Fundamentals of COBOL Programming [2 ed.] 069708101X, 9780697081018

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Fundamentals of

COBOL

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Fundamentals of

COBOL

Programming

Carl Feingold, C.P.A., C.D.P. Los Angeles Trade and Technical College University of California Extension, Los Angeles

WM.

C.

BROWN Dubuque, COMPANY Iowa

PUBLISHERS

Copyright

Wm.

C.

© 1969 by

Brown Company

Publishers

ISBN0-697-08101-X All

rights

reproduced

in

permission in

Second

No part of this book may be any form or by any process without writing from the copyright owner.

reserved.

Printing,

1970

Printed in the United States of America

Preface

After years of dedicated effort by a relatively small group of individuals,

COBOL has emerged as the leading business today. COBOL is enjoying a wide and popular

data processing language in use

acceptance by the business community and is being adopted as the standard business programming language by more companies each day. The continuing efforts of the various COBOL committees plus the support from governmental agencies give promise that COBOL will meet the needs of the users today and well into the future. COBOL not only enjoys support from its users and computer manufacturers but from numerous consulting and software firms who are directing their resources towards additional aids for COBOL users in forms of flow charting, cross reference dictionaries and package programs. This book is so designed that the reader may learn all the basic components of COBOL and apply these principles to the writing of COBOL programs. The practical programming approach plus the theoretical principles presented should provide the programmer with a sound basis for the understanding of the COBOL

programming language.

COBOL program, the COBOL before any

student must have some knowledge of all four program can be written. This normally requires the student to be halfway through the course before he is able to write a COBOL program. Of the four divisions, the Data and Procedure are the largest and most difficult to write. The other two, Identification and Environment Divisions, can be learned in a rather short period of time. In teaching COBOL I have experimented with introducing the Procedure Division before the Data Division with the hope that the student may be able to write COBOL programs sooner in the course. I have also reversed the sequence and have taught the Data Division before the Procedure Division vidth the same amount of success. My conclusion is that regardless of which of the two major divisions are taught first, the student will have to read ahead to

In a

divisions of

acquire an elementary understanding of the other division before he can start programs.

to write

COBOL

The book

is

so arranged that the first four chapters are devoted to the

introduction, the basic components, the Identification

and Environment Diviand waiting COBOL programs. As the student proceeds through the Data Division, he should be reading ahead in the Procedure Division. At this particular point in the course, the student should start waiting COBOL programs using the ten problems supplied in the appendix. These problems progress from the simple to the more complicated programs. sions

Prefacje

vi

The

latter part of the

book explains the many features which allow the user

to obtain a necessary function

without a detailed program. Many of the followCOBOL compilers and are available to

ing features are incorporated in most the users.

These features have been standardized and are now part of the standard

COBOL

package. Report Writer Feature. The production of reports of various types has always placed a large burden in terms of machine and programming time on the business data processing user. The Report Writer Feature allows the programmer to describe his report pictorially in the Data Division thereby minimizing the amount of Procedure Division coding necessary. Sort Feature. Sorting has always constituted a large percentage of the workload in a business data processing installation. Therefore an efficient sort program is most welcome and is a necessary part of any business software system. Declarative and Linkage Sections, Asynchronous Processing. The newer techniques of processing data with random accessing and using mass storage devices permits the programmer through the use of Asynchronous processing to overlay operations at object time thus reducing the time required to execute a sequence of operations. Additional and Opticmal Features. These features provide the user of a large system with optional techniques that may be applied to a COBOL program. COBOL Programming Techniques. These techniques are presented so that the programmer at this stage of development may apply these and write a more efficient COBOL program. I am indebted to the IBM Corporation for gratuitously granting permission to use the numerous illustrations, charts, photos and diagrams that made the text more meaningful. My special thanks to the Burroughs Corp. for permitting me to use their excellent problems and illustrations in the book. My last special thanks is to my wife Sylvia, who served as the chief typist, confidante, proofreader and without whose encouragement the book would never have been written.

Acknowledgment

The following information

reprinted from

is

COBOL

the Conference on Data Systems Languages

U.

S.

Government Printing

Edition 1965, published by printed by the

(CODASYL), and

Office.

COBOL report and specfrom this report as the basis for an instruction manual or for any other purpose is free to do so. However, all such organizations are requested to reproduce this section as part of the introduction to the document. Those using a short passage, as in a book review, are requested to mention "COBOL" in acknowledgment of the source, but need not quote this entire section. "Any organization ifications in whole

"COBOL

is

interested in reproducing the

or in part, using ideas taken

an industry language and

is

not the property of any

company

or group of companies, or of any organization or group of organizations. or implied, is made by any contributor or by the Committee as to the accuracy and functioning of the programming system and language. Moreover, no responsibility is assumed by any contributor, or by the committee, in connection therewith.

"No warranty, expressed

COBOL

"Procedures have been established for the maintenance of

COBOL.

Inquiries

concerning the procedures for proposing changes should be directed to the Executive Committee of the Conference on Data Systems Languages.

"The authors and copyright holders

of the copyrighted material

used herein

FLOW-MATIC (Trademark of Sperry Rand Corporation), Programming for the Univac ( R I and II, Data Automation Systems copyrighted 1958, 1959, by Sperry Rand Corporation; IBM Commercial Translator Form No. F28-8013, copyrighted 1959 by IBM; FACT, DSI 27A52602760, copyrighted 1960 by Minneapolis-Honeywell )

have

specifically authorized the use of this material in

whole or

in part, in

COBOL specifications. Such authorization extends to the reproduction and use of COBOL specifications in programming manuals of similar pub-

the

lications".

vii

Contents

CHAPTER

PAGE

COBOL

1.

Introduction to

2.

Components

3.

Identification

4.

Writing

5.

Data Division

31

6.

Procedure Division

51

7.

Report Writer Feature

85

8.

Sort Feature

101

9.

Declarative and Linkage Section— Asynchronous Processing

113

10.

Additional and Optional Features

123

11.

COBOL

135

of

1

COBOL

5

and Environment Division

COBOL

Programs

15

21

Programming Techniques

Problems

147

Problems

159

COBOL Summary APPENDIX-COBOL Debugging COBOL Reserved Word List Glossary of COBOL Terms

177

Illustrative

Language

189 191

199

Index

COBOL

183

Program Sheets

IX

HffI

Chapter

1

COBOL

Introduction to COBOL

is

defined as a

Language. As such it computer users, both

is

COmmon

Business Oriented

in

industry

service, to establish a standard

and government

common business language that could be processed on the various computers without any reprogramming. The federal government, one of the largest users of data processing equipment, was faced with the enormous task and expense of reprogramming each time a different type of computer was installed.

produce a

processing market.

the

data processing needs

COBOL

has been designed to meet the needs of the users today and in the future at decreasing

COBOL by the

4.

is

the only language translator supported

users including the Federal Government.

COBOL

users will

be skeptical of any new equip-

ment without COBOL capabilities; therefore it incumbent upon the computer manufacturers

5.

participate

wholeheartedly

progress in

COBOL.

COBOL

7.

technological

all

the major It

is

sing. 8.

COBOL as

the 9.

it

is

is not plagued by computer obsolesence constantly being revised to accomodate

newer computers. has a self documentary feature

COBOL

in

that

English language statements are easily understood by managers and nonprogramming per-

the

sonnel.

of data processing professionals,

POPULARITY

as the leading

are

for the popularity of 1.

is

to

data processing language included in more software packages of computer manufacturers than any other language. COBOL has proven that it is machine independent in that it can be processed through various computer configurations with the minimum of program change. Although COBOL was primarily designed for commercial users, it has evolved as a highly sophisticated language in other areas of data procesis

available today.

6.

in

After a decade of dedicated effort

The following

of

costs. 3.

COBOL

were presented in a report by the Conference on Data Systems Languages (CODASYL) in April of 1960. The group was inspired by the difficulty of program exchange among the users of computer equipment. The combined effort of the group was utilized to produce a business-oriented language that would permit a single expression of a program to be compiled on any computer presently operative or contemplated in the future. This would reduce the reprogramming costs and provide an interchange of computer programs amongst the users. The final specifications were written in 1960, and improved in 1961 and 1965 by the repeated efforts of the CODASYL committee. COBOL has emerged as the leading data processing language and is enjoying a wide and popular acceptance in the data initial specifications for

2.

language for program-

ming business data processing applications. The committee was formed in 1959 at the insistence of the Department of Defense with the express purpose to

The

responsiveness to the community.

the result of the efforts of

some

of the reasons

COBOL

advanced

today.

COBOL has been continuously standardized by repeated meetings of the CODASYL committee to improve the language and to guarantee its

language

in the

by

a small

COBOL

group

has emerged

data processing comat standard-

munity. The continued voluntary efforts ization and technological improvement in

the

COBOL

language will guarantee its responsiveness to the needs of information by management and its ability to survive the ever-changing data processing field.

Introduction

Common Language A great deal of controversy

arises

whether

COBOL

common

language: a programming language be compiled on any configuration of any computer. COBOL programs are written for comis

truly a

that can

minimum capacity of 32,000 characters. would eliminate many of the smaller computers

puters with a

This

from using in

a

programmer write

COBOL

if

he

a

more

efficient

required.

COBOL

as yet is not completely common but is approaching this objective. It offers more commonality than any other processor presently in use. It is hoped that the continuing meetings of the CODASYL committee will make COBOL a more

rapidly

useful tool in the future. to

program in English, thus providing these personnel with the opportunit>' of judging the logic of the program.

COBOL has whereby a COBOL

efficiency of

the point

DISADVANTAGES

familiar with the

is

format to reduce the amount of conversion time necessary or to reduce the number of storage positions

The

COBOL

COBOL.

program hardware? The answer of course is yes. He can take advantage of such programming approaches as a packed decimal

Can

segments and each programmer may write one division. The format definition can be made available to all programmers engaged in the problem. Nonprogrammers and managers can read the 5.

steadily increased

program

is

more

new programmer who

disadvantages arise with the failure understand the language and

of the

to fully

use.

its

that a single COBOL program permanent solution without ever repro-

The expectation

1.

will provide

gramming. 2. Assuming that the programmer need be taught only the COBOL language without any knowledge of the hardware or the operation of the computer.

COBOL

3.

gram

codes a program on a one for one basis in some assembly language for a particular machine. Perhaps the COBOL program is not as efficient as an object program produced by a very good programmer in the symbolic language of the individual computer. efficient than that of a

Most

of personnel

will not generate a sophisticated pro-

similar to

one written

in the actual

language

of the particular computer.

COBOL

4.

processors

will

operate

only

with a

computer having certain storage capacity. The newer

COBOL

compilers require larger storage areas. With the introduction of larger and larger storage units, this

problem has been greatly reduced.

OBJECTIVES

ADVANTAGES The program

written in the English language, thus removing the programmer from the individual machine or symbolic language instructions required in the program. Although a knowledge of the individual instructions (symbolic and machine) are not required in programming, it is very useful to the writing of an efficient program if the programmer possesses some knowledge of the hardware and coding of the particular computer. 2. Pretested modules of input and output are included in the COBOL processor relieving the programmer of the tedious task of writing input and output specifications and testing them. 1.

is

COBOL

The programmer is writing in a language that familiar to himself, thus reducing the documentation required as the chance for clerical error is diminished. 3.

is

4. Because of the separate divisions in COBOL, a large program can be broken dowTi into various

1. To provide standardized elements in entr>' format that can be used on all computers regardless of make or model: A single common language that can be used by all. 2. To provide a source program that is easy to it has been written in the ENGlanguage. Nonprogrammers can understand the logic of the program as well as the programmers themselves.

understand because

LISH

3. To provide a language that is oriented primarily toward commercial appUcations. Thus the opportunity

provided to business people to participate in the programming. Although COBOL is oriented toward a problem rather than a particular machine, there are major differences in computers that have to be allowed for and adjusted to within the framework of the common language. These adjustments are usually minor and the programmer with a COBOL knowledge can leam these on the job. is

Name

TRUE AND FALSE QUESTIONS: T T T

F F F

T T

Date

Section

Encircle (T)

TRUE

or (F)

FALSE.

COBOL

3.

is a standard language for programming scientific data processing applications. The Department of Defense was the first to pioneer the need for a common business language. The express purpose of the CODASYL group was to produce a business oriented language that

F F

4.

A common

T T T T T T T T

F F F F F F F F

6.

T T

F F

T T T

F F F

1.

2.

could be compiled on a computer. business language tends to increase programming costs. One of the advantages of COBOL is that the language has been standardized due to the repeated meetings of the committee.

5.

