Forrestal and the Navy 9780231882477

Citation preview

FORREST AL AND THE

NAVY

Wide World Photos

Forrestal and the Navy BY ROBERT

GREENHALGH

AND ROBERT

HOWE

ALBION

CONNERY

With the collaboration of Jennie Barnes Pope

Foreword by William T. R. Fox

COLUMBIA

UNIVERSITY

PRESS

New York and London 1962

Copyright © 1962 Columbia University Press Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 62-9974 Manufactured in the United States of America

Foreword

N O S U B J E C T in contemporary American political science has had a more vigorous development in the past decade than the study of national security policy and the processes by which it is made. Similarly, no aspect of the history of our times in the United States has commanded more serious scholarly attention than the history of military policy. In this study of James Forrestal and the United States Department of the Navy, we have a book which is important both as political science and as history and important to each discipline in an area in which it is being most rapidly developed. It is wholly appropriate that a study with this dual importance should be the joint product of a maritime historian and a student of American national government, each of whom were participantobservers in the Department of the N a v y during Secretary Forrestal's period of service in the Department. Professor Albion was Historian of Naval Administration and in that capacity brought Professor Connery into the N a v y Department to serve as the historian assigned to Forrestal's office during the war; they have worked with primary source materials in this study, but they have been able to bring to their analysis of the primary sources the special understanding that can only have come from being in the Department when many of the events described were occurring. It might have been possible to write a biography of Forrestal in World War II and after with the main theme being the good fortune of the United States in having an unusually well-qualified person holding important jobs at a critical juncture in American history. It is true, of course, that each national crisis demonstrates

vi

Foreword

how many men of extraordinary talent and high dedication can be drawn away from their private concerns and enlisted in the nation's service. James Forrestal belongs in that twentieth-century line of public servants who have first achieved great success in the N e w York world of law or finance and then moved on to serve with distinction in one of the military departments of the national government, and to do so in a very unpartisan way. This tradition also includes men like Elihu Root, Henry Stimson, and Robert Lovett. It is a far cry from the time of the Spanish-American War when the Army and the N a v y each went their separate ways, when there was hardly any such thing as military policy or naval policy, when the two Departments coordinated very little with each other and hardly at all with the Department of State, and when military policies, such as they were, were only most distantly and imperfectly coordinated with industrial mobilization policies. In the 1960s there is purposeful formulation of military policy in each service, there is interservice coordination through the Joint Chiefs of Staff, there is coordination of military policy with foreign policy and industrial mobilization policy in the National Security Council, and there is coordination of national policy with that of our N A T O allies through the instrumentalities of N A T O . The most critical phases in the evolution of contemporary institutions for making and implementing national security policy occurred in the period in which Forrestal was playing an increasingly important role. Whether one is interested in transformations in the organization of the N a v y Department and the Navy, in the evolution of military and especially naval and naval aviation technology, in problems of interservice coordination and unified theater commands, or in processes by which the United States adjusts its defense posture to the changing threats of the postwar world or in shaping the pattern of armed services unification, there are important things in this book to read. In the contemporary period, civilian control of the military requires a great deal more than simply "preventing the high brass from taking over." Civilian control demands competent civilians. Furthermore, national security must rest on an integration of military and civilian skills which can only be supplied by a civilian organizer. In this study of James Forrestal, we see the principle of

Foreword

vii

civilian control applied under modern conditions. Above all, we see the major contribution which civilian organizational skills have been able to make to more rational decisions about problems of national security. Columbia University

W I L L I A M T. R. FOX

Professor of International Relations and Director of the Institute of War and Peace Studies

Preface

T H I S IS an account of Forrestal during his years in the N a v y Department. While it does not pretend to be a comprehensive history of naval administration in World War II, nor a biography of his life, it does, however, have much to say on both those subjects in the broad areas where they overlapped in such significant fashion. It emphasizes civilian-military relationships as a case study of an extraordinarily able civilian executive in a military department. The authors believe that they have been in a unique position to contribute to such an account. For a dozen years, off and on, they observed naval administration and policy-making in many places and at many levels. They have known personally many of the civilians and officers most intimately concerned, including Forrestal himself. During the war and for a while afterwards, Albion served as Historian of Naval Administration in the N a v y Department, with Connery, a reserve commander, as his deputy for part of that time. Forrestal himself later had Connery gathering and organizing material for his projected book on his N a v y experience. Since then, both authors have made the most of opportunities to discuss the various facets of Forrestal's career with those who knew him best. Connery served on the staff of the Armed Services Task Force of the first Hoover Commission in 1948; and Albion was one of those selected to present the Navy's administrative experience before that group. Later, Connery served as consultant to the Secretary of Defense, returning in 1953 to the N a v y Department for a brief period in the Secretary's office. Over a span of twenty years, Albion has lectured before various naval groups, including the Naval Finance and Supply School, the Naval Academy, and the National

χ

Preface

War College. In 194Ó, he accompanied Assistant Secretary Hensel to England to study the workings of the Admiralty in connection with Forrestal's interest in that subject. Aside from those personal contacts, the authors have made use of the Navy Department files, Forrestal's extensive personal files now at Princeton University, and his "diaries," likewise at Princeton. Those diaries, from which Walter Millis and Eugene S. Duffield selected and edited pertinent passages for publication, cover only the last three of his seven years in the Navy Department. Some of the topics in this study may be found in great detail in Connery's The Navy and the Industrial Mobilization in World War 11 (Princeton University Press, 1951) and in Albion's manuscript studies in naval administration, 1798-1947. The authors would like to thank all those who have helped; frequently they gave many hours of their time, often at considerable inconvenience to themselves. Their names are indicated in the rear of this volume, except in a few cases where the information came from persons who desired to remain anonymous. This volume carries the story to that day in 1947 when Forrestal moved from the Navy Department to the Pentagon as first Secretary of Defense. The tragic account of his last twenty months has been left for another time. That is a different story, and would be a less pleasant one to write, involving as it does the forces and persons who fought and finally overwhelmed him. Harvard University Duke University

ROBERT G. ALBION ROBERT H. CONNERY

Contents

Foreword, by William T . R . Fox Preface

ν ix

ι.

The Road to the Cabinet

ι

2.

Executive in Action

14

3.

Traditions and Precedents

38

4.

Getting Under W a y

59

5.

Impact on Pearl Harbor

83

6.

Midpassage

109

7.

The White House and the Hill

128

8.

"Those Who Hate W a r "

157

9.

Ability and Experience

198

10.

". . . Unto the Civilians"

226

h.

The Road to the Pentagon

250

Appendixes

287

Notes

305

Bibliography

335

Index

343

Illustrations

James V . Forrestal

Frontispiece

Office of the Secretary of the N a v y

32 facing page

Secretary of the N a v y Forrestal at a news conference

40

Forrestal's base of operations, 1940-47 Under Secretary Forrestal aboard the USS New Jersey

126

Secretary Forrestal chatting with Admirals Ernest J . K i n g and William D. Leahy Admiral Chester W . Nimitz greeting Forrestal in Saipan Three Princeton alumni: Under Secretary Bard '06, Secretary Forrestal ' 1 5 , and Assistant Secretary Hensel '23

210

FORREST AL AND THE NAVY

/

The Road to the Cabinet

J A M E S F O R R E S T A L was sworn in on August 22, 1940 as the first Under Secretary of the Navy, a post created two months earlier. On September 17, 1947, he became the first incumbent of another new office, Secretary of Defense. Almost midway between those two dates, he was made the 47th and final full Secretary of the Navy with Cabinet rank. All three oaths were administered in the spacious Secretary's office in "Main N a v y " on Constitution Avenue, where he was to do his most significant work. At the time Forrestal entered government service, he was virtually unknown outside Wall Street financial circles, where he had been the head of the aggressively successful investment house of Dillon, Read & Company. Not once was his name in The New York Times Index for 1939. That would have been, to be sure, a matter of scant concern to him, for he was a man who did not seek or want publicity for himself. He did not even bother to fill out information for Who's Who in America. By 1944, when he became Secretary, his picture had appeared so often that a good segment of the public would recognize that taut, keen, thoughtful face. Although it was only four years since he came to the Navy Department, he was generally recognized as the man best fitted to be Secretary. Such appreciation of his work with the Navy must have been a gratifying recompense for the intense strain and severe responsibilities of a naval executive in wartime. It was obviously a far more taxing job than Wall Street, not to mention a salary shrunk to the official stipend. But he gave no indication that the loss of his reputed salary of $190,000 deterred him, nor on the other hand

2

The Road to the Cabinet

that considerations of power made the N a v y post more attractive. His appointment to the N a v y Department, along with that of his close associates, is a striking case study of the way political executives are recruited for the federal service. It indicates the part that politics, chance, administrative experience, and personality play in the selection for such high posts in the American system. The candidates, moreover, frequently have their doubts and hesitations about entering public life, as did Forrestal. He showed a definite reluctance when an actual offer materialized, although the general idea had stimulated his interest. Apparently several men deserve a share of the credit for bringing him to Washington. A major element seems to have been the movement that led to the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. In this connection, both Forrestal—then vice president of Dillon, Read & Company—and Robert A . Lovett —a partner in the private banking house of Brown Brothers, Harriman and Company, who later held high posts in the War, State, and Defense Departments—attracted the attention of two lawyers actively directing this reform movement. William O. Douglas was first head of a bureau of the Securities Exchange Commission studying reorganizations and bankruptcies, later a member of the Commission, and finally its chairman before becoming an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court. The other, Thomas G . Corcoran, who had been associated with the law firm that served as counsel to Dillon, Read, was special assistant to the Attorney General of the United States and was aiding the Congressional committees in drafting the Securities Exchange bill. Many financial houses in Wall Street and elsewhere resented this measure which brought the federal government, under the guidance of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, into the regulation of Stock Exchange practices. Although their own companies were naturally affected, Forrestal and Lovett cooperated in generous, though unpublicized, fashion with the reform efforts. Because of that 1933-34 contact, Douglas and Corcoran both thought of Forrestal in 1940, when men were needed to strengthen the government in the crisis of impending war. Justice Douglas later wrote: I met Forrestal at the SEC and he was quite helpful to me behind the scenes in the work I did in reorganizing the New York Stock Exchange.

