plant is unknown, may be temporarily satisfied with the local name. It is forbidden to collect rare and endangered plants, so before going or expedition should be familiar with the Red Book of Kazakhstan. Equipment tourist botanist: press for drying plants, digger (shovel), a pruning knife, a small shovel in the boot, plywood stick storage plants, newsprint, notebook, notebook label, notebook, crayons, to plants. Fans of Zoology and Entomology can assist in the study of zoological resources of our country, collecting information about the animals and collection during travel. Most available information is from observations of insects, birds and mammals. Record observations are necessary systematically: the time and place of collection, the weather, the name of the observed object, its habitat, behavior of the object. The facility is required to attach a label. On it put down the same number as in the diary, the time and place of collection of the object name to collect. Equipment tourist zoologist and entomologist; nets for catching various terrestrial and aquatic insects, stains, ether, alcohol, formalin, boxes, cotton, scalpel, dissecting scissors, tweezers, thread, needle, newsprint, special tight-fitting lid tableware. 7. Phenological research Phenology – the area of applied knowledge that studies the seasonal development of nature, a dynamic relationship of all its components. Local history phenological observations allow us to establish the distinctive features of its manifestations seasonal rhythms in comparison with the nature of the neighboring territories of the district, area. Using the results of local phenological observations helps to maintain agricultural work, to use the gifts of the forests, fields, gardens and ponds. Doing phenological observations is accurate fixing dates the onset, duration and termination of seasonal changes in the atmo36

sphere, the water component of its natural areas in the life of plants and animals, as well as in the economic activity of people. For these observations, it is recommended to choose the most typical of the nature of the studied area and the edge of objects – portions of landscapes, water, plant and animal species. Record the results of observations conducted in the log (diary), which is made on the basis of monthly phenological calendar. Comparison of observational data for several years gives you the opportunity to get the average date of onset and completion of major phenological phases in the development of the nature of their local area, which can be guided in different types of practice Phenological observations may include: 1) observations weather events; 2) monitoring the development phases of trees and shrubs; 3) monitoring phases of development of crops; 4) observations of phenological phases of bird life; 5) monitoring of the agricultural work. The method is based phenology determines the long-term repeatability of observations. Visual observation is accessible to amateur ethnographer research method. It is advisable to carry out surveillance of populations rather than single specimens. It is desirable to carry out surveillance on the seasons of the year, at least once in 2-3 days. Observations of plants. You must select common types of in the area. In spring and summer it is recommended to observe the following conditions: 1) sap flow in trees; 2) swelling of the kidneys; 3) budding – the appearance of the tips of the leaves; 4) the deployment of the first leaf; 5) the beginning of flowering; 6) the end of flowering; 7) start fruiting; 8) mass fruiting; 9) the coloring of leaves; 10) the beginning of leaf fall; 11) is a full coloring of foliage; 12) end of leaf fall. 37

Observation of the animals. Great practical interest are observations of insects – pollinators, honey plants pests of agricultural plants. It is desirable to observe the following conditions: 1) the first and the prevalence of adults (adults); 2) the beginning of egg-laying; 3) the beginning of the emergence of the larvae; 4) the beginning of pupation. Birdwatching elected special routes. It is advisable to carry out surveillance in the morning, when the birds are most active: 1) fix the date of arrival (flight) birds; the date set for mass flight; 2) the date set for the flight of birds; fixing the date of the mass departure (flight) birds. 8. Topographic surveys Topographic surveys play an important role in local history studies, vol. To. Allow you to create a site plan, produce routing shooting in the campaign, even in the absence of a topographic base. In a way there is often a need to graphically display the terrain. Depending on the nature of the shooting are areal (polygon) and route:  route survey – the main type of surveying in a campaign or expedition, created as a result of topographical scheme of the route and the surrounding countryside. Scale of 1:50,000 to 1: 200,000;  areal survey carried out if necessary to remove the interesting section in more detail (scale 1:5000 or more). The simplest types of surveys available even for a school of Regional Studies are the visual and bussolnaya shooting. The visual shooting terrain is performed using simple devices: the tablet with a glued on him paper and a compass and line of sight. When gs. plan, although the low accuracy is obtained directly on the ground. Distances are measured in steps, with the help of a pedometer, on the speedometer of the car, the meter on the bike or simply by eye, using the tables of visibility of objects. Directions for the objects to draw on the point of each crew, setting the tablet horizontally and is focused on a compass; operate it by applying a target line to the image 38

of a given point, putting the upper edge of the ruler on the intended object to a point adjacent to the bottom of the line. Distance measurement is made in various ways: 1. Measurement of steps. Steps are considered in pairs, reckoned a hundred pairs of steps mark a dash in a notebook. Step size will vary depending on terrain and condition of the pedestrian. For a more accurate measurement of the distance length of steps should be determined by means of the control line. When driving on a solid surface, the error is 2%, on the grass, furnaces, viscous or granular soil – 3-5%. 2. Determination of the distance over time and speed used when recording routing. At the starting point of recording time, passing reference distance, determined speed. The main difficulty is variable speed of the pedestrian. The accuracy of this method is lower than the first, but is sufficient for routing shooting on a scale of 1:100 000 to 1:200 000. 3. Visual determination of distances – apparently individual objects or by comparing the estimated distance with the previously known segments (Table 4). Table 4 Signs of visual range Signs of visual range Houses of settlement type are visible Windows in buildings are visible Particular trees, pipes on roofs are visible Some people are visible Columns of communication lines are visible Tree trunks in a forest are visible Movement of arms and legs of human are visible

Range, km. 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,7

Determination of distances from the angular size of an object is applicable when determining the distance to the object, the size of which is known (height, width, or length). You can measure the angle subtended by the object and the required distance obtained from the formula: D = 1000 * L/ A, 39

Where D is distance to the object, L – linear size of the object, A – the angular size of the object in the «thousandths» (the number of mm at a distance of 50 cm from the eye is multiplied by 2). Determination of the width of the river. Inaccessible for direct measurement of the distance can be determined by geometric constructions. 4. Determination of the height of the object along the length of the shadow – measure the length of the shadow from the object and the length of the shadow from the known height of the object, are proportion. 5. Determination with a ruler. From the base of the subject is metered to 50 m. Received notice at a ruler, which is held at a distance of 50 cm from the eye, how many centimeters to fit. Number of centimeters counted on line – object height in meters. 6. Height of available items can be picked cord or tape. 7. Determination of absolute heights can be produced with the help of special instruments or a topographic map. Definition steepness of the slope. The steepness of the ramp is the angle of the slope relative to the horizontal plane. Visual evaluation steepness difficult one and the same slope of the bottom appears cooler than at the top. When the slope of the ramp is up to 25 degrees, you can use the method of leveling (60 divided by the number of pairs of steps). Maximum lift of the human foot 30 degrees, at the steepness of the slope more than 40 ° Inclined move with his hands. Determination is made by the compass azimuth (angle clockwise from north). If desired azimuth directions are defined by the map, and the route is maintained by the compass, it is necessary to take into account the magnetic declination (it is indicated on the maps). Serif method used in determining the position of points lying on the side of the route. The object should be seen from the two points, the position of which is known in the topographic pattern. Azimuths determined from different points on the object and held straight lines – at the intersection will be the subject. On topographic charts Topographic terrain objects depicted as conventional signs, tracing which does not require special equipment. GPS. (Global Positioning System). Now GPS-navigation opens up new opportunities to travelers who are in different parts of the 40

world. Today, GPS-receivers can be purchased at many stores that sell electrical engineering, these devices can be integrated in a mobile phone, onborder, which is similar to a home PC, which can be used to work in the car phone. The basic techniques of GPS-orientation: 1. Determine the distance to the desired point and the direction it. 2. Determine your location on the ground. 3. Return to the starting point. 4. GPS can estimate the average speed. 5. Determination of altitude to GPS. Thanks to GPS-navigation tourist sees itself and allow rescuers to see its location on an electronic map, can work your own route with the road signs, take into account the traffic congestion, find quick detour of traffic jams. Thanks to GPS-navigation tourist can find on the map he needed attractions, streets, houses, petrol stations, hospitals, cafes and other facilities. Antenna of GPS-navigator must ensure stable reception of the signal in remote places – on the shores of lakes and rivers, basins, canyons. Interesting opportunity to practice in GPS-orientation is geocaching. It's a game, some members of which lay on the ground caches, while others are trying to find them on the GPS-coordinates, description and photos. The task seems simple, but some caches cleverly disguised, and to get close to others, you need to go through the whole route points GPS. Geocaching is close to tourists, because each cache associated with the historical, architectural or natural landmark. Descriptions caches contain detailed stories about interesting places. Geocaching allows you to turn a Sunday walk in nature or sports training trip an exciting journey. Tourist can choose the caches of different levels of complexity. Simple caches allow finding out how GPS readings correspond to reality. Caches are more difficult the real test of your ability to navigate. Control questions and independent work 1. List basic components of nature that are available for studying by regional specialists. 2. Which stages do consist of a complex physical-geographical study? 3. Describe the procedure and equipment for the study of geological formations. 41

4. Methods and equipment of geomorphological studies. 5. With the help of the equipment produced topographical surveying in tourism campaigns? How is it possible to navigate the terrain? 6. What are the methods and equipment of meteorological observations? 7. What are the methods and equipment used for hydrological researching? 8. What are the methods and equipment used for botanical and zoological studies?

Seminar 2 Geographical Studies. Topographic surveys. Study of geological and geomorphological conditions 1. The object of study of the physiographic local history and natural sources of local lore. 2. The stages of physical and geographical research. 3. Local lore study of geological conditions of the area. Rocks and Minerals. Classification of rocks. Equipment and methods of geological research. 4. Study of local lore geomorphological conditions of the area. Landforms. Morphological structure and morphosculpture. Equipment and technique geomorphological studies 5. Characteristics of geological and geomorphological conditions of the area. 6. Topographical surveys. Elements of topography: map, plan, scale, azimuth, symbols. Orienteering. Charting the route. Possibilities of GPS-navigation in tourism. Literature: 1. Национальный Атлас Республики Казахстан, Том 1. Природные условия и ресурсы. – Алматы, 2010. – 150 с. 2. Республика Казахстан, Том 1. Природные условия и ресурсы. – Алматы, 2010. – 506 с. 3. Физическая география Республики Казахстан: учеб. пособие / К.М. Джаналиева и др. – Алматы: Қазақ университеті, 1998. – 266 c. 4. Чупахин В.М. Физическая география Казахстана: учеб. пособие. – Алма-Ата: Мектеп, 1968. – 260 с. 5. Абдуллин А. А. Геология и минеральные ресурсы Казахстана. – АлмаАта: Ғылым, 1994. 6. Уварова А.К., Мазбаев О.Б. Рекреационная картография с основами топографии. – Алматы, 2002. 7. Мешечко Е.Н. Географическое краеведение. – Минск, 1986. 42

8. Краеведение: пособие для учителя // А.В. Даринский и др. – М., 1987. 9. Спутник туриста. – М.: Физкультура и спорт, 1959. 10. Любушкина С.Г. Естествознание. Землеведение и краеведение. – М., 2002.

Seminar 3 Regional studies of climatic and hydrological conditions of a territory 1. Sources of materials about basic climate indicators. 2. The meteorological parameters. Equipment for meteorological observations. Derived meteorological observations. 3. Weather prediction by local signs and omens. 4. Hydrological studies and their implications for the organization of tourist and excursion work. 5. Study of river regime in field and steady-state conditions. The main hydrological parameters. 6. Study of lakes and reservoirs. 7. Glaciological observations. Literature: 1. Национальный Атлас Республики Казахстан, Том 1. Природные условия и ресурсы. – Алматы, 2010. – 150 с. 2. Республика Казахстан, Том 1. Природные условия и ресурсы. – Алматы, 2010. – 506 с. 3. Физическая география Республики Казахстан: учеб. пособие / К.М. Джаналиева и др. – Алматы: Қазақ университеті, 1998. – 266. 4. Чупахин В.М. Физическая география Казахстана: учеб. пособие. – Алма-Ата: Мектеп, 1968. – 260 с. 5. Мешечко Е.Н. Географическое краеведение. – Минск, 1986. 6. Краеведение: пособие для учителя // А.В. Даринский и др. – М., 1987. 7. Спутник туриста. – М.: Физкультура и спорт, 1959. 8. Байдал М.Х. Календарные особенности климата Алма-Аты. – АлмаАта, Казахстан, 1976.

Seminar 4 Study of the flora and fauna of a region 1. Key indicators and methods of geo-botanical studies. 2. Observations of animal life. 43

3. Phenological observations. 4. Protection and restoration issues of flora and fauna. The Red Book of Kazakhstan. 5. Preparation of geo-botanical characteristics of their land and use it in a tourist-excursion work. Rare and endangered species of plants. Useful medicinal and poisonous plants. 6. The characteristic fauna of the area. Rare and endangered species of animals. References: 1. Национальный Атлас Республики Казахстан, Том 1. Природные условия и ресурсы. – Алматы, 2010. – 150 с. 2. Республика Казахстан, Том 1. Природные условия и ресурсы. – Алматы, 2010. – 506 с. 3. Физическая география Республики Казахстан: учеб. пособие / К.М. Джаналиева и др. – Алматы: Қазақ университеті, 1998. – 266. 4. Чупахин, В.М. Физическая география Казахстана: учеб. пособие. – Алма-Ата: Мектеп, 1968. – 260 с. 5. Краеведение: пособие для учителя // А.В. Даринский и др. – М., 1987. 6. Вуколов В.Н. Основы туристско-краеведческой работы. – Алматы, 2005. 7. Мешечко Е.Н. Географическое краеведение. – Минск, 1986. 8. Спутник туриста. – М.: Физкультура и спорт, 1959. 9. Формозов А.Н. Животный мир Казахстана. – М.: Наука, 1987. 10. Красная книга Казахстана. Том 1, том 2. – Алматы, 1996.

Laboratory work №2. Physical and geographical description of region. Goal: to make a plan and to know methods of the physical and geog raphical description of region;to use science, cartography sources and to develop skills in the use our own observations. Task. To make physical and geographical description of region according the next plan: 1. Location of the region (geographic coordinates, location on the territory of Kazakhstan Republic, altitude, relief and topography). Physical, administrative and political map. 2. The lithogenic base (tectonic structure, geology map, map of quaternary). 44

3. Relief. (altitude and comparative height, macro-name, morphological structure of the relief the expositional location). Geomorphology map. 4. Climate. (sun radiation, average temperature by seasons, atmospheric pressure, wind, average annual rainfalland their distribution by seasons, length of warm and cold days, snow cover, coefficient of humidity). 5. Hydrology (river, lake, water reservoir, glacier, ground water, water regime (mode), chemical composition, influence the human activity). Hydrology map. 6. Ground and plants (types of the ground and plants of the regions), plants map 7. Animals (birds, insects, marine mammals, reptiles). 8. Environment 9. Recreational recourses and using References: 1. Национальный Атлас Республики Казахстан, Том 1. Природные условия и ресурсы. – Алматы, 2010. – 150 с. 2. Республика Казахстан, Том 1. Природные условия и ресурсы. – Алматы, 2010. – 506 с. 3. Физическая география Республики Казахстан: учеб. пособие / К.М. Джаналиева и др. – Алматы: Қазақ университеті, 1998. – 266. 4. Чупахин В.М. Физическая география Казахстана: учеб. пособие. – Алма-Ата: Мектеп, 1968. – 260 с. 5. Атлас Казахской ССР. Ч. 1. Природа. – Алма-Ата, 1987.

Laboratory work №3. Methods of creating physical and geography profile The aim: to create physical and geography profile of region; to learn of searching connection between links of natural complexes; to study to use different types of the maps. Task: to make physical and geography profile of the Kazakhstan and analyze it. 1. To make a hypsometric curve along the line profile (use physical hypsometry map). 2. By the profile line to put tectonic structure: land outputs folded complexes of different ages, the depth of the folded basement on plates of neotectonic basins. 45

3. To construct a scheme of occurrence of sedimentary rocks on plates (geologic map). 4. To apply climatic parameters on the profile line: average annual rainfall, average temperatures in January and July (climatic maps). 5. To apply a placement of soils and greenery along the line profile (maps of soil and vegetation). 6. To analyze the interconnection and interdependence of natural components. Control questions and independent work 1. How and why does profile line change in terrain? What are landforms respective outputs of the folded basement of different ages, cases of sedimentary rocks, neotectonic depressions? 2. What areas are more ancient younger along the line of the profile? 3. How is the climatic data along the profile line (from north to south, depending on the terrain)? 4. Is there any connection between the change of soil and vegetation zones and relief? 5. Is there any connection between the change of soil, vegetation and climatic parameters? References: 6. Национальный Атлас Республики Казахстан, Том 1. Природные условия и ресурсы. – Алматы, 2010. – 150 с. 7. Республика Казахстан, Том 1. Природные условия и ресурсы. – Алматы, 2010. – 506 с. 8. Физическая география Республики Казахстан: учеб. пособие / К.М. Джаналиева и др. – Алматы: Қазақ университеті, 1998. – 266. 9. Чупахин В.М. Физическая география Казахстана: учеб. пособие. – Алма-Ата: Мектеп, 1968. – 260 с.

