Formative Settlement Patterns on the Pacific Coast of Guatemala: A Spatial Analysis of Complex Societal Evolution 9780860546313, 9781407347820

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Formative Settlement Patterns on the Pacific Coast of Guatemala A Spatial Analysis of Complex Societal Evolution

Frederick J. Bove

BAR International Series 493 1989

B.A.R. 5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 ODQ, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

BAR -S493, 1989: 'Formative Settleipent Patterns on the P&cific Coast of Guatemala'

© Frederick J. Bove, .1989. The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860546313 paperback ISBN 9781407347820 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546313 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

T ABLE OF CONTENTS

L i s to fF igure s

i v

L i s to fT ab le s

i x

A cknow ledgemen t s

x i

I NTRODUCT ION TO THE B .A .R . ED IT ION CHAPTER I I NTRODUCT ION 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4 1 . 5

S ta temen to fP rob lem R eg iona lS tud ie s A rea S e lec ted T he P ro jec t D i s se r ta t ion Goa l s

CHAPTER I NATURAL ENV IRON MENT 2 . 1 I n t roduc t ion 2 . 2 Geo log y 2 . 3 C l ima te 2 . 3 .1 R a in fa l l 2 . 4 R ive r s 2 . 5 S o i l s 2 . 6 R e sou rce s 2 . 7 Mode rn U se 2 . 8 S umma ry CHAPTER I I METHODOLOGY 3 . 1 I n t roduc t ion 3 . 2 I nforma t ion S ource s 3 . 2 .1 A rchaeo log ica lS i te R eg i s te r 3 . 2 .2 P ub l i shed R epo r t s 3 . 2 .3 Maps 3 . 2 .4 S hook S i te F i le sa nd F ie ld N o te s 3 . 2 .5 Ae r ia lP ho tog raph s 3 . 2 .6 L oca lI n fo rman ts 3 . 3 R eco rd ing P rocedu re s 3 . 3 .1 S oc ia l( Se t t lemen t )V a r iab le s 3 . 3 .2 E nv i ronmen ta lV a r iab le s 3 . 3 .3 E conom ic V a r iab le s 3 . 4 S urvey Me thodo logy 1 4 .1 S urvey Ob jec t ive s 3 . 4 .2 S urvey C on s ide ra t ion s 3 . 4 .3 S urvey Me thod s 3 . 5 E xcava t ion Ob jec t ive s 3 . 5 .1 E xcava t ion T echn ique s 3 . 6 C h rono log ica lC on s ide ra t ion s 3 . 6 .1 C e ram ic 3 . 6 .1 .1 E a r ly M idd le F orma t ive ( 900/880 -600BC ) 3 . 6 .1 .2 L a te M idd le F o rma t ive ( 600 -400BC ) 3 . 6 .1 .3 L a te F orma t ive ( 400 -100BC ) 3 . 6 .1 .4 T e rm ina lF o rma t ive ( 100BC -AD200 )

1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 2 1 2 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 6 1 6 1 7 1 7 1 8 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 4 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 7 2 8 2 8 2 9 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 5 3 5 3 6

3 . 6 .2 Ab so lu te Da t ing 3 . 6 .2 .1 R ad ioca rbon Da t ing 3 . 6 .2 .2 Ob s id ian Hyd ra t ion 3 . 6 .3 A rch i tec tu re 3 . 6 .4 Monumen t s 3 . 6 .5 F igu r ine s 3 . 6 .6 S p ind le Whor l s 3 . 6 .7 C e ram ic N apk in -R ing E ar S poo l s 3 . 6 .8 P e r fora ted D i sc s 3 . 6 .9 M i scelaneou s CHAPTER I V FOR MAT IVE PER IOD S ITE DESCR IPT IONS 4 . 1 I n t roduc t ion 4 . 2 S i te No 5 22501 4 . 3 S i te No 4 31901 ( A l so Ove r laps 4 219 ) 4 . 4 S i te No 4 39401 4 . 5 S i te No 4 50101 4 . 6 S i te No 4 50202 4 . 7 S i te No 4 50203 4 . 8 S i te No 4 50301 4 . 9 S i te No 4 50302 4 . 10 S i te No 4 50401 4 . 11 S i te No 4 50601 4 . 12 S i te No 4 58501 4 . 13 S i te No 4 70401 4 . 14 S i te No 4 70402 4 . 15 S i te No 4 79501 4 . 16 S i te No 4 89701 4 . 17 S i te No 4 99801 4 . 18 S i te No 5 10301 4 . 19 S i te No 5 10401 4 . 20 S i te No 5 20301 ( And P o s s ib ly 5 20401 ) 4 . 21 S i te No 5 29301 4 . 22 S i te No 5 40601 ( A l so 5 30601 ) 4 . 23 S i te No 5 50601 4 . 24 S i te No 5 79701 4 . 25 S i te No 5 82101 4 . 26 S i te No 5 89701 4 . 27 S i te No 6 29701 4 . 28 S i te No 6 51101 4 . 29 S i te No 7 33301 4 . 30 S i te No 7 42301 4 . 31 S i te No 7 50301 4 . 32 S i te No 7 61401 4 . 33 S i te No 7 70701 4 . 34 S i te No 8 61401 ( A l so 8 714 And 8 715 ) 4 . 35 S i te No 9 01501 ( A l so 8 916 ) CHAPTER V EXCAVAT IONS

3 6 3 6 3 7 3 7 3 8 3 8 3 9 3 9 3 9 4 0 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 8 4 9 5 0 5 1 5 1 5 2 5 2 5 3 5 3 5 4 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 5 7 5 8 5 9 5 9 6 0 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5 6 6 6 6 6 8

5 . 1 I n t roduc t ion 5 . 2 L a Mo rena 5 . 2 .1 S ur face C olec t ion s 5 . 2 .1 .1 L o t AB1 5 . 2 .1 .2 L o t AB2 5 . 2 .1 .3 L o t AB3 5 . 2 .1 .4 L o t AB4 5 . 2 .1 .5 L o t AB5

6 8 6 8 6 9 6 9 6 9 6 9 6 9 7 0 I

5 . 2 .1 .6 L o t AB6 5 . 2 .1 .7 L o t AB7 5 . 2 .1 .8 S umma ry S u r face C olec t ion s 5 . 2 .2 E xcava t ion s 5 . 2 .2 .1 S ub -ope ra t ion E 5 . 2 .2 .2 S ub -ope ra t ion sF ,G ,H , I ,J ,K ,L 5 . 2 .2 .3 S ub -ope ra t ion M a nd N 5 . 2 .2 .4 S ub -ope ra t ion 0 5 . 2 .3 S ummary 5 . 3 L o sC e r r i to s -Sou th 5 . 3 .1 S ur face C olec t ion s 5 . 3 .1 .1 L o t BB1 5 . 3 .1 .2 L o t BB2 5 . 3 .1 .3 L o t BB3 5 . 3 .1 .4 L o t BB4 5 . 3 .1 .5 L o t BB5 5 . 3 .1 .6 L o t BB6 5 . 3 .1 .7 L o t BB7 5 . 3 .1 .8 L o t BB8 5 . 3 .1 .9 L o t BB9 5 . 3 .1 .10 L o t BB10 5 . 3 .1 .11 L o t BB11 5 . 3 .1 .12 L o t BB12 5 . 3 .1 .13 L o t BB13 5 . 3 .1 .14 L o t BB14 5 . 3 .1 .15 L o t BB15 5 . 3 .1 .16 L o t BB16 5 . 3 .1 .17 L o t BB17 5 . 3 .1 .18 L o t BB18 5 . 3 .1 .19 L o t BB19 5 . 3 .1 .20 S umma ry S u r face C olec t ion s 5 . 3 .2 E xcava t ion s 5 . 3 .2 .1 S ub -ope ra t ion E 5 . 3 .2 .2 S ub -ope ra t ion F 5 . 3 .2 .3 S ub -ope ra t ion sGa nd H 5 . 3 .2 .4 S ub -ope ra t ion I 5 . 3 .2 .5 S ub -ope ra t ion J 5 . 3 .3 S cu lp ture s 5 . 3 .3 .1 Monumen t 1 5 . 3 .3 .2 Monumen t2 5 . 3 .3 .3 Monumen t3 5 . 3 .4 S ummary 5 . 4 C r i s toba l 5 . 4 .1 S u r face C olec t ion s 5 . 4 .1 .1 L o t CB1 5 . 4 .1 .2 L o t CB2 5 . 4 .1 .3 L o t CB3 5 . 4 .1 .4 L o t CB5 5 . 4 .1 .5 L o t CB7 5 . 4 .1 .6 L o t CB8 5 . 4 .1 .7 L o t CB11 5 . 4 .1 .8 L o t CB13 5 . 4 .1 .9 L o t CB15 5 . 4 .1 .10 L o t CB17 5 . 4 .1 .11 L o t CB18 5 . 4 .1 .12 L o t CB24 5 . 4 .1 .13 L o t CB25 5 . 4 .1 .14 S umma ry S ur face C olec t ion s i f i

7 0 7 0 7 0 7 0 7 0 7 1 7 3 7 3 7 4 7 4 7 5 7 5 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 7 8 7 8 7 8 7 8 7 8 7 9 7 9 7 9 7 9 7 9 8 0 8 0 8 1 8 2 8 3 8 4 8 4 8 4 8 4 8 5 8 6 8 6 8 7 8 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 9 8 9 8 9 8 9

5 . 4 .2 E xcava t ion s 5 . 4 .2 .1 S ub -ope ra t ion sE 5 . 4 .2 .2 S ub -ope ra t ion F 5 . 4 .2 .3 S ub -ope ra t ion G 5 . 4 .2 .4 S ub -ope ra t ion H a nd I 5 . 4 .2 .5 S ub -ope ra t ion J 5 . 4 .3 S umma ry CHAPTER W

S ETTLE MENT PA! I ERNS

8 9 9 0 9 0 9 0 9 0 9 1 9 2 9 3

6 . 1 I n t roduc t ion 6 . 2 S e t t lemen tC la s s i f ica t ion P rocedu re s 6 . 2 .1 D i sc r im inan t Ana ly s i s 6 . 3 S e t t lemen tP a t tern b yT ime P e r iod 6 . 3 .1 E a r ly M idd le F orma t ive P e r iod ( 800 -600BC ) 6 . 3 .2 L a te M idd le F o rma t ive P e r iod ( 600 -400BC ) 6 . 3 .3 L a te F orma t ive P e r iod ( 400 -100BC ) 6 . 3 .4 T e rm ina lF o rma t ive P e r iod ( 100BC -AD200 ) 6 . 3 .5 S e t t lemen tD i scu s s ion a nd T ypo logy 6 . 3 .5 .1 C la s s ic P e r iod 6 . 4 R ank -S ize D i s t r ibu t ion s 6 . 5 F unc t iona lV a r iab i l i ty 6 . 6 S pa t ia lR e la t ion sh ips 6 . 6 .1 P r ima ry -Seconda ry S i te R e la t ion sh ip s 6 . 7 R e sou rce -Se t t lemen t R e la t ion sh ip s CHAPTER WI ECONO M IC S PEC IAL IZAT ION AND EXCHANGE 7 . 1 I n t roduc t ion 7 . 2 T heo re t ica lC once rn s 7 . 2 .1 Me thodo logy 7 . 2 .2 C la s s i f ica t ion P rocedu re s 7 . 3 T e s tI mp l ica t ion s 7 . 3 .1 T e s tI mp l ica t ion No 1 7 . 3 .1 .1 F ind ing sT e s tI mp l ica t ion No 1 7 . 3 .2 T e s tI mpl i ca t ion No 2 7 . 3 .2 .1 F ind ing sT e s tI mp l ica t ion No 2 7 . 3 .3 T e s tI mp l ica t ion No 3 7 . 3 .3 .1 F ind ing sT e s tI mpl i ca t ion No 3 7 . 3 .4 T e s tI mp l ica t ion No 4 7 . 3 .4 .1 F ind ing sT e s tI mp l ica t ion No 4 7 . 3 .5 T e s tI mp l ica t ion No 5 7 . 3 .5 .1 F ind ing sT e s tI mpl i ca t ion No 5 7 . 3 .6 T e s tI mpl i ca t ion No 6 7 . 3 .6 .1 F ind ing sT e s tI mp l ica t ion No 6 7 . 3 .7 T e s tI mp l ica t ion No 7 7 . 3 .7 .1 F ind ing sT e s tI mp l ica t ion No 7 7 . 3 .8 T e s tI mp l ica t ion No 8 7 . 3 .8 .1 F ind ing sT e s tI mpl i ca t ion No 8 7 . 3 .9 T e s tI mpl i ca t ion No 9 7 . 3 .9 .1 F ind ing sT e s tI mp l ica t ion No 9 7 . 3 .10 T e s tI mpl i ca t ion No 1 0 7 . 3 .10 .1 F ind ing sT e s tI mp l ica t ion N o 1 0 7 . 3 .11 O the rT e s tI mp l ica t ion s 7 . 4 S umma ry

i v

9 3 9 3 9 5 9 7 9 7 9 7 9 8 9 9 1 00 1 01 1 01 1 03 1 03 1 04 1 05 1 06 1 06 1 06 1 07 1 08 1 09 1 09 1 09 1 09 1 09 10 10 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 15 15 18 18 18 18 19 19

CHAPTER V I I I EVOLUT IONARY SOC IAL AND ECONO M IC IMPL ICAT IONS 1 20 8 . 1 8 . 2 8 . 3 8 . 4

I n t roduc t ion C on t ro lo fR e sou rce s C on t ro lo fD i s t r ibu t ion C on t ro lo fI n fo rma t ion 8 . 4 .1 Mu l t ip l ier E f fec t 8 . 5 S ummary

1 20 1 20 1 21 1 23 1 23 1 23

APPEND IX A .A rchaeo log ica ls i te r eco rd a nd d a ta r ecord ing f o rm s

1 26

APPEND IX B . Da ta s umma r ie so ff o rma t ive p e r iod s u r f ace c o l lec ted s i te s .

1 30

APPEND IX C .V a r iab le i npu t mean s ,d i sc r im inan ta na ly s i s

1 37

APPEND IX D . Ob s id ian c l a s s i f ica t ion s y s tem

1 40

APPEND IX E .F o rma t ive p e r iod o b s id ian d a ta

1 45

B IBL IOGRAPHY

1 55

F IGURES F igure 1 . R e search a rea o f t he P ac i f ic C oa s t A rchaeo log ica l R e search P ro jec t . Mode rn t own s a re s hown a s h a tched a rea s , a r chaeo log ica l s i te s a s n umbe r s . T he a rchaeo log ica l s i te s a re : 1 )B a lber ta , 2 ) P i la r , 3 ) S an An ton io , 4 ) G i ra lda , 5 ) L a R ub ia , 6 ) V i s ta He rmo sa d e l o s C e r r i to s , 7 ) Anna , 8 ) B onampak , 9 ) B onanza , 1 0 ) T zuy -Lopez , 1 ) R eyno sa , 1 2 ) L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th , 1 3 ) Mon te A l to , 1 4 ) E l B a l samo , 1 5 ) L a Morena , 1 6 ) C r i s toba l , 1 7 ) L a S e Iva , 1 8 ) S i te No 4 50201 , a nd 1 9 )B i lbao .

1 67

F igure 2 . S tudy a rea o fp ro jec ts how ing k ey s i te sa nd o b s id ian s ou rce s .

1 68

F igure 3 . E n la rged a rea o fp ro jec t .

1 69

F igure 4 . I s o the rma l Map i nC f o r 1 971 .

1 70

F igure 5 . I s hohye ta l Map mm/y ro fr a in f o rt he p e r iod 1 953 -1972 .

1 71

F igure 6 . I s ohye ta l Map mm/y ro fr a in f o rt he d ry y ea r 1 972

1 72

F igure 7 . I s ohye ta l Map mm/y ro fr a in f o rt he w e ty ea r 1 969

1 73

F igure 8 . S o i l s Map D ep t . o fE scu in t la ( a f te rS immon se ta l . 1 959 : F ig .4 0 ) .

••

1 74

F igure 9 . E xamp le o f Map s i te De s igna t ion

1 75

F igure 1 0 . Map S i te N o4 22501 L a R ub ia

1 76

F igure 1 . S ke tch Map S i te N o4 31901 V i s ta He rmo sa d el o sC e r r i to s .

1 77

F igure 1 2 . P la t form Mound S i te No 4 50101 E sme ra lda

1 78

F igure 1 3 . De s t royed a nd l oo ted w e s t mound S i te N o4 50202 .

1 78

F igure 1 4 . R ecove red v e s se l s f r om l oo te r s p i t s S i te No 4 50202 . A l l L a te t o T e rm ina lF orma t ive .

1 79

F igure 1 5 . S ke tch Map S i te No 4 50203

1 80

F igure 1 6 . S i te No 4 50401 f r om t he s ou th

1 81

F igure 1 7 . Map S i te N o4 50401 .

1 81

F igure 1 8 . S i te No 4 50601 f r om t he s ou th

1 82

F igure 1 9 . Map S i te N o4 50601 .

1 83

F igure 2 0 . S ke tch Map S i te No 4 58501 L aS e lva

1 84

F igure 2 1 . Map S i te N o4 70401 a nd 4 70402

1 85

F igure 2 2 . S ke tch Map S i te No 4 89701

1 86

F igure 2 3 . S ke tch Map S i te No 5 10301

1 87

F igure 2 4 . P la tform Mound f r om t he s ou th S i te No 5 29301 L a C an to i ra .

1 88

F igure 2 5 . P la t form Mound f r om t he s ou thwe s tS i te No 5 50601 E l Murc ie lago . .

1 88

F igure 2 6 . Map S i te No 5 50601 E l Murc ie lago .

1 89

F igure 2 7 . S i te No 5 79701 B onanza -f rom t he n or theas t

1 90

F igure 2 8 . Map S i te No 5 79701 B onanza .

1 91

F igure 2 9 . F orma t ive p y ram id f r om t he n o r th S i te No 5 82 101 P i lar

1 92

F igure 3 0 . S ke tch Map S i te No 5 82101 P i la r .

1 93

F igure 3 1 . Ma in p y ram id sf r om t he n o r th S i te No 5 89701 A nna .

1 94

F igure 3 2 . Map S i te No 5 89701 Anna

1 95

F igure 3 3 . S ke tch Map S i te No 6 29701 B onampak

1 96

F igure 3 4 . P la tform Mound i ne a s tp or t ion o fS i te No 6 51101 E l Ob ra je .

1 97

F igure 3 5 . S ke tch Map w e s tp o r t ion o fS i te No 6 51101 E l Ob ra je

1 98

F igure 3 6 . P rel im ina ry S ke tch Map S i te No 7 42301 Mon te A l to .

1 99

F igure 3 7 . Map S i te No 7 61401 E lB a l samo ( a f te rS hook & Ha tch 1 978 )

2 00

F igure 3 8 . Map S i te No . 7 70701 L a Mo rena .

2 01

F igure 3 9 . S t rDf r om t he e a s ts i de

2 02

F igure 4 0 . L oca t ion o fs ubope ra t ion so nS t rF

2 02

F igure 4 1 . S t r Fc ache AF1 .

2 03

F igure 4 2 . S t r Fc ache AF1 .

2 03

F igure 4 3 . S t r Fj ade c ache a nd v e s se lA ll .

2 04

F igure 4 4 . S t r F masked f i gu r ine h ead A 11 -1

2 05

F igure 4 5 . A 11 -2 . M i scelaneou s o range g rooved i n c i sed b ow l . R im d i ame te r 1 9 c m , h e igh t 6c m .T he v e s se li sa lmos ti den t ica lt o AF1 -12 .

2 06

F igure 4 6 . AF1 -2 . V a r iega ted o range b ow l ( c loudy U su lu tan ) . R im d i ame te r 1 8 c m , h e igh t 6c m 2 06 F igure 4 7 . AF1 -20 . M i scelaneou s o range b ow lw i th g rooved i n c i s ing . R im d i ame te r 1 5 cm , h e igh t 6c m 2 07 F igure 4 8 . AF1 -12 . M i scelaneou s o range b ow lw i th g rooved i n c i s ing . R im d iame te r 1 8c m ,h e igh t 6c m . S ame a sA I1 -2 2 07 F igure 4 9 . AF1 -4 . M i scelaneou s r ed b ow l w i th r e s i s t d eco ra t ion . R im d i ame te r 1 2 c m , h e igh t 7c m 2 08 F igure 5 0 . M i scelaneou s o range b ow l ( c loudy U su lu tan )w i th g rooved i n c i s ing . R im d i ame te r 1 3c m , h e igh t 7c m 2 09 F igure 5 1 . AF1 -1 . M i scelaneou s r ed r ecurved b ow l . R im d i ame te r 1 2 c m , h e igh t 8 c m . 2 10 F igure 5 2 . AF1 -22 . M i scelaneou s r ed b ow l w i th s c aloped e ve r ted r im . R im d i ame te r2 2c m , h e igh t @8 c m 2 11

v i

F igure 5 3 . AF1 -18 . V a r iega ted o range b ow l ( c loudy U su lu tan ) w i th s ca l loped e ve r ted r im . R im d i ame te r 1 9c m ,h e igh t 7c m

2 11

F igure 5 4 . AF1 -17 . M i scelaneou s o range b ow l w i th s c aloped e ve r ted r im . R im d i ame te r2 3c m ,h e igh t 7c m 2 12 F igure 5 5 . AF1 -6 . V a r iega ted o range ( c loudy U su lu tan ) r ecurved b ow l . R im d i ame te r 1 8c m ,h e igh t 9c m 2 13 F igure 5 6 . AF1 -3 . M iscelaneou s o range r ecurved b ow l . R im d i ame te r 1 6c m , h e igh t 8c m 2 14 F igure 5 7 . AF1 -14 . U su lu tan i n c i sed s t i r rup s pou ted v e s se l . R im d i ame te r 1 2 c m , max imum d i ame te r2 1 c m , h e igh t 1 9c m

2 15

F igure 5 8 . AF1 -8 . M i scelaneou so range g rooved a nd mo lded b ow l . R im d i ame te r 1 2 cm , h e igh t 7c m 2 16 F igure 5 9 . AF1 -7 . V ar iega ted o range ( c loudy U su lu tan ) g rooved i n c i sed b ow l . R im d i ame te r 1 3c n i ,h e igh t 1 0c m 2 17 F igure 6 0 . G rooved i n c i sed d ecora ted c ache b ow l s . a ) s ame a s F ig . 5 9 ; b ) s ame a s F ig . 5 8 ; c ) AF1 -9 . M i scelaneou s o range . R im d i ame te r 1 2 cm , h e igh t 7cm ; d ) AF1 -10 . M i sce l laneou so range . R im d i ame te r 1 2c m ,h e igh t 7c m 2 18 F igure 6 1 . C oncha sP ha se R io B lanco O range ( a f te rC oe 1 961 :F ig 3 3b ,c )

2 18

F igure 6 2 . F ine I nc i sed B lack/B rown b ow l , MNAE -4939 ( a f te r S hook & K idde r 1 952 ;F ig 6 6a ) . R im d i ame te r 1 8c m ,h e igh t 1 5 .5 c m 2 19 F igure 6 3 . E l Ho r izon te , S uch i tepequez ,T iqu i sa te Wa re b ow l , MNAE -4141 . ..

2 19

F igure 6 4 . P r iva te c olec t ion , Gua tema la C i ty , n o p roven ience b u t s a id t o b e f r om t he S ou th C oa s t , Dep t . o f E scu in t la . R edd i sh -orange b ow l . R im d i ame te r 1 .8 cm , max imum d iame te r 1 6 .5 c m ,h e igh t 1 3c m .

2 20

F igure 6 5 . P r iva te c olec t ion , Gua tema la C i ty , n o p roven ience b u t s a id t o b e f r om t he S ou th C oas t , Dep t . o f E scu in t la . T iqu i sa te Wa re . R im d i ame te r 1 5 c m , max imum d i ame te r 1 9c m ,h e igh t 1 .5 c m

2 20

F igure 6 6 . S a lca ja , Dep t . o f Que tza l tenango . L a te F orma t ive B lack/B rown b ow l . R im d iame te r 7cm , max imum d i ame te r 1 3 .5 c m ,h e igh t 1 c m

2 21

F igure 6 7 . L e f t -no p roven ience , MNAE -4696 . G los sy B lack/Brown b ow l . R im d i ame te r 1 2 .2 cm , max imum d i ame te r 1 4 .5 c m , h e igh t 9 . 3 c m . R igh t -Sa lca ja , Que tza l tenango , #L -5 -5 -Z11 , G lo s sy B lack/Brown b ow l . R im d i ame te r 1 0 .5 c m , max imum d i ame te r 1 3 .5 c m ,h e igh t7 . 8c m 2 21 F igure 6 8 . L e f t -same a s F ig . 5 9 . R igh t -p r iva te c olec t ion S an ta L uc ia C o tzuma lguapa , s a id t o b e f r om t he F inca C aman tu lu l , E scu in t la . U su lu tan b ow l ,r im d i ame te r 1 8c m ,h e igh t 1 7c m 2 22 F igure 6 9 . P r iva te c olec t ion An t igua , f r om Dep t . o fC h ima l tenango . S aca tepequez Wh i te P as te b ow l , r im d i ame te r 1 3 .5 c m , h e igh t9 . 5c m 2 22 F igure 7 0 . S t rF ,b u r ied s t e la/a l ta r? c omp lex , d ep th 1 30 -170 cm

2 23

F igure 7 1 . S ou th v i ew S ubope ra t ion N , s t one f e a tu re a nd p os s ib le s cu lp tu re . .

2 24

F igure 7 2 . Map S i te No 7 33301 L o sC er r i to sS ou th

2 25

F igure 7 3 . S t rAf r om t he n o r th L o sC e r r i to sS ou th

2 26

F igu re 7 4 . S t r Qf r om t he s ou th L o sC e r r i to sS ou th

2 26

F igure 7 5 . S t r Jf r om t he s ou th L os C e r r i tos S ou th

2 26

F igure 7 6 . P la in s t e la o nS t rH

2 27

v u

F igure 7 7 . P la in s t e la a t t he s ou thwe s t b a se o f S t r H . L eng th 15 c m , w id th 7 6 c m , m ax imum t h ickne s s2 0c m

2 27

F igure 7 8 . B eg inn ing e xcava t ion sS ubope ra t ion G a tt h es ou th b a se o fS t rJ . .

2 28

F igure 7 9 . BG6 , S t rJ ,c ache v e s se l

2 28

F igure 8 0 . BG6 -1 , Mon te A l to B rown Wa re . R im d i ame te r2 6c m ,h e igh t 7c m .

2 29

F igure 8 1 . BG6 -1 , d raw ing o fF ig . 8 0

2 29

F igure 8 2 . S ubope ra t ion I ,S t rK ,w e s tp ro f i le

2 30

F igure 8 3 . B J1 b u r ia lu rn w i th r ema in so fi n ve r ted v e s se lo nt op .

2 31

F igure 8 4 . B u r ia lu rn w i th c ache v e s se lo nw e s ts i de

2 32

F igure 8 5 . B J1J -1 b u r ia lu rn . R im d i ame te r4 4c m , h e igh t3 4c m

2 33

F igure 8 6 . Monumen t 1 ,L o s C e r r i to s S ou th , h e igh t 7 4 c m , max imum w id th 5 0 c m . 2 34 F igure 8 7 . Monumen t 2 ,L o s C e r r i to s S ou th , f r on t v i ew . He igh t 8 0 c m , max imum w id th 7 2c m , t h ickne s s2 4c m 2 35 F igure 8 8 . Monumen t2 ,r i gh ts i de

2 35

F igure 8 9 . Monumen t2 ,l e f ts i de

2 35

F igure 9 0 . S qua t t ing f i gu re , Aba jT aka l ik

2 36

F igure 9 1 . Monumen t 3 ,L o s C e r r i tos S ou th , f r on t v i ew . He igh t 8 0 c m , max imum w id th 5 3c m

2 37

F igure 9 2 . Monumen t3 ,l e f ts i de

2 37

F igure 9 3 . Monumen t 1 ,S i te No 4 62501 G i ra lda . F o rme r ly r epor ted t o b e f r om Obe ro ( R ichard s 1 940 : P la te x v i i i )

2 38

F igure 9 4 . Monumen t 2 ,G i ra lda . He igh t 1 70 c m , max imum w id th 9 0 cm , t h ickne s s 8 0c m

2 39

F igure 9 5 . Monumen t2 ,G i ra lda

2 39

F igure 9 6 . Monumen t4 ,G i ra lda . He igh t9 6c m , max imum w id th 4 0 cm

2 40

F igure 9 7 . Monumen t 1 ,S i te N o5 41501 S an An ton io .

2 40

F igure 9 8 . S i te No 7 50301 C r i s toba l . L a te C la s s ic c omp lex t o t he w e s t o f F o rma t ive C r i s toba l 2 41 F igure 9 9 . S ke tch Map S i te No 7 50301 .F o rma t ive p o r t ion o fC r i s toba l

2 42

F igure 1 00 . T os ou th f r om t op o fS t rL ,S t r Ki nf o reg round .

2 43

F igure 1 01 . S ou th v i ew o fS t rC , d e s t royed S t r Bi nf o reg round

2 43

F igure 1 02 . P ano ram ic v i ew t o t he n o r th o f S t r La nd M c omp lex . On t he l e f t h o r izon i st he C la s s ic p or t ion o fC r i s toba l .

2 44

F igure 1 03 . E a s t v i ew o f S t r D i n f o reg round , S t r Ei n b ack , a nd f l oodp la in o f R io C r i s toba li nr ea r . 2 45 F igure 1 04 . B eg inn ing e xcava t ion sS ubope ra t ion E i nS t rB ,S t r Ca tr ea r . F igure 1 05 . CH1 -1

..

2 46

B eg inn ing S ubope ra t ion s H & I ,S t r M w i th w ho le d i sca rded v e s se l 2 46

F igure 1 06 . CH1 -1 , X a ta B lack/Brown b ow l , P ro to t oE ar ly C la s s ic . R im d i ame te r 2 4c m , h e igh t 7c m

2 47

F igure 1 07 . CH1 -2 , Yuca le s G roup ( now i d en t i f ied a s B onanza Ware o f t he E a r ly C la s s ic ) . R im d i ame te r2 9c m , h e igh t 1 4c m 2 47 v i i i

F igure 1 08 . N o r th p ro f i le S ubope ra t ion s H & Iw i th l a ha r ic l ike d epo s i t s .

.

2 48

F igure 1 09 . S ubope ra t ion sH&I ,e xpo sed f i red c l ay f l oor .

2 48

F igure 10 . H i s tog ram o fs i te a rea a nd ma s sf o rt he E a r ly M idd le F orma t ive .

2 49

F igure 1 11 . H i s tog ram o fs i te a rea a nd ma s sf o rt he L a te M idd le F orma t ive . .

2 50

F igure 12 . H i s tog ram o fs i te a rea a nd ma s sf o rt he L a te F orma t ive .

2 51

F igure 13 . H i s tog ram o fs i te a rea a nd ma s sf o rt he T e rm ina lF orma t ive .

2 52

F igure 1 14 . S i te d i s t r ibu t ion , E a r ly M idd le F o rma t ive

2 53

F igure 15 . S i te d i s t r ibu t ion , L a te M idd le F o rma t ive .

2 54

F igure 1 16 . H i s tog ram c anon ica lv a r iab le s ,L a te M idd le F orma t ive

2 55

F igure 1 17 . S i te d i s t r ibu t ion ,L a te F o rma t ive

2 56

F igure 1 18 . H i s tog ram c anon ica lv a r iab le s ,L a te F orma t ive .

2 57

F igure 1 19 . S i te d i s t r ibu t ion ,T e rm ina lF o rma t ive

2 58

F igu re 1 20 . P lo to fc anon ica lv a r iab le s ,T e rm ina lF o rma t ive

2 59

F igure 1 21 . R ank s ize d i s t r ibu t ion s ,E ar ly M idd le F orma t ive

2 60

F igure 1 22 . R ank s ize d i s t r ibu t ion s ,L a te M idd le F o rma t ive

2 61

F igure 1 23 . R ank s ize d i s t r ibu t ion s ,L a te F o rma t ive

2 62

F igure 1 24 . R ank s ize d i s t r ibu t ion s ,T e rm ina lF o rma t ive .

2 63

F igure 1 25 . H i s tog ram o f mound h e igh tc l a s se s

2 64

TABLES 1 .

R a in fal V ar iab i l i ty w i th D i s tance f r om C oa s t

2 65

2 .

R ive rD ra inage B a s in Da ta

2 65

3 .

E xcava ted S i te C ode

2 66

4 .

C hrono log ica lD iv i s ion C ode s

2 66

5 .

R e fe rence T ab le f o rS i te sC e ram ic P ha se s

2 67

6 .

Ha tch ' sP roposed F o rma t ive A l ignmen t

2 68

7 .

S ub -ope ra t ion E A r t i fac tC oun t

2 68

8 .

S ub -ope ra t ion F t h rough L A r t i fac tC oun t

2 69

9 .

S ub -ope ra t ion M a nd N A r t i fac tC oun t

2 69

1 0 .

S ub -Ope ra t ion 0 A r t i fac tC oun t

2 70

1 .

T o ta lL a Mo rena A r t i fac tC oun t

2 70

1 2 .

L os C e r r i tos s u r face A r t i fac tC oun t

2 70

1 3 .

S ub -ope ra t ion E A r t i fac tC oun t

2 71

1 4 .

S ub -ope ra t ion F A r t i f ac tC oun t

2 71

1 5 .

S ub -ope ra t ion G a nd H A r t i fac tC oun t

2 72

1 6 .

S ub -ope ra t ion IA r t i fac tC oun t

2 72

1 7 .

S ub -ope ra t ion J A r t i f ac tC oun t

2 73

1 8 .

L os C e r r i tos -Sou th A r t i fac tC oun t

2 73

1 9 .

C r i s toba lS u r face A r t i f ac tC oun t

2 74

i x

2 0 .

S ub -ope ra t ion E A r t i fac tC oun t

2 74

2 1 .

S ub -ope ra t ion F A r t i f ac tC oun t

2 75

2 2 .

S ub -ope ra t ion G A r t i fac tC oun t

2 75

2 3 .

S ub -ope ra t ion sHa nd I A r t i fac tC oun t

2 76

2 4 .

S ub -ope ra t ion J A r t if ac tC oun t

2 76

2 5 .

C r i s toba lT o ta lA r t i f ac tC oun t

2 77

2 6 .

E a r ly M idd le F o rma t ive S i te s

2 77

2 7 .

L a te M idd le F o rma t ive S i te s

2 78

2 8 .

L a te M idd le F orma t ive F to -En te rS equence a nd S tep Numbe r

2 79

2 9 .

J ackn i fed Maha lanob i sD -Squa re f o rL a te M idd le F orma t ive

2 80

3 0 .

L a te F orma t ive S i te s

2 81

3 1 .

L a te F orma t ive F to -En te rS equence a nd S tep Numbe r

2 82

3 2 .

J ackn i fed Maha lanob i sD -Squa re f o rL a te F orma t ive

2 83

3 3 .

T e rm ina lF orma t ive S i te s

2 84

3 4 .

T e rm ina lF o rma t ive F to -En te rS equence a nd S tep N umbe r

2 85

3 5 .

J ackn i fed Maha lanob i sD -Squa re f o rT e rm ina lF orma t ive

2 86

3 6 .

S i te G row th i n Hec ta re sb yT ime P e r iod a nd E nv i ronmen ta lZ one

2 87

3 7 .

T e rm ina lF orma t ive Mound D i s t r ibu t ion b yR ank

2 88

3 8 .

T e rm ina lF o rma t ive D i s tance t oS i te si nS ame R ank

2 89

3 9 .

L a te U ruk F i r s t -O rde rN ea re s tN e ighbo rD i s tance s

2 90

4 0 .

S ummary T ab le No . 1Ob s id ian

2 91

4 1 .

S umma ry T ab le No . 2Ob s id ian

2 92

4 2 .

Mean We igh to fE xcava ted Ob s id ian

2 93

4 3 .

B lade ( 01 ) E dge - Ma s s R a t io a nd Mean We igh tb yR ank

2 94

4 4 .

Mean We igh tp e r Ob s id ian P iece b yR ank

2 95

4 5 .

C ompar i son o fC r i s toba la nd L a Morena

2 95

ACKNO WLEDGEMENTS T h i s r e sea rch p ro jec t w a s c a r r ied o u t w i th t he s uppo r t o f t he I n s t i tu to d e An t ropo log ia e H i s to r i a , Gua tema la , t hen u nde r t he d i rec t ion o f L ic . F ranc i s P o lo S i fon te s a nd h i s p rede ce s so r D r . L u i s L u jan Munoz . Iw i sh t o e xp re s s m y s i nce re s t t h ank s t o L i c . S i fon te s f o r h i s c on t inu ing i n te re s t i n m y r e sea rch a nd w arm f r iend sh ip d u r ing my s t ay . Ia m g r a te fu l t o L icda . Do ra Gue r ra d e Gonza lez , D i rec to ra o f t he Mu seo N ac iona ld eA rqueo log ia yE tno log ia , G ua tema la , f o rp l ac ing t he mu seum f a c i l i t ie s a tm y d i spo sa l . O the r I DAEH o f f ic ia l s w ho a i ded m y w o rk a tt he t ime w e re Gu i l le rmo F o lga ra nd R obe r to R o sa le s . F ie ld w o rk w a s l a rge ly f unded b y aF u lb r igh t H ay s D i s se r ta t ion R e sea rch Ab road F elow sh ip , U .S . O f f ice o f E duca t ion , w i th s upp lemen ta ry f und s p rov ided b y t he P a ten t F und a nd G radua te D i v i s ion R e sea rch a nd T rave l G ran t s , Un ive r s i ty o f C a l i fo rn ia , L o s Ange le sa nd Ia m d eep ly g ra te fu lt ob o th i n s t i tu t ion sf o rt he i rs uppo r t . T he P ac i f ic S lope A rchaeo log ica l P ro jec t b ene f i ted f r om t he a dv ice a nd s uppo r t o f m y o r ig ina l d oc to ra l c omm i t tee , Hen ry B . N i cho l son , T imo thy K . E a r le , N o rman J .W . T h rowe r , Dw igh t W . R ead o n l e ave i nE gyp t , a nd J ame s 0 . Hu f f , n ow a tt he Un ive r s i ty o f I l ino i s . It hank J ohn D . S tephen s a nd T om L . McKn igh t o f t he Geog raphy D epa r tmen ta nd J ame sN .H i l l ,D epa r tmen to f An th ropo logy , UCLA ,f o rt he i ra s s i s tance . I am e spec ia l ly t h ank fu l t o E dw in M . S hook a nd Ma r ion P . Ha tch o f An t igua , G ua tema la , f o r e ncou rag ing me i na l p ha se s o fm y r e sea rch a nd t he i r p a t ience w i th m y b umb l ing e f fo r t s a t p o t te ry a na ly s i s . Io we a s pec ia l d eb t t o E d S hook f o r h i s p ionee r ing w o rk a nd c on t inu ing i n te re s t i n S ou th C oa s t a r chaeo logy a nd a l so f o r a low ing me a c ce s s t o h i s t y pe c ole c t ion s , p e rm i t t ing me t o a na lyze t he Mon te A l to o b s id ian c olec t ion a nd a bove a l f o r p i ck ing h i s b ra in s . It h ank w i th p l ea su re , C .W . C lew low , J r . , w ho l e d t h e w ay a s u sua l a nd h i s i nf luence w h ich n ur tu red m y i n te re s t i n F o rma t ive Me soame r ica . A s pe c ia l n o te o f t hank s t o L ee A . P a r son s f o r h i s t ho rough , i n s igh t fu lr e sea rch a nd a s s i s tance o nS ou th C oa s ta r chaeo log ica lp rob lem s . T he f i e ld e xpe r ience i n Gua tema la f o r me w a s p ro found . When Il e f t L o s Ange le s i n O c tobe r 1 978 , l i t t le d i d Is u spec t , o r k now mo s t o f t he p eop le w ho w ou ld p l ay s o s i gn i f ican t ar o le i n t h e p ro jec t . Ib el ieve o u r a c compl i shmen t s w e re r ema rkab le e spec ia l ly g i ven t he r e s t r ic ted b udge t , o pp re s s ive h ea t , a nd r e ly ing t o ag rea t e x ten t o n v o lun tee r s . T he se i n d i v idua l s mean a l o t t o m e a nd Iw i sh t o s ha re m y p r ide i n t he i r d ed ica t ion a nd c on t r ibu t ion s . Above a l t o t he f i e ld c r ew Magg ie Sm i th , P h i l G e ib , C a ro l F i f ie ld , Anne E . B ove , E n r ique L ina re s , Ma rco L ina re s , a nd t ot he i r mo the r Ma r ia An ton ie ta L ina re s w ho k ep t u s i nc l ean c l o the s a nd g ood b ean s . T o L i l l ian C . B ove f o r h e r p ionee r ing i nt ho se e a r ly d ay s a nd t o Ma rga re t L . B ove a nd P a t r ic ia S .B ove f o r t he t hank le s s t a sk s o f s he rd w a sh ing , p o t r e s to ra t ion , a nd l i th ic c l as s i f ica t ion . And t o M ichae lL ove f o rh e lp i no ur a lt oo b r ie f1 981 r e conna i s sance . Is hal a lway s r emembe r t he f r iend sh ip a nd h e lp o f P e te r F a i rhu r s t i n k eep ing u s s ane , h ea l thy , i ng ood h umo r a nd i n te re s ted i nh i s b e loved Gua tema la . Io we a s pec ia l t hank s t o J uan F ranc i s co G a l indo f o r l e ad ing u s t o C r i s toba l , p reven t ing o u r a r re s t , a nd o the r c ou r te s ie s . Id eep ly a pp rec ia te t he w a rm f r iend sh ip a nd h e lp o f R ica rdo Munoz G a lvez o f t h e F inca L a s I l u s ione s w ho p rov ided n ume rou s s e rv ice s n o t t he l e a s t o f w h ich l ed u st oA le jand ro G a lvez C .a nd am arve lou sh ou se i nS iqu ina la . Io we t h e g rea te s t d eb t t oc oun t le s s f i nca o wne r s , a dm in i s t ra to r s , ma jo rdomo s , a nd c ampe s ino s f o r a low ing u s t o w o rk o n t he i r l a nd a nd p rov id ing a s s i s tance a ta l p ha se s o f o ur r e sea rch . He re Ic an o n ly s i ng le o u t af ew i n c lud ing I ng . J a ime B o t ran a nd X av ie r P a lma , F inca L o s C e r r i to s ; X im i l iano G a rc ia a nd C on s ta t ine F e rnandez , F inca C r i s toba l ; C a r lo s Ma r t inez o fL a Mo rena , R obe r to D iaz Du ran , F inca Manan t ia l ; C a r lo s K aeh le r , H ac ienda C a ro l ina ; G u i l le rmo V a l ien te ,H ac ienda L a sV ic to r ia s ; F e rnando P ul in , H ac ienda S an J e ron imo ;a nd E s te la a nd E dga r Mo l ina , F inca Mon te A l to . I am e spec ialy g r a te fu l t o C h r i s tophe r L u tz a nd W il iam S wezey , c o -d i rec to r s o f t he C en t ro d e I nve s t ig ac ione s R eg iona le s d e Me soame r ica ( C IR MA ) f o r p rov id ing l a bo ra tory s pace , e qu ipmen t a nd c oun se l i n An t igua . A l so i n An t igua a n o te o f t hank s x i

t o J oan Qu i l len a nd J am ie Dona ld son f o r t he i r a s s i s tance . T o M i tchel Denbe rg f o r p ho tog raphy , d a rk room f a c i l i t ie s a nd f r iend sh ip a nd t oV i ta P ra te r a nd Hec to r N e f f f o r a c t ing a sf o i l st os ome o f my f a ro u tt heor ie s . Iam t hank fu l f o r t he c on t inu ing a dv ice a nd a s s i s tance o f B arbara L . S ta rk i n a l p ha se s o f my w o rk i n c lud ing a c ce s s t o h e r E l B a l sam ( ) o b s id ian a nd o the r d a ta a nd t o h e r s t af f i n c lud ing J ohn L ind ly ' s h e lp w i th o b s id ian c l a s s i f ica t ion p rocedure s , L yne t te Hele r , E l ie M . S tewa r t a nd Mary Hodge . It hank p ro fe s s iona l c oleague s w ho g ave f r ee ly o ft he i re x tens ive k now ledge o nc ommon Mesoame r ican p rob lems e spec ialy G a re th L owe , T homa s L ee J r . a nd J ohn C lark a nd t he s t af f o f t he New Wo r ld A rchaeo log ica l F ounda t ion , S an C r i s toba l d e L as C a sa s , C h iapa s , Mex ico ; Mar i lyn P .B eaud ry a nd D av id S . Wh i t ley o f UCLA ; R a ine r B e rge r a nd Dav id Mc Junk in o f t he UCLA I s o tope L abora to ry , a nd Mark J ohn son o f B e rke ley a nd R e ta lhu leu . A l so t o R icha rd Qua s t o f Gua tema la C i ty f o r a s s i s tance w i th a e r ia l p ho tog raph s a nd Ann B owd ler i nL o s Ange les f o rl i b rary r e search . Is hal a lway s r emembe r t he f r iend sh ip a nd u n s t in t ing h e lp o f o ur c l o se f r iends Ma r io S o to , F ranc i sco ( Paco ) R odr iguez , a nd F ranc i sco F lor ian E scobar . And as pec ia l t hank y ou t o t he s t a f f o f t he C a l i forn ia C afe te r ia a nd t h e E l R anchon i n S an ta L uc ia C o tzuma lguapa f o rk eep ing t he G ab's c o ld . S iqu ina la , Gua tema la An t igua , Gua tema la L os Ange le s , C al i fo rn ia

x i i

I NTRODUCT ION TO THE B .A .R . ED IT ION T h i s monog raph i s ar e v i s ion o f ad oc to ra l d i s se r ta t ion o r ig ina l ly s ubm i t ted t o t he Depa r tmen t o fA n th ropo log y , Un ive r s i ty o fC a l i fo rn ia a tL o s Ange le s ( Bove 1 981 ) . T he mo s t s i gn if ican t e nhancemen t n o t i nt he o r ig ina l d i s se r ta t ion , i st he i n c lu s ion o f al a rge n umbe r o f p ho tog raph s s how ing p e r t inen t s i te s , e x cava t ion s , c ache s , monumen t s , a nd a r t i f ac t s d i scove red . Ib el i eve t ha t t he p ho tog raph s , a s w el a s t he i n c rea sed q ua l i ty o f i l u s t ra t ion s , g rea t ly e n r i ch t he w o rk . S ince t he f i e ldwo rk a nd s ub sequen t a na ly s i s o n w h i ch t h i s s t udy i sb a sed w a s c a r r ied o u t l a rge ly b e tween 1 978 -1981 a nd b ecau se t he re h as b een as ub s tan t ia l r e sea rch e f fo r t i nP ac i f ic Gua tema la s i nce t hen , i na dd i t ion t om y o wn c on t inu ing p ro jec t , Ip re sen t t he se n ew c on t r ibu t ion s i n t h i s I n t roduc t ion t o t he B .A .R . E d i t ion a sw el a sa nu pda ted b ib l iog raphy . Ih ave b een l i v ing f o r s ome y ea r s i n t he h ea r t o f t he o r ig ina l r e sea rch z one w h i le t e ach ing a t t he n a t iona l u n ive r s i ty , t he Un ive r s i ty o f S an C a r lo s , a nd d i rec t ing r e sea rch p ro jec t s . A l though much o f t he r e cen t f i e ld r e sea rch h a s n o t f o cu sed o n F o rma t ive c omp lex s oc ie ta l e vo lu t ion , Ih ave b een a b le t o f l e sh o u t t he p rel im ina ry o u t l ine a s o r ig ina l ly p re sen ted i n t h e d i s se r ta t ion . T he se d a ta h ave n o t y e t b een a dequa te ly a na lyzed , h oweve r , a nd a r e t he re fo re n o t i n co rpo ra ted i n to a n e xpanded mode l , o r r ev i sed i n te rp re ta t ion o f c omp lex s oc ie ta l e vo lu t ion . Ih ave , o f c our se , c on t inued t o p ubl i sh a r t ic le s w h ich i n s e ve ra l i n s tance s b ea r d i rec t ly o n t he i s sue s r a i sed i n t he d i s se r ta t ion . T he se a re r e f e r red t o i n t he u pda ted b ib l iog raphy a t t he e nd o f t he i n t roduc t ion . I t i s b el ieved t ha t t he r e su l t s o f t h i s s t udy , w h ich f o cu se s o n ly o n F o rma t ive s e t t lemen tp a t te rn s ,w i l ls t and w i thou t ma jo r mod i f ica t ion . C hap te r I . T o s ay t h e re h a s b een a r e su rgence o f i n te re s t i n c omp lex s oc ie ta l e vo lu t ion i st o u nde r s ta te t h e c a se . He re Io n ly i n c lude s eve ra l o f t he mo re i n te re s t ing p ubl i ca t ion s w h ich h ave ad i rec t b ea r ing o n t h i s monog raph . B o th C a rne i ro ( 1 981 ) a nd E a r le ( 1 987a ) h ave c on t r ibu ted s i gn i f ican t ly t o t he s t udy o f c h ie fdom e vo lu t ion . T he i r s t ud ie s a re o f g rea t v a lue t om y c u r ren t P ac i f ic Gua tema la p ro jec t w h ich f o cu se s o n t he e v idence f o r t he e vo lu t ion f r om s imp le t oc omp lex c h ie fdom s a nd e a r ly s t a te s . S ande r s a nd Web s te r ( 1 978 ) h ave p rov ided a u se fu l s c ena r io f o r t he e vo lu t ion o f c omp lex s oc ie t ie s a ppl i cab le i n p a r t t o t he S ou th C oa s t . S omewha t f u r the r a f ie ld i st he r e cen t s t udy b y Upham ( 1982 ) w h ich s upp lemen t s t he mo re i n te re s t ing s pa t ia l a spec t s o f m y o r ig ina lw o rk . R eg iona l s t ud ie s c on t inue t o b e as t rong f o cu s i n Me soame r ica s upp lemen t ing t he s i te o r ien ted s t ud ie s o f t h e p a s t . P a r son s e t a l . ( 1982 ) i sp a r t icu la r ly h e lp fu l c a r ry ing o n t h e t r end e s tab l i shed e a r l ie r i n t he V aley o f Mex ico , a s w el a s t he c omp le t ion o f t he r eg iona l p ro jec t i nt he Z apo t i tan V aley , E l S a lvado r b y S hee t s ( 1983 ) . He re , Ic i te m y o wn r e sea rch i n t he T iqu i sa te z one o f P ac i f ic Gua tema la ( Bove 1 985 , i np re s s -a , i n p re s s -c ) . T he u se o f c e ram ic p a t te rn ing i n r eg iona l s t ud ie s h a s b een t he f o cu s o f r epo r t s b y B i shop , Dema re s t , a nd S ha re r ( i n p re s s ) ; Dema re s t a nd S ha re r 1 986 ; N e f f , B i shop , a nd B ove ( i n p re s s ) . T he r e sea rch h a s c on s ide rab le r e levance t o t he P ac i f ic S l ope o n ar eg iona ll e ve l . C hap te r I . Dep lo rab ly , o u t s ide o f t he p ub l ica t ion o f G . G al ' s e x celen t f ou r v o lume D icc iona r io d e Gua tema la ( I n s t i tu to G eog ra f ico N ac iona l 1 978 -1983 ) , t he re h ave n o t b een a ny s t ud ie s f ocu s ing s pec i f icaly o n t he n a tu ra l e nv i ronmen t -human p a t te rn ing r e la t ion sh ip . On ly Hele r a nd S ta rk ( i n p re s s ) r a i se s eve ra l i s sue s ; L owe , L ee , a nd Ma r t inez E . ( 1 982 ) i n c lude a n e xcelen t s yn the s i s o f t he n a tu ra l e nv i ronmen t o f t he S oconu sco r eg ion s u r round ing I z apa , a sd oe s a sP onc iano ( 1988 ) f o r t he R e ta lhu leu a rea o f P ac i f ic Gua tema la . We s t i l l l a ck , h oweve r , a n u pda ted mode rn s t udy o f s o i l c ha rac te r i s t ic s , a s w el a s ag eo log ica l s t udy o f f o rma t ion p roce s se s o n t he s l ope w h ich u ndoub ted ly h ad a s t rong i n f luence o n s i te l o ca t ion , s e t t lemen t p a t te rn ing , a nd a dap ta t ion . C hap te r I I . S eve ra l s i te o r p ro jec t r epo r t s h ave b een p ub l i shed o n t he E scu in t la r eg ion s i nce 1 981 . T he se i n c lude f u r the r s t ud ie s o f F o rma t ive E l B a l samo b y S ta rk e t a l . ( 1 985 ) a l ong w i th a n u pda ted s umma ry o f t he i r r e s iden t ia l p ro jec t r e su l t s . Hele r ( 1986 ) c omp le ted a s upe rb l i th ic a na ly s i s u s ing e xcava ted o b s id ian f r om t he E l B a l samo 1

s i te a nd i nt he p roce s s i d en t i f ied ab ipo la r i ndu s t ry o n t he Gua tema la P ac i f ic S l ope f o r t he f i r s t t ime . A l so , Hele r a nd S ta rk ( i n p re s s ) p rov ide a n i n -dep th a na ly s i s o f t he l i th ic a nd c e ram ic a s semb lage s f r om t he i r r e s iden t ia l e xcava t ion s a tE l B a l samo i no rde r t o f o cu s o n t he c au sa l r o le p l ayed b y e x change i n s oc ia l a nd e conom ic e vo lu t iona ry p roce s se s o n t he Gua tema lan S ou th C oa s t . T he f i r s t p ubl i shed s t udy o f t h e UCLA E l B a l sam ( ) p ro jec t c onduc ted i n t he l a te 1 970 ' s w a s r e cen t ly made a va i lab le b y C lew low a nd Wel s ( 1 986 ) . I n 1 986 UCL A b egan a l o ng te rm p ro jec t i n t he T iqu i sa te z one o f E scu in t la i n i t ia l ly c en te red a t t he S in C abeza s s i te (Wh i t ley a nd B eaud ry i n p re s s ) , w h ich u se s a s ab a se , s e t t lemen t p a t te rn i n fo rma t ion o b ta ined b y a1 982 f i e ld s u rvey ( Bove i np re s s -a ) . Ou r o wn B a lbe r ta r eg iona l p ro jec t h a s r e su l ted s o f a r i n ad e ta i led s t udy o fb u r ia l p a t te rn s i n t he B a lbe r ta z one t oge the r w i th a c ompa ra t ive a na ly s i s o f b u r ia l c u s tom s a t o the rs i te si ns ou the rn Me soame r ica ( A r royo 1 987 ) . Med rano ( 1 988 )p rov ide s at ho rough a na ly t ica l s t udy o f e xcava t ion s a t t he B a lbe r ta c en te r w h ich s e r ve s a s af ounda t ion f o r af i r s t ra te d e sc r ip t ion o f a r ch i tec tu ra l p a t te rn s c ompa r ing B a lbe r ta w i th o the r E scu in t la s i te s w i th in t he T e rm ina l F o rma t ive -Ea r ly C la s s ic t r an s i t ion . L ou ( 1987 ) p re sen ted a p rel im ina ry s t udy o f s e t t lemen t p a t te rn s i n t he B a lbe r ta r eg ion a s p a r t o f at he s i s p ro jec t e xpec ted t o b e c omp le ted i n 1 989 . On ab roade r l e ve l Ih ave a ugmen ted t he se r epo r t s w i th a s yn the s i s o f p ro jec t o b jec t ive s a nd p rel im ina ry r e su l t s ( e .g . B ove 1 985 , 1 987 ,i np re s s -d ) . When Iw o rked o n t he c e ram ic s r ecove red d u r ing m y s u rvey p ro je c t Id i d n o t t hen h ave a c ce s s t o t he u npub l i shed Mon te A l to c e ram ic s t udy b y S hook a nd H a tch ( n .d . ) . I d i d h ave a cce s s , h oweve r , t oS hook ' s t y pe c o l lec t ion s f r om Mon te A l to , E l B a l samo , a nd o the r E scu in t la F o rma t ive s i te s w h ich h e lped i mmea su rab ly i n d e te rm in ing s i te o ccupa t iona l s pan s . S ince t hen o the r s t ud ie s h ave b een e i the r p ub l i shed o r a re i n p roce s s , a s i no u r B a lbe r ta r eg iona l p ro jec t . T he se s t ud ie s h ave h e lped r e f ine t he b a s ic c e ram ic s equence a nd Iam c on f iden t t ha t i n t he n ex t s eve ra l y ea r s w e w i l l s o lve many p rob lem s w h ich c on t inue t o p l ague o u r e f fo r t s a t u nde r s tand ing mo re c omp le te ly t he c u l tu ra l h i s to ry much l e s s t he e vo lu t iona ry p roce s se s i n vo lved . T he se i n c lude Ha tch ' s u se fu l g ene ra l s u rvey o f S ou th C oa s t c e ram ic e vo lu t iona ry d eve lopmen t s a nd s equence s ( Ha tch 1 987 ) ; t he w o rk o fC e ja T e jada ( 1985 ) a nd C la rk e ta l . ( 1 987 ) i nc oa s ta l C h iapa s ; t he I z apa r epo r t s ( e .g . L owe , L ee , a nd Ma r t inez E . 1 982 ) ; au se fu l e xam ina t ion o f t he p lumba te p o t te ry i ndu s t r ie s ( Ne f f 1 984 ) ; ab road s u rvey o f F o rma t ive c e ram ic p rob lem s w h ich f ocu se s o n c oa s ta l p rob lem s ( Dema re s t i np re s s ) ; ar e f inemen t o ft he C ha lchuapa , S an ta L e t ic ia , a nd w e s te rn E l S a lvado r c e ram ic c omp lexe s w h ich h ave a g rea t d ea l o f r e levance w i th t he e a s te rn E scu in t la r eg ion ( e .g . D ema re s t a nd S ha re r 1 982 , 1 986 ; D ema re s t 1 986 ) . I n a dd i t ion , M ichae l L ove o f t he Un ive r s i ty o f C al i fo rn ia a tB e rke ley , i sw r i t ing a d oc to ra l d i s se r ta t ion o n t he M idd le F o rma t ive s i te o f L a B lanca ( no t t o b e c on fu sed w i th S a l ina s L a B lanca ) . H i s s t udy c en te r s o n f u l ly d e f in ing t he M idd le F o rma t ive C oncha s c e ram ic c omp lexe s i n w e s te rn Gua tema la ( Love 1 986 ) . T he se c omp lexe s h ave h e lped m y r e cen t r e sea rch i n h e lp ing t o r e f ine L a te M idd le a nd L a te F o rma t ive c omp lexe si nc en t ra lE scu in t la . T he UCLA Ob s id ian H yd ra t ion L abo ra to ry h a s c omp le ted c l o se t o 5 00 h yd ra t ion r ead ing s o n o b s id ian a r t i fac t s amp le s f r om m y E scu in t la r eg iona l p ro je c t r epre sen t ing a g rea t n umbe r o f s i te s a nd c ove r ing a l l o ccupa t iona l s pan s . T he se d a ta a re n ow b e ing a na lyzed t o d e te rm ine a pp rop r ia te h yd ra t ion r a te c on s tan t s f o r d i f fe ren t a rea s o f t he c oa s t a nd t o d e te rm ine s i te s pec i f ic r a te c on s tan t s . T he p re l im ina ry r e su l t s a re p rom i s ing a nd t he i r u t i l i ty i n h e lp ing t o s o lve c h rono log ica l p rob lem s o n t he P ac i f ic C oa s t h ave b een p a r t ia l ly c o r robo ra ted b y t he f i nd ing s f r om t he UCLA S in C abe za s p ro jec t (Wh i t ley a nd B eaud ry i np re s s ) . T he f i r s t s ub s tan t ive a r chaeo log ica l s t udy o f s ou th c oa s t a r ch i te c tu re a t t he B a lbe r ta s i te a nd s u r round ing a rea h a sb een c omp le ted b y Med rano ( 1988 ) a nd w a sq u i te i n s t rumen ta l , a l ong w i th o the r d a ta , i n p rov ing t h a t t he w ide sp read c hange s o b se rved a t t he F o rma t ive -C la s s ic j unc tu re w e re l o ca l ly c au sed a nd n o t p roduced b y a T eo t ihuacan i n t ru s ion ( See C hap te rV I I I ) .

2

T he o n -go ing d eba te o n t he o r ig in s o f O lmec s cu lp tu ra l a r t ; t he d a t ing o f t he w ide sp read p o tbely s t y le ; a nd t he p l acemen t a nd mean ing o f t he I z apa s t y le ; a re t he s ub jec t o f v a r iou s p ubl i ca t ion s b y G raham ( 1 981 , 1 982 , i n p re s s ) ; P a r son s 1 986 ; Dema re s t , S w i t su r , a nd B e rge r 1 982 ; Dema re s t 1 985 ; L owe , L ee , a nd Ma r t inez E . 1 982 ; Sm i th 1 984 ; a nd Ha tch ( i n p re s s ) . My o wn i n ve s t iga t ion s h ave p roduced c onv inc ing e v idence f o r t he L a te F o rma t ive d a t ing o f t he p o tbe l ly s t y le b a sed o n s cu lp tu ra l d i scove r ie s s i nce t he 1 981 d i s se r ta t ion a t t he G i ra lda , S an An ton io , a nd B onanza s i te s w h ich a re d i scu s sed b r ief l yi n ar ev i sed C hap te rV . T he r ecen t B a lbe r ta p ro jec t y i e lded t he f i r s t T e rm ina l F o rma t ive a nd E a r ly C la s s ic c e ram ic s p ind le w ho r l s s o f a r r epo r ted o n t he P ac i f ic C oa s t ( Bove a nd A r royo 1 988 ) . E xcava t ion s a t t he L a te C la s s ic E l F lamenco s i te i n R e ta lhu leu p roduced i n e xce s s o f 1 00 s p ind le w ho r l s f r om o ne r e s iden t ia l c omp lex , t he mo s t e ve r r epo r ted f r om a s i ng le l o cu s , t o my k now ledge , i n Me soame r ica ( Ponc iano 1 988 ) . E xcava t ion s d u r ing t he B a lbe r ta p ro jec t r e su l ted i n t he d i scove ry t ha t t h in p o t te ry n apk in r ing e a r s poo l s w e re manu f ac tu red i n q uan t i ty i n t he E a r ly C la s s ic a nd a ppea r n ow t o h ave b een f ound a tP ac i f ic C oa s t s i te s o f a l l t ime p e r iod s . We l a ck , h oweve r , a c ompa ra t ive s t udy t o d e te rm ine t he d eg ree o f t empo ra l s en s i t iv i ty . We a re c u r ren t ly t r y ing t o d e te rm ine i fe l i te s h ad d i f f e ren t ia l a cce s s t o t he se w e l l -made i t em s d u r ing t he E a r ly C la s s ic a tB a lbe r ta . C hap te r I V . Ih ave r e tu rned t o n ume rou s s i te s d e s c r ibed i n t he o r ig ina l d i s se r ta t ion t o o b ta in b e t te r s u r f ace c ole c t ion s , p repa re e i the r t opog raph ic map s o r i mp roved s ke tch map s , a nd i n s eve ra l c a se s t o c onduc t l im i ted t e s t e xcava t ion s a s w el . None o f t he se n ewe r d a ta a re i n co rpo ra ted i n t h i s monog raph i n c lud ing t he n ewe r t opog raph i c o r i mp roved s ke tch map s p end ing a c omp le te a na ly s i s a s d e sc r ibed i n t he o pen ing p a rag raph s o f t h i s i n t roduc t ion . A s p a r t o f t he B a lbe r ta r eg iona l p ro jec t w e t opog raph ica l ly mapped a nd o b ta ined c on t roled s u r f ace c olec t ion s a t L a R ub ia ( 422501 ) , a nd V i s ta He rmo sa d e l o s C e r r i to s ( 4 31901 ) , ( Med rano 1 988 ) . T he s i te o fL a S e lva ( 458501 ) h a s b een v i s i ted s eve ra l t ime s w i th amo re d e ta i led s ke tch m ap p repa red a nd b e t te r s u r f ace c olec t ion s o b ta ined . T he l a rge p l a t fo rm a tL a C an to i ra ( 5 29301 ) h a s b een r ev i s i ted a nd a s omewha t b e t te r s u r f ace p o t te ry c olec t ion o b ta ined . I n 1 983 w e c olec ted u nde r s t r ic t c on t roled c ond i t ion s t he t h ree s i te s o f B onanza ( 579701) , Anna ( 589701 ) , a nd B onampak ( 629701 ) . A ga in i n 1 985 w e t e s t e xcava ted t h ree s mal mound s a t B onanza a nd t opog raph ica l ly m apped a nd c olec ted o nce a ga in a l t h ree s i te s ( Bove 1 985 ) . I n 1 988 w e r e tu rned t o t he z one a nd c onduc ted l im i ted t e s t e xcava t ion s a t a l t h ree s i te s a nd r ecolec ted t hem u nde r e x t reme ly f a vo rab le c ond i t ion s . T he se d a ta a re n ow u nde rgo ing a na ly s i s t o t e s t t he Ha tch ( 1987 ) h ypo the s i s c once rn ing aw e s t t o e a s t s t y l i s t ic c e ram ic movemen t , a s w el a s t o u nde r s tand mo re c l ea r ly e ven t s o c cu r r ing i n t he B a lbe r ta z one a bou t 2 5 km e a s t . A l so a s p a r t o f t he B a lbe r ta p ro je c t , t he s i te o f P i la r ( 582101 ) w a s t opog raph ica l ly m apped a nd s u r f ace c olec ted d u r ing a 1 984 s ea son . T he P a rce lam ien to P i la r , w h ich s u r round s t he s i te , w a s c omp le te ly s ur veyed d ur ing t he B a lbe r ta p ro jec t w i th o ve r 1 00 s i te s r epo r ted a nd n ine s i te s e xcava ted . An o ve ral t o ta l o f 3 6 s i te s w e re e xcava ted d u r ing t he B a lbe r ta P ro jec t o u t s ide t he e x ten s ive ly e xcava ted c en t ra l z one . A r epo r t c ove r ing t he s e r ia t ion o f t he Mon te A l to ( 7 42301 ) s c u lp tu re s t oge the r w i th a n u pda ted s i te m ap i n c lud ing t he l o ca t ion o ft he s cu lp tu re s r e cove red h a s b een p repa red b y H a tch ( i n p re s s ) . A l so a va i lab le o n t he Mon te A l to s i te i s ab r ie f s ummary o f t he c e ram i c r e sea rch o b jec t ive s a nd s ome p re l im ina ry r e su l t s ( Shook a nd Ha tch 1 981 ) . N o a dd i t iona l a r chaeo log y h a s t aken p l ace a tE l B a l sam° a l though s eve ra l r epo r t s w e re p ub l i shed a s n o ted a bove . H a tch d i rec ted a p rog ram o f e x cava t ion a t a L a te C la s s ic r e s iden t ia l c omp lex a pp rox ima te ly 5 00 m w e s t o f t he E l B au l a c ropo l i s a l though o u t s ide t he F o rma t ive e mpha s i so ft h i s monog raph ( Rub io 1 986 ) . C hap te r V . T h i s c hap te r h a s b een r ev i sed s l igh t ly t o i n co rpo ra te t he n ewe r d a ta c ove r ing s cu lp tu re sd i scove red b ym yE scu in t la r eg iona lp ro jec t . C hap te r V I . Af o r thcom ing v o lume o n S ou th C oa s t a r chaeo logy c on ta in s ar ev i sed v e r s ion o f t he o r ig ina l c hap te r a nd t he se c hange s a re r e f lec ted h e re a s w el ( Bove i n p re s s -e ) . I n c onnec t ion w i th m app ing a nd c olec t ing t he V i s ta He rmo sa d e l o s C e r r i to s s i te ( 431901 ) w e a l so t e s t e xcava ted a p l a t fo rm mound , c l eaned p ro f i le s , a nd c olec ted 3

ma te r ia l f r om l oo te r s p i t s i n t he ma in p l aza a nd t r enche s a nd d eep e xcava t ion s i n t wo t emp le mound s . T he c e ram ic c olec t ion s s ugge s t t ha t t h e t emp le mounds , p ar t icu la r ly a t t he s ou th e nd , d a te a t l e a s t t o t he e a rl ie s t i d en t i f ied a tE l B a l samo a nd o ther M idd le F o rma t ive s i te s a nd c ou ld f al i n t he L a te E a r ly F orma t ive t o E a r ly M idd le F o rma t ive . No t o n ly d oe s t h i s f i nd ing i n c rea se t he n umbe r o fp r imary E ar ly M idd le F orma t ive s i te s , b u t a l so mean s t ha t r anked s oc ie t ie s e x i s ted i nt he l owe r c oa s ta l z one e a rl ie r t han Ih ad s uppo sed a nd w e re p robab ly l i nked t o n e twork s e s tab l i shed p rev ious ly o n t he u ppe r c oa s ta l p l a in . B y t he L a te M idd le t oL a te F o rma t ive , V i s ta He rmosa c ove red a tl e a s t 3 3 h a ( p robab ly mo re ) af i gu re w h ich i ss i gn i f ican t ly l a rge r t han t he 2 1 h a u sed i n t he o r ig ina l d i sc r im inan t a na ly s i s . T he l a rge r s i ze p l ace s i ts ecure ly w i th in t he p r imary r ank . P i lar ( 582101) i s a l so s ub s tan t ialy l a rge r b ased o n a dd i t iona l f i e ld w ork . T he M idd le t o L a te F orma t ive p o r t ion c ove r s a pprox ima te ly 2 1 h a w h ich r a i se i tt o e i the r a p r imary o r s econda ry r ank a nd u ndoub ted ly c au sed i tt o p l ay a n i mpor tan t r o le i n t he d oma in w h ich i n c luded t he r ecen t ly d i scove red s i te o fR eyno sa ( F ig . 1 ) . R eynosa i sa no the r M idd le t o L a te F orma t ive s i te w i th p len t i fu l E ar ly F o rma t ive s u r face p o t te ry a s w el . T he s pa t ia l r e la t ion sh ip o f R eyno sa t o Mon te A l to , 9 . 5 km n or thea s t , a nd t o P i la r o n ly 7 . 5 km s ou th i se spec ialy i n te re s t ing . T he s i te a l so h a s a l a rge n umbe r o f s haped b u t p l a in s t one monumen t s s im i lar t o t hose d i scove red a tP i lar , Mon te A l to , a nd many o the rF o rma t ive c oa s ta ls i te s . T he ma rked l i near a r rangemen t ( ea s t -we s t ) o fM idd le F orma t ive s i te sw i l l p robab ly b e mod i f ied t o i n c lude a w el -de f ined n or th sou th t r end w h ich a pparen t ly f olow s t he C o lo ja te R ive r r unn ing f r om n ear Mon te A l to s ou th t o R eyno sa , P i lar , a nd V i s ta He rmo sa , a nd i n c lude s t he n ew ly d i scove red T zuy -Lopez s i te c omp lex a s w el ( F ig .1) . T h i s t r end i s s uppo r ted b y t he o r ig ina l d a ta s ugge s t ing a v e r t ica l ( no r th -sou th ) d i s t r ibu t ion f i r s t o b served f o r s male r c en te r s i n t he L a te M idd le F orma t ive . A ve rage s pac ing f o r t he p r imary c en te r s w i l l p robab ly c on t inue t ob e c l ose t o t he 1 0 km d i s tance f o rt he u pper c oa s ta nd 1 3 -15 km f o rt he l owe rc oa s t . T he T e rm ina l F orma t ive s how s a lmo s t e xp lo s ive g row th i n a rea s r ecen t ly s u rveyed n ea r B a lbe r ta a nd n ea r t he T e rm ina l F orma t ive -Ea r ly C la s s ic T zuy -Lopez c omp lex . T he re i sn o s l ow ing o f t he r ap id p opu la t ion g row th a nd e xpan s ion a s f i r s t s ugge s ted b y t he o r ig ina l d a ta . T h i s f i nd ing r epre sen t s o ne o f t he i mpo r tan t f a c tor s s uppor t ing t he t r end t owa rd g rea te r s e t t lemen t p a t te rn c omp lex i ty a nd s y s tem i n teg ra t ion o r ig ina l ly s ugge s ted . A l so f o r t he f i r s t t ime i tw i l l b e p o s s ib le t o c ompa re t he se r e su l ts w i th t he f i nd ing s o f s eve ra l r ecen t s e t t lemen t p a t te rn s t ud ie s i n c lud ing t he w e s te rn S oconu sco r eg ion ( Voo rh ie s i n p re s s ) ; t he Maza tan a rea o f e as te rn c oas ta l C h iapas ( C la rk e t a l . 1 987 ; C la rk 1 987 ; B lake 1 987 ) ; t he N a ran jo d ra inage o fw e s te rn Gua tema la ( Love 1 986 ) ; t he Manchon p ro jec t f u r the r e a s t i n c oa s ta l R e ta lhu leu e a s t ( Demare s t 1 987 ) , a nd t he T iqu i sa te s urvey d a ta ( Bove i np re s s -a ) . C hap te r V I I . I n te re s t i ne conom ic s pec ia l iza t ion c on t inue s t o b e as t rong f o cus o f s ub s tan t ive r e sea rch f o r e xamp le , Andrew s ( 1983 ) ; E a r le ( 1987b ) . E v idence f o r v i l lage s pec ia l iza t ion i no b s id ian a nd s a l t mak ing a c t iv i t ie s i sp re sen t i nE a r ly F orma t ive L ocona P ha se s e t t lemen t s o f c oas ta l C h iapa s ( C la rk e t a l . 1 987 , C la rk 1 987 , C lark a nd S a lcedo i n p re s s ) . O the r s t ud ie s empha s iz ing t he r o le o f o b s id ian i n c omp lex s oc ie ta l e vo lu t ion o n t he P ac i f ic C oa s t i n c lude t he t he s i s o f Hele r ( 1986 ) w ho i d en t i f ied f o r t he f i r s t t ime ab ipo la r i ndus t ry i n t he Gua tema la c oa s ta l a rea . Ugar te ( 1986 ) a na lyzed o b s id ian a r t i fac t s f r om t he T iqu i sa te r eg iona l s urvey p ro jec t c onduc ted i n 1 982 w h ich c omp lemen ts n o t o n ly my o wn w o rk i n t h i s c hap te r b u t a l so t he n ewe r d a ta f r om t he B a lbe r ta p ro jec t w h ich i st he s ub jec t o f at he s i s b y E dga r C arp io o f t he Un ive r s i ty o f S an C ar los , Gua tema la . Ip ub l i shed u se fu l d a ta f r om a p re l im ina ry s ea son a t B a lbe r ta a nd t h ree s i te s i n t he P a ry juyu r eg ion 2 5 km w e s t ( Bove 1 985 ) w h ich s upp lemen t t he p re l im ina ry r e su l t s i n my o r ig ina l d i s se r ta t ion ( Bove 1 981 ) , a nd a g rea t ly c onden sed v e r s ion o f t he o r ig ina l c hap te r ( Bove i np re s s -b ) . We a re n ear ing t he c omp le t ion o f a n a na ly s i s o f a pp rox ima te ly 2 0 ,000 a r t i fac t s f r om aw ide r ange o f s i te s a nd o ccupa t ions i n 4

t he E scu in t la r eg ion . When c omp le ted i tw i l l p rov ide n ew i n s igh t s i n to t he r o le o f e conom ic s pec ia l iza t ion i n vo lved i n t he p roce s se s o f c h ie fdom d eve lopmen t ( Bove a nd C arp io manu sc r ip t i np repara t ion ) . E v idence h a s a l so b een f ound s ugge s t ing i n c reas ing s pec ia l iza t ion i n c o t ton p roduc t ion a nd p roce s s ing ( e .g . B ove & A r royo 1 988 ; P onc iano 1 988 ) . T he e x i s tence o f t h e l a rge p r ima ry V i s ta He rmo sa c en te r n ea r t he c oa s t c hange s s eve ra l o f t he t e s t i mpl i ca t ion s i nt h i s c hap te r a nd s ugge s t s t ha t e conom ic s pec ia l iza t ion p l ayed a ni mpor tan tr o le e a r l ie rt han my i n i t ia lr e su l t si nd ica ted . C hap te r V I I I . Two ma jor f i nd ing s c hange t he t h ru s t o f t h i s c hap te r . T he se a re a c omp le te ly d i f fe ren t p e r spec t ive a bou t t he n a tu re o f T eo t ihuacan p re sence o n t he P ac i f ic C oa s t t han o r ig ina l ly t hough t b y B e r lo ( i n p re s s ) a nd my se l f a nd i st he s ub jec t o f s eve ra l r ecen t a r t ic le s ( Bove 1 987 , i n p re s s -d ) . T he s econd p e r ta in s t o t he l a ck o f O lmec i n f luence b ased o n e ven s t ronge r e v idence t han p re sen ted o r ig ina l ly ( e .g . Demare s ti np re s s ) . B IBL IOGRAPHY And rew s , An thony F . 1 983 Maya s a l t mak ing a nd t r ad e . T he Un ive r s i ty o fA r izona P re s s , T uc son . A r royo ,B arbara 1 987 P a t ron f une ra r io e n B a lbe r ta , E scu in t la : a l guna s c omparac ione s c on o t ro s s i t io s ei n fe renc ias s ob re s u o rgan izac i6n s oc ia l . T e s i s P ro fe s iona l . E scue la d eH i s tör ia , Un iver s idad d eS an C a r los d e Gua tema la . B e r lo ,J ane t C . i n A r t h i s tor ica l a pproache s t o t he s t udy o f T eo t ihuacan re la ted c e ram ic s f r om p re s s E scu in t la , Gua tema la . T o a ppea r i n N ew f r on t i e r s i n t h e a r chaeo log y o f t h e P ac if i c C oa s t o f S ou the rn Me soame r ica , e d i ted b y F . J . B ove a nd L . Hele r . An th ropo log ica lR e sea rch P ape r s No 3 9 ,A r izona S ta te Un ive r s i ty ,T empe . B i shop , R .L . ,A .A . Dema re s t , a nd R . S hare r i n Chem ica l a na ly s i s a nd t he i n te rpre ta t ion o f L a te P rec la s s ic i n te r s i te c e ram ic p re s s p a t te rn s i n t he S ou thea s t H igh land s o f Me soame r ica . T o a ppea r i n N ew f r on t i e r s i n t h e a r chaeo logy o f t h e P ac if i c C oa s t o f S ou the rn Me soamer ica , e d i ted b yF . J . B ove a nd L . He l le r . B lake , M ichae l 1 987 P aso d e l a Amada : a n E a r ly F o rma t ive c h ie fdom i n C h iapas , Mex ico . P ape r p re sen ted a tt he 8 6 th Annua l Mee t ing , Ame r ican An th ropo log ica lA s soc ia t ion , Ch icago . B ove , F rede r ick J . 1 981 T he e vo lu t ion o f c h ie fdom s a nd s t a te s o n t he P ac i f ic S lope o f Gua tema la : a s pa t ia l a na ly s i s . P h .D . d i s se r ta t ion , Dep t . o f An th ropo logy , Un ive r s i ty o f C a l i fo rn ia , L o sA nge le s . Un ive r s i ty M ic ro f i lm s , Ann A rbo r . 1 985

T he F orma t ive -C la s s ic t r an s i t ion o n t he S ou th C oas t o f Gua tema la . P re l im inary r e sea rch r epo r t s ubm i t ted t o t he N a t iona l Geog raph ic S oc ie ty , S ep tembe r 1 985 .

1 987

T eo t ihuacan i mpac t o n t he P ac i f ic C oa s t o f Gua tema la : my th o r r ea l i ty? P ape r p re sen ted a t t he S oc ie ty f o r Ame r ican A rchaeo logy Annua l Mee t ing , T oron to , May 7 ,1 987 .

i n p re s s

R epo r te p re l im inar s ob re i n ve s t igac ione s e n l a s r eg ione s d e T iqu i sa te S ipaca te/La Gome ra e n l a C o s ta S u r d e Gua tema la . T o a ppear i n I nve s t igac ione s A r queo log i ca s e n l aR eg ion d e T iqu i sa t e , E scu in t la , Gua t ema la , e d i ted b y D .S . Wh i t ley a nd M .P . B eaud ry . O cca s iona l P ape r , I n s t i tu te o f A rchaeo logy , UCLA .

5

i n p re s s ( b )

C h ie fdom s a nd s t a te s i n E scu in t la , Gua tema la : t he o b s id ian e v idence . T o a ppea r i nL a o b s id iana e n Me soame r ica , e d i ted b y M . G ax io la a nd J .E . C lark . C o lec c iön C ien t i f ica ,I NAH -SEP , Mex ico .

i n p re s s ( c )

Ded ica ted t o t he c o s te t ios . I n t roduc t ion a nd n ew i n s igh t s . N ew f r on t i e r s i n t h e a r chaeo log y o f t h e P ac if ic C oa s t o f S ou the rn Me soame r ica , e d i ted b y F . J . B ove a nd L . He l le r . An th ropo log ica l R e sea rch P ape r s No 3 9 , A r izona S ta te Un ive r s i ty ,T empe .

i n p re s s ( d )

T he T eo t ihuacan -T ika l -Kam ina l juyu c onnec t ion : av i ew f r om t he S ou th C oas t o f Gua tema la . T o a ppea r i n P a l enque R ound T ab l e V o l V I I I , Un ive r s i ty o f Ok lahoma P re s s , No rman .

i n p re s s ( e )

S e t t lemen t c l a s s i f ica t ion p rocedu re s i n F o rma t ive E scu in t la Gua tema la . T o a ppear i n N ew f r on t i e r s i n t h e a r chaeo log y o f t h e P ac if i c C oa s t o f S ou the rn Me soame r i ca , e d i ted b y F . J . B ove a nd L . Hele r . An thropo log ica l R e search P ape r s No 3 9 ,A r izona S ta te Un ive r s i ty ,T empe .

B ove , F rede r ick J .a nd L yne t te Hele r( ed s . ) i n N ew F ron t ie r s i n t h e a r chaeo logy o f t h e P ac if i c C oa s t o f S ou the rn p re s s Me soame r ica . An th ropo log ica l R e search P ape r s , N o 3 9 , A r izona S ta te Un ive r s i ty ,T empe . B ove , F rede r ick J .a nd B a rba ra A r royo 1 988 Ma laca te s d e B a lbe r ta y o t ro s s i t io s e n l a r eg ion d e E scu in t la . P ape r p re sen ted a t t he S egundo S impos io s ob re I nve s t igac ione s A r eo log ica s d e Gua tema la , Mu seo N ac iona ld eA rqueo log ia yE tno log ia ,J u ly 1 988 . C arne i ro , R obe r tL . 1 981 T he c h ie fdom : p recu r sor o f t he s t a te . I n T he t r an s i t ion t o s t a t ehood i n t h e N ew Wor ld , e d i ted b y G .D . J one s a nd R .R . K au tz , p p . 3 7 -79 . C amb r idge Un ive r s i ty P re s s , C amb r idge . C e ja T . ,J o rge F au s to 1 985 P aso d e l a Amada : a n e ar ly P rec la s s ic s i te i nt he S oconusco , C h iapa s . P ape r s o ft he N ew Wo r ld A r chaeo log ica lF ounda t ion ,N o4 9 . C la rk ,J ohn E . 1 981 T he E ar ly P rec la s s ic o b s id ian i ndu s t ry o fP a so d e l a Amada , C h iapas , Mex ico . E s tud io sd e C u l tura l Maya 1 3 :265 -84 . 1 987

T he f o rma t ion o f r ank s oc ie t ie s i n C h iapa s , Mex ico . P ape r p re sen ted a tt he 8 6 th Annua l Mee t ing , Ame r ican An thropo log ica lA s soc ia t ion , C h icago .

C lark ,J .E . a nd T .A . L ee J r . 1 984 F orma t ive o b s id ian e xchange a nd t he e me rgence o f p ub l ic e conom ie s i n C h iapas , Mex ico . I n T rad e a nd e x change i ne ar l y Me soamer i ca , e d i ted b y K .G . H i r th ,p p . 2 39 -74 . Un ive r s i ty o fN ew Mex i co P re s s ,A lbuque rque . C la rk ,J .E . , M . B lake , P . Guzzy , M . C ueva s , a nd T .S a lcedo 1 987 F ina l r epo r t t o t he I n s t i tu to N ac iona l d e A n tropo log ia eH i s tor ia o ft h e E a r ly P rec la s s ic P ac i f ic C oas ta lP ro jec t . Unpub l i shed manu sc r ip t . C lark ,J .E . , a nd T .S a lcedo R ome ro i n O co s o b s id ian d i s tr ibu t ion i nC h iapa s , Mex ico . T o a ppear i nN ew F ron t ie r s i n p re s s t h e a r chaeo log y o f t h e P ac if i c C oa s t o f S ou ther n Me soame r ica , e d i ted b y F .J . B ove a nd L . Hele r , An th ropo log ica l R e search P ape r s No 3 9 , A r izona S ta te Un ive r s i ty ,T empe . C lew low , C .W .J r . , a nd H .F . Wel s 1 986 E l B a l samo : aM idd le P rec las s ic c omp lex o nt he S ou th C oas t o f Gua tema la . I n T he p e r iphe ry o f t h e S ou thea s t e rn C la s s i c Maya R ea lm , e d i ted b y G .W . P ah l , p p . 2 8 -40 . UCLA L a t in Ame r ican C en te rP ub l ica t ion s , UCLA .

6

Dahl in , B .H . , R . Qu iza r , a nd A . Dah l in 1 987 L ingu i s t ic d i ve rgence a nd t he c olap se o f P redas s ic c i v i l iza t ion i n s ou the rn Me soame r ica . Ame r ican An t iqu i ty 5 2 :367 -82 . Dema re s t ,A r thu rA . 1 986 S an ta L e t ic ia a nd t h e r i se o f Maya c i v i l i za t ion . I n s t i tu te P ub l5 2 .

M idd le Ame r ican R e sea rch

1 987

T he b eg inn ing s o fv i l lage s oc ie ty i n S ou the rn Gua tema la : t he Ma r A zu l O co s s i te s y s tem . P ape r p re sen ted a t t he 8 6 th Annua l Mee t ing , Ame r ican An th ropo log ica lA s soc ia t ion , C h icago .

i n p re s s

T he O lmec a nd t he r i se o fc i v i l iza t ion i ne a s tern Me soame r ica . T o a ppea r i n T he O lmec a nd t h e d eve lopmen t o f F o rma t ive Me soame r ican c i v i l i za t ion , e d i ted b y R . S hare r a nd D . G rove , S choo l o f Ame r ican R e sea rch , A lbuque rque .

Dema res t ,A .A . , a nd R .J .S ha re r 1 982 T he o r ig in s a nd e vo lu t ion o f U su lu tan c e ram ic s . Ame r ican An t iqu i ty 4 7 :810 2 2 . 1 986

L a te P rec la s s ic c e ram ic s phe re s , c u l tu re a rea s , a nd c u l tura l e vo lu t ion i n t he S ou thea s te rn H igh land s o f Me soame r ica . I n T he S ou thea s t Maya P er iphe r y , e d i ted b y P .A . U rban & E .M . S cho r tman , p p . 1 94 -223 . Un ive r s i ty o f T exa s P re s s , Aus t in .

Dema re s t ,A .A . , R . S w i t su r , a nd R .B e rge r 1 982 T he d a t ing a nd c u l tu ra l a s soc ia t ion o f t he " po tbe l l ied " s cu lp tu ra l s t y le s : n ew e v idence f r om We s te rn E lS a lvador . Ame r i can An t iqu i ty 4 7 :557 -71 . E a r le ,T imo thy K . 1 987a C h ie fdom s i na rchaeo log ica l a nd e thnoh i s to r ica l p e r spec t ive . Annua l R ev i ew s i n An thropo log y 1 6 :279 -308 . 1 987b

S pec ial i za t ion a nd t he p roduc t ion o fw ea l th : Hawa i ian c h ie fdom s a nd t he I nka emp i re . I n S pec ia l i za t ion , e x chang e , a nd c omp l ex s oc i e t ie s , e d i ted b y E .M . B rumf ie la nd T .K . E a r le ,p p . 6 4 -75 . C amb r idge Un ive r s i ty P re s s , C amb r idge .

I n s t i tu to Geog ra f ico N ac iona l 1 978 D ic c ionar io G eog ra f ico d e Gua tema la , 4 v o lumene s , e d i ted b y F . G al . P ub l icado 1 978 -1983 , Gua tema la . G raham ,J ohn A . 1 981 Aba j T aka l ik : t he O lme c s t y le a nd i t s a n teceden t s i n P ac i f ic Gua tema la . I n Anc ien t Me soame r i ca , S e l ec t ed R ead ing s , e d i ted b y J .A . G raham , p p . 1 63 -76 . P eek P ub l ica t ion s , P a lo A l to . 1 982

An teceden t s o f O lmec s cu lp tu re a t Aba j T aka l ik . I n P r e -Co lumb ian a r t h i s to r y . S e l ec t ed R ead ing s , e d i ted b y A . C ordy -Co l l in s , p p . 7 -22 . P eek P ubl i ca t ion s ,P a lo A l to .

i n p re s s

O lmec d i f fu s ion : a v i ew f r om P ac i f ic Gua tema la . I n T he O lmec a nd d eve lopmen t o f F orma t ive c i v i l i za t ion i n Me soame r i ca , e d i ted b y R .J . S ha re r a nd D . G rove . S choo lo f Ame r ican R e sea rch ,A lbuque rque .

Ha tch , Ma r ion P openoe d e . 1 987 R ec ien te s i n ve s t igac ione s a rqueo log ica s e n l a C o s ta S u r d e Gua tema la . C uad er no sd eI nve s t igac ion No 2 87 , Un ive r s idad d e S an C a r los d e Gua tema la , D i rec c ion G ene ra ld eI nve s t igac ion . i n p re ss

A s e r ia t ion o f Mon te A l to s cu lp ture s . T o a ppear i n N ew f r on t ie r s i n t h e a r chaeo log y o f t h e P ac if i c C oa s t o f S ou the rn Me soame r ica , e d i ted b y F . J . B ove a nd L . Hele r , An th ropo log ica l R e sea rch P ape r s , No 3 9 . A r izona S ta te Un ive r s i ty ,T empe .

7

He l le r , L yne t te 1 986 An a na ly s i s o f t he b ipo la r a nd p r i sma t ic b l ade i ndu s t r ie s a t E l B a l samo , Gua tema la . Unpubl i shed M .A . t he s i s , Dep t . o f An th ropo logy , A r izona S ta te Un ive r s i ty ,T empe . Hele r , L . , a nd B .L . S tark i n E conom ic o rgan iza t ion a nd s oc ia l c on tex t o f aP rec la s s ic c en te r o n t he P ac i f ic p re s s C oa s t o f Gua tema la . T o a ppea r i n N ew f r on t ie r s i n t h e a r chaeo log y o f t h e P ac if i c C oa s t o f S ou the rn Me soame r i ca , e d i ted b y F . J . B ove a nd L . Hele r . An th ropo log ica l R e sea rch P ape r sN o3 9 ,A r izona S ta te Un ive r s i ty ,T empe . L ou P . , B renda 1 988 R e su l tado s d e l o s R econoc im ien tos ; Ana l i s i s P re l im inar d e l P a t ron d e A sen tam ien to e n B a lbe r ta . P ape r p re sen ted a t t he P r ime r S impos io s ob re I nve s t igac ione sA rqueo log ica sd e Gua tema la , Museo N ac iona ld eA rqueo log ia y E tno log ia ,J u ly 1 988 . L ove , M ichae l 1 986 M idd le P re -c la s s ic s i te s o f t he l owe r R io N a ran jo , Gua tema la . P ape r p re sen ted a t t he Annua l Mee t ing , S oc ie ty f o r Ame r ican A rchaeo logy , New O r lean s , May 1 988 . L owe , G .W . ,T .A . l ee J r . , a nd E . Mar t inez E sp ino sa 1 982 I z apa : a n i n t roduc t ion t o t he r u in s a nd monumen t s . Wo r ld A r chaeo log ica lF ounda t ion , N o3 1 .

P ape r s o f t h e N ew

Medrano B us to , S on ia E . 1 988 A rqu i tec tu ra d e B a lbe r ta , E scu in t la . T e s i s P ro fe s iona l , E scue la d e H i s tor ia , Un ive r s idad d eS an C a r lo sd e Gua tema la . M i l lon , R en6 1 988 T he l a s t y ear s o f T eo t ihuacan d om inance . I n T he c o l lap se o fa nc ien t s t a t e s a nd c i v i l i za t ion s , e d i ted b y N . Yo f fee a nd G .L . C owg i l l , p p . 1 02 -64 . T he Un ive r s i ty o fA r izona P re s s ,T uc son . N e f f , Hec to r 1 984 Deve lopmen ta l h i s tory o f t he P lumba te p o t te ry i ndu s try i n t he E a s te rn S oconusco r eg ion ,A .D . 6 00 t h rough A .D . 1 250 . Unpub l i shed P h .D . d i s se r ta t ion , Dep t . o f An thropo log y , Un ive r s i ty o fC a l i forn ia , S an ta B a rbara . N e f f , H . , R .L . B i shop , a nd F . J . B ove i n C ompos i t iona l p a t te rn ing i n c e ram ic s f r om P ac i f ic C oas ta l a nd H igh land p re s s Gua tema la . A r chaeoma t e r ia l s . P ar son s ,J .R . , E . B rum f ie l , M .H . P a r son s , a nd D .J . Wi l son 1 982 P reh i s to r ic s e t t lemen t p a t te rn s i n t he s ou the rn v aley o f Mex ico . T he C ha lco -Xoch im i lco r eg ion . Memo i r s o f t h e Mu seum o f An thropo logy , U n ive r s i ty o fM i ch igan , N o 1 4 . P a r son s , L ee A . 1 986 T he o r ig in s o f Maya a r t . A s t ud y o f t h e monumen ta l s t one s cu lp tur e o f K am ina l juyu , Gua t ema la a nd t h e S ou the rn P ac if i c C oa s t . S tud ie s i n P re C o lumb ian A r ta nd A rchaeo logy No 2 8 , Dumba r ton Oak sR e search L ib rary a nd C olec t ion , Wa sh ing ton ,D .C . P onc iano A . , E r ick Manue l 1 988 Un s e c tor h ab i tac iöna l C lä s ico T a rd io . S i t io a rqueo log ico F lamenco , R e ta lhu leu , Gua tema la . T e s i sP ro fe s iona l , E scue la d eH i s to r ia , Un ive r s idad De S an C a r los d e Gua tema la . R ub io C . , R o lando R . 1 986 E s t ruc tu ra J 107 , S i t io A rqueo log ico E l B au l , S an ta L uc ia C o tzuma lguapa , E scu in t la , Gua tema la . T e s i s P ro fe s iona l , F acu l tad d e C ienc ias S oc ia le s , Un ive r s idad d e lV ale d e Gua tema la . 8

S ande r s , W .T . , a nd D . Web s te r 1 978 Un i l ineal i sm , mu l t i l inea l i sm , a nd t he e vo lu t ion o fc omp lex s oc ie t ie s . I nS oc ia l a r cha o log y , b e yond s ub s i s t ence a nd d a t ing , e d i ted b y C . L . R edman e t a l . , p p . 2 49 -302 . A cadem ic P re s s ,N ew York . S hee t s , P ay son D . ( ed . ) 1 983 A r chaeo log y a nd v o l can i sm i n C en t ra l Amer i ca : t h e Z apo t i tan V a l l e y o f E l S a l vado r . Un ive r s i ty o fT exa sP re s s , Au s t in . S hook , E dw in M . , a nd Ma r ion P . Ha tch 1 981 A rchaeo log ica l s t udy o f Mon te A l to , Gua tema la , a nd P rec la s s ic c u l tu re s o n t he P ac i f ic C oa s t , 1 972 -77 . Na t iona l G eog raph i c S oc i e ty R e sea r ch R epo r t s , 1 3 :575 -81 . Sm i th , V i rg in ia S . 1 984 I z apa r e l ie f c arv ing : f o rm , c on ten t , r u le s f o r d e s ign , a nd r o le i n Me soame r ican a r t h i s tory a nd a rchaeo logy . Dumba r ton O ak sR e sear ch L ib ra ry a nd C o l l et ion , S t ud i e si nP r e -Co lumb ian A r ta nd A r chaeo log y , No 2 7 . S tark ,B a rbara L . , e ta l . 1 985 E l B a l samo r e s iden t ia l i n ve s t iga t ion s : ap i lo t p ro jec t a nd r e sea rch i s sue s . Ame r i can An th ropo log i s t8 7 :100 -11 . Uga r te R . , R en6 1 986 I mpo r tanc ia d e a r te f ac to s d e o b s id iana p a ra u n e s tud io l i t ico e n l aR eg ion d e T iqu i sa te . T e s i s P ro fe s iona l , E scue la d e H i s to r ia , Un ive r s ided d e S an C a r lo s d e Gua tema la . Upham , S teadman 1 982 P o l i t i e s a nd p owe r . An e conom i c a nd p o l i t ica l h i s to ry o f t h e W e s t e rn P ueb lo . Academ ic P re s s ,N ew York . Voo rh ie s ,B a rba ra i n S e t t lemen t p a t te rn s i n t he We s te rn S oconu sco : me thod s o f s i te r ecove ry a nd p re s s d a t ing r e su l t s . T o a ppea r i n N ew f r on t i e r s i n t h e a r chaeo logy o f t h e P ac if i c C oa s t o f S ou the rn Me soame r ica , e d i ted b y F . J . B ove & L . Hele r . An th ropo log ica lR e sea rch P ape r s No 3 9 ,A r izona S ta te Un ive r s i ty ,T empe . Wh i t ley ,D .S . a nd M .P .B eaudry ( ed s . ) i n I nve s t igac ione s A rqueo log ica s e n l a R eg ion d e T iqu i sa te , p re s s Gua tema la . O cca s iona lP ape r ,I n s t i tu t eo fA r chaeo log y , UCLA .

9

E scu in t la ,

CHAPTER I I NTRODUCT ION

I f e v e ry th ing o ccur r ed a t t h e s ame t ime t h e r e w ou ld b e n o d eve lopmen t . I f e v e ry th ing o c cu r r ed i n t h e s ame p lace t h e r e c ou ld b e n o p a r t icu la r i t y . O n l y s pace mak e s p o s s ib l e t h e p a r t i cu lar , w h ich t h en u nf o ld s i n t ime . . . ( Losch 1 954 ) .