The Road to the Cabinet

3

He was interested in coming to Washington. I encouraged him in the project and recommended him to Roosevelt. What others may have done at that time I do not know. 1 Corcoran, meanwhile, had been exercising his influence, which was not inconsiderable; b y 1940, the ebullient " T o m m y the C o r k , " as Roosevelt called him, was a power at the W h i t e House. A c c o r d i n g to him, Forrestal was a part of the movement to reform the N e w York Stock Exchange and the investment banking business in which I participated for the Government. . . . I suggested to President Roosevelt that the Administration needed liberals who were effective administrators. I then negotiated between the President and Mr. Forrestal in his own entrance into the White House organization as an Administrative Assistant to the President.2 Forrestal, w h o became a consummate salesman of ideas, had undergone his apprenticeship in the hard competition of the investment market. H e received his basic training in salesmanship f r o m William A . Phillips, sales manager of the Dillon, Read firm. Phillips, later a dominant partner, along with his Harvard classmate, Clarence Dillon, deeply influenced the y o u n g Forrestal. A c c o r d i n g to Dean iMathey, another partner, w h o was three years ahead of Forrestal at Princeton and w h o had been responsible f o r bringing him into that office shortly after he left college, he always continued to feel a great affection and respect f o r Phillips. F r o m this initiation, Forrestal became a past master of the art of persuasion, not only in selling investment securities but also in inducing others to help w o r k out his ideas. A f t e r 1937, as president of the firm, he demonstrated this latter ability in finding the right men to staff concerns being financed b y the company. H e became an excellent, though not infallible, judge of men; constantly stored up information as to where to turn f o r those best fitted f o r a particular niche; and then was able to talk even normally hard-to-get individuals into working with him. A memorandum to Roosevelt, apparently drawn up b y C o r coran, indicates much of this: Following up your suggestion that you might want to take Forrestal as one of your administrative assistants to help find the men with "big names" and organizing ability to handle the problem of industrial production of war materials. . . . H e has been the acknowledged leader of your crowd in Wall Street.

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From the point of view of what you said you needed now, Forrestal has three outstanding qualifications: (1) His specialty is industrial personnel—he has been rounding up management material for Dillon's companies for a long time. (2) He has enormous courage to do things that have never been done. He has pioneered financing jobs that everyone else in the Street was afraid to touch—like this new common stock utility financing. (3) He has followed the German situation closely for many years because of Dillon's post-war German financing—he understands the situation thoroughly and bitterly and he has followed you eagerly in your perception in the need to get the nation ready. . . . The appointment together of Forrestal (as administrative assistant) and of Sumner Pike to the Republican vacancy on S.E.C, would head off all the pressures Henry Luce is engineering to force you to "recognize" Willkie.3 Both the President and Forrestal consulted Bernard Baruch, the N e w York financier, who had been chairman of the War Industries Board of World War I and, thereafter, was to be in constant demand for his sage counseling in national policies. He later wrote: President Roosevelt asked me to give him my opinion of Forrestal, telling me that he wanted him there at the White House as one of his anonymities. I spoke of Mr. Forrestal in the highest terms. I do not know who suggested him to the President. . . . after receiving the request from the President . . . I asked Mr. Forrestal to come to my house . . . and told him the President's request and advised him that if he got the call to go.4 A handwritten note sent to Corcoran at this point by Forrestal is perhaps more characteristic than almost any of the thousands of other Forrestal letters: Dear Tom: Just to clarify our talk of yesterday: I have some misgiving whether I can be effective in the role you outlined and I think there are better men available. Bob Lovett is one who comes to my mind. But this is no time for prima donna tactics and I don't want to be in that light. The whole picture is too serious for that. So I'm giving you my proxy—and I shall be happy either way it works out. I want' neither publicity nor glory—the price of both is too high. As ever JVF

5

Forrestal spoke of his worry about making the change to an old friend, Arthur Krock, while in Washington for his appoint-

The Road to the Cabinet

j

ment with Roosevelt: "I'd give anything to get out of this." The dean of Washington journalists, at the moment out of favor at the White House, retorted, "Just tell him that you're going to stay with me down here—that ought to fix it." 6 But Roosevelt was himself a prime persuader; and on June 23, Forrestal was sworn in as the fourth of the newly created Administrative Assistants to the President. That post, which he held for only two months, was one of a group established by statute in 1939 in the Executive Office of the President. The program, drawn up by the distinguished political scientists Charles E. Merriam, Louis Brownlow, and Luther Gulick, stated that these appointees ought to have a "passion for anonymity." 7 This phrase evoked considerable comment; Krock called one of his columns " T h e Six Anonymous Eremites." The term had first been used somewhat humorously by one of Lloyd George's secretaries in describing the longtime secretary of the British Cabinet, Sir Maurice Hankey. 8 Forrestal was not happy with the job. N o one, apparently, had thought out just what he was to do. He was supposed to handle certain Latin American affairs, with which he had had some, but not intimate, experience. The Havana Conference provided him with a little business for a while, as did a project to get ore from Brazil.9 One day, a friend found him sitting behind a desk, quite clear of papers, obviously restless. In a national crisis, this was not the sort of job he had expected. But it so happened that within three weeks of the time he began these duties, his transfer to the N a v y Department was already under consideration. This was not as radical or as surprising a change as his initial coming down from N e w York; the new post, however, would give him a decisive role in the war years ahead. For months, the House Naval Affairs Committee had been holding hearings aimed at a major reorganization of the N a v y Department, a time-honored and generally futile occupation. 10 Finally, Roosevelt put his foot down; he would approve only two relatively moderate changes—the merger of two bureaus 1 1 and the creation of a new post, Under Secretary. Congress complied in the so-called Naval Reorganization Act. 1 2 These were weeks of strain and near-war activity at Washington, as the unchecked westward sweep of German forces triggered new

6

The Road to the Cabinet

developments, thick and fast. Roosevelt, on June 14, signed the "Third Vinson" bill, authorizing an 11 percent increase of naval strength 1 3 though he objected to the much more drastic " T w o Ocean N a v y " bill that Carl Vinson, veteran chairman of House Naval Affairs Committee, insisted upon introducing that same day. On June 20, Roosevelt signed the afore-mentioned Naval Reorganization bill; and also angered the Republican National Convention by appointing two Republican interventionists as Secretaries of W a r and N a v y . T w o days later France signed an armistice. Roosevelt was nominated for a third term to run against Wendell Willkie on July 18. The next day he signed Vinson's " T w o Ocean N a v y " bill, giving the green light for a 70 percent expansion in construction. 14 Altogether the combined impact of all this produced a turning point in the N a v y Department rivaled only by the later hectic weeks after Pearl Harbor. It came to date its war period from mid1940, with July ι normally taken as the starting point for statistics. The choice of the 1936 Republican candidate for Vice-President, Frank Knox, as Secretary of the Navy, probably appealed to Roosevelt because it brought to his Cabinet a sincere and extremely vocal supporter of his interventionist war policy, and it toned down an equally vocal and often bitter critic of his internal N e w Deal administration in an election year. Knox had refused his first offer the preceding December of the N a v y post, which had been vacant since the death of Secretary Claude Swanson several months earlier. 15 Charles Edison, son of the inventor and Assistant Secretary since 1937, was then made full Secretary on what was to be rather precarious tenure. He soon resigned to run for the N e w Jersey governorship. In the spring, within a week of the German invasion of the L o w Countries, Knox lunched at the White House and told Roosevelt he was at his service on condition that he have a Republican companion in the Cabinet. A distinguished "opposite number" for W a r Secretary was found in Henry L. Stimson, a N e w York lawyer, who had already served in that post under T a f t and also as Secretary of State under Hoover. 16 Both men, already read out of their party, received rough treatment as avowed interventionists from the respective Senate Committees before being confirmed by divided votes. Knox was sworn in on July 1 1 . He was a bluff extrovert of rugged physique, with bighearted and generous impulses. And, unlike Forrestal, he loved to talk. He

The Road to the Cabinet

7

was generally referred to as "colonel"—as a college boy he had been in Theodore Roosevelt's Rough Riders in the Spanish-American War and had commanded an ammunition train in France in World War I. He always remained under the spell of Theodore Roosevelt, whom he followed in the Strenuous Life, the Big Stick, Progressivism, Manifest Destiny, and much else. His life was spent in a combination of newspaper work and politics. After deciding not to return to college, he began as a $io-a-week reporter and rose to the top of the newspaper field. Soon he and a partner were able to buy a Michigan newspaper, and in 1912 they shifted operations to Manchester, New Hampshire. His chief influence, however, came from his controlling interest in the distinguished Chicago Daily News. Roosevelt is said to have promised Knox that he could pick his own deputies or at least veto any outside suggestions.17 Edison, in becoming full Secretary, however, had secured the promotion to his former post for Lewis Compton, whom he had brought down from New Jersey as his special assistant. Consequently, Compton was now Acting Secretary and as such signed the annual report in the interim between Edison's resignation on June 24 and Knox's installation on July 1 1 . In such a situation, the way was not clear for a Knox appointment in the Assistant Secretaryship until February 1941, when Edison placed Compton in his state government. The new Under Secretaryship, however, went to Forrestal within six weeks. Knox seems to have first offered it to Colonel William J. Donovan, later head of the Office of Strategical Services, who declined it; and then to another Republican friend, Ralph A. Bard, Chicago investment banker. Bard also refused; then reconsidered too late as the post by then had gone to Forrestal. In the circumstances that led to Forrestal's shift from the White House to the Navy Department, Justice Douglas again played an important part. So, too, did Corcoran. Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes states flatly in his diary: "I think it was Tom who was largely influential in bringing Forrestal here . . . and then, at Tom's suggestion, I told Frank Knox that I thought he would make a good Under Secretary of the Navy." 18 That was apparently around the second week in July, for Knox was barely in office when he conferred with the President twice that week and then took the opportunity to look over the prospec-

