Fracture Resistance of Alumninum Alloys: Notch Toughness, Tear Resistance, and Fracture Toughness 0871707322, 9780871707321

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© 2001 ASM International. All Rights Reserved. Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys (#06042G)

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Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys Notch Toughness, Tear Resistance, and Fracture Toughness

J. Gilbert Kaufman

The Aluminum Association Incorporated

900 19th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006

Materials Park, Ohio 44073-0002 www.asminternational.org

© 2001 ASM International. All Rights Reserved. Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys (#06042G)

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Copyright © 2001 by ASM International® All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the written permission of the copyright owner. First printing, September 2001

Great care is taken in the compilation and production of this book, but it should be made clear that NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ARE GIVEN IN CONNECTION WITH THIS PUBLICATION. Although this information is believed to be accurate by ASM, ASM cannot guarantee that favorable results will be obtained from the use of this publication alone. This publication is intended for use by persons having technical skill, at their sole discretion and risk. Since the conditions of product or material use are outside of ASM’s control, ASM assumes no liability or obligation in connection with any use of this information. No claim of any kind, whether as to products or information in this publication, and whether or not based on negligence, shall be greater in amount than the purchase price of this product or publication in respect of which damages are claimed. THE REMEDY HEREBY PROVIDED SHALL BE THE EXCLUSIVE AND SOLE REMEDY OF BUYER, AND IN NO EVENT SHALL EITHER PARTY BE LIABLE FOR SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES WHETHER OR NOT CAUSED BY OR RESULTING FROM THE NEGLIGENCE OF SUCH PARTY. As with any material, evaluation of the material under end-use conditions prior to specification is essential. Therefore, specific testing under actual conditions is recommended. Nothing contained in this book shall be construed as a grant of any right of manufacture, sale, use, or reproduction, in connection with any method, process, apparatus, product, composition, or system, whether or not covered by letters patent, copyright, or trademark, and nothing contained in this book shall be construed as a defense against any alleged infringement of letters patent, copyright, or trademark, or as a defense against liability for such infringement. Comments, criticisms, and suggestions are invited, and should be forwarded to ASM International. ASM International staff who worked on this project included Veronica Flint, Manager of Book Acquisitions; Bonnie Sanders, Manager of Production; Nancy Hrivnak, Copy Editor; Kathleen Dragolich, Production Editor; and Scott Henry, Assistant Director of Reference Publications. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kaufman, J.G. (John Gilbert), 1931Fracture resistance of aluminum alloys/J. Gilbert Kaufman. p.cm. 1. Aluminum alloys—Mechanical properties. 2. Fracture mechanics I. Title. TA480.A6 K355 2000 620.1’866—dc21 2001022228 ISBN: 0-87170-732-2 SAN: 204-7586 ASM International® Materials Park, OH 44073-0002 www.asminternational.org Printed in the United States of America

© 2001 ASM International. All Rights Reserved. Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys (#06042G)

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Preface On behalf of the Aluminum Association, Inc., Alcoa, Inc., and ASM International, we are pleased to provide this summary of data on the fracture characteristics of aluminum alloys. It is broadly based on a publication produced by Alcoa in 1964, called Fracture Characteristics of Aluminum Alloys, and we want to acknowledge the support of Alcoa, Inc., notably Dr. Robert J. Bucci and Dr. William G. Truckner, in arranging to have the copyright to that publication transferred to the Aluminum Association, Inc. Further, we acknowledge the support of Dr. John A.S. Green of the Aluminum Association, Inc. in making it available for a joint publication with ASM International. In particular, we note the contributions of the members of the Aluminum Association Engineering and Design Task Force, Dr. Andrew J. Hinkle, Chair, through their review of and input to the organization and content of the book. This book is unique in the degree to which it presents individual test results for many individual lots of a wide range of aluminum alloys, tempers, and products, rather than simply broad summaries of data; it is also unique for the breadth of types of fracture parameters presented. This combination provides not only the ability to dig out specific data needed to evaluate alloy and temper selections for individual applications, but also the ability to check the degree to which the various fracture parameters provide consistent relative ratings for specific alloys and tempers. We believe these capabilities will benefit a wide range of needs, from alloy evaluation and selections to design. A word is needed about the inclusion in the book of data for a number of alloys and tempers that are considered obsolete today. Such alloys are included because they may have been used in fracture-critical structures in years past, and specialists dealing with maintenance and retrofit of those structures may be looking for data on the old alloys, even though it is unlikely that new structures will be made of them. An explanation is also needed about the treatment of units in this book. Because all of these data were generated in an environment of the usage of English/engineering units, and because of the mass of data involved, almost the entire book is presented in those units. While this is contrary to the normal ASM International and Aluminum Association, Inc. policies to present engineering and scientific data in both Standard International (SI) and English/engineering units, it saves a prodigious amount of expense related to both time for conversion and to the space required for dual presentation. Further, it avoids the inevitable compromises surrounding rounding techniques for such conversions in a multitude of units. Additional help for those interested in SI conversion is provided in Appendix 2. J. Gilbert Kaufman

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ASM International Technical Books Committee (2000–2001) Sunniva R. Collins (Chair) Swagelok/Nupro Company Charles A. Parker (Vice Chair) Allied Signal Aircraft Landing Systems Eugen Abramovici Bombardier Aerospace (Canadair) A.S. Brar Seagate Technology Ngai Mun Chow Det Norske Veritas Pte Ltd. Seetharama C. Deevi Philip Morris, USA Bradley J. Diak Queen’s University James C. Foley Ames Laboratory Dov B. Goldman Precision World Products

James F.R. Grochmal Metallurgical Perspectives Nguyen P. Hung Nanyang Technological University Serope Kalpakjian Illinois Institute of Technology Gordon Lippa North Star Casteel Jacques Masounave Université du Québec K. Bhanu Sankara Rao Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research Mel M. Schwartz Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation (Retired) Peter F. Timmins Risk Based Inspection, Inc. George F. Vander Voort Buehler Ltd.

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Contents CHAPTER 1: Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 CHAPTER 2: Definition of Terms Related to Fracture Behavior . . 5 CHAPTER 3: Tensile Properties as Indicators of Fracture Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 CHAPTER 4: Notched-Bar Impact and Related Tests for Toughness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 CHAPTER 5: Notch Toughness and Notch Sensitivity . . . . . . . . 15 Wrought Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Cast Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 ASTM Standard Notch-Tensile Test Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 CHAPTER 6: Tear Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Wrought Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Cast Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 CHAPTER 7: Fracture Toughness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Test Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 KIc and Kc Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Discussion of KIc and Kc Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Industry KIc Database, ALFRAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Typical and Specified Minimum Values of KIc and Kc Fracture Toughness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Crack-Resistance Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Use of Fracture-Toughness Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Discussions of Individual Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

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Understanding the Effect of Residual Stresses on Fracture-Toughness Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 CHAPTER 8: Interrelation of Fracture Characteristics . . . . . . . 105 CHAPTER 9: Toughness at Subzero and Elevated Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Wrought Alloys at Subzero Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Wrought Alloys at Elevated Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Cast Alloys at Subzero Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Welds at Subzero Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 CHAPTER 10: Subcritical Crack Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Fatigue Crack Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Creep Crack Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Stress-Corrosion Cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 CHAPTER 11: Metallurgical Considerations in Fracture Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Alloy Enhancement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Enhancing Toughness with Laminates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 CHAPTER 12: Summary

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

CHAPTER 13: References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 APPENDIX 1: Notch-Tensile, Tear, and Fracture Toughness Specimen Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 APPENDIX 2: Metric (SI) Conversion Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . 183 ALLOY INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

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Figures Fig. 4.1 Notched bar impact data for aluminum alloys, transverse direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Fig. 5.1 Similarity of ratings of alloys with respect to notch sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Fig. 5.2 Notch-yield ratios versus tensile yield strength of 0.250 in. plate. Transverse direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Fig. 5.3 Notch-yield ratios versus tensile yield strength for wrought aluminum alloys. Transverse direction (Table 5.5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Fig. 5.4 Notch-yield ratios (notch tensile strength/tensile yield strength) for cast slabs and separately cast tensile bars of aluminum sand and permanent mold cast slabs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Fig. 5.5 Notch-yield ratio versus tensile yield strength for aluminum alloy castings from notched round specimens (Fig. A1.7a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Fig. 5.6 Ratings of aluminum alloy welds based on notchyield ratios from sheet-type specimens (Fig. A1.4b) . . . . . . 21 Fig. 5.7 Notch-yield ratio versus tensile yield strength for welds in wrought and cast alloys (Tables 5.8 and 5.9). Specimens per Fig. A1.7(b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Fig. 6.1 Tear-test specimen and representation of loaddeformation curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Fig. 6.2 Ratings of 0.063 in. aluminum alloy sheet based upon unit propagation energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Fig. 6.3 Ratings of aluminum alloy plate, extruded shapes, and forgings based on unit propagation energy . . . . . . . . . . 41 Fig. 6.4 Ratings of aluminum alloy sand and permanentmold cast slabs based on unit propagation energy . . . . . . . . 42 Fig. 6.5 Ratings of welds based on unit propagation energy . . . . . . . 42 Fig. 6.6 Unit propagation energy vs. tensile yield strength of 0.063 in. aluminum alloy sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Fig. 6.7 Unit propagation energy vs. elongation of 0.063 in. aluminum alloy sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Fig. 6.8 Unit propagation energy vs. tensile yield strength for aluminum alloy castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Fig. 6.9 Unit propagation energy vs. tensile yield strength for welds in wrought aluminum alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

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Fig. 7.1 Schematic drawing of large, elastically stressed panel containing a crack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Fig. 7.2 Schematic representation of influence of thickness on strain-energy release rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Fig. 7.3 Fracture-toughness specimen in 3 million lb testing machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Fig. 7.4 Typical autographic load-deformation curves from fracture toughness tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Fig. 7.5 Schematic of typical R curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Fig. 7.6 R-curves for 2024-T3 and 2524-T3 clad sheet . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Fig. 7.7 R-curves for 7475-T7351, 7475-T7651, 7475-T651, and 7075-T7351, 7075-T651 plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Fig. 7.8 Gross-section stress at onset of rapid fracture vs. crack length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Fig. 7.9 Gross-section stress at initiation of slow crack growth or rapid crack propagation under planestrain conditions versus crack length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Fig. 7.10 Illustrations of potential residual stresses in fracture toughness specimens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Fig. 8.1 Notch-yield ratio in relation to elongation and reduction of area for aluminum alloy plate . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Fig. 8.2 Critical stress-intensity factor, Kc, versus notchyield ratio (edge-notched specimen) for aluminum alloy and plate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Fig. 8.3 KIc and Kc for 1 in. thick panels (Fig. A1.9b) versus unit propagation energy from tear tests for aluminum alloy plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Fig. 8.4 Relationship between plane-strain fracture toughness and unit propagation energy from tear tests for aluminum alloy products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Fig. 8.5 Correlation of plane-strain fracture toughness and notch-yield ratio (specimens per Fig. A1.7a) for 2024 and 2124 plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Fig. 8.6 Correlation of plane-strain fracture toughness with notch-yield ratio (specimens per Fig. A1.7a) for 7075 and 7475 plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Fig. 8.7 Relationship between ratio of fatigue strength of notched specimens to tensile yield strength and notch-yield ratio for aluminum alloy plate. . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Fig. 8.8 Relationship between unit propagation energy and fatigue-crack growth rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Fig. 8.9 Comparison of fracture toughness and stresscorrosion resistance for some aluminum alloys . . . . . . . . . 110 Fig. 9.1 Notch-yield ratios for 1⁄8 in. aluminum alloy sheet at various temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

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Fig. 9.2 Notch-yield ratios for plate at various temperatures. . . . . . 114 Fig. 9.3 Notch-yield ratios for welds in 1⁄8 in. aluminum alloy sheet at various temperatures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Fig. 9.4(a) Notch-yield ratio versus temperature for sand cast aluminum alloy slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Fig. 9.4(b) Notch-yield ratio versus temperature for permanent mold cast aluminum alloy slabs. . . . . . . . . . 115 Fig. 9.4(c) Notch-yield ratio versus temperature for premium strength cast aluminum alloy slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Fig. 9.5 Notch-yield ratio versus temperature for groove welds in wrought and casting alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Fig. 9.6 Tear resistance versus temperature for aluminum alloy sheet and plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Fig. 9.7 Unit propagation energy versus temperature for welds in wrought aluminum alloy plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Fig. 9.8 Plane-strain fracture toughness versus temperature for aluminum alloy plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Fig. 9.9 Notch-yield ratio versus tensile yield strength for 1⁄8 in. aluminum alloy sheet at –423 ºF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Fig. 9.10 Notch-yield ratio versus tensile yield strength for aluminum alloys at –452 ºF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Fig. 9.11 Estimated (conservative) fracture stress versus flaw size relationship for 5083-O plate and 5183 welds . . . . . . 121 Fig. 9.12 Cross section of 125 ft diam tank for shipboard transportation of liquefied natural gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Fig. 9.13 Notch-yield ratio versus tensile yield strength for cast aluminum alloys at –320 and –423 ºF. . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Fig. 9.14 Joint yield strength versus notch-yield ratios for groove welds in wrought and cast aluminum alloys at –452 ºF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Fig. 10.1 Fatigue crack growth rate data for 2124-T851 plate and comparison to data for 2024-T851 plate . . . . . . . . . . 148 Fig. 10.2 Fatigue crack growth rates for 7050-T7451 plate (5.67 and 5.90 in. thick) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Fig. 10.3 Crack growth rates (da/dt) for 2124-T851 and 2219-T851 plate at 300 ºF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Fig. 10.4 KIc versus temperature for 2124-T851 and 2219T851 plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Fig. 10.5 Effects of notches on stress-rupture strengths of 2219-T851 plate (1 in. thick) at 300 ºF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Fig. 10.6 Effects of notches on stress-rupture strengths of 5454-O and 5454-H32 plate (0.750 in.) at 300 ºF . . . . . . 152 Fig. 10.7 Crack propagation rates in stress-corrosion tests using precracked specimens of 2xxx and 7xxx series aluminum alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

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Fig. 10.8 Stress-corrosion safe-zone plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Fig. 10.9 Composite stress-stress intensity-SCC threshold safe-zone plot for two aluminum alloys exposed in a salt-dichromate-acetate solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Fig. 11.1 Average plane-strain fracture toughness data for production lots of 4 to 5.5 in. thick 2024 plate . . . . . . . . 158 Fig. 11.2 Comparisons of KIc values for commercial production lots of 2419-T851 and 2219-T851 plate . . . . . 158 Fig. 11.3 Plane-strain fracture toughness, KIc, for production lots of 7075-T73651 plate in L-T orientation. . . . . . . . . . 159 Fig. 11.4 Plane-strain fracture toughness of 7075 and 7175 die forgings of the same configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Fig. 11.5 Plane-strain fracture toughness, KIc, of 7475 plate compared to band of data for conventional highstrength aluminum alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Fig. 11.6 Critical stress-intensity factor, Kc, versus tensile yield strength for 0.040 to 0.188 in. aluminum alloy sheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Fig. 11.7 Gross section stress at initiation of unstable crack propagation versus crack length for wide sheet panels of four aluminum alloy/temper combinations . . . . . 161 Fig. 11.8 Crack resistance curves for 7475 sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Fig. 11.9 Results of fracture-toughness tests of plain and laminated panels of 7075-T6 and 7075-T651 sheet and plate (transverse) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Fig. A1.1 Orientations of tear specimens in aluminum alloy products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Fig. A1.2(a) Crack plane orientation code for fracture toughness specimens from rectangular sections . . . . . 176 Fig. A1.2(b) Crack plane orientation code for fracture toughness specimens from welded plate . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Fig. A1.3 Sheet-type notch-tensile specimen, 1⁄2 in. wide test section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Fig. A1.4(a) Sheet-type notch-tensile specimen, 1 in. wide test section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Fig. A1.4(b) Sheet-type notch-tensile specimen, 1 in. wide test section, from welded panels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Fig. A1.5 Sheet-type notch-tensile specimen, 3 in. wide test section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Fig. A1.6 Center-slotted sheet-type notch-tensile specimen, 3 in. test section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Fig. A1.7(a) Cylindrical notch-tensile specimen, 1⁄2 in. test section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Fig. A1.7(b) Cylindrical notch-tensile specimen, 1⁄2 in. test section, from welded panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

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Fig. A1.8 Tear specimen from unwelded and welded panels. . . . . . 179 Fig. A1.9(a) Small center-notched fracture toughness specimen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Fig. A1.9(b) Large center-slotted fracture toughness specimen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Fig. A1.10 Single-edge-notched fracture toughness specimen . . . . . 180 Fig. A1.11(a) Notched-bend fracture toughness specimen . . . . . . . 180 Fig. A1.11(b) Large notched-bend fracture toughness specimen used for 5083-O plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Fig. A1.12(a) Compact tension fracture toughness specimen . . . . . 181 Fig. A1.12(b) Small compact tension fracture toughness specimen used for 5083-O plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Fig. A1.12(c) Large-plate 4 in. thick, compact tension specimen used for 5083-O plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

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Tables Table 5.1 Results of tensile tests of smooth and 0.5 in. wide, edge-notched sheet-type specimens of aluminum alloy sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Table 5.2 Results of tensile tests of smooth and notched 1 in. wide, edge-notched sheet-type tensile specimens of aluminum alloy sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Table 5.3 Results of tensile tests of 3 in. wide, edge-notched sheet-type specimens of aluminum alloy sheet . . . . . . . . . 27 Table 5.4 Results of tensile tests of smooth and centernotched sheet-type specimens of aluminum alloy sheet and plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Table 5.5 Results of tensile tests of smooth and 0.5 in. diameter, notched round specimens from aluminum alloy plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Table 5.6 Results of tensile tests of smooth and 0.5 in. diameter, notched round specimens from aluminum alloy castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Table 5.7 Results of tensile tests of smooth and notched 1 in. wide, edge-notched sheet-type tensile specimens from welds in 0.125 in. aluminum alloy sheet . . . . . . . . . 34 Table 5.8 Results of tensile tests of smooth and 0.5 in. diameter, notched round specimens from welds in aluminum alloys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Table 5.9 Results of tensile tests of smooth and 0.5 in. diameter, notched round specimens from welds in aluminum alloy sand castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Table 6.1 Results of tensile and tear tests of 0.063 in. thick non-heat-treated aluminum alloy sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Table 6.2 Results of tensile and tear tests of 0.063 in. thick heat treated aluminum alloy sheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Table 6.3 Results of tensile and tear tests of aluminum alloy plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Table 6.4 Results of tensile and tear tests of aluminum alloy extruded shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Table 6.5 Results of tensile and tear tests of aluminum alloy forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Table 6.6 Results of tensile and tear tests of aluminum alloy castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

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Table 6.7 Tensile and tear tests of groove welds in wrought aluminum alloy sheet, plate, and extrusions . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Table 6.8 Tear tests of groove welds in cast-to-cast and castto-wrought aluminum alloys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Table 7.1 Results of fracture toughness tests of thin, centercracked panels of aluminum alloy sheet and plate. . . . . . . 97 Table 7.2 Results of fracture toughness tests of 1 × 20 in. center slotted panels of aluminum alloy sheet and plate center cracked specimens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Table 7.3 Results of fracture toughness tests of aluminum alloy sheet and plate, single-edge-cracked specimens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Table 7.4 Results of fracture toughness tests of aluminum alloy plate and of welds in plate-notched bend and compact tension specimens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Table 7.5 Representative summary of plane-strain fracture toughness test data for 7475-T7351 plate . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Table 7.6 Published typical KIc and Kc values for aluminum alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Table 7.7 Published minimum values of plane-strain fracture toughness for aluminum alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Table 7.8 Published specified minimum values of planestress fracture toughness, Kc, for aluminum alloys . . . . . 104 Table 9.1 Results of tensile tests of smooth and notched 1 in. wide, edge-notched sheet-type tensile specimens from 0.125 in. sheet at sub-zero temperatures . . . . . . . . . 126 Table 9.2 Results of tensile tests of smooth and notched 0.5 in. diam, round specimens from aluminum alloys at subzero temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Table 9.3 Results of tensile tests of smooth and notched 1 in. wide, edge-notched sheet-type tensile specimens from welds in 0.125 in. aluminum alloy sheet at subzero temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Table 9.4 Results of tensile tests of smooth and 0.5 in. diam, notched round specimens from welds in aluminum alloys at subzero temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Table 9.5 Results of tensile tests of smooth and 0.5 in. diam, notched round specimens from aluminum alloy castings at subzero temperatures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Table 9.6 Results of tensile tests of smooth and 0.5 in. diam, notched round specimens from welds in aluminum alloy sand castings at subzero temperatures . . . . . . . . . . 135 Table 9.7 Results of tensile and tear tests of aluminum alloy sheet at various temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

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Table 9.8 Results of tensile and tear tests of aluminum alloy plate at subzero temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Table 9.9 Tensile and tear tests of groove welds in wrought aluminum alloy sheet and plate at subzero temperatures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Table 9.10(a) Results of tensile tests of aluminum alloy plate at sub-zero temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Table 9.10(b) Results of notched bend and compact tension fracture-toughness tests of aluminum alloy sheet and plate at subzero temperatures . . . . . . . . . . 144 Table 9.11 Summary of toughness parameters for thick 5083-O plate and 5183 welds in 5083-O plate . . . . . . . 145 Table 11.1 Results of fracture toughness tests of 7075-T6 and 7075-T651 sheet, plate, and multilayered adhesive-bonded panels bonded with two-part epoxy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

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Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys J. Gilbert Kaufman, p1-4 DOI:10.1361/fraa2001p001

CHAPTER

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1 Introduction

1.1 Synopsis THE TEST METHODS and criteria used to evaluate the fracture characteristics of aluminum alloys are reviewed, and a substantial amount of representative test data for individual lots of aluminum sheet, plate, forgings, extrusions, and castings are shown for a wide variety of aluminum alloys, tempers, and products at room, subzero, and elevated temperatures. The significance and use of various measures of toughness are discussed, and the more valuable fracture indexes are identified. From the tensile test, elongation and reduction in area provide a measure of the behavior of materials in very simple stress fields but offer only a broad indication of fracture behavior. Notch toughness, as measured by the notch-yield ratio, is a useful relative measure of the capabilities of materials to deform plastically in the presence of stress-raisers. Tear resistance, as measured by unit propagation energy from the tear test, provides a meaningful measure of relative resistance to either slow or unstable crack growth. Fracture toughness, based upon fracture-mechanics concepts, defines the conditions for unstable crack growth in an elastic-stress field; it is a direct measure of toughness in that it provides structural designers with specific guidance as to how to avoid “brittle” catastrophic fractures. The fracture mechanics approach is most useful for high-strength aluminum alloys but has restricted applicability to many broadly used commercial alloys, most of which have great ability to deform plastically at crack tips and absorb energy. Unstable crack growth in elastic-stress fields is rarely encountered for high-strength aluminum alloys. Of the structural aluminum alloys, the 5xxx series provide the most attractive combination of strength and toughness for critical applications such as liquefied natural gas storage and transportation tankage. Among the higher strength alloys, premium toughness alloys such as 2124, 2524, 7050, 7175, and 7475 provide excellent toughness at high-yield-strength

2 / Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys

levels and so are attractive for fracture-critical aerospace and transportation applications. The 5xxx series are also outstanding for high toughness at subzero temperatures, providing both strength and toughness well above room temperature values at temperatures down to –320 °F; even at temperatures as low as –452 °F (near absolute zero), the toughness levels for many of these alloys and tempers are quite high. For welded structures, 5xxx filler alloys are recommended over aluminum alloy 4043 where high toughness is important at any service temperature.

1.2 Introduction With the continued development of high-strength aluminum alloys and tempers and their use in very critical components in aerospace, automotive, marine, and cryogenic applications, the ability to adequately describe and predict their fracture resistance remains important. These needs range from (a) in alloy development, determining which alloys and tempers of a given group have the greatest fracture resistance, (b) in alloy selection, making decisions on alloy choices for specific applications, and (c) in design, establishing safe design stresses and/or predicting critical crack or discontinuity sizes under specific service conditions. Most commercial aluminum alloys and tempers are so tough that “brittle” or “low ductility fracture” (i.e., unstable or self-propagating crack growth in elastically stressed material) rarely occurs under any conditions. For these alloys, the merit-rating approach is generally sufficient, and measures of notch toughness or tear resistance providing relative qualitative ratings may be sufficient. However, there are a number of higher-strength aluminum alloys and tempers that are used principally in aerospace applications, where strength must be used to the maximum advantage and the consequences of unexpected low-ductility failure must be considered. For these particular alloys and tempers, more precise evaluations of toughness by methods such as fracture toughness testing are required for quantitative evaluation of fracture behavior under specific service conditions and, subsequently, the design of fracture resistance into the structure. It is the purpose of this publication to build on an earlier work (Ref 1) to (a) describe various criteria for evaluating the toughness or fracture resistance of aluminum alloys, how they are determined, and their usefulness and limitations; (b) provide a background of representative data from various types of toughness tests for a wide range of aluminum alloys and tempers, and (c) provide some general guidance as to which alloys may be most useful for applications where high toughness is vital.