1 . 1

S ta temen to fP rob lem

A rchaeo logy i s u nde rgo ing a r e su rgence o f i n te re s t i n t he c au se s o f c omp lex s oc ie ta l e vo lu t ion . T he e ndur ing p rob lem o f e xp la in ing t he o r ig in s a nd i n s t i tu t iona l iza t ion o fi n equ i ty a nd p e rmanen t l e ade r sh ip i np reh i s tor ic s oc ie t ie s f o rm t he b a s i s o f t h i s r e sea rch e f fo r t a nd i s embod ied b y t h ree i n te r re la ted q ue s t ions . Wha t a re t he s ource s o f d i f fe ren t ia l w ea l th i ns ub s i s tence e conom ie s? How d oe s i nequal i ty e vo lve i n s ub s i s tence e conom ie s l o ca ted i n h omogenou s , f i ne -g ra ined , r e source p a tche s? Wha t a re t he mechan i sm s w h ich i mbed , o r i n s t i tu t iona l ize , i nequal i ty a nd d i f fe ren t ia l w ea l th u nde rt he se c ond i t ion s? T he r ecogn i t ion t ha t t he t r an s fo rma t ion o fs eden tary a g r icu l tur i s t s , w i th a cepha lou s o rgan iza t ion s , t o h ie ra rch ica l s y s tem s o ccu r red i nw ide ly v a ry ing r eg ion s i n t ime l e d t o t he v i ew t ha t mank ind p a r t ic ipa ted i nd eve lopmen ta l s t age s a nd d om ina ted e vo lu t iona ry t heor ie s u n t i l q u i te r ecen t ly ( S tewa rd 1 955 ; S erv ice 1 962 ; F r ied 1 967 ) . Wh i le u se fu l , t he se s ynch ron ic e xp lana t ion s w e re u np roduc t ive a nd i tw a s s hown t ha t t he s ea rch f o r s ynch ron ic p r ime move r s b y e thno log i s t s d id n o t a ccoun t f o r t he d i achron ic r eco rd r evea led b ya r chaeo log i s t s( F lanne ry 1 972 ) . S imu l taneou s ly , s i ng le t r a jec to ry , o r p r ime move r e co log ica l ly d e r ived e xp lana t ion s w e re p ropo sed i n t he 1 950 's a nd 1 960 ' s c oncu r ren t w i th t he b orn a ga in e vo lu t iona ry p e r spec t ive . T he se i n c luded i r r iga t ion (W i t t foge l 1 957 ) ; e nv i ronmen ta ld i ve rs i ty ( Sande r s 1 956 ; S erv ice 1 962 ) a nd s oc ia l c onf l ic t ( Ca rne i ro 1 970 ) . Wh i le t he se k ey v ar iab le s a re u nden iab ly i mpo r tan t t he i r c au sa l p owe r s w e re n o t d emons t ra ted b u t r a the r a ppea red t o b ee p iphenomena l( e .g . S e rv ice 1 975 ; B rum f ie l 1 976 :234 -49 ; E a r le 1 973 , 1 978 ) . R ecen ta nd mo re p roduc t ive a pp roache s i n corpora t ing t he mu l t ipl ie r e f fec ts o f p o s i t ive f e edback r e la t ion sh ips s how g rea t p rom i se . T he se i n c lude s oc ia l r e la t ionsh ips ( Adam s 1 966 ) ; s y s tem ic i n te r re la t ion sh ip s ( F lanne ry 1 972 ; Wr igh t 1 977 ) a nd t he mu l t ip ly ing e f fec t o f p o s i t ive f eedback . F or e xamp le , R en f rew ( 1972 ; 1 974 ) a rgued t ha t t he mu l t ipl ie r e f fec t o f r e la t ion s b e tween e conom ic , o r t e chno log ica l c on s idera t ions a nd t he s oc ia l a nd s ymbo l ic l i e a t t he r oo t o f c u l tura l e vo lu t ionary d eve lopmen t i n e a r ly s oc ie t ie s . More r ecen t ly E a r le ( 1978 :196 ) d emon s t ra ted t ha t t he e vo lu t ion o f P o lyne s ian c h ie fdom s w a s l a rge ly d e te rm ined b y a s e r ie s o f p o s i t ive f e edback r e la t ionsh ips b e tween s oc ia l o rgan iza t ion , t he e conomy a nd e nv i ronmen t a nd t ha t " f ac tor s r e spons ib le f o r e vo lu t ionary d eve lopmen tw e re i nhe ren ti nP o lyne s ian s oc ia lo rgan iza t ion . " 1 . 2R eg iona lS tud ies R eg iona l s t ud ie s a re c en t ra l t o t he i s sue b ecau se t hey f o cu s o n a n u nde r s tand ing o f r e la t ion sh ip s among s i te s b y emphas iz ing t he t empo ra l , s pa t ia l a nd f unc t iona l v a r iab i l i ty i n e vo lu t ionary s e t t lemen t d i s t r ibu t iona l p a t te rn s ( Read 1 975 ) . B inford ( 1964 :425 -41 ) b e l ieved t ha t r eg iona l me thodo log ie s a re t he mo s t a pp ropr ia te f o r i s o la t ing a nd s t udy ing p roce s se s o f c u l tu ra l c hange a nd e vo lu t ion . R eg iona l a na ly s i s a l so s t ud ie s s oc ia l e nv i ronmen t s b y a na lyz ing r e la t ion sh ip s b e tween l o ca t ion a nd s i te a r rangemen t s a nd t he e conom ic a nd s oc ia l s t ruc ture s t o w h ich t hey b e long . I f , a s h as b een a rgued , c en t ra l iza t ion , s oc ia l d i f fe ren t ia t ion , t oge the r w i th i n te rna l s pec ia l iza t ion a nd r eg iona l iza t ion a re c ore c oncep t s i ne vo lu t ionary p roce s se s l e ad ing t o c omp lex s oc ie t ie s , t hen t he se i s sue s mu s t b e a pp roached a s s e t t lemen t p a t te rn s t ud ies o n ar eg iona l b a s i s 1 0

u s ing b road ly b ased l o ca t iona l p r inc ip le s . Above a l , r eg iona l a na ly s i s r ecogn ize s t he u n ique c on t r ibu t ion t h a t a rchaeo logy , s oc ia l a n th ropo logy , a nd l o ca t iona l t heory c an make o n e vo lu t ionary p roce s se s l e ad ing t o c omp lex s oc ie t ie s . T h i s h a s b een r ecen t ly t e rmed s oc ia la r chaeo logy ( Renf rew 1 973 ) . T he re a re t wo l i nked g oa l s i n s e t t lemen t p a t te rn a r chaeo logy . One , i st o d e sc r ibe p a t te rn s o f c on tempo raneou s ly o c cup ied s i te s , i . e . , t he i r s pa t ia l d i s t r ibu t ion . T he s e cond , i st o t ake a n e vo lu t ionary a pp roach b y d e sc r ib ing c hange s i ns e t t lemen t p a t te rn s t h rough t ime . Ib e l ieve t ha t t he t wo r oo t s o f s e t t lemen t p a t te rn a rchaeo logy l i e i n t he Ame r ican s choo l o f c u l tura l e co logy a nd i n u rban/quan t i ta t ive g eog raphy . S e t t lemen t p a t te rn a rchaeo logy n ow i n corpo ra te s b o th a pp roache s i n a n i n teg ra ted f i e ld o f s t udy e v idenced b y t he g row ing c orpu s o f p ubl i shed w o rk s i n t he p a s t t en t o f i f teen y ea r s , e spec ia l ly t ho se i n h igh land Mex ico ( e .g . P a r son s 1 971 ; S ande r s e t a l . 1 979 ; P a r son s e t a l . 1 982 ) , t he Oaxaca V aley , Mex ico ( e .g . B lan ton e ta l . 1 979 ; F lanne ry 1 976 ; F lanne ry a nd Marcus 1 983 ) , a nd I r an ( J ohn son 1 973 , 1 975 ) . 1 . 3 A rea S e lec ted T he P ac i f ic S lope o fS ou the rn Me soame r ica , s pec i f ica l ly t he s ou th c oa s ta l r eg ion o f Gua tema la , i si dea l f o r d eve lop ing i n fo rma t ion t o t e s t d eve lopmen ta l mode l s f o r s eve ra l r ea son s . An i n teg ra l p ar t o f t he c r i t ica l p e r iphe ra l c oa s ta l l ow land s ( Pa r son s 1 978 :25 -34 ) , t he a rea n o t o n ly p a r t ic ipa ted i n t he g ene s i s o f Me soame r ican c i v i l iza t ion c on tempora ry w i th t he O lmec i fn o t e a rl ie r , c on t inued a s ac ruc ia l l i nk i n t he I z apan a nd K am ina l juyu s phe re s p l ay ing a l ong a nd h igh ly i nf luen t ia l r o le i n t he e vo lu t ion o f Maya d eve lopmen t ; w a s p os s ib ly l i nked w i th a n e xpan s ion i s t T eo t ihuacan p henomenon d u r ing t he E a r ly t o M idd le C la s s ic P e r iod i n w ay s t ha t a re l i t t le u nde r s tood ( Sande r s 1 977 ; B e r lo 1 980 ) ; w a s t he s e t t ing o f af a r -rang ing C o tzuma lguapan s t a te o rgan iza t ion i n t he L a te C la s s ic , a nd f ough t o ve r b y h igh land g roup s d u r ing t he P o s tc las s ic . I n s ho r t , t h i s r eg ion w a s n o t ac u l tu ra l b ackwa te r b u t r a the r af ul p a r t ic ipan t a nd i t s k ey r o le t h roughou t Me soame r ican p reh i s tory i sw el e s tab l i shed i fn o tw el u nde r s tood . B y c oncen t ra t ing o ur e f for t s i n o ne a rea , ad i ach ron ic a pp roach c ou ld b e t aken o f ar eg ion w i th a l ong , c omp lex h i s tory . A r eg ion w h ich i fn o t s em ina l i n t he e vo lu t ion o f s t a te s w a s c e r ta in ly c ruc ia l i n t he o n -go ing d i a logue a bou t p r imary secondary s t a te r e la t ionsh ip s ( Sander sa nd P r ice 1 968 ; Webb 1 973 :367 -404 , 1 975 :155 -209 ) . A s al ow land o r ien ted p ro jec t , i to f fe red a n a l te rna t ive t o t he r ecen t ly c omp le ted ( o r s oon t o b e c omp le ted ) h igh land p ro jec t s i n t he c en t ra l h i gh land Mex ican r eg ion ( Par sons 1 971 ; B lan ton 1 972 ; S ande r s , P ar son s a nd S an t ley 1 979 ) ; t he V aley o f Oaxaca ( F lanne ry e ta l . 1 967 ; F lanne ry 1 976 ; B lan ton 1 978 ) a nd K am ina l juyu i nt he Gua tema lan h igh lands ( Sande rs 1 974 ; S ande r s a nd M iche l s 1 977 ; We the r ing ton 1 978 ; M iche l s 1 979 ) . A l though o ne l ow land p ro je c t w i th ar eg iona l b a s i s w as c omp le ted i nt he T aba sco r eg ion o f Mex ico b y S i s son ( 1 970 ; 1 976 ) , n e i the r t he l ow land O lmec h ea r t land a rea s o ft he Gu l f C oas t n o r t he Maya i n t he P e ten o r Yuca tan h ave b een s urveyed o n ar eg iona l l e ve l . C onsequen t ly t he d a ta b a se f o r t he se r eg ion s i s meage r a nd w i l l r ema in s o p end ing a s h i f t i n empha s i s f r om s i te s pec i f ic t o r eg iona l ly o r ien ted p ro jec t s b ear ing i n m ind t he d i f f icu l tc ond i t ions . T he c l o se p rox im i ty o f l ow land c oas ta l Gua tema la w i th i t s s hore l ine t o t he c on t ra s t ing e nv i ronmen ta l z one o f t he a d jacen t h igh land s w ou ld p e rm i t at e s t o f t he c r i t ica l r o le e nv i ronmen ta l d i ve r s i ty ( e conom ic s ymb io s i s ) h as p urpor ted ly p l ayed i n n ume rous e vo lu t iona ry mode l s . T h i s w ou ld b e made p o s s ib le b y e xam in ing r e sou rce p rocuremen t s t ra teg ie s i n c on t ra s t ing e nv i ronmen ta l z one s a nd t he r o le o f e xchange i n t he c on tro l o f b o th s ub s i s tence a nd o the r r e source s b y e l i te s . T he p rox im i ty o f h igh q ua l i ty h igh land o b s id ian s ou rce s w ou ld p rov ide i n s igh t s i n to p os s ib le d i f fe ren t ia l c on t ro l o ve r t h is c r i t ica l r e sou r ce i n t he c hang ing e conom ic o rgan iza t ion o f eme rg ing c oas ta l s oc ia l h ie ra rch ie s . E qualy i mpor tan t , r e la t ion sh ip s b e tween e conom ic ( c raf t ) s pec ia l iza t ion i nt oo lp roduc t ion a nd c hang ing s oc ia lo rgan iza t ion c ou ld b ed eve loped . A l though r eg iona l d eve lopmen ta l mode l s a re a lmo s t n on -ex i s ten t , s eve ra l w ork ing h ypo the se s w e re a va i lab le . S hook ( 1951 ) s ugge s ted t h a t o ve r t ime , i n c reas ing c oas ta l 1

p opu la t ions s uppor ted b y f a vorab le a g r icu l tura l p roduc t ion f a c to r s f o rmed s ymb io t ic r e la t ion sh ip s w i th s pec ia l i zed h i gh land c ommun i t ie s . R ecen t ly , S tark e t a l . ( 1980 ) p roposed t ha t e ar ly c oa s ta l p o l i t ie s c on t roled b o th a x i s o f c oa s ta l e xchange , a n e a s t -we s t l ong r ange s t a tu s re la ted e xchange n e twork a l ong w h ich O lmec a nd I z apan r i tua l k now ledge moved a nd a n or th sou th e x t ra loca l e xchange a x i s a l ong w h ich d i f fe ren t k ind s o f r e sou rce s t r aveled s uch a s o b s id ian a nd s a l t . And t ha t c hang ing d i s t r ibu t iona l p a t te rns i nc ommod i ty movemen t c ou ld b e l i nked t o e vo lu t iona ry c u l tu ra l c hange s s uch a s i n c rea s ing c en t ra l iza t ion , s pec ia l iza t ion a nd p os s ib le l o s s o f p a ramoun t c on t ro lo ve rt ime t oh igh land p ol i t ie s . 1 . 4

T he P ro jec t

C on sequen t ly , t he P ac i f ic S l ope ( E scu in t la ) Gua tema la A rchaeo log ica l P ro jec t w a s o rgan ized a s al ong te rm r eg iona l s e t t lemen t s t udy d e s igned t o e xam ine t he e f fec t s o f c hang ing s oc ia l a nd e conom ic o rgan iza t ion o n s e t t lemen t p a t te rns , a nd t o e va lua te l o ca t iona l mode l s i n r e la t ion t o b o th eme rg ing s oc ia l h i e rarch ie s a nd s t a te s . A s pec i f ic a rea o f a pprox ima te ly 2 000 km 2 w a s s e lec ted w i th in t he Depa r tmen t o f E scu in t la b ounded b y t he C öyo la te a nd A ch igua te d ra inage s y s tems ( F ig . 2 , 3 ) . T he a rea w a s s e lec ted b ecau se : A ) I te ncompa s sed a lt he c r i t ica li s sue sj u s tr a i sed . B ) Wh i le t he r eg iona l h i s tory w a s p oor ly k nown , r e cen t a rchaeo log ica l i n ve s t iga t ion s h ad p rov ided s ome f undamen ta l c h rono log ie s a nd a l though t he r eg iona l c e ram ic s equence h ad s e r iou s g aps i tw a s a ccep tab le . T h i s r e search i n c luded e xcava t ion s a t E l B au l ( Thomp son 1 948 ) ; au se fu l s ummary o f s ou th c oas ta l a rchaeo logy ( Shook 1 965 :180 -94 ) ; e xcava t ion s a tB i lbao ( Pa r son s 1 967 , 1 969 ) ; Mon te A l to ( Pa r son s 1 976 ) ; a nd E l B a l samo ( Shook a nd Ha tch 1 978 ; S ta rk e t a l . 1 980 ; S ta rk 1 981 ) . T o t he w e s t w e re t he l a rge p ro jec ts c onduc ted a tI z apa ( Ekho lm 1 969 ; L ee 1 973 ; No rman 1 973 , 1 976 ) a nd e xcava t ions a t t he e a r ly s i te s o f A l tam i ra ( G reen a nd L owe 1 967 ; L owe 1 975 ) ; L a V ic to r ia ( Coe 1 961 ) ; S al ina s L a B lanca ( Coe a nd F lanne ry 1 967 ; S hook a nd Ha tch 1 979 :143 -75 ) a nd t he ma jo r p ro jec t a t Aba j T aka l ik ( G raham , He ize r a nd S hook 1 979 ) . J u s t t o t he e a s t , i n n e ighbo r ing E l S a lvado r , a n i mpor tan t p ro jec t w as c onduc ted a t C ha lchuapa ( Sha re r 1 978 ) a nd t o t he n or th t he a fo remen t ioned K am ina l juyu P ro jec t b y t he P enn sy lvan ia S ta te Un ive r s i ty . C ) Ag r icu l tu ra l i n ten s i f ica t ion p rov ided i n c rea s ing a c ce s s ib i l i ty a nd g round v i s ib i l i ty mak ing r eg iona l s urvey s f e a s ib le c on t ra s t ing w i th t he u sua l r e s t r ic t ion s o f s urvey i n l ow land t r op ica l f o re s t s e t t ing s . T h i s w a s b acked b y e xcelen t u pda ted maps a nd r ecen t a e r ia lp ho tog raph ic c ove rage . 1 . 5

D i sser ta t ion G oa l s

T he p re l im ina ry r e su l t s o f o u r i n i t ia l r eg iona l s u rvey a nd l im i ted t e s t e xcava t ion s c onduc ted a t v a r ious t ime s d u r ing 1 979 -1981 w i th in t he l ong te rm s t udy a rea a re p re sen ted h e re . F or t he p re sen t , t he se r e su l t s a re l im i ted t o t he F orma t ive P e r iod . A l a te r w o rk w i l l i n corpo ra te t he C la s s ic a nd P os tc la s s ic P e r iod s . T he r e su l t s o f p re l im inary r e sea rch a re f r amed w i th in l ong te rm r e sea rch p ro jec t g oa l s , b a s icaly i nt wo w ay s . T he f i r s t , i s t he f undamen ta l a s sump t ion t h a t t he s e t t lemen t p a t te rn i s a r easonab ly a c cura te r ef lec t ion o f t he c u l tu ra l s y s tem s u nde r ly ing b ehav io ra l a nd s oc ia l o rgan iza t ion . I n o the r w o rd s , t ha t h uman b ehav ior c an b e i n fe r red f r om t he s pa t ia l a r rangemen t o f a rchaeo log ica l ma te r ia l . T o d o t h i s w e a na lyze ( 1 ) r e la t ion sh ip s among s i te s t o d e te rm ine s pac ing a nd p o s i t ion i n t he s i te h i e ra rchy ; ( 2 ) r e la t ionsh ips o f s i te s t o r e source s pace t o d e te rm ine e conom ic c ond i t ion s ; a nd ( 3 ) r e la t ion sh ips o f s i te s t o a r t i fac ts a nd s t ruc tu re s t o d e te rm ine t he p re sence a nd d eg ree o f e conom ic s pec ia l iza t ion a nd e xchange . T he re fo re b y e xam in ing d i achron ica l c hange s i n r eg iona l s e t t lemen t p a t te rn s , t he i r i n te rac t ion w i th e nv i ronmen ta l c ond i t ion s a nd c hang ing s oc ia l a nd e conom ic o rgan iza t ion , w e c an a ch ieve a n u nde r s tand ing o f s e t t lemen t s y s tem e vo lu t ion . P ropo sed d eve lopmen t mode l s o f c omp lex s oc ie ta l e vo lu t ion may t hen b e 1 2

e va lua ted . T o a c comp l i sh t h i s r equ i re s ac h rono log ica l s cheme a cqu i red t h rough r eg iona l s u r f ace s u rvey s p re fe rab ly s uppo r ted b y e xcava t ion s . One i mpo r tan t g oa l i nhe ren t i n t h e f o rego ing d i s cu s s ion i st he d eve lopmen t o f ac on s i s ten t s e t t lemen t c l a s s i f ica t ion s y s tem i n corpo ra t ing e conom ic ,p o l i t ica l , r e l ig iou s , a nd s oc ia lp a rame te r s . T he s econd , i st ha t e conom ic o rgan iza t ion i sc en t ra l t o t he e vo lu t ion o f c omp lex s o c ie t ie s ( Ea r le 1 977 ; p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . One a r chaeo log ica l c o r re la te b e tween i n c rea s ing r eg iona l iza t ion o f s oc ia l o rgan i za t ion s hou ld b e a max im iz ing e conom ic s t ra tegy w he re d ec i s ion m ake r s i n c rea se i n ve s tmen t s i n e conom ic s pec ia l i za t ion a nd e x change . T he se s t ra teg ie s a re a pp roached b y e xam in ing ( a ) c hang ing r e la t ion sh ip s b e tween t he s oc ia l p o l i t i ca l h i e ra rchy a nd e xchange ; a nd ( b ) b y mea su r ing s pec ia l iza t ion i n p roduc t ion . I n t h i s w o rk I e xam ine t he e v idence f o r b o th b y f i r s t a na lyz ing l o ca t iona l a spec t s o f t he s e t t lemen t h i e ra rchy i n t he c on tex t o f b o th e nv i ronmen ta l c ha rac te r i s t ic s f a vor ing s pec i f ic l o ca le s a nd p robab le i n ve s tmen t s i n a nd c on t ro l o f c ommod i t ie s w i th s t rong e x te rna l d emand s uch a s s a l t , c o t ton a nd c acao , a nd t he i mpo r ta t ion o fh i gh s t a tu s v a luab le s a s h i gh land ( el i te ) p o t te ry ; a nd s e cond , b y a na lyz ing e v idence o f l i t h ic ( ob s id ian ) s pec ia l iza t ion t h rough c on t ro l o f p rocu remen t a nd d i s t r ibu t ion a s w el a s t h e d i rec t mea su remen t o f s pec ia l ized t oo l p roduc t ion a nd d i s t r ibu t ion s t ra teg ie s . C hap te r I s e t s t he e nv i ronmen ta l s c ene , n o t t o e s tabl i sh c ond i t ion s f o r a n e nv i ronmen ta l d e te rm in i s t a pp roach , b u tw i th t he k now ledge t ha t e nv i ronmen tc ond i t ion s c u l tu ra l e vo lu t ion i nt e rm s o fw ha t i sp o s s ib le . T he u n ique g eo log i ca l a nd c l ima to log ica l n a tu re o f t he P ac i f ic S l ope i s u nde r sco red . I empha s ize i t s s i gn i f icance t h rough a d i scu s s ion o f s pec if ied e nv i ronmen ta l z one s h i gh ly f a vo red f o r b o th s ub s i s tence c rop s a nd e xpo r tc ommod i t ie s . A c hap te r o n me thodo logy f olow s c ap tu r ing i n o ne p l ace mo s t o f t he p re l im ina ry m e thodo log ica l c once rn s u sed t o s e lec t a nd i d en t i f y t he s oc ia l a nd b ehav io ra l d a ta c o r re la te s r a i sed b y my r e sea rch q ue s t ion s . As ummary o f i n fo rma t ion s ou rce s u t i l ized p recede s t he s e c t ion o n r e co rd ing p rocedu re s f o r b o th s e t t lemen t p a t te rn s u rvey a nd e x cava t ion . A s I am i n te re s ted i n t he i n te rac t ion i n vo lved i n s oc ia l a nd e conom ic e vo lu t ionary p roce s se s , t h ree s e t s o f v a r iab le s w e re d ev i sed t o mea su re t he t empo ra l , s pa t ia l a nd f unc t iona l v a r iab i l i ty i n s e t t lemen t d i s t r ibu t iona l p a t te rn s a nd I b r ie f ly s umma r ize e ach s e t . F ie ld o b jec t ive s , me thod s a nd a s soc ia ted p rob lem s a re d e ta i led t o h e lp e xp la in o u r r e sea rch s t ra tegy a nd a b i l i ty t o o pe ra t iona l ize i t . A s c h rono log ica l f a c to r s a re c r i t ica l t o r eg iona l p ro jec t s c once rned w i th e vo lu t iona ry p roce s se s , at ho rough d e s c r ip t ion e mpha s iz ing c e ram ic t empo ra l i nd ica to r s i s o f fe red a l so i n c lud ing a b so lu te d a t ing , a r ch i tec tu re , s cu lp tu re a nd o the r t empo ra l ly s en s i t ive a r t i fac t c l a s se s s uch a s f i gu r ine s , s p ind le w ho r l s , n apk in r ing e a r s poo l s , p e r fo ra ted p o t te ry d i sc s , g round s t one a nd v a r iou s o the r s . Al o f t h e se t oge the r e nab le me t o d a te s e t t lemen t o c cupa t iona l s equence so fa pp rox ima te ly 2 50 t o3 00 y ea r s . S e t t lemen t p a t te rn s u rvey r e su l t s a re s umma r ized i n C hap te r I V o n F o rma t ive P e r iod S i te De sc r ip t ion s . S i te m ap s c on ta in ing mound h e igh t s a re p rov ided i na l b u t a f ew c a se s a nd t o ta l c on s t ruc t ion ma s s c a lcu la ted . As t a temen t i sp rov ided o n F o rma t ive P e r iod o b s id ian f r om mu l t i -componen t s i te s u sed f o r t he a na ly s i s i n t he c hap te r o n e conom ic s pec ia l iza t ion a nd e xchange . E ach s i te i sc l a s s i f ied a cco rd ing t o ar ank ing s y s tem d ev i sed i n C hap te r V I . D a ta s umma r ie s o f s e t t lemen t , e nv i ronmen ta l a nd e conom ic v a r iab le s i n c lud ing s u r f ace c olec ted o b s id ian a re t abu la ted b y t ime p e r iod a nd s i te i n Append ix B . A d e sc r ip t ive s umma ry o f e xcava t ion s a t L a Mo rena , L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th a nd C r i s toba l i s i n C hap te r V . T he se F o rma t ive P e r iod s i te s a re l o ca ted i n t he s ame c r i t ica l ly i mpo r tan t e nv i ronmen ta l z one a s t he p rev iou s ly i n ve s t iga ted s i te s o f Mon te A l to a nd E l B a l samo . A s i n te r a nd i n t ra s i te v a r iab i l i ty i sc ruc ia l t o d e te rm in ing s i te f unc t ion , Ic onduc ted mo re e x ten s ive s u r f ace c olec t ion s a t t he se s i te s w h ich a re a l so s umma r ized i n t h i s c hap te r . Wh i le s ome o b s id ian d a ta i sp rov ided h e re , ad e ta i led

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a na ly s i s i sp rov ided i nC hap te r V I I o n E conom ic S pec ia l iza t ion a nd E xchange . S e lec ted F o rma t ive o b s id ian f r equenc ie sa nd w e igh t sb yt y pe a r et a bu la ted i n Append ix E . S e t t lemen t p a t te rn f i nd ing s t oge the r w i th t h e i r i n te rp re t ive s i gn i f icance a re p re sen ted i n C hap te r V I o n S e t t lemen t P a t te rn s a nd Ana ly s i s . S i te c l a s s i f ica t ion p rob lem s w e re c l a r i f ied b y d i sc r im inan t a na ly s i s . S e t t lemen t p a t te rn f i nd ing s a re p roduced f o r t he c h rono log ica l p e r iod s i n corpo ra t ing b o th d e sc r ip t ive d a ta a nd r e su l t s o f t he d i sc r im inan t a na ly s i s c onc lud ing w i th a p re l im ina ry s e t t lemen t t y po log y . T he s i ze -d i s t r ibu t ion o f s i te s i s t hen e xam ined u s ing t he r ank s ize r u le s t re s s ing t he p robab le e vo lu t iona ry s i gn i f icance o ft he c onvex c u r ve s p roduced . T he d i f f i cu l t q ue s t ion o f e s tab l i sh ing s i te f unc t iona l v a r iab i l i ty i sr a i sed b y a t temp t ing t o e s tab l i sh r e la t ion s b e tween s i te r ank w i th mound d imen s iona l v a r iab i l i ty . A d i scus s ion o f h i e ra rch ica l s pa t ia l r e la t ion sh ip s , p a r t icu la r ly p r ima ry seconda ry s e t t lemen t p a i r s f olow s , c l o s ing w i th ab r ie fs ummary o fs e t t lemen tr e sou rce r e la t ion sh ip si nt he M idd le F orma t ive . T he c r i t ica l i mpo r tance o f e conom ic o rgan iza t ion t o c omp lex s oc ie ta l e vo lu t ion i s c ove red i nC hap te r V I I o n E conom ic S pec ia l iza t ion a nd E xchange . Id i scu s s t wo a spec t s ; o ne i sr e sou rce p rocu remen t s t ra teg ie s i nc on t ra s t ing e nv i ronmen ta l z one s a nd t he r o le o f e xchange i n t he c on t ro l o f b o th s ub s i s tence a nd o the r r e sou rce s b y e l i te s . P r ima ry e mpha s i s h oweve r i so n t he e f fec t s o fm in im iz ing v e r su s max im iz ing e conom ic s t ra teg ie s e mpha s iz ing c on t ro l o f o b s id ian p rocu remen t a nd e xchange a nd i t s s ub sequen t mod i f ica t ion b y s pec ial i s t s f o r t oo l u se o r e xpo r t . T he se e f f ec t s a re d i rec t ly m easu red b y a na ly z ing t he d i f f e ren t ia l d i s t r ibu t ion o f o ve r 1 0 ,000 c l a s s i f ied o b s id ian a r t i f ac t s f r om s i te s r ep re sen t ing a l h i e ra rch ica l l e ve l s . T he se r e su l t s a re c onnec ted w i th l o ca t iona l f a c to r s , r e la t ive a cce s s ib i l i ty o f c r i t ica l r e sou rce s t o s i te r ank , a nd t he e f fec t s o f c r a f t s pec ia l iza t ion o nt he s oc ia lh i e ra rch ie s . T he l a s t c hap te r e xp lo re s t he l o ca t iona l , s oc ia l a nd e conom ic i mp l ica t ion s o f t he p re l im ina ry r e sea rch r e su l t s . T he se a re e xam ined p r ima r i ly b y a na ly z ing t he d eve lopmen t a nd i n s t i tu t iona l iza t ion o f s oc ia l a nd e conom ic i n equal i ty i nt he c on tex t o f t h ree mechan i sm s , c on t ro l o f r e sou rce s , c on t ro l o f d i s t r ibu t ion , a nd c on t ro l o f i n fo rma t ion . Mu l t ipl ie r e f fec t s o f t he t h ree mechan i sm s o pe ra t ing i n mu tua l f e edback r e la t ion sh ip s a re a l so d i scu s sed w i th in t he g rea te r c on tex t o f Me soame r ica a s a re t he p robab le r ea son s f o r O lmec i n te rac t ion o n c oa s ta l s ou the rn Me soame r ica d u r ing t he s em ina lF o rma t ive P e r iod .

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CHAPTER I NATURAL ENV IRON MENT 2 . 1 I n troduc t ion I n t h i s c hap te r If o cu s o n t he n a tu ra l e l emen t s c r i t ica l t o m y a na ly s i s f o r t he e me rgence a nd s ub sequen t e vo lu t iona ry d eve lopmen t o fs oc ia lh i e ra rch ie sb ye mpha s iz ing t he u n ique g eo log ica l , c l ima to log ica l , a nd n a tu ra l r e sou rce i mpac t s o n s pec i f ic e nv i ronmen ta l z one s . An o pen ing g eo log ica l s e c t ion u nde r sco re s t he i mpo r tance a nd u nu sua l c ha rac te r o f t r op ica l a r c t rench s e t t ing s w i th t o r ren t ia l r a in f al . Heavy r a in f al d u r ing p a r t o f t he y ea r p roduce s t he mo s t f e r t i le s o i l s i n t he w e t t r op ic s o f M idd le Ame r ica . S ec t ion s o n c l ima te , r a in f al , d ra inage s y s tem s a nd s o i l s d e ta i l t he se e f fec t s w i th a pp rop r ia te m ap s . Ar e sou rce s e c t ion f olow s d emon s t ra t ing n o t o n ly t he r i ch v a r ied n a tu ra l r e sou rce s a ppa ren t ly e xp lo i ted b y p reh i s to r ic p opu la t ion s b u t t he e qua l ly f a vo rab le c ond i t ion s f o r e a r ly a g r icu l tu r i s t s . T he c r i t ica l e f fec t s o f s ea sona l i ty a nd c rop s chedu l ing o n s e t t lemen t l o ca t ion a nd g row th a re d i scu s sed . C on t ra s t ing e nv i ronmen ta l z one s a re a cce s s ib le a nd t he i mpo r tance o fs ub s i s tence c rop s a nd e xpo r t c ommod i t ie s d e r ived f r om t he se z one s s uch a s m a i ze , b ean s , c o t ton , c acao a nd s a l t t o t he e vo lv ing s oc ia l s y s tem a re p re sen ted . A b r ie f s umma ry o f mode rn u se w h ich i sp e rhap s a na logou s t o t he P o s tc la s s ic a nd c o lon ia lp e r iod sc onc lude st he c hap te r . 2 . 2 G eo logy Gua tema la , d i v ide s n a tu ra l ly i n to f i ve g ene ra l g eo log ic r eg ion s , t he P e ten , Maya Moun ta in s , C en t ra l G ua tema lan C o rdi l le ra , V o lcan i c P rov ince a nd P ac i f ic C oa s ta l P la in ( Quea r ry 1 975 ) . H e re I a na ly ze t he l a te r t wo r eg ion s . T he V o lcan ic P rov ince i s b a s ica l ly e roded M iocene a nd P l iocene l a va f l ow s a nd v o lcan ic la s t ic d epo s i t s b u t i st oday d om ina ted b y a magn i f icen t c ha in o f Qua te rna ry S t ra to -Vo lcanoe s ( F ig . 1 ,2 ) . T he P ac i f ic C oa s ta l P la in i sf o rmed b y Qua te rna ry a luv ium a nd l a ha r ic d epo s i t s p roduced b y t o r ren t ia l r a in s e rod ing r ecen t g l ow ing a va lanche d epo s i t s w h ich i n t u rn g rade i n to s t ream d epo s i t sd own f low ( Quea r ry 1 975 :4 ,36 ) . T he w ide c oa s ta l s t r ip i st h ick ly c ove red w i th f l uv ia l s ed imen t s r ang ing f r om f i ne , w el s t ra t i f ied v o lcan i c s and s , s i l t s a nd c l ay s t o c oa r se , b ou lde ry , u n s t ra t i f ied a c cumu la t ion s l e f t b y t o r ren t ia l l a ha r s w i th i n c rea s ing f i nene s s o fd epo s i t s a nd d eg ree o f s o r t ing t owa rd t he c oa s t (W i l l iam s 1 960 :69 -70 ) . T he A rc -T rench G ap o f S ou the rn Gua tema la i s ac l a s s i ca l a rea o f f o re -a rc s ed imen ta t ion . F luv ia l -de l ta ic s ed imen ta t ion i n a r c t rench s e t t ing s w i th t he a dded c ond i t ion s o f t o r ren t ia l r a in f al d i f fe r f r om t ho se i n o the r g eo log ic s e t t ing s a nd a re c on s i s ten t f e a tu re s o ft h e S ou th P ac i f ic S l ope a nd c oa s ta l r eg ion ( Dav ie s e ta l . 1 979 :282 ; K uenz i e t a l . 1 979 :827 ) . A C oa s ta l P la in l im i t i sa rb i t ra r i ly d e l inea ted b y t he 5 00 me te r c on tou r l i ne o ccu r r ing a t f r om 2 5 t o 6 0 km f r om t he P ac i f ic C oa s t w i th t he v o lcan ic c one s a no the r 1 0 t o 1 5 k m i n land . T he se i n c lude t he h ighe s t p eak s i nC en t ra l Ame r ica . I n Gua tema la t h i s c ha in i n c lude s f ou r a c t ive v o l canoe s ; t wo a re l o ca ted a d jacen t t o , a nd s i gn i f ican t ly a f fe c t t he r eg iona l s t udy z one . T he se a re P acaya , ab a sa l t ic c i nde r a nd l a va c one o ve r ly ing a nde s i te a nd t he F uego/Aca tenango c omp lex w h ich a re c ompo s i te c one s o f a nde s i te . T he se Qua te rna ry v o lcanoe s r i se a bove at e r race e xpo s ing T e r t iary v o lcan ic r ock s a nd l o ca l ly o l de r g ran i t ic , s ed imen ta ry , a nd me tamorph ic r ock s ( Kuenz ie ta l . 1 979 :828 ) . T he c oa s ta l p l a in i sd i v ided i n to t h ree s egmen t s d e r ived f r om ac omp lex Ho locene h i s to ry . T he r eg ion , i nt he c en t ra l s egmen t , i su p t o 4 0 km w ide . " Sed imen ta t ion r a te s a re v e ry h igh , a nd a c t ive f l oodp la in s c ove r mo s t o f t he c oa s ta l p l a in . . . the . . .coa s ta l p l a in i sf u r the r d i v ided i n to t h ree d i s t inc t s egmen t s b a sed o n w id th . . .ra te s o f s ed imen ta t ion , a nd a ge s o f s ed imen ta t ion " ( Dav ie s e ta l .1979 :283 ) . A s a n e xamp le o fh i gh s ed imen tary r a te s , t he R io A ch igua te s y s tem e rode s a pp rox ima te ly 4 . 1 m i l l ion me t r ic t on s ( t onne s ) a nnualy . O f t h i s a moun t , 1m i l l ion t onne s a re d epo s i ted i n t he t r an s i t ion r eg ion , 1 5

1 00 ,000 t onne s a re d epo s i ted o n t he c oa s ta l p l a in a nd 3 m i l l ion t onne s r each t he s ea ( Dav ie se ta l .1978 :70 ) . Wh i le Wi l l iam s mapped t he c oas ta lp l a in d epo s i t so f Gua tema la a s Qua te rnary f l uv ia l a nd l a ha r ic s ed imen t s , t he a rea o f t he e a s te rn h a l f o f t he E scu in t la T opog raph ic Quad rang le s how s g rea te r d i ve r s i ty o f g eo logy t han s ugge s ted b y Wi l l iam s ( Hun te r 1 976 :5 ,9 ) . T h i s a rea s u r rounds t wo o f t he mo s t i mpo r tan t s i te s i nve s t iga ted , L o s C e r r i tos -Sou th ( S i te No 7 33301 ) a nd L o s C e r r i to s -Nor th ( S i te No 7 53401) . T he r eg ion i n c lude s p r ima r i ly R io Guaca la te F luv ia l a nd L aha r ic s ed imen t s , a n a rea o f t he L o s C e r r i to s L ahar a l ong t he R io Guaca la te , a nd p ar t o f t h e E scu in t la L obe t o t he e a s t . Und iv ided f l uv ia l s ed imen t s f o rm a d i s t inc t s ur face r ang ing f r om 0 . 5 me te r s t o 2 . 0 me te r s a bove t he p re sen t f l ood p l a in l e ve l . T he L o s C e r r i tos L ahar i sy ounge r a nd d a ted t o a pprox ima te ly 1 00 BC t o AD 1 00 b y S hook o n t he b as i s o fp o t te ry . T h i s l a har c on s i s t so ft wo mode ra te ly c on so l ida ted mud s uppor ted e xpo sed r udaceous b ed ss epa ra ted b y a 1 me te r p a leoso i l z one . C oa r se s and b ed s a c t a s a qu i fe r s a t many l o ca t ion s ( Hun te r 1 975 ) a nd Io b served v ar ious s p r ing s n ear b o th s i te s . T he s ame p henomenon may a l so b e t he c ause o f n ume rou s s p r ing s r epo r ted n ea r t he Mon te A l to s i te 1 0 .0 km t ot he w e s t . T he l o ca t iona l a dvan tage o f L os C e r r i tos i sp o s s ib ly e nhanced b y t he E scu in t la L obe t o t he e a s t c ompo sed o f t e r t ia ry v o lcan ic la s t ic r ock s c apped b y t e r t ia ry a nde s i t ic l a va f l ow s . W i th i t s a pex n ear t he mode rn t own o f E s cu in t la , t he l obe e x tend s 3 0 km s ou th w i th a max imum w id th o f 1 5 km e a s t -we s t . A mo s t u nu sua l f ea tu re i st h a t n o s t ream s f l ow i n to t he l obe . D ra inage i si n te rna l s ugge s t ing a l a ck o f l a rge c ompe t i t ive a r chaeo log ica lc en te r se a s to fL os C e r r i tos ( Quea r ry 1 975 :93 -4 ) . 2 . 3 C l ima te T he c oa s ta l0p l a in i s t r op ica l w e t a nd d ry ( mon soona l ) , w i th a n a ve rage t empe ra ture o f2 8 C . Annua l r a in f al i n c rea se s r ap id ly w i th d i s tance f r om t he c oa s t a nd i sl a rge ly a f unc t ion o f b o th a l t i tude a nd d i s tance t o t h e c oas t . T he c l ima te f r om 0 t o 2 00 me te r s e l eva t ion i s" Awg i " a c co rd ing t o t he K oeppen s y s tem a nd f r om 2 00 t o 4 00 me te r s e l eva t ion " Amw " i " . T he a l t i tud ina l d i v id ing l i ne d e sc r ibed a bove d i f fe r s f r om P aul ( 1976 :49 ) , w ho c ons ide red t he c oa s ta l r eg ion L a C os ta f r om 0 t o 1 00 me te r s e l eva t ion " Awg i " a nd t he A l ta b a ja c os ta f r om 1 00 t o 5 00 me te r s a sy ear r ound t r op ica l w i th a mon soon f o re s t . F igu re 4 i sa n i s o the rma l m ap o f t he s t udy r eg ion f o r 1 971 . One o ve r r id ing f e a ture o ft he t empe ra tu re i si t sc on s tancy . 2 . 3 .1 R a inf a l l A ve rage a nnua l r a infal i sa bou t 1 000 t o 1 500 mm a l ong t he s hore l ine , 3 000 mm a l ong t he u ppe r c oa s ta l p l a in 4 5 km i n land , a nd 3 800 -5000 mm o n t he P ac i f ic S l ope s o f t he v o lcan ic a rc . C ha r t s p repa red b y t he I n s t i tu to G eog ra f ico Nac iona l g raph ica l ly i lu s t ra te r a in fal v a r iab i l i ty w i th d i s tance f r om t he P ac i f ic C oa s t a nd a l t i tude . T ab le 1 , i s as umma ry o f c ha r ts f o r t he t h ree r i ve r s y s tem s i n t he r eg ion . I s ohye ta l map s a l so p repared b y t he I n s t i tu to Geog raf ico N ac iona l f o r t h ree d i f fe ren t t ime p e r iod s a re r eproduced t o i lu s t ra te t he i mpor tance o f r a in fal v a r ia t ion p ar t icu la r ly i n F o rma t ive P e r iod s i te l o ca t ion . F igu re 5 i sa n i s ohye ta l map s how ing a ve rage a nnua l r a in f al f o r t he p e r iod 1 953 -1972 . F igu re 6 i s ai s ohye ta l map f o r t he d ry y ear 1 972 . N o te t he l o ca t ion o f t he 2 000 mm i s ohye t . T h i s i sa n a ppa ren t c r i t ica l l e ve l i n M idd le F o rma t ive s i te l o ca t ion a nd e vo lu t ion a nd I d i scus s i t s s i gn i f icance i n C hap te r s V I a nd V I I I . F igu re 7i st he l a s ti s ohye ta l map r eproduced f o rt he w e ty ea r 1 969 . A ve rage a nnua l r a in fal c an b e m i s lead ing , h oweve r , s i nce v ar iab i l i ty i sh i gh d ue t o t he p ronounced d ry s ea son a nd i t s d i f fe ren t ia l e f f ec t s b a sed o n a l t i tude . A t t ime s , c oas ta l a reas h ave l e s s t han 5 0 mm p e r mon th f o r u p t o s i x mon th s a nd i ti s n o t u ncommon t o e xpe r ience f i ve mon th s o f d rough t ( Paul 1 976 :37 ) . Howeve r d u r ing t he r a iny s eason , p a r t icu lar ly i n t he l a s t h a l f , t he c oa s ta l s t r ip i ss ub jec t t o h eavy f l ood ing . T he c r i t ica l e f fec t s o f s ea sonal i ty a nd c rop s chedu l ing i n s e t t lemen t l o ca t ion a re c on s ide red more f uly l a te ri nt h i sc hap te ra nd e spec ialy i nC hap te r s WI a nd V I I I . 1 6

T o r ren t ia l s ea sona l r a ins p roduce a h i gh f l ood p o ten t ia l f o r s ed imen t t r an spo r t . O ve r 9 0% o f t he a nnua l r a in f al o n t he c oa s ta l p l a in o ccu r s w i th in t he s i x mon th p e r iod May t o O c tobe r w i th a bou t o ne t h i rd p roduced w i th in a n e i gh t w eek p e r iod c en te red u pon t he S ep tembe r max imum . T h i sp e r iod i so f ten a ccompan ied b yt empo ra le s ( s to rm s ) o f t wo t o t h ree d ay s d u ra t ion w i th u p t o 3 80 mm f a l l ing a l ong t he c oa s t a nd 6 40 mm i n t h eu ppe rc oa s ta lp l a in . T h i s c omb ina t ion o f t o r ren t ia l r a in f al a nd s t eep , l o ca l ly u nvege ta ted s l ope s p rov ide s a bundan t b ed l o ad t o h i gh g rad ien t l ow s ino s i ty b ra ided s t ream s d i scha rg ing o n to t he c oa s ta l p l a in . T he d i scha rge o f r i ve r s , w h i le g ene ra l ly l ow i se x t reme ly f l a shy . F o r e xamp le , o n t he e a s te rn f l ank o f t he V o lcan F uego , t he d i scha rge o f t he R io G uaca la te h as i n c rea sed i n 2 0 m inu te s f r om 5 . 5 m3/ second t o 2 , 200 m3/ second , c ompa rab le t ot he a ve rage f l ow o ft he M i s sou r i R ive r a t Omaha , N eb ra ska ( Kuenz i e ta l . 1 979 :829 ; F o ley e t a l . 1 978 ) . T he m ax imum g rave l s i ze t r an spo r ted o n t he u ppe r p l a in a ve rage s a bou t 1 70 c m , a l though d u r ing p eak f l ow t he Guaca la te h a s t r an spo r ted b ou lde r su p t o2 . 3 me te r si nd i ame te r( Dav ie se ta l .1978 :70 ) . T he r eg ion i s u nu sua l b ecau se i n a n a r c t rench s e t t ing ; c a ta s t roph ic v o lcan ic e rup t ion s , t o r ren t ia l r a in f al a nd l o ca l d evege ta t ion p roduce e x t reme ly h i gh l o ca l r a te s o f e ro s ion a nd d epo s i t ion/rep len i shmen tw i th v a r iab le p rog rada t ion o ft he c oa s t l ine ( Kuenz i e ta l .1979 :836 ) . O lde r b eache s a re b ack o f t he p re sen t d ay s ho re l ine w i th t he p re sence o ff o s s i l b eache s u p t o 2k m i n land ( Coe 1 961 :4 ; P aul 1 976 :17 ) . Ob served p rog rada t ion m ay a ccoun tf o rt he p auc i ty o fl a rge s i te sc l o se rt han 3km t ot he s ho rel ine . 2 . 4 R iver s T h ree p r inc ipa l r i ve r s y s tem s d ra in t he l ong te rm s t udy r eg ion , t he R io C oyo la te -Pan ta leon , A come ( Gome ra ) a nd t he A ch igua te -Guaca la te . A l l t h ree h ave s ource s i nt he h i gh land s a nd o ne , t he A ch igua te -Guaca la te s y s tem , w a s u ndoub ted ly t he p r ima ry c ommun ica t ion r ou te t o t he c en t ra l Gua tema lan h igh land s a nd m a jo r o b s id ian s ource s . I t i sb el ieved t h a t i n t he L a te P o s tc la s s ic p e r iod , t he r i ve r d i v ided t he P ip i l a rea t o t he e a s t f r om C akch ique l t e r r i to ry t o t he w e s t . Two r i ve r s y s tem s , t he A ch igua te a nd C oyo la te , w h ich b a s ica l ly f o rm t he p ro jec t ' s r eg iona l b ounda r ie s , d e r ive p a r t ly f r om t eph ra f iled c anyon s o n V o lcan F uego ' s f l ank s ( Dav ie s e t a l .1978 :65 ) . T he t h ree r i ve r s y s tem s d ra in a t o ta l a rea o f 3 , 700 km 2 a nd 2 , 560 km 2 f r om w i th in t he D epa r tmen t o f E scu in t la i t se l f ( Anon . 1 974 :3 ) . A s umma ry o f d ra inage b a s in d a ta a ppea r si nT ab le 2 . 2 . 5 S o i l s T he mo s t f e r t i le s o i l s i n t he w e t t r op i c s o f M idd le Ame r ica a re A zona l T ype s d e r ived f r om t he w ea the r ing o f r e cen t ly d epo s i ted a luv ium s a nd y oung v o lcan ic e j ec ta . P lan t n u t r ien t s a nd m ine ra l s h ave n o t l e ached o u t o f t he se i mma tu re s o i l s w h ich a re c on s ide red p rem ium f a rm l a nd a nd a re r e spon s ib le f o r t he l u xu r ian t , s em i -dec iduou s t r op ica l f o re s t s o nce c ove r ing t he a rea (We s t a nd A uge l l i 1 966 :47 -50 ) . Ar e cen t g eo log ic m ap o f t he c oa s ta l p l a in s how s t he u ppe r p o r t ion o f t he s t udy z one i n b o th t e r t ia ry f l uv ia l a nd l a ha r ic s ed imen t s w i th m ino r a nde s i t ic l a va s a nd p um ice a nd r ecen t a luv ia l f an s ed imen t s . T he m idd le a nd l owe r p l a in c on s i s t o fr e cen t a l luv ia l p l a in s ed imen t s a nd t he c oa s ta lz one ,b each a nd l a goon s ed imen t s ( Dav ie se ta l . 1 979 :F ig 5 ) . W i th in t he Depa r tmen t o f E scu in t la , 3 2 c l a s se s o f s o i l s h ave b een o b served a nd i n i t ia l ly d i v ided i n to t h ree g roup s ( F igu re 8 ; r ep roduced f r om S immon s e t a l .1959 :300 -29 ,F ig 4 0 ) . T he se a re : I -s o i l so ft he P ac i f i cS l ope . I - s o i l so ft he P ac i f ic L i to ra l( Coa s ta lP la in ) . I I - m i scelaneou ss o i l s . G roup s Ia nd I a re f u r the r s ubd iv ided i n to s ubg roup s b a sed o n ( a ) s o i l d ep th , ( b ) d ra inage c ha rac te r i s t i c s , a nd ( c )c l as so f mo the r ma te r ia l( i . e . o r ig in ) . 1 7

G roup Ii n c lude s ( A ) d eep s o i l s , v o l can ic ma te r ia l , c l ea r c o lo r , ( B ) s halow s o i l s , v o lcan ic ma te r ia l , c l ea r c o lo r , ( C ) d eep s o i l s , v o lcan i c ma te r ia l , d a rk c o lo r , ( D ) s halow s o i l s , v o lcan ic m a te r ia l , d a rk c o lo r , ( E ) d eep s o i l s , v o lcan ic m a te r ia l , m ixed c o lo r , a nd ( F ) s halow s o i l s , v o lcan ic m a te r ia l , m ixed c o lo r . G roup I c on ta in s ( A ) w el d ra ined s o i l s o f h eav y t e x tu re , ( B ) w el d ra ined s andy s o i l s , ( C ) p oo r ly d ra ined s o i l s o f h eavy t e x tu re , a nd ( D ) p oo r ly d ra ined s andy s o i l s . A l l s i te c a tchmen t s b y s o i l t y pe w e re c l a s s i f ied u s ing t he S immon s s y s tem t o d e te rm ine i fs pec i f ic s o i l c ha rac te r i s t ic s w e re b e ing s e lec ted f o r ( Chap te r V I , Append i x B ) . A l l u ppe r t i e r s i te s a re e i the r l o ca ted o n I E a nd I F s o i l s o r a d jacen t t o IA o r J IB , i . e . e i the r o n d eep v o lcan ic m ixed o r w el d ra ined s andy s o i l s . L a rge r s i ze c a tchmen t s p rov ide a c ce s st ob o th t y pe s( See C hap te rV I ) . A cco rd ing t o P aul ( 1 976 :50 ) , w he re d ra inage i sg ood , s o i l f e r t i l i ty i sh igh , t he l im i t ing f a c to r b e ing t he l e ng th o f t he d ry s ea son a nd w he re d ra inage i sp oo r , s o i l s a re a c id ic w i th l ow f e r t i l i ty . N o e v idence i n s uppo r t o f t h i s s t a temen t i s p re sen ted . A l though s o i l s o ft he L a V ic to r ia z one o f We s te rn C oa s ta l Gua tema la a re p oo r ly d ra ined , t hey a re h i gh ly p roduc t ive ( Coe 1 961 :13 ) . Ib el ieve , b a sed o n my o wn o b se rva t ion s d u r ing a n 1 8 mon th p e r iod , t ha t i n l ow r a in f al a r ea s n ea r t he c oa s t ( whe re f l ooded c ond i t ion s a re t he n o rm i n t he l a te r p a r t o f t he r a iny s ea son ) , w a te r t ab le l e ve l a nd s o i lf e r t i l i ty a re mo re s i gn i f ican tt han t he q ual i ty o fd ra inage . 2 . 6 R e sour ce s T he l owe r c oa s t h a s m any c l o sed e s tua r ie s w i th a s soc ia ted m ang rove s wamp v ege ta t ion . J u s t i n land w e re p a rk l ike s avanna s a nd f u r the r i n land mon soon f o re s t s . T oday t he s i tua t ion i sd ra s t icaly d i f fe ren t , b u t i n t h e p a s t t he c oa s ta l s t r ip u ndoub ted ly p rov ided s a l t , f i sh , c rocod i le s , t u r t le s , c ru s tacean s , mo l lu sk s , a nd b i rd s s uch a s d uck s , g rou se a nd p a r ro t s . F ood r e sou rce s a va i lab le f u r the r i n land w ou ld h ave i n c luded m a ize ( Zea may s ) , b ean s ( Pha seo lu s v u lg ar i s ) , s qua she s ( Cucu rb i tacae s p . ) , man ioc (Man iho t e s cu len ta ) , s wee tp o ta toe s. ( I pomoea b a ta ta s ) , t oma toe s ( Lycope r s icon ) , c h i le s ( Cap s icum f r u te scen s ) , a vocado s ( Pe r sea a me r icana ) , h aba s , c h i lacoyo te s , a ch io te ( B ixa o relana ) , j o co te ( Spond ia s momb in ) , z apo te mamey ( Ca locarpum mammo sum ) , s apodi l la ( Ach ra s s apo ta ) , n ance ( B ry son ima c r a s s i fo la ) , mango ( Mang i fe ra i n d ica ) , p acaya , c ohune p a lm ( O rb ignya c ohune ) , c oyo l p a lm ( Ac rocom ia mex icana) , a nd c oco s . O the r v a luab le c u l t iva ted p l an t r e sou rce s i n c luded c acao . ( Theob roma c acao ) a nd c o t ton ( Go s syp ium h i r su tum ) . A n ima l r e sou rce s i n c luded d ee r , a gou t i , p ecca ry , t a p i r , monkey s , a rmad i l lo , b i rd sa nd j agua rs k in s ( McB ryde 1 947 ; C oe 1 961 ; C a rmack 1 965 ) . T he c oa s ta l r eg ion f r om 1 00 -200 me te r s e l eva t ion w ou ld h ave b een i d ea l f o r m a ize p roduc t ion p reh i s to r ica l ly a s i t i s a t p re sen t a c co rd ing t o I ng . O s ca r Gonza le s , P ro f e s so r o f Ag ronomy , Un ive r s i ty o f S an C a r lo s , G ua tema la ( pe r sona l c ommun ica t ion 1 980 ) . S ince a ve rage t empe ra tu re h a s t he g rea te s t i nf luence o n p lan t p hy s io log y , t h e 9 0 -100 d ay p e r iod f o r t he c omp le te ma ize c yc le f r om p l an t ing t o h arve s t ing c ou ld b e me t a t l e a s t t w ice p e r y ea r . T h ree c rop s p e r y ea r a re o b ta inab le i fb o th e l o te ( g reen c o rn ) a nd m a ize a re d e s i red c ompa red w i th o n ly o ne c rop g ene ra l ly a va i lab le i n t he h i gh land s . R a in f al i sa lmo s t i d ea l . A t h ighe r e l e va t ion s t he a dded mo i s tu re e nhance s d i sea se a nd i n sec tp rob lem sa nd p roduc t ion ( y ie lds ) d e c l ine d rama t ica l ly b ecau se o fw a te r l o gged s o i l . C once rn ing s chedu l ing , m a ize p l an ted i n May , ma tu re s b y Augu s t w i th a no the r p l an t ing i n S ep tembe r r eady f o r h arve s t ing i n De cembe r/Janua ry . McB ryde ( 1947 :18 ) s umma r ized m a ize s chedu l ing i n t wo e nv i ronmen ta l z one s . Z one 1 i sf r om 0 t o 1 00 m e te r s e l eva t ion , w h ich i nm y s t udy z one w ou ld b e f r om t he c oa s t t o a bou t t he mode rn t own o f Ma sagua , 2 km s ou th o f L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th , a nd Z one 2 f r om 1 00 t o 1 000 me te r s e l eva t ion . Two p r ima ry m a ize c rop s a re g r own i n Z one 1 ,t he f i r s t p l an ted i n May a nd h arve s ted d u r ing J u ly/Augu s t . T he s e cond c rop p l an ted i n Augu s t i sh arve s ted i nO c tobe r/Novembe r . A l l y ea r c rop s w e re a l so p o s s ib le i nh um id ( we t ) d ep re s s ion s , o r h a jo s a nd Io b se rved a n umbe r o f t he se n ea r a nd a l ong t he c oa s t , p a r t icu la r ly i nb a jo s f o rmed p reh i s to r ica l ly b y t he a nc ien t i n hab i tan t s r emov ing s o i l f o r p ub l ic a nd monumen ta l c on s t ruc t ion . T he w a te r t a b le i n t h e se w e t ( damp ) d ep re s s ion s ) i sh i gh 1 8

e nough t o s uppo r t am a ize c rop d u r ing t he w o r se o f t he d ry s ea son . I n Z one 2 ,t he f i r s t c rop i s p l an ted i n Ma rch/Ap r i l a nd h arve s ted f ou r t o f i ve mon th s l a te r i n J u ly/Augu s t . T he s e cond c rop i s p l an ted f olow ing t he h eav ie s t r a in s i n S ep tembe r/Oc tobe r a nd m a tu re s f i ve mon th s l a te r d u r ing F eb rua ry i n t he h ea r t o f t he d ry s ea son . A q u ick g r ow ing ( 40 d ay ) ma ize c rop i sa l so p o s s ib le i n Z one 2 a nd c an ma tu re i nf r om t wo t ot h ree mon th sa f te rp l an t ing i n Ap r i l . Wh i le b e ing a b le t oo b ta in t wo t o t h ree m a ize c rop s ay ea r o n t he P ac i f ic C oa s t i s n o t s u rpr i s ing , f ew , h oweve r , h ave s t ud ied t he t wo e qua l ly i mpo r tan t f a c to r s o f y i e ld a nd p roduc t ion e f f ic iency . C oe ( 1 961 :14 ) s t a te s t ha t t he p roduc t iv i ty o f t he P ac i f ic L ow lands i st w ice t ha t o f t he h i gh land s . A c co rd ing t o McB ryde ( 1 947 :21 ) , t he a ve rage h i gh land ma ize y i e ld w a s a pp rox ima te ly 5 50 -1100 l b s ( 250 -500 k g ) o r 1 0 -20 b u ./ac re w i th 1 0 b u ./ac re f r om h igh c o rn f ie ld s a nd 2 0 b u ./ac re f r om f i e ld s l owe r d own . T he r a t io b e tween t he a moun t h a r ve s ted t o t ha t p l an ted w a s a lmo s t 1 00 :1 a s i nt he f e r t i le v aley s o fP e ru . T h i sc ompared t h en t ot he U .S .c o rn b e l tr a t io o f2 00 :1 . A s t udy p ubl i shed i n 1 940 b y t he C ar neg ie I n s t i tu t ion o f Wa sh ing ton c once rned w i th ma ize c u l t iva t ion i n N o r thwe s te rn Gua tema la a l so c on ta ined p roduc t iv i ty d a ta o n s eve ra l c oa s ta l Depa r tmen t s . Ma ize p roduc t ion i nt he p e r iod 1 933 -34 f o r E scu in t la w a s 3 1 .3 b u/ac re , S uch i tepequez 2 5 .4 b u/ac re , R e ta lhu leu 2 6 .3 a nd E l P rog re s so 2 3 .0 . F o r E scu in t la a l one , t h i s w a s 2 . 2 t ime s t he h igh land a ve rage o f 1 4 .5 b u/ac re a nd f o r S uch i tepequez 1 . 8 t ime s( S tade lman 1 940 ) . N o f alow c yc le i sn ece s sa ry o n t he r i ch , c on t inua l ly r ep len i shed d eep s o i l s o f t he P ac i f ic L ow land s i n c rea s ing p roduc t ion e f f ic iency e no rmou s ly o ve r o the r t r op i ca l f o re s t r eg ion s i n Me soame r i ca . I ti sd i f f icu l t t o p u t t h i s a l i n to mean ing fu l t e rm s a s s o l i t t le i sk nown o f p reh i s to r ic c r op p roduc t ion , y i e ld o r e f f ic iency . Howeve r , i ft wo t o t h ree ma ize c rop s p e r y ea r a re c omb ined w i th y i e ld s t w ice a s h i gh a s t he h i gh land s i n a c on t inuou s c y c le , t he p o ten t ia l k i loca lo r ie s t h a t c ou ld b e p roduced a re p henomena l . I f t he s t ab i l i ty o f t he s y s tem i s a l so c on s ide red i n t e rm s o f r a in f al a dequacy ( l ack o f s t re s s ) d ur ing d ry y ea r s i t mean s t ha t t he P ac i f ic C oa s ta l P la in w a s , a nd c on t inue s t o b eo ne o ft he mo s ta g r icu l tu ra l ly p roduc t ive r eg ion si nt he w o r ld . T he a rea f u r the r t owa rd t he c oa s t , g ene ra l ly u nde r 1 00 me te r s i n e l eva t ion i s f a vo red t oday f o r c o t ton p roduc t ion a nd v a s t t r ac t s o f f o rme r v i rg in t r op ica l f o re s t a nd s avannah h ave b een c onve r ted r e cen t ly t o s uch u se . P ro fe s so r Gonza le s b e l ieve s t ha t l o ca l c ond i t ion s f a vo r ing c o t ton p roduc t ion a l so o pe ra ted p reh i s to r icaly . T he se c ond i t ion s a re m in imum a ve rage t empe ra tu re s g rea te r t han 1 5 -16 °C , r e la t ive ly f l a t t e r ra in , a nd r a in fal f o r al im i ted p e r iod o f t ime d u r ing a nd i mmed ia te ly a f te r p l an t ing . D ra inage i sa n i mpo r tan t f a c to r w i th s ome r eg ion s n ea r t he c oa s t f a vo red p reh i s to r icaly n o d oub t , b u t p oo r d ra inage c ond i t ion s t oday a re m i t iga ted b y t he c on s t ruc t ion o f c omp lex d ra inage s y s tem s . T he e x ten t , o r i n ten s i ty , o f p reh i s to r ic c o t ton p roduc t ion h e re i ss pecu la t ive . S p ind le w ho r l s a re a f a i r ly c ommon a r t i f ac t i n s ome s i te s d u r ing t he L a te C la s s ic , t he p e r iod o f max imum p opu la t ion o n t he l owe r c oa s t . S pe c ia l ized c o t ton p roduc t ion a nd p roce s s ing d u r ing t he C la s s ic a nd p o s s ib le F o rma t ive i sp o s s ib le . S i x teen th C en tury a c coun t s l i s t c o t ton a mong t he m a jo r c rop s f r om t he D epa r tmen t s o f Guazacapan t o S uch i tepequez m a in ly a l ong t he u ppe r c oa s ta l p l a in a nd l owe r p iedmon t (McB ryde 1 947 :143 ; F e ldman 1 974 , 1 980 ) . A rchaeo log ica l ly , n o p olen o r p hy tol i th a na ly s i sh a sb een s ucce s s fu lt om yk now ledge f r om s i te so nt he c oa s ta lp l a in . T he l a s t c rop o f g r ea t s i gn i f icance p reh i s to r ica l ly i s , o f c ou r se , c acao ( Theob roma c acao ) f o r i t s u se b o th a s a med ium o f e xchange a nd a b eve rage c on sumed b y e l i te s . F o r c acao p roduc t ion , f a vo rab le t he rma l t o le rance , r a in fal , h um id i ty a nd f e r t i le w el d ra ined s o i l s a re a l l f ound i nt he s t udy r eg ion . C acao r equ i re s am in imum mean a nnua l t empe ra tu re o f2 1 °C , ag l ean m in imum f o r t he c o lde s t mon th o f 1 5 -16 °C , a nd o c ca s iona l m in imum s n o t u nde r 1 0 Cw h ich a re a l c ond i t ion s e a s i ly me t . Mo s t C en t ra l Ame r ican p roduc t ion i sn o ted f r om e l eva t ion s b e low 4 50 me te r s . I tw a sb el ieved t ha t t he m in imum a nnua l r a in f al n ece s sa r y t o s uc ce s s fuly g row c acao w a s 2 000 mm , b u t i tc an g row i n o n ly 150 mm d epend ing o n s o i l mo i s tu re r e ten t ion q ua l i t ie s . C acao t o le ra te s i r r iga t ion i nd ry a rea s f o r u p t of ou r mon th s . N o max imum l im i t h a s b een o b se r ved a nd t he p l an t c an a d ju s t t od ry s ea son s . C acao t h r ive s w he re r e la t ive h um id i ty i s7 0% o r h i ghe r . T he 1 9

max imum h um id i ty i su nde te rm ined a s i te ven t h r ive s i n1 00 % h um id i ty . C lay b ar n s a re g ood a s c acao p re fe r s an eu t ra l t o s l igh t ly a c id ic s o i l w i th a pH o f a pp rox ima te ly 5 . 5 ( Be rgman 1 959 , 1 969 :85 -96 ) . C acao r equ i re s g ood d ra inage w h ich w ou ld s eem t o e l im ina te a g ood d ea l o f t he l owe r c oas t e ven w i th i r r iga t ion , a l though i tw a s at r ibu te i t em f r om t owns w e l ld own o nt he c oa s ta lp l a in i nt he 1 6 th c en tury ( eg . F e ldman 1 980 ) . A c acao b e l t c ove red much o f t he P ac i f ic C oa s ta l P la in u p t o 6 00 me te r s e l eva t ion f r om S oconu sco ( Ch iapa s a nd We s te rn Gua tema la ) t o N ica ragua (McB ryde 1 947 :33 ; B e rgmann 1 959 ; C armack 1 973 ) . E thnoh i s to r ic a ccoun t s d e sc r ibe f i erce b a t t le s f ough tb y P o s tc las s ic H igh land Maya g roup s , p ar t icu la r ly t he Qu iche a nd C akch ique l , o ver t he r i ch c acao p roduc ing r eg ions o f t he c oa s ta l p l a in ( Rec ino s a nd Goe tz 1 953 ; C a rmack 1 973 ,1981 ; F ox 1 978 ) . Nume rou ss cu lp ture sp roduced b yt he L a te C las s ic C o tzuma lguapan s t a te c en te red a t B i lbao a nd E l B au l n ear t he mode rn t own o f S an ta L uc ia C o tzuma lguapa d ep ic t c acao p od s a nd v ege ta t ion i n te r tw ined w i th v ar ious a n th romorph ic a nd h uman f i gu re s ( eg . T homp son 1 948 ; P a r son s 1 969 ) . I t s p re s t ige v a lue t o Me soame r ican e l i te s may w e l l g o b ack t o a tl e a s t E ar ly M idd le F o rma t ive t imes a nd t he O lmec ( Coe 1 968 ; P ar sons a nd P r ice 1 971 :169 -175 ) . T he u ndoub ted v a lue o f c acao t o T eo t ihuacan c omme rc ia l e n terp r i se p robab ly a ccoun t s i n l a rge p a r t f o r T eo t ihuacan ' s t heo r ized i n te rac t ion d u r ing t he E a r ly t o M idd le C la s s ic o n t he P ac i f ic S l ope o f Gua tema la a nd K am ina l ju ju i n t he c en t ra l h igh lands ( Par son s 1 967 ,1969 ; P ar son s a nd P r ice 1 971 :169 -175 ;Sande r s :1977 ; Helmu th 1 978 :71 -85 ;B e r lo 1 980 ) . S ucce s s fu lp roduc t ion d epend s o n h igh i n ve s tmen ts i n a g r icu l tu ra l t e chno log y a nd i n ten s i f ica t ion a nd s k iled l a bor , a l c r i t ica l v a r iab le s i n e conom ic s pec ia l iza t ion w i th s t rong e f fec ts o n r eg iona l d eve lopmen t . S a l t w a s a no the r ma jor r e sou rce , a l be i t a n e x t rac t ive o ne , f r om t he P ac i f ic C oas t . F rom t he L a te F orma t ive i n to t he L a te C la s s ic , p e r iod s o f h i ghe r p opu la t ion , s a l t p roduc ing s t a t ion s w e re p robab ly n ume rous a nd c on t roled b y e l i te s e ngaged i nr eg iona l e xchange n e two rk s . A w ide sp read c oa s ta l s a l t p roduc ing i ndu s t ry w as r epor ted b y t he S pan i sh i n t he 1 6 th c en tury . S ipaca te , a n e s tuary t own i n t he a rea , w a s p roduc ing s a l t i n 1 548 a ccord ing t o c o lon ia l r e co rd s ( And rew s 1 980 ) . T he p reh i s tor ic u se a nd d eve lopmen t o f ma ize , c o t ton , c acao a nd s a l t a re d i scu s sed i ng rea ter d e ta i l i nC hap te r s V I Ia nd V I I I . 2 . 7 Modern U se T oday , t he u ppe r c oa s ta l p l a in a nd l owe r p iedmon t a re u sed p r imar i ly f o r s uga r c ane p roduc t ion . Mode rn s uga r m i l l s o r i n gen io s , a re mo s t ly f ound w i th in E scu in t la , a nd w h i le mo s t p r ide t hemse lve s o n b e ing e f f ic ien t e n te rp r i se s , s uga r c ane i ss t i l l c u t b y c heap , m ig ran t h igh land Maya I nd ian l a bo r . S uga r i si n te r sper sed w i th c of fee a nd c a t t le r anch ing , b u t mo s t c of fee f a rms a re a th ighe r e l eva t ion s . On t he l owe r c oa s t , g ene raly u nde r 1 00 me te r s e l eva t ion , c o t ton f a rm s a re e ve r ywhe re , many o f t hem r ecen t d eve lopmen t s . C a t t le r anch ing e x i s t s b u t i sr ap id ly g i v ing w ay v i a l and c onve r s ion t o c o t ton . L i t t le t r op ica lf o re s ts urv ive se xcep ta l ong t he b ank so f af ew r i ve r s . T he se d eve lopmen t s g rea t ly e nhance t he a b i l i ty t o c onduc t s u rvey s , b u t t he p r ice p a id i s i n c rea s ing s i te d e s truc t ion e i the r b ecau se o f i n ten s ive f a rm ing o pe ra t ion s , o r l oo t ing . T he p opu la t ion o f t he Depar tmen t o f E scu in t la w h ich c over s 4 , 384 km 2 h as g rown f r om 1 23 ,759 i n 1 950 t o 2 70 ,059 i n 1 964 a nd i s o ne o f t he f a s te s t g row ing d epa r tmen t s r e f lec t ing t he r ap id a g r icu l tu ra l e xpan s ion i n e xpo r t c rops d ur ing t h i s p e r iod . P opu la t ion d i s t r ibu t ion n ow i s s im i la r t o t h a t r epor ted a t t he E u ropean C onque s t w i th mo s t p opu la t ion c en te r s l o ca ted i n t he u pper c oa s ta l p la in a nd l owe r p iedmon t . T he e conom ic s i tua t ion t oday o n t he c oas ta l p l a in i sd i s tu rb ing ly s im i lar t o o ne p re sen ted r ecen t ly i n ap rovoca t ive p ape r s imu la t ing t h e p opu la t ing o f v on T hunen 's i s o la ted s t a te mode lw i th t wo t y pe so fp eop le ,p oo ra nd r i ch . i ti s n ' t t oo h ard t o s ee w hy t he mo s t p roduc t ive a nd t he mo s t a cce s s ib le l a nd i n aT h i rd Wo r ld c oun try w ou ld b e g i ven o ve r t o t he p roduc t ion o f l u xury c r ops f o r e xpor t , 2 0

t hu s i nduc ing c h ron ic f ood s ho r tage s a nd e sca la t ing f ood p r ice s ( Hu f f1 981 :127 -33 ) . A re t he re c l ose s im i la r i t ie s b e tween t he P reconque s t c oa s ta l p l a in o f s ay t he L a te a nd P o s tc la s s ic , a nd mode rn e xp lo i t ive c ond i t ion s? 2 . 8 S ummary Wh i le c l ea r ly d e f ined e nv i ronmen ta l z one s a re d el inea ted b e tween t he c oa s ta l p l a in a nd t he h igh land s , o the r d i v i s ion s s uch a s l owe r c oa s t , u ppe r c oa s t , l owe r p iedmon t , r ema in p oo r ly o r a rb i t ra r i ly d e f ined . E nv i ronmen ta l ly , t he c oa s ta l p l a in i s af i ne g ra in r e sou rce p a tch c ompa red t o c on t ra s t ing a rea s s uch a s t he c en t ra l Mex ican h i gh land s w i th a f ew l a rge p a tche s ( c f . P ianka 1 974 ) . Y e t , a s p o in ted o u t b y S ta rk ( 1 981 ) , b e cau se t he P ac i f ic C oa s t i s r e la t ive ly n a r row a l ong mo s t o f i t s c ou r se , c on t ra s t ing r e sou rce z one s a re r ead i ly a c ce s s ib le a nd t he r eg ion i s mo re l i ke ly t o b e l i nked e conom icaly t o t he h igh land s t han f o r e xamp le , i st he Gu lf C oa s ta l P l a in o f V e rac ruz , Mex ico , h ea r t land o f t he O lmec c u l tu re . I t i s u nl ike ly , h oweve r , t ha t a s i ng le c ommun i ty c ou ld h ave a cce s s t o a l e nv i ronmen ta l z one s o n t he P ac i f ic P la in , w h ich c on t ra s t s w i th s ome e thnog raph ica l ly k nown a rea s s uch a s Hawa i i ( Ea r le 1 977 :213 -29 ; 1 978 ) . T he i mpo r tance a nd c omp rehen s ion o f t h i s a l t i tud ina l g rad ien t c on t inu ing t o t he c oa s ti sc r i t ica lt oa ny a na ly s i so fs e t t lemen ts y s tem e vo lu t ion . T o s umma r ize , t he P ac i f ic S l ope r eg ion w a s ag rea t ly f a vo red l o ca t ion f o r t he e vo lu t ion o f h igh ly p roduc t ive s ub s i s tence a nd o the r r e sou rce s y s tem s d u r ing t he c r i t ica l F o rma t ive P e r iod a nd l a te r . I n p a r t t h i s may a c coun t f o r t he f a c t t ha t t he P ac i f ic S l ope o f Gua tema la b ecame a k i nd o f B a lkan s o f t he N ew Wo r ld w i th c on t inua l ly i n t ru s ive g roup sv y ing f o rt h er i ch r e sou rce z one s .

2 1

CHAPTER I I METHODOLOGY 3 . 1 I n troduc t ion R eg iona l s t ud ie s e mpha s ize t empo ra l , s pa t ia l a nd f unc t iona l v a r iab i l i ty i n e vo lu t iona ry s e t t lemen t d i s t r ibu t iona l p a t te rn s . H e re I d e sc r ibe t he me thod s u sed t o s e lec t , i d en t i f y , a nd c olec t d a ta e s sen t ia l t o t he se s t ud ie s , a nd w h ich a re a na ly zed i n s ub sequen t c hap te r s . T he se d a ta i d en t i f y t he s oc ia l a nd b ehav io ra l d a ta c o r re la te s f o r t he r e sea rch p rob lem s a nd q ue s t ion s r a i sed i n t he i n t roduc to ry c hap te r . T he se p rocedu re s a re g u ided b road ly b y t he mu l t i s tage f i e ldwo rk d e s ign p ropo sed b y R edman ( 1973 :61 -79 ) . Ib eg in w i th a s umma ry o f i n fo rma t ion s ou rce s a va i lab le . T he se i n c luded t h e a r chaeo log ica l s i te r eg i s te r o f t he I n s t i tu to d e An t ropo log ia e H i s to r ia o f Gua tema la t hen q ua r te red i nL a I g le s ia d e S an to Dom ingo a nd r e la ted f i l e s a tt he Mu seo N ac iona l d e Gua tema la , t he s i te f i l e s o f S hook , p ubl i shed r epo r t s , t opog raph ic m ap s , a e r ia l p ho tog raph s ,l o ca li n fo rman t s , a nd o fc ou r se o u ro wn r e conna i s sance . T h i si sf olowed b y ad e sc r ip t ion o fr e co rd ing p rocedu re su sed f o r b o th s i te s urvey a nd e x cava t ion . A s Ia m i n te re s ted i n t he mu l t ip le f eedback r e la t ion sh ip s i n vo lved i n c omp lex s oc ie ta l e vo lu t ion , v a r iab le s e lec t ion e mpha s ize s i n te rac t ion b e tween v a r iab le c l a s se s . A cco rd ing ly , t h ree v a r iab le s e t s w e re s e lec ted t o mea su re s oc ia l ( s e t t lemen t ) a nd e conom ic c hange s w i th in t he e nv i ronmen ta l c on tex t . A b r ie fd e sc r ip t ion o fv a r iab le sc omp r i s ing e ach s e t i sp rov ided . S urvey o b jec t ive s a re t hen p re sen ted , f olowed b y t he t empe r ing c once rn o f w ha t w a s f e a s ib le g i ven t he c on s t ra in t s o f t ime , c o s t a nd l o ca l c ond i t ion s . T he se a r e t ho rough ly d e sc r ibed t o e xp la in t he r e sea rch s t ra tegy a nd o u r a b i l i ty t o o pe ra t iona l i ze i t . T he s e c t ion c l o se s w i th a d e sc r ip t ion o f s u r vey me thod s a nd f i nd ing s . It h en b r ief ly s umma r ize t he a u s te re t e s t e x cava t ion p rog ram , b eg inn ing w i th a d e sc r ip t ion o f e xcava t ion o b jec t ive s w h ich w e re d i c ta ted b y p r io r k now ledge a nd c u r ren t f i nd ing s . T he se r e su l ted i n s omewha t f l ex ib le e xcava t ion t e chn ique s w i th , h oweve r , v a luab le r e su l t s . T he a b i l i ty t o p ropo se mode l s o f c omp lex s oc ie ta l e vo lu t ion b a sed s o le ly o n a r chaeo log ica l d a ta r equ i re s a n u nde r s tand ing o f s e t t lemen t s y s tem e vo lu t ion . T h i s , i n t u rn , i s b a sed o n ad i ach ron ic a pp roach t o c hang ing s e t t lemen t p a t te rn s a nd t h e i r i n te rac t ion w i th e nv i ronmen ta l c ond i t ion s a nd t h e c hang ing e conom ic a nd s oc ia l o rgan iza t ion . T he a ccomp l i shmen t o f t he f i r s t a t ta inab le s t ep a b so lu te ly r equ i re s a c h rono log ica l s cheme a cqu i red t h rough ar eg iona l s u r f ace s urvey p re fe rab ly s uppo r ted b y e xcava t ion s . C on sequen t ly , t he l a s t p a r t o f t he c hap te r i s d evo ted t o c h rono log i ca l c on s ide ra t ion s f e a tu r ing t he p a r t ia l ly k nown c e ram ic s equence . O the r t empo ra l ly s en s i t ive c a tego r ie s u t i l ized i n c luded s i te a r ch i tec tu re , s cu lp tu re , a nd a b so lu te d a t ing t e chn ique s a mong o the r s . A l l o f t he se t aken t oge the r s t rong ly s uppo r t t he a b i l i ty t o d a te o ccupa t iona ls equence so fa pp rox ima te ly 2 50 t o3 00 y ea r s . 3 . 2 I nf orma t ion S our ce s D ive r se s ou rce s a re a va i lab le i n d e te rm in ing t h e e x i s tence , l o ca t ion , a nd i n s ome c a se s t he p robab le d a t ing o f a r chaeo log ica l s i te s i nt he r e sea rch a rea . I n t h i s s ec t ion I d e sc r ibe t he se s ou rce sa nd h ow t hey w e re u sed . 3 . 2 .1 A r chaeo log ica l S i te R eg i s ter B o th t he R eg i s t ro d e l aP rop iedad A rqueo log i ca , H i s to r ia yA r t i s t ica , o ft he S ec c ion P reh i span ica , I n s t i tu to d e An t ropo log ia e H i s to r ia , a nd t he Mu seo N ac iona l d e A rqueo log ia y E tno log ia i n Gua tema la p o s se s s s i te r e co rd s d a t ing l a rge ly f r om t he m id l a te 1 950 ' s . Wh i le t he se r e co rd s a re g ene ra l ly d up l ica ted a t e ach l o ca t ion , t he museum r eco rd s s eemed mo re c omp le te . S i te c a rd s c on ta in l im i ted i n fo rma t ion w h ich Ib e l ieve w e re o r ig ina l ly s upp l ied b y B o rhegy i a nd S hook a nd l a te r u pda ted i nt he l a te 1 960 ' s a nd 2 2

e ar ly 1 970 ' s w i th t he a dd i t ion o f 1 7 s i te s i nt he Depar tmen t o f E scu in t la . Wh i le o ve ral c ove rage i ss po t ty a nd s omewha to u tda ted t hey p rov ide au se fu lp o in to fe n t ry . 3 . 2 .2 P ubl i shed R epor t s S hook ' s c onc i se s umma r ie s o fh i s many y ea r s o ff i e ld r econna i s sance o n t he P ac i f ic S lope w e re i n va luab le s ou rce s ( e .g . S hook 1 965 , 1 971) . O the r p ub l i shed r epor t s c on ta in i n forma t ion o n a r chaeo log ica l s i te s i n t he Depa r tmen t o f E scu in t la . T he se i n c lude t he e xcelen t B i lbao s t ud ie s ( Pa r sons 1 967 , 1 969 ) ; T homp son ' s w ork a t E l B au l a nd s i te s o f t he L a te C la s s ic C o tzuma lguapan p e r iod ( Thomp son 1 948 ) ; r ecen t i n ve s t iga t ion s a t E l B a l samo ( Shook a nd H a tch 1 978 ; S tark e ta l . 1 980 ; S tark 1 981) ; a nd Mon te A l to ( Pa r son s 1 976 ) . Unfo r tuna te ly , n o p ub l ica t ion o n t he o rde r o f S hook ( 1952 ) c on ta in ing d e ta i led s ummar ie s o f h igh land s i te s i n t he Depar tmen t s o f Gua tema la , S aca tepequez , a nd C h ima l tenango h a sy e tb een p roduced f o rE scu in t la . Add i t iona lu se fu ls ou rce sa re S hook ( 1949 ) s u mmar iz ing t he a r chaeo log ica l h i s tory o fP ue r to S an J ose , E scu in t la ; a nd s eve ra l n earby s i te s i n c oa s ta l E scu in t la s uch a s F inca A r izona ( Shook 1 945 ) a nd M i C ie lo (Wa l te r s 1 978 ) . R icha rd s ( 1940 ) men t ion s E scu in t la s i te s i n as ec t ion o n n on - Maya s cu lp ture o fC en t ra l Ame r ica . G i ra rd ( 1969 , 1 978 ) d i sc lo se s n ame s o ff i ncas i nE scu in t la w he re s t one s cu lp tu re s w e re e i the r f ound o r b rough t . He l lmu th ( 1975 , 1 978 :71 -85 ) men t ions l oo ted s i te s i n t he E scu in t la r eg ion b u t t he se a re f a ir ly w el k nown . T he D icc ionar io Geog ra f i co d e Gua tema la i n t wo v o lume s , a nd n ow s omewha t d a ted , a l so i n c lude s s i te i n forma t ion b u t t he se a ppea r t o b e t he s ame a s t hose i n R eg i s tro a nd Museo f i le s . T he r eade r w i l l c o r rec t ly s urm i se t ha t i n c ompa r i son t o o the r a reas i n Me soame r ica l i t t le p ubl i shed i n fo rma t ion i sa va i lab le o n t he e n t i re s ou the rn c oa s ta lp l a in a nd l ower p iedmon t . 3 . 2 .3 Maps T he I n s t i tu to Geog ra f ico N ac iona l p roduce s u se fu l maps i n c lud ing a n e xcelen t 1 : 50 ,000 T opog raph ic S ca le map s e r ie s w h ich w a s e x ten s ive ly u sed . T h i s s e r ie s h a s a2 0 me te r c on tou r i n terva l w i th s upp lemen ta ry c on tou r s o f 1 0 me te r i n te rva l s . E ach s hee t c ove r s a pp rox ima te ly 5 00 s q km a nd t he o ne s qua re k i lome te r u n i t s s e rved a s a mean s o fs i te c on t ro la nd c a ta log ing w h ich i sd e sc r ibed i ns e c t ion 3 3 o ft h i sc hap te r . S eve ra l r ecen t e d i t ion s o f t he 1 : 50 ,000 q uad rang le maps s how t he l o ca t ion s o f a r chaeo log ica l s i te s . T he C ar tog raph ic D iv i s ion h ad p rev iou s ly r eque s ted S hook a nd o the r s t o i d en t i f y a r chaeo log ica l s i te s t h rough a n i n spec t ion o f t he c on t roled 1 : 10 ,000 p ho to -mosa ic s e r ie s . I n many c ase s , h oweve r , s i te s r eco rded o n t he p ho tomo sa ic s e r ie s a re n o t i n c luded o n t he 1 : 50 ,000 t opog raph ic map s . F u r the r c on found ing t he d i f f icu l t ie s , o the r t han t he e xorb i tan t c os t o f t he p ho tomo sa ic s , w a s t he f a c t t ha t many map r ecorded s i te s w e re n o t " g round t r u thed " r e su l t ing i ns ome s i te s a ppea r ing o n map s t ha t d o n o t e x i s t . N eve r the le s s , t he se map s p roved t o b e t he b e s t c ur ren t s ource o n s i te s o the r t han a e r ia l p ho tog raphs . Iw i l l r eque s t t he I n s t i tu to Geog ra f ico N ac iona l t o u pda te maps a nd p ho tomosa ic sw i th c o r rec ted d a ta f r om my s urvey . 3 . 2 .4 S hook S i te F i les a nd F ie ld N o tes A s ub s tan t ia l b ody o f u npubl i shed i n forma t ion i n t he f o rm o f S hook ' s s i te r ecord s a nd f i e ld n o te s i sp re sen t ly i n h i s An t igua , Gua tema la l a bo ra tory . T he se d a ta w e re a ccumu la ted d ur ing many y ear s o f f i e ld w ork , f i r s t w i th t he C arneg ie I n s t i tu t ion o f Wa sh ing ton a nd l a te r a s F ie ld D i rec tor o f t he Mon te A l to P ro jec t . Ma te r ia l w a s a va i lab le o n r eque s t a nd h e w as e x treme ly c oope ra t ive a t a l t ime s i n p rov id ing i n forma t ion f r om h i se x ten s ive f i e ld e xpe r ience . A f te r o ur s urvey s w e re l a rge ly c omp le ted , I d i scove red t ha t t he C en tro I nve s t igac ione sd e R eg iona le s d e Me soame r ica ( C IR MA ) , ap r iva te Gua tema lan r e search f ounda t ion i n An t igua , h ad c on t rac ted w i th S hook t o p rov ide a n u pda te o n a rchaeo log ica l s i te s . T h i s i n fo rma t ion , o r ig ina l ly i n tended f o r C IR MA ' s C akch ique l H igh land Maya P ro jec t , w as l a te r e xpanded t o i n c lude s ome l ow land Depar tmen t s 2 3

i n c lud ing E scu in t la . T he f ounda t ion g ene rou s ly a lowed me t o make c op ie s o f a pp rop r ia te s i te r e co rd s , h oweve r , h i gh ly v a r iab le s u r vey p rocedu re s ( colec t ion s w e re n o t a lway s m ade o r r e co rded ) , r educe s t he i r v a lue w i thou t f olow -up s urvey s a nd a cce s s t ot he o r ig ina lf i e ld n o te sa nd s u r f ace c olec t ion s . 3 . 2 .5 A er ia lP ho tog raph s E xce l len t a e r ia l p ho tog raph i c c ove rage o f t he s ou th c oa s t o fG ua tema la i sa va i lab le f r om t he I n s t i tu to G eog ra f ico N ac iona l d e Gua tema la . T he b e s t f o r my p u rpo se s w e re t wo s e r ie s . One , ag roup o f c on t roled p ho tomo sa ic s a t a1 : 10 ,000 s c a le p roduced f o r t he C ada s t ra l D iv i s ion w e re p roh ib i t ive ly e xpen s ive a t $ 15 e ach . T he s econd s e r ie s a re b l ack a nd w h i te p r in t s o f c o lo r i n f ra red p ho tog raph ic c ove rage p roduced d u r ing 1 964 a nd 1 965 b y A e ro E xp lo ra t ion , F rank fu r t/ Ma in , We s t G e rmany . T he c ompany , u s ing a Wi ld RC5a c ame ra a nd aI n f ragon N o . 6l e n sw i th af o ca ll e ng th o f 1 52 .00 mm , p roduced i mage ry a t ap ho tog raph ic s c a le o f1 : 17 ,000 w i th ap ho to i n dex s c a le o f1 : 100 ,000 . T he se p roved t o b e i d ea l a nd w e re e x ten s ive ly u sed b ecau se o f t he i r c l a r i ty , s c a le , u se i ns t e reo scop ic v i ew ing t ol o ca te s i te s a nd t o d i sce rn e nv i ronmen ta l d e ta i l s i n c lud ing c l ea r v i ew s o f a nc ien t r i ve r d ra inage s y s tem s . Whe reve r p o s s ib le , s i te f o rm s c on ta in n o ta t ion s o f s t e reo p ho to p a i r s f o r as pec i f ic s i te . My s urvey a rea i s c ove red b y N ega t ive S e r ia l N umbe r 3a nd 4 . E ach l i ne o f f l i gh t , i n a n a l te rna t ing n o r th sou th d i rec t ion , h a s a s pec i f ic l i ne a nd p ho tog raph n umbe r . F o r e xamp le , a t y p ica l p ho tog raph ic n o ta t ion h a s i n t he u ppe r r i gh t h and c o rne r G -3 , L 53 , 0 464 a nd i s i n te rp re ted a sP ho to N o 4 64 o fF l igh t L ine 5 3 o n N ega t ive S e r ia l 3 . T he se w e re d eemed v a luab le e nough f o r t he p ro jec t t oi n ve s t i nc ove rage f o r t he e n t i re r eg ion e ncompa s s ing my l ong t e rm s t udy a rea , o rs ome 4 00 p ho tog raph sa t$ 1 e ach . T he i mage ry w a s p a r t icu la r ly v a luab le i n t he e a r ly s t age s o f o u r r econna i s sance a s t hey w e re a n i n expen s ive me thod t o b e come a cqua in ted w i th l a rge s ec t ion s o f t he 2 000 km 2 l ong te rm s t udy a rea . Wh i le f a i r ly l a rge t r ac t s o f l a nd o n , a nd n ea r , t he c oa s t w e re s t i l l i n d en se r a in f o re s t i n 1 965 , mo s t o f t h e s t udy z one w a s e i the r b e ing r egu la r ly c u l t iva ted , o r i np a s tu re , p rov id ing b e t te r c ove rage t han e xpec ted i n at r op ica l r a in f o re s t s e t t ing . S i te d i scove ry w a s s i gn i f ican t ly e nhanced b y t he l i be ra l u se o f a e r ia l p ho tog raph s . E qua l ly i mpo r tan t , t hey p rov ided a mean s o f e s t ima t ing s i te s i ze a nd p e rm i t ted t he p repa ra t ion o f s i te m ap s , s i te o r ien ta t ion , a nd mound d imen s ion s , w hen a cce s s w a s d en ied t o a l o r p a r t s o f s i te s . T hey a l so p rov ided a n e xcelen t b ack -up o n my r e tu rn t o t he U .S . w hen t r y ing t o r e ly o n i n adequa te , e r roneou s , o r s wea t -b lo tched f i e ld n o te s a nd s ke tche s . Hemmco L td . , ac omme rc ia l e n te rp r i se i n Gua tema la C i ty , g ene rou s ly p rov ided c u r ren t p ho tog raph ic c ove rage made p o s s ib le b y v i r tue o f r ecen t c on t rac t s i n t he E scu in t la c oa s ta l r eg ion a s l a nd s w e re t r an s fo rmed f r om f o re s tt oc o t ton f a rm s . 3 . 2 .6 L oca lI n f orman t s N o t s urp r i s ing ly , l o ca l i n fo rman t s p roved t o b e o ne o f o u r b e s t i n fo rma t ion s ou rce s . We made s pec ia l e f fo r t s t o i n te rac t w i th l o ca l i nhab i tan t s a nd w h i le a f ew w e re n ega t ive , t he v a s t m a jo r i ty w en t o u t o f t he i r w ay t o p o in t o u t s i te s , t he b e s t r ou te s t o t r ave l , f r iend s i no the r c ommun i t ie s w ho c ou ld a s s i s t , a nd g ene ra l ly p rov id ing v a luab le i n fo rma t ion . C r i s toba l , t he r eg iona l F o rma t ive P e r iod s i te , w h ich g rew t o b e o ne o f t he l a rge s t L a te C la s s ic s i te s i n o u r z one , w a s d i rec ted t o u s b y o ne s uch f r iend t o w hom w e a re f o reve r i nd eb t f o r t h i s a nd i nnume rab le o the r s e rv ice s , a s p reven t ing o u ra r re s t . O ve r t ime , a s my f ad ing y elow VW b ug b ecame af am i l ia r s i gh t , many p eop le c ame t o u s w i th o f fe r s o f a s s i s tance . C e r ta in ly t o ag roup o f p eop le o n ab a re s ub s i s tence l e ve l , t he f a c t t h a t w e c ame a l t he w ay f r om t he r i ch a nd p owe r fu l EE . UU . t o l ook f o r e a r th p ro tube rance s a nd w o r th le s s p i ece s o fp o t te ry mu s t h ave s eemed s t range . T h i s w a s e spec ia l ly t r ue t o m ig ran t I nd ian l a bo r w ho a f te r as co rch ing d ay o f c u t t ing s uga r c ane o r p i ck ing c o t ton w ou ld s t op b y o u r e xcava t ion u n i t o n t he i r w ay t o t he i r c hampa f o r t he e ven ing , s t a re u nbe l iev ing ly a t t he s t e r i le l o ok ing , b u t n ea t c u t a nd a sk w ha t k ind o f t r ea su re w e w e re s eek ing . A s t ime p a s sed , t h ey c ame t o b e l ieve o u r s imp le 2 4

g oa l s , b u t Id oub t t he se w e re e ve r t r u ly u nde r s tood . A rchaeo log ica l l i te ra tu re a bound s w i th p e r sona l p rob lem s i nt he f i e ld c au sed mo re o f ten t han n o t b y i nd iv idua l s w ho f a i l t o r ecogn ize t hey a re w o rk ing b o th a s g ue s t s a nd t o ac e r ta in e x ten t a s e xp lo i te r s i n a f o re ign c oun t ry u sua l ly i n a t o ta l ly d i f f e ren t c u l tu ra l s e t t ing . I n s umma ry , o ur e xpe r ience w a s s im i lar t o t h a t d e l igh t fu l ly d i scu s sed i n h igh land Mex ico ( Sande r s , P a r son sa nd S an t ley 1 979 :26 -7 ) . 3 . 3 R ecord ing P rocedur e s R eco rd ing p rocedu re s a re b a sed o n amod i f ica t ion o ft he s y s tem u sed b y P ay son D . S hee t s i n h i s r eg iona l p ro jec t o f s u rvey a nd e xcava t ion c onduc ted i nE l S a lvado r d u r ing 1 978 . T he p rocedu re , a dap ted f r om t he T ika l P ro jec t a nd mod i f ied d u r ing t he mo re r e cen t C ha lchuapa P ro jec t , c on s i s t s o f t h ree b a s ic r e co rd ing u n i t s , t he o pe ra t ion , t he s ub -ope ra t ion a nd t he l o t . T he l o t i s as pec i f ic c olec t ion , e i the r f r om a p a r t icu la r s u r f ace c olec t ion a rea , o r f r om a g i ven v o lume o f e xcava t ion . L o t s a re n umbe red s equen t ia l ly w i th in as ub -ope ra t ion . A s ub -ope ra t ion i s ag roup ing o f l o t s a nd d e s igna ted b y ac ap i ta l l e t te r . I n s ur vey , s ub -ope ra t ion s m ay b e as e r ie s o f l o t s ( c olec t ion s ) o f al a rge s i te , o r o n ly o ne i n t he c a se o f as mal s i te . T h i s s y s tem w a s o n ly p a r t ia l ly u sed b y u s i n t ha t a l o f o u r s u r f ace c olec t ion s - w e re d e s igna ted b y t he c ap i ta l l e t te r " B " d eno t ing a n on random c olec t ion . T he s y s tem a low s e xpan s ion t o n on random t r an sec t , r andom t r an sec t , e t c . I n e xcava t ion , as ub -ope ra t ion i se i the r ap o r t ion o f t he s i te , o r as pec i f ic f e a tu re , b u t i su sua l ly a mean s o f r e co rd ing a l o f t he l o t s f r om a s pec i f ic t e s t p i t , o r s t ruc tu re . A l l e xcava t ion s ub -ope ra t ion s a t o u r t h ree s i te s c ommence w i th t he c ap i ta l l e t te r " E " a nd a dvance t oF ,G , Ha nd s oo n . I n my mod i f ied s y s tem a n o pe ra t ion i s as i te d e s igna ted b y as i x d i g i t n umbe r . T he f i r s t f ou r n umbe r s l o ca ted a s pec i f ic o ne k i lome te r s qua re o n t he 1 : 50 ,000 t opog raph ic q uad rang le m ap s p rev iou s ly d e sc r ibed . T he f i r s t t wo d i g i t s a re r ead n or th sou th a nd t he t h i rd a nd f ou r th d i g i t s e a s t -we s t . F o r e xamp le , s qua re 7 533 w ou ld b e r ead a s s hown i n F igu re 9 . T he s haded s qua re i st he o ne s qua re k i lome te r a rea w i th in w h ich t he s i te i sl o ca ted . T he n ex t t wo d i g i t s a re t he s i te n umbe r s equen t ia l ly r e co rded i n t he s qua re . A l l c olec t ion s c a r ry t he s i te n umbe r ( o r c ode ) w i th s ub -ope ra t ion a nd l o t i n fo rma t ion . S eve ra l e xamp le s i l u s t ra te i t s u se . 7 533 -1B1 i sL o t 1 ,o f an on random s u r f ace c olec t ion o f t he f i r s t s i te r eco rded i n m ap s qua re 7 533 . 7 533 -1B3 i sL o t 3 ,o r t he t h i rd c olec t ion f r om t he s ame s i te a nd 7 533 -2B2 i sL o t 2o fa n on random s u r f ace c olec t ion f r om t he s e cond s i te r eco rded i nm ap s qua re n umbe r7 533 . T he re a re t h ree e xcep t ion s . T he se a re t he t h ree e xcava ted s i te s w he re i n s tead o f as i x d i g i t s i te n umbe r , w e s ub s t i tu ted a c ap i ta l l e t te r t o s ho r ten t he r e co rd ing p roce s s f o r t he l a rge q uan t i ty o fs u r f ace c olec ted a nd e xcava ted ma te r ia la ss hown i nT ab le 3 . F o r e xamp le , L o t AB1 i sL o t 1o f an on random s u r f ace c olec t ion f r om S i te N o 7 70701 ( La Mo rena ) . AE2 i sL o t 2o f e x cava ted s ub -ope ra t ion E f r om S i te N o 7 70701 a nd BG8 i s L o t 8 o f a n e xcava ted s ub -ope ra t ion G f r om S i te N o 7 33301 ( Lo s C e r r i to s -Sou th . T he s y s tem w o rk s e x t reme ly w el a nd e nab le s a nyone t o p i ck u p a ny a r t i f ac t a nd i mmed ia te ly k now i t s p roven ience w i thou t h av ing t o c on t inua l ly r e f e r t o a n a r t i f ac t c a ta log . I n t h i s s y s tem , l o t c a rd s a nd s ub -ope ra t ion c a rd s a re u sed i n l i eu o f a n a r t i fac t c a ta log a nd c on ta in d a ta c ove r ing t o ta l f r equenc ie s o f p o t te ry r im s , b od ie s , o b s id ian , a nd o the r ma te r ia l s , t oge the r w i th n o te s p e r ta in ing t oc e ram ic t y pe s , e x cava ted v o lume s , s o i l c ha rac te r i s t i c s a nd t he l i ke . E ve ry th ing a cqu i red i n as pec i f ic l o t c a r r ie s t h i s m in ima l d e s igna t ion , o r c ode . On ly o ne c hange w a s r equ i red o n m y r e tu rn f r om G ua tema la . A l l l e t te r d e s igna t ion s f o r c ompu te r r eco rd ing a nd s t a t i s t ica l a na ly s i s w e re c hanged t o n umbe r s . Bb ecame 0 2 , Ei s0 5 , Fi s0 6 a nd s o o n . N o o the r c hange s w e re n ece s sa ry . F o r e ach s i te a n a r chaeo log ica l s i te r e co rd s hee t w a s c omp le ted a s much a s p os s ib le o n s i te , t he r ema inde r s oon t he rea f te r . A c opy o f t he s i te r eco rd s hee t i si n Append ix A . A s Iam i n te re s ted i nt he i n te rac t ion o fs oc ia l ( s e t t lemen t ) , e nv i ronmen ta l , a nd e conom ic v a r iab le s , s epa ra te v a r iab le s e t s w e re p repa red f o r e ach s i te . E xamp le s o f v a r iab le r eco rd ing s hee t s a re i n t he s ame A ppend ix . A b r ie f s umma ry o f v a r iab le s i n 2 5

e ach s e t f olow s . A l lv a r iab le s w e re n o t r eco rded , h oweve r , a nd c o lumn d e s igna t ion s f o r c od ing p urpo se s s hown o n t he s amp le v a r iab le l i s t h ave b een c hanged . E ach r e co rded v a r iab le s e tf o rt he a pp rop r ia te t ime p e r iod w i th in t h ev ar iou sa na ly s i si si n Append ix B . 3 . 3 .1 S oc ia l ( Se t t lemen t )V ar iab le s T h i s s e t w a s d e s igned t o r e co rd v a r iab le s r e la ted t o c hange s i n t he d eg ree o f c en t ra l iza t ion p re sen t i n t he s oc iopo l i t ica l h i e ra rchy b y mea su r ing v a r iab le s a s soc ia ted w i th r ank ing , p opu la t ion ( s i te s i ze ) , p re s t ige v a luab le p re sence a nd e v idence f o r e xchange , a nd t o d eve lop ac on s i s ten t s e t t lemen t c l a s s i f ica t ion s y s tem . T he se a re l i nked t o mode l sp ropo sed a nd d i scu s sed i nC hap te r sV I , V I Ia nd V I I I . 1 )S i te N umbe ri st he s ame d e s igna t ion a sd e sc r ibed u nde rr e cord ing p rocedu re s . 2 ) T ime i st he c h rono log ica l p e r iod d u r ing w h ich t he s i te w a s o ccup ied u s ing t h e c ode s hown i n T ab le 4 . T h i s s t udy i sl im i ted t o t he p e r iod f r om t he E a r ly M idd le F o rma t ive t o t he T e rm ina l F o rma t ive . T he p e r iod s w i th t he i r a s soc ia ted c e ram i c c ha rac te r i s t ic sa re p re sen ted i ns e c t ion 3 . 6 .1 o ft h i sc hap te r . 3 ) S i ze i s t he s i te a rea i n h ec ta re s ( ha ) o c cup ied d u r ing s pec i f ic c h rono log i ca l p e r iod s ( t ime " t ) b a sed o n o u r s u r f ace s urvey s a nd e xcava t ion s . S i te s i ze s t e nd t o b e mea su red a tt he i r max imum e x ten s ion b a sed o n t h i sm e thodo logy a nd t he v a r iab le w i l lb e c on t inuou s ly r e f ined a sa dd i t iona lr e sea rch t ake sp l ace . 4 ) Ma s s i s ar ank ing c a tego ry w h ich t heo r ize s t h a t i n c rea s ing s i te r ank c o r re la te s w i th i n c rea s ing v o lume o f monumen ta l/publ i c c on s t ruc t ion . T he c a lcu la t ion i sb a sed o n t he b a sa l l e ng th t ime s t he b a sa l w id th t ime s t he h e igh t o f mound s i n me te r s a nd r e su l t s i n amea su re o fc ub ic me te r s , o r m3. 5 ) N umbe r o f Mound s i n c lude s t he t o ta l n umbe r o f mound s r eco rded a s w el a s t ho se o ve r 8 me te r s i n h e igh t , b e tween 3 a nd 8 m e te r s , a nd u nde r 3m e te r s . T he d i v id ing l i ne s a re a rb i t ra ry b u t w e re b a sed o n t he a s sump t ion t ha t h ighe r r anked p l ace s i nt he h i e ra rchy h ad a s i gn i f ican t ly g rea te r n umbe r o fh ighe r mound s t han l owe r r ank s . Ia m a l so i n te re s ted i n i n t ra a nd i n te r s i te f un c t iona l v a r iab i l i ty a nd p red ic t t h a t d i f f e ren t c l a s se s o f mound d imen s iona l v a r iab i l i ty w hen c omb ined w i th o the r d a ta w i l l p rov ide i n s igh t s i n to f unc t iona l d i f fe rence s a s w el a s t empo ra l c hange s ( See C hap te r V I ) . V a r iab le s 6 , 7 , 8 r e co rd o r ien ta t ion o f t he g i an t p l a t fo rm a re p robab ly a d i rec t r ef lec t ion , t he M idd le t oL a te C la s s ic a nd a re

t he p re sence o r a b sence , c on s t ruc t ion m a s s , a nd mound s c ha rac te r i s t ic o f C la s s ic P e r iod s i te s . T hey o r f unc t ion , o f t h e p o l i t ica l h i e ra rchy p a r t icu la r ly i n n o ta na lyzed i nt h i sw o rk .

9 ) S i te O r ien ta t ion i sr e co rded t o d e te rm ine i fs i te a z imu th s w e re c o r re la ted w i th s i te r ank ; i nd ica t ive o fc h rono log ica l d i v i s ion s a nd c ou ld s e rve a st empo ra l m a rke r s ; h ad r i tua l i s t ic ( a s t ronom ica l ) c onno ta t ion s ; b a sed o n e nv i ronmen ta l f a c tor s s uch a sp reva i l ing w ind s , o rd ra inage p a t te rn s ; o rs imp ly r andom o r ien ta t ion s . 1 0 ) S i te C la s s i f ica t ion i s ar ank ing c a tego ry b a sed o n t he a na ly s i s o f av a r iab le s e t a nd d i scu s sed i nd e ta i li nC hap te rV Io nS e t t lemen tP a t te rn sa nd Ana ly s i s . 1 ) , 1 2 ) , 1 3 ) D i s tance s t o N ea re s t N e ighbo r a re t he d i s tance s t o t he n ea re s t n e ighbo r o f e ach s i te i nt he s ame r ank ( o rde r ) , t o h i ghe r , a nd l owe r r ank . T he v a r iab le i s ac r i t ica l o ne a nd p rov ide s a n i mpo r tan t f ounda t ion f o r t h e s pa t ia l a spec t s o f t h e c hang ing s e t t lemen t h i e ra rchy a nd w i l l e ven tua l ly a s s i s t i n d e te rm in ing r u le s o f s e t t lemen tl o ca t ion . ( Chap te rV I ) . 1 4 ) B al C ou r t s r e co rd s t he p re sence o r a b sence o f b al c ou r t s , aC la s s ic P e r iod t r a i t , a nd i sb e l ieved t ob ed i rec t ly a s soc ia ted w i th as i te sh ie ra rch ica lr ank ing . 1 5 ) N apk in r ing E ar S poo l s i st he f r equency o fc e ram ic f i ne p a s te n apk in r ing e a r s poo l s b e l ieved t o b e af unc t ion o f e l i te p re sen ce . T he i r r e la t ive n umbe r may b e i mpo r tan t i nd e te rm in ing s i te p l acemen tw i th in t he h i e ra rchy .