8

The Road to the Cabinet

tive deputy. 19 On Sunday, July 14, three days after he was sworn in as Secretary, Knox wrote his wife, then in N e w Hampshire: All offices close at noon Saturdays so when I got back from the White House Bill Donovan, John Sullivan, Jack Bergin of N.Y., Jim Forrestal of White House staff and I went aboard the Sequoia, the Sec. of Navy's yacht, had lunch aboard and cruised down the Potomac until about 6 o'clock. Then Bill and I got into dinner clothes and went to dine with the British ambassador Lord Lothian at 8 p.m. This morning I played golf at Burning Tree Club with Forrestal, Capt. Deyo (my aide) and a friend of Deyo's just arrived from Shanghai —then at 2 o'clock we boarded the Sequoia where John Sullivan and a friend and wife were awaiting us, including Jim Forrestal's wife, and had dinner aboard and cruised the afternoon and evening, getting back about 9 o'clock.20 Sullivan, incidentally, was a long-standing family friend from Manchester; he would ultimately succeed Forrestal in the N a v y Secretaryship, when Forrestal became the first Secretary of Defense. In this second hour of decision, Forrestal again turned to Baruch, who was later to write: " H e was very anxious to talk to me about what he would find in the N a v y . . . I continually urged him and brought to his attention the lack of preparedness in the N a v y , going into many details." 2 1 The N a v y , to be sure, was not a complete mystery to Forrestal. Though he had seen no action in World War I, he had trained as a naval aviator and then had been assigned a minor job in the Department at Washington. Knox's impression having been definitely favorable, Forrestal was nominated as Under Secretary on August 5, and on August 22 formally began his seven-year tour of duty in the Department. A week later, Knox was writing his wife, "Jim Forrestal is going to be a great relief to me and will make my job much easier." 22 When Compton left the Assistant Secretaryship, Knox turned again to his friend, Bard. Although ranking below the new Under Secretaryship, it was historically one of the most distinguished of the "little cabinet" posts. Its first incumbent, Gustavus V . Fox (1861-66), a former regular naval officer, brought luster to the position through his valuable work during the Civil War. T w o future presidents, Theodore Roosevelt (1897-98) and Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1 9 1 3 - 2 0 ) , served as Assistant Secretary earlier in their careers. In fact, the Roosevelt family claims upon this position did

The Road to the Cabinet

ρ

not end there: it was held between the wars by Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. (1921-24); Henry Latrobe Roosevelt (1933-36); and by Theodore Douglas Robinson (1924-29), whose mother was "T.R.'s" sister. In later days, the cognizance of the Assistant Secretary had centered particularly in the navy yards and other parts of the Shore Establishment; this led into the wartime speciality of1 civilian personnel. Bard was one of the hardest working members of a very hard working group. The son of a founder of the Republic Steel Company, he was a graduate of Princeton, where he was long remembered as a versatile athlete and exceedingly popular member of the class of 1906. In fact, he was remembered around the university with more affection than Forrestal, who left an impression of being a "young man on the make." Bard eventually developed his own investment house, specializing in the financing of moderate-sized concerns. He was not one to be rushed into precipitate action even in the quickened tempo of wartime Washington; his initial response to new proposals was inclined to be "No." One of his most significant acts climaxed his four years in the Department when he alone, of the over-all committee on atomic policy, firmly opposed the dropping of the bomb on the Japanese without warning.23 A later appointment revived the dormant post of Assistant Secretary of Aeronautics, now called "Air," which had been established in 1924, along with its counterpart in the War Department.24 "Army Air" had grown increasingly autonomous in the intervening years, but the Navy post had been allowed to lapse altogether in 1933. One summer morning in 1941, after spending the night down the Potomac on the Sequoia, Knox announced to his special assistant Adlai Stevenson, a future Democratic presidential candidate, as they were climbing the long steps from the river up to Fort Washington, "Oh, by the way, Ad, I have a good man Jim Forrestal picked for me for the air job. Don't remember his name, but he was quite a flier and is a big New York bank president." 25 Around that time, Knox wrote his wife: Also I secured F.D.R.'s approval of the appointment of Artemus Gates as assistant secretary of the Navy for air—the one vacancy on my major staff, and one for which the President wanted me at one time to appoint Tom Corcoran, and to whom I strenuously objected because of the political implications.26

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The Road to the Cabinet

According to Corcoran's understanding with Roosevelt, he was to become Under Secretary. But Knox, when appointed, asked him "as a personal favor" to let that new post go to one of his friends, saying that the dormant Assistant Secretaryship for Air was to be reactivated and would be "much better suited" to his "energy and abilities." Corcoran consulted Roosevelt and went along with this. Knox delayed for over a year; there were complications of various sorts. In view of personal business reasons and the political aspects, Corcoran "decided not to create problems by taking the job." 27 He was doubtless supported for it by Forrestal, who was known to have a high opinion of Corcoran's "ability and courage and initiative" and "seemed disposed to do what he could to keep Tom in Washington." 28 The personal friendship of both Gates and Corcoran with the War Department Secretarial group was apparently a factor in their favor; such a consideration always counted strongly with Forrestal. Artemus L. Gates, a famous Yale tackle, was noted for his daring exploits in World War I as a naval aviator in the crack Yale unit, which had included his opposite number, Lovett, at the War Department. Gates, long associated with his father-in-law, Henry P. Davison, in the latter's New York Trust Company, became its president in 1929. More than once, he wrote Knox asking just what he was supposed to do, for the duties of the new post were rather hazy and were blanketed by the naval air setup. When the General Board was consulted, the answer was still rather vague.29 Gates's most valuable work came in the field of personal liaison; his first-name basis with the War Secretaries sometimes saved negotiations when the rival groups of aviators were at loggerheads. As Forrestal wrote Roosevelt, Gates "stands very well with Congress, and, as you know, is a close friend of Jack McCloy, Bob Patterson and Ed Stettinius, and is therefore very effective in relationships with the other Government Departments." 30 The relations between Knox and Forrestal remained on a very warm basis. Together, they restored Secretarial influence in the Department; it would be difficult to determine exactly how much each one contributed toward that end. Knox's personal achievements were particularly noticeable in the field of public relations and in support of the President's war policies. No matter how conspicuous Forrestal became as Under Secretary, Knox never showed

The Road to the Cabinet the slightest jealousy. He continued to give his deputy a free hand and stood ready always to back him up if necessary. A smaller man than Knox might have fouled things badly, by resenting and curbing his junior's strenuous activities. A note to Mrs. Knox the day before the Colonel died indicates Forrestal's appreciation: "I have never been associated with any man with whom I felt a closer relationship." 3 1 And to a friend, he declared "Frank Knox never had a devious thought." 32 One of Knox's valuable contributions to the war effort came from the fact that he served as a sort of emotional buffer between his two immediate brilliant subordinates, Forrestal and Admiral Ernest J. King, and so a headlong clash was postponed until they had developed a kind of frosty mutual respect. In late April 1944, Knox's death came suddenly. He had been to the funeral of his old newspaper associate in New Hampshire, and returned to Washington unexpectedly very ill. He was only able to sign a few letters at the Department before he had to go home. "I blame myself a little for not having forced him to modify the tempo and vigor of his existence," Forrestal wrote Mrs. Knox that day. "We all made the attempt but he is not easily put under restraint, as you probably know better than any of us." 33 He was buried in Arlington Cemetery with an impressive service as "Major" Frank Knox; likewise, five years later "Lieutenant" James Forrestal was buried there with similar honors, which in neither case would have been given a civilian Secretary, as such.34 Forrestal was Acting Secretary for the next twelve days only. In the speculation about Knox's successor, Forrestal's excellent performance as Under Secretary made him the first choice of most of the commentators. Knox's own paper, the Chicago Daily Neivs, however, brought up one of the geographical technicalities that have so often entered into the building of a cabinet. N o matter how "logical from the standpoint of smooth continued administration," the choice might cause party repercussions because there were already three New Yorkers in the Cabinet as well as two Philadelphians.35 That it was again an election year as it had been when Knox was selected gave added prominence to the situation. The newspaper lists included Wendell Willkie, who had just been defeated in important midwest primaries and was not likely to repeat his 1940 role as Republican presidential candidate; Admiral Leahy, chief of staff to President Roosevelt; Harold Stassen, at the moment

12

The Road to the Cabinet

a lieutenant commander in the Pacific; Carl Vinson, chairman of the House Naval Affairs Committee; Andrew Jackson Higgins, colorful N e w Orleans boatbuilder; and even General Douglas MacArthur. 36 Three of Forrestal's friends have given accounts of some circumstances surrounding his being chosen. Bernard Baruch tells that " W h e n Secretary Knox died, Mr. Roosevelt was at my place in South Carolina, and there a discussion took place at the table between various people. Mr. Roosevelt announced that he was going to advance Forrestal to the post." 37 Justice William O. Douglas of the Supreme Court tells that he personally strongly urged the President to appoint Forrestal. 38 A Wall Street friend of Forrestal's, who desires to remain anonymous, brings out another significant angle: Forrestal was reluctant to push himself on the death of Knox. I convinced him it would be a serious reflection on him if he did not succeed to the job of Secretary and convinced him that he should promptly tell President Roosevelt that he would have to have the job or retire from the government. I knew that Roosevelt was considering other people and I knew that he did not want to lose Forrestal as it would reflect upon him and I was sure that Forrestal was in a position to force his hand—it worked that way. 3 9

T h e evidence from the White House files, from the Forrestal personal papers, and from the person best in a position to know, seem to show that Forrestal did nothing to bring pressure upon the President, either by letter or in person; his only contact with the White House was a brief conference the day before his name went to the Senate. 40 Although a good many seem to have taken the Willkie possibility seriously, the President made no formal approach to him. In any case, there are good grounds for believing Willkie would not have associated himself with that Administration. 41 Whatever may have been Roosevelt's motives in Knox's case, politics were conspicuously lacking from the other naval Secretarial appointments until the last weeks of the war. N o t one of them received his post "for party services rendered"; not one was a N e w Dealer. Forrestal was the only Democrat; his father had been in politics in a small way in Roosevelt's home county in N e w York, but he himself had not been active politically. Bard was a personal