COBOL COBOL COBOL COBOL

is

the only language supported by the users.

machine dependent language. plagued by computer obsolence. 9. is easily understood by non programming personnel. 10. A common language is defined as one that can be compiled on any configuration of a computer. n. COBOL is the most efficient program that can be written for a particular problem. 12. COBOL releases the programmer from the individual machine or symbolic languages. 13. The programmer need not possess any knowledge of the individual instructions as this will only serve to confuse him in writing his COBOL program. 14. Pretested modules of input and output are included in the COBOL process. 15. Since the programmer is writing in a language familiar to him, the documentation requires less in a COBOL program. 7.

8.

is

a

is

17.

A large program may not be broken down since it is necessary to write all four divisions. A COBOL program will provide a permanent solution without ever reprogramming.

18.

COBOL

16.

will generate a sophisticated

program

similar to

one written

in the actual

language of the

particular computer.

T T

F

19.

One

F

20.

COBOL

of the objectives of

COBOL

is

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS: 1.

COBOL

is

to provide a

common language

that can

be used by

all.

provides the opportunity for business people to participate in programming.

Encircle the letter next to the correct answer.

defined as a

Commercial Business Oriented Language. B. Common Business Oriented Language. C. Certified Business Operated Language.

A.

D. None of the above. 2.

The

initial specifications for

COBOL

were presented

in a report

by

The Dept. of Defense. B. The IBM Corp. C. The CODASYL Committee. D. None of the above.

A.

3.

The reasons A.

COBOL COBOL COBOL

for the popularity of is

COBOL

today are

the only language translator supported by users.

the major data processing language available today. can be processed through various computer configurations with a D. All of the above.

B.

C.

4.

is

A common language is A programming language B. A programming language /\

A.

that can

be compiled on any computer.

written for a particular piece of equipment.

minimum

of

program change.

^ C.

A programming

source language especially written for a system 360 computer.

D. None of the above. 5.

A COBOL program A. B.

C.

is

generally

more

efficient than

One written in the actual symbolic or machine language of the computer. One written by a new programmer in an assembly language on one for one An object program produced by a very good programmer.

basis.

D. All of the above. 6.

COBOL

Some of the advantages of The program is written

in actual

A.

A

are

symbolic language of the machine.

program can be written at one time without the necessity of segmentation of the program. C. COBOL writes input and output modules. B.

large

D. None of the above. 7.

One A.

main disadvantages

of the

COBOL

of

COBOL

is

will not generate a sophisticated

program

similar to the

one

viritten in the actual

language of

the computer. B.

Non programmers cannot read

C.

More documentation

is

COBOL

programs.

required than in other programming languages.

D. All of the above. 8.

COBOL A. B.

A A

provides

source program easy to understand.

language oriented towards a commercial application.

C. Standardized elements that can be used in

all

computers.

D. All of the above.

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW L Why was

common business language? committee meet and what was their major objective?

the federal government interested in developing a

2.

When

3.

List seven reasons for the popularity of

4.

Why

5.

What

6.

Is

did the

COBOL

has is

first

a

COBOL

CODASYL emerged

common language? as efficient as a

COBOL.

as the leading Is

COBOL

a

language

in the

data processing community?

common language?

program written

in a

symbolic language for a particular computer? Explain.

Chapter

Components COBOL is similar to the Enghsh language in the use of words, sentences and paragraphs. In order to write COBOL programs, the programmer should familiarize himself with basic components of COBOL

2

of

COBOL

program. All items used must be identified by a unique data name.

Procedure names are symboHc segments of the PROCEDURE DIVISION. These names are used for reference by the program in a decision-making operation. The basic concept of computer program-

Names. names attached

Procedure

programming. There are many terms, rules, entry and program structures to be learned before any attempt at COBOL programming is made. formats,

ming

the ability of the

program

to leave the

sequential order to another part of the program for further processing. The procedure names may

TERMS Source Program. The source program is written in COBOL language which will be later compiled into the machine language of the particular com-

consist entirely of numerals.

A

Condition Names.

ment

puter.

of a

name

condition

mnemonic name

to

is

the attach-

an item that

may

have various values.

Object Program. The machine language that was compiled from the source program.

Special

A program supplied by a computer manufacturer that will translate the source program into the machine language program.

Source Ccrmputer. This is the computer that is used to compile the source program. Usually the same computer is used for the object computer. Object Computer. This is the computer upon which the machine language program will be processed.

Character

Set.

The complete

set

of

COBOL

A symbolic attached to an item that is being used in the program. All reference to the item will be through the name although the value may change many times throughout the execution of the program. The name must be unique or identified with the file in which it is found. Types of Names Data Names. Data names are assigned by the programmer to identify data items to be used in a

computer

in

the

ENVIRONMENT

DIVI-

Rules for the Assignment of Names 1.

Names may range from one

to

30 characters

in

length. 2.

3.

No

spaces (blanks) may appear Names may be formed from the

within a name. alphabet, numer-

and the hyphen. No special characters may appear in a name except the hyphen. Although hyphens may appear in a name, no name may begin or end with a hyphen. The procedure name may consist entirely of numerals but all other names must have at least one als

4.

identify certain data within a program. is

Special names are the mnemonic assigned to various components

may be

SION.

char-

to

that

of the

acters consists of 51 characters.

Names. Names are a means of establishing words

Names.

names

Compiler.

name

is

to various

5.

letter. 6.

Names which a higher level

must be qualified with name. (See qualification rules.)

are identical

Reserved Words Reserved words have preassigned meanings and must not be altered, misspelled or changed in any manner from the specific purpose of the word. A

i 1

o

i I

1

i

COBOL

Components of

CHARACl'ER SET through 9 Letters A through Z Special characters: Blank or space + Plus sign Minus sign or hyphen * Check protection symbol, asterisk / Slash = Equal sign > Inequality sign (greater than) < Inequality sign (less than) $ Dollar sign

Digits

)

Period or decimal point Quotation mark Left parenthesis Right parenthesis

;

Semicolon

. '

(

A -

Comma

.

Period

;

Semicolon

The following characters are used

in

arithmetic expressions:

-

Subtraction Multiplication / Division * * Exponentiation *

through 9 through Z (hyphen)

resu|lar-|wage|s.

The following characters are used

in relation tests:

Greater than Less than = Equal to >


'pes of

A.

Data names.

B.

Procedure names.

names used

in

COBOL

programming.

C. Condition names.

D. All of the above. 3.

The following rules apply to the assignment of names. A. Names may be formed from any combination of alphanumeric B.

C.

No hyphens may appear within a name. Names may range up to 30 characters in

characters.

length.

D. All of the above. 4.

Reserve words A. B.

C.

May be May be May be

used

any format determined by the programmer.

in

mispelled as compiler will interpret the altered

word

correctly.

by programming.

D. None of the above. 5.

Words that must be included A. Key words. B.

in a

program are called

Reserved words.

C. Bracket words.

D. None of the above. 6.

A

rule for qualification of data

A.

The

B.

A name may

C.

The highest

names

is

highest level permitted as a qualifier

is a record name. two levels in the same hierarchy as long qualifier must be a unique name.

appear level

at

as

it

is

qualified.

D. All of the above. 7.

Numeric A. B.

C.

May May May

literals

contain up to 30 digits. contain a decimal point in the extreme right position. contain a sign in the rightmost character position.

D. None of the above. 8.

An example

of a Figurative Constant

is

A. Blanks. B. Zeroes.

C. Digits.

D. None of the above. 9.

OR

an example of a

is

A. Relational expression operator. B. Logical expression operator.

C. Arithmetic expression operator.

D. None of the above. 10.

A

general rule applying to the use of punctuation is An arithmetic or logical operator must always be preceded and followed B. A period must alwa\s be preceded and followed by a space.

A.

C.

A

D.

.•Ml

semicolon

when used must

not be followed

by

of the above.

12

a space.

by

a space.

Name.

Date

Section

IDENTIFICATION QUESTIONS: Column

Indicate in

column 2 the

letter that identifies the item in

B

Translates source program

C

SPACE

Assigned to various components

D

Improve readability May be used in computations Assigned by programmer

H

STATEMENT COMPILER OPERATOR RESERVED WORDS NON-NUMERIC LITERAL

I

OPTIONAL WORDS

Must be enclosed

J

DATA NAMES

Preassigned meanings

E F

G

1.

Column 2

1

NUMERIC LITERAL SPECIAL NAMES

A

column

Figurative Constant

Expressing a thought Specify some sort of action in quotation

marks

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 2.

What should What do the

3.

Explain the different types of names used in

1.

4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9.

10. 11.

What What What

Name What What What What

the

programmer

following terms

familiarize himself with before attempting to write a

mean

are the rules for assigning is

a

Reserved word and

in

COBOL;

COBOL

how

is it

programming and

their expressed purpose.

used?

seven rules for qualification of data names. is

a literal?

are the rules for the use of numeric literals?

are the rules for the use of non-numeric literals? is

a Figurative Constant?

What

is

main advantage

its

how

COBOL

12.

What

WTiat are Relational expression operators? What is the purpose of Logical expression operators?

16.

What What

COBOL?

are the rules for the use of words?

13. 14.

in

names?

to a

programmer? Give an example

urative Constant.

15.

program

Source program, Compiler, Object computer?

is

an operator and

is

it

used

in

programming?

are the important rules of punctuation? is

the difference between an imperative

and conditional statement?

13

of a Fig-

Chapter

3

Identification and

Environment Divisions IDENTIFICATION DIVISION The IDENTIFICATION DIVISION

is

Only three

of all four divisions to write.

Requirements

The

the simplest entries are

actually required, with the other paragraphs optional.

three entries required are,

Header-IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.

1.

Division

2.

Program-ID.

3.

Program Name. The program name must be enclosed

a.

Function

The function identify the

of the

program and

relative to the

Division is to provide other information

Identification to

b.

program. c.

d.

The

Format

[

AUTHOR entry

[

.

.

.

.

.

]

[DATE-WRITTEN entry

[

.

.

.

SECURITY entry

.

entry

.

.

.

]

Identification

program name must

contain up to six additional para-

(AUTHOR, INSTALLA-

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION The ENVIRONMENT DIVISION is the sion of COBOL that is machine dependent.

one

divi-

The

pro-

grammer would have

with the

to familiarize himself

characteristics and special names of the machine upon which the particular source program is to be run. All the aspects of a COBOL program that are dependent upon the physical characteristics of a specific com-

. ]

.

.

may

a

.

]

.

.

[REMARKS

FIGURE 3.1.

.

DATE-COMPILED entry

[

.

division

in

contain any of the numerals, letters or special characters terminated by a period. The programmer has complete freedom in what he chooses to write in these optional paragraphs. Entries in the REMARKS portion of the program usually stipulate the purpose of the program and what the program is to accomplish.

.]

INSTALLATION entry

.

.

.

gram name. The first character be a letter.

TION, DATE-WRITTEN, DATE-COMPILED, SECURITY, and REMARKS). The sentences used in the optional paragraphs may

.

'program-name'

quo-

The program name can contain no more than 8 characters. No special characters are allowed in the pro-

graphs with fixed names

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION

PROGRAM-ID

in

tation marks.

puter are provided for in this division. A link is provided between the logical concept of the files and the physical aspects of the devices upon which the files will be processed and stored.

. ]

Division— Format

15

R

Identification and Envibonment Divisions

16

1

denJt

1

F

1

CAT ON

D

1

progIram- D EXP ENSE AUTHlOR

1

1

V

;

1

S

1

1

ON

.

.

1

S

I'

'

. '

!

.

BROW N

ICHAR LES 1

nstIalla t' ON

!

. 1

.

I

DATA DEV GES

Idyna M\ C

dateI-wr TTEN Inove MB E dateI-com P LE 1

9, D

1

965

.

1

96 5

.

1

1

;

AV A ILA BLE TO ONL Y .

1

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION

[object-computer

INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION FILE-CONTROL .

...]

.

.

.

Environment Division

.

.

Division

divided into two paragraphs. Source-Compwfer which defines the computer upon which the compilation is to take place. Also on some computers, the size and range of main storage to be used as well as a particular model number. Object -Computer which defines the computer upon which the object compiled program is to be run. Also the same specifications as to size and range of main storage to be used and the particular model number may be stipulated. is

•iJ

[I-O-CONTROL APPLY-entry

ALL TMEN T

Configuration Section The Configuration Section specifies the overall characteristics of the computers involved. The section

SOURCE-COMPUTER

SELECT-entry

N G OF D EPAR

.

CONFIGURATION SECTION

[

1

Example— Identification

FIGUAE 3.2.

FIGURE 3.3.

i

.

Iprod UCES A W EEKL Y LI ST lOPER AT N G EX PENS ES, BY

Format

,

•

SECUIr TY ICOMP ANY- CONF ID EN T lAL Iauth OR Z ED P ERSO NNEL

remaIrks

.

!