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1 6 ) Den s i ty o f S u r f ace C e ram ic s w a s d e s igned t op rov ide amea su re o fp opu la t ion d en s i ty . I t i s as ub jec t ive v a r iab le , a s p re sen t ly r eco rded , a nd n o t u sed t o a ny g rea t e x ten ti nt h i sa na ly s i s . 1 7 ) R a t io o f E l i te t o U t i l i ta r ian P o t te ry i tw a s m y o r ig ina l i n ten t t o r e co rd t he r a t io f o r t wo r ea son s . O ne w a s t o mea su re i n te r a nd i n t ra s i te v a r iab i l i ty . T he o the r i s b a sed o n t he e xpec ta t ion t ha t s ome e l i te p o t te ry w a s ah i gh p re s t ige v a luab le p rocu red t h rough l ong -d i s tance e xchange , l i nked t o t he h i e ra rchy , a nd p robab ly f r om t he h i gh land s . T he e xpec ta t ion w a s t ha t i n c rea s ing c en t ra l iza t ion w ou ld r e su l t i ni n c rea s ing n umbe r s o f h igh p re s t ige e l i te p o t te ry o n b o th a n i n te r a nd i n t ra s i te l e ve l . T h i s v a r iab le i sn o t c u r ren t ly r e co rded b e cau se Ic anno t , w i th t he i n fo rma t ion n ow a va i lab le , e xp l ic i t ly d e te rm ine d i f f e rence s b e tween e l i te a nd u t i l i ta r ian p o t te ry f o r t he F o rma t ive P e r iod . ( See v a r iab le s 1 9a nd 2 0i nt he E conom ic S e tf o rf u r the rd i scu s s ion ) . 3 . 3 .2 E nv ironmen ta lV ar iab le s 1 )S i te N umbe ri st h es ame f o ra lv a r iab le s e t s . 2 )A l t i tude i st he s i te a l t i tude r e co rded i n me te r so fe l eva t ion . 3 ) A ve rage Annua l R a in f a l l h a s n o t b een r eco rded a tt h i s t ime f o r e ach s i te b u t i s a va i lab le b y e nv i ronmen ta l z one . ( See C hap te r Io n N a tu ra l E nv i ronmen t a nd C hap te r V I o nS e t t lemen tP a t te rn sa nd Ana ly s i s ) . 4 ) L onge s t A ve rage D ry S pel i st he n umbe r o f mon th s w i th l e s s t h an 5 0 mm o f r a in fal a nd i s n o t p re sen t ly r eco rded s i nce t he d a ta i s c u r ren t ly u nava i lab le . I t s s e lec t ion i s d e s igned t o g a in i n s igh t i n to e nv i ronmen ta l s t re s s a nd i t s e f fec t s o n e vo lu t iona ry c hange si ns o c ia la nd e conom ic o rgan iza t ion . 5D i s tance t o 5 00 Me te r C on tou r L eve l i sa n a t temp t t o d e te rm ine s i te l o ca t ion r e la t ive t o d i s tance s f r om d i f f e r ing e nv i ronmen ta l z one s a nd i sa l so n o t r e co rded f o r t h i sa na ly s i s . 6 ) C a tchmen t -A rab le L and i n Hec ta re s . T h ree d i f f e ren t c a tchmen t s w e re c on s ide red f o r v a r iab le s 6 , 7 , a nd 8 . T he se a re a 1 km r ad iu s c a tchmen t , a2 . 5 km r ad iu s c a tchmen t , a nd aT h ie s sen P o lygon w h ich i sn o t c a lcu la ted a tt h i s t ime . N one o f t he v a r iab le s i nv a r iab le 6h ave b een r eco rded s i nce a l l a nd a ppea r s t ob e a rab le i nt he s t udy z one a nd s o i lf e r t i l i ty v a r iab i l i ty , u n fo r tuna te ly , i sp re sen t ly u nknown . 7 )S o i l s -Pe rcen tage Good D ra inage . As o i l s m ap p repa red b yS immon se ta l . ( 1959 ) s how s w h ich s o i l s a re w el -d ra ined v e r su s p oo r ly -d ra ined ( See F igu re 6 ) . P e rcen tage s o f w el -d ra ined s o i l s a re r e co rded f o r t he f i r s t t wo c a tchmen t s i ze s t o d e te rm ine i fs i te r ank c o r re la ted w i th s o i ld ra inage . 8 ) S o i l s -Pe rcen tage Good F e r t i l i ty i sn o t r e co rded d ue t o o u r i n ab i l i ty t o c a lcu la te v a lue s . 9 ) A ve rage R e l ie f i s t he a ve rage n umbe r o f 2 0 me te r c on tou r s c ro s sed b y a n o r th sou th a nd a n e a s t -we s t d i ame te ra c ro s se ach c a tchmen t . 1 0 ) Max imum C on tou r s a re t he max imum n umbe r o f c on tou r s c ro s sed b y as i ng le d i ame te ra c ro s st he c a tchmen t . 1 ) Max imum N umbe r o fS t ream s a nd R ive r s a re t he max imum n umbe r o fs t ream s a nd r i ve r sw i th in e ach c a tchmen t . 1 2 ) N umbe r o f C lo sed C on tour s a re t he n umbe r o f c l o sed c on tou r s ( 2 0 me te r s ) w i th in e ach c a tchmen t . 3 . 3 .3 E conom i cV ar iab le s V ar iab le s 2 14 a r e l i th ic ( ob s id ian ) c a tego r ie s t o mea su re c en t ra l iza t ion a nd s pec ia l iza t ion a s mo re f u ly e xp la ined i n C hap te r V I I o n E conom ic S pec ia l iza t ion a nd E xchange . T he se a re r e co rded i n s u r f ace c olec t ion s f o r a l s i te s . Add i t iona l s e t s a re

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c omp i led f o r s i te sw i th e xcava ted c omponen t s a nd b o th w e re r ev i sed t ot empo ra l ly r e f ine c olec t ion se nabl ing c ompar i son o n as im i lar c hrono log ica lb as i s . 1 5 ) D i s tance t o N ea re s t S a l t S ource i st he d i s tance i n km f r om e ach s i te t o t he n ea re s tk nown mode rn c oa s ta ls a l tp roduc ing l o cal i ty . 1 6 ) D i s tance t o N ea re s t Ob s id ian S ou rce i sn o t r e corded b ecause t he t wo ma jo r s ou rce s ( E l C haya l a nd S an Ma r t in J i lo tepeque ) a re a pp rox ima te ly e qu id i s tan t f r om t he c oa s ta l z one . T he v ar iab le c an b e u se fu l w hen s ou rce s a re c hem ica l ly i den t i f ied a nd r e la ted t ot he c hang ing s oc ia la nd e conom ic o rgan iza t ion o ft he c oa s ta lr eg ion . 1 7 ) D i s tance t o P ac i f ic C oa s t i st he d i s tance t o t he n ea re s t c oa s ta l/ma r ine r e sou rce e nv i ronmen t i n k i lome te r s a nd d e s igned t o measu re s e t t lemen t h i e ra rch ica l c hange s i n e x tend ing t he i rr each t od i f fe r ing e nv i ronmen ta lz one sa si nv a r iab le 1 8 . 1 8 ) D i s tance t o N eare s t H igh land V aley i sa n a t temp t t o measu re t he d i s tance t o t he n eare s t h igh land e nv i ronmen ta l z one c apab le o f s upp ly ing r e source s f r om d i f fe r ing e nv i ronmen ta l z one s . I t i s n o t r eco rded b ecause a n e xp l ic i t d e f in i t ion o f w ha t c on s t i tu te s ah igh land v aley i sl a ck ing , b u t l o ca t iona l a spec t s a re p re sen ted i nC hap te r s V I , V I Ia nd V I I I . 1 9 ) H igh land . T rade Ware s . Ano the r mea su re o f i n c rea s ing c en t ra l iza t ion a re e xpec ted i n c rea sed f r equenc ie s o f h igh p re s t ige v a luab le s a cqu i red i n l ong d i s tance t r ade . One a s se s smen t o f r e la t ive c hange i n t he i mpo r tance o f t he n or th -sou th a x i s o f e xchange ( a l t i tud ina lg rad ien t ) i st he p re sence/ab sence a nd f r equenc ie s o fh igh land t r ade w are s . T he se a re r eco rded b u t t he i r v a lue i sq ue s t ionab le b ecau se c hem ica l s ou rc ing d a ta i s o n ly a va i lab le f o r Wh i te P a s te Wa re s . F or a ppropr ia te p e r iod s , t he se w a re s p robab ly i n c lude U ta t lan Wa re , S aca tepequez Wh i te P a s te Ware s , Z inc -Orange , p robab ly G raph i te -on -Red (Orange ) , p e rhaps P lumba te , F ine -Red b ow l s w i th " s apo " , o r t oad r im d eco ra t ion , G los sy B lack , G lo s sy O range , L a s C harca s P o lych rome a nd V e rbena Wh i te ( S ta rk 1 981 )A l so s ee C hap te r sV I Ia nd V I I I . 2 0 C oa s ta l T rade Ware s . T he c hang ing r e la t ive i mpor tance o ft he e a s t -we s t a x i s o f e xchange s hou ld b e mea su red b yt he p re sence/ab sence a nd r e la t ive f r equenc ie so fc oa s ta l t r ade w a re s . T he se w e re a l so t en ta t ive ly r ecorded b u t a s i nv ar iab le 1 9 i t s v a lue i nt h e p re sen t s t udy i sq ue s t ionab le s i nce w e c u r ren t ly l a ck e xpl i c i t d e f in i t ion o f c oa s ta l t r ade w a re s . T he se p robab ly i n c lude T iqu i sa te Wa re , P um iceou s B lack -Brown , U su lu tan , Wh i te -r immed B lack , C uadro s -Joco ta l G ray , F e r rug inou s B rown -b lack , L a V ic to r ia R ed -on -C ream , a nd C onchas B lack among o the r s . V ar iab le s2 1 ) a nd 2 2 ) a re t he n umbe r o f me ta te s a nd mano s r ecorded b u t s hou ld b e s t anda rd ized t o mea sure r e la t ive p opu la t ion s i ze r a the rt han u sed a sr aw s co re s . 2 3 ) Numbe r o f S p ind le Whor l s . I nc rea s ing e conom ic s pec ia l iza t ion a nd p o s s ib le h ie rarch ica l c on t ro l o f c o t ton p roduc t ion s hou ld r ef lec t i n i n c reas ing f r equenc ie s o f s p ind le w hor l s . T he se a re r eco rded b u t mu s t b e s t anda rd ized t o a r r ive a ti n ference s o n C la s s ic P e r iod e conom ic s pec ia l iza t ion . 2 4 Numbe r o f P e r fora ted S he rd D i sc s i sr ecorded b u t p end ing a c l a r i f ica t ion o f f unc t iona l c l a s s i f ica t ion i sn o t u sed i n t he a na ly s i s . A re t hey e a r ly s p ind le w hor l s , o r i t em s o f e l i te o rnamen ta t ion? B o th c a tego r ie s r e la te t o i n c rea s ing c en t ra l iza t ion a nd s pec ia l iza t ion b u t i n d i f fe ren t w ay s . S ee t he s ec t ion s o n p e r fora ted d i sc s a nd s p ind le w ho r l si nc h rono log ica lc on s ide ra t ion sl a te ri nt h i sc hap te r . 3 . 4 S ur vey Me thodo logy 3 . 4 .1 S urvey Ob jec t ives S urvey o b jec t ive s w e re d e s igned t o p rov ide i n fo rma t ion o n t he l o ca t ion , t oge the r w i th t he s pa t ia l a nd t empo ra l e x ten t o f e ach s i te s o c cupa t ion a s w el a s d a ta p e r ta in ing t o t he f unc t iona l u t i l iza t ion o f t he e vo lv ing s oc ia l p o l i t ica l h ie ra rchy . If olowed a s a g ene ra l g u ide t he f i r s t t h ree s t age s o f R edman ' s ( 1973 :61 -79 ) mu l t i s tage f i e ld w o rk a nd a na ly t ica l d e s ign . S ince Iw as p r imar i ly i n te re s ted i nl o ca t ing l a rge r s i te s , u sua l ly mo re t han f ou r t o f i ve h a w i th p ub l ic a rch i tec tu re , a nd h ad a r e s t r ic ted b udge t a s w el a s 2 8

t ime c on s t ra in t s , ar econna i s sance s u rvey w a s a pp rop r ia te . I t m ade l i t t le s en se t o d eve lop s oph i s t ica ted s t ra teg ie s o r t o t r y t o p e r fo rm i n ten s ive s ur vey s s i nce t he re a re d e s igned t o l o ca te ar ep re sen ta t ive s amp le o f s mal s i te s . A s e xp la ined i ng rea te r d e ta i l b e low t he r econna i s sance s u rvey c omb ined w i th t he s ea sona l c ha rac te r i s t ic s o f c o t ton a nd s uga r a g r icu l tu re n ow p re sen t o n much o f t he c oa s ta l p l a in g ove rned o u r s urvey m e thodo logy . S ur vey o b jec t ive sw e re c once ived t o : 1 ) l o ca te t he l a rge s t s i te s w i th p ub l ic a r ch i tec tu re i n d i f fe r ing e nv i ronmen ta l z one s . 2 ) o b ta in , u nde r s em i -con t roled c ond i t ion s , ad i agno s t ic c e ram i c s amp le f r om e ach s i te t oe s tabl i sh c h rono log ica lp l acemen tw i th in a pp rox ima te ly 2 50 t o3 00 y ea r s . 3 ) e s tab l i sh , o n t he b a s i s o ft he s pa t ia l v a r iab i l i ty o fc olec t ion s a nd t he i r t empo ra l p l acemen t , t he o ccupa t iona l s pan a nd a pp rox ima te s i ze o fe ach s i te f o r a pp rop r ia te t ime p e r iod s . 4 ) c olec t ao b s id ian s amp le l a rge e nough t o g a in e v idence o f b o th t he d ome s t ic e conomy a nd c ra f ts pec ia l iza t ion a nd e xchange , a nd t ou se i nh yd ra t ion d a t ing . 5 ) o b ta in a l a rge , d i ve r se d i agno s t ic c e ram ic c olec t ion t o ( a ) p rov ide e v idence o f l o ng range e xchange o fh i gh s t a tu s a s semb lage s ; ( b ) e nab le t he l a te r d eve lopmen t o ft he f unc t iona l v a r iab i l i iy o f s i te s o n b o th i n te r a nd i n t ra s i te l e ve l s ; a nd ( c ) t o e s tab l i sh a r e f ined r eg iona lc e ram ic s equence f o rt he l ong te rm s t udy z one . 6 ) s ke tch m ap e ach s i te w i th B run ton c ompa s s a nd t ape a nd c ompu te c on s t ruc t ion m a s sf o rt he v a r iou st ime p e r iod ss oa st om ake f unc t iona li n f e rence s . 3 . 4 .2 S urvey C on s idera t ion s D i f fe r ing c on s ide ra t ion s w e re i mpo r tan t d e te rm inan t s i n f i r s t e s tab l i sh ing t he v a l id i ty o f s u r f ace s ur vey i n o u r a rea a nd t hen t o a s se s s t he o u tcome . Iw a s , o f c ou r se , a wa re o ft he g rea t s t r ide s r eg iona l a pp roache s emp loy ing s u r f ace s urvey me thod s h ad made i n Me soame r ica a nd P e ru s i nce t he d ay s o f t he V i ru V aley P ro jec t (W i l ley 1 953 ) . Ma jo r p ro jec t s c onduc ted i n h i gh land Mex ico b y S ande r s , P a r son s a nd S an t ley ( 1 979 ) ; P a r son s ( 1971 ) a nd B lan ton ( 1972 ) ; i nO axaca b y F lanne ry ( 1 976 ) a nd B lan ton e t a l . ( 1 978 ) w e re p ionee r ing e f fo r t s w i th p ro found e f fec t s o n o u r a b i l i t ie s t o d eve lop mode l s o f c u l tu ra l e vo lu t ion . T he i r a rea s w e re d i f fe ren t t han m ine , h oweve r , a nd t hey h ad v a s t ly s upe r io r e xpe r ience a nd f und ing . R a the r t han w o rk ing i n s em i -a r id a rea s w he re s u r face r ema in s w e re a c ce s s ib le a nd u sua l ly w el p re se rved , Ih ad o p ted f o r a t r op ica ll ow land s e t t ing w i th a l lo ft he p rob lem se n ta i led . Y e t my a rea w a s n o l onge r i n acce s s ib le a nd c ove red w i th t r op ica l r a in f o re s t mak ing s u r face s urvey v i r tua l ly i mpo s s ib le . T he u ppe r c oa s ta l p l a in w a s f o r an umbe r o f y ea r s p roduc ing s uga r c ane a nd s ome c o f fee , i n te r spe r sed w i th c a t t le r a i s ing . I n t he l a s t 1 5 y ear s o r s o , h uge s e c t ion s o f t r op i ca l f o re s t o r p a r t ialy c l ea red c a t t le r anche s w e re t r an s fo rmed i n to v a s t c o t ton p roduc ing o pe ra t ion s . C hange s t o t he a g r i cu l tu ra l l a nd scape b rough t mod i f ica t ion s t o t he r oad n e two rk a nd a c ce s s ib il i ty t o al i t t le k nown r eg ion o f t he c oa s ta l z one b ecame r e la t ive ly e a sy a lmo s t o ve rn igh t . N ew a i r s t r ip s w e re b u i l t t o f a c i l i ta te c rop d u s t ing a c t iv i t ie s a nd t he t r an spo r t o f an ew c l a s s o f c o t ton e n t rep reneu r sl a rge ly h eadqua r te red i nG ua tema la C i ty . R oad sw e re b u i l tf a c i l i ta t ing t he movemen t o f c o t ton s h ipmen t s t o n ew p roce s s ing p l an t s . T h i s e conom ic d eve lopmen t , w hen c omb ined w i th i n c rea s ing a cce s s ib i l i ty i n t he u ppe r c oa s ta l p l a in , t hen p rov ided o ppo r tun i t ie s t o e ngage i n c on t inua l s u r f ace s u rvey o n ar eg iona l s c a le f o r t he f i r s t t ime . L a rge s i te s w e re u sua l ly o b ser vab le e xcep t w hen o b scu red b y h i gh s uga r c ane , o r a s i n s eve ra l r ema in ing a r ea s , t he r emnan t s o f t r op ica l f o re s t . S o i l c ove r w a s v a r iab le d epend ing o n t he a rea a nd l o ca l a g r icu l tu ra l t e chn ique s . I n g ene ra l , d ue t o t he r ap id r uno f f o f r a in i n t he u ppe r c oa s ta l p l a in , v e ry l i t t le e ro s ion o f mound s o r a luv ium b u i ld -up a round mound s o c cu r red t o o b scu re s i te s . E ven n ea r t he c oa s t , w i th m in ima l s l ope s a nd f l ooded l a nd s , a nc ien t b u i lde r s o fm a jo r s i te s a vo ided l ow , p o ten t ia l ly f l ooded 2 9

a rea s m ak ing t he se s i te s r ead i ly o b ser vab le a nd a c ce s s ib le . I ndeed t oday , mo s t f i nca h ou se so ccupy t he t op so f ma jo rp l a t fo rm mound sn ea rt he c oa s t . S ea sona l i ty o f t he t wo m a jo r c rop s , s uga r a nd c o t ton , g ove rned o u r s u rvey s chedu le s a nd me thod s . S uga r i su sua l ly c u t o n ay ea r ly s c hedu le . On t h e P ac i f ic S l ope , t he h arve s t s ea son g ene raly b eg in s a bou t m id -Decembe r e nd ing b y May -June c o inc id ing w i th t he o ncom ing r a iny s ea son . P an ta leon , S .A . , w a s t he l a s t i n gen io i no u r a rea t o s hu t d own w i th a f i n d e z af ra , o r e nd o fh a rve s t p a r ty i nm id -June . O ne c ou ld , t he re fo re , c onduc ts u rvey si ns uga rp roduc ing z one s ,b e tween J anuary a nd Ap r i l . F ie ld s a re c u t o n al oo se s chedu le p re sumab l y w hen t he s uga r c on ten t p eak s , b u t i nf a c t t he a va i lab i l i ty o fh igh land m ig ran t l a bo r a nd e qu ipmen t d emand s c au se s chedu le f l uc tua t ion s . Unde r n ewe r , mo re e f f ic ien t me thod s w h ich a re i n c rea s ing ly u sed , f i e ld s a re f i r s t b u rned t hen c u t . A f te r as ho r t p e r iod o f t ime a d eep c u l t iva t ing t a ke s p l ace i n r ow s o n e ach s i de o f t he s uga r c ane r h i zome r ow . W i th in a f ew d ay s f r e sh s hoo t s w ou ld b e o b served . A p e r iod o f a bou t 4t o 8w eek s w a s t he re fo re a va i lab le t o s urvey , s u r f ace c olec t , map a nd e xcava te . Unde r t he se c ond i t ion s s u r f ace m a te r ia l , w h i le r ead i ly a cce s s ib le , w a s u sua l ly i n p oo r c ond i t ion d ue t o r ecur ren t p low ing , e xpo su re t o s un , r a in a nd f i re . T h i s w a s a l so t r ue o f s ome o b s id ian w h i ch b ecame f i re c racked , c l ouded , a nd s po t ted w i th o rgan ic r e s idue s . U sualy l a rge r , h i ghe r p y ram ida l mound s w e re l e f t i n u nde rb ru sh , b u t s ome w e re p l an ted r i gh t u p t o , a nd o n t op o f t he i r p y ram ida l p eak s . Howeve r , b e ing c ompo sed o f c l ay w i th a tt ime s ar i ve r c obb le f a c ing , t hey d i d n o t s u f fe r a s much d amage a s l owe r a nd s male r s t ruc tu re s , o r h ou se mound s . Mound p e r ime te r s s u f fe red mo s t d amage f r om p low ing a nd t he se a rea sp rov ided t he b e s t s he rd c olec t ion s . L a rge s uga r f i nca s i n t he u ppe r c oa s ta l p l a in i r r iga ted d u r ing t he p ro longed d ry s ea son c o inc id ing w i th t he h a rve s t p e r iod r equ i r ing t he c u t t ing o f n ew d ra inage d i tche s a nd t he i r ma in tenance . Many p a s sed t h rough s i te s a nd w e re a l so a n e xcelen t c u l tu ra l ma te r ia l s ou rce . T he s ame f i ncas o f ten p rov ided l a nd s f o r e mp loyee u se a s m i lpa s a nd s i te s w e re o f ten u sed f o r t h i s p u rpo se . Wo rke r s e mp loy ing t he l a rge h oe a s t he i r f a vo r i te i mp lemen t b rough t u p f r e sh s o i l a nd c u l tu ra l d eb r i s i n n ew m i lpa s . On f a rm s d amage c ou ld b e q u i te s eve re , a s e n t i re mound s w e re f l a t tened , u sed a s f i l l , o r r emoved f o r o the r p urpo se s . T h i s w a s am ixed b l e s s ing a s g ood a r t i f ac t c olec t ion s c ou ld b e o b ta ined f r om d amaged o rd e s t royed mound s . I n s umma ry , s urvey ing i n as uga r c ane a rea w h i le n o t e a sy , i s p o s s ib le e ven p rov id ing a f o rm o f r andom iza t ion a s t he a b i l i ty t o s u rvey s pec i f ic f i e ld s i sb ased o n o u t s ide f o rce s . A b i g a dvan tage i st ha t e ach f i e ld i sc u t e ve ry y ea r a nd o ve r t ime i ti s p o s s ib le t o d eve lop a n a c cu ra te r eco rd o fp reh i s to r ic o ccupa t ion . Ano the r , i st ha t mo s t s uga rf i nca sa re l a rge o pe ra t ion sf a c i l i ta t ing a cce s s ib i l i ty o nce p e rm i s s ion i so b ta ined . C a t t le p a s tu re p rov ided a d i f fe ren t s e t o f p rob lem s . O ve ral v i s ib i l i ty i sf a i r ly l ow b ecau se e ach p a s tu re o r f i e ld w a s u sua l ly d i v ided b y f ence s a nd t r ee s mak ing l ong range o b se rva t ion d i f f icu l t . Once o n as i te , i tw a s q u i te as imp le m a t te r i n t heo ry t op roduce a n a ccu ra te s ke tch m ap b ecau se t he g round c ove r w a s u sua l ly o n ly g ra s s c omb ined w i th l ow s h rub s a nd af ew t r ee s m ak ing e ven t he l owe s t mound sv i s ib le . Howeve r , a s soc ia ted w i th c a t t le a re m any f e roc iou s b ul s a nd o u r m app ing a c cu racy , much l e s s s u r f ace c olec t ion s , a re h i gh ly v a r iab le o n t he se s i te s . S u r f ace m a te r ia l w a s v e ry s pa r se a nd c olec t ion s e x t reme ly d i f f icu l t t o make a s s o l i t t le g round d i s tu rbance i sp re sen t . We c oncen t ra ted n ea r f ence l i ne s w he re p o s t h o le s w e re d ug , a n o c cas iona l d ra inage d i tch , r oad s , c i s te rn s a nd c a t t le f e ed ing s t a t ion s , o r a rea s w he re c a t t le s imp ly d ec ided t o p aw t he s u r f ace . A s ap rac t ica l m a t te r , s u r f ace c ole c t ion s f r om t he se s i te s a re p oo r i n s p i te o fr epea ted e f fo r t st oo ve rcome t he se d i f f icu l t ie s . Wh i le i ti sh i gh ly d e s i rab le t o o b ta in am in imum o f 1 00 d i agno s t ic s he rd s , s uppo se y ou o n ly f i nd 1 4 s he rd s o f w h ich 1 3 a re u n iden t i f iab le b ody f r agmen t s -how w ou ld p ro jec t s o r ien ted t owa rd r andom s amp l ing h and le t h e r eco rda t ion o f al a rge s i te w i th p oo r o r v i r tua l ly n on -ex i s ten t s u r f ace m a te r ia l s? How d id w e? T he o n ly a n swe r i sw e d i d t he b e s t w e c ou ld g i ven t he c ond i t ion s . I n o ne c a se I c ompa red m y m i se rab le c olec t ion o f s he rd s w i th S hook ' s e qua l ly m i se rab le c olec t ion made o ve r 1 0 y ea r s a go 3 0

f r om t he s ame s i te , c omb ined i tw i th e ve ry th ing e l se I c ou ld mu s te r , a r ch i tec tu ra l c on s ide ra t ion s , s i te o r ien ta t ion , p re sence o r a b sence o f b a l l c ou r t s , d i s tance s t o o the r s i te s o f c ompa rab le r ank a nd p robab le p e r iod , b e fo re a r r iv ing a t ar ea sonab le , b u t t en ta t ive c onc lu s ion . Ap owe r a uge r w i l l p l ay a mo re p rom inen t r o le i nf u tu re s urvey s o n s i te s w i th t he se c ond i t ion s . T he se s i te s a re r e la t ive ly s t ab le , t ha t i s , t hey c an b e m apped a nd c olec ted t h roughou t t he y ea r a nd o n ly i n r a re c a se s a re t hey b e ing c onve r ted t os uga ro rc o t ton . A s r a in s i n c rea se i nt he u ppe r p l a in a nd t he s uga r h arve s t s ea son c ome s t o ah a l t , o u r a t ten t ion s h i f ted t o t he c o t ton b e l t n ea r t he c oa s t . T h i s z one r an f r om j u s t b ack o f a nc ien t b each t e r race s , u sualy a bou t 1km f r om t he s ho re l ine t o a bou t 2 4 km i n land . We i n i t ialy t r ied t o s u r vey i nt h i s z one d u r ing p a r t o fJ anua ry a nd F eb rua ry 1 979 , w hen c o t ton w a s a t i t s m ax ima l h e igh t , b u t t h i s w a s p r ima r i ly a f am i l ia r iza t ion p roce s s . We s oon r ea l ized t ha t , i n s p i te o f t he a rea s i n c rea s ing a cce s s ib i l i ty a nd g ood o b ser v ing c ond i t ion s , i tw a s e x t reme ly d i f f icu l t t o m ap s i te s a nd o b se rve s male r mound s . S u r f ace c olec t ion s w h i le p o s s ib le , w e re e x t reme ly d i f f icu l t t o manage . We r e tu rned t o t he c oa s ta lz one i nt he l a te s p r ing a f te rt he c o t ton p l an t sw e re c u td u r ing Ap r i la nd May . S hor t ly a f te r c u t t ing t he b y n ow d r ied c o t ton s t a lk s , t he g round i s r epea ted ly p l owed , r educ ing t he g round s u r f ace t o af i ne s i l ty p owde r . T h i s o ccu r s i n May a nd J une j u s t a s t he f i r s t s e a sona l r a in s b eg in o n t he l owe r c oa s ta l p l a in . A t t h i s t ime t he a rea l ook s l i ke t he T exa s P anhand le w i th v i r tua l ly u n l im i ted v i s ib i l i ty . Ou r a b i l i ty t o d e tec t s i te s w i th a rch i tec tu re w a s a lmo s t p e r fec t a nd i n many s e c t ion s o f t he c oa s t , p a r t icu la r ly b e tween t h e R io A come ( Gome ra ) a nd t he R io C oyo la te , w e w e re a b le t o o b serve 1 00% o f t he l a nd . Wh i le t he r eco rd ing a nd m app ing o f s i te s w a s i d ea l , s u r f ace m a te r ia l w a s a no the r m a t te r u n t i l a f te r t he e a rl ie s t r a in s . S o i l i ss o f i ne a nd i sb e ing c on t inua l ly p l owed , t h a t a lmo s t a l s he rd s a nd o b s id ian a re q u ick ly b u r ied i n t he s h in h i gh d u s t . A n umbe r o f c olec t ion s a t temp ted a t t h i s t ime w e re e x t reme ly p oo r , b u t i mp roved s i gn i f ican t ly a f te r t he r a in s w i th t he g round o f ten c ove red w i th d en se c u l tu ra l d eb r i s . C onc lu s ion s b a sed o n s u r f ace d en s i t ie s o f a r t i f ac t s s hou ld t ake p ecu l ia r l o ca lc ond i t ion si n to a c coun t . I n l e s s f a vo rab le c ond i t ion s , d ra inage d i tche s p ro fu se ly d i s t r ibu ted i n t he l owe r c oa s ta l z one t o d ra in o f f o r p reven t f l ooded c ond i t ion s a re e xcelen t l o ca t ion s t o m ake c olec t ion s . T he c u t b ank s a nd b ack f i l l o f n ume rou s l o o te r s p i t s w e re a l so e xcelen t s ou rce s a s t hey u sualy c a s t a s ide a ny th ing o the r t han a w ho le p o t . I ti su n fo r tuna te , b u t s ad ly t r ue , t ha t w i th i n c rea s ing a c ce s s o n t he c oa s t h a s c ome i n c rea s ing l oo t ing o f as em i -p ro fe s s iona l n a tu re . T he c omb ina t ion o f a b sen tee l a nd o wne r s a nd a f ew a dm in i s t ra to r sl ook ing f o re x t ra c a sh c on t r ibu te st ot h i sg row ing p henomenon . Ih ave d we l t a ts ome l e ng th o n t he se c ond i t ion s t o : ( a ) i nd ica te t he i mpo r tance o f s ea sona l i ty i n d eve lop ing l o ca l r e sea rch s t ra teg ie s ; ( b ) make i t e a s ie r f o r t he n ex t i n ve s t iga to r ; a nd ( c ) h e lp e xp la in o u r r e sea rch s t ra tegy a nd a b i l i ty t o o pe ra t iona l ize i t . I ts hou ld a l so n ow b e o bv iou s t ha t g i ven o u r i n fo rma t ion s ou rce s , l o ca l c ond i t ion s a nd i n c rea s ing c apac i ty t o d ea l w i th t hem t h a t w e p robab ly l o ca ted mo s t o f t he r eg iona l c en te r s i n o u r s ur vey z one a s w el a s an umbe r o f s econda ry a nd t e r t ia ry c en te r s . T he a rea s ou th o fL a Gome ra t o t he c oa s t a nd e a s t o f t he R io A come t o t he R io A ch igua te w a s n o t w el c ove red . T he re m ay b e s ome l a rge F o rma t ive s i te s a s w el a s l a rge s i te s o f o the r p e r iod s w h ich w e d id n o t r e co rd . O u r s i te r eco rd s i n d ica te t he e x i s tence o f a bou t 1 50 s i te s w i th s ome a r ch i tec tu re i n o u r a rea o f i n te re s t . Many o f t he se w e re o b se rved b u t n o t c ole c ted b ecau se o f t he i r s male r s i ze ( See t he I n t roduc t ion t o t he B .A .R . E d i t ion ) . 3 . 43 S ur vey Me thod s Ou r s u r f ace c olec t ion s , w h i le s em i -con t roled , w e re n on random a nd h i gh ly d ependen t o n s u r f ace c ond i t ion s , a c ce s s ib i l i ty , a nd t ime a loca t ion , a l o f w h ich w e re h i gh ly v a r iab le . O n l a rge s i te s , c olec t ion s t ended t o b e d e l inea ted b y a rea , s ub -a rea , f e a tu re a nd a r ch i tec tu ra l g roup s i no rde r t od eve lop t empo ra l c on t ro l . T h i sw a s d one t o t r y t o g a in a r ea sonab le a moun t o f g ood d a ta s ho r t o f c on t roled i n ten s ive a nd e x ten s ive s amp l ing t e chn ique s b ecau se o f o u r e x t reme ly r e s t r ic ted b udge t a nd t ime 3 1

r e s t ra in t s . Iw a s a lmo s t a lway s a b le t o p e r sonaly d i rec t t he v a ry ing n umbe r o f i n d iv idua l si n vo lved i ns urvey a c t iv i ty w h ich a tt ime si n vo lved a sm any a ss i xp e r son s . C o l lec t ion s w e re made o f i d en t i f iab le s he rd s , u sua l ly r im s , d eco ra ted b od ie s , s uppo r t s a nd h and le s , b a se s , a l so f i gu r ine f r agmen t s , s p ind le w ho r l s , a nd o b s id ian i n a s l a rge amoun t a s p o s s ib le g i ven t he s pe c i f i c l o ca l c ond i t ion s . Iw ou ld t hen v i ew t hem a nd d ec ide w he the r t o g roup s ome , a l , o r t o r e co rd i n d iv idua l c olec t ion s . Ag ood i d ea o f t he o u tcome c an b e g a ined b y e xam in ing F igu re 3 2 a nd F igu re 7 2 , s how ing t he l o ca t ion s o f s u r f ace c olec t ion s a t t wo s i te s , Anna ( S i te N o 5 89701 ) a nd L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th ( S i te N o 7 33301 )w i th r e spec tt ot he o ve ra l ls i te a nd s t ruc tu re l o ca t ion . G iven o u r o b jec t ive s a nd c on s ide r ing o ve ral c on s t ra in t s t he s y s tem w o rked w el . I n s ome c a se s , c olec t ion s w e re a dd i t ive o ve r ap e r iod o f t ime . Obv iou s ly t he t h ree e xcava ted s i te s w e re c olec ted mo re t ho rough ly b ecau se w e w e re p re sen t f o r w eek s r a the r t han h ou r s . S u r f ace s he rd p re se rva t ion w a s n o t i ceab ly b e t te r i n t he d r ie r c oa s ta l z one t h an f u r the ri n land b eg inn ing a ta bou tt he 1 00 me te rc on tou rl e ve l . L i th ic c o l lec t ion s b ecame i n c rea s ing ly s y s tema t ic o ve r t ime a s Ib ecame c onv inced o f t he i r v a lue i n f u r the r ing u nde r s tand ing o f t he c en t ra l r o le p l ayed b y l o ca l a nd r eg iona l e conom ic o rgan iza t ion a nd s pec ia l iza t ion i n t he s oc ia l e vo lu t ion o f c omp lex s oc ie t ie s . S ome e a r l ie r c olec t ion s f a i led t o e mpha s i ze t h i s i mpo r tance . F u tu re c olec t ion s s hou ld b e s y s tema t i zed b y c onduc t ing 1 00% t r an se c t c olec t ion s o f o b s id ian w hen f e a s ib le , o r s ome k i nd o f t o ta l a rea p i ck u p , p re f e rab ly p a t te rned a f te r t he " dog l e a sh "t e chn ique ( F lanne ry 1 976 :51 -62 ) . We s u rveyed i n te rm i t ten t ly f r om l a te D ecembe r 1 978 t h rough m id -Feb rua ry 1 979 , r e sumed i n m id - May c on t inu ing u n t i l m id -Ju ly b e fo re mov ing t o t he h i gh land s f o r a p ro t rac ted p e r iod o f a r t i fac t c l ean ing , r e co rd ing , a nd p rel im ina ry a na ly s i s . Add i t iona l s u rvey s t ook p l ace i nt he f al o f 1 979 , a nd s p r ing o f 1 980 b e fo re m y r e tu rn t o t he U .S . a nd w e re a ga in r e sumed i n F eb rua ry 1 981 d u r ing a s ho r t v i s i t . O f t he a pp rox ima te ly 1 50 s i te s l o ca ted b y o u r s urvey s , e xam ina t ion o f s i te r e co rd s a nd a na ly s i s o f a e r ia l p ho tog raph s , w e s urveyed a nd s ke tch -mapped 6 0 s i te s , 3 3 w i th F o rma t ive p e r iod c omponen t s . A t o ta l o f 1 31 s epa ra te c o l le c t ion s w e re m ade o n 5 4 s i te s r e su l t ing i nt he r eco rda t ion o f a pp rox ima te ly 500 i d en t i f iab le s he rd s , 1 604 o b s id ian a r t i f ac t s a nd 1 80 o the r a r t i f ac t s s uch a s f i gu r ine f r agmen t s , s p ind le w ho r l s , p o t te ry d i sc s , b one , g round s t one a nd s cu lp tu re . S u r face c olec t ion s umma r ie sa re i nC hap te r sI Va nd V . 3 . 5 E xcava t ion O b jec t ive s Id i rec ted l im i ted t e s t e xcava t ion s a t t h ree s i te s f o r t he f olow ing r ea son s a nd o b jec t ive s . T he d ec i s ion w a s n o t l i gh t ly made . A s i n a ny e xcava t ion p rog ram c o s t s , b o th i n t e rm s o f t ime a nd money , may b e h i gh r e la t ive t o t he b ene f i t s a c c ru ing t o o u r r eg iona l a pp roach . A t ap re l im ina ry s t age c ou ld mo re u se fu l d a ta b e o b ta ined f r om a s t r i c t p rog ram o f s u r f ace s urvey? A l l e xcava t ion s eek s ap roduc t ive b a lance b e tween s peed , e f f ic iency , a nd t he p rec i s ion o f d a ta r ecove ry ( Redman 1 973 :61 -79 ) . My r eason s f o rc onduc t ing e x cava t ion sw e re : 1 ) I t s oon b ecame a ppa ren t , b a sed o n o u r p rel im ina ry r e conna i s sance , t ha t t he e nv i ronmen ta l z one l o ca ted b e tween a pp rox ima te ly 1 00 a nd 2 00 me te r s e l eva t ion w a s c r i t ica l i nt he e vo lu t iona ry d eve lopmen t o f e a r ly c omp lex s oc ie t ie s . T he re fo re , Id i d n o t w an tt or e ly c omp le te ly o ns u r f ace c olec t ion sa tt he m a jo rc en te r sd i scove red . 2 ) Iw i shed t o a vo id c omp le te r e l iance o n c en t ra l p l ace t heo ry , o r a ny o the r r i g id l o ca t iona l mode l , a nd d ec ided t o r e ly i n i t ia l ly mo re o n c a tchmen t mode l s . T h i s w ou ld p e rm i t me t o s ay s ome th ing o f s i te s e lec t ion b y p e r iod g i ven l o ca l a nd r eg iona l e nv i ronmen ta l c ond i t ion s a nd l o ca t ion w i th r e spec t t o n a tu ra l r e sou rce s . Ic ou ld t hen t r y t o f i t mode l s , p e rhap s n ew mode l s , t o f i t t he d a ta . T o a ccomp l i sh t h i s w ou ld r equ i re a g ood i d ea o f t he c on tempo rane i ty o f t he m a jo r s i te s l o ca ted w i th in t h i s e nv i ronmen ta lz one g i ven t he p rob lem s a s soc ia ted w i th c h rono log ie s d e r ived f r om mound f i l l . T h i s w ou ld a s s i s t i n p rov id ing a b a s i s o f c ompa r ing e xcava ted d a ta w i th t ho se p rev iou s ly i n ve s t iga ted i nt h i s z one , n ame ly B i lbao , Mon te A l to , E lB a l samo a nd E l B au l , o ri nt he i mmed ia te v i c in i ty s uch a sF inca A r izona a nd M iC ie lo n ea rP ue r to S an J o se . 3 2

3 ) T he r eg iona l c e ram ic s equence w a s p oo r ly k nown a nd a l though t he e xcelen t B i lbao r epo r t p rov ided t he g rea te s t h e lp i tr ep re sen ted ma in ly C la s s ic m a te r ia lf r om o n ly o ne s i te . Wh i le p ub l ica t ion o f E l B a l samo ' s c e ram ic s f r om as i ng le l o cu s w a sj u s t u nde r w ay , t he c l a s s i f ica t ion w a s b a sed a lmo s t e n t i re ly o n t he s t i l l u npubl i shed Mon te A l to e xcava t ion s ( Shook a nd H a tch 1 978 ) . It he re fo re b el ieved t h a t a dd ing t o t he c o rpu s o f e xcava ted c e ram ic d a ta c omb ined w i th p roven ienced s u r f ace c olec t ion s f r om a l a rge n umbe r o f s i te s w i th in t he r eg ion o f i n te re s t w ou ld p rov ide a v a luab le d a ta b a se f o r m ine a nd f u tu re i n ve s t iga t ion s . E xcava ted c e ram ic s a nd o b s id ian a s semb lage sw ou ld a l so h e lp p rov ide t he b a s i s o f m ea su r ing i n c rea s ing o r c hang ing c en t ra l iza t ion a nd s pec ia l iza t ion p a t te rn s o n b o th i n te r a nd i n t ra s i te l e ve l s s uppo r t ing s u r f ace c olec ted d a ta . 4 ) F ew a b so lu te d a te s w e re f r om c oa s ta l l o ca t ion s . B i lbao d a te s w e re a va i lab le , b u t a ga in t h i s w a s o n ly o ne s i te . Mon te A l to ' s h ad n o t b een p ubl i shed a nd o n ly o ne w a s f r om E l B a l samo a nd s eemed t oo e a r ly . N o r ad ioca rbon d a te s w e re a va i lab le f r om a ny o the r s i te i n my r eg ion a nd o n ly t h rough e xcava t ion w e re w e l i ke ly t o o b ta in d a tab le ma te r ia l . Ob s id ian h yd ra t ion d a t ing a l so a ppea red t o b e au se fu l t e chn ique f o r m y a rea , p a r t icu la r ly s i nce m a jo r o b s id ian s ou rce s w e re k nown a nd c hem ica l ly s ou rced e nab l ing h yd ra t ion r a te c on s tan t s t o b e c a lcu la ted . T he a b i l i ty t o u se h yd ra t ion d a t ing t e chn ique s o n e xcava ted , p roven ienced o b s id ian i n a s soc ia t ion w i th p o t te ry w a s a dvan tageou s . 5 ) R e la t ion sh ip s b e tween p r ima ry a nd l owe r r anked c en te r s o n t he P ac i f i c S l ope n eeded c l ar i f ica t ion a nd t he a b i l i ty t o c ompa re e xcava ted ma te r ia l f r om a p r ima ry s e conda ry s i te p a i r w a s i mpo r tan t . T h i s t u rned o u t t o b e f o r tu i tou s b ecau se t he d ec i s ion t o e xcava te L a Mo rena p receded o u r d i scove ry o f C r i s toba l , o n ly 4 . 8 km t o t he w e s t . C r i s toba l w a s a much l a rge r c en te r a nd o ne w e e ven tua l ly b e l ieved w a s t he p r ima ry c en te rt oL a Mo rena r a the rt han E lB a l samo 7 . 3 km t ot he e a s t . I n w e igh ing t he se f a c to r s a ga in s t o u r l im i ted r e sou rce s , Ib el ieve t he d ec i s ion t o c onduc t l im i ted e xcava t ion s w a s p rope r . R eg re t tab ly w e w e re u nab le t o t e s t s eve ra l r eg iona l s i te s n ea re r a nd a l ong t he c oa s t i n d i f fe ren t e nv i ronmen ta l z one s b u t w e re u nawa re o ft he i re x i s tence a tt he t ime . 3 . 5 .1 E xcava t ion T echn ique s Ou r e xcava t ion me thod s e vo lved . I n t he b eg inn ing I h ad s eve ra l e age r b u t i nexpe r ienced v o lun tee r s a nd d ec ided t o s imp l i f y o u r t e chn ique s b y e xcava t ing i n a rb i t ra ry u n i t s o f 2 0 c m e ach i nv a r iou s l o ca t ion s . Ou r n o rma l e xcava t ion u n i t w a s a2 x2 me te r t e s t p i t . Depend ing o n t he s i tua t ion , t h i s c ou ld b e e xpanded o r c on t rac ted t o a 1x 2 me te r u n i t a t l owe r l e ve l s t o s peed u p t he e xcava t ion p roce s s . B ecau se o f t ime r e s t r ic t ion s w e d id n o t s c reen e xcep t i n a n u nu sua l c i rcum s tance a t L a Mo rena . A t f i r s t w e b agged a l e xcava ted c e ram i c m a te r ia l p end ing c l ean ing a nd a na ly s i s , l a te r w e r e ta ined o n ly r im s , i d en t i f iab le b od ie s a nd l a rge b od ie s , a l o b s id ian a nd o the r a r t i f ac t s . A s o u r g roup g a ined e xpe r ience a nd n umbe r s , w e e x cava ted b y b o th a r t i f ic ia l a nd n a tu ra l l e ve l s d epend ing o n c i rcum s tance s . On t he c omp le t ion o f e ach l o t a l m a te r ia l w a s b agged , t agged a nd a pp rop r ia te n o te s r e co rded , p ho tog raph s t a ken a nd p ro f i le s d rawn a tv a r iou ss t age sa nd o nc omp le t ion o fe ach e xcava t ion u n i t . Mo s t t e s t u n i t s w e re e xcava ted i n to mound f i l l u sua l ly i n to h a rd e a r th/c lay c on s t ruc t ion . Ou r n o rma l t e chn ique w a s t o c omb ine t he u se o fp i ck s a nd h oe s t ob reak u p a nd s of ten t he f i l l a nd t hen t r owe l t h rough i tb reak ing u p c l ay a nd e a r th c l od s s eek ing a r t i f ac t s a nd t hen s hove l ing f i l l o u t o f t he u n i t . T h i s p rocedu re v a r ied d epend ing o n f e a ture s e ncoun te red . A t t ime s , o u r w o rk b ecame c on s ide rab ly mo re d e l ica te , p a r t icu la r ly a round c ache s , c ha rcoa l , s u spec ted b u r ia l s o r u nu sua l f e a tu re s . S ince w e o pened u p a s l a rge a n umbe r o f u n i t s o ve r s i te a rea s a s p o s s ib le a nd i nv i ew o f o u r r e s t r ic ted n umbe r s , s t e r i le s o i l w a s o n ly r eached o n s eve ra l u n i t s . A t temp t s t o c omp le te a l u n i t s t o s t e r i le , w h i le a dvan tageou s , w ou ld h ave s eve re ly h ampe red t he g oa l s o f o u r p rog ram . E xcava ted v o lume a t t he t h ree s i te s t o ta led 7 6 .3m 3 a nd w e

3 3

r e ta ined 4 035 s he rd s , 2 203 o b s id ian a nd 1 20 o the r a r t i fac ts i n c lud ing f i gur ine f r agmen t s , n apk in r ing e ar s poo l s ,p o t te ry d i sc s , g round s t one , a nd s cu lp tu re . 3 . 6 C hrono log ica lC ons idera t ions I n t h i s s ec t ion I d i scus s t he i nd ica to r s u t i l ized t o e s tab l i sh c h rono log ica l p arame te r s t o d a te s i te o ccupa t ion . A v a r ie ty o f t empora l ma rke r s a re a va i lab le b u t n a turaly t he re w a s ag rea t r e l iance o n c e ram ic s . I n a dd i t ion t o p o t te ry I u sed ( o r c on s ide red u s ing ) a b so lu te d a t ing t e chn ique s i n c lud ing r ad ioca rbon d a t ing a nd o b s id ian h yd ra t ion , a rch i tec ture , s cu lp tu re , f i gu r ine s , s p ind le w hor l s , n apk in -r ing e ar s poo l s , p e r fo ra ted p o t te ry d i sc s , g round s t one a nd m i sce l laneou s . 3 . 6 .1 C eram ic Wh i le r eg iona lc e ram ic s equence s a re p oor ly d e f ined , u se fu li n forma t ion i sa va i lab le f r om p ub l i shed r epor t s , l a bo ra tory a nd mu seum c olec t ion s a nd e xpe r ienced c oleague s . I n o u r p re l im ina ry s t age o f d a ta c olec t ion a nd a na ly s i s , Iv i ewed p o t te ry p r ima r i ly a s c hrono log ica l i nd ica tor s r a the r t han f unc t iona l o b jec t s o r r ep re sen ta t ion s o f c u l tu ra l s y s tem s . G iven t he p re sen t s t age o f k now ledge o n t he P ac i f ic S lope , Iw as c on ten t t o r ea sonab ly s uppo r t c hrono log ica l d i v i s ion s o f a pprox ima te ly 2 50 t o 3 00 y ear s . He re , I b r ie f ly d e sc r ibe b y ma jor t ime d i v i s ion , c ompa ra t ive c e ram ic p hase s , r e fe rence s t o s i te s a nd/o r a reas c on su l ted , l i s t p o t te ry f o rm s a nd d ecora t ion , a nd w a re a nd t y pe c ha rac te r i s t ic s o f e ach . T h i s p rocedu re a vo id s n eed le s s a nd t i re some r epe t i t ion o f r e fe renc ing p o t te ry w are s i n d e ta i l e ach t ime t hey a re s pec i f ica l ly men t ioned e l sewhe re i nt he t e x t . T ab le 5s umma r ize sr e fe rence st oa rea a nd s i te s men t ioned . 3 . 6 .1 .1 E ar ly M idd le F orma t ive ( 900/800 -600BC ) T he p e r iod i sc on tempo raneou s w i th , a nd o ve r lap s t ov ary ing d eg ree s , t he C uad ros , J oco ta l , C oncha s Ia nd Duende P ha se s o f t he w e s te rn c oas t o f Gua tema la a nd s ou the rn C h iapas ( Coe 1 961 ; C oe & F lanne ry 1 967 ; E kho lm 1 969 ; S hook & Ha tch 1 979 :143 -173 ; G reen & L owe 1 967 ; L owe 1 975 ) ; t he C o tor ra a nd e a r ly D i l i P ha se s ( Ch iapa s I& I ) o f t he C h iapas Dep re s s ion ( D ixon 1 959 ; L owe & Ag r in ie r 1 960 ; L ee 1 969 ) ; e a r ly A lgo -e s -A lgo a tB i lbao ( Pa r son s 1 967 ) ; t he e qu iva len t o r E l B a l samo B rown Ware p e r iod a t E l B a l samo ( Shook & Ha tch 1 978 ; S ta rk 1 981 ) ; t he u npub l i shed Maza te P ha se o f Mon te A l to ( Shook & Ha tch n . d . ) ; t he A reva lo a nd L a s C harca s P ha se s a tK am ina l juyu (We the r ing ton 1 978a , 1 978b ) a nd t he l a te T ok a nd C o bs P ha se s a t C ha lchuapa ( Sha re r 1 978 ) . F orm s t e coma te s a nd c ola red t e coma te s a re s t i l l n ume rou s b u t l e s s t han i n t he p reced ing E a r ly F o rma t ive . F orm s a re g ene ra l ly s imp le a nd i n c lude b e s ide s t e coma te s , o pen b ow l s a nd j a r s , b o l s te red r im b ow l s a nd j a r s , f l ar ing -wal b ow l s , o pen b ow l s w i th t h ickened r im s , s imp le a nd c ompo s i te s i lhoue t te b ow l s a nd i n curved -r im b ow l s . V e s se l s uppor t s a re n o t f ound ( o r a re e xceed ing ly r a re ) e xcep t i n O co s P ha se s i te s o fw e s te rn c oa s ta l Gua tema la . Decora t ion a g rea t p ropo r t ion o f ma te r ia l h a s p l a s t ic s u r f ace d ecora t ion i n c lud ing r ak ing , c oarse i n c is ing , n e t impre s sed , z oned inc i sed p unc ta te , z oned inc i sed , d o t imp re s sed , c o rn -cob i mp re s sed , t oo l impre s sed , r aked , g roove i n c i s ing a nd e x te r ior b ru sh ing . A l so f ound a re d i f fe ren t ia l f i r ing ( a s i n wh i te -r immed b l ack w a re ) , r ed p a in t ing o f r ims , t he f r equen t u se o f s pecu lar h ema t i te , r ed a nd w h i te b i chrome s , b l ack a nd i n c i sed b l ack , r ed -on -b lack a nd r ed -on -bu f f . C e ram ic Marke r s C oa s ta l Und i f fe ren t ia ted w a re s , i n c lud ing Wh i te -r immed B lack a nd C uad ros -Joco ta l P hase O co s G ray a nd C u leb ra G ray , C a jon C oar se w are ( So ledad G roup ) , E l B a l samo B rown a nd v a r ian t s s uch a s L a V ic tor ia R ed -on -C ream f ound a tL a V ic tor ia a nd C onchas Wh i te to -Buf f o f t he s ame p ha se a t L a V ic tor ia a nd S a l ina s L a B lanca . A l so t he e qu iva len t o f S iqu ina la R ed -on -Bu f f a nd A rena l P o l i shed -A rena l V ar ie ty a tK am ina l juyu . Ie xam ined w a re s f r om I z apa a t t he N ew Wo r ld A rchaeo log ica l F ounda t ion l a bo ra to r ie s i n S an C r i s toba l d e l a s C a sa s , Mex ico . Many a re s im i la r t o ma te r ia l f r om 3 4

s i te s i n my r eg ion w i th E a r ly M idd le F o rma t ive c omponen t s i n c lud ing C u leb ra G ray o f t he J oco ta la nd C uad ro sP ha se sa nd T i lapa R ed -on - Wh i te o ft he C uad ro sP ha se . Duende P ha se ma te r ia l i n c luded C oyo l R ed , C hancu l G ray , N anc inapa Smoo th , S acapu lco R ed -on -Bu f f , C aca lu ta B rown -B lack , a nd U lapa B u f f . Maza tan R ed -on -B rown w a ss im i la r t o ma te r ia l i d en t i f ied a s L a s C ha rca s P o ly ch rome f r om C r i s toba l a nd L o s C e r r i tos -Sou th . T he se w a re sa l so r e semb le C oncha s Wh i te . Ma r ion P . Ha tch h a s s t rong ly a rgued , i nc on t ra s t t o C oe , t h a t t he J oco ta l P ha se i s ah o r izon s t y le , w he rea s C oncha s P ha se s i te s a re r e s t r ic ted t o t he N a ran jo D ra inage o f t he w e s te rn c oa s t o f G ua tema la . A t I z apa , J oco ta l i sf o l lowed b y Duende ; i n t he N a ran jo D ra inage , J oco ta l i sf olowed b y C oncha s ; a nd i nt he E scu in t la a rea , J oco ta l i s f olowed b y t he E l B a l samo B rown Wa re p e r iod . H a tch f u r the r a rgue s t h a t a t Mon te A l to , E l B a l samo B rown Wa re e vo lve s i n to Mon te A l to B rown t e rm ina t ing i n ac oa r se i n c i sed b u f f e qu iva len t t ot he A rena l P ha se a tK am ina l juyu . Add ing t ha t w h i le C oa s ta l Und i f fe ren t ia ted Wa re s h ave o r ig in s s omewhe re o n t he w e s te rn p a r t o f t he Gua tema lan c oa s t , o the r s l o ca l ly p roduced i nt he v i c in i ty o f Mon te A l to a re r e s t r ic ted t ot he Maza te P ha se a nd a re E l B a l samo B rown , Mon te A l to B rown , Mon te A l to R ed -on -Buf fT ype I a nd Mon te A l to R ed . Ha tch b e l ieve s t he Maza te P ha se a t Mon te A l to i s c on tempo raneou sw i th M idd le P rec la s s ic L a sC harca sa nd S aca tepequez i n c lud ing ma te r ia l s uch a s C oa s ta l Und i f f e ren t ia ted r e la ted t o t he J oco ta l P ha se a t S a l ina s L a B lanca ( Shook a nd Ha tch 1 979 :143 -73 ; H a tch -pe r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . Ha tch ' s p ropo sed F o rma t ive a l ignmen ti si nT ab le 6 . ( A l so s ee t he I n t roduc t ion t ot he B .A .R . E d i t ion ) . 3 . 6 .1 .2 L a te M idd le F orma t ive ( 600 -400BC ) T h i s p e r iod c o inc ide s w i th , a nd o ve r lap s t o v a ry ing d eg ree s , t he C oncha s , E sca lon a nd F ron te ra P ha se s o fw e s te rn Gua tema la a nd s ou the rn C h iapa s ; t he E sca le ra a nd e a r ly F rance sa P ha se s ( Ch iapa I I ) o ft he c en t ra lC h iapa sD ep re s s ion ; t he A lgo -e s -A lgo P ha se s , E l B a l samo B rown P e r iod a nd Maza te P ha se s a tB i lbao , E l B a l samo a nd Mon te A l to i n E scu in t la , t he P rov idenc ia/Saca tepequez P ha se s a tK am ina l juyu ; a nd t he K a i c omp lex a t C ha lchuapa . F orms mo s t f o rm s d e sc r ibed f o r t he E a r ly M idd le F o rma t ive a re f ound w i th d im in i sh ing n umbe r s o f t e coma te s . O the r s a re t he e a r ly a ppea rance o f t ubu la r s pou t s w i th c ompo s i te -wal b ow l s , s halow b ow l s , e ve r ted r im b ow l s a nd d i she s , r e s t r ic ted o r f i ce b ow l s ,v e r t ica lg roov ing a nd f l u t ing , a nd S -Z a ng le b ow l s . Deco ra t ion p l a s t i c d eco ra t ion c on t inue s , i n c rea s ing b i ch rome f r equency i so b ser ved m a in ly a s r ed -on -wh i te , monoch rome s a re w e l l s l ipped , w h i te p a s te w a re s i n c rea se , a s d o p o l i shed o r w axy w a re s i n ad i s t inc t ive b rown i sh -o range , a nd r ed a nd o range s l ip s . T he e a r l ie s t U su lu tan eme rge s , b l ack s a re n ume rou s a s a re p um ic iou s a nd m icaceou s b l ack -b rown s , s t reaky g r ay -b rown , r ed -on -bu f f , z oned d i ch rome a nd t he d oub le l ine b reak . C e ram ic Marke r s Wh i te r immed B lack , C a jon C oa r se ( So ledad G roup ) , E lB a l samo B rown a nd v a r ian t s , Mon te A l to B rown , C oncha s Wh i te to -Bu f f , C oncha s R ed Unbu rn i shed , P um iceou s a nd M icaceou s B lack -B rown , s t reaky g ray -b rown , Mo rada B u f f -O range a nd V i l lanueva P o l i shed O range t y pe s o f t he C ana le s O range G roup , U su lu tan , S aca tepequez Wh i te p a s te w a re s , L a sC ha rca sP o lych rome , U ta t lan Wa re , R uddy B rown Ware , P u rp le -on -F ine R ed , B a l sam ( )O range , S iqu ina la R ed -on -Bu f fa nd i t sA rena l P o l i shed ( Va lve rde B u f f P a s te ) e qu iva len t , Mon te A l to R ed -on -Bu f f , Z inc O range , a nd t he c on t inued u se o fs pecu la rh ema t i te . 3 . 6 .13 L a te F orma t ive ( 4 00 -100BC ) T h i sp e r iod e ncompa s se sC oncha s Io fw e s te rn Gua tema la ; t he F ron te ra a nd Gu i l len P ha se s a tI z apa ; t he F rance sa a nd G uanaca s te P ha se s ( Ch iapa I V a nd V ) o ft he c en t ra l C h iapa s Dep re s s ion ; l a te A lgo -e s -A lgo a nd I l u s ione s a t B i lbao ; t he Ob i spo c omp lex a t Mon te A l to ; t he P rov idenc ia a nd M i ra f lo re s/Ve rbena P ha se s a t K am ina l juyu ; a nd t h e C hu la nd C aynac ( ea r ly f a ce t )c e ram ic c omp lexe sa tC ha lchuapa .

3 5

F orm s Ap ro l i f e ra t ion o fn ew v e s se l f o rm s a nd g row ing e l abo ra t ion o fo l d f o rm s i s n o ted a c compan ied b y af u r the r d im in i sh ing o f t e coma te s . A l so f ound a re i n c rea s ing e ve r ted r im s , i n c i sed a nd o f ten s c aloped e ve r ted r im s , e c cen t r ic shaped r im s , t he a ppea rance o f s o l id n ubb in v e s se l s uppo r t s i n c rea s ing i n s i ze o ve r t ime , g eome t r ic i n c i sed d e s ign s , s mal s hou lde red b ow l s , l a b ia l f lange b ow l s , l a rge r med ia l f l ange b ow l s , mode led a nd g rooved d eco ra t ion , i n c rea s ing S -Z a ng le b ow l s , f a ce ted f l anged ( o r " f ace ted shou lde r " )b ow l s , mode led e f f igy f e a tu re so nb ow l s , a nd " s apo " , o rt oad b ow l s . Deco ra t ion monoch rome a nd d i ch rome c on t inue a nd s ome e xamp le s o f t r i -co lo r d eco ra t ion eme rge . A l so p re sen t a re w axy ( g lo s sy ) b l ack -b rown s , t he i n c rea s ing u se o f r ed o r w h i te p igmen t i ng eome t r ic i n c i sed d e s ign s , ag r ea t p ro l i f e ra t ion a nd r e f inemen t o f t he U su lu tan a nd r ed s l ipped t r ad i t ion s , t r ue s l ipped -o range eme rge s a s d oe s t he e a rl ie s t g raph i te p a in t ing . T he re i s ag rea t i n c rea se i ng l o s sy o r p ol i shed w a re s s u ch a s o range . C e ram ic Ma rke r s U su lu tan , g raph i te -on red (o range ) s uch a s Mu la to G raph i te R ed , f i ne i n c i sed b l ack -b rown w a re , V ic to ry a nd Y uca le s G roup s o f X a ta B lack -B rown Wa re , V e rbena Wh i te , V e rbena I vo ry , C a l i fo rn ia T oo l imp re s sed o f Aguna Wh i te -wa shed C oar se , t he e a r l ie s t a ppea rance o f A rena ! C oa r se I nc i sed o f O suna C oa r se ( " f lowe rpo t f o rm " ) , F ine R ed t oad b ow l s , Z inc O range , P urp le -on -F ine -Red , P urp le -on - Wh i te , R io B lanco O range , C oncha s O range , Waxy ( g lo s sy ) o range , Waxy ( g lo s sy )b l ack , S aca tepeque z Wh i te P a s te Wa re s , P um iceou sB lack -B rown , F e r rug inou sB lack -B rown a nd C ream Wa re . 3 . 6 .1 .4 T erm ina lF orma t ive ( 1 00BC -AD200 ) T h i s p e r iod i sc on tempo raneou s w i th , o r o ve r lap s , t he C ruce ro P ha se o f w e s te rn Gua tema la ; t he Gu i l len , Ha to , a nd I t s tapa P ha se s a t I z apa ; t he Horcone s a nd I s tmo P ha se s ( Ch iapa V a nd V I ) o f t he c en t ra l C h iapa s Dep re s s ion ; t he I l u s ione s a nd O b i spo P ha se s a tB i lbao a nd Mon te A l to ; t he V e rbena a nd A rena ' P ha se s a tK am ina l juyu ; a nd t he C aynac P ha se ( l a te f a ce t ) a tC ha l chuapa . F o rms T he g rea te s t e l abo ra t ion o ff o rm s i nt he F o rma t ive P e r iod o c cu r s w i th S -Z a ng le b ow l s w i th d imp led b a se s , s imp le s i lhoue t te b ow l s , l a b ia l a nd med ia l f l anged d i she s a nd b ow l s , s male r mamm i fo rm s uppo r t s g ene raly w i th S -Z a ng le b ow l s , p ie c ru s ts hape s , e c cen t r ic r im s s uch a s t ab l ike p ro t ru s ion s o n r im e dge s , c on t inuou s ly n o tched l i p s , b road p re s l ip g roove s i n s ide r im s , t h ick w aled j a r s a nd v a se s , b o l s te red r im s v a se s , i n c i sed " f lowe r p o t s " , c on t inua t ion o f w ide e ve r ted g rooved r im s many w i th s c aloped ma rg in s a nd mode led e f f igy f i gu re s a nd a pp l ique s o n b ow l s , f a ce ted f l anged b ow l s a nd f i ne l ine i n c i s ing . E v idence o f s t anda rd iza t ion s ugge s t s i n c rea s ing c ra f t s pe c ia l iza t ion a nd l a rge sca le p roduc t ion o fs ome t y pe s . Deco ra t ion p a in ted d eco ra t ion i s l e s s f r equen t a nd l a rge ly r e s t r i c ted t o r ed -on -wh i te , o r p u rp le -on -wh i te b ow l s a nd j a r s w i th w h i te p a s te w a re s . T he u se o f f i ne l i ne i n c i sed d eco ra t ion a nd mode led a pp l ique s p eak s . Z oned h o r izon ta l a nd d eco ra t ive f i e ld s a re g rea t ly e l abo ra ted . Mode led e f f ig ie s a nd a pp l ique s o n r im s a re c ommon . T he U su lu tan t r ad i t ion i sb road ly a pp l ied a nd r eache s i th ighe s t f r equency . T he p e r iod i sa l so ma rked b y t he a ppea rance o f t r ipod a nd t e t rapod v e s se l s uppo r t s c u lm ina t ing i nh olow m amm i fo rm s uppo r t s . C e ram ic Ma rke r s U su lu tan e l abo ra t ion , g raph i te -on red (o range ) , O suna C oa r se ( " f lowe r p o t s " t he s ame a sA rena ! C oa r se B u f f ) , F ine -Red t oad b ow l s , X a ta B lack -Brown i nb o th Yuca le sa nd V i c to ry G roup s ,B a l samo O range o ft he R io S an t iago G roup ,V e rbena Wh i te , F ine Inc i sed B lack -Brown , A guna Wh i te - Wa shed C oa r se , Ma te rn idad R edd i sh -O range , P um iceou s B lack -B rown , C ream Wa re s , P o l i shed ( o f ten i n c i sed ) B lack , C ruce ro R ed -on -O range . 3 . 6 .2 A bso lu te D a t ing 3 . 6 .2 .1 R ad iocarbon D a t ing At o ta l o f e i gh t e xcava ted c ha rcoa l a nd f i ve h uman b one s amp le s w e re r e tu rned t o t he I s o tope L abo ra to ry , UCLA f o r r ad iome t r ic d e te rm ina t ion s . T h ree c ha rcoa l s amp le s 3 6

a re f r om L a Mo rena , t wo f r om L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th a nd t wo f r om C r i s toba l . B one s amp le s w e re s u r f ace c olec ted f r om p a r t ia l ly d e s t royed mound a nd/o r u rn b u r ia l s a t d i f f e ren t s i te s n ea r t he c oa s t . One s mal b one s amp le w a s d i sca rded a t UCLA o w ing t o i t s s i ze . A l l c ha rcoa l a nd b one s amp le s w e re c l eaned a nd p roce s sed i na c co rdance w i th s t anda rd l abo ra to ry p rocedu re s a nd a wa i t a na ly s i s . P roven ience s a nd o the r p e r t inen t i n fo rma t ion a re p re sen ted i n a pp rop r ia te c hap te r s , c ha rcoa l s amp le s i n C hap te r V a nd b one i nC hap te rI V . 3 . 6 .2 .2 Obs id ian H ydra t ion A l l o b s id ian , i n c lud ing a s mal s amp le f r om Mon te A l to i sc u r ren t ly o n l o an f r om Gua tema la a wa i t ing f u r the ra na ly s i s . T he UCLA Ob s id ian H yd ra t ion L abo ra to ry b egan a s mal s c a le e xpe r imen ta l p rog ram i n t he w in te r o f 1 981 t o d e te rm ine t he f e a s ib i l i ty o f h yd ra t ion d a t ing i n t h i s r eg ion . We a re h ope fu l t ha t t he p rog ram w i l l b e f r u i t fu l e spec ialy g i ven t he d i f f i cu l t ie s e xpe r ienced w i th r ad ioca rbon d a t ing o n s amp le s f r om t he w e t t r op ic s a nd t he s ucce s s fu l p rog ram o f h yd ra t ion d a t ing c onduc ted b y t he P enn sy lvan ia S ta te Un ive r s i ty K am ina l juyu P ro jec t . 3 . 6 .3 A r ch i tec ture Wh i le v i r tua l ly n o th ing i sk nown o f s i te f unc t ion much l e s s t he p robab le f unc t ion o f i nd iv idua l mound s , s ome th ing c an b e s a id o f t empo ra l p l acemen t b a sed o n t he mo rpho logy o fs i te a rch i tec tu re . L a rge r eg iona l a nd s econda ry c en te r s i nt he F o rma t ive , p a r t icu la r ly t he M idd le a nd L a te F o rma t ive p e r iod s h ave " a t y p ica l P rec la s s ic a r rangemen t o f s t ruc tu re s f o rmaly a l igned a l ong t wo v e ry n a r row , p a rale l , n o r th sou th o r ien ted p l aza s " ( Shook a nd Ha tch 1 978 ) . I n as umma ry o fG ua tema lan h i gh land s e t t lemen t p a t te rn s f o r t he M idd le a nd L a te P rec la s s ic , B o rhegy id e sc r ibed t he f olow ing s i te f e a tu re s T he p e r iod i s c ha rac te r ized b y t he c on t inued u se o f o pen , u nde fended v aley a nd p l a teau s i te s , a nd t he a ppea rance o f h uge e a r then mound s , a s much a s 2 0 m i n h e igh t . T he se mound s w e re l a id o u t t o d e f ine l ong , n a r row , p a rale l p l aza s o r a venue s w h ich w e re s epa ra ted b y as i ng le r ow o f b u i ld ing s o r ien ted r ough ly n o r thea s t sou thwe s t . T he . . .ea r then mound s . . .we re b u i l t w i thou t t he u se o f s t one o r l ime mo r ta r a nd w e re f a ced w i th p udd led a dobe ( Bo rheg y i 1 965 :62 ) . B o rhegy i t ended s t ruc tu re s .

t o b e l ieve t he mound s w e re p r ima r i ly b u r ia l a nd t emp le

I n ar ev iew o f Gua tema lan h igh land a r ch i tec tu re o f t he M idd le P rec la s s ic , Sm i th s t a ted T he c ha rac te r i s t i c P rec la s s ic mound a s semb lage i s al ong p l aza b o rde red b y t he l a rge c e remon ia l s t ruc tu re s . I n s ome c a se s t wo p a rale lp l aza s a re s epa ra ted b y as i ng le r ow o f mound s . . . .The p l aza s a re o r ien ted s l igh t ly e a s t o f n o r th a nd i n an umbe r o f c a se s t he p r inc ipa l p y ram id , w h ich f a ce s e a s t o n t he p l aza , l ook s a c ro s s t o a s mal s t ruc tu re w i th a n e rec t p l a in monumen t i nf r on t o f i t( Sm i th 1 965 :79 ) ( A l so s e eL a Mo rena e xcava t ion s ) . S hook d i scu s sed s ou th c oa s ta lF o rma t ive a r ch i tec tu ra lt r a i t si n ar ev iew M idd le a nd L a te P rec la s s ic s i te s . . .a re o f ten i d en t i f ied b y af o rma l p lan o f mound s a r ranged a l ong a n a r row e l onga ted n o r th sou th p laza . G ene ra l ly , as i nge p rom inen t s t ruc tu re c l o se s t he e x t reme e nd s , a nd b o th o ft he l ong s i de s a re ma rked b y o ppo s ing e a s t -we s t u n i t s f a c ing e ach o the r . O c ca s iona l ly , t he p r inc ipa l p l aza i s p a rale led b y o the r s o n o ne o r b o th s i de s . Ano the r v a r ian t . . . i s f ound . . .whe re t he e l onga ted p l aza i ss omewha t o b scu red b y as e r ie s o f s i ng le s t ruc tu ra l u n i t s w i th in t he n a r row p l aza , a l igned a t 3 7

i n terva l s o n i t s c en t ra l a x i s f o rm ing f ou r -s ided c ou r t s ( Shook 1 971 :7 1) .

a c on t inuou s

s e r ie s

o f

Ma jo r morpho log ica l c hange s o c cu r red b y t he C la s s ic P e r iod mak ing i tp o s s ib le t o d i s t ingu i sh F orma t ive a rch i tec tu ra l s e t t lemen t p a t te rn s f r om C las s ic a nd l a te r p e r iod s w hen n o t o ve r ly o b scured b y l a te r c on s t ruc t ion s . An a gg lome ra t ive p roce s s o ccu r s a nd s i te s ( a t l e a s t r eg iona l c en te r s ) t ake o n mo re o f a n u rban ized l ook . Mound s a re g ene ra l ly a d i f fe ren t s hape , t ha t i st he h igh s o -caled " t emp le " mounds a re n o t a s t a l l a nd d eve lopmen to fl a rge p l a t fo rm mound sa nd a c ropo l i st y pe s i te so c cur s . I n t he h igh lands " c en te r s s how a c l ose ly k n i t c our t a r rangemen t r a the r t han t he p arale l p l aza p a t te rn o f t he L a te P rec la s s ic ( c oup led w i th ) ag row ing t endency t owa rd t he e s tab l i shmen t o f more c en t ra l ized l o ca t ion s a nd c ou r t a s semb lage s . . .and b al c ou r t s " . B y t he L a te C la s s ic " l ow e l onga ted p l a t fo rm mound s w e re a r ranged a round s male r t i gh t ly e nc lo sed p laza s a nd r ec tangu la r b a l lcou r t s " ( Bo rhegy i 1 965 :66 -7 ) . A t t he h i gh land C la s s ic s i te o fS an An ton io F ru ta l , ac l o se k n i t a r rangemen t o fe ar th mound s f o rm p l aza g roups w i th s t ruc tu re s o r ien ted o ne t o a no the r a nd f a ce o n t h ree o r f ou r s i de s o f o ne o r mo re c ou r t so rp l aza s ( Sm i th 1 965 :81) . On t he P ac i f ic S lope , S hook c ommen t st ha ti nt he L a te C la s s ic D iagno s t ic f e a tu re s a re l a rge , a c ropol i s type s t ruc tu re s p laced a t t he s ou th e nd s o f p l aza s a nd a tl e a s t o ne e normou s ly l ong mound . T he se l ong mound s mea sure u p t o 1 00 m a nd mo re i n l eng th a nd r ange i nh e igh t f r om 1t o 1 0 m . T hey o f ten o ccupy t he e n t i re l ong s i de o f ap l aza . B al c our t s , a l so a L a te C las s ic f e a ture , a re f a r l e s s c ommon o n t he s ou th c oa s t t han i n t h e Gua tema lan h igh land s ( Shook 1 971 :188 ) . 3 . 6 .4 Monumen ts P la in s t e lae a re F o rma t ive P e r iod t ime marke r s o n t he P ac i f ic S lope a nd r epo r ted a t many s i te s , o c ca s iona l ly i n g rea t n umbe r s . S hook o b served p la in s t e lae a t 2 8 F o rma t ive P e r iod s i te s i n t he h igh land s a nd P ac i f ic S lope ( Shook 1 971 :72 ) . T he i r f unc t ion i s u nknown a l though o ne g roup ing a t Mon te A l to may h ave s e rved r i tua l -a s t ronom ica l p urpo se s . C arved s t one monumen t s a re r epor ted i nq uan t i t ie s o n t he P ac i f ic S lope a nd ma jo r e f fo r ts d i rec ted t owa rd t he i r r ecove ry a nd d e sc r ip t ion . A s w i th t he O lmec s t one monumen t c o rpu s , c u l tu ra l i n fe rence s a nd d a t ing a re c on t rove r s ia l . A re t he b ou lde r s cu lp ture s f ound a t many F orma t ive P e r iod P ac i f ic S lope s i te s c on tempo raneous w i th t he O lmec? I s t he i r d i s tr ibu t ion o n t he c oas t e v idence f o r a n e a s t -we s t a x i s g ove rn ing r a re c ommod i t ie s a nd r i tua l k now ledge o fO lmec o r ig in much a s g o ld movemen t i nP anama a l ong c oa s ta l r ou te s? ( S tark e ta l . 1 980 ) . AI z apan M i ra f lo re s s t y l i s t ic h o r izon o f t he L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive c on t inue s t he e as t -we s t o r ien ta t ion o f r i tua l f l ow . Ye t b y t he e nd o f t he F orma t ive -Pro toc la s s ic , s eve ra l o f t he e a r l ie s t l o ng c oun t d a ted ( c yc le 7 ) monumen t s k nown a re f r om t he c oa s ta l r eg ion . T h i s s t y le a ppa ren t ly p l ayed a c r i t ica l r o le i n t he t r an sm i s s ion o f t he se t r a i t s t o t he C la s s ic L ow land Maya s ugge s t ing a r eo r ien ta t ion o n an o r th -sou th a x i s p e rhap s c o inc id ing w i th K am ina l juyu ' s eme rg ing p owe r . Y e t t he se mechan i sm s a re p oor ly u nde r s tood . Good r ev iew s o n F o rma t ive s cu lp tu re s f r om t h i s r eg ion w i th c h rono log ica l i n fe rence s a re M i le s ( 1965 :237 -75 ) , P a r son s ( 1981 ) , P ar son s a nd J en sen ( 1 965 :132 -44 ) , G raham , He ize r a nd S hook ( 1978 :85 -109 ) a nd No rman ( 1973 , 1 976 ) . Monumen t sf ound b yo u re xp lo ra t ion sa re d e sc r ibed i nt he C hap te r Vo nE xcava t ion s . 3 . 6 .5 F igur ines S eve ra l s t ud ie s a t temp t t o s e na te f i gur ine c olec t ion s , h oweve r , t he se a re ma in ly s i te s pec i f ic r a the r t han b roade r r eg iona l c h rono log ica l s equence s a nd h ave l im i ted u t i l i ty f o r d a t ing p u rpose s . I n g ene ra l , F orma t ive P e r iod f i gur ine s a re p robab ly mo re n ume rou s p e r c ap i ta t han C la s s ic a nd a re a lmos t a lway s h and c raf ted . Our c orpu s o f f i gur ine s f r om a l c on tex t s h as n o t b een a na lyzed i n d e ta i l s o t ha t s t a temen t s o f t h e i r t empora lp l acemen tc anno tb e made e xcep ti nt he b roade s ts en se . 3 8

C la s s ic f i gu r ine s t e nd t o b e mo ld -made a nd u sua l ly s how a g rea te r e l abo ra t ion o f d re s s a nd d eco ra t ion . T iqu i sa te Wa re f i gu r ine s a re c ommon i nL a te C la s s ic c on tex t s o n t he P ac i f ic S l ope . S hook h a s s ugge s ted t ha t t wo t y pe s o f f i gu r ine s w e re p roduced d u r ing t he L a te C la s s i c , o ne w i th a mo lded f a ce a nd h and made b ody , t he o the r c omp le te ly mo lded ( Shook -pe r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . We r eco rded f i gu r ine f r agmen t s f r om F orma t ive P e r iod s i te s t ha t w e re t he r ema in s o f h olow l imb s s im i la r t o t ho se r epo r ted a tL a s B oca s , Mex ico a nd o the r O lmec p e r iod s i te s . T he se f r agmen t s a re l i ke o the r s i n mu seum a nd p r iva te c olec t ion s w h ich a re O lmec i n s t y le w i th f a t , c hunky t h igh sa nd t o r so . F igu r ine f r agmen t s w e re n ume rou s i nt wo F o rma t ive s i te s e xcava ted , C r i s toba l a nd L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th . C r i s toba l p roduced t wo u nu sua l f i gu r ine h ead s w i th g ro te sque f e a tu re s o f u nknown m ean ing o r f unc t ion . L a Mo rena a l so p roduced a s t r ik ing p o t te ry ma sked f i gu r ine h ead , aF o rma t ive t r a i t ( F igu re ) . I n g ene ra l , o u r f i gur ine c o rpu s f r om F o rma t ive P e r iod s i te s , o r c on tex t s , b ea r r e semb lance s t o t ho se r epo r ted f r om t he C ha lchuapa F o rma t ive P e r iod f i gu r ine c omp lex , s pec i f ica l ly t he K uh l , X iqu in a nd T a t c omp lexe s ( Dah l in 1 978 :134 -211 ) . And a l so t ho se f r om C h iapa d e C o r zo , p ar t icu la r ly V a r ie ty I -Ch iapa A , r ang ing f r om t he C o to r ra t o Ho rcone s C u l tu ra l P ha se s a sd e f ined i n t he e xcelen ts t udy b yL ee ( 1969 ) . 3 . 6 .6 S p ind le Whor l s A lmo s t a l r e fe rence s t o s p ind le w ho r l s a s soc ia te t he i r u se w i th t he C la s s ic p e r iod , p a r t icu la r ly L a te C la s s ic a nd P o s tc la s s ic s i te s . T he se a re u sua l ly mo lded a nd s l ipped , m any a re i n c i sed a nd s k i l l fu l ly p roduced ( e .g . M . H . P a r son s 1 972 :45 -80 ; L ee 1 969 :87 -9 ; P a r son s 1 967 :163 ; K idde r 1 943 ; S hook 1 949 ) . S u re ly c o t ton f i be r w a s s pun e ar l ie r t han t he L a te C la s s ic p e r iod , h oweve r , t he f o rm a nd s ub s tance o fF o rma t ive s p ind le w ho r l s i s c on jec tu ra l . S ta rk s ugge s t s t ha t p e r fo ra ted s he rd d i s c s c ou ld h ave b een u sed i n t he F o rma t ive P e r iod a l though I a m mo re i n c l ined t o v i ew t hem a s o rnamen t s ( S ta rk 1 978 :211 -38 ; S ta rk e ta l . 1 980 ) . ( See s e c t ion 3 . 6 .8 . ) . A l l s p ind le w ho r l s w e f ound w e re i n a s soc ia t ion w i th L a te C la s s ic o r P o s tc la s s ic s i te s . S p ind le w ho r l s o f e a r l ie r p e r iod s w e re p robab ly made o fw ood o r o the r p e r i shab le m a te r ia l s a nd s t anda rd ized mo ld -made c e ram ic s p ind le w ho r l sw e re n o t m anu f ac tu red u n t i l t he C la s s ic P e r iod . T h i s p e r iod s ee s as i gn i f ican t i n c rea se i n t he s t anda rd iza t ion o f e conom ic o rgan iza t iona l b ehav io r a s c ompa red t ot he F o rma t ive . 3 . 6 .7 C eram ic N apk in -R ing E ar S poo l s T he se a ppea r t o b e ag ood t empo ra l ma rke r f o r b o th t he M idd le -La te F o rma t ive a nd M idd le -La te C la s s ic . A l l w e f ound w e re i nF o rma t ive c on tex t s , a l though m any w e re e xcava ted f r om m ixed f i l l i n a mound c on ta in ing F o rma t ive ma te r ia l o ve r la in b y P ro toc la s s i c a nd E a r ly C la s s ic m a te r ia l a tL o s C e r r i to s -Sou th . O the r s c ame f r om mound f i l l a t C r i s toba l d a ted t o t he T e rm ina l F o rma t ive -P ro toc la s s ic o n t he b a s i s o f p o t te ry . T he se p o t te ry e a r s poo l s a re e x t reme ly t h in , w i th a f i ne p a s te , s l ipped a nd w el f i red . T hey a re d el i ca te b u t w el made a nd i ti sd i f f icu l t t o i mag ine a nyone o the r t han e l i te s h av ing a c ce s s t ot hem . ( Lee 1 969 :90 ; K idde r , J enn ing sa nd S hook 1 946 :215 ) . T ho se f r om B i lbao w e re f ound i nm i xed mound f i l lo ft he M idd le -La te C la s s ic ( Pa r son s 1 967 :163 ) . 3 . 6 .8 P er f ora ted D i sc s T he t y pe w h ich Ib e l ieve a re p robab ly o rnamen t s o ft he M idd le -La te F o rma t ive a re i l u s t ra ted i nL ee ( 1 969 :102 ;F ig 5 5 f ,h ) a nd C oe ( 1 961 :f ig 5 9 f ) . C oe c ommen t s t ha t S hook i n ap e r sona l c ommun ica t ion b e l ieve s t ha t " b icon icaly d r i l led s he rd s w i th n o f u r the r s moo th ing o f t he h o le c ou ld n o t h ave b een u sed a s s p ind le w ho r l s a s t hey w ou ld n o t f i t p rope r ly o n as p ind le . . . the se C oncha s d r i l led d i sc s w e re p robab ly d eco ra t ive . . . " ( Coe 1 961 :105 ) .

3 9

3 . 6 .9 M i sce l laneou s G round s t one a r t i f ac t s p a r t icu lar ly m ano s a nd m e ta te s s how c l ea r t empo ra l d i f f e rence s o ve r t ime . I n t he F o rma t ive , me ta te s t e nd t o b e t r ough o r b a s in s haped , l a ck ing s uppo r t s a nd r ounded a t t he c o rne r s w i th n o s moo th ing o the r t han u se . ( Coe 1 961 :106 ; P a r son s 1 969 :P 1 2 5g ) . Mano s t end t ob e s ho r t , l o a f shaped s ome r e fe r red t oa s o va l shaped . A l l a re r e la t ive ly s imp le . B y t he C la s s ic , me ta te s a re mo re e l abo ra te ly f o rmed . O ne g roup t end s t o b e l e g le s s s l ab shaped a nd f a i r ly t h in . Ano the r g roup h a s s uppo r t s r a i s ing t he me ta te a to ne e nd ( Shook 1 965 :F ig 2 o ; P ar son s 1 969 :85 -6 & P 1 f , g ) . Mano s t end t o b e a s l o ng a s me ta te w id th s w i th s haped b read loa f c urved m ano s a bundan t i n t he L a te C la s s ic a nd P o s tc las s ic . D oughnu t s haped s t one s ( d igg ing s t i ck w e igh t s? ) t end t o b e f ound i n C la s s ic a nd l a te r c on tex t s . O the r u se fu l t ime m a rke r s e x i s t b u t a re r e la t ive ly r a re o r f ound o n ly i n t he C la s s ic p e r iod s uch a s c ande le ro s a nd C la s s ic Maya P o lych rome p o t te ry .

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CHAPTER I V FORMAT IVE P ER IOD S ITE DESCR IPT IONS 4 . 1 I n troduc t ion B r ie f d e sc r ip t ive s umma r ie s o f F o rma t ive P e r iod s i te s i n ve s t iga ted a re p re sen ted h e re w i th mo re d e ta i led d e sc r ip t ion s o f t he t h ree e x cava ted s i te s i n C hap te r V . S i te d e sc r ip t ion s a re p re sen ted i n a s cend ing S i te N umbe r o rde r u s ing as t anda rd ized f o rma t . D a ta s umma r ie sf o rr e levan t t ime p e r iod sa re i n Append ix B . S i te N o i s t he s i te n umbe r u s ing t he s y s tem d e sc r ibed i n C hap te r I I o n Me thodo logy . I n s ome c a se s s i te s o ve r lap a d jacen t m ap s qua re s a nd t he se a re a l so p rov ided . Map No a re t he m ap i d en t i f ica t ion n umbe r s s hown o n T ab le 3 . App rop r ia te t ab le s o fs i te n umbe r s , m ap n umbe r s a nd s i te n ame sb yt ime p e r iod a re p rov ided i nC hap te r V I . S i te N umbe r s a re t oo l e ng thy t o i d en t i f y d i rec t ly o n m ap s h ence t he u se o f map n umbe r s . N ame a nd A l te rna t ive N ame ( s ) a re e i the r n ame s o f s i te s e s tabl i shed i n t he l i te ra tu re , o r n ame ' s Ih ave p rov ided . I n s ome i n s tance s t he re i sn o r e cogn ized p r ima ry n ame b u t t he re a re o ne o r mo re a l te rna t ive n ame s . Ih ave t r ied t o b e c on se rva t ive p re fe r r ing t o u se a s i te n umbe r i n mo s t c a se s r a the r t h an a dd ing c on fu s ion w i th n ame p ro l i f e ra t ion . N a tura l S e t t ing/Loca t ion i s ab r ie fd e sc r ip t ion o ft he l o ca l n a tu ra l e nv i ronmen t a nd l o ca t iona l d a ta s uch a s e l eva t ion , s o i l t y pe , n umbe r s o f w a te r s ou rce s w i th in 1km a nd 2 . 5 km r ad iu s c a tchmen t s , d i s tance s t o t he P ac i f ic C oa s t a nd n ea re s t mode rn s a l t s ou rce s , a nd o the rp e r t inen ti n fo rma t ion . Mode rn U t i l iza t ion i st he c u r ren t l a nd u t i l iza t ion f o r t he s i te a nd i t s s u r round ing s a nd r ecen t s i gn i f ican tc hange s . A rchaeo log ica l R ema ins i s ab r ie f s umma ry o f t he s i te i n c lud ing t he n umbe r o f mound s , d imen s ion s , s i te o r ien ta t ion w he re k nown ,p re sen tc ond i t ion a nd d amage ,s u r f ace d en s i ty o f p o t te ry a nd o b s id ian w i th t he l o ca t ion o f s u r f ace c olec t ion s , n umbe r o f r im s , b od ie s r e ta ined , o b s id ian a nd o the r a r t i f ac t s . D e ta i led c ommen t o np o t te ry i d en t i f ica t ion i sg i ven a s ab ackup t o c h rono log ica l c on s ide ra t ion s . I n mo s t c a se s s i te m ap s t o s c a le c on ta in ing mound h e igh t s a re p rov ided a nd t he i d en t i f ica t ion n umbe r o fp e r t inen t a e r ia l p ho tog raph s . A s s ome s i te s h ave m ixed o r mu l t ip le c omponen t sw i th b o th F o rma t ive a nd o the r t ime p e r iod s r ep re sen ted , Is t a te w h ich o b s id ian c olec t ion s w e re u sed , i fa ny , f o r t he o b s id ian a na ly s i s i n C hap te r V I I o n C ra f t S pec ia l iza t ion a nd E xchange . O the r n ea rby s i te s a re l o ca ted w hen a pp rop r ia te . Ip rov ide t o ta l s i te a rea i n h ec ta re s a nd c on s t ruc t ion m a s s i n c ub ic me te r s f o r t he a pp rop r ia te t ime p e r iod s a nd w hen n ece s sa ry t he a s sump t ion so nw h ich t he se a re b a sed . C la s s i f ica t ion t he c l a s s i f ica t ion s y s tem i sb a sed o n ar ank ing f r om t he f i r s t t h rough f i f th -o rde r . J u s t i f ica t ion f o r t he s i te c l a s s i f ica t ion s y s tem i sp rov ided i n C hap te r V I o n S e t t lemen tP a t te rn sa nd A na ly s i s . 4 2 S ITE NO 4 22501 Map No

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N ame

L a R ub ia

N a tu ra l S e t t ing/Loca t ion L oca ted a t e i gh t m e te r s e l eva t ion a nd o n ly 3 . 0 km f r om t he P ac i f ic C oas t , t he s i te i sa c tua l ly o n t he F inca E l R o sa r io j u s t n o r th o f t he F inca L a R ub ia . I ti s 1 . 5 km w e s t o f t he R io A ch igua te a nd o n ly 3 . 0 km f r om i t s mou th . L a R ub ia i sw i th in a n a rea c l as s i f ied a s h av ing p oo r ly d ra ined s o i l s o f h eavy t e x tu re . A p e rmanen t w a te r s upp ly , t he R io B o ton B lanco , i s0 . 75 km e a s t . S even w a te r s ou rce s i n c lud ing a n umbe r o f s ea sona l ly d ra ined w a te r c ou r se s a re w i th in a 2 . 5 km c a tchmen t 4 1

r ad iu s . T he s i te i s 1 . 5 t o 2 . 0 k m n o r th o f L a B a r r i ta , a mode rn t own a d jo in ing t h e mou th o ft he A ch igua te . Mode rn U t i l iza t ion T he a rea i se n t i re ly i nc o t ton c u l t iva t ion . A rchaeo log ica l R ema in s T he s i te w a s o r ig inaly r epo r ted b y a n i n fo rman t w ho d e sc r ibed t he d i scove ry o f ac ache w i th aj ade m a sk s eve ra l y ea r s b e fo re . L a te r , Il e a rned t h a t S hook r econno i te red L a R ub ia i n 1 970 , p repa red a s ke tch m ap , a nd m ade a s u r f ace c olec t ion ( Lo t J 64 S hook l a bo ra to ry ) . Im anaged a b r ie f v i s i t i n F eb rua ry 1 981 a nd m apped t he s i te a i ded b ye xcelen ta e r ia lp ho tog raph s( L -54 , 4 16/417 ) . L a R ub ia h a s am in imum o f e i gh t mound s r ang ing i n h e igh t f r om t wo m e te r s t o a bou t e i gh t me te r s ( F ig . 1 0 ) . T he t op o ft he h i ghe s t m ound w a s r emoved d u r ing f a rm ing o pe ra t ion s , o r l oo t ing , a nd a n o r ig ina l h e igh t o f 1 0 m e te r s i sa s sumed . T he s i te c ove r s 1 .2 h a . w i th a c on s t ruc t ion m a s s o f 7 4 ,425 m3. I ti sp robab ly l a rge r t h an i n d i ca ted , b u t o n a c coun t o f t he h i gh c o t ton c rop , s mal mound s c ou ld n o t b e s een c l ea r ly . Smal l ow g roup s w e re b a re ly v i s ib le j u s t n o r th a nd n o r thwe s t , h oweve r , i n a dd i t ion t o a g roup e s t ima ted t ob e 2 00 -300 m e te r s e a s t . S hook r epo r ted o the r s t o t he s ou thwe s t . A b i g p l a t fo rm mound , p re sumab ly L a te C la s s ic , i se a s i ly v i s ib le t o t he n o r th o n t h e w e s t b ank o f t he R io B o ton B lanco . L a R ub ia i s o r ien ted 1 50 e as t o f n o r th b u t i t s a r ch i tec tu ra l a r rangemen t d oe s n o t c on fo rm t o t h e t y p ica l F o rma t ive s i te p a t te rn p o s s ib ly d ue t ol a te rc on s t ruc t ion . S hook ' s L o t J 64 i n c luded f i ve o range s l ipped s he rd s , o ne w i th a g rooved r im , a n e ve r ted r im a nd o ne s c aloped e ve r ted r im w i th s ome r ed -on -bu f f . My s urvey r evea led a l i gh t t o med ium s u r f ace s he rd d en s i ty a nd I r e co rded a r ed -o range s c aloped e ve r ted r im , a n O suna " f lowe r p o t " , o ne U su lu tan o r w axy -o range a nd a t oo l imp re s sed e ve r ted r im j a r o ft he C a l i fo rn ia G roup -Aguna w h i te w a shed v a r ie ty ( Pa r son s 1 967 :74 -5 ) . S eve ra l L a te C la s s i c s he rd s w e re a l so o b served b u t t he c ole c t ion w a s p redom ina te ly f r om a s i ng le p e r iod , a nd i sa s s igned t o t he L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive . T he p r ima ry r eg iona l c en te r V i s ta He rmo sa d e L o s C e r r i to s ( S i te N o 4 31901 ) , w h ich i tw as p robab ly s ub jec tt o , i s6 . 5 km t ot he w e s t . C la s s i f ica t ion A s e condary c en te r i n t h e L a te -T e rm ina l F o rma t ive c on s ide red o n t he b a s i so fa rea ,c on s t ruc t ion m as s , a nd l o ca t ion w i th r e spec t t oS i te N o 4 31901 . 4 3 S ITE NO 4 3190 1 ( ALSO OVERLAPS 4 219 ) Map N o

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V i s ta H e rmo sa d eL o sC e r r i to s

N a tura l S e t t ing /Loca t ion T he s i te i s a t e i gh t m e te r s e l eva t ion i n az one o f p oo r ly d ra ined s o i l s 2 km n o r th o f t he C ana l d e C h iqu imu l ila a nd 3 . 0 km n o r th o f t h e P ac i f ic C oas t . I ti sa c tua l ly s i tua ted o n t he F inca L a s Mo rena s a nd n o t t he F inca L o s C e r r i to s f o r w h ich i tw as a pparen t ly n amed . T he n eare s t p e rmanen t w a te r s ou rce a ppea r s t o b e t he R io C o lo ja te 3 . 5 km t o t he w e s t w h ich f l ow s i n to a l a rge s wampy a rea f ed b y s eve ra l r i ve r s . O n ly t wo w a te r s ou rce s a ppear o n m ap s w i th in a 2 . 5 km c a tchmen t r ad iu s a l though a e r ia l p ho tog raph s a nd a p e r sona l r econna i s sance r evea led d ra inage s y s tem s b o th a tt he e as te rn b oundar y o f t he s i te a nd t o t he w e s t . T he s i te i sl o ca ted 3 km s ou thwe s t o f t h e C en t ro A dm in i s t ra t ivo d e l a Z ona d e De sar rolo A g ra r io L o s Ange le s . Mode rn U t i l iza t ion Mo s t o f t he s i te i s u sed f o r c a t t le g r az ing w i th o range g rove s l o ca ted a tt he s ou the rn e nd . Aw a te r r e ser vo i r t a nk a nd v a r ious f i nca b u i ld ing s a re o n t he s i te . A rchaeo log ic a l R ema in s T he s i te w as f i r s t r epo r ted b y P aul ( 1976 :195 ) b u t m i sc las s i f ied a s as e condary c en te r . T he re a re 1 0 r e cogn izab le mound s a nd g ood a e r ia l p ho tog raph s a s s i s ted i n d e l inea t ing t h i s m a jo r c en te r ( L -51 , 5 08/509 ) ; h oweve r , a cce s s w a s l im i ted a nd t he n o r the rn , e as te rn a nd s ou the rn b ounda r ie s o f t he s i te a re u nc lea r . F igu re 1 i s ap re l im inary s ke tch m ap .

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S u r face p o t te ry d en s i ty w a s l i gh t t o m ed ium p robab ly d ue t o d en se g ra s s a nd l ow s h rub s w i th l im i ted e xpo sed s u r f ace a rea s . A s i ng le l o t c on s i s t ing o f 3 8 r im s , t h ree b od ie s a nd s even o b s id ian d e r ived l a rge ly f r om t wo mound sw a s r e co rded . An ine me te r h igh 7 5 x7 5 me te r mound i n t he a d jo in ing f i nca t o t he s ou th w i th a n e xpo sed s u r f ace o n i t s n o r the rn e dge r e vea led o n ly a f ew s he rd s . T he s i te , o r ien ted 1 0° e a s t o f n o r th , c ove r s a n a rea o f a pp rox ima te ly 2 1 .0 h a w i th a c on s t ruc t ion ma s s e s t ima ted a t 1 06 ,000 m3 i n c lud ing o ne l a rge f i ve me te r h i gh 5 0 x 8 5 me te r p l a t fo rm mound . S i te c on f igu ra t ion i st y p ica l o f mo s t m a jo r F o rma t ive c en te r s k nown o n t he P ac i f ic S l ope . T en o r mo re l ow mound s a re 1km w e s t i n o pen f i e ld s w i th a no the r g roup 1 00 me te r s n o r th i n map s qua re 4 318 . O the r s a re i n o pen f i e ld s a bou t 5 0 me te r s s ou th o f t he a cce s s r oad i nt he s ame m ap s qua re a nd al a rge mound i si nm ap s qua re 4 319 . N one o f t he se w a si n ve s t iga ted . P o t te ry w a s p redom ina te ly o f t he M idd le -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive a nd i n c luded a p robab le S aca tepequez Wh i te , s i x o range s l ipped w i th t wo o r t h ree U su lu tan , t h ree r ed s l ipped s he rd s , t h ree t o f ou r t e coma te f o rm s o ne i n c i sed , ac oa r se c ola red j a r , a nd t wo O suna " f lowe r p o t s " . One o f t he U su lu tan s he rd s i sp robab ly a h ooked r im s im i la r t o B a l samo O range Wa re o f t he R io S an t iago G roup ( Pa r son s 1 967 :87 ,f ig 3 8e ) . A r ed s l ipped s he rd w a s s im i la r t oM idd le F o rma t ive ma te r ia l f r om Mon te A l to ( Shook a nd Ha tch -pe r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . Ano the r r ed s l ipped s he rd i sp robab ly Ma te rn idad o r e a r l ie r ( Pa r son s 1 967 :84 -86 ) . T he p re sence o ft he S aca tepequez , t he t e coma te f o rm s , a nd t he e a r ly r ed sl ipped ma te r ia l a rgue f o r t he m idd le t o l a te a spec t o f t he M idd le F o rma t ive a nd w hen c omb ined w i th t he o range s l ipped a nd U su lu tan ma te r ia l i nd ica te a c on t inuou s o ccupa t ion i n to t he L a te t oT e rm ina l F o rma t ive . N o C la s s ic P e r iod m a te r ia l w a s c olec ted b u t may b e p re sen t o n o the r mound s o r a rea s o f t he s i te . T h i s c ou ld b e t he e a rl ie s ts i te w i th p ubl i ca r ch i tec tu re n ea rt he c oa s ti nt he a rea s u rveyed . C la s s i f ica t ion A p r ima ry r eg iona l c en te r p robab ly f r om t he m idd le a spec t o ft he M idd le t h rough T e rm ina lF o rma t ive . 4 . 4 S ITE NO 4 39401 Map No

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N one

N a tu ra l S e t t ing/Loca t ion L oca ted o n f l a t g round a t f i ve me te r s e l eva t ion i n az one o f p oo r ly d ra ined s o i l s , t h e s i te i s 1 . 7 km f r om t he P ac i f ic C oa s t a nd 3 . 5 km f r om s a l t s ou rce s w e s t o f t he mode rn t own o f S ipaca te . I ti so n t he F inca S an F ranc i s co a t t he n o r the rn e dge o f t he P a rce lam ien to Ag ra r io L o s C h i ca le s a nd 3 km n o r thea s t o f t he c a sar io ( t own ) o fS an J o se R ama B lanca . N o c l ea r ly d e f ined w a te r s ou rce s a re w i th in a 1 km c a tchmen t , b u t o ne a t L agune ta R ama B lanca w i th in a 2 . 5 km c a tchmen t i s b e l ieved t o c on ta in p o tab le w a te r . A 1km c a tchmen t c on ta in s 1 0 .0 % w el -d ra ined s o i l s i n c rea s ing t o2 0 .0% f o rt he 2 . 5 km c a tchmen t . Mode rn U t i l iza t ion S an F ranc i sco .

T he s i te i si n c o t ton c u l t iva t ion a nd p a r t o f t he e x ten s ive F inca

A rchaeo log ica l R ema in s A s i ng le o ne me te r h i gh 6 0 x6 0 me te r mound c u t b y ad i r t r oad h ad a med ium d en s i ty o f s u r f ace p o t te ry w i th a l i gh t o b s id ian s c a t te r . S he rd d en s i ty d ec rea sed r ap id ly i n s u r round ing a rea s . T he s i te c ove r s 1 . 0 h a w i th a c on s t ruc t ion ma s s o f 3 , 600 m3. L a rge s i ng le mound s o b ser ved j u s t e a s t o f S i te N o 4 39401 a re r eco rded a s S i te N o ' s 4 39402 a nd 4 39501 . T he se w e re n o t c olec ted b u t a re b e l ieved t o b e C la s s i c P e r iod c on s t ruc t ion s b ecau se o f t he i r r e la t ive i s o la t ion a nd a r ch i tec tu re . B u i ld ing s o f t he F inca S an F ranc i sco a re o n t op o f at y p ica l L a te C la s s ic t h ree t o f ou r me te r h i gh 1 00 x8 0 me te r p l a t fo rm mound ( S i te N o 4 49401 ) , b u t w a s n o t c olec ted . T he s i te i sh eav i ly d amaged a l so b ecau se o f af i nca r oad r unn ing t h rough p a r t o f t he p la t fo rm . Smale r mound s w i th C la s s ic p o t te ry a re t o t he s ou th . S eve ra l l a rge mound s , p o s s ib ly p a r t o f t he g i an t p l a t fo rm mound c omp lex t o t he e a s t o f t h i s g roup ing w e re n o t i n ve s t iga ted . A h i ghe r o rde r p l ace ( S i te N o 4 79501 ) d u r ing t he L a te -Te rm ina lF o rma t ive i s4 . 2 km t ot he n o r th . 4 3

We c olec ted 3 5 r im s , f ou r b od ie s , f i ve o b s id ian a nd o ne f i gu r ine h eadd re s s f r agmen t . O f t he 3 9 i d en t i f iab le s he rd s , 9 0% w e re f r om t he l a te a spec t o f t he M idd le F o rma t ive t h rough T e rm ina l F o rma t ive a nd i n c luded t wo S aca tepequez , o ne l a b ia lf l ange i n i n c i sed b l ack -b rown , a n e ve r ted r im , ab o l s te red r im o f t he p e r iod , a nd a n O suna " f lowe rp o t " . L a te C la s s i c ma te r ia la c coun ted f o r 1 0% o ft he t o ta lc olec ted . C la s s i f ica t ion A f ou r th -o rde r p l ace d u r ing t he l a te a spec t o f t he M idd le F o rma t ive a nd af i f th -o rde rp l ace i nt he L a te -Te rm ina lF o rma t ive . 4 3 S ITE NO 4 50101 Map N o

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E sme ra lda

N a tu ra l S e t t ing/Loca t ion T he s i te i s o n f l a t g round a t s i x me te r s e l eva t ion o n t h e F inca E sme ra lda 4 . 0 km n o r th o f S i paca te a nd 1 . 5 km w e s t o f t he p aved h ighway w h i ch r un s t o S ipaca te . I ti si n az one o fw el -d ra ined s o i l s , 1 00 .0 % w i th in a 1km c a tchmen t a nd 9 0 .0% i n a2 . 5 km c a tchmen t . T he s i te i s4 . 8 km n o r th o ft he P ac i f ic C oa s t a nd 4 . 3 km f r om t he n ea re s t s a l t s ou rce . N o a ppa ren t w a te r s ou rce s a re w i th in 1 o r 2 . 5 k m c a tchmen t sa l though t he n a tu ra ll a nd scape h a sb een d ra s t i ca l ly mod i f ied i nr ecen ty ea r s . Mode rn U t i l iza t ion T he e n t i re a rea i si n a n e x ten s ive z one o f c o t ton a g r icu l tu re o f r e cen t c u l t iva t ion . Ae r ia l p ho tog raph s t aken i n 1 964 ( L -45 ,825/826 ) s how t h i s r eg ion u nde r d en se , p o s s ib ly o r ig ina l t r op ica l f o re s t c ove r . S ince t hen i th a s b een c l ea red w i th m any d ra inage c ana l s a nd d i tche s c u t d u r ing t he p a s t 1 0 t o 1 5 y ea r s mak ing i td i f f icu l t t od e te rm ine o r ig ina l n a tu ra l w a te r c ou r se s a l though a e r ia l p ho tog raph s may h e lp i nt h i s d e te rm ina t ion . A rchaeo log ica l R ema in s T he s i te c omp lex c on s i s t s o f s even mound s i n c lud ing a f i ve me te r h igh 6 0 x7 4 me te r p l a t fo rm mound s u r rounded b y s i x l ow s t ruc tu re s ( F ig . 1 2 ) . A s u r f ace c ole c t ion f r om t h ree o f t he mound s i n c lud ing t he p l a t fo rm i nd i ca ted a l i gh t -med ium t o med ium p o t te ry d en s i ty w i th v i r tua l ly a l o f t he s he rd s c om ing f r om mound s a nd v e ry f ew i ni n te rven ing a rea s . O b s id ian d en s i ty w a s l i gh t t o med ium . We c olec ted 6 1 r im s , s even b od ie s , 1 9 o b s id ian , aL a te C la s s ic b ic onvex b read l o a f t y pe m ano f r agmen t , a n a n ima l w h i s t le a nd f i gu r ine f r agmen t . App rox ima te ly 9 0% o f t h e s he rd s w e re L a te C la s s ic i n c lud ing T iqu i sa te Wa re , c y l ind r ica l v a se s , i n cu rv ing r im b ow l s ( Ta r ro s G roup ) , b l ack g rooved a nd r ed -on -c ream o ft he L a te C la s s ic c omb ined w i th many u nu sua l h eavy c oa r se w a re s o f t he s ame p e r iod ( s a l t u rn s? ) . Abou t 1 0% o f t h e c olec t ion w a s L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive i n c lud ing s eve ra l w i th e ve r ted r im s . T he t o ta l s i te a rea o f 4 . 5 h a w i th a c on s t ruc t ion ma s s o f 2 6 ,651 m3 i sl a rge ly a t t r ibu tab le t o t h e L a te C la s s ic . F o r t he L a te t h rough T e rm ina l F o rma t ive 1 0% o ft h i s f i gu re , b a sed o n t h e c e ram ic p e rcen tage w a s u sed g i v ing a s i te s i ze o f 0 . 5 h a a nd a c on s t ruc t ion ma s s o f 2 , 665 m3. T he o b s id ian c olec t ion i sn o t i n c luded i nt h e F o rma t ive a na ly s i s . Two b a jo s a re l o ca ted n o r thea s t a nd s ou thwe s t o f t he p l a t fo rm mound f r om w h ich c on s t ruc t ion f i l l i sp re sumed t o h ave b een r emoved t o b u i ld t he s i te . An e x ten s ive a rea o f mound s s u r round st he s i te c omp lex r ep re sen t ing b o th F o rma t ive a nd C la s s ic P e r iod o c cupa t ion s . C la s s i f ica t ion A f i f th -o rde r p l ace i nt he L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive a nd n o t c a lcu la ted f o r t he L a te C la s s ic . 4 . 6 S ITE NO 4 50202 Map No

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N one

N a tu ra l S e t t ing/Loca t ion A t a n e l eva t ion o f s i x me te r s , t he s i te i sl o ca ted i n az one o f w el d ra ined s o i l s , 1 00 .0% w i th in 1km a nd 7 9 .0% w i th in a2 . 5 km c a tchmen t , a nd 4 . 8 k m n o r th o f t he P ac i f ic C oa s t o n l a nd o wned b y t he F inca S an F ranc i sco . I ti s4 . 0 k m n o r thwe s t o f t he mode rn t own o f S ipaca te a nd a bou t 5 0 me te r s w e s t o f t he p aved h i ghway r unn ing t o S ipaca te . N o r ead i ly o b se rvab le w a te r s ou rce s a re w i th in a 1 k m 4 4

c a tchmen t a nd o n ly o ne p robab le s ou rce i sw i th in a 2 . 5 km c a tchmen t . w e re a d jacen tt oo rw i th in t h es i te .