The Road to the Cabinet

13

friend of Knox, and Gates of Forrestal. Election year though it was, it was also a crucial period in the war. There was every reason for preventing loss of momentum, with the N a v y in high gear about to undertake its tremendous drives in Normandy and the Marianas. Forrestal, moreover, was better equipped for the Secretaryship by his four strenuous years in the No. 2 position than any other man available. Consequently, Roosevelt discounted that traditional geographical prejudice that Henry Stimson, Henry Morgenthau, and Frances Perkins were cabinet members from N e w York State. The decision for Forrestal was a popular one; certainly none of his predecessors had come to the position better qualified by experience. The Senate confirmation was unanimous by a rising vote. As his friend, Arthur Krock of the N e w York Times, wrote: " T h e fortunate situation developed that the best thing for the Navy, for the war, and for the country was also the best thing politically." 42 It was said, however, that when someone remarked to Roosevelt, "The appointment will please everyone," his reply was " N o , everyone but one. . . . Ernie King." 43 Late on the afternoon of May 9, while Forrestal was as usual working overtime, his confidential secretary, Katherine Foley, answered her telephone. It was Leslie Biffle, secretary of the Senate, with news of the President's message to the Hill nominating Forrestal. "Kate, tell him he's in." She stepped into his adjacent big office: "You're Secretary of the N a v y . " For several minutes he sat and grinned at her like a small boy. It was the only time in their nine years together in government service, she said later, that anything broke through the mask that habitually hid his emotions.44

2 Executive in Action

T H E M I X T U R E of the intellectual and the astute businessman in Forrestal presented a pattern that was unusual in executives. Referring to this dualism, the editor of his diaries wrote: "What makes Forrestal a unique figure in the high levels of war and postwar government was his restless sense that answers were needed, and his constant efforts, while carrying tremendous burdens of intensely practical administrative work, to reach closer to them." 1 He was a much more effective executive than many of those who held that post, and his experience gives a pretty good picture of how an efficient Secretary operates, the kind of people he sees, the questions that come to him for decision, the quality of the staff he has, and, in general, the environment in which he works. Forrestal's success in establishing civilian administration was not entirely a matter of organizational innovations,2 but depended in part upon the techniques which he used in handling problems as they arose. Most executives, of course, must be judged by those two standards, which might be called the opposite sides of the same coin; but in Forrestal's case some of his special techniques reflected both the operator and the thinker. Characteristic was the remark he once made that some people could simply sit at their desks and drift with the tide of whoever or whatever happened to come along, then go home, feeling they had put in a full and busy day. 3 He himself resented any wasted minutes. His day began well before the big black limousine delivered him at "Main N a v y , " usually not long after the opening hour. And he generally stayed on for at least two hours after most of the offices had emptied in the 4:30 P.M. rush. Several times

Executive in Action

i

fa

S

> •>
2 Î4> 2 î 8 " î 9 i 2 Ö ° . 2 Ó I > 2 Ó 7 . 268, 269, 270, 273, 277, 279, 281, 283; scientific research and, 242; on c o m missions, 245; Forrestal contacts ( J a n u a r y - J u l y 1941)·, listed, 302-4. See also H o u s e of Representatives; Senate Connally, T o m , 17, 19, 307728 Connelly, Matthew W . , 3277230 Connery, R o b e r t H . , cited, 311771, 3157749 Connolly, R i c h a r d H . , U S N , 289 Connor, J o h n T . , 291 Connorton, J o h n , 3077710, 3087239 Construction, o f naval facilities, 120-21. See also Shipbuilding Construction and Repair, Bureau o f , 45, 3117244. See also Ships, Bureau of Construction Battalions ( " S e a b e e s " ) . 61, 100 Construction Corps, 45 Contracts, 63, 64-68, 73-74, 80, 99; machine tool industry, 77-78; small businesses and, 94; Office of P r o c u r e m e n t and Material and, 96; incentive, r u 12; negotiation of, 110-11, 114-15, 122 Controlled Materials Plan, 106-7 Cooke, Charles M., J r . , U S N , 191, 289 Coolidge, Calvin, 206 Coontz, R o b e r t E . , U S N , 131 Coontz ( U S S ) , 131 Corcoran, T h o m a s G . , 2, 7; cited, 305722, 3067227; Roosevelt and, 3-4, 9-10, 26; Papers cited, 30572723, 5

Index Cornell Law School, 246 Correa, Matthias F., 32, 291 Corregidor, 70 Corry, Henry T . L., 202 Council of National Defense, Advisory Commission, see Advisory Commission Courts-martial, 122-24, 246-47, 253 Cox, Hudson B., 290 Cromwell, Oliver, 56 Crowninshield, Benjamin W . , 32-33 Cunningham, Lord, R N , 3147231, 3187211 Dahlgren, John Α., U S N , 46 Dallas, Texas, 269 Daniels, Jonathan, cited, 328728 Daniels, Josephus, 203, 229, 260, 267; cited, 328727; civilian-military relations and, 48-49, 89, 206, 226, 229; Advisory Council, 235 Dardanelles, 186, 188 Darden, Colgate W., 216 Dartmouth College, 23, 211 Dater, H. M., 3107219 Dauntless (yacht), 20 Davis, G . H., 3217211 Davis, Glenn B., U S N , 289 Davison, Henry P., 10 Davison, Ralph E., U S N , 289 Deale, Valentine, 3087239 Decorations and Medals, Board of, 42 Defense Advisory Commission, 107 Defense Aid, 93 Defense Department, 2, 67, 71-72; Forrestal appointment as Secretary, 1, 8, 200, 201, 207-8, 224, 284-86; Forrestal resignation, 142; Assistant Secretaryship, 207, 210, 211, 220; Comptroller, 234; unification of armed services and, 254-86; Secretarial authority, 274, 277; publications, 3237259 Defense Plant Corporation, 73 de Florez, Luis, U S N R , 242 Democratic party: Roosevelt appointments and, 12, 2 1 1 ; wartime appropriations and, 109; Congress of 1941, 143; Robeson impeachment and, 205; unification of services and, 267 Denby, Edwin M., 206 Denfeld, Louis, U S N , 123, 239, 245, 289, 3187234, 3307258 Dennison, Robert L., USN, 193, 308727238, 40 Dental Corps, 48 Destroyer Escorts (DE), 61, 115, 11619, 124, 287

Detmar, Charles F., Jr., 33, 34-35, 82, 94, 291, 3087243 Dewey, George, USN, 38, 44 Devo, Morton L., U S N , 8, 34, 3097251 Dillon, C. Douglas, 222, 335 Dillon, Clarence, 3 Dillon, John H., 221, 288, 301, 330721 Dillon, Read and Company, 26, 34; Forrestal's service with, 1, 2, 3, 4, 23, 77, 158, 222 Dodds, Harold, 29 Donovan, William J., 7, 8 Doolittle, James H., U S A , 266 Dooman, Eugene H., 179 Dorling, James, R N , 118 Douglas, William O-, 2-3, 28, 214, 217; cited, 30572721, 17; 3067238, 3087248; N a v y Department and, 7, 12 Dowling, Noel T., 123 Draper, William H., 290 Duffield, Eugene S., 32, 33, 35-36, 291, 335; conversations cited, 3087244, 309727264-65; 3127213, 3187227, 3277233; Forrestal memoranda cited, 3077233, 3177222, 32572122; see also Forrestal Diaries, The Dulles, William M., 35, 291 Duncan, Donald B., USN, 289 3107219 Dunn, James C., 165, 167 Early, Stephen, 134 Eberstadt, Ferdinand, 184, 222, 227, 273; conversations cited, 316727268, 75; 330722, 3327237; on unification of services, 30, 274-75; Army and N a v y Munitions Board and, 77-78, 82, 103-4, 105, 263; War Production Board and, 94, 106, 107, 263; on military secrecy, 115; National Security Council and, 195; N e w York Times on, 220; Thomas Plan and, 270; Papers, cited, 3137248, 316727269-71, 76; Task Force on National Security of the Hoover Commission, 3147222. See also Eberstadt Report Eberstadt Report, cited, 3177218, 3287266, 3317210, 332727233, 34, 36, 39-42, 45-49; Forrestal influence in, 195, 263, 272; Army unification plans and, 262, 264-65, 267, 271; presidential powers in, 279; applications, 282, 283, 284 Eccles, Marriner S., 318722 Eckenrode, H. G., 3267211 Economic Warfare, Board of, 79, 93 Eden, Anthony, 163, 176 Edison, Charles: conversations cited,