Inove MBER 10, ,

,

,

I

1

IN C

1

]

—Format Input- Output Section

The

Function

The function of the Environment Division is to upon which computer the source program

specify

be compiled and the computer that will be used program. In addition, all input and output files will be assigned to individual hardware devices. Any special input and output techniques that will be used in the processing of the data will be defined here. will

to execute the object

The two the

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION

Input- Output Section must be included any source program if there are any input or output files required. As most programs involve the processing of files, this section is required in most in

is

divided into

sections: the CONFIGURATION SECTION INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.

and

programs. The Input

- Output Section is concerned with the definition of the input and output devices as well as the most efficient method of handling the data

between the devices and the object program.

The section is divided into tvvo paragraphs: File Control paragraph and the I-O-Control Paragraph. The individual clauses that comprise these paragraphs may appear in any sequence within their respective

Identification and

Environment Divisions

17 1

'

1

ENV iIrONM ENT

D

V

1

S

1

1

ON

1

•

'

1

1

,

« i

CONFjl GUR AT

SE CT

N

1

1

N

'

\

. •

:

1 j

1

j

1

SOURlCE-C OMPU TER BM- 360 F30.

1

!

.

:

i

II

:

1

I ;

1

1

j

obje!ct-c OMPU TER F30. BM- 36

1

1

i

.

!l 1

i

1

1

NPUlT-OU TPUT SEC T

1

ON

i

V

(

1

1

,

• '

:

1

Fi

i'

'

leI-con TROL ISELE CT P URCH AS N G-F

^

•

1

1

LE"

1

!

i

'S YS01 5' U N T- RECO RD ASS GN T ISELE CT P URCH ASE- REPO RT-F LE ASSI GN T o; 'S YS02 7' U N IT- RECO RD

1

2

1

1

540R

'UNi t;.:

' i

i

1

;

1

1

;

j

40 3

uInit

;

•

!

1

!

'

' i

1

1

;

;

'

i

1

:i

-0-lCONT ROL !appl Y LA ST-L NE TO F ORM- OVER FLOVi ON P URCH ASE- REPO RT-F LE. .

1

1

!

1

1

!

i

;

1

;

I

'

1 1

1

'

1

1

Example— Environment

FIGURE 3.4.

Division

sentences or paragraphs but must begin at the margin.

B

iB 28

24

20

16

12

File Control Paragraph Select Statement The SELECT entry must begin with the word SELECT and must be given for each file referred to by the COBOL source program. A separate SELECT statement is required for each file named in the Data Division. File name. The unique name of the file assigned in the File Description entry in the Data Division of the source program. This name will also be used in entries in the Procedure Division.

32

ENV IRON ME NT D V S ON N SE CT ON CONFil GUR AT SOURJCE-C OMPU TER F40 BM- 36 OBJE!CT-C OMPU TER BM- 360 D30 I

I

I

I

I

I

.

!l

.

FIGURE 3.5.

Example— Configuration

Section

npu1t-ou TPUT SEC T ON F leI-con TROL ISELE CT E XPEN SE-F UT L TY 2400 ISELE CT F XPEN SE-L 1

1

.

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 ' 1

S

YSOO 5'

FIGURE 3.6.

.

LE, ASS UN T ST, ASS

1

1

GN

TO

GN

TO

SYSO 04'

.

1

UNI T-RE CORD

Example— Input-Output

'

1

1

1

NO.

000 00000

000

111111111111111111111111111111

PAYMENT DATE DATE AMOUNT D'COUNT NET M D Y M D Y INVOICE

«

41

42 43 44 4; I!

222222 222222222222222222222222222222 222 22222 22222

oooo'oo

O'O 010

a

4(4; 4; 4141 4a 4S^ y\i; S3k4

11111 11111

n

111

1

a»

111

SI SI

11

I

1

1

OlO UlU U'U

1

ill

ill

I

I

!^C til I

2 2|2 2J2

ooooloo i7|«

1

1

1

U I

If 71

I

00

OI3 (,0

?4 75 7»

1

1

1

7l|«

|/l

Ijl 'I'

1

I

2222

2222I22

3

3333

3333|33

4 4I4 4|4 4

4444

4 4 4

2 2 2 2 2|2 2 2 2|2 2|2 2

I

333333 3333 33333 33333 3333333 333333333 333 33333 33333 33I33P3

3 3 3

3 3

3J3

3J3 3J3

444444 44444444444444 444444444444444

4

444 44444 44444

4 4.4

555555 5555555555

5

555 55555 55555

5 5I5 5|5 b 5 5 5 5|5 5 5 5|5 5|5 5

4 « 4 4 4I4 4J4

4|'4

4

I

55 55

5

555555555555

I

55

EEE6ES EEEEEEEEEEEESEEBEEEEEEEEEEEEE6

E

E 6 E

EEEE

7 7 7 7 7 7 7

77 77

E E

777777 777777777777777777777777777777

7

7

118 18

8

S 8

EE

I

I

18

8 8 8 8 8

88 888

88888

G

EEEEi

EEGEIEG

7

7777,

77 77|7

7

888

8

I

I

I

E5,G E|GE

E G E E|E G

7 7|7 7'7 7 7 7

7

7

eb'egJe 7

7I7

7J7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

5555

5555I55

7J7

8 8l8 8,8 8 8 8 8 8'8 8 8 8|8 8|8 8 8 8 8 8

8J8

999999 999999999999999999999999999999 999 99999 99999 I

I

]

1

9

t

7

in?

s 10

I

13

H n

II

II

't

«

»

21

;? 13

N n :t

I'

n

>< ic 3p

Ie

M P L OYEE -

toz :o2 :o2

1

DE NT

1

F

1

CAT ION

3]

m

js 31 31 31 )! in 41

4.-

Example— Record

FIGURE 5.5B.

01

;

« 44

4^ 4i 41

U VR

I!T EI

head NG-IlI N!EH3 I

ADIvlAlNlclllNy

II lAlFlTklR,

!

iLlllNlE'sr

Izi

1.

2. 2.

When

an end of volume is reached for multiple volume files, such as tape files, volumes are is rewound and the next reel normal standard header and trailer

switched, the tape is

written. All

labels are written. 3.

4.

An OPEN

statement must be executed prior to first WRITE statement for

lN"rEGER

After a record has been released, the logical record named by the record name is not longer avail-

statement, the

If

The

file

7.

FD

entry in the Data Division

When

WRITE

a

statement

the

FROM

option

is

used, the data-name-1

must not be the name of an item in the file containing the record name. The FROM option converts the WRITE into a MO\T and WRITE statement. Data-name-1 must be the name of an input area or working-storage area. Moving takes place according to the rules of the statement without regard to the CORRESPONDING

MOVE

the

AFTER

0, 1, 2,

or 3 only.

Data Name If a data name is used as an option, the name represents an independent item whose value determines how the forms will be spaced or skipped. The picture must be X. Permissable values and interpre-

tations are as follows: Value

Interpretation

blank

Single spacing

(zero) -

Double spacing

(hyptien)

+ 1

When

WRITE

3 designates triple spacing.

Triple

(plus) tlirougli

option. 8.

used as the option in the

is

executed, the record name record is released to the output device. The format requires the record name rather than the file name.

When

is

number must be unsigned and must

designates a carriage control eject-skip to channel 1 of the ne.xt page. 1 designates single spacing. 2 designates double spacing.

name must

associated with the record

be defined in the of the program.

an integer

have a value of

ment.

6.

The output record must contain one more byte than the capacity- of the printer. For example 133 bytes are required for a 132 position printer. The extra byte must be the first byte of the output area whose picture is X defined in the record description entn,- as FILLER. The compiler will generate instruction to insert the appropriate carriage control character as the first byte of the record.

the execution of the the file.

able for processing. All necessary processing of a record must be done prior to the WRITE state5.

stacker 8

B. Printing Operations (After Advancing).

!

Example—Write Statement

FIGURE 6.14.

of

spacmg

Suppress spacing

9

Skip

to

channel

1

through 9

re-

12

re-

spectively.

option

is

used, the

acter in each logical record of the

first

file

char-

must be

A.

B,

C

Skip

to

channel

spectively.

10,

11,

Procedure Division

57

Close

CLOSE

The

statement terminates the processing of one or more data files and releases the areas that serve as buffers for those files.

7

r

CLOSE

aj

r=-

[R EEL

r file-name

[^UNIT 1^

FIGURE 6.15.

ACCEPT data-name

1

FIGURE 6.17.

J

J

A CLOSE

2.

Format— Accept Verb

to 80 characters of data may be obtained from the systems input device ( diskfile, tape drive, card reader, etc.). The data must be punched into a card and entered into the computer together with the job control cards at the time the object pro-

may be executed only for been previously opened. When applicable, the end of file labels (trailer labels) are written and the file is positioned at

gram

to be executed. same input or output device is specified for the READ and ACCEPT statement, the result may be unpredictable.

statement

that have

files

FROM CONSOLE ]

L Up

Format—Close Verb

Rules Governing the Use OF THE Close Statement 1.

[

Rules Governing the Use OF the Accept Statement

I I

console.

|

fwiTH NO R EWIND *] ^ WITH LOCK J-Z. J

I

Accept The ACCEPT statement obtains low volume information from the systems logical device or from the

If

2.

is

the

the beginning. 3.

The

and Output) are not

optional clauses (Input

written for

ACCElPT c|urreInt-dIate FIGURE 6.18.

I

in the WorkingStorage Section of the Data Division. The data to be moved will come from the leftmost positions of the input block. When the CONSOLE option is used, as

UNIT

option is specified (REEL or UNIT are interchangeable COBOL reserved words) for an input or output file, the reel of the file will be closed prior to its normal end. If the reel is a part of an input file, no checka. ing of ending labels will occur. If the reel is the last of a file, an error may result at object time since no end of file will occur. b. If the reel is part of an output file, the standard end of reel processing will take place immediately. c. For both input or output files, if neither LOCK or option is specified, the reel will be rewound. If the option is used, the current reel is not rewound. If the LOCK option is used, the current reel is not rewound, employing a technique insuring that the file cannot be written upon or read from. If the REEL or UNIT is not specified for an input or output file, the following will prevail for the various options. If the CLOSE statement is specified without a. any option (neither or LOCK), there is an impHed rewind of the current (final) or

NO REWIND

NO REWIND

5.

NO REWIND

reel.

b.

FROM

5.

many

72 characters are accepted from the console keyboard. The ACCEPT statement causes a message code followed by "awaiting reply" to be automatically generated. The operation is suspended until the operator types the same message code and necessary information for the program. The message code serves as a key in the control program to correlate the console input with the proper program.

If

the

LOCK

reel will

option

is

used, the current (final)

be rewound instructing that

be read or written upon.

it

cannot

as

Display

The DISPLAY statement causes the writing volume data on the systems

of

low

logical output device.

(data-name"\ f oPON CONSOLE 1 literal j •-. UPON SYSPONCh I

FIGURE 6.18A.

J

Format— Display Verb

Rules Governing the Use of the Display Statement 1. As many as 120 characters may be written on

NO REWIND

If the option is written, the current (final) reel will remain in its current

position. c.

Example— Accept Statement

The data name wiU be described

Example—Close Statement 4.

REEL

.

I

3.

FIGURE 6.16.

If

from| con|sole|

SALES- STAT ST CS.

iCLOSE

4.

|

files closed.

2.

device ( disk file, tape unit, printer, punch, etc. ) the same input or output device is used for both the WRITE and DISPLAY statement, the output resulting from the statements may not be in the sequence in which the statements were encountered. If

1

Procedure Division

58

iD

I

SP LAY

G rv E

CU RRENT DA TE'

UPON CON SOLE FIGURE 6.18B.

Format

Example— Display Statement

(data- nameliteral ( figurative-constant

MOVE


' numeric or an elementary

either

report item.

PURCHASE -JQUAnH"! T nto total-cost, givi'ng uIn t-Ic ostI.

IdiVIDE

I

I

Example—Divide Statement— Into and

FIGURE 6.44.

Giving Option

MULTIPLY QUANTITY BY PRICE GIVING AMOUNT .

FIGURE 6.41.

5.

6.

Example— Multiply Statement— By and

6.

Data-name-3 may represent an elementary' numeric item or an elementar\- report item.

7.

Data-name-1 or numeric-literal-l serves as the divisor and data-name-2 or numeric-literal-2

Giving Option

Data-name-1 and data-name-2 must represent elementary numeric items. The calculated product replaces the value in data-name-3 and is edited according to the

serves as the dividend. 8.

replaces the original value of datais

edited

according to the items

picture.

items picture. 9.

In both

by zero

Divide

The DIVIDE statement

The quotient name-3 and

specifies

the

division

of

one numerical data item by another and using the result to replace the value of an item.

In

all

Into and Into

SIZE

& Giving )

ERROR

four arithmetic statements,

ING by

(

results in a

is

if

the

a division

condition.

word GIV-

not used, the last operand (one replaced

result)

may

not be a Hteral.