Laboratory work №4. Natural Protected areas (forestry) of Kazakhstan Goal: to understand a responsibility for environment. Task:to make classification of natural protected areas of Kazakhstan. Student should know definition and role of each type of protected area. To make a list of natural protected areas of student’s own locality through using a map of Kazakhstan (a map will be given by lecturer). To make description of the one chosen protected areas. 46

During preparation a task students should use next information about protected areas. IUCN protected area categories or IUCN protected area management categories – are categories used to classify protected areas, in a system developed by the IUCN – International Union for the Conservation of Nature. The enlisting of such areas is part of a strategy being used toward the conservation of the world's natural environment and biodiversity. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature – IUCN has developed the protected area management categories system to define, record and classify the wide variety of specific aims and concerns when categorizing protected areas and their objectives. This categorization method is recognized on a global scale by national governments and international bodies such as the United Nationsand the Convention on Biological Diversity. Category Ia – Strict Nature Reserve IUCN Category Ia Strict nature reserve – area which is protected from all but light human use in order to preserve the geological and geomorphical features of the region and its biodiversity. These areas are often home to dense native ecosystems that are restricted from all human disturbance outside of scientific study, environmental monitoring and education. Because these areas are so strictly protected, they provide ideal pristine environments by which external human influence can be measured. In some cases strict nature reserves are of spiritual significance for surrounding communities and the areas are also protected for this reason. The people engaged in the practise of their faith within the region have the right to continue to do so providing it aligns with the area's conservation and management objectives. Human impacts on strict nature reserves are increasingly difficult to guard against as climate and air pollution and newly emerging diseases threaten to penetrate the boundaries of protected areas. If perpetual intervention is required to maintain these strict guidelines, the area will often fall into category IV or V. Category Ib – Wilderness Area IUCN Category Ib Wilderness area – areas generally larger and protected in a slightly less stringent manner than that of strict nature reserves. 47

These areas are protected domain in which biodiversity and ecosystem processes (including evolution) are allowed to flourish or experience restoration if previously disturbed by human activity. These are areas which may buffer against the effects of climate change and protect threatened species and ecological communities. Human visitation is limited to a minimum, often allowing only those who are willing to travel of their own devices (by foot or by boat), but this offers a unique opportunity to experience wilderness that has not been interfered with. Wilderness areas can be classified as such only if they are devoid of modern infrastructure, though they allow human activity to the level of sustaining indigenous groups and their cultural and spiritual values within their wilderness-based lifestyles. Category II – National Park IUCN Category II National park – this bears similar characteristics to that of Wilderness Areas with regards to size and the main objective of protecting functioning ecosystems, however National parks tend to be more lenient with human visitation and its supporting infrastructure. National parks are managed in a way that may contribute to local economies through promoting educational and recreational tourism on a scale that will not reduce the effectiveness of conservation efforts. The surrounding areas of a national park may be for consumptive or non-consumptive use, but should nevertheless act as a barrier for the defence of the protected area's native species and communities to enable them to sustain themselves in the long term. Category III – Natural Monument or Feature IUCN Category III Natural monument or feature – represents comparatively smaller areas that are specifically allocated to protect anatural monument and its surrounding habitats. These monuments can be natural in the wholest sense, or include elements that have been influenced or introduced by humans. The latter should hold biodiversity associations or could otherwise be classified as a historical or spiritual site, though this distinction can be quite difficult to ascertain. To be categorised as a natural monument or feature by IUCN's guidelines, the protected area could include: natural geological or geomorphological features; culturally-influenced natural features; natural cultural sites; or cultural sites with associated ecology. The 48

classification then falls into two subcategories, those in which the biodiversity in uniquely related to the conditions of the natural feature, and those in which the current levels of biodiversity are dependent on the presence of the sacred sites that have created an essentially modified ecosystem. Natural monuments or features often play a smaller but key ecological role in the operations of broader conservation objectives. They have a high cultural or spiritual value which can be utilised to gain support of conservation challenges by allowing higher visitation or recreational rights, therefore offering an incentive for the preservation of the site. Category IV – Habitat/Species Management Area IUCN Category IV Habitat management area and species management area – like Category III Natural monument/feature, this focuses on more specific areas of conservation (though size is not necessarily a distinguishing feature), but in relation to an identifiable species or habitat that requires continuous protection rather than that of a natural feature. These protected areas will be sufficiently controlled to ensure the maintenance, conservation and restoration of particular species and habitats – possibly through traditional means – and public education of such areas is widely encouraged as part of the management objectives. Habitat or species management areas may exist as a fraction of a wider ecosystem or protected area and may require varying levels of active protection. Management measures may include (but are not limited to); the prevention of poaching, creation of artificial habitats, halting natural succession and supplementary feeding practices. Category V – Protected Landscape/Seascape IUCN Category V Protected landscape and protected seascape – area covers entire bodies of land or ocean with a more explicit management plan in the interest of nature conservation, but is more likely to include a range of for-profit activities. The main objective is to safeguard regions that have built up a 'distinct character' in regards to their ecological, biological, cultural or scenic value. In contrast with previous categories, Category V–Protected Landscapes and Seascapes allow a higher level of interaction with surrounding communities who are able to contribute 49

to th he areas managem ment and engage with the natural and cultural herittage it embodies th hrough a sustainaable outlook. Landscapesandseeascapesthat fall into this category should repreesent an integral balance betweenn people and natture, and can sustaain activities such h as traditional agrricultural and foreestry systems on conditions c that ensure e the continnued protection or ecological resto oration of the areaa. Category V is on ne of the more fflexible classificaations of protecteed areas. As a resu ult, protected landdscapes and seasccapes may be able to accommodatee contemporary ddevelopments succh as ecotourism m at the same tim me as maintaininng the historical management practtices that may pro ocure the sustainaability of agrobio odiversity and aquaatic biodiversity. Category VI – Protected P Area w with sustainable use u of natural resou urces IUCN category VIProtected V Area w with sustainable use u of natural resou urces – a generaally more encom mpassing classificcation that is focu used on the mutually beneficial correlation bettween nature consservation and su ustainable managgement ofnaturall resourcesin correespondence the livelihoods of thosse who are depend dent on both. A wiide range of socio o-economic factorrs are taken into consideration c in crreating local, regiional and nationaal approaches to using natural resou urces as a tacticc to assist sustainnable developmen nt rather than hind der it. Sttate National Nature Parks • Shaaryn • Saiiram-Ugam • Kolsay lakes • Kokkshetau • Katton-Karagay • Karrkaraly • Ile--Alatau • Zhoongar-Alatau • Bayyanayl • Alttyn-Emel

State Wildlife Reeserves • Ustirt • Nauryz • Markakol • Korgalzhyn • Karatau • West-Altay • Barsa-Kelmes • Almaty • Alakol • Aksu-Zhabagly

State N National Reserves • Ak Zhaayk • Irgyz-T Torgay • Semey forests • Ertis forests

Figure 3. Tyypes of natural protectted areas of Kazakhstaan 50

Though human involvement is a large factor in the management of these protected areas, developments are not intended to allow for widescale industrial production. The IUCN recommends that a proportion of the land mass is to remain in its natural condition – a decision to be made on a national level, usually with specifity to each protected area. Governance has to be developed to adapt the diverse – and possibly growing – range of interests that arise from the production of sustainable natural resources. Category VI may be particularly suitable to vast areas that already have a low level of human occupation or in which local communities and their traditional practices have had little permanent impact on the environmental health of the region. This differs from category V in that it is not the result of long-term human interaction which has had a transformative effect on surrounding ecosystems. Literature: 1. Карта «Особо охраняемые природные территории Республики Казахстан. – Алматы: ИГ АН РК, 2005. 2. Карта «Природно-заповедный фонд Казахстана». – Алматы: Экопроект, 2000. 3. Атлас Казахской ССР. Ч. 1. Природа. – Алма-Ата, 1987. 4. Национальный Атлас Республики Казахстан, Том 1. Природные условия и ресурсы. – Алматы, 2010. – 150 с. 5. Национальный Атлас Республики Казахстан Том 3. Окружающая среда и экология. – Алматы, 2010. – 159 с. 6. Республика Казахстан, Том 1. Природные условия и ресурсы. – Алматы, 2010. – 506 с. 7. Республика Казахстан Том 3. Окружающая среда и экология. – 2-е изд. – Алматы, 2010. – 520 с. 8. Физическая география Республики Казахстан: учеб. пособие / К.М. Джаналиева и др. – Алматы: Қазақ университеті, 1998. – 266. 9. Чупахин В.М. Физическая география Казахстана: учеб. пособие. – Алма-Ата: Мектеп, 1968. – 260 с.

51

Chapter 4 ECONOMICAL REGIONAL STUDIES 1. Essence, value and sources of economical regional studies. 2. Demographic studies of a region. 3. The composition of the economy and its classification. 4. Recreational resources.

1. Essence, value and sources of economical regional studies Tourists try to know geography of their trip area. They want to know how local people use their nature, land, resources. As well visitors try to identify type of economy, meet country sides, study history and current life. All of this information are necessary for correct asses of resources potential of territory, including organization and planning of tourist activity. Economy direction in local lore studies includes such issues as problems of modern social and economy life. Objects of economy studies could be as follow:  current population of territory;  State of economy in general and its particular branches;  localities, where people live and where economy and cultural life is sancurated.  particular enterprises and organizations, which create economy of region main sources of economy are statistical bulletins, questionnaires. 2. Demographic studies of a region Population is called the totality of the people living in the area . The most complete data are obtained on the basis of periodic censuses. By demographic aspects of the study population are: population size, composition of age and gender, natural growth, migration, ethnic composition, etc. The economic aspects are: the ratio of urban and rural population, working population and availability of labor, in which sectors 52

of employment, labor skills of the population, its level of education, population distribution, etc. The social aspects include: the social composition, ethnicity, traditions and culture of the people. Ethnography – is a historical science of the origin and ethnic history, the formation of the specific features of their culture and way of life, as an integral part of world civilization. Demographics – the science about human reproduction in its socio – historical conditions. Sociology – the study of the patterns and driving forces of the development and functioning of society as a whole system and individual social subsystems, institutions and social groups. Localities – permanently or seasonally inhabited place of residence of the population. All localities have names and are characterized by administrative status, population, spatial shape, compactness, history of settlement, etc. Any settlement, and a very big city and small village, original and different from all the other history of its origin and development, economic and geographical location and natural conditions, layout, architecture specifics, construction and other features characteristic of him . 3. The composition of the economy and its classification Economy of each region includes branches of material production and non-production sectors. The most important material production sectors – industry, agriculture, transport, construction, trade, and catering. Non-production sectors – housing and communal services, consumer services, health care, science, education, arts, sports and tourism. Ethnographer must find out what proportion of the economy occupies branches of material production and non-production sphere. Economy is a complex set of industries and economic ties. Enterprise – the territorial integrity of a compact economic and geographical entity, primary care social division of labor, produce and sell certain products having: a) the relative economic independence, and b) the technological perfection of production, c) typical for the industry resource requirements, d) social and environmental characteristics. 53

Most businesses are point-like objects (in industry, trade, construction), but there are linear nodal, linear network (transport) and area (in agriculture). For unproductive units adopted the term – an institution. Plans describe the population and enterprises are given in section «Methods of laboratory work». 4. Recreational resources Recreational resources – climatic, socio – cultural, historical, architectural and archaeological, scientific and industrial, entertainment, and other religious objects or phenomena that can meet the needs of people in the process of recreation. Purposes of determining the suitability and value of particular areas for tourism development are the studies of tourism and recreational resources. They are a combination of natural and man-made objects and phenomena of the environment suitable for the production of tourist and excursion services and meet the needs of the medical, recreational and sports and tourism. Tourist and recreational resources are historical concepts, since for centuries changed the role of the individual types of resources and their structure, the volume of tourist needs, which led and leads to involvement in turnover and more new elements, both natural and socio-economic nature. Resources of each type of tourism are specific: a) for spa and resort used various types of mineral waters and curative mud, weather and climate, giving therapeutic effect; caves and salt mines with a unique microclimate. Recreation for developing on the basis of a favorable and comfortable climatic periods, water, vegetation, topography, and other elements and properties of the landscape, creating a health effect. For sports tourism and travel categorical important properties such territory as permeability and the presence of obstacles (sills, ferries, passes), sparsely populated and remote area. Units for excursions are the cultural, historical and natural attractions, unique shopping facilities, folklore festivals and elements of popular culture (national games, arts and crafts). 54

The major characteristics of tourist and recreational resources are as follows: 1) the volume of stocks (flow rate of mineral waters; area of recreational areas; sightseeing potential tourist centers) needed to determine the carrying capacity of the TPC level of assimilation, optimizing loads; 2) the area of sharing resources (aquifers sizes, beaches, forest cover, water cut territory; border stable snow cover), which allows to determine the potential recreational land, set of sanitary protection; 3) possible exploitation period (duration of favorable climatic period, the bathing season, occurrence of stable snow cover ), which determines the seasonality of tourism, the rhythm of tourists; 4) territorial immobility of most types of resources to warrant the attraction of recreational infrastructure and flows to the places of their concentration; 5) relatively low capital cost and low operating costs, which allows you to quickly create the infrastructure and get the social and economic effects, as well as certain types of amateur use of resources; 6) the possibility of multiple use under the standards for environmental management and carrying out the necessary actions for remediation and improvement . Currently, there is a classification of resources and recreation and tourism, which divides them into: direct and indirect. Recreational resources are national assets. Parts of them havea particular importance attributed to the monuments of world importance. Such list shall establish and update annually by UNESCO. In the regional job data can be collected on the technical and ecological status of recreational resources and specific objects, their loading and the number of visits on the income from their use of the necessary measures for their conservation or reconstruction. Recreational facilities can be found on the special protection regime, limiting access to them, for example, protected areas (PAs). Control questions and independent work 1. List the sources of information about population, economy and their land. 2. What are the features and techniques for using statistical information analysis? 3. What is the socio-economic structure of the recreational resources? 55

4. 5. 6. 7.

On what the plan describes the population? On what the plan describes the economy? On what the plan describes the settlement? On what the plan describes the business objects?

Seminar 5 General characteristics of the economy: growth, structure and level of development 1. The composition of the economy. Industry specialization economy. 2. Enterprises and settlements as objects of study of local lore. Classification of enterprises and settlements. 3. Recreational Resources. Classification and characteristics of the main types of recreational resources. 4. Characteristics of the population of the area. 5. Characteristics of the economy of their region 6. The relationship between the economic and recreational use of the territory of its country. Opportunities for the organization of recreational activities. 7. Level of recreational specialization of its edges. Literature: 1. The National Atlas of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Volume 2. Socioeconomic development . – Almaty, 2010. – 162 p. 2. Republic of Kazakhstan, Volume 2. Socio-economic development 2nd ed. – Almaty, 2010. – 284 p. 3. Meshechko EN Geographical Studies. Minsk, 1986 . 4. Vukolov VN Nazarchuk MK Fundamentals of tourist and local history work . – Almaty, 1997. 5. Local history: a book for teachers // AV Darinskii etc. – M., 1987. 6. Satellite tourist. – Moscow: Physical Culture and Sports, 1959.

Laboratory work №5. Characteristics of industrial or agricultural enterprise of region. Characteristics of the population of region Goal: to study the history of the settlement of the region, major historical events, that influenced to change of gender, age, ethnicity, social structure of the population. 56

Task: to create written description of the population of your region or to make description of the enterprises of your region. Plan of the description of population: 1. History of settlement of your region, major stages settlement. 2. Demography description (births, deaths, natural increase, reproduction, migration). 3. Ethnographic aspect (national structure, the connection with the history of territory settlement, tradition and culture of inhabiting ethnic groups). 4. Social structure of the population (employment in various branches of the economy, labor, social structure). 5. Details of outstanding persons, living in the locality in whose honor were named streets. Plan of enterprises description 1. Title, form of property. 2. Year of creation, development history, current status. 3. Production cycle (raw materials and manufacturing processes, equipment, products). 4. State, job responsibilities of employees. 5. Inner and outer image of the company. Literature: 1. Statistical directories and bulletins. 2. Regional encyclopedias. 3. Kazakhstan encyclopedia. 4. Национальный Атлас Республики Казахстан, Том 2. Социальноэкономическое развитие. – Алматы, 2010. – 162 с. 5. Республика Казахстан, Том 2. Социально-экономическое развитие 2-е изд. – Алматы. 2010. – 284 с. 6. Статистические справочники и бюллетени. – http: //www.stat.kz 7. Энциклопедия Республики Казахстан. 8. Экономическая и социальная география Казахстана: учебник. 9. Энциклопедии городов и областей Казахстана. 10. Периодическая печать.

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Chapter 5 BASICS OF HISTORICAL REGIONAL STUDIES 1. The subject of historical regional studies. Types of monuments of history and culture. 2. Main directions of historical regional studies.