Introduction / 3

It is not the intent of this book to describe and provide extensive performance data for other types of fracture mechanisms such as fatigue and corrosion beyond showing the logical interfaces. For comprehensive coverage of these subjects and more in-depth design approaches, readers are referred to the work of Bucci, Nordmark, and Stark (Ref 2) in Fatigue and Fracture, Volume 19 of ASM Handbook. For readers interested in a broader range and depth of discussion on applications for aluminum alloys, as well as other aspects of the aluminum industry, reference is made to Altenpohl’s book Aluminum: Technology, Applications, and Environment (Ref 3). Much of the data provided herein are from the highly respected Alcoa Laboratories research organization of Alcoa, Inc., which has been active for more than 40 years in the fracture-testing field. Included are data obtained using consistent and well-documented methods from many papers published by Alcoa scientists, as well as data from several previously unpublished reports. Also presented are representative data from the Aluminum Association fracture toughness database, ALFRAC, put together under contract from the Metals Properties Council and subsequently made available through a grant from the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the National Materials Property Data Network. The data included herein are not intended to be exhaustive but to provide a good representation of a wide range of types of toughness indexes for a broad spectrum of aluminum alloys, including both wrought and cast alloys. The data are presented for their value in understanding the fracture behavior of aluminum alloys but are not intended for design. A word of explanation is needed about the inclusion in the book of data for a number of aluminum alloys and tempers that are no longer considered useful for various reasons and that are now designated as obsolete by the Aluminum Association, Inc. Such alloys are included because they may have been used in fracture-critical structures in years past, and so specialists dealing with maintenance and retrofit for such structures may be looking for data on the old alloys. Their inclusion herein provides a useful source and potentially valuable comparisons with data for alloys currently recommended for comparable applications. All obsolete alloys are identified by appropriate footnotes in the tables in which they appear. It is also appropriate to note that all the data presented and discussed in this book were generated in accordance with the ASTM Standard Test Methods (Ref 4–11) applicable at the time. While there has been some evolution in those standards over the years, especially in the field of fracture toughness testing, the results presented are believed to have been determined by procedures reasonably, if not exactly, consistent with current standards. Finally, some explanation is needed about the treatment of units in this book. Because all of these data were generated in an environment using

4 / Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys

English/engineering units, and because of the mass of data involved, the entire book is presented in English units. While the normal ASM International and Aluminum Association, Inc. policies (Ref 12) are to present engineering and scientific data in both International Standard (SI) and English/engineering units, an appreciable amount of time and expense would be required for the complete conversion and for the dual presentation of all the tables included herein. In addition, the inevitable compromises surrounding rounding techniques for such conversions with a multitude of complex units have been avoided. Those readers interested in SI conversion are referred to Appendix 2 for some guidance. Some additional valuable sources on aluminum alloy products, standards, and properties are included for the reader (Ref 12–18).

Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys J. Gilbert Kaufman, p5-9 DOI:10.1361/fraa2001p005

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2

Definition of Terms Related to Fracture Behavior IN THE DISCUSSION that follows, a number of general and specific terms are used to describe the various aspects of the fracture behavior of aluminum alloys. It is desirable to define a number of these terms at the outset; many are discussed in greater detail subsequently. ductility. A general term describing the ability of a material to deform plastically, before fracture, usually measured by the elongation or reduction in area in a tensile test. For purposes of this discussion, it is not considered to encompass notch toughness, tear resistance, or fracture toughness. toughness. A general term describing the resistance of a material to low ductility fracture under stress, without reference to the specific conditions or mode of fracture. Generally it is considered to encompass notch toughness, tear resistance, and fracture toughness. notch toughness. A general term describing the ability of a material to deform plastically and locally in the presence of stress-raisers (either cracks, flaws, or design discontinuities) without cracking and thus to redistribute loads to adjacent material or components. It is the inverse of notch sensitivity in the sense that as the notch toughness of a material increases, notch sensitivity decreases. While notch toughness is associated more closely with the resistance of a material to the initiation of cracking and fracture than with its resistance to crack propagation, it correlates well with other indexes of resistance to unstable crack growth (see “Notch Toughness and Notch Sensitivity,” Chapter 5, and ASTM Standards E 338 and E 602). notch-tensile strength. The net fracture strength of a notched tensile specimen, that is, maximum load supported by the notched specimen

6 / Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys

divided by its net cross-sectional area. It has little direct value since the notch geometry rarely mirrors service conditions; its principal usefulness is in its relationship to the tensile and yield strengths of the material. notch-yield ratio. The ratio of notch-tensile strength to tensile yield strength of the material. This provides a measure of notch toughness and, hence, of the inverse of notch sensitivity. Notch-yield ratio is considered by many engineers to be a more useful measure of notch toughness than notch-strength ratio (defined next) because it provides a relative measure of the ability of a material to plastically deform locally in the presence of a stress-raiser and thus to redistribute the stress. notch-strength ratio. The ratio of notch-tensile strength to tensile strength of the material. This provides a measure of tensile efficiency for the specific design of notch. It is not consistently reliable as a measure of notch toughness. tear resistance. A general term describing the resistance of a material to crack propagation under static loading, in either an elastic stress field (brittle fracture) or a plastic stress field (tearing). Like fracture toughness, it is generally used in connection with crack growth, not crack initiation. The term tear resistance is generally applied to data obtained from tear tests, usually as measured specifically by unit propagation energy. (See Chapter 6 and ASTM Standard Methods B 871). unit propagation energy. A specific term expressed in in.-lb/in.2 describing the amount of energy required to propagate a crack across a unit area in a tear specimen in terms of the total energy to propagate the crack divided by the nominal crack area (i.e., the original net area of the specimen). It provides a measure of tear resistance and, indirectly, a measure of fracture toughness. tear strength. A specific term, expressed in psi, describing the maximum nominal direct-and-bending stress developed by a tear specimen. Its significance is similar to that of notch-tensile strength, and its primary usefulness is in its relationship to the tensile yield strength of the material. The ratio of tear strength to yield strength (tear-yield ratio) is a measure of the relative resistance of a material to the development of fracture in the presence of a stress-raiser. tear-yield ratio. The ratio of tear strength to the tensile yield strength. Similar to notch-yield ratio, it is a relative index of notch toughness. fracture toughness. A general term describing the resistance of a material to unstable crack propagation at elastic stresses or to low-ductility or brittle fracture of any kind. As used in this book, it does not involve resistance to crack initiation but only to the unstable propagation of a crack already present. The term fracture toughness is sometimes used to denote specifically the critical strain energy release rate, but this is not the literal definition (see “Fracture Toughness,” Chapter 7, and ASTM Standard Methods E 399, E 561, B 645, and B 646).

Definition of Terms Related to Fracture Behavior / 7

strain-energy release rate, G. A specific term, expressed in in.-lb/in., defining the rate of release of elastic strain energy during crack growth in an elastic stress field. The “critical” value of strain-energy release rate is measured at the onset of unstable crack growth and is one measure of fracture toughness. stress-intensity factor, K. A specific term, expressed in ksi 2in., relating the gross stress in a material and the size of a crack or discontinuity present in the stress field. It also describes the stress field local to the crack tip. Stress-intensity factor is proportional to the square root of the strain-energy release rate, and so the critical value is a measure of the conditions for unstable crack growth. crack or discontinuity size. A specific term, expressed in inches, defining the overall length of an opening in the stress field from which unstable crack growth might develop. It may represent a material flaw or crack growing out of a design detail (rivet hole, port hole, etc.); in this latter case, the discontinuity size includes the size of the design discontinuity and the crack length. unstable crack growth. A general term describing a situation in which the elastic strain energy released by an increment of crack growth by any mechanism (i.e., static load, fatigue, creep, or corrosion) is sufficient to cause the crack to grow another increment in length; in other words, for the crack to become self-propagating. crack resistance curve. A plot of resistance of a material to slow, stable crack extension, expressed in the same units as the stress intensity factor, K, or the crack extension force, G, as a function of the amount (length) of slow, stable crack extension. Comparison of the crack driving forces with this curve provides an estimate of the conditions for crack growth instability. stress condition. A descriptor of the nature of the stress configuration in a component or at a specific location in a component or test specimen in terms of directionality and multiaxiality, thus indicating the degree of constraint on elastic and plastic deformation in the component or specimen. plane stress. The condition in which all the stresses act in a single plane so that the stress in the third principal direction (normal to the plane) and the associated shear stresses are essentially zero. The strains in all three directions may be significant, so that the cross section may not remain uniform or plane. This is the condition in a thin, wide sheet under axial tension, where the stress in the short-transverse direction (normal to the surfaces of the sheet) is zero and local deformation takes place in the short-transverse direction. plane strain. The condition in which the stresses in all three directions may be significant (i.e., a triaxial stress condition may prevail) and the strains in one principal direction are essentially uniform or zero, usually through the thickness. This condition is approximated at the tip

8 / Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys

of a crack in thick plate, where the strain in the short-transverse direction along the crack front is zero. specimen orientation. Refers to the orientation of a specimen with respect to the major axes of the component from which it is taken. For cylindrical tensile and notch tensile specimens, specimen orientation is generally defined in terms of the relation of the axis of the specimen to the major grain flow pattern, as follows: • Longitudinal, or L: axis of specimen parallel to the major direction of grain flow • Long transverse, or LT (or simply transverse, or T) for thin components: axis of specimen perpendicular to the axis of major grain flow, in the plane of the component • Short transverse, or ST: axis of specimen normal to the axis of major grain flow and to the plane of the component • For tear specimens, specimen orientation is generally defined in terms of the relation of the direction of applied stress to the major grain flow pattern and the plane of the component, as shown in Fig. A1.1 and as follows: • Longitudinal, or L: applied stress parallel to the major direction of grain flow, in the plane of the component • Long transverse, or LT (or simply transverse, T, for thin components): applied stress perpendicular to the axis of major grain flow, in the plane of the component • Short transverse, or ST: applied normal to the axis of major grain flow and to the plane of the component For fracture toughness specimens, specimen orientation is defined in terms of the relationship of the direction of applied stress and also the direction of crack growth to the grain flow and to the major plane of the component, as shown in Fig. A1.2(a) and as follows: • L-T: applied stress in the major direction of grain flow and crack growth across the width or major plane of the component • L-S: applied stress in the major direction of grain flow and crack growth through or normal to the major plane of the component • T-L: applied stress normal to the major direction of grain flow and crack growth along the direction of major grain flow • T-S: applied stress normal to the major direction of grain flow and crack growth through or normal to the major plane of the component • S-L: applied stress normal to the major plane of the component and crack growth in the major direction of grain flow • S-T: applied stress normal to the major plane of the component and crack growth normal to the major direction of grain flow For most fracture toughness testing programs, specimens representing only the L-T, T-L, and S-L are used.

Definition of Terms Related to Fracture Behavior / 9

The orientations and positions of specimens from welded components are included in Appendix A1, Fig. A1.2(b) (compact tension specimens) and A1.2(c) (notch bend specimens).

Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys J. Gilbert Kaufman, p11-12 DOI:10.1361/fraa2001p011

CHAPTER

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3

Tensile Properties as Indicators of Fracture Behavior ELONGATION AND REDUCTION in area from the tensile test are measures of ductility and might be considered the simplest indicators of fracture behavior. As generally measured, elongation is a combination of uniform and nonuniform local deformation in a specific gage length. Because neither elongation nor reduction in area from the tensile test incorporates any measure of stress-sustaining capability in the presence of these types of deformation, however, neither is sufficiently descriptive of the fracture behavior to be very useful to the materials engineer or to the designer concerned with design to resist unstable crack growth (Ref 19). On the other hand, it is fair to say that elongation and reduction in area do provide very broad indications of fracture behavior, so that one material having appreciably greater elongation and/or reduction in area than another is likely to have greater toughness as well. Elongation and reduction in area may also be somewhat useful indicators for comparing different lots of a given alloy, temper, and product if the data under consideration are all from one test direction and if the specimens are all of a single type and size. The correlations among various indicators of fracture resistance are discussed in “Interrelation of Fracture Characteristics,” Chapter 8, and both the advantages and limitations of these properties as indicators of toughness are illustrated in greater detail. The ratio of yield strength to tensile strength and the area under the tensile stress-strain curve have also been suggested as useful indications of toughness. Although they may be useful for some purposes, they are completely unreliable as indexes of resistance to low-ductility fracture. Alloys 2020-T6 and 6061-T6 both have similar ratios of yield strength to tensile strength (Table 6.1) and similar areas under their stress-strain curves but

12 / Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys

significantly different toughness levels by any measure. A comparison of both alloys is sufficient to demonstrate the inadequacy of these properties, as is shown by the average values in the following table:

Parameter

Ratio yield strength/ tensile strength Sheet Plate Stress-strain curve area, in.-lb Sheet Plate

2020-T6, T651 L LT

0.94 0.95

0.93 0.93

7.8 × 103 5.3 × 103 6.3 × 103 3.3 × 103

Notch-yield 0.76 ratio, sheet Notch-yield 0.50 ratio, plate Unit propagation 30 energy, sheet, in.-lb/in.2 Unit propagation 100 energy, plate, in.-lb/in.2 Plane-strain 17,600 fracture toughness, KIc, plate, psi-in.0.5

6061-T6, T651 L LT

0.91 0.93

0.88 0.90

4.7 × 103 4.7 × 103 6.5 × 103 6.6 × 103

Source

Tables 5.2, 5.5, 6.1(b), 6.2

0.70

1.18

1.06

Estimated as elongation × (TS + YS)/2 Table 5.1

0.47

1.08

1.01

Table 5.5

15

900

740

Table 6.1(b)

50

905

775

Table 6.2

16,800

26,200

26,900

Tables 7.1, 7.3

L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse; TS, tensile strength; YS, yield strength

The net result is that relying on any measurements from tensile tests for any more than very broad qualitative indicators of notch toughness, tear resistance, or fracture toughness is not recommended.

Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys J. Gilbert Kaufman, p13-14 DOI:10.1361/fraa2001p013

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4

Notched-Bar Impact and Related Tests for Toughness THE TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY of the fracture behavior of ferritic steels, that is, the transition over a relatively narrow range of temperatures from a high resistance to fracture to a very low resistance to fracture, brought about the development of various tests to determine their “transition temperature.” Charpy and Izod notched-bar impact tests (Ref 5) are among those widely used. The U.S. Navy tear test (Ref 20) has served the same purpose. Drop-weight tests of various types have also been developed for that purpose (Ref 21–22) and are reported to be the most reliable. The significant feature of all these tests is that their sole purpose is to establish a limiting temperature below which special precautions must be exercised in using materials displaying such a sudden transition in fracture behavior. The significance of the numbers obtained from the tests is that they define the critical temperature range of a fracture transition. The failure-analysis diagrams developed by Pellini and associates at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratories represented a significant refinement in the handling of transition-temperature data (Ref 21), and this approach has had an important impact on the steel industry. Aluminum alloys, like other face-centered cubic materials, do not exhibit any sudden changes in fracture behavior with a decrease or other change in temperature. Therefore, transition-temperature tests, such as the Charpy and Izod impact tests, have little merit for aluminum alloys except to show the absence of a transition, as the data in Fig. 4.1 illustrate. In addition, many aluminum alloys are so tough that they do not fracture completely in Charpy and Izod tests, so that the numbers obtained in the tests are of no interpretive usefulness. In fact, they usually include the energy required to throw the bent specimen across the room. This is often

14 / Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys

12

Energy to fracture, ft · lbf

6061-T6, Charpy V

5456-H321, Izod V

8

2219-T851, Izod V

4 195-T6, Charpy V

0 –400

–300

–200

–100

0

100

Temperature, °F

Fig. 4.1

Notched-bar impact data for aluminum alloys, transverse direction

overlooked in the reporting and analysis of impact test data, and, as a result, there is a considerable amount of meaningless impact data in the literature for aluminum alloys. The net result is that notched-bar impact tests have never been considered useful indicators of the fracture characteristics of aluminum alloys and are not discussed further herein.

Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys J. Gilbert Kaufman, p15-35 DOI:10.1361/fraa2001p015

CHAPTER

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5

Notch Toughness and Notch Sensitivity ONE OF THE EARLIEST APPROACHES to the evaluation of the fracture characteristics of aluminum alloys was via tensile tests of specimens containing various types of stress raisers (Fig. A1.3–A1.7). The results from these tests were analyzed in terms of the theoretical stress concentration factors (Ref 23) of the stress raisers. However, this approach has not always been very useful in design because the same theoretical stress concentration factors can be obtained with a great variety of different geometrical notch and specimen configurations, each of which has a unique influence on the numerical results of the tests; if design is the goal, the notched specimen must mirror the stress conditions in the component, including its stress raisers. Therefore, the results of tensile tests of notched specimens have been used primarily to qualitatively merit-rate aluminum alloys with respect to their notch toughness; that is, their ability to plastically deform locally in the presence of stress raisers, and thus redistribute the stress. The notch tensile strength itself is of little value for this rating, but the relationship of the notch tensile strength to the tensile yield strength is much more meaningful. For many years, the criterion most often used from notch tensile test results was the notch-strength ratio, the ratio of the notch tensile strength to the tensile strength of the material. However, this ratio tells little about the relative abilities of alloys to deform plastically in the presence of stress raisers. In fact, for different notch geometries it can indicate contradictory ratings (Ref 24). There are instances, of course, when the notchstrength ratio is useful; for example, when a measure of tensile efficiency of a specific structural member is required, or when the ultimate strength is the primary data taken for the smooth specimens, as in fatigue tests or stress-rupture tests. A more meaningful indication of the inherent ability of a material to plastically deform locally in the presence of a severe stress raiser is provided by the notch-yield ratio, which is the ratio of the notch tensile

16 / Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys

strength to the tensile yield strength (Ref 24). The yield strength, although arbitrarily defined, is a measure of the lowest stress at which appreciable plastic deformation occurs in a tensile test. Therefore, the relationship of the notch tensile strength to the yield strength tells more about the behavior of the material in the presence of a stress raiser than the ratio of the notch tensile strength to the tensile strength. If the notch tensile strength is appreciably above the yield strength (regardless of its relation to the tensile strength), the material has exhibited an ability to deform locally in the presence of the stress raiser. If the notch tensile strength is appreciably below the yield strength, the fracture must have taken place without very much plastic deformation. For a specific notch design this may or may not provide much specific design information, but it is quite useful as a relative measure of how several alloys behave in that situation. Further indication of this fact is the experimental result that the notch-yield ratio provides rather consistent ratings for many alloys and tempers for a wide variety of notch geometries (Ref 24), and the ratings are consistent with those from other fracture parameters, as described later. While a number of different designs of notch have been used by different investigators, very sharp, 60 degree V-notches provide the greatest discrimination among the different alloys. In addition, such notches come 2.6 2.4 1 in. wide, 0.063 in. thick (Fig. A1.4a) 1 in. wide, 0.125 in. thick (Fig. A1.4a) 1/2 in. wide, 0.063 in. thick (Fig. A1.3) 3 in. wide, 0.125 in. thick (Fig. A1.5) 3 in. wide, 0.063 in. thick (Fig. A1.5) 3 in. wide, 0.250 in. thick (Fig. A1.5)

2.2 2.0

Notch-yield ratio

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

2020-T6, -T651 Alclad 2020-T6 7178-T6, -T651 2024-T86 2024-T81, -T851 7075-T6, -T651 2014-T6, -T651 7079-T6, -T651 2219-T87 Alclad 7079-T6 6071-T6 7075-T73, -T7351 2219-T81, -T851 5456-H343 X7139-T6, -T6351 5456-H24 3004-H38 X7106-T6, -T6351 5456-H323 6061-T6 2219-T37 X7039-T6 5454-H34 Alclad 2024-T3 2024-T3 5083-H343 5456-H321 2014-T3 5083-H34 5154-H38 2219-T62 1100-H18 3003-H14 2219-T31 3004-H34 5086-H34 1100-H14 5154-H34 5456-O 5083-O 5086-O 5154-O 5454-O 3004-O 3003-O 1100-O

0

Fig. 5.1

Similarity of ratings of alloys with respect to notch sensitivity from notch-yield ratio with different types of notched sheet-type specimens

Notch Toughness and Notch Sensitivity / 17

close to representing the most severe unintentional stress raiser that is likely to exist in a structure: a crack. ASTM standards for notch-tensile testing (Ref 6, 7) call for notch-tip radii equal to or less than 0.0005 in., easily maintained in machining aluminum specimens, though quality assurance measurements are recommended. The specific designs of notches for which data for a wide variety of alloys are available are shown in Fig. A1.3 through A1.7. Representative data for various aluminum alloys with each of the notches are shown in Tables 5.1 through 5.5, primarily from Ref 25 to 35. The types of notches and the dimensions of the various specimens, except those of the 0.5 in. wide, edge-notched sheet-type specimen (Table 5.1) first used many years ago, are consistent with the early (Ref 12) or more recent (Ref 13) recommendations of the ASTM Fracture Committee E-24 (now Committee E9). The data were obtained by the ASTM recommended practices applicable at the time. Data are presented for wrought aluminum alloys, cast aluminum alloys, and welds in aluminum alloys, as follows (tables are at the end of this Chapter): Wrought alloys

Table 5.1 Table 5.2 Table 5.3 Table 5.4 Table 5.5

Cast alloys

Table 5.6

Welds in wrought Table 5.7 alloys Table 5.8 Welds in cast alloys

Table 5.9

0.5 in. wide, edge-notched specimens (Fig. A1.3) 1 in. wide, edge-notched specimens (Fig. A1.4a) 3 in. wide, edge-notched specimens (Fig. A1.5, ASTM E 338) 3 in. wide, center-notched specimens (Fig A1.6, ASTM E 338) 0.5 in. diameter, circumferentially notched specimens (Fig A1.7(a), ASTM E 602) 0.5 in. diameter circumferentially notched specimens (Fig. A1.7(a), ASTM E 602) 1 in. wide, edge-notched specimens (Fig. A1.4b) 0.5 in. diameter, circumferentially notched specimens (Fig. A1.7b) 0.5 in. diameter, circumferentially notched specimens (Fig A1.7)

The relative ratings of various alloys and tempers and also the similarity of the ratings based on a variety of different designs of sheet-type specimens are illustrated in Fig. 5.1, where the alloys and tempers are shown from left to right in order of increasing notch toughness as indicated by notch-yield ratio for several designs of notched specimen. The order in which alloys and tempers are shown was selected from the average ratings with the different designs of specimen. Although there are

18 / Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys

isolated discrepancies because of the differences in the numbers of lots tested, the overall ratings are quite consistent.