Index 311/25, 313727234, 36; Secretaryship, 6, 208, 288; Compton and, 7, 3Ó-37; Ships Bureau and, 45; Stark and, 60; War Resources Board and, 71-72; promotions, 301 Education: of Forrestal, 3, 23, 77; naval history courses, 28-29; °f Navy personnel, 43-44, 46, 52 Edwards, Richard S., U S N , 20-21, 90, 235, 238, 289 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 135, 177, 179, 218, 2J5, 32672133; National Security Council and, 195, 196; civilian authority and, 224; National Security Act and, 258, 266 Elder, Edward, 32 Elections, 1940, 6; 1944, 11, 13, 164, 211 Elsey, George M., 31872725, 9; 3327224 Emmerich, Herbert, 76, 313727233, 40, 45 Engineer Corps, 43. See also Civil Engineer Corps "Engineering Duty Only" (EDO) officers, 43, 4j, 238 England, 74, 90, 109, 157, 164; Forrestal visit, 22, 134, ij8; Royal Navy, 39, 40, j2, J3, 58, 132; civilian authority in, 56, j8, 202, 207, 219, 222-23; Supply Ministry, 94, u 8 ; submarine defense, 117-18, 119; Parliament, 138-39, 201; sea power and, 185, 186; Middle East financial support and, 188-89; Cabinet, 193-94, '95> 201-2; Permanent Secretary of the Admiralty, 218; Coastal Command, 256 Equipment Bureau, 45 Espíritu Santo, New Hebrides, 106 European Theater of Operations, 255, 261 Executive Branch, see Presidency, The Fahey, J . C., cited, 309724, 310727728, 30, 31; 3117244, 3177220 Färber, William S., U S N , 289 Farley, James Α., ιι6 Fechteler, William M., U S N , 239, 289 Federal Reserve Bank, 130 Feis, Herbert, 183; quoted, 172, 178; cited, 311724, 323727254, 56, 66, 67; 324727268, 71, 72, 75, 77, 79, 84-87 Ferguson, Homer, 184, 3247295 Fesler, James, 3137238 Field, J . Α., 3107232 Finance: Forrestal's career in, 1-3, 23-24, 63; national economy and military expenditures, 57, 69, 75, 109; prices, 69, 71, no, 112-14; unification of armed

services and, 252-53, 254, 256, 2Ó0; bureau expenditures, (1940-4;), 44-45; naval, 24, 62-63; Budget Bureau, 42, 232; munitions, 50, 68, 86, 113, 116, 117, 118; Shore Establishment, 52-54, 56; plant facilities, 73, 74; seaplane bases, 87-88; appropriations, 109, 146, 147-48, 152-56; price index, 113; Roosevelt and, 129-30; Fiscal Director, 153, 220; Comptroller, 234 Finance Committee, 17 First War Powers Act, i n , 143 Fish, Hamilton, 326729 Fiske, Bradley Α., U S N , 145, 3207245 Fitch, Aubrey, U S N , 289 Fleet, The, 38-39, 42, 43, 160; ship construction, 44-46, 50-51, 52-53, 54, 11520, 152, 185-88; Pacific, 48, 49, 90; Asiatic, 49; Atlantic, 49, 90, 91, 193; Commander-in-Chief, 50, 132 (see also Cominch-CNO ) ; Shore Establishment and, 52, 53-54; Pearl Harbor and, 82, 83, 86-87, 106; vessel names, 131, 142, 180; atomic energy and, 18081; Mediterranean Squadron (18011904), 187; Korean (Seventh), 188; Mediterranean (Sixth), 187-88; steel Navy, 205; in Revolutionary War, 250; wartime growth, 287 (table)·, battleships, cruisers, and carriers completed (1886-1947), 300-1. See also Shipbuilding; and see specific vessels Foley, Katherine Starr, 13, 32, 33, 291; conversations cited, 306727240, 44; 3077213, 33472101 Folsom, Frank M., 19, 94, 111 Football, 251, 331724 Foreign policy, 157-97; U.S. international status, 256, 264 Foreign Relations Bureau, 17 Forest Park, Illinois, 69 Forrestal, James Vincent: N a v y appointments, ι, 5-7, 8, 11-12, 14-36, 4041, 59, 82, 93, 97, 102, 128, 285, 288; Defense Secretaryship appointment, ι, 8, 200, 201, 207-8, 224, 284-86; education, 3, 23; military service, 8; character, 14, 16-19, 22 " z 3> 3'i 84, 92-93, 228; residences, 15, 216, 275; nicknames and, 17; travel, 20-22; speeches, 27-28, 295, 308727246, 47; Congressional acquaintance, 139, 302-4; "Good Men Book" ("Business Executives") of, 221-22; death of, 142; resignation, 213-14; social engagements (AprilMay 1944), 292-94; research papers

348

Index

Forrestal, James Vincent (continued) prepared for, 298-99; "Private Papers" cited, 305729, 3067221, 319727212, 24; 3257298, 3287160, 335; "Personal Papers" cited, 306777730, 40; 30772723-8, 13, 21-22, 27. 3!-33; 308727234-36, 41, 42, 45-46, 4 8 . 57; 3°9»Ó2, 3147210, 3 I6«7, 3177224, 319777214-15, 36; 3207259, 3227233, 3247281, 32572122, 327727225, 31, 36, 50; Directive Concerning General CourtMartial Prisoners, 3187236. See also Forrestal Diaries, The Forrestal, Michael, 3137247, 3147230 Forrestal, Mrs. James V., 335 Forrestal (USS), 142 Forrestal Diaries, The, cited, 35, 135, 137, 168, 173, 174, 214, 272, 278, 281, 306721, 3077224, 311726, 319727221-23; 320727242, 63, 64, 66; 321727269, 72, 75-78, ι, 4, 6; 322727228, 32, 38; 323727239-40, 44, 49, 50, 56-58, 61, 65, 66; 324727269, 71, 74, 87, 88, 92-95; 325727297, 101-3, 105, no, i n , 114, 115; 327227227, 35; 3297216, 3317221, 332727227, 28, 53, 54; 333727261, 66-77, 83-86; 334727296-97, IOO, 102, 104; 335

Foster, Paul, U S N , 3307258 Fourth Vinson Act, see Naval Reorganization Act Fox, Gustavus V., 8, 204, 326727 France, 13, 22, 38, 39; fall of, 6, 49; Constitutional pattern of, 40; Algiers and, 133; postwar status, 157; Vichy, 163; naval administration in, 207, 3277219 Franklin D. Roosevelt (USS), 138 Frederick the Great, quoted, 199 Freidel, Frank, 311723 Fugger family, 23 Furer, Julius Α., U S N , 241, 247; cited, 309724, 312728, 330727251, 52, 63 Furlong, William R., U S N , 61, 75, 289 Gallery, Daniel V., USN, 3337259 Gallup Poll, 255 Gardiner, William Howard, 3107229 Garrison, D. J., 3097261 Gasoline rationing, 104 Gatch, Thomas L., U S N , 290 Gates, Artemus L., 235, 301; as Assistant Secretary for Air, 9, 10, 13, 21, 85, 135, 139, 222, 288; Civil Affairs Committee and, 165, 167; on Bureau coordination, 191, 192, 193; as Under Secretary, 213, 214, 225, 288; on unification of services, 260, 262

Gates, Thomas S., Jr., 225 Gates Board, 237-41 General Motors Corporation, 56, 234 George, Walter F., 17, 307727 Germany, 159, 179, 207, 257; Forrestal and, 4, 22, 158; World War II and, j-6, 109, 115, 152, 157, 167, 168, 173, 218; World War I and, 169, 175, 185 Ghormly, Robert L., U S N , 105, 135 Gilmore, Myron, 3137249 Gingrich, John E., U S N , 33-34, 35, 122, 123, 291; memoranda cited, 307724, 3187234, 3287265; conversations cited, 309727258-60; 3147210, 3157236, 3167272, 3177233; Diary, 3207259 Goff, Nathan, Jr., 203 Goldsborough, Charles W., 41, 218 Goschen, George J., 202 Grady, Paul, 222 Grant, Ulysses Simpson, 205 Greece, 186, 189-90 Grew, Joseph C., 290; cited, 324727276, 78; on Japanese surrender, 174, 176, 178, 179 Grey and Ripon, Earl de, 202 Guadalcanal, 105, 106 Guam, 23, 27 Gulick, Luther, 5 Guns, 86-87, 2 S I ; naval manufacture of, 46, 54-55, 68. See also Ordnance, Bureau of Gurney, Chan, 143 Hale, Eugene, 3207243 Hale, Frederick, 3157245, 3207243 Halsey, William F., U S N , 260, 266 Hamilton, Alexander, 40 Hamilton, George, Lord, 202 Hammond, Paul Y., cited, 3107224, 32672132, 3287212, 3327243, 336 Hampton Roads Naval Operating Base, 51

Hancock, John, 108 Handy, Thomas T., U S A , 273 Hankey, Maurice, 5, 193 Hannegan, Robert E., 213, 267, 3277230 Hansen, Alvin, 24 Harding, Warren Gamaliel, 206 Harriman, William Averell, 173, 183, 3247294 Harrison, William H., U S A , 210 Hart, Thomas C., U S N , 3227218 Harvard University, 217, 246, 3087250 Havana, Cuba, 160 Havana Conference, 5 Hawaii, 50-51, 251 .See also Pearl Harbor