1. The subject of local history. Types of monuments of history and culture Historical part of the industry is called local history studies of history and culture. Local history as part of the general local history is a field of applied history and is distinguished by two essential features: locality studied historical events materialized in monuments of history and culture, and active character. History of the region is a rather complicated object differs with extraordinary capacity of the content of local history material, its chronological scope. The object of the case study can be a history of the region as a whole or the different periods of its history, as well as individual items, streets, factories, various facilities, buildings, places of memory. History research can cover a large chronological framework and historical periods or, conversely, limited events of one particular phase of local history, the life and activities of individuals involved in the historical events. As Local History material in chronological span as great as there are human society and the history of its development, and less diverse in content, in local history decided to allocate a number of independent lines of topics and chronological basis of the facts of local history with its more narrow object of study. These are:  Historical events in the region in the pre-Soviet period (the era of feudalism, capitalism).  The revolutionary history of the region.  Military past the edge associated with the struggle for independence, protection of the Fatherland in different periods of history. 58

 Soviet period (from October 1917 to December 1991).  The post-Soviet period (December 1991 to present).  Archaeological study of the region. Regional studies are objects of history and culture associated with historical events in the life of the region, the development of society and the state, the material and spiritual works of art, historical, scientific, artistic or other cultural value. For historical and cultural monuments include: 1. Historical monuments – buildings, memorials and items related to major historical events, the development of society and the state, the development of science and technology, the life of the people, the life of prominent political, government and military figures, folk heroes, science, literature and art. By origin of monuments of history clearly distinguished two major groups. First – monuments contemporaries and «participants» events were not intended as such, and performed certain official functions during the events described and extant traces of these events. The second group – monuments created subsequently in order to perpetuate the event. If the monuments of the first group contain direct (primary) the nature of historical information, the monuments of the second group differ mediated nature of the information «missing» through the perception of their creators.; 2. The works of art – works of monumental, fine art, crafts and other art forms. Artworks have an uncanny ability to accurately reproduce the surprising characteristic signs of the times and thus carry information about his era: the region's history, its nature, its cultural and environmental development, even the smallest details of such lifestyle as costumes, hairstyles, household items, long sunk into oblivion . A special group of the monuments of sculpture and architecture of small forms, created to perpetuate the people or events: monuments, obelisks, columns, triumphal arches, slabs with reliefs and inscriptions, memorial headstones and complexes, etc. All this memory made people pages of his biography; 3. Architectural and town planning – construction of civil, industrial, military, religious architecture, architectural ensembles and complexes, historical centers, quarters, squares, streets, remnants of ancient planning and development of human settlements; 59

4. Archaeological monuments are ancient settlement mounds, remains of ancient settlements, industries, canals, roads, ancient burial sites, stone sculptures, carvings, antiques; 5. Historical Documents are manuscripts, books, periodicals, folk epics, and folklore. An important task is to identify local historians such monuments and entered into the list of protected state. Preliminary information about the monuments are collected through a survey of local residents or inquiries from written sources. 2. Main directions of historical regional studies Every historical history research precedes a thorough study of the general and local literature on the chosen topic. Should determine which documents have been used predecessors, and what should be brought back to work. Complex documentaries state, political, scientific, cultural, economic value is called archival fund. Materials unified state archive fund concentrated in archival institutions, which are in each institution. In January 1922, was organized by the Central State Archive of Kazakhstan (CSA) is a regional state archives. First define the archive to which to apply. The main headings are in search of items that reveal their contents. Availability of critical documents further noted brief information – summary. Along with the description in the archives there are thematic handbooks – card catalogs, which contain information on the documents on the relevant funds. Resolution classes in the archive are given by its director, based on the letter institution or organization which provides the theme and purpose of the work with its attached Project Plan. Permission is granted for a specified period, after which the new formalized. After the end of the case study must complete «list of use» – name, date, case numbers sheets, which are made from the extract . At all times during lessons extracts and notes remain deposited in the archives and issue them to the hands researcher on completion of work. When using the materials in print, authors must make reference to the documents and to submit to the archive copy of the published work. 60

Monuments called construction works of art reflecting in its design and decoration of the development of material production, socio-economic relations, aesthetic views of the era to which their creation. When collecting information about the landmark special attention should be paid to the biographical information about the architects. Tourists, historians can also take part in the study and protection of monuments of history and architecture, which are protected by the state. Control cultures or departments should make Akimats for each historical monument or architecture, located on their territory. When economic use of monuments users give security obligations and strictly monitor their implementation. Previously, the state allocated money for the restoration of monuments, now the volume of work for the restoration of severely curtailed and went mainly on local budgets. Tourist groups wishing to seek landmarks or stories should contact the local offices of Protection of Monuments of Culture Akimats or departments to consult and obtain instructions (to identify, assess and take account of the place of life and activities of prominent scientists, politicians, artists, musicians and etc.). Initial documentation architectural monument must meet the following requirements:  photographs and sketches. Photographing produced on conventional film prints (5 copies) are performed on glossy paper with size 18* 24 cm on the back of the image recording is performed. Negatives are formed in the envelope. Inscription repeats on record prints – facility name, address, republic, region, district, town or village, number, and who photographed. Sketches made ?? on the standard album sheets of heavy paper;  dimensioned drawings. General plans are 1:2000 scale plans of buildings and structures – 1:200. When measuring a report carried out from the corner. The plan is on the drawing so that the main facade facing downwards, large complexes are located on the plane with the orientation of the area (north – above). The drawing at the top of the sheet is given the name 61

of the monument, its address in the lower right corner – the name and the date of effecting measurement;  map placement of the monument is based on the map. With the help of special symbols (you can get them in local culture and protection of monuments). When executed in color antiquities to the XI century denoted in purple, XI-XVII centuries – blue, XIII – green, XIX – XX centuries. – Orange, after the revolution – red;  special accounting documents – passport and registration card containing a summary of the passport:  1) Name of the monument; 2) The typological affiliation (archeology, history, architecture); 3) The dating of the monument; 4) The nature of the modern use (during construction and now); 5) Technical condition: good, poor, disaster; 6) Category protection: state, republican, regional, local, not protected; 7) Availability of documentations, publications; 8) Short description. Architecture task at this stage is now not only the construction of individual buildings, but mainly the creation of entire ensembles (neighborhoods), roads, walkways, gardens and parks, playgrounds. Everything – it's the problem of landscape architecture, each house becomes a component of a large and sometimes complex urban landscape. When this condition is a must – do not violate the historically ensemble of the city, not to destroy without convincingly justified need, the existing historical monuments and memorable places to protect urban vegetation. New must fit into the historically established. Another important section of local history is an archaeological study of local lore. Archaeology – the science that studies the historical past of human society from the real monuments: tools, utensils, dwellings, settlements. Burial place. Ground monuments of ancient life preserved by small and major archaeological findings are excavations. Excavations can not be repeated, so they require a strictly scientific approach, caution, patience, and make them skilled permitted only on special paper – «open list» – a special permit for excavation, issued by authorized bodies. All archaeological sites are 62

protected by law. Any excavation or earthwork on the territory of archaeological sites without open worksheet considered a crime. Useful contribution to archeology can make their observations and searches tourists. Hiking tourists native land open up rich possibilities for archaeological observations. Necessary for their success:  to organize search  to describe the findings;  to collect information from the local population, both about the monument and legends about him. The search begins with a consultation in the local history museum and acquaintance with the history of the area and trekking equipment archaeological observations. Places of ancient settlements, traces of human life are often found on the steep banks of rivers and lakes, on the slopes of ravines, quarries and pits. You need to pay attention to the sand dunes on the sandbanks. In the field of human life often persist tools, utensils, animal bones, ash from hearths residues structures and decorations. The layer of soil that contains them is called the cultural layer and usually released a darker color. Cultural layer thickness ranges from 2.3 cm to several meters, depending on the length of life of the people on this site and on the climatic, geological, soil conditions. Cultural layer boundaries are not always well defined. Without the participation of experts to carry out excavations can not but make detailed measurements and recording needs. It is desirable to photograph several angles. The history of mankind is divided into a series of epochs, each of which has its own divisions and stage. Finding the exposed cultural layer, it is necessary to measure its thickness, the depth from the surface length. Apply on location plan in the form of symbols. Collect need all that will meet in the cultural layer, not digging it, count the total number of objects found at each site and all the information recorded in the diary Many observations can be carried out in caves – ancient drawings, inscriptions, traces of hearths. Animal bones, arrowheads, etc. But a survey of caves requires special care and special equipment. In a way can meet the settlement – the remains of the ancient fortified settlements. Usually they consist of shafts and trenches of various shapes and sizes. Hillfort should measure and mark up; it is desirable to ocular estimation. 63

In Kazakhstan, many mounds of various shapes – cone, domeshaped, long, can be made of stones and covered with earth, on the tops may be «stone woman». Need to calculate and record the total number of detected mounds and information about them: the shape (elongated, conical), size, condition (excavated plowed), the presence of stone sculptures, topographical signs, crosses, stones, local name and related traditions. If there is a stone dolmen, it is necessary to determine the origin of the stone slab (local or imported stone), processing, holes, lettering or images on the map. In Kazakhstan there are more than 150 large concentrations of rock art – petroglyphs. Among them, in the southern part of Kazakhstan – Tamgaly Eshkiolmes, Karasaj in central – Baikonur Terekty, Kesteletas, Khantau, East – Kurchum, Okay, Moinak etc. Kazakhstan rock drawings in many respects are unique. On the rocks with petroglyphs different colonies of bacteria form a film – patina, which allows specifying the age of petroglyphs. To incorporate the results of the campaign in the archaeological map of the exposure or regional museum should provide the following information about the findings: 1. The Republic, state, district. 2. Name of the monument and its local name. 3. The exact location (with respect to the nearest settlement, river, etc.). 4. Brief description and condition of the monument. 5. Description of the objects found in the campaign. 6. If the found items are dealt, then what. 7. Author of compiled information and address composition. 8. Date.  Archaeological sources are an essential basis for the restoration of historical paintings of ancient and medieval history of Kazakhstan in broad chronological framework from the Paleolithic Age to the late Middle Ages. The problem of preservation and study of archaeological sites is impossible without a coherent organization of measures for their protection and use. In this regard, the Institute of Archaeology offered to introduce a program of measures to improve the identification of archaeological sites, the essence of which is to 64

carry out an archaeological examination precedes the processes of construction and economic activity. Control questions and independent work 1. What types of share historical and cultural sites? What laws govern the protection of Republic of Kazakhstan monuments of history and culture? 2. What is the procedure for registration of documents and methods of work in the archive? 3. What are the rules of the organization and carrying out archaeological excavations? 4. What documentation describing monuments? 5. Meaning of monuments of history and culture for the organization of tourist and excursion work.

Seminar 6 Monuments of history and culture 1. Laws on protection of monuments of history and culture. Meaning of laws. 2. Types of monuments of history and culture. 3. Archeological monuments, types of monuments. Activities on protection of archeological monuments. 4. Architectural Monuments, their classification and characterization. 5. Work with the documentary and literary sources of regional studies. The technique works in the state archives. 6. Art monuments, their types and value for of Regional Studies. Literature: 1. Касымбаев Ж.К. История Казахстана (XVIII в. – 1914 г.). – Алматы: Мектеп, 2012. – 250 с. 2. Ахметов Б.С. Историческое краеведение. – Алма-Ата, 1981. 3. Арциховский А. В. Основы археологии. – М., 1955. 4. Авдусин Д. А. Археологические разведки и раскопки. – М., 1959. 5. Методика полевых археологических исследований. – М., 1983. 6. Спутник туриста. – М.: Физкультура и спорт, 1959. 7. Архитектура и строительство Казахстана: Фотокнига. – Алматы: Золотая Книга, 2004. – 488 с.

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Chapter 6 TOPONYMC RESEARCH 1. Basic concepts and methods of toponymy 2. Features of the formation of toponyms of its region 3. Role of toponymy in the organization of recreational activities

1. Basic concepts and methods of toponymy Toponymy is the study of place names (toponyms), their origins, meanings, use and typology. An ethnonym (from the Greek: éthnos, «nation» and ónoma, «name») is the name applied to a given ethnic group. Ethnonyms can be divided into two categories: exonyms (where the name of the ethnic group has been created by another group of people) and autonyms or endonyms (self-designation; where the name is created and used by the ethnic group itself). Etymology is the study of the historyof words, their origins, and how their form and meaninghave changed over time. By an extension, the term «the etymology of a word» means the origin of the particular word. Methods of toponymics: Linguistics analysis Comparing analysis Historical methods Etymology analysis Geographical Place names surround us from childhood. From the first years of our life place names enter to our mind, beginning from a name of city, settlement, street and home, where we live. Place names never form randomly, they reflect particular period of a nation, its history and culture. From centuries to century place names are passed from grandfather to grandfather, from father to son, reflecting the different phenomena of nature, ideas about surrounding reality and also features of his tongue. Place name lives for a long time, saving earliest languages of disappeared nations, elements of earliest topography of a locality, 66

data of nature and early art. Toponymies are very valuable information for scientists. Place names formed at time, when there was no written system. The most earliest written monuments of Turkic people are related to VII century, Slav's – beginning of the X century, Mongolian – XIII century. Whatever, place names on noted languages was formed before establishing system of writing. By place name it is possible to restore a picture of earliest periods. Scientific discipline studying place names is called as «toponymic». Toponym is the general term for any place or geographical entity. Related, more specific types of toponym include hydronymfor a body of water and oronym for a mountain or hill. A toponymist is one who studies toponymy. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word «toponymy» first appeared in English in 1876; since then, toponym has come to replace «place-name» in professional discourse among geographers. It can be argued that the first toponymists were the storytellers and poets who explained the origin of specific place names as part of their tales; sometimes place-names served as the basis for the etiological legends. The process of folk etymology usually took over, whereby a false meaning was extracted from a name based on its structure or sounds. Place names provide the most useful geographical reference system in the world. Consistency and accuracy are essential in referring to a place to prevent confusion in everyday business and recreation. A toponymist, through well-established local principles and procedures developed in cooperation and consultation with the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Name (UNGEGN), applies the science of toponymy to establish officially recognized geographical names. A toponymist relies not only on maps and local histories, but interviews with local residents to determine names with established local usage. The exact application of a toponym, its specific language, its pronunciation, and its origins and meaning are all important facts to be recorded during name surveys. Scholars have found that toponyms provide valuable insight into the historical geography of a particular region. In 1954 F.M. Powicke said of place-name study that it «uses, enriches and tests the discoveries of archaeology and history and the rules of the philo67

logists».Toponyms not only illustrate ethnic settlement patterns, but they can also help identify discrete periods of immigration. Toponymists are responsible for the active preservation of their region's culture through its toponymy. They typically ensure the ongoing development of a geographical names data base and associated publications, for recording and disseminating authoritative hard-copy and digital toponymic data. Toponymic is a science developing on at the intersection of of three sciences: linguistic, history and geography. To make sucsessful toponymical researches it is importatnt to combine linguistic, historical and geographical sciences:  Geographer – idntifies and analyzes geographical conditions of toponymy's forming;  Luinguists – analyzes and describes forming, content and grammar features of toponyms;  Historians – explains ethnography forming features of place names. Toponymical classification has its own history. The first attempts of grouping place names were made in the XIX century. At that time place names divided as semantical and morphology groups. By volume of an object there are two big groups: 1) macrotoponyms – place names of huge natural or human made objects, as well as political and administrative unions; 2) microtoponyms – personal place names of small geographical objects, special landscape types (forests, fields, hill, etc.). Classes of toponyms defined by type of geography objects: name of rivers, cities, mountains, islands, etc. Hydronyms – the names of water bodies ( from al-Greek. – water) – Ili River, Talgar Yertys, Lake. Balkhash, the Atlantic Ocean, and so on; Oronyms – names of landforms (from al-Greek. – Mountain) – Turanian plain, Tianshan Mountains, the ridge of the Ile-Alatau Belukha, etc.; Drimonimy – the names of forests (from al-Greek. – tree) – Chin-Turgen spruce, aspen grove Charyn, Naurzum boron, etc.; Antropotoponimy – place names, produced from a personal name (from al-Greek. – people) – Pavlodar, Mykolaivka, Zyryanolsk. 68

Settlement names – names of places (from al-Greek. – dwelling, abode) – Astana, the village Shelek aul Sarybulak, megalopolis Bosvash etc.; Astionimy – names of cities (from al-Greek. – city) – years. Almaty, Pavlodar, Moscow, etc.; Urbanonimy – intra – object name (from the Latin. Urbanus – urban) – names of districts, neighborhoods . Godonimy – street names (from al-Greek. – path, road, street, track). Agoronimy – name space (from al-Greek. – square). Dromonimy – names of Railways ( from al-Greek. – running. Motion path) – Trans-Siberian. Kosmonimy – names of extraterrestrial objects: the planet Jupiter, Sea of Moscow on the moon, etc. 2. Features of the formation of toponyms of its region Place names of Kazakhstan consist of the follow strata: 1. The most of earliest toponymical strata is Iranian. The biggest share of them in Central Asia, especially in Tajikistan: ob is water, river (Surhob, Yagnob, Obihingou), kuh is a mountain (Kukhistn), daria – a big river (Syrdaria), Balkhan, Zeravshan, Lyangar (Lenger) and etc. 2. Arabian toponymy related to spreading of Islam. Whatever, Arabian toponyms not so common for Kazakhstan and we can see it in Uzbek place names. As examples we can provide such examples as Arslanbob (Arstanbab)), Djebel, the Gissar ridge, and such words in place names as rabad, mazar, mahala, sel, stan. Impact of Arabians on forming place names was a very small. A strict system of place names was established at Turkestan when Arabians entered to country. And the most of Arabian words have become part of the Iranian and Turkic lexicon, so it is difficult to say when Arabic toponyms caught on there. 3. Turkic toponyms are found in almost everywhere, dated from the 7th century, most widely the 10th century. Such toponyms we would see everywhere. For example, Kyzylkum – the red sands, Muztau – an ice mountain, etc. the feature of Turkic toponymy is Verbal names (toponymy consisting of full sentence): Barsakelmes – go and wouldn't come back, Ishek Ankerkir – hill here donkey cried. 69