5.1 Wrought Alloys It is clear from Fig. 5.1 that the annealed (-O temper) non-heat-treatable alloys that have the lowest yield strengths rate highest as a group. The very high-strength 2xxx and 7xxx series of alloys rate lowest. It is not sufficient, however, to conclude that notch toughness increases as yield strength decreases. Additional information may be gained by plotting the notch-yield ratios as a function of tensile yield strength, as in Fig. 5.2 and 5.3, where the notch-yield ratios associated with 0.250 in. thick, 3 in. wide, edge-notched specimens (Fig. A1.5) and 0.5 in. diam, cylindrically notched specimens (Fig. A1.7a), respectively, are plotted against yield strength. From Fig. 5.2, the general trend for decreasing notch toughness with increasing strength is obvious, but it is also clear that the 7xxx (Al-Zn-Mg) series of alloys provides a better combination of notch toughness and yield strength than alloys of the other series represented. In Fig. 5.3 for cylindrically notched specimens, that same trend is apparent, as is a broader indication of the rather closely defined relationship between notch-yield ratio and tensile yield strength. 1.2

1.0

Notch-yield ratio

0.8

Alloy type 2000 5000 6000 7000

0.6

0.4

0.2 Room temperature 0 0

Fig. 5.2

20

40 60 Tensile yield strength, ksi

80

100

Notch-yield ratio vs. tensile yield strength of 0.250 in. plate. Transverse direction. Edge-notched specimen per Fig. A1.5

Notch Toughness and Notch Sensitivity / 19

3.0

2.5

Notch-yield ratio

2.0

1.5 Alloy type 2xxx 5xxx 6xxx 7xxx

1.0

0.5

0 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Tensile yield strength, ksi

Fig. 5.3

Notch-yield ratio vs. tensile yield strength for wrought aluminum alloys. Transverse direction (Table 5.5). Specimens per Fig. A1.7(a)

5.2 Cast Alloys Relative rankings of the cast alloys are presented in Fig. 5.4. Alloy A444.0-F, the lowest-strength cast alloy, ranks highest, but B535.0-F also stands out for its high notch-yield ratio. The poorest performance is for sand cast alloys 240.0-F and 356.0-T6. Among the higher-strength casting alloys, the premium-quality castings (that is, sand castings made with special care to provide high metal chill rates in highly stressed regions) rate well, and A356.0-T6 consistently has higher toughness than does 356.0T6, the positive effect of its higher purity (i.e., lower content of impurities such as iron and silicon). Looking at the relationship between notch-yield ratio (NYR) and tensile yield strength (TYS) also provides interesting information for castings (Fig. 5.5), most notably the relationship of their performance to that of wrought alloys. Alloys A444.0-F and B535.0-F fall in the band for wrought alloy data, but the other alloys fall at least slightly below the band. The premium-quality castings show the best performance in this respect, and the sand cast alloys the poorest; permanent mold castings generally fall in the middle of the range.

5.3 Welds Relative rankings for welds are shown in Fig. 5.6. In general, welds made with 5356 and 5556 filler alloys have higher notch-yield ratios and, therefore, higher toughness than welds made with 4043 filler alloy. This

3.2

2.8

2.8

2.4

2.4

Sand casting alloys

A356-T7

A444.0-F

356-T7

Permanent mold alloys

Notch-yield ratios (notch tensile strength/tensile yield strength) for cast slabs and separately cast tensile bars of aluminum sand and permanent mold cast slabs. Specimens per Fig. A1.7(a), Kt ≥ 16

is not entirely consistent for reasons not clear from the data, but it is reasonable based upon the higher toughness of aluminum-magnesium (5xxx) alloys in general compared to the limited data for aluminum-silicon (4xxx) alloys. Once again, looking at the data on the basis of NYR versus TYS (Fig. 5.7) reveals additional information. The notch toughness of welds as measured by NYR is generally somewhat less than for parent metal of the 2.8 (3.72) (2.93) A444.0-F

2.4

B535.0-F Band for aluminum alloy plate

2.0 Notch-yield ratio

Fig. 5.4

A356-T61

359-T62

B218-F

195-T6

M700-T5

356-T4

356-T71

X335-T6

220-T4

A612-F

142-T77

0 108-F

0 A356-T7

0.4

113-F

0.4

356-T7

0.8

356-T6

0.8

X335-T61

1.2

356-T6

1.2

1.6

C355-T7

1.6

2.0

354-T62

2.0

A356-T62

Notch-yield ratio

3.2

A140-F

Notch-yield ratio

20 / Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys

1.6 1.2 0.8 Sand casting Premium-strength castings Permanent-mold castings

0.4 0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Tensile yield strength, ksi

Fig. 5.5

Notch-yield ratio vs. tensile yield strength for aluminum alloy castings from notched round specimens (Fig. A1.7a)

Notch Toughness and Notch Sensitivity / 21

1.6

1.2

0.8

1.6

1.2

0.8

6061-T6

2219-T37 A T87

7178-T6

2219-T37

0 2219-T87

0 2219-T62 HTA

0

2219-T62

0.4

7079-T6

0.4

5456-H321

0.4

Fig. 5.6

7075-T6

0.8

2.0

Notch-yield ratio

Notch-yield ratio

1.2

4043 filler alloy Parent alloy and temper

2014-T3 A T6

2.0

1.6

5456-H343

Notch-yield ratio

2.0

2.4 2319 filler alloy Parent alloy and temper

2014-T6

2.4 5556 filler alloy Parent alloy and temper

2014-T3

2.4

Ratings of aluminum alloy welds based on notch-yield ratio (notched tensile strength/yield strength) from sheet-type specimens (Fig. A1.4b). HTA, heat treated and artificially aged after welding; A, artificially aged after welding (to indicate temper)

same strength, the principal exceptions being welds made with the 5xxx series filler alloys. Many data for 4043 welds fall well below the band for wrought alloys, a notable exception being when the 4043 weld in 6061T6 was heat treated and aged after welding. 3.0

2.5

Band for L and LT, wrought alloys

Notch-yield ratio

2.0

× Filler alloy 1100 2319 4043 5052 5154 5183 5039 5356 5556 5554 × 5456

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Tensile yield strength, ksi

Fig. 5.7

Notch-yield ratio (notch tensile strength/tensile yield strength) vs. tensile yield strength for welds in wrought and cast alloys (Tables 5.8 and 5.9). Specimens per Fig. A1.7(b)

70

22 / Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys

5.4 ASTM Standard Notch Tensile Test Methods Emphasizing a point made previously, while data have been generated in the past and are presented herein for a number of geometries of notched specimens, the recommended approach for the future is to use those designs covered by the current ASTM standards, namely ASTM E 338 (Ref 6) for materials up to about 0.500 in. in thickness using sheet-type specimens (Fig. A1.5 and A1.6), and ASTM E 602 (Ref 7) for thicker materials using cylindrical specimens (Fig. A1.7a).

Notch Toughness and Notch Sensitivity / 23

Table 5.1(a) Results of tensile tests of smooth and 0.5 in. wide, edge-notched sheet-type specimens of aluminum alloy sheet, longitudinal

Alloy and temper

2014-T6 2020-T6(a) Alclad 2020-T6 2219-T31 2219-T37 2219-T62 2219-T81 2219-T87 2024-T3 Alclad 2024-T3 2024-T86 5083-O 5083-H34 5086-O 5086-H34 5154-H38 5454-O 5454-H34 5456-O 5456-H24 6061-T6 7075-T6 7178-T6

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), ksi

Tensile yield strength (TYS), ksi

Elongation in 2 in., %

Notch tensile strength (NTS), ksi

NTS/TS

NTS/YS

73.5 81.5 80.2 74.0 56.5 62.9 59.1 69.4 72.1 67.8 68.3 76.9 44.6 53.2 41.2 48.7 49.6 37.6 46.0 47.4 54.9 44.6 83.0 88.6

68.3 77.4 75.4 70.8 44.9 54.0 39.2 54.2 59.8 51.4 52.7 72.9 21.9 43.2 19.6 38.8 42.7 15.8 39.9 24.3 43.0 41.4 75.7 81.6

10.0 7.0 8.0 7.5 17.2 9.0 9.0 9.2 9.2 18.2 18.2 6.0 22.0 10.5 22.2 11.0 9.8 21.5 10.8 21.8 12.0 11.0 10.5 11.5

70.4 64.4 51.3 57.2 55.2 62.5 49.3 63.8 68.0 61.8 63.4 71.4 40.0 53.1 38.0 50.2 52.2 36.8 47.6 41.4 48.8 48.8 79.7 72.6

0.96 0.79 0.64 0.77 0.98 1.00 0.84 0.92 0.94 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.90 1.00 0.93 1.03 1.06 0.98 1.03 0.87 0.89 1.10 0.96 0.82

1.03 0.83 0.68 0.81 1.23 1.16 1.26 1.18 1.14 1.25 1.19 0.98 1.83 1.23 1.95 1.30 1.22 2.33 1.19 1.70 1.14 1.18 1.06 0.89

Specimens per Fig. A1.3; each line is the average of duplicate or triplicate tests of an individual lot of material. For yield strengths, offset is 0.2%. (a) Obsolete alloy

Table 5.1(b)mResults of tensile tests of smooth and 0.5 in. wide, edge-notched sheet-type specimens of aluminum alloy sheet, transverse

Alloy and temper

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), ksi

Tensile yield strength (TYS), ksi

Elongation in 2 in., %

Notch tensile strength (NTS), ksi

NTS/TS

NTS/YS

67.3 61.0 51.1 53.8 54.9 62.9 49.9 62.6 66.2 57.8 61.3 64.4 37.6 50.6 36.7 51.2 56.3 35.3 49.8 41.6 49.7 48.2 74.8 61.6

0.94 0.75 0.64 0.72 0.97 1.00 0.85 0.91 0.91 0.89 0.92 0.86 0.86 0.98 0.91 1.00 1.13 0.98 1.04 0.88 0.90 1.06 0.91 0.70

1.03 0.81 0.68 0.77 1.34 1.24 1.28 1.19 1.09 1.30 1.32 0.91 1.71 1.33 1.86 1.37 1.32 2.25 1.30 1.62 1.29 1.18 1.02 0.78

Nominal sheet thickness, 0.063 in.

2014-T6 2020-T6(a) Alclad 2020-T6 2219-T31 2219-T37 2219-T62 2219-T81 2219-T87 2024-T3 Alclad 2024-T3 2024-T86 5083-O 5083-H34 5086-O 5086-H34 5154-H38 5454-O 5454-H34 5456-O 5456-H24 6061-T6 7075-T6 7178-T6

72.1 81.8 80.3 74.8 56.6 63.1 58.7 68.7 72.9 66.6 66.2 75.8 43.8 51.9 40.4 49.0 49.9 36.0 47.8 46.9 55.2 45.2 82.2 80.5

56.4 75.9 75.0 69.8 40.9 50.9 38.9 52.8 60.6 50.0 46.6 71.3 22.0 38.2 19.8 37.2 42.5 15.7 38.3 25.7 38.7 40.7 72.9 78.5

9.50 7.00 6.50 6.50 17.00 11.20 9.50 9.50 9.20 20.00 19.80 5.20 23.20 11.80 24.00 12.80 14.20 20.50 10.20 24.20 14.50 11.00 10.50 11.20

Specimens per Fig. A1.3; each line is the average of duplicate or triplicate tests of an individual lot of material. For yield strengths, offset is 0.2%. (a) Obsolete alloy

24 / Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys

Table 5.2(a) Results of tensile tests of smooth and notched 1 in. wide, edge-notched sheet-type tensile specimens of aluminum alloy sheet, longitudinal

Alloy and temper

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), ksi

Tensile yield strength (TYS), ksi

Elongation in 2 in., %

Notch tensile strength (NTS), ksi

NTS/TS

NTS/YS

4.9 16.8 26.3 68.3 65.6 75.4 75.9 70.8 55.5 51.4 52.7 68.0 72.9 7.1 21.4 11.4 31.7 41.0 44.8 16.4 37.8 42.8 15.8 39.9 24.3 43.0 43.4 52.1 76.1 71.9 61.0 70.2 64.0 71.1 61.2 53.9 56.1 82.4

35.1 13.0 5.5 10.0 11.5 8.0 7.8 7.5 19.2 18.2 18.2 6.2 6.0 34.5 10.0 22.2 8.8 8.0 10.7 24.5 9.8 9.8 21.5 10.8 21.8 12.0 11.5 9.5 11.5 10.0 10.2 10.8 11.0 10.8 11.4 11.0 11.0 11.5

13.0 19.2 28.9 63.4 67.9 37.4 42.2 45.9 60.2 57.1 57.6 55.5 59.0 15.8 24.2 23.8 35.6 43.8 49.2 31.4 44.0 46.8 31.7 43.6 34.3 42.2 47.0 54.4 68.1 71.0 67.2 71.4 67.3 66.3 59.0 59.7 60.6 57.8

0.91 1.08 1.04 0.86 0.83 0.47 0.53 0.62 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.76 0.77 0.93 1.09 0.88 1.00 1.00 0.91 0.89 0.96 0.95 0.84 0.95 0.72 0.77 1.01 1.00 0.83 0.88 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.77 0.87 0.98 0.92 0.65

2.65 1.14 1.10 0.93 0.92 0.50 0.56 0.65 1.09 1.11 1.09 0.82 0.81 2.23 1.13 2.09 1.12 1.07 1.10 1.92 1.16 1.09 2.00 1.09 1.41 0.98 1.08 1.04 0.90 0.99 1.10 1.02 1.05 0.86 0.97 1.11 1.08 0.70

46.7 65.8 76.8 70.2 67.0 68.6 64.8 48.3 39.0 59.2 58.4 57.3 20.2 42.3 19.4 38.0 12.6 23.8 37.8 40.8

20.4 10.3 7.8 8.0 8.0 8.5 8.5 15.9 11.0 11.0 11.5 11.6 22.5 10.5 23.5 12.8 22.5 20.5 12.8 12.2

53.2 65.3 48.4 38.8 35.4 37.2 62.2 53.6 47.9 62.7 55.6 61.0 35.1 48.0 35.3 47.0 32.0 38.5 41.8 44.2

0.81 0.93 0.60 0.52 0.50 0.51 0.88 0.94 0.82 0.88 0.79 0.90 0.79 0.91 0.87 0.95 0.95 0.77 0.76 0.80

1.14 0.99 0.63 0.55 0.53 0.54 0.96 1.11 1.23 1.06 0.95 1.06 1.74 1.13 1.82 1.24 2.54 1.62 1.11 1.08

Nominal sheet thickness, 0.063 in.

1100-O 1100-HI4 1100-HI8 2014-T6 2020-T6(a) Alclad 2020-T6(a) 2024-T3 Alclad 2024-T3 2024-T81 2024-T86 3003-O 3003-H14 3004-O 3004-H34 3004-H38 5083-H34 5154-O 5154-H34 5154-H39 5454-O 5454-H34 5456-O 5456-H24 6061-T6 6071-T6(a) 7075-T6 7075-T73 7079-T6(a)

Alclad 7079-T6(a) X7106-T6(a) X7139-T6(a) 7178-T6

14.2 17.9 27.7 73.5 72.5 80.2 80.2 74.2 71.5 67.8 68.3 72.6 76.9 17.0 22.2 27.1 35.6 44.0 54.1 35.4 45.8 49.4 37.6 46.0 47.4 54.9 46.6 54.6 82.3 80.4 72.0 77.0 72.8 78.0 68.9 61.2 65.2 89.4

Nominal sheet thickness, 0.125 in.

2014-T3 2014-T6 2020-T6(a) Alclad 2020-T6(a) 2024-T81 2219-T37 2219-T62 2219-T87 5083-O 5083-H343 5086-O 5086-H34 5454-O 5456-O 5456-H24

66.0 70.2 80.5 75.2 71.0 72.6 70.9 57.1 58.3 70.9 70.1 68.2 44.6 52.6 40.8 49.6 33.8 49.8 54.7 55.2

(continued) Specimens per Fig. A1.4. Each line is the average of duplicate or triplicate tests of an individual lot of material. For yield strengths, offset is 0.2%. (a) Obsolete alloy

Notch Toughness and Notch Sensitivity / 25

Table 5.2(a) (continued)

Alloy and temper

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), ksi

Tensile yield strength (TYS), ksi

Elongation in 2 in., %

Notch tensile strength (NTS), ksi

NTS/TS

NTS/YS

13.0 14.5 11.2 8.3 8.5 13.8 11.2 11.2 12.8 11.5 11.5 12.5 11.0 11.0 12.2

45.3 47.6 46.9 48.7 47.8 46.2 68.4 60.8 65.4 67.8 70.8 59.6 62.5 56.3 51.8

0.82 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.81 1.03 0.83 0.73 0.89 0.84 0.91 1.01 0.97 0.67 0.58

1.12 1.11 1.11 1.06 1.04 1.12 0.92 0.79 1.03 0.90 0.98 1.13 1.11 0.75 0.62

Nominal sheet thickness, 0.125 in. (continued)

5456-H321 5456-H323 5456-H343 6061-T6 7075-T6 7075-T73 7079-T6(a) X7106-T6(a) X7139-T6(a) 7178-T6

55.3 57.4 56.0 58.2 59.3 44.9 82.1 82.8 73.0 80.9 77.5 58.8 64.6 84.2 90.0

40.4 39.5 42.1 46.1 46.2 40.9 74.4 76.6 61.8 75.6 72.3 52.5 56.2 75.3 83.6

Specimens per Fig. A1.4. Each line is the average of duplicate or triplicate tests of an individual lot of material. For yield strengths, offset is 0.2%. (a) Obsolete alloy

Table 5.2(b) Results of tensile tests of smooth and notched 1 in. wide, edge-notched sheet-type tensile specimens of aluminum alloy sheet, transverse

Alloy and temper

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), ksi

Tensile yield strength (TYS), ksi

Elongation in 2 in., %

Notch tensile strength (NTS), ksi

NTS/TS

NTS/YS

12.8 19.8 28.9 57.2 56.4 34.7 36.5 35.6 54.0 51.2 53.2 53.7 51.7 15.6 24.6 23.6 36.8 43.4 49.8 30.2 44.8 50.1

0.91 110 1.04 0.79 0.78 0.43 0.45 0.48 0.78 0.77 0.81 0.75 0.68 0.94 1.11 0.89 1.01 0.98 0.90 0.87 0.97 1.00

2.41 1.21 1.10 0.88 0.90 0.46 0.48 0.51 1.13 1.14 1.14 0.80 0.72 2.14 1.18 2.05 1.20 1.10 1.16 1.89 1.27 1.18

Nominal sheet thickness, 0.063 in.

1100-O 1100-HI4 1100-HI8 2014-T6 2020-T6 Alclad 2020-T6 2024-T3 Alclad 2024-T3 2024-T81 2024-T86 3003-O 3003-H14 3004-O 3004-H34 3004-H38 5083-H34 5154-O 5154-H34 5154-H39

14.0 18.0 27.7 72.1 72.3 80.3 81.1 74.8 68.9 66.6 66.2 71.6 75.8 16.5 22.2 26.6 36.6 44.4 55.2 34.6 46.2 49.9

5.3 16.4 26.3 65.4 62.6 75.0 75.8 69.8 47.8 44.8 46.6 66.7 71.3 7.3 20.8 11.5 30.6 9.6 42.9 16.0 35.4 42.6

41.3 9.2 5.50 9.5 11.8 6.5 7.5 6.5 19.5 20.0 19.8 6.2 5.2 30.8 6.9 22.8 8.0 7.8 11.8 25.0 13.0 14.2 (continued)

Specimens per Fig. A1.4. Each line is the average of duplicate or triplicate tests of an individual lot of material. For yield strengths, offset is 0.2%. (a) Obsolete alloy

26 / Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys

Table 5.2(b) (continued)

Alloy and temper

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), ksi

Tensile yield strength (TYS), ksi

Elongation in 2 in., %

Notch tensile strength (NTS), ksi

NTS/TS

NTS/YS

15.7 38.3 25.7 38.7 41.8 50.2 73.5 70.6 62.9 67.3 62.4 68.7 58.7 54.0 56.1 77.6

20.5 10.2 24.2 14.5 11.5 9.0 11.0 10.0 10.5 10.5 11.0 10.2 11.0 11.0 10.0 11.0

31.3 45.6 34.6 41.7 46.7 50.0 63.3 65.4 61.4 65.3 67.5 59.7 58.4 60.0 60.0 54.6

0.87 0.95 0.74 0.75 1.01 0.94 0.77 0.82 0.83 0.86 0.93 0.77 0.86 0.96 0.92 0.62

1.99 1.19 1.35 1.08 1.12 1.00 0.86 0.93 0.98 0.97 1.08 0.87 0.99 1.12 1.07 0.70

40.8 66.2 77.2 69.1 66.4 68.4 64.6 46.7 38.2 59.2 59.8 58.4 20.2 38.0 19.4 38.9 12.9 24.0 36.8 39.4 31.8 39.6 40.1 43.0 43.2 38.0 71.8 74.1 61.1 73.8 71.4 52.7 57.1 75.3 79.2

20.5 11.8 6.0 7.0 8.0 6.5 7.5 13.3 12.0 10.0 10.5 10.8 23.5 11.5 24.0 17.8 21.5 20.0 15.0 15.8 16.5 17.5 13.5 12.6 11.8 14.0 13.0 11.5 10.8 10.8 11.3 11.0 10.0 10.0 12.5

50.3 58.5 36.6 31.6 33.2 33.2 56.6 54.9 46.1 58.0 57.5 58.1 33.6 45.8 33.2 ... 31.6 36.0 39.4 45.0 40.9 48.2 46.7 47.0 47.0 45.6 60.5 57.0 62.4 58.8 61.5 59.1 61.4 49.8 46.9

0.76 0.80 0.44 0.42 0.46 0.45 0.80 0.91 0.80 0.81 0.79 0.82 0.77 0.87 0.83 ... 0.93 0.73 0.72 0.82 0.77 0.83 0.83 0.79 0.80 1.03 0.72 0.69 0.84 0.71 0.78 0.98 0.93 0.58 0.51

1.23 0.88 0.47 0.46 0.50 0.49 0.88 1.11 1.21 0.98 0.96 0.98 1.66 1.18 1.71 ... 2.45 1.50 1.07 1.14 1.29 1.22 1.12 1.09 1.09 1.20 0.84 0.78 1.02 0.80 0.86 1.13 1.08 0.66 0.59

Nominal sheet thickness, 0.063 in. (continued)

5454-O 5454-H34 5456-O 5456-H24 6061-T6 6071-T6 7075-T6 7075-T73 7079-T6 Alclad 7079-T6 X7106-T6 X7139-T6(a) 7178-T6

36.0 47.8 46.9 55.2 46.1 53.4 82.6 79.7 74.0 76.1 72.8 77.1 67.7 62.4 65.7 88.0

Nominal sheet thickness, 0.125 in.

2014-T3 2014-T6 2020-T6(a) Alclad 2020-T6(a) 2024-T81 2219-T37 2219-T62 2219-T87 5083-O 5083-H343 5086-O 5086-H34 5454-O 5456-O 5456-H24 5456-H321 5456-H323 5456-H343 6061-T6 7075-T6 7075-T73 7079-T6(a) X7106-T6(a) X7139-T6(a) 7178-T6

66.0 73.1 82.8 75.8 71.7 74.4 70.8 60.3 57.4 71.3 72.6 70.1 43.9 52.6 40.0 48.8 34.0 49.4 54.4 54.9 52.8 57.9 56.6 59.7 58.8 44.3 83.7 82.8 74.6 83.0 79.3 61.0 66.5 85.8 91.4

Specimens per Fig. A1.4. Each line is the average of duplicate or triplicate tests of an individual lot of material. For yield strengths, offset is 0.2%. (a) Obsolete alloy

Notch Toughness and Notch Sensitivity / 27

Table 5.3(a) Results of tensile tests of 3 in. wide, edge-notched sheet-type specimens of aluminum alloy sheet, longitudinal

Alloy and temper

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), ksi

Tensile yield strength (TYS), ksi

Elongation in 2 in., %

Notch tensile strength (NTS), ksi

NTS/TS

NTS/YS

Nominal sheet thickness, 0.063 in.

5154-H38 6071-T69(a)

49.4 56.8

42.8 54.2

9.8 9.5

44.2 45.6

0.89 0.80

1.03 0.84

7075-T6

81.5 80.4 72.8 77.0 68.9 78.0

73.0 71.9 61.3 70.2 61.2 71.1

10.2 10.0 9.9 10.8 11.4 10.8

59.2 54.0 57.0 50.6 52.6 51.5

0.73 0.67 0.78 0.66 0.76 0.66

0.81 0.75 0.93 0.72 0.86 0.72

64.0 67.0 68.6 57.3 54.7 46.2 76.6 78.2 73.2 75.6 83.6

10.5 8.0 8.5 11.6 10.2 8.5 11.2 11.0 11.5 11.5 12.2

52.7 31.2 32.1 53.1 50.6 44.8 56.8 53.0 ... 52.1 45.0

0.75 0.44 0.44 0.78 0.76 0.76 0.69 0.63 ... 0.64 0.50

0.82 0.47 0.47 0.93 0.92 0.97 0.74 0.68 ... 0.69 0.54

65.0 77.4 57.6 78.0 73.8 74.0

11.0 8.5 10.5 14.0 14.0 12.8

46.4 22.6 50.6 44.7 55.2 53.2

0.66 0.28 0.73 0.53 0.70 0.67

0.71 0.29 0.88 0.57 0.75 0.72

7075-T73 7079-T6(a) Alclad 7079-T6(a)

Nominal sheet thickness, 0.125 in.

2014-T6 Alclad 2020-T6(a) 2219-T87 5456-H343 7075-T6

7079-T6 7178-T6

70.2 71.0 72.6 68.2 66.2 59.3 82.8 84.7 80.7 80.9 90.0

Nominal sheet thickness, 0.250 in.