Index

349

Hayden, F. S., cited, 314727219, 20; Howe, Louis D., 36 3297218, 3317217 Hoyt, Palmer, 183, 190, 3247292, 3317221 Hayes, Rutherford B., 20J Hull, Cordell, 85, 162-64, 165-66, 290; Henderson, Leon, 71, 93, 113-15; memon Japanese surrender, 178; Departoranda, 317727215-16 ment coordination and, 192; Memoirs, Hensel, H. Struve, 77, 82, 218, 223, 290; 3227224, 3247276 cited, 3127217, 3147228, 3157240, 31672772, Hunt, George W . , 202 3, 8; 3177232; war contract procedure Hunt, Livingston, cited, 3267212 and, 64-67, 109-11, 312777214, 15; Office Hunt, William H., 203, 205 of Production and Material and, 94, Huntington, Samuel P., on military 95; Requirements Review Board and, power, 56, 3117250 120; Assistant Secretaryship and, 135, Hussey, George F., Jr., USN, 61, 289 210-11, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 288; in Huzar, Elias, 3117251 T o p Policy Group, 235, 237, 238; on unification of services, 262, 266; proIckes, Harold L., 17, 137, 146; quoted, motions, 301 7, 29; cited, 305727217, 19; 3067228; PauHepburn, Arthur, USN, 192 ley and, 215, 216 Herbert, Hilary Α., 203 Indianhead, Maryland, Naval Powder Hewitt, H. Kent, U S N , 22, 135, i j i , 191 Factory, 55 Higgins, Andrew Jackson, 12 Industrial mobilization, 59, 68, 93-94, Hill, James T . , Jr., 253-54, 2 9 ° 262; plant facilities, 63, 72-73, 75, 82, Hill, Lister, 270, 281 95-96, 115, 119; planning for, 69-72, Hillman, Sidney, 71, 72, 74, 93 76, 78-82, 95, 116, 122, 237; Army and Hinsdale, M. L., 32672726, 11 Navy Munitions Board reorganizaHirohito, emperor of Japan, 83, 175-79 tion and, 103-5; civilian economy and, passivi 106-7, 109; military plans and, 124; Hiroshima, 177, 179 Congressional investigating commitHitler, Adolph, 184 tees and, 148-49; membership of prinHittle, J . D., USMC, 33472103 cipal agencies, 296 Hoffman, Clare, 109 Industrial Mobilization Plans ('931, Holcomb, Thomas, USMC, 290 1936, 1939), 70-71, 3127230 Holland, 39 Industry: production of naval material Holloway, James L., USN, 245-46 by, 54-55. 69; plant facilities, 72-73, 74, Holmes, Ralston S., USN, 15 75, 82, 104, 106; profits on war conHoover, Herbert, 6, 206-7 tracts, 111-ι2, 114. See also Contracts; Hopkins, Harry, 73, 93, 105, 125; RooseIndustrial mobilization; and see spevelt and, 133, 135-36, 163 cific industries Home, Frederick J., USN, 27, 97, 100, Inflation, see Finance, prices 147, 289; cited, 3077218, 309723, 3147224, Informal Policy Committee on Germany 3157252, 3187242, 3297225; logistics and, ( I P C O G ) , 168 89, 124-25, 127, 233-34; contract proceIngersoll, Royal E., U S N , 134 dure, 110; Requirements Review Interdepartmental Committee on Board, 120; in T o p Policy Group, Atomic Energy, 223 235, 238 "Interim Committee," 174-75 Hospitals, 131 Interior, Department of the, 7 House of Representatives: Naval AfInterior Control Board, 42 fairs Committee, 5, 6, 12, 19, 22, 24, 66, Iowa ( U S S ) , 50 113, 126, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, IPCOG (Informal Policy Committee on 150, 214, 216, 242; Appropriations Germany), 168 Committee, 62, 88, 95, 109, 143-44, Iselin, John J., 32572118 147-48, 153-56; Armed Services ComIsmay, Hastings, 193 mittee, 143, 279, 3197237; National SeItaly, 22, 157, 191 curity Act and, 245, 263, 279, 281; Iwo Jima, 22, 23 Woodrum Committee, 259, 260, 262, 279, 331727218, 19; Reports, 3117238, 3227213, 3267210, 3317220 Jackson, Andrew, Forrestal on, 28

35°

Index

Jacobs, Randall, U S N , 97, 100, 235, 244, 245, 289, JIJWS2, 3177233 Janeway, Eliot, 3197218 Japan, 70, 105, 159, 191; atomic bombing of, 9, 22, 174-79; Pearl Harbor attack, 49, j o - j i , 68, 78, 83-85, 150, 151, 160; surrender {1945), 134, 152, 154, 157, 168, 172-79, 186, 237, 261; Madagascar and, 164; Mandated Islands and, 169-72; naval administration in, 207, 257; Imperial Ordinance N o . ι PS, 3267218 J C S , see Joint Chiefs of Staff ( J C S ) Jefferson, Thomas, Forrestal on, 28 Jelley, Joseph F., 290 Johnson, Louis, 71-72, 142, 2 1 1 , 244, 290 Johnson, Lyndon, 15, 139 Joint A r m y - N a v y Board, 42, 90, 161, 251 Joint A r m y - N a v y Task Force, 181 Joint Chiefs of Staff ( J C S ) , 90-91, 135, 239, 2J9, 265; strategy planning and, 115, 124, 163, 255; service Secretaries and, 165, 166, 168; on Japanese surrender, 173, 179; A r m y A i r and, 2J5, 256; unification of services and, 258, 260, 266, 275, 277, 283 Joint Economy Board, 42 Joint Planning Committee, 258 Joint Staff, 283 Jones, Claude Α., U S N , 289 Jones, Jesse H., 93 Judge Advocate General, Office of, 41, 42, 62, 236, 290; contract procedure, 64-67, 110; disciplinary procedures, 122-24; Congressional investigating committees and, 145-46 Jutland, battle of, 50 Kalbfus, E . C., U S N , 3087242 Kane, R . Keith, 34 Kean, John, 326729 Keefe, Arthur, 246 Kennan, George, 183 Kennedy, John Α., 291 Kenney, W . John, 214, 216-17, 2 l 8 ; cited, 3277249, 3287257; promotions, 223, 224, 288, 290, 301; scientific research bill and, 242 Kentucky Derby, 105 Kenworthy, E . W . , 32672134 Kerwin, Jerome, 3287210 Kimball, Dan, 224 Kimmel, Husband I., U S N , 51, 82, 84; Pearl Harbor communications and,

84-85, 160; Pearl Harbor Congressional investigation, 150-51 King, Ernest J., U S N , 27, 44, 60, 82, 147, 191, 276; memoranda cited, 3087235, 315727743, 47, 55, 56, 58; conversations cited, 3157259, 3187210, 3297244; Forrestal and, 1 1 , 13, 18, 242 5> 2 Ó . 34' 9 2 "93ι I2 4~ 2 5> 138» 2 2 2 > 2 3 2 243-44; a s Cominch-CNO, 88-91, 97, 102, 124-27, 232, 233-34, 235, 240, 289; Department reorganization plans, 92, 96-103, 124, 232, 239; on destroyer escorts, 117, 124; memoirs, 125, 243; Hopkins and, 136; on Japanese surrender, 172-73, 174, 177; on Departmental coordination, 192, 237; on discipline, 247, 249; on unification of services, 259, 260, 261, 262, 266 Kittery-Portsmouth N a v y Yard, 51 Kitts, W . Α., U S N , 289, 3107217 Kitty H a w k , 251 Kline, Robert E., Jr., 145, 3207244 Knight, Charlotte, 3287258 Knox, Annie R . (Mrs. Frank), 8, 1 1 , 3057219, 306777222, 26, 31, 33 Knox, Frank, 74, 123, 162, 183, 2177230; memoranda cited, 3057215, 3067229, 3087251, 315727255, 57, 58, 63, 64; 3177226, 318727249, 6; as N a v y Secretary, 6 - 1 1 , 12, 16, 27, 34, 40, 82, 94, 108, 134, 141, 163, 198, 207, 208, 288; letters of, 8, η , 3057219, 306727222, 26; on Secretarial travel in wartime, 21, 3077220; on expenditures, 62-63, 113, 1 2 1 ; Pearl Harbor and, 83, 84, 85; N a v y Department reorganization and, 96, 99-103, 232; destroyer escorts and, 118, 119; Cominch-CNO and, 125-27, 233, 235, 240, 268; Congress and, 139; logistics study, 234-35; scientific research and, 241; unification of services and, 250; promotions, 301; military titles, 3067234 Knudsen, William, 17, 71, 73; Office of Production Management and, 74, 75; W a r Production Board and, 93 Kohl, W . B., 3087757 Korean W a r , 72, 188, 197 Kramer, Alvin, U S N , 84 K r o c k , Arthur, 4-5, 13, 26, 148, 3247288; conversations cited, 305726; Forrestal memoranda cited, 307723, 308727241, 45; 3207252 Kuhn, Loeb & Company, 223 Kurile Islands, 171 Kwajalein, Marshall Islands, 22

Index Kyushu, Japan, 173, 174, 175, 179 Labor: industrial mobilization and, 55, 69, 82, 119; Hillman and, 71, 72, 93 Land, Emory S., U S N , 126 Landing Ship Tank ( L S T ) , 61 Latin America, see specific countries League of Nations, 169 Leahy, William Daniel, U S N , 4Ó, 60, 8 6 , 1 7 3 , 2 7 6 , 3 1 7 7 2 2 7 ; cited, 3147231, 3 i 8 k » 4 i , 4 6 , 8 ; 3 2 3 / 2 5 5 ; Roosevelt and, i l , 90, 130, 133, 261; King and, 44, 91, I2J, 126; on unification of services, 2 6 6 , 2 7 1 - 7 2 , 2 7 4 Legere, Lawrence J., Jr., 3 3 0 7 2 3 , 3 3 1 7 2 7 2 1 0 , •4; 336 LeMay, Curtis E., U S A , 260 Lend Lease, 2 2 , 7 4 - 7 5 , ioj, 1 3 4 , 1 3 6 , 1 6 4 Lend Lease Liaison Office, 42 Lentaigne, C. N., R N , 3287262 Letters of intent, 63, 64 Leva, Marx, 291 Lexington (USS), 54 Leyte Gulf, battle of, 5 0 , 3 1 0 7 2 3 2 Libya, 188 Lincoln, Abraham, 129, 135, 204; quoted, 222 Lincoln, Nebraska, State Capitol, 131 Line Officers, see Civil-military relations Lippmann, Walter, 27, 29, 188 Lloyd George, David, 5 Lobdell, G . H., 336 Lockwood, Charles Α., U S N , 6 9 , 3 1 2 7 2 2 6 , 328723

London, England, 22 Long, John D., 1 4 7 , 2 0 3 , 3 2 0 7 7 4 9 Lord, Clifford L., 3 0 6 7 2 2 4 , 3 3 1 7 2 7 2 6 , 7 Los Angeles, California, 27 Lothian, Lord, 8 Lovett, Robert Α., 2, 4, io, 85, 231, 290; on unification of armed services, 262, 274 Luce, Henry, 4, 190 Mac Arthur, Douglas, U S A , 12, 255, 271; Japan and, 173, 179, 180; on unification bills, 254, 261 McCain, John S., U S N , 2 6 0 , 2 8 9 , 3 3 1 7 2 2 2 McCloy, John T., 10, 19, 183, 231, 232, 290; conversations cited, 3 0 7 7 2 1 3 , 3 2 2 7 2 7 2 2 9 - 3 0 ; 3 2 4 7 2 9 1 ; State-War-Navy cooperation and, 1 6 5 - 6 6 , 1 6 7 ; on Japanese surrender, 173, 176; on unification of armed services, 2 6 1 - 6 2 , 274,