The most of Turkic place name entered in a found of scientific literature (takyr, syrt, shor, tugai and etc.). It is also ethnonyms of tribal, folk and national unions reflected in Kazakhstan's toponymy system. 4. Mongolian toponyms related to the Mongol invasion – 13th century. Kazakh researcher A. Abdrakhmanov seperated Mongolian strata, which entered in Kazakh toponimia, in to two groups: a) names, which were formed during the joining of Turkic and Mongolian languages; b) names, which included into Turkic language, which developed across the whole territory of Kazakhstan, after XIII century, as well as in to language of small neighbor tribes (Samoyed, Paleo-Asiatic, Mongolian, Manchu-Tungus, etc.). Only after the campaigns of Chingizkhan the opposite process began, and the Mongolian language began to have impact on the Turkic. It is also known that Mongols, who merged with vast edge of Turan, was not able to change the language or the faith of the Turkic peoples. Mongols toponyms mainly reflect in names of rivers and lakes. For example, the river of Emel, which flows in the south-west direction, crossing borders of China and Kazakhstan, from Mongolian language it translated as Barkhans river. When it confluences in to lake of Alakol, it forms a small delta. Another example is a Karakol river, which formed from Mongolian word gol meaning «a lake» (State list of geography names of Kazakhstan Republic, 2005, P.321). Alban is steppe in Katonkaragay area. Toponym is not connected with an ethnonym of Alban. Alban is a the name of tribute, tax that Dzhungars collected in the XVIII century from conquered nations. This word is formed from Mongolian word of «alba» – «service», «tax». In Altay language such word is using as a «tribute» and «tax». And Alban was a place, where such tax are collected. Altay is name of mountains on the territory of the East Kazakhstan, Russia, China and Mongolia. It is impossible to review all of researches on the oronym of Altay. Whatever, we will provide some of studies.  V.V. Radlov: al (high) + taiga (mountain) on Altay, sagay and teleut languages.  V.V. Bartold, B.Ya. Vladimircov: Altyn yish in Turkic is Golden. 70

 G.Konkashpaev: from Mongolian language alt (gold) + tai (suffix -dy, -ty) = alttay>altai is means «altyndy» (that has gold);  E.M. Murzayev: Altai is Mongolian word, which means «mountain country» or «rich mountain». It would be connected with a name of Alatau. The form of the word «Altain Nuru» is an evidence of connection with Mongolian word «altyn» – «gold»;  V.A. Nikonov: Altai is formed from Turkic language and it means «color mountain»;  M.Ryasyansen: al+toi = the huge mountain;  E.V. Sevortyan, G. Derfer, G. Ramstedt, G. Vamberi, A. Sherbak and T. Zhanuzakov considered that «Altai» means «red metall»: al is a red and tyn is metall;  E. Zhanpeisov considers that Altai and Alatau give meaning of «continuous», «coherent»; 5. Toponyms, which were formed after adoption of Russian allegiance by Kazakhstan are have interest. Geography names of new types, such as Slav names, appeared. Mainly it was antroponyms and oyconyms. New settlements were called in honor of the first settlers openers of the region. 6. New Kazakh toponymy After gaining independence a number of Slavic place names in the region have received prior historical names. For example, a village of Antonovka was renamed as Koylyk. In VIII-XIV centuries it was the biggest trade and cultural center in the norh-west of Zhetysu, a settle of Karlyk Zhabgu. Rubruk wrote about Koylyk as follow «there is a small town which calls as Kailak, where market was situated, all of merchants visited tht market». In the Uzbek a word of Koya, on Balkar Kaya, Yakut Haya mean «break». Based on an analysis of names of Kazakhstan the basic physical and geographical aspects of the formation of names established: oronyms, hydronyms, oiconyms, necronyms. Most of oiconyms – names of settle points and cities are names of the new period, which connected with industrialization of Kazakhstan. For example, a station of Dostyk. Dostyk means friendship. This station was erected to provide transportation from China to Kazakhstan. In general, most 71

of geographical objects of the region belong to the later strata, they are of Turkic and Mongol name (Tarbagatay, from mongols word «marmat»). At the present stage toponymics takes not only scientific and practical, historical and cultural, but also social and political importance. No human community, no country in the process of its development did not exist without its own set of antroponyms and toponyms. Kazakhstan has its own onomastic system, which formed in deep ancient period. 3. Role of toponymy in the organization of recreational activities It is impossible to imagine even a small trip without geographical names, many of whom live thousands of years. New generations use them, frequently not knowing the language and meaning. Tourists and excursionists often ask the question: «And what does the name mean…». Studying the land, it is necessary to address to toponyms, which can tell a lot of interesting things about the past and present of the study area. Information, extracted from the geographical names depending on the historical and geographical features of the area, is different. Control questions and independent work: 1. Define basic terms and concepts of toponymy. 2. What toponymic substrates present in the toponymy of the Republic of Kazakhstan and your area? 3. What is the meaning of toponymic research in geographical research and tourism and excursion work? 4. What are the features of the formation of the toponyms of your area?

Seminar 7 Toponymical research 1. Terms of «place names» and «toponymy». 2. Types of place names. 72

3. Basic concepts of toponymy. 4. Features of the formation of names of Kazakhstan. 5. The toponymy of locality. Literature: 1. Abisheva Z.M., Abdreyeva Sh., Basis of regional studies, Almaty, 2006 (Абишева З.М., Абдреева Ш.Т., Туристтік өлкетану жұмыстарының негіздері. – Алматы, 2006) 2. Giovanni (John) del Pian del Carpine. History of mongals, Guillaume de Rubrouck. Journey to the East // Trans. by A. Maleinos. – Moscow, 1997 (Джованнидель Плано Карпини). История монгалов. Гильом де Рубрук. Путешествия в восточные страны. Перев. А.И. Малеин. Книга Марко Поло. Перев. И.М. Минаев. – М., 1997.) 3. State list of geography names of Kazakhstan Republic, 2005. – P. 391.

Laboratory work №6. Toponymic studies and their classification Goal: to study the origin, semantic content and geographical formation conditions of geographical names of your locality. Task: to make list of geographical names of your locality (10 geo name for the oronyms, hydronyms, urbonyms). You should give toponymic transcript of geographical names, to identify the semantics and etymology. Literature: 1. Физическая и административная карты области. 2. Конкашпаев Г.К. Словарь казахских географических названий. – Алма-Ата, 1963. 3. Койчубаев Е. Краткий толковый словарь топонимов Казахстана. – Алма-Ата, 1974. 4. Мурзаев Э.М. Словарь народных географических терминов. – М., 1984. 5. Поспелов Е.М. Географические названия мира. Топонимический словарь. – М., 2001. 6. Государственный каталог географических названий Республики Казахстан. – Алматы, 2005 7. Горбунов А.П. Горы Центральной Азии. Толковый словарь географических названий и терминов. – Алматы, 2006.

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Chapter 7 BASICS OF MUSEOLOGY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

An understanding of museum studies History of the world museums Social functions of museums Classification and typology of museums Major terms of the museum studies The museum exposition The main forms of cultural and educational work of museums

1. An understanding of «museum studies» There are follow ideas of «museum studies» of «museology»: 1) museum studies – is an independent scientific discipline; 2) museum studies is theory and methodology of museums activity, i.e. applied additional scientific discipline; 3) museum studies is a sum of methodological and technical approaches of museums activities. History and historiography study formation of museums, their functioning during various historical periods, museum policy, and formation of museum link and organization of museum activities. Museum sources studies research museum things develop theory and methodology of defining researches and using museum things for collection. Applied museology consists of three chapters: 1. Scientific methodology – principles of formation of exposition, principles of safety of museums founds, principles of excursion activity, etc. 2. Technique of museums work. 3. Organization of museum work – management and marketing. 2. History of the world museums Collecting is rooted in antiquity. Starting with the II century BC scribes in Mesopotamia collected literary and scientific texts written in cuneiform on clay tablets. Since libraries were appeared, the 74

largest of which belonged to the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal, and there were more than 30 thousand tablets. An idea of «museum» entered in cultural use ancient Greeks, but they did not use it in relation to the collection of items. The Greek word «Museion» literally means «a place dedicated to the Muses». These buildings were mainly porch with altar and were often placed in the groves, foothills, near the springs. Quite often Museion is the venue for of creative competitions of poets.In Fespiyskom Museyon every five years general Greek celebrations in honor of muses – Musei were held. Shrines and temples were decorated with sculptures dedicated to the gods. Greeks paintings stored in the «Pinakothek» (Greek pinax – picture. made wax paints on wood or terracotta tablets). The most famous Pinakothek was in the Acropolis of Athens. The ancient world did not create a museum in usual understanding. In the Middle Ages religious and secular treasures were repositories not only of jewelry, but also collections of objects that had a memorial, historical and artistic significance. Forming of museums related to the Renaissance (late XIV, early XV centuries). Changes have occurred in developing of collecting qualitative. Owners of collections began to show their collections toward a viewer. The most common names of such spaces were «gallery» and «office». In the German language as a synonym for the word of «office» was the word of «camera». The earliest written mention of the use of the word «museum» to a collection was inventory of property of Lorenzo Medici in 1492 Museum became known as the first collection of monuments of antiquity and works of art, and then samples world of nature and everything that was perceived as a «rarity» and «wonders». Later museum became known as not only a collection, but also the space where it is stored. During the Enlightenment museum grows into an institution that was open to public and its defining feature becomes not only the presence of the collection, storing and its studies, as well as showing. First English public museum created with scientific and educational purposes, and was opened in 1683 at Oxford University. Later museum got name of the Ashmolean Museum. Its collection majorly 75

consisted of items collected by the father and son Treydeskantamiring. Appearance of museums in Russia related to the Peter I. By his order in 1703 at the Moscow hospital anatomical theater was established, where anatomical specimens were produced and autopsy conducted; in 1709 Model-camera was created. There materials connected with shipbuilding were collected. An official date of the founding of the first Russian museum – of the Kunstkammer is considered to be 1714 Purchases of ready collections, geodetic and cartographic expeditions and donations allowed to Peter I in a short period to make one of the richest museum collections in Europe. Step by step museums becomes as one of main part of humans life in the ХIХ century. New trends in museum ctivities appeared: storing national culture and art, differencian – appearance of new scientifiv (special) and educational museums. At the second part of the XX century active search for upgrade paths and democratization of a traditional museum contributed to its qualitative transformation. There were new, more affordable ways of filing perception of museum material, an innovative program of cultural and educational activities developed, special attention has been paid to categories of visitors – people with disabilities and children, the work with whom requires special skills. XX century gave to human new types of museums. it was understood that not only objects should be preserved and exhibited, but also their characteristic environment, various fragments of historical and cultural environment, human activities should be stored too. Open-air museums, based on – not a traditional collection of objects and monuments of architecture and folk life presented in its natural natural environment appeared. Until the early 1960 s, certain alienation retained from society museums. Research previous decades were primarily aimed at studying the collections, the same issues of interaction with the audience remained outside the purview of museum professionals. Meanwhile became strongly felt need in theory capable of explaining the process of interaction with the public museums and send it back on track. Fill this vacuum in museology helped communication representations received by then spread to other areas of knowledge. Gradually a new approach of communication formed in museology, in which a visitor was considered as a full participant of a com76

munication process, companion and partner of the museum, rather than a passive recipient of knowledge and experience, as was the case in the traditional approach 3. Social functions of museums There are three functions of museums: 1. Function of documenting – purposeful reflection in the museum's collection of museum objects using various processes and phenomena taking place in society and nature. Includes search, research and protection activities of the museum. 2. Function of educationcarried out in various forms of exposure, cultural and educational activities of museums. 3. Function of organizing free time.It is a derivative of the function of education and training as visiting the museum in his spare time is mainly due to the cognitive motives substantive-cultural nature, with leisure. Social functions of the museum are closely linked and are in constant interaction. Documentation process continues in the mainstream exposure, cultural and educational activities of the museum. After the exposure is a specific form of publication of the research work being done in the process of acquisition of museum objects, their study and description. Mainly on the basis of exposures carried out and the function of education and training. Guided tours, lectures and other forms of educational activities of the museum are a commentary on the exposure and the presentation of the museum objects. 4. Classification and typology of museums Classification of museums is performed by its direction (specialization), class.is based on a connection of museum with particular science, art, industry's branch and technical features. Museums are joined in a profile groups:  natural scientific(paleontological, anthropological, biological, botanical, zoological, mineralogical, geological, geographical, etc.);  historical (general historical, archaeological, ethnographic, military history, political history, history of religion, historical and everyday, memorial, etc.); 77

        

art (fine arts, arts and crafts, folk art, monographs, etc.); architecture; literature; theatre; musical; science and technical; industrial; agrarial; pedagogy and etc. Museums of complex profile are called regional. Most often, they combine at least historical and natural science specialization. On grounds of public utility museums there, the following typology:  research with museums are part of the research organizations, they are focused primarily on spe-ists;  scientific and educational museum focused on the mass visit middle and used in the cultural and educational purposes;  Training museums exist for educational institutions, focused on ensuring clarity and objectivity of the process of education. According to the method, the functions of a museum documenting divided into:  Museums collector type – the traditional meeting and store count of lectures;  Museums ensemble type – conservation of immovable memorabilia ensemble-ers in their natural environment (openair museum, the museum-reserve, the Palace Museum, the house-museum, museum-apartment, museum-workshop). The form of ownership museums are divided into public, private and public. 8. Major terms of the museum studies In international practice, commonly used definition created by the International Council of Museums (IKOM): «Museum – is a permanent non-profit institution in the service of society and its development, and open to the people; it acquires, preserves, studies, exhibits and promotes educational, educational and enter78

tainment purposes only material evidence of of human and his environment». The term «museum object» in the early 1930s was introduced by Druzhinin. In nature and in society, there are many objects that have scientific, artistic, historical or commemorative value. They are called objects of museum value. To get the status of museum objects, they must pass a series of mandatory consecutive operations (identification – acquisition – taking on the account – the scientific processing – storage). Properties of museum objects: 1. Live – the ability to act as a source of information. There are two types of information: internal information (name of the object. Its purpose, size,shape, material, machinery manufacturing, printing, signature. Stamps, etc.); external information (history of the subject, his place of origin, events and individuals associated with it). 2. Attractive – the ability to attract the attention of visit-ing. 3. The expressiveness – the ability to cause a human association and feeling of belonging to certain events, phenomena, facts. Currently, there are six types of museum objects: 1) the real sources (household items, tools. Vehicles. Objects of nature, etc.); 2) visual sources (painting, drawing, sculpture); 3) written sources (chronicles, documents, private correspondence, books, etc.); 4) phonic sources (records, tapes, CDs); 5) Picture source (photos, negatives); 6) In-sources. Funds of the museum – the scientific organized set of materials accepted at the museum store. The main museum fund – a set of museum objects, historical and cultural monuments, objects of nature, taken out of existence in the environment due to their ability to document the social and natural processes and phenomena. Fall short of the value of museum objects. Typical museum object reflects a typical phenomenon (standard industrial products, model documents). Unique museum objects saved or created in a single or a small number of copies (works of art, personal belongings, 79

etc.). Relics – items which have a high degree of emotional impact and highly respected as a memory of an outstanding person or event. Subsidiary Museum Fund – materials that help to study and exhibit museum objects (charts, graphs; tables and floor plans; cards, models, mockups ). Equipment for storage or exposure (windows, cabinets, stands), audio-visual aids in the museum collections are not included. The set of museum objects related by common one or more features as a whole, called the museum collection. The collection consists of items of the same type, grouped by a certain characteristic – the material. branches of knowledge. practice, region, etc. – Called the systematic collection. Collection. formed of museum objects of different types (documents, photos. works of art, etc.), which together reveal a specific theme, called thematic. The collection, created by an individual and final storage at the museum, called personal collection. The set of museum collections called museum collections. 6. The museum exposition Exposure (from Lat. Expono – flaunt) – targeted and evidencebased demonstration of museum objects that are organized composition, provided with a commentary, technically and artistically decorated and create a specific image of a museum of natural and social phenomena. Museum objects acquire a new status – exhibits. Museums create not only permanent, but also temporary exhibitions – exhibitions, stationary and mobile. The material in the exhibition can be grouped in different ways. Systematic exposure includes selection, placement and interpretation of similar objects in accordance with the classification system. The basic structural unit of such exposure is systematic series. Most often used in scientific, technical, archaeological, zoological museums. Ensemble exposition saves or reconstructs the typical situation of a certain epoch. It is typical for the memorial, ethnographic museums. Landscape exhibition recreates the interrelationship and interdependence of natural components. Their main structural unitsare biogroups and landscape diorama. Biogroups created using taxi80

dermy (preservation and reconstruction of the animal world – the creation of stuffed animals). Along with museum objects as exhibition materials often act and play museum objects and non-museum objectsinclude copies, reproductions, casts, models, models, models, scientific reconstruction, remakes, the hologram. Copy – a thing created to mimic or replace the other thing in his capacity as the original. Reproduction – a copy of the scenic, graphic or photographic images made by a printing method. Replica is an exact copy made of the original material in its size. Layout is surround playback appearance of the object that is created in a certain scale. The model, in contrast to the layout design principles and retains the original invoice. Hologram is volumetric optical copy of the real object that is created with the help of laser technology. A special place in the exhibition belongs to the texts, they are divided into capital, leading, explanatory, labeling and signage. By their nature, they must be unambiguous, clear, concise, and accessible to all categories of visitors. 7. The main forms of cultural and educational work of museums Tour – a collective visit to the museum, heritage site, exhibitions, natural object on a certain route under the guidance of the guide with the cognitive, educational, scientific and educational purposes as well as to meet the aesthetic needs of your spare time. Museum – it is not the institution, where people go on a mandatory basis. In order to have a pleasant memory of of human appeared on the museum and the desire to once again come to the museum, he needs to get positive emotions and positive impression. In the formation of an attractive image of the museum great role belongs to the tour guide. In the tour is important not only substantial part, but also the shape of the material. Tour must be targeted and be based on a differentiated approach to the group. In addition there are 9 tours of cultural and educational activities of the museum: 81

 lecture  consultation  scientific readings (conference session, meetings)  club (studio)  Competition (Competition, Quiz)  meeting with an interesting person,  concert (literary evening pageant Picture Show)  vacation  historic game. Target outdoor activities more closely aligned with tours and holidays (folklore, military history, calendar). Control questions and independent work 1. Define the basic concepts of museology. 2. What are the social functions of museums? 3. What are the main stages of the history of creation and functioning of museums? 4. Classification of museums along the profile, social purpose, the method of documenting ownership. 5. What are the main types of museum collections? 6. Main types of grouping materials on display. 7. What are the characteristics and features of the main forms of civilizationbut-educational work of museums?