Procedure Division

65

Comput-e statement specifies the use of an expression, a data-name, or a numeric

arithmetic literal

The COMPUTE statement permits most arithmetic operations to be performed in much the

COMPUTE

The

same manner

as specifying arithmetic verbs.

for a series of arithmetic operations.

Rules for the sequence of calculation of arithmetic expression containing a combination of operators. 1.

Parenthetical arithmetic expressions are calculated

2.

All exponentiations are

3.

Multiplication

4.

Addition and subtraction are performed last from

first.

I'data-name- 2

COMPOTE data-name-l

(

RODNDED

]

numeric- literal \ floating-point-literal ^arithmetic- expression

=^

from [ON SIZE ERROR imperative statement.

. .

left

FIGURE 6.45.

left to right.

to right.

Format—Compute Verb

Rules Governing the Use of THE Compute Statement

The

arithmetic expression can consist of any meaningful combination of data-names, numeric

1.

performed next. and division are calculated next

the figurative constant zero joined following operators: literals,

Operator

by the

Sequence Control Verbs The SEQUENCE CONTROL statements are designed to specify the sequence in which the various source program instructions are to be executed. Statements, sentences and paragraphs of the Procedure Division are executed normally in the sequence in

which they are written except when one of these sequence control verbs is encountered. Four verbs

Aritlimetic Function

+

Addition Subtraction

o

* Multiplication

/

Division

**

p-1.

Exponentiation

H H^ !C0MP 1

UTE CAPA C TY = UT L RAN GE 4 CON SUMP T ION (

1

1

(

1

SP AN) / FF IC ENC Y)

yelRFloRU p-3

1

|

I

«

TY *

^Ha'-I

E

multiplication

1

.

P-2,

P-Z,

P-3.

p-3.

P-4.

P-4.

division

^

COMPUTE CAPACITY = (UTILITY • SPAN) \/ (RANGE + CONSUMPTION • EFFICIENCY)

\

addition

FIGURE 6.46.

2.

3.

/

multiplication

Example—Compute Statement

Operators are preceded and followed by spaces. When the data-name-2 or numeric literal option operais used, the result is the same as a

MOVE

tion. 4.

The value be written

of the result of the calculation must to the right of the equal sign as the FIGURE 6.46A.

item represented by data-name-l. 5.

6.

7.

Data-name-l must be either an elementary numeric item or an elementary report item. The calculated value is placed here and is edited according to the items picture. Data-name-2 must represent an elementary numeric item. The ROUNDED and SIZE ERROR options apply also to the

COMPUTE

statement.

Differences—Co To and Perform Verbs

used for procedure branching operations. The GO TO and PERFORM interrupt the normal sequence and transfer control to another point in the program. The ALTER verb is used to modify a branch instruction and the STOP verb is used to halt the execution of the program. are

verbs

1

]

Procedure Di\tsion

66

GO TO

nth Control is transferred to 1st, 2nd procedure name as the value of the data- name

2.

GO TO

statement provides a means of transferring control conditionally or unconditionally to another point in the program. The PERFORM also

The

is

Igo

I

GO TO

2

1,

The data-name must have ing at one and continuing

3.

x,[

t|o

y,

a range of values start-

successively upward.

dIepenIdingI

|z,

on Istat|us.

procedure-najne. Example

FIGURE 6.50. FIGURE 6.47.

—Go

To

Statement— Depending on Option

Format—Go To Verb

data-name has a value outside of the range through n, no branch occuj's and control passes to the next statement after the GO TO If the

4.

of

causes a branch out of normal sequencing but in addition provides a retiu-n back to the program.

1

statement.

In a branching operation, after the transfer to the particular point in the program is executed, normal flow of control is resumed at the begin-

Un'COXDITION'AL 1.

A in

procedure-name (name of paragraph or section Procedure Division) must follow the GO TO

ning of the particular procedure.

statement.

Alter

The

ALTER

statement

of an unconditional !go

t-o

compare -tr!ansajct on -NUMBER;S

FIGURE 6.48.

2.

I

is

used

to

modify the effect

GO TO

statement elsewhere in the program, thus changing the sequence of operations to be performed.

.

Example—Go To Statement— Unconditionally

If the procedure-name is omitted, a paragraph must be assigned. The paragraph name must be the only name in the paragraph and must be modified by an ALTER statement prior to the

ALTER {procedure-name-l

I

|

I

I

TO PROCEED TO procedure-name-2 }

I

L

|

J

GO

3.

TO statement. execution of the TO If the procedure-name is omitted and the sentence is not preset by an ALTER statement prior to its execution, erroneous processing will

GO

occur. 4.

The final

5.

A

GO TO

statement can only be used as the sentence in the sequence in which it appears.

procedure-name may be the name

FIGURE 6.51.

Rules Govterning the Use OF THE Alter Statement 1.

A GO TO in

a

of the pro-

GO TO

Depending On (Condifional Go To) The DEPENDING ON option permits multiple branch types of operations according value of a data name. 1.

statement to be altered must be written paragraph consisting solely of the

single

statement is part of. It is permissible to branch from a point in the program back to the beginning of the procediore.

cedure that the

Format—Alter Verb

The data-name must have

a

ALTER STEP-1 TO PROCEED TO PROCESS-2. STEP-1.

•

to the current

positive

GO TO PROCESS- 1. •

integral

ALTER STEP-1 TO PROCEED TO PROCESS-2.

value.

STEP-1.

GO TO.

JGO TO procedure- nameI

(procedure-name- 2.

..

I

DEPENDING ON data-name FIGURE 6.49.

Format— Go

To Verb Depending On Option

In both cases, when STEP-1 is executed, an unconditional branch is taken to PROCESS-2.

FIGURE 6.52.

Example— Alter Statement

k

Procedure Division unconditional

67

GO TO

statement preceded by a

If

paragraph name.

The ALTER statement replaces the procedure name specified in the GO TO statement (if any) by the procedure name specified in the ALTER

2.

procedure-name-2

control

the procedure-name-2 paragraph section.

When

procedure-name-2 is specified, the relaof procedure-name- 1 and procedurename-2 must exist. Execution must proceed from procedure-name- 1 throughout the last statement of procedure-name-2. GO TO and PERFORM statements are permitted between procedurename- 1 and the last statement in procedurename-2 providing that the sequence ultimately returns prior to the final statement in procedurename-2. tionship

statement.

Perform

The PERFORM statement provides a method of temporarily transferring control from the normal sequence of procedure execution in order to execute

The

7.

PERFORM

is specified and is a section, transferred after the last statement of

is

last

statement referred to must not contain

an unconditional GO TO statement. If the logic of the procedure requires a conditional exit prior

procedure-name

Format—Perform Verb

FIGURE 6.53.

P-2.1 EXI T

some other procedure a specified number

of times,

FIGURE 6.55.

At the conclusion of the execution, control is transferred back to the statement immediately following the point from which the transfer was made. PERFORM has several different formats which or until a condition specified

is

vary in complexity. In the simplest form, the procedure referred to is executed once each time the PERFORM is encountered. Other formats provide repetitive execution using one or more optional controls to control the "looping."

Governing the Use of THE Perform Statement

satisfy the requirement. sists

solely of a

EXIT. 8.

The procedure-name may be either a paragraph or section name. The word SECTION is not required.

9.

Rtjles

The procedure-name must not be is

10.

performed, the PERFORM transfers the sequence control to the first statement of Procedure- 1 and also provides for the

11.

return of the control. The point at which the control is returned to the main program depends on the structure of the procedure being executed.

12.

When

a procedure

EXIT verb is used to An EXIT statement conparagraph name and the word

to the last sentence, the

a procedure of

1.

Example— Exit Statement

satisfied.

is

name

the

PERFORM

of

statement

a part.

A

procedure-name can be referenced by more than one PERFORM statement. Procedures to be performed can be outside the main program or can be part of the main routine so that they can be executed in line. A referenced procedure may itself contain other

PERFORM 13.

which the

statements.

All procedures

which they are

must be arranged to be performed.

in the

order in

IpERfIoRM NET-lpAY-ICALc!uLATl| 0N~ FIGURE 6.54.

Simple Perform

Example—Perform Statemenf

In a simple 2.

If

Procedure-Name- 1

a Procedure-name-2

3.

4.

is

a paragraph

name and

not specified, control is returned immediately after the last statement of the procedure-name- 1 paragraph. If procedure-name- 1 is the name of a section and procedure-name-2 is not specified, control is returned after the last statement of the prois

cedure-name- 1 section. If procedure-name-2

is

control

option the procedure ref-

is

PERFORM specified,

PERFORM

executed once and then control passes to the next statement after the PERFORM statement. All statements in paragraphs or sections named in procedure name-1 (through procedure name-2) con-

erenced

procedure-name- 1

THRU

procedure-name-2

is

transferred after the last statement or procedure-

name-2 paragraph.

FIGURE 6.56.

Format—Perform Verb—Thru

Option

1

1

Procedure Division

68 stitute the

range and are executed before control

data-

If

is

name

is

used,

it

must have an integral

value.

returned.

The data-name

or the

number must have

values. If the value of the data- name

THRU MAJOR-TOTAL. Example— Perform Verb—Thru

Times The TIMES option provides

Option

4.

|

Format—Perform Verb— Times

The number formed name.

is

as

used, a counter

is

UnHI The

UNTIL option operates in the same manner Times option with the exception that no counting takes place and the PERFORM causes an evaluas the

of times the procedure

specified

is

name-1.

Option

Rules Governing the Use OF THE Times Option 1.

option

PERFORM

|

J

FIGURE 6.58.

TIMES

the

process is repeated until the value of the counter is equal to the number of "times" specified. At that point control is passed to the next statement following statement. An initial value of zero will cause no execution of procedure-

I

L

When

up and this counter is tested against the specified number of execute (times) before control is returned to procedure-name- 1. The counter is incremented by one after each execution and the

|

/-integer ^v procedure-name- 2 ]\.data-naineyTIMES [ THRU

I

Option

set

PERFORM.

I

I

Example—Perform Verb—Times

FIGURE 6.60.

a

PERFORM procedure-name-

i

zero or

PERFORM MONTHLY-INTEREST 3 TIMES. PERFORM CREDIT-CARD-ISSUE NO-OF-COPIES TIMES.

means for performing a procedure a repetitive number of times and then returning the control back to the next statement after the

positive

negative, control is transferred immediately to the next statement following the PERFORM.

Iperform minor-total

FIGURE 6.57.

is

a

number

is

to

or as

be pera

data

PERFORM procedure-name[

THRU procedure-ncime-2]

UNTIL test-condition POSITIVE

MOVE ZERO, TO 'COUNT

1

ZERO OR NEGATIVE

FIGURE 6.61.

Format— Perform Verb— Until

Option

ation of a specified test condition instead of testing

'

the value of a counter against a specified

PERFORM PROCEDURE ONE TIME

number

of executions.

•

1

ADD

1

TO "count"

FALSE

PERFORM PROCEDURE ONE TIME

YES

TRUE next aentence FIGURE 6.59.

next aentenae Logic

Diagram—Perform Verb— Times

Option

FIGURE 6.62.

Logic

Diagram— Perform Verb— Until

Option

Procedure Division

69

Rules Governing the Use OF THE Until Option 1.

The

test condition

may be

compound

a simple or

MOVE

INITIAL VALUE TO BASE ITEM

expression. 2.

The

is evaluated before the speexecuted. If the test condition is true, control passes to the next statement after the statement. The specified procedure is not executed.

test

cified 3.

condition

procedure

is

EVALUATE

PERFORM

\

FALSE

.

n

^TEST-CONDITION/

PERFORM PROCEDURE ONE TIME

INCREASE VALUE OF BASE ITEM BY SPECIFIED AMOUNT

-H

naxt eentanae

Iperf

ORM PART -PRO CESS UNT L CONT ROL- NUMB ER S EQ UAL TO

1

1

1

FIGURE 6.63.

Example—Perform Verb— Until

74

FIGURE 6.65.

.

Diagram— Perform Verb—Varying

Logic

Option

Option

ing upon whether the

BY

value

is

positive or nega-

tive.

the condition

not true, control transfers to

4.

If

5.

procedure-name- 1 The process is repeated until the is determined to be true.

is

condition

test

2.

3.

The specified test condition may be simple or compound. The data name is set to the specified initial value FROM ) when commencing the PERFORM state(

ment. 4.

Varying The Varying option

is used to PERFORM a procedure repetitively, increasing or decreasing the value of a data name once for each repitition until a

specified condition

is

Then

test-condition-1

condition

(UNTIL).

evaluated

It

immediately following the PERFORM statement and no execution of the procedure takes place.

satisfied.

iPERF

PERFORM procedure-name-l VARYING data-name-1

(

THRU procedure-name- 21

/

UNT

1

AFTER data-naine-4

Z 1

>ERF ORM 1

BYrnumeric-literal-3-\ / vdata-name-3

ORM UNT

V

,

A

L

ARYI NG A 1

S

E

FRO M

QUAL TO

1

1

1

BY

1

.