2014-T651 2020-T651(a) 2219-T87 7075-T651 7079-T651(a)

70.3 81.6 69.3 84.3 79.0 79.4

Specimens per Fig. A1.5. Each line is the average of duplicate or triplicate tests of one lot of material. Yield strength offset is 0.2. (a) Obsolete alloy

28 / Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys

Table 5.3(b)mResults of tensile tests of 3 in. wide, edge-notch sheet-type specimens of aluminum alloy sheet, transverse

Alloy and temper

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), ksi

Tensile yield strength (TYS), ksi

Elongation in 2 in., %

Notch tensile strength (NTS), ksi

NTS/TS

NTS/YS

42.6 52.2 71.8 70.6 61.8 67.3 67.7 68.7

14.2 10.0 10.2 10.0 10.1 10.5 11.0 10.2

48.1 41.6 55.5 54.0 54.4 52.7 48.8 47.0

0.96 0.74 0.69 0.68 0.75 0.69 0.72 0.61

1.13 0.80 0.80 0.76 0.88 0.78 0.83 0.68

62.2 66.4 68.4 58.4 55.9 43.2 74.1 77.0 72.9 73.8 79.2

10.5 8.0 6.5 10.8 10.5 11.8 11.5 10.5 11.0 10.8 12.5

47.0 22.4 22.3 50.0 46.2 42.0 48.8 39.9 49.7 48.4 33.0

0.67 0.31 0.30 0.71 0.68 0.71 0.59 0.46 0.60 0.58 0.36

0.76 0.34 0.34 0.86 0.83 0.97 0.66 0.52 0.68 0.66 0.42

61.5 62.8 78.0 67.2 49.2 60.8 57.2 37.2 43.8 40.7 74.8 74.2 59.4 71.0 71.2 72.6 54.0 56.8 79.2

11.0 10.5 6.0 7.0 11.0 10.5 10.5 19.5 11.2 14.8 12.5 13.0 12.0 12.5 12.0 11.5 12.2 12.5 11.0

42.2 38.2 20.0 30.0 47.2 42.2 47.5 44.0 39.2 45.2 34.6 34.9 50.2 41.2 38.1 29.8(b) 57.8 58.0 28.8

0.62 0.55 0.24 0.41 0.71 0.58 0.68 0.82 0.64 1.01 0.40 0.41 0.70 0.52 0.48 0.37(b) 0.93 0.88 0.33

0.69 0.61 0.26 0.45 0.96 0.69 0.83 1.18 0.90 1.11 0.46 0.47 0.85 0.58 0.54 0.41(b) 1.07 1.02 0.36

Nominal sheet thickness, 0.063 in.

5154-H38 6071-T6(a) 7075-T6 7075-T73 7079-T6(a) Alclad 7079-T6(a)

49.9 56.2 81.0 79.7 72.2 76.1 67.7 77.1

Nominal sheet thickness, 0.125 in.

2014-T6 Alclad 2020-T6(a) 2219-T87 5456-H343 7075-T6

7079-T6 7178-T6

70.0 71.7 74.4 70.1 68.2 58.8 82.8 86.9 82.7 83.0 91.4

Nominal sheet thickness, 0.250 in.

2014-T651 2020-T651(a) 2024-T851 2219-T851 2219-T87 5456-H321 5456-H343 6061-T651 7075-T651 7075-T7351 7079-T651(a)

X7106-T6351 X7139-T6351 7178-T651

68.5 69.6 83.1 72.6 66.2 73.4 70.2 53.7 61.4 44.8 86.1 84.8 71.8 79.6 80.2 81.0 62.0 65.8 87.6

Specimens per Fig. A1.5. Each line is the average of duplicate or triplicate tests of one lot of material. Yield strength offset is 0.2%. (a) Obsolete alloy. (b) Value is unreasonably low and could not be checked; omitted from all comparisons

Notch Toughness and Notch Sensitivity / 29

Table 5.4(a)mResults of tensile tests of smooth and center-notched sheet-type specimens of aluminum alloy sheet and plate, longitudinal

Alloy and temper

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), ksi

Tensile yield strength (TYS), ksi

Elongation in 2 in., %

Notch tensile strength (NTS), ksi

NTS/TS

NTS/YS

64.0 65.2 64.9 62.2 54.7 73.2 78.2 83.5

10.5 9.0 9.0 8.1 10.2 11.5 11.0 12.6

54.0 51.9 51.4 51.8 51.0 57.9 54.9 43.0

0.77 0.73 0.72 0.74 0.77 0.72 0.65 0.48

0.84 0.80 0.79 0.83 0.43 0.74 0.70 0.51

65.0 77.4 57.6 77.3 54.2 74.7

11.0 8.5 10.5 14.5 13.5 11.0

49.6 24.4 51.4 41.2 ... 44.2

0.77 0.32 0.89 0.49 ... 0.59

0.77 0.32 0.89 0.53 ... 0.54

Nominal sheet thickness, 0.125 in.

2014-T6 2024-T8l

2219-T87 7075-T6 7178-T6

70.2 71.3 71.0 69.6 66.2 80.7 94.7 89.6

Nominal sheet thickness, 0.125 in.

2014-T651 2020-T651(a) 2219-T87 7075-T651 7075-T7351 7079-T651(a)

70.3 81.6 69.3 83.5 70.2 80.2

Specimens per Fig. A1.6. Each line is the average of duplicate or triplicate tests of an individual lot of material. For yield strengths, offset is 0.2%. (a) Obsolete alloy

Table 5.4(b)mResults of tensile tests of smooth and center-notched sheet-type specimens of aluminum alloy sheet and plate, transverse

Alloy and temper

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), ksi

Tensile yield strength (TYS), ksi

Elongation in 2 in., %

Notch tensile strength (NTS), ksi

NTS/TS

NTS/YS

71.8 61.8

10.0 10.1

55.0 55.2

0.68 0.76

0.77 0.89

Nominal sheet thickness, 0.063 in.

7075-T6 7075-T73

81.0 72.2

Nominal sheet thickness, 0.125 in.

2014-T6

70.0

62.2

10.5

47.7

0.68

0.77

2024-T8l

72.5 71.7 70.5 68.2 82.7 86.9 89.8

66.4 66.0 64.1 55.9 72.9 77.0 77.4

8.0 8.2 7.4 10.5 11.0 10.5 12.8

47.4 46.6 46.2 47.6 50.7 44.0 36.3

0.65 0.65 0.66 0.70 0.61 0.51 0.40

0.71 0.71 0.72 0.85 0.70 0.57 0.47

62.8 78.0 57.2 74.2 59.4 72.6

10.5 6.0 10.5 13.0 12.0 11.5

39.3 17.1 48.0 37.0 50.5 34.2

0.56 0.21 0.68 0.00 0.70 0.42

0.63 0.22 0.84 0.50 0.85 0.47

2219-T87 7075-T6 7178-T6

Nominal sheet thickness, 0.250 in.

2014-T651 2020-T651(a) 2219-T87 7075-T651 7075-T7351 7079-T651(a)

69.6 83.1 70.2 94.8 71.8 81.0

Specimens per Fig. A1.6. Each line is the average of duplicate or triplicate tests of an individual lot of material. For yield strengths, offset is 0.2%. (a) Obsolete alloy

30 / Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys

Table 5.5(a)mResults of tensile tests of smooth and 0.5 in. diameter, notched round specimens from aluminum alloy plate, longitudinal

Alloy and temper

2014-T651 2020-T651(a)

Nominal thickness, in.

1.000 0.875

0.900 1.250 1.375

2024-T351 2024-T851

1.000 1.500 0.875 1.375

2024-T86 2219-T31 2219-T37 2219-T62

0.875 0.500 0.500 1.000

2219-T851

0.500 1.000 1.250 1.375

2219-T87

0.500 1.000

2618-T651 5083-O 5083-H113 5086-O 5086-H32 5086-H34 5154-O 5356-O 5356-H321 5454-O 5454-H32

1.356 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750

5456-O 5456-H321 6061-T651 7001-T75(a)

0.750 1.250 1.000 1.000

7075-T651

1.000 1.250 1.375

7075-T7351

1.375

7079-T651(a)

1.500 1.375

X7106-T6351(a)0.500 1.250 7178-T651 1.250 7178-T7651 1.000

Ultimate Tensile tensile yield strength strength (UTS), ksi (TYS), ksi

69.0 81.8 83.0 81.4 82.6 79.0 83.2 81.6 81.9 70.0 69.4 71.9 72.0 72.0 71.8 76.5 54.5 54.5 64.1 60.1 67.8 65.7 65.8 66.8 66.4 66.6 69.3 67.9 68.4 62.4 45.5 49.9 41.2 45.0 50.7 35.1 43.5 53.3 35.9 39.2 40.9 49.9 56.3 52.9 55.4 42.2 44.9 81.9 81.4 81.8 80.6 80.6 85.2 90.4 84.0 87.3 88.9 76.7 69.8 70.8 84.2 84.0 82.8 82.2 65.6 67.5 93.6 80.6

63.5 77.0 77.4 76.6 78.3 74.7 77.5 76.1 76.3 56.2 53.0 67.9 65.8 66.1 65.6 72.8 37.7 45.2 48.1 41.4 52.2 52.8 50.8 51.1 50.6 52.0 56.8 56.9 57.1 57.6 20.4 34.5 20.5 30.4 38.2 16.1 20.9 34.7 16.6 38.2 28.9 23.2 34.5 34.2 35.8 39.2 42.2 74.8 74.4 72.2 70.6 70.6 76.4 81.6 75.4 79.1 80.6 66.3 58.3 59.1 76.8 77.6 76.0 75.2 57.7 60.0 84.2 71.7

Notch tensile Elongation Reduction strength in 2 in., % of area, % (NTS), ksi

10.2 2.9 4.4 5.5 5.0 3.8 6.0 5.8 6.0 17.5 19.5 8.0 7.8 8.0 8.5 8.5 28.0 21.0 11.0 13.0 11.4 12.0 11.0 10.2 10.2 11.0 12.6 12.5 11.5 10.8 20.5 14.5 25.0 16.0 12.5 30.7 28.8 16.0 25.0 16.5 15.7 21.8 13.5 16.0 13.2 16.0 16.5 11.0 10.2 9.5 9.5 9.5 10.0 10.0 11.4 10.9 11.2 12.0 12.5 12.5 10.0 11.5 11.0 11.2 14.8 12.5 9.0 11.0

24 4 7 10 7 7 7 8 9 22 28 21 19 20 22 22 ... ... ... ... ... ... 23 22 24 25 ... ... 26 ... 32 25 35 24 18 51 39 18 52 36 32 31 16 18 is 41 50 ... ... 17 18 17 ... 16 17 16 14 29 29 29 20 17 17 20 ... ... 12 ...

82.8 51.4 55.5 61.6 63.4 51.6 66.7 74.9 73.3 81.6 80.9 86.1 85.1 81.8 85.2 87.0 68.3 78.3 74.7 72.2 80.5 79.4 73.8 80.6 81.2 79.9 85.0 82.3 83.1 81.2 51.6 58.7 48.7 55.4 65.5 46.0 50.0 60.4 49.0 51.3 56.2 50.9 59.7 60.8 62.6 64.5 69.2 80.0 65.0 93.1 91.3 91.4 99.3 97.3 97.8 100.8 101.7 93.2 87.6 89.7 103.9 103.0 100.0 100.0 90.8 92.0 87.9 95.6

Notch reduction of area, %

2 ... ... 1 0 ...

3 4 1 ...

0 6 7 3 3 3 ... 2 ... ... ... 3 ... 3 ... 7 4 8 6 5 10 8 6 16 13 12 5 8 5 5 4 5 ... ... ... ... ... 2 2 ... ... ... ... ... ... 2 ... ... ... ... ... 1 ...

NTS/TS NTS/YS

1.20 0.63 0.67 0.76 0.77 0.65 0.80 0.92 0.89 1.17 1.16 1.20 1.18 1.14 1.19 1.14 1.25 1.44 1.16 1.20 1.19 1.21 1.12 1.21 1.22 1.20 1.26 1.21 122 1.30 1.13 1.17 1.18 1.23 1.29 1.31 1.15 1.13 1.37 1.28 1.37 1.04 1.06 1.15 1.13 1.53 1.54 0.98 0.80 1.14 1.13 1.13 1.16 1.08 1.16 1.15 1.14 1.22 1.26 1.27 1.23 1.23 1.21 1.22 1.38 1.36 0.94 1.18

1.30 0.67 0.72 0.80 0.81 0.69 0.86 0.98 0.96 1.45 1.52 1.27 1.29 1.24 1.30 1.19 1.81 1.73 1.55 1.74 1.59 1.50 1.45 1.58 1.60 1.54 1.50 1.45 1.46 1.41 2.53 1.70 2.37 1.82 1.72 2.88 2.39 1.74 2.95 1.82 1.94 2.19 1.73 1.78 1.75 1.65 1.64 1.07 0.87 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.19 1.30 1.27 1.26 1.41 1.50 1.52 1.35 1.33 1.32 1.33 1.57 1.54 1.04 1.33

Specimens per Fig. A1.7(a). Each line is the average of duplicate or triplicate tests of an individual lot of material. For yield strengths, offset is 0.2%. (a) Obsolete alloy

Notch Toughness and Notch Sensitivity / 31

Table 5.5(b)mResults of tensile tests of smooth and 0.5 in. diameter, notch round specimens from aluminum alloy plate, transverse

Alloy and temper

2014-T651 2020-T651(a)

Nominal thickness, in.

1.000 0.875

0.900 1.250 1.375

2024-T4 2024-T351

2024-T36 2024-T6 2024-T81 2024-T851

2024-T86 2219-T31 2219-T37 2219-T62

0.625 0.625 1.000 1.500 0.625 0.625 0.625 0.875 1.375

0.625 0.875 0.500 0.500 1.000

2219-T851

0.500 1.000 1.250 1.375

2219-T87

0.500 1.000

2618-T651 5083-O 5083-H113 5086-O 5086-H32 5086-H34 5154-O 5356-O 5356-H321 5454-O 5454-H32

1.356 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.750

5456-O 5456-H321 6061-T651 7001-T75(a)

0.750 0.625 1.250 1.000 1.000

Ultimate Tensile tensile yield strength strength (UTS), ksi (TYS), ksi

69.5 82.3 83.6 82.8 83.8 81.5 82.4 82.2 82.2 67.2 67.2 70.0 68.4 73.0 68.6 68.8 71.5 70.9 71.2 70.8 75.1 73.9 56.3 57.4 64.2 59.9 68.5 66.1 65.8 66.0 65.6 65.8 70.8 69.3 69.1 61.1 45.9 50.1 41.1 44.8 52.4 36.1 44.7 51.8 35.6 40.0 41.4 48.8 55.9 52.7 55.4 42.0 45.1 44.9 81.8 81.8 80.8 79.9 80.5

62.7 77.7 78.2 77.6 78.6 76.5 78.4 77.5 77.4 43.4 44.7 50.3 47.4 60.5 57.2 63.4 66.9 65.0 65.5 64.4 71.6 69.9 34.8 44.2 44.3 40.6 50.9 51.3 49.1 50.8 51.2 49.3 58.1 57.0 57.1 54.6 20.5 34.3 20.6 30.4 37.4 16.2 21.7 33.2 16.8 28.8 29.4 24.0 33.6 34.4 33.3 39.1 40.2 40.4 73.7 73.4 71.3 69.6 70.6

Notch tensile Notch Elongation Reduction strength reduction in 2 in., % of area, % (NTS), ksi of area, % NTS/TS NTS/YS

8.8 4.5 2.2 3.2 3.7 2.2 1.8 2.6 2.4 18.0 17.0 14.0 17.2 10.0 9.1 6.6 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.2 4.8 6.0 24.0 16.0 9.0 12.0 9.7 10.5 11.0 10.2 11.0 10.0 9.1 10.0 9.0 8.8 25.0 16.1 27.8 18.6 15.7 29.6 27.7 21.0 24.0 19.2 18.8 21.2 19.0 17.2 16.5 16.5 15.8 15.2 8.5 9.2 8.8 9.0 8.8

16 8 4 6 5 5 2 4 4 22 22 22 ... 16 16 16 16 13 14 14 12 13 ... ... ... ... ... ... 21 20 18 20 ... ... 16 ... 33 24 36 38 33 47 32 31 45 46 46 26 27 22 26 ... 42 42 ... ... 14 14 14

79.8 47.8 52.0 58.3 54.3 49.2 53.6 59.0 62.0 73.2 72.8 78.8 77.0 74.6 74.2 70.9 73.8 76.2 68.2 76.7 58.4 67.2 68.3 77.7 69.9 68.8 75.3 77.0 73.8 77.2 76.9 76.1 81.2 76.2 78.8 83.2 48.3 56.6 49.7 54.0 62.1 44.3 48.0 59.2 47.2 53.4 56.5 49.5 58.5 58.3 61.0 62.6 62.6 67.8 68.9 64.6 81.2 83.6 80.7

0 ... ... ... 0 0 ... ... ... 2 2 2 3 1 0 2 0 ... ... ... 0 0 13 5 7 4 2 2 2 ... ... ... 1 ... 1 ... 6 3 7 4 3 11 4 3 12 8 10 6 4 4 4 4 2 5 ... ... ... ... ...

1.15 0.58 0.62 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.65 0.72 0.75 1.09 1.08 1.13 1.13 1.02 1.01 1.03 1.03 1.07 0.96 1.08 0.78 0.91 1.21 1.35 1.09 1.15 1.10 1.16 1.12 1.17 1.17 1.16 1.15 1.10 1.14 1.36 1.05 1.13 1.09 1.20 1.19 1.23 1.07 1.14 1.33 1.33 1.36 1.01 1.05 1.11 1.10 1.49 1.39 1.51 0.84 0.79 1.00 1.05 1.00

1.27 0.62 0.66 0.75 0.69 0.64 0.68 0.76 0.80 1.69 1.63 1.57 1.62 1.23 1.30 1.12 1.10 1.17 1.04 1.19 0.82 0.96 1.96 1.76 1.57 1.69 1.48 1.50 1.50 1.52 1.50 1.54 1.40 1.34 1.38 1.52 2.36 1.65 2.41 1.78 1.66 2.74 2.21 1.78 2.92 1.85 1.92 2.06 1.79 1.70 1.83 1.60 1.55 1.68 0.93 0.88 1.14 1.20 1.14

(continued) Specimens per Fig. A1.7(a). Each line is the average of duplicate or triplicate tests of an individual lot of material. For yield strengths, offset is 0.2%. (a) Obsolete alloy

32 / Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys

Table 5.5(b) (continued)

Alloy and temper

Nominal thickness, in.

7075-T651

1.000 0.625 1.250 1.375

7075-T7351

1.375

7079-T651(a)

1,500 1.375

X7106-T6351(a) 0.500 1.250 7178-T651 1.250 7178-T7651 1.000

Ultimate Tensile tensile yield strength strength (UTS), ksi (TYS), ksi

82.5 82.4 88.0 82.4 86.1 86.7 74.9 68.2 70.1 83.4 83.1 82.5 82.8 65.4 66.4 94.2 79.8

72.8 71.6 78.8 73.4 77.7 77.3 64.6 56.8 58.5 74.4 74.2 72.8 72.6 57.7 58.9 83.0 70.9

Notch tensile Notch Elongation Reduction strength reduction in 2 in., % of area, % (NTS), ksi of area, % NTS/TS NTS/YS

9.5 11.2 10.0 11.2 10.8 11.8 10.5 11.8 11.0 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 14.0 12.5 9.0 10.8

... 18 14 16 15 16 20 24 23 20 17 16 17 ... ... 13 ...

85.4 91.6 83.2 94.6 95.8 102.1 85.2 80.6 82.1 94.4 94.4 91.0 86.8 90.9 91.2 79.6 88.7

1 0 1 ... ... ... ... ... ... 2 ... 2 ... ... ... 1 ...

1.04 1.11 0.95 1.15 1.11 1.18 1.14 1.18 1.17 1.13 1.14 1.10 1.05 1.39 1.38 0.84 1.11

1.17 1.28 1.06 1.29 1.23 1.32 1.32 1.42 1.40 1.27 1.27 1.25 1.20 1.57 1.56 0.96 1.25

Specimens per Fig. A1.7(a). Each line is the average of duplicate or triplicate tests of an individual lot of material. For yield strengths, offset is 0.2%. (a) Obsolete alloy

Notch Toughness and Notch Sensitivity / 33

Table 5.6 Results of tensile tests of smooth and 0.5 in. diameter, notched round specimens from aluminum alloy castings Alloy and temper

Ultimate tensile strength

Tensile yield strength (TYS), ksi

Notch tensile strength (NTS), ksi

NTS/TS

NTS/YS

33.8 29.8 42.0 25.0 37.3 35.3 36.3 31.1 29.4 30.2 38.6 37.8 28.8 31.9 29.4 30.0 41.6 37.1 37.6 37.4 34.2 41.2 42.6 41.9 43.1

26.0 20.4 27.1 18.5 23.4 22.6 23.0 19.0 17.6 18.7 32.6 33.7 20.2 24.2 20.7 21.7 30.2 30.5 33.2 31.8 31.6 21.2 21.0 21.1 34.8

1.4 2.1 6.4 1.8 8.6 ... ... 4.4 ... ... 2.2 1.6 5.0 ... ... ... 8.8 4.4 ... ... 2.1 12.9 ... ... 3.2

2 4 10 2 12 ... ... 6 ... ... 3 2 ... ... ... ... 10 7 ... ... 2 13 ... ... 7

22.5 27.4 47.4 22.1 38.2 37.4 37.8 31.6 31.3 31.4 37.4 34.5 32.0 38.2 30.6 33.6 51.4 44.9 38.2 41.6 38.4 43.8 44.9 44.4 45.5

0.67 0.92 1.13 0.88 1.02 1.06 1.04 1.02 1.07 1.04 0.97 0.91 1.11 1.20 1.04 1.12 1.23 1.21 1.02 1.12 1.12 1.06 1.05 1.06 1.05

0.87 1.34 1.75 1.19 1.63 1.65 1.64 1.60 1.78 1.69 1.15 1.02 1.59 1.58 1.46 1.54 1.70 1.47 1.15 1.31 1.22 2.06 2.14 2.10 1.31

40.8 35.6 38.2 50.1 47.8 49.0 37.0 41.0 39.0 35.8 28.4 29.6 29.8 39.4 41.7 40.6 40.9 43.6 42.2 28.2 46.2 47.4 34.7 23.2 22.5 22.8 23.0

28.4 25.6 23.8 45.5 44.3 44.9 31.0 30.4 30.7 31.1 21.4 22.0 22.0 30.8 30.4 30.6 36.7 36.3 36.5 21.4 43.2 43.1 43.2 9.7 9.6 9.6 8.0

8.5 3.5 6.0 1.1 0.9 1.0 2.1 2.5 2.3 1.4 4.3 3.2 5.0 4.3 7.5 5.9 2.1 3.9 3.0 5.3 1.2 1.6 1.4 22.2 15.7 19.0 24.4

13 4 ... 3 2 2 4 6 5 3 6 6 8 7 8 8 6 ... 6 9 3 4 4 37 21 ... 36

45.7 40.4 ... 54.2 51.2 ... 43.4 41.8 ... 4.3 35.3 34.3 ... 47.8 45.4 ... 46.2 43.8 ... 36.9 49.7 42.9 ... 28.6 27.8 ... 30.8

1.12 1.14 ... 1.08 1.07 ... 1.17 1.02 ... 1.17 1.24 1.16 ... 1.21 1.22 ... 1.13 1.00 ... 1.31 1.08 0.91 ... 1.23 1.25 ... 1.39

1.61 1.58 ... 1.19 1.16 ... 1.40 1.38 ... 1.38 1.65 1.56 ... 1.55 1.75 ... 1.26 1.21 ... 1.72 1.15 1.00 ... 2.96 2.90 ... 3.72

43.6 41.6 51.2 53.9

30.3 30.2 40.0 46.4

6.4 8.8 11.4 5.3

9 10 13 7

52.6 51.4 56.2 59.4

1.21 1.23 1.1 1.1

1.74 1.7 1.41 1.28

Elongation in 2 in., %

Reduction of area, %

Sand casting

240.0-F 242.0-T77 295.0-T6 308.0-F X335.0-T6 Average X335.0-T6 356.0-T4 Average 356.0-T4 356.0-T6 356.0-T7 356.0-T71 Average 356.0-T7 A356.0-T61 A356.0-T7 Average A356.0-T7 520.0-F B535.0-F Average B535.0-F A612.0-F Permanent-mold casting

X335.0-T61 Average X335.0-T61 354.0-T62 Average 354.0-T62 C355.0-T7 Average C355.0-T7 356.0-T6 356.0-T7 Average 356.0-T7 A356.0-T61 Average A356.0-T61 A356.0-T62 Average A356.0-T62 A356.0-T7 359.0-T62 Average 359.0-T62 A444.0-F Average A444.0-F A444.0-T4 Premium-strength casting

C355.0-T61 A356.0-T6 A357.0-T61 A357.0-T62

Specimens per Fig. A1.7(a). Each line is the average of two tests of a single lot of material. For tensile yield strength, offset is 0.2%.