Seminar 8 Fundamentals of museology 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The content and objectives of museums. Ways and means collective work of museums. Classification of museums. The museum exposition. Organization of a regional museum in the tourist and tour agency. 6. Museum communication. The main forms of cultural and educational work of museums. Literature: 1. Юренева Т.Ю. Музееведение: учебник. – М.: Академический Проект, 2006. – 560 с. 82

2. Қазақстан музейлері. Музеи Казахстана (каз., рус., англ.). – Алматы: Алматыкитап, 2010. 3. Краеведение: пособие для учителя // А.В. Даринский и др. – М., 1987. 4. Спутник туриста. – М.: Физкультура и спорт, 1959. 5. Музееведение: учебник для вузов. – М.: Высшая школа, 1988. 6. MUSEUMстан – http: // museumstan.com 7. Data base of Kazakhstan museums – www.kazakhstan-museums.com

Laboratory work №7. Museums and their role in region. Described exposition of regional museum Goal: To consolidate the theoretical knowledge on the basics of museology, to learn to observe, collect information and organize the information. Task: Visit one of the museums in of Almaty and describe it according to the plan: 1. The official name, profile, social purpose, ownership of the museum. 2. Location, address. 3. History of the Museum. 4. Number of halls and exposures. 5. Description of the principle of individual exposures constructing 6. Characteristics of cultural and educational work of museum. Literature: 1. Ягофаров Г.Ф. Экскурсоведение: педагогические и практические аспекты. – Алматы, АГУ, 2003. 2. Долженко Г.П. Экскурсионное дело. – М., 2005. 3. Емельянов Б.В. Экскурсоведение. – М., 1992. 4. Алматы. Энциклопедия. – Алматы, 1996. 5. Энциклопедии городов и областей Казахстана. 6. Схемы городов Казахстана.

Laboratory work №8. A tour of student’s own locality Goal:To know monuments of nature, history and culture of own town (country site, locality), to learn to create tour and text of excursion. Task: To create a scheme of a route, to make a description of main and auxiliary objects of sightseeing tour. 83

A plan of the task: 1. To identify a theme and main objects of a tour. 2. To identify a beginning and finish points of a route, a way of a mobility. To identify a time of movement and number of stops. 3. To create a scheme of route, to put main objects along line of a route (streets, monuments, museums, theatres, and etc.). 4. To make a description of objects of a tour. 5. To gather materials for a tour: articles of newspapers, pictures, and etc. Literature: 1. Туристские путеводители. 2. Энциклопедии по родному краю. 3. Периодическая печать.

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METHODOLOGY FOR INDEPENDENT WORK OF STUDENTS Task 1. To collect materials for «portfolio of an excursionist». Goal: to collect information about their land required for the excursions on various topics (nature, economy, history, culture, population). «Portfolio of an excursionist» isconventional name set of visual aids used in the course of the tour. These benefits are usually placed in a folder or a small portfolio. Visual aids help to give a visual representation of the object (minerals, plants, arrangements) by showing genuine samples or photographs, molds, models. One of the objectives of «portfolio of guide» is to restore the missing links at the show. In tours often it turns out that not all the facilities required for the opening theme preserved or not there at the moment (animals, flowering plants). In the boxes there is a necessity to show pictures of people who are related to the object or event. More convincing demonstration of the tour makes copies of original documents, manuscripts, literary works, which tells the tour guide. The content of portfolio of is dictated by the theme of the tour. In the «portfolio guide» included:  images of objects, phenomena;  Portraits of famous personalities;  Geographic maps, charts, drawings;  Drawings;  Product samples, etc. These portfolios are a guide for each topic. Visual aids should be easy to use; their number should not be too large. Otherwise, they will distract tourists from inspection and disperse attention. The criteria for the selection of visual aids are taken as follows:  the need for and feasibility of using;  educational value;  unusual;  expressiveness;  safety. List of visual aids does not remain unchanged, he improved and updated during the life of the tour. 85

Task 2. Description of one of a hydrology objects of your locality (river, lake, waterfall, water reservoir, etc.). Goal: to study obtain and system regional data, to make description of water objects and territories Task: Student should select any type of water object of his/her region. On a basis of literature, cartography and statistical data make a description of selected object according follow plan: To describe river: 1) general description of a river: name of a river, area, region, country of its localization and its flow, beginning of a river, end of river, basin, major arteries; 2) description of water basin, description of surrounding terrain, valleys and river bed (plots); measurements of water flow, the information available in each area of hydraulic structures; 3) regime of river; 4) data on economy and recreational usage of a river (on particular areas and in general). To describe lake: 5) general description of a river: name of a lake, place of localization, which of rivers flow into, type of basin; 6) description of area, coasts, depth, water volume, its changing by seasons; 7) data on hydrology regime, chemical content, soil; 8) data on economy and recreational usage of a river (on particular areas and in general). Work should be done in written form and should be protected by student. Task 3. To make a chart and description of the streets around his home and the history of their renaming. Goal: Learn how to work with sources of local history and independently conduct sociological research. Methods: Literature, Archives, a sociological survey, interviews with old-timers, a survey of residents. Plan descriptions street: 1. Location 1, the length of the street. 2. History of the building, checking the street area. 3. History of renaming, reconstruction and improvement. 86

4. Biography identity or description of the event, after which the street is named. 5. Noteworthy tourist and sightseeing facilities, located in the street. Literature: 1. Маляр И.И. Алма-Ата: город, районы, улицы. – Алма-Ата: Наука, 1989. 2. Имангалиев С., Тобаяков Б. Улицы Алматы. – Алматы, 2001. 3. «Алматы» энциклопедия / гл. ред. Р.Н. Нургалиев. – Алматы: Қазақ энциклопедиясы, 1996. 4. Энциклопедии городов и областей Казахстана.

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TESTS 1. What is the study of the particular part of the country, region, district, city, village by the local population for which this area is considered to be a native land? 1) geography; 2) regional studies; 3) museology; 4) the study of literature; 5) bibliography. 2. What is meant by the term «native land»? 1) location; 2) Administrative Region; 3) the region; 4) the country; 5) continent. 3. What is meant by the term «small area»? 1) administrative region or locality; 2) the region or republic; 3) economic region of the country; 4) natural complex; 5) landscape. 4. To study of Regional Studies does not apply ... 1) state; 2) the public; 3) school; 4) extra-curricular; 5) branch. 5. By which form does regional studies include the work of museums, of the executive power, research institutes? 1) state; 2) the public; 3) school; 4) extra-curricular; 5) private. 6. To which form does regional studies include the work of local historylovers, Nature Conservation Society? 1) state; 2) the public; 3) school; 4) extra-curricular; 5) private. 88

7. To which form of local history do activities include ra-bot on the lessons of natural history, observations on the school grounds? 1) state; 2) the public; 3) school; 4) extra-curricular; 5) private. 8. The types of industry of Regional Studies does not apply ... 1) historical; 2) geographic; 3) ethnographic; 4) folklore; 5) public. 9. The types of industry of Regional Studies does not apply ... 1) historical; 2) geographic; 3) ethnographic; 4) folklore; 5) state. 10. Local studies on forms of organization may be: 1) state, public view, the school; 2) public, schools nym, youthful; 3) state, public; 4) all of the above forms; 5) Only the state nym. 11. Select 11 of the signs relating to the concept of «integrated local historian-set»: 1) collection of material relating to the study; 2) the study of a particular part of the country; 3) systematization of the material on local history museums; 4) a description of the nature of a particular region; 5) to create a computer database of the passes of the mountain area. 12. What are the simplest method of observation in a planned tourist travel: 1) virtual; 2) visual; 3) selective; 4) support; 5) is valid. 13. What type of industry of Regional Studies studies population and economy of their region? 1) historical; 89

2) natural and geographical; 3) ethnographic; 4) folklore; 5) socio-economic. 14. What type of industry is studying of Regional Studies topography, weather, water, vegetation and wildlife? 1) historical; 2) natural and geographical; 3) ethnographic; 4) folklore; 5) socio-economic. 15. What type of industry is studying of Regional Studies material and written monuments, archaeological, archival SOURCE-ship? 1) historical; 2) natural and geographical; 3) ethnographic; 4) folklore; 5) socio-economic. 16. What type of industry is studying of Regional Studies culture and everyday life of people, houses, clothes and utensils, tools of production? 1) historical; 2) natural and geographical; 3) ethnographic; 4) folklore; 5) socio-economic. 17. What type of industry is studying of Regional Studies decorative ornaments, works of artistic-governmental crafts and folklore? 1) historical; 2) natural and geographical; 3) folklore; 4) complex; 5) socio-economic. 18. What kind of of Regional Studies studies the natural and social phenomena in all their cause-and-effect relationships? 1) historical; 2) natural and geographical; 3) folklore; 4) complex; 5) socio-economic. 90

19. What is the definition of Regional Studies gave Berg? 1) «small geography»; 2) «small story»; 3) «big politics»; 4) «a great game»; 5) «history in space». 20. Bibliographic sources include: 1) library catalogs; 2) Fiction; 3) natural monuments; 4) visual observations; 5) maps and site plans. 21. The object of regional studies bibliographies ... 1) prints; 2) television programs; 3) architectural monuments; 4) archaeological arte-facts; 5) a description of the lives of outstanding people-coun-. 22. What type of Regional Studies sources does include reference lists in publications, bibliographies, search engines Internet? 1) bibliographic; 2) printing; 3) statistics; 4) mapping; 5) archive (documentary). 23. What type of Regional Studies sources include monographs, books, textbooks, collections of articles, periodicals, dictionaries, reference books, encyclopedias? 1) bibliographic; 2) printing; 3) statistics; 4) mapping; 5) archive (documentary). 24. In what form ethnographer of the most fully used statistical sources and methods? 1) physical geography; 2) the economic and socio-geographical; 3) historical; 4) archaeological; 5) literature. 91

25. At what stage begins any investigation of regional studies-tion? 1) collection and analysis of the literature; 2) laboratory processing of the material; 3) visual observations; 4) the organization of the expedition or campaign; 5) preparation of the report. 26. What is the study, analysis, classification collected in the field of materials research? 1) collection and analysis of the literature; 2) laboratory processing of the material; 3) visual observations; 4) the organization of the expedition or campaign; 5) preparation of the report. 27. Who is the author of «Antiquities of the Kirghiz steppes» – a set of well-known by the beginning of the twentieth century archaeological monuments of culture and architecture in Kazakhstan? 1) Sh Valihanov, 2) N. Bekchurin, 3) GS Karelin, 4) NM Potanin 5) IA Castanet. 28. In what year was organized by Society for the Study of the Kyrgyz territory, subsequently Society for the Study of Kazakhstan? 1) 1861; 2) 1895; 3) 1917; 4) 1920; 5) 1937; 29. The first chairman of Society for the Study of the Kyrgyz region was elected as subsequently by one of the first after the October Revolution of general works on the history of ka-zahov ... 1) NM Potanin; 2) AP Chuloshnikov; 3) BA Mabuza; 4) Berg; 5) Altynsarin. 30. In 1926-27. archaeological monuments of architecture in Kazakhstan (including the Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yassaui) Explore Val ... 1) A.P. Chuloshnikov; 2) Berg; 3) M.E. Mason; 92

4) Semenov Tian-Shan; 5) K. Akishev. 31. In what year was the base of Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences? 1) 1917; 2) 1920; 3) 1932; 4) 1941; 5) 1956; 32. In what year and where was held the first conference of Regional Studies teachers ethnographers Kazakhstan? 1) in 1920 in Orenburg; 2) in 1924 in Semipalatinsk; 3) in 1937 in Kyzyl-Orda; 4) in 1941 in Alma-Ata; 5) in 1956 in Pavlodar. 33. In what year and where the first in the country Children's excursion and tourist station? 1) in 1920 in Orenburg; 2) 1951 Kustanaj; 3) in 1937 in Kyzyl-Orda; 4) in 1956 in Pavlodar; 5) in 1961 in Alma-Ata. 34. In what year and where to set up National Children's excursion and tourist station? 1) in 1920 in Orenburg; 2) 1951 Kustanaj; 3) in 1937 in Kyzyl-Orda; 4) in 1956 in Pavlodar; 5) in 1961 in Alma-Ata. 35. What is the science that studies the age, origin and composition of rocks? 1) geology; 2) surveying; 3) geomorphology; 4) geography; 5) tectonics. 36. What is the science that studies the structure of the crust? 1) geology; 2) surveying; 3) geomorphology; 93

4) geography; 5) tectonics. 37. What is the science that studies the shape landforms? 1) geology; 2) surveying; 3) geomorphology; 4) geography; 5) tectonics. 38. Magmatic rocks are ... 1) marble, limestone; 2) granite, basalt; 3) clay, sand; 4) oil and coal; 5) bauxite, rock salt. 39. Clastic sedimentary rocks of origin are ... 1) marble, limestone; 2) granite, basalt; 3) clay, sand; 4) oil and coal; 5) bauxite, rock salt. 40. Organogenic sedimentary rocks include Xia ... 1) marble, limestone; 2) granite, basalt; 3) clay, sand; 4) oil and coal; 5) bauxite, rock salt. 41. – organic sedimentary rocks are gene ... 1) marble, limestone; 2) pumice, basalt; 3) boulders, sand; 4) limestone, peat; 5) gypsum, rock salt. 42. The chemical sedimentary rocks are ... 1) marble, limestone; 2) pumice, basalt; 3) boulders, sand; 4) limestone, peat; 5) gypsum, rock salt. 94

43. What kind of rocks are soluble and contribute to the formation of karst (caves)? 1) granite, dolomite, basalt; 2) salt, limestone, chalk; 3) sand, clay, silt; 4) peat, sandstone, shale; 5) marble, quartzite, pumice. 44. What is the angle between the true meridian and the direction of the subject? 1) good eye; 2) leveling; 3) horizon; 4) the azimuth; 5) scale. 45. By what surveys can make a plan locally-sti gone camping? 1) photographic; 2) geology; 3) geodetic; 4) topography; 5) aerospace. 46. What type of relief-factors include tectonic structure, chemical composition and origin of rocks, folding, faults, earthquakes, volcanism? 1) endogenous; 2) exogenous; 3) man-made; 4) mechanical; 5) chemical. 47. What type of relief-related activities of the factors of water, wind, solar energy, glaciers? 1) endogenous; 2) exogenous; 3) man-made; 4) mechanical; 5) chemical. 48. What is the origin of these forms of relief as quarries, mines, dumps, embankments, dams? 1) tectonic; 2) glacial; 3) anthropogenic; 4) aeolian; 5) belligerativnoe. 95

49. Which device necessary for the visual surveying? 1) leveling; 2) theodolite; 3) astrolabe; 4) compass; 5) psychrometer. 50. With the help of some iso-lines on maps depicted atmospheric pressure? 1) isobars; 2) isotherm; 3) isohypses; 4) isohyetal; 5) isobath. 51. With the help of some contours on the maps represented the average temperature? 1) isobars; 2) isotherm; 3) isohypses; 4) isohyetal; 5) isobath. 52. With the help of some contours on maps depicted rainfall? 1) isobars; 2) isotherm; 3) isohypses; 4) isohyetal; 5) isobath. 53. By what contours depicted on maps relief sushi? 1) isobars; 2) isotherm; 3) isohypses; 4) isohyetal; 5) isobath. 54. With the help of some contours on maps depicted the depth of the seabed? 1) isobars; 2) isotherm; 3) isohypses; 4) isohyetal; 5) isobath. 96

55. Which of the following is the lowland plains of Kazakhstan (from 0 to 200 m)? 1) the Caspian; 2) Ili; 3) Sary-Arka; 4) Betpak Dala; 5) Atbasarska. 56. What is the positive-tive form of relief, rising above the relative isolation-telno even space for more than 200 meters, bounded on all sides by the inclined planes – the slopes? 1) Mount; 2) hill; 3) saddle; 4) Pass; 5) watershed. 57. What is the positive-tive form of relief, isolated over rising relative to flat space-telno me-her than 200 m? 1) Mount; 2) hill; 3) saddle; 4) Pass; 5) watershed. 58. What is the name of linearly elongated large positive landform bounded down into the opposite sides of the slopes. 1) hill; 2) the saddle; 3) Pass; 4) watershed; 5) mountain range. 59. What are the broad passes 1) the saddle; 2) the mountain passes; 3) the watershed; 4) the thalweg; 5) comb. 60. What are the narrow, deeply incised passes? 1) the saddle; 2) the mountain passes; 3) the watershed; 4) the thalweg; 5) comb. 97