FROM /-numeric- literal- 2 ^ ''data-ncune-2

[

is

true, control passes the next statement

is

ONTIL test-condition-1

V A

L

ARY NG A FRO M BY S G REAT ER T HAN 0. 1

1

1

1

1

1

FROM rnumeric-literal-U-t \data-naune-5

Z, 1

Iperf ORM

J

UNT

1

Z 1

V

,

A

L

ARY NG A FRO M 0. S E QUAL TO 1

BY

1

»

1

1

1

1

BYrnxjneric-literal-e-y / \data-naine-6

UNTIL test-condition- 2

1

IPERF ORM Z

UNTI

FIGURE 6.66.

FIGURE 6.64.

UNTIL test-condition-3

A FRO M QUAL TO 0.

ARYI NG 1

S

E

1

BY

1

,

1

Format— Perform Verb—Varying

Example— Perform Verb

—

Varying Option

1

Option

is

Rules Governing teie Use OF THE Varying Option

The option may be used to increment or decrement the value of one or more data names depend-

the statement is false, the procedure specified procedure-name-l through procedure-name-2 executed once. The BY value is added to data

If

in

1.

A

FROM (-numeric-literal} \data-name-8

[AFTER data- name-

BYrnumeric-literal-gA / ^data-name-9

V

.

L

name-1 and again causes the test-condition-1 to be evaluated. This process continues until the conditional expression is found to be true. Thereupon control passes to next statement after PER-

Procedure Di\tsiox

70

FORM.

FROM

clauses mvist in the BY and represent numeric values but need not be integers: such values may be positive, negative or zero.

The items used

SET

•

•

•CATt-NAKE-l ANC> TO

• CATA-NAt FALSE Ttrue '

ll

F

!l

F

TO 27. ERVI CE-C ODE S E QUAL ADD 5 00 TO AMOU NT D UE S NOT GREA TER THAN C ALL- T ME TO MINI MUM, MOV E 'B ASE RATE S

1

MOVE 8 TO GREATEST

,

1

1

MOVE C TO GREATEST

'

LEGE ND.

i next eentence

^-^ i

I

1

1


l_i

{ FINAL

RESET ON

tion in the print line

I

clause pre-

FIGURE 7.14.

Format— Sum

Clause

be

omitted, or not

may be the counters defined in the same re-

Working-Storage or Linkage section or

name COLUMN integer

I

of their

sum

port. All arithmetic rules apply to a summation; Dataname-l and data-name-3 may not be subscripted.

Format—Column

FIGURE 7.11.

Clause 1.

specified, the data item will not

be printed. Integer

2.

When Two

the

SUM

clause

is

specified,

items are defined, one is within Print Line and the other is a sum counter. The counter contains the sum of all data names specified in the clause.

SUM

SUM

specifies the leftmost print position. 3.

SUM

When

the report group containing the clause is printed, the value from the clause is moved to print line unless the sum counter has a data-

SUM

Group indicate The GROUP INDICATE

clause specifies that the data item being defined is to be printed only after the control break. This clause can be specified only within a Detail Group description.

name. The data-name names the sum counter; not the data item in the print 4.

SUM

The

line.

summation of

clause causes automatic

data. 5.

GENERATE

statement refers to a group, the report group is executed, the values of data-name-l, etc. are added to the sum counter unless the option is used. When the UPON option is used, the values in data-name-l, etc. are added to the continuously when the GENERATE referring to a

DETAIL REPORT

GROUP INDICATE

I

Whenever

L

UPON

FIGURE 7.12.

Format— Group

Indicate Clause

SUM

Source

SOURCE

data-name-2

used to move source data to the data item being defined. The move is performed in accordance with the rules of the MOVE verbs.

The

clause

is

6.

The

is

executed.

values of data-name-3, etc.

(names of other

source entries) are added to this sum counter when the report group(s) containing these sum counters are printed. 7.

SOURCE data-name

I

L

After the report group containing a sum counter has been printed, the sum counter is reset to zero unless a

FIGURE 7.13.

Format—Source

Clause

8.

RESET clause refers to RESET option is specified, it.

the

the normal

automatic resetting of the counter is overridden and the counter is reset to zero only when a control break occurs as specified in the RESET clause.

Data-Name Data-name is the name of data item being moved. The name must be defined in the File, WorkingStorage or Linkage Section. The data-name can be

When

Page Counter

PAGE- COUNTER

qualified or subscripted.

by the compiler

to

is

name

a fixed data

be used by the report

specified

v^Titer.

Sum The

SUM

tion of data

FOOTING

clause

is

used to cause automatic summa-

and may appear only in the report group description.

CONTROL

Rules Govterning the Use OF THE Page Counter 1.

ER Data-Names The data-names following the items to be summed and

is

PAGE- COUNT-

2.

PAGE- COUNTER may be

3.

dure Division Statements. One page counter for each report.

SUM

are all the word are defined in the File,

a new page is started, incremented by one.

Each time

referred to

by Proce-

)

Report Writer Feature

90 4.

5.

When more

than one report description entry appears in the REPORT section, PAGE- COUNTER must be quaUfied. Initially the counter is set to one. If any other starting value is desired, it may be set by a statement in the Procedure Division after the INITIATE statement has been executed. PAGECOUNTER is incremented automatically there-

r

1

INITIATE report-name ...

I

|

L

J

FIGUR{ 7.16.

Format— Initiate Statement

Report— Name ( s These are the names of the various reports that are to be started. They must be defined in the Report

after.

Description Entry in the Report Section of the Data Division.

Line Counter

The

LINE-COUNTER

name

a fixed data

is

One INITIATE

gen-

2.

3.

is

required for each re-

The INITIATE statement does not open the file with which the report is associated. An OPEN statement must be given prior to the INITIATE statement

Rules Governing the Use OF THE Line Counter 1.

statement

port name.

erated by the Report Writer and is used to determine when headings and footings should be produced.

for the report.

LINE-COUNTER may

be referred

to

by Proce-

dure Division Statements. When more than one report entry appears in the Report Section, the LINE- COUNTER must be qualified by the Report clause. The LINE-COUNTER is reset after every page. At any given time, the LINE-COUNTER represents the number of the last line printed or skipped

Generate

The

GENERATE

statement

is

used to produce a

report.

GENERATE data-name

I

L

to. 4.

The LINE- COUNTER

used by the Report is Writer for test and control purposes. Programmers should exercise caution when changing the value by Procedure Division statements as the ensuing format control may be unpredictable.

To produce

FIGURE 7.17.

Data-name can be the name of detailed report group or the name of a report.

PROCEDURE DIVISION

Rules Go\'erning Use of Generate Statement

a written report using the Report Writ-

1.

INITIATE, GENERATE and TERstatements must be used in the Procedure

er Feature, the

MINATE Division.

2.

A USE BEFORE REPORTING ment may be written the Procedure Division alter or

declarative state-

the Declarative Section of

in

the

if

programmer wishes

manipulate the data before

it

is

3.

to

printed in

the report.

I

4.

sect ion- name SECTION

.

detail line is produced, if the data name references a detail report group. No detail line is produced if data name is the name of report. The appropriate headings and/or page footings are produced. Specific control breaks are recognized in order Final, Major, Intermediate or minor and the appropriate headings and footings are printed. Updates and resets sum coimters on an associated control break.

USE BE FORE REPORTING data-name. Format— Use

is

used to end a pre-

viously initiated report. All control footings, page footings and report footings associated with the report are printed and the Report Writer fimctions are completed.

L

FIGURE 7.15.

A

Terminate The TERMINATE statement

I

I

Format—Generate Statement

Before Reporting Statement

Initiate

The INITIATE statement

[

is

used

counters before processing a report.

TERMINATE report-name.

L

to

initialize

all

FIGURE 7.18.

Format— Terminate Statement

I

Report Writer Feature

91

Rules Governing the Use of THE Terminate Statement Report-name is the name of the report 1.

5.

entry.

The

control footings are the same as if a control at highest control level.

break had occurred 3.

The

TERMINATE

statement does not close the

file.

4.

A CLOSE statement must TERMINATE statement.

be written

is

written for each

report.

as it appears in the Reports clause of the File Description

2.

One TERMINATE statement

for

the

USE BEFORE REPORTING-DECLARATIVE SECTION This statement is used to perform procedures immediately before the specified report group is processed. It can also be used to suppress printing of specified report groups.

Data-name

is

the

name

a report group other than Detail Report Group.

of

Report Writer Feature

92

OCOOOO OCOOIO C00C20 000C30 C00040 0COO5O CCC060 C00C70 000080 0C0C90 OCOIOO 000110 C00120 CC0130 C00140 000150 0C0180 OC0190 0CO20O 000210 00C220 000230 000240 000250 C00260 000270 000280 000281 000290 000300 0C0310 0C0320 OC0330 0C0340 CC0380 0CC390 0CO4OO 0C041O 0C0420 000430 000440 000450 000460 000470 C00480 CC0490 C00500 000510 000520 000530 CC0540 0C0550 000560 CC0570 000580 000590 000600 000610 000620 000630 000640 C00650 CC0660 C0C661

000670 CCC680 000690 0CC700 000710

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. PROGRAM-IO. 'ACME*. INSTALLATION. ACME ACCOUNTING DEPARTMENT. REMARKS. THE REPORT WAS PRODUCED BY THE REPORT WRITER FEATURE. ENVIRONMENT DIVISION. CONFIGLRATION SECTION. SOURCE-COMPUTER. IBM-360 F50. OBJECT-COMPUTER. IBM-360 F5C. INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION. FILE-CCNTRCL. SELECT INFILE ASSIGN TO 'SYSIN* UTILITY. SELECT REPORT-FILE ASSIGN TO 'SYSPRINT' UTILITY. DATA DIVISION. FILE SECTION. FD INFILE LABEL RECORDS ARE OMITTED DATA RECORD IS INPUT-RECORD RECORDING MODE F. INPUT-RECORD. 01 FILLER PICTURE AA. 02 DEPT PICTURE XXX. 02 FILLER PICTURE AA. 02 NO-PURCHASES PICTURE 99. 02 FILLER PICTURE A. 02 TYPE-PURCHASE PICTURE A. 02 MONTH PICTURE 99. 02 DAY PICTURE 99. 02 PICTURE A. 02 FILLER COST PICTURE 999V99. 02 FILLER PICTURE X(59). 02 FD REPORT-FILE, REPORT IS EXPENSE-REPORT LABEL RECORDS ARE STANDARD. WORKING-STORAGE SECTION. SAVED-MONTH PICTURE 99 VALUE 0. 77 77 SAVED-DAY PICTURE 99 VALUE 0. 77 CONTINUED PICTURE X(ll) VALUE SPACE. FILLER. 01 RECORD-MONTH. 02 03 FILLER PICTURE A(9) VALUE IS 'JANUARY 03 FILLER PICTURE A(9) VALUE IS 'FEBRUARY FILLER PICTURE A(9) VALUE IS 'MARCH 03 03 FILLER PICTURE A(9) VALUE IS 'APRIL 03 FILLER PICTURE A(9) VALUE IS 'MAY FILLER PICTURE A(9) VALUE IS 'JUNE 03 FILLER PICTURE A(9) VALUE IS 'JULY 03 03 FILLER PICTURE A(9) VALUE IS 'AUGUST FILLER PICTURE A(9) VALUE IS 'SEPTEMBER 03 03 FILLER PICTURE A(9) VALUE IS 'OCTOBER FILLER PICTURE A(9) VALUE IS 'NOVEMBER 03 FILLER PICTURE A(9) VALUE IS 'DECEMBER 03 02 RECORD-AREA REDEFINES RECORD-MONTH OCCURS 12 TIMES. 03 MONTHNAME PICTURE A(9). REPORT SECTION. RD EXPENSE-REPORT CONTROLS ARE FINAL, MONTH, DAY PAGE 59 LINES HEADING 1 FIRST DETAIL 9 LAST DETAIL 48 FOOTING 52. TYPE REPORT HEADING. 01 LINE 1 COLUMN 27 PICTURE A(26) VALUE IS 02 'ACME MANUFACTURING COMPANY'. LINE 3 COLUMN 26 PICTURE A(29) VALUE IS 02 'QUARTERLY EXPENDITURES REPORT'. 01 PAGE-hEAD TYPE PAGE HEADING LINE 5. COLUMN 30 PICTURE A(9) SOURCE MONTHNAME OF 02 RECORD-AREA (MONTH). COLUMN 39 PICTURE A(12) VALUE IS 'EXPENDITURES'. 02 COLUMN 52 PICTURE X(ll) SOURCE CONTINUED. 02 LINE 7 COLUMN 2 PICTURE X(35) VALUE IS 02 •MONTH CAY DEPT NO-PURCHASES'. 02 COLUMN 40 PICTURE X(33) VALUE IS •TYPE COST CUMULATIVE-COST'. 01 DETAIL-LINE TYPE DETAIL LINE PLUS I.