34 / Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys

Table 5.7(a) Results of tensile tests of smooth and notched 1 in. wide, edge-notched sheet-type tensile specimens from welds in 0.125 in. aluminum alloy sheet, longitudinal (transverse weld) Longitudinal (transverse weld) Parent alloy and temper

2014-T3 2014-T3 2014-T6 2219-T37 2219-T37 2219-T62 2219-T62 2219-T87 5456-H321 5456-H343 6061-T6 7075-T6 7178-T6

Filler alloy

4043 4043 4043 2319 2319 2319 2319 2319 5556 5556 4043 5556 5556

Post weld heat treatment

None Aged to T6 None None Aged to T87 None RHT to T6 None None None None None None

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), ksi

50.0 54.8 46.3 41.8 43.2 44.0 60.5 45.3 51.9 51.9 32.2 46.5 54.1

Joint yield strength (JYS), ksi

41.5 54.8(a) 37.8 28.7 39.1 30.5 43.5 32.8 32.6 30.7 23.2 45.0 51.0

Elongation in 2 in., %

2.8 (a) 2.8 4.0 1.9 2.7 7.5 2.3 13.0 7.0 5.3 1.0 1.3

Notch tensile strength (NTS), %

NTS/TS

47.4 52.9 42.9 36.0 43.7 47.3 59.5 41.7 54.4 53.2 34.1 43.6 53.0

0.95 0.97 0.93 0.88 1.01 1.08 0.98 0.92 1.05 1.03 1.06 0.94 0.98

NTS/YS

1.14 0.97 1.13 1.28 1.12 1.55 1.37 1.27 1.67 1.73 1.47 0.97 1.04

Specimens per Fig. A1.4(b). Each line represents the average of three specimens from a single lot of material. For yield strengths, offset is 0.2% in 2 in. gage length. (a) No joint yield strength or elongation identified; failed before reaching 0.2% offset

Table 5.7(b) Results of tensile tests of smooth and notched 1 in. wide, edge-notched sheet-type tensile specimens from welds in 0.125 in. aluminum alloy sheet, transverse (longitudinal weld) Transverse (longitudinal weld) Parent alloy and temper

2014-T3 2014-T3 2219-T37 2219-T37 2219-T62 2219-T62 2219-T87 5456-H321 5456-H343 7178-T6

Filler alloy

4043 4043 2319 2319 2319 2319 2319 5556 5556 5556

Post weld heat treatment

None Aged to T6 None Aged to T87 None RHT to T6 None None None None

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), ksi

47.6 49.3 42.7 42.7 45.2 60.2 44.6 51.7 51.8 46.4

Joint yield strength (JYS), ksi

38.6 49.3(a) 27.4 38.2 30.8 42.8 31.0 30.3 30.1 46.4(a)

Elongation in 2 in., %

1.0 (a) 4.0 2.3 3.5 9.2 2.2 8.5 7.3 (a)

Notch tensile strength (NTS), ksi

NTS/TS

49.5 48.9 38.3 41.1 44.9 58.0 44.2 51.8 54.0 49.6

1.04 0.99 0.90 0.96 0.99 0.96 0.99 1.00 1.04 1.07

NTS/YS

1.28 0.99 1.40 1.08 1.46 1.36 1.43 1.71 1.79 1.07

Specimens per Fig. A1.4(b). Each line represents the average of three specimens from a single lot of material. For yield strengths, offset is 0.2% in 2 in. gage length. (a) No joint yield strength or elongation identified; failed before reaching 0.2% offset

Notch Toughness and Notch Sensitivity / 35 Table 5.8 Results of tensile tests of smooth and 0.5 in. diameter, notched round specimens from welds in aluminum alloy plate

Base alloy and temper

Filler alloy

1100-H112 1100 3003-H112 1100 2219-T62 2319 2218-T851 2319 3003-H112 1100 5052-H112 5052 5154 5083-O 5183 5083-H321 5183 5356 5556 5086-H32 5356 5154-H112 5154 5454-H32 5554 5456-O 5456 5456-H321 5556 6061-T6 4043 4043 4043 4043 5154 5154 5356 5356 7005-T53 5039 7005-T6351 5039 5356

Post weld thermal treatment

None None Aged to T62 None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Aged to T6 HTA(c) None HTA None Aged to T6 None None None

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), ksi

Tensile yield strength (TYS), ksi

11.6 16.1 57.3

6.1 7.6 40.2

32.7 16.1 29.1 29.2 42.5 44.2 41.5 44.4 38.5 32.6 33.9 43.9 44.6 31.0 26.1 43.3

Reduction of area, %

Joint strength efficiency, %

Location of fracture(a)

Notch tensile strength (NTS), ksi

26.5 24.0 7.5

(b) (b) 7

(b) (b) 99

(b) (b) C

17.8 22.7 63.7

1.53 1.41 1.11

2.92 2.99 1.58

26.8 7.6 13.9 13.7 20.1 26.0 24.3 25.6 19.1 14.5 17.1 21.7 22.5 20.9 15.2 35.9

2.0 24.0 18.0 15.0 21.5 14.0 13.5 14.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 13.0 13.0 6.0 12.0 11.0

5 67 (b) (b) (b) 39 47 36 (b) (b) 42 (b) (b) 19 (b) 44

50 100 (b) (b) (b) 96 90 97 (b) (b) 85 (b) (b) 69 (b) 96

C C (b) (b) (b) C A A (b) (b) A (b) (b) C (b) B

40.7 22.7 32.8 32.1 44.7 54.5 53.8 53.7 41.4 34.1 39.3 40.7 45.2 34.0 27.5 57.5

1.24 1.41 1.13 1.1 1.05 1.23 1.30 1.21 1.07 1.05 1.16 0.93 1.01 1.10 1.05 1.31

1.52 3.00 2.36 2.34 2.22 2.10 2.22 2.10 2.17 2.35 2.30 1.87 2.01 1.63 1.81 1.57

43.2 25.0 35.6 32.7 40.5

38.6 14.0 27.3 22.6 29.3

2.0 13.0 5.5 8.0 9.5

(b) (b) (b) 31 33

(b) (b) (b) 73 90

(b) (b) (b) A B

42.3 33.8 42.9 46.9 ...

0.98 1.35 1.20 1.44 ...

1.10 2.41 1.57 2.07 ...

48.3 48.4 42.1

32.2 32.3 28.2

12.2 11.5 6.8

(b) (b) (b)

78 85 74

(b) (b) (b)

59.0 57.6 52.7

1.83 1.78 1.87

1.85 1.78 1.87

Elongation in 2 in., %

NTS/TS

NTS/YS

Specimens per Fig. A1.7(b). Each line represents the average of duplicate to triplicate tests of an individual lot of material. For joint yield strength, offset is 0.2%, over a 2 in. gage length. Joint efficiencies based on typical values for parent alloys. (a) Location of fracture of unnotched specimens: A, through weld; B, 0.5 to 2.5 in. from weld; C, edge of weld. (b) Not recorded. (c) HTA, heat treated and artificially aged after welding

Table 5.9 Results of tensile tests of smooth and 0.5 in. diameter, notched round specimens from welds in aluminum alloy sand castings

Alloy and temper combination

A444.0-F to A444.0-F A444.0-F to 6061-T6 A444.0-F to 5456-H321 354.0-T62 to 354.0-T6 354.0-T62 to 6061-T6 354.0-T62 to 5456-H321 C355.0-T61 to 6061-T6 C355.0-T61 to 5456-H321

Filler alloy

Ultimate Post-weld tensile thermal strength treatment (UTS), ksi

Tensile yield Joint Notch strength strength tensile (TYS), Elongation Reduction efficiency, Location of strength ksi in 2 in., % of area, % % fracture(a) (NTS), ksi

NTS/TS

NTS/YS

4043

None

23.8

9.5

12.1

22

100

B

27.5

1.15

2.90

4043

None

24.0

11.4

5.7

23

100

B

29.3

1.22

2.51

5556

None

24.1

12.2

12.1

27

100

B

29.5

1.22

2.42

4043

None

37.8

21.5

6.4

10

76

A

32.0

0.85

1.48

4043

None

30.8

19.0

9.3

39

62

C

28.7

0.93

1.51

5556

None

37.7

24.6

3.6

5

75

A

37.7

1.00

1.53

4043

None

28.9

19.3

7.1

32

66

C

34.5

1.19

1.79

5556

None

35.4

24.4

3.6

5

81

A

40.5

1.15

1.66

Specimens per Fig. A1.7(b). Each line represents the average of duplicate tests on one lot of material. For joint yield strength, offset is 0.2%, over a 2 in. gage length. Joint efficiencies based upon typical values for parent alloys. (a) Location of fracture of unnotched specimens: A, through weld; B, 0.5 to 2.5 in. from weld; C, edge of weld

Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys J. Gilbert Kaufman, p37-74 DOI:10.1361/fraa2001p037

CHAPTER

Copyright © 2001 ASM International® All rights reserved. www.asminternational.org

6 Tear Resistance

A TEAR TEST of the type described in ASTM method B 871 was first developed at Alcoa Laboratories in about 1950 to more discriminatively evaluate the fracture characteristics of the aluminum alloys in various tempers (Ref 36, 37). As illustrated schematically in Fig. 6.1, values of the energies required to initiate and propagate cracks in small, sharply edgenotched specimens of the design in Fig. A1.8 are determined from measurements of the appropriate areas under autographic load-deformation curves developed during the tests. The unit propagation energy is equal to the energy required to propagate the crack divided by the initial net area of the specimen, and unit propagation energy is the primary criterion of tear resistance obtained from the tear test. P MC P 3P 4P Tear strength, psi = — + —– = — + — = — A I bt bt bt energy to propagate a crack bt

Maximum load, P, lb

Load, lb

Division between crack initiation and propagation

t 7/ 16

b = 1 in.

in.

Root radius < 0.001 in.

2 1/ 4 in.

Unit propagation energy, in.-lb/in.2 =

1 7/ 16 in. Low tear resistance

High tear resistance

Initiation

Propagation

Deformation, in.

Fig. 6.1

Tear-test specimen and representation of load-deformation curves. A, area; M, moment; C, moment arm; I, moment of inertia

38 / Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys

The unit propagation energy, more than data from notch-tensile tests, provides a measure of that combination of strength and ductility that permits a material to resist crack growth under either elastic or plastic stresses. The “tear strength,” the maximum nominal direct-and-bending stress developed by the tear specimen, is also calculated, and the ratio of this tear strength to the yield strength provides a measure of notch toughness; it is referred to as the tear-yield ratio. The usefulness of the data from this test is not dependent upon the development of rapid crack propagation or fracture at elastic stresses. Therefore, the test can be used for all aluminum alloys, even very ductile, tough alloys such as 1100 and 3003, providing a criterion for making direct comparisons of the relative toughness of alloys across the whole range of aluminum alloy types, and directly comparing alloys such as 3003 to the very high-strength alloys. This test is a modification of the older Navy tear test (Ref 20) but involves a smaller, sharp-notched specimen. The design of the tear-test specimen was selected for several reasons. First, the specimen is small enough to be taken from several orientations within most aluminum alloy products, including forgings, extrusions, castings, sheet, and plate. Second, it can be tested conveniently at different temperatures and in various environments. Third, the very sharp notch, in place of the keyhole notch in the Navy tear specimen, permits crack initiation at relatively low energy levels, thus increasing the accuracy of the measurement of propagation energy. With a relatively blunt notch, the large amount of energy required to initiate a crack overshadows and, on the test record, obscures the energy to propagate the crack. It should be noted that the numerical results of tear tests are greatly dependent upon specimen size and geometry, although with specimens of the design in Fig. 6.1, thickness variation in the range from about 0.060 to about 0.100 in. generally has an insignificant effect on the values of tear strength and unit propagation energy. It is appropriate to note that the results are also testing-machine dependent, and that relatively stiff machines are preferred; more flexible machines undergo greater extension during testing and contribute greater stored elastic strain energy to fracturing the specimen, potentially obscuring the propagation energy measurements. In any case, it is desirable to use the same machine when developing relative measurements among a group of alloys and tempers.

Tear Resistance / 39

Representative data for a variety of aluminum alloys and tempers, including welds, taken primarily from Ref 1, 29, and 33–37 plus some unpublished reports, are shown in the following tables at the end of this Chapter: Tables 6.1 and 6.2

Wrought aluminum alloys in the form of 0.063 in. thick sheet, with 0.063 in. thick specimens Table 6.1(a) and (b) Non-heat-treated sheet Table 6.2(a) and (b) Heat treated sheet Tables 6.3, 6.4, and 6.5 Wrought aluminum alloys in the form of plate, extrusions, and forgings Table 6.3(a) and (b) Plate Table 6.4(a) and (b) Extruded shapes Table 6.5(a), (b), and (c) Forgings Table 6.6(a) and (b) Cast aluminum alloys, with 0.100 in. thick specimens from cast slabs Table 6.7(a) and (b) Welds in wrought aluminum alloys, with 0.100 in. thick specimens Table 6.8 Welds in cast aluminum alloys, with 0.100 in. thick specimens

Ratings of the alloys and tempers are shown in Fig. 6.2 for wrought alloys based on the tests of sheet; Fig. 6.3 for wrought alloys in the form of plate (Fig. 6.3a), extrusions (Fig. 6.3b), and forgings (Fig. 6.3c); Fig. 6.4 for cast alloys; and Fig. 6.5 for welds in aluminum alloys (Fig. 6.5a for castings welded to other castings and Fig. 6.5b for castings welded to plate). The ratings based on the values of unit propagation energy for sheet, plate, extrusions, and forgings are generally consistent within the various alloys and tempers where comparisons can be made. There is a general trend for unit propagation energy to decrease with increasing product thickness, and thicker products do show a greater degree of directionality than sheet.

200

0 0

Unit propagation energy, in.-lb/in.2

200

1200 1200

1000 1000

800 800

600 600

400 400

200 200

0 0

36 36 -T -T 24 24 20 . 20 -T3 4 c Al 202 c. 37 Al -T 19 4 22 4-T 2 3 20 4-T -T3 2 14 20 20 -T4 c. 4 Al 202 c. 4 Al 1-T 7 31 60 9-T 1 4 22 1-T 6 4 60 0-T 2 4 20 9-T 1 22

3

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

Longitudinal Transverse –T3, –T3X, –T4 tempers

Unit propagation energy, in.-lb/in.2

400 400

Unit propagation energy, in.-lb/in.2

600 600

1600

Unit propagation energy, in.-lb/in.2

800 800

14 -H 03 14 30 6-H 5 18 54 0-H 0 14 4 11 3-H -H1 8 5 50 310 c. 12 Al 6-H 5 14 54 0-H 0 14 11 3-H 0 12 30 3-H 8 34 -H 56 24 54 6-H 5 34 54 6-H 5 38 54 4-H 0 38 30 2-H 5 38 50 0-H 5 38 50 4-H 5 34 51 3-H 8 32 50 6-H 5 34 54 3-H 0 34 30 0-H 5 32 50 3-H 8 34 50 4-H 5 34 54 6-H 8 34 50 2-H 5 24 50 3-H 8 32 50 4-H 5 34 54 4-H 5 32 51 6-H 8 32 50 4-H 5 51

6 6 -T -T 20 20 20 20 c. 6 Al -T8 -T6 24 78 20 . 71 6 c Al -T6 -T8 78 24 81 71 . 20 -T 4 c Al 202 c. Al -T6 14 6 6 20 1-T 5-T 7 7 60 70 c. Al -T6 -T6 18 14 26 20 c. Al -T6 75 6 70 4-T 2 87 20 9-T 1 6 6 22 6-T -T 6 79 60 70 c. 1 Al -T8 19 6 22 9-T 7 73 70 5-T 7 6 70 1-T 5 62 61 -T 19 T6 22 391 T6 X7 06- -T6 1 1 X7 606 c. 6 Al 1-T 6 6 60 -T 39 T6 70 060 X7

Ratings of 0.063 in. aluminum alloy sheet based on unit propagation energy

Fig. 6.2

1000 1000

50

-0 00 11 4-0 0 30 0-0 5 50 3-0 0 30 6-0 5 54 2-0 5 50 3-0 8 50 6-0 5 53 6-0 8 50 4-0 5 54 4-0 5 51

1400

1200 1200

1400 1400

1400 1400

Longitudinal Transverse –H2X, –H3X tempers 1600

Longitudinal Transverse – H1X temper 1600 Longitudinal Transverse –O temper 1600

Longitudinal Transverse –T6, –T6X, –T73, –T8X tempers 1600

Unit propagation energy, in.-lb/in.2

40 / Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys

1000

800

600

400

200

0

6 -T 70 1 60 -T5 1 61 5 60 -T8 19 22 -T4 24 20 -T6 51 61 -T6 61 60 -T6 51 1 63 -T5 51 63 -T5 63 3 60 -T6 39 70 -T6 63 3 60 -T5 3 39 T5 70 500 T6 X7 5- 1 00 31 X7 -H 56 54

76 -T 78 5 71 -T7 01 1 70 -T6 20 20 -T6 51 60 -T6 11 14 5 20 -T8 24 6 20 -T7 78 71 -T6 75 6 70 -T7 75 1 70 -T5 05 60 -T6 79 3 70 -T7 01 70 -T6 66 3 60 -T7 75 70 -T6 05

60

Ratings of aluminum alloy extruded shapes based on unit propagation energy

Fig. 6.3(b)

Longitudinal Transverse 1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0 Unit propagation energy, in.-lb/in.2

1 65 -T 01 51 70 -T6 78 5 71 -T7 01 6 70 -T8 24 51 20 -T8 1 24 65 20 -T7 78 51 71 -T6 75 51 70 -T6 14 51 20 -T6 18 7 26 -T8 19 51 22 -T6 1 79 35 70 -T7 75 51 70 -T8 51 19 63 22 9-T 13 2 X7 -T6 19 51 22 -T3 51 24 63 20 6-T 10 51 X7 -T6 51 61 63 60 5-T 00 X7

1200

1600

Ratings of 0.75 to 1.5 in. thick aluminum alloy plate based on unit propagation energy

Fig. 6.3(a)

Longitudinal Transverse Heat treated alloys

Longitudinal Transverse Non-heat-treatable alloys 1200

800

400

0

Unit propagation energy, in.-lb/in.2

1600

Longitudinal Transverse 1400

1600

Unit propagation energy, in.-lb/in.2

34 -H 86 15 50 -H1 83 31 50 -H1 83 21 50 -H3 83 21 50 -H3 56 21 54 -H3 56 2 53 -H3 86 4 50 -H3 54 4 51 -H3 54 54 -O 56 54 -O 83 50 -O 86 50 -O 54 54 -O 54 51 -O 56 53

1200

800

400

0 Unit propagation energy, in.-lb/in.2

Tear Resistance / 41

42 / Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys

Unit propagation energy, in.-lb/in.2

1500 L LT ST

1000 500 400 300 A 200 100 0

2 85 -T 24 20 T75 01 70 T6 14 20 T6 75 70 -T7 0 08 X7 T6 24 20 T6 79 70 T61 76 70 T73 75 70 T6 19 22 T6 25 20

Fig. 6.3(c)

1000

Unit propagation energy, in.-lb/in.2

Unit propagation energy, in.-lb/in.2

Ratings of aluminum alloy forgings based on unit propagation energy. Values for 7075-T73, 7079-T6, 7075-T6, and 2014-T6 include stress relieved (TX52) tempers. Value at A is estimated. L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse; ST, short transverse

Sand-casting alloys 800 600 400 200 0

1000 Permanent-mold casting alloys 800 600 400 200 0 T7 05. 35 6 C .0-T 6 62 35 .0-T 61 4 -T 35 6.0 5 62 A3 0-T 2 9. -T6 35 6.0 5 7 A3 .0-T 61 6 -T 35 5.0 3 T7 X3 .056 F A3 .044 T4 A3 .044

A3

T7 06. 6 35 0-T 6. T7 35 .056 71 A3 .0-T 6 4 35 0-T 6. T6 35 .035 5 X3 -T 0 70 -F .0 18 M

B2

Fig. 6.4

Ratings of aluminum alloy sand and permanent-mold cast slabs based on unit propagation energy

1200

Comparable parent alloy in annealed temper

1000

Comparable parent alloy in indicated temper H34

2319 HTA

2319 A

T87 T851 T62

T87 T851 T62

H321

H18 H14

T87 T851 T62

200

H343

H321 H343

H321

H38

600 400

Filler alloy indicated

H38 H34

800

H38

Unit propagation energy, in.-lb/in.2

1400

0 5052

5154

5183 (5083)

5456

5556 (5456)

1100

4043

2319

4043 HTA

Filler alloy

Fig. 6.5(a)

Ratings of aluminum alloy welds based on unit propagation energy from tear tests. HTA, heat treated and artificially aged after welding. A, artificially aged after welding

Tear Resistance / 43

1000 Sand-casting alloys

800 600 400 200

Filler metal 5556 4043

Unit propagation energy, in.-lb/in.2

Unit propagation energy, in.-lb/in.2

1000

Permanent-mold casting alloys 800

Filler metal 5556 4043

600 400 200

0

0 1 32 H 6- 21 45 3 /5 -H T7 56 6 6- 54 1-T 35 T6/ 06 6- 7/6 T6 35 5-T 610 35 6 7 C T6/ 6-T 6- 35 6 35 T7/ 6-T -T6 6- 35 61 35 T6/ /60 6- 61 T6 35 -T 61- -T6 56 60 61 A3 T7/ /60 6 6- 62 1-T 35 -T 06 56 7/6 A3 -T 56 A3

1 32 -H 56 54 6 1/ -T T7 61 6- 60 T6 35 T7/ 616- 60 T4 35 T6/ 63- 6 6- 60 1-T 35 T4/ 06 6- 5/6 T6 35 0-T 61- 6 70 60 -T M T7/ 061 6- /6 T6 35 T71 61- 1 6- 60 T7 35 T6/ 566- /3 -T6 35 T71 61 6- /60 -F 35 -F 18 21 18 /A2 -H3 B2 -F 56 6 18 /54 1-T B2 -F 06 18 7/6 B2 -T 56 A3

Fig. 6.5(b)

Ratings of groove welds in cast-to-cast and cast-to-wrought. Based on test unit propagation energy with crack propagation through the weld. No subsequent thermal treatment unless otherwise noted. 356T4/6063-T4 is aged 4 h at 375 °F after welding.

6.1 Wrought Alloys As with notch toughness, a broader understanding of tear resistance is gained by plotting the unit propagation energy as a function of tensile yield strength, as in Fig. 6.6 based upon the data for 0.063 in. thick sheet (Ref 1). A broad band of data emerges that, if not separated by alloy and temper type, might appear to indicate a lack of association beyond a broad tendency for unit propagation energy to decrease with increase in strength. When separated by alloy type, however, it is clear that individual relationships exist for different types of alloys. The 7xxx (Al-Zn-Mg) series provides the superior level of tear resistance for a given level of strength. Of the 2xxx (Al-Cu), 5xxx (Al-Mg), and 6xxx (Al-Mg-Si) series, the 2xxx series has a slight advantage. The 1xxx and 3xxx series fall in the lower portion of the band. Increasing the strength of alloys in any of the series by cold work or thermal treatment reduces the tear resistance. An important deviation from the general trend is illustrated by data for the annealed (O) temper of the non-heat-treatable alloys (open symbols in Fig. 6.6): for these alloys in the O temper, unit propagation energy increases with increase in yield strength up to approximately 16 ksi and then decreases. This illustrates that there is a contribution of both strength and ductility to tear resistance; the great ductility of 1100-O or 3003-O, for example, is not sufficient to give them exceptionally high tear resistance as measured by the unit energy required to propagate the crack. The 5xxx alloys in the annealed temper have about the optimal combination of these properties, yielding the highest unit propagation energies measured. This characteristic was the basis of the selection of these alloys for particularly critical applications (see Chapter 11).