61. What type of terrain are the dunes? 1) glacial; 2) fluvial; 3) aeolian; 4) gravity; 5) anthropogenic. 62. What type of terrain are river valleys? 1) glacial; 2) fluvial; 3) aeolian; 4) gravity; 5) anthropogenic. 63. What is the state of the atmosphere at a specific moment or period of time? 1) weather; 2) climate; 3) temperature; 4) air circulation; 5) solstice. 64. What is the average long-term weather conditions a particular area? 1) meteorology; 2) climate; 3) temperature; 4) air circulation; 5) solstice. 65. With the help of some instruments that measure atmospheric pressure? 1) thermometer; 2) anemometer; 3) altimeter; 4) the barometer; 5) psychrometer 66. With the help of the device can determine the speed of the wind? 1) thermometer; 2) anemometer; 3) altimeter; 4) the barometer; 5) psychrometer 67. With the help of the instrument measured the temperature? 1) thermometer; 2) anemometer; 98

3) altimeter; 4) the barometer; 5) psychrometer 68. With the help of the device can determine the relative humidity of the air? 1) thermometer; 2) anemometer; 3) altimeter; 4) the barometer; 5) psychrometer 69. Units of measure cloudiness? 1) in parts per million; 2) in degrees; 3) in millimeters; 4) points in km2. 70. Units of measure rainfall? 1) in parts per million; 2) in degrees; 3) in millimeters; 4) in points; 5) in km2. 71. What meteopokazateli measured in points? 1) the relative and absolute humidity; 2) Clear and wind power; 3) the amount of precipitation; 4) the direction and strength of wet-ra; 5) temperature and cloud cover. 72. The objects of study of hydrology do not belong ... 1) River; 2) Lake; 3) groundwater; 4) glaciers; 5) Sea. 73. What temperature are the hot springs? 1) higher than 20 ºC; 2) above 26 ºC; 3) above 37 ºC; 4) higher than 50 ºC; 5) higher than 90 ºC; 99

74. What is the natural permanent watercourse, flowing through the bias to deepen – the valley? 1) River; 2) Lake; 3) channel; 4) spring; 5) glacier. 75. How is the set of all the rivers in the area? 1) hydrographic network; 2) River basin; 3) the watershed; 4) The flow of the river; 5) the source and the mouth. 76. What is the territory from which the river collects its water? 1) hydrographic network; 2) River basin; 3) the watershed; 4) The flow of the river; 5) the source and the mouth. 77. What are the faces-boundaries between river basins? 1) hydrographic network; 2) River basin; 3) the watershed; 4) The flow of the river; 5) the source and the mouth. 78. What is the ratio of the length of the river to the direct distance from the source to the mouth? 1) tortuosity; 2) meander; 3) slope; 4) floodplain; 5) The fall of the river. 79. What is the difference between the height of the source and the mouth of the river? 1) tortuosity; 2) meander; 3) slope; 4) floodplain; 5) The fall of the river. 100

80. What is the pony zhennaya part of the valley through which flows the river? 1) floodplain; 2) channel; 3) source; 4) the mouth; 5) low water. 81. What are the small section of the river with a swift current? 1) stretches; 2) rolls; 3) meanders; 4) older women; 5) flood. 82. What are the bends of the river? 1) stretches; 2) rolls; 3) meanders; 4) older women; 5) flood. 83. What are the leveled ground, stretching along the slopes of the river valley in the form of steps, the expense of which is from the floodplain? 1) stretches; 2) terraces; 3) meanders; 4) older women; 5) beach ridges. 84. The biggest river in Kazakhstan – 1) Or; 2) Zhaik; 3) Ishim; 4) the Syr Darya; 5) Irtysh. 85. July 7, 1963 was a catastrophic mudflow that destroyed a mountain lake – 1) Kayindi; 2) Tengiz; 3) Kolsay; 4) Issyk; 5) Big Almaty. 101

86. What are the deepening of sushi, filled with water, do not have a connection with the ocean? 1) River; 2) Lake; 3) channel; 4) spring; 5) glacier. 87. What is the object of glaciological studies? 1) River; 2) Lake; 3) channel; 4) spring; 5) glacier. 88. Which figure is obtained by multiplying the area of effective crosssection of the river at the rate of flow? 1) of runoff; 2) the water flow; 3) tortuosity; 4) bias; 5) water level. 89. How is the collection of all kinds of plants living in the study area? 1) flora; 2) fauna; 3) herbarium; 4) biocenosis; 5) ekosistem.a 90. What is the thin surface layer of the earth's crust, which has fertility? 1) the troposphere; 2) rock; 3) Relief; 4) the parent rock; 5) soil. 91. How is the collection of all kinds of animals living in the study area? 1) flora; 2) fauna; 3) Zoo; 4) biocenosis; 5) ecosystem. 102

92. How is the community of all living organisms that live in the study territo-Rei? 1) flora; 2) fauna; 3) Zoo; 4) biocenosis; 5) phytocoenosis. 93. What are the observations of the seasonal development of wildlife? 1) phenological; 2) botanical; 3) Zoology; 4) environmental; 5) biological. 94. studies «phenology»? 1) The seasonal development of wildlife; 2) the heavenly bodies; 3) ground springs of water; 4) rare natural phenomena; 5) rare animals of the region. 95. Which of the medicinal plants can be used for bruises and cuts? 1) rose, raspberry; 2) mint, juniper; 3) mushroom-ball, plantain; 4) red clover, nettle; 5) Rowan, thyme; 96. Choose from 96 enumerable-represented group of poisonous plants, dangerous to humans: 1) burdock, hawthorn, basil; 2) aconite, belladonna, henbane; 3) licorice, repyashok, rue; 4) tansy, permeliya, mint; 5) melissa, nightshade, horsetail. 97. Which of the animals that lived on the territory of Kazakhstan, is extinct? 1) Usturt mouflon; 2) Saiga; 3) snow leopard; 4) Central Asian tiger; 5) the white-bear. 98. Jagger encephalitis viruses are ... 1) mosquitos; 103

2) mites; 3) rodents; 4) birds; 5) flies. 99. What are the protected areas, represented by small-scale objects (separate tract, rock, cliff, a small forest or a single tree, and so on. Etc..), Reference or unique to this area? 1) natural monuments; 2) reserves; 3) reserves; 4) national parks; 5) Reserves. 100. What is the natural area occupies the largest area in Kazakhstan? 1) desert; 2) steppe; 3) taiga; 4) mixed forests; 5) dry subtropics. 101. What are the animals or plants, preserved from the past geological epochs? 1) xerophytes; 2) hydrophytes; 3) plant communities; 4) relics; 5) are endemic. 102. What are the names of animals and plants, common in a limited area and not found anywhere else? 1) xerophytes; 2) hydrophytes; 3) plant communities; 4) relics; 5) are endemic. 103. What are the plants that are adapted to life in dry conditions? 1) xerophytes; 2) hydrophytes; 3) plant communities; 4) relics; 5) are endemic. 104. What do you call the largest-scale protected areas, which combine the protection of scenic landscapes with intensive recreational use? 1) natural monuments; 104

2) reserves; 3) reserves; 4) national parks; 5) Reserves. 105. Smallest predator in Kazakhstan – it ... 1) corsac; 2) the jackal; 3) Fox; 4) a ferret; 5) weasel; 106. The group of halophytes – salt-loving plants are ... 1) saksaul, camel co-flap; 2) Poa bulbosa, tulip; 3) anabasis, sarsazan; 4) feather grass, fescue; 5) birch, aspen. 107. The group ephemeroids include ... 1) saksaul, camel co-flap; 2) Poa bulbosa, tulip; 3) anabasis, sarsazan; 4) feather grass, fescue; 5) birch, aspen. 108. What are the types of trees consist «splitting» the forest-steppe zone of Kazakhstan? 1) spruce, pine 2) birch, aspen; 3) poplar, maple; 4) oak, elm; 5) larch, cedar. 109.Which of the listed 109-governmental PAs are state national natural parks of Kazakhstan? 1) Markakolsky, Usturtsky; 2) Naurzum, Korgaldzhinsky; 3) Altyn-Emel, Ile-Alatau; 4) Lepsinsk, Toktinsky; 5) «Goose flight», Charyn ash grove. 110. In what area of the Republic of Kazakhstan, is Markakolsky Reserve? 1) East Kazakhstan; 2) Almaty; 3) Zhambyl; 105

4) South Kazakhstan; 5) Western Kazakhstan. 111. In what area of the Republic of Kazakhstan is SSPE «Kokshetau»? 1) Akmola; 2) Almaty; 3) Zhambyl; 4) South Kazakhstan; 5) Western Kazakhstan. 112. In what area of the Republic of Kazakhstan is a specimen of nature «Chinturgenskie spruce»? 1) East Kazakhstan; 2) Almaty; 3) Zhambyl; 4) South Kazakhstan; 5) Western Kazakhstan. 113. In what area of the Republic of Kazakhstan is SSPE «Katonkaragay»? 1) East Kazakhstan; 2) Almaty; 3) Zhambyl; 4) South Kazakhstan; 5) Western Kazakhstan. 114. In what area of the Republic of Kazakhstan is Kar-karalinsky SSPE? 1) Karaganda; 2) Almaty; 3) Zhambyl; 4) South Kazakhstan; 5) Western Kazakhstan. 115. In what area of the Republic of Kazakhstan is Naurzum Reserve? 1) East Kazakhstan; 2) Almaty; 3) Zhambyl; 4) Kostanayskaya; 5) Western Kazakhstan. 116. In what area of the Republic of Kazakhstan is sakelmessky Bar Reserve? 1) Aktobe; 2) Almaty; 3) Kyzylorda; 4) South Kazakhstan; 5) West Kazakhstan; 106

117. In what area of the Republic of Kazakhstan is Baia Naulskogo SSPE? 1) East Kazakhstan; 2) Almaty; 3) Zhambyl; 4) Pavlodar; 5) Western Kazakhstan. 118. In what area of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the Aksu-Zhabagly Reserve? 1) East Kazakhstan; 2) Almaty; 3) Zhambyl; 4) South Kazakhstan; 5) Pavlodar. 119. In what area of the Republic of Kazakhstan is a botanical and geological monument at-birth «Rakhmanov»? 1) East Kazakhstan; 2) Almaty; 3) Zhambyl; 4) South Kazakhstan; 5) Pavlodar. 120. What are natural monuments are located in the valley. Charyn? 1) relict spruce and aspen grove; 2) canyon and relict aspen grove; 3) falls and geological outcrop; 4) Singing Dunes and Canyon; 5) geological outcrop and hot springs. 121. On the territory of National park is «Singing Dunes»? 1) Altyn-Emel; 2) Ile-Alatau; 3) Burabai; 4) Bayanaul; 5) Kolsai lake. 122. Where are the natural sculptures of sandstone «Castle Valley», «Gorge of witches»? 1) Charyn Canyon; 2) Ile-Alatau; 3) Burabai; 4) Bayanaul; 5) Kolsai lake. 123. In a mountainous region of Kazakhstan the most comprehensive range of high-altitude zones? 1) Saur; 107

2) Tarbagatai; 3) Trans-Ili Alatau; 4) Ore Altai; 5) Kokshetau. 124. In some of these protected areas are pine forests? 1) SSPE Burabai; 2) SSPE Charyn; 3) SSPE Altyn-Emel; 4) Usturtsky reserve; 5) Karak Karakol Reserve 125. In some of these protected areas are pine forests? 1) Bayanaul SSPE; 2) SSPE Charyn; 3) SSPE Altyn-Emel; 4) Usturtsky reserve; 5) Karak Karakol reserve. 126. In which of the following protected areas had the lowest altitude (-132 m)? 1) SSPE Burabai; 2) SSPE Charyn; 3) SSPE Altyn-Emel; 4) Usturtsky reserve; 5) Karak Karakol reserve. 127. In some of these protected areas are protected mouflon and cheetahs? 1) SSPE Burabai; 2) SSPE Charyn; 3) SSPE Altyn-Emel; 4) Usturtsky reserve; 5) Karak Karakol reserve. 128. The most full-flowing river of Kazakhstan is ... 1) Irtysh; 2) Or; 3) the Syr Darya; 4) Tobol; 5) Ob. 129. Which of the major lakes in Kazakhstan is currently experiencing a water level rise? 1) the Aral Sea; 2) Balkhash; 3) the Caspian Sea; 108

4) Zaisan; 5) Alakol. 130. What type of vegetation is characteristic of the forest-steppe zone of Kazakhstan? 1) birch and aspen forests and forb-grass steppe; 2) fescue-feather grass steppe and sagebrush-grass vegetation; 3) meadow steppes and pine forests; 4) riparian forests; 5) savannoide steppes and evergreen forests 131. What type of vegetation found in the desert and semi-desert areas of Kazakhstan in the valleys and in the deltas of large rivers? 1) birch and aspen forests; 2) fescue-feather grass steppes; 3) pine forests; 4) riparian forests; 5) evergreen forests. 132. In the north-western Kazakhstan is ... 1) Turanian plain; 2) Kazakh low hills; 3) Altai Mountains; 4) Caspian Depression; 5) West Siberian plain. 133. In northern Kazakhstan is ... 1) Turanian plain; 2) Kazakh low hills; 3) Altai Mountains; 4) Caspian Depression; 5) West Siberian plain. 134. What is the difference mode of mountain rivers in Kazakhstan? 1) Short-flood in the spring due to melting glaciers; 2) long with a maximum flood runoff in the winter time; 3) long with a maximum flood runoff vesenneletnee time; 4) The stock is uniform throughout the year; 5) short flood with a maximum in the spring after the snow melts. 135. What is the difference mode rivers plain Kazakhstan? 1) Short-flood in the spring due to melting ice-nicks; 2) long with a maximum flood runoff in the winter time; 3) long with a maximum flood runoff in the spring and summer; 4) The stock is uniform throughout the year; 5) short flood with a maximum in the spring after the snow melts. 109

136. In a landscape subzone Kazakhstan formed ephemeral-wormwood vegetation? 1) southern steppe; 2) the northern steppe; 3) the southern steppe; 4) the deserts of North; 5) the southern desert. 137. In which of the regions of Kazakhstan there are natural conditions for the development of ski tourism and mountaineering? 1) Western and Central-tion; 2) North and East; 3) South and West; 4) South and South-East; 5) East and South-East. 138. Which of the following national parks are located in the Kazakh hills? 1) Ile-Alatau, Usturtsky; 2) Kokshetau Bayanaul; 3) Markakolsky, Bura-bye; 4) Katonkaragay, Aiyrtau; 5) of the Ile-Alatau, Altyn-Emel. 139. Which of the following national parks are located in the South-East Kazakhstan? 1) Ile-Alatau Usturtsky; 2) Kokshetau and Bayan-Aul; 3) Markakolsky and Burabai; 4) Ile-Alatau, Altyn-Emel; 5) Katonkaragay, Aiyrtau. 140. In some of these systems there is no mountain glacial-nival zone? 1) Mugodzhary; 2) Altai; 3) Junggar Alatau; 4) Trans-Ili Alatau; 5) Kyrgyz Range. 141. Where is the well-known spa resort «Rakhmanov»? 1) Mugodzhary; 2) Altai; 3) Junggar Alatau; 4) Trans-Ili Alatau; 5) Kyrgyz Range. 110

142. Where is the famous climatic health resort-koumiss «Burabai»? 1) Altai; 2) Kokshetau Upland; 3) Junggar Alatau; 4) Trans-Ili Alatau; 5) Plateau Mangishlak. 143. Where is the well-known spa resort «Arasan-Kapal»? 1) Altai; 2) Kokshetau Upland; 3) Junggar Alatau; 4) Trans-Ili Alatau; 5) Plateau Mangishlak. 144. Where is the famous resort «Saryagash» located? 1) Altai; 2) Kazakh low hills; 3) Junggar Alatau; 4) Trans-Ili Alatau; 5) South-Western Tien Shan. 145. Which of these reserves are the main objects of protection Pine forest of dry fescue-feather grass steppes, salinity-nye and fresh water lakes? 1) Aksu Zhabaglinskiy; 2) Markakolsky; 3) Barca Kelmes; 4) Usturtsky; 5) Naurzum. 146. In which of the following reserves of Kazakhstan the main objects of protection are typical landscapes of desert plateau Turan plain; most rare protected animals are mouflon, cheetah, gazelle, saiga? 1) Kurgaldzhin; 2) Markakolsky; 3) Barca Kelmes; 4) Usturtsky; 5) Naurzum. 147. Which of the reserves established for the conservation and restoration of saiga Asiatic wild ass on a deserted island with sagebrush and halophytic vegetation and reeds? 1) Kurgaldzhin; 2) Markakolsky; 3) Barca Kelmes; 4) Usturtsky; 5) Naurzum. 111

148. In the central part of Kazakhstan is located ... 1) Turanian plain; 2) Kazakh low hills; 3) Altai Mountains; 4) Caspian Depression; 5) West Siberian Plain. 149. In the south-western part of Kazakhstan is located ... 1) Turanian plain; 2) Kazakh low hills; 3) Altai Mountains; 4) Caspian Depression; 5) West Siberian Plain. 150. Which of the major lakes in Kazakhstan is divided into two parts: fresh and salt? 1) Alakol; 2) Balkhash; 3) the Aral Sea; 4) the Caspian Sea; 5) Zaisan. 151. What is the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan at the moment? 1) 15.1 million. People ; 2) 14.8 million. People; 3) 16.8 million. People; 4) 12.5 million. People; 5) 10.6 million. Pers. 152. What nationality is the largest in Kazakhstan? 1) Kazakhs; 2) Russian; 3) Belarusians; 4) the Uighurs; 5) Chinese. 153. What nationality is the second largest in Kazakhstan? 1) Kazakhs; 2) Russian; 3) Belarusians; 4) the Uighurs; 5) Chinese. 154. What natural resources are considered to be inexhaustible? 1) wind; 2) vegetation; 3) soil; 112