S eve ra l b a jo s

Mode rn U t i l iza t ion P r io r t oJ une 1 979 , t he s i te z one w a s i np a s tu re a nd u sed f o r c a t t le g raz ing . I tw a s t hen c onve r ted i n to a n e x ten s ive c o t ton f a rm w i th d ra inage d i tche s e xcava ted , r oad s b uldozed , a nd a g ene ra l s moo th ing o f t he t e r ra in . One mound , t he w e s t s t ruc tu re , w a s d e s t royed a nd u sed a s f i l f o r an ew a i r s t r ip . T he e a s t mound w a s a pp rox ima te ly 5 0% d e s t royed a tt h i st ime . AL a te C la s s ic mound c omp lex 1 00 -150 me te r s t ot he n o r th w a sa l so a f f ec ted b yt he s ame a i r s t r ip c on s t ruc t ion . A rchaeo log ica l R ema in s T h i sw a s at wo mound c omp lex w i th amed ium t oh eavy d en s i ty o f s u r f ace p o t te ry a nd o b s id ian . O r ig ina l d imen s ion s o f t he w e s t mound a re e s t ima ted a t t wo me te r s i n h e igh t a nd 5 0 x5 0 me te r s b e fo re i t s d e s t ruc t ion . T he s male r e a s t mound w as a bou t 1 . 5 m e te r s h i gh a nd 4 0 x4 0 me te r s a t t he b a se . S u r f ace p o t te ry d ecl ined r ap id ly o n l e ve l s u r f ace s o f f t he s t ruc tu re s . A f te r b uldoz ing , t he w e s t mound r evea led a n i n c red ib ly w el p re se rved , d i ve r se c e ram ic c olec t ion w i th n ea r ly w ho le v e s se l s p robab ly u sed a s f une ra ry o r c ache o f fe r ing s s i nce u rn b u r ia l s w e re o b ser ved . L oca lp o th un te r sc on t r ibu ted e n thu s ia s t icaly t ot he mound d e s t ruc t ion ( F ig . 1 3 ) . Two s epa ra te s u r f ace c olec t ion s w e re r e co rded . L o t 4 502 -2B1 f r om t he w e s t mound h a s 16 r im s , 2 8 b od ie s m any n ea r ly w ho le p o t s , 2 5 o b s id ian , ab a rk b ea te r , a nd a me ta te f r agmen t w h i ch o r ig ina l ly h ad b een p a r t o f as cu lp tu re . T he r eve r se o f t he me ta te h a s t he r ema in s o f s halow g roove s a bou t 0 . 5 c m w ide f o rm ing a g eome t r ic p a t te rn o r f a ce . I n a dd i t ion , ar ound p um ice f r agmen t w i th a h o le p a r t ia l ly d r i l led t h rough t he c en te r w a s r e cove red . Two u rn b u r ia l s w e re d i scove red a nd r e tu rned t ot he UCLA I s o tope L abo ra to ry . T he se a re UCLA 2 339B ( Lo t 4 502 -2B1A ) c on s i s t ing o f3 82 g ram s o f a s so r ted l e g , a rm , a nd s kul f r agmen t s i den t i f ied a s p robab ly a n a du l t f ema le ( Dav id B e r ry -pe r sona lc ommun ica t ion 1 980 )w i th aN i t rogen c on ten to f0 . 27% a nd UCLA 2 339C ( Lo t 4 502 -2B1B ) o f 1 51 g ram s o fa s so r ted b one f r agmen t s i d en t i f ied a sp robab ly a y oung ( 8 -10 y ea r o ld ) p e r son , s e x u nknown w i th a N i t rogen c on ten t o f 0 . 24% . B o th s amp le sa wa i ta na ly s i s . T he 2 5o b s id ian a r t i fac t sa re i n c luded i nt he F o rma t ive a na ly s i s . C ole c t ion s f r om t he w e s t mound c on ta ined ag rea t a moun t o fU su lu tan w a re w i th s c aloped e ve r ted , a nd e ve r ted r im s , a n U su lu tan l a b ia l f l ange w i th a k i nd o f b rown -on -bu f f /o range ( a lmo s t ad upl i ca te o f ma te r ia l r eco rded a t S i te N o 5 50601 E l Mu rc ie lago 1 km t o t he n o r th ) . I n We the r ing ton ' s K am ina l juyu t y pe c ole c t ion a t t he Mu seo N ac iona l , t h i sw a re i sv i r tua l ly i d en t ica l t oM i ra f lo re s Wh i te P a s te Wa re , V e rbena I vo ry T ype , U su lu tan V a r ie ty , d a ted t o t he L a te F o rma t ive (We the r ing ton 1 978 :107 ,127 , F ig 1 6a ) . O the r s w e re O suna c oa r se , w axy o range w a re s , i n c i sed b l ack -b rown w a re s , a s wolen mamma ry s uppo r t w i th r im i d en t ica l t o ma te r ia l f r om S i te N o . 4 50601 a nd a w ho le p o t f r agmen t o f f e red t o u s a tS i te N o . 7 70701 ( La Mo rena ) a nd i d en t ica l t o S -Z a ng le b ow l s o ft he Ma te rn idad G roup ( Pa r son s 1 967 :84 -87 ) , ( F ig . 1 4 ) . T he w e s t mound i s v i r tualy 1 00% L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive a nd c ove r s 0 . 6 h a w i th a c on s t ruc t ion ma s s o f a pp rox ima te ly 5 000 m3. T he e a s t mound a l so h ad ah i gh d en s i ty o fp o t te ry b u t c on s ide rab ly f ewe r o b s id ian w i th 6 2 r im s , 1 0 b od ie s a nd s even o b s id ian c olec ted f r om t he n ew ly e xpo sed i n te r io r a nd r eco rded a s L o t 4 502 -2B2 . S tone w a s a ppa ren t ly n o t u sed i ne i the r mound a sn one w a s n o ted i n c on s t ruc t ion f i l l b u t o n ly c l ay , o r am ix tu re o f c l ay a nd e a r th . O the r a r t i fac t s c olec ted i n c luded a m in ia tu re p o t te ry b ow l a bou t 4 5 c m h igh w i th a r im d i ame te r o f 1 . 5 c m s haped l i ke as qua sh , aj ade c e l t f r agmen t , amano f r agmen t i nv e ry d en se b a sa l t , t wo a n ima l/b i rd f i gu r ine f r agmen t s , af i gu r ine t o r so f r agmen t , a nd a s p ind le w ho r l . P o t te ry i n c luded h i gh f r equenc ie s o f T iqu i sa te Wa re , B i lbao C oa r se , R ecue rdo , F i rpo a nd L uc iana G roup s , a nd c yl ind r ica lv a se s . T h i s mound a nd s i te a rea i s 1 0% E a r ly C la s s i c a nd 9 0% L a te C la s s ic c ove r ing 0 . 5 h aw i th ac on s t ruc t ion m a s s o f2 400 m3. T he s even o b s id ian a r t i f ac t s i n L o t 4 502 -2B2 , i n c lud ing a n o b s id ian c o re w i th a n u nu sua ld oub le p l a t fo rm ,a re n o ti n c luded i nt he F o rma t ive a na ly s i s . B ecause o f i t s p rox im i ty t o t he p robab le p r ima ry r eg iona l c en te r o n ly 0 . 6 km t o t he w e s t ( S i te N o 4 50203 ) , t he w e s t mound p robab ly s e rved e xc lu s ive ly e i the r a s a n e l i te s t ruc tu re , g i ven t he d en s i ty o f i mpo r ted p o t te ry , o b s id ian a r t i f ac t s a nd b u r ia l s , o r o n ly 4 5

a s af une ra ry s t ruc tu re . I n e i the r c a se , i tp robab ly s hou ld n o t b e t r ea ted a s as epa ra te s i te a nd t he t wo a d jacen t mound s w e re p robab ly n o t u sed c on tempo raneou s ly . S i te N o . 4 50201 , ap a r t ia l ly d e s t royed t h ree mound c omp lex w i th a h eavy s u r f ace p o t te ry d en s i ty a nd o ne u rn b u r ia l , i s1 00 -150 me te r s n o r th . C e ram i c ma te r ia l f r om t h i s c omp lex d a ted f r om t he L a te C la s s ic i n to t he E a r ly P o s tc la s s ic . J u s t t o t he e a s t a c ro s s t he S ipaca te H ighway a re S i te N o4 50301 a nd S i te N o4 50302 ( s ee b e low ) . C la s s i f ica t ion T he s i te i s af i f th -o rde r p l ace f r om t h e L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive a nd m ay l a te rb ec l a s s i f ied a s as pec ia lp urpo se c en te r . 4 . 7 S ITE NO 4 50203 Map N o

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N a tu ra l S e t t ing/Loca t ion T h i s l a rge c omp lex i sa ts i x me te r s e l eva t ion , 4 . 0 km n o r th o f t he mode rn t own o f S ipaca te , 4 . 8 km f r om t he P ac i f i c C oa s t , a nd o n ly 4 . 0 km f r om t he n ea re s t o f n ume rou s mode rn s a l t s ou rce s a d jo in ing S i paca te . I ti so n ly 0 . 6 km w e s t o f t he p aved S ipaca te h ighway a nd i sl o ca ted o n T ype IB o r s andy w el -d ra ined s o i l s o f t he l owe r c oa s t w i th 1 00 .0% w el d ra ined s o i l s w i th in a 1km a nd 8 7 .0% w i th in a2 . 5 km c a tchmen t . N o o bv iou s w a te r s ou rce s a re a ppa ren t w i th in a 1km c a tchmen t b u t al ow s wampy a rea l i e s e a s t o f t he s i te w i th in a 2 . 5 km c a tchmen t a nd may h ave b een a n a nc ien tp o tab le w a te rs ou rce . Mode rn U t i l iza t ion T he s i te c omp lex a nd s u r round ing l a nd a re o n t h ree s epa ra te f i nca s . A n o r thea s te rn c omp lex a nd a d jo in ing l a nd s t o t h e n o r th e a s t a nd n o r th a re o n t h e F inca S an F ranc i sco t hen ( 1979 ) c onve r t ing f r om c a t t le r anch ing a nd p a s tu re t o ac o t ton f a rm . T he c omp lex n o r th o f t he r oad i sp a r t o f t he F inca E sme ra lda , ac o t ton f a rm . T he ma jo r s i te c omp lex s ou th o f t he r oad i so n t he F inca S an L u i s , af a rm d evo ted t o b o th c a t t le a nd c o t ton w i th t he s i te p o r t ion u sed f o r c a t t le g raz ing a nd c ove red w i th d en se g ra s s , l ow s h rub s , s ome t r ee s a nd p a lme t to s . S i te d amage w a s n o rma l i n t h e c o t ton g row ing a rea s a nd m in ima l i n p a s tu re s e x cep t f o r l oo t ing . A d i r t r oad r un s n o r th a nd w e s tt h rough t he u ppe rs i te c omp lex c u t t ing t h rough f ou rt of i ve mound s . A rchaeo log ica l R ema in s T he t o ta l s i te c omp lex c on s i s t s o f a pp rox ima te ly 2 3 mound s ( F igu re 1 5 ) . Un fo r tuna te ly , a c ce s s w a s p o s s ib le o n ly o n s e c t ion s l y ing o n t he F inca s S an F ranc i sco a nd E sme ra lda a nd d e sp i te n ume rou s a t temp t s w a s r e fu sed o n t he m a jo r p o r t ion l y ing a d jacen t t o t he s ou th o n t he F inca S an L u i s . Two s epa ra te s u r f ace c olec t ion s w e re m ade . L o t 4 50203 -3B2 , w a s o f al i gh t t o med ium p o t te ry d en s i ty m a in ly o n t he t op a nd s i de s o f a1 20 me te r l ong mound a nd a s soc ia ted 7 0 x3 0 me te r p l a t fo rm mound a t t he n o r thea s t c o rne r o f t he s i te . A f ew s he rd s w e re c olec ted i n i n te rven ing a rea s . A s mal b a jo i st o t he e a s t o f t he p l a t fo rm . A t o ta l o f 7 3 r im s , 1 3 b od ie s a nd 2 0 o b s id ian w e re r e co rded . T h i s p o r t ion o f t he s i te c on s i s ted o f f i ve mound s t ruc tu re s i n c lud ing t he l ong mound w i th a t o ta l c on s t ruc t ion m a s s o f 1 ,383 m3. T he p o t te ry w a s p r ima r i ly u t i l i ta r ian w a re s o f t he L a te C la s s ic w i th s e ve ra l T iqu i sa te Wa re s , a n a nnu la r b a se a nd r ed -on -b lack . T he re w e re a l so s eve ra l X a ta/V ic to ry G roup , o ne O suna " f lowe r p o t " a nd t wo U su lu tan e ve r ted r im s . T h i sc omp lex i s1 0% T e rm ina lF o rma t ive , 1 0% E a r ly C la s s ic a nd 8 0% L a te C la s s ic . T he 2 0 o b s id ian a r t i f ac t s f r om L o t 4 502 -3B2 a re n o t i n c luded i nt he F o rma t ive a na ly s i s . L o t 4 50203 -3B1 i sf r om a n e i gh t mound c omp lex n o r th a nd w e s t o ft he d i r t r oad o n t he F inca E sme ra lda a nd a r ch i tec tu raly a ppea r s F o rma t ive . C on s t ruc t ion m as s o ft h i s g roup w a s 1 0 ,302 m3. S u r f ace p o t te ry w a s l i gh t t o m ed ium w i th 7 2 r im s , 1 8 b od ie s , 1 0 o b s id ian , ap robab le g ran i te mano f r agmen t a nd a r ound p um ice f r agmen t w i th a h o le , p o s s ib ly a f i she rman s n e t f l oa t . C e ram ic s i n c luded s c aloped e ve r ted r im s , i n c i sed r im s i n h a rd w axy o range , ab l ack -on -o range p o s s ib le U su lu tan v a r ian t , aL a V i c to r ia r ed -on -c ream v a r ian t o f E l B a l samo B rown , s eve ra l t e coma te s p robab ly b e long ing t ot h e l a te a spec t o f t he M idd le F o rma t ive , s eve ra l m amm i fo rm v e s se l s uppo r t s o f t h e L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive , s ome A come G roup (O suna c oa r se ) a nd O suna " f lowe r p o t s " . On ly a f ew L a te C la s s ic s he rd s w e re f ound i n c lud ing t wo u ndeco ra ted b eve led r im j a r s a nd a T iqu i sa te r ed . T h i s p o r t ion o f t he s i te c omp le x i s9 0% L a te -Te rm ina l F orma t ive 4 6

a nd 1 0% L a te C la s s i c , w i th t he p o s s ib i l i ty t ha t aM idd le F o rma t ive c omponen t ( l a te a spec t ) e x i s t s . T he 1 0 o b s id ian a r t i f ac t s i n L o t 4 50203 -3B1 a re i n c luded i n t h e F o rma t ive a na ly s i s . I na smuch a s a c ce s s w a s d en ied t o as i gn if ican t p o r t ion o f t he z one , w e s ke tched s i te d imen s ion s w h i le w a lk ing t he f ence l i ne s s epa ra t ing t he f i nca s w i th B run ton c ompa s s a nd t ape c omb ined w i th a c l o se e xam ina t ion o f a e r ia l p ho tog r eh s ( L -45 ,824/825 ) a nd d e l inea ted a s ou the rn c omp lex o f 1 0 mound s t o ta l ing 8 5 ,750 m i o f c on s t ruc t ion m a s s . T he t o ta l s i te t he re fo re c ove r s a pp rox ima te ly 4 2 .0 h a w i th a c on s t ruc t ion ma s s o f 1 07 ,435 m3. A s t he t wo s u r f ace c olec ted z one s w e re a lmo s t e qua l ly d i s t r ibu ted b e tween L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive a nd L a te C la s s ic c omponen t s , a nd g i ven t he a r ch i tec tu re o f t he ma in z one w h ich s eem s t o c omb ine t he r e la t ive ly l a rge mound s t ruc tu re s a nd a l ignmen t s o f t he F o rma t ive w i th t he l a rge g i an t p l a t fo rm s o f t he C la s s ic , a nd t he p rox im i ty o f o the r mound g roup s r ep re sen t ing b o th c h rono log ica l p e r iod s , Ia s sume t ha t t h i s p o r t ion o f t he s i te c omp lex i sc ompo sed o f 5 0% f r om e ach t ime p e r iod . T o s umma r ize , i nt he L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive a nd L a te C la s s ic , t he s i te c ove r s 2 1 .0 h a w i th a c on s t ruc t ion ma s s o f 5 3 ,919 m3. Due t o t he p auc i ty o f E a r ly C la s s ic r ema in s c ole c ted , Ia s sume t ha t o n ly 1 0% , o r 4 . 2 h a i so ccup ied d u r ing t ha t t ime w i th ac on s t ruc t ion m a s so f1 0 ,744 m3. I t i sp o s s ib le i n s tead t ha t t he b u lk o f t he s i te w a s p r ima r i ly b u i l t a nd o ccup ied d u r ing a ny o ne o f t h e se p e r iod s , b u t a va i lab le e v idence s uppo r t s t he se p re l im inar y s t a temen t s . T h i s e v idence i n c lude s n ea re s t n e ighbo r d i s tance s t o e qu iva len t r ank a nd t he s pa t ia l d i s t r ibu t ion o fl owe r r anked c en te r s ( t h i rd ) f r om w i th in 4 . 3 t o 6 . 6 km o f t h i s s i te c omp lex . A mo re d e ta i led d i s cu s s ion i sp re sen ted i n C hap te r V I o n S e t t lemen t P a t te rn sa nd Ana ly s i s . Ano the r p o s s ib il i ty i s t ha t ar eg iona l s i te c omp lex e x i s t s e i the r i n a n a rea w e p a r t ia l ly p ene t ra ted b el ieved t o b e i n ( o r n ea r ) m ap s qua re 4 907 a nd t he l o ca t ion o f a h igh t w in s t o ry p y ram id , o r t he P o lanco s i te r epo r ted b y S hook i n 1 967 b el ieved t o b e n ea r map s qua re 5 008 . T h i s w a s at w in p y ram id c omp lex w i th a s soc ia ted s cu lp tu re a nd aF o rma t ive d a t ing . Ib el ieve t hey b o th m ay r ep re sen t t he s ame s i te c omp lex a s t he P o lanco f am i ly a re o wne r s o f t he a rea c ove red i n d en se t r op ica l f o re s t i n a nd a round map s qua re 4 907 . B o th c omp lexe s a re a pp rox ima te ly 6 t o 7 km n o r thea s t o f S i te N o 4 50203 . I fs o , t hen t he c omp lex i ty o f t he L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive h i e ra rch ica l s i te d i s t r ibu t ion may b ei n c rea sed . C la s s i f ica t ion T en ta t ive ly L a te -Te rm ina lF o rma t ive .

a s s igned

a s

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N a tu ra l S e t t ing/Loca t ion T he s i te i s o n t he F inca S an F ranc i sco a t f i ve me te r s e l eva t ion . I ti s5 . 0 k m f r om t he P ac i f ic C oa s t , 4 . 3 km t o t he n ea re s t s a l t s ou rce a nd 4 . 0 km n o r th o f t he m ode rn t own o f S i paca te . T he p aved S i paca te h i ghway i sa t t he w e s te rn e dge o f ap o r t ion o f t he s i te . I ti si n az one o f w el -d ra ined s o i l s , 9 3% i n a1 km c a tchmen t a nd 7 9% i n a2 . 5 km c a tchmen t . Two w a te r s ou rce s a re w i th in b o th c a tchmen t s . Mode rn U t i l iza t ion T h i s i sp ar t o f t he s ame z one a s S i te N o 4 50202 w h ich a tt he t ime o f my v i s i t w a s u nde rgo ing a t r an s fo rma t ion f r om c a t t le t o c o t ton w i th a c company ing s i te d i s tu rbance a nd d e s t ruc t ion . I n J u ly 1 979 , f i nca b u i ld ing s w e re o n t op o f a mound w ho se u ppe rp o r t ion h ad b een s haved d own b ya pp rox ima te ly o ne me te rt oa c commoda te t he s t ruc tu re s . T he w e s t mound h ad b een 3 0% d e s t royed b y t he S ipaca te h i ghway a nd t he r ema inde rw a si nc o t ton c u l t iva t ion . A rchaeo log ica l R ema in s T h i s t wo mound g roup i sj u s t e a s t o f S i te N o 4 50201 , aL a te C la s s ic -Ea r ly P o s tc la s s i c g roup w e s t o f t he h i ghway . Two s u r face c olec t ion s w e re r e co rded . L o t 4 503 -1B1 f r om t he 3 . 5 m e te r h igh 3 7 x3 7 me te r mound o n w h ich t he 4 7

h ou se s i t s , w he re a med ium d en s i ty o fs u r f ace p o t te ry i n c lud ing 4 4 r ims , f ou r b od ie s a nd s even o b s id ian w as f ound p r ima r i ly o n t he e rod ing a nd f r e sh ly e xpo sed mound b ank s . T h i s ma te r ia l w as 1 0% L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive i n c lud ing s eve ra l o range s l ipped e ve r ted r ims o ne s c aloped a nd a n O suna " f lowe r p o t " . L a te C la s s ic w are s a ccoun ted f o r 9 0% w i th t he u sua lB i lbao , Aguna c oar se a nd T iqu i sa te Ware s . T he o the r c olec t ion , L o t 4 503 -1B2 w a s f r om a 1 . 5 me te r h i gh 5 0 x5 0 me te r mound a nd w as a med ium t o h igh d en s i ty s u r face c olec t ion c on s i s t ing o f4 8 r im s , s even b od ie s , s even o b s id ian , a nd s eve ra l h uman a nd a n ima l f i gur ine f r agmen t s . T h i s c olec t ion w a s v i r tua l ly a l L a te C la s s ic u t i l i ta r ian w a re s i n c lud ing a n a nnu lar s uppor t , s a r tene s , B i lbao , Aguna c oar se , a nd T iqu i sa te . I ti sn ow o bv iou s t ha t t h i s mound i s ap a r t o f t he L a te C la s s ic S i te No 4 50201 o n t he w e s t s i de o f t he h i ghway . I n t he L a te -Te rm ina l F orma t ive , t he s i te c ove r s 0 . 06 h a ( 10% o f a0 . 56 h a a rea c ove red b y t he f i r s t c olec t ion ) w i th a c on s t ruc t ion ma s s o f 4 79 m3. Ob s id ian i n b o th c olec t ion s w a s n o t u sed i nt he F o rma t ive a na ly s i s . C la s s i f ica t ion A f i f th -o rde rp lace d u r ing t he L a te -Te rm ina lF orma t ive p e r iod . 4 . 9 S ITE NO 4 50302 Map No

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N a tu ra l S e t t ing/Loca t ion A t a n e l eva t ion o f f i ve me te r s , t h i s s i te i sa l so o n t he F inca S an F ranc i sco , 4 . 6 km f r om t he P ac i f ic C oa s t , 3 . 8 km f r om s a l t s ou rce s n ea r S ipaca te , a nd 4 km n o r th o f S ipaca te . I ti sw i th in aw el -d ra ined s o i l z one , 1 00 % w i th in a 1k m a nd 8 0% w i th in a 2 . 5 km c a tchmen t . Apparen t w a te r s ou rce s a re t he s ame a s S i te N o 4 50301 t o t he n or th . A l ow s wampy a rea i st o t he e a s t a nd a no the r , L agune ta s L a s P lace tas ,p arale l st he c oa s t2 . 5 km t ot he s ou th . Mode rn U t i l iza t ion Du r ing J une a nd J u ly 1 979 , t he s i te a nd z one w as u nde rgo ing t h e s ame t r an s forma t ion a s a l o the r s o n t he F inca S an F ranc i sco f r om c a t t le g raz ing t o i n tens ive a nd e x ten s ive c o t ton f a rm ing . A rchaeo log ica l R ema ins A l i gh t s he rd ( 17 ) a nd o b s id ian d ens i ty o ve r lay s as mal t h ree mound g roup w i th l ow mound s r ang ing f r om 0 . 5 t o 2 . 0 me te r s h i gh a pp rox ima te ly 4 00 me te r s f r om S i te No 4 50301 . A L a te C la s s ic mound g roup ( S i te No 4 40301) i s3 00 me te r s t o t he s ou th . T he c olec t ion f r om S i te No 4 50302 c on s i s ts o f 1 2 r im s , f i ve b od ie s , a nd t h ree o b s id ian i n c lud ing a n O suna " f lowe r p o t " , C a l i forn ia G roup ( Aguna w h i te -washed ) , a n e ve r ted r ed -o range r im a nd o ne g raph i te -on red . T he s i te i s9 0% T e rm ina l F o rma t ive a nd 1 0% L a te C la s s ic . Du r ing t he T e rm ina l F orma t ive , t he s i te o ccup ied 2 . 0 h a w i th a c ons t ruc t ion ma s s o f 3 , 813 m3. Ob s id ian i s i n c luded i n t h e F o rma t ive a na ly s i s . C las s i f ica t ion A f i f th -orde rp l ace d u r ing t he T e rm ina lF o rma t ive . 4 . 10 S ITE NO 4 50401 Map No

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N a tura l S e t t ing/Loca t ion T he s i te , a l so o n t he F inca S an F ranc i sco , i s a ta n e l eva t ion o f f i ve me te r s a nd 5 . 1 km f r om t he P ac i f ic C oa s t , 4 . 3 km f r om t he n eare s t s a l t s ou rce , a nd 5 km n or thea s t o f t he mode rn t own o f S ipaca te . T he F inca E l P ara i so i s 2 km t o t h e n o r th a nd t he S ipaca te h ighway 1 . 3 km t o t he w e s t . T he s i te i sa t t he n or the rn e dge o f w ha t w a s al ow s wampy a rea c ove r ing 5 0 -75 h a a nd i s o n t he e dge o f t he l i ne d i v id ing w el -d ra ined f r om p oo r ly d ra ined s o i l s . App rox ima te ly 5 0% w el -d ra ined s o i l s a re w i th in a 1km a nd 6 4% w i th in a2 km c a tchmen t . T h ree w a te r s ou rce s a re w i th in a 2 . 5 km c a tchmen t . Mode rn U t i l iza t ion T he s i te u nderwen t h eavy d amage i n t he s umme r o f 1 979 a s t h e f i nca w a s t r an s formed f r om c a t t le r anch ing t o c o t ton c u l t iva t ion . L ow a reas w e re b e ing 4 8

d ra ined t h rough t he c on s t ruc t ion o fe x ten s ive d ra inage d i tche s a nd c ana l s c omb ined w i th g ene ra ll e vel ing o ft he t e r ra in . A rchaeo log ica l R ema in s T he s i te c on s i s t s o f as i x me te r h i gh 5 5 x6 0 m e te r mound j o ined b y at wo me te r h i gh 2 8 x1 5 me te r s t ruc tu re . A l a rge b a jo i sa d jacen t o n t he w e s t s i de . T he l a rge r m ound a ppea r s t o o r ien t 2 0° e a s t o f n o r th , b u t t h i s i sb y n o mean sc e r ta in b ecau se o ft he i r regu la ro u t l ine o ft he f e a tu re ( F ig . 1 6 , 1 7 ) . A med ium t o h i gh d en s i ty s u r f ace p o t te ry a nd o b s id ian s c a t te r o n t he s t ruc tu re a nd b a se d ec l ine s r ap id ly t o l i gh t , t o v e ry l i gh t i n s u r round ing a rea s . We c olec ted a s i ng le l o t o f 6 9 r im s , n ine b od ie s a nd 1 6 o b s id ian a r t i f ac t s i n c lud ing s i x o range sl ipped e ve r ted r im s o ne s c aloped , i n c i sed l a b ia l f l ange s , U su lu tan , s eve ra l O suna " f lowe r p o t s " , C a l i fo rn ia G roup ( Aguna w h i te -wa shed ) , C en iza G roup b o l s te red r im v a se s , h olow b u lbou s mamm i fo rm s uppo r t s , a nd V ic to ry G roup ( Xa ta B lack -B rown ) . T he s i te i s7 5% L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive a nd 2 5% E a r ly C la s s ic c ove r ing a n a rea o f 1 . 8 h a w i th a c on s t ruc t ion m a s s o f 2 0 ,640 m3 i n t he L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive . T he o b s id ian i s i n c luded i nt he F o rma t ive a na ly s i s . C la s s i f ica t ion I s af ou r th -o rde rp l ace d u r ing t he L a te -Te rm ina lF o rma t ive . 4 . 11 S ITE NO 4 50601 Map N o

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N a tu ra l S e t t ing /Loca t ion A t a n e l eva t ion o f f i ve me te r s t he s i te i sn ea r t he e a s te rn e dge o f t he F inca S an F ranc i sco , 4 . 8 km f r om t he P ac i f ic C oa s t , a nd 4 . 0 km n o r th o fa n e x ten s ive s a l t p roduc ing a rea e a s t o f S ipaca te 6 km t o t he s ou thwe s t . T he p aved h ighway t o S ipaca te i sa bou t 4 km t o t he w e s t . T he s i te i sa tt he n o r thea s te rn e dge o f as wampy a rea o r l a goon s y s tem s im i la r t o t ha t o f S i te N o 4 50401 t o t he w e s t a nd a no the r l ow a rea o b se rved 1 00 me te r s t o t he n o r thea s t . I ti sl o ca ted i n ar eg ion o f w el -d ra ined s o i l s , 1 00% w i th in a 1km c a tchmen t a nd 5 5% w i th in a 2 . 5 km c a tchmen t , b u t Iq ue s t ion t he v e rac i ty o ft he s o i l sm ap i nt h i sp a r t icu la ra rea . Mode rn U t i l iza t ion A s w i th a l s i te s o n t he F inca S an F ranc i sco t h i s w a s u nde rgo ing t r an s fo rma t ion f r om c a t t le g raz ing t o c o t ton c u l t iva t ion w i th med ium s i te d i s tu rbance a nd d e s t ruc t ion f r om p l ow ing , c on s t ruc t ion o f d ra inage s y s tem s , a nd b uldoz ing . S i x w a te r s ou rce s a re w i th in a2 . 5 km c a tchmen t i n c lud ing p a r t o f t he e x ten s ive R io A come ( La Gome ra ) d ra inage t ot he e a s t p robab ly o ne o ft he f ew r e l iab le w a te r s ou rce s i nt h i s p a r to ft he l owe rc oa s ta lp l a in . A rchaeo log ica l R ema in s T he s i te h a s t h ree mound s ; at h ree me te r h igh 5 0 x5 0 me te r s t ruc tu re a nd t wo e ach f i ve me te r h igh 5 0 x5 0 me te r mound s , a l igned n o r th sou th ( F ig .18 , 1 9 ) . A med ium t oh igh d en s i ty s u r f ace a nd o b s id ian s c a t te r w a s o b ser ved w i th d en s i t ie s d ec l in ing r ap id ly i n t he i n te rven ing a rea s . We o b se r ved many l ow mound s b e tween S i te N o 4 50401 t o t he w e s t a nd 4 50601 . O the r mound s t o t he s ou th i n m ap s qua re 4 306 a nd a r epo r ted s i te , E l P or ven i r ( S i te N o 4 30701 ) , a l so t o t he s ou th w e re n o tv i s i ted . Two s epa ra te c olec t ion sw e re m ade o n N o 4 50601 a s s hown o n t he S i te Map . L o t 4 506 -1B1 w a s f r om b o th f i ve me te r mound s w i th 7 4 r im s , 1 5 b od ie s a nd 1 o b s id ian c olec ted . P o t te ry i n c luded m any g l o s sy ( waxy ) o range s ome w i th e ve r ted r im s , a g raph i te -on red , ac u r iou s b l ack f l anged g a sh inc i sed , n ubb in s uppo r t s , m amm i fo rm s uppo r t s s im i la r t o Ma te rn idad G roup , a n O suna " f lowe r p o t " , o ne s apo t oad b ow l r im i n r edd i sh -o range , a nd s e ve ra l T a r ro s -B i lbao c oa r se w a re s . T h i s p a r t o f t he s i te i s p redom ina te ly ( 9 5% ) L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive w i th n o E a r ly C la s s ic a nd v e ry l i gh t L a te C la s s ic . Ob s id ian i si n c luded i nt he F o rma t ive a na ly s i s . T he o the r c olec t ion , L o t 4 506 -1B2 , f r om t he s ou the r ly t h ree me te r h i gh mound o f 5 1 r im s , 1 b od ie s a nd 1 4 o b s id ian i sp r ima r i ly L a te C la s s ic i n c lud ing a nnu la r b a se s , B i lbao C oa r se , B au lC oa r se ,T iqu i sa te Wa re , a nd R ecue rdo u rn s . Many s he rd sw e re f r om h eavy u t i l i ta r ian w a re s t y p ica l o f t he L a te C la s s i c . A l i gh t L a te F o rma t ive t h rough 4 9

T e rm ina l F o rma t ive c omponen t i n c luded s ome U su lu tan , S -Z a ng le b ow l s a nd " f lowe r p o t s " . T h i s p or t ion o f t he s i te i s2 0% L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive a nd 8 0% L a te C las s ic . Ob s id ian i sn o t i n c luded i n t he F orma t ive a na ly s i s . T he t o ta l s i te t he re fo re c ove r s o f 7 . 4 h a w i th a c on s t ruc t ion ma s s o f 2 6 ,500 mi d u r ing t he L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive d ec l in ing t o 1 . 5 h aa nd 6 000 m3 d u r ing t he L a te C las s ic . C la s s i f ica t ion A t h i rd -orde rp l ace d u r ing t he L a te -Te rm ina lF o rma t ive p e r iod . 4 . 12 S ITE NO 4 58501 Map No

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N a tura l S e t t ing/Loca t ion A t f our me te r s e l eva t ion , t he s i te i sl o ca ted o n t he F inca S an J uan L a S e lva ( no t t o b e c onfu sed w i th t he F inca a nd L a te C las s ic s i te o f S an J uan 4 km t o t he n o r thea s t ) . L a S e lva i so n ly 1 . 7 km f r om t he P ac i f ic C oas t a nd 8 . 8 km f r om t he s a l t c en te r o f S a l ina s S an ta R os i ta t o t he w e s t . C lo se r s a l t s ource s may b e p re sen t . T he mou th o f t he R io C oyo la te , a ma jo r d ra inage s y s tem a nd t he p ro jec t ' s w e s te rn r eg iona l b oundary i s 2 km t o t he s ou thwe s t . T he s i te i sl o ca ted i n a n a rea o f w el d ra ined s o i l s , 7 0% w i th in a 1 km a nd 6 0% w i th in a 2 . 5 km c a tchmen t . F ou r w a te r s ou rce s a re w i th in a 2 . 5 km c a tchmen t r ad iu s i n c lud ing t he R io C oyo la te . A l a goon -e s tua ry s y s tem a l ong t he P ac i f ic C oa s t i s o n ly 1 km t o t he s ou th . How t he s h i f t ing R io C oyo la te a s s hown o n a e r ia l p ho tog raph s a f fec ted s i te l o ca t ion r ema in s t o b ed e te rm ined . Mode rn U t i l iza t ion A l l t he s i te i sw i th in p a s ture o f al a rge c a t t le g raz ing o pe ra t ion a nd c ove red w i th r e la t ive ly l ow g ra s se s , s h rub s a nd a s ca t te r ing o f t r ee s a nd p a lm s . T h i s e n t i re r eg ion w a s u nde r h eavy t r op ica l f o re s t c ove r a s r ecen t ly a s 1 964 a nd mode rn u t i l iza t ion i sc ompa ra t ive ly r ecen t . A rchaeo log ica l R ema ins T h i s ma jor s i te c omp lex w a s f i r s t r e corded b y S hook , Ha tch , a nd P au l l o n May 5 ,1 971 w hen 5 0 -100 mound s w e re t r ansc r ibed i n s tead o ft he 1 8w h ich Ii n i t ia l ly o b served ( F ig . 2 0 ) . A s u r face c ole c t ion o f p o t tery a nd t wo o b s id ian w as a l so r ecorded a t t ha t t ime ( Lo t J 68 S hook l a bo ra to ry ) . S hook r epor ted t he s i te t o b e P rec la s s ic w i th mound g roup s f o rm ing t wo p a rale l p l azas a l igned n o r th -sou th i n t he t y p ica l F o rma t ive a rch i tec tu ra l c on f igu ra t ion . P aul e r roneou s ly i n c lude s L a S e lva a s a f i r s t -orde r L a te C la s s ic c en te r a pp rox ima te ly 1km i nd i ame te rw i th o ve r 8 0 mounds a nd a ppea r s t o h ave c on fused i tw i th t he B a lbe r ta s i te ( S i te No 5 82001) o n t he F inca S an ta R i ta L os Ama te s w h ich l i e s j u s t t o t he e a s t o f t he F inca L a S e lva ( Paul 1 976 :189 ,195 ) . F olow ing s eve ra l a bo r ted a t temp t s , Imade ab r ie fr econna i s sance o n F ebrua ry 2 5 ,1981 . T he f olow ing s ummary i st he re fore b a sed o n my r e conna i ssance , s ke tch map , s mal s he rd c olec t ion , d i scu s s ion sw i th S hook a nd Ha tch , a nd a ne xam ina t ion o fL o tJ 68 . L a S e lva i s al a rge c omp lex w i th t wo t yp ica l F orma t ive s t y le e l onga ted p laza s a l igned e as t o f n or th sou th a l b u i l t o n al ow 1 1 .5 me te r p l a t form b ase . Io b se rved 1 8 mound s r ang ing f r om 1 . 5 t o 1 2 me te r s i nh e igh t , c ove r ing a pp rox ima te ly 2 6 .3 h a w i th a c on s t ruc t ion ma s s o f 1 48 ,712 m3. T he t op o ft he 1 2 me te r mound w a s r ecen t ly t r enched b y l oo te r s . Two o the r c omp lexe s a bou t 5 00 me te r s n or th a nd e as t a ppea r t o b e L a te C la s s ic p l a t fo rm mounds , b u t w e re n o t c olec ted a nd a re n o t i n c luded i n t h i s a na ly s i s . L ow mound s w e re a l so n o ted s ou th o f L a S e lva i nc o t ton f i e ld s . T he se w e re p robab ly r epor ted b y S hook i n 1 971 a s S a lva je ( S i te No 48501) , a nd a s i ng le f i ve t o s i x me te r h igh mound e as t o f L a S e lva a s S e lva P e rd ida ( S i te No 4 58601) . None h ave b een c olec ted o r mapped . S hook ' s L o t J 68 i n c luded o range sl ipped U su lu tan s he rd s , s eve ra l w i th e ve r ted r im s , ag raph i te -on red , a nd a g rooved t e coma te . My v e ry s mal c olec t ion , o w ing t o t h ick g ra s s a nd t he p re sence o f s eve ra l f e roc ious a ppear ing b ul s , i n c lude s Yuca le s G roup -Xa ta b l ack -b rown , o ne w i th a t y p ica l t ab l ike p ro t ru s ion o n t he r im ( Par son s 1 967 :82 -4 ) , f our o range s l ipped o ne p robab ly U su lu tan , ar ed s l ip -on -bu f f a nd a b rown , a l t y p ica l o f t he L a te -Te rm ina l F orma t ive p e r iod ( Ha tch -pe r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . A s n o c l ea r -cu t M idd le F orma t ive , o r e a rl ie r , ma te r ia l s w e re c olec ted , t he s i te i sa s s igned 5 0

t ot he L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive . T he c olec t ion s a re q u i te meage r a nd g i ven t he l im i ted i n ve s t iga t ion as i gn i f ican te a rl ie rc omponen t may b ep re sen t . C la s s i f ica t ion L a S e lva i s ap r ima ry r eg iona l p l ace d u r ing t he L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive P e r iod . T he c l a s s i f ica t ion i sf u r the r s uppo r ted b y i t s s i ze , t he mean d i s tance s b e tween r eg iona lc en te r sd u r ing t h e se p e r iod s , a nd o the rl o ca t iona lf a c to r s( Chap te rV I ) . 4 . 13 S ITE NO 4 70401 Map N o

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N a tu ra l S e t t ing/Loca t ion T he s i te a t n ine me te r s e l eva t ion , i s7 . 3 km f r om t he P ac i f ic C oa s t a nd 6 . 5 km f r om t he n ea re s t s a l t s ou rce . I ti s0 . 7 km e a s t o f t he p aved S ipaca te h ighway , 7 km n or thea s t o f S ipaca te a nd 0 . 7 km n o r thwe s t o f t he ma in b u i ld ing s o f t he F inca E l P a ra i so o f w h i ch i ti s ap a r t . I ti si n az one o f p oo r ly d ra ined s o i l s , 0% w el d ra ined w i th in 1km a nd 1 5% w i th in a2 . 5 km c a tchmen t r ad iu s . Two w a te r s ou rce s a re w i th in 2 . 5 km a nd t he s i te i sj u s t e a s t o f a n a nc ien t r i ve r b ed w h ich m ay h ave o nce b e longed t ot he R io S eco t ot he n o r thea s t , o rR io A come 3km t ot he e a s t . Mode rn U t i l i za t ion T he s i te a nd i mmed ia te v i c in i ty h ave b een i nc o t ton c u l t iva t ion f o r a tl e a s tt he p a s t 1 5y ea r sa sp a r to ft he F inca E lP a ra i so . A rchaeo log ica l R ema in s T he s i te i s as i ng le f i ve me te r h igh 6 5 x6 5 me te r mound w i th a med ium t o d en se s u r f ace p o t te ry a nd o b s id ian s c a t te r d ec l in ing t o l i gh t t o v e ry l i gh t o n l e ve l g round a way f r om t he s t ruc tu re ( F igu re 2 1 ) . O r ien ta t ion o f t he s t ruc tu re i s u nknown . A s i ng le l o t r e co rded 6 1 r im s , n ine b od ie s , 1 5 o b s id ian a nd f i ve b one f r agmen t s . T he p o t te ry a cco rd ing t o S hook ( pe r sona l c ommun i ca t ion ) w a s mo s t ly E a r ly C la s s ic , b u t h e d id n o t h ave a n o ppo r tun i ty t o r ev iew t he e n t i re c olec t ion . I td oe s c on ta in s eve ra l g raph i te -on red a nd a l a rge n umbe r o f i n c i sed b l ack a l ong w i th C en iza G roup ( O suna C oa r se ) a nd s eve ra l a nnu la r b a se s uppo r t s . S ome p o t te ry a nd t he mound a rch i tec tu re i t se l f a re s im i la r t o S i te N o 4 50401 2 . 3 km s ou th a nd o f L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive d a t ing . We c olec ted f i ve h uman f emu r f r agmen t s a t ad ep th o f2 0 -30 c m f r om t he e rod ing w e s t s l ope o f t he s t ruc tu re a bou t h a l f w ay f r om t he t op . T h i s i s UCLA 2 339A ( Lo t 4 704 -1B1 ) w e igh ing 1 33 .8 g ram s w i th a 0 . 51 % N i t rogen c on ten t i d en t i f ied a s ap robab le a du l t ma le ( Dav id B e r ry -pe r sona l c ommun ica t ion 1 979 ) . T he s amp le i s a wa i t ing p roce s s ing a tt he UCLA I s o tope L abo ra to ry a nd w i l l p rov ide ad a te f o r t he mound n ow t en ta t ive ly a s s igned t o t he L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive i n to t he E a r ly C la s s ic , a l though t he L a te F o rma t ive c omponen t i st enuou s . O b s id ian i si n c luded i nt he F o rma t ive a na ly s i s . T he s i te d u r ing t h i s p e r iod c ove r s 1 . 3 h a w i th a c on s t ruc t ion ma s s o f 2 1 ,125 m3. A l a rge L a te C la s s ic c en te rE lP a ra i so ( S i te N o4 70501 )i s6 00 me te r ss ou thea s t . C la s s i f ica t ion A f ou r th -o rde rp l ace d u r ing t he L a te -Te rm ina lF o rma t ive . 4 . 14 S ITE NO 4 70402 Map No

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N a tu ra l S e t t ing/Loca t ion T he s i te i si n ac o t ton f i e ld a tt he s ame e l eva t ion a s S i te N o 4 70401 0 . 4 km t o t h e e a s t a nd i s o n t he w e s te rn s i de o f t he a nc ien t r i ve r b ed s epa ra t ing t he t wo s i te s . S ee S i te N o 4 70401 f o r ad e sc r ip t ion o f t he n a tu ra l s e t t ing . T he s i te i sa l so l o ca ted i na n a rea o f p oo r d ra inage w i th 0% w e l l -d ra ined s o i l s w i th in a 1km c a tchmen t a nd 2 0% i n a2 . 5 km c a tchmen t . On ly o ne w a te r s ou rce i sw i th in a2 . 5 km r ad iu sc a tchmen t . Mode rn U t i l iza t ion d e sc r ip t ion .

T he s i te a rea i s i n c o t ton c u l t iva t ion .

S ee S i te N o 4 70401

A rchaeo log ica l R ema in s T he s i te c on s i s t s o ft wo l ow mound s , at wo m e te r h igh 3 0 x3 0 me te r a nd ao ne me te r h i gh 2 0 x2 0 me te r mound s epa ra ted b y a bou t 6 0 me te r s t h rough 5 1

w h ich a d i r t r oad c onnec t s t he E l P a ra i so a i r s t r ip w i th t he S i paca te h ighway t o t h e w e s t ( F ig . 2 1 ) . A l i gh t t o med ium l i gh t s u r f ace s c a t te r o f p o t te ry a nd o b s id ian w a s o b se rved p r ima r i ly o n t he mound . T he c olec t ion o f 1 8 r im s , t h ree b od ie s , a nd t h ree o b s id ian i n c luded a p o s s ib le g raph i te -on red , ae ve r ted i n c i sed o range , a nd s eve ra l r edd i sh -o range s l ip s . T he b u lk o f t he c o l lec t ion w a s L a te C la s s ic ma te r ia l i n c lud ing s a r tene s , T iqu i sa te , a nd i n curved r im b ow l s ( Ta r ro s -B i lbao C oa r se ) . Ob s id ian i sn o t i n c luded i nt he F o rma t ive a na ly s i s . T he mound g roup c ove r s 0 . 4 h a d u r ing t he T e rm ina l F o rma t ive w i th a c on s t ruc t ion ma s s o f2 200 m3. V e ry l ow mound s a re b a re ly v i s ib le t o t he n o r th a nd s ou th b u tp low ing h a so b l i te ra ted a lmo s ta la bove s u r f ace l e ve lr ema in s . C la s s i f ica t ion A f i f th -o rde rc en te rd u r ing t he T e rm ina lF o rma t ive P e r iod . 4 . 15 S ITE NO 4 79501 Map N o

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N a tu ra l S e t t ing /Loca t ion L oca ted o n f l a t g round a te i gh t me te r s e l eva t ion 5 . 8 km f r om t he P ac i f ic C oa s t a nd 5 . 6 km f r om t he n ea re s t s a l t s ou rce s w e s t o f S ipaca te . I ti s7 . 5 km n o r thwe s t o f S ipaca te i n az one o f w el - d ra ined s o i l s , 1 00% w i th in 1km a nd 9 5% w i th in a 2 . 5 km -c a tchmen t . One i n te rm i t ten t w a te r s ou rce i s w i th in a 2 . 5 k m c a tchmen t . Mode rn U t i l iza t ion T he s i te a nd a rea a re i nc o t ton c u l t iva t ion p robab ly o wned b y t h e F inca S an J o se L a s B r i sa s . A n o r th sou th r oad s l i ce s t h rough t he s i te c au s ing med ium t os e ve re d amage , i na dd i t ion t ot he u sua lp low ing a nd d ra inage d i tch o pe ra t ion s . A rchaeo log ica l R ema in s T h i s i s al ow 1 . 5 me te r h igh 6 0 x6 0 me te r p l a t fo rm mound c u t b y t he r oad w i th p robab ly a no the r f i ve l ow mound s i nt he v i c in i ty . A l i gh t t o med ium s he rd s c a t te r a nd med ium t o d en se o b s id ian s c a t te r w e re o b se rved o n a nd n ea r t h e mound . A c olec t ion o f 2 4 r im s , t wo b od ie s , 3 0 o b s id ian , a mano f r agmen t , a nd a s halow s imp le s l ab me ta te f r agmen t , i n c luded f ou r O suna " f lowe rp o t s " , s eve ra l U su lu tan o ne w i th a n e ve r ted r im , s eve ra l b o l s te red r im s o f t h e C en iza G roup a nd s eve ra l L a te C la s s i c s he rd s . T he s i te i s7 5% L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive a nd 2 5% L a te C las s ic . T he u nu sualy h i gh o b s id ian c olec t ion f r om s o s mal a s i te , p o s s ib le e v idence o f s pec ia l iza t ion , i si n c luded i nt he F o rma t ive a na ly s i s . D u r ing t he L a te t h rough T e rm ina l F o rma t ive t he s i x mound a rea c ove r s 1 . 7 h a ( 7 5% o f 2 . 25 h a ) w i th a c on s t ruc t ion ma s s o f a pp rox ima te ly 9 , 900 m3. A h ighe r o rde r c en te r i s2 . 5 km t o t he n o r thea s t ( S i te N o 4 89701 ) . C la s s i f ica t ion A f ou r th -o rde rp l ace d u r ing t he L a te -Te rm ina lF o rma t ive . 4 . 16 S ITE NO 4 89701 Map N o

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N a tu ra l S e t t ing/Loca t ion A t 1 3 me te r s e l eva t ion , 7 . 5 km f r om t he P ac i f ic C oa s t a nd 7 . 3 km f r om t he n ea re s t s a l t s ou rce i n az one o f w el -d ra ined s o i l s , 1 00 % i n b o th a 1k m a nd 2 . 5 km c a tchmen t . On ly o ne w a te rs ou rce w a sl o ca ted i n a2 . 5 km c a tchmen t . Mode rn U t i l iza t ion T he s i te i so n t he F inca E l Ama t i l lo , al a rge c o t ton f a rm w i th in a v a s t c o t ton g row ing r eg ion . T he s ou the rn e nd o f t he f i nca a i r s t r ip h ad c u t t h rough a t wo me te r mound d e s t roy ing a bou t 5 0% o f i t . F inca r oad s i n t he v i c in i ty a l so c au sed med ium t os eve re d amage . A rchaeo log ica l R ema in s T he s i te c on s i s t s o f t wo g roup s a bou t 2 00 me te r s a pa r t w i th a l i gh t p o t te ry a nd o b s id ian s c a t te r ( F ig . 2 2 ) . Mound s r ange i n h e igh t f r om 0 . 5 t o t wo me te r s w i th o ne , t he mound c u t b y t he a i r s t r ip , e s t ima ted t o h ave a n o r ig ina l t h ree t o f ou r me te r h e igh t . D ry p owder y s o i l l im i ted o u r c olec t ion t o 1 8 r im s , t wo b od ie s a nd n ine o b s id ian , i n c lud ing s i x U su lu tan -one w i th a n e ve r ted r im , t h ree r ed e ve r ted r im s a nd o ne w axy l o ok ing o range w h ich m igh t b e T iqu i sa te Wa re . T he c olec t ion w a s 5 2

p redom ina te ly L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive . T he s i te c ove r s a pp rox ima te ly 1 0 .5 h a w i th a c on s t ruc t ion m a s s o f 1 2 ,038 m3 a l though t he c omb ined s i te a rea may b e i n f la ted a s e s t ima ted f r om t he a e r ia l p ho tog raph s L -43 , 9 52/953 . Ob s id ian i s i n c luded i n t he F o rma t ive a na ly s i s . T he s i te o fE l Ama t i l lo i s0 . 8 km n o r thea s t . C la s s i f ica t ion A t h i rd -o rde r p l ace i n t he L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive a l though t h i s i sa t e n ta t ive p lacemen tb ecau se h ighe r mound sa re n o tp re sen t . 4 . 17 S ITE NO 4 99801 Map No

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E l Ama t i l lo

N a tu ra l S e t t ing /Loca t ion A t a n e l eva t ion o f 1 4 me te r s , t he s i te i s8 . 0 km f r om t he P ac i f ic C oa s t a nd 7 . 5 km f r om t he n ea re s t s a l t s ou rce . E l Ama t i l lo i si n t he m idd le o f a n a rea o f w el -d ra ined s o i l s , 1 00% i nb o th t he 1km a nd 2 . 5 km c a tchmen t s , a nd o n ly o ne w a te rs ou rce w i th in 2 . 5 km . Mode rn U t i l i za t ion I ti sl o ca ted o n t he F inca E l Ama t i l lo w h ich h a s b een ac o t ton f a rm f o r a tl e a s t 1 5 y ea r s . T he n o r the rn a nd ma jo r p o r t ion o f t he s i te c on ta in s v a r iou s f i nca b u i ld ing s , w o rke r h ou se s , a nd a l so u sed t o g row c o rn a nd o the r c rop s . S eve ra l f i nca r oad s h ave a l so c au sed d amage t o t he s i te . C o t ton f a rm ing i se x ten s ive , p rov id ing v i r tua l ly 1 00 % v i s ib i l i ty w i th in a tl e a s t a5km r ad iu s . A rchaeo log ica l R ema in s T h i s l a rge c omp lex c on ta in s 1 0 mound s i n c lud ing a g i an t f i ve me te r h igh , 6 5 x6 5 me te r p l a t fo rm . O the r mound s c l ea r ly s hown o n a e r ia l p ho tog raph s L -44 , 8 35/836 ; L -43 , 9 52/953 r ange f r om 1t o 5 me te r s i nh e igh t . P o t te ry a nd o b s id ian d en s i ty w a s l i gh t t o med ium o n mound s a nd l i gh t t ov e ry l i gh t i n i n te rven ing a rea s . A s i ng le l o t r eco rded 5 6 r im s , e i gh t b od ie s , 1 0 o b s id ian , ap o t te ry e a r s poo l , at u r t le e f f igy w h i s t le , a nd a L a te C la s s ic f i gu r ine h ead . T he s he rd c olec t ion i n c lude s U su lu tan , s c aloped e ve r ted r im s , O suna C oa r se , h o l low m amm i fo rm s uppo r t s o f t he Ma te rn idad G roup , i n cen se b u rne r f r agmen t s , i n cu rved r im b ow l s ( Ta r ro s G roup ) , a nd c oma le s . T he s i te i s3 3% L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive w i th p o s s ib ly s ome E a r ly C la s s ic a nd 6 7% L a te C la s s ic . Ob s id ian i sn o t i s c luded i n t he F o rma t ive p e r iod a na ly s i s . T he s i te a nd g i an t p l a t fo rm o r ien ta t ion i s1 5 .E l Ama t i l lo c ove r s at o ta l o f 1 7 .5 h a w i th 3 3% , o r 5 . 8 h a , a s s igned t o t he L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive . T o ta l c on s t ruc t ion ma s s w a s 3 5 ,738 m3 w i th 3% , o r 1 ,794 m3 a s s igned t ot h i sp e r iod . G ian t p l a t fo rm mound s o n t he P ac i f ic c oa s ta l p l a in a nd l owe r p iedmon t a re g ene ra l ly L a te C la s s ic a nd y e t t h i s o ne i si n a s soc ia t ion w i th a n e a r l ie r p e r iod . T h i s i s u ndoub ted ly a r e su l t o f s u r face c o l lec t ion t e chn ique s , w i th c olec t ion s f r om d i f fe ren t s ec t ion s o f t he s i te b e ing c omb ined i n as i ng le l o t . It h ink t ha t i s o la ted mound s s ou th o f t he p l a t fo rm a re L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive c on s t ruc t ion s , h oweve r , p end ing a dd i t iona l c olec t ion s a nd/o r e xcava t ion s , t he a bove c l a s s i f ica t ion w i l l r ema in . Ih ave s een i n a p r iva te c olec t ion , al a rge T eo t ihuacan s ty le i n cen se b u rne r a nd s eve ra l b l ack c y l ind r ica l v a se s w i th mu s tach ioed f i gu re s o f t he M idd le C la s s ic s a id t o b e f r om t he F inca E l C ondo r , t he a d jo in ing c o t ton f a rm o n t he e a s t s i de o f E l Ama t i l lo ( Helmu th 1 975 , 1 978 :71 -85 ; B e r lo 1 980 ) . S i x mound s a re 1 . 5 km w e s t a nd 1 00 me te r s n o r th o ft he ma in e a s t -we s tr oad o nt he F inca S ama r ia b u tw e re n o ti n ve s t iga ted . C la s s i f ica t ion A t h i rd -o rde r p l ace i n t he L a te F o rma t ive a nd a f ou r th -o rde r p l ace i n t he T e rm ina lF o rma t ive . 4 . 18 S ITE NO 5 10301 Map No

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None

N a tura l S e t t ing /Loca t ion T he s i te i sa t a n e l eva t ion o f 1 8 me te r s , 1 .5 km f r om t he P ac i f ic C oa s t , 1 0 .8 km f r om a s a l t s ou rce , a nd 1 . 5 km n o r th o f t he ma in b u i ld ing c omp lex o f t he F inca O ro B lanco . I ti sl o ca ted n ea r t he l i ne d i v id ing p oo r ly d ra ined f r om w el -d ra ined s o i l s w i th 7 0% w el -d ra ined w i th in a 1km a nd 5 0% w i th in a 2 . 5 km 5 3

c a tchmen t r ad iu s . T h ree w a te r s ou rce s a re w i th in a 2 . 5 km c a tchmen t a nd t he i mpo r tan t p e rmanen t R io S eco d ra inage s y s tem i s 3 km t o t he n o r thea s t . T he w a te r t ab le n ea rt h i sr i ve rs y s tem i sr e la t ive ly h i gh . Mode rn U t i l iza t ion T he s i te i s i n c o t ton c u l t i va t ion w i th many mound s s eve re ly d amaged o w ing t ot he a c cumu la t ive e f fec t so fp low ing a nd p o th un t ing . A rchaeo log ica l R ema in s V i s ib i l i ty w a s l im i ted b ecau se o f h i gh c o t ton d u r ing o u r v i s i t . A med ium s i ze 3 . 5 me te r h i gh 5 0 x5 0 me te r p l a t f o rm w a s t opped b y af i ve me te r h i gh 2 5 x2 5 me te r s t ruc tu re ( F ig . 2 3 ) . A l i gh t t o m ed ium p o t te ry s c a t te r w a s n o ted p r ima r i ly o n t he c u t b ank s o f t he p y ram ida l c on s t ruc t ion w h ich d i sp layed r e cen t e v idence o f p o t h un t ing . F rom t he u ppe r s t ruc tu re , u ndu la t ion s i n t he c o t ton c an b e s een ma in ly t o t he n o r th w h ich m ay b e mound s . N o s u r f ace c olec t ion s w e re a t temp ted t he re . T he p o t te ry c olec t ion o f 2 7 r im s , n ine b od ie s , a nd o ne o b s id ian i n c luded h a rd g l o s sy ( waxy ) o range , r ed -on -o range , r ed -on -bu f f , a n o range sl ipped e ve r ted r im , a nd s eve ra lm icaceou sc oma le s . L a te r Is t e reo scop ica l ly v i ewed a e r ia l p ho tog raph s o ft he s i te ( L -46 ,759/760 ) w h ich r evea led al a rge r s i te c omp lex w i th a pp rox ima te ly 1 0 mound s o r ien ted 1 9° a nd a l igned i n ap a rale l f a sh ion s im i la r i n s ome r e spe c t s t o o the r F o rma t ive s i te s . B a sed o n t he a e r ia l s , t he s i ze o f t he s i te i se s t ima ted t o c ove r a bou t 7 . 6 h a w i th a c on s t ruc t ion m a s s o f 2 6 ,275 m3 a s sum ing a t wo me te r h e igh t f o r e i gh t o f t he mound s . T he s i te h a s b een a s s igned t o t he L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive . O the r a r chaeo log ica l s i te s a re l o c a ted o n t he F inca O ro B lanco i n c lud ing as i ng le mound j u s t s ou th o ft he f i nca h eadqua r te r s , a no the r l a rge r c omp lex 2 km s ou thea s t n ea r t he i n te r sec t ion o f t he S ipaca te h i ghway a nd p robab ly L a te C la s s ic , a nd n ume rou s i s o la ted mound s . N one w a s i n ve s t iga ted b u t a re r eco rded i no u rf i e ld n o te sa nd s i te r epo r t s . C la s s i f ica t ion A t h i rd -o rde rp l ace i nt he L a te -Te rm ina lF o rma t ive . 4 . 19 S ITE NO 5 10401 Map N o

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N one

N a tu ra l S e t t ing/Loca t ion L oca ted a t 1 8 me te r s e l eva t ion i n a n a rea o f w el -d ra ined s o i l s , 1 00% w i th in a 1 . 0 km c a tchmen t , a nd 5 0% i n a2 . 5 km c a tchmen t . T he s i te i s1 .5 km f r om t he P ac i f ic C oa s t a nd 1 0 .8 km f r om t h e n ea re s t s a l t s ou rce . F ou r w a te r s ou rce s a re w i th in a 2 . 5 km c a tchmen t i n c lud ing t h e R io S eco . T he s i te i s8 00 m e te r s e a s to fS i te N o . 5 10301 . Mode rn U t i l iza t ion T he F inca O ro B lanco i s am a jor c o t ton f a rm a nd t he s i te i s l o ca ted w i th in t h i sz one a nd a l so b i se c ted b ya ne a s t -we s tf i nca d i r ta cce s sr oad . A rchaeo log ica l R ema in s At wo me te rh igh 5 0 x5 0 me te r mound h eav i ly d amaged b y t he r oad c on s t ruc t ion a nd t o al e s se r d eg ree b y c o t ton f a rm ing a nd r e la ted o pe ra t ion s . O the r l ow mound s a re i nt he v i c in i ty . S u r f ace p o t te ry w a s s par se a nd i np oor c ond i t ion b u t w a s a l so a f unc t ion o f l im i ted g round v i s ib i l i ty . We r e co rded o n ly s even r im s , t wo b od ie s a nd o ne o b s id ian i n c lud ing a n O suna " f lowe r p o t " w i th t he r ema inde r L a te C la s s ic . On t he b a s i s o f t he meage r c olec t ion , t h e s i te i sc l a s s i f ied a s 1 5% T e rm ina l F o rma t ive a nd 8 5% L a te C la s s ic c ove r ing 0 . 15 h a ( t o ta l s i te s i ze 1 . 0 h a x1 5% ) w i th a t o ta l c on s t ruc t ion m a s s o f 5 000 m3,b u t o n ly 7 50 m3 a t t r ibu tab le t o t he T e rm ina l F o rma t ive . C las s i f ica t ion A f i f th -o rde rp l ace i nt he T e rm ina lF o rma t ive . 4 . 20 S ITE NO 5 20301 ( AND POSS IBLY 5 20401 ) Map N o

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N a tu ra l S e t t ing/Loca t ion A t 1 8 me te r s e l eva t ion , 1 2 .3 km f r om t he P ac i f ic C oa s t a nd 1 .3 km f r om a s a l t s ou rce , t he s i te i si n az one o f w el -d ra ined s o i l s , 9 5% w i th in a 1 5 4

km , a nd 5 0% i n a2 . 5 k m c a tchmen t . F ou r w a te r s ou rce s a re w i th in 2 . 5 km a l p a r t o f t he R io S eco d ra inage a l ong w i th t ho se s i te st ot he s ou th a nd n o r thea s t . Mode rn U t i l iza t ion T he s i te i sa l so o n t he F inca O ro B lanco , al a rge c o t ton f a rm . A f i nca r oad c u t t h rough t he n o r the rn p a r t o f t he l a rge r mound c au sed h eavy d amage i n a dd i t ion t ot h a tf r om c o t ton o pe ra t ion s . A rchaeo log ica l R ema in s At wo mound c omp lex s epa ra ted b y 5 0 me te r s w i th amed ium p o t te ry s c a t te r o n t he s u r face o f t he m a jo r mound w h i ch i s a4 . 5 me te r h i gh 6 0 x6 0 m e te r c on s t ruc t ion . T he o the r i s 1 . 5 me te r s h igh a nd 3 0 x3 0 me te r s . ( Ae r ia l p ho tog raph s L -46 , 7 59/760 ) . T he c olec t ion o f2 7 r im s , t h ree b od ie s a nd t h ree o b s id ian , i n c luded a n S -Z a ng le b l ack , a nd a b l ack i n c i sed e ve r ted r im . N o L a te C la s s ic ma te r ia l w a s r eco rded . T he s i te , w h ich c ove r s 4 . 0 h a w i th ac on s t ruc t ion m a s s o f 1 7 ,550 m3,h a s b een a s s igned t ot he T e rm ina lF o rma t ive t h rough t he E a r ly C la s s ic . C la s s i f ica t ion A f ou r th -o rde rp l ace i nt he T e rm ina lF o rma t ive . 4 . 21 S ITE NO 5 29301 Map No

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L aC an to i ra

N a tu ra l S e t t ing /Loca t ion A t 2 0 me te r s e l eva t ion , 1 0 .8 km f r om t he P ac i f ic C oa s t a nd 1 .5 km f r om t he n ea re s t s a l t s ou rce , t he s i te i si n az one o f p oo r ly d ra ined s o i l s w i th 0% w e l l -d ra ined s o i l s w i th in 1km a nd 4 0% i n a2 . 5 km c a tchmen t . Two w a te r s ou rce s a re w i th in a 2 . 5 km c a tchmen t w i th o ne i n te rm i t ten t s ou rce a d jacen t o n t he e a s t s i de . S eve ra l a nc ien t w a te r c ou r se s t o t he n o r thwe s t a nd w e s t o f t he s i te , 0 . 7 a nd 1 . 5 km a way r e spec t ive ly , a re e v iden t ly a s soc ia ted w i th a h ighe r w a te r t ab le a rea t o t he w e s t a so ne a pp roache st he R io C oyo la te . Mode rn U t i l iza t ion T he s i te i so n t he F inca L a C an to i ra , al a rge c o t ton f a rm i n a n e x ten s ive c o t ton z one p rov id ing e x celen t l o ng r ange v i s ib i l i ty . I t i s s ub jec t t o t he u sua l p low ing w i th t he g i an t p l a t fo rm mound s u f fe r ing s eve re d amage a s i t s b ank s c on t inue t oe rode d ue t o ac omb ina t ion o fp e r iod ic p low ing a nd h eavy r a in s . A rchaeo log ica l R ema in s T he s i te c on s i s t s o ft h ree mound s i n c lud ing o ne g i an t p l a t fo rm mound s i x me te r s h i gh a nd 8 5 x4 5 me te r s ( F ig . 2 4 ) , a n a s soc ia ted 1 . 5 me te r h igh 3 0 x 3 0 me te r s t ruc tu re , a nd a t wo me te r 5 0 x5 0 me te r mound 2 50 me te r s s ou th o f t he p l a t fo rm . ( Ae r ia l p ho tog raph s L -42 , 1 011/1012 ) . S u r f ace p o t te ry a nd o b s id ian a r t i f ac t s w e re med ium t o h i gh w i th z e ro t o l i gh t s c a t te r s i n i n te rven ing a rea s . T he p l a t fo rm i s o r ien ted 2 2 e a s t o f n o r th . Two c ole c t ion s w e re made ; L o t 5 293 -1B1 i sf r om t he t wo me te r mound a t t he s ou th e nd j u s t b e low a n e a s t -we s t d i r t r oad s epa ra t ing i tf r om t he p l a t fo rm t o t he n o r th . T h i s c olec t ion o f 4 5 r im s , f i ve b od ie s , n ine o b s id ian , t h ree p ede s ta l b ipeda l me ta te f r agmen t s , t h ree r e c tangu la r b read l o a f mano f r agmen t s , a nd a s p ind le w ho r l , i sc omp le te ly L a te C la s s ic . T he o the r c olec t ion ; L o t 5 293 -1B2 f r om t he p l a t fo rm a nd v i c in i ty , i n c luded 4 7 r im s , n ine b od ie s , 2 3 o b s id ian , a nd o ne c omp le te mano . F o rma t ive ma te r ia l i n c luded a b l ack b ow l w i th n ubb in s uppo r t s , g raph i te -on red , a nd a p robab le t oo l imp re s sed C al i fo rn ia G roup ( Pa r son s 1 967 :74 ) . T he m a jo r i ty i sL a te C la s s ic w i th s ome E a r ly C la s s ic . T h i s p o r t ion o ft he s i te i s1 0% T e rm ina l F o rma t ive -Ea r ly C la s s ic a nd 9 0% L a te C la s s ic . Du r ing t he T e rm ina l F o rma t ive t h i s p o r t ion o f t he s i te c ove r s 0 . 3 h a ( 1 0% o f 3 . 0 h a ) w i th ac on s t ruc t ion m a s s o f 2 , 295 m3 ( 1 0% o f t he g i an t p l a t fo rm o f2 2 ,950 m3) . N one o ft he o b s id ian f r om e i the rc olec t ion w a su sed i nt he F o rma t ive p e r iod a na ly s i s . C las s i f ica t ion A f i f th -o rde rp l ace d u r ing t he T e rm ina lF o rma t ive . 4 . 22 S ITE NO 5 40601 ( ALSO 5 30601 ) Map No

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L a sV ic to r ia s

A l te rna t ive N ame S an J e ron imo 5

N a tura l S e t t ing/Loca t ion L oca ted a t 2 0 me te r s e l eva t ion , 1 3 .8 km f r om t he P ac i f ic C oa s t , 1 3 .0 km f r om t he n ea re s t s a l t s ou rce , a nd i n am ixed z one o f p oor a nd w el d ra ined s o i l s , w i th 3 0% w el -d ra ined i n a 1 km , a nd 5 % i n a2 . 5 km c a tchmen t . S i x w a te r s ource s a re w i th in 2 . 5 km a nd t he s i te i so n ly 0 . 5 km n or thwe s t o f t he R io S eco w i th i t s n ume rou s a s soc ia ted f eede r s t ream s . T he M idd le -Lowe r R io S eco d ra inage i sa k nown a rea o f h igh w a te r t ab le d ur ing t he d ry s eason . L oca l i n forman t s s t a ted t ha t t h e w a te r t ab le i so n ly f ou r me te r s d eep d u r ing t he w o r se o ft he d ry s ea son w h ich a c coun t s f o r t he c on t inued v a lue t o b o th a nc ien t a nd mode rn m an o f t h i s p ar t icu lar a rea . T he R io A come d ra inage i so n ly 5km t ot he e a s t . Mode rn U t i l iza t ion T he s i te i so c cup ied b y t he n ume rou s b u i ld ing s o ft he Hac ienda L a s V ic tor ias , ac a t t le r a i s ing o pe ra t ion . C o t ton i sg rown j u s t t o t he n or th , b u t t h i s i sa n i s land o f g raz ing l a nd t o t he n o r thea s t , e a s t a nd w e s t , p e rhaps d ue t o t he w e tne s s o f t he s o i l . L igh t t o mode ra te d amage t o t he s i te w a s o b se rved f r om v a r iou s f i nca o pe ra t ion sa nd c on s t ruc t ions ,h oweve rn oe v idence o fp o th un t ing w a sn o ted . A rchaeo log ica l R ema ins T he s i te c on s i s t s o f a tl e a s t as even mound c omp lex w i th t wo g i an t p la t fo rm s c harac te r i s t ic o f L a te C la s s ic s i te s , o ne a 3 . 5 me te r h igh 6 3 x8 8 me te r mound o n w h ich t he ma in f i nca h ou se i sl o ca ted . Ano the r t o t he s ou th i s 3 me te r s h i gh a nd 7 5 x7 5 me te r s a tt he b a se ( Ae r ia l p ho tog raph s L -46 , 7 40/741 ) . T he s i te c omp lex i s i n t he h ea r t o f a n e x t rao rd inar i ly d ense z one o f L a te C la s s ic r ema ins w i th t he ma jo r L a te C la s s ic s i te o f L oma L inda ( S i te N o . 5 30801 ) 1 . 5 km t o t he s ou thea s t ; Manan t ia l ( S i te No . 5 10701 ) 2 . 5 km t o t he s ou th , a nd E l Mu rc ie lago ( S i te No . 5 50601 ) 1 . 5 km t o t he n o r th . T he d en s i ty a nd a r ch i tec tu ra l c omp lex i ty o f t h i s z one i n t he L a te C la s s ic l e ad s t o t he p robab i l i ty t ha t w e a re d eal ing w i th a n e x ten s ive u rban -l ike p henomenon a nd n o t an umbe ro fi s o la ted s i te c omp lexe s . S he rd d ens i ty w a s l i gh t t o mode ra te d epend ing o n l o ca t ion a nd g round v i s ib i l i ty , w h ich w a s q u i te v a r iab le . A c olec t ion o f s u r face ma te r ia l w e made a dded t o a r t i fac t s p rov ided b y t he f i nca o wne r s i n c luded 5 9 r im s , 1 8 b od ie s , 1 2 o b s id ian , as p ind le w ho r l , t wo f i gu r ine f r agmen t s , a nd a mo lded c y l inde r v a se s uppor t . I n a dd i t ion , aS an J uan P lumba te s he rd w a s s amp led b y R . B i shop ( BNL 1 61 ) a sp a r t o ft he B rookhaven N a t iona l L abora tory n eu tron a c t iva t ion p rog ram . Wh i le t he c olec t ion i sp redom ina te ly L a te C la s s ic , t he p re sence o f s ome F orma t ive ma te r ia l , i n c lud ing a n O suna " f lowe r p o t " a nd o the r L a te F o rma t ive s he rds i nd ica te s t he s i te i s 1 0% L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive b u t p redom ina te ly ( 90 % ) L a te C la s s ic . On t h i sb a s i s , L as V ic tor ias d u r ing t he L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive c ove red 1 . 8 h a ( 10 % o f t he 1 8 .0 h a s i te t o ta l ) w i th a c ons t ruc t ion mas s o f 5 , 029 m3 ( 10 % o f t he s i te t o ta l o f 5 0 ,292 m3 ) . T he s i te a nd p l a tform o r ien ta t ion i s a pp rox ima te ly 2 0° e as t o f n o r th . Ob s id ian i sn o t i n c luded i n t he F orma t ive p e r iod a na ly s i s . C las s i f ica t ion A f our th o rde r p l ace i n t he L a te F orma t ive a nd a f i f th o rde r p lace i n t he T e rm ina lF orma t ive p e r iod . 4 . 23 S ITE NO 5 50601 Map No

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N a tura l S e t t ing/Loca t ion A t 2 2 me te r s e l eva t ion , t he s i te i s 1 5 .0 km f r om t he P ac i f ic C oa s t , 1 4 .0 km t o t he n eare s t s a l t s ou rce s , a nd l o ca ted i n a n a rea o f w el -d ra ined s o i l s n ea r t he d i v id ing l i ne s epa ra t ing p oo r ly d ra ined f r om w el -dra ined s o i l s . T he se s o i l s a re 7 0% w el -dra ined i n a 1 km c a tchmen t a nd 6 0% i n a2 . 5 km c a tchmen t w i th s i x w a te r s ou rce s w i th in 2 . 5 km . T he s i te i sl o ca ted j u s t o ve r 1km e as t o fw he re t he Z an jon E l P a ra j o ins t he R io S eco f o rm ing p ar t o f t he m idd le R io S eco d ra inage s y s tem ( See S i te No . 5 40601) . Mode rn U t i l iza t ion T he y ear o f o u r i n ve s t iga t ions ( w in te r a nd s p r ing 1 979 ) w as t he s econd y ea r o f c o t ton c u l t iva t ion . T he f a rm h ad p rev iou s ly b een t he c a t t le g raz ing o pe ra t ion o f t he F inca E l Mu rc ie lago u nde r t he s ame o wne r sh ip a s t he Hac ienda L a s 5 6

V ic to r ia s t o t he s ou th . S i te d amage w a s t he re fo re m in ima l e xcep t f o r h eavy e ro s ion o n t he g i an tp la t fo rm . A rchaeo log ica l R ema in s E l Mu rc ie lago h a s a pp rox ima te ly n ine mound s a nd w h i le w e r eg i s te red o n ly o ne c ole c t ion i th a s t wo s epa ra te c omponen t s . S u r f ace p o t te ry w a s l i gh t t o mode ra te o n t he s ou the rn s i x me te r h i gh mound a nd l i gh t o n t he n o r the r ly g i an t p la t form mound a nd r e la ted c omp lex . T he g i an t p l a t fo rm i ss even me te r s h i gh a nd 6 0 x1 44 me te r s ( F ig . 2 5 ) , o ne o f t he l a rge s t o b se rved o n t he c oa s t ( F ig . 2 6 a nd a e r ia l p ho tog raph sL -47 , 7 39/740 ) . B o th s u r f ace c olec t ion s w e re c omb ined i no ne l o t t o ta l ing 5 8 r im s , 1 3 b od ie s , f ou r o b s id ian , a nd s eve ra l m i ca s egmen t s . P o t te ry f r om t he s ou the r ly p y ram id , w h ich a ppea red t o r e la te s pa t ialy t o at wo mound c l u s te r 1 50 -200 m e te r s t ot he e a s t , i n c luded a n e ve r ted -r im U su lu tan w i th a k ao l in -l ike p a s te ( a lmo s t v i t reou s ) i d en t ica l t o m a te r ia l f r om S i te 4 50201 i den t i f ied a sM i raf lo re s Wh i te P a s te Wa re (We the r ing ton 1 978 :107 ,127 , F ig 1 6a ) , a n S -Z a ng le b ow l , s eve ra l g raph i te -on red , i n c i sed b rown -b lack , r i ng c ola red j a r s , O suna " f lowe r p o t " a nd i n c i sed w a re s s im i la r t o C a jon C oa r se ( E l B a l samo B rown ) . T h i s ma te r ia l w a s a l F o rma t ive . T he c olec t ion f r om t he g i an t p l a t form a nd t he l ong mound s n or th a nd n o r thwe s t , h oweve r , i sv i r tualy a l L a te C la s s ic . F rom t he l a te f a ce t o f t he M idd le F o rma t ive t h rough t he T e rm ina l F o rma t ive t he s i te c ove r s 4 . 0 h a w i th a c on s t ruc t ion ma s s. o f 1 ,280 m i a nd d u r ing t he L a te C la s s ic 1 5 .0 h a a nd 6 5 ,028 m3. M ica s hee t s w e re a l so f ound o n t he e rod ing s u r f ace o ft he s ou the r ly F o rma t ive p y ram id s ugge s t ing i t si mpo r ta t ion a nd c on t ro lb yt he e l i te i nhab i tan t s . C la s s i f ica t ion A t h i rd -o rde r p l ace i n t he l a te f a ce t o f t he M idd le F o rma t ive t o L a te F o rma t ive , a nd af ou r th o rde rp l ace i nt he T e rm ina lF o rma t ive . 4 . 24 S ITE NO 5 79701 Map No

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N a tu ra l S e t t ing/Loca t ion T he s i te i so n g en t ly s l op ing l a nd a t3 0 me te r s e l eva t ion , 1 6 .3 km f r om t he P ac i f ic C oa s t , a nd 1 5 .5 km f r om a s a l t s ou rce . I ti sl o ca ted i n az one o f p oo r d ra inage , 1 0% w el -d ra ined i n 1km a nd 5 0% i n a2 . 5 km c a tchmen t . T h ree w a te r s ou rce s a re i n a2 . 5 km c a tchmen t . T he R io C oyo la te i s 7 km t o t he w e s t a nd t h i s r eg ion o f ten f l ood s d u r ing t he r a iny s ea son b ecau se o f a nc ien t w a te r c ou r se s b e tween h e re a nd t he C oyo la te . Ad ra inage s y s tem r un st h rough t he s i te . Mode rn U t i l iza t ion T he s i te i s o n t he F inca P a ry juyu , a n e x ten s ive c o t ton f a rm s u r rounded b y a r eg ion o f c o t ton p roduc t ion a lmo s t a s f a r a s t he e ye c an s ee . Ad jo in ing t he f i nca o n t h e w e s t w i th a n a i r s t r ip f o rm ing t he s i te ' s w e s te rn b ounda ry i s t he F inca L a B onanza . A n e x ten s ive d ra inage s y s tem h a s b een r e cen t ly c on s t ruc ted a ugmen t ing t he n a tu ra l o ne a nd w hen c omb ined w i th t he u sua l c o t ton p low ing h a s c au sed v a r iab le l i gh tt os e ve re d amage . A rchaeo log ica l R ema in s T he s i te c on s i s t s o f e i gh t mound s a r rayed n o r th sou th f o r 3 50 me te r s w i th l i gh t t o mode ra te p o t te ry c oncen t ra t ion s n o ted p r ima r i ly o n a nd a d jacen t s t ruc tu re s . Mound s v a ry i ns i ze f r om o ne me te r h igh 2 0 x2 0 t o a4 . 5 me te r h i gh 5 5 x 5 me te r p y ram id a t t he s ou th e nd , t o a3 . 5 me te r h i gh 3 5 x6 5 me te r mound o n t he n o r th e nd ( F ig .2 7 ,2 8 ) . F rom t he n o r th mound a t ab ea r ing o f 3 0° a nd a bou t 7 00 -800 me te r s d i s tan t i st he s ou the r ly ma jo r p y ram id o f Anna ( S i te N o . 5 89701 ) , ap r ima ry r eg iona l c en te r o f t he F o rma t ive P e r iod . Ae r ia l p ho tog raph s ( L -43 ,958/959 a nd L -44 ,841/842 ) t aken i n 1 964 s how t he s i te u nde r d en se f o re s t w i th t he s u r round ing a rea i n c o t ton . T he s i te i s a lmo s t e qu id i s tan t b e tween t he C la s s ic c omp lex o fT excuaco ( S i te N o . 5 79301 ) 4km w e s t a nd R io S eco ( S i te N o . 5 90401 ) 6 km t o t he e a s t . T he L a te C la s s ic s i te o f P a ry juyu ( S i te N o . 5 49701 ) i s3 . 5 k mt ot he s ou th . T he 9 6 s he rd s , i nt h ree s epa ra te ly r e co rded c olec t ion s , c on s i s ted o f 8 r im s , e i gh t b od ie s , a nd s even o b s id ian , a nd i n c luded a n umbe r o f f i ne l ine a nd f i ne inc i sed b l ack , 5 7

O suna C oa r se , c oa r se inc i sed b rown , z oned -punc ta te , s eve ra l t e coma te f o rm s , i n c i sed o range , af i ne inc i sed med ia l f l ange b l ack -b rown , an umbe r o f O suna " f lowe r p o t s " , C en iza l ike b o l s te red r im s o r e a rl ie r , g l o s sy o range , V ic to ry G roup ( Xa ta B lack -Brown ) , a nd B ab i lon ia G roup ( Coyo la te B lack -B rown ) . T he c o l lec t ion i sb e l ieved t o s pan t he p e r iod f r om t he L a te F o rma t ive t oE ar ly C la s s ic b u ti sp redom ina te ly T e rm ina lF o rma t ive t o E a r ly C la s s ic . T he s i te d ur ing t he L a te F o rma t ive t o E ar ly C la s s ic c ove r s 8 . 8 h a ( pe rhaps l a rge r ) w i th a c ons t ruc t ion ma s s o f 2 8 ,239 m3. Ob s id ian i si n c luded i n t he F orma t ive p e r iod a na ly s i s . Il a te r l e a rned t ha t S hook , Ha tch , a nd P aul v i s i ted t he s i te i n1 971 n am ing i tL aB onanza . C la s s i f ica t ion A t h i rd -o rde rp l ace i nt he L a te t h rough T e rm ina lF orma t ive . 4 . 25 S ITE NO 5 82101 Map No

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A l te rna t ive N ame s f i e ld n o te s ) .

T epe scu in t le ( Shook ) , L o s C e jo s d e N aran ja Du Ice ( Paul 4 /13/71

N a tura l S e t t ing/Loca t ion L oca ted a t 3 5 me te r s e l eva t ion , 1 8 .5 km f r om t he P ac i f ic C oa s t , a nd 7 00 me te r s e a s t o f t he d i r t r oad w h ich c onnec t s t he mode rn t own o f E l M i lag ro t o t he n o r th w i th t he Ag rar io L o s Ange le s o n t he c oa s t t o t he s ou th . T he s i te i sa n a rea o f w el -d ra ined s o i l s b e ing 1 00 % w i th in a 2 . 5 km c a tchmen t r ad iu s a nd w i th f ou rw a te rs ou rce si nt he s ame c a tchmen t . Mode rn U t i l iza t ion T he s i te i sl o ca ted i n t he Ag ra r io E l P i la r a nd h as s u f fe red s eve re d amage f r om a n e a s t -we s t d i r t r oad b i sec t ing t h ree mounds w i th t he ma jo r s ou the r ly n ine me te r h igh p y ram id h eav i ly e roded a nd p o t ted . T h i s i s am ixed z one o f m i lpa c u l t iva t ion , c a t t le g raz ing , s ugar c ane , a nd c o t ton , a nd i s l o ca ted 6 km w e s t o f t he ma jor R io A ch igua te d ra inage . T he Ag ra r io i s d evo ted p r inc ipa l ly t o ma ize , h ou se g arden s ,c a t t le , a nd p ig s . A rchaeo log ica l R ema ins T he s i te h as n ine mound s w i th t wo c omponen t s . S hook c on s ide red i tL a te C la s s ic a nd n amed i tT epe scu in t le ( Shook c olec t ion J 52 ) . I n 1 971 , P aul v i s i ted a nd s ke tched t he s i te , n am ing i tL o s C e jo s d e N a ran ja Du Ice , a nd c l a s s i f ied i ta s as econd -o rde r L a te P rec la s s ic s i te ( Paul 1 976 :195 ) . My r econna i s sance i n Apr i l 9 , 1 980 r evea led a l i gh t t o mode ra te s he rd d en s i ty p r ima r i ly f r om t he mounds c u t b y t he r oad a nd t he ma jor p y ram id , an ine me te r h i gh 5 0 x5 0 s t ruc ture ( F ig . 2 9 ) . T he o the r mound s r ange f r om o ne me te r h igh t o af ou r me te r h igh 2 5 x5 0 me te r c on s t ruc t ion ( F ig . 3 0 a nd a e r ia l p ho tog raphs L -52 , 4 92/493 ) . A p os s ib le p l a in s t e la w i th a p ecked d ep re s s ion , o r ig ina l ly r epor ted b yS hook ,w a sa l so o b se rved o nt he s i de o ft he r oad . Wh i le o n ly o ne c olec t ion o f 5 3 r im s , f i ve b od ie s a nd o ne o b s id ian w a s r ecorded , p o t te ry f r om t he ma jor p y ram id i n c luded S aca tepequez Wh i te , l ab ia l f l ange s , b l ack i n c i sed , s eve ra l C o rea G roup , a nd an umbe ro fS o ldedad G roup o fC a jon C oar se ( Duende P ha se ) , a s w el a s s eve ra l c ola red j a r s o r t e coma te s . T he r ema in ing s he rd c olec t ion f r om t he n or the rn c omp lex i sL a te C la s s ic i n c lud ing l a rge c oa r se s t orage/cook ing v e s se l w a re s , l a te T iqu i sa te Ware ( Shook -pe r sona lc ommun ica t ion ) , a nd s a r tene s . I ti sa ppa ren t t ha t b o th o f t he p r ior e xp lore r s h ad c o l lec ted a nd/o r o b served d i f feren t c omponen t s o f t he s i te . T he s ou the r ly p o r t ion o c cup ied f r om t he l a te a spec t o f t he M idd le F o rma t ive t o t he T e rm ina l F orma t ive c ove red 2 . 3 h a w i th a c on s t ruc t ion mas s o f 2 2 ,500 m3 a nd d u r ing t he L a te C las s ic 5 . 3 h a a nd 2 1 ,725 m3. T he F orma t ive c omponen t c ou ld b e l a rge r . P i la r i s o n ly 1 . 3 km e a s t o f t he ma jor s i te c omp lex o f B a lbe r ta ( S i te N o 5 82001) , ap robab le E a r ly C la s s ic p r imary r eg iona l c en te r wh ich n eve r the le s s may h ave a F o rma t ive c omponen t u nde te rm ined a t t h i s t ime . O the r s i te s i n ve s t iga ted a nd/o r o b served a re t ot he n or th b u tl im i ted r econna i s sance d i dn o tr evea lF orma t ive ma te r ia l . C la s s i f ica t ion A t h i rd -o rde r p l ace i n t he l a te a spec t o f t he M idd le F orma t ive a nd a f our th -o rde rp l ace i nt he L a te -Te rm ina lF orma t ive .

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4 . 26 S ITE NO 5 89701 Map No N ame

6 Anna

N a tu ra l S e t t ing /Loca t ion T h i s s i te i sa t a n e l eva t ion o f 3 2 me te r s , 1 7 .0 km f r om t he P ac i f ic C oa s t a nd 1 7 .5 k m f r om a s a l t s ou rce . I ti si n ap oo r ly d ra ined a rea o f h i gh w a te r t ab le w i th 5 0% w el -d ra ined s o i l s i n a 1km c a tchmen t a nd 5 0% i n2 . 5 km . F ive w a te r s ou rce s a re i n a2 . 5 km c a tchmen t . S ee B onanza ( S i te N o . 5 79701 ) . I n 1 964 , t h i s s e c t ion w a s c ove red w i th d en se f o re s t a nd n o mound s w e re o b se rvab le , a l though t he s u r round ing a rea w a s i nc o t ton . ( Ae r ia l p ho tog raph s L -43 ,958/959 ; L -44 ,841/842 ) . A s t re tch o fp oo rd ra inage a l so l i e st ot he n o r th n ea rB onampak ( S i te N o .629701 ) . Mode rn U t i l iza t ion S i nce 1 964 ( t he y ea r o f t he a e r ia l p ho tog raph s ) t h i s s e c t ion o n t he F inca P a ry juyu h as b een c onve r ted t o c o t ton a nd i sn ow p a r t o f a n e x ten s ive c o t ton p roduc ing z one . D ra inage s y s tem sp a rale lt he s i te o nb o th s i de s . A rchaeo log ica l R ema in s T he s i te h a s 1 mound s r ang ing f r om l ow 0 . 5 me te r s t ruc tu re s t o a1 0 me te r h igh 6 5 x6 8 me te r mound a nd an ine me te r h i gh 4 7 0x4 5 me te r s t ruc tu re ( F ig . 3 1) . Wh i le t he t wo p y ram id s t hem se lve s a re o r ien ted 1 0 e a s t o f n o r th , t he o ve ral c on f igu ra t ion i ss im i la r t o t he e l onga ted p l aza s a nd a r ch i tec tu ra l f o rm o f t he F o rma t ive P e r iod ( F ig .3 2 ) . L igh t t o h igh c oncen t ra t ion s o f s u r f ace p o t te ry w i th h i gh d en s i t ie s w e re o n mo s t o f t he l owe r r e cen t ly p l owed mound s . S even s epa ra te c ole c t ion s r evea led aw ide r ange o f w e l l p re se rved c e ram ic ma te r ia l a nd r e co rded 3 03 r im s , 3 7 b od ie s , 4 6 o b s id ian , n ume rou s f i gu r ine f r agmen t s , ad igg ing s t i ck w e igh t f r agmen t , a nd as p ind le w ho r l . T he s he rd s i n c luded U su lu tan , s ome i n c i sed , g rooved o r s c aloped e ve r ted r im s , L a V ic to r ia r ed -on -c ream ( an E l B a l samo B rown v a r ian t ) , ap u rp le -on -wh i te t e coma te f o rm i nw h i te p a s te , g raph i te -on red , r ed -on -b lack , p urp le -on red , a n O co s B lack i mpo r t o f t he C onchas P ha se ( Coe 1 961 :70 -73 ; Ha tch -pe r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) , r ed -on -bu f f , l a b ia l f l ange s , a nd n ume rou s o range s s im i la r t o C oncha s IP ha se m a te r ia l , r ed s t r ipped b l ack , a nd p o s s ib le U ta t lan w a re ( Pa r son s 1 967 :72 ) . N o e a r ly a spec t o f M idd le F o rma t ive ma te r ia l w a s o b served . One c olec t ion , L o t 5 897 -1B3 , f r om a 0 . 5 me te r 2 0 x2 0 me te r mound , i s mo s t ly L a te C la s s ic i n c lud ing aGo lon P onde rou s r im ( Pa r son s 1 967 :143 -144 ) . A l so , L o t 5 897 -1B4 f r om a o ne me te r h i gh 2 5 x2 5 me te r mound e a s t o ft he n ine me te r p y ram id r an t he g amu t f r om L a te F o rma t ive t o E a r ly C la s s ic w i th a v e ry l i gh t L a te C la s s ic s ca t te r . T he g rea t b u lk o f t he c olec t ion a t t he s i te i sL a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive . Du r ing t he l a te a spec t o f t he M idd le F o rma t ive t h rough t he T e rm ina l F o rma t ive , t h i s ma jo r c en te r c ove r s 2 6 .0 h a w i th a c on s t ruc t ion m a s s o f 6 9 ,875 m3. Ob s id ian i si n c luded i n t he F o rma t ive p e r iod a na ly s i s . T he re i s av i r tua l l a ck o f E a r ly C la s s i c ma te r ia l e xcep t o n t he o ne mound w i th mo s t E a r ly C la s s ic c e ram ic s f ound 0 . 5 km s ou th a tB onanza ( S i te N o . 5 79701 ) . T he i mpo r tance o f Anna a nd o the r s w i th in t he h i e ra rch ica l s y s tem c on t roled b yi ta re d i s cu s sed i nC hap te rV I . C la s s i f ica t ion A p r ima ry r eg iona l c en te r f r om t he l a te a spec t o f t he M idd le t h rough T e rm ina lF o rma t ive p e r iod . 4 . 27 S ITE NO 6 29701 Map No

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B onampak

N a tura l S e t t ing/Loca t ion A t a n e l eva t ion o f 3 8 me te r s , B onampak i sl o ca ted 2 0 .5 km f r om t he P ac i f ic C oa s t a nd 2 . 5 km s ou thea s t o f t he R io C oyo la te . F ive w a te r s ou rce s a re w i th in a 2 . 5 km c a tchmen t . T he s i te i sl o ca ted i n a n a rea o f p oo r ly d ra ined s o i l s w i th a h igh w a te r t ab le . S o i l s a re 4 0% w el -d ra ined w i th in a 1km c a tchmen t a nd 6 0% i n a2 . 5 km c a tchmen t . N earby a nc ien t w a te r c ou r se s , p a r t icu la r ly w e s t t owa rd t he R io C oyo la te , c on t r ibu te t of l ooded c ond i t ion so b se rved d u r ing t he r a iny s ea son . 5 9

Mode rn U t i l iza t ion T he s i te i so n t he F inca B onampak , ac o t ton f a rm . C o t ton w a s p l an ted o n a l mound s w h ich c au sed mode ra te d amage a s w el a s r ecen t p o t h un t ing a c t iv i ty . A rchaeo log ica l R ema in s T he s i te w a s f i r s t d i scove red w h i le v i ew ing a e r ia l p ho tog raph s o f t he a rea i n t he v i c in i ty o f A nna ( S i te N o 5 89701) o n ly 4 . 6 km s ou th ( L -43 ,961/962 ) a nd v i s i ted i n 1 980 . S even mound s a re a r rayed i na typ ica l F o rma t ive p a t te rn w i th l o ng n a r row p l aza s h eaded b y mound s a nd o r ien ted 3 9° e a s t o f n o r th ( F ig . 3 3 ) . Mound s r ange f r om 1 t o 6 me te r s h i gh a nd t he m a in c omp lex m ay s i t o n al ow p l a t fo rm , b u t t h i s w a s d i f f icu l t t o d e te rm ine a s t he s i te a nd s u r round ing c oun t ry s ide w e re s t i l l i n c o t ton . O the r l ow mound s i n c o t ton f i e ld s s u r round ing t he ma in c omp lex w e re b a re ly p e rcep t ib le . S u r f ace p o t te ry o n t he s i x me te r 4 5 x4 5 me te r ma in s t ruc tu re w a s mode ra te t o h eavy a nd l i gh t o n t he t wo mound s t o t he n o r thea s t . An i n fo rman t s t a ted t ha t o ne o f t he se h ad b een p a r t ialy e x cava ted ( po t h un ted ) s eve ra l y ea r s b e fo re a nd f ou rj ade a r t i f ac t sf ound . T he re w a sh eavy p o th un t ing d amage . An e xcelen t a nd w el p re se rved c olec t ion o f 9 8 r im s , f i ve b od ie s a nd 1 6 o b s id ian w a s r eco rded v i r tua l i d en t ica l t o t he c olec t ion f r om Anna . T he l o t i n c luded a S aca tepequez Wh i te , s even g raph i te -on red/o range , n ine L aV ic to r ia r ed -on -c ream ( al a te E l B a l samo B rown v a r ian t o f aC oncha s P ha se w a re ) , 1b l ack ( t h ree i n c i sed ) , 2 6 o range many p robab ly U s.u l u tan , s i x r ed w i th s eve ra l e ve r ted r im s a nd o ne s caloped , a nd 2 6 c oa r se w a re i n c lud ing t h ree o r f ou r C en iza G roup . T he c olec t ion d id n o t c on ta in t he g a sh inc i sed c oa r se b rown w a re s o f t he C one jo -Duende P ha se -Coa s ta l Und i f f e ren t ia ted w a re s a nd s eemed a t t he t ime mo re l i ke c e ram ic s f r om L a Mo rena ( S i te N o . 7 70701 ) e xcep t f o r t he h ighe r f r equency o f S aca tepequez Wh i te a tL a Mo rena . T he b u lk o f t h e c olec t ion w a s L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive a l ong w i th s ome l a te a spec t o f t he M idd le F o rma t ive . B onampak c ove red 1 8 .4 h a w i th ac on s t ruc t ion ma s s o f2 3 ,413 m3 f r om t h e l a te a spec t o f t he M idd le t h rough t he T e rm ina l F o rma t ive . Ob s id ian i si n c luded i nt he F o rma t ive p e r iod a na ly s i s . T h i s s i te a nd i t s r e la t ion sh ip w i th S i te N o 5 89701 a nd 5 79701 a re d i scu s sed mo re t ho rough ly i nC hap te rV I . C la s s i f ica t ion A s econd -o rde r p l ace f r om t he l a te a spec t o f t he M idd le t h rough t he T e rm ina lF o rma t ive p e r iod . 4 . 28 S ITE NO 6 51101 Map N o

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E l Ob ra je

N a tu ra l S e t t ing/Loca t ion L oca ted a t 6 4 me te r s e l eva t ion , 2 5 .5 km f r om t he P ac i f ic C oa s t , 6 . 5 km n o r th o f t he mode rn t own o f L a Gome ra , a nd 1 2 km b e low E l B a l samo S i te N o . 7 61401 . T he s i te i sl o ca ted i n ar eg ion o fw el -d ra ined s o i l s w i th 1 00 % w i th in 1 . 0 km a nd 2 . 5 km c a tchmen t s . T h ree w a te r s ou rce s a re w i th in a 2 . 5 km c a tchmen t , i n c lud ing o ne t ha t r un s t h rough t he s i te d i v id ing i ti n to t wo c omponen t s . T he R io A gue ro i s 1 . 5 km w e s t a nd t he R io C abeza d e T o ro 4 km e a s t . T he s u r round ing c oun t ry s ide w hen v i ewed f r om a top t he g i an t p l a t fo rm mound w a s w e t a nd g reen w i th a n e v iden t h i gh w a te r t ab le . O the r s i te s a nd z one s w e re b eg inn ing t o l ook d ry a nd b rown w hen w ev i s i ted t he a rea i nt he h ea r to ft he 1 979 d ry s ea son . Mode rn U t i l iza t ion T he s i te l i e s w i th in a n e x ten s ive c a t t le g raz ing r eg ion a nd w h i le i t t ake s i t s n ame f r om a c a t t le r anch , t he H ac ienda E l O b ra je 3 . 5 km e as t , i ti sa c tua l ly o n t he F inca L o s L imone s h eadqua r te red 3 km s ou thwe s t . T h i s r eg ion a ppea r s t o b e a t r an s i t ion z one b e tween t he e x ten s ive s uga r f a rm s t o t h e n o r th a nd c o t ton f a rm s t o t h e s ou th . D amage t o t he s i te w a s m in ima l , a l though s ome p o t h un t ing a nd e ros ion w a s n o ted . C a t t le p en s a re p re sen t a t t he s i te s n o r thea s t b o rde r a nd a m i lpa w a s a t t h e e a s te rn e dge . A rchaeo log ica l R ema in s E l Ob ra je c on s i s t s o f t wo c omponen t s d i v ided b y as t ream f l ow ing i n to a s wampy a rea a t i t s s ou the rn b o rde r . T he c omponen t e as t o f t he s t ream h a s f ou r ma jo r mound s i n c lud ing a s i x m e te r h i gh 1 00 x 1 00 me te r g i an t p l a t fo rm ( F ig . 6 0

3 4 ) , t y p ica l o f t he L a te C la s s ic a nd o r ien ted 1 9° e a s t o f n o r th ( Ae r ia l p ho tog raph L -48 , 6 89/690 ) . A p l a in s t e la w a s r e co rded a t t he n o r thea s t b a se o f af i ve me te r h i gh 3 5 x 3 5 m e te r mound j u s t s ou thwe s t o f t he p l a t fo rm . L o t 6 511 -1B1 w a s as u r f ace c olec t ion f r om t h i s p or t ion o f t he s i te . L o t 6 511 -1B2 w a s f r om s eve ra l mound s 8 00 me te r s t ot he n o r th a nd t he f ence l i ne a t t he e a s te rn s i de o f t he s i te . T he p o t te ry c olec t ion o f 6 9 s he rd s f r om t he c omb ined l o t s w a s p redom ina te ly L a te C la s s i c w i th s ome E a r ly C la s s ic a nd i n c luded a nnu lar r i ng b a se s uppo r t s , t ab h and le s o f s a r tene s , i n cen se b u rne r f r agmen t s , P a lo V e rde ( Aguna ) , a nd T a r ro sG roup ( B i lbao ) r im so ft he L a te C la s s ic . T en mound s w e re r e co rded w e s t o f t he s t ream w i th t wo f i ve me te r h igh mound s i n c lud ing o ne s ou th o f t he ( e a s t -we s t d i r t r oad o n t he e dge o f t he s wampy a rea . T he se a re a ppa ren t ly o r ien ted 2 4 .F igu re 3 5 o n ly i n c lude s t he w e s t p o r t ion o f t he o ve ral s i te c omp lex . Mo s t s ur f ace s w e re c ove red w i th d en se g ra s s a nd i n o n ly a f ew p l ace s w a s t he g round e xpo sed r e su l t ing i n ac olec t ion o f o n ly 1 4 r im s a nd f i ve b od ie s ( Lo t 6 511 -1B3 ) . T he se i n c luded U su lu tan , C en iza G roup ( O suna C oa r se ) ,a r im i d en t ica l t o o ne f r om a L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive s i te n ea re r t he c oa s t ( S i te N o 4 50202 ) p robab ly a R io S an t iago G roup ( Ba l samo O range r ed r immed U su lu tan ; P a r son s 1 967 :86 -7 , F ig 3 9k ) . A l so o ne p o s s ib le L a te C la s s ic Maya p o ly ch rome i nr ed a nd b l ack o n o range b u t w h ich c ou ld a l so b e S an And re s T iqu i sa te ( Pa r son s 1 967 :149 -52 ) . T h i s p o r t ion o f t he s i te w a s 7 5% L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive a nd 2 5% L a te C la s s ic . B a sed o n t he meage r c ole c t ion a nd l im i ted e xpo sed g round s u r f ace , It en ta t ive ly c onc lude t ha t d u r ing t he L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive t he w e s t p o r t ion o f E l Ob ra je c ove red 1 5 .1 h a w i th a c on s t ruc t ion m as s o f 2 5 ,088 m3 a nd i n t he L a te C la s s ic t he t o ta l s i te c ove red 1 8 .8 h a w i th a c on s t ruc t ion ma s s o f 7 1 ,313 m3. I n fo rman t s r epo r ted o the r s i te s n ea r Agua B lanca t o t he n o r th a nd o ne o n t he Hac ienda E l O b ra je t o t he e a s t . T he re i s aR anche r ia Agua B lanca 3 km n o r th . T he se w e re n o ti n ve s t iga ted . C la s s i f ica t ion T en ta t ive ly c l a s s i f ied a s as e cond o rde r p l ace i n t he L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive p e r iod . 4 . 29 S ITE NO 7 33301 Map N o

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L o sC e r r i to s -Sou th

A l te rna t ive N ame s B o t ran , Guaca la te N a tu ra l S e t t ing/Loca t ion A t a n e l eva t ion o f 1 20 me te r s a nd 3 .3 km f r om t he P ac i f ic C oa s t , t he ma jo r p or t ion o ft he s i te l i e s b e tween t he R io ' s Guaca la te a nd E sca lan te w i th s ome r ema in s o n t he w e s t b ank o f t he R io E sca lan te . I t i s 2 km n o r thea s t o f t he mode rn t own o f Masagua a nd 4 . 5 km e a s t o f t he R io A ch igua te , a n i mpo r tan t r i ve r d ra inage s y s tem . T he s i te i s l o ca ted o n g en t ly s l op ing g round a nd 2 . 5 km r ad iu s c a tchmen t s i n c lude T ype I F a nd IB s o i l s , o r t he s halow , m ixed c o lo r , v o lcan ic , a nd w el -d ra ined s o i l s o f t he u ppe r c oa s ta l p l a in lowe r p iedmon t z one . T he re a re f i ve w a te r s ou rce s w i th in a2 . 5 c a tchmen t r ad iu s . Mon te A l to ( S i te N o 7 42301 ) i sl o ca ted 1 0 .0 km t ot he w e s t a nd E scu in t la ,t h ed epa r tmen tc ap i ta l , 1 0 .0 km t ot he n o r thea s t . Mode rn U t i l iza t ion Du r ing t he 1 979 s ea son , t he s i te w a s i n s uga r c ane e xcep t l a rge r mound s w h ich w e re c ove red w i th l ow t r ee s a nd b u she s , w i th mo s t o f t he s i te c en te r d evo ted t o c a t t le a nd h o r se g raz ing . I n t he s umme r o f 1 979 , t he s i te c o re w a s c onve r ted t o s uga r c ane . S eve ra l f i nca b u i ld ing s a re o n t he s i te s e a s te rn b oundary . A r a i l road b i sec t s t he s ou the rn p o r t ion u ndoub ted ly c au s ing a g rea t d ea l o f d amage w hen c on s t ruc ted . I n s p i te o f s uga r c ane o pe ra t ion s , t he s i te r ema ined r e la t ive ly f r ee o f s ub su r f ace d amage a nd d e s t ruc t ion . A rchaeo log ica lR ema in s T he Gua tema lan 1 : 50 ,000 t opog raph ic m ap s how st h ree s epa ra te a r chaeo log ica l s i te s w i th t wo s t radd l ing t he r a i l road l i ne a nd t he t h i rd l o ca ted 1 km n o r th . I n f a c t t he re a re t wo s i te s , w i th t he l owe r o ne d i v ided i n t wo b y t he r a i l road . T he l owe r s i te i st he l a rge s t F o rma t ive P e r iod s i te d i scove red d u r ing t h i s p ro jec t . S ome 1 9 mounds r ang ing u p t o 1 2 m e te r s i n h e igh t a re c ove red b y med ium s u r f ace p o t te ry 6 1

c oncen t ra t ions a nd med ium t o d ense o b s id ian c oncen t ra t ions ( F ig . 7 2 ) . L os C e r r i to s -Sou th i s a r rayed i n as omewha t t y p ica l a l ignmen t w i th l ong n a r row p l azas f o rmed b y mound c on s truc t ion s h eaded b yl a rge r mounds , a l though t he o r ien ta t ion i sn o t a s w el -de f ined a s o the r s . T he s i te i so r ien ted 2 6° e as t o f n o r th . I n terven ing a reas , e spec ialy t hose w he re t he s ub su r face w a s e xpo sed b y d ra inage d i tche s o r d eep p l ow ing f o r r enova ted s ugar c ane f i e ld s , a l so h ad v ar iab le v e ry l i gh t t o med ium c oncen t ra t ions o f p o t te ry a nd o b s id ian a r t i f ac t s . T hree p l a in s t e lae a nd t h ree F orma t ive s t y le c a rved s t one monumen t s w e re a l so r ecorded . B ased o n 1 9 s epa ra te s u r face c ole c t ion s a nd o ur e xcava t ion s , t he E a r ly M idd le t oT e rm ina lF o rma t ive c omponen t sc ove r amax ima ls i ze o f 4 9 .5 h a w i th a c on s t ruc t ion mas s o f 2 03 ,193 m3 ( Ae r ia l P ho tog raph No L -57 , 3 16/318 ) . T he s i te s i ze d ec l ine s t o 3 7 .1 h a b y t he E a r ly C la s s ic p e r iod d ec rea s ing t o 2 4 .7 h a b y t he L a te C la s s ic . I t i s d ur ing t h i s p e r iod t ha t L o s C e r r i to s -Nor th ( S i te No 7 53401) l o ca ted 1 . 0 km t o t he n o r thea s t w a s c on s t ruc ted a nd o ccup ied . L os C e r r i to s -No r th i sa l a rge a c ropol i s t y pe s i te s im i lar i n a rch i tec tu re t o E l B au l a nd t o al e s ser e x ten t , B i lbao . Two C o tzuma lguapan s t y le s t e lae w e re a l so r ecorded f r om L o s C e r r i to s -No r th d u r ing t he 1 979 f i e ld s eason . S ince w e c onduc ted l im i ted t e s t e xcava t ion s , L os C e r r i to s -Sou th a nd i t ss cu lp tu ra la r ta re more f u l ly d e sc r ibed i nC hap te rV . C las s i f ica t ion p e r iod s .