44 / Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys

1800 Type of temper

1600

T3 T6 O H T4 T7 – – 1000 (99% + Al) – 2000 (Al-Cu) – – 3000 (Al-Mn) – – 5000 (Al-Mg) 6000 (Al-Mg-Si) x – * – – 7000 (Al-Zn-Mg)

Unit propagation energy, in.-lb/in.2

Annealed ( 0) 1400 2000 alloys 7000 alloys

1200 5000 6000 alloys

1000

*

T8 – – – – –

Average of longitudinal and transverse values Average for all lots of each alloy and temper

800 600 3000 alloys

400

*

1100

200 0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

Tensile yield strength, ksi

Fig. 6.6

Unit propagation energy vs. tensile yield strength of 0.063 in. aluminum alloy sheet

A plot relating unit propagation energy to elongation in 2 in. for 0.063 in. sheet is shown in Fig. 6.7. In such a plot, there are few consistent trends and ample evidence that elongation by itself is not a very reliable indicator of resistance to crack growth or tear resistance.

6.2 Cast Alloys Once again, relating unit propagation energy (UPE) to tensile yield strength (TYS), as in Fig. 6.8, reveals more than the bar charts alone (Fig. 6.4). While it is obvious that low-strength alloy A444.0 has relatively high tear resistance as defined by UPE, Fig. 6.8 also reveals that: •

•

• •

Premium-strength cast alloys (i.e., those produced with high chill rates in key areas of the casting) consistently have among the best combinations of UPE and TYS, especially at relatively high strength levels. Sand-cast alloy B535.0-F itself has tear resistance in the same range as wrought alloy plate of the same strength level, and a much better combination of UPE and TYS than most other casting alloys. With the exception of B535.0-F, sand castings generally have among the poorest combination of strength and toughness. Permanent-mold cast alloys generally fall into the intermediate range, with the notable exceptions that 354.0-T62 and 359.0-T62 essentially match the performance of the premium-strength cast alloys (illustrated by the trend line for the triangular symbols).

Tear Resistance / 45

1800

Type of temper T3 T6 O H T4 T7 – – 1000 (99% + Al) – 2000 (Al-Cu) – – 3000 (Al-Mn) – – 5000 (Al-Mg) 6000 (Al-Mg-Si) x – * – – 7000 (Al-Zn-Mg)

Unit propagation energy, in.-lb/in.2

1600 1400 1200 1000

T8 – – – – –

Average of longitudinal and transverse values Average for all lots of each alloy and temper

800

*

600 400 200 0

0

4

8

12

16

20

24

28

32

36

40

44

48

52

Elongation in 2 in., %

Fig. 6.7

Unit propagation energy vs. elongation of 0.063 in. aluminum alloy sheet

1400 Sand castings Permanent-mold castings Premium-strength castings

Unit propagation energy, in.-lb/in.2

1200 B535.0-F

1000 800

A444.0-T4

600 400

A444.0-F 200 0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Tensile yield strength, ksi

Fig. 6.8

Unit propagation energy vs. tensile yield strength for aluminum alloy castings. Band is for data for aluminum alloy plate.

6.3 Welds As with notch toughness, the tear resistance of welds made with 5xxx filler alloys is generally appreciably higher than that of welds made with high-silicon 4043 filler alloy (Fig. 6.5a and 6.5b). Once again, there are a few exceptions, notably in joints between 6061-T6 plate and 356.0-T6 or T7 sand castings; in these cases, the high silicon in the 3xx.0 castings may be overwhelming the inherent high toughness of the 5xxx type filler alloys.

46 / Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys

When welds in wrought alloys are evaluated on the basis of UPE versus TYS (Fig. 6.9), it is clear that the UPEs of the 1100 and 5xxx welds are as high or nearly as high as those of the comparable parent alloys. For filler alloy 2319, welds that have been post-weld aged or heat-treated and aged provide superior combinations of strength and toughness to those of aswelded samples. Filler alloy 4043 consistently provides less desirable combinations of strength and toughness. A comparable analysis of welds in castings based upon UPE versus TYS is not available because joint yield strengths were not reported and a plot cannot be made. However, a scan of the data in Table 6.5 illustrates that welds made in castings with 4043 filler alloy have lower toughness than those made with 5356 filler alloy. As noted earlier, for the very highsilicon-bearing casting alloys, even 5556 welds have relatively low UPE, the high silicon overwhelming the beneficial effects of the highmagnesium filler alloy. In general, one can conclude that for applications where high toughness is critical, 5xxx filler alloys would be recommended and 4043 filler alloy should be avoided.

Filler alloy 1100 2319 4043 5052 5154 5183 5039 5356 5456, 5556 Post weld aged Heat treated and aged after welding

Unit propagation energy, in.-lb/in.2

1400

1200

1000

Range for 1100 from Fig. 6.6

800 Range for 2xxx, 5xxx alloys Fig. 6.6

600

400

200

0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Tensile yield strength, ksi

Fig. 6.9

Unit propagation energy vs. tensile yield strength for welds in wrought aluminum alloys

Tear Resistance / 47

Table 6.1(a) Results of tensile and tear tests of 0.063 in. thick non-heat-treated aluminum alloy sheet, longitudinal Tensile tests

Alloy and temper

1100-O Average 1100-O 1100-H14 1100-H18 Average 1100-H18 3003-O 3003-H14 Average 3003-H14 3003-H18 Average 3003-H18 3004-O 3004-H34 Average 3004-H34 3004-H38 Average 3004-H38 Alclad 3105-H14 5050-O 5050-H34 Average 5050-H34 5050-H38 5052-O 5052-H34 5052-H38 5083-O 5083-H12 5083-HI4 5083-H24 Average 5083-H24 5083-H32 5083-H34 5086-O Average 5086-O 5086-H32 Average 5086-H32 5086-H34

Average 5086-H34 5154-O Average 5154-O

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), ksi

14.6 14.2 14.4 17.9 27.6 27.7 27.6 17.0 21.2 23.2 22.2 35.6 33.5 34.6 27.1 35.4 36.7 36.0 44.0 45.0 44.5 31.7 22.6 26.4 27.9 27.2 31.0 29.2 37.7 43.6 44.3 51.7 53.4 49.7 50.4 50.0 50.5 54.1 37.4 40.7 39.0 43.4 46.1 44.8 45.6 48.7 47.5 48.8 47.6 35.4 34.0 34.7

Tensile yield strength (TYS), ksi

5.2 4.9 5.0 16.8 24.8 26.3 25.6 7.1 20.4 22.4 21.4 33.4 32.7 33.0 11.4 29.4 31.6 30.5 41.0 42.4 41.7 29.2 9.2 22.8 24.9 23.8 27.9 12.4 31.0 38.3 21.9 44.3 46.7 32.9 38.6 35.9 38.4 44.8 17.8 20.2 19.0 32.8 34.2 33.5 36.7 39.7 36.9 37.6 37.7 16.4 15.5 16.0

Tear tests

Elongation in 2 in., %

35.0 35.2 35.1 13.0 5.0 5.5 5.2 34.5 11.5 8.5 10.0 4.0 4.8 4.4 22.2 8.5 8.2 8.4 8.0 8.0 8.0 7.0 24.5 8.8 7.8 8.3 7.5 25.0 10.0 9.5 22.7 9.8 8.0 16.2 13.8 15.2 11.5 10.7 23.0 22.2 22.6 13.0 12.5 12.8 11.0 10.2 11.8 11.8 TI-2 24.5 23.0 23.8

Tear strength, ksi

Ratio tear strength to yield strength, (TYR)

Energy required to: Initiate a crack, in.-lb

Propagate a crack, in.-lb

Total energy, in.-lb

Unit propagation energy, in.-lb/in.2

19.5 19.5 19.5 31.1 44.0 43.2 43.6 24.6 35.4 38.1 36.8 52.3 50.7 51.5 33.8 51.1 54.0 52.6 58.4 59.1 58.8 47.9 28.6 41.9 45.5 43.7 48.3 38.1 58.0 62.8 48.5 65.7 65.7 60.7 68.0 64.4 64.3 69.7 45.5 46.6 46.0 61.2 61.6 61.4 65.8 64.9 64.0 66.0 65.2 44.9 43.4 44.2

3.75 3.98 3.86 1.85 1.77 1.64 1.70 3.47 1.74 1.70 1.72 1.57 0.10 1.56 2.96 1.74 1.71 1.72 1.42 1.39 1.40 1.64 3.11 1.84 1.83 1.84 1.73 3.07 1.87 1.64 2.21 1.48 1.41 1.84 1.76 1.80 1.67 1.56 2.56 2.31 2.44 1.87 1.80 1.84 1.79 1.63 1.73 1.76 1.73 2.74 2.80 2.77

27 32 30 20 20 17 18 36 19 17 18 12 20 16 33 17 19 18 11 14 12 19 39 20 22 21 20 54 28 24 38 21 20 34 30 32 21 22 52 44 48 30 29 30 24 20 24 26 24 41 42 42

46 57 52 40 35 40 38 55 39 46 42 24 34 29 49 39 46 42 34 39 36 38 48 46 47 46 37 80 55 32 87 46 42 67 63 65 47 37 80 92 86 63 62 62 52 48 59 56 54 106 92 99

73 89 81 60 55 57 56 91 58 63 60 36 54 45 81 56 65 60 45 53 49 67 87 66 69 68 57 134 83 56 125 67 62 101 93 97 68 59 132 136 134 93 91 92 76 68 83 82 78 147 134 140

725 900 810 635 585 630 610 865 600 720 660 385 530 460 750 600 700 650 530 620 575 600 785 710 760 735 580 1240 865 500 1270 715 570 970 945 960 790 610 1220 1385 1300 940 1005 970 800 760 915 870 840 1630 1440 1535

(continued) Each line represents the average of duplicate tear tests (Fig. A1.8) of an individual lot of sheet. For tensile yield strength, offset is 0.2%.

48 / Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys

Table 6.1(a) (continued) Tensile tests

Alloy and temper

5154-H32 5154-H34 5154-H38 Average 5154-H38 5356-O 5454-O

Average 5454-O 5454-H32 Average 5454-H32 5454-H34 Average 5454-H34 5456-O

Average 5456-O 5456-H12 5456-H14 5456-H24 Average 5456-H24 5456-H32 Average 5456-H32 5456-H34 Average 5456-H34 5456-H343

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), ksi

40.5 41.3 46.8 49.4 48.1 41.4 37.4 37.5 36.6 37.2 40.2 40.6 40.4 45.6 45.4 45.5 47.4 48.6 50.0 48.7 56.2 60.6 54.8 53.7 54.2 56.0 55.9 56.0 57.7 59.5 58.6 56.2

Tensile yield strength (TYS), ksi

30.6 32.3 40.5 42.8 41.6 21.0 15.8 15.6 16.8 16.1 32.0 32.6 32.3 39.9 37.0 38.4 24.3 24.1 25.6 24.7 42.9 52.4 43.0 39.5 41.2 42.7 41.6 42.2 46.0 47.5 46.8 48.7

Tear tests

Elongation in 2 in., %

Tear strength, ksi

Ratio tear strength to yield strength, (TYR)

Energy required to: Initiate a crack, in.-lb

Propagate a crack, in.-lb

Total energy, in.-lb

Unit propagation energy, in.-lb/in.2

13.5 12.0 9.5 9.8 9.6 26.5 22.5 22.0 19.0 21.2 11.8 11.0 11.4 10.5 10.5 10.5 21.8 22.5 20.8 21.7 12.2 8.2 12.0 13.2 12.6 12.0 12.2 12.1 10.5 10.7 10.6 9.0

59.7 60.0 68.8 66.6 67.7 50.0 45.5 45.8 44.5 45.3 57.8 60.6 59.2 66.2 66.5 66.4 51.7 51.9 52.5 5.2 66.2 64.5 57.8 55.5 56.6 68.5 66.1 67.3 69.8 67.8 68.8 58.9

1.95 1.86 1.70 1.56 1.63 2.38 2.88 2.94 2.65 2.82 1.81 1.86 1.84 1.66 1.80 1.73 2.13 2.15 2.05 2.11 1.54 1.23 1.34 1.40 1.37 1.60 1.59 1.60 1.52 1.43 1.48 1.21

25 28 25 21 23 49 46 48 45 46 27 28 28 23 17 20 33 36 37 35 18 13 13 12 12 22 18 20 15 18 16 10

77 58 35 38 36 87 80 76 99 85 58 57 58 52 59 56 78 77 85 80 44 36 26 27 26 41 46 44 33 34 34 26

102 86 60 59 60 136 126 124 144 131 85 85 85 75 76 76 111 113 122 115 62 49 39 39 39 63 64 64 48 52 50 36

1185 915 545 595 570 1360 1210 1160 1545 1305 905 905 905 810 910 860 1235 1155 1135 1175 645 540 405 425 415 620 665 640 510 490 500 390

Each line represents the average of duplicate tear tests (Fig. A1.8) of an individual lot of sheet. For tensile yield strength, offset is 0.2%.

Tear Resistance / 49

Table 6.1(b) Results of tensile and tear tests of 0.063 in. thick non-heat-treated aluminum alloy sheet, transverse Tensile tests

Alloy and temper

1100-O Average 1100-O 1100-H14 1100-H18 Average 1100-H18 3003-O 3003-H14 Average 3003-H14 3003-H18 Average 3003-H18 3004-O 3004-H34 Average 3004-H34 3004-H38 Average 3004-H38 Alclad 3105-H14 5050-O 5050-H34 Average 5050-H34 5050-H38 5052-O 5052-H34 5052-H38 5083-O 5083-H12 5083-HI4 5083-H24 Average 5083-H24 5083-H32 5083-H34 5086-O Average 5086-O 5086-H32 Average 5086-H32 5086-H34

Average 5086-H34 5154-O Average 5154-O 5154-H32 5154-H34 5154-H38

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), ksi

14.3 14.0 14.2 18.0 28.5 29.0 28.8 16.5 21.4 23.1 22.2 36.0 33.8 34.9 26.6 36.4 36.5 36.4 44.4 44.5 44.4 31.8 22.4 26.9 29.2 28.0 33.0 28.8 38.1 44.4 44.1 51.8 53.7 49.5 51.5 50.5 50.1 55.2 36.3 40.8 38.6 45.0 45.1 45.0 46.0 49.2 47.5 49.4 48.0 34.6 34.1 34.4 39.5 41.7 47.1 49.9

Tensile yield strength (TYS), ksi

5.4 5.3 5.4 16.4 26.3 26.6 26.4 7.3 20.0 21.6 20.8 31.6 31.4 31.5 11.5 29.0 29.5 29.2 39.6 40.6 40.1 29.4 9 22.4 24.4 23.4 29.4 12.4 30.0 38.4 22.9 40.4 42.8 32.8 41.1 37.0 35.9 42.9 17.6 20.9 19.2 29.6 31.2 30.4 34.3 37.2 34.6 37.4 35.9 16.0 15.6 15.8 28.3 31.0 40.0 42.6

Tear tests

Elongation in 2 in., %

Tear strength, ksi

Ratio tear strength to yield strength, (TYR)

Energy required to: Initiate a crack, in.-lb

Propagate a crack, in.-lb

Total energy, in.-lb

Unit propagation energy, in.-lb/in.2

39.8 41.3 40.6 9.2 5.0 5.5 5.2 30.8 8.0 5.8 6.9 4.2 5.0 4.6 22.8 8.8 9.0 8.9 7.8 7.5 7.6 6.5 28.5 8.2 7.8 8.0 8.1 26.0 11.8 11.2 23.2 9.8 9.8 19.2 17.8 15.3 13.2 11.8 26.0 24.2 25.1 14.5 15.5 15.0 14.0 12.5 14.8 14.3 13.9 25.0 24.5 24.8 15.5 13.0 13.0 14.2

18.9 20.0 19.4 31.7 47.3 45.5 46.4 24.3 36.3 37.4 36.8 52.3 52.8 52.6 35.6 52.6 54.8 53.7 57.8 62.9 60.4 48.2 28.4 44.4 47.8 46.1 51.5 37.5 58.6 66.2 49.1 65.4 66.8 59.8 70.1 65.0 63.0 64.8 44.6 48.1 46.4 59.1 60.9 60.0 66.8 64.6 64.0 67.3 65.7 43.1 42:5 42.8 60.6 60.9 70.9 70.3

3.50 3.78 3.64 1.93 1.80 1.71 1.76 3.33 1.81 1.73 1.77 1.66 1.68 1.67 3.10 1.82 1.86 1.84 1.46 1.55 1.50 1.64 3.16 1.98 1.96 1.97 1.75 3.02 1.95 1.72 2.14 1.62 1.56 1.82 1.71 1.76 1.75 1.51 2.53 2.30 2.42 2.00 1.95 1.98 1.95 1.74 1.85 1.80 1.84 2.69 2.72 2.70 2.14 1.96 1.77 1.65

29 38 34 18 28 19 24 35 20 17 18 12 18 15 36 18 22 20 12 17 14 19 41 22 33 28 22 53 29 24 40 23 21 26 31 28 22 15 47 52 50 30 28 29 24 21 24 25 24 56 42 49 29 26 26 23

47 64 56 36 31 16 24 66 40 46 43 9 26 18 61 37 40 38 25 23 24 34 59 45 48 46 31 81 54 31 84 40 38 57 53 55 47 31 77 84 80 62 65 64 53 48 60 55 54 94 83 88 75 64 29 39

76 102 89 54 59 35 47 101 60 63 62 21 44 33 97 55 62 58 37 40 38 53 100 67 81 74 53 134 83 55 124 63 59 83 84 84 69 46 124 136 130 92 93 92 77 69 84 80 78 150 125 138 104 90 55 62

740 1015 875 570 515 255 385 1040 615 720 670 145 405 275 950 570 610 590 390 365 380 535 970 690 775 730 485 1255 850 485 1230 620 515 825 795 810 790 510 1175 1265 1220 925 1055 990 815 760 930 855 840 1445 1300 1370 1150 1000 455 610

(continued) Each line represents the average of duplicate tear tests (Fig. A1.8) of an individual lot of sheet. For tensile yield strength, offset is 0.2%.

50 / Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys

Table 6.1(b) (continued) Tensile tests

Alloy and temper

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), ksi

Tensile yield strength (TYS), ksi

Tear tests

Elongation in 2 in., %

Tear strength, ksi

Ratio tear strength to yield strength, (TYR)

Energy required to: Initiate a crack, in.-lb

Propagate a crack, in.-lb

Total energy, in.-lb

Unit propagation energy, in.-lb/in.2

Average 5154-H38 5356-O 5454-O

48.5 40.9 35.5 36.2 36.2

41.3 20.7 15.7 15.4 17.6

13.6 27.5 19.5 20.2 20.5

70.6 48.8 45.2 45.8 43.6

1.71 2.36 2.88 2.97 2.48

24 46 45 50 42

34 74 82 74 93

58 120 127 124 135

530 1155 1240 1130 1455

Average 5454-O 5454-H32

36.0 40.7 41.0 40.8 47.4 47.1 47.2 46.9 46.5 47.3 46.9 55.5 60.8 55.0 54.0 54.5 54.1 54.8 54.4 58.5 59.5 59.0 56.7

16.2 30.4 30.9 30.6 38.3 37.3 37.8 25.7 24.7 24.7 25.0 39.1 48.5 38.6 38.2 38.4 37.5 38.7 38.1 44.1 45.2 44.6 42.7

20.1 12.8 12.0 12.4 9.5 10.5 10.0 24.2 24.0 23.5 23.9 14.2 9.5 14.5 15.2 14.8 13.5 14.2 13.8 12.5 12.2 12.4 9.5

44.9 59.4 61.9 60.6 68.4 62.8 65.6 53.5 52.2 51.7 52.5 63.5 63.6 58.5 60.2 59.4 65.8 64.6 65.2 69.8 66.7 682 58.0

2.78 1.95 2.00 1.98 1.79 1.68 1.74 2.09 2.11 2.09 2.10 1.62 1.31 1.52 1.58 1.55 1.75 1.67 1.71 1.58 1.48 1.53 1.31

46 37 32 34 26 16 21 31 45 33 36 18 13 13 10 12 18 19 18 14 19 16 8

83 58 67 62 53 50 52 76 62 71 70 37 24 29 26 28 38 40 39 28 31 30 20

129 95 99 97 79 66 72 107 107 104 106 55 37 42 36 39 56 59 58 42 50 46 28

1275 905 1065 985 830 770 800 1195 925 945 1020 545 360 440 410 425 575 575 575 430 450 440 300

Average 5454-H32 5454-H34 Average 5454-H34 5456-O

Average 5456-O 5456-H12 5456-H14 5456-H24 Average 5456-H24 5456-H32 Average 5456-H32 5456-H34 Average 5456-H34 5456-H343

Each line represents the average of duplicate tear tests (Fig. A1.8) of an individual lot of sheet. For tensile yield strength, offset is 0.2%.

Tear Resistance / 51

Table 6.2(a) Results of tensile and tear tests of 0.063 in. thick heat treated aluminum alloy sheet, longitudinal Tensile tests

Alloy and temper

Alclad 2014-T3

Average Alclad 2014-T3 2014-T6

Average 2014-T6 Alclad 2014-T6

Average Alclad 2014-T6 2020-O(a) Alclad 2020-O(a) 2020-T4(a) 2020-T6(a)

Average 2020-T6 Alclad 2020-T6(a) 2024-T4

Average 2024-T4 Alclad 2024-T4

Average Alclad 2024-T4 2024-T3

Average 2024-T3 Alclad 2024-T3

Average 2024-T3 2024-T36

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), ksi

62.3 65.3 63.4 63.7 72.8 72.5 71.8 69.2 69.3 74.2 71.6 72.4 68.4 68.3 68.0 69.3 28.6 28.0 50.0 82.7 94.8 81.4 80.2 81.1 82.0 73.5 69.7 69.6 70.4 69.0 69.7 62.4 66.5 66.5 65.1 68.2 68.1 70.4 68.4 69.7 69.6 71.0 71.5 69.6 69.2 69.4 71.0 67.8 71.1 69.8 67.3 66.2 64.6 65.2 67.7 66.0 67.9 78.0 76.4 76.3

Tensile yield strength (TYS), ksi

42.6 42.7 44.9 43.4 67.6 66.2 66.1 63.1 63.8 67.5 65.7 66.2 62.7 61.9 61.9 63.2 9.9 10.7 34.2 77.8 80.4 77.2 75.9 76.1 77.5 68.0 54.6 45.8 48.1 44.2 48.2 42.4 42.0 45.4 43.3 50.0 49.9 55.8 48.1 53.0 53.8 53.5 55.5 52.4 53.2 54.4 52.3 52.0 53.8 51.1 52.1 47.8 47.0 45.4 48.8 51.5 50.8 67.0 64.6 65.1

Tear tests

Elongation in 2 in., %

Tear strength, ksi

Ratio tear strength to yield strength, (TYR)

Initiate a crack, in.-lb

Propagate a crack, in.-lb

Total energy, in.-lb

Unit propagation energy, in.-lb/in.2

21.0 19.0 20.5 20.2 11.2 10.0 11.0 9.5 9.5 11.2 10.4 11.0 9.8 11.0 10.8 10.6 20.5 21.0 16.5 6.0 7.0 8.0 7.8 8.2 7.4 7.2 18.8 21.5 20.0 20.8 20.3 21.5 20.5 20.5 20.8 19.2 20.2 18.2 20.5 20.0 18.2 20.5 19.2 19.5 19.2 17.2 20.8 20.0 20.8 20.0 19.0 20.2 18.8 19.0 19.2 18.8 19.4 15.8 15.0 16.5

70.2 70.6 70.7 70.5 68.0 67.3 66.6 66.0 70.2 66.2 67.4 59.4 70.8 74.5 74.3 69.8 33.0 34.6 64.1 48.3 42.2 52.1 50.2 36.0 45.8 45.1 77.5 77.8 79.0 77.2 77.9 67.7 74.5 71.1 71.1 75.7 75.7 74.2 76.5 76.9 78.0 81.1 74.8 76.6 74.9 78.4 71.9 71.0 75.3 73.0 73.0 73.8 70.9 74.6 74.3 76.4 74.0 69.8 80.0 78.8

1.65 1.65 1.57 1.62 1.01 1.02 1.01 1.05 1.10 0.98 1.03 0.90 1.13 1.20 1.20 1.11 3.33 3.23 1.87 0.63 0.52 0.67 0.66 0.47 0.59 0.66 1.42 1.70 1.64 1.75 1.63 1.60 1.77 1.57 1.65 1.51 1.52 1.33 1.59 1.45 1.45 1.52 1.35 1.46 1.41 1.44 1.37 1.37 1.40 1.43 1.41 1.54 1.51 1.64 1.52 1.48 1.46 1.04 1.24 1.21