4) mineral resources; 5) recreational resources. 155. What natural resources are considered to be inexhaustible? 1) vegetation; 2) the energy of the sun; 3) soil; 4) mineral resources. 5) recreational resources . 156. What natural resources are considered to be inexhaustible? 1) vegetation; 2) soil; 3) tidal and wave energy; 4) mineral resources; 5) recreational resources. 157. How many economic regions in Kazakhstan? 1) 3; 2) 4; 3) 5; 4) 6; 5) 7. 158. Which economic region refers Karaganda region? 1) North; 2) Center; 3) West; 4) East; 5) South. 159. Which economic region refers Almaty region? 1) North; 2) Center; 3) West; 4) East; 5) South. 160. Which economic region includes Akmola region? 1) North; 2) Center; 3) West; 4) East; 5) South. 161. Which economic region refers Pavlodar region? 1) North; 113

2) Center; 3) West; 4) East; 5) South. 162. Which economic region refers Aktobe region? 1) North; 2) Center; 3) West; 4) East; 5) South. 163. Which economic region refers Aktau Region? 1) North; 2) Center; 3) West; 4) East; 5) South. 164. The subject of demographic studies are ... 1) The size, sex and age composition, natural growth, mortality, migration; 2) national structure, customs and culture of the peoples inhabiting the territory; 3) patterns of development and functioning of society; 4) social and political movements; 5) the structure and characteristics of sectors of the economy. 165. What is the subject of ethnographic research? 1) The size, sex and age composition, natural growth, mortality, migration; 2) national structure, customs and culture of the peoples inhabiting the territory 3) patterns of development and functioning of society; 4) social and political movements; 5) the structure and characteristics of sectors of the economy. 166. What is the main indicator of the region's specialization in the production of a specific product? 1) export products outside the region; 2) the volume of production; 3) gross domestic product; 4) income of the population; 5) import products. 167. Industry production sphere relates 1) Science; 2) agriculture; 3) The scope of services; 4) health; 5) tourism. 114

168. Industry production sphere relates 1) Science; 2) the scope of services; 3) health; 4) tourism; 5) trade; 169. Industry production sphere relates 1) Science; 2) the scope of services; 3) industry; 4) health; 5) tourism; 170. For non-production sphere relates 1) Health; 2) trade; 3) industry; 4) agriculture; 5) transport. 171. For non-production sphere relates 1) trade; 2) industry; 3) agriculture; 4) education; 5) transport. 172. For non-production sphere relates 1) trade; 2) industry; 3) agriculture; 4) transportation; 5) tourism. 173. What types of power plants dominated in Kazakhstan? 1) Thermal Power Plant; 2) Power plant; 3) nuclear power plants; 4) Wind; 5) Tidal. 174. What do you call a complex of structures, buildings, institutions serving the sphere of production? 1) the financial sphere; 2) the scope of services; 115

3) infrastructure; 4) inflation; 5) Housing and utilities. 175. What are the major cities of Kazakhstan in terms of population. 1) Almaty, Semipalatinsk, Karaganda; 2) Almaty, Karaganda, Shymkent; 3) Karaganda, Almaty, Pavlodar; 4) Almaty, Shymkent, Ta-time; 5) Almaty, Karaganda, Akmola; 176. On the planet Earth, there are a total of 19 lakes, which are among the very ball-shih, as surrounding waters exceeds 10,000 km. Three of them are located in Kazakhstan. What are these lakes. 1) Alakol, Tengiz, the Aral Sea; 2) the Caspian Sea, Tengiz, the Aral Sea; 3) Sasykkol, the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea; 4) Aral, Balkhash, the Caspian Sea; 5) Alakol, Balkhash, Tengiz. 177. Where is the only nuclear power plant in Kazakhstan? 1) Aktobe; 2) Akmola; 3) Karaganda; 4) Shymkent; 5) of the Act. 178. Spa centers of Kazakhstan (except the wrong) 1) Atbasar; 2) Saryagash; 3) Zhanakorgan; 4) Burabai; 5) Alma-Arasan. 179. The northernmost in the world of pink flamingos nesting in the reserve is ... 1) Almaty; 2) Naurzum; 3) Korgaldzhinskom; 4) Markakolsky; 5) Ustyurtsky. 180. In a National Park, located a mountain covered with legends and Okzhetpes Zhumbaktas? 1) Charyn Canyon; 2) Ile-Alatau; 116

3) Burabai; 4) Bayanaul; 5) Kolsai lake. 181. What is the scientific discipline dealing with comprehensive study of place names? 1) topography; 2) onomastics; 3) place names; 4) orography; 5) linguistics. 182. Who is the author of the first in Kazakhstan Kazakh dictionary of place names? 1) Sh Valihanov; 2) GK Konkashpaev; 3) SR Eravletov; 4) MJ Zhandayev; 5) EB Murzaev; 183. What is meant by «the etymology of names»? 1) the origin of the place name; 2) any geographical name; 3) figurative, allegorical names; 4) a copy of the translated title; 5) the meaning of the place name. 184. What is meant by «semantics of place-name»? 1) the origin of the place name; 2) any geographical name; 3) figurative, allegorical names; 4) a copy of the translated title; 5) sense of place names; 185. What is the process of transforming its own geographical names in common nouns (of Tulle – Tulle, Lombardy – Lombardy, Panama – Panama City)? 1) abbreviation; 2) detoponimizatsiya; 3) tracing; 4) oronyms; 5) speleonimy. 186. What is the reduction of geographical names (CIS, EKR, SKR, UAE and others)? 1) abbreviation; 117

2) detoponimizatsiya; 3) tracing; 4) oronyms; 5) speleonimy. 187. In what type of place names combined name of the cave? 1) abbreviation; 2) detoponimizatsiya; 3) tracing; 4) oronyms; 5) speleonimy. 188. Translated copy of the title, preserving its origin and content (Zhetisu – Seven Rivers, Kokshetau – Sinegorye) is called: 1) abbreviation; 2) detoponimizatsiya; 3) tracing; 4) oronyms; 5) speleonimy. 189. What are the words in the titles of groundwater sources in Kazakhstan indicate their curative properties-tion? 1) ak car; 2) Aulie, Arasan; 3) ala, Ashchi; 4) Sarah Ulken; 5) punishment, Ashchi. 190. The collection of all geographical names defined-tion area called ... 1) oikonymy; 2) urbonimiya; 3) oronyms; 4) toponymy; 5) Waternames. 191. What is the type of place names (toponyms) of worn-name Balkhash Or, Aral, Ishim? 1) speleonim; 2) hydronym; 3) anthroponym; 4) urbonim; 5) oronym. 192. What is the type of place names (toponyms) are the names of Astana, Almaty, Karaganda, Kostanai, etc. ? 1) speleonim; 118

2) hydronym; 3) anthroponym; 4) urbonim; 5) oronym. 193. What is the type of place names (toponyms) are the names of the Altai, Alatau Mugodzhary, Kokshetau? 1) speleonim; 2) hydronym; 3) anthroponym; 4) urbonim; 5) oronym. 194. People What term refers to «the mountain with severe high-altitude zone and snow and glaciers on the ver-tire» 1) Tau; 2) Tau; 3) Sarytau; 4) Shingyztau; 5) of the Act. 195. What is the name of the lake «Balkhash»? 1) Sea; 2) flat, wide lake; 3) Island; 4) lake with marshy shores; 5) salt lake. 196. What is the name of the lake «Tengiz»? 1) Sea, a large lake 2) flat, wide lake 3) Island; 4) lake with marshy shores; 5) salt lake. 197. Which Toponimical substrate include names: Zaisan Tarbagatay Inder, Kegen, Emel? 1) Iran; 2) Slavic; 3) Turkic; 4) Arabic; 5) Mongolian. 198. Which Toponimical substrate include names: Kokshetau, Aksu, Ekibastuz, Alatau Sasykkol etc.? 1) Iran; 119

2) Slavic; 3) Turkic; 4) Arabic; 5) Mongolian. 199. Which Toponimical substrate include names: Semipalatinsk, was Petropav-sov, Hercules Glacier, Lake. Borough howling, etc.? 1) Iran; 2) Slavic; 3) Turkic; 4) Arabic; 5) Mongolian. 200. What is the science that studies the characteristics of culture and life of the people, their origin, resettlement and cultural and historical relationships? 1) ethnography; 2) demography; 3) Sociology; 4) social studies; 5) archeology. 201. What's in the geographical names of Kazakhstan does «Kunges», «Kung»? 1) Light; 2) oriented in the sun (south); 3) Located away; 4) Motley; 5) No change of altitude zones. 202. As in Kazakhstan called muddy river, carrying a large amount of suspended sediment, «running water»? 1) Aksu; 2) Karasu; 3) ALAS; 4) Ashchisu; 5) Muzdysu. 203. What is the name of the certificate for strate that the river is predominantly clay food and water in it transparent? 1) Aksu; 2) Karasu; 3) ALAS; 4) Ashchisu; 5) Muzdysu. 120

204. What toponimic substrate (layer) of geographical names in Kazakhstan is the oldest? 1) Iran; 2) Arabic; 3) Mongolian; 4) Turkic; 5) Slavic. 205. As translated name of the famous lake Kayindi? 1) Net; 2) Cold; 3) Birch; 4) Pine; 5) Motley. 206. What is the dolmen? 1) mausoleum 2) an ancient settlement 3) stone slab 4) mound 5) fortification 207. What do you call the people of Nye Kazakh game on horseback – the fight for a goat carcass? 1) Betashar; 2) kazaksha kures; 3) bayga; 4) kyz kuu; 5) kokpar-Tartu. 208. What is the Kazakh people's struggle? 1) Betashar; 2) kazaksha kures; 3) bayga; 4) kyz kuu; 5) kokpar-Tartu; 209. The layer of soil, containing-conductive tools, pottery, animal bones, ash from hearths residues constructions, decorations called ... 1) architectural layer; 2) cultural layer; 3) geological stratum; 4) soil layer; 5) archaeological horizon. 121

210. What type of sites are tools of primitive people? 1) historical monuments; 2) archaeological sites; 3) architectural monuments; 4) works of art; 5) natural monuments. 211. What type of sites are unique buildings. palaces, the inner city? 1) historical monuments; 2) archaeological sites; 3) architectural monuments; 4) works of art; 5) natural monuments. 212. What type of sites are house-museums of famous personalities? 1) historical monuments; 2) archaeological sites; 3) architectural monuments; 4) works of art; 5) natural monuments. 213. What type of sites are works of painting, sculpture, literature? 1) historical monuments; 2) archaeological sites; 3) architectural monuments; 4) works of art; 5) natural monuments. 214. What science has been studying patterns of Sun-production of the population in its socio-historical conditions? 1) ethnography; 2) demography; 3) Sociology; 4) social studies; 5) archeology. 215. What is the name of the branch-tion of local lore, has the task of studying, preservation of monuments of history and culture of their region? 1) Local history; 2) physical and geographical regional studies; 3) museology; 4) ethnographic study of local lore; 5) Socio-economic study of local lore. 122

216. Monuments of history and culture does NOT include: 1) natural monuments; 2) historical monuments; 3) archaeological sites; 4) monuments; 5) folklore. 217. List the peoples living on the territory of Kazakhstan, whose languages, as well as Kazakh, refer to the Turkic group? 1) Uzbeks, Uighurs, Ukrainians, Chechens, Tatars; 2) Karakalpak, Kyrgyz, Azerbaijanis, Georgians, Armenians; 3) The Uighurs, Karakalpak, Kyrgyz, Tatars, Uzbeks; 4) the Karachai, Balkars, Ossetians and Ingush, Chechens; 5) Karakalpaks, Uzbeks, Tajiks, Dagestan. 218. Who is the originator of «Sofa lugat at-Turk» («Dictionary of Turkic Dialects») – a monument to the cultural history of the Turkic-speaking peoples (XI century)? 1) Khoja Ahmed Yassavi; 2) Mahmud of Kashgar; 3) Yusuf Balasuguni; 4) Abu Nasr al-Farabi; 5) Muhammad Haidar Duglati. 219. The ancient trading center, the center of an agricultural district, in the 17th century. capital of the Kazakh Khanate – Iasi now called – 1) Otyrar; 2) Kyzyl-Orda; 3) Taraz; 4) Shymkent; 5) Turkestan. 220. What was the name used to Kyzylorda? 1) Ak-mosque Perovsk; 2) Iasi, Turkestan; 3) Akmola, Ak-mosque; 4) Sairam, perovskite; 5) Sygnak, Ak-mosque. 221. When national independence was proclaimed the Republic of Kazakhstan? 1) November 15, 1991 Mr.; 2) December 16, 1991.; 3) August 30, 1992 Mr.; 4) November 15, 1993 Mr.; 5) May 23, 1993. 123

222. In what year did the city of Alma-Ata was the capital of Kazakhstan? 1) 1922; 2) 1924; 3) 1929; 4) 1932; 5) 1933; 223. In what year was the strongest earthquake that destroyed the city right? 1) 1856; 2) 1870; 3) 1887; 4) 1902; 5) 1930. 224. The ancient city of Ka-Kazakhstan – it ... 1) Aktau, Atyrau, Aktobe; 2) Taraz, Shymkent, Turkestan; 3) Karaganda, Temirtau Balkhash; 4) Zhanatas, Ore, Ekibastuz; 5) Arkalyk, Tekeli, Ken-tau. 225. in 1901-1905. first built on the territory of Kazakh-mill railroad – 1) Moscow – Orenburg; 2) Orenburg – Tashkent; 3) Oral – Tomsk; 4) Oral – Karaganda; 5) Petropavlovsk – Shymkent; 226. When formed Kyrgyz (Kazakh) ASSR? 1) January 1919; 2) in August 1920; 3) September 1926; 4) March 1930; 5) December 1936; 227. The first capital of the Kirghiz (Kazakh) ASSR from 1920 to 1924 – 1) Orenburg; 2) Kzylorda; 3) Alma-Ata; 4) Astana; 5) Semipalatinsk. 228 When the Kazakh ASSR transformed into the Federal Republic (Kazakh SSR)? 1) 1920; 124

2) 1929; 3) 1936; 4) 1941; 5) 1953. 229. In 1925, the capital of the Kalmyk ASSR moved from Orenburg in the city ...? 1) Shymkent; 2) Kyzyl-Orda; 3) Alma-Ata; 4) Semipalatinsk; 5) Karaganda. 230. Prominent architect who built many buildings in Verne: 1) A.P. Zenkov; 2) A.A. Kolpakovsky; 3) V.N. Vukolov; 4) K. Akishev; 5) I.V. Butakov. 231. Special permit for excavation or prospecting right issued by authorized state bodies called ... 1) open list; 2) a special permit; 3) passport excavations; 4) archaeological visa; 5) the right to explore. 232. studies anthroponimics? 1) the origin of place names; 2) proper names of people; 3) the names of patterns of development; 4) the names of species of animals; 5) local geographical terms; 233. What kind of maps contain information about the terrain? 1) geomorphology, topography; 2) tectonic, geological; 3) hydrological, glaciological; 4) political and administrative, Quaternary deposits 5) hydrogeological, physical. 234. What kind of geographical cards contain information about the structure of the crust and rocks? 1) geomorphology, topography; 125

2) tectonic, geological; 3) hydrological, glaciological; 4) political and administrative, Quaternary deposits 5) hydrogeological, physical. 235. What kind of local history information is in the public records? 1) documentary sources; 2) folklore; 3) a work of art; 4) the periodical literature; 5) monuments. 236. What are the buildings, memorials and items related to historical events? 1) historical monuments; 2) works of art; 3) architectural monuments; 4) archaeological sites; 5) documentary monuments. 237. How 237, commonly referred to as the outstanding paintings, sculptures, works of jewelers, literary works? 1) historical monuments; 2) works of art; 3) architectural monuments; 4) archaeological sites; 5) documentary monuments. 238. What types of sites are stored in galleries? 1) historical monuments; 2) works of art; 3) architectural monuments; 4) archaeological sites; 5) documentary monuments. 239.What are the names of outstanding works construction – buildings, remnants of ancient planning, historical centers? 1) historical monuments; 2) works of art; 3) architectural monuments; 4) archaeological sites; 5) documentary monuments. 240. What are the ancient fort, the remains of ancient settlements, industries, roads, burial sites, stone sculptures, carvings? 1) historical monuments; 126

2) works of art; 3) architectural monuments; 4) archaeological sites; 5) documentary monuments. 241. What type of monuments are Tamgali? 1) petroglyphs; 2) a monument of architecture; 3) Archive Fund; 4) literary monuments; 5) tumulus. 242. In which locality was made an archaeological find «Altyn Adam»? 1) Turgen'; 2) Almaty; 3) Issyk; 4) Uzun Agash; 5) Taldy-Korgan. 243. On the basis of a document, you can obtain a work permit in the archive? 1) identification; 2) a letter from the organization with the theme and purpose of work; 3) a written statement; 4) resolution is not required; 5) A certificate of training and a document on the registration. 244. By the first of the trilogy of novels written in the Kazakh language ... 1) Abay; 2) M.Auezov; 3) S. Mukanov; 4) Sh Valihanov; 5) Shakarim. 245. In which city is the mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yassaui? 1) Turkestan; 2) Sairam; 3) Taraz; 4) Otyrar; 5) Shymkent. 246. In the vicinity of the city of Kazakhstan located Aisha Bibi and Babaji Khatun? 1) Turkestan; 2) Sairam; 3) Taraz; 4) Otyrar; 5) Shymkent. 127