282

McClung, Richard, 3 1 6 7 2 8 McCrea, John L., U S N , 1 0 0 , 1 3 2 - 3 3 , 164, 192, 289; cited, 3 1 5 7 2 7 2 3 4 , 5 3 ; 318729,

3227727

McFarland, Ernest W., 270 McGowan, Samuel H., USN, 62 McGuire, Matthew F., 246 Machine tools, 7 7 - 7 8 , 9 9 , 1 0 5 Mclntyre, Ross T., USN, 131, 289, 3307262

McKenna, Reginald, 202 McLean, Joseph E., 3 2 8 7 2 5 6 Macmahon, Arthur, 3 2 1 7 2 5 McMahon, Brian, 182 McNarney, Joseph T., U S A : unification of armed services and, 256, 259, 266, 276, 283,

3317717

McNeil, Wilfred J., 220, 223, 234, 288, 301

Madagascar, 164 Madden, R. B., 309729 Mahan, Alfred Thayer, USN, 185, 205, 230,

262,

3287211

Maine (USS), 160 Malay Peninsula, 83 Manchester, New Hampshire, 7, 8, 211 "Mandated Islands," 1 6 9 - 7 2 Manderson, Harold Α., 3 1 8 7 2 3 9 Manhattan Project, see Atomic energy Manila Bay, battle of, 38, 160 Manning, John G., U S N , 290 Marder, Arthur J., 3 1 8 7 2 1 1 Mare Island, California, Naval Prison, 52, 123 Mare Island Navy Yard, 51 Marianas, 1 3 , 1 0 9 , 1 6 9 - 7 2 , 2 3 3 Marine Corps, 44, 48, 52, 106; unification of services and, 258, 259, 260, 270, 273, 277, 283, 284, 285; Commandants, 290 Maritime Commission, 45, 111 Marmara, Sea of, 187 Marshall, George Catlett, U S A , 89, 90, 91, 136, 290; Stimson and, 93, 231, 2 3 2 ; Japan and, 8 4 , 1 7 3 - 7 8 passim, 1 7 9 ; Standing Liaison Committee and, 162; McCloy and, 165; Russia and, 181, 1 9 4 ; Middle Eastern aid and, 1 8 8 - 8 9 ; unification of services and, 207, 250, 258,

259,

3277221,

3317217

Marshall Islands, 2 2 , 1 6 9 - 7 2 Marx, Karl, 184 Material Division, 238. See also Office of Naval Material Mathey, Dean, 3 Matloff, Maurice, 3 1 4 7 2 2 6 , 3 3 1 7 2 1 6

Index May, Ernest R., quoted, 1 6 1 ; cited, 322727215-17, 19, 36; 331725 Medical Corps, 48 Medical Examiners, Board of, 42 Medicine and Surgery, Bureau of, 44, 48, 61, 289 Mediterranean A r e a Command, 255 Mediterranean Sea, 38, 183, 185-88 Merchant Marine A c t {1946), 194 Merriam, Charles E., 5 Merrill, A . Stanton, U S N , quoted, 269 Metal, wartime conservation of, 104 Metcalf, V i c t o r H . , 203; quoted, 229 Mexican W a r , 204 M e y e r , G e o r g e von L., 48, 203, 206, 229 Middle East, see specific countries Miles, A r t h u r C., U S N , 288 Military Education and Training Board, 2 6 j Mill, J o h n Stuart, 23 Millis, W a l t e r , 26, 3 3 j . See also Forres-

tai Diaries,

The

Mills, Earle W . , U S N , 60, 6 1 , 1 1 7 , 149, 289 Minneapolis, Minnesota, 27 Missouri ( U S S ) , 180, 186 Mitchell, William, U S A , 252-53, 255, 257, 267, 269, 276; cited, 331727 Mitscher, M a r c Α., U S N , 138, 243, 289, 3307250 Molotov, Vyacheslav Mikhailovich, 1 7 1 , 176 Monroe, James, 204 M o n r o e Doctrine, 189 M o n t g o m e r y , R o b e r t , 132 M o o d y , W i l l i a m H., 203 Moreell, Ben, U S N , 60, 61, 87, 1 2 1 , 288, 290; cited 3147215, 3177231 Morgenthau, H e n r y , 13 Morison, E k i n g E . , 85; cited, 305727210, 16; .3087237, 3107732, 312727723, 24; 31472726, 9; 315777237, 45; 323727241, 60; 3247277, 329727217, 22; 330721 M o r r o w , Dwight, 261 Morton, Louis, 3237260 M o r t o n , Paul, 203 M o t t , W i l l i a m C., 132 Mountbatten, Louis, R N , 255 Munich crisis, 70 Nagasaki, Japan, 177, 179 Nash, Frank C., 291, 3077Z13, 3287252 National Defense A c t (¡¡>20), 70 National Defense A c t (1947), 252 National Defense Advisory Commission, 7 1 , 72-74, 96, 296

National Guard, 137, 138 National Naval Medical Center, 131 National Security A c t (1947), 155, 25885; text, 282; cited, 3277220, 3347298 National Security Council, 158, 172, 193. 195-97. 265, 279, 283 National Security Industrial Association, 30 National Security Resources Board, 279, 283 N A T O ( N o r t h Atlantic T r e a t y O r ganization), 193, 197 Nautilus ( U S S ) , 244 Naval Clemency and Prison Inspection Board, 123 Naval Examining Board, 42 Naval Expansion ( " T h i r d Vinson") A c t (1940), 6, 73, 86, 3057213, 3127211 Naval Intelligence, 84 Naval Operations, Office of, 41, 42, 44, 241; Deputy Chiefs, 20, 102-3, 126, 181, 238, 239, 240, 276, 289; Material Procurement Section, 49, 79-80, 94, 96; Assistant Chiefs, 99-100, 1 0 1 , 240; Department coordination and, 99, 191-93, 232-33; Chief of, 47-49, 50, 59-60, 98-99, 1 3 1 , 200, 227, 233, 237, 240, 244, 254, 268, 288-89; F l e e t C o m mander-in-Chief and, 50 ( s e e also C o m i n c h - C N O ) ; contract procedure, 110; requirements decisions, 1 1 5 , 116, 1 1 7 , 119, 120, 153; Mediterranean task f o r c e and, 187 Naval Personnel, Bureau of, 44, 61, 123, 245; cognizance of, 46, 47-48, 241; Chiefs of, 239, 289 Naval Petroleum Reserves, 42 Naval Reorganization A c t ( 1 9 4 0 ) , 5, 6, 45, 3057214, 3107272Iι, 12; 3117211 Naval Reorganization Act (1948), 3107211, 3297243 Naval Research and Development, Coordinator of, 42 Naval Research and Development Board, 241, 283 Naval Research Laboratory, 241, 242 Naval Reserve, 47, 51, 217, 227 Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps, 29, 245-46 Naval Retiring Board, 42 Naval W a r College, 27, 52, 91 Naval Weapons, Bureau of, 47 Navigation, Bureau of, see Naval Personnel, Bureau of Navy, T h e , see Fleet, T h e N a v y Department: Files cited, 312727214-

Index 17, 29; 313727244, 50; 315727243-55 passim; 31672722-4, 10, 1 1 ; 317727212-13, 1516, 23, 2Ó-31; 318227234-35, 37, 43, 45, 49, 6; 3197229, 32572m 19-21; 330727260, 62; 3317222; Secretaryship, ι, 11-13, 33> 4°-4 I > 93. 97. I 0 2 ' 128-30; U n d e r Secretary, ι, 5-7, 8, 14-36, 208-9, 210, 224-25, 288; yacht, 8, 9, 20; General Board, 10, 34, 41-42, 91, 115-18, 258; Forrestal's reorganization of, 25, 3237. 47' 69, 81, 94, 122, 152, 226-27, 23541, 286; history publications, 29, 40; "boat ride" technique, 30, 138; unification of armed forces and, 30, 155, 181, 191, 244, 250-86; naval aides, 3031, 33-34, 48, 131, 164; Office of the Secretary, 32 ( m a p ) ; legal affairs, 3435' 36» 37' 4 1 ' 64-67, 80, 99, 122-24; Forrestal's immediate assistants, 36, 291; traditional structure, 38-58, 25051; Chief Clerk, 41, 199, 218; bureaus, 42-48, 288-89 (see also specific boards and offices) ; personnel appointment policies, 43-44, 198-225, 243-46, 281, 301; yards, 51; personnel {1940-47), 62, 287-88; Fiscal Director and Budget Officer, 153 (see also Finance, naval) ; foreign policy and, 157-97, 172-74; State D e p a r t m e n t relationships, 15862, 165-66, 265; National Security Council and, 195-97; Assistant Secretaryships, 8-9, 208-13, 224-25, 288; A d ministrative Assistant to the Secretary, 219-21, 288; Areas of Command, 255; "chief of staff" proposal and, 257, 258, 259, 261, 264, 266, 271, 272; principal officials listed (1940-47), 288-90. See also Fleet, T h e ; Shore Establishment; and see specific administrative agencies, e.g., Naval Operations, Office of " N a v y E," 30 N a v y Industrial Association, 28, 29-30 Neale, J. H e n r y , 290 Nelson, Donald, 17, 73-74, 78, m i , 227; cited, 313727241, 43; 3157239, 3167270; W a r Production Board and, 93-94, 103, 104-5, 106; destroyer escorts and, 119; on construction priorities, 121; on hoarding, 146; National D e fense Advisory Commission and, 296 Neutrality Act, 72 Neutrality Patrol, 49 Nevada (USS), 50 Nevins, Allan, 326729 N e w b e r r y , T r u m a n H., 203, 3277223