24 20 22 22 10 10 9 10 7 11 10 8 9 14 12 11 26 33 28 5 4 3 4 3 4 3 22 20 18 26 22 21 26 19 22 24 19 17 17 16 18 23 16 19 20 18 17 16 17 19 21 10 12 14 15 20 17 11 18 17

50 46 50 49 13 13 15 18 16 22 16 11 19 21 21 18 44 63 70 1 0 5 4 0 2 2 42 43 38 57 45 50 54 46 50 46 42 35 44 44 42 63 42 45 38 34 33 32 36 35 36 33 31 32 39 39 35 17 27 27

74 66 72 71 23 23 24 28 23 33 26 19 28 35 33 29 70 96 98 6 4 8 8 3 6 5 64 63 56 83 67 71 80 65 72 70 61 52 61 60 60 86 58 64 58 52 50 48 53 54 57 43 43 46 54 59 51 28 45 44

770 725 800 765 205 195 240 285 255 335 250 170 290 340 335 285 695 1000 1110 15 0 80 65 0 30 30 655 665 595 900 705 770 830 725 775 725 650 565 700 705 690 950 685 710 580 540 515 510 560 555 580 530 500 515 630 610 550 265 410 410

(continued) Each line represents the average of duplicate tear tests (Fig. A1.8) of an individual lot of sheet. For tensile yield strength, offset is 0.2%. (a) Obsolete alloy

52 / Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys

Table 6.2(a) (continued) Tensile tests

Alloy and temper

Average 2024-T36 Alclad 2024-T36

Average 2024-T36 2024-T6 2024-T81 Average 2024-T81 Alclad 2024-T81 Average Alclad 2024-T81 2024-T86 Average 2024-T86 Alclad 2024-T86

Average Alclad 2024-T86 2219-T4 2219-T31 2219-T37 2219-T62 Average 2219-T62 2219-T81 Average 2219-T81 2219-T87 Average 2219-T87 2618-T6 6061-T4

Average 6061-T4 6061-T6

Average 6061-T6 Alclad 6061-T6

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), ksi

73.4 74.0 74.6 72.8 75.1 74.8 72.0 71.2 69.7 70.4 71.6 67.2 72.7 77.3 72.6 74.2 66.8 68.1 70.3 68.4 77.2 77.0 77.1 73.6 75.6 73.3 69.8 70.4 74.4 72.8 55.4 55.6 61.9 54.6 60.8 57.7 67.9 64.9 66.4 71.5 67.9 69.7 61.3 38.4 38.8 37.1 35.9 37.1 36.8 37.4 46.6 45.2 47.0 43.5 46.6 45.0 46.8 44.1 44.6 45.5 43.2 43.5 43.4 44.4

Tensile yield strength (TYS), ksi

63.2 61.6 62.0 61.8 63.6 63.6 63.1 60.7 57.4 58.9 60.7 53.2 68.0 73.4 68.0 69.8 60.4 62.2 65.8 62.8 72.4 72.5 72.4 67.8 71.0 67.4 65.0 65.8 71.6 68.1 37.0 44.0 54.2 35.8 42.5 39.2 53.0 51.8 52.4 59.2 56.2 57.7 56.2 26.9 27.6 26.2 26.2 29.6 26.2 27.1 43.4 41.9 44.2 40.9 42.4 41.8 44.0 37.6 37.0 41.5 40.4 40.2 41.0 39.5

Tear tests

Elongation in 2 in., %

Tear strength, ksi

Ratio tear strength to yield strength, (TYR)

Initiate a crack, in.-lb

Propagate a crack, in.-lb

Total energy, in.-lb

Unit propagation energy, in.-lb/in.2

15.0 14.5 14.0 14.8 15.1 15.8 14.8 16.5 16.0 16.8 16.0 9.5 6.5 7.0 6.2 6.6 6.5 7.0 7.0 6.8 6.5 6.2 6.4 6.8 6.8 6.5 6.5 5.8 6.0 6.4 21.0 17.2 9.0 9.0 10.0 9.5 9.2 10.0 9.6 9.2 9.8 9.5 6.2 21.0 20.0 20.5 19.2 17.5 20.0 19.7 11.5 11.5 12.0 11.2 12.5 11.0 10.8 15.5 15.8 12.4 11.0 11.0 11.8 15.0

77.2 75.8 77.5 81.9 77.3 70.2 73.1 75.6 75.0 73.2 73.4 64.2 63.4 58.2 61.0 60.9 69.4 66.8 64.8 67.0 58.3 57.7 58.0 64.5 60.9 63.5 59.4 59.5 55.0 60.5 72.4 74.5 83.0 63.3 68.0 65.6 70.4 72.4 71.4 65.7 75.2 70.4 66.1 53.4 52.8 53.5 57.7 54.8 51.6 54.0 65.5 64.1 68.3 66.0 66.9 67.9 68.7 65.9 65.2 66.5 63.7 60.0 63.9 64.4

1.22 1.23 1.25 1.33 1.22 1.04 1.16 1.25 1.30 1.24 1.20 1.21 0.93 0.79 0.90 0.87 1.15 1.07 0.98 1.07 0.81 0.80 0.80 0.95 0.86 0.94 0.91 0.90 0.77 0.89 1.96 1.69 1.53 1.77 1.60 1.68 1.33 1.40 1.36 1.11 1.34 1.22 1.18 1.99 1.91 2.04 2.20 1.85 1.97 1.99 1.51 1.53 1.55 1.61 1.58 1.62 1.56 1.75 1.76 1.61 1.58 1.49 1.56 1.63

13 14 15 15 15 12 15 16 16 12 14 10 8 6 9 8 11 9 12 11 6 8 7 6 7 8 7 9 5 7 36 24 19 18 15 16 13 14 14 10 17 14 12 24 24 27 24 25 30 26 16 19 25 21 20 22 19 23 23 21 22 21 20 25

29 27 29 34 27 20 25 35 36 27 29 17 11 10 11 11 17 15 11 14 8 9 8 12 11 11 12 9 7 10 92 67 42 37 36 36 23 26 24 15 ... 15 17 66 62 71 71 66 79 69 56 52 46 56 54 58 53 0 66 56 54 51 52 54

42 41 44 49 42 32 40 51 52 39 43 27 19 16 20 18 28 24 23 25 14 17 16 18 18 19 19 18 12 17 128 91 61 55 51 53 36 40 38 25 ... 25 29 90 86 98 95 91 109 95 72 71 71 77 74 80 72 89 89 77 76 72 72 79

445 430 460 540 425 310 390 510 535 405 430 275 175 160 180 170 275 240 170 230 120 140 130 180 170 170 185 145 105 160 1460 1065 690 565 580 570 370 410 390 235 ... 235 270 1080 1000 1145 1220 1100 1275 1135 910 825 725 915 845 920 855 1090 1040 900 840 800 855 855

(continued) Each line represents the average of duplicate tear tests (Fig. A1.8) of an individual lot of sheet. For tensile yield strength, offset is 0.2%. (a) Obsolete alloy

Tear Resistance / 53

Table 6.2(a) (continued) Tensile tests

Alloy and temper

Average Alclad 6061-T6 6066-T6 6071-T4 6071-T6(a) X7002-T6(a) X7005-T6 7039-T6 7075-T6

Average 7075-T6 Alclad 7075-T6

Average Alclad 7075-T6 7075-T73

Average 7075-T73 7079-T6(a) Average 7079-T6 Alclad 7079-T6(a) Average Alclad 7079-T6 X7106-T6(a) Average X7106-T6 X7139-T6(a) 7178-T6

Average 7178-T6 Alclad 7178-T6 Average Alclad 7178-T6

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), ksi

42.0 42.4 43.2 59.4 49.2 57.4 69.8 52.0 63.0 83.0 82.3 81.0 83.3 85.5 82.3 82.0 81.6 83.4 81.6 81.8 81.7 81.5 81.0 82.3 77.0 72.9 76.2 78.0 78.0 78.2 74.6 80.4 77.3 73.8 76.6 72.0 72.0 69.5 73.0 71.6 77.0 72.8 78.2 76.0 68.9 73.8 78.0 73.6 61.2 67.0 64.1 65.2 86.1 88.8 90.2 89.0 89.0 89.4 88.8 81.0 81.0 80.6 80.9

Tensile yield strength (TYS), ksi

36.6 37.6 39.2 51.4 34.8 54.7 61.8 45.7 54.8 76.0 76.1 72.8 75.6 77.0 75.6 74.6 73.6 76.1 73.9 73.4 73.4 73.0 72.8 74.9 69.8 65.7 68.4 70.4 71.3 69.2 67.4 72.8 69.3 65.4 69.0 60.0 61.0 57.8 62.5 60.3 70.2 64.0 71.6 68.6 61.2 66.5 71.2 66.3 53.9 60.7 57.3 56.1 79.8 80.5 81.0 80.5 81.3 82.4 80.9 74.2 73.8 73.4 73.8

Tear tests

Elongation in 2 in., %

Tear strength, ksi

Ratio tear strength to yield strength, (TYR)

Initiate a crack, in.-lb

Propagate a crack, in.-lb

15.5 13.5 13.0 12.0 22.5 10.2 11.5 13.8 11.8 11.2 11.5 11.0 11.0 12.5 10.8 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.5 11.5 11.2 10.2 11.0 11.2 11.2 11.5 11.5 10.5 11.0 11.0 10.5 11.0 10.5 10.2 11.0 10.0 10.2 11.0 11.0 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.0 10.9 11.4 11.0 10.8 11.1 11.0 9.8 10.4 11.0 11.5 12.5 13.0 12.5 12.5 11.5 12.2 12.0 12.0 12.5 12.2

61.1 63.9 62.8 69.5 61.9 60.6 91.2 78.1 94.9 73.8 74.2 79.2 78.1 72.1 78.1 70.5 72.3 69.2 79.7 75.8 79.1 84.2 79.0 76.1 71.4 74.5 71.6 75.4 74.8 79.0 74.8 73.6 74.9 70.3 74.0 84.8 75.0 79.0 77.5 79.1 77.5 86.3 80.8 81.5 68.9 68.1 73.9 70.3 87.3 81.0 84.2 81.2 66.8 61.8 64.6 66.6 69.2 62.5 65.2 59.7 60.6 61.9 60.7

1.67 1.70 1.60 1.35 1.78 1.11 1.48 1.71 1.55 0.97 0.98 1.09 1.03 0.94 1.03 0.94 0.98 0.91 1.08 1.03 1.08 1.15 1.09 1.02 1.02 1.13 1.05 1.07 1.05 1.14 1.11 1.01 1.08 1.07 1.07 1.41 1.23 1.37 1.24 1.00 1.10 1.35 1.13 1.19 1.13 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.62 1.34 1.48 1.45 0.94 0.77 0.80 0.83 0.85 0.76 0.81 1.80 0.82 0.84 0.82

22 24 22 14 24 8 32 29 26 10 12 16 12 8 11 13 12 14 10 13 16 12 16 12 11 13 11 12 12 10 12 10 15 11 12 18 16 17 16 17 14 23 16 18 14 11 13 13 28 16 22 16 8 6 6 11 11 6 8 8 12 6 9

59 61 55 24 55 16 44 83 64 14 23 26 17 11 20 16 16 14 18 19 17 22 26 18 17 21 20 21 18 16 22 16 18 18 19 35 27 36 30 32 25 34 36 32 25 23 29 26 64 39 52 50 12 6 11 7 8 10 9 11 7 9 9

Total energy, in.-lb

81 85 78 38 79 24 81 112 90 24 35 42 29 19 31 29 28 28 28 32 33 34 42 31 28 34 31 33 30 26 34 26 33 29 30 5.30 4.30 5.30 4.60 4.9 39 57 52 49 39 34 42 49 92 55 74 66 20 1.20 1.70 1.80 1.90 1.60 1.6 19 19 15 18

Unit propagation energy, in.-lb/in.2

930 950 870 370 875 250 790 1290 1010 220 360 395 270 175 310 265 255 215 285 290 260 360 395 290 275 345 320 325 290 260 360 250 285 285 300 565 420 545 515 510 390 565 565 510 395 370 420 395 1050 635 840 795 185 90 175 110 125 155 140 175 110 140 140

Each line represents the average of duplicate tear tests (Fig. A1.8) of an individual lot of sheet. For tensile yield strength, offset is 0.2%. (a) Obsolete alloy

54 / Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys

Table 6.2(b) Results of tensile and tear tests of 0.063 in. thick heat-treated aluminum alloy sheet, transverse Tensile tests

Alloy and temper

Alclad 2014-T3

Average Alclad 2014-T3 2014-T6

Average 2014-T6 Alclad 2014-T6

Average Alclad 2014-T6 2020-O(a) Alclad 2020-O(a) 2020-T4(a) 2020-T6(a)

Average 2020-T6 Alclad 2020-T6(a) 2024-T4

Average 2024-T4 Alclad 2024-T4

Average Alclad 2024-T4 2024-T3

Average 2024-T3 Alclad 2024-T3

Average Alclad 2024-T3 2024-T36

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), ksi

61.6 63.9 62.7 62.7 72.6 72.6 71.1 69.1 68.5 72.3 71.0 71.8 67.8 67.5 67.0 68.5 28.2 38.1 49.4 81.1 83.2 81.8 81.1 81.6 81.8 73.6 66.5 67.8 67.2 69.3 66.8 67.5 61.0 64.7 65.0 63.6 65.8 65.9 68.4 66.8 67.4 67.0 69.0 68.9 67.4 67.0 67.7 69.2 66.8 67.9 68.2 65.6 64.1 62.0 63.4 65.9 64.3 66.0 75.4 74.8

Tensile yield strength (TYS), ksi

37.6 42.1 37.6 39.1 65.6 64.6 64.1 61.6 61.6 64.3 63.6 63.1 59.8 59.1 58.3 60.1 10.2 11.3 31.6 73.8 76.2 75.8 75.8 75.4 75.4 67.2 42.7 48.2 44.8 47.6 42.8 45.2 37.4 42.0 44.2 41.2 44.4 45.4 48.0 45.8 46.7 46.5 47.0 47.8 46.4 46.2 49.1 45.5 46.1 44.9 45.9 44.8 43.5 42.0 44.0 44.7 45.2 45.2 57.8 56.8

Tear tests

Elongation in 2 in., %

Tear strength, ksi

Ratio tear strength to yield strength, (TYR)

Energy required to: Initiate a crack, in.-lb

Propagate a crack, in.-lb

Total energy, in.-lb

Unit propagation energy, in.-lb/in.2

21.5 21.5 20.2 21.1 9.8 11.0 9.5 9.2 9.0 11.2 10.0 11.0 10.5 11.2 11.0 10.9 20.2 22.0 16.5 6.8 6.8 7.0 7.5 7.0 7.0 7.5 20.0 17.5 20.5 19.2 22.0 19.8 21.0 22.5 19.5 21.0 21.0 19.0 19.0 20.0 18.5 20.0 20.5 19.5 19.7 19.2 17.8 20.0 18.5 19.5 21.2 18.8 19.8 18.0 19.0 20.0 19.0 19.2 14.8 15.8

67.1 69.3 67.8 68.1 63.9 63.0 64.0 60.6 66.3 62.2 63.3 60.9 65.5 70.6 70.5 66.9 31.7 34.0 62.5 48.3 40.9 49.2 41.0 34.0 42.7 42.9 68.1 73.8 73.8 74.6 75.3 73.1 63.7 72.0 69.5 68.4 72.2 71.3 70.3 73.0 73.7 80.9 78.1 72.1 74.0 70.4 74.9 67.5 67.6 69.5 68.9 72.6 68.7 65.0 68.8 72.3 71.4 69.8 69.5 74.5

1.78 1.65 1.80 1.74 0.97 0.98 1.00 0.98 1.08 0.97 1.00 0.97 1.10 1.19 1.21 1.12 3.11 3.01 1.98 0.65 0.54 0.65 0.54 0.45 0.57 0.64 1.59 1.53 1.65 1.57 1.76 1.62 1.70 1.71 1.57 1.66 1.63 1.57 1.46 1.59 1.58 1.74 1.66 1.51 1.59 1.52 1.53 1.48 1.47 1.55 1.50 1.62 1.58 1.55 1.56 1.62 1.58 1.55 1.20 1.31

21 17 21 20 8 8 8 5 7 9 8 8 10 13 10 10 26 32 28 3 4 4 3 2 3 2 17 21 15 15 24 18 22 24 20 22 22 18 15 19 17 14 18 18 18 18 16 16 17 16 15 14 14 12 12 15 21 16 10 16

47 39 43 43 11 10 12 13 11 12 12 8 14 16 17 14 44 51 67 0 0 3 2 0 2 2 37 34 36 33 51 38 39 49 39 42 42 36 31 36 37 42 43 35 38 34 33 30 26 32 34 35 28 24 26 34 40 31 17 27

68 56 64 63 18 18 20 18 18 21 19 16 24 29 27 24 70 83 95 3 4 7 5 2 4 4 54 58 51 48 75 57 61 73 59 64 64 54 46 55 54 56 61 53 55 52 49 46 43 48 49 49 42 36 38 49 61 47 27 43

725 615 690 675 175 150 190 205 175 180 180 125 215 260 270 220 695 810 1060 0 0 50 30 0 15 30 595 580 560 515 805 610 600 750 615 655 660 570 500 570 595 690 650 565 600 525 525 470 415 495 540 565 450 390 420 550 625 500 265 410

(continued) Each line represents the average of duplicate tear tests (Fig. A1.8) of an individual lot of sheet. For tensile yield strength, offset is 0.2%. (a) Obsolete alloy

Tear Resistance / 55

Table 6.2(b) (continued) Tensile tests

Alloy and temper

Average 2024-T36 Alclad 2024-T36

Average Alclad 2024-T36 2024-T6 2024-T81

Average 2024-T81 Alclad 2024-T81

Average Alclad 2024-T81 2024-T86 Average 2024-T86 Alclad 2024-T86

Average Alclad 2024-T86 2219-T4 2219-T31 2219-T37 2219-T62 Average 2219-T62 2219-T81 Average 2219-T81 2219-T87 Average 2219-T87 2618-T6 6061-T4

Average 6061-T4 6061-T6

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), ksi

75.2 71.8 73.2 72.8 70.9 73.4 72.2 70.7 69.2 67.8 69.2 69.8 66.3 72.4 76.8 71.6 73.6 66.3 66.6 69.0 67.3 75.8 76.4 76.1 73.1 76.0 72.4 69.0 69.8 73.0 72.2 55.7 56.2 63.2 56.1 61.2 58.6 68.6 65.5 67.0 71.8 68.2 70.0 60.6 38.8 38.3 38.0 36.7 34.8 36.0 36.4 37.0 46.1 45.4 47.6 43.1 46.4 44.8 46.6 43.3 43.8

Tensile yield strength (TYS), ksi

57.5 55.2 57.0 56.5 53.8 56.4 54.8 56.0 53.0 51.8 52.6 53.6 51.8 67.6 72.6 66.7 69.0 59.6 60.3 64.0 61.3 70.8 71.6 71.2 67.6 70.5 65.8 64.1 65.1 70.0 67.2 33.6 39.0 50.8 38.6 42.8 40.7 52.4 52.4 52.4 59.0 56.3 57.6 54.2 20.0 25.3 25.2 24.8 23.7 26.6 23.4 24.1 41.8 40.7 42.3 39.1 40.6 40.4 42.4 35.4 35.2

Tear tests

Elongation in 2 in., %

Tear strength, ksi

Ratio tear strength to yield strength, (TYR)

Energy required to: Initiate a crack, in.-lb

Propagate a crack, in.-lb

Total energy, in.-lb

Unit propagation energy, in.-lb/in.2

15.5 15.0 13.2 15.0 15.5 15.0 15.5 14.0 14.8 14.2 16.0 14.9 8.8 6.0 6.0 6.2 6.1 6.5 6.8 6.5 6.6 6.2 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.5 6.2 6.2 5.2 5.8 6.0 19.5 17.0 11.2 9.5 10.5 10.0 9.5 10.2 9.8 9.2 9.5 9.4 6.0 23.0 18.0 19.0 18.5 19.0 17.0 21.5 19.4 11.5 11.2 12.2 10.8 12.5 11.8 11.5 15.0 15.8

74.2 75.7 76.4 76.3 77.1 74.8 65.8 72.5 73.6 75.3 72.3 71.9 58.6 58.4 52.1 55.5 55.3 60.3 65.2 64.8 63.4 56.1 58.2 57.2 58.8 59.1 65.0 54.5 52.5 51.9 57.0 71.7 73.6 76.1 60.9 66.8 63.8 65.9 70.4 68.2 64.2 67.2 65.7 59.2 46.5 51.8 52.2 51.3 56.2 53.5 50.3 51.7 62.4 63.2 64.3 65.4 65.0 65.4 66.5 62.9 63.0

1.29 1.37 1.34 1.35 1.43 1.33 1.20 1.29 1.39 1.45 1.37 1.34 1.13 0.86 0.72 0.83 0.80 1.01 1.08 1.01 1.03 0.79 0.81 0.80 0.87 0.84 0.99 1.85 0.81 0.74 0.85 2.13 1.89 1.50 1.58 1.56 1.57 1.26 1.34 1.30 1.09 1.19 1.14 1.09 2.32 2.05 2.07 2.07 2.37 2.01 2.15 2.15 1.49 1.55 1.52 1.67 1.60 1.62 1.57 1.78 1.79

13 11 16 17 12 14 11 14 16 18 14 15 7 6 5 6 6 10 11 4 8 5 7 6 6 8 7 6 6 7 7 33 21 14 12 15 14 9 14 12 10 10 10 8 30 21 21 22 22 19 27 23 14 17 18 16 17 22 17 19 24

22 24 26 26 31 25 18 24 29 33 30 27 15 11 8 8 9 12 11 14 12 7 7 7 9 9 9 10 7 7 8 82 50 31 29 33 31 15 27 21 16 21 18 15 72 52 58 58 66 60 70 62 40 40 32 53 48 45 42 56 58

35 35 42 43 43 38 29 38 45 51 44 41 22 17 13 15 15 22 22 18 21 12 14 13 15 17 16 16 13 14 15 115 71 45 41 48 44 24 41 32 26 31 28 23 102 73 79 80 88 79 97 85 54 57 50 69 65 67 59 75 82

335 370 415 410 490 385 275 375 425 490 450 405 245 175 130 140 150 195 175 215 195 110 120 115 135 135 140 155 110 105 130 1300 795 510 445 525 485 240 430 335 250 340 195 235 1105 850 935 935 1135 1000 1130 1015 650 635 505 865 750 715 680 930 915

(continued) Each line represents the average of duplicate tear tests (Fig. A1.8) of an individual lot of sheet. For tensile yield strength, offset is 0.2%. (a) Obsolete alloy

56 / Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys

Table 6.2(b) (continued) Tensile tests

Alloy and temper

Average 6061-T6 Alclad 6061-T6

Average Alclad 6061-T6 6066-T6 6071-T4 6071-T6(a) 6151-T6 X7002-T6(a) X7005-T6 7039-T6 7075-T6

Average 7075-T6 Alclad 7075-T6

Average Alclad 7075-T6 7075-T73

Average 7075-T73 7079-T6(a) Average 7079-T6 Alclad 7079-T6(a) Average Alclad 7079-T6 X7106-T6(a) Average X7106-T6 X7139-T6(a) 7178-T6

Average 7178-T6 Alclad 7178-T6 Average Alclad 7178-T6

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), ksi

45.2 42.6 43.2 43.0 42.4 41.0 41.9 42.4 58.2 47.4 56.2 49.2 69.3 52.2 63.0 84.6 82.6 82.1 82.4 94.8 84.3 81.0 81.2 82.6 80.8 81.4 81.6 81.0 82.1 82.3 76.7 74.8 75.2 75.8 75.8 78.0 75.8 79.1 78.1 73.9 76.3 70.9 74.0 71.3 75.5 72.9 76.1 72.8 78.8 75.9 67.7 73.4 75.9 72.3 62.4 64.3 63.4 65.7 88.9 88.4 88.1 87.4 87.0 88.0 88.0 80.9 79.9 80.5 80.4

Tensile yield strength (TYS), ksi

39.8 38.4 38.8 38.6 35.6 33.6 35.7 36.8 51.0 30.5 52.5 44.5 59.6 44.8 54.2 75.5 73.5 71.4 73.1 73.0 75.1 71.4 71.1 74.0 71.3 70.6 71.6 71.8 71.4 72.5 67.8 64.9 66.2 66.0 70.2 67.0 66.8 70.0 69.3 64.2 67.2 59.0 62.9 58.3 63.8 61.0 67.3 62.4 70.0 66.6 58.7 65.1 66.6 63.5 54.0 58.8 56.4 56.1 77.9 78.0 78.0 77.0 77.0 77.8 77.6 71.8 70.6 71.5 71.2