L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th i s ap r imary r eg iona l c en te r d ur ing a l F o rma t ive

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Mon te A l to

N a tu ra l S e t t ing/Loca t ion A t 1 55 me te r s e l eva t ion a nd 3 4 .3 km f r om t he P ac i f ic C oas t , t he ma in p o r t ion o f t he s i te i sl o ca ted o n t he t h ree a d jo in ing f i ncas o f Mon te A l to , S an V ic tor a nd E l T ran s i to . Mon te A l to i sa bou t 0 . 5 t o 1 . 0 km e a s t o f t he mode rn t own o f L a Democ rac ia a nd 0 . 5 km e a s t o f t he R io Ob i spo i nt he Mun ic ip io o f L a Democ rac ia . T he s i te i sl o ca ted i n t he l owe r p iedmon t -uppe r c oa s ta l p la in e nv i ronmen ta l z one w i th s o i l s o f I F a nd IB p re sen t w i th in a 2 . 5 km c a tchmen t r ad ius . T he se t y pe s a re s halow , m ixed -co lo r v o lcan ic a nd s andy w el -d ra ined s o i l s . N ume rou s s pr ing s a re i n t he s i te v i c in i ty p e rhap s c au sed b y c oa r se s and b ed s a c t ing a s a qu i fe r s a nd t he re a re 9 r i ve r s o r s t ream s w i th in a 2 . 5 km c a tchmen t . T he R io A ch igua te i s4 . 5 km t o 5 . 0 e as t o f Mon te A l to a nd L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th ( S i te No 7 33301) i sa pp rox ima te ly t he s ame d i s tance e a s t o f t he r i ve r . T he M idd le F orma t ive r eg iona l c en te r o fE l B a l samo ( S i te No 7 61401 ) i s8 . 9 km w e s ta nd L o sC e r r i to s -Sou th i s1 0 .0 km e a s t . Mode rn U t i l iza t ion T he ma jor p o r t ion o f t he s i te i su sed a s p as ture f o r t he c a t t le r a i s ing a c t iv i t ie s o f t he F inca Mon te A l to a nd t he a d jo in ing f i ncas . S ome s ugar c ane i s a l so p roduced i n t he i mmed ia te a rea . An e a s t -we s t d i r t r oad f r om L a Democ rac ia c u ts t h rough t he n or the rn p or t ion o f t he s i te b e fore t u rn ing t o t he s ou thea s t a nd t he ma in b u i ld ing so ft he F inca Mon te A l to . A rchaeo log ica l R ema in s T he s i te o f Mon te A l to i sf amous b ecause o f i t s c orpu s o f u nu sua l b ou lde r s cu lp tu re s i n t he f o rm o f c o los sa l s t one h ead s , f ul f i gu re , a nd p o t b el ied s cu lp tu re s f i r s t r epor ted i n 1 938 ( R icha rd son 1 940 ) . A g rea t d ea l o f s pecu la t ion c on t inue s a s t o t he d a t ing o f t he e n igma t ic a r t s t y le a nd w he the r i tp reda te s Ma lec a r t , i sc on temporary w i th s ome p or t ion o f i t , o r p o s t -da te s i ta s mos t o b serve r s c u r ren t ly b e l ieve ( eg . M i le s 1 965 :237 -75 ; P a r son s 1 965 , 1 981 :257 -88 ) . An i n ten s ive t wo y ear p ro jec t o f e xcava t ion , f unded i n p ar t b y t he N a t iona l Geog raph ic S oc ie ty a nd d i rec ted b y P ar son s a nd S hook , w a s c onduc ted i n 1 969 a nd 1 970 . T he b u lk o f t he w o rk r ema ins i na na ly s i s a l though s eve ra l b r ie fp re l im inary r epo r t s h ave b een p ub l i shed ( Par son s 1 976 , 1 981 :257 -288 ) . Mos t o f t he F orma t ive p or t ion o f t he s i te i sa r ranged a round a n e l onga ted p l aza o r ien ted e a s t o f n or th a nd s im i lar i n f o rm a nd a r ch i tec ture t o v i r tua l ly a l t he l a rge F orma t ive P e r iod c en te r s o n t he P ac i f ic S lope . F igu re 3 6 i s ac rude s ke tch o f t he s i te 's c en t ra l z one p repa red w i th t he a i d o f a e r ia l p ho tog raph s a nd a s hor t p e r sona l r econna i s sance . 6 2

Mound c on s t ruc t ion s r ange i n h e igh t f r om b a re ly v i s ib le t o a bou t 1 0 me te r s i n h e igh t w i th t h ree mound s e i gh t m e te r s h igh o r h ighe r . On t he b a s i s o f s eve ra l f i e ld s u rvey s , a n e xam ina t ion o fa e r ia l p ho tog raph s ( L -53 , 4 64/465 ) , s ke tch map s , f i e ld n o te s a nd d i scu s s ion s w i th t he p r inc ipa l i n ve s t iga to r s , Ie s t ima te t he F o rma t ive c omponen t t o b e 2 7 .8 h a w i th 1 4 mound s h av ing ac on s t ruc t ion ma s s o f 9 4 ,900 m3. T he se f i gu re s w i l l b e r e f ined o n s ub sequen t v i s i t s a nd/o r p end ing t he c omp le t ion o f a na ly s i s a nd p ub l ica t ion o fr e su l t s b y t h e p r inc ipa l i n ve s t iga to r s . As i zeab le E a r ly C la s s ic c omponen t a l so e x i s t s a nd i s a ppa ren t ly c oncen t ra ted a t o ne l a rge mound (Md 6 ) , b u t i s n o t d i scu s sed h e re . Iw a s s t ruck b y t he r e la t ive ly s mal s i ze o f t he F o rma t ive p o r t ion o f t he s i te i n r e la t ion t o L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th , a nd i n f a c t d oe s n o t a ppea r t o b e much l a rge r t han t he s e conda ry p l ace o f L a Mo rena ( S i te N o 7 70701 ) , a l though t h i s c ou ld b e d ue t ot he l a ck o fa dequa te s u r vey s . E x ten s ive e xcava t ion s d u r ing 1 969 a nd 1 970 r e su l ted i na pp rox ima te ly 3 , 400 m3 o f e xcava ted v o lume w i th 1 b ou lde r s cu lp tu re s , 1 5 p l a in s t e lae , t h ree a l ta r s , a pp rox ima te ly 5 1 ,000 s he rd s r e ta ined , a nd o ve r 4 , 700 o b s id ian a r t i f ac t s r eco rded . S u r f ace p o t te ry a nd o b s id ian d en s i t ie s w e re v e ry l i gh t t o l i gh t ( Shook -pe r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . Un fo r tuna te ly , M idd le F o rma t ive p o t te ry w a s a ppa ren t ly a lway s m ixed w i th l a te r ma te r ia l mak ing c e ram ic a na ly s i s d i f f icu l t . Wh i le t he i n ve s t iga to r s b el ieve t h a t t he b u lk o fc on s t ruc t ion a nd o c cupa t ion w a s i nt he L a te t oT e rm ina l F o rma t ive ( La te P rec la s s ic ) , i ti sm y o p in ion o n t he b a s i s o f c onve r sa t ion s w i th S hook a nd H a tch t ha t c on s t ruc t ion a c t iv i ty c ommenced i nt h e E a r ly M idd le F o rma t ive w hen t he w e s te rn p o r t ion o ft he s i te t ook i t s F o rma t ive a r ch i tec tu ra l f o rm a nd e x tended i n to t he T e rm ina l F orma t ive . T he re i ss ome e v idence o f a n e a r l ie r o ccupa t ion a s B a r ra P ha se ma te r ia lw a s i den t i f ied ( Lowe 1 977 :205 ) . A l though a t o ta l o f 4 , 754 o b s id ian a r t i f ac t s w e re r ecove red , t he se a re f r om a l c on tex t s r ep re sen t ing F o rma t ive t o C la s s ic c omponen t s w h ich f o r a na ly t i ca l p u rpo se s o n ac ompa ra t ive b a s i s w e re r educed t o 2 , 852 f o r t he a na ly s i s o f F o rma t ive p e r iod o b s id ian i nC hap te rV I I . C la s s i f ica t ion Mon te A l to i s ap r ima ry r eg iona l c en te r f r om t he E a r ly M idd le t h rough t he T e rm ina lF o rma t ive . 4 . 31 S ITE NO 7 50301 Map No

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C r i s toba l

A l te rna t ive N ame E lP i la r N a tu ra l S e t t ing/Loca t ion A t a n e l eva t ion o f 1 00 me te r s a nd 3 5 .5 km f r om t he P ac i f ic C oa s t , C r i s toba l i sl o ca ted o n h i gh g round j u s t w e s t o ft he m a jo r R io C r i s toba l d ra inage s y s tem o n l a nd s o f t he F inca C r i s toba l , a nd 3 00 me te r s n o r th o f t he Hac ienda E l P i la r n ow o wned b y t he F inca C r i s toba l . T he s i te i s2 . 5 km e a s t o f t he R io C oyo la te , t he p ro jec t ' s w e s te rn b ounda ry a nd i ss t ra teg ica l ly l o ca ted t o a ppa ren t ly c on t ro l az one o f f e r t i le , w el -wa te red a nd d ra ined l a nd s n o r th a nd b e tween t he c onf luence o f t he R io P an ta leon w i th t he R io C r i s toba l 4 km t o t he s ou th . S o i l s w i th in a 2 . 5 km c a tchmen t r ad iu s a re p r ima r i ly T ype IA w i th s ome I E a nd IB r ep re sen ted a nd a re d e f ined a sw el d ra ined s o i l s o f h eavy t e x tu re , d eep , v o lcan ic s o i l s o f m ixed c o lo r a nd w el -d ra ined s andy s o i l s . T he i mpo r tan t c onf luence o f t he n ow l a rge r R io C r i s toba l w i th t he R io C oyo la te i s 9 km t o t h e s ou thwe s t . T he re a re f i ve r i ve r s w i th in a 2 . 5 km c a tchmen t r ad iu s . T he s e condary c en te rL a Mo rena ( S i te N o7 70701 ) i s4 . 8 km e a s t . Mode rn U t i l i za t ion T he a rea w a s f o rme r ly i np a s tu re a nd m i lpa u n t i l a bou t 1 973 w hen mo s t o f i tw a s c onve r ted t o s uga r c ane f a rm ing , a l though s ome c a t t le g raz ing r ema in s , p a r t icu lar ly t o t he n o r th . Mode rn b u i ld ing s o f t he F inca C r i s toba l a re w e s t o f t he m a in F o rma t ive p e r iod p o r t ion o f t he s i te w i th b u i ld ing s o f t he Hac ienda E l P i la r t o t he s ou th . An e x ten s ive n e two rk o f s uga r c ane f a rm d i r t r oad s p rov ide a cce s s ib i l i ty . An a i r s t r ip c u t s t h rough t h e w e s te rn p o r t ion o f t he s i te . S ome mound s h ave b een d e s t royed , o r s e ve re ly d amaged a s ar e su l t o f t he c onve r s ion t o s uga r c ane a nd r e la ted a c t iv i t ie s . 6 3

A rchaeo log ica l R ema in s C r i s toba l p rov ide s e v idence f o r t he l o nge s t o ccupa t ion o f a ny i n ve s t iga ted i n t he l ong te rm s t udy a rea . On t h e b a s i s o f 2 5 s epara te s u r f ace c olec t ion s , a n e x ten s ive r econna i s sance , a nd l im i ted t e s t e x cava t ion s , t he F o rma t ive p e r iod p o r t ion o f t he s i te h a s 1 4 mound s i n as omewha t d i f fe ren t a l ignmen t t h an t h e t y p ica l F o rma t ive c on f igu ra t ion . T he s i te a ppea r s t ob e o r ien ted 1 40 e a s t o f n o r th ( F ig . 9 9a nd a e r ia lp ho tog raph sL -47 , 7 24/725 ) . T he s i te c ove r s 4 0 .0 h a w i th 18 ,427 m3 o f c on s t ruc t ion m a s s f r om t he E a r ly M idd le t h rough L a te F o rma t ive a nd i n c rea s ing i n s i ze t o 5 0 .0 h a d u r ing t he T e rm ina l F o rma t ive . As i gn i f ican t P ro to -Ea r ly C la s s ic o ccupa t ion c ove r s 7 0 .0 h a a nd b y t he L a te C la s s ic , C r i s toba l b ecome s i mmen se w i th i n e xce s s o f 1 75 h a o f o c cupa t ion a nd a m a s s o f c on s t ruc t ion w h ich r ema in s t o b e c a lcu la ted . T he re i sa l so a l i gh t E a r ly P o s tc la s s i c p o t te ry c olec t ion . S ome o f t he e a r l ie s t m a te r ia l r e co rded a t a ny o f t he F o rma t ive P e r iod s i te s c ove red i n o u r f i e ld r e sea rch w a s f ound a tC r i s toba l i n c lud ing a t en ta t ive i d en t i f ica t ion o f B a r ra P ha se p o t te ry ( c a . 1 500BC ) a l ong w i th a g rea t d ea l o f C uad ro s -Joco ta l P ha se ma te r ia l f r om t he F o rma t ive s i te c en te r ( G . W . L owe -pe r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . S ur f ace p o t te ry a nd o b s id ian r anged f r om v e ry l i gh t t o h eavy d epend ing o n t he l o ca le , s u r f ace c ond i t ion s , a nd t ime . N o s cu lp tu re s h ave b een r epo r ted n o r w e re a ny f ound t h rough o u r e f fo r t s , w h ich i s s u rp r i s ing c on s ide r ing t he s ho r t d i s tance t o B i lbao a nd E l B au l , c on tempo raneou s L a te C la s s ic s i te s , n o ted f o r t h e q uan t i ty o f s cu lp tu re a nd o n ly 1 5 km n o r thea s t . A m o re c omp le te d e sc r ip t ion o f t h e s i te w i th as umma ry o fo u re xcava t ion si si nC hap te rV . C la s s i f ica t ion A p r ima ry r eg iona l c en te r f r om t he E a r ly M idd le t h rough t he T e rm ina l F o rma t ive w i th e v idence o fa ne a r l ie ro c cupa t ion . 4 . 32 S ITE NO 7 61401 Map N o

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E lB a l samo

N a tu ra l S e t t ing/Loca t ion A t 2 15 me te r s e l eva t ion a nd 3 7 .3 km f r om t he P ac i f i c C oa s t , E l B a l samo i sl o ca ted o n t he F inca E l B a l samo , ap a r t o f t he e x ten s ive P an ta leon S .A . , h o ld ing s . E l B a l samo i sl o ca ted o n t he g en t ly s l op ing l a nd s o f al ow r i dge r epre sen t ing t he r emnan t s o f t he l owe r p iedmon t w h ich e x tend s f i nge r l ike r i dge s t o t he s ou th . T he s i te i so n t he w e s t b ank o f t he R io C ama ron , as mal p e rmanen t s p r ing fed s t ream w i th t he l a rge r R io C abeza d e T o ro 1 . 5 km e a s t a nd t he R io A gue ro 3km w e s t . S even r i ve r s a nd s t ream s a re w i th in a 2 . 5 c a tchmen t r ad iu s . T he s ame c a tchmen t i n c lude s T ype I E a nd IB s o i l s o f t he d eep v o lcan ica l ly d e r ived a nd s andy w el -d ra ined s o i l s o f t he u ppe r c oa s ta l p l a in lowe r p iedmon t e nv i ronmen ta l z one ( S immon s e t a l . 1 959 ) . T he mode rn t own o f S an ta L uc ia C o tzuma lguapa i s 9km d ue n o r th a nd t he s i te i s 3 km s ou th o ft h e ma in b u i ld ing c omp lex o ft he F inca E lB a l samo . Mode rn U t i l iza t ion T he e n t i re s i te z one i si n s uga r c ane c u l t iva t ion w i th mo s t mound s s how ing p a r t ia l t o s eve re d e s t ruc t ion a nd d amage . T he C i tade l c omp lex w a s i n m i lpa f r om 1 977 t o 1 979 . A c ane r oad s l i ce s t h rough t he s i te a lmo s t d own t he c en te r l i ne c u t t ing t h rough Mound A , am a jo rc on s t ruc t ion . A rchaeo log ica l R ema ins E l B a l samo w a s f i r s t i n ve s t iga ted b y S hook i n 1 969 a nd 1 970 a s p a r t o f ag ene ra l r econna i s sance o f t he r eg ion s u r round ing Mon te A l to 8 . 9 km e a s t . A s u r f ace c olec t ion a nd m ap w e re p repa red a nd t wo t e s t e xcava t ion s made i n to t he l owe r mound f i l l o f S t r 1a t t he n o r th e nd o f t he s i te . T h i s s t ruc tu re , o r ig inaly e s t ima ted t o b e a bou t s i x t o e i gh t me te r s h igh , w a s l e ve led t o a bou t t wo me te r s d u r ing b uldoz ing o pe ra t ion s . Ma te r ia l r e cove red f r om t he mound l e vel ing a c t iv i ty a nd t e s t p i t s l e d t ot h e f i r s t p ub l i shed r epo r t o n t he s i te ( Shook a nd H a tch 1 978 ) . S ub sequen t ly a UCLA r e sea rch p ro jec t d i rec ted b y C . W . C lew low , J r . , w a s c onduc ted a t t he s i te d u r ing t h e w in te r f i e ld s ea son s o f 1 977 -1979 . T h i s p ro jec t e mpha s ized m app ing , t e s t p i t t ing o f mound s , a nd s u rvey t o d e te rm ine s i te s i ze , p opu la t ion d i s t r ibu t ion , a nd g row th p a t te rn s . T h i s p ro jec t i ss t i l l u nde rgo ing a na ly s i s . T he E l B a l samo R e s iden t ia l P ro jec t , u nde r t h e d i rec t ion o f B . L . S ta rk , t ook p l ace d u r ing t he s p r ing o f 1 979 . T he g oa l o f S ta rk ' s 6 4

p ro jec t i s t he r e con s t ruc t ion a nd i n te rp re ta t ion o f t he e conom ic o rgan iza t ion o f E l B a l sam ( )a nd p re l im ina ry r e su l t sh ave b een p re sen ted ( S ta rk e ta l . 1 980 ; S ta rk 1 981 ) . T he r u in s o fE l B a l samo c on s i s t o ff r om 1 2 t o 1 7 mound s , d epend ing o n t he s ou rce a nd t ime p e r iod , a r rayed i n t wo e l onga ted p l aza s o r ien ted 2 3° e a s t o f n o r th ( F ig . 3 7 a f te r S hook a nd Ha tch 1 978 ) . One g roup , t he C i tade l c omp lex , a ppa ren t ly o c cup ied d u r ing t he T e rm ina l F o rma t ive , i sa bou t 1km t o t he w e s t o f t he m a in c en t ra l c omp lex . T he e n t i re z one c an b e v i ewed o n a e r ia l p ho tog raph s L -50 ,548/550 a nd L -49 , 6 00/601 . Du r ing t he E a r ly M idd le T o L a te F o rma t ive , E l B a l samo i se s t ima ted t o c ove r 2 8 .0 h a w i th 9 3 ,391 m3 o f c on s t ruc t ion . B y t he T e rm ina l F o rma t ive , t h i s i n c rea se s t o 4 2 .0 h a a nd 1 49 ,211 m3 o fc on s t ruc t ion ma s s w i th t he a dd i t ion o f t he C i tade l c omp lex . A s w i th o the r l a rge s i te s i n t h i s e nv i ronmen ta l z one , t he re i s e v idence o f E a r ly F o rma t ive p o t te ry , h oweve r t he b u lk o f m a te r ia l r ema in s , a s soc ia ted w i th c en t ra l p l ace c on s t ruc t ion , a re f r om t he E a r ly M idd le t o t he T e rm ina l F o rma t ive . S ome C la s s ic ma te r ia l o ve r lay s p o r t ion s o f t he s i te b u t i sn o t s i gn i f ican t . S tone monumen t s h ave b een d i scove red i n c lud ing p l a in s t e lae , p o s s ib le p l a in b ou lde r monumen t s , a nd s c u lp tu re s . Ob s id ian d a ta g ene rou s ly s upp l ied b y S ta rk i si n c luded i n t he a na ly s i s o f F o rma t ive p e r iod o b s id ian i nC hap te rV I I . C la s s i f ica t ion E l B a l samo i s ap r ima ry r eg iona l c en te r f o r a l F o rma t ive P e r iod s u nde r c on s ide ra t ion . 4 33 S ITE NO 7 70701 Map N o

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L a Mo rena

N a tu ra l S e t t ing/Loca t ion A t a n e l eva t ion o f 1 65 me te r s a nd 3 6 .8 km f r om t he P ac i f ic C oa s t , L a Mo rena i sl o ca ted o n g en t ly s l op ing g round r ep re sen t ing t he r emnan t s o fl ow f i nge r -l ike r i dge s , p o s s ib ly l a ha r ic d epo s i t s , w ho se e roded b a se s e x tend t o t he s ou th f r om t he p iedmon t s im i la r t o t he a rea n ea r E l B a l samo . S o i l s w i th in a 2 . 5 c a tchmen t r ad iu s a re T ype I F a nd c ha rac te r ized a s s halow , v o lcan ica l ly d e r ived o f am ixed c o lo r a nd w el -d ra ined . L a Mo rena i s1 0 .5 km s ou thwe s t o ft he mode rn t own o f S an ta L uc ia C o tzuma lgu apa o n t he w e s t s i de o f t he p aved h ighway r unn ing f r om t ha t c i ty t o t he mode rn t own o f C e r ro C o lo rado . T he Queb rada E l J u te i s 1 km t o t he w e s t w i th p e rmanen t w a te r . T he s i te i sl o ca ted e qu id i s tan t b e tween t he l a rge r R io P a taya 2km t o t he n o r thwe s t a nd t he R io P an ta leon 2 km t o t he s ou thea s t . T he re a re f i ve r i ve r s a nd s t ream s w i th in a 2 . 5 km c a tchmen t r ad iu s . T he r eg iona l c en te r o f C r i s toba l ( S i te N o 7 50301 ) i s4 . 8 km w e s ta nd E lB a l samo ( S i te N o7 61401 ) i s7 . 3 km e a s t . Mode rn U t i l iza t ion T he m a jo rp o r t ion o ft he s i te , t he n o r the rn 7 5 -80% h a sb een f a rmed w i th s uch c rop s a s ma ize , r i ce , p apaya s , a nd t oma toe s r ecen t ly g rown . S uga r c ane i s g rown a t t he n o r the rn e dge o f t he s i te . T he w e s te rn b ounda ry i st he g ran ja ( da i ry ) L a Mo rena a nd t he e a s te rn b ounda ry i st he p aved h ighway . T he s ou the rn 2 0% o r s o i si n t he m idd le o f a n a l dea ( h am le t ) . S i te d i s tu rbance w a s r ema rkab ly l ow g i ven i t s a c ce s s ib i l i ty a s d emon s t ra ted b y o u r d i s cove r ie s , i ns ome c a se s o n ly af ew c m b e low t he s u r face , a l though h ighway c on s t ruc t ion a t t he e a s te rn b ounda ry o f t he s i te u ndoub ted ly c au sed s eve re d amage . A rchaeo log ica l R ema in s L a Mo rena i s a l igned i n t y p ica l F o rma t ive f a sh ion w i th e l onga ted a r rangemen t s o f l ong p l aza s h eaded b y l a rge r mound c on s t ruc t ion s a nd o r ien ted 2 5° e a s t o fn o r th ( F ig . 3 8 , a e r ia l p ho tog raph s L -45 , 8 01/803 a nd L -46 , 7 74/777 ) . T he s i te h ad v e ry l i gh t t o l i gh t s u r f ace c oncen t ra t ion s o f p o t te ry a nd av i r tua l a b sence o f s u r f ace o b s id ian . B a sed o n o u r s u r f ace c olec t ion s a nd t e s t e xcava t ion s , L a Mo rena h a s n ine mound s c ove r ing a n a rea o f 1 9 .9 h a w i th 7 1 ,508 m3 o fc on s t ruc t ion ma s s . T he ma in p a r t o f t he s i te w a sp robab ly c on s t ruc ted d u r ing o ne p e r iod a nd w a s o ccup ied f r om t he E a r ly M idd le t oT e rm ina l F o rma t ive . Ap l a in s t e la w a s r eco rded o n t he s l ope o fS t r D , t he m a jor 1 0 me te r h i gh p y ram id a nd a s u spec ted a l ta r c omp lex w a s b u r ied w i th in S t r F , al ow e l i te s t ruc tu re a nd t opped w i th a 3 0 w ho le v e s se l a nd j ade c ache . L a Morena w a s a ppa ren t ly a bandoned a to r n ea r t he e nd o f t he T e rm ina l F o rma t ive a s n o C las s ic o r P o s tc la s s ic r ema in s w e re f ound . Howeve r , a c ro s s t he p aved h ighway t o t he 6 5

s ou thea s t , al ow mound w i th s ome E ar ly C la s s ic p o t te ry w a s r e corded . T he s i te i s more f u l ly d i scu s sed i n C hap te r V o n E xcava t ion s w i th s ummary d e sc r ip t ion s o f o u r t e s t e xcava t ion sa nd s u r face c olec t ion s . C las s i f ica t ion L a Mo rena i s as econdary p l ace p robab ly u nde r t he d oma in o f C r i s toba l ( S i te No 7 50301) . 4 . 34 S ITE NO 8 61401 ( ALSO 8 714 AND 8 715 ) Map No

1

N ame

B i lbao

N a tura l S e t t ing/Loca t ion T he s i te i sl o ca ted a t 4 15 me ter s e l eva t ion o n t he F inca L a s I l u s ione s , 4 6 .8 km f r om t he P ac i f ic C oa s t a nd o n t h e n or the rn e dge o ft he mode rn t own o f S an ta L uc ia C o tzuma lguapa . B i lbao i si n ah i gh ly f e r t i le z one o f T ype I E , o r d eep v o lcan ic s o i l s o f m ixed c o lo r a tt he f oo th i l l s o f t he v o lcan ic r ange . T he re a re s i x w a te r s ou rce s w i th in a 2 . 5 km c a tchmen t . We r eco rded s even 2 0 me te r c l o sed c on tour s c ro s sed b y al i ne w i th in a 2 . 5 km c a tchmen t w h ich p rov ide a s t rong i nd ica t ion o f t he h i gh r e l ie f i n t he l o ca l t e r ra in c ompared t o t ho se s i te s n eare r t he c oa s t . T h i s a rea o f t he l owe r p iedmon t r ece ive s a bou t 4 000 mm o f r a in p e r y ear , a pprox ima te ly 3 . 5 t o 4 t ime s t ha t o n t he l owe r c oa s t a nd w a s a n a rea o f t r op ica l r a infore s t a nd e x ten s ive c acao c u l t iva t ion p reh i s tor icaly . Mode rn U t i l iza t ion T he s i te w a s i n c of fee c u l t iva t ion a t t he t ime o f P a r son s ' s i n ve s t iga t ion s i n 1 962 -63 . F olow ing t he C uban c r i s i s i n 1 962 , many c of fee f i ncas i n t h i s a rea o f Gua tema la c onve r ted t o s uga r p roduc t ion a nd t he F inca L a s i l u s ione s h as b een a s ugar p roduce r f o r an umbe r o f y ea r s . D amage s i nce t he e xcava t ion s i sa t a m in imum d ue t ot he e xcelen ts e cu r i ty p rov ided b yt he o wne r s . A rchaeo log ica l R ema in s T he b e s t a nd mo s t r ecen t r ev iew o f t he r eg iona l a nd s i te h i s tory i s p rov ided b y P ar son s ( 1967 , 1 969 ) . B r ief ly , t he s i te o f B i lbao i s a ma jo r r eg iona l c en te r o f t he a c ropo l i s t y pe w i th t ho se c on s t ruc t ion s e xcava ted b y P a r son s d a t ing p r ima r i ly t o t he M idd le -La te C la s s ic . T he s i te w as p robab ly t he c ap i ta l o f a C o tzuma lguapan s t a te o f s ome magn i tude a nd B i lbao i s o ne l o ca le w i th in a d en se ly o ccup ied z one o f mound s a nd s cu lp tu re s o n a d jo in ing f i ncas t o t he n or th . T he s i te c omp lex w a sp robab ly t he r eg iona lc ap i ta l . T he ma in p ar t o f t he s i te , i n ve s t iga ted b y P a r sons , c ove r s a bou t 4 0 .5 h a . A s ub s tan t ia l F orma t ive c omponen t e x i s t s i n t he f o rm o f c e ram ic ma te r ia l a nd s cu lp tures . O f 1 7 ,000 c l as s i f ied s he rds a t B i lbao , 6 . 7% w e re a s s igned t o t he A lgo -e s -A lgo P ha se , s pann ing t he l a te a spec t o ft he M idd le F o rma t ive t ot he L a te F o rma t ive , a nd 1 9 .8% w e re p ar t o f t he I l u s ione s P hase , s pann ing t he T e rm ina l F o rma t ive i n to t he P ro toc la s s ic . On t h i s b as i s , a nd t ak ing i n to a ccoun t t ha t " P rec la s s ic s he rd s . . .we re a lway s f ound i n m ixed d epo s i t s a l ong w i th C las s ic P e r iod s he rd s " ( Pa r son s 1 967 :24 ) , Ia rb i trar i ly c ompu ted s i te s i ze b ased o n t he p e rcen tage o f p o t te ry f r om F o rma t ive P e r iod s . Ie s t ima te t ha t f r om t he l a te a spec t o f t he M idd le t h rough L a te F orma t ive , t he s i te c ove red 2 . 7 h a ( 6 .7% o f 4 0 .5 h a ) a nd i n t he T e rm ina l F orma t ive 8 . 0 h a ( 1 9 .8 % o f 4 0 .5 h a ) . No c ompa rab le a na ly s i sw a s made w i th c on s t ruc t ion mas s . C la s s i f ica t ion A f our th -o rde r p l ace i n t he l a te a spec t o f t he Midd le t h rough L a te F o rma t ive a nd at h i rd -o rde rp l ace i nt he T e rm ina lF o rma t ive . 4 . 35 S ITE NO 9 01501 ( ALSO 8 916 ) Map No

None

N ame

E lB au !

A rchaeo log ica l R ema in s T h i s i mpo r tan t s i te , a l though i n ve s t iga ted b yT homp son i n1 941 ( Thompson 1 948 ) , a nd o n ly 3 . 5 km n o r th o fB i lbao ( S i te No 8 61401) , i sn o t i n c luded i n t he F orma t ive P e r iod a na ly s i s . T he r ea son s a re t h a t o f o ve r 5 000 s he rds r e ta ined a s a r e su l t o fT homp son ' s e xcava t ion s , o n ly af ew a re F o rma t ive ( La te -Te rm ina l ) . Wh i le o ne o f t he r a re C yc le 7 monumen t s ( S te la 1 )w a s r eco rded f r om n ex t t o t he a c ropo l i s a t E l 6 6

B au l , i ti sd i f f icu l t t o r e conc i le t he monumen t a nd i t s c l ea r F o rma t ive a s soc ia t ion s w i th t he s e r iou s l a ck o f F o rma t ive p o t te ry . Undoub ted ly i te x i s t s , b u t u n t i l as y s tema t ic s u r f ace c olec t ion a nd/o r t e s t e xcava t ion p rog ram i s c onduc ted , t he s i te w i l l n o t b e i n c luded i n t h i s c a tego ry . On a r e cen t r econna i s sance o f t he a rea s u r round ing t he E l B au l a c ropo l i s , Io b se r ved s eve ra l e ve r ted r im s o f t he L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive i n r ecen t ly c u t s uga r c ane f i e ld s a bou t 5 0 -100 me te r s w e s t . I ts hou ld a l so b e n o ted t ha t t he mound d i rec t ly s ou th o f t he a c ropol i s , a nd w he re S te la 1w a s f ound , h a s n eve r b een e xcava ted a nd may w el o f fe r i n te re s t ing p o s s ib i l i t ie s f o r t he d i scove ry o f p u re F o rma t ive c omponen t s .

6 7

CHAPTER V EXCAVAT IONS 5 . 1 I n troduc t ion I n t h i s c hap te r Is umma r ize r e su l t s o f t he l im i ted e xcava t ions c onduc ted a t t h e t h ree s i te s o f L a Mo rena ( S i te No 7 70701 ) , L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th ( S i te No 7 33301) , a nd C r i s toba l ( S i te No 7 50301 ) . T he se a re p re sen ted i n t he o rde r i n ve s t iga ted t o j u s t i f y c e r ta in o pe ra t iona l d ec i s ions made i nt he f i e ld . We a l so c ar r ied o u t more e x tens ive a nd i n ten s ive s u r face s urvey s o f t he t h ree e xcava ted s i te s t h an t hose c ove red o n ly b y t h e s i te s urvey p rog ram a nd t he se r e su l t s a re s umma r ized h e re r a the r t han i n C hap te r I V . S i te maps i n c lude l o ca t ions o f s u r face c olec t ion s , e xcava t ion u n i t s , s t ruc tu re i d en t i f ica t ion s , a nd mound e l eva t ion s . Ia l so p rov ide o b s id ian f r equency a nd d en s i ty d a ta b y s ub -ope ra t ion , b u t a d e ta i led a na ly s i s i s i n C hap te r V I I o n E conom ic S pec ia l iza t ion a nd E xchange . F o rma t ive o b s id ian f r equenc ie s a nd w e igh t s b y t ype f r om t he se t h ree e xcava ted s i te s , a sw el a s Mon te A l to , a re t abu la ted i n Append ix E . 5 . 2 L a Morena

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N amed a f te r t he g ran ja L a Mo rena a t i t s w e s te rn b ounda ry ( a s o b se rved i n t h e p ho tomosa ic f o r t he a rea ) , t he s i te i sl o ca ted o n t he w e s t s i de a nd a d jacen t t o t h e p aved h ighway w h ich r un s s ou th f r om t he mode rn t own o f S an ta L uc ia C o tzuma lguapa 1 0 .5 km t o t he n or thea s t . L a Mo rena i sa ta n e l eva t ion o f 1 65 me te r s a nd i sl o ca ted o n h ighe r g round t han t he i mmed ia te ly s u r round ing c oun t ry s ide . T he h ighe r t e r ra in r epre sen t s t he r emnan t s o f l ow f i nge r l ike r i dge s w ho se e roded b a se s e x tend f r om t h e p iedmon t a rea i n t he n o r th t o t he s ou th . S ome o f t he se f i nge r l ike r i dge s a re p robab ly l a ha r ic d epos i t s w ho se d epo s i t ion i sr e la t ive ly p ronounced i nt he v i c in i ty . S o i l s w i th in a 2 . 5 km c a tchmen t r ad ius a re T ype I F c ha rac te r ized a s s halow , w el -d ra ined v o lcan ic s o i l s w i th a m ixed c o lo r ( S immon s e t a l . 1 959 ) . T he Queb rada E l J u te w i th p ermanen t w a te r i s 1 km e as t a nd t he s i te i sl o ca ted more o r l e s s e qu id i s tan t f r om t wo o the r l a rge r r i ve r s y s tem s , t he R io P a taya 2 km n o r thwe s t a nd t he R io P an ta leon 2 k m s ou theas t . F ive r i ve r o r s t ream s ou rce s a re w i th in a 2 . 5 c a tchmen t r ad iu s . T he re a r e t wo n earby r eg iona l c en te r s , E l B a l samo ( S i te No 7 61401) 7 . 3 km e a s t , a nd C r i s toba l ( S i te No 7 50301 ) 4 . 8 km w e s t . C on s t ruc t ion o f t he p aved r oad u ndoub ted ly c au sed h eavy d amage b u t w en t u n repo r ted a nd t he h ighway n ow f o rm s t he s i te ' s e a s te rn b oundary . T he r ema in ing ( a nd p robab ly ma jo r ) p o r t ion o f t he s i te d id n o t s u f fe r e x ten s ive d amage . Dur ing o u r i n ve s t iga t ion s , t he n or the rn 7 5 -80% w a s e i the r g razed o r f a rmed w i th ma ize , r i ce , p apayas , a nd t oma toe s r ecen t c rop s . T he s ou the rn 2 0% o r s o i si n t he m idd le o f a n a l dea ( ham le t ) a nd a l though s eve ra l h ou se s a re o n mound s , d amage h as b een r e la t ive ly l i gh tg rea t ly e nhanc ing o u rd i scove r ie s . S hook f i r s t v i s i ted t he s i te o n Ap r i l 1 0 , 1 970 w h i le r econno i te r ing t he r eg ion s u r round ing Mon te A l to 1 6 km t o t he e a s t . He made a s mal p o t te ry c olec t ion ( Lo t J 60 S hook l a bora to ry ) a l li den t i f ied a sF orma t ive p e r iod i n c lud ing aWh i te r immed B lack t e coma te o r C oa s ta l Und i f fe ren t ia ted o ft he E a r ly F orma t ive ( Shook a nd Ha tch 1 978 :12 ) . Iv i s i ted t he s i te w i th S hook a nd Ha tch o n J anua ry 2 4 , 1 978 d ur ing a b r ie f f am i l ia r iza t ion a nd r econna i s sance o f t he E scu in t la c oa s ta l p la in t o b ecome a cqua in ted w i th t he p o s s ib i l i t ie s o f ar eg iona l r e sea rch p ro jec t . A t t h i s t ime w e made a n e x ten s ive s u r face c olec t ion a nd p repa red a s ke tch map . T h i s c olec t ion r eaf f irmed t he M idd le L a te F orma t ive d a t ing s u spec ted o n t he b a s i s o ft he o r ig ina l c olec t ion a nd a l so i n c luded n ume rou s e xamp le s o f E l B a l samo B rown Ware ( Cone jo C oa r se ) at y p ica l M idd le F o rma t ive marke r . Is ub sequen t ly v i s i ted L a Mo rena i n N ovembe r a nd Decembe r 1 978 a nd m ade t en ta t ive p l an s t o s y s tema t ica l ly s u r face c olec t , map , a nd i fp o s s ib le c onduc t l im i ted s ub su r face t e s t ing . E xcava t ion s w e re c on s ide red b ecau se t he l a rge , p os s ib ly p r ima ry c en te r o f E l B a l samo w a s o n ly 7 . 3 km t o t he e as t a nd t he r e la t ion sh ip o f L a Mo rena t o 6 8

E l B a l samo , a s w el a s t o B i lbao ( S i te N o 8 61401 ) 1 .8 km t o t he n o r th , w i th i t s p oo r ly k nown M idd le F o rma t ive c omponen t c ou ld b e i mpo r tan t . A t t h i s t ime t he l a rge s i te o f C r i s toba lw a su nd i scove red . T he s i te , o r ien ted 2 5° e a s t o f n o r th , c omp r i se s n ine mound s r ang ing f r om l ow 0 . 5 me te r h igh mound s t o e i gh t a nd 1 0 me te r h i gh p y ram ida l s t ruc tu re s a l igned i n t y p ica l P ac i f ic S lope F o rma t ive f a sh ion . T ha t i si n a n e l onga ted a r rangemen t o f l o ng p l aza s h eaded b y l a rge r a nd h i ghe r mound s a t t he e nd s a s s hown i n F igu re 3 8 . S eve ra l l a rge mound s t o t he n o r th a nd n o r thea s t p roved t o b e n a tu ra l h i l l s d evo id o fc u l tu ra l s u r f ace r ema in s . S ome c hange s w e re n o ted d u r ing ab r ie fv i s i t i nF eb rua ry 1 981 w i th t he e n t i re n o r the rn a rea b e ing c l ea red a nd an ew h ou se u nde rc on s t ruc t ion . S i te a c ce s s w a s ap rob lem i n s p i te o f t he f a c t t ha t t he m a jo r p o r t ion w a s o wned b y y oung S r . C a r lo s Ma r t ine z w ho p rov ided p e rm i s s ion t oc onduc t o u r r e sea rch a nd w a s e x t reme ly c oope ra t ive . T he e x t reme s ou the rn p o r t ion i n t he a l dea w a s u nde r s epa ra te c omp lex o wne r sh ip , h oweve r , c ompl i ca t ing p l anned e xcava t ion s i n to S t rA , ama jo r e i gh t me te r s t ruc tu re . T h i s r equ i red t he j o in t p e rm i s s ion o ff ou r d i f f e ren t b ro the r s a nd t he i r f am i l ie s w h ich p roved i mpo s s ib le . F o r tu i tou s ly , t he w e s t h a l f w a s o wned b y t he u nc le o f S r . Ma r t inez w ho g ave p e rm i s s ion f o r w h i ch w e a re o bv iou s ly g ra te fu l . I tw a s i n f a c t , t he m ixed o wne r sh ip o f t he e a s t h a l f o f S t r A a nd o u r a c t iv i t ie s o n t he w e s t h a l f w h ich a lmo s t e mb ro i led u s i n s e r iou s d i f f icu l t ie s w i th c e r ta in mun ic ipa l a u tho r i t ie s i n S an ta L uc ia C o tzuma lguapa . 5 . 2 .1 S ur f ace C o l lec t ions Al s u r face d en s i t ie s w e re v e ry l i gh t t o l i gh t w i th o n ly 1 34 r im s he rd s , 2 8 b od ie s , 3 2 o b s id ian s , a nd o ne me ta te f r agmen t , r eco rded f r om at o ta l o f s even s epa ra te s u r f ace c ole c t ion s . 5 . 2 .1 .1 L o t AB1 L o t AB1 i sf r om t he f ence s epa ra t ing t he a l dea a tt he s ou th , i n c lud ing p l aza a rea s t o t he e a s t o f S t r E , a nd i n c luded ma te r ia l f r om S t r C , D a nd F . P o t te ry w a s s pa r se a nd i n p oo r c ond i t ion . On ly 1 5 r im s , t h ree b od ie s a nd t wo o b s id ian s w e re r ecove red w i th o ne p robab le S aca tepequez , t wo o r t h ree U su lu tan , a n E l B a l samo B rown , a R ed -on -Bu f fa nd o ne e ve r ted r im . 5 . 2 .1 .2 L o t AB2 L o t AB2 i s a mo re p l en t i fu l c ole c t ion o f 5 5 r im s , n ine b od ie s , a nd 1 4 o b s id ian s c ole c ted a t v a r iou s t ime s f r om b e tween S t r Ea nd t he t w in S t r H a nd Ia t t he n o r th e nd . S u r f ace d en s i ty a round S t r Ew a s l i gh t , b u t i n c rea sed t o t he n o r th a nd e a s t p a r t ly b e cau se h oe ing i n an ew m i lpa a nd p o s t -ho le d i gg ing t o p l an t p apaya t r ee s , r evea led s he rd s . Wh i le n o s ur f ace s t ruc ture s w e re v i s ib le i nt he p apaya a rea , s u r f ace d en s i ty w a s r e la t ive ly h igh ( f o r L a Mo rena ) a nd I made t en ta t ive p l an s t o e xcava te h e re w h ich u n fo r tuna te ly w a s n o t p o s s ib le . Ma te r ia l i n c luded t h ree e ve r ted r im s i n o range o ne s c aloped inc i sed , w axy o range , U su lu tan , t e coma te f o rm s , a nd a l a b ia l f l ange . T he c olec t ion s eemed mo re u t i l i ta r ian t han ma te r ia l t o t he s ou th a nd Ib e l ieve t he a rea w a s p robab ly t he l o ca t ion o fm idden d epo s i t s , o rd ome s t ic s t ruc tu re s . 5 . 2 .1 .3 L o t AB3 L o t AB3 c on s i s t s o fm i scelaneou s c olec t ion s s uppl ied b y af am i ly r e s id ing a top S t r G , al ow 0 . 5 me te r h igh mound . Ib e l ieve t he se w e re p redom ina te ly f r om t h i s mound w i th s i x r im s a nd o ne b ody r eco rded i n c lud ing a S aca tepequez Wh i te , w axy o range , r ed -on -bu f f , a n o range e ve r ted r im e i the r i n c i sed o r g rooved , a nd a s imp le b a sa l t s l ab me ta te w i th as halow t r ough . 5 . 2 .1 .4 L o t AB4 L o t AB4 i s as mal c olec t ion f r om t he v i c in i ty o f S t r G . On ly e i gh t r im s a nd o ne b ody w e re r eco rded , a li np oo rc ond i t ion a nd h a rd ly i d en t i f iab le . 6 9

5 . 2 .1 .5 L o t AB5 L o t AB5 i sf r om S t r D , t he ma jo r 1 0 me te r p y ram id c ove red w i th t h ick g ra s s , b ru sh , a nd t r ee s , w i th l i t t le v i s ib le g round s ur face ( F ig . 3 9 ) . On ly o ne r im , t wo b od ie s , a nd o ne o b s id ian w e re c olec ted . Ap l a in s t e la w a s o b se rved a bou t h a l fway u p t he n o r th s l ope . 5 . 2 .1 .6 L o t AB6 L o t AB6 , f r om S t r Aa nd t he i mmed ia te v i c in i ty , c on s i s ted o f3 0 r im s , e i gh t b od ie s , a nd 1 0 o b s id ian s , a nd i n c lude E l B a l samo B rown , Mon te A l to B rown , C oas ta l Und i f fe ren t ia ted , a n e ve r ted r im , a nd a n i n te re s t ing s pecu lar h ema t i te o n ab l ack -b rown . T h i s ma te r ia li sp o s s ib ly e arl ie rt han s ome t ot he n o r th . 5 . 2 .1 .7 L o t AB7 L o t AB7 i s ac olec t ion o f 1 9 r im s , f ou r b od ie s , a nd f i ve o b s id ian , f r om S t r B , t h e l ow 0 . 5 me te r mound e a s t o f S t r A . T he se i n c luded a n e ve r ted -r im , r ed -on -bu f f , p urp le -on f ine red ( o range ) w i th a s c aloped l a b ia l f l ange , a Mon te A l to B rown , a nd a s pecu lar h ema t i te -on -buf f . 5 . 2 .1 .8 S ummary S ur f ace C o l lec t ions I n g ene ra l , n o ma rked c hrono log ica l d i f fe rence s w e re n o ted i n ma te r ia l c olec ted f r om t he v ar iou s p a r t s o f t he s i te . A l l c e ram ic s a ppea red t o s pan a p e r iod f r om t he E ar ly M idd le F orma t ive ( and p o s s ib ly e a rl ie r ) t o t he T e rm ina l F orma t ive . No E a r ly C la s s ic o r l a te r ma te r ia l w a s c olec ted , a l though a c ro s s t he h ighway t o t he s ou theas t a l ow mound w i th E ar ly C la s s ic p o t te ry w a s r ecove red b y S hook , Ha tch , a nd m y se l fd ur ing t he 1 978 v i s i t . Du r ing o u r e xcava t ion s , w e w e re o f fe red a lmo s t ac omp le te S -Z a ng le b ow l w i th h olow mamm i form s uppo r t s t y p ica l o ft he T e rm ina l F orma t ive t oP ro toc la s s ic p e r iod a nd f ound o n t he s i te p e r ime te r b y al o ca l i n hab i tan t ( Pa r sons 1 967 :84 -86 ; R and s a nd Sm i th 1 965 :119 ,F ig 9 g ) . 5 . 2 .2 E xcava t ions We b egan e xcava t ion s o n F eb rua ry 1 3 , 1 979 , a f te r f i r s t b urn ing a n o f fer ing o f c opa l i n cen se i n at r ad i t ion f i r s t s t ar ted , Ib e l ieve , b y J . E r ic S . T homp son . A t t h i s momen t t wo v o lun tee r s w e re a s s i s t ing me w ho se o n ly a rchaeo log ica l e xpe r ience w a s l im i ted t o t he f i e ld s urvey o f t he p rev iou s t wo w eek s . G iven t ha t f a c t , Io p ted f o r t h e f i r s t t e s t u n i t t o b e p l aced i n t he ma jor p l aza f o r s eve ra l r ea son s ( a ) t he c hance s o f b e ing c on fused b y ma jo r c ons t ruc t ion f e a tu re s w e re m in ima l ; ( b ) w e h ad n o i d ea o f t h e d ep th o f c u l tu ra l d epo s i t s a nd t h i s w a s t he s imp le s t w ay t o f i nd o u t ; a nd ( c ) t h e p os s ib i l i ty t ha t t he ma jor p o r t ion o f t he c en te r w a s b u i l t o ve r as male r e ar l ie r v i l lage g ave u s ab e t te r o ppo r tun i ty o f f i nd ing i th e re t han b y f i r s t e xcava t ing t h rough me te r s o f mound f i l l . 5 . 2 .2 .1 S ub -opera t ion E T h i s w a s a 2 x 2 me te r u n i t , o r ien ted n or th sou th , a pprox ima te ly 4 5 me te r s n o r th o f S t r D a nd 7 0 me te r s n o r thwe s t o f S t r F . E xcava t ion w a s i n 2 0 c m l e ve l s f r om t he s u r face t o L o t 6a t ad ep th o f 1 20 c m . L o t 7w a s a2 0 c m c u t i n t he e as tern h a l f o n ly a nd L o t 8a1 0 c m c u t t o s t e r i le i n t he s ou thea s t q uar te r o n ly . Unde r t he h umu s o ve rbu rden , as andy c l ay l e ve l w i th r ock s b eg in s a t a bou t 4 5 cm w hen s he rd a nd o b s id ian d en s i ty i n c rea se a l though s he rd ma te r ia l w a s f r agmen tary a nd l a rge ly u n iden t i f iab le . T o ta l e xcava ted v o lume w as 5 . 3 m3 w i th a r t i fac t t o ta l s i n T ab le 7 . S he rd f r equenc ie s a re m i s lead ing , h oweve r , b ecau se i no ur e ar l ie s t e xcava t ion s a l s he rd s w e re s aved r ega rd le s s o f s i ze . I n f a c t , e xcava ted a r t i f ac t d en s i t ie s a t L a Morena w e re s i gn i f ican t ly l owe rt han t he o the rt wo e xcava ted s i te s . P o t te ry w a s M idd le t o L a te F o rma t ive i n c lud ing 1 0 S aca tepequez , o ne E l B a l samo B rown , f our e ve r ted r im s ( two i n c i sed ) , f our r ed -on -buf f , t wo l a b ia l f l ange s o ne w i th a r ed -orange s l ip , o ne P um iceous B lack -Brown , a nd a l a rge n umber o f w axy o r g l o s sy 7 0

o range s im i la r t o C oncha s O range o ft he C oncha s I I I P ha se s a s d e f ined b y C oe ( 1 961 ) . N o c l ear -cu t s t ra t ig raphy w a s n o ted a nd n o a ppa ren t c hange i n e xcava ted m a te r ia l w a s o b ser ved w i th d ep th . O u r o bv iou s c onc lu s ion w a s t ha t t he a nc ien t b u i lde r s o f L a Mo rena h ad p robab ly c ons t ruc ted t he c en t ra l a rea w i th av a r iab le t h ick f i l l c on s i s t ing o f e a r th , c l ay , r ock s , a nd p ebb le s c on ta in ing s ome s he rd s a nd o b s id ian . T he p l aza f i l l h e re w a sa bou t 1m e te ri nd ep th w i th a pp rox ima te ly 4 0 -50 c mo fh umu so ve rbu rden . 5 . 2 .2 .2 S ub -opera t ion sF ,G ,H ,I ,J ,K ,L T h i s s e c t ion c omb ine s a l s ub -ope ra t ion s c onduc ted i n S t r Fw h i ch i s al ow t wo me te r h igh r e c tangu la r mound , 2 4 x2 8 mi nd imen s ion , l o ca ted a bou t 4 5 me te r s w e s t o f t he p aved r oad a nd e a s t o f S t r D . Io b ser ved a q uan t i ty o f l a rge , h i gh q ua l i ty s he rd s o n t he mound s u r face a nd d ec ided t o p l ace a e x cava t ion u n i t h e re b e cau se o f ( a ) i t s p rox im i ty t o t he s i te c en te r ; ( b ) i t s r e la t ive ly l ow h e igh t ; a nd ( c ) t he p re sence o f g ood s he rd ma te r ia l . T he o b jec t ive s w e re t o e xcava te a 2 x 2 m u n i t b y a rb i t ra ry 2 0 c m l e ve l s i n t he a pp rox ima te c en te r t o d e te rm ine i t s o ccupa t iona l r ange , a nd o b ta in e v idence o fe conom ic s pe c ia l iza t ion , o ro the rf unc t iona lb ehav io r . T he F u n i t w a s o r ien ted n o r th sou th a nd s l igh t ly s ou th o f t he s t ruc tu re s c en te r . L o t s 1a nd 2 t o t he 4 0 c m l e ve l r evea led a c ache o f w ho le p o t s r e s t ing o n t he h a rd c l ay mound s upe r s t ruc tu re l i gh t ly c ove red b y s andy d a rk s o i l . B e fo re c a r ry ing t he F u n i t d eepe r , Io pened o the r s s u r round ing i tw h ich w e re o n ly 2 0 c m o r 4 0 c m d eep d epend ing o n t he f i nd s . F igu re 4 0 d ep ic t s t he l a you t o f t he v a r iou s s ub -ope ra t ion s . I t w a s d u r ing t he o pen ing o fS ub -ope ra t ion Ia nd L o t A ll t ha t w e u ncove red aj ade c ache j u s ts ou th o ft he w ho le p o t o f fe r ing s . We u ncove red i ne xce s s o f2 3 w ho le p o t s f r om t he c omb ined u ppe r 2 0 c m l e ve l o f t he F u n i t a nd i t s e x ten s ion s , b u t w e re o n ly a b le t o r ecove r 2 3 w ho le o r n ea r ly r e s to rab le v e s se l s w h i ch w e re a r ranged i n c l u s te r s o f f ou r a nd f i ve ( F ig . 4 1 , 4 2 ) . A l a rge r n umbe r w e re d i s cove red i n b o th t he n o r th a nd s ou thea s t w al s o f S ub -ope ra t ion F , b u t d ue t o t he a moun t o f e f fo r t i n vo lved i ne xcava t ing , c l ean ing , p ho tog raph ing , a nd r e co rd ing v e s se l s w i th in t he p i t , w e re l e f t i n p l ace o ne n igh t t oo l ong . O n t he t h i rd d ay o f o u r w o rk , a n i n de te rm ina te n umbe r o f v e s se l s w e re l oo ted , a n a c t w h ich a l so h eav i ly d amaged w al so ft he e xcava t ion u n i t . T he j ade o f fe r ing c on s i s ted o f t ubu lar a nd g l obu la r b ead s , at wo -p iece e a r f l a re , a nd t he r emnan t s o f w ha t m ay h ave b een a j ade p l aque ( F ig . 4 3 ) . T he se w e re t h in , d e l ica te j ade f r agmen t s , s eve ra l s haped a nd o ne i n c i sed . T he j ade , o f h igh q ua l i ty , w a s i d en t i f ied b y R . T e r zuo la o f J ade s S .A . , An t igua , a s p robab ly o r ig ina t ing f r om n ea r mode rn s ou rce s i nt he Mo tagua R ive r V aley . Aw el m ade p o t te ry ma sked f i gu r ine h ead i n M idd le F o rma t ive s t y le w a s d i scove red n ea r t he j ade a nd i ss im i la r t o o ne r eco rded a tE lB a l samo d u r ing t he 1 977 UCLA f i e ld s ea son ( F ig .4 4 ) . A l l c ache f i nd s w e re w i th in t he u ppe r 2 0 c m o f l oo se s o f t h umu s s o i l m ixed w i th s ome c l ay , a l though i ss e ve ra l c a se s t he l owe r p o r t ion s o fv e s se l s w e re i mbedded i nt h e c l ay/ so i l mound s t ruc tu re f i l l w i th t he i r b o t tom s , o r e dge s ( s ome h ad b een t u rned o n t he i r s i de s ) a s l ow a s 3 0 -40 c m . Mo s t o f t he p o t s w e re b roken i n p l ace b y t he a c t ion o f e a r th p re s su re c omb ined w i th t he movemen t o f r oo t s a nd r oden t s . T en o r s o w e re c omp le te v e s se l s , t he r e s t n ea r ly s o . S ince many s he rd s w i th in t he u ppe r l e ve l s c ame f r om t he c ache v e s se l s w e w e re a b le t o r e s to re a l a rge n umbe r . Mo s t o f t he v e s se l s h ave a r edd i sh t o r edd i sh -o range s l ip , a nd a c rumb ly p a s te w i th m any l a rge i n c lu s ion s , s ome f e r rug inou s . S eve ra l h ave ac r eamy o range s l ip a nd s eve ra l a med ium b rown s l ip . T he p oo r p a s te q ua l i ty c ou ld a l so r e su l t f r om t he v e s se l s b e ing s o n ea r t he s u r f ace a nd s ub jec tt ot he c on t inua le f fec t so fe x t reme ly h eavy s ea sona lr a in sa nd i n ten se h ea t . Many c ache p o t s a re i n aU su lu tan t r ad i t ion w i th f i re c l oud s , o the r s a re s l ipped a nd d eco ra ted w i th c l a s s ic U su lu tan r e s i s t w avy d eco ra t ion i n r edd i sh -o range . B ow l f o rm s i n c lude S -Z a ng le b ow l s ( a lmo s t as qua t c u sp ido r ) , Sc ompo s i te a nd c ompo s i te s i lhoue t te , a nd o pen d i sh l ike b ow l s . One h a s ap ou r ing s pou t w i th b o th U su lu tan r e s i s t a nd l i gh t i n c i s ing , m any h ave z i g -zag g rooved i n c i s ing i n s t epped mo t i f s , t h ree h ave

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e ve r ted r ims w i th i n c i sed d eco ra t ion a nd s c alop ing , a nd o ne i s al ab ia l f l ange w i th s c a l loped t i cked i n c i s ing ( F ig .4 5t oF ig . 5 7 ) . F our o f t he b ow l s h ave a mo lded , g rooved , h uman -l ike f a ce , a nd w h i le t he d eco ra t ion i sq u i te s im i lar , m inor d i f fe rence s d i s t ingu i sh e ach v e s se l ( F ig . 5 8 , 5 9 , 6 0 ) . E ach o f t he se v e s se l s h a s s l igh t ly d i f fe ren t d imen s ions . T he d ecora t ion i ss im i la r t o a l a rge r im a nd b ody s he rd r eco rded b y C oe a t L a V ic tor ia a nd p re sen t ly i n t he Mu seo N ac iona l c olec t ions i d en t i f ied a s R io B lanco O range o ft he C onchas I P hase ( F ig . 6 1) , ( Coe :1961 :F ig 3 3b ,c ) . O the r e xamp le s o f t h i s t r ad i t ion i no range , T iqu i sa te , a nd aF ine i n c i sed B lack -B rown w e re p ho tog raphed a t t he n a t iona l museum ( F ig . 6 2 , 6 3 ) , a nd i n a p r iva te c olec t ion i n Gua tema la C i ty ( F ig . 6 4 , 6 5 ) . S eve ra l e xcelen t e xamp le s w e re r ecen t ly e xcava ted b y t he S pan i sh A rchaeo log ica l M i s s ion a t S a lca ja , aF o rma t ive h igh land s i te n ear Que tza l tenango ( F ig . 6 6 , 6 7 ) . Ip ho tog raphed a v i r tua l c opy o f t h i s s t y le f r om a p r iva te c olec t ion i nS an ta L uc ia C o tzuma lguapa s a id t o b e f r om t he F inca C aman tu lu l , l o ca ted 3km s ou thwe s t o fS an ta L uc ia C o t zuma lguapa a nd 8 . 5 km n o r th o f L a Mo rena . T h i s p a r t icu lar s pec imen i sl a rge r , a nd h a s aw axy o range s l ip w i th f i ne w avy U su lu tan d ecora t ion ( F ig . 6 8 ) . Upon my r e tu rn t o Gua tema la i n 1 982 I p ho tog raphed a nd t ook measu remen t s o f aS aca tepeque z Wh i te P a s te b ow l i nt he S hook l a bo ra tory a nd r epor ted t o b e f r om b e tween P a tz ic ia a nd T ecpan , D ep t o f C h ima l tenango . A l though f r om t he h igh land s , t he d eco ra t ion i ss t yl i s t ica l ly v e ry s im i lar t o t ho se f r om t he .L a Morena o f fe r ing , a nd a ppea r s t o r epre sen t aw ide ly d i s t r ibu ted c u l to b jec t ( mo t i f ? ) d u r ing t he M idd le -La te F orma t ive ( F ig .6 9 ) . S u spec t ing a b u r ia l b enea th t he c ache , w e t ook S ub -ope ra t ion F l owe r f i nd ing i n s tead a n i n te re s t ing f e a tu re c ommenc ing i n t he s ou thwe s t c o rne r a t 1 30 c m . No s t ra t ig raphy w a s n o ted t o t h i s l e ve l a l though t he re a ppeared t o b e ah ighe r s he rd d ens i ty l a ye r a t 8 0 c m , p os s ib ly a f l oo r a rea . T he f ea tu re , u ncove red f r om a d ep th o f 1 30 c m t o 1 70 c m , w a s al a rge s t one 7 0 c m l o ng , 4 0 cm w ide a nd 3 0 c m t h ick s u r rounded b y as em i -c i rcu la r a r rangemen t o f r ock s a nd s t one s w h ich e n te red t h e s i de w al s o f t he u n i t i n t he s ou thwe s t c o rne r ( F ig . 7 0 ) . S o i l w a s f i re d a rkened w i th al a rge n umbe r o f f r agmen tary s he rd s i na s soc ia t ion w i th t he d a rkened s o i l , af ea tu re t y p ica l o f r i tua l/ce remon ia l o f fe r ing s . S he rd a nd o b s id ian d ens i t ie s w e re r e la t ive ly c on s tan t e l sewhe re , h ighe ra round t he r ock f e a tu re ,b u td ec l in ing b e low . Is t rong ly s u spec t t he s t one t o b e af alen s t e la f i r s t e rec ted w i th in t he c i rcu lar s t one a r rangemen t . T hen f o r r ea son s k nown o n ly t o t he i nhab i tan t s , t he e n t i re f e a ture w as c ove red w i th e ar th a nd c l ay a nd l a te r t opped b y t he c ache . We w e re t hen u nab le t o c on t inue e xcava t ing b e low t he f e a tu re b u t r e tu rned s e ve ra l mon th s l a te r . Du r ing t he h i a tus S hook v i s i ted t he s i te a nd s ugge s ted t ha t i tw a s p o s s ib ly a n a l tar p l aced o n a f l oor . Upon o ur r e turn i n May , w e e xcava ted b e low t he f e a ture b u t f ound n o t r ace s o f af l oor . P o t te ry f r om b e low t he f e a tu re a ppeared t he s ame a s a bove . T he u n i t w a s t e rm ina ted a t2 25 c mw i thou th av ing a t ta ined s t e r i le s o i l . T hree c ha rcoa l s amp le sw e re o b ta ined . T he se a re UCLA 2 339 M ( Lo t AF7 ) as mal s amp le f r om a d ep th o f 1 25 c m i n a s soc ia t ion w i th f r agmen tary s he rds j u s t a bove t he s u spec ted a l tar c omp lex . UCLA 2 3391L ( Lo t AF9 ) f r om t he s u spec ted f l oo r a r ea a t a bou t 1 70 c m w as b u rned a nd c oun ted i n Augu s t 1 980 . Un for tuna te ly c oun te r p rob lems p reven ted a n a ccu ra te d e te rm ina t ion . UCLA 2 339H ( Lo t AF10 ) i sf r om a d ep th o f 2 00 -210 c m i n t he s ou thwe s t c o rne r f r om b e low t h e s uspec ted a l ta r c omp lex i n a s soc ia t ion w i th b l ack a nd r ed r immed s he rd s o f t he E a r ly M idd le F orma t ive . T h i s s amp le w as r un i n O c tobe r 1 980 a nd p rob lem s w i th t he c oun te r a l so p reven ted a n a ccu ra te d e te rm ina t ion . T o ta l e xcava ted v o lume f o r S ub -ope ra t ion F t h rough L w a s 1 .8 m3 w i th t he a r t i f ac t c oun t i n T ab le 8 . P o t te ry w a s u n i form t h roughou t t he v a r ious u n i t s , a l though s eve ra l s he rds i n t he u ppe r 2 0 c m w e re p o s s ib ly P ro toc la s s ic . T he v a s t m a jo r i ty , h oweve r , a re M idd le -La te F o rma t ive i n c lud ing a h igh p e rcen tage o ft r ade w a re s w i th 5 4 S aca tepequez Wh i te s he rd s r eco rded , t he h ighe s t o f a ny a tt he t h ree e xcava ted s i te s . I a l so o b se rved ah igh f r equency o fo range ,r edd i sh -o range a nd/or U su lu tan v ar ian t s .

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5 . 2 .2 .3 S ub -opera t ion M a nd N Two s ub -ope ra t ion s w e re c onduc ted i nS t r C , af ou r me te r h i gh , 4 0 x4 0 m mound 6 0 me te r s s ou th o f S t r F . T he mound w a s t hen i nm i lpa a nd a l a rge n umbe r o f r ock s a nd r i ve r w o rn c obb le s w e re p i led o n t op w h ich p re sumab ly c ame f r om t he mound a nd i t s b a se . T he f i r s t u n i t w a s a 2x2 m e xcava t ion a l igned n o r th sou th a nd c en te red o n t he mound s umm i t t o b e e x cava ted i n 2 0 c m l e ve l s . L o t s 2a nd 3 f r om 2 0 t o 6 0 c m w e re e xcava ted i n t he s ou the rn h a l f o f t he u n i t o n ly . A s t he a r t i f ac t c oun t w a s s pa r se , o n ly 2 3 s he rd s a nd t h ree o b s id ian i n 2 . 0 m3 o f e xcava ted v o lume , t he u n i t w a s a bandoned a nd S ub -ope ra t ion N b egun . T he N u n i t w a s a 2x2 m e xcava t ion a l igned n o r th sou th a nd a t t he n o r thwe s t b a se o f S t r Co n t he n o r th s i de . I tw a s e xcava ted i n2 0 c m a rb i t ra ry l e ve l s e xcep t f o r L o t 1w h ich w a s 0 40 c m d ue t o t he s t eep r i se o f t he mound u s ing t he s ou thea s t c o rne r a s ad a tum . A h umu s l a ye r o f 3 0 -40 c m i n d ep th w i th a v e ry l i gh t a r t i f ac t c oun t c ove red a c l ay , e a r th , a nd r o ck f i l l . N ume rou s r i ve r w o rn r ock c obb le s a nd o the r r ock s h ad t umb led t o t he b a se o f t he mound . T he se w e re p robab ly f r om t he o r ig ina l r ock c obb le f a c ing a s an umbe r o fr i ve r c obb le s u nde rnea th s eemed t ob e s e t i nt he c l ay b a se s t i l l i n t he i r o r ig ina l p o s i t ion s . One o f t h e r ock s a ppea red t o b e a r t i f ic ialy s haped a s i fi th ad b een i n tended t o b e at enoned s c u lp tu re ( F ig . 7 1 ) . Mound f i l l b enea th t he r ock s w a s mo re o r l e s s h omogeneou s c on s i s t ing o f ah eavy c l ayey e a r th c on ta in ing n ume rou s p ebb le s a nd s mal r ock s . S he rd a nd o b s id ian d en s i ty i n c rea sed i nt he mound f i l l , b u t i n g ene ra l w a s l e s s t h an i n S t r F . A t 1 00 c m t he e x cava t ion c on t inued i n t he s ou th h a l f o n ly , t o ad ep th o f 1 60 c m . A p o s s ib le f l oo r , o r r ock s t a i rca se may h ave b een e ncoun te red i n t he s ou thea s t c o rne r w he re m any r ock s a nd l a rge s t one s w e re p acked t i gh t ly i n c l ay i n a s soc ia t ion w i th s he rd s . B o th s he rd a nd o b s id ian d en s i ty i n c rea sed s l igh t ly w i th d ep th . T he u n i t w a s t e rm ina ted a t 1 60 c m w he re w e a ga in e ncoun te red r ock s . T o ta l e xcava ted v o lume f o r S ub -ope ra t ion N w a s 4 . 4 m3 a nd f o r t he c omb ined M a nd N u n i t s 6 . 4 m3 w i th t he a r t i f ac t c oun t f o r b o th u n i t s i n T ab le 9 . N o c l ea r s t ra t ig raphy w a s o b se rved , h oweve r , t he d eepe s t e xcava t ion s w e re o n mound f r inge s a nd t he e x i s tence o f r ock f e a tu re s e ncoun te red s ugge s t s t he p o s s ib i l i ty o f c on s t ruc t ion s t age s w i th in t he s t ruc tu re . P o t te ry t y pe s w e re mo re o r l e s s u n i fo rm r ang ing f r om E a r ly M idd le t o L a te F o rma t ive b u t f ewe r S aca tepequez Wh i te w e re f ound ( 14 s he rd s ) t h an i nS t rF . 5 . 2 .2 .4 S ub -opera t ion 0 We r e tu rned t o L a Mo rena o n Ap r i l 3 0 a nd May 1 ,1 979 t o t e s t e xcava te S t r A , t he s econd l a rge s t s t ruc tu re . S t r A i s a n e i gh t me te r h igh , 5 0 x5 0 me te r mound m a rk ing t he s ou the rn e nd o f al ong n a r row p l aza . T he 0 u n i t , a 2x2 m t e s t t o b e d ug i n n a tura l l e ve l s , w a s o r ien ted n o r th sou th a bou t e i gh t me te r s u p t he s l ope o f t he mound mea su red f r om t he p robab le n o r the rn b a se . Mound f i l l b e low 4 0 -45 c m o f r i ch h umu s i s al i gh t s andy c l ay c on ta in ing r ock s a nd s t one s a nd d i d n o t s eem a s d en se a s S t r F , o r t he b a se o f S t r C . N o s t ra t ig raphy w a s e ncoun te red a nd d ue t o t ime r e s t r ic t ion s , t he u n i t w a s t e rm ina ted a t ad ep th o f 1 60 c m mea su red f r om t he n o r thwe s t w al a nd 7 0c mf r om t he s ou th w al . T o ta l e xcava ted v o lume w a s 4 . 6 m3 w i th t he a r t i f ac t c oun t i n T ab le 1 0 . A ga in , p o t te ry w a re s w e re u n i fo rm a nd i n c luded 4 S aca tepequez , a nd al a rge n umbe r o fz oned r ed -o range t ha t m ay b e Ma ruco O range . T en o range w e re r e co rded f r om L o t 1t h a t r e semb le C oncha s Ia nd I O range . Two s he rd s w i th aw h i te s l ip o ve r ab r ick r ed p a s te a re s im i la r t o Ama t i l lo Wh i te f r om I z apa w h ich Ie xam ined e a r l ie r a t t he N ew Wo r ld A rchaeo log ica l F ounda t ion c olec t ion s i nS an C r i s toba l d e L a s C a sa s , Mex ico . A t I z apa , Ama t i l lo Wh i te i sa s soc ia ted w i th t he C uad ro s P ha se o f t he e a r ly M idd le F orma t ive , o r p o s s ib ly l a te E a r ly F o rma t ive ( Ekho lm 1 969 :48 -9 ) .

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5 . 2 .3 S ummary T o ta l e xcava ted v o lume a t L a Mo rena i s2 8 .1 m3. T he a r t i fac t c oun t , i n c lud ing s u r f ace c olec t ion s , i si n T ab le 1 . A l though e xcava t ions w e re r e s t r ic ted a nd s ur f ace c olec t ion s g ene ra l ly med ioc re , i ti sc l ear t ha t t he m a jor p or t ion o f t he s i te s pans t he E ar ly M idd le t oT e rm ina l F o rma t ive p e r iod , a l though s ome T e rm ina l F orma t ive c e ram ic ma rke r s s uch a s O suna C oa r se " f lowe r p o t s " , a nd g raph i te -on red w e re n o t f ound . B a sed o n t he p l aza f i l l c on ta in ing t he s ame p o t te ry t y pe s a s mound f i l l , t he s i te ( or a t l e a s t t he ma jo r p ar t ) w a s b u i l t i n o ne p e r iod . I am u nab le t o s t a te w hen p ub l ic ( monumen ta l ) c on s truc t ion b egan s i nce w e d id n o t a t ta in s t e r i le s o i l i n a ny mound e xcava t ion s b u t o n ly i n t he p l aza u n i t . No t e s t p i t t ing w a s d one i n t he n o r the rn h a l f o f t he s i te . Iw a s s t ruck b y t he g ene ra l l a ck o f c oa r se a nd i n c i sed w a re s o f t he Duende P ha se e qu iva len t t o t he e a r ly E l B a l samo B rown p er iod , a nd b y t he h igh p e rcen tage o f p robab le t r ade w a re s , p os s ib ly e l i te g ood s . H ighe r u t i l i tar ian f r equenc ie s c ou ld b e i n t he n o r the rn h a l f o f t he s i te , o r t he l a ck o f i tc ou ld b e s ampl ing e r ror , o r ar ef lec t ion o ft empo ra l d i f fe rence s . L a Mo rena h a s ah ighe r p e rcen tage o f Wh i te P a s te w are s ( 2 .83 % S aca tepequez ) t han a ny o f t he e xcava ted s i te s a nd a bou t t h ree t ime s t he p e rcen tage a t Mon te A l to , a l though a sw e k now Mon te A l to h ad as i zeab le E a r ly C las s ic c omponen t . T he l a rge s t p e rcen tage o f Wh i te P a s te w a re s a tL a Morena a re f r om S t r F , t he c ache c on ta in ing s t ruc ture a t t he s i te c en te r . Many o range s l ipped w are s a re s im i lar t o at y pe i d en t i f ied a t K am ina l juyu a s V i l lanueva P ol i shed O range w i th in t he C ana le s O range Wa re G roup a nd a s soc ia ted w i th t he M idd le F orma t ive (We the r ing ton 1 978 :75 ,125 ) . K now ledge o f e conom ic a c t iv i t ie s a tL a Morena i sl im i ted . C ache v e s se l s f r om S t r Fp re sumab ly r epre sen t as l igh t ly l a te r p e r iod , p robab ly t he L a te t o T e rm ina l F orma t ive . L a Mo rena w a s c l ea r ly a n i mpo r tan t c en te r a s i tc ove r s a n a rea o f 1 9 .9 h a w i th a pprox ima te ly 7 1 ,508 m3 o f c on s t ruc t ion ma s s n o t i n c lud ing t he p l aza (s ) . A p robab le p l a in s t e la w a s r e corded o n t he n o r th s l ope o f S t r D a nd i t s o r ig ina l p l acemen t may h ave b een o n S t r F . I tw i l l b e r eca l led , t ha t Sm i th ( 1965 :79 ) i n d i scu s s ing F orma t ive a r ch i tec tu ra l c ha rac te r i s t ic s s t a ted " .the p r inc ipa l p y ram id , w h ich f a ce s e a s t o n t he p l aza l ook s a c ro s s t o as mal s t ruc tu re w i th a n e rec t p l a in monumen t i n f r on t o f i t . " T he p l a in s t one monumen t w e u ncove red i n S t r Fc ou ld h ave b een a s t e la r a ther t han a n a l ta r c omp lex , o r t he a l ta r c ou ld h ave b een c omb ined w i th t he s t e la w h ich w a s s ub sequen t ly r emoved . T he r e la t ion sh ip o f L a Mo rena t o o the r s i te s i n t he r eg ion i s i n co rpora ted i nC hap te r sV I , V I Ia nd V I I I . 5 . 3 L os C err i tos -Sou th L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th ( S i te No 7 33301 ) i sl o ca ted b e tween t he R io Guaca la te a nd E sca lan te a t a n e l eva t ion o f 1 20 me te r s o n t he g en t ly s l op ing r i ch , w el -dra ined s o i l s o f T ype s I F a nd IB ( S immon s e ta l 1 959 ) . I ti sl o ca ted 1 0 .0 km e a s t o f Mon te A l to ( S i te No 7 42301) a nd 1 0 .0 km s ou thwe s t o f t he mode rn t own o f E scu in t la , t he Depar tmen t c ap i ta l , o n l a nd s o wned b y t he F inca L o s C e r r i to s , al a rge s ugar c ane p roduce r a nd t he I ngen io S an ta Ana , u nde r c on t ro l o f B o tran S .A . We a re g ra te fu l t o membe r s o f t he B o tran f am i ly , p a r t icu la r ly I ng . J a ime B o t ran f o r h i s v a lued a s s i s tance a nd s uppor t i n o ur r e sea rch p rog ram . S r . X av ie r P a lma , t he f i nca a dm in i s t ra tor , w a s e spec ia l ly h e lpfu l a nd made o ur e f fo r t se a s ie ri n many w ay s . If i r s tl e arned o ft he s i te w hen r ead ing ab r ie fn o te a bou ti ti n1 977 . L o s C e r r i to s . . .an e x ten s ive a rchaeo log ica l z one o f P re -C la s s ic a nd C la s s ic o ccupa t ion . . .Du r ing f a rm ing o pe ra t ion s , t he p low t u rned u p t he b ody o f a h olow p o t te ry h uman f i gur ine . Head n o t c ove red -may h ave b een c rushed b y p l ow . T he model ing a nd p o l i sh ing o f t he c hubby h uman f i gu re r e semb le s t he L as B oca s a nd o the r O lmec f i gur ine s o ft he Mex ican h i gh land s . Max imum p re sen t h e igh t , 1 6c m ( Shook a nd He ize r 1 976 :6 , F ig 4 ) . T h ree u nnamed s i te s a re r ecorded o n t he 1 : 50 ,000 t opog raph ic E scu in t la m ap i nt he v i c in i ty o f t he F inca L o s C e r r i to s . My f i r s t r e conna i s sance i n e ar ly J anuary 1 979 7 4

r e co rded t wo s i te s . One , n ow c aled L o s C e r r i to s -No r th ( S i te N o 7 53401 ) , l o ca ted 1 . 0 km n o r thea s t o f L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th , i s am a jo r a c ropo l i s t y pe s i te c omp lex . T h i s i sa L a te C la s s ic r eg iona l c en te r w i th t wo C o tzuma lguapan s t y le s t e lae r eg i s te red . A p ho tog raph o f t he l owe r p o r t ion o f o ne w a s p ub l i shed i n t he B i lbao s t udy ( Pa r son s 1 969 :136 -7 ,P 1 5 4c ) . A no the r s t e la a nd t he u ppe r h a l f o f t he f i r s t w e re l a te r f ound d u r ing f a rm ing o pe ra t ion s a nd t he t wo p i ece sj o ined t oge the r . B o th a re o n d i sp lay n ex t t ot he m a in F inca h ou se . T he o the r s i te , L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th , s howed o n t he t opog raph ic m ap a st wo s epa ra te s i te s d i v ided b y ar a i l road l i ne . I n f a c t t he re i so n ly o ne s i te . I tb ecame o bv iou s d u r ing o u r f i r s t v i s i t t h a t t h i s w a s o ne o f t he l a rge s t F o rma t ive s i te s i n t he r eg ion , a s u sp ic ion c on f i rmed b y t h e s ub sequen t f i e ld w o rk . T h i s l a rge c en te r w a s l o ca ted e a s t o f m y t hen s e l f i mpo sed e a s te rn r eg iona l b ounda ry , t he R io A ch igua te l o ca ted 4 . 5 km w e s t . B ecau se o f i t s s i ze a nd F o rma t ive o ccupa t ion , h oweve r , p l an s w e re m ade t o i n c lude i t i n t he l im i ted e xcava t ion p l an . Iw a s s omewha t p uzz led b y t he e x i s tence o f s uch a l a rge a nd p o s s ib ly r eg iona l c en te r s o n ea r t o Mon te A l to w h ich Ih ad n o t y e t v i s i ted . B a sed o n i t s s i ze ( a s w e t hen s u spec ted ) , F o rma t ive o c cupa t ion , l o ca t ion w i th in t he s eem ing ly g row ing i mpo r tance o f t he e nv i ronmen ta l z one b e tween 1 00 a nd 2 00 me te r s e l eva t ion , a nd p rox im i ty t o Mon te A l to , L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th w a s a n i d ea l c and ida te f o r o u rs mal -sca le e xcava t ion s . T he c en t ra l p o r t ion o f t he s i te w a s t hen i n p a s tu re w i th g ra s s , w a i s t h i gh b u sh , s h rub s , a nd s ome t r ee s o n t he h i ghe r mound s . T he s i te map i ss hown i nF igu re 7 2 . I n e a r ly 1 979 t he a rea t o t h e n o r th a nd s ou th o f t h i s s e c t ion w a s i nv e ry h igh s uga r c ane mak ing s u r f ace c olec t ion s a nd m app ing i mpo s s ib le . Howeve r , f r om t he s umm i t o fS t r F , a1 2 me te r mound , w e c ou ld s ee t he t op s o f S t r At o t he s ou th a nd S t r Qt o t he n o r th F ig . 7 3 , 7 4 ) . I n t he s umme r o f 1 979 , t he a rea f o rme r ly i n p a s tu re w a s c onve r ted t o s uga r a nd w hen v i s i ted i n 1 980 a nd 1 981 , w a s i n d i s t ingu i shab le f r om a l o f t he s u r round ing p o r t ion o ft h es i te . A s t he s uga r c ane w a s t o b e h arve s ted i nl a te F eb rua ry a nd e a r ly Ma rch 1 979 , w e e nded o u r w o rk a tL a Mo rena a nd a n o n Ma rch 1 4 , 1 979 b egan a n e x cava t ion p rog ram c omb ined w i th mo re e x ten s ive s u r f ace c o l lec t ion s . Ou r e vo lv ing ( and f l ex ib le ) p l an , b a sed o n t he e a rl ie s t g l imp se s o f t he s u r f ace o f l a rge s e c t ion s f o rme r ly i n s uga r c ane s howed h igh c oncen t ra t ion s o f o b s id ian a lmo s t e ve rywhe re , a nd e x t reme ly d en se o n c e r ta in mound s . Ip l anned t hen t o c olec t a nd m ap t he s i te ' s a rea l e x ten t , c onduc t l im i ted t e s t p i t t ing i n d i f f e ren t mound s f r om s ou th t o n o r th t o d e te rm ine t he o ccupa t iona l s pan , a nd t o l e a rn s ome th ing a bou t e conom ic a c t iv i t ie s b a sed o n t he h i gh o b s id ian d en s i ty . L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th , o r ien ted 2 6° e a s t o fn o r th , c omp r i se s a bou t 1 9 mound s r ang ing f r om v e ry l ow , b a re ly p e rcep t ib le r i se s , t o S t r J , a1 2 me te r h igh 4 4 x4 4 m p y ram id ( F ig . 7 5 ) a nd S t r A , a l so a 1 2 me te r h i gh mound b u t l a rge r w i th ab a sa l d imen s ion o f7 0 x7 0 m . Wh i le a r rayed i n e l onga ted f a sh ion w i th p l aza s h eaded b y l a rge r mound s , t he s i te p l an i sl e s s c l ea r b ecau se o f aP ro to t o E a r ly C la s s ic o ccupa t ion r e su l t ing i n a s omewha t d i f f e ren tc on f igu ra t ion . 5 . 3 .1 S ur f ace C o l lec t ion s We m ade 1 9 s epa ra te s u r f ace c olec t ion s d u r ing o u r s urvey s w i th a r t i f ac t c oun t s i n T ab le 1 2 . 5 . 3 .1 .1 L o tB B1 L o t BB1 i sf r om t h e p l aza a rea b e tween S t r Ja nd K a nd c ame p r ima r i ly f r om a s halow d ra inage d i tch r unn ing d i agona l ly f r om n o r thea s t t o s ou thwe s t . T h i s w a s o u r f i r s t c olec t ion a nd t h e d i tch p rov ided o ne o f t he f ew a rea s w he re s u r f ace r ema in s , h oweve r f r agmen ta ry , w e re e xpo sed . S u r f ace d en s i ty w a s l i gh t w i th o n ly 1 3 r im s , t h ree b od ie s , a nd 1 0 o b s id ian . T he m a te r ia lw a s a l M idd le t oL a te F o rma t ive w i th o ne o r t wo p o s s ib ly C la s s ic p e r iod s he rd s . F ive o f t he 1 6 s he rd s w e re i n c i sed o r p unc ta ted a nd t h ree w e re o range p o s s ib ly U su lu tan o re a r l ie r . 7 5

5 . 3 .1 .2 L o tB B2 L o t BB2 i sa n a c cumu la ted c olec t ion f r om S t r Ja nd i t s b a se a nd t o ta led 6 5 r ims , 1 9 b od ie s , a nd 4 1 o b s id ian s . We o b se rved a p l a in s t e la , b roken i n t h ree s e c t ions , s eve ra l me te r s f r om t he b a se o f S t r Ja tt he e a s t s i de . T he monumen t i s1 50 c m l ong , 1 20 c m w ide , a nd a bou t 8 0 c m t h ick . We a l so f ound a d en se b a sa l t s l ab me ta te f r agmen t w i th a f a i r ly d eep t r ough , e i the r o pen e nded , o r r i dged , a nd ab u rn t d aub l ump w i th t h in s t ick o r r eed i mp re s s ion s . Many s he rd sw e re C a jon C oa r se ( So ledad G roup ) o f t he C oa s ta l Und i f fe ren t ia ted a nd E l B a l samo B rown P e r iod s . No C las s ic ma te r ia l w as f ound . O ft he 8 4 s he rd s , 4 2 ( 50% ) w e re i n c i sed . Gare th L owe v i ewed t he c olec t ion o n Ma rch 1 3 , 1 980 a nd b e l ieved mo s t o fi tr ep re sen ted t he e qu iva len t o ft he Duende P hase o f t he E a r ly M idd le F o rma t ive . Ip l aced a t e s t u n i t h e re b ased o n t he p l en t i fu l s upp ly o fM idd le F o rma t ive s he rd s a nd h i gh o b s id ian d en s i ty . We l a te r d e term ined t ha t 1 7% o f t he amp le o b s id ian c olec t ion w a s c o r tex b ear ing ma te r ia l , w i th 1 8% f r om c omb ined L o t s BB1 a nd BB2 , s t rong e v idence o fs pec ia l iza t ion . S ee S ub -ope ra t ion G a nd H . 5 . 3 .1 .3 L o t BB3 L o t BB3 i s ac olec t ion f r om S t r H , as even me te r h igh , 4 0 x4 4 m mound , c on s i s t ing o f 3 8 r im s , s even b od ie s , 2 6 o b s id ian , a nd a f i gur ine f r agmen t . A h ou se c u t i n to t he s ou thwe s t• c o rne r o f t he s t ruc tu re r e s t r ic ted t he s u r face c olec t ions . P o r t ions o f t he mound s ur face w e re f a ced w i th r i ve r w orn r ock c obb le s a nd w e o b served t h ree p robab le p l a in s t e lae l y ing o n t he i r s i de s o n t op o f t he mound ( F ig . 7 6 ) . Ano the r , 15 c m l ong , 7 6 c m w ide , a nd 2 0 c m t h ick , l o ca ted o n t he s ou thwe s t s i de o ft he mound , w as a ppa ren t ly u sed a s amode rn me ta te b y t he f am i ly ( F ig . 7 7 ) . S he rd sw e re 7 5% M idd le t o L a te F o rma t ive a nd 2 5% E a r ly t oL a te C las s ic . 5 . 3 .1 .4 L o t BB4 L o t BB4 , a mode s t c olec t ion o f2 3 r im s , s even b od ie s , a nd 1 7 o b s id ian , i sf r om t he v i c in i ty o f , a nd o n S t ruc ture s Q a nd R . T h ick u nde rb ru sh o n S t r Q , as even me te r h igh 4 5 x4 5 me te r mound p reven ted a g ood c olec t ion . Mo s t o f t he ma te r ia l i sf r om t wo l ow p robab le s t ruc tu re s . One , al ow mound j o in s S t r Q o n t he n or th s i de , t he o the r i s S t r R s hown a s ad a shed l i ne o n t he s i te map . A d eep t r ough me ta te 4 4 cm x 3 6 cm w i th a max imum d ep th o f 2 3 c m w a s d i scove red s ou thwe s t o f S t r Q a nd moved t o t he a dm in i s t ra tor 's h ou se . P o t te ry w a s 2 5% M idd le F o rma t ive , 2 5% L a te t o T e rm ina l F orma t ive a nd 5 0% E ar ly t oL a te C la s s ic . 5 . 3 .1 .5 L o t BB5 L o t BB5 i sf r om S t r L , al ow t wo me te r h igh , 4 1 x4 6 me te r mound a t t he n or th e nd o f t he p laza f o rmed b y S t r F , Ja nd K . Our f i r s t c olec t ion , made w hen t he mound w a s i n p a s tu re , w a s v e ry l i gh t . A s e cond made s eve ra l mon ths l a te r a t t he e nd o f May a f te r t he a rea h ad b een l i gh t ly p lowed , w a s s t i l l s pa r se . A t o ta l o f 2 8 r ims , t h ree b od ie s , 2 2 o b s id ian , af i gu r ine f r agmen t , a nd t wo me ta te f r agmen t sw e re r ecorded . One me ta te , af a i r ly d ense b a sa l t s imp le s l ab , h a s av e ry s halow t r ough . T he o the r o f a l i gh te r d en s i ty b a sa l t , i sa l so a s imp le s l ab a nd h ad a d eepe r t r ough , a l though p robab ly n o t o pen -ended . T he p o t te ry w a s 9 0 -100% M idd le t o L a te o r T e rm ina l F orma t ive w i th p o s s ib ly s eve ra lL a te C la s s ic s he rd s . 5 . 3 .1 .6 L o t BB6 L o t BB6 i sf r om S t r F , a4 . 5 me te r h igh , 6 5 x7 5 me te r mound , s ou theas t o fS t r J . T he c olec t ion t o ta led 3 9 r im s , s i x b od ie s , 6 9 o b s id ian , t h ree mano f r agmen t s a l r ec tangu la r i n s hape , a mor ta r ( o r g rooved b ow l , o r s t one s cu lp tu re f r agmen t ) , a f i gu r ine f r agmen t , a nd t wo b urn t d aub c hunk s o ne w i th t h in g roove s a nd t he o the r w i th i mpre s s ion s o f r eed l ike o rgan ic ma te r ia l . O f t he s he rd c olec t ion , 1 6 w e re i n c i sed/punc ta ted w i th t he ma jo r i ty t he C a jon C oa r se w are s o f t he E ar ly M idd le F o rma t ive . T he c olec t ion w as 7 5% M idd le F o rma t ive a nd 2 5% L a te -Te rm ina lF orma t ive . Ob s id ian d en s i ty w a s v e ry h igh a nd i n c luded many l a rge c hunk s a nd i r regu lar b l ade s , o r mac rob lade sw i th 2 0 .3 % c or tex -bea r ing ma te r ia l . B a sed o n t he h igh o b s id ian d en s i ty a nd 7 6

t y pe s p re sen t , w i th o bv iou s e conom ic i mp l ica t ion s c omb ined w i th t he e a r ly o c cupa t ion , w ep l aced at e s tu n i ti n to t h es t ruc tu re . S ee S ub -ope ra t ion F . 5 . 3 .1 .7 L o t BB7 L o t BB7 i s as mal c olec t ion f r om b o th S t r K a nd M . S t r K i sa n e i gh t me te r h i gh , 5 5 x5 8 me te r mound j u s t e a s t o f S t r J ,a nd S t r M i ss even me te r h i gh 4 2 x5 4 m e te r mound t o i t s n o r thea s t . B o th s t ruc tu re s w e re h eav i ly c ove red w i th d en se g ra s s a nd s h rub s w i th p oo r g round v i s ib i l i ty , a l though l a te r al i gh t p low ing p a r t ia l ly c l ea red o f f S t r M b u t s u r f ace a r t i f ac t d en s i ty w a s s t i l l v e ry l i gh t . On ly 1 7 s he rd s , e i gh t r im s , a nd n ine b od ie s w e re c olec ted a l ong w i th t h ree o b s id ian . O f t he 1 7 s he rd s , e i gh t w e re i n c i sed a n umbe r g a sh inc i sed o f t he C a jon C oa r se -E l B a l samo B rown -Ea r ly M idd le F o rma t ive p e r iod a s w el a s s eve ra l C oa s ta l Und i f fe ren t ia ted . T he s he rd s w e re 7 5% M idd le F o rma t ive a nd 2 5% L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive . B ecau se o f S t r K ' s s i ze a nd p rox im i ty t o t he M idd le F o rma t ive c en t ra l p o r t ion o f t he s i te , Ip l aced at e s t u n i t h e re . S ee S ub -ope ra t ion I . 5 3 .1 .8 L o t BB8 L o t BB8 i sf r om t wo a d jo in ing l ow t wo me te r h i gh mound s e ach a bou t 3 0 x3 0 m e te r s i n b a sa l d i f nen s ion . S u r f ace s he rd d en s i ty w a s med ium t o h i gh w i th 5 0 s he rd s r e co rded c on s i s t ing o f 4 0 r im s , 1 0 b od ie s , 1 9 o b s id ian , a nd t wo p o s s ib le f i gu r ine f r agmen t s . T he c olec t ion i n c luded t wo d i s t inc t t empo ra l p e r iod s a nd c omp r i sed e i gh t M idd le F o rma t ive s he rd s w i th s eve ra l C oa s ta l Und i f f e ren t ia ted , t h ree o r f ou r L a te F o rma t ive , t h ree o r f ou r E spe ranza F le sh a nd a n a nnu la r p ede s ta l E a r ly C la s s ic b a se . I b e l ieved a t t he t ime t ha t a bou t e i gh t s he rd s w e re f r om L a te C la s s ic s t o rage v e s se l s o r u rn s . I n v i ew o f o u r s ub sequen t e xcava t ion s j u s t n o r th i n to S t r P , t he u rn s he rd s a re p robab ly E a r ly C la s s ic . T he c olec t ion i s7 5% M idd le -La te F o rma t ive a nd 2 5% C la s s ic , p robab ly E ar ly C la s s ic ,b u ts ome L a te C la s s ic i sp o s s ib le . 5 3 .1 .9 L o t BB9 L o t BB9 i s ac o l lec t ion f r om S t r P al ow 1 . 5 me te r h igh , 2 5 x3 5 me te r mound n o r th o f S t r 0 . S uga r c ane o n t he mound h ad j u s t b een h a rve s ted , t he mound p lowed a nd c l ea red p rov id ing ag ood c olec t ion . S u r f ace s he rd d en s i ty w a s med ium a nd t o taled 3 2 r im s , e i gh t b od ie s , 1 9 o b s id ian , ad en se b a sa l t s imp le s l ab me ta te f r agmen t w i th a f a i r ly d eep t r ough , af r agmen t o f a n e ye o r n o se f r om a n a ppl iqued p o t , af i gu r ine f r agmen t o f aw el -mode led n o se a nd u ppe r l i p , a no the r f i gu r ine f r agmen t , a nd t wo c e ram ic u nknown s . T he c olec t ion w a s t empo ra l ly m ixed h e re a l so b e ing 2 5% E a r ly M idd le t o L a te F o rma t ive a nd 7 5% P ro to -Ea r ly C la s s ic w i th p o s s ib ly s ome L a te C la s s ic . Ip l aced at e s t u n i t h e re b ecau se t he s t ruc tu re w a s c l o se t o t he s i te ' s n o r the rn l im i t a nd w ou ld h e lp p l ace t he n o r the rn b ounda r ie s f o r b o th t he F o rma t ive a nd C la s s ic P e r iod s . I tc ou ld a l so p rov ide i n te re s t ing d imen s ion s o fv a r ia t ion s i nce t he mound h ad d i f f e ren t c ha rac te r i s t ic s t h an l a rge rs t ruc tu re st ot he s ou th . S ee S up -ope ra t ion J . 5 3 .1 .10 L o tB B10 L o t BB10 i s as ma l l c olec t ion made d u r ing a n e a r ly r econna i s sance f r om as halow d ra inage d i tch a l ong s ide ad i r t r oad r unn ing s ou th f r om t he r a i l road b e tween S t r Da nd s t ruc tu re s o n t he e a s t s i de o f t he r oad . T he re w e re 1 0 r im s , o ne b ody a nd o ne o b s id ian . T he c o l lec t ion d a te s f r om t he l a te a spec t o f t he M idd le t o t he T e rm ina l F orma t ive . 5 3 .1 .11 L o tB B11 L o t BB11 i sf r om S t r A , t he l a rge 1 2 me te r h i gh 7 0 x7 0 me te r p y ram id a t t he s ou the rn e nd o f t he s i te ( F ig . 7 3 ) . Heavy u nde rg row th o n t he p y ram id p reven ted g ood s u r f ace c olec t ion s a l though mo s t o f t he ma te r ia l c ame f r om t he mound e dge s w he re f r e sh p low ing h ad s haved t he b o rde r s e xpo s ing s he rd s . T h i s m ixed c olec t ion w a s 7 7

d i f f icu l t t o p l ace a t f i r s t . If i r s t t hough t i tw a s E a r ly C la s s ic m ixed w i th s ome e a r l ie r F orma t ive ma te r ia l . L a te r a na ly s i s c on f i rmed t he E a r ly C la s s ic c omponen t . On ly 2 2 r im s , 1 0 b od ie s , s even o b s id ian , a nd ac e ram ic u nknown w e re r ecorded r ep resen t ing 2 5% M idd le F o rma t ive ,2 5% L a te -Te rm ina lF orma t ive a nd 5 0% P ro to -Ea r ly C la s s ic . 5 . 3 .1 .12 L o tB B12 L o t BB12 i sf r om S t r C , al ow 1 . 5 me te r h i gh 4 2 x4 8 me te r mound c ons t ruc t ion 3 6 me te r s n o r thea s t o f S t r A . S ur face o b s id ian d en s i ty w a s e x t reme ly h igh a nd w e c olec ted 1 43 o b s id ian , 3 4 r im s a nd 1 0 b od ie s . C e ram ic ma te r ia l w a s p redom ina te ly ( abou t 9 0 -95 % ) M idd le -Te rm ina l F orma t ive a nd a bou t5 10 % L a te C las s ic . Ie xcava ted a t e s t u n i t h e re b a sed o n t he o b s id ian d en s i ty . T he l a rge o b s id ian s ur face c olec t ion r ef lec t s b o th t he h eavy d en s i ty o f ap os s ib le w o rk shop a nd o u r e xcava t ion , a s w e made n ume rous a dd i t ion s t o t he s u r face c olec t ion d u r ing t he e xcava t ions . S ee S ub o pe ra t ion E . 5 . 3 .1 .13 L o t BB13 L o t BB13 i sf r om S t r E , t he t w in mound c omp lex l o ca ted 7 5 me te r s n or th o fS t r C . E ach i s al ow o ne me te r h igh 4 0 x4 6 me te r mound j o ined b y a0 . 5 me te r h igh c onnec t ing s t ruc tu re . S ur f ace s he rd d en s i ty w as h i ghe r t han L o t BB12 b u t may r ef lec t t wo , r a the r t han o ne , a c t iv i ty a rea s . Ob s id ian d en s i ty w a s q u i te h igh s im i la r t o BB12 t o t he s ou th . We r eco rded a t o ta l o f 1 02 r im s , 1 3 b od ie s , 1 79 o b s id ian , af i gur ine f r agmen t , a nd e i the r a n e f f igy o r v e s se l s uppor t . B lade p e rcen tage s w e re a bou t t he s ame i n b o th BB12 a nd BB13 b u t c or tex p e rcen tage s a nd l a rge i r regu lar b l ade s w e re h ighe r o n BB12 . T he s he rd s w e re p redom ina te ly M idd le -Te rm ina l F orma t ive , o r a bou t 3 3% M idd le ,3 3% L a te F o rma t ive -P ro toc las s ic ,w i th 3 % E a r ly -La te C las s ic . 5 . 3 .1 .14 L o tB B14 L o t BB14 i s as mal c olec t ion o f 1 0 r im s , f i ve b od ie s a nd e i gh t o b s id ian f r om S t r D , ab a re ly p e rcep t ib le 0 . 5 me te r h igh , 2 8 x4 4 mound i n t he c ane f i e ld n o r thwe s t o f S t r A a nd C . T h i s i sj u s t w e s t o f t he a rea o f L o t BB10 a nd w a s p robab ly w he re mo s t o f t ha t l o t o r ig ina ted . T he c olec t ion w as 6 7% L a te -Te rm ina l F orma t ive a nd 3 3% M idd le -La te C la s s ic . 5 . 3 .1 .15 L o t BB15 L o t BB15 i sf r om a n a rea e ncompa s s ing S t r B , ap ar t ialy d e s t royed t h ree me te r mound a t t he s ou thea s t c o rne r o f t he s i te , a nd f r om t he i n terven ing a rea w e s t t owa rd S t r A . An o b s id ian c olec t ion w a s l a te r made f r om S t r Bo n ly ( See L o t BB19 ) . S ur face s he rd d en s i ty w a s l i gh t t o med ium w i th 4 1 r im s , s e ven b od ie s , a nd o n ly t h ree o b s id ian . T h i s i s am ixed c h rono log ica l l o t a s i nL o t BB11 a nd w a s 3 3% L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive , 3 3% P ro to -Ea r ly C las s ic a nd 3 3% L a te C la s s ic . 5 . 3 .1 .16 L o tB B16 L o t BB16 i sf r om a n a rea j u s t w e s t o f a nd n ea r t he b ank o f t he R io E sca lan te . We o b served b a re ly p e rcep t ib le r i se s i n t he f r e sh ly h arve s ted a nd p lowed s ugar c ane f i e ld s , b u t t he se w e re n o t p ronounced e nough t oc onc lude t ha t t hey w e re f ounda t ions o f s t ruc tu re s . S u r face s he rd d en s i ty w a s v e ry l i gh t w i th mos t i n p oor c ond i t ion . On ly f our r im s a nd f our b od ie s w e re r e ta ined a nd o ne o b s id ian . T he meage r c olec t ion w as 5 0% L a te -Te rm ina l F orma t ive a nd 5 0% L a te C la s s ic . Mos t o rd ina ry r e s iden t ia l h ou se mound s a s c ompared t o e l i te r e s iden t ia l s t ruc ture s i nt h i s r eg ion p robab ly d id n o t h ave r a i sed f ounda t ion s . T h i s c ou ld b e s uch a n a rea a nd i s al i ke ly c and ida te f o r t e s t -p i t t ing i nt he f u tu re . 5 . 3 .1 .17 L o tB B17 L o t BB17 i s ac olec t ion f r om S t r S , ao ne me te r h igh , 3 0 x3 0 me te r mound a nd t he f r e sh ly c u t c ane f i e ld t o i t s n o r th a nd e as t t o t he r a i sed b ank s o f t he R io 7 8

Guaca la te . S u r f ace d en s i ty w a s med ium t o h eavy w i th 5 6 r im s , 1 b od ie s , 2 4 o b s id ian , t wo f i gu r ine f r agmen t s , ac e ram ic u nknown , a nd ap e r fo ra ted p o t te ry d i sc l i gh t ly i n c i sed w i th o range s l ip o n ab u f f p a s te . T he s he rd s w e re 2 5% M idd le -La te F o rma t ive , 2 5% T e rm ina l F o rma t ive -Ea r ly C la s s i c a nd 5 0% M idd le -La te C la s s ic . T h i s i st he l o ca t ion w he re Monumen t 2 , a n i n te re s t ing s cu lp tu re d e sc r ibed l a te r i n t h i s c hap te r , w a s r epo r ted ly f ound . 5 . 3 .1 .18 L o tB B18 L o t BB18 i sf r om S t r I , al ow 0 . 5 me te r h i gh 1 5 x1 5 me te r mound j u s t s ou th o f S t r K , c olec ted d u r ing s ub sequen t v i s i t s . B e fo re t he a rea w a s c l ea red f o r s uga r c ane , t h i s w a s ab a re ly p e rcep t ib le r i se i n t he h i gh u nde rb ru sh . P low ing f o r t he n ew c ane f i e ld r evea led t he mound a nd a lowed t he c olec t ion . S he rd s i n c luded 1 4 r im s , f i ve b od ie s , 1 6 o b s id ian , a n a n ima l h ead f r agmen t , a nd a c e ram ic u nknown . Ob s id ian c o r tex -bea r ing p e rcen tage w a s a h i gh 1 8 .8% . T he c o l lec t ion w a s e n t i re ly M idd le -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive . I tw ou ld b e i n te re s t ing t o d e te rm ine t he f unc t ion o fs uch a mode s ts t ruc tu re i nc l o se a s soc ia t ion t ot he l a rge p y ram id o ni t sn o r th . 5 . 3 .1 .19 L o tB B19 Du r ing a v i s i t t o t he s i te i n Ap r i l 1 980 , In o t iced t ha t t he c ane f i e ld s ou th o f t he r a i l road l i ne h ad b een r e cen t ly r enova ted . I n c heck ing S t r B , Io b se rved m any l a rge p i ece s o f af i re -ha rdened a dobe f l oo r f r om 5 t o 7c m t h ick w i th r eed o r g ra s s i mp re s s ion s o n t he b a se . T he se w e re s c a t te red o n t he s u r f ace o f S t r Bw h i ch h ad b een d eep ly p lowed b y t he e qu ipmen t u sed t o r enova te c ane f i e ld s . T he a dobe f l oo r f r agmen t s a re s im i la r t o t ho se r e co rded f r om C r i s toba l . On t h i s v i s i t o n ly 1 5 o b s id ian a r t i f ac t sw e re r e co rded i nL o t BB19 . 5 3 .1 .20 S ummary S ur f ace C olec t ion s I n c on t ra s t t o L a Mo rena , L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th w a s c on s ide rab ly l a rge r a nd much mo re c omp lex b ecau se o f i t s mu l t i -componen t o c cupa t ion s pann ing t he E a r ly M idd le F o rma t ive ( po s s ib ly e a r l ie r ) t o t he L a te C la s s i c . T he d en se c oncen t ra t ion o f o b s id ian a r t i f ac t s o n t he s u r f ace , t he h i ghe s t o b se r ved a t a ny s i te , w a s a l so u nu sua l a nd o bv iou s ly c r i t ica l t o u nde r s tand ing i t s e conom ic f unc t ion . T ab le 1 2 c on ta in s t he t o ta l s u r f ace a r t i f ac t c ou t . Iw a s l a te r i n fo rmed b y G . R . Wa l te r s o f t he Un ive r s i ty o f M i s sou r i , t ha t s eve ra l y ea r s b e fo re h e a nd a s mal p a r ty h ad made a b r ie f v i s i t t o t he s i te a nd made a s mal c olec t ion o f an umbe r o f s ma l l o b s id ian p ro jec t i le p o in t s t y p ica l o f t he L a te P o s tc la s s ic . T he se w e re a ppa ren t ly s im i la r t ot ho se Id i scove red a tt he L a te P o s tc la s s ic s i te o f C a ro l ina ( S i te N o 5 20901 ) , 7 km f r om t he P ac i f ic C oa s t d u r ing o u r f i e ld s ea son . Wa l te r s p o in ted o u t t ha t t hey h ad c ome f r om n ea r t he r a i l road l i ne n o r thwe s t o f S t r E . We d i d n o t o b se rve a ny o f t he se t y pe s o u r se lve s , h oweve r , a nd i n f a c t f ound n o L a te P o s tc la s s ic p o t te ry i n a ny o f t he c olec t ion s a nd t he p ro jec t i le p o in t s may h ave c ome f r om a ne x t reme ly c on f ined a rea . 5 . 3 .2 E xcava t ion s We c ommenced t e s t e xcava t ion s o n Ma rch 1 4 , 1 979 , c on t inued u n t i l Ap r i l 7 ,a nd r e tu rned i n May t o c omp le te t he m app ing a nd s u r f ace c olec t ion p rog ram a nd b ack f i l l a l u n i t s . My g oa l s w e re t o t e s t s t ruc tu re s o f v ary ing s i ze f r om s ou th t o n o r th , p a r t icu lar ly t ho se w i th h i gh s u r f ace o b s id ian d en s i t ie s a nd t he h i ghe s t f r equenc ie s o f e a r ly c e ram ic m a te r ia l . 5 . 3 .2 .1 S ub -opera t ion E T h i s w a s a2x2 m e te r c u t c en te red o n t op o f S t r C , o r ien ted n o r th sou th , a nd e xcava ted i n a rb i t ra ry 2 0 c m l e ve l s . S t r C i s al ow 1 . 5 m e te r h i gh 4 2 x4 8 me te r mound n o r thea s t o f S t r A . My p r ima ry o b jec t ive o the r t h an s he rd , a nd p o s s ib ly c harcoa l r ecove ry , w a s t o o b ta in a s ub su r f ace s amp le o f o b s id ian f o r a na ly s i s a nd h yd ra t ion d a t ing . I tw i l l b e r e caled t h a t o b s id ian w a s p ro fu se ly d i s t r ibu ted o n t he s u r f ace o f t he s t ruc tu re ( Lo t BB12 ) . S o i l o ve rbu rden o f al i gh t s andy h umu s w a s 7 9

u ncha rac te r i s t icaly t h in , a ve rag ing o n ly 5 10 c m i n d ep th o ve r lay ing a h a rd c l ay a nd e a r th mound f i l l c on ta in ing a f ew p ebb le s a nd r ock s m ak ing e xcava t ion q u i te d i f f icu l t . T he u n i t w a s t e rm ina ted a t 8 0 c m w i th a t o ta l e xcava ted v o lume o f 3 . 2 m3. A r t i fac t d en s i ty w a s h i gh w i th l i t t le d i f fe rence b e tween l o t s e x cep t t ha t L o t 2h ad a l owe r o b s id ian f r equency . N o s t ra t ig raphy o r a ny s o i l d i f f e rence s w e re o b se rved . T he a r t i f ac t c oun ti sd e ta i led i nT ab le 1 3 . N o S aca tepequez Wh i te p a s te w a s p re sen t , b u t t he re w a s ah igh f r equency o f o range w a re s w i th 3 4 e xamp le s i n c lud ing f ou r e ve r ted r im s o ne e i the r as mal l a b ia l f l ange o r b o l s te red r im , a l so a f a ce ted f l anged b ow l s im i la r t o m a te r ia l f r om t he s i te o f Z aca t l o ca ted n o r th o f An t igua n ea r S an J uan S aca tepequez i n t he h igh land s a nd i n c olec t ion s a tt he Mu seo N ac iona l . T he h i ghe s t f r equency o f s he rd s w e re t an s a nd b u f f s w i th m any i n c i sed . A l a rge r n umbe r o f b l ack s he rd s w e re i n L o t BE4 t he d eepe s t l o t . T empo ra l ly t he c e ram ic ma te r ia lr anged f r om t he M idd le t oT e rm ina lF orma t ive . 5 . 3 .2 .2 S ub -opera t ion F T h i s w a s a 2 x 2 me te r u n i t c en te red o n t op o f S t r F , ab road b a sed 6 5 x7 5 me te r mound w i th ah e igh t o f4 . 5 me te r s . L o t BB6 h ad i nd ica ted a n E a r ly M idd le -La te F o rma t ive o c cupa t ion w i th a v e ry h i gh s u r f ace o b s id ian d en s i ty . T he u n i t , a l igned n o r th sou th a nd e xcava ted i n a rb i t ra ry l e ve l s o f 2 0 c m e ach , w a s t e rm ina ted a t ad ep th o f 1 40 c m . T he u ppe r 1 0 c m i n t he p low z one h ad n ume rou s b u t f r agmen tary s he rds a nd o ve r lay a s andy c o lo red c l ay a nd e a r th mound f i l c on ta in ing s ome r ock s . No s t ra t ig raphy o r s o i l c hange s w e re o b se rved e xcep t s eve ra l v e ry l a rge r ock s w e re r eco rded a t t he n o r th e nd o f t he u n i t b e tween 1 00 -120 c m . T he c l ay f i l l w a s mode ra te ly d en se a nd h eavy . S he rd a nd o b s id ian d en s i t ie s a nd o the r c a tego r ie s w e re h igh t h roughou t t he u n i t . T o ta l e xcava ted v o lume w a s 5 . 6 m3 a nd t he a r t i f ac t c oun t i s s hown i nT ab le 1 4 . T he c e ram ic c olec t ion a ppea red u n i fo rm t h roughou t t he u n i t a nd i sp redom ina te ly f r om t he E a r ly M idd le t o L a te F o rma t ive i n c lud ing a h igh p e rcen tage o f c oa r se i n c i sed/punc ta ted w a re s a nd a ppea r s s omewha t e a r l ie r t han m a te r ia l f r om S t r C ( Sub -ope ra t ion E ) . 5 . 3 .2 .3 S ub -opera t ion s Ga nd H B o th e xcava t ion s ub -ope ra t ion s w e re i n to S t r J , as t eep s i ded , 1 2 me te r h i gh 4 4 x 5 5 me te r p y ram id a tt he h ea r t o f t he s i te c en te r t hen c ove red b y l ow g ra s s , s h rub s a nd s ome t r ee s . My o b je c t ive s w e re s im i la r t o t ho se a t S t r Ca nd S t r F , e spec ialy g i ven t he h i gh f r equenc ie s o f E a r ly M idd le F o rma t ive s u r f ace ma te r ia l a nd h igh o b s id ian d en s i ty . A l so , s i nce w e w e re a t p eak l a bo r c apac i ty I o pened a l a rge r u n i t u p t he p y ram id s l ope s i n tend ing t o p ene t ra te t he h ea r t o f t h e s t ruc tu re s eek ing s t ra t ig raphy , a nd t o o b ta in c e ram ic s f r om s ea led l o t s ( p roven ience ) r a the r t h an f r om m ixed m ound f i l l . S ub -ope re ion G w a s a 2 x 4 me te r t e s t u n i t a bou t 4 . 5 me te r s u p t he s ou th s l ope a nd a l igned 3 7 t o t he a pp rox ima te c en te r o f t he p y ram id ( F ig . 7 8 ) . L o t s 1a nd 2w e re e xcava ted i n t he n o r the rn h a l f o f t he u n i t i n 5 0 c m l e ve l s a nd w en t f r om 0 100 c m mea su red f r om t he n o r thwe s t c o rne r . We f ound t he o u te r 1 0 -15 c m o fp y ram id s u r f ace t o b e a n e x t reme ly h a rd a dobe l a ye r f olowed b y 1 5 -18 c m o f a dobe m ixed w i th o the r s o i l a nd w h i le n o t p u re a dobe w a s s t i l l q u i te h a rd . Many f r agmen ta ry o b s id ian a r t i f ac t s w e re i n t he a dobe l a ye r . T he a dobe l a ye r w a s f olowed b y av e ry s o f t , d a rk c o lo r , s andy a sh a nd s o i l l a ye r a bou t 5 0 c m t h ick b e fo re e n te r ing t he d en se e a r th -c lay i n te r io r . I n v i ew o f t he a ppa ren t t h ree l e ve l s o f c on s t ruc t ion w e e xcava ted t he l owe r 2 x 2 me te r s e c t ion i n n a tu ra l l e ve l s t o d e te rm ine i fs he rd c omponen t s w e re d i f f e ren t . L o t BG3 i s t hen t he a dobe l a ye r a nd L o t BG4 t h e s o f t a shy l a ye r . A s t h e s he rd c omponen t s w e re n o t t empo ra l ly d i f fe ren t w e c on t inued t he e xcava t ion i nt he n o r the rn h a l f ( 2 x2 ) o n ly , b e fo re t e rm ina t ing t he u n i t a t3 00 c m w i th L o t BB11 a t3 00 c m b e low t he d a tum p o in ta nd w el i n to t he p y ram id ' sc o re .