247. What is the unique Orthodox Cathedral, built in Almaty on the draft of A.P. Zenkov? 1) Sophia; 2) Holy Ascension; 3) Nicholas; 4) Christ the Savior; 5) St. George. 248. Year of education of the city of Almaty is… 1) 1832; 2) 1854; 3) 1911; 4) 1922; 5) 1956. 249. From 1925 to 1929 the capital of the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was the city – 1) Orenburg 2) Kyzyl-Orda; 3) Aktobe; 4) Alma-Ata; 5) Uralsk. 250. When was the first open university in Kazakhstan – Kazakh Pedagogical Institute? 1) 1920; 2) 1928; 3) 1931; 4) 1934; 5) 1937. 251. The first university in Kazakhstan opened in 1928 – 1) Kazakh Pedagogical Institute; 2) Veterinary Institute; 3) Agricultural Research Institute; 4) Institute of Medicine; 5) Kazakh State University. 252. When was launched Kazakh State University (Kazakh State University)? 1) 1920; 2) 1928; 3) 1931; 4) 1934; 5) 1937. 128

253. When was the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Independence? 1) December 1991; 2) November 1993; 3) March 1994; 4) April 1995; 5) January 1997. 254. When was introduced the national currency of the Republic of Kazakhstan? 1) December 1991; 2) November 1993; 3) March 1994; 4) April 1995; 5) January 1997. 255. When approved by the National Flag and National Emblem of the Republic of Kazakhstan? 1) December 1991; 2) November 1993; 3) March 1994; 4) April 1995; 5) January 1997 256. Which of the Kazakh khans first became a subject of the Russian Empire in 1731? 1) Dzhanibek 2) Tauke; 3) Ablay; 4) Abulhair; 5) Kasim. 257. When and where was established the first museum of Kazakhstan? 1) True –1845 g; 2) Orenburg – 1831; 3) Petropavlovsk – 1860; 4) Kyzylorda – 1855; 5) Semipalatinsk – 1868 258. How many museums was in Kazakhstan in 2013? 1) 1 – Verny; 2) 2 – Ural and Semipalatinsk; 3) 3 – Ural, Verny, Semipalatinsk; 4) 5 – Orenburg, Ural, Semipalatinsk, Zhetysusky, Verny; 5) 14 – in all regional cities. 129

259. Which of the museums of Kazakhstan was created with the support and participation of Abay? 1) Orenburg; 2) Urals; 3) Semipalatinsk; 4) Zhetysusky; 5) Verny. 260. When and where was opened the first public museum, established with the scientific and educational goals? 1) in 1683 at Oxford University; 2) in 1389, in the Bois de University 3) In 1932, the University of Kazan; 4) in 1569 at the Sorbonne. 5) in 1732 at the University of Berlin. 261. Date of the founding of the first Russian museum – Cabinet of Curiosities, is considered to be ... 1) 1509; 2) 1655; 3) 1714; 4) 1861; 5) 1917. 262. What is the name of the collection of Museum objects, historical and cultural monuments, objects of nature, taken from the existence in the environment due to their ability to document social and natural processes and phenomena. 1) the main museum fund; 2) support the museum fund; 3) exposure; 4) the museum's collection; 5) exhibit. 263. What are the materials used to improve and exhibit museum objects (charts, graphs, tables, and plans. Cards. Models, mockups. Reconstruction). 1) the main museum fund; 2) support the museum fund; 3) exposure; 4) the museum's collection; 5) exhibit. 264. What is the name of the collection of Museum objects related to the commonality of one or more symptoms? 1) the main museum fund; 130

2) support the museum fund; 3) exposure; 4) the museum's collection; 5) exhibit. 265. What is the targeted and evidence-based demonstration of museum objects that are organized composition, provided with a commentary, technically and artistically decorated? 1) the main museum fund; 2) support m-Zane Fund; 3) exposure; 4) the museum's collection; 5) exhibit. 266. What is the museum object, exhibited in the museum? 1) the main museum fund; 2) support the museum fund; 3) exposure; 4) the museum's collection; 5) exhibit. 267. What is the object created to mimic or replace the other thing in his capacity as the original? 1) copy; 2) exhibit; 3) items; 4) exposure; 5) collection; 268. What is the copy of the pictorial, graphic or photographic images made by a printing method? 1) reproduction; 2) dummy; 3) cast; 4) hologram; 5) model. 269. What is the copy obtained by removing from the original shape and fill it in plaster? 1) reproduction; 2) dummy; 3) cast; 4) hologram; 5) model. 270. What is the appearance of three-dimensional reproduction of an object that is created in a certain scale? 1) reproduction; 131

2) dummy; 3) layout; 4) a remake; 5) the hologram. 271. What is the volume optical copy of the real object that is created with the help of laser technology? 1) reproduction; 2) dummy; 3) cast; 4) hologram; 5) model. 272. What do you call the study, description and scientific definition of objects of the main fund of the museum? 1) inventory; 2) registration; 3) systematization; 4) cataloging; 5) accounting. 273. What is the conservation of museum objects or monuments of nature under the regime, the inhibitory processes of natural aging, followed by consolidation? 1) conservation; 2) inventory; 3) restoration; 4) cataloging; 5) light regime. 274. What is the name of correcting the distortion of Museum objects, which are caused by aging, injury? 1) conservation; 2) inventory; 3) restoration; 4) cataloging; 5) light regime. 275. What are the individual items or objects in the museum for a review? 1) exhibits; 2) items; 3) expositional material; 4) exhibition; 5) exchange fund. 132

276. How is the collection of museum objects and their copies, accompanying texts that are part of the museum? 1) exhibits; 2) items; 3) expositional material; 4) exhibition; 5) exchange fund. 277. What are the temporary exhibitions of the museum? 1) exhibits; 2) items; 3) expositional material; 4) exhibition; 5) exchange fund. 278. As is the set of all genuine natural monuments of material and spiritual culture collected in the museum? 1) fixed assets; 2) Support Fund; 3) exposure; 4) District Museum; 5) the museum object. 279. What are the names of the objects that have scientific, artistic, or historical uniqueness or value to be used in the museum? 2) Support Fund; 3) exposure; 4) District Museum; 5) the museum object. 280. What is the name of the museum collection of materials that do not have unique, but are used to explain or replace? 1) fixed assets; 2) Support Fund; 3) exposure; 4) District Museum; 5) the museum object. 281. As is the set of redundant, unnecessary museum objects, which are used to exchange or sell Ms? 1) fixed assets; 2) Support Fund; 3) exchange fund; 4) exposure; 5) District Museum; 133

282. Which of the funds of the Museum includes text, graphics, diagrams used to explain the exhibits in the Museum? 1) fixed assets; 2) Support Fund; 3) exchange fund; 4) Exhibition Fund; 5) the district fund. 283. Who in the large state-owned museums decides whether the acquisition of the object or collection for the museum? 1) Director; 2) Deputy. Director for Science; 3) guide; 4) stock-purchasing commission; 5) The Scientific Council. 284. In which of the documents registered membership of objects to the Museum Fund? 1) receipt book for permanent storage; 2) The book of ancillary materials; 3) ledger raw materials; 4) field inventory; 5) a contract of sale. 285. What is the name of band-shaped pattern of large, carrying out allround visibility, combined with upstream her layouts, figures? 1) panorama 2) diorama 3) videorama 4) model 5) dummy 286. Which profile museums include art, art galleries? 1) art history; 2) historical; 3) the natural sciences; 4) technical; 5) memorial; 287. Which profile museums include Kasteev Art Gallery? 1) art history; 2) historical; 3) the natural sciences; 4) technical; 5) memorial; 134

288. Which profile museums include archaeological, ethnographic museums? 1) art history; 2) historical; 3) the natural sciences; 4) technical; 5) memorial; 289. Which profile museums include geological, botanical, zoological museums? 1) art history; 2) historical; 3) the natural sciences; 4) technical; 5) memorial; 290. Which profile museums include the house-museum of famous personalities? 1) art history; 2) historical; 3) the natural sciences; 4) technical; 5) memorial; 291. Which profile museums include regional museums? 1) art history; 2) historical; 3) the natural sciences; 4) technical; 5) complex; 292. In what Museum is the most popular specialist is a Taxidermist? 1) Botanical; 2) Geology; 3) Zoology; 4) Polytechnic; 5) Memorial. 293. What is «taxidermy»? 1) the creation of stuffed animals; 2) the creation of models of ships; 3) the creation of the museum; 4) delivery of tourists; 5) reconstruction of architectural monuments. 294. The word «museum» in Greek means: 1) collection of objects; 135

2) a place dedicated to the Muses; 3) The collection of paintings; 4) place to store gifts; 5) All answers are correct. 295. First appeared in museums: 1) Ancient Greece; 2) Ancient Rome; 3) Spain; 4) in the Americas; 5) Ancient China. 296. Where is located one of the largest museums in the world museum «Metropolitan»? 1) Paris; 2) Madrid; 3) New York; 4) Rome; 5) St. Petersburg; 297. Where is located one of the largest museums in the world museum «Hermitage»?: 1) Paris; 2) Madrid; 3) New York; 4) Rome; 5) St. Petersburg. 298. The first museum of Kazakhstan was opened in the city: 1) Almaty; 2) Uralsk; 3) Orenburg; 4) Semipalatinsk; 5) Kyzylorda. 299. Day hiking tours recommended norm wearable cost for students 1112 years of age is: 1) 4 kg; 2) 10 kg; 3) 8 kg; 4) 12 Kg; 5) 16 kg. 136

300. On what basis is constructed exposition section of history and archeology at the museum? 1) the size of the samples; 2) artistic value; 3) in chronological order; 4) The origin of exhibits; 5) depending on the value of the exhibits.

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GLOSSARY Altitudeis the height of an area, measured from sea level. A geographical coordinate system is a system that uses latitude and longitude to describe points on the spherical surface of the globe. Latitude is the angular distance north or south from the equator to a particular location. The equator has latitude of zero degrees. The North Pole has a latitude of 90 degrees North; the South Pole has a latitude of 90 degrees South. Longitude is the angular distance east or west from the north-south line that passes through Greenwich, England, to a particular location. Greenwich, England has a longitude of zero degrees. The farther east or west of Greenwich you are, the greater your longitude. The Midway Islands (in the Pacific Ocean) have a longitude of 180 degrees (they are on the opposite side of the globe from Greenwich). A degree is a unit of measurement; a degree is also written. There are 360 degrees in a circle. Each degree is divided into 60 minutes, written as the symbol '. For example, 10 and a half degrees is written 10° 30'. The equator is an imaginary circle around the earth, halfway between the north and south poles. A political map is a map that shows cultural features, like the political boundaries of countries, states, provinces, and cities. The prime meridian (0 degrees longitude) is the meridian that passes through Greenwich, England. A parallel (of latitude) is a line on a map that represents an imaginary eastwest circle drawn on the Earth in a plane parallel to the plane that contains the equator. Southern Hemisphere The Southern Hemisphere is the half of the Earth that is south of theequator. Nothern Hemisphere The Nothern Hemisphere is the half of the Earth that is north of theequator The International Date Line (IDL) is an imaginary north-south line (at the 180th meridian), in the Pacific Ocean, at which the date changes. The east side of the IDL is a calendar day earlier than the west side. The actual IDL used is not a straight line, but zigzags around certain populated areas.

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ANSWERS FOR TEST QUESTIONS Number of question 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38.

of correct answer 2 3 1 5 1 2 3 5 5 1 2 2 5 2 1 3 3 4 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 5 4 2 3 3 2 2 5 1 5 3 2

Number of question 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113.

of correct answer 2 3 1 5 2 2 3 2 5 4 2 5 2 1 5 2 4 1 1 3 2 4 2 1 1 4 5 1 4 5 3 2 2 3 1 1 2 1

Number of question 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 139

of correct answer 1 1 2 1 2 3 3 2 5 1 1 3 3 1 2 1 2 5 3 1 4 5 1 3 2 4 5 1 3 3 3 2 1 5 2 1 5 3

Number of question 226. 227. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. 235. 236. 237. 238. 239. 240. 241. 242. 243. 244. 245. 246. 247. 248. 249. 250. 251. 252. 253. 254. 255. 256. 257. 258. 259. 260. 261. 262. 263.

of correct answer 2 1 3 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 1 3 2 2 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 4 1 2 3 4 2 4 3 1 3 1 2

39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75.

3 4 4 5 2 4 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 4 3 5 1 1 2 5 1 2 3 2 1 2 4 2 1 5 4 3 2 5 3 1 1

114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150.

1 4 3 4 3 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 5 4 1 3 1 4 4 5 3 5 5 5 2 4 1 2 2 3 5 5 4 3 2 1 2

189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 221. 222. 223. 224. 225.

140

2 4 2 4 5 1 4 1 5 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 3 5 2 2 2 3 1 4 2 1 1 3 2 5 1 2 3 3 2 2

264. 265. 266. 267. 268. 269. 270. 271. 272. 273. 274. 275. 276. 277. 278. 279. 280. 281. 282. 283. 284. 285. 286. 287. 288. 289. 290. 291. 292. 293. 294. 295. 296. 297. 298. 299. 300.

4 3 5 1 1 3 3 4 1 1 3 1 3 4 1 1 2 3 2 4 1 1 1 1 2 3 5 5 3 1 2 1 3 5 3 1 3

BIBLIOGRAPHY Basic: 1. Вуколов В.Н. Основы туристско-краеведческой работы. – Алматы, 2005. 2. Никонова Г.Н. Краеведение. – М., 1984. 3. Краеведение: учебное пособие // А. В. Даринский и др. – М., 1985. 4. Даринский А.В. Туристско-краеведческая работа в школе. – М., 1979. 5. Алматы. Энциклопедия. – Алматы, 2002. Additional: 1. Иванов П.В. Основы школьного краеведения. – Петрозаводск, 1977. 2. Ахметов Б.С. Историческое краеведение. – Алма-Ата, 1981. 3. Мешечко Е.Н. Географическое краеведение. – Минск, 1986. 4. Вуколов В.Н. По северному Тянь-Шаню. – М., Профиздат, 1991. 5. Ердавлетов С.Р. Достопримечательные места Казахстана. – Алма-Ата: Знание, 1988. 6. Поздеев Л.Г. Горные тропы Алматы. – Алматы: Бiлiм, 1995. 7. Спутник туриста. – М.: Физкультура и спорт, 1959.

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CONTENT INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 3 Chapter 1. THE NATURE AND OBJECTIVES OF REGIONAL STUDIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN ........................................................................................... 6 1. Nature and objectives of regional studies ....................................................... 6 2. Types and forms of regional studies ............................................................... 7 3. History of regional studies research in Kazakhstan ........................................ 9 Control questions and independent work............................................................ 16 Chapter 2. SOURCES AND METHODS OF REGIONAL STUDIES RESEARCH ...................................................................................... 17 1. Principles and sources of regional studies ...................................................... 17 2. Main stages of research in regional studies .................................................... 20 3. Classification of methods of regional studies ................................................. 20 Control questions and independent work............................................................ 21 Chapter 3. NATURAL GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONAL STUDIES .................. 24 1. Research subject in physical geographical regional studies............................ 24 2. Geological and mineral research..................................................................... 25 3. Geomorphological research ............................................................................ 27 4. Meteorological research ................................................................................. 29 5. Hydrological and glaciological research ......................................................... 34 6. Geobotanical and zoological research ............................................................ 35 7. Phenological research ..................................................................................... 36 8. Topographic surveys ....................................................................................... 38 Control questions and independent work............................................................ 41 Chapter 4. ECONOMICAL REGIONAL STUDIES .......................................... 52 1. Essence, value and sources of economical regional studies............................ 52 2. Demographic studies of a region .................................................................... 52 3. The composition of the economy and its classification .................................. 53 4. Recreational resources .................................................................................... 54 Control questions and independent work............................................................ 55 Chapter 5. BASICS OF HISTORICAL REGIONAL STUDIES ........................ 58 1. The subject of historical regional studies. Types of monuments of history and culture ........................................................ 58 2. Main directions of historical regional studies ................................................. 60 Control questions and independent work............................................................ 65 Chapter 6. TOPONYMIC RESEARCH ............................................................. 66 1. Basic concepts and methods of toponymy ...................................................... 66 2. Features of the formation of toponyms of its region ....................................... 69 142

3. Role of toponymy in the organization of recreational activities ..................... 72 Control questions and independent work............................................................ 72 Chapter 7. BASICS OF MUSEOLOGY............................................................. 74 1. An understanding of museum studies ............................................................. 74 2. History of the world museums ........................................................................ 74 3. Social functions of museums .......................................................................... 77 4. Classification and typology of museums ........................................................ 77 5. Major terms of the museum studies ................................................................ 78 6. The museum exposition .................................................................................. 80 7. The main forms of cultural and educational work in museums ...................... 81 Control questions and independent work............................................................ 82 METHODOLOGY FOR INDEPENDENT WORK OF STUDENTS .................................................................................... 85 TESTS ................................................................................................................ 88 GLOSSARY ....................................................................................................... 138 ANSWER KEYS FOR TESTS .......................................................................... 139 BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................. 141

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Educational issue Abisheva Zarema Maratovna Abdreeva Sholpan Tursynbayevna Aizholova Gulzhan Rollanovna

FUNDAMENTALS OF LOCAL TOURISM ACTIVITIES Educational-methodical manual Computer page makeup and cover designer: U. Abdikaimova

IS No.10260 Signed for publishing 14.12.16. Format 60x84 1/16. Offset paper. Digital printing. Volume 9,0 printer’s sheet. Edition 100. Order No.5847 Publishing house «Qazaq university» Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi, 050040, Almaty Printed in the printing office of the «Qazaq university» publishing house

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