Tear tests

Elongation in 2 in., %

Tear strength, ksi

Ratio tear strength to yield strength, (TYR)

Energy required to: Initiate a crack, in.-lb

Propagate a crack, in.-lb

Total energy, in.-lb

Unit propagation energy, in.-lb/in.2

12.5 11.2 11.2 9.8 18.8 13.5 14.0 13.1 11.2 22.5 10.0 11.2 10.8 11.8 11.0 11.0 11.0 10.5 10.5 12.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.2 11.5 11.2 10.8 10.2 10.5 10.8 10.2 11.0 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.8 10.5 10.0 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.2 10.5 10.2 10.2 10.3 10.5 11.0 10.8 10.8 11.0 10.8 10.8 10.9 11.0 11.0 11.0 10.0 11.5 11.5 12.5 12.5 12.0 11.2 11.9 11.8 11.5 11.4 11.6

64.2 62.1 60.3 62.0 61.6 58.6 60.7 60.9 62.6 59.2 60.5 64.6 83.4 80.1 82.4 67.5 67.7 72.2 72.4 71.1 70.7 68.9 66.2 64.0 74.0 74.2 74.2 82.6 72.2 71.3 66.9 68.3 67.7 70.8 72.3 78.7 69.5 70.8 72.4 71.3 70.9 80.2 70.7 68.0 76.8 73.9 75.0 82.3 75.6 77.6 64.1 65.2 66.3 65.2 83.7 82.8 83.2 77.8 61.5 57.8 65.9 63.0 64.1 56.3 61.4 54.9 57.5 56.1 56.2

1.62 1.62 1.55 1.61 1.73 1.74 1.70 1.66 1.23 1.94 1.15 1.45 1.40 1.79 1.52 0.89 0.92 1.01 0.99 0.97 0.94 0.96 0.93 0.86 1.04 1.05 1.04 1.15 1.01 0.98 0.99 1.05 1.02 1.07 1.03 1.17 1.04 1.01 1.04 1.11 1.05 1.36 1.12 1.19 1.20 1.22 1.11 1.32 1.08 1.17 1.09 1.00 1.00 1.03 1.55 1.41 1.48 1.39 0.79 0.74 0.84 0.82 0.83 0.73 0.79 0.76 0.81 0.78 0.78

18 20 17 18 22 21 23 20 11 19 9 16 19 36 23 8 10 10 9 10 11 10 10 11 13 12 12 12 10 11 9 8 11 11 10 11 10 8 10 9 10 15 9 14 16 14 13 15 14 14 9 10 9 9 23 19 21 15 7 6 6 7 10 6 7 6 3 4 4

46 46 40 41 50 54 50 47 16 44 13 30 44 82 49 10 14 16 12 12 10 15 12 15 18 17 15 14 16 14 12 13 12 14 10 11 17 12 14 12 13 31 20 25 24 25 18 29 22 23 19 14 15 16 49 35 42 32 9 6 10 9 11 6 8 6 7 7 7

64 66 57 59 72 75 73 67 27 63 22 46 63 118 72 18 24 26 21 22 21 25 22 26 31 29 27 26 26 25 21 21 23 25 20 22 27 20 24 21 22 46 29 39 40 38 31 44 36 37 28 24 24 25 72 54 63 47 16 12 16 16 21 12 16 12 10 11 11

740 715 625 670 795 850 780 740 250 700 200 460 710 1275 780 155 220 240 190 190 155 240 190 230 285 255 230 240 240 220 195 215 190 215 160 180 280 185 225 190 205 500 310 380 415 400 280 485 345 370 300 225 220 250 805 565 685 510 140 90 160 145 175 85 130 95 110 105 105

Each line represents the average of duplicate tear tests (Fig. A1.8) of an individual lot of sheet. For tensile yield strength, offset is 0.2%. (a) Obsolete alloy

Tear Resistance / 57

Table 6.3(a) Results of tensile and tear tests of aluminum alloy plate, longitudinal Tensile tests

Alloy and temper

2014-T651

2020-T651(a) 2024-T351 2024-T851

2024-T86 2219-T62 2219-T851 2219-T87

2618-T651 5083-O

5083-H321

5083-H131 5083-H115 5086-O

5086-H32 5086-H34 5154-O 5154-H34 5356-O 5356-H321 5454-O

5454-H32 5454-H34 5456-O

Ultimate tensile Thickness, strength in. (UTS), ksi

0.25 0.25 0.25 1.00 0.25 1.38 1.00 1.50 0.25 0.25 0.88 1.38 0.88 1.00 1.00 1.25 1.38 0.25 0.25 0.38 1.00 1.00 1.38 0.38 0.75 1.00 7.00 7.70 0.38 0.38 0.50 0.75 1.50 1.38 0.38 0.50 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.25 0.50 0.50 0.38 0.75 0.75 1.00 0.25 0.38 0.50 0.75 0.38 0.75 0.75 0.75 1.00

69.7 67.7 70.3 69.0 81.6 81.9 72.7 69.4 71.8 73.0 71.9 71.8 76.5 58.2 65.8 65.8 66.6 69.3 69.4 68.0 68.4 68.4 62.5 47.6 45.4 43.2 45.0 39.6 48.8 51.0 50.7 49.8 49.4 ... 37.5 38.0 36.6 41.7 43.3 50.7 38.0 35.1 42.0 42.3 43.5 51.0 53.3 36.3 39.2 37.5 38.8 41.1 35.9 38.6 42.1 41.1 41.6 40.9 50.0 49.9 50.8 49.0 47.5

Tensile yield strength (TYS), ksi

64.3 62.1 65.0 63.5 77.4 76.3 58.2 53.0 65.2 66.4 67.9 65.6 72.8 39.8 52.8 50.8 52.0 57.6 56.0 56.0 57.0 57.1 58.0 23.0 21.8 19.0 19.7 17.6 35.0 34.4 36.7 40.8 42.6 ... 17.3 18.4 16.0 20.5 31.1 38.2 19.5 16.1 30.3 19.5 18.9 35.7 34.7 18.2 23.6 19.6 22.7 23.2 16.6 19.8 31.6 27.1 35.0 28.9 26.6 23.4 24.1 23.2 22.6

Tear tests

Elongation in 2 in., %

11.6 11.0 11.0 10.2 8.5 6.0 18.0 19.5 10.0 8.8 8.0 7.5 8.5 13.2 11.2 11.0 11.0 10.5 10.8 11.0 11.8 11.5 9.3 23.0 23.0 24.5 24.2 22.2 18.5 17.2 18.4 15.5 10.5 ... 31.6 30.0 32.0 25.0 16.0 12.5 27.5 30.7 16.2 18.5 28.8 15.3 16.0 22.0 20.8 21.6 21.2 22.0 25.0 21.5 17.5 20.0 15.2 15.7 20.8 22.5 20.0 21.8 20.8

Tear strength, ksi

Ratio tear strength to yield strength, (TYR)

Energy required to: Initiate a crack, in.-lb

78.4 71.5 72.7 67.4 59.0 51.7 83.3 80.3 67.0 69.6 67.2 64.9 73.0 67.6 75.0 69.2 70.2 70.5 73.0 73.4 70.6 72.8 65.1 54.0 53.4 50.0 51.3 44.0 66.0 63.4 64.4 67.0 63.9 66.6 43.6 44.6 44.6 46.5 62.2 64.0 49.2 45.1 57.5 49.8 50.8 68.0 65.6 49.4 53.9 48.0 51.9 53.2 46.7 47.5 57.2 55.0 61.6 59.1 58.6 51.6 55.5 52.1 52.6

1.22 1.15 1.12 1.06 0.76 0.68 1.43 1.52 1.03 1.05 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.70 1.42 1.36 1.36 1.22 1.30 1.31 1.24 1.27 1.12 2.35 2.45 2.63 2.61 2.38 1.89 1.84 1.75 1.64 1.50 ... 2.52 2.42 2.79 2.27 2.13 1.68 2.52 2.80 1.90 2.55 1.76 1.90 1.89 2.71 2.28 2.45 2.29 2.29 2.81 2.40 1.81 2.03 1.76 2.04 2.20 2.21 2.30 2.25 2.33

15 10 16 17 5 7 38 38 7 7 16 13 13 23 21 20 22 18 13 13 16 22 13 55 57 55 50 44 45 42 38 32 46 29 73 69 73 66 60 37 62 80 62 66 65 66 60 41 78 39 69 67 75 38 30 72 43 61 57 44 50 55 56

Propagate a crack, in.-lb

22 23 37 27 6 12 72 74 12 14 23 15 23 50 47 36 53 33 26 23 52 ... 28 113 108 121 108 83 113 85 82 82 63 60 139 134 127 114 86 65 138 135 92 148 141 105 87 53 120 67 107 114 129 76 52 111 92 101 99 99 112 106 93

Total energy, in.-lb

37 33 53 44 11 19 110 111 19 21 39 28 35 72 68 55 75 50 38 37 68 ... 41 167 164 176 158 127 158 127 120 114 108 89 212 203 200 179 146 101 199 215 154 213 206 171 147 94 199 106 176 181 204 114 82 183 135 162 157 142 162 160 149

Unit propagation energy, in.-lb/in.2

355 350 375 270 90 115 720 740 195 215 230 155 230 500 470 355 530 330 410 370 525 ... 280 1125 1075 1215 1075 830 1125 855 820 820 626 600 1390 1340 1270 1135 860 645 1375 1350 920 1475 1405 1050 865 830 1205 1040 1070 1140 1290 1190 810 1110 920 1010 995 985 1120 1055 930

(continued) Each line of data represents a separate lot of material; average of duplicate or triplicate tests. Specimens per Fig. A1.8, generally 0.100 in. thick; in a few cases, 0.063in. thick specimens were used. For yield strengths, offset is 0.2%. (a) Obsolete alloy

58 / Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys

Table 6.3(a) (continued) Tensile tests

Alloy and temper

5456-H321

6061-T651 7001-T75(a) 7001-T7551(a)

7005-T6351 7075-T651

7075-T7351

7079-T651(a)

7106-T6351(a)

7139-T6351(a) 7178-T651

Ultimate tensile Thickness, strength in. (UTS), ksi

0.38 0.50 0.50 0.75 0.75 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.25 1.24 0.75 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.00 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.38 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.25 1.38 2.50 2.75 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.38 2.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 1.50 3.00 4.00 0.25 0.50 1.50 3.00 1.00 0.25 0.31 0.31 0.34 0.44 0.50

51.4 55.8 ... 57.5 56.3 ... 52.0 ... 55.4 44.9 88.0 94.2 81.9 80.6 81.4 81.8 80.6 80.6 54.2 82.3 83.0 85.0 83.9 84.3 81.9 83.0 86.9 91.5 90.4 88.8 85.4 82.6 71.4 71.8 70.3 73.2 72.8 74.5 76.2 70.0 80.2 79.0 79.4 84.2 83.5 79.0 61.0 65.6 66.0 62.2 70.5 88.7 89.4 89.0 85.8 88.3 90.6

Tensile yield strength (TYS), ksi

32.3 35.5 ... 35.6 34.5 ... 36.7 ... 33.8 42.2 83.0 89.5 74.8 73.0 74.4 72.2 70.6 70.6 47.2 75.8 77.3 78.8 78.2 78.0 75.8 72.6 79.4 83.2 81.6 80.4 76.8 69.6 60.4 61.4 59.2 62.5 61.6 62.8 66.2 58.3 74.7 73.8 74.0 76.8 76.3 72.6 54.5 57.7 59.4 57.0 61.2 84.3 84.0 84.9 79.2 80.1 83.2

Tear tests

Elongation in 2 in., %

19.6 16.0 ... 14.8 13.5 ... 12.5 ... 13.2 16.5 8.8 9.5 11.0 11.0 10.2 9.5 9.5 9.5 17.0 12.2 14.5 13.5 13.0 14.0 13.8 12.0 11.5 10.5 10.0 9.8 7.8 10.0 13.0 12.5 13.5 12.8 11.2 11.8 10.2 9.8 11.0 14.0 12.8 10.0 10.0 11.0 14.5 14.8 12.6 15.0 13.0 13.0 12.0 11.5 11.5 11.2 12.4

Tear strength, ksi

Ratio tear strength to yield strength, (TYR)

60.6 68.4 68.1 68.8 65.3 65.0 64.9 65.6 65.7 71.0 43.9 55.4 63.7 58.9 56.6 69.9 69.7 72.6 80.7 75.0 81.2 80.2 80.2 78.6 88.4 ... 76.7 75.8 70.3 77.1 68.6 70.0 79.3 80.8 83.7 79.0 77.4 80.4 82.2 74.9 75.8 86.8 84.2 79.6 76.8 69.4 83.8 86.8 87.3 86.0 85.0 70.8 70.8 60.3 64.2 66.2 70.2

1.88 1.92 ... 1.93 1.89 ... 1.77 ... 1.95 1.69 0.53 0.62 0.85 0.81 0.76 0.97 0.99 1.03 1.71 0.99 1.05 1.02 1.03 1.01 1.17 ... 0.97 0.91 0.86 0.96 0.89 1.01 1.32 0.13 1.41 1.26 1.26 1.28 1.24 1.28 1.01 1.18 1.14 1.04 1.01 0.96 1.54 1.50 1.53 1.51 1.39 0.84 0.84 0.71 0.81 0.83 0.84

Energy required to: Initiate a crack, in.-lb

42 54 39 47 42 42 41 32 49 47 5 7 11 9 9 14 14 13 62 18 14 11 10 17 26 ... 16 13 14 20 15 16 28 25 23 27 26 24 27 22 17 14 23 18 18 14 22 47 42 39 27 9 12 6 13 11 13

Propagate a crack, in.-lb

92 104 73 75 90 83 86 62 88 91 10 12 17 12 13 19 16 18 101 31 22 23 18 23 47 ... 45 28 20 21 21 25 49 52 39 46 41 39 39 42 25 24 34 39 37 21 56 105 89 91 62 6 24 20 14 25 25

Total energy, in.-lb

114 158 112 122 132 126 126 95 137 138 15 19 28 21 22 32 30 31 164 49 36 34 28 40 73 ... 61 41 34 41 36 41 77 77 61 73 67 63 65 64 41 38 56 57 55 35 78 152 131 130 89 15 36 26 28 36 38

Unit propagation energy, in.-lb/in.2

920 1040 725 750 900 835 860 630 875 905 95 130 175 120 125 185 160 180 1015 315 345 360 280 225 470 ... 450 285 200 210 215 250 495 525 610 470 410 395 385 425 245 240 335 390 370 210 895 1040 880 915 615 95 240 200 145 250 250

(continued) Each line of data represents a separate lot of material; average of duplicate or triplicate tests. Specimens per Fig. A1.8, generally 0.100 in. thick; in a few cases, 0.063in. thick specimens were used. For yield strengths, offset is 0.2%. (a) Obsolete alloy

Tear Resistance / 59

Table 6.3(a) (continued) Tensile tests

Alloy and temper

7178-T7651

Ultimate tensile Thickness, strength in. (UTS), ksi

0.50 0.63 1.00 1.25 0.25 0.31 1.00 1.00

90.3 88.2 93.8 93.6 77.4 75.9 80.6 80.2

Tensile yield strength (TYS), ksi

83.4 81.2 87.2 84.2 68.4 65.8 71.7 71.2

Tear tests

Elongation in 2 in., %

12.0 9.1 9.5 9.0 11.0 12.0 11.0 10.2

Tear strength, ksi

Ratio tear strength to yield strength, (TYR)

Energy required to: Initiate a crack, in.-lb

Propagate a crack, in.-lb

Total energy, in.-lb

Unit propagation energy, in.-lb/in.2

72.6 67.1 61.5 61.8 80.3 73.3 81.1 79.0

0.87 0.83 0.71 0.73 1.18 1.11 1.13 1.11

14 13 9 13 28 18 27 22

24 20 18 17 29 16 18 33

38 33 27 30 49 34 45 55

235 205 180 170 290 155 175 325

Each line of data represents a separate lot of material; average of duplicate or triplicate tests. Specimens per Fig. A1.8, generally 0.100 in. thick; in a few cases, 0.063in. thick specimens were used. For yield strengths, offset is 0.2%. (a) Obsolete alloy

Table 6.3(b) Results of tensile and tear tests of aluminum alloy plate, transverse Tensile tests

Alloy and temper

2014-T651

2020-T651(a) 2024-T42 2024-T351

2024-T36 2024-T62 2024-T851

2024-T86 2219-T62 2219-T851

2219-T87

2618-T651 5083-O

5083-H321

Ultimate tensile Thickness, strength in. (UTS), ksi

0.25 0.25 0.25 1.00 0.25 1.38 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.50 0.88 1.38 0.50 0.88 1.00 1.00 1.25 1.38 0.25 0.25 0.38 1.00 1.00 1.38 0.38 0.75 1.00 7.00 7.70 0.38 0.38 0.50

70.0 68.4 69.6 69.5 83.1 82.2 67.4 67.4 72.4 68.4 72.0 70.2 72.0 72.4 70.2 71.5 71.2 75.1 73.9 58.8 66.5 65.8 65.8 70.2 69.5 69.0 68.8 69.1 63.2 47.4 43.3 43.2 45.0 39.4 49.6 49.9 50.3

Tear tests

Tensile yield strength (TYS), ksi

62.2 60.7 62.8 62.7 78.0 77.4 43.2 50.0 52.0 47.4 64.8 57.4 66.2 65.8 65.5 66.9 64.8 71.6 69.9 39.8 50.4 49.1 49.3 57.2 55.9 55.5 56.7 57.1 56.4 23.0 23.6 19.7 20.8 18.1 31.3 31.6 32.9

Elongation in 2 in., %

10.2 10.0 10.5 8.8 6.0 2.4 20.0 18.8 16.5 17.2 12.6 10.6 8.0 7.5 7.2 7.0 6.0 4.8 6.0 11.0 10.0 11.0 9.3 10.5 10.0 ... 9.9 9.0 10.0 25.2 20.8 24.2 18.8 21.0 21.8 20.0 19.2

Tear strength, ksi

Ratio tear strength to yield strength, (TYR)

Initiate a crack, in.-lb

Energy required to: Propagate a crack, in.-lb

Total energy, in.-lb

Unit propagation energy, in.-lb/in.2

67.8 68.8 63.2 61.0 35.0 36.7 71.4 71.6 80.2 71.1 67.2 62.8 64.1 68.6 60.8 56.8 56.7 49.6 56.0 65.7 66.9 65.6 65.2 71.6 69.4 68.6 63.5 61.5 66.3 54.0 51.0 49.2 49.1 41.4 63.2 61.7 63.0

1.09 1.13 1.00 0.97 0.45 0.47 1.65 1.43 1.54 1.50 1.04 1.09 0.97 1.04 0.93 0.85 0.88 0.69 0.80 1.65 1.33 1.34 1.32 1.25 1.24 1.24 1.12 1.08 1.17 2.35 2.16 2.50 2.35 2.27 2.02 1.95 1.91

9 8 10 13 2 3 25 24 37 25 14 13 6 8 12 10 10 6 14 18 12 21 14 19 10 11 12 12 13 57 47 57 37 31 44 43 38

12 14 16 18 5 5 53 44 52 49 19 13 10 10 11 17 7 7 18 34 30 46 24 22 21 18 27 22 26 97 99 109 83 62 84 81 74

21 22 25 31 7 8 78 68 88 74 34 26 16 18 23 27 18 13 32 51 43 68 35 41 31 29 39 34 39 153 146 166 110 93 128 123 112

185 220 155 180 50 50 525 440 515 490 195 135 160 160 109 170 70 70 180 335 305 460 245 220 330 280 270 225 260 965 990 1090 830 625 840 805 745

(continued) Each line of data represents a separate lot of material; average of duplicate or triplicate tests. Specimens per Fig. A1.8. generally 0.100 in. thick; in a few cases, 0.063-in. thick specimens were tested. (a) Obsolete alloy

60 / Fracture Resistance of Aluminum Alloys

Table 6.3(b) (continued) Tensile tests

Alloy and temper

5083-H131 5083-H115 5086-O

5086-H32 5086-H34 5154-O 5154-H34 5356-O 5356-H321 5454-O

5454-H32 5454-H34

5456-O

5456-H321

6061-T651 7001-T75(a) 7001-T7551(a)

7005-T6351 7075-T651

Ultimate tensile Thickness, strength in. (UTS), ksi

0.75 1.50 1.38 0.38 0.50 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.25 0.50 0.50 0.38 0.75 0.75 1.00 0.25 0.38 0.50 0.75 0.38 0.75 0.75 0.75 1.00 0.38 0.50 0.50 0.75 0.75 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.25 0.50 1.24 0.75 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.00 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.38 0.50 0.50

51.2 50.1 48.7 38.1 38.2 37.6 41.1 42.4 52.4 38.8 36.1 42.2 43.4 44.7 48.1 51.8 36.5 38.6 38.1 38.4 40.1 35.6 38.8 41.0 40.7 42.6 41.4 50.4 50.4 48.5 48.8 48.3 51.5 54.4 ... 55.8 55.9 ... 50.1 ... 55.4 45.0 44.9 89.6 92.8 81.8 80.0 81.8 80.8 79.9 80.5 53.3 84.8 84.8 75.8 84.0 86.1 83.8 82.4 86.6

Tensile yield strength (TYS), ksi

36.6 37.5 34.8 18.1 18.9 17.3 20.6 29.0 37.4 19.2 16.2 30.5 19.8 21.7 33.7 33.2 18.7 23.8 20.6 23.2 23.2 16.8 20.4 29.8 26.4 33.9 29.4 27.4 23.7 24.0 24.0 22.8 30.6 34.4 ... 34.4 33.6 ... 33.0 ... 33.3 40.2 40.4 80.6 85.8 73.7 71.2 73.4 71.3 69.6 70.6 46.5 74.8 74.2 75.3 72.0 74.8 74.6 71.6 77.9

Tear tests

Elongation in 2 in., %

14.5 13.0 17.0 31.2 28.8 30.5 27.8 22.0 15.7 27.8 29.6 20.0 29.3 27.7 22.2 21.0 21.5 22.8 24.0 24.0 22.0 24.0 22.0 18.0 24.4 16.8 18.8 21.2 22.3 22.0 21.2 22.2 22.0 21.2 ... 19.3 19.0 ... 17.0 ... 16.5 16.8 15.2 10.2 7.0 8.5 9.0 9.2 8.8 9.0 8.8 16.2 11.2 13.0 13.2 13.0 12.5 12.0 11.2 11.5

Tear strength, ksi

Ratio tear strength to yield strength, (TYR)

Energy required to: Initiate a crack, in.-lb

Propagate a crack, in.-lb

64.8 63.5 63.0 43.3 44.6 45.2 46.0 60.4 61.7 49.6 44.1 58.4 48.8 49.2 64.2 62.1 50.0 55.0 48.6 52.8 50.8 45.6 47.0 59.9 57.5 62.3 60.5 58.1 49.2 54.0 49.9 52.4 61.0 66.0 65.5 62.0 61.8 62.2 63.8 60.9 62.8 66.1 68.9 38.3 39.0 45.2 47.6 42.6 51.6 57.8 57.6 79.8 65.7 77.2 79.8 79.3 67.0 77.8 73.4 72.6

1.77 1.69 1.81 2.39 2.36 2.61 2.23 2.08 1.65 2.58 2.72 1.91 2.46 2.27 1.90 1.87 2.67 2.31 2.36 2.28 2.19 2.71 2.30 2.01 2.18 1.84 2.06 2.12 2.08 2.25 2.08 2.30 1.99 1.92 ... 1.80 1.84 ... 1.93 ... 1.89 1.64 1.71 0.48 0.45 0.61 0.67 0.58 0.72 0.83 0.82 1.72 0.88 1.04 1.06 1.10 0.90 1.04 1.03 0.93

33 35 26 68 73 67 64 51 33 65 77 66 63 58 46 46 36 79 50 76 55 75 39 39 72 48 68 50 42 44 47 53 46 48 31 35 38 32 39 32 41 31 36 4 3 5 6 5 7 8 8 53 16 12 12 10 12 20 17 14

56 52 50 129 117 124 92 80 40 123 115 87 120 114 66 70 61 120 73 107 86 111 61 58 120 65 91 91 82 92 81 93 79 81 58 62 58 66 71 67 80 49 77