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S he rd a nd o b s id ian d en s i t ie s w e re s omewha t v a r iab le t h rough t he mound f i l l . A Mon te A l to B rown w ho le v e s se l w a s d i scove red i nL o t BG6 a t 1 45 c m a s soc ia ted w i th a h i gh d en s i ty o f f r agmen ta ry s he rd s a nd d a rke r s o i l , u sualy e v idence o f c ache d epo s i t s , a nd a ppea red t o b e a n i n t ru s ive p i t a l though t he e v idence w a s t enuou s ( F ig . 7 9 , 8 0 , 8 1 ) . A r t i f ac t s f r om t he p o s s ib ly d i f f e ren t c omponen t s w e re r e co rded s epa ra te ly b u t a ga in t h e re w a s n o n o t iceab le t empo ra l ( c e ram i c ) d i f f e rence . T o ta l e xcava ted v o lume o f S ub -ope ra t ion G w a s 1 .71 m3 a nd w a s o u r mo s t a mb i t iou s e xcava t ion o f t he f i e ld s e a son . B ecau se o f t he a ppa ren t c on s t ruc t ion l e ve l s o b se rved i n t he o u te r s k in o f t he p y ram id , Ip laced a s mal u n i t o n t op o f S t r Jt o s ee i ft he s ame l a ye r s e x i s ted . S ub -ope ra t ion H , a 1x 2 m e te r t e s t t ob e e xcava ted i nn a tu ra l l e ve l s w a s p l aced o n t op o f S t r C a nd a l igned n o r th sou th . L o t BH1 f r om 0 15 c m e xpo sed a n a ppa ren t , t h in f r agmen ta ry c l ay f l oo r l e ve l w i th a me ta te f r agmen t a nd o ne l a rge b ou lde r r e s t ing o n t he s u r f ace . T he u n i t w a s t e rm ina ted a f te r at o ta l o f f ou r l o t s w e re r eco rded t o a d ep th o f 1 40 c m w i th 2 . 8 m3 o f e xcava ted v o lume . N o s t ra t ig raphy w a s n o ted n o r a r e cu r rence o f t he a dobe , s andy -a sh l a ye r o ve r mound f i l l a s i n u n i t G . A c ha rcoa l s amp le w a s c olec ted i nL o t s BH3 a nd BH4 f r om 6 0 -140 c m , ag ood d ea l o fi ta s soc ia ted w i th i n c i sed s he rd s i n t he l owe r l o t . T h i s s amp le , UCLA 2 339F ( Lo t BH4 ) , a wa i t s a r ad ioca rbon d e te rm ina t ion a t t he I s o tope L abo ra to ry . T o ta l e xcava ted v o lume f o r S ub -ope ra t ion G a n t i Hw a s 1 4 .5 m3 w i th a r t i f ac tc oun t si nT ab le 1 5 . C omb ined c e ram ic m a te r ia l f r om b o th u n i t s i n c lude s aw axy O range -B rown , 1 64 i n c i sed/punc ta te e xc lud ing Mon te A l to B rown , a nd t wo L a s C ha rca s P o lych rome . T he w a xy o range -b rown i s v i r tua l ly i d en t i ca l t o Mo rada B u f f -O range v a r ie ty o f C ana le s O range w a re r ep re sen ta t ive o f t he M idd le F o rma t ive a t K am ina l juyu (We the r ing ton 1 978 :75 ,125 ) . Two e a r ly B rown Wa re s i n L o t BG10 w e re i d en t i f ied b y S hook a s v e ry s im i la r t oE a r ly F o rma t ive w a re s a tS a l ina s L a B lanca a nd C ha lchuapa . T he m a jo r i ty o f w a re sw e re at an -bu f f many c oa r se ly i n c i sed , g a shed a nd/o rp unc ta ted . Ma te r ia l a ppear s t o s pan t he E ar ly M idd le F o rma t ive ( s ome e a r l ie r ) t o t he L a te F o rma t ive , o r a bou t t he s ame a s S t r F , w i th v e ry l i t t le T e rm ina l F o rma t ive . B o th t he L a s C ha rca s P o lych rome a nd t he e a r ly B rown Wa re s c ame f r om l owe r l o t s , a nd e a r l ie r s t ruc tu re s p o s s ib ly d a t ing t ot h eE a r ly F orma t ive c ou ld b eb u r ied ,p o s s ib ly i n tac t , d eep w i th in t he mound . 5 . 3 .2 .4 S ub -opera t ion I G iven t he p rox im i ty o f S t r K , a no the r p y ram id j u s t 8 5 me te r s e a s t o f S t r Ja nd f o rm ing t he e as t s i de o f al a rge p l aza , Ip l aced a t e s t u n i t i n to i t s f l ank s i n a smuch a s s u r f ace c olec t ion s f r om i ta nd S t r M wcF re s pa r se . T h i s w a s a 2x 2 me te r e xcava t ion 9m e te r s u p t he s ou th s l ope , a l igned 3 2 e a s t o f n o r th o r t o t he a pp rox ima te c en te r o f t he mound , a nd e x cava ted i n n a tu ra l l e ve l s . L o t B Il f olowed t he n a tu ra l s l ope t o a d ep th o f 1 00 c m . T he f i r s t 4 0 c m w a s av e ry l oo se , s o f t r i ch l o am , t o ta l ly u n l ike o the r mound s u r f ace s i n ve s t iga ted h e re . T h i s l a ye r i sf olowed b y al i gh te r c o lo r , c oa r se r , b u t s t i l l e x t reme ly s o f t s o i l . We e ncoun te red a d en se l a ye r o f r i ve r w o rn b a sa l t c obb le s a nd l a rge c hunk s o f s and s tone q u i te s o f t f r om d ecompo s i t ion a t 1 00 c m . I nc luded w i th t he r ock sw e re me ta te f r agmen t s . L o t B I2 p ene t ra ted t h e r ock l a ye r a nd t e rm ina ted a t 1 80 c m f r om t he n o r th w al a nd 1 20 c m f r om t he s ou th w al . T he r ock s a re a ppa ren t ly p a r t o f ar ock f a ced p y ram ida l s t ruc tu re a s t h ey w e re mo s t ly s e t i n av e ry c l ayey s o i l w i th a r t i f ac tu ra l i n c lu s ion s a nd c a rbon ized w ood ( F ig . 8 2 ) . Ac ha rcoa l s amp le ( UCLA 2 339G ) w a s t aken f r om b e tween a nd u nde rnea th t he c obb le s a nd i sa t t he I s o tope L abo ra to ry a wa i t ing a na ly s i s . A n umbe r o f m e ta te f r agmen t s w e re r emoved a nd a l a rge p iece o f s and s tone s moo thed o n o ne s i de , p robab ly p a r t o f ap l a in s t e la . T he r ock f e a tu re g i ve s t he i mp re s s ion o f a mound w i th p o s s ib ly t wo p eak s , o ne t o t he n o r th , t he o the r t o t he n o r thwe s t , b u t t h i s m ay b e c au sed b y s l ump ing . C lay -ea r th f i l l s w e re d en se b e low t he r ock l a ye r a nd a r t i fac t d en s i ty i n c rea sed b u t w a s s t i l l r e la t ive ly l ow . A r amp m ay l i e t o t he e a s t a nd t he a rea s hou ld b e t e s ted . T o ta l e xcava ted v o lume i s6 . 0 m3 w i th a r t i f ac tc oun t si nT ab le 1 6 . 8 1

C e ram ic s i n c lude 2 5 i n c i sed/punc ta te t he m a jo r i ty w i th c oa r se g a sh inc i s ing , a nd 1 L a s C ha rca s P o lych rome . T he g a sh inc i sed m a te r ia l i sq u i te r obu s t , s im i la r t o s ome C oa s ta l Und i f fe ren t ia ted a nd p o s s ib ly e a r ly t r an s i t iona l E l B a l samo B rown v a r ie t ie s . I h ave a lway s b e l ieved t h i s w a s t he e a r l ie s t ma te r ia l f r om L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th , a l ong w i th s ome s he rd sf r om w i th in S t rJ . 5 . 3 .2 .5 S ub -opera t ion J T h i s w a s t he n o r the rn mo s t u n i t d e s igned t o t e s t t he s ub su r f ace o f S t r P , al ow 1 . 5 me te r h i gh 2 5 x3 5 me te r mound a t t he n o r th e nd o f t he s i te . I t s eemed a p roduc t ive l o ca t ion g i ven i t s d i s tance f r om t he s i te c en te r , i t s s male r s i ze i n c on t ra s t t o t he l a rge r mound s n ea r t he c o re , a nd t he m ixed c h rono logy o fs u r f ace m a te r ia l . Un i t Jw a s o r ig ina l ly a 2 x 2 me te r u n i t , a l igned n o r th sou th a nd p l aced i n t he c en te r o f t h e s t ruc tu re . Un i t d imen s ion s w e re e x tended 0 . 5 me te r s e a s t a nd 1me te r n o r th f r om t h e o r ig ina l s ou thea s t c o rne r o n t he d i scove ry o f a n u rn b u r ia l a tt he s ou thea s t e dge o f t h e o r ig ina l u n i t . T he e xcava t ion w a s t o h ave p roceeded i n n a tu ra l l e ve l s a l though i n r eal i ty i ti s am ix tu re o fn a tu ra la nd a rb i t ra ry m e thod s . L o t B J1 i sf r om 0 60 c m , f o r av o lume o f2 . 7 m3. T he u ppe r 1 5 -20 c m , as of t c l ay a nd e a r th h umu s , o ve r lay s ac l ay/ea r th mound f i l lw i th h i gh s he rd a nd o b s id ian d en s i t ie s t h roughou t . We e ncoun te red a c omp le te E a r ly C la s s ic u rn a t6 0 c m . On t h e u rn a nd s u r round ing i tw e re t he b roken f r agmen t s o fa no the r p o t o r ig ina l ly i n ve r ted o n t op ( F ig . 8 3 ) . Ano the r s mal c rude v e s se l w a s p l aced 1 0 c m w e s t o f t he u rn a t t he s ame d ep th ( F ig . 8 4 ) . N o s t ra t ig raphy w a s n o ted i nt he l o t a l though t he re w a s s ome e v idence o fa p o s s ib le i n t ru s ion i n t he s ou thea s t q uad ra te w he re t he b u r ia l u rn w a s l o ca ted . I n t h e b o t tom o f t he u rn w e re a f ew d el i ca te b one f r agmen t s s t i l l l e f t a f te r c en tur ie s o f d ecompo s i t ion u nde r t he w e t c ond i t ion s o f t he u ppe r c oa s ta l p l a in . A n umbe r o f t e e th c rown s w e re f ound i n tac t ( s ee L o t B J1F ) . I n a s soc ia t ion w i th t he t e e th a nd j aw f r agmen t s w e re f ound 9 0 j ade b ead s a l ong w i th o ne l a rge r j ade b ead a s t h e p robab le c en te rp iece o f an eck lace . T he b one s w e re t oo f r agmen ta ry a nd l ow i n m a s s f o r a r ad ioca rbon d a te a nd w e re d i sca rded e xcep t f o r t h e t e e th . T he u rn , a l though p robab ly E a r ly C la s s ic b a sed o n f o rm a nd a s soc ia ted s he rd s , b ea r s as t rong r e semb lance t o R ecue rdo G roup u rn s o f t he M idd le -La te C la s s ic ( Pa r son s 1 967 :122 -4 ) . G iven t h e r i chne s so ft he f i nd s ,t hey w e re r eco rded a sf olow s . L o t B J1A i s ag ene ra l l o t o f 2 00 r im s , 10 b od ie s , ap o t te ry e a r s poo l , af i gu r ine f r agmen t , ab a t f r agmen t , a nd ac e ram ic u nknown t h a t r e semb le s E sme ra lda F l e sh o ft h e E a r ly C la s s ic . Mo s t o f t he p o t te ry , w h i le E a r ly C la s s ic , i n c lude s F o rma t ive s he rd s w i th t he r ema inde rP ro to -Ea r ly C la s s ic i n c lud ing 3 1 c oma le s/ sa r tene sa nd 1 5E sme ra lda F le sh . L o tB J1B a re t he 1 88 o b s id ian a r t i f ac t s . L o t B J1C a re 1 2r im s a nd 2 31 b od ie sp r ima r i ly f r agmen ted p iece sf r om t h e i n ve r ted p o t e nab l ing u s t o p a r t ia l ly r e s to re t he v e s se l . F o rma t ive m a te r ia l o n ly i n c luded t h ree r im s , o ne ar ed -on -bu f f , a nd s i xb od ie s . L o t B J1D i sf r om t he c on ten t s o f t he u ppe r p o r t ion o f t he b u r ia l u rn a nd i nc l o se p rox im i ty t o i t a nd i n c lude s f ou r r im s , n i ne b od ie s , 1 3 o b s id ian , s e ven p o t te ry n apk in r ing e a r s poo l f r agmen t s , ap o t te ry e a r f l a re ( s poo l ) , a nd as mal c ha r coa l s amp le o fi n su f f ic ien ts i ze f o r ar ad ioca rbon d a te . L o t B J1E i sf r om o u t s ide a nd n ea r t he u rn b a se i n c lud ing t he p robab le mud -wea r u n s l ipped c rude w ho le v e s se l , t wo r im s , at ab -hand led s a r tene , av e ry t h in w aled t e coma te (M ich i s? ) a nd 2 0 b od ie s w h ich a re mo s t ly C la s s ic , s ome w i th p re s sed b ody d eco ra t ion t y p ica l o f t he p e r iod . T he w ho le v e s se l i sp robab ly F avo r i ta Mud , B au l R edd i sh -Pa s te w a re made i n a n e a r th -mo ld . A t K am ina l juyu , t he e qu iva len t w a re , E spe ranza Mud , w a s f ound i n e xcava ted E spe ran za P hase t omb s o f t he E a r ly C la s s i c , a l though P a r son s c on s ide r s t he e qu iva len t w a re F avo r i ta ( Mud ) t o b e p robab ly M idd le C la s s ic ( K idde r , J enn ing s a nd S hook 1 946 :P 1 2 00 i -n ; P a r son s 1 967 :115 -20 ; We the r ing ton 1 978 :91 ) .

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L o t B J1F a re b one s f r om t he b u r ia l u rn . T ee th i n c lude e i gh t mo la r s a nd t wo s hove l shaped i n c i so r sp lu sf r agmen t s o fo the r s . D av id B e r ry ( UCLA ) w ho e xam ined t he t e e th b e l ieved t h em t o b e f r om a y oung i nd iv idua l p o s s ib ly 9 12 y ea r s o f a ge , s e x u nknown . Ib el ieve t hem t ob eo f ay oung g i r lb ecau se o ft he j ade n eck lace . L o tB J1G a re t he 9 1j a de b ead s . L o t B J1H i s aw ho le o b s id ian p r i sma t ic b l ade a nd a b l ade f r agmen t , b o th w e re a ppa ren t ly s t ruck a s a n o f f e r ing , a s t hey w e re n on -u t i l ized a nd f ound among s t t he j ade b ead s , t e e th a nd b one sa tt h eb o t tom o ft he u rn . L o t BM a re o the r a r t i f ac t s f r om t he l o t i n c lud ing t wo d i sc s , o ne p e r fo ra ted s he rd d i s c , f i gu r ine a nd a n ima l/b i rd f r agmen t s , me ta te a nd mano f r agmen t s , a nd o ne s l a te c o lo red v e ry d en se s t one c e l t , a nd ap o t te ry b a se . L o t B J1J i n c lude s t h e b u r ia l u rn ( F ig . 8 5 ) , f ou r r im s , a nd s i x b od ie s . S hook a nd H a tch b el ieved t he u rn t ob e E a r ly r a the r t han L a te C la s s ic o n a ccoun t o ft he r im f o rm , w h ich i sl og ica l c on s ide r ing o the r P ro to -Ea r ly C la s s ic d i agno s t ic s l i ke t he E sme ra lda F le sh , F avo r i ta Mud b ow l , s a r tene s , a nd c oma le s . C oma le s h ave b een f ound i n E a r ly C la s s ic a nd e ven e a r l ie r c on tex t s o n t he P ac i f ic S l ope a c co rd ing t o S hook i nc on t ra s t t o o the r i n ve s t iga to r s w ho s ugge s t aL a te C la s s ic o r P o s tc la s s ic d a t ing . A t K am ina l juyu , F el i c idad Wh i te w a shed :Fel id idad V a r ie ty i n t he f o rm o f s a r tene s e n joyed g rea t p opu la r i ty a s t hey d o o n t he P ac i f ic S l ope . A c co rd ing t o We the r ing ton , t he t y pe a ppea r s i nt he E a r ly C la s s ic c on t inu ing i n to t he M idd le C la s s ic ( Pa r son s 1 967 :105 -6 ,F ig 4 7a -c ; We the r ing ton 1 978 :93 -5 ,F ig 1 2 ) . An i n te re s t ing f unc t iona l a na ly s i s r ecen t ly c omp le ted o n m a te r ia l f r om K am ina l juyu s uppo r t s P a r son s ' s b el ie f o f t he i r u se i n c ook ing i n d ome s t ic c on tex t s ( L i s chka 1 978 :223 -278 ) . T he e x i s tence o f s a r tene h and le s a nd b od ie s a l ong w i th o the r E a r ly C la s s ic m a te r ia l i nt he e xcava ted c omponen t s t rong ly s ugge s t sa nE a r ly C la s s i cd a t ing . L o t B J2 i sf r om b e low t he u rn l e ve l a t6 0 -100 c m a nd a rb i t ra r i ly t e rm ina ted a tt he 1 00 c m l e ve l a sw e d e tec ted a n i n c rea s ing p e rcen tage o fF o rma t ive w a re s . T he p o s s ib le i n t ru s ive p i t i nt he s ou thea s t q uad ra te c on t inued b u t e v idence w a s t enuou s . Mound f i l l w a s a med ium d en se e a r th -c lay w i th s ome s t one s c on ta in ing a v e ry h igh s he rd a nd o b s id ian d en s i ty . F i l l i n t he p o s s ib le i n t ru s ive p i t w a s l o o se r a nd s eemed t o h ave l e s s c l ay a nd mo re s t one s . We e xcava ted 1 00 r im s a nd 7 5 b od ie s ( r e ta in ing 2 5 ) , 1 56 o b s id ian , t h ree f i gu r ine f r agmen t s , t wo n apk in r ing e a r s poo l s , a nd a w o rked s he rd i n 1 . 8 m3 o f e xcava ted v o lume . M idd le -La te F o rma t ive c e ram ic s s i gn i f ican t ly i n c rea sed w i th a d ec rea se i n E a r ly C la s s i c m a te r ia l . P o t te ry c omb ined t he M idd le F o rma t ive t o E a r ly C la s s ic P e r iod s . L o t B J3 a t temp ted t o s epa ra te M idd le F o rma t ive c omponen t s f r om E a r ly C la s s ic b ased o n d ep th a nd w a s e xcava ted f r om 1 00 -140 c m . Mound f i l l c hanged t o ah a rde r c l ay w i th m any r ock s a nd p ebb le s b u t s t i l l w i th a h i gh s he rd a nd o b s id ian d en s i ty t h roughou t . We r e ta ined 8 2 r im s , a nd 1 0 b od ie s , f o r at o ta l o f 9 2 s he rd s , 1 00 o b s id ian , ac a rbon ized s eed ( bean? ) , o ne p o t te ry n apk in r ing e a r s poo l , a nd a w h i te sl ipped p o t te ry b i rd c l aw? f r om 1 . 8 m3 o f e xcava ted v o lume . T he c olec t ion w a s a lmo s t p u re M idd le -La te F o rma t ive i n c lud ing a Mendez R ed -R immed ( Ekho lm 1 969 :42 -3 ) . T he c omb ined S ub -ope ra t ion Ji n6 . 3 m3 o fe x cava ted v o lume p roduced t he a r t i f ac t c oun t s i n T ab le 1 7 . Ana ly s i s o fF o rma t ive p e r iod o b s id ian i nC hap te r V I I s epa ra te s ma te r ia l f r om L o t s B J1 a nd B J2 b ecau se i tw a s c l ea r ly am ix tu re o fM idd le -La te F o rma t ive w i th P ro to -Ea r ly C la s s ic ma te r ia l . Ir e ta ined t he 1 00 o b s id ian a r t i f ac t s f r om L o t B J3 a s t he a s soc ia ted c e ram ic c omponen ti sa lmo s tp u re M idd le -La te F o rma t ive . 5 . 33 S cu lp ture s We r eco rded t h ree s cu lp tu re s d u r ing t h e f i e ld s ea son w h ich w e re a l d i scove red a cc iden ta l ly d u r ing r e cen t f a rm ing a c t iv i t ie s o n L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th . He re Ip re sen t a b r ie f d e sc r ip t ion o f e ach f olowed b y a n u pda te p re sen t ing t he n ewe r d a ta c ove r ing s cu lp tu re sd i scove red b yt h ec on t inu ing E scu in t la r eg iona lp ro jec t . 8 3

5 . 3 .3 .1 Monumen t 1 T h i s i s at enoned s c u lp tu re w i th aMon te A l to s t y le h ead a nd c l o sed e ye s ( F ig . 8 6 ) . T he p iece i ss im i la r t o Monumen t s 8a nd 1 0f r om Mon te A l to ( Pa r son s 1 981 :F ig . 3 2 , 3) . T he h ead s i t s a top t he t enoned p o r t ion a ppa ren t ly d e s igned t o b e p l aced u p r igh t i n a p l aza o r s t ruc tu re w i th p robab ly o n ly t he h ead s how ing . I ti sa pp rox ima te ly 7 4 c m h i gh a nd 5 0 c m w ide a t t he w ide s t p a r t , h a s at h in mou th , t he l i p s h ave a s l igh t u pwa rd c u rve a tt he e nd s , w el f o rmed b u t n o t p ronounced e a r s , a nd w ha t a ppea r s t o b e e i the r ah ead b and , p a r t o f as ku l l c ap , o r h e lme t . Monumen t 2 7 f r om C ha lchuapa i s as im i la r t enoned s cu lp tu re , a l though S ha re r c al s i t ap ede s ta l , w i th a h ead h av ing t he v e s t ige s o f ah e lme t ( Sha re r 1 978 :Vo l 1 : 161 ; F ig 1 4c ,d ) . Monumen t 1c ame f r om n ea r S t r K , a cco rd ing t o i n fo rman t s , a nd w e f i r s t o b served i ti nt h e b ack y a rd o f ah ou se b o rde r ing t he s i te . T he s cu lp tu re w a s m i s s ing o n as ub sequen t v i s i t a nd t he n ew o c cupan t s o ft he h ou se k new n o th ing o fi t sw he reabou t s . 5 3 .3 .2 Monumen t2 Monumen t 2i s a n i n te re s t ing p iece d ep i c t ing a c rude ly c a rved s qua t t ing f i gu re w i th h and s o n k nee s , f a c ing o u twa rd w i th in a s halow n i che a round w h ich a re t he r emnan t s o f d eco ra t ion ( F ig . 8 7 ) . I ti sa bou t 8 0 c m h i gh , 7 2 c m w ide , a nd 2 4 c m t h ick . T he f a ce h a s n e i the r e ye s , n o r a mou th a l though s ome o ne h ad s p la shed b lue p a in t i n t he se s po t s . I tw a s r e cen t ly f ound f a ce d own i n af i e ld n o r th o f S t r S . On t h e b ack a re a l a rge n umbe r o f c upu le s w h ich m ay h ave b een u sed a s ak i nd o f b ed rock m o r ta r b y s ub sequen t p opu la t ion s . A round t he r i gh t s i de i sa n u nu sua l c u rv i l inea r d eco ra t ion w h ich I f i r s t t hough t w a s ag l yph b and , b u t i ti s n o t ( F ig . 8) . I t i s much mo re d el i ca te ly s t y led t han t he c rude s qua t t ing f i g u re i n f r on t . A r rayed a round t he t op a re w ha t l ook a lmo s t l i ke t e e th . I tc ou ld b e af i gu re eme rg ing f r om t he o pen mou th o f a d ragon , b u t t he t e e th (? ) f a ce t o t he b ack o f t he monumen t i n s tead o f t o t h e o pen mou th ( n iche ) . On t he l e f t s i de , b a re ly p e rcep t ib le e xcep t u nde r ac e r ta in l i gh t o r o n s eve ra l p ho tog raph s If o r tu i tou s ly t ook , i s al i gh t ly i n c i sed d e s ig n w i th a p o s s ib le f a ce ma sk w h ich a ppea r s t o b e p a r t o f t he s ame d e s ign r unn ing o ve r t he t op t o t h e o the r s i de ( F ig . 8 9 ) . T he e dge s a re much w o rn a nd t he monumen t mu s t b e p ho tog raphed i n r ak ing l i gh t t op i ck u p d e ta i l s . T he monumen t h a s a n I z apan q ual i ty a nd r em ind s me o f b o th Monumen t 2a tI z apa ( Pa r son s 1 981 :F ig 9 ;N o rman 1 973 : P a r t 1 ,P la te 6 4 ) a nd a l so as qua t t ing f i gu re r ecen t ly p ho tog raphed b y m y se l f a d jacen t t o Aba j T aka l ik ( F ig . 9 0 ) . Monumen t 2i sn ow o n d i sp lay a tt he f i nca h ou se a l ong w i th t he t wo C o tzuma lguapan s t e lae f r om L o sC e r r i to s -No r th . 5 . 333 Monumen t3 Monumen t 3i s ac rude i n c ip ien t p o t -bel ied s c u lp tu re o n ac u r iou s s l an ted b a se a l so f ound a cc iden ta l ly d u r ing p l ow ing a t L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th ( F ig . 9 1 , 9 2 ) . I ti sa bou t 8 0 c m h i gh w i th a m ax imum w id th o f 5 3 c m . T he b a se t i l t s s l igh t ly a nd r ange s b e tween 1 9 -21 c m i n h e igh t . T he t o r so i sa bou t 2 4 c m h i gh a nd t he h ead , w i th t he b a re s t v e s t ige o f e ye s a nd n o se b u t w i th p ronounced c hubby c heek s , i s3 6 c m h i gh . T he a rm s c u rve a round t he p ro t rud ing b e l ly . I ts eem s e a r ly i nt h e d eve lopmen ta l s equence o ft he Mon te A l to o r a ny o the r p o t -be l ly s t y le . Monumen t 7f r om C ha lchuapa , a l so a c rude p o t -be l ly s cu lp tu re , h a s ar ounded p ede s ta l b a se s omewha t s im i la r t o Monumen t 3 ( Sha re r 1 978 :Vo l 1 : 156 ; F ig 6 b ) . Monumen t 3i sn ow a tt h ef i nca a dm in i s t ra to r ' sh ome . 5 . 3 .4 S ummary A t o ta l o f 3 5 .61 m3 w a s e xcava ted a t L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th w i th a r t i f ac t c oun t s i n c lud ing s u r f ace c olec t ion s s hown i n T ab le 1 8 . Ou r s u rvey , s u r face c olec t ion s , a nd e xcava t ion s s how a l a rge c en te r b u i l t a nd o ccup ied f r om a t l e a s t t he E a r ly M idd le F o rma t ive t h rough t he E a r ly C la s s ic w i th e v idence o f aM idd le -La te C la s s ic o c cupa t ion p r ima r i ly o n t he s i te f r inge s . Du r ing.t he F o rma t ive i tc ove red a max imum a rea o f a pp rox ima te ly 4 9 .5 h a w i th 2 03 ,139 m -5 o f c on s t ruc t ion m a s s e x c lud ing p l aza f i l l a rea s . T he a rea o c cup ied i nt he E a r ly C la s s ic d ec l ined t o a bou t 3 7 .1 h a d im in i sh ing t o2 4 .7 h a i n t he L a te C la s s ic . B a sed o n i t s s i ze , c on s t ruc t ion m a s s , monumen ta l s c u lp tu re , 8 4

f a vo rab le l o ca t ion w i th r e spec t t o c ommun ica t ion r ou te s i n to t he c en t ra l h i gh land s a nd o b s id ian s ource s , a nd t he q uan t i ty a nd t y pe o fo b s id ian t h roughou t , t he s i te w a s ama jo r r eg iona l c en te r s pann ing t he M idd le -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive p e r iod . I t s i mpor tan t r o le i n t he r eg iona l h ie rarchy i sd i scu s sed i n C hap te r V I o n S e t t lemen t P a t te rns a nd Ana ly s i s a nd C hap te rV I Io nE conom ic S pec ia l iza t ion a nd E xchange . A l og ica l q ue s t ion i s w hy h as s o l i t t le s cu lp ture h as b een r epo r ted f r om L os C e r r i tos i n v i ew o f i t s s i ze a nd o bv iou s i mpo r tance c ompared t o t he s male r s i te o f Mon te A l to w i th a l a rge r c o rpu s o f r e corded F orma t ive p e r iod s cu lp tu re o n ly 1 0 .0 km w e s t? Ih ad p rev ious ly s ugge s ted t ha t s eve ra l s cu lp tu re s r epor ted a s h av ing b een f ound a t o the r s i te s c ou ld h ave i n s tead o r ig ina ted a t L os C e r r i to s -Sou th ( Bove 1 981 :255 -57 ) . S ub sequen tr esea rch w i th in t h er eg ion h a sp roven t h i si dea w as m i s taken . I n 1 949 , S hook r epo r ted i n N o te 2 o f a n a r t ic le o n t he a r chaeo log ica l h i s to ry o f P ue r to S an J ose t ha t R epor t f u rn i shed b y S r . C a r lo s Do r ion o f Gua tema la C i ty . S r . Dor ion s a id t ha t i n al a rge a r chaeo log ica l s i te c ompo sed o f a bou t 1 4 mound s o n t he F inca S an C ar lo s L as J ab ilas w e re f ound s ome t ime b e fo re 7 o r 8s t one s cu lp tu re s t ha t w e re t aken t o t he F inca s L as V ic t9 r ias a nd L a Maqu ina ( Shook 1 949 :4 ,19 ) . I n 1 983 I s ucceeded i n l o ca t ing t he l o s t s i te men t ioned b y Dor ion a nd n amed i t G i ra lda ( S i te No 4 62501 ) a f te r t he f i nca o n w h ich i ti sl o ca ted . Ap o t -bel ied s cu lp tu re , f i r s t r epo r ted b y R ichard son ( 1940 :P 1 XV I I I e , e ' ) a s b e ing f r om Obe ro , Dep t . o f E scu in t la , i so n d i sp lay i nf r on t o f t he ma in h ou se a t t he Hac ienda L as V ic to r ias ( F ig . 9 3 ) . T he Hac ienda i so n ly 1 . 5 km s ou th o fL os C e r r i to s -Sou th . T he s cu lp tu re h a s b een r e l iab ly r epor ted t o me , h oweve r , t o b e o ne o f t he s even o r e i gh t o r ig ina l monumen t s r epo r ted b y Do r ion a nd t r an spor ted t o t he F inca L as V ic tor ias o ve r 4 0 y ea r s a go . T he i n forma t ion i ss uppo r ted b y o u r d i scove ry o f a dd i t iona l monumen t s i nt he p o t -be l ly s t y le a tt he G i ra lda s i te ( F ig . 9 4 ,9 5 , 9 6 ) . Ano the r s cu lp ture i n t he p o t -be l ly s t y le i sf r om t he l a rge F orma t ive s i te o f S an An ton io ( S i te No 5 41501) f i r s t r epo r ted b y G i ra rd ( 1969 ) a nd n ow i n ap r iva te c olec t ion i n Gua tema la C i ty ( F ig . 9 7 ) . Ir ecen t ly d i scove red af r agmen t o ft he h ead a nd s hou lde r s o f as cu lp ture i n p ure Mon te A l to p o t -bely s t y le a t B onanza ( S i te No 6 29701) . B o th G i ra lda a nd S an An ton io h ave o c cupa t ion s s eem ing ly l im i ted t o t he L a te t o T e rm ina l F o rma t ive a nd B onanza f r om t he L a te M idd le o r E a r ly L a te F orma t ive t o t he T e rm ina l F o rma t ive . I nn oc a se d oe sa ny e v idence e x i s tf o ra ne a r l ie rd a t ing . 5 . 4 C r i s toba l T he r eg iona l c en te r o fC r i s toba l ( S i te No 7 50301) i sl o ca ted a ta n e l eva t ion o f 10 me te r s o n t he g en t ly s l op ing , b u t h ighe r , g round a d jacen t t o t he w e s t b ank o f t he R io C r i s toba l a nd 2 . 5 km e a s t o ft he R io C oyo la te . R ich , f e r t i le , w el w a te red a nd d ra ined s o i l s p r imar i ly o f T ype s IA w i th s ome I E a nd IB s u r round t he s i te ( S immon s e t a l . 1 959 ) . L a Mo rena i s4 . 8 km e as t w i th B i lbao a nd t he mode rn t own o f S an ta L uc ia C o tzuma lguapa 1 0 .5 km t o t he n o r thea s t . T he s i te c an b e r eached v i a ad i r t r oad e x tend ing w es t f r om a j unc t ion w he re t he s ou the r ly a rm c ro s se s t he R io P an ta leon h ead ing s ou thwe s t t o t he mode rn t own o f C e r ro C o lo rado . T he w e s te r ly a rm c on t inue s w e s t t o t he R io C r i s toba l w h ich i sc ros sab le e xcep t d ur ing t he r a iny s eason w hen t he b r idge i sn orma l ly u nde r w a te r . T he r eg ion a pparen t ly c on troled b y C r i s toba l i n c lude s t he c on f luence o f t he R io s C r i s toba l , P an ta leon , a nd P a taya w h ich t oge the r j o in w i th t he R io C oyo la te 9km t ot h es ou thwe s t . Ib e l ieve w e w e re t h e f i r s t a r chaeo log i s t s t o v i s i t t he s i te a n e ven t made p os s ib le o n ly t h rough t he a s s i s tance o f F ranc i sco ( Paco ) G a l indo o fS an ta L uc ia C o tzuma lguapa . P aco l ed u s t o C r i s toba l o n F eb ruary 1 , 1 979 w hen w e v i ewed t he p ar t i np a s tu re a nd s uga r c ane j u s t n or th o f t he Hac ienda E l P i la r , ac a t t le r anch . A l l o f t he l a nd , i n c lud ing t ha t o f t he Hac ienda E l P i lar , i sn ow p a r t o f t he e x ten s ive F inca C r i s toba l , a l a rge e xpand ing s ugar c ane f a rm f i r s t a cqu i red i n 1 973 . Is ub sequen t ly l e arned t ha t t he 8 5

C a r tog raph ic S e rv ice h ad m a rked a s i te n amed E l P i lar o n t he i r 1 : 10 ,000 p ho tomo sa i c s e r ie sb u ti n c luded o n ly t he s mal p a r ti np a s tu re v i ewed o n t he f i r s tv i s i t . We made s eve ra l c olec t ion s o n c on secu t ive v i s i t s o b se rv ing a g rea t a moun t o f E a r ly M idd le F o rma t ive a nd E a r ly F o rma t ive c e ram i cm a te r ia lc om ing f r om t h er emnan t s o f a mound p rev iou s ly b uldozed f o r as occe r f i e ld t oi t s s ou th . It en ta t ive ly d ec ided t o i n c lude C r i s toba l i n o u r e xcava t ion p rog ram b a sed o n i t s o bv iou s l a rge s i ze a nd a n t iqu i ty . I t w a s n o t u n t i l l a te r v i s i t s a f te r e xcava t ion s w e re w el u nde rway a t L a Mo rena a nd L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th , h oweve r , t h a t Ir e a l ized h ow l a rge t he s i te w a s . A l l o f t he a rea s t o t he s ou thwe s t , w e s t , n o r th a nd n o r thwe s t w e re i n s uga r e nabl ing u s t o s urvey a tv a r iou s t ime s a f te r t he h arve s t p e r iod . Ib a sed my d ec i s ion t oc onduc t l im i ted t e s t ing o n t he g row ing r ea l iza t ion t ha t C r i s toba l w a s p robab ly t he r eg iona l c en te r t o L a Mo rena w h ich p re sumab ly h ad a s e conda ry p l acemen t i n t he h i e ra rchy d u r ing much o f t he F o rma t ive . C r i s toba l w a s a l so l o ca ted i n t h e s ame f a vo red 1 00 t o 2 00 me te r e nv i ronmen ta l z one . T he re a l so a ppea red t o h ave b een a s ub s tan t ia l E a r ly -L a te C la s s ic o c cupa t ion a nd t he s i te a t t he e nd o f t he C la s s i c p e r iod mu s t h ave b een i mmen se ( F ig . 9 8 ) . Io b ta ined p e rm i s s ion t o c onduc t i n ve s t iga t ion s a nd p l anned t o d o s o a f te r c omp le t ing e x cava t ion s a t L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th . Ia l so r el ied mo re o n a n e x ten s ive mapp ing , a nd s u r f ace c olec t ion p rog ram t han t he p uny e xcava t ion s w e w e re c apab le o f , g i ven t he a ppa ren t s i ze . T h i s w a s a l made p o s s ib le w i th aB run ton C ompa s s , t ape , a nd t he l i be ra l u se o f m y V o lk swagen c omb ined w i th a n e x ten s ive n e two rk o f s ugar c ane d i r t r oad s p rov id ing a cce s s t o mo s t p a r t s o f t he s i te . G iven o u r l im i ted r e sou r ce s , t h e s ke tch m ap o fF o rma t ive C r i s toba li nF igu re 9 9 , i so n ly a na pp rox ima t ion . T he F o rma t ive p o r t ion o f t he s i te i so r ien ted 1 4° e a s t o f n or th a nd c on s i s t s o f 1 4 mound s a l igned i n as omewha t d i f fe ren t f a sh ion t h an o the r m a jo r F o rma t ive c en te r s ( F ig . 1 00 ) . T he n a r row e l onga ted l ong p l aza s a re n o t a s n o t iceab le , o r a t l e a s t a ppea r t o b e l e s s e l onga ted a nd mo re r e c tangu la r . T h i s i sp a r t icu la r ly e v iden t i n t he f ou r mound c omp lex a t t he F o rma t ive h ea r t o f t he s i te i n c lud ing S t r B , C , D a nd F . A l so t he re w e re mapp ing p rob lem s i na l ign ing t he n o r the rn g roup s , t h a t i sS t r J ,K , La nd M , w i th t he s ou the rn g roup . Wh i le my B run ton C ompa s s r ead ing s s how t hey d o a l ign , a e r ia l p ho tog raph s i n d ica te t he a l ignmen t s o f t he se g roup s w e re mo re o r l e s s a s d ep ic ted i n F igu re 9 . Mode rn b u i ld ing s o f t he F inca C r i s toba l a re w e s t o ft he m a in F o rma t ive p o r t ion o f t he s i te a nd a re a mong n a tu ra l a nd s haped mound s o ccup ied d ur ing t he C la s s ic . A n a i r s t r ip i sn ea rby , b u t a l so i n t he C la s s ic P e r iod a r ea o f t he s i te . T he b u i ld ing a rea a nd n ea rby s ec t ion so ft he H ac ienda E lP i la rt ot he s ou th w e re n o ti n ve s t iga ted . 5 . 4 .1 S ur f ace C o l lec t ions We c onduc ted 2 5 s epa ra te s urvey c olec t ion s d u r ing t he c ou r se o f o u r i n ve s t iga t ion s a nd a r t i f ac t c oun t s a re i n T ab le 1 9 . Howeve r , s i nce m any s ur f ace c olec t ion s w e re i na rea s w el a way f r om t he F o rma t ive p o r t ion a nd c on ta in p u re C la s s i c ma te r ia l , t hey a re n o t i n c luded i n t he f olow ing s umma ry o f c olec t ion s . T he se w i l l i n s tead a ppea r e l sewhe re i n a n e xpanded v e r s ion o f t h i s w o rk i n c lud ing t he c omp le te s i te m ap . 5 . 4 .1 .1 L o tC B1 L o t CB1 i sp redom ina te ly f r om t he n ea r ly d e s t royed S t r Ba tt he s ou th e nd o f t h e m a in p l aza , S t r Ca nd F u p t o a nd i n c lud ing S t r Ja nd K , a nd w as c olec ted a tv ar iou s t ime s o ve r at wo y ea r p e r iod ( F ig . 1 01 ) . T he r e a son w a s t h a t f r e sh s he rd s w e re c on t inua l ly e rod ing f r om t he n ow n ea r ly d e s t royed m ound b a se o fS t r Bf olow ing h eavy r a in s . We r e co rded 1 06 r im s , 6 4 b od ie s , 3 0 o b s id ian , a me ta te b l ank ( on ly t h e o u t s ide h ad b een f o rmed ) o f v e ry c oa r se d en se b a sa l t w i th h eavy w h i te i n c lu s ion s , ad e l ica te t o r so f i gu r ine f r agmen t , a nd ah olow s hou lde r f i gu r ine f r agmen tw i th o range s l ip s im i la r t o L a s B oca s t y pe f i gu r ine s . S he rd s i n c lude C uad ro s -Joco ta l G ray , T i lapa R ed ,

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S aca tepequez , Mon te A l to B rown , L aV i c to r ia R ed -on -C ream , ac o rn -cob i mp re s sed , many t e coma te s , ah i gh f r equenc yo fb u f f tan i n c i sed , m any o range , a nd Wh i te r immed B lack . Io b served d u r ing a F eb rua ry 1 981 v i s i t t h a t t he e n t i re a rea f o rme r ly i n p a s tu re a nd t he s oc ce r f i e ld n o r th h ad j u s t b een s l a shed b y d eep p low s a nd p l an ted i n s uga r d e s t roy ing w ha t l i t t le w a s l e f t o f t he b a se t o S t r B . If ound a n umbe r o f f i red a dobe f l oo r f r agmen t s s t rewn o n t he s u r f ace a l ong w i th r ock c obb le s a round S t r B . A s mal w a te r r e se rvo i r h ad a l so b een e xcava ted b e tween S t r Ca nd D n ex t t o ad i r t r oad w h ich c u t t h rough t he p l aza . O the r s he rd s c o l lec ted a t t he t ime f r om a s f a r n o r th a s S t r J a nd K i n c lude a c o l la red t e coma te f o rm s im i la r t o C oncha s Wh i te to -Bu f f o f t he C uad ro s -Joco ta l P ha se a tS al ina s L a B lanca a nd L a V ic to r ia . I ti si d en t ica l t o C oa s ta l Und i f fe ren t ia ted T ype I G9 a nd I G10 ( Shook a nd H a tch :1978 :8 ,11 ) , a nd t he C an ila G roup o f C a jon C oa r se w a re w i th r ed s l ip o n t he r im . O the r s w e re u ndeco ra ted E l B a l samo B rown , b o l s te red r im j a r s/va se sp robab ly r e la ted t ot he C o rea G roup o fC en iza C oa r se , a Mon te A l to B rown T ype I -A ( z oned p unc ta te ) , a nd a S aca tepequez Wh i te w i th al a b ia l f l ange . T he se c olec t ion s t e nded t o c on f i rm t he E a r ly M idd le F o rma t ive d a t ing o f t he s i te t h i sf a rn o r th . A c co rd ing t o S hook a nd H a tch , L o t CB1 h ad t he e a r l ie s t m a te r ia l o f a ny s een i n a l o f m y c olec t ion s . G a re th L owe b e l ieve s s ome B a r ra P ha se ma te r ia l i sp re sen t ( c a . 1 500 BC ) a nd p o s s ib ly P ax P ha se o f t he v e ry E a r ly F o rma t ive m ixed i nw i th mound f i l l o f S t r B( G . L owe -pe r sona l c ommun ica t ion 1 981 ) . Ip l aced a t e s t u n i t i nt he s t ruc tu re t o d e te rm ine i fs ub su r f ace m a te r ia l w a s e a rl ie r t han ma te r ia l e rod ing o u t a nd t o f i nd t h e e a r l ie s t l e ve l s , s i nce t he t op o f t he s t ruc tu re h ad b een r emoved . S ee S ub o pe ra t ion E . 5 . 4 .1 .2 L o t C B2 L o t CB2 i sa lmo s t a l f r om a n a rea o n t op o f S t r M , al a rge p l a t fo rm mound a bu t t ing t he much l a rge r t h ree s t o ry S t r Lo n i t s e a s t ( F ig . 1 02 ) . Wh i le s he rd s f r om b o th s t ruc tu re s w e re c omb ined i n t he o ne l o t , t he f ew f r om t he f l ank s o f S t r Lw e re e a r l ie r t han S t r M a nd i t s d imen s ion s a nd c on s t ruc t ion m a s s a re i n c luded i nc a lcu la t ion s u sed f o r F o rma t ive P e r iod a na ly s i s . S t r Li s a1 5 me te r h igh mound w i th t wo p l a t fo rm s o n t op o f w h ich i s al ow p y ram id . I ti sa n u nu sua l f o rm a nd Io b ser ved p o s s ib ly o ne o the r l o ca ted i n o ne o f t he f ew t r op ica l f o re s t r eg ion s l e f t o n t he c oa s ta l p l a in . ( See S i te N o 4 50203 , C hap te r I V ) . S eve ra l y ea r s b e fo re , t he f i nca o wne r s h ad a t temp ted t o b uldoze S t r M i n to t he b a jo t o i t s i mmed ia te n o r thwe s t . T h i s w a s p robab ly t he b u r row p i t w he re t he c l ay a nd e a r th f i l l w e re o r ig ina l ly r emoved t ob u i ld t he se s t ruc tu re s . T he d en se c l ay p roved s o t ough t he e f fo r t w a s a bandoned , b u t t he s c a r s c au sed t he mound t oe rode d u r ing h eavy r a in sc u t t ing ad eep c hanne lr eveal ing many s he rd s . A s ar e su l t t he s u r f ace s he rd a nd o b s id ian d en s i ty w a s h igh w i th 8 r im s , 5 8 b od ie s , 5 1 o b s id ian , t h ree p o t te ry n apk in r ing e a r s poo l s , t wo p e r fo ra ted s he rd s ( d i sc s? ) , a nd a c e ram ic u nknown r e co rded . S he rd c oun t s a re t empo ra ry a s t hey f i t an umbe r o f f r agmen t s r e cove red f r om a n e xcava t ion i nt h i s s ame a rea ( See S ub -ope ra t ion s Ha nd I ) . T he e n t i re c olec t ion s pan s t he T e rm ina l F o rma t ive -Ea r ly C la s s ic , w h ich w a s c on f i rmed b y L owe w ho b e l ieved t h e c olec t ion i sv i r tua l ly a l L a te F o rma t ive t o t he E a r ly C la s s ic i n c lud ing t he p i e c ru s t s haped v e s se l s o f t he Au ro ra P ha se a t K am ina l juyu . T he h eavy s he rd d en s i ty w i th m any l a rge r im s a nd b od ie s a nd t he i r t en ta t ive d a t ing l e d t o m y d ec i s ion t oe xcava te h e re . S ee S ub -ope ra t ion s Ha nd I . 5 . 4 .1 . 3 L o tC B3 L o t CB3 i sf r om a l ow o ne me te r h i gh , 4 0 x4 0 me te r mound j u s t w e s t o f t he a i r s t r ip w h ich i sw el t o t he w e s t o f S t r L a nd M . I tl i e s b e tween t he f i nca w a te r t owe r t o t he s ou th a nd a L a te C la s s ic g i an t p l a t form mound t o t he n o r th . T he c olec t ion o f 2 4 r im s , n i ne b od ie s , t wo o b s id ian , a nd a v e s se l s uppo r t c on ta ined 2 5% L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive m a te r ia l a nd 7 5% M idd le -La te C la s s ic . A s t h i sl o ca t ion w a s s o r emoved f r om t he m a in b ody , i ti sn o ti n c luded i nt he F o rma t ive a na ly s i so fC r i s toba l .

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5 . 4 .1 .4 L o tC B5 L o t CB5 i sf r om S t r A , at h ree me te r h i gh 1 5 x1 8 me te r mound w i th af i ve me te r l ong r amp f a c ing w e s t a t t he s ou thea s t c o rne r o f t he s i te n ex t t o t he s t eep r i ve r b ank . T he c olec t ion a l so i n c luded t he a rea n o r th t o t he d ra inage d i tch . S u r f ace d en s i ty w a s med ium t o h eavy a nd w e c olec ted 5 4 r im s , 1 6 b od ie s , 1 9 o b s id ian ( i nc lud ing o ne l e af s haped b i f ace a nd a g reen o b s id ian b l ade ) , a nd a h olow s hou lde r f i gu r ine f r agmen t i n r ed -o range s l ip s im i la r t o t he L a s B oca s l ike f r agmen t f r om L o t CB1 . T he c ole c t ion i s 2 5% M idd le F o rma t ive , 5 0% L a te -Te rm ina lF o rma t ive , a nd 2 5% P ro to -Ea r ly C la s s ic . We a l so c l eaned t he p ro f i le o f t he d ra inage d i tch a t t he n o r th e nd o f t he s u r f ace c ove red b y t he l o t . C u l tu ra l d epo s i t s c on s i s t ing o f ad a rke r c o lo r e a r th m ixed w i th c l ay , s he rd s a nd o b s id ian v a r ied f r om 1 t o 1 . 5 me te r s i n d ep th o ve r a ppa ren t ly s t e r i le s o i l o f a d i s t inc t ive l i gh te rc o lo r . 5 . 4 .1 .5 L o t CB7 L o t CB7 i sf r om a n a rea a bou t 2 00 me te r s s ou thwe s t o fS t r Ba nd a bou t 5 0 m e te r s n o r thea s t o f t he Hac ienda E l P i la r c eme te ry . Wh i le t he re w e re n o c l ea r ly d e f ined s u r face s t ruc tu re s , s eve ra l r i se s w e re n o ted i n t he f r e sh ly h arve s ted a nd p lowed s uga r c ane f i e ld . S u r f ace s he rd d en s i ty w a s v a r iab le f r om v e ry l i gh t t o med ium . We c olec ted aw ide a rea o f a bou t 5 0 x5 0 me te r s , p e rhap s mo re , a nd r eco rded 1 51 r im s , 5 6 b od ie s , 4 2 o b s id ian , a n u n f in i shed (? ) d i gg ing s t ick w e igh t f r agmen t , an umbe r o f f i gu r ine f r agmen t s i n c lud ing a g ro te sque ly t w i s ted h ead i nF o rma t ive s t y le , ap e r fo ra ted p o t te ry d i sc f r agmen t a nd s eve ra lp o s s ib le B a r ra P ha se s he rd s ( G . L owe -pe r sona lc ommun i ca t ion 1 981 ) . T he m a te r ia l i s2 5% M idd le F o rma t ive ( po s s ib ly e a rl ie r ) a nd 7 5% L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive t o P ro toc la s s ic w i th t he L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive p redom ina t ing . Ip l aced a t e s t u n i t o n t he s eem ing ly f l a t s u r face t o b o th t e s t t he s ub su r f ace a nd h e lp d e f ine t he s i te ' sb ounda r ie sg i ven t he e a r ly c e ram ic m a te r ia l . S ee S ub -ope ra t ion J . 5 . 4 .1 .6 L o t CB8 L o t CB8 i sf r om 2 00 -300 me te r s s ou thwe s t o f L o t CB7 i n a n a rea o f s mal a nd p robab ly n a tu ra l l ow r i se s . S u r f ace s he rd a nd o b s id ian d en s i ty w a s l i gh t t o med ium w i th 3 5 r im s , t h ree b od ie s a nd 3 0 o b s id ian c o l lec ted . A s o n ly 1 0% o f t he c olec t ion i s L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive , w i th t he r e s t M idd le -La te C la s s i c , t h i s s e c t ion i sn o t i n c luded w i th in t he F o rma t ive s i te b ounda r ie s , o ra na ly s i s . 5 . 4 .1 .7 L o t CB 1 L o t CB11 i sf r om t wo i r regu la r ly s haped n a tu ra l h il s a bou t 3 00 me te r s s ou th o f t he F inca C r i s toba l b u i ld ing s w i th a med ium s he rd a nd l i gh te r o b s id ian d en s i ty . T he c olec t ion t o taled 7 4 r im s , 5 7 b od ie s , 1 6 o b s id ian , ag ro te sque ly t w i s ted f i gu r ine f a ce , a no the r f i gu r ine f r agmen t a nd a c e ram ic u nknown . T he o verwhe lm ing p o r t ion i sL a te C la s s ic w i th a l i t t le E a r ly P o s tc la s s ic i n c lud ing a T oh i l P lumba te s amp led b y R . B i shop a s p a r t o f t he P lumba te s ampl ing p rog ram . T h i s i s BNL 1 26 ( B rookhaven N a t iona l L abo ra to ry ) . On ly a bou t 5 10% o ft he m a te r ia l w a s L a te F o rma t ive a nd t he a rea i sn o t i n c luded i nt he F o rma t ive a na ly s i s . 5 . 4 .1 .8 L o t CB13 L o t CB13 i sf r om a n a rea j u s t n o r th o f L o t CB11 a nd i n c lude s af i ve me te r h igh n a tu ra l h i l l w i th a l i gh t s he rd s c a t te r . S ince o n ly f i ve r im s , t h ree b od ie s , a nd t wo o b s id ian w e re c olec ted , a nd a s o n ly a f ew w e re L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive , t he a rea i s n o ti n c luded i nt he F o rma t ive a na ly s i s . 5 . 4 .1 .9 L o tC B15 L o t CB15 i sf r om a n a rea s ou th o f L o t CB7 a nd e a s t o f L o t CB8 a nd s hou ld p robab ly h ave b een i n c luded i n L o t CB8 i n s tead o f b e ing s epa ra te ly r eco rded . T he c olec t ion o f o n ly n ine r im s a nd t wo o b s id ian i n c luded t h ree b o l s te red a nd o ne b eve led 8

r im . Wh i le mo s t o f i ta ppea r s T e rm ina l F o rma t ive -Ea r ly C la s s ic , t h i s a rea i s n o t i n c luded i nt he F o rma t ive a na ly s i sb ecau se o ft he d i s tance t oL o t CB7 . 5 . 4 .1 .10 L o t CB17 L o t CB17 i sf r om S t r Ea nd t he a rea s ou th t o t he d ra inage d i tch . S t r Ei sa n o dd s h aped l ong mound f ou r m e te r s h i gh a nd 1 5 x5 5 me te r s w ide w i th a3 4 me te r w ide l ow p l a t fo rm s l op ing a way f r om i t s e a s t s i de t o t he r i ve r b ank w h ich h a s w a shed p a r t o f i t a way ( F ig . 1 03 ) . S u r face d en s i ty w a s med ium a nd w e c olec ted 4 6 s he rd s i n c lud ing 3 1 r im s , 1 5 b od ie s , a nd 1 3 o b s id ian . V i r tua l ly t he e n t i re c o l lec t ion w a s M idd le -La te F o rma t ive b a sed o n t he r a t io o f3 3% M idd le t o6 7% L a te F o rma t ive w i th s eve ra l C la s s ic s he rd s . G iven i t s a ge , p rox im i ty t o t he a ppa ren t F o rma t ive P e r iod s i te c en te r , a nd o dd f o rm , Id ec ided t op l ace at e s tu n i th e re . S ee S ub -ope ra t ion G . 5 . 4 .1 .11 L o t CB18 L o t CB18 i sf r om S t r N , a n a ppa ren t ly n a tu ra l s haped h i l l ( md? ) f i ve me te r s h i gh a nd 1 00 x 6 0 me te r s w el t ot he n o r th o f t he S t r M a nd L c omp lex a nd o n t he b ank s o f t h e R io C r i s toba l w h ich h e re c urve s t o t he w e s t . S he rd d en s i ty w a s l i gh t b u t h i gh ly l o ca l ized o n t he w e s t s i de o f t he mound . A p o in t w o r th e mpha s iz ing i st ha t s he rd d en s i t ie s a t C r i s toba l a way f r om t he F o rma t ive P e r iod c en te r a ppea r h i gh ly l o ca l ized , t h a t i st he h ighe s t c oncen t ra t ion s a re r a re ly o n t op s o r a t mound b a se s , b u t u sua l ly o n o ne s i de . A c olec t ion o f 1 4 r im s , t h ree b od ie s , a nd n ine o b s id ian w e re r eco rded . S he rd sw e re 2 5% L a te -Te rm ina lF orma t ive a nd 7 5% L a te C la s s ic a nd t he re fo re 2 5% o ft he t o ta l mound c on s t ruc t ion m a s s , o r 7 500 m3,w a s i n c luded i n t he F o rma t ive p e r iod a na ly s i s . 5 . 4 .1 .12 L o t CB24 L o t CB24 i s ac olec t ion f r om a n a ppa ren t n a tu ra l v e ry l a rge c omp lex o f s e ve ra l h i l l s n o r th a nd n o r thwe s t o f t he f i nca b u i ld ing s a nd a bou t 1 000 me te r s o r mo re w e s t o f t h e F o rma t ive s i te c en te r . A l though a bou t 5 0% o f t he s he rd ma te r ia l i s M idd le F o rma t ive t o P ro toc la s s ic , b ecau se o ft he d i s tance t o t he c en te r a nd t he f a c t t he mound a ppea r sn o tt ob ec u l tu ra l ,i ti sn o ti n c luded i nt he a na ly s i s . 5 . 4 .1 .13 L o t CB25 L o t CB25 i sf r om S t r H a nd I a nd t he i mmed ia te a rea e a s t t o t he r i ve r b ank . S he rd d en s i ty o n t he l ow m ound s w a s med ium t o h i gh a nd v e ry l i gh t t o l i gh t o n h i ghe r h i l l s t o t he i r i mmed ia te n o r th . T he s u r f ace s c a t te r i n c rea sed i nf l a t a rea s t o t he n o r th o f t he h i l l s . We r eco rded 7 7 r im s , 2 1 b od ie s , a nd 1 5 o b s id ian , w i th 3 3% M idd le F o rma t ive ,3 3% L a te -Te rm ina lF o rma t ive , a nd 3 3% M idd le -La te C la s s ic . Ic anno te xp la in t h el a ck o fP ro to -Ea r ly C la s s i c ma te r ia lg i ven t he p rox im i ty t oS t rM a nd L . 5 . 4 .1 .14 S ummary S ur f ace C o l lec t ion s I n c on t ra s t t o L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th , s u r f ace o b s id ian f r equenc ie s w e re c on s ide rab ly l owe r e ven a t t he s i te c en te r . C lea r ly , d i f f e ren t e conom ic a c t iv i t ie s w e re c onduc ted , o r c on t ro l led . Howeve r , i t s l a rge s i ze a nd mu l t icomponen t c ha rac te r a re s im i la r t o t he c omp lex i ty o f L o s C e r r i to s . Wh i le m ak ing s u rvey s a l ong t he e dge o f t he s t eep r i ve r b ank o ve r look ing t he R io C r i s toba l f l ood p l a in b e low , Ih ave s pecu la ted h ow much o f t h e s i te h a s w a shed a way . G iven t he u nu sua l a r ch i tec tu re , w e m igh t b e d ea l ing , mo re o rl e s s ,w i th t he r emnan t so fF o rma t ive C r i s toba l . 5 . 4 .2 E xcava t ions E xcava t ion s c ommenced o n A p r i l 9 , 1 979 , c on t inued u n t i l l a te Ap r i l , r e sumed i n e a r ly May , a nd w e re c omp le ted o n May 9 ,a l though t he m app ing , s u r f ace c olec t ion s , a nd b ack f i l l ing w e re n o t f i n i shed u n t i l May 1 6 . Heavy r a in s w e re n ow a lmo s t ad a i ly o c cu r rence p a r t ialy c u r ta i l ing t he s c ope o f e xcava t ion a c t iv i ty . G iven t he t o ta l s i te

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s i ze a nd t he l im i ted t ime a lo t ted b e fo re c ommenc ing o u r s urvey i nt he c o t ton z one n ea r t he c oa s t , ah ighe rp r io r i ty w a sg i ven t os u r f ace s u rvey c olec t ion st h an e xcava t ion s . 5 . 4 .2 .1 S ub -opera t ion E T h i s i s a 1x 2 m e te r u n i t i n t he a lmo s t d e s t royed S t r B . Ae r ia l p ho tog raph s t aken i n 1 964 p r io r t o t he mound ' s d e s t ruc t ion p rov ided c l ue s a s t oi t s p robab le o r ig ina l h e igh t w h ich Ih ave c on serva t ive ly e s t ima ted a t f ou r m e te r s w i th a b a sa l d imen s ion o f 2 5 x3 0 me te r s . We t r ied t o e xcava te o n t op o f t h e h i ghe s t p a r t o f t he r ema in ing p l a t fo rm b a se b u t e xceed ing ly h a rd c l ay p reven ted i ta nd w e s h i f ted t o t he w e s t e dge o f t he p l a t fo rm ( F ig . 1 04 ) . T he u n i t w a s a l igned e a s t -we s t a nd w a s t o b e e xcava ted i n n a tu ra l l e ve l s b u t a f te r o ne e n t i re d ay o fv e ry h a rd w o rk w e o n ly p ene t ra ted t o ad ep th o f 5 0 c m . T he u n i t w a s t e rm ina ted a t ad ep th o f5 0 c m w i th t o ta l e xcava ted v o lume o f 1 . 0 m3 a nd t he a r t i f ac tc oun ti si nT ab le 2 0 . C e ram ic ma te r ia l i sv i r tua l ly a l M idd le F o rma t ive w i th t he s u r face c olec t ion ( Lo t CB1 ) a nd t he e xcava ted m a te r ia l mo re o r l e s s i nc on fo rm i ty . S ome s he rd s a re f r om t he v e ry e nd o f t he E a r ly F o rma t ive a nd B a r ra P ha se m ay b e p re sen t , b u t t he c ole c t ion i s p redom ina te ly M idd le F o rma t ive . T he re i sn o t a s much i n c i sed ma te r ia l a s a t L o s C e r r i to s( E lB a l samo B rown t y pe s ) . 5 . 4 .2 .2 S ub -opera t ion F T h i s i s a 2 x 2 me te r u n i t a t t he s ou the rn b a se o f S t r D , a6 . 5 me te r mound j u s t n o r thea s t o f S t r B( F ig . 1 03 ) . T he u n i t w a s a l igned n o r th sou th a nd p l aced 1 4 m e te r s e a s t o f t he s ou thwe s t c o rne r o f t he s t ruc tu re t o b e e xcava ted i n n a tu ra l l e ve l s . A s em i -ha rd c l ay s u r f ace g ave w ay t o as o f te r h umu s l a ye r o n ly a bou t 5 10 c m t h ick w h ich g radua l ly b ecame av e ry h a rd c l ay f i l m ak ing e x cava t ion e x t reme ly d i f f i cu l t . N o s t ra t ig raphy w a s o b se rved . A s a r t i f ac t d en s i ty w a s r e la t ive ly l i gh t , t he u n i t w a s t e rm ina ted a t ad ep th o f 9 5 c m f r om t he n o r th w al a nd 4 0 c m i n t he s ou th w al f o r a t o ta l e xcava ted v o lume o f 2 . 7 m3. T he c e ram ic m a te r ia l i sM idd le -La te F o rma t ive . A s i n Un i t E , t he re i s al owe r p e rcen tage o f i n c i sed p o t te ry t h an L os C e r r i to s w i th t he a r t i fac tc oun ti nT ab le 2 1 . 5 . 4 .2 . 3 S ub -opera t ion G T h i s i sa1 . 5 x 2 me te r t e s t u n i t a t t he s umm i t o f t he l o ng mound , S t r E , a nd a l igned 2 3° e a s t o f n o r th ( F ig . 1 03 ) . S t r Ei s af ou r m e te r h i gh , 1 5 x 5 mound w i th a l ow p l a t fo rm a t i t s e a s t s i de a nd j u s t e a s t o f S t r D . T he u n i t w a s t o b e e x cava ted i n n a tu ra l l e ve l s . A t h in 3 5 c m h umu s l a ye r o ve r lay s mound f i l l c on s i s t ing g ene ra l ly o f e x t reme ly h a rd , t ough c l ay c au s ing g rea t d i f f icu l t ie s i n e xcava t ing . A t 4 0 c m w e o b ta ined ag ood c ha rcoa l s amp le o ve r la in b yb u rn t d aub c hunk sw i th f i be r i mp re s s ion s i n a s soc ia t ion w i th s he rd s . A l though t he s ha l low d ep th make s t he s amp le s omewha t s u spec t , i t s a s soc ia t ion w i th a p robab le s t ruc tu re , o r f e a tu re , i n c rea se s i t s p o ten t ia l u se fu lne s s . T h i s i s UCLA 2 339 1 ( Lo t CG1 ) a nd a wa i t s p roce s s ing a t t h e I s o tope L abo ra to ry . T he u n i t w a s t e rm ina ted a t ad ep th o f9 5 c m mea su red f r om t h e e a s t w al a nd 4 0 c m f r om t he w e s t w al f olow ing e x t reme d i f f icu l ty i n p ene t ra t ing t h e d u rab le c l ay f i l l . P o t te ry w a s f r om t he M idd le -La te F o rma t ive w i th e a r l ie r ma te r ia l i n c reas ing w i th d ep th . E xcava ted v o lume w a s2 . 03 m3 w i th a r t i f ac tc oun t si nT ab le 2 2 . 5 . 4 .2 .4 S ub -opera t ion s Ha nd I B o th o f t he se s ub -ope ra t ion s c onduc ted i nt he p a r t ia l ly d e s t royed p l a t fo rm mound S t r M c omb ine t he f i nd ing s f o r w ha t o r ig ina l ly w a s as c rap ing o pe ra t ion . Wh i le e xam in ing t he e roded s u r f ace f r om w h ich a h igh d en s i ty o f c u l tu ra l r ema in s w e re r evea led , w e s c raped t he s u r f ace w i th t r owe l s d i scove r ing a n e x t rao rd ina ry h i gh s he rd d en s i ty i n ar e s t r ic ted a rea o n w ha t a ppea red t o b e af l oo r . I n t he s pace o f n o mo re t han a2 x2 me te r a rea a nd a bou t 2 0 -30 c m i nd ep th w e t ook o u t t wo v e s se l s , 9 8 r im s , 1 31 b od ie s , a nd 1 3 o b s id ian ( F ig . 1 05 ) . T he v e s se l s w e re aw ho le Y uca le s G roup , X a ta B lack -B rown a nd a r e s to rab le b o l s te red r im v a se o f t he C en iza G roup ( F ig . 1 0 6 , 1 07 ) . Many s he rd s f i t t ho se f r om L o t CB2 c olec ted j u s t a bove . T he o verwhe lm ing p e rcen tage 9 0

a r e P ro toc las s ic t o E a r ly C la s s ic i n c lud ing E a r ly C la s s ic E sme ra lda F le sh Wa re . X a ta B lack -B rown o fb o th t he Y uca le s a nd V ic to ry G roup s i n c lud ing g rooved a nd n o tched l i p s w i th p ie c ru s t s hape s w e re w el r ep re sen ted ( Pa r son s 1 967 :79 -84 ) . M . P . B eaud ry l a te r v i ewed p a r t o f t h i s l o t c ommen t ing o n t he n umbe r o f s c raped s l ipped s he rd s s im i la r t o G uazapa S c raped s l ip o ft h e Guazapa G roup a tC ha lchuapa , E l S a lvado . S ha re rb e l ieved t h i st y pe p robab ly o r ig ina ted d u r ing t he E a r ly C la s s ic V ec P ha se ( Sha re r 1 978 :49 ) . C u r iou s a s t o t he c au se o f s uch a r e s t r ic ted h i gh d en s i ty o f ma te r ia l a lmo s t s t acked u p a nd n ow b roken a nd s u spec t ing e i the r at r a sh a rea o r as pe c ia l ized p o t te ry p roduc ing l o cu s , w e o pened a n L shaped t r ench w ho se o pen a rm s w e re t o t he w e s t a nd s ou th w i th a n a ve rage d ep th o f 6 0 c m , a n a ve rage w id th o f 6 0 c m , a nd a n o ve ral l e ng th o f 5 . 5 m e te r s . T h i s c u t e xpo sed v e ry h a rd c l ay l e ve l s a l te rna t ing w i th l a ye r s o f as andy l ike p um ice m a te r ia l w i th a h i gh v i t reou s c on ten t a nd a n a d jacen t c l ay f l oo r ( F ig . 1 08 ) . S amp le s o f t h e p um ice l ike ma te r ia l w e re a na lyzed a t t he G eo log y D ep t , UCLA ,b yM ichae l McCu r ry i n Ma rch 1 982 . A c co rd ing t o McCu r ry t he m a te r ia l i sl a rge ly v o lcan ic a sh c on s i s t ing o f p um ice s ha rd f r agmen t s a nd c r y s ta l s w h ich a re f a i r ly p u re a nd r e la t ive ly w el so r ted . T he d i scon t inuou s l a ye r s a re p o s s ib ly d ue t o s o f t s ed imen t d epo s i t ion , b io tu rbu ra t ion , o r c u l tu ra l a c t ion . T he m a te r ia l i s as i l ic ic a i r f al t u f t w i th p o s s ib ly s ome r ewo rk ing b y w a te r a c t ion ( l oca l t r an spo r t ) . T he m a te r ia l d id n o t a ppea r t e r r ib ly o ld a c co rd ing t o McCu r ry ,p e rhap ss eve ra lt hou sand so fy ea r so rs ob ecau se i ti sg l a s sy a nd s halow . I n o pen ing u p t he t r ench t o t he s ou th , w e e xpo sed a n a dobe f l oo r c on s i s t ing o f 5 7 c m t h ick a dobe , a ppa ren t ly f i red w i th f i be r , r eed o r g ra s s i mpre s s ion s o n t he b a se ( F ig . 1 09 ) . We c olec ted a g ood c ha rcoa l s amp le j u s t a bove t he f l oo r w h ich i s UCLA 2 339K ( Lo tC I1 ) a wa i t ing p roce s s ing a tt he I s o tope L abo ra to ry . Hop ing t o o b ta in m a te r ia l f r om a s ea led s t ra t ig raph ic l o t , w e t ook o u t t he s mal f l oo r a nd p ene t ra ted i n to t he mound . F rom 1 8 c m b e low t he f l oo r , w e c ole c ted a no the r c ha rcoa l s amp le , UCLA 2 339J ( Lo t C l2 ) a l so a wa i t ing p roce s s ing . Unde r ly ing t he a dobe f l oo r w e re m any r i ve r w o rn r ock c obb le s p acked t i gh t ly w i th in a c l ay m a t r ix c on ta in ing n o s he rd s . We t ook o u t 1 8 l a rge c obb le s f r om a p i t a bou t 1 00 c m x5 0 c m x7 0 c m d eep a nd u nde rnea th f ound o n ly t wo u n iden t i f iab le s he rd s . T he u n i t s w e re t hen t e rm ina ted w i th at o ta le x cava ted v o lume o f3 . 6 m3 w i th t he a r t i f ac tc oun ti nT ab le 2 3 . P end ing f u r the r e x cava t ion a nd a na ly s i s i ti sd i f f icu l t t o d e te rm ine t he s t ruc tu re ' s f unc t ion . Ib e l ieve i tm ay h ave b een e i the r ap o t te ry manu f ac tu r ing l o cal i ty o r s he rd d ump g i ven t he v e ry h i gh q uan t i ty o f s t acked s he rd s a nd b roken w ho le p o t s a d jacen t t o af i red r ed a dobe f l oo r a rea . B u t , Ic anno t a c coun t f o r t he a l te rna t ing l a ye r s o f c l ay a nd p um ice l ike ma te r ia l a d jacen t o n t he n o r th w h ich , i mp lau s ib le t hough i ts eem s , c ou ld b et he r ema in so fh igh ly r e s t r ic ted r ecen tl a ha r ic a nd a luv ium d epo s i t s . On a s ub sequen t v i s i t t o t he s i te o n F eb rua ry 2 7 , 1 981 , t h i s a rea h ad a l so u nde rgone s uga r c ane f i e ld r enova t ion a nd t he a rea o fS ub -ope ra t ion H a nd Iw a s d eep ly p l owed p robab ly d e s t roy ing mo s t , o ra l , o ft he r ema in ing f l oo ra nd r e la ted c on s t ruc t ion . 5 . 4 .2 .5 S ub -opera t ion J T h i s i s a2x2m e te r u n i t p l aced i n a5 0 x5 0 me te r a rea o f l i gh t t o med ium s c a t te r s ou thwe s t o f t h e c en t ra l F o rma t ive p a r t o f C r i s toba l a nd 5 0 me te r s n o r thea s t o f t he Hac ienda E l P i la r c eme te ry . L o t CB7 w a s c olec ted h e re w i th p o s s ib le B ar ra P ha se m a te r ia l i d en t i f ied . T he u n i t , t o b e e xcava ted i nn a tu ra l l e ve l s , w a s a l igned 1 7° e a s t o f n o r th , t o c on fo rm t o t h e s uga r c ane r ow s . A t h in h umu s l a ye r i so ve r a n e a r th -c lay l e ve l c on ta in ing a s u rp r i s ing ly h i gh d en s i ty o f a r t i f ac t s g i ven t he l owe r s u r f ace d en s i ty . Many r ock s w e re e ncoun te red a t4 5 c m s ugge s t ing ap o s s ib le f l oo r , o r w al f oo t ing a rea . E xcava t ion w a s r e la t ive ly e a sy c ompa red t o t he p rob lem a t mound s e l sewhe re a t C r i s toba l . A t 6 5 -70 c m t he u n i t a pp roached a s t e r i le z one w i th t he a r t i f ac t c oun t d ropp ing d rama t icaly . S te r i le s o i l w a s al i gh te r c o lo r b ecom ing a h arde r s t ony so i l a gg rega te . T he u n i t w a s e nded a t 8 0 c m w i th a n e xcava ted v o lume o f 3 . 2 m3. T he d ep th o f c u l tu ra l d epo s i t s s eem s t o f olow t he l o ca l p a t te rn o f a bou t 5 0 -150 c m o f c u l tu ra ld ep th i nf l a ta r ea so ve r ly ing s t e r i le s o i l . T he a r t i f ac tc oun t i si nT ab le 2 4 . 9 1

E xcava ted ma te r ia l i s a bou t 2 5% l a te a spec t o f t he M idd le F o rma t i ve b u t p redom ina te ly L a te F o rma t ive t o P ro toc la s s ic . T h i sw a s p robab ly an on -e l i te r e s iden t ia l a rea o f s ome s i ze f r om t he M idd le F o rma t ive t o t h e P ro toc la s s ic w i th l ow o b s id ian d en s i t ie s . 5 . 4 .3 S ummary A t o ta l o f 1 2 .55 m3 w a s e x cava ted a t C r i s toba l a nd t he a r t i f ac t c oun t f r om a l s ou rce s i n c lud ing t o ta l s u r f ace c o l lec t ion s i s d e ta i led i n T ab le 2 5 . B a sed o n o u r i n ve s t iga t ion s , C r i s toba l w a s o ccup ied f r om t he L a te E a r ly F o rma t ive i n to t h e L a te C la s s ic . T he s i te c ove red a pp rox ima te ly 4 0 .0 h a w i th 18 ,427 m3 o f c on s t ruc t ion m a s s f r om t he E a r ly M idd le F o rma t ive t ot he L a te F o rma t ive i n c rea s ing t o5 0 .0 h a d u r ing t he T e rm ina l F o rma t ive . C r i s toba l c on t inued t o e xpand i nt h e P ro to -Ea r ly C la s s ic a nd g r ew t o a t l e a s t 1 75 h a i n t he L a te C la s s ic p e r iod . C r i s toba l i s ar eg iona l p l ace d u r ing t he F o rma t ive a nd L a Mo rena o n ly 4 . 8 km t o t he e a s t i s p robab ly u nde r i t s d oma in t h roughou t mo s to ft h i sp e r iod . T he l a ck o f s cu lp tu re d u r ing t he F o rma t ive a nd p a r t icu la r ly t he L a te C la s s ic i s d i f f icu l t t o e xp la in . B i lbao a nd E l B au ! , l o ca t ion s o f ar i ch z one o f L a te C la s s ic r ema in s i n c lud ing q uan t i t ie s o f s cu lp tu re , a re o n ly 1 5 km n o r thea s t . L a te C l a s s ic C o tzuma lguapan s du lp tu re s h ave b een r epo r ted f r om n ea r S an ta Ana M ix tan 1 6 .5 km s ou thwe s t o n t he w e s t b ank o f t he R io C oyo la te a nd f r om t he v i c in i ty o fL a Gome ra 1 9 km s ou thea s t ( E i sen 1 888 ; T homp son 1 948 ) . S cu lp tu re may h ave e x i s ted i nt he p a s t a t C r i s toba l b u t r epea ted q ue s t ion ing o fl ong te rm r e s iden t s b rough t n ega t ive r e spon se s . I t i sd i f f icu l t t o i mag ine w hy C r i s toba l , an ea rby c on tempo raneou s c en te r a nd o ne o fg r ea t s i ze a nd i mpo r tance ,l a ck st h i sa r t i f ac t . C r i s toba l r equ i re s ag rea t d ea l mo re r e sea rch . O u r map i sl i t t le mo re t h an a s ke tch . A r i go rou s c on t roled , s y s tema t ic s ur vey a nd c olec t ion p rog ram s hou ld b e i n s t i tu ted b e fo re mo re s i te d amage t ake s p l ace . E xcava t ion , w h i le g rea t ly n eeded , w i l l b e d i f f icu l t i ndeed g i ven t he e x t rao rd ina ry h a rd c l ay t o c on tend w i th . I t s l o ca t ion w i th r e spec t t o t he r eg iona l h i e ra rchy , p o s s ib le r e la t ion s w i th L a Mo rena a nd r o le i n e conom ic s pec ia l iza t ion a nd e xchange i sd i s cu s sed i nt he a pp rop r ia te c hap te r s .

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CHAPTER V I S ETTLE MENT PA

I 1 ERNS

6 . 1 I n troduc t ion T h i s c hap te r o pe ra t iona l ize s many o f t he r e sea rch q ue s t ion s p re sen ted i n i t ia l ly i n t h e i n t roduc t ion t o t he d i s se r ta t ion a nd i n t he p roce s s e xp lo re s v a r iou s s e t t lemen t c l a s s i f ica t ion p rocedu re s u t i l ized f o r t he F o rma t ive p e r iod s i te d i s t r ibu t ion s d i scove red w i th in t he r e sea rch z one . Ie mpha s ize t ha t t he se r e su l t s a nd i n te rp re ta t ion s c an o n ly b e d e sc r ibed a s p rov i s iona l a nd mo s t l i ke ly s ub jec t t o f u r the r r e f inemen t . F olow ing t he n e x t c hap te r o n e conom ic s pec ia l iza t ion a nd e xchange Ir e tu rn t o t he s e t t lemen t p a t te rn a na ly s i s i n teg ra t ing t he n ew d a ta t o d i scu s s mo re f u l ly b o th l o ca t iona l , a nd e conom ic s pec ia l iza t ion a nd e xchange e f fec t s , o nt he e vo lu t ion o ft he s oc iopo l i t ica lh ie ra rchy . Wh i le i ti sp o s s ib le t o s t udy k ey a spec t s o f t he e vo lu t ion o f c omp lex s oc ie t ie s a t t h e s i te l e ve l , t he c l ea r i mpo r tance o f ar eg iona l s t ruc tu re i n t e rm s o f i n c rea s ing s c a le o f i nd iv idua l p ol i t ie s a nd t he r e la ted d eve lopmen t o f s i te h i e ra rch ie s , p o l i t ica l a nd r e l ig iou s c en t ra l iza t ion , a s w e l l a s e conom ic s pec ia l iza t ion a nd e xchange , m ake i t m anda to ry t o a pp roach t h e se p rob lem s a t ar eg iona l l e ve l . R eg iona l s t ud ie s a re t h e re fo re c en t ra l •t o e vo lu t iona ry d eve lopmen t mode l s b ecau se t hey f o cu s o n u nde r s tand ing r e la t ion sh ip s among s i te s b y e mpha s iz ing t he t empo ra l , s pa t ia l , a nd f u nc t iona l v a r iab i l i ty i n s e t t lemen t p a t te rn s . T o d o t h i s w e a na ly ze ( 1 ) r e la t ion sh ip s b e tween s i te s t o d e te rm ine s pac ing a nd p o s i t ion i n t he s i te h i e ra rchy ; ( 2 ) r e la t ion sh ip s o f s i te s t o r e sou rce s pace t o d e te rm ine e conom ic c ond i t ion s ; a nd ( 3 ) r e la t ion sh ip s o f s i te s t o a r t i fac t s a nd s t ruc ture s t o d e te rm ine t he p re sence a nd d eg ree o f e conom ic s pec ia l iza t ion a nd e xchange . One c ruc ia l a spec t o f r eg iona l a r chaeo logy t hen i st he a b so lu te n ece s s i ty t o d eve lop s e t t lemen t t y po log ie s . T h i s i sn o t at r iv ia l p rob lem i n r e g iona ls t ud ie s . Ou r u l t ima te a im i st o t r ea t s i te s a s c ompo s i te a r t i f ac t s c apab le o f d e f in i t ion a nd c l a s s i f ica t ion . I ti sa n e x t reme ly d i f f icu l t t a sk a s w e h ave o n ly l im i ted c on t ro l o ve r s ome a t t r ibu te s c r i t ica l t o s i te t y po logy ( Sande r s ,P a r son s &S an t ley 1 979 :415 ) . C lea r ly i ti su l t ima te ly e s sen t ia l t o u nde r s tand t he f unc t iona l s e t t lemen t h ie ra rchy a nd n o t me re ly p roduce a s impl i s t ic h i e ra rch ica l c l a s s i f i ca t ion b a sed o n o ne o r t wo v a r iab le s s u ch a ss i ze a nd p opu la t ion . 6 . 2 S e t t lemen tC la ss i f ica t ion P ro cedure s A s af i r s t s t ep mo s t i n ve s t iga to r s p roduce h i s tog ram s o f s i te s i ze s s eek ing " na tura l b reak s " i n t he s e t t lemen t d i s t r ibu t ion t o e qua te w i th a s oc ia l p o l i t ica l h ie ra rchy . A s w i th a l c l a s s i f ica t ion p rocedu re s , h oweve r , t he f i r s t q ue s t ion t o b e c on s ide red i sd oe s t h e c a tego ry r ef lec t o r p a rale l t he f o rm s o f b ehav io r a nd s oc ia l o rgan iza t ion t ha t g ave r i se t o t he d a ta a s soc ia ted w i th t he s i te i t se l f ( Read 1 974 :221 )? . I n as ou thwe s te rn I r an s u rvey f o r e xamp le " D iv i s ion s w e re m ade a t n a tu ra l l e ve l s i n t he s i te s d i s t r ibu t ion s . Wh i le t h i s me thod l a ck s a na ly t ica l e l egance , i ti s ap ragma t ic s o lu t ion t o n ece s sa ry p a r t i t ion ing o f t he d a ta " ( J ohn son 1 973 :73 ) . F o r t he T ex coco r eg ion o f t he C en t ra l Mex ican H igh land s , an ew s i te t y po logy o f P a r son ' s s e t t lemen t c l a s s i f ica t ion d a ta b a sed s o le ly o ns i te s i ze w a sd ev i sed w i th t he p recau t ion w he the r o f n o t d i sc re te l e ve l s o f a h i e ra rchy a c tua l ly e x i s ted f o r t he F o rma t ive p e r iod i n t he V aley o f Mex ico mu s t b e t e s ted f u r the r , a nd t he t y po log yu sed s hou ld b ev i ewed a sa ni n i t ia la na ly t ica lt oo l ( Ea r le 1 976 :207 ) . I nt h i sp a s tt h i sl i ne o fr ea son ing h a sb een d e f ended b ys t a t ing t ha t d iv is ions . .. made a t " na tura l b reaks " i n e ach s i te -s ize d i s t r ibu t ion . . .con s t i tu te s a w o rk ing h ypo the s i s r a the r t han a c onc lu s ion o fa na ly s i s( J ohn son 1 975 :296 ) .

9 3

Geog raphe r s h ave d emon s t ra ted a " c lo se p o s i t ive r e la t ion sh ip b e tween s e t t lemen t p opu la t ion a nd f unc t iona l s i ze " w he re " d i scon t inu i t ie s i n ad i s t r ibu t ion o f p opu la t ion s i ze s a re t aken t o i nd ica te d i scon t inu i t ie s i n a d i s t r ibu t ion o f f unc t iona l s i ze s . " T he re fo re , p opu la t ion ( s ize ) d i scon t inu i t ie s i nd ica te f unc t iona l h ie ra rch ie s ( J ohn son 1 973 :15 ,1975 :292 ,2 96 ) . T he se p recep t s , d e r ived f r om c en t ra lp l ace mode l sb a sed o n n on -ma rke ts o c ie t ie sb y a r chaeo log i s t s i n te re s ted i n m idd le r ange p re -ma rke t s oc ie t ie s , w e re c on t rove r s ia l a nd a n swe red a ts ome l e ng th b yJ ohn son . I . .sugge s t t ha t movemen t m in im iza t ion , a c t iv i ty a gg lome ra t ion a nd c en t ra l iza t ion , f unc t iona l s e t t lemen t h i e ra rch ie s a nd r egu la r s e t t lemen t s pa t ia l d i s t r ibu t ion s m ay o ccu r i nt he a b sence o f m a rke t i n s t i tu t ion s a nd , b y i mp l ica t ion , t hen a n e xpanded c en t ra l p l ace t heo ry i su se fu l i n t he a na ly s i s a nd i n te rp re ta t ion o f s uch s y s tem s . A spec t s o f s uch a n e xpanded mode l h ave b een f ound t o b e u se fu l i n t he a na ly s i s o f a r chaeo log ica l s e t t lemen t p a t te rn d a ta ( John son 1 977 :495 ) . S tepona i t i s o b jec ted s t renuou s ly t o t he u se o f c en t ra l p l ace p recep t s , h oweve r mod i f ied , t op re -ma rke t s e t t lemen t h i e ra rch ie sb e l iev ing t ha tw h i le s upe r f ic ia ls im i la r i t ie s e x i s t b e tween s e t t lemen t h i e ra rch ie s i n m a rke t a nd n on -ma rke t s oc ie t ie s , t he se s im i la r i t ie s s hou ld n o t c on fu se f undamen ta l d i f f e rence s b e tween t he t wo . H e a rgued f u r the r t ha t ( a ) s e t t lemen t h i e ra rch ie s i n c omp le x c h ie fdom s a nd s ome s t a te s a re f unc t iona l ly p ol i t ica l a nd a dm in i s t ra t ive u n i t s a nd n o t e ngaged i n r e ta i l ma rke t ing ; ( b ) d oe s n o t b el ieve i tu se fu l t o r ega rd t he n umbe r o f c en t ra l f unc t ion s p e r fo rmed a s t he d e f in i t ion o f e ach l e ve l ; a nd ( c ) b e l ieve s t ha t t he " t ypo log ica l " a pproach t end s t o ma sk i n te re s t ing v a r iab i l i ty a nd t he re fo re f a vo red a c on t inuou s a pp roach w h ich m ea su re s t he d imen s ion so fc omp lex i ty . T h i s c al s i n to q ue s t ion t he a ppl i cab i l i ty t o s uch s y s tem s o f t he t e chn ique b a sed o n C en t ra l P lace T heo ry , w he re modal i t ie s i n a h i s tog ram o f s i te s i ze f r equenc ie s a re i n te rp re ted a s l e ve l s i n a h i e ra rchy . . . In t he p ol i t ica l h i e ra rch ie s c ha rac te r i s t ic o f n on -ma rke t s oc ie t ie s , t he s i gn i f ican t v a r iab le d i f fe ren t ia t ing among l e ve l s i sn o t as e t t lemen t ' s o ve ral s i ze , b u t r a the r i st h e s i ze o f i t s c on t ingen t o f n onp roduce r s . A s e t t lemen t ' s o ve ral s i ze may i n c lude b o th n onp roduce r s a nd p roduce r s . T hu s , i n o rde r t o i s o la te t he v a r iab i l i ty i n n onp roduce r s , o ne mu s t c on t ro l f o r t he n umbe r o f p roduce r s b y t ak ing c a tchmen t p roduc t iv i ty i n to a c coun t ( S tepona i t i s 1 981 :331 ) . A mo re p ragma t i c a pp roach t o t he v al id i ty o f c en t ra l p l ace mode l s t o p reh i span ic M idd le Ame r ica i st aken b yS ta rk w i th t y p ica lc l ar i ty . Do o u t ly ing " c on sume r s " w e igh d i s tance -co s t c on s ide ra t ion s i nt he i r p o l i t ica l -econom ic a r rangemen t s? T he re i s ac onve r se q ue s t ion : t o t he e x ten t t ha t p ol i t ica l ly c on t roled r ed i s t r ibu t ive n e two rk s c on f ron t p opu la t ion -managemen t p rob lem s a nd mu s t a t temp t t o ma in ta in o rgan iza t iona l a leg iance s a c ro s s i n c rea s ing d i s tance s a s w el a s a b so rb t he c o s t s o f n oneconom ica l s upp ly a nd c on sump t ion p a t te rn s , d o t he se o rgan iza t ion s f a ce s ome o f t he c o s t c on s t ra in t s t ha t o pe ra te i n m a rke t ing s i tua t ion s? We d o n o t k now y e t i f r ed i s t r ibu t ive e conom ie s w i l l d i ve rge s o much i n t he i r s e t t lemen t p a t te rn e f fec t s f r om " ma rke t " e conom ie s t ha t h ie ra rch ica l s e t t lemen t d i s t r ibu t ion s w il l a ck a spec t s o f t he l e a s t -co s t f e a tu re s p re sc r ibed b y ac en t ra lp l ace l a t t ice ( S ta rk & V oo rh ie s 1 977 :292 ) . T o t e s t t he se i d ea s f o r F o rma t ive E scu in t la If i r s t p roduced h i s tog ram s o fs i te s i ze a nd c on s t ruc t ion ma s s f o r t he d i f fe ren t c h rono log ic a l p e r iod s s eek ing " na tu ra l b reak s " i n t he s e t t lemen t d i s t r ibu t ion t o e qua te w i th a s oc ia l p o l i t ica l h i e ra rchy ( F ig . 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ) . An e xam ina t ion o f t he h i s tog ram s c l e ar ly d emon s t ra te s t he d i f f icu l t ie s o f 9 4

r e ly ing s o le ly o n t he se m e thod s . N a tu ra l b reak s a re n e i the r c l ea r n o r n ume rou s . S i te s i ze s , p a r t icu la r ly a mong s t t h e l a rge r p r ima ry r eg iona l a nd s ome s econda ry p l ace s , a re a r rayed a lmo s t i n ac on t inuum t he reby m a sk ing r eg iona l a nd s ub reg iona l v a r iab i l i ty . T he t e ndency o f l a rge s i te s t o h ave g rea te r v a r iance i n s i ze make s t he c l a s s i f ica t ion t a sk d i f f icu l t . R e f inemen t t o t he h i s tog ram s i n t e rm s o f s ho r te r i n te rva l c l a s se s f o r t he s male r s i te s mu s t b e c on s t ruc ted b e fo re v a r iab i l i ty i n t he f o rm o f " na tu ra l b reak s " c an b e d e tec ted . N eve r the le s s , t he o r ig ina l s i te c l a s s i f ica t ion w a s f o rmu la ted u s ing t he se me thod sa nd i n tu i t ive ly i n te rp re ted w hen c omb ined w i th o the rd a ta . B u t h ow d oe s o ne t r ea t s i te f unc t ion much l e s s t he r ange o f v a r iab i l i ty p re sen t i n f unc t iona l h ie ra rch ie s? O ne a na ly s t o f r eg iona l s e t t lemen t p a t te rn s s t a ted " t he re i sn o s y s tema t ic c on t ro l o ve r s i te f unc t ion . . .Hav ing n o p rope r u nde r s tand ing o f s i te f unc t ion , w e c on sequen t ly a re u nab le t od e sc r ibe as e t t lemen t s y s tem " ( Pa r son s 1 972 :142 ) . E a r l ie r , P a r son s h ad p ropo sed ag ene ra l ized e i gh t t i e r s i te t y po log ica l c l a s s i f ica t ion b a sed o n s i te s i ze , o ccupa t iona l d en s i ty ( po t te ry ) , a r ch i tec tu ra l c omp lex i ty , p opu la t ion , a nd l o ca t ion a nd e ven t hen w a s r e luc tan t t o s pec i f y , o r i n co rpo ra te , f unc t ion i n to t he c l a s s i f ica t ion s cheme w i thou t a mo re r i go rou s me thodo logy ( Pa r son s 1 971 :21 -3 ) . I ndeed , t he se s ame i n he ren t p rob lem s o f s i te f unc t ion w e re t he f o cu s o f f r u s t ra t ion a f te r y ea r s o f r e sea rch i nt h eB a s in o f Mex ico . T h i st ime w h i le u s ing a1 4u n i ts e t t lemen tt y po logy t he i r a b i l i ty t o mea su re s y s tema t ica l ly t he s pa t ia l a nd t empo ra l v a r ia t ion i na c t iv i ty a nd s t a tu s r ema in s q u i te l im i ted . Ou r u l t ima te a im i st o t r ea t s i te s a s c ompo s i te a r t i f ac t s c apab le o f d e f in i t ion a nd c l a s s i f ica t ion . T h i s i se x t reme ly d i f f icu l t a s w e h ave o n ly l im i ted c on t ro l o ve r s ome a t t r ibu te s c r i t ica l t o s i te t y po logy . T he p r ima ry o b jec t ive s o f f u tu re r e sea rch . . . shou ld b e r e la ted t o . . . s i te f unc t ion " ( Sande r s ,P a r son s &S an t ley 1 979 :415 ) . 6 . 2 .1 D i scr im inan tA na ly s i s S eek ing a mean s t o e mp loy s pa t ia l , s e t t lemen t , a nd e conom ic v a r iab le s a s a h eu r i s t ic a i d i nr eg iona l s e t t lemen t c l a s s i f ica t ion a nd b ecau se Ib el ieved t he d imen s ion s o f v a r iab i l i ty t heo re t ica l ly c ou ld b e a ccoun ted f o r b y u s ing p rope r c l a s s i f ica t ion p rocedu re s , Id ec ided t ou se d i sc r im inan t a na ly s i s . D i sc r im inan t a na ly s i s f i nd s f unc t ion s ( c ompo s i te s ) o f t he v a r iab le s t ha t m ax ima l ly d i sc r im ina te a mong s t g roup s a nd i s a s pec ia l a pp l ica t ion o f mu l t ip le r eg re s s ion o r c anon ica l a na ly s i s ( Tho rndyke 1 978 :203 ) . S ince m y b a s ic a im w a s t op roduce g roup s w h i ch m in im ize w i th in g roup v a r iab i l i ty a nd m ax im ize g roup d i f fe rence s , a nd t he reby v a l ida te t he g roup ing s w h ich w e re p re se t , t he c ho i ce o f t he p rocedu re s eemed a pp rop r ia te . B u t w a s t he d a ta b a se s u i tab le f o r s uch p rocedu re s? A f i r s t q ue s t ion . . . to t he a r chaeo log i s t i s t he a pp rop r ia tene s s o f u s ing a ny o f t h e se t r an s fo rma t ion s a nd d i s tance s w hen d a ta a re i n n o s en se ar andom s amp le o fp opu la t ion s , w i th mu l t iva r ia te n o rma l d is tr ibut ions a nd e qua l d ispers ions a round g roup mean s . . .bu t . . .rep re sen ta t ion s o f u n i t s i n d i sc r im inan t s pace f o r d e s c r ip t ive a nd h eu r i s t ic p u rpo se s a nd t he c a lcu la t ion o f Maha lanob i s d i s tance b e tween g roup c en t ro id s o r b e tween u n i t s f o r s im i la rp u rpo se ss eem sa ccep tab le ( Do ran & Hud son 1 975 :211 ) . T h ree a spe c t s o f d i s c r im inan t a na ly s i s a re p a r t icu la r ly u se fu l t o a r chaeo log i s t s i n d eve lop ing i n fo rma t ion a bou t i n tu i t ive c l a s s i f ica t ion s . ( 1 ) t he d i sc r im ina t ing f unc t ion s r e vea l m a jo r d imen s ion s o f v a r ia t ion t h a t d i f fe ren t ia te g roup s ; ( 2 ) t he c en t ro id f o r m embe r s o f e ach g roup o n t he d i sc r im inan t f unc t ion s d e f ine t h a t g roup i n t e rm s o f m a jo r d imen s ion s o fv a r ia t ion a nd i n d ica te s i t s p o s i t ion i n r e la t ion t o o the r g roup s ; ( 3 ) t a xonom ic k ey s c an b e f ound e nab l ing t he i d en t i f ica t ion o fi nd iv idua l membe r s t og roup s t h ey c l o se ly r e semb le w i th r e spec tt od i sc r im inan tf unc t ion s ( Be t t inge r 1 979 :455 -70 ) . S ucce s s fu l c l a s s i f ica t ion o f a r chaeo log ica l d a ta u t i l iz ing t he se p rocedu re s w a s p rev iou s ly d emon s t ra ted i nt he c l a s s i f ica t ion o fs i te s o n t he b a s i s o f al im i ted n umbe r o f c e ram ic v a r iab le s ( Read 1 974 :216 - 4 2 ) ; o f r eg iona l s ub s i s tence se t t lemen t mode l s i nt he 9 5

Owen s V aley , C a l i fo rn ia ( Be t t inge r 1 979 :455 -70 ) ; o fs i gn i f i can tv a r iab le sd e te rm in ing s i te l o ca t ion i n E a r ly Ho locene C an tab r ian S pa in ( C la rk & L e rne r 1 980 :53 -96 ) ; a nd o the r s ( e .g . B en f e r&B en fe r 1 981 :388 ) . Ie mp loyed t he BMDP7 M S tepw i se D i sc r im inan t Ana ly s i s p rog ram o f t h e UCLA B iomed ica l C ompu te r P rog ram s P -Se r ie s w h ich p e r fo rm s a mu l t ip le g roup d i sc r im inan t a na ly s i s . V a r iab le s u sed i nc ompu t ing t he l i nea r c l a s s i f ica t ion f unc t ion s a re c ho sen i na s t epw i se m anne r w h ich e mp loy s s ome mea su re o f d i s c r im ina t ion a s t he c r i te r ion f o r s e lec t ion . T he se i n c lude a t o le rance t e s t t o p re ser ve c ompu ta t iona l a c cu racy a nd a p a r t ia l F s t a t i s t ic t o a s su re t h a t t he i n c rea se i n d i sc r im ina t ion e xceed s s ome p rede te rm ined l e ve l . N o v a r iab le i s e n te red i n to t h e c l a s s i f i ca t ion w ho se s qua red mu l t ip le c o r re la t ion ( R 2)w i th a l ready e n te red v a r iab le s e xceed s 1 -To le rance , o r w ho se e n t ry w i l l c au se t he t o le rance o f a n a l ready e n te red v a r iab le w i th t he o the r v a r iab le s t o e xceed 1 -To le rance . I f av a r iab le b e ing t e s ted i s al i nea r c omb ina t ion ( o r n ea r ly s o ) o f o ne o r mo re o f t he v a r iab le s a l ready e n te red , i t s t o le rance w il b e z e ro , o r n ea r ly s o . I t i si n adv i sab le , t he re fo re , t o e n te r v a r iab le s w i th s mal t o le rance s s i nce t h ey c au se c ompu ta t iona l i n ac cu rac ie s . V a r iab le s s hou ld n o t b e u sed w h ich a re l i nea r c omb ina t ion s o f o the r s a l ready i n c luded b ecau se t hey h ave n o u n ique i n fo rma t ion t o c on t r ibu te . V a r iab le s t ha t d o n o t p a s s t he t o le rance t e s t a re c on s ide red r edundan t ( D ixon 1 981 :535 ; K lecka 1 980 :52 ) . A t e ach s t ep i n t he s t epw i se p rocedu re , t he v a r iab le t h a t a dd s mo s t t o t he s epa ra t ion o f t he g roup s i se n te red . A c co rd ing t o K lecka ( 1980 :57 ) t he " F to -en te r i sa p a r t ia l mu l t iva r ia te F s t a t i s t ic w h i ch t e s t s t he a dd i t iona l d i sc r im ina t ion i n t roduced b y t he v a r iab le b e ing c on s ide red a f te r t ak ing i n to a ccoun t t he d i sc r im ina t ion a ch ieved b y t he o the r v a r iab le s a l ready e n te red . " K lecka a l so c au t ion s t ha t w h i le s t epw i se p rocedu re s p roduce a n o p t ima l s e t o f d i sc r im ina t ing v a r iab le s , t he s e t m ay n o t b e t he b e s t c omb ina t ion a nd t he s equence i n w h ich t he v a r iab le s a re s e lec ted d oe s n o t n ece s sa r i ly c o inc ide w i th t he i r r e la t ive i mpo r tance . B ecau se o f i n te rco r re la t ion s , a n i mpo r tan td i sc r im ina to rm ay b es e le c ted l a te , i fa ta l . I n t h i s a na ly s i s a" J ackkn i fed " p rocedu re i ss pec i f ied , e nab l ing t he c ompu ta t ion o f " Maha lanob i s D i s tance s ( D 2) "a s t he p o s te r io r p robab i l i ty f o r e ach c a se w i thou t u s ing t he c a se i n t he c ompu ta t ion o f t he g roup mean a nd p oo led w i th in -g roup c ova r iance ma t r ix . When u s ing t he " J ackkn i fed " p rocedu re e ach c a se i se l im ina ted i nt u rn f r om t he c ompu ta t ion o f t he g roup mean s a nd c ro s s p roduc t s . " D " a nd t he p o s te r io r p robab i l i ty a re c ompu ted f o r t he d i s tance f r om t he c a se t o t he g roup s f o rmed b y t he r ema in ing c a se s . T h i s i st o p roduce a c l a s s i f ica t ion w i th l e s s b i a s . T he " Maha lanob i s D i s tance ( D 2) "i st he d i s tance f r om e ach c a se t oe ach g roup mean ( D ixon 1 981 :534 ) . T o d emon s t ra te t he i n te rac t ion i n vo lved i n s o c ia l , p o l i t ica l a nd e conom i c e vo lu t ionary p roce s se s , t h ree s e t s o f v a r iab le s w e re d ev i sed t o mea su re t he s pa t ia l , t empo ra l , a nd f unc t iona l v a r iab i l i ty i n s e t t lemen t d i s t r ibu t iona l p a t te rn s . V a r iab le s i mpo r tan t i n d e te rm in ing s i te r ank a nd p robab ly f unc t ion w e re i s o la ted b y u s ing a v a r ia t ion o ft he p rocedu re s ugge s ted b y C h r i s ten sen a nd R ead ( 1977 :163 -79 ) . S i nce Id o n o t b el ieve i n a" na tu ra l t a xonomy " af a c to r a na ly s i s w a s f i r s t p e r fo rmed o n d i f f e r ing n umbe r s o f v a r iab le s f r om s e t s o f e nv i ronmen ta l , e conom ic , a nd s e t t lemen t ( s oc ia l ) v a r iab le s f o r t he d i f fe ren t t ime p e r iod s . T he p rocedu re p rov ided v a r imax r o ta t ion o n t he u n ro ta ted l o ad ing s f o r t he p r inc ipa l c omponen t s . Wh i le v a r iab le s e t s r anged i n n umbe r f r om 3 5 t o 4 6 , ac on s i s ten t v a r iab le c l u s te r ( f ac to r ) a lway s i n c luded v ar iab le s w h i ch w e re i n te rp re ted a s a s soc ia ted w i th , o r r e la ted t o , p opu la t ion s i ze a nd s oc iopo l i t ica l a f fa i r s . T he se w e re s i te a rea , s i te c on s t ruc t ion ma s s , n umbe r o f mound s o ve r e i gh t me te r s h igh , n umbe r o f mound s b e tween t h ree a nd e i gh t me te r s h i gh , n umbe r o f mound s l e s s t han t h ree me te r s h i gh , t he d i s tance i n km t o t he n ea re s t n e ighbo r o f t he s ame s i te r ank , t he t o ta l n umbe r o f mound s , a nd t he o b s id ian f l ake p e rcen tage . T he l a s t t wo v a r iab le s w e re e l im ina ted f r om f u r the r c on s ide ra t ion b ecau se f i r s t , t he t o ta l n umbe r o f mounds i sc l ea r ly a l i nea r c omb ina t ion o f o the r d i sc r im ina t ing v a r iab le s a nd s e cond ly , o b s id ian f l ake s w e re n o t s y s tema t ica l ly c o l lec ted . I n te re s t ing ly , t he v a r iab le s t ha t w e re s e lec ted i n c luded t he o ne , t wo , a nd t h ree d imen s iona l s e t t lemen t v a r iab le s o f