FIGURE 7.19.

Example— COBOL Program

Report Writer Feature

Report Writer Feature 000720 0C0730 000740 000750 CC0760 000770 000780 000790 01 000800 000810 0CC820 OG0830 000840 000850 000860 000870 000880 01 000890 000 900

0C091O OC0920 0CC930 0C0940 0C0950 CCC960 0C0970 000980 OCIOOO 001010 001020 001030 C01040 OC1050 0C1060 C01070 001080 001090 001100 001101 001102 001103 001104 001110 001120 001121 001130 0C114O 001141 001150 001160 001161 00117C AOO A02 A02 AOl A04 A04 AOl AOl AOl AOl

AOl A03 A03

93

COLUMN 2 GROUP INDICATE PICTURE A(9) 02 SOURCE MONTHNAME OF RECORO-AREA (MONTH). COLUMN 13 GROUP INDICATE PICTURE 99 SOURCE DAY. 02 COLUMN 19 PICTURE XXX SOU?lCE DEPT. 02 COLUMN 31 PICTURE 19 SOURCE NO-PURCHASES. 02 02 COLUMN 42 PICTURE A SOURCE TYPE-PURCHASE. COLUMN 50 PICTURE ZZ9.99 SOURCE COST. 02 TYPE CONTROL FOOTING DAY LINE PLUS 2. 02 CCLUMN 2 PICTURE X(22» VALUE IS 'PURCHASES AND COST FOR* COLUMN 24 PICTURE 19 SOURCE SAVED-MONTH. 02 COLUMN 26 PICTURE X VALUE IS •-'. 02 COLUMN 27 PICTURE 99 SOURCE SAVED-DAY. 02 CCLUMN 30 PICTURE ZZ9 SUM NO-PURCHASES. 02 MIN CCLUMN 49 PICTURE $$$9.99 SUM COST. 02 02 COLUMN 65 PICTURE $$$$9.99 SUM COST RESET ON FINAL. LINE PLUS 1 COLUMN 2 PICTURE X(70) VALUE ALL '*'. 02 TYPE CONTROL FOOTING MONTH LINE PLUS 1 NEXT GROUP NEXT PAGE. COLUMN 16 PICTURE A(14) VALUE IS 'TOTAL COST FOR'. 02 COLUMN 31 PICTURE A(9) SOURCE MONTHNAME OF RECORD-AREA 02 (SAVED-MONTH).

01

01

01

02 COLUMN 40 PICTURE AAA VALUE 'WAS'. INT COLUMN 46 PICTURE $$$9.99 SUM MIN. 02 TYPE CCNTRCL FOOTING FINAL LINE PLUS 1. COLUMN 16 PICTURE A(26) VALUE IS 02 'TOTAL COST FOR QUARTER WAS'. 02 COLUMN 45 PICTURE $$$$9.99 SUM INT. TYPE PAGE FOOTING LINE 55. 02 LINE 57 COLUMN 59 PICTURE X(12) VALUE IS, 'REPORT-PAGE-', COLUMN 71 PICTURE 99 SOURCE PAGE-COUNTER. 02 TYPE REPORT FOOTING. 02 LINE PLUS 1 C3LUMN 32 PICTURE A(13) VALUE IS 'END OF REPORT'.

PROCEDURE DIVISION. DECLARATIVES. PAGE-HEAD-RTN SECTION. USE BEFORE REPORTING PAGE-HEAD. PAGE-HEAD-RTN-rwITCH. 60 TO PAGE-HEAD-RTN-TEST PAGE-HEAD-RTN-TEST. IF MONTH = SAVED-MONTH MOVE '(CONTINUED)' TO CONTINUED ELSE MOVE SPACES TO CONTINUED MOVE MONTH TO SAVED-MONTH. GO TO PAGE-HEAO-RTN-EXIT. PAGE-HEAD-RTN-SUPPRESS. MOVE 1 TO PRINT-SWITCH. PAGE-HEAD-RTN-EXIT. EXIT. END DECLARATIVES. OPEN INPUT INFILE, OUTPUT REPORT-FILE. READ INFILE AT END GO TO COMPLETE. INITIATE EXPENSE-REPORT. READATA. GENERATE DETAIL-LINE MOVE DAY TO SAVED-DAY READ INFILE AT END GO TO COMPLETE. GO TO READATA. COMPLETE. ALTER PAGE-HEAD-RTN-SWITCH TO PROCEED TO PAGE-HEAD-RTN-SUPPRESS, TERMINATE EXPENSE-REPORT CLOSE INFILE, REPORT-FILE. STOP RUN. 02 AOlOl 00200 01 AOlOl 00100 02 COlOl 01600 02 B0102 00200 10 A0102 01000 10 C0102 08000 02 B0105 00200 10 A0108 01000 08 B0108 01248 20 D0108 03840

06 C0329 04800 20 E0331 06000 10 G0331

0500C

FIGURE 7.19.

Continued

Report Writer Feature

94

—

&

ACME MANUFACTURING COMPANY

-QUARTERLY EXPENOTTURFS REPORT

^

JANUARY MONTH

DAY

DEPT

NO-PURCHASES

2 1

2

EXPENDITURFS TYPE

A A C

COST

CUMULATIVE-COST

2.00 1.00 16.00 On

AND COST FOR 1-01 $19. $19.00 tt**************-^*****i^*******************f******** ******* ************* ©== PURCHASES 5

JANUARY

02

AOl

2

B

A04 A04

10 10

A C

2.00 10.00 80.00

PURCHASES AND COST FOR 1-02

$92.00 22 $111.00 **^**itli^**^L^L*^tif************************ ************************* ******* JANUARY 05 AOl B 2.00 2

PURCHASES ANO COST FOR 1-05 $113.00 $2.00 2 *it*^***Hc**it'********************************iti************************** JANUARY 08 AOl 10 A 10.00 AOl 8 12.48 B AOl 20 38.40 PURCHASES AND COST FOR 1-08

JANUARY

13

AOO AOO

PURCHASES ANO COST FOR 1-13

$6n.8«

38 4

R

1

C

6.24 8.00

$14.24

5

$173.88

$188.12

«**i^*:^**4c*** ************************* ***4

'

!

.

^ULT IPLY CUS TOME RS sjo ^ PR INT- OUT.

1

\

i

B Y

1

:

•

POO,.

i

'

1

,

i

3.

00 G IV

IN

&R OSS.

G-

i

!

1 i

:

.

i

,

1 1

> •

i 1

!

'

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!

.

1

i

i

:

i

.

'

i

1

1

;

i 1

'

'

i

IstVl

'

'•

1

1

:

1

!

>

i

i

I'^kl.

:

'

1

'

t

1

'

lU'UT

cIms TOME PR INT- 0|UT.

IPLY

&0 T Q

i

R$ & Y

?.

?0 G VIN (r 1

!

(t-P

i

0§S;. !

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!

1

1

1

1

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i

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1

i

i 1

1

1

i

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1

i

1

1

1

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MULT IPLY cus TOME RS GO T PR NT- OUT.

B Y 4. 00 &

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OSS.

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1

FIGURE 11.2.

The Procedure Division can be

written as a series

of sub-routine paragraphs. This technique will permit

the programmer to write procedures in any sequence he wishes. Each procedure will be referenced by a procedure name thus allowing the programmer more flexibility in the writing of the program. A GO TO statement at the end of each paragraph directs control of the program. The disadvantage of using this approach is that these paragraphs cannot be referred to by a PERFORM statement as each statement ends with a GO TO statement which is invalid for the PERFORM statement. This disadvantage can be overcome through the use of an EXIT paragraph at the end of each procedural series of paragraphs. Since the last statement in the Procedure Division denotes the end of the source program, it is imperative that all divisions remain in the proper sequence.

Example—Subroutines

sequence is disturbed, many diagnostic errors be generated unnecessarily.

If the

will

Increasing the Efficiency of

Procedure Division Entries A program can be made more efficient in the Procedure Division with some of the techniques described below.

Intermediate Results statements as a up intermediate result fields to contain the results of these operations. The compiler can process complicated statements, but not always with the same efficiency of storage utilization as the source program. Because truncation may occur during compilation, unexpected

The compiler

succession

of

treats

operations

intermediate results

mav

arithmetic

and

occur.

sets

CoBOL Programming Techniques

141

Binary Data

Then

an operation involving binary operand requires an intermediate result greater than 18 digits, the compiler converts the operands to internal decimal before performing the operation. If the result field, is binary, the result will be converted from internal decimal to binary. If an intermediate result will not be greater than nine digits, the operation is performed most efficiently If

as binary data fields.

COBOL

Library Subroutinies

COBOL

COBOL

30 Digits

number

the

ate result field

is

of digits in a decimal intermedi-

greater than 30, the field

is

truncated

A

warning message will be generated at compilation time but the program flow will not be into 30.

A,

up the expression

as follows:

3 GIVING INTERMEDIATE-RESULT-A.

write:

DIVIDE

C

INTO

INTERMEDIATE-RESULT-A

GIVING

INTERMEDIATE-

RESULT-B.

Then compute

the final results

by

writing:

ADD INTERMEDIATE-RESULT-B, 27.600 GIVING

B.

Initialize arithmetic fields before using them in computation. Failure to do so may result in invalid results or the job might terminate abnormally.

Comparison Fields Numeric comparisons

are usually done in

Compu-

format therefore Computational-3 is the most efficient data format. Because the compiler inserts slack bytes which can contain meaningless data, group comparisons should not be attempted when slack bytes are within the group unless the programmer knows the contents of

tational-3

the slack bytes.

Move Statement

Intermediate Result Greater

When

Then

split

Arithmetic Fields

If a decimal multiplication operation requires an intermediate result greater than 30 digits, a library subroutine is used to perform the multipUcation. The result of this multiplication is truncated to 30 digits. library subroutine is used to perform A division if ( 1 ) the divisor is equal to or greater than 15 digits, ( 2 ) the length of the divisor plus the length of the dividend is greater than 16 bytes or (3) the scaled dividend is greater than 30 digits (a scaled dividend is a number that has been multiplied by a power of 10 in order to obtain the desired number of decimal places in the quotient).

Than

ADD

terrupted at execution time. This truncation the result to be invalid.

may

cause

Performing a move for an item greater than 256 bytes in length requires the generation of more instructions than are required for a move item of 256 bytes or less.

Open and Close Statements Each opening or closing of a file requires the use main storage that is directly proportional to the number of files being opened. Opening or closing more than one file with the same statement is faster of

On

Size

Error SIZE

ON

ERROR OPTION applies only to the final tabulated results; not to intermediate result The

fields.

A

method

of

avoiding

unexpected

intermediate

make critical computations by assigning maximum (or minimum) values to all fields and

results

is

than using a separate statement for each file. Separate statements, however, require less storage area.

For example,

to

analyzing the results by testing the critical computations for results expected. Because of concealed intermediate results, the final result is not always obvious. The necessity of computing the worst case (or best case ) results can be eliminated by keeping statements simple. This can be accomplished by spHtting up the

statement and controlling the intermediate results to be sure unexpected final results are not obtained. For example, COMPUTE B First define

=

(A

+

3)

adequate

/ C

+

i.e.,:

OPEN INPUT

FILE-A, FILE-B,

FILE-C. rather than OPEN INPUT FILE-A. OPEN INPUT FILE-B. OPEN INPUT FILE-C.

Accept Verb

The Accept verb does not provide

for the recogni-

from the card reader. When COBOL detects /* card it drops through to the next statement. Because no indication of this is tion of the last card being read

given by

27.600.

intermediate result fields

one statement

COBOL,

the end-of-file detection requires

Thus the programmer must provide own end card (some card other than /*) which

special treatment.

02 INTERMEDIATERESULTA

PICTURE S9(6)V999.

his

02 INTERMEDIATERESULT-B

PICTURE S9(6)V999.

he can

test to detect

an end-of-file condition.

CoBOL Programming Techniques

142

Recommended

Paragraph Names Paragraph names use storage when the PERFORM verb is used in the program. Use of paragraph names for

comments requires more storage than the use

coding,

MOVE A TO

B.

PERFORM ROUTINE.

of

Note or a blank card. Use Note and/or a blank card for identifying in-line procedures where para-

NOTE JOES-ROUTINE. ROUTINE. COMPUTE A = D + E

graph names are not required.