353

N e w Deal, 6, 12, 72, 130, 136 N e w Hebrides, 22, 105-6 N e w Jersey, 6 N e w Mexico, 177 N e w Orleans, Louisiana, 28 N e w p o r t Naval T o r p e d o Station, 55, 68, 69 Newspapers: reading tastes of Forrestal, 15, 23; Pearl H a r b o r and, 83; on Stettinius, 164; on D e n b y , 206; on Forrestal resignation, 213-14; on N a tional Security A c t , 266, 278 N e w t o n , J o h n H., 289 N e w York N a v y Yard, 51, 54 N e w York Stock Exchange, 2-3 N e w York T r u s t Company, 10 Nimitz, Chester W . , U S N , 44, 47-48, 247, 255, 289; at Pearl H a r b o r , 105, 106, 149; K i n g and, 125, 240, 268; on the Mandated Islands, 170; Japanese surrender and, 179-80; unification of services and, 260, 261, 269, 272, 274 Noble, Albert G „ U S N , 289 N o r f o l k , Virginia, 269 N o r f o l k N a v y Yard, 46, 51, 54 N o r m a n d y , 13, 109, 233 Norstad, Lauris, U S A , unification of armed services and, 256, 276, 277, 278, 279, 283 N o r t h Atlantic T r e a t y Organization ( N A T O ) , 193, 197 N o r t h b r o o k , Lord, 202 North Carolina (USS), 50 N o r w i c h University, 144 N o t t e r , Harley, cited, 322727220, 33; 323227245, 47 N o u m e a , N e w Hebrides, 22, 105-6 N u b e r , H o r a c e D., U S N , 290 N u n n , Ira, U S N , 3207239 O ' D u n n e , Eugene, 3077231 Office of Naval History, 24, 25, 3297236, Office of Naval Logistics and Material, 125-^7. 1 3 3 Office of Naval Material, 238 Office of Naval Operations, see Naval Operations Office of Price Administration, 93, 11315, 296, 3177217 Office of P r o c u r e m e n t and Material ( O P & M ) , 94-96, 104, 297, 3167210; Directors, 35, 60, 61, 288; King's reorganization plans and, 98, 99, 101-2, 233, 237; Negotiation Division, h i ; renamed, 238

354

Index

Office of Production Management ( O P M ) , 74-76, 78, 81, 93, 107; war contracts and, 94; membership, 296 Office of Research and Invention, 24142 Office of Scientific Research and Development, 182 Office of Strategical Services, 7 Office of W a r Mobilization, 96, 164, 297 Oil: tanker sales, 194-95, 325W126; Teapot Dome scandal, 206; Pauley interests, 2 1 1 , 212, 215-16 Oklahoma ( U S S ) , 50 OPM, see Office of Production Management OP&M, see Office of Procurement and Material Ordnance Bureau, 18, 44, 47, 60; cognizance, 45-46, 68, 69; Chiefs of, 61, 102, 239, 289; contract procedure, 65, 149; Office of Production Management and, 75. See also Naval Weapons, Bureau of Organization Planning and Procedures Unit, 3297239 Organization Policy Group (Top Policy G r o u p ) , 148, 191, 192, 235-37; Gates Board and, 238; on unification of services, 262; Minutes, 320727251, 65; 3257272119-21, 124; 329727227, 28, 30-34, 38, 40; 332727229, 32 Overfeit, Ferol D., 35, 3077232, 3097263, 3137244 Pacific Ocean Areas Command, 255, 260, 261 Paget, Richard M., 235-36, 237 Panama Canal, 85, 205 Parkington, Sir John, 202 Parsons, Wilfred, 184, 3247296 Pasvolsky, Leo, 192, 3237243 Patterson, Robert P., 10, 78, 136, 227, 290, 3167269, 317727212-13, 15-16; industrial mobilization and, 63, 74, 7677, 81, 103, 104, 106; N e w York Times on, 83-84; price controls and, 1 1 3 , 114; Atomic Energy Commission and, 182, 183; Truman Doctrine and, 190; on civilian authority, 231; unification of services and, 250, 262, 266, 272-73, 274, 278; Defense Secretaryship refusal, 284 Paulding, James Kirke, 203-4, 32i>«5, 3277224 Pauley, Edwin W . , 2 1 1 - 1 3 , 214-16

Pauliin, C. O., 326725 Pearl Harbor, 22, 40, 60, 160, 273; impact of, 6, 83-108; ship repairs, 5051, 115-16; submarine readiness, 68; operational planning and, 70, 78; Congressional investigation, 149-51; unification of armed services and, 257, 261 Pennsylvania ( U S S ) , 50 Pentagon, see Defense Department Perkins, Frances, 13 Perry, Matthew Calbraith, U S N , 159 Personnel Selection Board, 243-46 Peru, 160 Petersen, Howard C., U S N , 290 Philadelphia Naval Aircraft Factory, 54

Philadelphia Naval Home, 53 Philadelphia N a v y Yard, 51, 54, 55 Philippines, 49, 70, 85; acquisition of, 160, 205, 251 Phillips, William Α., 3 Pike, Sumner, 4 Pittsburgh, University of, 131 Pittsburgh ( U S S ) , 34 Pius XII, pope, 185 Plumley, Charles Α., 144, 147-48 Poland, 183 Polaris, 242 Porter, David Dixon, U S N , 52, 53, 204Portsmouth Naval Prison, 52, 123 Potomac River, 8, 9 Potsdam Conference, 181, 191; Forrestal at, 22, 138, 176-78, 184, 215 Presidency: Cabinet, 1, 6, 1 1 - 1 2 , 36, 71, 2 128, 134, 135, 193-95, " 4 * 74" 75; Administrative Assistants, 3-5; elections, 6, 1 1 , 13, 164, 2 1 1 ; N a v y Department and, 38, 45, 128-38, 272; Constitutional powers of, 56-57, 129, 138, 194, 195-96, 279; industrial mobilization and, 76; Fleet Commanderin-Chief and, 89, 240; Chief of Staff, 90; Bureau of the Budget, 153-54, 285, 3167277, 321722; free speech of subordinates, 267-69. See also individual presidents President's Committee on Administrative Management, 305727 Price Control Act, 113, 114, 3177214 Prices, see Finance, prices Pride, Alfred M., U S N , 289 Princeton University, 3, 9, 23, 77, 83; alumni files cited, 307729; Registrar's records cited, 3077229; naval history

Index lectures, 28-29; bicentennial, 219; Library, 335 Pringle, H . F., 3267216 Priorities, 106, 116, 119-22 P r i s o n s , 122-24, 246-47

Procurement, see specific aspect, i.e., Construction; Contracts; Finance; Industrial mobilization; Priorities; Shipbuilding Procurement Legal Division: establishment of, 37, 66-67, 81, 82, 14J, 233; Office of Procurement and Material and, 95, m ; Chiefs of, 290 Public relations, 30-31, 34, 42, 221, 231 Puerto Rico, 21 Puget Sound, 86 Puget Sound-Bremerton Navy Yard, 51 Pugh, Herbert L., U S N , 289 Puleston, W . D., U S N , 3227222 Quebec Conference, 125, 163 Raborn, William F., Jr., U S N , 242 Radar, 87 Radford, Arthur, U S N , 239, 289; unification of armed services and, 256, 266, 276, 278

Radio Corporation of America, 94 Railroads, wartime travel and, i o j Ramsey, Dewitt C., U S N , 289 Rationing, 104, 107 Read, S. H . P., U S N , 3087253

"Recommendations Concerning the Top-Management Organization of the United States N a v y " (Organization Policy Group), 238 Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 73 Republic Steel Company, 9 Republican party, 72, 141, 143, 144, 279; Roosevelt appointments and, 4, 6 Requirements Review Board, 120, 3177228

Reston, James, 27, 189, 32572116 Revolutionary War, 204, 250 Reynolds, Quentin, cited, 312729 Rhode Island, 217 Richardson, J . O., U S N , 46, 50-51, 8889, 260; cited, 3147218

Richardson, Lawrence B., U S N , 289 Rickover, Hyman, U S N , 242, 244 Roberts, Owen, 150 Roberts Commission, 150, 261 Robertson, Willis, 269, 278 Robeson, George M., 202, 205 Robinson, Samuel M., U S N , 45, 60, 95, 238, 289; procurement and, 75, 119,

355

120, 121, 288; King and, 97, 100; on unification of services, 271 Robinson, Theodore Douglas, 9 Rockefeller, Laurance S., 335 Rogers, Lindsay, 305728 Roi, Marshall Islands, 22 "Roles and missions," 252, 256, 273, 277, 283, 285

Rome, Italy, 22 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 123, 3187238 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 10, 11-13, 61,

169; c i t e d ,

313727232, 42; 3147220,

315727246, 54, 57, 65; Securities E x -

change Commission and, 2, 3, 4; Corcoran and, 3-4, 9-10, 26, 305723; A d -

ministrative Assistants, 3-5, 26, 128; as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, 36, 60, 123, 161, 229, 3157245, 3187237; P e a r l

Harbor and, 51, 82, 83, 84, 93; industrial mobilization and, 70-74, 107; seaplane bases, 87-88; Fleet Commander-in-Chief and, 89, 125, 126; Navy Department reorganization and, 96, 97-103, 3167266; price controls and,

113-14; destroyer escorts and, 119; "map room," 132-33; N a v y Department direction and, 128-36, 142, 207, 208-13; d e a t h o f , 157, 170, 183-84, 212,

237, 261 State Department direction and, 162-64, 192; Forrestal memor a n d a t o , 3067230, 317727212-13; 3197214, 3207262, 327727225, 28-30

Roosevelt, Henry Latrobe, 9, 3157245 Roosevelt, Theodore, 7, 8, 160, 231; Navy Secretaries under, 205-6, 207, 229, 232

Root, Elihu, quoted, 230-31 Roper, John W., U S N , 289, 291 Roskill, S. W „ R N , 3187211 Rothschild family, 23 Rowland, Buford, cited, 3107218, 3 12727222, 25, 27

Royall, Kenneth C., 171, 290 Rubber, wartime conservation of, 104-5 Ruddock, Theodore D., U S N , 289 Russell, George L., U S N , 235, 236, 278, 3077211, 3147229 Russia, see Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Saint John's River, 21 St. Louis, Missouri, 69 Sallada, Harold B., U S N , 289 Salt Lake City (USS), 247, 3307261 Saltonstall, Leverett, 144, 155, 265 Sampson, William T . , U S N , 44

Index

35