9 6

d i s tance , a rea , a nd v o lume , s ugge s ted f o r t he a na ly s i s o f s e t t lemen t p a t te rn s b y S t a rk & V oo rh ie s ( 1978 :291 ) . R e su l t s o f t he d i sc r im inan t a na ly s i s a re p roduced h e re . A l l u sed t he " J ackkn i f ed " p rocedu re o n t he r aw s e t o f s e ven v a r iab le s f o r t h ree d i f f e ren t t ime p e r iod s , t he L a te M idd le F o rma t ive ( t=3 ) , t he L a te F o rma t ive ( t=4 ) , a nd t he T e rm ina l F o rma t ive ( t=5 ) . T he g roup ing v a r iab le s e lec ted i s s i te r ank . F o r e ach o f t he t h ree t ime p e r iod s , v a r iab le i npu t mean sa re p roduced i n Append ix C . 6 . 3 S e t t lemen tP a t tern b yT ime P er iod 6 . 3 . 1 E ar ly M idd le F orma t ive P er iod ( c a .800 -600 B .C . ) F ive l a rge c en te r s w e re l o ca ted , f ou r p r ima ry a nd o ne s e conda ry p l ace ( Tab le 2 6 ) . T hey h ave a c omb ined s i te a rea o f 1 65 h a , at o ta l c on s t ruc t ion ma s s o f5 81 ,365 m3 a nd t h e i r s pa t ia l d i s t r ibu t ion i ss hown i nF igu re 14 . N o d i sc r im inan t a na ly s i s w a s p roduced f o r t h i s t ime p e r iod d ue t o t h e l im i ted s amp le s i ze . T he s i te s a re d i s t r ibu ted s t r ik ing ly i n al i nea r a r rangemen t a c ro s s a n a l t i tud i na l g rad ien t r ang ing f r om 1 20 -215 m e te r s e l eva t ion a nd f r om 3 3 .3 t o 3 7 .3 km i n land f r om t he P ac i f ic C oa s t w i th amean d i s tance o f3 5 .4 km a nd w i th o n ly a 1 . 5 km s t anda rd d ev ia t ion . T he d eg ree o f l i nea r i ty i sq u i te p ronounced a nd i s .p robab ly a s soc ia ted w i th a f a vo rab le r a in f al b e l t p rov id ing s e cu re r a in f al o f n o t l e s s t han a2 , 500 mm a nnua l a ve rage a nd e ven d u r ing d ry y ea r s i ne xce s s o f 2 , 000 mm/y r c omb ined w i th r i ch s o i l s ( I n s t i tu to G eog ra f ico N ac iona l 1 974 ) . O the r l o c a t iona l a dvan tage s m ay a l so r e su l t b y v i r tue o f t he i r p l acemen t b e tween t he l a cu s t r ine r e sou rce s o f t he c oa s t a nd t he d i f fe ren t e nv i ronmen ta l z one s o f t he a d jacen t h i gh land s a l ong w i th a cce s s t o o b s id ian s ou rce s . T h i s f a vo red e nv i ronmen ta l s t ream , o r f l ow , i ss im i la r c oncep tua l ly t o t he s e t t lemen t l i nea r i ty f ound a l ong r i ve r s a nd f e r t i le a luv ia lp l a in s ( e .g . F lanne ry 1 976 :173 -80 ; R eyno ld s 1 976 :180 -93 ) . P r ima ry c en te r s pac ing i sh i gh ly r egu la r w i th a mean d i s tance o f 1 0 .3 km b e tween e a ch c en te r a nd o n ly a 1 . 2 k m s t anda rd d ev ia t ion . T he i n i t ia l p l acemen t o f t he l a rge p r ima ry c en te r s i sa l so g ove rned b y t he i r p rox im i ty t o ma jo r r i ve r s a s p e rmanen t w a te r s ou rce s . T he s e conda ry c en te r , L a Mo rena , i sl o ca ted b e tween r i ve r s o n ly 2km d i s tan t . T he 2 . 5 km r ad iu s c a tchmen t s o f a l s i te s i n c lude s s o i l t y pe s I F , IA , a nd s ome I E . T he se a re t he r i ch , v o lcan i caly d e r ived , w el -wa te red a nd d ra ined s o i l s o f t he u ppe r c oa s ta l p l a in . T he ma jo r c en te r s a ppa ren t ly k ey o n t he se s o i l s ( S immon s , T a rano & P i n to 1 959 ) . Two p robab le h i e ra rch ica l l e ve l s e x i s t a tt h i s t ime w i th as e conda ry p l ace , L a Mo rena , o n ly 4 . 8 km e a s to fC r i s toba l . 6 . 3 .2 L a te M idd le F orma t ive P er iod ( c a .6 00 -400 B .C . ) B y t he L a te M idd le F o rma t ive , at h ree a nd p o s s ib ly f ou r t i e r h i e ra rchy i so b se rved w i th a t o ta l o f 1 2 s i te s c on s i s t ing o f s i x p r ima ry c en te r s , t wo s e conda ry , t h ree t e r t ia ry , a nd o ne f ou r th -o rde r p l ace ( Tab le 2 7 ) . T he i n ve r ted h i e ra rchy i s ar e su l t o f o ur s ur vey g oa l s a nd me thod s w h ich f o cu sed o n l a rge r s i te s . Deve lopmen t o f p r ima ry c en te r s n ea re r t he c oa s t o ccu r s w i th o ne p r ima ry c en te r , S i te N o 5 89701 ( Anna ) f ound 1 7 km i n land a nd S i te N o 4 31901 ( V i s ta He rmo sa d el o s C e r r i to s ) o n ly 3km f r om t he s ho re l ine ( F ig . 15 ) . T he s i te s n ow t o ta l 2 41 h a o f o ccup ied a rea w i th a c omb ined c on s t ruc t ion m a s so f8 19 ,242 m3,a ni n c rea se o f4 7% a nd 4 1% r e spec t ive ly o ve rt he p r io rp e r iod . A d i sc r im inan t a na ly s i s w a s p e r fo rmed f o r t h i s d i s t r ibu t ion a nd t he a pp rop r ia te s t a t i s t ic s a re f ound i nT ab le s 2 8 a nd 2 9 . T he mo s t s i gn i f ican t v a r iab le a cco rd ing t o t he e n t ry s equence d u r ing t h i s t ime p e r iod i ss i te a rea . A s e conda ry g roup ing i n o rde r o f t h e i r Fs t a t i s t ic a re mound s g rea te r t h an e i gh t me te r s h igh , s i te m a s s , a nd mound s l e s s t h an t h ree me te r s h igh . O n ly a s i ng le s t ep , h oweve r , i s r equ i red i n t he s t epw i se p rog ram empha s i z ing t he i mpo r tance o f s i te a rea o n t h i s s mal s amp le r e su l t ing i n a c anon ica lc o r re la t ion c oe f f ic ien to f0 . 89 . N ine o f t he 1 2 c a se s ( 7 5% ) a re c o r rec t ly c l a s s i f ied a c co rd ing t o m y o r ig ina l a na ly s i s . T he t h ree m i sc la s s i f ied s i te s a re 4 31901 , 5 82101 a nd 8 61401 . M i sc la s s i f ica t ion o f 4 31901 ( V i s ta He rmo sa d e l o s C e r r i to s ) a ppea r s t o b e d ue t o t he f a c t t ha t i t s s i te a r ea o f 2 1 h a i sv i r tua l ly i d en t i ca l t o t he g roup mean o f s e cond r anked c en te r s . S i te 9 7

5 821001 ( P i la r ) , w h ich s how s a s af ou r th i n s tead o f at h i rd -o rde r c en te r , w a s p robab ly m i sc la s s i f ied b ecau se w h i le i th a s al a rge p y ram id o ve r e i gh t me te r s h i gh , i t s a rea i s o n ly 2 . 3 h a w h ich i st he c r i t ica l d i sc r im ina t ing v a r iab le a nd much c l o se r t o t h e f ou r th o rde r g roup mean ( s ee t he B .A .R . I n t roduc t ion ) . B i lbao ( 861401 ) i sc l a s s i f ied a s at h i rd o rde r i n s tead o f f our th -o rde r c en te r o n t he b a s i s o fi t s i n te rpo la ted s i te a rea o f2 . 7 h a , v e ry c l o se t ot he t h i rd -o rde rg roup mean . A h i s tog ram o f t he c anon ica l v a r iab le i n F ig . 16 s how s g ood g roup s epa ra t ion . F ou r " na tu ra l " g roup s a re i nd ica ted b a sed o n s i te a r ea a nd a re c i rc led . I nc luded i nt he f i r s t r ank a re t he t wo ma jo r s i te s o f L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th a nd C r i s toba l . T he s e cond g roup i n c lude s E l B a l samo , Mon te A l to a nd Anna w i th t he t h i rd g roup c on s i s t ing o f L a Mo rena , V i s ta He rmo sa d e l o s C e r r i to s , a nd B onampak a nd t he f our th -o rde r o fB i lbao , P i la r , 5 50601 , a nd 4 39401 . B a sed o n p re sen t e v idence ( i n 1 981 ) , Ic anno t r e conc i le t h i s " n a tu ra l g roup ing " w i th t he c l a s s i f ica t ion e xcep t t o n o te t ha t w h i le L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th a nd C r i s toba l a re b o th l a rge s i te s , t he f i e ld me thod s w e e mp loyed t ended t o a s s ign max ima l a rea s . F u r the r i n ve s t iga t ion m igh t s how t h a t t hey m ay n o t b e a s l a rge a s i nd ica ted f o r t he t ime p e r iod . Ano the r p o s s ib i l i ty i st ha t v a r iab i l i ty i nb o th c h rono log y a nd s i ze m ay b e ma sked b yo u r me thodo log y . Ano the r i n te re s t ing o b ser va t ion i s t ha t t he h i s tog ram s how s t he f ou r g roup s p roceed ing f r om a h o r izon ta l s pa t ia l d i s t r ibu t ion ( e a s t -we s t ) i n G roup 1 t o av e r t ica l s pa t ia l d i s t r ibu t ion ( no r th sou th ) i n G roup 4 . T h i s i s p robab ly d ue t o s male r c ommun i t ie s b udd ing o f f f r om t he e a r l ie r p r ima ry c en te r s a nd l o ca t ing n o r th sou th ( p r inc ipa l ly s ou th ) t oe x tend t he i r e nv i ronmen ta l r each i nd i f fe ren t z one s . Wh i le Ic ou ld a rgue f o r at h ree t i e r h i e ra rchy , af ou r th t i e r w ou ld p robab ly b e mo re c l ea r l y d e f ined w i th al a rge r s amp le w h ich w ou ld r ea sonab ly e xpec t t oi n c lude an umbe r o f s male r s i te s s uch a s r e s iden t ia l c omp lexe s o f h am le t s , o r s mal v i l lage s . One c ou ld e ven a rgue f o r a t wo t i e r h i e ra rchy b a sed o n t he s eem ing l a ck o f s epa ra t ion b e tween s ome p r ima ry a nd s e conda ry r anked s i te s w h ich w ou ld c omb ine t he f i r s t a nd s econd r ank s w i th in as i ng le r ank w i th t he t h i rd a nd f ou r th i n t he s e cond o rde r . T h i s a rgumen t f a i l s t o a c coun t , h oweve r , f o r t he o bv iou s p r ima ry seconda ry p a i r r e la t ion sh ip s b e tween A nna a nd B onampak ; a nd b e tween C r i s toba l a nd L a Mo rena ( t he o the rb e ing t he n ew ly d i scove red G i ra lda a nd L a R ub ia p a i r F ig . 1 ) . F o r e xamp le , i ft he c l a s s i f ica t ion w e re b a sed s o le ly o n t he h i s tog ram i nF igu re 11 , V i s ta He rmo sa d e l o s C e r r i to s ( 4 31901 ) w ou ld b ep l aced i n t he s ame g roup a s t he s e conda ry s i te s o f L a Mo rena a nd B onampak . T h i s a r rangemen t , h oweve r , w ou ld c omp le te ly f a i l t o e xp la in t he u n ique s pa t ia l a nd s oc iopo l i t ica l r e la t ion sh ip s i n t he s e t t lemen t h i e rarchy r e f lec ted i n s i te mas s c a lcu la t ion s u n le s s a n u nd i scove red p r ima ry c en te r l i e s t o t he n o r th o r w e s t r educ ing V i s ta He rmo sa t o as e conda ry c en te r . A s af i na l n o te , t he a rea o f 2 1 h a f o r V i s ta He rmo sa w a s b a sed p r ima r i ly o n a e r ia l p ho tog raph s w i thou t a n a dequa te g round s u rvey . G iven t he l a rge mound s o b se rved d u r ing t he g round s urvey , t he s i te i sl i ke ly t o b e s i gn i f ican t ly l a rge rp l ac ing i tc l o se rt ot he f i r s tr ank ( s ee t he B .A .R .I n t roduc t ion ) . 6 . 3 . 3 L a te F orma t ive P er iod ( c a .400 -100 B .C . ) R ap id e xpan s ion o f b o th p opu la t ion c omb ined w i th i n c rea s ing s oc ie ta l c omp lex i ty c on t inued i n t he L a te F o rma t ive p e r iod w i th 2 8 s i te s c ove r ing 3 63 h a , at o ta l c on s t ruc t ion m a s s o f 1 , 288 ,000 m3,a nd ap robab le f i ve t i e r h i e ra rchy ( Tab le 3 0 a nd F ig . 17 ) . T he re a re n ow e i gh t p r ima ry c en te r s , f ou r s e conda ry , s i x t e r t ia ry , f i ve f ou r th o rde r , a nd f ou r f i f th -o rde r p l ace s . T he f o cu s o f t h i s e xpan s ion i s s t i l l o n t h e l owe r c oa s ta l p l a in w i th t wo n ew p r ima ry c en te r s l o ca ted n ear t he c oa s t . T he f ou r p r ima ry c en te r s a dded s i nce t he E a r ly M idd le F o rma t ive a re a td i s tance s a pa r t r ang ing f r om 1 3 .5 t o 1 8 .8 km w i th a mean o f 1 6 .6 km . T he h i ghe r m ean d i s tance c ompared w i th 1 0 .3 km f o r t he e a r l ie r p e r iod i sp o s s ib ly t he r e su l t o f b o th l owe r c a tchmen t p roduc t iv i ty a nd l owe r t r an spo r ta t ion c o s t s a s soc ia ted w i th t he movemen t o f p eop le a nd g ood s i n t he s moo the rt e r ra in o ft he l owe rc oa s t . A l though d i sc r im inan t a na ly s i s d a ta f o r t h i s d i s t r ibu t ion ( Append ix C ) r e vea l s i n te re s t ing r e la t ion sh ip s i n t he n umbe r o f mound s b e tween t h ree a nd e i gh t m e te r s i n h e igh t a mong s t t he f i r s t f ou r r ank s , t he o n ly v a r iab le s e lec ted f o r s t epw i se e n t ry i ss i te 9 8

a r ea ( Tab le 3 1 ) . Wh i le F to -en te r f o r s i te m a s s a nd mound s g rea te r t han e i gh t me te r s i n h e igh t a re r e la t ive ly h i gh , t he s i ng le s t ep r e su l t s i n a c anon ica l c o r re la t ion c oe f f ic ien t o f 0 . 92 i nd ica t ive o f s t rong r e la t ion sh ip s b e tween t he g roup s a nd t he f i r s t d i s c r im ina t ing f unc t ion w h i ch i sb a sed o ns i te a rea . On ly f i ve o f t he 2 8 c a se s a re i n co r rec t ly c l a s s i f ied w i th 8 2% c o r rec t c l a s s i f ica t ion s ( Tab le 3 2 ) . V i s ta He rmo sa d e l o s C e r r i to s ( 4 31901 ) i ss t i l l m i s c la s s i f ied a s as e cond -o rde r s i te b ecau se i t s s i te a rea o f 2 1 h a i sn ow a bou t 5 0% b e low t he g roup m ean s o f f i r s t -o rde r s i te s . A l though n o t i n c luded i n t he a na ly s i s , t he t o ta l n umbe r o f m ound s i s a l so a bou t 5 0% b e low t he g roup mean o f f i r s t -o rde r c en te r s a nd i s u ndoub ted ly d ue t o o u r i n adequa te g round s u rvey s i n d i f f icu l t t e r ra in a tt h i s t ime . T he a na ly s i s a l so s how s S i te 4 50203 a s as e cond -o rde r c en te r i n s tead o f af i r s t b e cau se i t s s i te a rea o f 2 1 h a i sa l so a bou t 5 0% l owe r t han t he f i r s t -o rde r c en te r g roup s mean s ( a s w i th V i s ta He rmo sa ) . Ie mpha s ize , h oweve r , t h a t t he o r ig ina l c l a s s i f ica t ion o f S i te 4 50203 a s ap r ima ry r ank w a s i n te rpo la ted b a sed o n v a r iou s a s sump t ion s a nd n o t d ue t o d i rec t s u r f ace s u rvey a nd c ole c t ion ( Bove 1 981 ) . L a R ub ia ( 422501 ) i s i n co r rec t ly c l a s s i f ied a s at h i rd o rde r c en te r i n s tead o f s e cond b ecau se t he s i te a re o f 1 .2 h a i s 3 0% b e low t he g roup m ean . T he c l a s s i f ica t ion f a i l s , h oweve r , t o a c coun t f o r b o th i t s s pa t ia l r e la t ion sh ip w i th V i s ta He rmo sa 6 . 5 km e a s t a nd i t s h igh c on s t ruc t ion m a s sw h ich i sw el a bove t he g roup m ean ( See t he B .A .R . I n t roduc t ion ) . O the r m i sc la s s i f ied s i te s i n c lude 5 50601 b ecau se i t s s i te a rea o f 4h a i s a lmo s t 5 0% b e low t he g roup mean . A l though n o t r e f lec ted i n t h i s a na ly s i s , t he re may b e ac l a s s o f s i te s w i th r e la t ive ly s mal a rea s c omb ined w i th o ne o r mo re h i gh mound s a sf o r e xamp le P i la r ( 582101 ) , s i nce 50601 h a s as i ng le s i x m e te r h igh mound . S i te 4 70401 i ss hown a s af i f th -o rde r i n s tead o ff ou r th -o rde r b ecau se i t s s i te a rea o f 1 . 3 h a i s3% b e low t he g roup mean i ns p i te o f i ta l so h av ing as i ng le f i ve m e te rh igh mound . P lo t s o f c anon ica l v a r iab le s s how g ood s epa ra t ion f o r t he f i r s t f ou r r ank s w i th t he d eg ree o f s epa ra t ion b e tween t he f ou r th a nd f i f th r ank s s omewha t o b scu red a s s hown i n F igu re 18 . N eve r the le s s , t he e x i s tence o f af i ve t i e r h i e ra rchy i sc l ea r ly d emon s t ra ted d u r ing t h i s t ime p e r iod . Ih ave a ga in c i rc led " n a tu ra l " g roup s b a sed o n s i te a rea i nt he h i s tog ram p lo t . B o th o f t he l a rge s i te s m ay h ave a cqu i red a s pec ia l s i gn i f icance a t t h i s t ime b a sed o n l o ca t iona l ly i n sp i red e conom ic a dvan tage s ; t h i s i sp a r t icu la r ly e v iden t w i th L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th . G roup 2 s t and s o u t a s p r ima ry c en te r s i n d i f fe ren t e nv i ronmen ta l z one s . G roup s 3a nd 4 h ave v al id i ty b u t i n c lude m i sc la s s i f ied s i te s , a nd G roup 5 l ump s m yf ou r th a nd f i f th r ank st oge the r . 6 . 3 .4 T erm ina lF orma t ive P er iod ( c a .100 -B .C . -A .D .2 00 ) A s l ow ing o f t he r ap id g row th a nd e xpan s ion i s o b se rved b y t he e nd o f t he F o rma t ive w i th o n ly 3 s i te s r e co rded t o ta l ing 3 99 h a a nd a c on s t ruc t ion ma s s o f 1 , 375 ,000 m3. T he f i ve t i e r h i e ra rchy n ow c on s i s t s o f e i gh t p r ima ry c en te r s , f our s e conda ry , f i ve t e r t ia ry , s even f ou r th , a nd n i ne f i f th -o rde r p l ace s ( Tab le 3 a nd F ig . 19 ) . Mean s pac ing o fp r ima ry c en te r s o ve r t he e n t i re s t udy z one i sn ow 1 3 .0 km w i th t he se c en te r s r ang ing i n s i ze f r om 2 1 t o 5 0 h a g i an t s w i th a n a ve rage o f 3 h a . T he t endency o f l a rge r c en te r s t o h ave g rea te r v a r iance i n s i ze a nd s pac ing i ss im i la r t o t he L a te U ruk p e r iod i n s ou thwe s te rn I r an ( J ohn son 1 973 :79 , F ig 1 0 ) . A h i gh d eg ree o f s pac ing r egu la r i ty b e tween p r ima ry a nd s e conda ry p l ace s a ve rag ing 5 . 1 km i sn o ted a l though o n ly t h ree p a i r sa re k nown a tt he p re sen tt ime . S i te a rea a nd t he n ea re s t n e ighbo r d i s tance t o s i te s o f t he s ame r ank w e re s e lec ted f o r t he s t epw i se e n t ry p rog ram a nd p robab ly r e f lec t g rea te r s e t t lemen t p a t te rn c omp lex i ty i nt h i s p e r iod ( Tab le 3 4 ) . T he a na ly s i s o f 3 3 c a se s r e su l ted i n7 5 .7% c o r rec t c l a s s i f ica t ion s w i th s eve ra l c hange s f r om t he L a te F o rma t ive p e r iod a s s hown i nT ab le 3 5 . V i s ta He rmo sa ( 4 31901 ) , S i te 4 50203 , a nd L a R ub ia ( 422501 ) a re c l a s s i f ied i n co r rec t ly f o r r ea son s p rov ided e a r l ie r . B i lbao ( 8 61401) r eappea r s a s am i sc la s s i f ied s i te o w ing t o t he f a c t t h a t o n ly o ne v a r iab le ( s i te a rea ) , c ou ld b e mea su red , i n s p i te o f i t s e i gh t h a s i ze b e ing v i r tualy i d en t ica l t o t he g roup mean . O the r s i n c lude 4 50401 , 4 70401 , a nd P i la r ( 582101 ) w h ich a re a l d i s t ingu i shed b y h av ing l a rge s i ng le mound s o f h i gh ma s s w i th c o r re spond ing l ow s i te a rea s . S i te 5 40601 w a s af i f th r anked s i te o n t he 9

b a s i s o f i n te rpo la ted v a lue s a nd b o th i t s s i te a rea a nd n ea re s t n e ighbo r d i s tance mea su re sa re c l o se rt ot he g roup mean so ff ou r th -o rde rc en te r s . G roup c en t ro id s a nd s i te s a re p lo t ted u s ing t wo a x i s o fc anon ica l v a r ia te s a ss hown o n F igure 1 20 . Ib e l ieve t he g row ing s e t t lemen t c omp lex i ty i sd ue t o i n c rea s ing v e r t ica l i n teg ra t ion a nd i t i s e ncou rag ing t o s ee t he d i sc r im inan t a na ly s i s r e f lec t t h i s . I n g ene ra l , g roup s epa ra t ion i sg ood w i th b e t te r s i te c l u s te r s a nd Ih ave a ga in c i rc led w ha t a ppea r t o b e " na tu ra l " g roup s . G roup 1 i sl a rge r w i th t he a dd i t ion o f E l B a l samo ( 761401 ) t o t he l a rge p r ima ry c en te r c l a s s . A l l o f t he se a re o n t he u ppe r c oa s ta l p l a in w i th c l ea r e nv i ronmen ta l a nd l o ca t iona l a dvan tage s . G roup 2 i n c lude s p r ima ry a nd s econda ry r anked s i te s a nd i tm ay w el b e a t t h i s t ime t ha t Mon te A l to i su nde r t he d oma in o f L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th o r E l B a l samo . G roup 3 i s an i ce t i gh t c l u s te r w he rea s G roup 4s how sg rea te rd i spe r s ion t h an p robab ly e x i s t s . 6 . 3 .5 S e t t lemen tD i scu ss ion a nd T ypo log y S e t t lemen t d i s t r ibu t ion b y e nv i ronmen ta l z one o ve r t ime s how s ad i s t inc t s h i f tw i th t he e a rl ie s t l a rge c en te r s l o ca ted w i th in t he f a vo red e nv i ronmen ta l b e l t o f t h e u ppe r c oa s ta l p l a in a t e l eva t ion s b e tween 1 00 a nd 2 00 m e te r s ( howeve r p l ea se n o te t he d i scu s s ion i n t he B .A .R . I n t roduc t ion ) . W i th i n c rea s ing p opu la t ion , ad emog raph i c s h i f t o c cu r s t owa rd t he l owe r c oa s t w i th t h i s a rea a c coun t ing f o r as i gn i f ican t p o r t ion o fs i te s i ze g row th b y t he L a te T e rm ina l F o rma t ive . T he l owe r c oa s ta l z one , w h i ch i n c lude s l a rge a rea s o f p oo r ly d ra ined s o i l s , a c coun t s f o r a bou t 6 5% o f s i te s i ze g row th i nt he L a te t o T e rm ina l F o rma t ive ( Tab le 3 6 ) . Wha t may b e mo re i mpo r tan t t han p oo r s o i l d ra inage i st ha t t he w a te r t ab le r ema in s h i gh d u r ing t he p ro longed d ry s ea son o f t he l owe r c oa s t . T o t e s t t h i s h ypo the s i s , S pea rman ' s R ank C o r re la t ion C oe f f ic ien t s w e re c a lcu la ted f o r s i te r ank v s s o i l d ra inage f o r a l s i te s i n t h i s p e r iod . N o s i gn i f i can t r e la t ion sh ip b e tween s i te r ank a nd p e rcen tage o fw el -d ra ined s o i l s w a s n o ted f o r 1 . 0 km r ad iu s s i te c a tchmen t s , b u t t he l a rge r c a tchmen t s o f 2 . 5 km d o h ave a r e la t ion sh ip s i gn i f ican t a t t he 5% l e ve l . T he r e la t ion sh ip i sm i s lead ing , h oweve r , s i nce i td i s rega rd s t he e f fec t s o f t ime a s a l E a r ly M idd le F o rma t ive s i te s a re l o ca ted w i th in c a tchmen t s c on ta in ing 1 00 % w el -d ra ined s o i l s . It hen c a lcu la ted t h e s ame c oe f f ic ien t s b u t o n ly f o r T e rm ina l F o rma t ive s i te s b e low 1 00 me te r s e l eva t ion . T he r e su l t s w e re n o t s i gn i f i can t f o r e i the r c a tchmen t s i ze s ugge s t ing a l a ck o f a s soc ia t ion b e tween s i te r ank a nd s o i l d ra inage c ha rac te r i s t ic s . T h i s i mp l ie s t ha t a s p opu la t ion i n c rea sed i n t he l a te r p a r t o f t he F o rma t ive , s e t t lemen t s w e re r andom ly s e lec ted w i th r ega rd t o s o i l d ra inage , a nd t he g row th o fs pec i f ic s e t t lemen t si nt he e vo lv ing h i e ra rchy mu s tb ed ue t oo the rf a c to r s . T he f a vo rab le r e su l t s p roduced t h rough t he d i sc r im inan t a na ly s i s d emon s t ra te c l ea r ly i t s u se fu lne s s i n t he d eve lopmen t o f as e t t lemen t t y po logy w i th r e spe c t t o t he v a r iab le s u sed . De f in i te a dvan tage s o ve r t he s imp le h i s tog ram a pp roach d i scu s sed e a r l ie r a re s hown . I tw i l l b e t h rough l a rge r s amp le s i ze s a nd t he c on t inu ing i n te rp lay w i th o the rv a r iab le s e t st ha tt he p rocedu re w i l lb er e f ined , e spec ia l ly i nv a r iab le s e lec t ion . I t i s p rec i se ly b y d e te rm in ing h ow s i te s c l u s te r o n an umbe r o f d i f fe ren t d imen s ion s , s uch a s k i nd s o f a r t i f ac t s , f e a tu re s i n s i te s , g eog raph ic f e a tu re s , a nd t ime , t h a t i n s igh t w i l l b e g a ined a bou t t he d eve lopmen t o f a r eg ion a nd c u l tu ra l p roce s s . . .By g i v ing a d e f in i t ion i n t e rm s o f p a t te rn ing a mong a r t i f ac t s , c oncep t s s uch a s e vo lu t ion i n c u l tu ra l s y s tem s c an b e mea su red b y c hange s i n t y pe s . . .s ince t h i s mea su remen t i si n dependen t i ni t s d e f in i t ion f r om t ha tw h ich i st ob e mea su red ( Read 1 974 :230 ,241 ) . G iven t he l im i ted r e sea rch i n t he r eg ion a nd w i th t he p rov i so t ha t t he se r e su l ts c an o n ly b e d e sc r ibed a s p rov i s iona l , Ia m s ugge s t ing a f i ve t i e r h ie ra rchy f o r t he T e rm ina l F o rma t ive a t al e ve l o f b road g ene ra l iza t ion s o le ly a s aw o rk ing h ypo the s i s . T he se a re : 1 ) P r ima ry c en te r s a re m a jo r c en te r s c ove r ing a n a rea o f a t l e a s t 2 0 h a w i th a t l e a s t 1 0 mound s , t wo o f w h ich a re e i gh t me te r s o r o ve r i n h e igh t a nd w i th a t o ta l c on s t ruc t ion ma s s o f a tl e a s t 7 0 ,000 m i a nd a ve rag ing o ve r 1 00 ,000 m3. T he re s hou ld 1 00

b e a bou t s i x mound s b e tween t h ree a nd e i gh t me te r s h igh w i th a t l e a s t e i gh t o the r mound s b e low t h ree me te r s . T he a ve rage d i s tance t o s i te s o f t he s ame r ank s hou ld b e mo re t han 8 10 km w i th a na ve rage o f1 3 km . 2 ) S econda ry c en te r s r ange i na rea f r om 1 0 t o 2 0 h a , h ave a tl e a s t s even mound s u sua l ly w i th o ne e i gh t me te r mound a nd a n a ve rage o ft h ree mound s b e tween t h ree a nd e i gh t me te r s i n h e igh t . T he se s i te s h ave a t o ta l ma s s o f f r om 2 3 ,000 t o 7 0 ,000 m3 a ve rag ing 4 6 ,000 m i w i th a ve rage s pac ing o f 5 km b e tween p r ima ry a nd s e conda ry c en te rp a i r s . 3 ) S i te a rea s o f t h i rd o rde r -cen te r s a re b e tween 7 a nd 1 0 h a a nd a ve rage s even mound s u sualy n one o ve r e i gh t me te r s h i gh . T hey o f ten h ave o ne o r mo re mound s b e tween t h ree a nd e i gh t m e te r s h i gh a nd a n a ve rage o f s i x mound s b e low t h ree me te r s . T he se s i te s h ave a n a ve rage c on s t ruc t ion m a s s o f2 3 ,000 m3 a nd a re s paced 7 . 3 km a pa r t o nt he a ve rage . 4 ) F ou r th -o rde r c en te r s a ve rage 3 h a i ns i ze w i th t h ree mound s n one o fw h ich i s o ve r e i gh t me te r s h i gh . T hey h ave a n a ve rage o f o ne mound b e tween t h ree a nd e i gh t me te r s h i gh a nd t wo mound s b e low t h ree me te r s h igh w i th a n a ve rage ma s s o f 1 6 ,400 m3.T he se s i te sa re s paced 3 . 2 km a pa r t . 5 ) F i f th -o rde i- c en te r s c ove r 0 . 7 h a a nd h ave a bou t t wo mound s w i th a n a ve rage o f 1 . 5 mound s l e s s t han t h ree me te r s h i gh . A t t ime s , a mound i sb e tween t h ree a nd e i gh t me te r s h igh , b u t t h i s i su nu sua l . T hey h ave a n a ve rage ma s s o f3 , 400 m3 a nd a re s paced 0 . 8 km a pa r t . T h i s r a the r u nu sua l h i e ra rchy c ou ld b e d ue t o s eve ra l f a c to r s . One may b e a r e f le c t ion o f u n ique o r u nknown f unc t iona l c a tego r ie s s o t ha t R ank s 3a nd 4 ,o r 2a nd 3 c ou ld b e me rged , r e su l t ing i n at h ree o r p o s s ib ly f ou r t i e r h i e ra rchy . T h i s c ou ld b e s i gn i f ican t i fK am ina l juyu ( o r s ome o the r m a jo r c en te r ) e n joyed a n u nu sua l ly c l o se r e la t ion sh ip w i th t h i s a rea o f t he c oa s t d u r ing t he T e rm ina l F o rma t ive . Ano the r p o s s ib i l i ty i st ha t s h i f t ing a nd r e la t ive ly s ho r t te rm p o l i t ica l a nd e conom ic r e la t ion sh ip s ( hegemony ) , a re o b scu red b y t he a dm i t ted ly c oa r se r eg iona l d eve lopmen ta l s c heme a nd t h a t f u r the r s y s tema t ic s u rvey a nd e xcava t ion w i l l r evea l t he se o sc i l la t ing r e la t ion sh ip s i nf i ne rd e ta i l . 6 . 3 .5 .1

C lass ic P er iod

A l though s urvey r e su l t s f o r t he C la s s ic p e r iod a wa i t d e ta i led a na ly s i s , i ti sw o r th n o t ing t ha t d u r ing t he E a r ly C la s s ic t he t o ta l n umbe r o f s i te s w i th E a r ly C la s s ic c omponen t s d ec l ined t o a bou t o ne -ha l f t he n umbe r i n t he T e rm ina l F o rma t ive . My i mp re s s ion , h igh ly s ub jec t ive a t t h i s p o in t , i sn o t s o much o ne o f d epopu la t ion i n t he r eg ion a s o f ten p o s tu la ted ( c f . S hook 1 965 :180 -94 ; S ande r s 1 972 :101 -53 ) , b u t o f r e loca t ion t h rough p robab ly a s eve re s oc ia l -po l i t ica l c hange , o r r ea l ignmen t d u r ing t h i s p e r iod . T he c hange c ou ld b e p e rhap s a s soc ia ted w i th a l o ca l e vo lu t iona ry d eve lopmen t o r c ou ld c o inc ide w i th t he p o s tu la ted movemen t o n to t he c oa s ta lp l a in b y T eo t ihuacano s o r t he i r s u r roga te s . Aga in , m y i mp re s s ion i st ha t t h i s w rench ing c hange s eem s t o h ave p reda ted a p e r iod n o rma l ly e qua ted w i th t he M idd le C la s s ic , i . e . , o ccu r r ing a bou t A .D . 2 00 o r e ven p o s s ib ly e a r l ie r . T h i s i s sue i sa ga in r a i sed i n t he f i na l c hap te r . Ma jo r me thodo log ica l a nd c h rono log ica l p rob lem s r ema in i n d e te rm in ing w i th r ea sonab le c e r ta in ty w ha ts pec if ica l ly c on s t i tu te sE a r ly C la s s ic c e ram ic ma te r ia l . B y t he L a te C la s s i c , t o ta l s i te s i n c rea se t o 6 0 w i th t r u ly h igh d en s i t ie s i n s ome a rea s . One L a te C la s s ic z one , a bou t 1 0 km f r om t he c oa s t , c an o n ly b e d e sc r ibed a s a m a jo r c i ty c ove r ing a n a rea o f p e rhap s 3 4 km 2,o the r s a re f u r the r i n land . T he s pa t ia l d i s t r ibu t ion o f t he s e t t lemen t h i e ra rchy d u r ing t h i s p e r iod a ppea r s t o b e h i gh ly s t ruc tu red o nt he o rde ro fs t a te s ,b u tt he e n t i re C la s s ic p e r iod a wa i t sa na ly s i s . 6 . 4 R ank -S ize D i s tr ibu t ion s T o t r y a nd d eve lop a n e xp lana t ion o f t he s i ze d i s t r ibu t ion s o f s i te s , as e r ie s o f c ur ve s i n a cco rdance w i th t he r ank s ize r u le w e re g ene ra ted . T he r ank s ize r u le , a n 1 0 1

e mp i r ica l ly d e r ived r e la t ion sh ip , s t a te s t h a t t he s i ze o f ac en te r i si n ve r se ly p ropo r t iona l t o i t s p opu la t ion r ank , i . e . , as e t t lemen t o f r ank " r " h a s ap opu la t ion ( s i te s i ze ) e qua l t o 1 / r t ha t o f t he l a rge s t s e t t lemen t i n t he s y s tem . T he se s y s tem s a re u sua l ly l o g -no rma l ly d i s t r ibu ted a nd p roduce l i nea r p lo t s i n a cco rdance w i th t he f o rmu la l o g S n= log S i -b l o g n , w he re S n i st he s i ze o f t he n th r anked s e t t lemen t a nd b i st he s l ope o f t he c u rve ( Hagge t t 1 965 :101 ; Hodde r & O r ton 1 976 :69 ; L loyd & D icken 1 977 :75 -6 ) . T he se d i s t r ibu t ion s a re g ove rned b y n a tu ra l l aw s h av ing d i rec t a na logue s i n e conom ic s , n ame ly t he p r inc ip le o fl e a s te f fo r to rc o s tm in im iza t ion . T he f o rce o f u n i f ica t ion r e f e r s t o t he e conom ie s o f a gg lome ra t ion w h i le t he f o rce o f d i ve r s i f ica t ion r e la te s t o t he m in im iza t ion o f t r an spo r t c o s t s . T he e f fec t o f t he f o rce o f u n i f ica t ion w ou ld b e t o c oncen t ra te a l p opu la t ion , p roduc t ion a nd c on sump t ion i n o ne b i g c i ty . T he e f fec t o f t he f o rce o f d i ve r s i f ica t ion w ou ld b e t o s pl i t t o ta l p opu la t ion i n to av e ry l a rge n umbe r o fs mal , w ide ly s c a t te red a nd a u ta rch ic c ommun i t ie s . T he a c tua l d i s t r ibu t ion o f c i ty s i ze s r ef lec t st he r e la t ive i mpac to ft he t wo f o rce s ( R icha rd son 1 973 :246 ) . Wh i le r ank s ize d i s t r ibu t ion s v a ry f r om p r ima te t o r ank s ize ( l og - n o rma l ) t o c onvex , mo s t r e sea rch o r ig ina l ly e mpha s ized p r ima te a nd r ank s ize d i s t r ibu t ion s . R ecen t a t ten t ion , h oweve r , h a s s h i f ted t oc onvex d i s t r ibu t iona l c urve s ( e .g . J ohn son 1 980 :234 -47 ; K owa lew sk i 1 980 ) . J ohn son , f o r e xamp le , e qua te s c onvex i ty w i th l ow s y s tem i n teg ra t ion , t heo r iz ing t ha t a" demon s t rab le i n c rea se i ns y s tem i n teg ra t ion s hou ld b e a s soc ia ted w i th ad ec rea se i n r ank s ize c onvex i ty " ( J ohn son 1 980 :237 ) . K owa lew sk i b el ieve s h oweve r , t ha t p re indu s t r ia l r eg iona l w i th o pen , o r p oo r ly d e f ined b ounda r ie s , r ega rd le s s o f s c a le , t end t owa rd c onvex s e t t lemen t d i s t r ibu t ion s . C onvex d i s t r ibu t ion s o b ta in w i th o pen s y s tem s w he the r t he re i sa r e la t ive ly h igh i n te rac t ion b e tween f unc t ionaly d i s t inc t c en te r s ( a s i n t he Me soame r ican e a s te rn l ow land s ) . . .o r w he the r t he re i s r e la t ive ly l i t t le i n te rac t ion b e tween c en te r s t ha t t end t o b e f unc t iona l ly r edundan t " ( Kowa lew sk i 1 980 ) . C onvex i ty a r i se s t hen e i the r f r om t he p oo l ing o f s eve ra l a u tonomou s s e t t lemen t s y s tem s ; o r w hen a c o l lec t ion o f s i te s i sf r om a n i n he ren t ly o pen s y s tem ; o r w hen o ve ral i n teg ra t ion i s l ow . S ca le i s n o t af a c to r a s t he t h ree t y pe s o f r ank s ize d i s t r ibu t ion s c an o ccu r a ta ny s c a le . Wha t i sa ppa ren t ly t he c r i t ica l v a r iab le i sw he the r ab ounded s y s tem e vo lve s o r " whe the r i ti s mo re a dvan tageou s f o r k ey p a r t i c ipan t s t o ma in ta in o pen b ounda r ie s " ( i b id ) . A cco rd ing ly , as e r ie s o f r ank s ize d i s t r ibu t iona l c u rve s a c ro s s t he e n t i re E scu in t la s t udy z one w e re p roduced f o r t he v a r iou s F o rma t ive p e r iod s u s ing b o th s i te s i ze b y r ank a s w el a s s i te c on s t ruc t ion m a s s b y r ank a s i npu t ( F ig . 1 21 , 1 22 , 1 23 , 1 24 ) . I n te re s t ing ly t he d i s t r ibu t iona l c u rve s f o r b o th c l a s se s o f d a ta a nd f o r a l p e r iod s a re c onvex . I t a ppea r s t hen t ha t t he E scu in t la F o rma t ive s how s r e la t ive ly p oo r s y s tem i n teg ra t ion w hen a l s y s tem s a re p oo led a nd i sp robab ly d ue t o t he e vo lu t ion o f a n umbe r o fr ough ly e qu iva len t p r ima ry c en te r sw ho m a in ta ined o pen b ounda r ie s . At r end t owa rd g rea te r s y s tem i n teg ra t ion o ve r t ime i ss ugge s ted w hen e xam in ing t h e T e rm ina l F o rma t ive r ank s ize d i s t r ibu t ion s . B e fo re c on s ide r ing s i te ma s s rank d i s t r ibu t ion s a nd f unc t iona l v a r iab i l i ty , i t i s w o r th n o t ing t h a t t he l owe r e nd s o f b o th s i te a rea a nd s i te m a s s r ank s ize c u rve s f a l b e low t he p red ic ted l o g -no rma l c urve . T h i s c ommon p henomenon i s c aled a " l owe r -l imb " r e la t ion sh ip a nd r ema in s a n u n so lved p rob lem . I tm ay w el b e t ha t t he n umbe r s o f s e t t lemen t s may n o t e xpand i nde f in i te ly a s s i ze d ec rea se s a nd t he " l owe r l imb " s hou ld b e e xam ined t o s ee w he the r t h e r ank s ize r u le may b e r eve r sed i n t he v e ry s mal s i te z one ( Hagge t t 1 965 :106 -7 ) . I t h as b een s ugge s ted t h a t t he se d ev ia t ion s p robab ly i nd ica te t h re sho ld v a lue s ( J ohn son 1 977 :500 ) . On ly a dd i t iona l s urvey a nd a na ly s i sw i l lc l a r i f yt h i si n te re s t ing p rob lem .

1 02

6 . 5 F unc t iona lV ar iab i l i ty A re h ie ra rch ica l d i s t r ibu t ion s o fc en te r s b a sed o n f unc t iona l c omp lex i ty c ompa t ib le w i th c on t inuou s ( r ank s ize ) d i s t r ibu t ion s o f c en te r s b a sed o n p opu la t ion s i ze ( L loyd & D i cken 1 977 :80 -1 )? . H agge t t n o ted t h a t w h i le t he re a ppea r s t o b e ac on t inuou s r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t he s i ze o f s e t t lemen t a nd t he n umbe r o f s e t t lemen t f unc t ion s , o n t heo re t ica l g round s t he r e la t ion sh ip m igh t b e e xpec ted t o b e d i scon t inuou s ( Hagge t t 1 965 :115 -8 ) . T o J ohn son ( 1 977 :497 ) , t he q ue s t ion i so pen s ugge s t ing t ha t w h i le t he se v a r iab le s t end t o b e c o r re la ted , t he re i s c on s ide rab le v a r iab i l i ty i n t he d eg ree o f r e la t ion sh ip . Is ugge s t t h a t i fh i ghe r r anked p l ace s h ave a g rea te r n umbe r o f f unc t ion s t h an l owe r r anked p l ace s , ac o r re la t ion s hou ld e x i s t b e tween mound v a r iab i l i ty a nd r ank , u nde r t he a s sump t ion t h a t mound d imen s iona l v a r iab i l i ty a nd i t s c o rolary , c on s t ruc t ion m a s s , a re e qua ted w i th t h e n umbe r o f f unc t ion s a t ag i ven p l ace w i th in t he h i e ra rchy . A nd f u r the r t h a t t he se f unc t ion s a re r e la ted t o s oc ia l -po l i t ica l a nd p o s s ib ly e conom ic f a c to r s . S i te ma s s r ank s ize d i s t r ibu t ion s o f t h e L a te a nd T e rm ina l F o rma t ive i nd ica t ing d i scon t inu i t ie s a nd p o s s ib ly r ep re sen t ing f unc t iona l d i scon t inu i t ie s a re s hown i nF igu re s 1 23 a nd 1 24 . Wh i le t he i mp l ied f unc t iona l d i scon t inu i t ie s h ave b reak s , t he c urve s s how a mo re c on t inuou s d i s t r ibu t ion p ropo sed b y L o sch ( L loyd & D icken 1 977 :71 ,81 ) . T he d i scon t inuou s p o r t ion o f t he c ur ve i n c lude s s male r s i te s o f t he s e cond o rde r ( Bonampak -629701 a nd E l Ob ra je -651101 ) a nd s i te s o ft he t h i rd a nd f ou r th r ank s h av ing r e la t ive ly h igh c on s t ruc t ion m a s s a nd l ow r e la t ive s i ze . A s umma ry o f mound d i s t r ibu t ion a nd m a s s b y r ank f o r t he T e rm ina l F o rma t ive i si nT ab le 3 7 . T he g rea te r v a r iab i l i ty i n mound d imen s ion m ay a l so r e la te i ns ome mean ing fu lw ay t ot he d eg ree o f c en t ral i ty . Mode rn c en t ra l i ty i nd i ce s h ave b een c a lcu la ted u s ing p opu la t ion , t he n umbe r o f t e lephone s , n umbe r s o f t e lephone c al s f r om l owe r r anked t o h i ghe r r anked c en te r s , a nd n umbe ro fs pe c ia l ty s hop s( K ing 1 984 ; B o rche r ta nd Adam s 1 963 ) . T he s i gn i f icance o f mound s g rea te r t h an e i gh t me te r s i n h e igh t t o p r ima ry c en te r r ank ing i so bv iou s . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o f mound s b e tween t h ree a nd e i gh t me te r s h igh i nd ica te s as pec ia l s i gn i f i cance t o t h i s c l a s s a s t hey a ppea r t o b e a s soc ia ted w i th t he s oc ia l -po l i t ica l h i e ra rchy . T hey c ou ld b e r e la ted t o e l i te r e s iden t ia l f unc t ion s , a dm in i s t ra t ive , e conom i c s uch a s s t o rage , o r s ome c omb ina t ion . I th a s b een o b ser ved t ha t a l though c h ie f s c an s ummon g rea t n umbe r s o f w o rke r s f o r l ong p e r iod s f o r t he c on s t ruc t ion o f p ub l i c b u i ld ing s , t h i s i sn o t t r ue w i th t he i r o wn r e s idence s ( Sande r s 1 974 :109 ) . T he e me rgence o f t h i s u n ique t h ree t o e i gh t me te r mound c l as s a ppea r s t o b e r e la ted t o t he e me rgence o f a n i n c rea sed n umbe r o f h i e ra rch ica l l e ve l s t owa rd t he l a te r p ar t o f t he F o rma t ive a nd i sc l ea r ly a s soc ia ted w i th g rea te r s y s tem i n teg ra t ion w he re p o s s ib le e l i te r e s iden t ia l s t ruc tu re s c omb ined a dm in i s t ra t ive a nd e conom ic f unc t ion s a s w el . Ah i s tog ram o f t he mean n umbe r o f mound s i nt he d i f fe ren t mound h e igh t c l a s se s i si n F igu re 1 25 . T he g rea te r v a r iab i l i ty i n mound d imen s ion m ay a l so r e la te i n s ome d i s t inc t ive w ay t o t he d eg ree o f c en t ra l i ty . Mode rn c en t ra l i ty i nd ice s h ave b een c a lcu la ted u s ing p opu la t ion , t he n umbe r o f t e lephone s , n umbe r s o ft e lephone c al s f r om l owe r r anked t o h i ghe r r anked c en te r s , a nd n umbe r s o f s pec ia l ty s hop s ( K ing 1 984 ; B o rche r ta nd A dam s 1 963 ) . 6 . 6 S pa t ia lR e la t ion sh ip s One e xpec ta t ion o f t he r ank s i ze r u le i st h a t s e t t lemen t s pac ing i sg ove rned b y s i ze mean ing t ha t l a rge r s e t t lemen t s s hou ld b e w ide ly s paced a nd s male r s e t t lemen t s c l o se r s paced ( Hagge t t 1 965 :107 ) . T he i mpo r tance o f s pac ing w a s e v idenced b y t he s e lec t ion o f t he n ea re s t n e ighbo r d i s tance t o t he s ame r ank a s t he s e cond v a r iab le e n te red i n t he s t ep -w i se d i sc r im inan t a na ly s i s f o r t he T e rm ina l F o rma t ive . A s umma ry o f t he n ea re s t n e ighbo r d i s tance s b e tween s i te s o f t he s ame r ank , a nd mean d i s tance b y r ank a re s hown i nT ab le 3 8a f te rc o r rec t ing t he m ean f o rm i s s ing v a lue sa nd o u t l ie r s . S eve ra l o b se rva t ion s c an b e m ade . P r ima ry c en te r s h ave a b imoda l d i s t r ibu t ion w i th s i te s i nt he u ppe r e nv i ronmen ta l z one s paced 9 . 9 km a pa r t w h i le s i te s i nt he l owe r z one a re 1 6 .1 km a pa r t f o r a n o ve ral m ean s pac ing o f 1 3 .0 km . T he mean s pac ing o f s e cond o rde r s i te s i sa lmo s t i d en t ica l a t 1 2 .8 km ( e xc lud ing L a R ub ia a n o u t l ie r ) . T h i s 1 03

i su ndoub ted ly o w ing t o t he v e ry s mal s amp le s i ze a nd n o t b e cau se t he se a re r ea l ly p r ima ry c en te r s . A S pea rman ' s R ank C o r re la t ion C oe f f ic ien t r evea led a r e la t ion sh ip s i gn i f ican t a t t he 1 % l e ve l b e tween t he r ank o f s e t t lemen t s a nd t he i r n eare s t n e ighbo r d i s tance s . F ac to r s i n f luenc ing s pac ing a c co rd ing t o o ne o f t he f ew s t ud ie s c onduc ted w e re t ha t t own s o f ag i ven s i ze t ended t o b e mo re w ide ly s paced w he re b o th o ve ral a nd r u ra l p opu la t ion d en s i ty w e re l ow c omb ined w i th e x ten s ive f a rm ing a nd l ow a g r icu l tu ra l p roduc t ion ( Hagge t t 1 965 :112 ) . A ve rage d i s tance sb e tween F o rma t ive p r ima ry c en te r s i n t he E scu in t la z one a re s i gn i f ican t ly l owe r , t han f o r e xamp le , t he c h ief ly b ah io s i n P anama r epo r ted b y He lm s ( 1 979 :51 ) a nd G uf C oa s t O lmec p r ima ry c en te r s ( Ea r le 1 976 :196 -223 ; B ove 1 978 ) b u t a re c l o se r t o t he L a te U ruk p e r iod i n I r an ( J ohn son 1 975 :317 ,Tab le 4 ) a nd r ep roduced h e re i nT ab le 3 9 . I n P anama " t he r egu la r i ty o f t h i s s pac ing o f c h ie f ly b ah io s , o r m a jo r s e t t lemen t s i si n t r igu ing , e spec ia l ly s i nce t he s ame f i gu re s a ppea r w hen r e co rd s o f d i s tance a re g i ven i nt h e S pan i sh d ocumen t s r e la t ing t o e a s te rn P anama " ( He lm s 1 979 :51 ) . D i f f e rence s b e tween r eg ion s s hou ld b e s t ud ied t o d e te rm ine s ou rce s o f v a r ia t ion o the r t h an t he o bv iou s f a c to r s o f a g r icu l tu ra l p roduc t iv i ty a nd p opu la t ion d en s i ty . 6 . 6 .1 P r imary -Secondary S i te R e la t ion sh ips C r i t ica l t o a n e xp lana t ion o f c omp lex s oc ie ta l e vo lu t ion i sa n u nde r s tand ing o f t he s pa t ia l r e la t ion sh ip s b e tween p r ima ry a nd s e conda ry r anked c en te r s . " The i n te r s i te s t ruc tu re b o th w i th in a nd b e tween l e ve l s i s d i rec t e v idence f o r t he s i ze a nd d i f f e ren t ia t ion o f t he c h ief ly o rgan iza t ion " ( Ea r le 1 978 :7 ) . T he n umbe r o f l e ve l s i n a s i te h i e ra rchy , s pa t ia l r e la t ion sh ip s w i th in h i e ra rch ica l l e ve l s , a nd t he d eg ree o f c en t ra l iza t ion a nd s pec ia l iza t ion p re sen t a re i mpo r tan t v a r iab le s t o b e c on s ide red . F o r e xamp le i nt he O lmec r eg ion i tw a ss ugge s ted i n a cco rdance w i th c en t ra l p l ace t heory , t h a t e ach m a jo r c en te r w ou ld f unc t ion a s as e conda ry c en te r t o i t s o wn s ub reg ion a nd t he re fo re r equ i re a s im i la r s uppo r t a rea , s e conda ry s i te s s hou ld b e l o ca ted t wo t h i rd s o f t he w ay f r om t he m a jo r c en te r t o i t s t e r r i to r ia l b o rde r . . . I f t he se s e conda ry c en te r s s how r egu la r s pac ing o n ar eg iona l b a s i s t hey c an b e c on s ide red p a r t ialy i ndependen t o f t he m a jo r c en te r . I f , h oweve r , t hey g roup a round t he c en te r s , s uch f i rme r c on t ro l s m igh t s ugge s t t he p re sence o f a k ind o f " non -u rban " s t a te . . . the m a jo r c en te r w ou ld h ave c on t ro l o ve r t he u nde r ly ing p opu la t ion o n ly , t h rough t he s e conda ry c en te r " ( Ea r le 1 976 :221 ) . T he i dea i ss uppo r ted w i th N o r th Ame r ican d a ta w h ich s ugge s t s t ha t i n c omp lex c h ie fdom s , t he c l o se r t o t he ma jo r c en te r as e conda ry ( l owe r ) o rde r c en te r i s , t he g rea te r t he d eg ree o fp o l i t ica l c en t ra l iza t ion ( S tepano i t i s ( 1 978 :417 -53 ) . Ano the r mode l w a s s ugge s ted i n t he s pa t ia l a na ly s i s o f c omp lex c h ie fdom s w he re " one w ou ld e xpec t r egu la r s pac ing o f v i l lage s e xcep t n ea r t he t e r r i to r ia l b o rde r s , w he re , b e cau se o f c ompe t i t ion b e tween n e ighbo r ing . . .ch ie fdom s . . . I w ou ld e xpec t v i l lage s t o b e r epeled a t t he b o rde r s " ( Bove 1 978 :40 ) . Du r ing t he T e rm ina lF o rma t ive t he mean n ea re s tn e ighbo rd i s tance b e tween p r ima ry c en te r s i s1 3 .0 km . A cco rd ing t o E a r le , s e conda ry s i te s s hou ld b e l o ca ted t wo t h i rd s o f t he d i s tance t o t he t e r r i to r ia l b o rde r , o r 4 . 3 km u s ing m y d a ta . T he a c tua l mean d i s tance b e tween t he t h ree p a i r s o f p r ima ry seconda ry s i te s i s5 . 1 km , o r 7 2% o f t he a ve rage d i s tance t ot he h yp tho s ized t e r r i to r ia l b o rde r o fe ach p a i r . T he f i gu re w ou ld b e e ven c l o se r i ft he se d i s tance s w e re r e ca lcu la ted i n c lud ing t he r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t he n ew ly f ound s i te o f G i ra lda a nd L a R ub ia ( F ig . 1 ) . A l though l a ck ing al a rge r s amp le o f s econda ry c en te r s , v a r ia t ion w i th in e ach p a i r i sf u r the r e xam ined i n t he l a s t c hap te r f olow ing e conom ic c on s ide ra t ion s . T he p red ic t ion t ha t s i te s l owe r i n t he h i e ra rchy t e nd t o b e c l o se r t o t he p r ima ry r eg iona l c en te r t han s i te s h ighe r i s m e t i n t he S i te 4 50203 s y s tem . A l though n o 1 04

s e conda ry p lace i sk nown , t h e t h ree t h i rd -o rde r s i te s a ve rage 5 . 5 km d i s tance f r om t he r eg iona l c en te r , t he f ou r f o u r th -o rde r p l ace s 4 . 5 km , a nd t he f i f th -o rde r 0 . 9 km . T he mean c on s t ruc t ion ma s s o f t h e se s e t t lemen t s i s2 1 ,604 m3,1 5 ,865 m3,a nd 2 , 364 m3 r e spec t ive ly , s uppo r t ing t he t h eo ry t h a t p opu la t ion c en te r s n ea re r t he r eg iona l c en te r s upp l ied g rea te ra moun t so fc o rvee l a bo ra nd t r ibu te t h an t ho se f a r the ra way . T he r e la t ion sh ip b e tween C r i s toba l a nd L a Mo rena c anno tb ea na ly zed s o le ly o n t he b a s i s o f s i ze , c on s t ruc t ion m a s s , a nd d i s tance . E conom ic s pec ia l iza t ion a nd e xchange p l ay a n i mpo r tan t r o le i n r e g iona l i n teg ra t ion a nd t h i s ma t te r i st aken u p i n C hap te r V I I . One o the r " n a tu ra l " v a r iab le w a s p robab ly i mpo r tan t a nd i st he e f fec t o f f l ooded r i ve r s d u r ing t he r a iny s ea son o n i n fo rma t ion f l ow a nd t he t r an spo r t o f g ood s b e tween u ppe r t i e r c en te r s . Ip e r sona l ly o b se rved t h i s p henomenon d u r ing t he e xcep t ionaly w e t y ea r 1 979 ( t he w o r s t i n 3 y ea r s ) a nd c onc luded t ha t c ommun ica t ion s w ou ld b e e x t reme ly d i f f icu l t f o r o n ly l im i ted p e r iod s o f p e rhap s s eve ra l mon th s f r om J u ly t o S ep tembe r . Wo r s t c ond i t ion s i nt e rm s o f l a nd f l ood ing w e re o b se rved n ea re r t he c oa s t t han t he u ppe r c oa s ta l p l a in . On t he f a ce o f i tt h i s m ay a c coun t i n p a r t f o r t he l a rge s i ze o f L a Mo rena r e la t ive t oC r i s toba l s i nce i ti mp l ie s ah ighe r d eg ree o f a u tonomy f o r L a Mo rena t han p red ic ted b a sed o nc ommun ica t ion si n te r rup t ion s . 6 . 7 R e sour ce -Se t t lemen tR e la t ionsh ips A b r ie f d i scu s s ion o f r e sou rce se t t lemen t r e la t ion s i su se fu l a t t h i s p o in t . i n ve s t iga to ro fp r ima te s y s tem e vo lu t ion s t a ted

One

C omp lex s oc ie t ie s a ch ieve s t ab le p r imacy w he re b a s ic r e sou rce s o c cu r i na n i s o la ted , mode ra te ly l a rge p a tch , a nd w hen t he d emand s o fc ompe t ing s oc ia l s y s tem s make b ounda ry m a in tenance ac on s tan t p rob lem . T he r e sou rce p a tch mu s t b e l a rge e nough t op rov ide t he e ne rg y t o f und a p r ima te c en te r , b u t n o t s o l a rge a s t o p e rm i t e qualy s t rong c ompe t ing c en te r s t o g row u p n ea r t he p r ima te c en te r( Kowa lew sk i 1 980 ) . E nv i ronmen ta l ly , much o f t he E scu in t la s t udy z one i s af i ne -g ra ined mo sa ic , j u s t t he o ppo s i te o f t he l a rge b u t d e l im i ted r e sou rce p a tche s f ound i n t he c en t ra l Mex ican h igh land s , o r t he o ne r e sou rce p a tch i n t he V aley o f O axaca . I n b o th o f t he se a rea , p r imacy w a s d eve loped f o r v a ry ing p e r iod s o f t ime . I t w ou ld a ppea r , g i ven t he r e la t ive ly h omogenou s r e sou rce z one s e xp lo i ted i nt he M idd le F o rma t ive 1 00 -200 me te r e l eva t iona l b e l t a nd l a ck o fd e l im i ted r e sou rce p a tche s , t ha t a n o pen s y s tem e vo lved o n t he E scu in t la C oa s ta l P la in , c e r ta in ly o ne w i th p oo r ly d e f ined b ounda r ie s . S uch amode l s uppo r t s t he s e r ie s o f r ough ly e qu iva len t a nd p robab ly c ompe t i t ive p r ima ry c en te r s r eco rded d u r ing t h i s t ime . T he se c en te r s a re p robab ly f unc t iona l ly r edundan t i n t he b eg inn ing o f t he M idd le F orma t ive b u t a ppa ren t ly l e s s s o i n l a te r p e r iod s a s d emon s t ra ted b y t he d i f f e ren t ia l d i s t r ibu t ion o f o b s id ian a r t i f ac t s a nd o the r d a ta ( Bove 1 981 , 1 985 , i np re s s ) . T he mo s t d i f f icu l t q ue s t ion o f e s tab l i sh ing s i te f unc t iona l v a r iab i l i ty h a s n o t b een s o lved t h rough t he u se o f d i sc r im inan t a na ly s i s a l one . B ecau se i tp rov ide s g rea te r p rec i s ion i n c l a s s i f ica t ion w h i le p o in t ing t o k ey v a r iab le s , h oweve r , i tp e rm i t s h ighe r l e ve l s o f a na ly s i s . Ia m c u r ren t ly a na ly z ing t he d i s t r ibu t ion o f s i te s t h rough t he mo re c omp lex C la s s i c p e r iod a nd e xpec t t o d eve lop b e t te r i d ea s o f f unc t iona l a nd s pa t ia l r e la t ion sh ips i np a r t icu la r b e tween s i te r ank a nd mound d imen s iona l v a r iab i l i ty a s w el a sr e sou rce se t t lemen tr e la t ion s . T he se r e su l t sw hen c omp le ted w i l la ppea re l sewhe re .

1 05

CHAPTER V I I ECONO M IC S PEC IAL IZAT ION AND EXCHANGE 7 . 1 I n troduc t ion T he c r i t ica l r o le o f e conom ic s pec ia l iza t ion a nd e xchange i n c omp lex s oc ie ta l e vo lu t ion i s e xam ined i n t h i s c hap te r . T he f i r s t s ec t ion p rov ide s a t heo re t ica l f r amewo rk d e r ived f r om f a c to r s i n vo lved i n t he m u l t ip l ica t ive e f fec t s o f s pec ia l iza t ion . A l though I e xp lo re l o ca t iona l a nd e nv i ronmen ta l f a c to r s i n vo lved i n e conom ic s pec ia l iza t ion , t h i s c hap te r f o cu se s o n t he o b s id ian e v idence . Ib eg in b y d e sc r ib ing t h e me thodo logy u sed t o p l ace t he e n t i re o b s id ian s amp le , o r ig ina l ly 1 0 ,517 a r t i fac t s , o n a c ompa rab le b a s i s ( c on tex tua l a nd c h rono log ica l ) f o r a na ly s i s w h ich i sf olowed b y t h e c l a s s i f ica t ion p rocedu re s u sed a nd t he p rob lem s e ncoun te red . T he c o re o f t he c hap te r i s as e r ie s o f t e s t i mpl i ca t ion s b a sed o n t he t heo re t i ca l i s sue s r a i sed , e ach f olowed b y f i nd ing s a nd a pp rop r ia te e v idence . S e lec ted o b s id ian t a b le s a re i n c luded i nt h i s c hap te r b u t mo s to b s id ian d a ta a re i nT ab le s4 0 ,4 1 a nd Append ice s Ba nd E . 7 . 2 T heore t ica lC oncerns Mo s t c u r ren t s t ud ie s o f c omp lex s oc ie ta l e vo lu t ion empha s ize t he i mpo r tance o f s uch f a c to r s a s a g r icu l tu ra l p roduc t iv i ty , t r ibu te r a te s , a nd t he i r r e la t ion sh ip s w i th p opu la t ion g row th , a nd t e nd t o i g no re o the r c r i t ica l v a r iab le s . S ome w ou ld a rgue i n s tead t ha t t he e vo lu t ion o f r eg iona l s oc ia l o rg an iza t ion i s d ue p r ima r i ly t o t h e i n c rea s ing d eve lopmen t o f p o s i t ive f eedback r e la t ion sh ip s r e su l t ing f r om , a mong o the r f a c to r s , t he p o l i t ica l p roce s s e ngaged i n max im iz ing e conom ic s t ra teg ie s ( e .g . R en f rew 1 972 ; E a r le 1 977 :213 -29 , 1 978 ; C ha r l ton 1 978 :1227 -1236 ) . One s uch max im iz ing e conom ic s t ra tegy i s t he i n ve s tmen t i n e conom ic s pec ia l iza t ion a nd e xchange w he re c ap i ta l s urp lu se s a re g ene ra ted a nd u sed a s i n ve s tmen t s i n t he p ol i t ica l s y s tem a nd/o r t o f u r the r r e in fo rce t he e conom ic c apac i ty o f t h e s y s tem t h rough a g r icu l tu ra l i n ten s i f ica t ion a nd , p o s s ib ly w a r f a re . T h i s i nhe ren t ly d eve lopmen ta l p henomenon o f p o s i t ive f e edback h a s mu l t ip l ie r e f fec t s o n r e la t ion s b e tween e conom ic t e chno log ica l c on s ide ra t ion s a nd t he s oc ia l a nd s ymbo l ic e l emen t s w h ich l i e a t t he r oo t o f c u l tu ra l e vo lu t iona ry d eve lopmen ti ne a r ly s oc ie t ie s( Ren f rew 1 9 74 :85 ) . S eve ra l s ub se t s o f t he e conomy a re i n vo lved ; am in im iz ing v e r su s am ax im iz ing e conomy ( c f . E a r le 1 978 ) . Many r eg ion s h ave d ua l e conom ie s . One i st r ad i t iona l , s ub s i s tence o r ien ted a nd i s ag ene ra l iz ing , o r d ome s t ic e conomy b a sed o n n ega t ive f e edback r e la t ion sh ip s . T he o the r i s as pec ia l ized e xpo r t , o r e x t rac t ive e conomy a nd i s max im iz ing b a sed o n p o s i t ive f e edback r e la t ion sh ip s , d eve loped , i mpo sed a nd c on t ro l led b y t he s oc ia l h i e ra rchy mak ing i t i nhe ren t ly d e ve lopmen ta l . Mode rn e conom ic g eog raphe r s n ow b e l ieve t ha t w h i le t he k ey s t o t h e p roce s s o f r eg iona l c umu la t ive e conom i cg row th a nd s pa t ia l morphogene s i s i ss pec ia l i za t ion ; ap a rale ld eve lopmen tw i th t he r evo lu t ion i n m a te r ia l a nd t r an spo r t t e chno logy , i s ar evo lu t ion i n s oc ia l t e chno logy ( L loyd a nd D icken 4 45 -46 ) . I n o the r w o rd s t ime i s ak ey e l emen t i n t he w ay s oc ia l o rgan iza t ion r e s t ruc tu re s i t se l f t o g e t t h ing s d one . N o l e s s i mpo r tan t i st ime a s t he k ey e l emen t o pe ra t ing p reh i s to r ica l ly o n t he w ay s o c ia l o rgan iza t iona l e vo lu t iona ry c hange s a c commoda te t hem se lve s t o c hang ing e conom ic o rgan iza t ion i n mu tua l i n te rac t ion . A rchaeo log i s t s p ro f i t b y e xam in ing t he w ay s oc ia l o rgan iza t ion a r t i cu la te s w i th t he e conom ic o rgan iza t ion a nd i ti st h i sr e la t ion sh ip t h a t Ia na l yze h e re . E conom i c s t ra teg ie s a re a na ly zed i nt wo w ay s . O ne i st o e xam ine t he w ay r eg iona l s oc ia l p o l i t ica l h i e ra rch ie s , a s i nd i rec t ly m an i fe s ted i n t he e vo lu t ion o f r eg iona l s e t t lemen t h i e ra rch ie s , o rgan ize e conom ic s pec ia l i za t ion a nd e xchange i n c r i t ica l r e sou rce s . T he o the r i sb y m ea su r ing s pec ia l iza t ion i n p roduc t ion . On t he P ac i f ic S l ope , o b s id ian i sa ppa ren t ly t he mo s t c r i t ica l a nd d u rab le i mpo r ted r e sou rce ( no o the r c h ipped s t one a r t i f ac t s w e re f ound ) . T he re fo re , e mpha s i s i s p l aced h e re o n t he i mpo r tance o fs pec ia l iza t ion a nd e x change i nt he p rocu remen t a nd p roce s s ing o fo b s id ian a nd i t s r e la t ion sh ip w i th t he e vo lu t ionary d eve lopmen t o f t he s o c ia l p o l i t ica l h i e rarchy . 1 06

F o r e xamp le , i n d ome s t ic o r m in im iz ing e conom ie s i n r eg ion s n ea r o b s id ian s ou rce s , e ve ry h ou seho ld p robab ly h ad a cce s s t o o b s id ian e i the r a s ap re fo rmed c o re w he re b l ade s a nd o the r t oo l s w e re p roduced , o r e x changed/pu rcha sed i n f i n i shed f o rm f r om e l sewhe re ( P i re s -Fe r re i ra a nd F lanne ry 1 976 :286 -292 ; H ay 1 978 ) . Max im iz ing e conom ie s b e ing c on t roled b y s oc ia l p ol i t ica l h i e ra rch ie s w ou ld i n vo lve t h e f ul t ime c on t ro l o f o b s id ian p rocu remen t o r e xchange ; t he i mpo r ta t ion o f r aw o r p a r t ia l ly p roce s sed o b s id ian a nd mod i f ica t ion t op re fo rm s f o r s h ipmen t t o o the r c en te r s ; o r p o s s ib ly t o s pec ia l i s t s w i th in t he m a jo r c en te r s . O the r max im iz ing l i th ic s t ra teg ie s i n c lude t he s pec ia l ized p roduc t ion o f p r i sma t i c b l ade s f o r d ome s t ic u se o r e xpo r t a nd s pec ia l ized t oo lp roduc t ion f o rd ome s t ic u se o re xpo r t . L e s s e a sy t o mea su re b u t n o l e s s i mpo r tan t i st he s oc ia l p o l i t ica l o rgan iza t iona l i n ve s tmen t i n a nd c on t ro l o f e xchange a nd/o r p roduc t ion o f c r i t ica l r e sou rce s s uch a s s a l t , c o t ton , m a r ine/ lacu s t r ine r e sou rce s , r ubbe r , c acao a nd s ub s i s tence p roduc t s a s ma ize a nd b ean s . L oca t iona l f a c to r s c omb ine w i th e nv i ronmen ta l a nd p o s s ib ly t e chno log ica l t o p rov ide c l ue s a s t o h ow s oc ia l h i e ra rch ie s o rgan ized t o p roduce o r c on t ro lt he movemen to fc r i t ica lg ood sw i th s t rong e x te rna ld emand . T h i s c hap te r f o cu se s o n as e r ie s o f t e s t i mp l ica t ion s d e r ived f r om t he t heo re t ica l i s sue s r a i sed a nd t he r e sea rch f i nd ing s . F i r s t , i s ad i scu s s ion o f me thodo logy a nd c l a s s i f ica t ion p rocedu re se ngaged i na na ly z ing t he l a rge o b s id ian s amp le . 7 . 2 .1 Me thodo log y T he t o ta l a na lyzed o b s id ian s amp le c ame f r om s eve ra l s ou rce s . One , i s f r om e xcava t ion s a nd s u r f ace c ole c t ion s r ep re sen t ing m a te r ia l c olec ted a nd r eco rded d u r ing m y f i e ld r e sea rch . A t o ta l o f 3 , 907 o b s id ian a r t i f ac t s w e re o r ig ina l ly c l a s s i f ied f r om a l o f t he se o pe ra t ion s r ep re sen t ing 6 0 s i te s o f t he F o rma t ive , C la s s ic , a nd P o s tc la s s ic p e r iod s . O the r s ou rce s a re a s i zeab le s amp le f r om E l B a l samo e x cava ted b y S ta rk i n 1 979 , a nd a n a bb rev ia ted a na ly s i s o n al a rge a moun t o f m a te r ia l e xcava ted a t Mon te A l to i nt he l a te 1 960 ' sb yS hook . Ic onduc ted s u r f ace c olec t ion s a t3 0 o f3 s i te sw i th F o rma t ive p e r iod c omponen t s . Wh i le s em i -con t roled , t h e c olec t ion s w e re n on random a nd h i gh ly d ependen t o n s u r f ace c ond i t ion s , a c ce s s ib i l i ty , a nd t ime c on s t ra in t s , a l h i gh ly v a r iab le f a c to r s . A s s hown i nC hap te r V , w e t e s t e xcava ted t h ree s i te sw i th 7 6 m3 o f e xcava ted v o lume f r om t he t wo p r ima ry r eg iona l c en te r s o f L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th a nd C r i s toba l , a nd t he o ne s e conda ry p l ace -La Mo rena . T o i n su re t empo ra l c on t ro l , Ie i the r r educed o r e l im ina ted c olec t ion s w he re a h i gh p robab i l i ty e x i s ted f o r c on tam ina t ion o f F o rma t ive p e r iod c omponen t s b y C la s s ic a nd l a te r m a te r ia l . T h i s w a s r e la t ive ly s imp le f o r e xcava ted ma te r ia l b u t o bv iou s ly mo re d i f f i cu l t w i th s u r f ace c olec t ion s . T he s u r f ace c olec t ion s t ended t o b e d e l im i ted a nd c on t roled b y f e a tu re , g roup s o f f e a tu re s , o r a rea , a nd t empo ra l ly s pec i f ic . A t L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th , f o r e xamp le , t he o r ig ina l s amp le i sf r om 1 9 s epa ra te s u r f ace c olec t ion s a nd s i x e xcava t ion s ubope ra t ion s w i th 3 5 .6 m i o f e xcava ted v o lume . Ie x c luded s i x s u r f ace c olec t ion s a nd t he u ppe r t wo l o t s o f S ub -ope ra t ion J c on ta in ing a s i gn i f ican t p e rcen tage o f E a r ly C la s s ic s he rd s w i th a n E a r ly C la s s ic u rn b u r ia l , t he reby r educ ing t o ta lv o lume f o rt h i sa na ly s i st o3 1 .1 m3. A t C r i s toba l , Ie l im ina ted 2 0 o f t he o r ig ina l 2 5 s u r f ace c olec t ion s m a in ly f r om r e la t ive ly w el -de f ined L a te C las s ic s i te a rea s . I n a dd i t ion , Ir emoved t wo e xcava ted s ub -ope ra t ion s f r om a P ro toc la s s ic -Ea r ly C la s s ic s t ruc tu re r educ ing t he t o ta l n umbe r o f s ub -ope ra t ion s t o f ou r a nd t he t o ta l e xcava ted v o lume f r om 1 2 .55 m3 t o 8 . 93 m3. A l l m a te r ia l f r om L a Mo rena w a s u t i l ized a s t he t o ta l c e ram ic c olec t ion f r om t he s i te i s F o rma t ive . T o s umma r ize o u r o wn f i e ld w o rk . F rom at o ta l o f3 0 s u r f ace c olec ted F o rma t ive p e r iod s i te s , 1 0 w e re e l im ina ted e n t i re ly a nd t h ree r educed b y r emov ing s ub -colec t ion s w i th C la s s ic c omponen t s l e av ing o n ly 2 0 s u r face c olec ted s i te s i n t h i s a na ly s i s . An o r ig ina l t o ta l o f 3 , 907 a r t i f ac t s w a s r educed t o 2 , 782 r e su l t ing i n a ccep tab le t empo ra l c on t ro l . S pec i f ic c olec t ion s a na lyzed a re t a bu la ted i nA ppend ice s Ba nd E a s w e l l a s T ab le s4 0 a nd 4 1 . 1 07

S ta rk ' s a na ly s i s o n m a te r ia l f r om E l B a l samo i n c luded t wo s epa ra te ly i n ve s t iga ted f i e ld s . F rom d a ta a nd a p re l im ina ry a na ly s i s s he g ene rou s ly made a va i lab le Ir emoved F ie ld 1o b s id ian s i nce mo s t a s soc ia ted s he rd s w e re C la s s ic , a nd r e ta ined F ie ld 2 w h ich w a s c omp le te ly F o rma t ive . T he o r ig ina l c ole c t ion o f 1 , 856 o b s id ian a r t i f ac t s f r om 4 4 .1 m3 o fe x cava t ion sw a sr educed t o1 , 746 a r t i f ac t sa nd 3 2 .2 m3 o fe xcava ted v o lume . Mon te A l to p re sen ted al a rge r p rob lem . T h rough S hook ' s c oope ra t ion Ip e r fo rmed a n a bb rev ia ted a na ly s i s o f t he 4 , 754 o b s id ian a r t i f ac t s c olec ted f r om Mon te A l to i nt he l a te 1 960 ' s . T he se w e re f r om a g ene ra l s u r f ace c ole c t ion a nd 8 3 s epa ra te e x cava t ion s ub -ope ra t ion s r ep re sen t ing a t o ta l o f a pp rox ima te ly 3 , 393 m3 o f e xcava ted v o lume . A s t he s i te h a s f a i r ly s i zeab le P ro toc la s s ic a nd E a r ly C la s s i c c omponen t s , t hough g ene ra l ly r emoved f r om t he M idd le t o L a te F o rma t ive c o re , Id e le ted a l s u r f ace c o l lec t ion s a nd t he u ppe r c u t ( app rox ima te ly 5 0 c m . ) f r om a l e x cava t ion s . Ia l so e xc luded 3 2 s ub -ope ra t ion s w he re C la s s ic m a te r ia l w a s b el ieved t o b e p re sen t i n a pp rec iab le q uan t i t ie s . When i nd oub t Ie r red o n t he F o rma t ive s i de . My d ec i s ion s w e re b a sed o n p re l im ina ry a nd s ke tchy r ev iew s o ff i e ld n o te s , s i te r e co rd s g ene rou s ly made a va i lab le t o me b y S hook , a nd c onve r sa t ion s w i th h im a nd D r . Ma r ion P . Ha tch , t he p ro jec t c e ram ic i s t . T o ta l F o rma t ive Mon te A l to o b s id ian a r t i f ac t s u sed i nt h i s a na ly s i s a re t hen 2 , 852 f r om a r educed ma s s o f 2 , 164 .3 m3 o f e xcava ted v o lume . T h i s s t udy t he re fo re c on s ide r s7 , 382 o b s id ian a r t i f ac t so fa no r ig ina lt o ta lo f1 0 ,517 . 7 . 2 .2 C lass if ica t ion P rocedure s T he c l a s s i f i ca t ion p rocedu re i sb a sed o n t he o ne d ev i sed b y S t a rk ' s g roup e xp re s s ly f o r t he i r r e s iden t ia l i n ve s t iga t ion s a t E l B a l samo d u r ing t he 1 979 f i e ld s ea son . T he c l a s s i f i ca t ion s y s tem a nd c od ing p rocedu re s a re i n Append ix D . S ome t e rm ino log y i sn o t c on s i s ten t w i th r e cen t u sage s uch a s r e juvena t ion f l ake , h i nged p r i sma t ic b l ade , h inge recove ry f l ake s o r b l ade s , e ra ilu re f l ake s , o r p l a t fo rm t r imm ing ( s c rubb ing ) f l ake s t o n ame a f ew . A s i n a ny e vo lv ing s ubd i sc ip l ine , l i t h ic c l a s s i f ica t ion p rocedu re s a re s t i l l n o t p a r t icu la r ly w el s t anda rd ized . T he c l a s s i f ica t ion s y s tem u sed , h oweve r , i sa u se fu l o ne e nabl ing a n eophy te i n t he f i e ld t o c l a s s i f y q u ick ly a l a rge b ody o f d a ta w h ich o the rw i se m igh t b e c omp le te ly n eg lec ted o r o n ly p a r t ia l ly r eco rded . T he p rocedu re s a re d e s igned t od e te rm ine i nw ha t f o rm o b s id ian w a s b e ing p rocu red a nd t he v a r iou s r educ t ion s t ra teg ie s o r p roce s se s w h ich i tp robab ly p a s sed t h rough . At ho rough r e touch c a tego ry i sa l so i n c luded . Ob s id ian a r t i f ac t s f r om m y i n ve s t iga t ion s w e re c l a s s i f ied a cco rd ing t o t h i s p rocedu re a s w e l l a s t he E l B a l samo m a te r ia l b y S ta rk ' s g roup . T he c olec t ion f r om Mon te A l to a nd p re sen t ly i nt he S hook L abo ra to ry i nA n t igua , Gua tema la , w a s s ub jec ted t o a n a bb rev ia ted a na ly s i s b ecau se o f t ime c on s t ra in t s . A l l ma te r ia lw a s r eco rded b y l o t n umbe r , c l a s s i f ied i n to t y pe s , c oun ted a nd w e ighed a s ag ene ra l a r t i fac t t y pe ( i . e . , n o t i nd iv idualy ) , c hecked f o r e v idence o f r e touch o r h eavy u se , a nd r ebagged . Un fo r tuna te ly t h i s l im i ted p rocedu re d i d n o t p e rm i t m ea su remen t s o f l e ng th , w id th , o r m a s s p e r i nd iv idua l a r t i fac t , a s w el a s t y pe o f s egmen t , d o r sa l s c a r s , o r k i nd o f p l a t fo rm . C on sequen t ly Ia m u nab le t o c ompu te av a r ie ty o f u se fu l mea su re s i n c lud ing s uch c r i t ica lv a lue sa se dge -ma s sr a t io s . A l l o b s id ian a r t i f ac t s w e re c l o se ly e xam ined f o r e v idence o f r e touch c l a s s i f ied i n to 4 2 c a tego r ie s . Ia m , o f c ou r se , a wa re o f d i f f icu l t ie s i ni n te rp re ta t ion a nd t he o n -go ing c on t rove r s ie s a s t o w he the r p a r t icu la r p a t te rn s a re f r om i n ten t iona l r e touch ing , a c c iden ta l f l ak ing , o r u se -wea r . N eve r the le s s , p end ing a n i n ten s ive a na ly s i s , t he s amp le r ep re sen t s a n i n va luab le r e sou rce t o i n i t ia te p re l im ina ry i n te rp re ta t ion s o f s pec i f ic p rob lem s a nd s ugge s t f u tu re a venue s o f p roduc t ive r e sea rch . R e touched c l a s se s a re c u r ren t ly b e ing e xp lo red b y s i te r ank a nd a c ro s s e nv i ronmen ta l z one s t o d eve lop i d ea s o f s pec i f ic r e sou rce e xp lo i ta t ion p a t te rn s , c r a f t s pec ia l iza t ion , a nd t he i r r e la t ion sh ip s w i th t he s oc iopo l i t ica l s y s tem . Ib e l ieve t h i s w i l l p rov ide u se fu l t heo r ie s a bou t s i te f unc t iona l v a r iab i l i ty . S imp le c on s ide ra t ion s b e tween s i te s o r z one s s o le ly o n t he b a s i s o fr e touch c a tego r ie sa re p robab ly mean ing le s s .

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One p rob lem i s t ha t t h e o b s id ian c l a s s i f ica t ion s y s tem e mp loy s b o th n om ina l ( c a tego r ica l ) a nd c on t inuou s v a r iab le s o n t he s ame c a se . V a r iou s a pp roache s c an b e u sed t o c omb ine t he se a nd Ia m e xpe r imen t ing w i th v a r iou s p rocedu re s i n c lud ing b l ock c l u s te r ing t e chn ique s , l o g l inea r mode l s , a nd p o s s ib ly mu l t id imen s iona l s c a l ing . P re l im ina ry r e su l t s b a sed o n f r equenc ie s a nd p e rcen tage s o f c e r ta in r e touched c a tego r ie s a re p re sen ted h e re . A t o ta l o f 1 , 127 r e touched a r t i f ac t s w e re r eco rded a nd s ub jec ted t o ap re l im ina ry a na ly s i s r ep re sen t ing a l t ime p e r iod s . T h i s a na ly s i s i s r e s t r ic ted t ot he 7 35 a r t i f ac t sf r om r ea sonab ly s e cu red F o rma t ive p e r iod p roven ience s . 7 3 T e s tI mp l ica t ions In ow p ropo se a l i s t o ft e s t i mp l ica t ion s a nd c ompa re t hem w i th r e sea rch f i nd ing s . T he l i s t i s b y n o mean s e xhau s t ive , b u t i s r a the r d e s igned t o e xam ine mo s t o f t he c r i t ica l i s sue s r a i sed a nd t o d eve lop i mp roved mode l s o f s oc ia l a nd e conom ic o rgan iza t iona le vo lu t ion . 7 3 .1 T e s tI mp l ica t ion N o . 1 I fp r ima ry r eg iona l p l ace s o f e me rg ing r anked s oc ie t ie s a re i n i t ia l ly l o ca ted i nt he s ame e nv i ronmen ta l z one s i ts ugge s t s t h a t d i f f e rence s b e tween r e sou rce a va i lab i l i ty w e re c ompen sa ted f o r b y d i f fe rence s i n p opu la t ion s i ze a nd n o t e xchange . T he i n fe rence b e ing t ha tt he se a r rangemen t sl e ad t og ene ra l ized a nd n o ts pec ia l ized e conom ie s . 7 3 .1 .1 F ind ing sT e s tI mp l i ca t ion N o . 1 T he e a rl ie s t r eg iona l c en te r s a l a ppea r w i th in t he s ame e nv i ronmen ta l b e l t o f t he u ppe r c oa s ta l p l a in , a bou t 3 5 km f r om t he P ac i f ic c oa s t , a nd b e tween a pp rox ima te ly 1 00 a nd 2 00 me te r s e l eva t ion . N o e v idence e x i s t s a t p re sen t f o r s e conda ry o r t e r t iary r anked c en te r s l o ca ted i n d i f fe ren t e nv i ronmen ta l z one s a nd l i nked w i th t he p r imary r eg iona l c en te r s . R eg iona l c en te r s o f t he E a r ly M idd le F o rma t ive w e re c ompe t i t ive e qu iva len t p owe r c en te r s w ho se b ounda r ie s e vo lved h o r izon ta l ly a l ong t he f a vo red e nv i ronmen ta lg rad ien t . 7 3 .2 T e s tI mp l i ca t ion N o .2 I f p r ima ry r eg iona l p l ace s o f e me rg ing r anked s oc ie t ie s a re l o ca ted i n d i f fe r ing e nv i ronmen ta l z one s , t he e conom ie s c on ta ined w i th in a s pec i f ic s oc ia l u n i t s hou ld b e e conom ica l ly s pec ia l ized w i th e v idence o f d i f f e ren t ia l c on t ro l o f p roduc t ion a nd movemen to ft he se s pec i f ic p roduc t s . 7 3 .2 .1 F ind ing sT e s tI mp l i ca t ion N o .2 F olow ing t he e a r ly a ppea rance o f r anked s oc ia l o rgan iza t ion a s man i fe s ted b y t he s e t t lemen t p a t te rn , r eg iona l c en te r s a re f ound i n c omp le te ly d i f f e ren t e nv i ronmen ta l z one s o n a nd n ea r t he P ac i f ic C oa s t . C oncu r ren t w i th t h i s d eve lopmen t i sg rea te r s oc ia l a nd e conom ic i n teg ra t ion t h rough t he a ppea rance o f af ou r a nd f i ve t i e r s e t t lemen t h ie ra rchy p a r t i cu la r ly n ea r t he c oa s t . T h i s i n te re s t ing a nd c r i t ica l e vo lu t ionary s t age i s mo re c omp le te ly c ove red i n C hap te r V I I I o n E vo lu t ionary S oc ia l a nd E conom ic I mp l ica t ion sb u ts eve ra lp o in t sa re r a i sed h e re . T he s i ze a nd l o ca t ion o f L a S e lva ( S i te N o 4 58501 , Map N o 1 4 , a nd F igu re 17 ) c anno t b e d ue t o f a vo rab le e nv i ronmen ta l s ub s i s tence f a c to r s . T he r eg iona l c en te r i s l o ca ted n ear t he mou th o ft h e R io C oyo la te a nd c l o se t o t he s ho re l ine i n az one o f l ow q ua l i ty , p oor ly d ra ined , s andy s o i l s . T r ibu te r a te s t o s u s ta in i t s p opu la t ion w ou ld b e c r i t ica l s i nce o ne h a l f o f i t s r eg iona l c a tchmen t i st he P ac i f ic O cean n ece s s i ta t ing t he f olow ing e conom ic c on s ide ra t ion s . 1 .E conom ic s pec ia l iza t ion i n t he f o rm o f a g r icu l tu ra l r e f inemen t s l e ad ing t o p roduc t ion i n ten s i f ica t ion t h rough i r r iga t ion t e chn ique s a low ing f o r t he u se o f p oo r ly d ra ined d e f ic ien ts o i l s .

1 09

2 . E conom ic s pec ia l iza t ion t h rough t he c on t ro l o f s a l t p roduc t ion f r om n ume rou s c oa s ta l e s tua ry p roduc ing s t a t ion s , m a r ine/ lacu s t r ine p roduc t s , a nd p o s s ib ly c o t ton . C on t ro l o f i t s t r an spo r t t o o the r r eg iona l z one s i s c l ea r ly i mpl ied s i nce r eg iona l e conom ic o rgan iza t ion i si mbedded w i th in r eg iona ls o c ia la nd p ol i t ica lo rgan iza t ion . 3 . E conom ic s pec ia l iza t ion t h rough t he c on t ro l o f e a s t -we s t c oa s ta l t r ade . A n E a r ly F o rma t ive e a s t -we s t c oa s ta l t r an spo r t e xchange n e two rk c on t rol ing t he movemen t o fE lC haya lo b s id ian h a sb een p ropo sed ( G rove 1 974 :109 -28 ; L ee a nd C la rk 1 979b ) . T he s ame p o in t s a pp ly t o o the r r eg iona l c en te r s a l ong t he c oa s t d u r ing t h e i d en t ica l t ime p e r iod ( La te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive ) a pp rox ima t ing t he mode l o f e conom i c i n teg ra t ion w i th s e t t lemen t e vo lu t ion p ropo sed b y F lanne ry ( 1976 :167 -69 ) . T he k ey e l emen t i s t h a t s o le ly r e la t ing a g r icu l tu ra l p roduc t ive p o ten t ia l t o s i te s i ze , a s i n B rum f ie l ' s s cheme ( B rum f ie l 1 976 :234 -49 ) , s ugge s t s t ha t L a S e Iva ' s s i ze c anno t b e e xp la ined b y a g r icu l tu ra l p roduc t ion b u t r a the r t h rough a c omb ina t ion o f t he a bove e conom ic f a c to r s . Ano the r , i st ha t d eve lopmen t s a l ong t he c oa s t a nd i n land t o t h e r eg iona l c en te r o f S i te N o 5 89701 s eemed t o h ave t a ken p l ace a f te r t he e me rgence o f r anked s oc ie t ie s f u r the r i n land a nd a re s t rong ly l i nked t o s e t t lemen t s y s tem c omp lex i ty a se xp re s sed i nv e r t ica li n teg ra t ion w i th e conom ic s pec ia l iza t ion ak ey f a c to r . 7 . 3 .3 T e s tI mp l ica t ion N o .3 D i f f e ren t ia l c on t ro l o f o b s id ian p rocu remen t , p roce s s ing , a nd e xchange , b y s oc ia l p o l i t ica l h i e ra rch ie s s hou ld b e e xp re s sed i n t wo c omponen t s . T he f i r s t i sl o ca t iona l . T he s e cond , i s t he d i f f e ren t ia l s pa t ia l d i s t r ibu t ion o f c e r ta in a r t i f ac t a t t r ibu te s o r c a tego r ie s . T he l o ca t iona l c omponen t w ou ld b e t he e xpec ted d eve lopmen t o f e x i s t ing h i gh (e r ) o rde r p l ace s t o f a c i l i ta te t he movemen t s o f o b s id ian i n a mea su rab le m anne r t h rough t he i n te r reg iona l ( e x t ra loca l ) a nd r eg iona l ( l oca l ) n e two rk . On t he P ac i f i c S l ope w i th ma jo r o b s id ian s ou rce s r e la t ive ly n ea r , t he se s pec i f ic h igh o rde r c en te r s s hou ld b e l o ca ted e i the r n ea r t he m a jo r o b s id ian s ou r ce s , a ts t ra teg ic l o ca t ion s a l ong , o r a t j unc t ion s o f , m a jo r c ommun ica t ion/ t ran spo r t r ou te s b e tween t he s ou rce s a nd c on sume r s . T he se l o ca t ion s c ou ld b e s im i la r t og a teway c ommun i t ie s ( H i r th 1 978 :35 -45 ) . Ib e l ieve mo re a pp rop r ia te mode l s i n co rpo ra t ing n o t o n ly m idd leman r o le s , b u t a l so a p roce s s ing f unc t ion , a re t ob ed e r ived f r om e conom i cg eog raphy (Webe r 1 929 ; I s a rd 1 956 ; L loyd a nd D icken 1 977 ) . 7 . 3 .3 .1 F ind ing sT e s tI mp l ica t ion N o .3 T he e xpec ta t ion t ha t ap r ima ry c en te r , o r h i gh r anked p l ace , w ou ld d eve lop t o c on t ro l t he t r an spo r t o f o b s id ian a s i t move s f r om t h e h igh land s ou rce s c on sume r s o n t he P ac i f ic C oa s ta l P la in f o r movemen t w e s t a nd e a s t i ss uppo r ted b y t he l o ca t ion a nd g row th o f L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th ( S i te N o . 7 33301 ) . T h i s m a jo r p r ima ry r eg iona l c en te r i s l o ca ted a t t he c r i t ica l j unc tu re o f t he t wo m a jo r c ommun ica t ion/ t ran spo r t r ou te s i n to t he c en t ra l h i gh land Gua tema lan V aley a nd t he t wo m a jo r s ou rce s o fE l C haya l a nd S an Ma r t in J i lo tepeque ( R io P i xcaya ) . ( F ig . 2 ) . One r ou te r un s n o r th t h rough A lo tenango f olow ing t he R io Guaca la te d ra inage , w h ich b eg in s i n t he P anchoy V aley a s t he R io P en sa t ivo n ea r mode rn An t igua , a nd c on t inue s n o r th t h rough C h ima l tenango t o t he J i lo tepeque s ou rce s . T he o the r r un s n o r thea s t t h rough P a l in , t he Ama t i t lan a rea a nd t h en t o t he E l C haya l s ou rce s . T he Ama t i t lan s ou rce s a re a l so n ea rby b u t c on s ide rab ly l e s s w el d e f ined ( Hu r tado d e Mendoza 1 977 ; Hur tado d e Mendoza a nd J e s te r 1 978 :424 -35 ; A sa ro , M iche l , S id ry s a nd S t ro s s 1 978 :436 -43 ; S t ro s s , S hee t s , A sa ro a nd M iche l 1 981 ; S hee t s -pe r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . Whe the r i n te rac t ion t ook p l ace w i th t he h ypo the s ized C h ima l tenango , Ama t i t lan , a nd K am ina l juyu c h ie fdom s o ft he T e rm ina l F o rma t i ve , w ho se p o l i t ie sw e re p ropo sed b y M iche l s ( 1979 ) , c anno t b e e s tabl i shed o n p re sen t e v idence . N one o f t he o the r p r ima ry o r s e conda ry c en te r s t o t he w e s t o f L o s C e r r i to s , a nd i n t he s ame e nv i ronmen ta l z one c ove red b y o u r f i e ld w o rk , h ave t he s ame a cce s s a nd e a se o f t r an spo r t i n t e rm s o f c o s t -d i s tance f a c to r s . 10

T he i mpo r tance o f t h i s l o ca t ion c anno t b e m in im ized w he the r o r n o t L o s C e r r i to s s e rved a s a g a teway c ommun i ty . L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th d eve loped i n to t he l a rge s t F orma t ive p l ace d i scove red t o d a te i nt he s t udy z one . F olow ing i t s n ea r a bandonmen t , a t a bou t t he e nd o f t he E a r ly C la s s ic , al a rge a c ropol i s t y pe s i te w i th L a te C la s s ic C o tzuma lguapan s t y le s c u lp tu re w a s b u i l t 1km n o r th . Du r ing t he L a te P o s tc la s s ic , t he c ap i ta l o f t he P ip i le s , aN ahua t ( 1 ) s peak ing g roup , w ho m ay h ave c on t roled ag rea t d ea l o f t he n ea rby c oa s ta l p l a in , w a s p robab ly l o ca ted a tt he n o r the rn e dge o f E scu in t la , t he p re sen t c ap i ta l o f t he D epa r tmen t o f E scu in t la ( Po lo S i fon te s 1 981 a nd p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . E scu in t la i so n ly 1 0 .0 km n o r thea s t o f L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th a nd s t i l l c on t ro l st h i sc r i t ica lc ommun ica t ion j unc t ion . 7 . 3 .4 T e s tI mpl i ca t ion N o .4 T he d i f f e ren t ia l s pa t ia l d i s t r ibu t ion o f s pec i f ic a r t i f ac t a t t r ibu te s o r c a tego r ie s s hou ld c o r re la te w i th t he h i e ra rch ica l c on t ro l o f s pec ia l iza t ion a nd e xchange o n b o th r eg iona l a nd i n te r reg iona l l e ve l s . C en te r s w i th g rea te r a cce s s t o o b s id ian s hou ld h ave mo re o b s id ian a nd w a s te mo re t han t ho se w i th l e s s a c ce s s . I n m idd le r ange s oc ie t ie s a nd e a r ly s t a te s ,t he se c en te r ss hou ld b eh i gh r anked p l ace s( C la rk 1 981b ; S hee t sn . d . ) 7 3 .4 .1 F ind ing sT e s tI mp l ica t ion N o .4 T he f a vo rab le l o ca t ion o f L o s C e r r i to s i s i l u s t ra ted b y c ompa r ing v a lue s o f o b s id ian f r equency d en s i ty a nd w e igh t d en s i ty i nT ab le s 4 0 a nd 4 1 . T he se mea su re s a re b a sed o n f r equenc ie s o f o b s id ian a r t i fac t s a nd t he i r w e igh t s e xcava ted p e r c ub ic me te r . Mean w e igh t s o f e xcava ted o b s id ian s hou ld b e t aken i n to a ccoun t i nt h i s c ompa r i son a s s umma r ized i nT ab le 4 2 . T he mean w e igh t p e r g ram o fe xcava ted o b s id ian a tL o s C e r r i to s , C r i s toba l a nd L a Mo rena w a s 1 . 82 g ,1 . 73 g ,a nd 1 . 44 g r e spec t ive ly . B ecau se o f t ime r e s t r ic t ion s w e d i d n o t s c reen e xcava ted m a te r ia l b u t m ade e ve ry e f fo r t t o c olec t o b s id ian a r t i f ac t s . N eve r the le s s , at wo fo ld p rob lem r e su l t s . T he f i r s t , i st he d i f f icu l ty i nc ompa r i son w i th o the r e xcava t ion s . T he s e cond , i s t ha t much f unc t iona l i n fo rma t ion o f t oo l manu fac tu r ing i s l o s t d ue t he e x t reme ly s mal s i ze o f many a r t i f ac t s . S t a rk ' s E l B a l samo p ro je c t d id s c reen , a c coun t ing f o r t he c on s ide rab le r educ t ion i n mean w e igh t e xcava ted o f 0 . 91 g /m 3. I b e l ieve t he d i f f e rence i s u ndoub ted ly d ue t o r e cove r ing n ume rou s s mal f l ake a nd f l ake f r agmen t s . Ap ub l i shed r epo r t o fu n sc reened e xcava t ion s a t t he C i tade l C omp lex i n E l B a l samo d u r ing t he 1 977 UCLA f i e ld s ea son i n d ica te s a f r equency d en s i ty o f 2 4 .6 / m3 a pp rox ima te ly o ne -ha l f o f t ha t r epo r ted b y S ta rk a nd mo re i nl i ne w i th o u ru n sc reened f i gu re s( S id ry s 1 979 ) . C ompa r ing w e igh td en s i t ie si s ,h oweve r , mo re mean ing fu la nd s how su n sc reened L o s C e r r i to s w i th 8 7 .7 g /m 3 v e r su s s c reened E l B a l samo w i th 4 9 .5 g /m 3,o r 1 . 8 t ime s a s much . A t Mon te A l to , t h e mean w e igh t p e r e xcava ted o b s id ian a r t i f ac t w a s s i gn i f ican t ly h i ghe r a t3 . 67 g . I ts hou ld b e e mpha s ized , h oweve r , t ha t t he i n ve s t iga tor s h ad d i f f e ren t o b jec t ive s t han e i the r S t a rk ' s g roup o r m ine . Wh i le o b s id ian w a s r e cove red , a ppa ren t ly o n ly l a rge r p i ece s w e re c olec ted , r ende r ing d en s i ty c ompa r i son s n o t a s mean ing fu l a s p e rcen tage si nc ompa ra t ive a na ly s i sw i th Mon te A l to d a ta . A f u r the r r ev iew o f d en s i ty mea su re s f o r t he p r imary c en te r s i nd ica te s r e la t ive ly h i gh v a lue s w hen Mon te A l to i se xc luded . T he mean f r equency d en s i ty o f t he t h ree r ema in ing p r ima ry r eg iona l p l ace s i s4 6 .5/m 3 a nd t he w e igh t d en s i ty i s6 3 .1 g /m 3.T he se f i gu re s c ompa re w i th t h e f r equenc y d en s i ty o f 8 . 3/m 3 a nd w e igh t d en s i ty o f 1 .9 g /m 3 o f t he s econda ry o rde r p l ace , L a Mo rena , as i gn i f ican t d i f fe rence . T hey a ppea r r ea sonab le w hen c ompa red w i th t he e x t rapo la ted w e igh t d en s i ty a tB i lbao o f 1 7 .3 g /m 3 ( S id ry s 1 976 :449 -64 ) c on s ide r ing t h a t B i lbao h ad a s ub s tan t ia l M idd le t o T e rm ina l F o rma t ive o c cupa t ion a nd w a s c a lcu la ted b y me t o b e af ou r th o rde r p l ace i n t he M idd le -La te F o rma t ive a nd at h i rd o rde rp l ace i nt he T e rm ina lF o rma t ive . Undoub ted ly , t he s l igh t ly h i ghe r d en s i t ie s t han e xpec ted f o r B i lbao t hen a re e nhanced b ecau se o f i t s p o s i t ion a s ap r ima ry r eg iona l c en te r a nd t he r eg iona l c ap i ta l o f aC o tzuma lguapan s t a te d u r ing t he L a te C la s s i c . 11

T he e v idence s t rong ly s ugge s t s t h a t h i ghe r r anked p l ace s i nt he s e t t lemen t ( s oc ia l ) h i e ra rchy h ave g rea te r a c ce s s t o o b s id ian t han l owe r . T h i s i s s uppo r ted b y t h e o b serva t ion t ha t C r i s toba l , ap r ima ry c en te r t o L a Mo rena , i s2 . 5 t ime s i t s s i ze i n t h e T e rm ina l F o rma t ive . C r i s toba l h a s 1 . 8 t ime s t he o b s id ian f r equency d en s i ty a nd 2 . 2 t ime st he w e igh td en s i ty o fL a Mo rena . 7 . 3 .5 T e s tI mp l i ca t ion N o .5 A f u r the r i nd ica t ion o f r e la t ive a bundance v e r su s r e la t ive s c a rc i ty i s t h a t i n c rea s ing t oo l u se s hou ld b e a s soc ia ted w i th d ec rea s ing s i te r ank . T he l owe s t r anked p l ace s s hou ld h ave t he h i ghe s t r e touch p e rcen tage . E dge -ma s s r a t io s s hou ld a l so b e h i ghe r a t l owe r r anked p l ace s r ef lec t ing r e la t ive s c a rc i ty . T he se mea su re s mu s t a l so t ake i n to a ccoun td i s tance t os ou rce sa nd t he e x i s tence o fs pec ia l ized w o rk s hop s . 7 . 33 .1 F ind ing sT e s tI mp l ica t ion N o .5 F i r s t -o rde r p l ace s h ad 6 43 r e touched a r t i f ac t s o r 9 . 2% ; s e cond -o rde r p l ace s 4 2 f o r 1 5 .0% ; t h i rd -o rde r p l ace s 1 2 f o r 4 2 .9% ; f ou r th -o rde rp l ace s 1 9 f o r 2 9 .7% ; a nd f i f th -o rde r 1 9 f o r 5 7 .6% . AS pea rman s R ank C o r re la t ion s how s an ega t ive c o r re la t ion b e tween s i te r ank a nd r e touch p e rcen tage s i gn i f ican t a t t he 5% l e ve l . Wha t a bou t t he d i f fe rence s? S ome i sf r om b i a sed s u r f ace c olec t ion s l a rge ly c onduc ted n ea r t he c oa s t w he re t he re w a s ama rked t endency t op i ck u p l a rge r p iece s . T he m ean w e igh t p e r p iece a tt h i rd t o f i f th o rde r p l ace s r ange s f r om 3 . 74 g t o 6 . 35 g ,a bou t t w ice a s h i gh a s t he mean w e igh t f o r f i r s t a nd s e cond o rde r c en te r s . Wh i le s ome o f t he v a r ia t ion i sd ue t o p re jud ic ia l c olec t ion , i ti s p robab le t ha t a no the r e f fec t c ome s i n to p l ay c o r re la t ing h igh mean w e igh t w i th h i gh r e touched p e rcen tage a s mo s t r e touched t oo l s h ave g rea te r m a s s t h an t he a ve rage p r i sma t ic b l ade b ecau se p re sumab ly t hey h ad a d i f fe ren t f unc t ion . E dge -ma s s r a t io s f o r p r i sma t ic b l ade s o n ly ( t ype 1 ) , m ean w e igh t b y s i te , a nd s i te r ank a re s umma r ized i nT ab le 4 3 . E dge -ma s s r a t io s v a ry a t i n d iv idua l s i te s f r om o n ly 1 . 76 t o a s h igh a s 3 . 96 , b u t a S pea rman s R ank C o r re la t ion s how s ap e r fec t c o r re la t ion b y s i te r ank . C on t rary t o o u r e xpec ta t ion s , t he h ighe s t r anked c en te r s h ave t he h ighe s t c u t t ing e dge r a t io s . T h i s i s p robab ly d ue t o t wo f a c to r s . One , i st h a t c r a f t s pe c ial i s t s u nde r t he s pon so r sh ip o f e l i te s a re a s soc ia ted w i th t he h i ghe s t r anked c en te r s a nd a re c apab le o f e f f ic ien t ly p roduc ing mo re c u t t ing e dge p e r g ram o f r aw m a te r ia l t han n on spec ia l i s t s o f l owe r r anked c en te r s ( Shee t s 1 978b ) . T he s e cond , i st he h i ghe r mean w e igh t p e r b l ade f ound a tl owe r r anked c en te r s . A S pea rman s R ank C o r re la t ion o f mean w e igh t p e r b l ade i s n ega t ive ly c o r re la ted a nd s i gn i f ican t a t t he 5% l e ve l . Wh i le w e m igh t a rgue w i th t he v e ry c l o se v a lue s b e tween f i r s t a nd s e cond r anked c en te r s a nd b e tween t h i rd a nd f ou r th , t he re i s l i t t le q ue s t ion o f ac l ea r t r end . T he h i ghe r mean w e igh t f o r b l ade s w i th d ec rea s ing s e t t lemen t s i ze i ss uppo r ted b y C la rk ' s f i nd ing s i n C h iapa s a nd i sd i scu s sed l a te ri nt h i sc hap te r ( C la rk -pe r sona lc ommun i ca t ion ) . 7 . 3 .6 T e s tI mp l ica t ion N o .6 T he mean w e igh t p e r p i ece o f o b s id ian s hou ld b e l owe r a t h ighe r r anked p l ace s r ef lec t ing i t s r e la t ive a bundance p r ima r i ly i n t he f o rm o f h igh w a s tage r a te s . S hee t s b el ieve s , h oweve r , t ha t i n c rea s ing mean w e igh t p e r p i ece s hou ld b e p o s i t ive ly c o r re la ted w i th a n i n c rea se i n s e t t lemen t s i ze b ecau se o f i t s r e la t ive a bundance mak ing i tl e s s c o s t ly p e ru n i t ma s s ( Shee t sn . d . a nd p e r sona lc ommun ica t ion ) . 7 3 .6 .1 F ind ing sT e s tI mp l ica t ion N o .6 A c ompa r i son o f mean w e igh t o f a l a r t i f ac t s c o l lec ted b y s i te r ank i n T ab le 4 4 s how s aw e igh t i n c rea se w i th a c o r re spond ing d ec rea se i n s i ze . F i r s t -o rde r c en te r s , i n c lud ing Mon te A l to , h ave a mean w e igh t o f 2 . 58 g . E xc lud ing Mon te A l to , t h i s r educe s t o 1 . 82 g . S econd -o rde r c en te r s h ave 1 . 65 g ,t h i rd -o rde r 4 . 38 g ,f ou r th -o rde r 3 . 74 g ,a nd f i f th -o rde r6 . 35 g . 12