Some

a

For example, avoid writing the following:

MOVE A TO B. PERFORM JOES-ROUTINE. JOES-ROUTINE.

COMPUTE A = D + C

*

F.

programming techniques that will aid the programmer in preparing efficient programs have been explained and illustrated. Additional programming techniques will be found in the reference manuals of the computer manufacturers. It is hoped as the programmer becomes more proficient in COBOL programming, he will develop his own programming * F.

of the

techniques.

Name

T T T T T

F

F F F F

Section

1.

2. 3. 4.

5.

F F

6. 7.

Date

TRUE AND FALSE QUESTIONS: Encircle (T) TRUE or (F) FALSE. COBOL produces a program as efficient as one written in the basic language A problem should be properly defined before attempting to write a program. The Identification Division is the simplest of all COBOL divisions to write.

of the computer.

The name of the programmer must be included in the Identification Division. The Remarks paragraph of the Identification Division should provide pertinent information tive to the

T T

^

rela-

program.

The Environment Division The Environment Division

is

the only division in

COBOL

links the devices of the

that is problem oriented. computer system and the data files

to

be proc-

essed.

T

F

8.

The

T

F

9.

T

F

10.

names used

external device

the same

manner

in the

Environment Division are assigned by the programmer

in

as data names.

Any

special input and output techniques Environment Division.

The Block Contains even though there

should be defined

in the File

Control paragraph of the

clause should be included in the File Description entry in the

is

Data Division

only one record per block.

T

F

IL The programmer may use Value clauses age Section of the Data Division.

T T T

F F F

12.

Pictvu-e clauses

13.

An

14.

If a

to assign initial values to

an item in the Working-Stor-

may be used in conjunction with group items. may have a Usage clause of computational.

alphabetic item

data item

is

used

in a series of arithmetic operations,

it

is

advisable to define

it

in the

Work-

ing-Storage Section of the Data Division in the computational mode.

T T T

F

15.

F

16.

F

17.

The most often used verb written in the Procedure Division is the GO TO verb. The addition of one decimal position in the data sending field will save valuable time in the cedure Division in eliminating decimal alignment instructions generated by the compiler.

T

F

18.

When

Decimal alignment

fields of

is

performed by the compiler.

unequal length are involved

in a

Pro-

move, the compiler generates additional instruc-

tions.

T T

F F

T T T

F F F

21.

23.

The absence of a sign in an arithmetic field will never affect the efficiency of a program. The final result of an expression included in a conditional statement is limited to six decimal places. The Redefines clause permits the use of the same area for work areas for input files that are proc-

T T T T T T T T

F

24.

Alternate grouping of data does not increase the efficiency of the program.

F F F F F F

25.

A

19.

20.

22.

Conversion of mixed data formats does not increase processing time. To perform arithmetic calculations, Display data is converted to Computational-3 in system 360 computers.

essed concurrently.

F

26. 27. 28.

hexadecimal

D

F F

T T

F F

treated as a positive sign in a system 360 computer.

The Procedure Division may be written as a series of subroutine paragraphs. Truncation of an intermediate result may result in an error. 31. If a decimal multiplication requires an intermediate result greater than 15

level.

29. 30.

library subroutine

T T

is

Redundant coding of usage designation is avoided by using a computational mode at a group The Procedure Division should be written using the Environment Division as a guide. The Write statement references a file name.

is

digits,

a

COBOL

used for the multiplication.

32.

The On

33.

Failure to initialize arithmetic fields before using

34.

Numeric comparisons are usually performed

35.

A Move

Size Error option applies only to the final result.

them

in

computations

may

result in invalid an-

swers.

more

instruction for an item greater that

instructions than one less than

in the

150 bytes.

143

Display mode.

150 bytes

(system 360) require the generation of

T

F

36.

Opening and closing more than one statements for each

file

with the same statement

is

faster than using separate

file.

T

F

37.

T

F

38.

Open and Close statements require more storage than a statement that opens and closes more than one file. The Accept verb does not provide for the recognition of the last card being read from the card

T T

F F

39.

The use

40.

A

Separate

reader.

name for comments requires more storage may be used for identification of in-Une procedures.

of a paragraph

blank card

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS: L

It is

than the use of a note card.

Encircle the letter next to the correct answer.

imperative that the programmer adopt techniques that wiU increase the efficiency of a

COBOL

pro-

gram because B.

COBOL COBOL

C.

The programmer

A.

takes

much more

time to write than other language.

does not produce a program as efficient as one written in the basic language of the particular

computer. is

normally not familiar with the computer machine language.

D. All of the above. 2.

Prior to wTiting a program, the following should

be available

to the

programmer.

A. Appropriate flowcharts. B. Source

document formats.

C. Output formats.

D. All of the above. 3.

The entries that are required A. The name of the program. B. The date the program was C. The Remarks paragraph.

in the Identification Division are

written.

D. All of the above. 4.

The Environment Division

contains the following sections.

A. File Section. B. Configuration Section.

C. I-O-Control Section.

D. All of the above. 5.

Some

of the sections that can

appear in the Data Division are

A. File Section. B.

Linkage Section.

C. Report Section.

D. All of the above. 6.

A Record

Contains clause should be included in every File Description entry in the Data Division because

The compiler will not be able to determine the record size. B. The compiler checks record counts with block sizes. C. The compiler checks the agreement of record count with count D. None of the above.

A.

7.

of

Record Description

entry.

Writing output formats in the Working-Storage Section of the Data Division provides the programmer with the ability to A.

Document

the program properly.

B. Define headings with appropriate

Value clauses.

C. Skip the writing of File Description entries for output D. All of the above.

144

files.

Name 8.

Section

The compiler generates

Date

instructions to

A. Align decimal points.

Perform insertions

B.

in fields of

unequal lengths.

C. Convert data to the receiving field format.

D. All of the above. 9.

To

increase the efficiency of a conditional statement involving an arithmetic expression,

A. Both fields should have less than three decimal positions. B. Perform the computation separately, then make the comparison.

C. Perform the comparison

first,

then compute the arithmetic expression.

D. None of the above. 10.

Alternate groupings of data can be accompUshed with the A. Redefines clause. B. Alter clause.

C. Exit clause.

D. None of the above. 11.

The value of an item is F2 F4 F6 F9 B. F2 F4 F6 D9 C. F2 F4 F6 C9 D. None of the above.

-2469, the Picture

is

9(4), the item will appear as (system 360 computer).

A.

12.

The Procedure Division

is

actually written

from the

A. System flowchart. B. Planning chart.

Program flowchart,

C.

D. None of the above. 13.

Numeric comparison

in the

System 360

is

usually done in

A. Computational format. B. Display format.

C. Computational-3 format.

D. None of the above. 14.

Each opening and closing of a file requires the use A. The number of files being opened. B. The number of hardware devices actuated. C. The volume of the data in the files. D.

AU

of

main storage

that

is

proportional to

of the above.

roENTIFICATION QUESTIONS: Column

Indicate in

1

column 2 the

letter that identifies the

item in column

Column 2

A

USAGE CLAUSE

Conversion

B

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION MIXED DATA FORMATS

Provide information to reader of program

PICTURE CLAUSE ALTERNATE DESCRIPTION

Soiu'ce

Elementary item Computational

H

DATA DIVISION INTERMEDIATE RESULTS COBOL LIBRARY SUBROUTINES

I

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION

Machine oriented Decimal multiplication

J

DECIMAL ALIGNMENT

Redefines clause

C

D E F

G

30

digits

Move

145

document format statement

1.

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 1.

2. 3.

Why

is

What What

it

so important to \\Tite

an efficient

COBOL

program?

additional information should be included in the Identification Division? precautions should be taken in writing the Environment Division?

5.

Why Why

should the Records Contains clause be included in every File Description entr\' in the Data Division? is it desirable to wTite Data Division entries for ouput files in the Working-Storage Section?

6.

When

should the computational mode be used with data items? could storage be conserved in decimal alignment?

4.

7. 8.

9.

How How

does the compiler align fields of unequal length? WTiat problem is caused by operation involving data items of mixed data formats?

How

can

this

be over-

come? 10. 11.

Explain the operation of sign control in the efficiency of a program.

Why

is it

possible to have an inaccurate answer as a result of an arithmetic statement in a conditional state-

ment? 12.

List the basic principles of effective coding.

14.

How may How may

15.

What

13.

is

alternate groupings provide a

more efficient program? more effectively?

the Procedure Division be written

the danger of intermediate results in arithmetic operations?

146

Problem

1

SHAMPOO PAYROLL PROBLEM In a beauty salon, operators are paid by the amount and type of work they do. The shampoo operators receive $1.00 per customer, the hair cutters receive $2.00 per customer, the hair setters receive $2.50 per customer, the styUsts receive $4.00 per customer, and the permanent

Given:

Operator's

Type

operators receive $5.00 per customer.

name

of operator

Number Find:

wave

of customers.

Gross Pay (Print and punch out also; name, type and number of customers)

INPUT Card Columns

Field

1- 25

Name

26 27- 29 30- 80

Type Customers Blanks

OUTPUT Card Columns

Field

1 -25 26 27 29 30 -34 35 -80

Name Type Customers Gross — Pay Blanks

FORMULA Gross Pay

=

rate x customers.

147

^

Problem 2

DEPARTMENT STORE PROBLEM Customer's name Customer's address Customer's account no. Last month's balance

Given:

Payments made

made

Purchases

on a card; Find:

Service charge (rate

Amount due on the printer

for

for this

1V2%) month

is

each customer,

in the

form of a

bill

including

all of

the above information.

INPUT Card Columns

Field

1-15 16-50 51-55 56-60 61-65 66-70 71-80

Customers name Customers address Account no. Last balance

Month

sales

Payments Blanks

OUTPUT Print Positions

Field

1-3 4-18 19-20

Blanks

Name

of

Customer

Blanks Address of Customer Blanks

21

-

56

-

55 57

58-62 63-64

Customer Account Blanks Previous balance Blanks

Amount due

65-71 72-73 74-80 81-82 83-89 90-91 92-97 98-99 100-106

Blanks

107

Sales this

month

Blanks

Months payments Blanks Service charge

Blanks

-

(EDITED) (EDITED) (EDITED)

(EDITED) (EDITED)

120

FORMULAS TO BE USED Service charge

Amount due months

=

=

.015 * (last-balance - payments) ( rounded (last-balance - payments) service charge

+

+

sales.

148

I

Problem 3

BANK BALANCE PROBLEM Given:

in

an 80 column card

Account number

Type code:

either a 1

punch

or a 2 punch:

1 indicates a checking account 2 indicates a savings account

Deposits

Withdrawals Last Balance

Find:

in

an 80 column card

Account number

New

balance

INPUT Card Column

Field

Account no. Type code

1-5

Blanks Deposits

7-8

6

9-16 17-24 25-32 33-80

Withdrawals Last balance Blanks

OUTPUT Card Columns

Field

Number

1-5

New

6-12 13-80

balance Blanks

FORMULAS

New

balance

Interest

New

=

=

Last-balance - withdrawals + deposits. - withdrawals + deposits) Last-balance - withdrawals + deposits + interest.

rate x (last-balance

balance

=

149

)

)

Problem 4

"AFRICA" PAYROLL PROBLEM a payroll is to be processed in the following manner: contains a master record for every employee in the company. Each record contains the employee's name, his number, the regular and overtime hours he has worked during the month, the wages he has earned so far this year, his rate of pay, and the number of dependents he has. The payroll is processed in the

Each month

A

card

file

NET

PAY. The results are used to^^rint checks usual manner: computation of GROSS-PAY, FICA, \VH-TAX and and to create new master records. These new records contain the new YTD-GROSS and zeros in the hours field (both regular and overtime). These new records create the CARD-OUT file which will be used next month as CARD-IN. (During the month the regular hours and overtime hours are added in by another program.) This company has a subsidiary in Africa whose employees, though US citizens, are not required to pay income tax. These employees have A's in front of their numbers— other employee numbers will have spaces in these character positions.

This program will use a table of income tax exemptions according to the

number

of dependents

which

looks like this:

DEPENDENTS

2 $112

1

$0 Subtract from

GROSS-PAY

The formulas which

$56

3 $168

to find the taxable

5 $280

4 $224

6 $336

7 $392

amount.

the program will use are:

In America: (overtime hours * iy2 rate). Gross-Pay (regular hours " rate) FICA = .03125 * gross-pay. (If YTD is less than $4800). (gross-pay - sub) sub is exemption according to dependents chart. WH-TAX .18 NET PAY gross-pay - FICA - WH-TAX. In Africa: Gross-pay = (regular hours " rate) + (overtime hours " IV2 rate).

=

= =

+

**

WM-TAX = 0. FICA = .03125 " gross-pay. (If YTD NET-PAY = Gross-pay - FICA.

is

less

than $4800).

Card-In Field

Card Columns

Employee Name Employee Number

1-29 30-39 40

Blank Rate

41-43 44-45 46-50 51-55 56-62 63-80

Dependents Regular Hours Overtime Hours YTD-Gross Blanks

(

xxx.xx

(xxx.xx) (

xxxxx.xx

Card-Ouf-

(same as Card-In) Print-Out Field

Print Positions

CHECK-LINE-1

Name

1-29

Blanks

106 114

Date

30 107

Blanks

115-120 150

-

8 $448

9 $504

10 $560

CHECK-LINE-2 Blanks

Net-Pay Blanks

1

-

91 97

-

1

-

30 32 42

-

-

90 96 120

CHECK-LINE-3 Employee Name Blanks

Employee Number Blanks Gross Pay Blanks

-

-

29 31 41 43

44-50 52 57

Wh-Tax

51 53

Blanks

58-59

PICA

60 - 64 65 - 66 67 - 73 74 - 120

Blanks

Net-Pay Blanks

-

Problem 5

SALES Commissions are paid

to

varies with the product sold

AND COMMISSION PROBLEM

salesmen based upon the number of units that are sold. The unit commission total commission is based upon the number of units sold of each particular

and the

product. Sales are determined

by the number

of units sold times the individual product selling price.

Given:

Product 1

jmmissuon Rate $

2 3 4 5

Selling

Price $ 16.00 30.00

.10

.20

43.00 60.00 75.00

.30 .40 .50

INPUT RECORD FILE Card Columns

Field Territory

Number

1- 2 3- 5 6- 11 12- 30 31- 35

Salesman Number Date

Name Units Sold

Product

Number

36

PROBLEM 1.

Prepare a table of commissions for the five different products so that the product number

itself will

serve as a subscript. 2.

Prepare a table of selling prices for the five different products so that the product number

itself will

serve as a subscript. 3. Write a COBOL program that will read both the commission table and price table and then process each data card to calculate the commission for each salesman. At the same time, prepare a report of the number of units sold and amount of sales for each product by salesman, by territory and an overall total of sales.

151

OUTPUT FORMAT Heading

Monthly Sales and Commission Report January 1969 Indicate

all

other information that you

would deem necessary such

as salesman's

name, month,

territory,

units sold, etc.

Problem 6

PAYROLL REGISTER PROBLEM Write a

COBOL

summary card with

program that

will calculate

and print the Payroll Register

as indicated.

the information as indicated.

INPUT RECORD FILE

Card Columns

Field

1-3 4-5 6-7

Month

Day Year

14-16 17-21 57-61 62-65 69-72 73-75 76-79

Department Serial

Gross Earnings Insurance

Withholding Tax State

UCI

Miscellaneous Deductions

Code

(letter

E)

80

OUT? UT RECORD PRINTED REPORT Field

Printing Positions

Heading Line 1

2 3

WEEKLY PAYROLL REGISTER

WEEK ENDING EMPLOYEE

SEP

40-62 40-62 3-14 22-26 51-61 65-69

3 1968

NO.

GROSS

WITHHOLDING STATE 4

2-6

DEPT. SERIAL

10-15 20-27 31-39 44-47 56-58 66-68 74-85 89-100

EARNINGS INSURANCE PICA

TAX UCI MISC. DEDNS.

NET EARNINGS 152

Also to punch a

Detail

Department

3-5

Serial

10-14

Gross Earnings Insurance

21-26 33-37 43-47 54-58 65-68 76-80 92-97

PICA Withholding Tax State

UCI

Miscellaneous Deductions Net Earnings

XXXX.XX XXX.XX xxx.xx XXX.XX xx.xx xxx.xx XXXX.XX

OUTPUT RECORD — CARD Field

Card Columns

Month

9-11 12-13 14-16 17-22

Day Department Number Department Net Earnings

Code (Character

—

80

CALCULATIONS

= Gross Earnings

1.

PICA

2.

Net Earnings

=

x .044 (round to 2 places)

Gross Earnings - Insurance

-PICA - Withholding Tax -

State

UCI -

Miscellaneous

Deductions. the

Net Earnings are zero

or negative, go to error routine.

3.

If

4.

The Department Earnings value

5.

Calculate totals for

all

is

the

sum

of the Net Earnings for each employee.

columns by department

as well as

an overall

total for the entire payroll.

Problem 7

UPDATED PAYROLL PROBLEM COBOL

to update a master tape file vi'ith a current card file. Both input files are in sequence. Input tape records are in blocks of ten 52-character records. The updated output tape blocks will be the same size.

Write a

Social Security

program

Number

The exception

shall

list

be double spaced.

INPUT TAPE RECORD Positions

Field

Employee Name Social Security

6

-

25

26-34 35-41 42-47 48-52

Number

Old Year-to-date Gross Earnings Old Year-to-date Withholding Tax Old Year-to-date PICA 153

INPUT CARD RECORD

Card Columns

Field

1-2 3-5

Department Number

Number

Clock

Social Security

26-34 62-68 69-74 75-78

Number

Current Gross Earnings Current Withholding Tax Current PICA

Code

80

(Digit 1)

OUTPUT UPDATED TAPE RECORD Positions

Field

1-2 3-5 6-25

Department Number Clock Number

Employee Name Social Security

New New New

26-34 35-41 42-47 48-52

Number

Year-to-date Gross Earnings Year-to-date Withholding Tax Year-to-date PICA

OUTPUT PRINTED RECORD Print Positions

Field

4-5

Department Number

9-11 15-34 37-47 52-60 64-71 77-81

Clock Number

Employee Name Social Security

New New

Number

Year-to-date Gross Earnings

Tax

Year-to-date Withholding

Excess

PICA

XX EMPLOYEES OVER

xxx-xx-xxxx xx,xxx.xx x,xxx.xx xx.xx

$343.20.

OPERATIONS TO BE PERFORMED

=

1.

New

Year-to-date

2.

New

Year-to-date Withholding tax

Gross

Old Year-to-date Gross plus Current Gross.

=

Old Year-to-date Withholding Tax plus Current Withholding

Tax. 3.

4.

New If

Year-to-date

New

PICA = Old

Year-to-date

PICA

Name,

Social Security

Excess

PICA amount.

Year-to-date

PICA

exceeds $343.20, print

Number,

New

Year-to-date

154

plus Current

PICA.

Department Number, Clock Number, Employee Gross, New Year-to-date Withholding Tax and

I

Problem 8

SALES PROBLEM {REPORT WRITER FEATURE) REPORT

DAILY SALES REGISTER WEEK OF

SEP

PAGE

3

ENTRY DAY

CUSTOMER NUMBER

3 3

8257 11243 29031 29964 79992 85486

3 3

3 3

SALESMAN

SALE

NUMBER

AMOUNT

DAY 4 4

1179 2965 9002 13605 27654 32007 65952 99003

4

4 4 4 4 4

79 79 95

1,294.86

125

20.25

3

SALES

63.00 87.74

$ 2,823.71

$70,711.29 12,716.92

1

842.17

1

3,092.72

9

217.90 429.65 223.35

22 16 58 4

SALES

92 56

390 5006 12125 20239

4,000.00

$92,234.00 $

5

SALES

100 24

106 298

DAY

6

SALES

^7

256

3

7 7 7 7 7 7

321 652 18569

5 8 90 132 27 60

20106 20902 25452

27.00

897.32 371.98

181 145

DAY 6 6

$ 1,189.80 168.06

2 37

DAY 5 5 5 5

71 79

1

18.16 $ 1,314.46

$ 1,494.73 2,020.60 $ 3,515.33 $

79.53 590.10 95.18 421.15 706.42 55.80 2,166.96

DAILY SALES REGISTER WEEK OF

SEP

PAGE

3

ENTRY DAY

CUSTOMER NUMBER 407&4

SALESMAN

SALE

NUMBER

AMOUNT

43

NUMBER OF SALES

28

155

DAY 7 SALES TOTAL SALES

2

$ 1,914.35

$ 6,029.49

$105,916.99

»

"'

INPUT RECORD FILE Card Columns

Field

1-2 3-4 5-6 7-9

Month

Day Year Salesman

Number

10-14 51-57

Customer Number

Amount

Sales

CALCULATIONS Compute Compute Compute

the total sales value for each day of week. the total sales value for week the

number

of sales for

week.

Problem 9

COMMISSION PROBLEM [REPORT WRITER FEATURE) REPORT

SALES COMMISSION For

SALESMAN

CUSTOMER

2513 2513 2513

11110 12129 14983

4490 4490 4490 4490

Month

of Jonuory

INVOICE

1969

NET AMOUNT

RATE

$ 9,850.40

8 12

12066 13444 14092

10,986.00

6

110.20

$20,946.60 $ 1,250.00 12,359.20 690.70

25930 25220 44873 25118

15121 49690 72914 78345

REPORT

"

10 11 14

8

8,255.12

$22,555.02

TOTAL FOR MONTH OF JANUA RY

$315,946.25

•

'"

INPUT RECORD FILE Card Columns

Field

Code

1

2-6

(digit 5)

Invoice

13-19 35-42 43-46 54-55 56-62

Number

Customer Number Net Invoice Amount Salesman Number Commission Rate Commission Amount

CALCULATIONS Find the Find the

total sales

total sales

and and

total total

commissions for each salesman. commissions for entire sales force for month. 156

COMMISSION $

788.03 1,307.52 6.61

$ 2,102.16 125.00 $

'

1,359.51

96.70 660.41 $ 2,241.62

$30,642.51

'

°»

Problem 10

HOSPITAL PROBLEM (SORT FEATURE] A A United

card

punched

is

report

is

States.

for the

number

of patients in

each hospital of the United

prepared indicating the various patient

An

overall total

is

totals

for cities

States.

and counties within each

state

indicated for the entire United States.

INPUT RECORD FILE Card Columns

Field

1-6 7-8

Date State

County City Hospital

Number

Number

of Patients

9-11 12-14 15-18 70-75

OPERATIONS REQUIRED: 1.

Sort data cards in the following sequence; major-State, intermediate-County

2.

Prepare

listing

and minor-City.

per output record format.

OUTPUT RECORD FORMAT. Heading. Hospital Patient Report January 31,

STATE

COUNTY

CITY

1969

NUMBER OF PATIENTS

Overall totals with appropriate heading should be indicated for each different level.

157

of the

I

I

I

Problem

Illustrative

and

Customers invoices are prepared also design an invoice form.

at the

end of the month. Write a program

Input will contain the following:

Data Item Part

Card Columns

1-5

Number

Blank

6

7-19

Item Description Blank

20

Units

21-23

Blank

24

25-29

Unit Cost

Blank

30 44

Street

31

City and State

45-55

-

56

Blank

Date Invoice

1

57

-

64

65-67

Number

Name

68-80

159

to

perform invoice bilHng

.

160

lLLUSTR.\Tr\-E PbOBLEVIS

"ifSWl^^mft^ LIME NO. SF3. N^.

ST4TPMENT

SOUi^CE

CBO CL3-1 01/76/S9

PAGE

lOFNTIciCftTins OIVISIHN. PROGBi^'-ID.

•BtlL»aijTHnR.

jn^cpM GSTLING. 5c

.J

.

-

a

J

*

.^-

?•

""

ii.s

::

T'c -

ILL IN'

-

DATE. JAN. 8t 1969. INSTALLATION. L.A.T.T.C. ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.

najECT-co'^puTf^R.

IBH-360 E30. N0UT-1IJTPUT SECTION.

L?-IN

;005'

4S

'

UNIT-RECORD 2501. UNIT-RECORO 1403.

OATA DIVISION FILE SECTION. FD FILE-IN >-

L i

=( "=

! 02 FILLE"* 02 04TE PICTURE X{9).

SOURCE STSTEWENTO

LINC VT, SFO. NT.

02 INVniCE-NO PICTURE 999.

41 'UF*

42 41

PAGE

s

t

FD

T

CIL?--

—

ii-.—

J^^^^^^^^^^^H

2

1

OATA RECORD IS RECORD-OUT. RECORD-OUT PICTURE X(n3). ING-STORAGE SECTION. cnnNTC!? Ptr.TMOE °=

-'-

jca^^s.

"

DIFFERENT PTCTORE 99 V4LUE ZEUtre. TOTAL-ORDERED PICTURE 999 VALUE ZEROS, SU" PICTURE 9999799 VSLM' r ' " c>Arr 1 1 .'iL 1^

T2

-

7-?

'

1

11 . (

11

OESIf-.N-i.

.^^^^^^^^^^^^^H

^^^^^^^^^^^^H

Illustratix'e

Problems

SOURCE STATEMENTP

LINE NO. SEQ. NO. 82

83 84 85 86

02 FfLLER PICTURE X VAl.iI"^ •*• 0? FILLER VALUE SOACF PIC^'j^F 01

89 90 91