A S pea rman s R ank C o r re la t ion , b o th w i th a nd w i thou t Mon te A l to , i s n o t s i gn i f ican t a t t he 5% l e ve l b u t i sv e ry c l o se a nd w ou ld p robab ly b e s i g n i f ican t a t t he 1 0% l e ve l . T he se r e su l t s n o tw i th s tand ing , t he i mpo r tan t p o in t i st ha t t he re s eem s t ob e an ega t ive c o r re la t ion b e tween s i te r ank a nd mean w e igh t p e r o b s id ian a r t i f ac t , a tl e a s t i n t he s urveyed a rea . T h i s i s i n c on t rad ic t ion t o S hee t s f i nd ing s i n h i s mo re s y s tema t ica l ly s ur veyed a rea o f E l S a lvado r ( Shee t s n . d . ) . My f i nd ing s m ay b e mo re c ompel ing i fl a rge r , h i ghe r u n i t m a s s f r om e a r l ie r r educ t ion i s mo re t han c ompen sa ted f o r b y t he g rea te r f r equency o ff r agmen ta ry d eb i tage a l so a s soc ia ted w i th h ighe r r anked c en te r s . 7 3 .7 T e s tI mp l ica t ion N o .7 I t i s b el ieved t ha t d u r ing t he M idd le t o T e rm ina l F o rma t ive , mac roco re s w e re i mpo r ted b y c e r ta in p l ace s f o r f u r the r r educ t ion t ol a rge p o lyhed ra l c o re s i np repa ra t ion f o r p r i sma t ic b l ade p roduc t ion , o r t he e xpo r t o f p o lyhed ra l c o re s ( Shee t s 1 978 ; C la rk a nd L ee 1 979a ) . B y t he C la s s ic P e r iod , a nd r e f lec t ing c hang ing p rocu remen t a nd p roduc t ion s t ra teg ie s , a dd i t iona l c o re p repa ra t ion t ook p l ace u sualy a t q ua r r ie s o r o the rs pec ia l ized c en te r sp roduc ing l a rge p o lyhed ra lc o re s . D i f fe ren t ia l p roduc t d i s t r ibu t ion s a re a s soc ia ted w i th t he se p roce s se s . A t c en te r s w he re mac roco re s a re b e ing i mpo r ted f o r f u r the r p roce s s ing t he re s hou ld b e ah i ghe r p e rcen tage o f c o r tex -bea r ing m a te r ia l , m ac rob lade s , mac ro f lake s , a nd s mal p e rcu s s ion b l ade s . B a sed o n h i s w o rk a tC ha lchuapa , S hee t s s ugge s t s t ha t o ne c ou ld e xpec t a bou t a 4% c o r tex f r equency w hen e a rl ie r s t age s o f m anu f ac tu re w e re d one e l sewhe re . A l l L a te C la s s ic a nd P o s tc la s s i c c o r tex -bea r ing f r equenc ie s w e re l e s s t han 7% , w i th P rec la s s ic g ene ra l ly a bove 1 0% ( Shee t s 1 977 :121 , 1 978 ) . He f u r the r a rgue s t ha t w hen r aw o b s id ian i s p roce s sed , c o r tex p e rcen tage s c an b e a s h igh a s 1 5 -20% , r e la t ing d ec rea s ing c o r tex p e rcen tage o ve rt ime w i th s i te r ank ( Shee t sn . d . ) . I n te re s t ing e xpe r imen t sc onduc ted b y C la rk i nd ica te t ha t c o r tex -bea r ing f r equenc ie s c an b e a s h igh a s 5 0% w hen r aw o b s id ian i sp roce s sed d epend ing o n t he e nd p roduc t s d e s i red . C o r tex r a t io s v a ry d epend ing o n t e chn ique s , b u t i fm a te r ia l w e re r educed t o p roduce p r i sma t ic b l ade s , m ac roco re r educ t ion g ave c o r tex -bea r ing r a t io s o f a pp rox ima te ly 8 10% w i th p o lyhed ra l c o re r educ t ion d ec l in ing t o a bou t 2% ( C la rk n . d . a nd p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . S pence ( 1967 ) s ugge s t s t ha t ah igh p ropo r t ion o fi r regu la r b l ade s ( co re o r mac rob lade s ) i n d ica te s m ac roco re r educ t ion , p a r t icu la r ly i f ah i gh p ropo r t ion h ave h igh c o r tex f r equenc ie s . T h i s c ou ld a l so b e a n i nd ica to r o f i n c rea s ing s pec ia l iza t ion i nb l ade p roduc t ion . Iw ou ld t he re fo re e xpe c t h i ghe r r e la t ive p e rcen tage s o ft he se b y -p roduc t sa ts pec ia l ized h i gh r anked p l ace si nt he h i e ra rchy . 7 3 .7 .1 F ind ing sT e s tI mp l i ca t ion N o .7 An e xam ina t ion o f T ab le s 4 0 a nd 4 1 s how s t ha t c o r tex p e rcen tage s a re p redom ina te ly a s soc ia ted w i th p r ima ry , o r f i r s t -o rde r p l ace s a ccoun t ing f o r 9 8% o f a l c o r tex -bea r ing m a te r ia l c olec ted . Mak ing n o p rov i s ion a t t he momen t f o r i n t ra s i te v a r iab i l i ty , a nd c ompa r ing b o th s u r f ace a nd e xcava ted p e rcen tage s , a sw el a s f r equency a nd w e igh t d en s i t ie s , L o s C e r r i to s h a s a s i gn i f ican t ly h ighe r p e rcen tage o f c o r tex -bea r ing m a te r ia l o f t he m agn i tude s ugge s t ing c o re p repa ra t ion . T he se f i gu re s s uppo r t t he t heo ry t ha t much o f t he o b s id ian ma te r ia l p rocu red b y t he L o s C e r r i to s e l i te w a s b rough t i n to t h e s i te i n t he f o rm o f mac roco re s ( c o re p re fo rm s ) , a s t he o ve ral p e rcen tage o f c o r tex -bea r ing ma te r ia l f r om s u r f ace c olec t ion s w a s 1 0 .7% , a nd f r om e xcava ted u n i t s 8 . 7% , g i v ing a n o ve ral s i te t o ta l o f 9 . 2% . S t rong e v idence e x i s t s f o rl o ca l ized c r a f ts pec ia l iza t ion w i th in t he s i te ,c ove r ing t he se a nd o the ra c t iv i t ie s . Mon te A l to , i n s p i te o f v e ry l ow o b s id ian f r equency d en s i ty a nd w e igh t d en s i ty mea su re s , n eve r the le s s s how s ar e la t ive ly h i gh e xcava ted c o r tex p e rcen tage o f 6 . 8% , s ugge s t ing t ha t s ome o b s id ian w a s b e ing b rough t i n a s m ac roco re s , b u t t he m a jo r i ty p robab ly a s l a rge p o lyhed ra l c o re s . Ano the r a nd mo re l i ke ly i n te rp re ta t ion i st h a t s i nce c or tex -bea r ing m a te r ia l i sn o rma l ly a s soc ia ted w i th l a rge r f r agmen t s , t he h i ghe r mean w e igh t p e r p iece c olec ted a t Mon te A l to mean s ah ighe r c o r tex p e rcen tage t han e xpec ted . F o r e xamp le , t h e mean w e igh t p e r c o r tex -bea r ing a r t i f ac t a t L o s C e r r i to s i s 13

4 . 49 g , o r 1 . 9 t ime s t he mean w e igh t f o r a l o b s id ian c olec ted . A t Mon te A l to , t he mean w e igh t o f c o r tex m a te r ia l i s ah i gh 7 . 29 g s t i l l a bou t 1 . 9 t ime s t he mean w e igh t f o r a l l o b s id ian c olec ted . T he se f i gu re s c l ea r ly s uppo r t t he l i ke l ihood t ha t i f Mon te A l to w e re e xcava ted w i th s im i la r o b jec t ive s t o t ho se o f S ta rk o r my se l f , mean w e igh t v a lue s w ou ld b e c on s ide rab ly r educed . T he f a c t t h a t Mon te A l to i so n ly 1 0 km w e s t o f L o s C e r r i to s m ay a l so a c coun t f o r i t s s omewha t h i ghe r o ve ral c o r tex p e rcen tage c ompa red w i th E l B a l samo , 8 . 9 km f u r the r w e s t . T h i s s ugge s t s t ha t Mon te A l to w a s p o s s ib ly p rocu r ing o b s id ian t h rough L o s C e r r i to s i n ap re fo rmed s t a te , l a rge ly a s p o lyhed ra l c o re s w i th a dd i t iona l m ac roco re s b e ing b rough t i n f r om L o s C e r r i to s , o r d i rec tf r om s ou rce s . W i thou tt he b ene f i to fs ou rce a na ly s i s , Ic anno ts ay . E l B a l samo h a s o n ly 4 . 1% c o r tex -bea r ing m a te r ia l s ugge s t ing t ha t v i r tua l ly a l o b s id ian w a s p rocu red a s l a rge p o lyhed ra l c o re s . S ome e v idence h a s b een p re sen ted i nd ica t ing v a r ia t ion i n o b s id ian d en s i t ie s o ve r t ime , h oweve r , r e la t ive r e la t ion sh ip s among b y -p roduc t c l a s se s r ema in s a bou t t he s ame , s uppo r t ing t he p robab le i mpo r ta t ion o f p re -p roce s sed c o re s . A s mo s t c o re s w e re p re fo rm s , S t a rk c o r re la te s o b s id ian p roce s s ing w i th t he h igh s t a tu s i mpo r tance o f c en t ra l c on t ro l a s t he c en t ra l d i s t r ic t o f E l B a l samo s how s t he i n ten s i f ica t ion o f i mpo r ta t ion ( S ta rk e t a l . 1 980 a nd p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . A s ou rce a na ly s i s o f 4 0 a r t i f ac t s e x cava ted f r om t wo l o ca t ion s d u r ing t he UCLA 1 977 f i e ld s ea son i nd ica ted t ha t 6 2% w e re f r om t he S an Ma r t in J i lo tepeque a rea a nd 3 8% f r om E l C haya l , w i th s ome p re l im ina ry e v idence t ha t t he E l C haya l s ource t ended t ob ef a vo red o ve rt ime . T he s amp le ,h oweve r , i sv e ry s mal ( S id ry s 1 979 ) . C r i s toba l h a s 5 . 6% c o r tex f r om a l s ou rce s , a bou t t he s ame a s E l B a l samo w i th , h oweve r , a n e xcava ted p e rcen tage o f 9 . 0% . T h i s i sp o s s ib ly d ue t o t he v e ry l i m i ted e xcava t ion s c onduc ted , o r t he f a c t t h a t t wo e xcava ted u n i t s w e re i n to E a r ly M idd le t h rough L a te F o rma t ive mound s a s soc ia ted w i th e l i te a r ch i tec tu re a t t he s i te c en te r c on ta in ing t he e a rl ie s t c omponen t s . T he se t wo u n i t s c on ta ined 1 3 .6% a nd 9 . 4% c o r tex -bea r ing ma te r ia l a nd m ay b e e v idence o f e l i te s c on t ro l l ing t he i mpo r ta t ion o f mac roco re sa sa tL o sC e r r i to s , o rp o s s ib ly s amp l ing e r ro r . O f t he f ou r r ema in ing p r ima ry r eg iona l p l ace s l o ca ted b y o u r s urvey s , t h ree w e re s u r f ace c olec ted . T he se s i te s a re n umbe r s 4 31901 , 4 50203 a nd 5 89701 . Two a re n ear t he P ac i f ic C oa s t a nd o ne 1 7 .0 km i n land . T he t o ta l c o r tex p e rcen tage f r om t h e t h ree c olec ted s i te s i so n ly 3 . 2% , s u re ly a r e f lec t ion o f c o s t f a c to r s , a s t he se s i te s a re s ome d i s tance s ou th o f t he m a jo r s ou rce s a nd c on t ro l o f r aw ma te r ia l a nd mac roco re s a tt he i n terven ing a nd b e t te r l o ca ted p r ima ry c en te r s o fL o s C e r r i to s , Mon te A l to , E l B a l samo a nd C r i s toba l . T he o n ly s e cond -o rde r p l ace e xcava ted w a s L a Mo rena . C o r tex p e rcen tage i so n ly 3 . 4% f r om b o th s u r f ace c ole c t ion s a nd e xcava t ion s , a n i nd ica t ion t ha t h ighe r o rde r p l ace s i n t he h i e ra rch ica l n e two rk c on t roled t h i s c ommod i ty . L a Mo rena , u nde r t he p robab le d oma in o f C r i s toba l , h a s 4 8% o f t he c o r tex -bea r ing ma te r ia l r eg i s te red a t C r i s toba l . One o f t he t h ree r ema in ing s e cond -o rde r p l ace s w a s s u r face c olec ted w i th n o c o r tex r e co rded . S u r f ace c olec t ion s o f t he 1 r ema in ing t h i rd t h rough f i f th o rde r s i te sc omb ined t og i ve t o ta lc o r tex p e rcen tage o fo n ly 1 . 6% b a sed o nt he 1 25 a r t i f ac t s . A f u r the r i nd ica t ion o f r eg iona l c en te r c on t ro l o f m ac roco re i mpor ta t ion a nd r educ t ion s t ra teg ie s i s t he f r equency o f b o th l a rge i r regu la r b l ade s a nd b l ade s w i th c o r tex ( Type s 4a nd 5 ) . F i r s t -o rde r p l ace s h ave 9 6 .3% o f a l i r regu la r b l ade s c olec ted . L o s C e r r i to s h a s 5 4 .9% o f t he t o ta l r e co rded a nd 5 7 .0% o f a l i r regu la r b l ade s c olec ted a t f i r s t -o rde r p l ace s . L o s C e r r i to s a l so h a s 4 8 .7% o f t he i r regu la r b l ade s r eco rded a t b o th f i r s t a nd s econd r anked p l ace s . T he se b l ade s h ave a mean w e igh t o f 3 . 64 g c ompa red t o a mean w e igh t o f p r i sma t ic b l ade s o f 1 . 50 g ,o r 2 . 4 t ime s a s much . T h i s a l so s uppo r t s t he h ypo the s i s t ha t h i gh r anked c en te r s , p a r t icu la r ly L o s C e r r i to s , n o t o n ly i mpo r ted m ac roco re s b u t w e re e ngaged i n t h e i r r educ t ion t o p o lyhed ra l c o re s a nd/o r p r i sma t i c b l ade s . Ano the r c on s ide ra t ion i st he p e rcen tage o f c o r tex -bea r ing d eb i tage a s soc ia ted w i th c o re p repa ra t ion a nd r e juvena t ion . T he se w a s te ma te r ia l s a re c hunk l ike f l ake s ( t ype 9 ) a nd i r regu la r c hunk s ( t ype 1 6 ) . A t L o s C e rr i to s , t he i r c omb ined p e rcen tage sa re 5 . 0% ,f a re xceed ing t h a ta ta ny o the rc en te r . 14

7 3 .8 T e s tI mp l ica t ion N o .8 I nc rea s ing c r a f t s pec ia l iza t ion a t s i te s o r l o ca t ion s w i th in s i te s s hou ld c o r re la te w i th i n c rea s ing s y s tem o r s ub sy s tem i n teg ra t ion . T he se a c t iv i t ie s c ou ld t ake p l ace a t s pec ia l ized d e l im i ted l o cal i t ie s . E xpec ted s pa t ia l d i s t r ibu t iona l f r equenc ie s o f t he se e conom ic a c t iv i t ie s w i th t he s oc iopol i t ica l s phe re s ugge s t s t ha t p r i sma t ic b l ade manu f ac tu r ing l o ca t ion s s hou ld h ave a h i gh p e rcen tage o f e xhau s ted c o re s w i th a c or re spond ing h i gh p e rcen tage o f c o re p repa ra t ion d eb i tage . Whe re b l ade s w e re u sed b u t n o t p roduced , t he re s hou ld b e ah i gh p e rcen tage o f b l ade s a nd al ow p e rcen tage o f c o re s a nd c o re d eb i tage . O ne c ou ld t he re fo re s epa ra te b l ade c on sump t ion f r om b l ade p repa ra t ion a nd s pec ia l iza t ion a nd c en t ra l iza t ion o f t he se a c t iv i t ie s s hou ld b e r e f lec ted b yt he d i s t r ibu t ion o fs uch a s semb lage t y pe s ( Hay 1 978 ) . B lade d en s i t ie s i n e xce s s o f 3 6 b l ade s/m 3 o f e x cava ted m a te r ia l h ave b een a s soc ia ted w i th h igh ranked h ou seho ld s , c r a f t l o c i , p r ima ry d i s t r ibu to ry n ode s , f a c to r ie s , o r b l ade p roduc ing s t a t ion s (M iche l s 1 979 :169 ) . C la rk a rgue s , h oweve r , t ha t h igh b l ade d en s i t ie s i n t hem se lve s a re p robab ly g ood e v idence t h a t i tw a s n o t ap roduc t ion l o cu s s ugge s t ing t ha t y ou c anno t e xpe c t t o i d en t i f y a n e xpo r t w o rk shop o n t he b a s i s o f t he p roduc t s i t s uppo sed ly e xpo r ted ( C la rk -pe r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . He b el ieve s t ha t manu f ac tu r ing w o rk shop sw ou ld c on ta in among o the r t h ing s , h ighe r r e la t ive q uan t i t ie s o f w a s te t han o the r p l ace s o n t he s i te ; t h a t w a s te p roduc t s w ou ld t end t o b e s t anda rd ized ; e v idence s hou ld e x i s t f o r p roduc t ion t oo l s a s h amme r s a nd h amme r s tone s ; t he w a s te w ou ld n o t s how s i gn s o f u se i . e . al ow p e rcen tage o f u t i l ized ma te r ia l ; t he re s hou ld b e ah i gh p e rcen tage o f e r ro r s ( wa s te r s ) ; t he re c an b e ah i gh p e rcen tage o f c o re s ; t he p e rcen tage o f d ome s t i c r e fu se s hou ld b e l ow ; a nd t he re s hou ld b e ac omp lemen ta ry r e la t ion sh ip b e tween w o rk shop p roduc t s a nd a r t i f ac t s o f t he p l ace s u s ing t hem ( C la rk 1 981a a nd p e r sona lc ommun ica t ion ) . He f u r the r s ugge s t s t ha t amanu f ac tu r ing w o rk shop e ngaged i n t oo l p roduc t ion s hou ld h ave many s im i la r c ha rac te r i s t ic s b u t a l so c on ta in a h igh p e rcen tage o f u t i l ized p roduc t ; t he re c ou ld b e ah ighe r p e rcen tage o f t oo l s p roduced b u t h e b e l ieve s t ha t mo s t t oo l p roduc t ion c en te r s a re r ea l ly t oo l u se r s ; t he t oo l s s hou ld s how mo re i n ten s ive u se t han o rd ina ry d ome s t ic m a te r ia l ; a nd t he t oo l s t hem se lve sc ou ld b eu n ique t ot he w o rk shop a rea . V a r iou s m e thod s p e rm i t t he a na ly s i s o f c en t ra l p l ace s pec ia l iza t ion . One w ay a c co rd ing t o H agge t t ( 1 965 :132 -135 ) i s t o b reak t he f unc t ion o f ac en te r i n to t wo d i s t inc t c omponen t s . O ne , i st he p a r t s e r v ing t he l o ca l p opu la t ion w h ich c an b e v i ewed a s c i ty s er v ing , s e l f p roduc t ion , a nd a s e conda ry o r n on -ba s ic e l emen t . T he s econd c omponen t , i s t he p a r t s e r v ing e x te rna l p opu la t ion s a nd i s v i ewed a s c i ty f o rm ing , e xchange -p roduc t ion , ap r imary o r b a s ic e l emen t . Ano the r w ay i s t o q uan t i ta t ive ly mea su re a l o ca l a ga in s t an a t iona l c ha rac te r i s t ic . S t i l l a no the r i st o c ompu te a n I ndex o f S pec ia l iza t ion d e f ined a s t he i n dex o f s pec ia l iza t ion o f t he i t h c i ty i n i ndu s t ry N . T he i ndex i s af unc t ion o f t he d i f f e rence b e tween t he p e rcen tage o f t ha t i n du s t ry i n t he w o rk fo rce o f t he i t h c i ty a nd t he p e rcen tage o f t ha t i ndu s t ry i n t he n a t ion a s a w ho le d i v ided b y t he p e rcen tage o f t ha t i n du s t ry i n t he n a t ion a s aw ho le . S uch i nd ice s o f s pec ia l iza t ion c ou ld b e c ompu ted f o r s en s i t ive v a r iab le s s uch a s o n c o r tex b ea r ing ma te r ia l , mac rob lade s ( i r regu la r b l ade s ) , o r i r regu la r c hunk s o r c hunk l ike f l ake s a s sum ing t he se a re a s soc ia ted w i th p e rcu s s ion r e juvena t ion t o p roduce l a rge p o lyhed ra l c o re s . 7 3 .8 .1 F ind ing sT e s tI mp l ica t ion N o .8 T he d e ta i led s t udy o f i n t ra s i te v a r iab i l i ty w i th in t he s t udy r eg ion i st he s ub je c t o f as epa ra te s t udy a nd o n ly v e ry p rel im ina ry o b se rva t ion s a re d ocumen ted i nt h i s w o rk . S t rong e v idence e x i s t s a t L o s C e r r i to s f o r i n t ra s i te s pec ia l iza t ion i n mac roco re r educ t ion a s w el a s o the r a c t iv i t ie s . A s a t E l B a l samo , t he re a re i nd ica t ion s t ha t l o ca t ion s n ea r t he s i te c en te r a nd d a t ing t o t he M idd le F o rma t ive h ave s i gn i f ican t ly h i ghe r p e rcen tage s o fc o r tex -bea r ing m a te r ia l t h an s male r mound c on s t ruc t ion s n ea r t he p e r iphe ry , s ugge s t ing e l i te c on t ro lo ve ro b s id ian p rocu remen ta nd p roce s s ing . O ve ral , L o s C e r r i to s h a s ab l ade p e rcen tage o f5 7 .1 % i n c lud ing s u r f ace c olec t ion s i n c rea s ing s l igh t ly t o 5 7 .9% f o r o n ly e xcava ted m a te r ia l . B lade d en s i t ie s f r om a l 15

e xcava t ion s w e re 2 9 .5 b l ade s/m 3 i n c lud ing b l ade s , i r regu la r b l ade s , a nd b l ade f r agmen t s , ah i gh f i gu re . T he se d en s i t ie s w e re c on s ide rab ly h i ghe r a t t wo e xcava ted l o ca t ion s . One , al a rge mound n ea r t he s i te c en te r , h ad a b l ade d en s i ty o f 5 .5 b l ade s/m 3. T he o the r , al ow mound a tt he n o r the rn s i te p e r iphe ry , h ad 4 5 .0 b l ade s/m 3. C lea r ly , b l ade s a re b e ing u sed i nl a rge n umbe r s . A t b o th l o ca t ion s , c o r tex -bea r ing p e rcen tage , i r regu la r b l ade p e rcen tage , a nd t he p e rcen tage o f d eb i tage a s soc ia ted w i th c o re p repa ra t ion a c t iv i t ie s w e re r e la t ive ly l ow , s ugge s t ing c on sump t ion v e r su s t he p roduc t ion o f p r i sma t ic b l ade s . A t t wo o the r l o ca t ion s , b l ade d en s i t ie s w e re 2 5 .0 a nd 2 6 .0 b l ade s/m 3. A s soc ia ted w i th t he se f i gu re s a re h i gh c o r tex , i r regu la r b l ade , a nd c o re p repa ra t ion p e rcen tage s n o rma l ly a s soc ia ted w i th m ac roco re p roce s s ing a nd b l ade o r o the r t oo l manu f ac tur ing . Two s u r f ace c olec t ion s , L o t s BB12 a nd BB13 , h ave 4 0% o f t he t o ta l r e touched m a te r ia l c olec ted . T he se c olec t ion s a wa i t d e ta i led c ompa r i son i n c lud ing d i f fe ren t ia lu se s t ud ie s . An i n t r igu ing p o s s ib i l i ty w hen c on s ide r ing t he f a c to r s o f L o s C e r r i to s h i gh ly f a vo red l o ca t ion , s i ze , c h rono logy , h i gh d en s i ty o f o b s id ian , c o r tex a nd b l ade s , i st h a t i t may h ave s upp l ied b l ade s a nd/o r p repa red p o lyhed ra l c o re s d u r ing t he F o rma t ive t oS an L o renzo , L a V en ta a nd p o s s ib ly o the r O lmec " hea r t land "c en t ra lp l ace s a s L aguna d eL o s C e r ro s . I th a sb een r epo r ted t h a t 2 1 .7% o fo b s id ian e xcava ted f r om E a r ly F o rma t ive S an L o renzo a nd 3 1 .6% i n t he M idd le F o rma t ive i s f r om E l C haya l ( P i re s -Fe r re i ra 1 976 :292 -306 ) . A t' La V en ta , p re l im ina ry i nd ica t ion s w e re t ha t a pp rox ima te ly 2 7 .5% o f s u r f ace c olec ted o b s id ian a nd 4 2 .1 % o f e xcava ted o b s id ian p robab ly d e r ived f r om S an Ma r t in J i lo tepeque ( He s te r , J ack a nd He ize r 1 971 :65 -132 ;He s te r , He ize r a nd J ack 1 971 :133 -141 ) . S uppo r t ing t h i s h ypo the s i s w a s t he d i scove ry i n o u r 1 979 f i e ld s ea son a t L o s C e r r i to s o f Monumen t 2 , as t one s c u lp tu re w i th ap o s s ib le O lmec o r O lme co id m a sk c ar ved i nl ow r e l ie f a nd t he e x i s tence o f ap o s s ib le O lmec r ock p a in t ing n ea r Ama t i t lan o n t he p r inc ipa l c ommun ica t ion r ou te i n to t he c en t ra l h i gh land s a nd t he p r ime E l C haya l o b s id ian s ou rce s . O the r s a rgue , h oweve r , t ha t o b s id ian f o r L a V en ta p a s sed i n s tead t h rough t he C en t ra l Dep re s s ion o fC h iapa s r a the r t han u p t he P ac i f ic C oa s t a nd t h rough t he I s thmu s o fT ehuan tepec ( C la rk a nd L ee 1 979b ) . Ip rev iou s ly men t ioned t he p ropo sed c oa s ta l e xchange n e two rk c on t rol ing t he movemen t o f E l C haya l o b s id ian a l o f w h ich h ad t op a s st h rough L o sC e r r i to s . S ome e v idence e x i s t s a t Mon te A l to f o r l o ca l ized s pec ia l iza t ion a l ong t he l i ne s o f L o s C e r r i to s . A b r ie f a na ly s i s o f a l 8 3 e xcava ted l o t s , p a r t icu la r ly t ho se c on ta in ing o ve r 1 00 s pec imen s e ach , r e vea led t h ree mound s w i th c o r tex -bea r ing p e rcen tage s o f a pp rox ima te ly 1 0% , w i th o ne l o ca ted i nt he M idd le F o rma t ive p a r t o ft he s i te . Howeve r , a na ly s i s i so n ly i n t he p re l im ina ry s t age . A l l o b s id ian d en s i ty mea su re s a t t h i s r eg iona l c en te r a re t oo l ow t o m ake mean ing fu l i n fe ren t ia l s t a temen t s . B lade p e rcen tage s a re a bou t 6 6% a nd w hen c omb ined w i th r e la t ive ly h i gh k napp ing b y -p roduc t s s ugge s t b l ade p roduc t ion a nd u se . I n t ra s i te v a r iab i l i ty e x i s t s w h ich i sn o t s u rp r i s ing , b u t p end ing b o th p ub l ica t ion o f r e sea rch r e su l t s b y t he i n ve s t iga to r s a nd f u r the r a na ly s i s b y my se l f , i t i s d i f f icu l t t o make s t a temen t s p e r ta in ing t o t he e x ten t o f b l ade p roduc t ion o r c on sump t ion w i th in t he r eg ion c on t roled b y Mon te A l to , o re xpo r tt oo the rp ol i t ie s . Wh i le n o t i n c luded i n t he F o rma t ive m a te r ia l a na lyzed h e re o ne o f t he h ighe s t b l ade p e rcen tage s w a s p roduced i ne x ten s ive e x cava t ion s a tP y ram id 6 ( Lo t M -8 ) w he re a pp rox ima te ly 8 32 m3 w e re e xcava ted . L o tM -8 p roduced 8 3 .8% b l ade s , 6 . 5% f l ake s ,4 . 7% i r regu la r c hunk s a nd c hunk l ike f l ake s , a nd o n ly 3 . 3% c o r tex . P y ram id 6 i sl o ca ted a t t he n o r thea s t c o rne r o f Mon te A l to a way f r om t he o r ig ina l M idd le t o L a te F o rma t ive p o r t ion a nd d a ted t o t he T e rm ina l F o rma t ive -Ea r ly C la s s i c P e r iod o n t he b a s i s o f 1 4 r ad ioca rbon d a te s . Twe lve d a te s r anged f r om AD 2 40 t o AD 3 00 w i th t wo i nt he L a te M idd le F o rma t ive ( Shook -pe r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . I ft h e se d a te s h ave a ny v a l id i ty i n t e rm s o f r ea l b l ade d en s i t ie s , i ts ugge s t s c hang ing b l ade p roduc t ion s t ra teg ie s a tt he e nd o ft he F o rma t ive P e r iod c o r re la t ing w i th s h i f t si ns oc iopo l i t ica la nd e conom ic s t ra teg ie s . E l B a l samo p re sen t s as l igh t ly d i f fe ren t p i c tu re b a sed o n l im i ted r e s iden t ia l e xcava t ion s . E v idence e x i s t s f o r c en t ra l ized b l ade m anu f ac tu r ing a nd c on sump t ion a s s ome p roven ience s c on ta in ar e la t ive ly h i gh d en s i ty e xceed ing 3 0 b l ade s/m 3.P re l im inary r e su l t s s ugge s t t ha t n o r ad ica l c hange s i n p rocu remen t a nd manu f ac ture o ccu r i n t he 16

a rea i n ve s t iga ted , b u t i n c rea s ing d en s i t ie s o f o b s id ian s ugge s t i n ten s i f ica t ion i n p roduc t ion a nd u se , p re sumab ly a s E l B a l sam° i n c rea se s i n s i ze a nd p owe r d u r ing t he F o rma t ive ( S ta rk e ta l .1980 ) . E xcava ted m a te r ia l f r om C r i s toba l s howed r e la t ive ly l ow b l ade d en s i t ie s w i th o n ly 8 . 4 b l ade s/m 3 a nd a f r equen cy p e rcen t ee o f 5 6 .4% . Two e l i te s t ruc tu re s a t t he s i te c en te r c on ta in 1 4 .0 a nd 1 7 .2 b l ade s/m -5,t w ice a s h i gh a s t he s i te a ve rage b u t s t il r e la t ive ly l ow . I n t he L a te C la s s ic , C r i s toba l i n c rea se s i n s i ze f r om 5 0 .0 h a t o o ve r 1 75 h a a nd i na t temp t ing t o d e l inea te t he s u r f ace d imen s ion s o ft he s i te o ccup ied i nv a r iou s t ime p e r iod s , 2 5 s epa ra te s u r f ace c olec t ion s w e re made . We a na ly zed t he se t o d e te rm ine i f a ny s i gn i f ican t d i f f e rence s b e tween t he F o rma t ive a nd L a te C la s s ic c omponen t c ou ld b e n o ted . B lade p e rcen tage s a re v e ry c l o se f o r b o th t ime p e r iod s a nd i n c on s ide r ing o the r w a s te p roduc t c a tego r ie s s ugge s t s t ha t C r i s toba l p roduced b l ade s f o r i t s o wn c on sump t ion a nd p o s s ib le d i s t r ibu t ion t o s a te l l i te c en te r s u s ing b o th i mpo r ted mac roco re s a nd l a rge p o lyhed ra l c o re s . C r i s toba l h a s ah i gh r e touched p e rcen tage i nd ica t ing t he e x i s tence o f s pec ia l ized w o rk shop s w he re s pec i f ic t oo l s w e re p roduced a nd u sed . T he se t oo l s a wa i t f u r the r a na ly s i s . I ts hou ld b e n o ted t h a t o n ly t wo g reen o b s id ian b l ade s w e re f ound i n t he e n t i re c olec t ion o f o ve r 1 0 ,000 a r t i f ac t s r ep re sen t ing 6 2 s i te s . B o th w e re f ound o n t he s u r f ace a tC r i s toba l . T h ree o f t he f ou r r ema in ing p r ima ry r eg iona l c en te r s w e re s u r f ace c olec ted f o r a c omb ined t o ta l b l ade p e rcen tage o f 8 0 .9% a nd l a ck ing a h igh p e rcen tage o f k napp ing b y -p roduc t s . A s c olec t ion s w e re b i a sed a nd/o r l im i ted , t he n umbe r i n a nd o f i t se l f i s n o t p a r t icu la r ly m ean ing fu l e x cep t t o e mpha s ize t ha t t he se s i te s a re f u r the r r emoved f r om o b s id ian s ou rce s . Ma te r ia l p roce s sed b y t hem w a s p robab ly c on t roled b y n ode s i n t he i n te r reg iona l e xchange s y s tem s f u r the r u p t he a l t i tud ina l g rad ien t r e su l t ing i nl owe r t han e xpec ted o b s id ian d en s i t ie s f r om p r ima ry r eg iona l c en te r s . R e touch f r equenc ie s a t S i te N o . 5 89701 a re r e la t i ve ly h igh a t 3 9 .1 % a nd may s ugge s t ar e la ted p roduc t ion w o rk shop/ too lu se s pec ia l iza t ion , h oweve r , t he se h ave n o tb een a na lyzed . T he e xcava ted s econd -o rde r c en te r , L a Mo rena , h ad o n ly 4 . 4 b l ade s/m 3 f r om a l e x cava t ion s . S u r f ace o b s id ian w a s s pa r se i n s p i te o f r epea ted v i s i t s t o t he s i te o ve r a l e ng thy p e r iod . T he h ighe s t d en s i ty o f 5 . 6 b l ade s/m 3 i sf r om a l ow 2 . 5 me te r mound j u s t e a s t o f t he c en t ra l m a jo r 1 0 me te r h igh p y ram ida l s t ruc tu re . T h i s l ow mound a ppa ren t ly w a s t he l o ca t ion o f a n a l ta r c omp lex i n t he M idd le F o rma t ive t hen b u r ied ( c ove red ) a t s ome l a te r t ime a nd t opped w i th a 3 0 w ho le v e s se l c ache i n t he L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive . T he f r equency d en s i ty f r om t h i s mound w a s 1 2 .0/m 3,o r t wo t o t h ree t ime s h i ghe r t han o the r s t ruc tu re s o r p l aza f i l l a t t he s i te . B lade d en s i t ie s a t L a Mo rena a re l ow r e la t i ve t o p r ima ry c en te r s . T o i l u s t ra te , at e s t u n i t w a s e xcava ted t o s t e r i le s o i l i n to t he c en t ra l p l aza a d jacen t t o t he ma jo r s t ruc tu re w i th o n ly 2 . 8 b l ade s/m 3 p roduced . B lade p e rcen tage s o f t h e o the r s e cond -o rde r p l ace s i s7 5 .0% a nd r ange b e tween 7 2 .7% a nd 9 2 .9% a t t he t h i rd t h rough f i f th -o rde r p l ace s w i th n o e v idence o f s pec ia l p roduc t ion l o ca l i t ie s . Mo s t o f t he se s i te s a re n ea r t he c oa s t a nd p end ing mo re s y s tema t ic c ole c t ion t e chn ique s a nd/o r p robaba l i s t ic e xcava t ion s o ne w ou ld e xpec t t o f i nd l ow o b s id ian d en s i t ie s . Iw ou ld n o t e xpec t e v idence f o r t he s pec ia l ized p roduc t ion o fb l ade s , b u t r a the r e v iden ce f o r ac omb ina t ion o fb l ade i mpo r ta t ion a nd l o ca l ized b l ade p roduc t ion f o r l o ca l u se . T he se s i te s h ave l ow p e rcen tage s o f c o re d eb i tage t end ing t o s uppo r t t h i s i n te rp re ta t ion . An i mpo r tan t p o in t h oweve r i st ha t l ow ranked c en te r s m ay e xh ib i t e conom ic s pec ia l iza t ion a s r ef lec ted i n t oo l u se p a r t icu la r ly i n s y s tem s w i th g rea te r i n teg ra t ion . One s i te , 4 79501 o c cup ied d u r ing t he L a te -Te rm ina l F o rma t ive a nd o n ly 5 . 8 km f r om t he c oa s t , h ad a f a i r ly d en se s u r f ace s c a t te r o f o b s id ian , 8 0% b l ade s , a nd c ou ld h ave s e rved a s ac en te rf o rs pec ia l i zed t a sk s . T he u se o f a n i ndex o f s pec ia l iza t ion c an g ene ra te s ome i n te re s t ing i d ea s . A s a n e xamp le , i f t he p e rcen tage o f c o r tex -bea r ing ma te r ia l i s u sed a s a s pec ia l iza t ion mea su re , L o s C e r r i to s h a s a n i ndex o f s pec ia l iza t ion o f 0 . 42 o r 9t ime s g rea te r t han t he n ex t c l o se s t c en te r w h ich i s Mon te A l to . A l l o the r s a re n ega t ive . S tud ie s o f mode rn c i t ie s h ave s ugge s ted t h e e x i s tence o f as t rong r e la t ion sh ip b e tween c i ty s i ze a nd s pec ia l iza t ion . I n t he c a se o f L o s C e r r i to s , c ou ld n o t t he g ene ra t ion o f e conom ic 17

s u rp lu s b e r e f lec ted n o t o n ly i n t he u sua l c on sp i cuou s c on sump t ion a nd e l i te s t a tu s d i sp lay , b u t a l so b y v i r tue o f i n ve s t ing i n mo re f i e ld monumen t s? T he c on s t ruc t ion m a s s o fL o s C e r r i to s i nt he T e rm ina l F o rma t ive i s2 03 ,000 m3,o r a bou t 3 6 % mo re t h an e i the r t he n ex t t wo l a rge s t -E l B a l samo i nt he s ame e nv i ronmen ta l z one a nd L a S e lva ( S i te N o . 4 58501 ) o n ly 1km f r om t he P ac i f ic C oa s t . 7 . 3 .9 T e s tI mp l ica t ion N o .9 Ano the r p o ten t ialy u se fu l e xpec ta t ion i st he r e la t ive n umbe r o fr i dge s o n p r i sma t i c b l ade s . C la rk s ugge s t s t ha t l a rge r t r iangu la r b l ade s ( one r i dge ) a re r emoved e a r ly i n t he r educ t ion p roce s s o f b l ade manu f ac tu re a nd t r apezo ida l ( two r i dge s ) a re r emoved l a te r , t heo r iz ing t ha t t he f i r s t b l ade s t ended t o r ema in a t t he m anu fac tu r ing l o cu s w i th t he s male r b e ing s h ipped o u t . I th a s b een p o in ted o u t , h oweve r , t ha t a s c o re s b ecome s ma l le r d u r ing t he r educ t ion p roce s s i ti sn ece s sa ry t o r educe t he n umbe r o f r i dge s t o m a in ta in r ea sonab le w id th s ( Hay 1 978 :190 ) . H ay a l so p o in t s o u t t ha t u nb roken b l ade l e ng th c an b e c ompu ted b y d i v id ing t he t o ta l l e ng th o f a l b l ade f r agmen t s b y t h e n umbe r w h ich h ave p l a t fo rm s o r b u lb s o f p e rcu s s ion . Ana ly s i s o f v a r iance o n o r ig ina l p roduced b l ade l e ng th s a nd b l ade w id th s b e tween a nd w i th in s i te s c an s uppo r t s pec ia l ized s pec i f ic p roduc t ion l o c io rt e chn ique s . 7 . 3 .9 .1 F ind ing sT e s tI mp l ica t ion N o .9 P re l im ina ry a na ly s i s o f t he n umbe r o f r i dge s o n p r i sma t ic b l ade s a t a l s i te s t o d e te rm ine i ft r iangu la r b l ade s a re p re sen t i n s i gn i f ican t ly h ighe r q uan t i t ie s a tp ropo sed b l ade p roduc ing s i te s i si n conc lu s ive . An a na ly s i s o fc ompu ted b l ade l e ng th b y s i te a nd a ti n t ra s i te l o ca t ion s t o s ee i fl onge r b l ade s a re a s soc ia ted w i th p roduc t ion l o c i r ema in s t o b e d one . Ano the r t e s t o f mean b l ade w id th s t o d e te rm ine i fw ide r b l ade s a re a s soc ia ted w i th l owe r r anked c en te r s u nde r t he a s sump t ion t h a t t he se a re t he b l ade t y pe s t r aded a l so r ema in s t ob e a ccomp l i shed . C la rk h a s e v idence f o r t r ade i nb l ade s a t s i te s i n C h iapa s , Mex ico . T he se b l ade s a re c on s i s ten t ly w ide r ( C la rk -pe r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . 7 . 3 .10 T e s tI mpl i ca t ion N o . 1 0 Ih ave r e cen t ly t heo r ized t h a t s i te s e ngaged i nm ac roco re r educ t ion c ou ld a l so b e a s soc ia ted w i th l a rge s c rappe r a nd p o s s ib ly b i f ace p roduc t ion f o r l o ca l u se o r e xpo r t i n a dd i t ion p o s s ib ly t o l a rge u t i l ized ( r e touched ) f l ake s . T h i s n o t ion i sb a sed o n t he i d ea t ha t w h i le a nyone w ho h a s ap o lyhed ra l c o re c an p roduce p r i sma t ic b l ade s , o n ly t ho se h av ing a c ce s s t o mac roco re s ( o r m ac rob lade s a nd f l ake s ) c an p roduce t h i s m ac ro too l c l a s si ns i gn i f ican t ly h ighe rp e rcen tage s . 7 . 3 .10 .1 F ind ing sT e s tI mp l i ca t ion N o . 1 0 A t L o s C e r r i to s w he re Iw ou ld h ave e xpec ted a h igh l a rge s c rappe r a nd b i f ace p e rcen tage a nd o the r t oo l s d e r ived f r om m ac rof lake s , t he o ve ra l l r e touch p e rcen tage c a tego ry i s 1 2 .9 % o f t o ta l o b s id ian f r equency . A bou t 3 5 , o r 1 0% o f t he se a re l a rge s c rappe r s . L a rge s c rappe r s a ccoun t f o r 1 . 4% o f t o ta l a r t i fac t s a t L o s C e r r i to s , a t E l B a l samo 0 . 8% , C r i s toba l 1 . 8% , L a Mo rena 1 . 1% , a nd Mon te A l to o n ly 0 . 3% . T he e xpec ta t ion o f ah ighe r p e rcen tage o f l a rge s c rappe r s a tL o s C e r r i to s d e r ived f r om t he h i ghe r m ac ro f lake p e rcen tage i st he re fo re n o t me t . I ti sl owe r t h an C r i s toba l a nd n o t much h i ghe rt han E lB a l samo a nd L a Mo rena . P o s s ib ly a mo re p roduc t ive a pp roach i st o s t a r t w i th t he mean w e igh t p e r r e touch c a tego ry b y s i te o rde r a nd t hen e xam ine i n d iv idua l s i te s f o r v a r ia t iona l p a t te rn s . T h i s w ou ld p robab ly c o r re la te w i th h i ghe r p e rcen tage s o f m ac ro f lake s a t c e r ta in s i te s . O n t he o the r h and , t he e xpec ta t ion i t se l f m ay r e su l t f r om f au l ty l o g ic i n t ha t t he d ec i s ion t op roduce s pec i f ic t oo l c a tego r ie s i se conom ic d i vo rced f r om s imp l i s t ic c on s ide ra t ion s o f m ac ro f lake a va i lab i l i ty .

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7 3 .11 O ther T e s tI mp l i ca t ion s V a r iab i l i ty i n o the r mea su re s s ugge s t c hange s i n o b s id ian s pe c ia l ized t oo l p roduc t ion a nd u se . T he se a re l a rge ly t ime d ependen t a nd n o t p a r t icu la r ly u se fu l t ot he p re sen t s t udy b u t w i l l b e i n l a te r d i ach ron ic s t ud ie s o f ma te r ia l f r om C la s s ic a nd P o s tc la s s ic s i te s o r c omponen t s . B r ie f ly t hey i n c lude i n c rea s ing c u t t ing e dge -ma s s r a t io s o ve r t ime ( Shee t s 1 978a , 1 9 78b ) . I n c rea s ing c u t t ing e dge t o ma s s r a t io s a l so c o r re la te w i th i n c rea s ing d i s tance f r om o b s id ian s ou rce s o f f se t t o ad eg ree b y t he i n ter ven t ion o f c e r ta in h igh o rde r p l ace s r e f lec t ing t he u n ique h i gh s t a tu s v a lue o f o b s id ian a t l ong d i s tance ( S id ry s 1 976 :449 -64 ) . S hee t s a l so s ugge s t s ag radua l i n c rea se i n p l a t fo rm d imen s ion s o f b l ade s o ve r t ime a nd s how s a n i n c rea se a t C ha lchuapa f r om t he E a r ly P rec la s s ic t o t he L a te P o s te la s s ie ( Shee t s 1 978 F ig .13 ) . O the r t ime s en s i t ive i n d ica to r s s ugge s ted a re i n c rea s ing p e rcen tage s o fb i f ace s , s t emmed b i face s , g round p l a t fo rm s , a nd ac on t inua t ion o f l ow c o r tex p e rcen tage s , l ow m ac rob lade p e rcen tage , a nd a h igh r e la t ive p e rcen tage o fb l ade so ve rt ime w i th i n c rea s ing u se o fo b s id ian a ta ll e ve l s . E x t reme c au t ion s hou ld b e p rac t iced w hen c ompa r ing v a r iou s mea su re s w i th in a nd b e tween s i te s w hen d i f f e ren t s amp l ing s t ra teg ie s a nd e xcava t ion t e chn ique s a re u sed i n v i ew o f t he u n fo r tuna te f a c t t h a t o b s id ian w a s r a re ly c olec ted much l e s s a na ly zed u n t i l o n ly a f ew y ea r s a go . V a r ia t ion i n c l a s s i f ica t ion t e chn ique s i sa l so a d i f f icu l t p rob lem t oo ve rcome . 7 . 4 S ummary P re l im ina ry e v idence s ugge s t s t ha t s pec ia l iza t ion i np roduc t ion a ppea r s t oc on form n o t o n ly t o s i te r ank b u t c e r ta in e nv i ronmen ta l z one s o ve r t ime . R e la t ive a cce s s ib i l i ty t o o b s id ian i s s t rong ly d e te rm ined b y s i te r ank d u r ing t he F o rma t ive . S i gn i f ican t l o ca t iona l a dvan tage s f a vo r ap a r t icu la r r eg iona l c en te r i n o b s id ian p rocu remen t a nd i n i t ia l mod i f ica t ion t o c o re p re fo rm s f o r e xpo r t . T he se r e su l t s c l ea r ly s ugge s t s t rong i n te r re la t ion sh ip s b e tween e conom ic s pec ia l iza t ion i n t he p rocu remen t o f c r i t ica l r e sou rce s ( ob s id ian ) a nd t r an s fo rma t ion o f r aw ma te r ia l t o u se fu l p roduc t s , t o t he e vo lu t iona ry d eve lopmen t o f r eg iona l ly o rgan ized s y s tem s . A s o the r s h ave p o in ted o u t , t he i n c reas ing s h i f t t o m ax im iz ing ( pol i t ica l ) s t ra teg ie s i s i nhe ren t ly d eve lopmen ta l . I nve s tmen t i n , a nd c on t ro l o f , p rocu remen t a c t iv i t ie s a nd r e sou rce t r an s fo rma t ion s hou ld r e su l t i n mea su rab le s t a tu s a nd r ank ing d i f fe rence s a nd i n c rea s ing s oc ia l s t ra t i f ica t ion . S hou ld n o t t he se a c t iv i t ie s b e r evea led i n mea su rab le a t t r ibu te s i n t he a r chaeo log ica l r eco rd b eyond t he u sua l c on s ide ra t ion o f t r ibu te r a te s , a r t i f ac t d i f f e rence s , o r mor tua ry p rac t ice s? Whe re b e t te r t han t he p owe r o f t he c en t ra l p l ace i t se l f , i n t e rm s o f ap owe r i n dex , d e r ived f r om t he s i ze o f t he c en t ra l p l ace , t he ma s s o f c on s t ruc t ion , n umbe r o f h i gh s t ruc tu re s a nd m ea su re s o f a r ch i tec tu ra l c omp lex i ty , a l o f w h ich c ou ld b e ad i rec t r e f lec t ion o f s oc iopo l i t ica l p owe r d e r ived i n p ar t f r om s pec ia l ized e conom ic a c t i v i t ie s . T he s pe c i f ic l o ca t iona l a dvan tage s a cc ru ing t o t he g row th a nd s t ab il i ty o f L o s C e r r i to s may p o s s ib ly b e e xp la ined w i th t he a s s i s tance o f Webe r ' s t heo ry o f i ndu s t r ia l l o ca t ion a nd I s a rd ' s r e f inemen t s t o mode l s o ft he s pa t ia l e conomy . Wh i le t he se t heo r ie s a re c once rned w i th i n du s t r ia l l o ca t ion m in im iz ing c o s t movemen t s b e tween r aw m a te r ia l s ou rce s a nd t he f i n i shed p roduc t s f o r c on sume r s , i tw ou ld s eem t ha t w i th mod i f ica t ion , t he p r inc ip le s o f r eg iona l e conom ic g eog raphy e mpha s iz ing o b s id ian p rocu remen t , t r an s fo rma t ion a nd d i s t r ibu t ion c ou ld p ro f i tab ly b e a pp l ied t o t he e vo lu t ion o fr eg ionaly c en t ra l ized o rgan iza t ion o ft h i sp e r iod (Webe r 1 929 ; I s a rd 1 956 ; L loyd a nd D icken 1 977 ) . I n s tead o f i n comp le te ly s umma r iz ing t he i n terp re ta t ive s i gn i f icance o f e conom ic s pec ia l iza t ion h e re , Id raw o n a l d a ta f r om m y p re l im ina ry r e sea rch i nt he l a s t c hap te r , w h ich f olow s , t o e xp lo re f uly t he l o ca t iona l , s oc ia l , a nd e conom ic i mp l i ca t ion s o f t he se r e su l t s .

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CHAPTER V I I I EVOLUT IONARY SOC IAL AND ECONO M IC IMPL ICAT IONS 8 . 1 I n troduc t ion I n t h i s c onc lud ing c hap te r It r y t o e xp la in t he s h i f t t o i n equa l i ty i n s ub s i s tence e conom ie s t oge the r w i th t he s oc ia l a nd e conom ic i mp l ica t ion s . We s aw i n t he i n t roduc to ry c hap te r t ha t p r ime move r e xp lana t ion s o f c omp lex s oc ie ta l e vo lu t ion a re i n adequa te a nd t ha t mo re p roduc t ive a pp roache s a r e b a sed o n mu l t ip le f e edback r e la t ion sh ip s w h ich emp loy t he mu tua l i n te rac t ion b e tween s e t s o f k ey v a r iab le s . A s I h ave e mpha s ized , i n s t i tu t iona l i zed ( imbedded ) i n equa l i ty i s c r i t ica l t o t he o r ig in s o f c omp lex s oc ie t ie s . T he q ue s t ion sr a i sed a re 1 . Wha ta re t he s ou rce so fd i f fe ren t ia lw ea l th i ns ub s i s tence e conom ie s? 2 . How c an i n equa l i ty e vo lve i n s ub s i s tence e conom ie s l o ca ted i n mo re o r l e s s h omogenou s , f i ne -g ra ined , r e sou rce p a tche s? 3 . Wha t a re t he mechan i sm s w h ich i mbed , o r i n s t i tu t iona l ize , i n equa l i ty a nd d i f fe ren t ia lw ea l th? Ip rev iou s ly o b se rved t h a t r eg ion s h ave d ua l e conom ie s . O ne , i s at r ad i t iona l , o r s ub s i s tence e conomy . T he s e cond , i s am ax im iz ing e conomy b a sed o n p o s i t ive f e edback r e la t ion sh ip s a nd c an b e a n e xpo r t , o r e x t rac t ive e conomy . T he o r ig in s o f t he p o l i t ica l , max im iz ing e conomy l i e i n t he o r ig in a nd s oc ia l i mbedd ing o f i nequa l i ty . F o r i n s t i tu t iona l ized i n equal i ty t o e vo lve , d i f f e ren t ia l a c ce s s t o c r i t ica l r e sou rce s mu s t o ccu r t h rough o ne o r mo re o ft h ree mechan i sm s . 1 .C on t ro lo fr e sou rce s . 2 .C on t ro lo fd i s t r ibu t ion . 3 . C on t ro lo fi n fo rma t ion . On t he P ac i f ic S l ope Ih ave d emon s t ra ted t he e a r ly d eve lopmen t o f c ompe t i t ive , r eg ionaly c en t ra l ized h i e ra rch ica l s y s tem s w e c al c h ie fdom s . S eve ra l o f t he se a ppa ren t ly e vo lved r ap id ly t o s y s tem s w i th h i ghe r v e r t i ca l c omp lex i ty c on ta in ing t he n umbe r o f h i e ra rch ica l l e ve l s n o rmaly a s soc ia ted w i th s t a te s . T he p l acemen t ( l oca t ion ) o f t he e a r l ie s t p r imary r eg iona l c en te r s a nd t he i r s ub sequen t e vo lu t ion t oge the r w i th t he h i e ra rch ica l e vo lu t ionary d eve lopmen t o f t he e n t i re s t udy r eg ion w a s ar e su l t o f t he se t h ree mechan i sm s . He re , e ach i st a ken u p s epa ra te ly , d i scu s sed i nt e rm s o f s oc ia l a nd e conom ic i mp l ica t ion s f o r m y r e sea rch a rea , c ompa red t o o the r Me soame r ican r eg ion s , a nd w hen a pp rop r ia te t oa rea so u t s ide o f Me soame r ica . 8 . 2 C on tro lo fR esour ces H igh ly f a vo rab le e nv i ronmen ta l c ond i t ion s w i th in t h e 1 00 t o 2 00 me te r e l eva t iona l z one p roduced l ow e nv i ronmen ta l , o r s ub s i s tence s t re s s d ue t o t he h igh ly p roduc t ive a g r icu l tu ra l z one a c ro s s t he a l t i tud ina l g rad ien t . A c co rd ing t o P a r son s , t he f l uo re scence o f F o rma t ive P e r iod s oc ie t ie s w a s c l o se ly r e la ted t o e nv i ronmen ta l c ond i t ion s o f h i gh a g r icu l tu ra lp roduc t iv i ty r equ i r ing m in imum i n ve s tmen t . T he f l uo re scence o f . . .Fo rma t ive c u l tu re i n Me soame r ica w a s c l o se ly r e la ted t o a g r icu l tu ra l p roduc t iv i ty u nde r c ond i t ion s w h i ch r equ i red am in imum o f t e chn ica l i nnova t ion a nd w he re t he re w e re f ew i n secu r i t ie s a r i s ing f r om f r o s t s a nd i n adequa te o r u np red ic tab le w a te r s upp ly . Ma jo r s i te s o f t h i s p e r iod a re c l ea r ly o r ien ted t owa rd t he n a tu ra ll e vee s a nd f l oodp la in s o fr i ve r sw he re p e rmanen t h i gh w a te r t ab le o r p e r iod ic f l ood ing w ou ld h ave p e rm i t ted t he s ucce s s fu l h arve s t ing o f t wo o r t h ree c rop s p e r y ea r . . . . the o n ly k nown E a r ly F o rma t ive s i te s ( T la t i lco a nd T l apacoya ) a re s i tua ted i n z one s o f n a tu ra l h i gh w a te r t a b le , w i th t h e a dded a dvan tage o f 1 20

r eady a c ce s s t ol a cu s t r ine a nd h i l l s ide r e sou rce s . A l l k nown M idd le F o rma t ive s e t t lemen t s o f a ny s i ze i n t he V aley o f Mex ico a re a l so f ound i nt h i ss ame e nv i ronmen ta lz one ( Pa r son s 1 971 :234 ) . B o th F lanne ry a nd C oe ( 1 968 ) a nd C oe a nd D ieh l ( 1980 ) a rgue t ha t s t ra t i f ica t ion i s c l o se ly l i nked t o p re fe ren t ia l a c ce s s t o t he mo s t h i gh ly p roduc t ive o f t he l o ca l r e sou rce a rea s . I n O axaca , i ti s b o t tom l a nd w i th a n u nu sualy h igh w a te r t ab le c apab le o f p roduc ing t wo t o t h ree c rop s p e r y ea r w hen i r r iga ted . T o t he S an L o renzo O lmec , t he k ey z one w a s t he n a tu ra l l e vee l a nd o f t he n e ighbo r ing C oa tzacoa lco s R ive r a b le t o g row t h ree me t r ic t on s o f m a ize p e r h ec ta re . On t he P ac i f ic S l ope , t he mo s t h i gh ly p roduc t ive r e sou rce a rea a ppea r s t o h ave b een t he 1 00 t o 2 00 me te r e nv i ronmen ta l b e l t c omb ined w i th r i ve ra c ce s sp roduc ing a ne qu iva len tt oh i gh l e vee l a nd p roduc t ion . I n d i scu s s ing a r chaeo log ica l c o r re la te s o f r anked s oc ie t ie s P eeb le s a nd K u s ( 1977 :432 ) c ommen t A l l o the r t h ing s b e ing e qua l , s e t t lemen t s s hou ld b e l o ca ted i na rea s w h ich a s su re a h i gh d eg ree o f l o ca l s ub s i s tence s u f f ic iency . T h i s p red ic t ion i s ad i rec t c on sequence o f h i e ra rchy t heo ry : b y a s su r ing l o ca l a u tonomy i n e ve ryday a f f a i r s , a dap t ive f l ex ib i l i ty i s ma in ta ined . . . .a l though F o rma t ive Me soame r ican s e t t lemen t s w e re p re sen t I n d i ve r se b io t ic z one s , t he re i sn o e v idence t ha t v i l lage s w e re s pec ia l ized s ub s i s tence u n i t s i n ar ed i s t r ibu t ive n e two rk o r t ha t s ub s i s tence i t em s w e re r ed i s t r ibu ted b e tween v i l lage s i n d i f fe ren tm ic roenv i ronmen t s . S ande r s f o rce fu l ly a rgued a ga in s t t he p recoc i ty o f t he c oa s ta l h ab i ta t a s s em ina l i n t he g ene s i s o f Me soame r i can c i v i l iza t ion i n f a vo r o f t he a d jacen t l ow land p l a in s . A c co rd ing t o S ande r s , i t i s o n ly a f te r i n land g roup s a t ta in c h ie fdom l e ve l s o f o rgan iza t ion t ha t s pec ia l ized c oa s ta l c ommun i t ie s eme rge i n ap a t te rn o f e conom ic s ymb io s i s . T he c on t ra s t i n c u l tu ra l e vo lu t ion b e tween t he i mmed ia te c oa s ta l z one a nd t he r i ve r ine p l a in s o f t he a d jacen t l ow land s i ss t r ik ing . T he l a te r e nv i ronmen t w a s c l ea r ly o ne o f t he e a r ly c en te r s o f Me soame r ican d eve lopmen t i f n o t i n t he e a r l ie s t s t age s o f p l an t d ome s t ica t ion , a tl e a s t i n t he e a r ly d eve lopmen t o f r anked s oc ie ty , a s t he O lmec p henomenon d emon s t ra te s . . . . the re w a s av i r tua l ly c on t inuou s b and o ft r op i ca l l ow land w i th v a r iab le r a in f al , t ha t . . .wa s t he s e t t ing o f t h e mo s t c omp lex Me soame r ican s oc ie ty d u r ing t he E a r ly a nd M idd le F o rma t ive p e r iod s ( Sande r s 1 978 ) . T h i s d eve lopmen t r e su l t s , S ande r s b e l ieve s , t h rough t he r ep lacemen t o f r oo t -c rop c u l t iva t ion i n r i ve r ine l o ca t ion s b y t he m a ize -bean s c omp lex l i nked w i th t he a ppea rance o fr anked s oc ie t ie s . On t he M idd le F o rma t ive P ac i f ic S l ope t he se l o ca t ion s e nab led e a r ly c h ie fdom b ounda r ie s t o e vo lve h o r izon taly a l ong t he e nv i ronmen ta l ly f a vo red g rad ien t , i n co rpo ra t ing t e r r i to r ie s w h ich w e re e nv i ronmen ta l ly r edundan t , n o t e conom ica l ly s pec ia l ized . A s E a r le p o in t s o u t f o r K aua i , t h i s p e rm i t ted a g ene ra l ized c ommun i ty e conomy n o t b a sed o n t h e i n teg ra t ion o f e conom ica l ly s pe c ia l ized c ommun i t ie s ( Ea r le 1 978 :161 -2 ) . Is ugge s ted i n C hap te r V I t ha t t h i s s i tua t ion f a vo r s r ank s i ze c onvex i ty w he re t he re i sr e la t ive ly l i t t le i n te rac t ion b e tween c en te r s t ha t t end t o b e f unc t iona l ly r edundan t s how ing t he f a r g rea te r i mpo r tance o f h o r izon ta l , r a the r t han v e r t ica l c omp lex i ty a nd i n teg ra t ion ( Kowa lew sk i 1 980 ) . 8 . 3 C on tro lo fD i s tr ibu t ion O ve r t ime t h rough a b udd ing o f f p roce s s , p e rhap s c omb ined w i th h ie ra rch i ca l d i f fu s ion , n ew c ommun i t ie s a re f ound i n d i f fe ren t e nv i ronmen ta l z one s mo re o r l e s s a l ong t he l i ne s s ugge s ted b y S ah l in s ( 1 958 ) . T he se c ommun i t ie s w ou ld a ppa ren t ly n o l onge r h ave a cce s s t o t h e c omp le te r ange o f r e sou rce s i n ar eg ion e xcep t t h rough 1 21

e x change a nd r ed i s t r ibu t ion s y s tem s c on t roled b y i n d iv idua l f am i ly g roup s . T he s t a tu s o f t he se k i n g roup s ( f am i ly ) w a s e nhanced s e rv ing a s af o ca l p o in t o f t he e xchange n e two rk . T he e a rl ie s t r eg iona l c en te r s c on t roled a n e x t rao rd ina r i ly r i ch r e sou rce z one c apab le o fp roduc ing q uan t i t ie s o fc r i t ica l s ub s i s tence p roduc t s n ame ly ma ize a nd b ean s . T he se h o r izon ta l ly p l aced c en te r s i n t he M idd le F o rma t ive c ou ld c on t ro l a nd e xp lo i t n o r th sou th t e r r i to r ia l s l i ce s b u t n o t a l t he w ay t od i f f e r ing e nv i ronmen ta l z one s a s f o r e xamp le i n K aua i d ue t o l o nge r d i s tance s . A s a n e xamp le , B i lbao a t 4 15 me te r s e l eva t ion h as M idd le t o L a te F o rma t ive c e ram ic s b u t n o monumen ta l a rch i tec tu re s o f a r a s i sk nown . A s S ta rk a rgue s , r eg iona l c en te r s e n la rged a nd s p read n o r th sou th t o " e x tend t he i r r each a l ong t he a l t i tud ina l g rad ien t , p re sumab ly w i th i n c rea s ing p ayo f f s a s l a rge rp opu la t ion sr equ i re mo re i n ten s ive p roduc t ion ( S ta rk e ta l . 1 980 ) " . L a te r a s t he r eg ion b ecame mo re o rgan ized a nd p opu la ted , l a rge r c ommun i t ie s a r e f ound n o r th a nd s ou th a l ong t he a l t i tud ina l g rad ien t d own t ot h e c oa s t . T he se l o ca t ion s a l so p e rm i t ted t he s chedu l ing o f c rop s i n d i f fe ren t e nv i ronmen ta l z one s n o r th t o t h e moun ta in s a nd s ou th t owa rd t he c oa s t . C oa s ta l e nv i ronmen t s e nab led e x t rac t ive e conom ie s e ngaged i n s a l t p roduc t ion a nd p o s s ib ly c o t ton t o b e c on t roled b y e l i te s o pe ra t ing i n as ymb io t ic r e la t ion sh ip w i th t he e a rl ie r r eg iona l c en te r s f ound f u r the r i n land . T he f a vo red l o ca t ion s o f t he e a r l ie s t r eg iona l c en te r s e nhanced t he i r a b i l i ty t o d eve lop a nd c on t ro l l ong -d i s tance e xchange a l ong t he a l t i tud ina l g rad ien t , t ha t i s n o r th sou th , t hu s e nab l ing t he r egu la t ion o f o b s id ian t r an spo r t , p robab ly t he m a jo r i mpo r ted c ommod i ty . A l though a sS ande r sp o in t so u t t he c on t ro l o f p roduc t ion a nd d i s t r ibu t ion o f h i gh -consump t ion , g ene ra l -u se , a nd l ow v a lue g ood s in t he c a se o f Me soame r ica , l o ca l r eg iona l p roduc t ion i s mo re l i ke ly t o h ave p l ayed a s i gn i f ican t r o le i n s oc ia l s t ra t i f ica t ion t han t he k i nd s o f g ood s moved a l ong t he l ong -d i s tance t r ade n e two rk ( Sande r s 1 978 ) . T h i s w ou ld e nab le t he movemen t s o f s a l t , c o t ton , m a r ine/ lacu s t r ine p roduc t s n o r th a nd t he s h ipmen t o f s ub s i s tence p roduc t s a s m a ize , b ean s a nd s qua she s s ou th , i n a dd i t ion t o n ece s sa ry l i th ic c u t t ing m a te r ia l a s t he c oa s ta l p l a in i sd evo id o f a ny l i t h i c m a te r ia l s u i tab le f o r c u t t ing t oo l s . C on t ro l o ff a vo red c acao p roduc ing l a nds i n i t ia l ly i n t he u ppe r c oa s ta l e nv i ronmen ta l b e l t i su ndoub ted ly a no the r s t rong m i t iga t ing f a c to r i n s t ab i l iz ing t he a l ready f a vo red s oc ia l a nd e conom ic d eve lopmen t o f t he r eg ion . T he m a jo r q ue s t ion b e ing , h ow e a r ly d id t h i s o c cu r? Ie mpha s ize t h a t c on t ro l o fd i s t r ibu t ion s y s tem se f f ec t ive ly c omb ine sp ol i t ica la nd e conom ic m anagemen ts y s tem s . F o r w hen y ou c on t ro l t he mean s o f d i s t r ibu t ion a nd e xchange , i ti s n o t n ece s sa ry t o c on t ro l t he mean s o f p roduc t ion . . . . to e xp la in t he d eve lopmen t o f i n equa l i ty . . .we mu s t b eg in w i th a r e -exam ina t ion o f e xchange r e la t ion sh ip s a nd t he s pa t ia l s t ruc tu re s a s soc ia ted w i th p roduce r s a nd n on -p roduce r s i n p re -cap i ta l i s t ic s oc ie t ie s ( Sm i th 1 975 :95 -112 ) . C on t ro l o f d i s t r ibu t ion s y s tem s i n t h e E a r ly t o M idd le F o rma t ive w a s c r i t ica l t o h i gh land Mex ico w he re i n Mo re lo sG rove s howed t h a tl a rge s i te s w e re s i tua ted a t s t ra teg ic p o in t s a l ong m a jo r r i ve r v aley s . T hu s , i n a dd i t ion t o t he i r a c ce s s ib i l i ty t o p r ime a g r icu l tu ra l l a nd . . . the se s i te s w e re a l so i np o s i t ion t oc oo rd ina te t h e movemen t s o f ma te r ia l a l ong p r inc ipa lr ou te so fc ommun ica t ion ( Pa r son s 1 971 :235 ) . T h i s s ame s i tua t ion a c c rued t o t he s t ra teg i c l o ca t ion s o f T lapacoya a nd T la t i l co e nab l ing t he c on t ro l o f p roduc t s a l ong m a jo r r ou te s a nd t he f o rma t ion o f p re s t ige e nhanc ing r e la t ion sh ip s w i th f o re igne r s ( O lmec ) . Ag ood e xamp le i ss hown b y C rum ley ( 1 974 ) w ho p rov ide s l i t e rary ( h i s to r ica l ) e v idence f o r t he r i se o f c l ien tage a nd i t s i mpo r tance t o c hang ing C e l t ic s oc ia l s t ruc tu re . S he c onv inc ing ly d emon s t ra te s t ha t i t r e su l t s f r om c ompe t i t ion f o r w ea l th d e r ived f r om i n c rea s ing t r ade w i th t he C la s s ic a l 1 22

w o r ld a nd i st he b a s i s f o r C e l t ic p o l i t ica l o rgan iza t ion e vo lv ing f r om a k i n l e ve l t o a s t a te . D i f fe ren t ia l c on t ro l o f c r i t ica l r e sou rce s i n t he r eg ion i ss t rong ly v a l ida ted i n m y e conom ic a na ly s i s w he re t he c on t ro l o f o b s id ian i mpo r t s w a s i n t ima te ly l i nked w i th t he s e t t lemen t h i e ra rchy . T he b e s t e xamp le i sp rov ided b y b o th t he d i f fe ren t ia l a moun t s o f o b s id ian a nd p roduc t s d e r ived f r om t he r educ t ion p roce s s a tt he p r ima ry s econda ry s i te p a i r o f C r i s toba l a nd L a Mo rena a nd i sb e s t i l u s t ra ted b y e xam in ing T ab le 4 5 . I n a l c a tego r ie s , f r equency a nd w e igh t p e r c ub ic me te r e xcava ted , mean w e igh t e x cava ted , c o r tex p e rcen tage a nd r e touch p e rcen tage , C r i s toba l s i gn i f ican t ly e xceed s L a Mo rena . D i f fe ren t ia l a c ce s s p rov ide s a mu l t ip l ie r e f fec t e spec ia l ly w hen p roce s s ing f unc t ion s a re c on s ide red . 8 . 4 C on tro lo fI n f orma t ion T he d emon s t ra t ion o f i n c rea s ing h i e ra rch ica l i n fo rma t ion c on t ro l c an b e s hown i n s eve ra l w ay s . One , i s g rea te r v e r t ica l i n teg ra t ion , a no the r i s t h rough i n c rea s ing e conom ic s pec ia l iza t ion . T he e vo lu t iona ry d eve lopmen t o fs e t t lemen t p a t te rn c omp lex i ty t h rough t he a ppea rance o f af ou r a nd f i ve t i e r s e t t lemen t h i e ra rchy i n t he L a te t o T e rm ina l F o rma t ive , p a r t icu la r ly t owa rd t he c oa s t , i sp r ima f a c ie e v idence f o r v e r t ica l i n teg ra t ion . T h i s p henomenon i sc l ea r ly a r e su l t o f mu tua l f e edback r e la t ion sh ip s d ue t o : 1 )T he i n c rea s ing i mpo r tance o fc oa s ta le x change o na ne a s t -we s ta x i s . 2 ) T he h i gh c o r re la t ion b e tween t he c omp lex i ty o f i n fo rma t ion i npu t s a nd t he d eg ree o f s t ra t i f ica t ion n ea r t he c oa s t . P eeb le s a nd K u s ( 1 977 :421 -48 ) s ugge s t c o r re la t ion s b e tween t h e l e a s t p red ic tab le v a r iab le s s uch a s f ood p roduc t ion u nde r e nv i ronmen ta l s t re s s c ond i t ion s a nd t he r eg iona l o rgan iza t ion s a b i l i t ie s t o b u f f e r v a r iab i l i ty . E a r le ( 1 978 :196 ) p o in t s o u t t ha t t o b u f fe r p opu la t ion s a ga in s t d i sa s te r s , r eg iona l s upe r s t ruc tu re s d eve lop r ep lac ing e x ten s ive r e c ip roca l n e two rk s f ound i n s imp le r s oc ie t ie s . T he c oa s ta l s t r ip r equ i red g rea te r i n ve s tmen t s i n c on trol ing i n fo rma t ion c omp lex i ty d ue t o g rea te r s ub s i s tence s t re s s r e su l t ing f r om b o th t he p ronounced d ry s ea son a nd p e r iod ic d ry y ea r s . 3 ) I nc rea s ing e conom ic s pec ia l iza t ion t h rough t he p robab le c on t ro l o f s a l t p roduc t ion a nd t r an spo r t , a nd p e rhap s s pec ia l ized c ommod i t ie s s uch a s c o t ton n ear t he c oa s ta nd c acao a nd m a i ze f u r the ri n land . 8 . 4 .1 Mu l t ip l ier Ef e c t A s p o in ted o u t b y L loyd a nd D i cken ( 1 977 :389 ) , " t he c oncep t o f t he mu l t ipl ie r -wh ich b y i t s v e ry n a tu re e mbod ie s t he i d ea o fa mp l i f ica t ion i s f undamen ta l t o a n u nde r s tand ing o f t h e c umu la t ive p roce s s o f d eve lopmen t . " T he e x te rna l d emand f o r p a r t icu lar g ood s i s t h e p r ima ry d e te rm inan t o f e conom ic g row th i n t he e a r ly s t age s . E x te rna l d emand b y a d jacen t h igh land r eg ion s , o r f r om o the r a rea s w i thou t d i rec t a cce s s t o c r i t ica l r e sou rce s o f c oa s ta l r eg ion e x t rac t ive p roduce i n c lud ing s a l t , m a r ine/ lacu s t r ine p roduc t s , c o t ton , r ubbe r , c acao , m a ize , b ean s , a nd o the r s ub s i s tence p roduc t s , w a s as t rong mo t iva to r t o i n c rea s ing e conom ic s pec ia l iza t ion a nd s oc ie ta l c omp lex i ty p a r t icu la r ly i nt he L a te t oT e rm ina l F o rma t ive . T he c oncom i tan t i n c rea se i n c r af t s pec ia l iza t ion d emon s t ra ted f o r t he c on t ro l o f o b s id ian p rocu remen t a nd l i th ic t oo l p roduc t ion a t s t ra teg ica l ly l o ca ted c en te r s s uch a s L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th , a nd o the r r eg iona l c en te r s w i th a c ce s s t o m a jo r r eg iona l e xchange n e two rk s , i s a l so c r i t ica l t o u nde r s tand ing c hang ing r eg iona l s oc ia l a nd e conom ic e vo lu t ion . A s F lanne ry ( 1976 ) a rgue s , e nv i ronmen ta l d i ve r s i ty , w h i le n o t c au sa l , d oe s p rov ide t he n ece s sa ry f r amewo rk w he re a l a rge s ymb io t i c n e two rk w a s f o rmed e xp lo i t ing a g rea t n umbe r o f r e sou rce z one ss upp lemen ted b ys oph i s t ica ted t r ade n e two rk s . 8 . 5 S ummar y I n s um , Is ee t h e i n i t ia l r ap id d eve lopmen t o f e a r ly s oc ie ta l c omp lex i ty a nd e xpan s ion o n t he c oa s ta l p l a in o f F o rma t ive E scu in t la e s sen t ia l ly a s o ne o f c ompe t i t ion 1 23

b e tween c h ief ly c en te r s e ngaged i nm ax im iz ing p o l i t ica l s t ra teg ie s ( Ea r le 1 978 :173 ) . T h i s v i ew s harp ly c on t ra s t s w i th o ne e xp re s sed b y S tepano i t i s ( 1978 :427 ) w ho m in im ize s c ompe t i t ion b e tween m idd le r ange p r ima ry c en te r sa tl e a s ti nt he M i s s i s s ipp ian r eg ion . T he p recoc i ty o f t he c oa s ta l p l a in a nd i t s r e la t ion sh ip s w i th t he a d jacen t Gua tema lan h i gh land si nt he E a r ly t oM idd le F o rma t ive m ay b ea na logou st ot he d ynam ic mode l o f e qu i l ib r ium p ro jec ted f o r t he c hang ing s oc ia l p o l i t ica l o rgan iza t ion o f t he g um sa ( r anked ) a nd g um lao ( ega l i ta r ian ) s y s tem o f t h e S han a nd K ach in g roup s i n H igh land B u rma t r igge red b y aw i sh f o r p owe r ( Leach 1 9 54 ) . T h i s t r an s i t ion c ou ld s t em f r om a s ymb io t ic t r ade n e two rk w i th t he mo re s oph i s t i ca ted S han r e su l t ing i n a n a dap ta t ion o f r anked s t ruc tu re b y t he K ach in t o mo re n ea r ly e xp lo i t t he d i ve r s i f ied e nv i ronmen t ( F lanne ry 1 968 ) . S o f a r a s k nown , h i gh land G ua tema la l a cked m a jo r r eg iona l c en te r s o f t he s i ze , a nd n umbe r n ow k nown o n t he c oa s ta l p l a in u n t i l t he L a te t o T e rm ina l F o rma t ive ( i n m y c h rono logy ) . R e sea rch e mpha s i s a tK am ina l juyu , w h i ch e me rged a s ama jo r r eg iona l c en te r t owa rd t he e nd o f t he F o rma t ive , h a s t ended t o o ve r shadow p robab le d eve lopmen t s o f t he t y pe p ropo sed b y L each a nd F lanne ry i n t he L a te F o rma t ive . I n a ny e ven t , b y t he e nd o f t he F o rma t ive , K am ina l juyu e me rged a s ap owe r fu l r eg iona l c en te r w h ich s ome b e l ieve c on t roled , o r a t l e a s t i nf luenced a g ood d ea l o f t he c oa s ta l p l a in . S tark 's mode l p ropo sed a p o s s ib le s h i f t f r om a n e a s t -we s t o r ien ted s t a tu s -exchange a x i s i n t he M idd le F o rma t ive , t o an o r th sou th o r ien ta t ion t o t he p o in t w he re l a rge r h i gh land r eg iona l c en te r s mo re s ucce s s fu l ly c ompe ted w i th l ow land c en te r s a f fec t ing t he s upp ly o f e l i te p o t te ry r each ing t he c oa s t . Wh i le t he re i se v idence f o r p robab le h i gh land p o t te ry w a re s i n M idd le t o L a te F o rma t ive c oa s ta l c on tex t s , t he se w a re s h ave n o t b een s pec i f ica l ly t r aced t o K am ina l juyu a nd a re p robab ly f r om s eve ra l d i f f e ren t h igh land p roduc t ion c en te r s . Is ee h i ghe r f r equenc ie s o fp robab le c oa s ta l t r ade w a re st han h igh land d u r ing t h i sp e r iod a l though ad e ta i led c e ram ic a na ly s i si sr equ i red . Mo s t o b serve r s h ave a s sumed t ha t d u r ing t he T eo t ihuacan p e r iod , K am ina l juyu c on t roled t he P ac i f ic S l ope b ecau se o f i t s " s t ra teg ic " p l acemen t . I ti sp e rhap s mo re p l au s ib le b a sed o n m y p re l im ina ry f i nd ing s t ha t T eo t ihuacan ( o r i t s s u r roga te s ) f i r s t c on t roled t he P ac i f ic S l ope b e fo re mov ing o n t o K am ina l juyu a nd m ay h ave " c on t roled " i tf r om t he c oa s ta l r eg ion . My p re l im ina ry f i nd ing s i n d ica te a n e a r l ie r T eo t ihuacan p re sence o nt he s l ope t h an a tK am ina l juyu ( bu ts ee B .A .R .I n t roduc t ion ) . A sP a r son s ( 1971 :237 ) h a sp o in ted o u t , t he T e rm ina lF o rma t ive t oC la s s ic t r an s i t ion , w a s p o s s ib ly t he mo s t c r i t ica l j unc tu re i n Me soame r ica , e ven mo re t h an t he eme rgence o f r eg iona l c omp lex r anked s oc ie t ie s . T o a na lyze t h i s c r i t i ca l p e r iod a nd K am ina l juyu ' s i n te rac t ion w i th t he P ac i f ic S l ope , r equ i re s a d i ach ron ic e xam ina t ion o f t he a rchaeo log ica l d a ta d eve loped b y m y r e sea rch a nd a s t h i s w o rk d oe s n o t c ove r t he C la s s i cP e r iod , t he se q ue s t ion sa wa i tf u tu re a na ly s i s . T he d eg ree a nd t y pe o f O lmec i n te rac t ion a f fec t ing t he e vo lu t ion o f t he P ac i f ic S l ope c u l tu re s r ema in s c on t rove r s ia l . O lmec a r t i f ac tua l t r a i t s o n t he P ac i f ic S lope o f Gua tema la a re n o t u b iqu i tou s . E ven s o w ha t i s O lmec? Do w e mean O lmec a r t , r e l ig ion , p o t te ry , s oc ia l p ol i t ica l s y s tem s , am i l i ta ry -comme rc ia l emp i re? R epo r ted o n t he c oa s t a nd n ea rby i sa n i n c i sed j ade c e l t w i th O lmec i c onog raph ic mo t i f s r epo r ted t o h ave c ome f r om t he v i c in i ty o f P ue r to S an J o se a nd n ow i n t he Mu seo N ac iona l ; a n e xqu i s i te j ade f i gu r ine h ead r epo r ted t o b e f r om n ea r E l B au l ( Shook 1 956 ) ; ap o s s ib le O lmec o r O lmeco id m a sked f i gu re o n t he s i de o f Monumen t 2a nd a p o t te ry f i gu re i n L a s B oca s s t y le a t L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th ; ap robab le O lmec r ock p a in t ing n ear L ake Ama t i t lan ; b ou lde r s c u lp tu re s f r om n ea r C ha lchuapa , E l S a lvado r ; ac arved s t one monumen t r epo r ted t oh ave b een f ound n ea r Maza tenango ( Shook a nd He ize r 1 976 ) ; a nd s eve ra l s cu lp tu re s i n p u re O lmec s t y le a t Aba j T aka l ik . T h i s i sn o t much t o c ove r a 6 00 t o 8 00 y ea r p e r iod f r om S an L o renzo P ha se A t o t h e e nd o f t he M idd le F o rma t ive . Wha t d oe s t he e x i s tence o f s uch a t r iv ia l n umbe r o f s pa t ialy d i f fu sed o b jec t s o r t r a i t s r ep re sen t? Id o n o t e qua te t he p re sence o f s t one s cu lp tu re i np u re O lmec s t y le a ts i te s

1 24

l i ke Aba j T akal ik w i th O lmec a rm ie s , me rchan t s o r p r ie s t s i n g rea t n umbe r s a s t he m a jo rf a c tor u nde r ly ing e a r ly d eve lopmen ti nt h i sp a r to fc oa s ta lS ou the rn Me soame r ica . Is ee t he O lmec p re sence o n t he s l ope a s a na logou s t o t he s t imu la t ing , i n c i s ive , e xp lana t ion o f f e red b y F l anne ry ( 1 968 ) w he re f o rma l ized l ong -d i s tance t r ade w a s i n i t ia ted b e tween a l ready d eve loped r ank s oc ie t ie s a nd w he re e xchange r e in fo rce s s t a tu s d i f fe rence s . T he p re sence o fO lmec a r t c an a l so b e e xp la ined b y a s soc ia t ing i tw i th t he e vo lu t ion o fc omp lex s oc ie t ie s . a ma jo r r ea son f o r t he s udden i n f luence o f t he O lmec a r t s t y le t h roughou t Me soame r ica w a s t he i n c rea sed n eed f o r mechan i sm s o f s anc t i f i ca t ion i n v a r iou s r eg ion s o w ing t o i n te rna l s oc ia l e vo lu t ion ( Drennan 1 976 :359 ) . I n t h i s s en se i t b ecome s 1 971 :395 -445 ;1976 ) .

c au sa l ,

o r

a t

l e a s t

a c r i t ica l

v a r iab le

( N icho l son

I ts eem s c l ea r t ha t s o c ie ta l e vo lu t ion i n t h i s k ey a rea o f Me soame r ica w a s l a rge ly al o ca l ( r eg iona l ) d eve lopmen t . T he e xp lana t ion o f t h i s i n te rna l d eve lopmen t a nd i t s i n f luence a tc r i t ica lj unc tu re s o f Me soame r ican p reh i s to ry r equ i re s ar eg iona lp e r spec t ive a nd a g rea t d ea l mo re r e sea rch . Ou r s urvey s a re o n ly a f i r s t p a s s a nd t he f ew e x cava t ion st he b a re s t s c ra tch . Ma jo r r eg iona l c h rono log ica l a nd d eve lopmen ta l p rob lem s r ema in . Un fo r tuna te ly , a b so lu te d a t ing a tc en te r s w e i n ve s t iga ted i ss e r iou s ly h ampe red b y b o th t he a b sence o f a dequa te c ha rcoa l s amp le s a nd d e lay s i n p roce s s ing e x i s t ing o ne s . I n t u rn t h i s l a ck t e nd s t o mask v a r iab i l i ty i nr eg iona l p ol i t ica l g row th a nd d ec l ine p a r t icu la r ly i nv i ew o f m a rked c ompe t i t ion b e tween n e ighbo r ing p o l i t ie s . T he v a r iab i l i ty a nd i n s tab i l i ty o fc l o se ly e xam ined c a se s l i ke K ach in s oc ie ty s t rong ly s ugge s t s t h a t w e mu s t d ea l n o t w i th s i te s b u t w i th r eg ion s , w ho se c omponen t s o sc i l la te i n s i ze a nd s t ruc tu re a t d i f fe ren t r a te s t h rough t ime , i n te rac t ing d i f fe ren t ia l ly w i th o ne a no the r i n r e spon se b o th t o t he c ha rac te r o f i n te rna l l e ade r sh ip a nd t oe x te rna lp re s su re (McAdam s 1 973 :323 ) . Much w i l l b e l e a rned o fs oc ia l e vo lu t ion h e re i no ne o ft he mo s t c r i t ica l r eg ion s o f t he N ew Wo r ld .

1 25

A ppend ix A T h i s a ppend ix i n c lude s e xamp le s o f t he a rchaeo log ica l s i te r ecord a nd r e cord ing s hee t s f o r e nv i ronmen ta l , s oc ia l a nd e conom ic v ar iab le s u sed f o r s i te s r ep re sen t ing a l t ime p e r iods . PAC IF IC S LOPE ( ESCU INTLA ) GUATEMALA PROJECT : ARCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITE RECORD 1 .

S i te N ame

2 . S i te N o .

3 .

A l te rna t ive N ame (s ) ( o ro the ri den t i f y ing n ame )

4 .

Op s/SubOp s/Lo t s

5 .

Map R e fe rence 1 : 50 ,000

6 .

L oca t ion (Mun ic ip io ,p re sen tf e a ture s )

7 .

A s soc ia ted S amp le s ( c ha rcoa l ,b one , s o i l , e t c . )

8 .

De sc r ip t ion ( f ea tu re s , s t ra t ig raphy ,c u ts , e t c . )

9 .

E ro s ion , d epo s i t ion , d i s turbance

1 0 .

C u r ren tf l ora a nd l a ndu se

1 .

A r t i fac t sc olec ted : C e ram ic s B one

C hs t

,O the r

1 2 .

A r t i fac t sn o tc olec ted

1 3 .

P robab le d a te (s ) a nd E v id . ( on s i te o n ly )

1 4 .

C ommen ts

1 5 .

P re sen to wne r

1 6 .

Add re s s

1 7 .

A t t i tude s

1 8 .

B /Wp ho tos

1 9 .

C o lor p ho tos

2 0 .

Ae r ia lp ho to n o ' s .

2 1 .

S ca le s i te map

2 3 .

R ecorde r s

Adm in . N ame

2 2 . P rof i le ( s )? 2 4 . D a te (s )

1 26

G rs t

PAC IF IC S LOPE ( ESCU INTLA ) GUATE MALA PROJECT ENV IRON MENTAL VAR IABLES

1 .

S i te No .

2 .

A l t i tude

3 .

A ve rage a nnua lr a in f a l l

4 .

L onge s ta ve rage d ry s pel

( c o l 1 )

5 .

D i s tance t o5 00 m .c on tou rl e ve l

( co l 1 2 -14 )

6 .

C a tchmen t -a rab le l a nd i nh ec ta re s -u se c ode

7 .

( c o l 1 -6 ) u se c ode

( c o l 7 -8 ) u se c ode

1km .r ad iu s0 1

( c o l 1 5 -16 )

5km .r ad ius 0 2

( c o l 1 7 -18 )

T h ie s sen P o lygon 0 3

( c o l 1 9 -20 )

S o i l s -pe rcen tage g ood d ra inage

8 . S o i l s -pe rcen tage g ood f e r t i l i ty

9 .

1 0 .

1 .

1 2 .

( c o l 9 10 )

Ave rage r el ie f

Max imum c on tou r s

Max imum n umbe rs t ream s &r i ve r s .

Numbe ro fc l o sed c on tou r s

c a tchmen t0 1

( c o l2 1 -23 )

c a tchmen t0 2

( c o l2 4 -26 )

c a tchmen t0 3

( c o l2 7 -29 )

c a tchmen t0 1

( c o l3 0 -32 )

c a tchmen t0 2

( c o l3 3 -35 )

c a tchmen t0 3

( c o l3 6 -38 )

c a tchmen t0 1

( c o l3 9 -40 )

c a tchmen t0 2

( c o l4 1 -42 )

c a tchmen t0 3

( c o l4 3 -44 )

c a tchmen t0 1

( c o l4 5 -46 )

c a tchmen t0 2

( c o l4 7 -48 )

c a tchmen t0 3

( c o l4 9 -50 )

c a tchmen t0 1

( c o l5 1 -52 )

c a tchmen t0 2

( c o l5 3 -54 )

c a tchmen t0 3

( c o l5 5 -56 )

c a tchmen t0 1

( c o l5 7 -58 )

c a tchmen t0 2

( c o l5 9 -60 )

c a tchmen t0 3

( c o l6 1 -62 )

1 27

PAC IF IC S LOPE ( ESCU INTLA ) GUATE MALA PROJECT SOC IAL VAR IABLES 1 .

S i te No .

2 .

T ime

3 .

S i ze i nh ec ta re sa tt ime t

( c o l 9 12 )

4 .

Ma s s ( vo lume ) o fp ubl i cc on s t ruc t ion

( c o l 1 3 -18 )

5 .

Numbe ro f mound s :

( c o l 1 -6 ) u se c ode

( c o l 7 -8 )

o ve r 8me te r s

( co l 1 9 -20 )

b e tween 3 8m e te r s

( c o l2 1 -22 )

u nde r 3me te r s

( c o l2 3 -24 )

6 .

L a rge p l a t fo rm mounds ,p re sen t0 1 , a b sen t0 2

( co l2 5 -26 )

7 .

Ma s so fl a rge p l a t fo rm mound s

( c o l2 7 -31)

8 .

O r ien ta t ion ( bea r ing )l a rge p l a t form mound s

( c o l3 2 -34 )

9 .

S i te o r ien ta t ion ( bea r ing )

( c o l3 5 -37 )

1 0 .

S i te c l a s s i f ica t ion ( o rde r )

( c o l3 8 -39 )

1 .

D i s tance t o NN o fs ame o rde r

( c o l4 0 -42 )

1 2 .

D i s tance t o NN o fh ighe ro rde r

( co l4 3 -45 )

1 3 .

D i s tance t o NN o fl owe ro rde r

( co l4 6 -48 )

1 4 .

B al c ou r t ,p re sen t0 1 , a b sen t0 2

( c o l4 9 -50 )

1 5 .

Numbe ro fn apk in r i ng e ar s poo l s

( c o l5 1 -52 )

1 6 .

Den s i ty o fc e ram ic so ns ur face ( h igh 0 1 , med ium 0 2 ,l ow 0 3 )

( c o l5 3 -54 )

1 7 .

R a t io o fe l i te t ou t i l i ta r ian p o t te ry ( s ub jec t ive c a tegory -h igh 0 1 , med ium 0 2 ,l ow 0 3 )

( co l5 5 -56 )

1 28

PAC IF IC S LOPE ( ESCU INTLA ) GUATE MALA PROJECT ECONO M IC VAR IABLES 1 .

S i te No .

( c o l 1 -6 )

OBS ID IAN CATEGOR IES : 2 .

F requency c oun ta lo b s id ian

( c o l 7 -9 )

3 .

We igh ta lo b s id ian

( c o l 1 0 -15 )

4 .

F requency b l ade sa nd b l ade f r agmen ts

( c o l 1 6 -18 )

5 .

P e rcen tage b l ade sa nd b l ade f r agmen t s

( c o l 1 9 -21 )

6 .

F requency f l ake a nd f l ake f r agmen t sw /o c o r tex

( co l2 2 -24 )

7 .

P e rcen tage f l ake a nd f l ake f r agmen t sw /o c o r tex

( c o l2 5 -27 )

8 .

P e rcen tage i r regu lar c hunk sw /o c o r tex

( c o l2 8 -30 )

9 .

P e rcen tage c hunk l i ke f l ake sw /o c or tex

( c o l3 1 -33 )

1 0 .

P e rcen tage c o re s( t ype s 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 4 )

( c o l3 4 -36 )

1 .

P e rcen tage o b s id ian w i th c o r tex ( 04 , 0 5 , 0 9 , 1 0 , 1 , 1 6 ) ( add i nw he re c or tex o np la t fo rm )

( co l3 7 -39 )

1 2 .

B lade e dge/ma s sr a t io

( co l4 0 -42 )

1 3 .

P e rcen tage r e touched i n c l .b i f ace s

( c o l4 3 -45 )

1 4 .

F requency b i f ace s

( c o l4 6 -47 )

1 5 .

D i s tance t on eare s ts a l ts ou rce

1 6 .

D i s tance t on eare s to b s id ian s ou rce

( c o l5 1 -53 )

1 7 .

D i s tance t oP ac i f ic C oa s t

( co l5 4 -56 )

1 8 .

D i s tance t on ea re s th igh land v aley (@1500 me te rc on tou rl e ve l )

( co l5 7 -59 )

1 9 .

H igh land t r ade w a re sp re sen t0 1 , a b sen t0 2

( c o l6 0 -61 )

2 0 .

C oas ta lt r ade w are sp re sen t0 1 , a b sen t0 2

( c o l6 2 -63 )

2 1 .

Numbe ro f me ta te s

( co l6 4 )

2 2 .

Numbe ro f mano s

( c o l6 5 )

2 3 .

Numbe ro fs p ind le w ho r l s

( co l6 6 )

2 4 .

Numbe ro fp e r fora ted s he rd d i sc s

( co l6 7 )

•( c o l4 8 -50 )

1 29

A ppend ix B Da ta s umma r ie s o f F o rma t ive P e r iod s u r face c o l lec ted s i tes a re i n c luded h e re a nd c oded i n n ume r ica l f o rm . C o lumn d e s igna t ion s i n d a ta r ecord ing s hee t s s hown i n Append ix A d o n o t c on fo rm w i th t ho se a c tua l ly u sed . He re Il i s t c o lumn s u sed i nt h e t h ree v a r iab le s e t s f o r t he v a r iou s t ime p e r iod s . B lank s pace s a re n o t i n c luded i n t he c o lumn d e s igna t ion s .

S o c ia l C o lumn (s ) 1 6 7 8 11 1 2 -17 1 8 -21 2 2 -23 2 4 2 5 2 6 -27 2 8 2 9 -34 3 5 -36 3 7 -38 3 9 4 0 -42 4 3 -45 4 6 -48 4 9 5 0 5 1 5 2

De sc r ip t ion

S i te n umbe ri na ccordance w i th p rev iou s ly d e sc r ibed p rocedu re s . T ime p e r iod o c cup ied ( s ee T ab le 4 ) S i te s i ze i nh ec ta re sa tt ime " t " . S i te ma s si nc ub ic me te r s . A p owe r i ndex d e r ived b y mu l t ip ly ing s i te s i ze t ime s mas s ( no t u sed i n t h i s a na ly s i s ) . T o ta ln umbe ro f mound s . Numbe ro f mound sh ighe rt han 8me te r s . Numbe ro f mound s 3t o 8me te r si nh e igh t . Numbe ro f mound sb e low 3me te r si nh e igh t . P re sence ( 1 ) o ra b sence ( 2 ) o fl a rge p l a t fo rm mound s . Ma s so fl a rge p l a t form mound si nc ub ic me te r s( no tr e co rded f o rt h i s a na ly s i s ) . O r ien ta t ion i n d eg ree s o f l a rge p l a t fo rm mound s ( no t r eco rded f o r t h i s a na ly s i s ) . S i te o r ien ta t ion i nd eg ree s . S i te r ank . D i s tance i n km t ot he n eare s tn e ighbo ro ft he s ame r ank . D i s tance i n km t ot he n ea re s tn e ighbor o f ah i ghe rr ank . D i s tance i n km t ot he n ea re s tn e ighbo ro f al owe rr ank . B al c our tp re sence ( 1 ) o ra b sence ( 2 ) . Numbe ro fp o t te ry n apk in r ing e ar s poo l s . S ur f ace d en s i ty o fp o t te ry ( h igh -1 , med ium -2 ,l ow -3 ) . R a t io o fe l i te t ou t i l i ta r ian p o t te ry ( h igh -1 , med ium -2 ,l ow -3 ) .

E conom ic 1 6 7 9 1 0 -14 1 5 -17 1 8 -21 2 2 -24 2 5 -27v 2 8 -30 3 1 -33 3 4 -36 3 7 -39 4 0 -42 4 3 -46 4 7 4 8 -50 5 1 -53 5 4 -55

S i xd ig i ts i te n umbe r . S ur face o b s id ian f r equency . T o ta lw e igh ts u r f ace o b s id ian . F requency b l ade s( t ype 1 )a nd b l ade f r agmen t s( t ype 3 ) . P e rcen tage b l ade s( t ype 1 )a nd b l ade f r agmen t s( t ype 3 ) . F requency f l ake s( t ype 6 )a nd f l ake f r agmen t s( t ype 7 ) . P e rcen tage f l ake s( t ype 6 )a nd f l ake f r agmen t s( t ype 7 ) . P e rcen tage i r regu la rc hunk s( t ype 1 5 ) . P e rcen tage c hunk l ike f l ake s( t ype 8 ) . P e rcen tage c o re s ( t ype s 1 2 , 1 3 ) a nd c ore f r agmen t s ( t ype 1 4 ) . P e rcen tage c o r tex ( t ype s4 ,5 ,9 ,1 0 , 1 , 1 6 ) . C u t t ing -edge t o mas sr a t io . P e rcen tage r e touch . F requency o fb i face s . D i s tance i n km t on ea re s ts a l ts ou rce . D i s tance i n km t oP ac i f ic c oa s t . Ob s id ian t os he rd f r equency r a t io . 1 30

5 6 -57 5 8 5 9 6 0 6 1

Ob s id ian b l ade t os he rd f r equency r a t io . Numbe ro f me ta te s . Numbe ro fm ano s . Numbe ro fs p ind le w ho r l s . Numbe ro fp o t te ry p e r fo ra ted d i sc s .

E nv ironmen ta l 1 6 7 9 1 0 -12 1 3 -16 1 7 -19 2 0 -22 2 3 -24 2 5 -26 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1 3 2

S i xd ig i ts i te n umbe r . S i te a l t i tude i nm e te r s . A rab le l a nd i nh af o rC a tchmen t 1 . A rab le l a nd i nh af o rC a tchmen t2 . P e rcen tage w e l l -d ra ined s o i lC a tchmen t 1 . P e rcen tage w e l l -d ra ined s o i lC a tchmen t2 . A ve rage r e l ie fC a tchmen t 1 . A ve rage r el ie fC a tchmen t2 . Max imum n umbe rc on tou r sC a tchmen t 1 . Max imum n umbe rc on tou r sC a tchmen t2 . Max imum n umbe rr i ve r s/ s t ream sC a tchmen t 1 . Max imum n umbe rr i ve r s/ s t ream sC a tchmen t2 . Numbe rc l o sed c on tou r sC a tchmen t 1 . Numbe rc l o sed c on tou r sC a tchmen t2 .

1 31

S oc ia lt =2 7 33301 7 42301 7 50301 7 61401 7 70701

2 2 2 2 2

0 495 0 278 0 400 0 280 0 199

2 03139 0 94900 18427 0 93391 0 71508

1 00619 0 26414 0 47414 0 26112 0 14209

35 1 1 3 70 4 2 80 4 160 5 130 5

2 2 2 2 2

0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 6 1 1 00 10 89 1 4 1 19 2 3 10 89 2 5 20 00

0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 48

0 15 0 00 0 48 0 73 0 00

20 1 1 2 3 2 3 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 6 1 1 00 10 89 19 1 4 1 1 2 3 10 89 2 5 20 00 1 0 10 00 40 00 3 1 50 2 5 3 1 52 83 1 0 1 1 79 3 9 2 1 40 00

0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 48 0 00 0 00 0 94 1 56 0 00 0 39 0 98

0 15 0 00 0 48 0 73 1 18 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 39 1 14 0 00

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 6 1 1 00 10 89 1 4 1 1 19 2 3 10 89 2 5 2 1 23 1 5 20 00 1 0 1 1 69 5 0 00 5 0 15 5 0 06 1 1 69 5 0 06 2 0 40 23 0 0 30 74 2 0 1 1 70 1 5 40 23 40 00 1 8 30 08 1 5 30 08 1 9 30 46 2 0 40 00 30 46 0 0 30 81 2 5 4 1 52 1 0 1 1 36 3 9 2 1 39 2 4 2 1 23 40 00

0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 48 0 65 0 00 0 42 0 09 0 06 0 00 0 10 0 20 0 44 0 00 0 32 0 25 0 56 0 57 0 67 0 14 0 94 0 08 1 23 0 00 0 39 1 20 0 98

0 15 0 00 0 48 0 73 1 18 0 00 0 65 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 06 0 00 0 10 0 24 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 25 0 33 0 36 0 00 0 14 0 00 0 00 0 39 0 46 0 00 0 00

20 2 23 2 22 20 20 20 00 20 20 20 22 20

1 1 3 1 1 2 2 31

20 20 20 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

12 2 3 31 22 22 33 21 22 22 1 1 1 1 22

S oc ia lt =3 7 33301 7 42301 7 50301 7 61401 7 70701 4 31901 4 39401 5 50601 5 82101 5 89701 6 29701 8 61401

30 495 30 278 30 400 30 280 30 199 30 210 30 010 30 040 30 023 30 267 30 184 30 027

2 03139 0 94900 18427 0 93391 0 71508 1 06700 0 03600 0 11280 0 22500 0 69875 0 23413

1 00619 0 26414 0 47414 0 26112 0 14209 0 22410 0 00001 0 00501 0 00501 0 18711 0 04307

35 1 3 70 4 2 80 4 160 5 130 5 2 20 6 0 0 0 1 0 10 0 10 0 0 20 0 9 0 20 5

20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 10 21250 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000

0 1 1 3 3 1 1 22 2 3 1 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 1 1 0 11

S oc ia lt =4 7 33301 7 42301 7 50301 7 61401 7 70701 4 22501 4 31901 4 39401 4 50101 4 50202 4 50203 4 50301 4 50401 4 50601 4 58501 4 70401 4 79501 4 89701 4 99801 5 10301 5 40601 5 50601 5 79701 5 82101 5 89701 6 29701 6 51101 8 61401

40 495 40 278 40 400 40 280 40 199 40 112 40 210 40 010 40 005 40 006 40 210 40 006 40 018 40 074 40 263 40 013 40 017 40 105 40 058 40 076 40 018 40 040 40 088 40 023 40 267 40 184 40 151 40 027

2 03139 0 94900 1 18427 0 93391 0 71508 0 74425 1 06700 0 03600 0 02665 0 02500 0 53918 0 00479 0 20640 0 26500 1 48712 0 21125 0 09900 0 12038 0 11794 0 26275 0 05029 0 11280 0 28239 0 22500 0 69875 0 23413 0 25088

1 00619 0 26414 0 47414 0 26112 0 14209 0 08308 0 22410 0 00001 0 00003 0 00001 0 11323 0 00001 0 00402 0 02003 0 39118 0 00301 0 00206 0 01308 0 00710 0 02010 0 001 0 00501 0 02508 0 00501 0 18711 0 04307 0 03810

35 1 3 70 4 2 80 4 160 5 130 5 15 0 2 2 20 6 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 9 1 4 0 10 0 0 10 1 0 20 1 3 60 9 0 10 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 8 0 30 7 10 0 9 0 10 0 0 30 5 10 0 0 20 0 9 0 20 5 0 30 7

20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 10 21500 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 2 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000

1 32

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 2 2 2 13 1 1 12 13 1 1 11

S oc ia l t=5 7 33301 7 42301 7 50301 7 61401 7 70701 4 22501 4 31901 4 39401 4 50101 4 50202 4 50203 4 50301 4 50302 4 50401 4 50601 4 58501 4 70401 4 70402 4 79501 4 89701 4 99801 5 10301 5 10401 5 20301 5 29301 5 40601 5 50601 5 79701 5 82101 5 89701 6 29701 6 51101 8 61401

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

0 495 0 278 0 500 0 420 0 199 0 112 0 210 0 010 0 005 0 006 0 210 0 006 0 020 0 018 0 074 0 263 0 013 0 004 0 017 0 105 0 058 0 076 0 002 0 040 0 003 0 018 0 040 0 088 0 023 0 267 0 184 0 151 0 080

2 03139 0 94900 18427 1 49211 0 71508 0 74425 1 06700 0 03600 0 02665 0 02500 0 53918 0 00479 0 03813 0 20640 0 26500 1 48712 0 21125 0 02200 0 09900 0 12038 0 11794 0 26275 0 05000 0 17550 0 02295 0 05029 0 11280 0 28239 0 22500 0 69875 0 23413 0 25088

1 00619 0 26414 0 59214 0 26117 0 14209 0 08308 0 22410 0 00001 0 00003 0 00001 0 11323 0 00001 0 00103 0 00402 0 02003 0 39118 0 00301 0 00003 0 00206 0 01308 0 00710 0 02010 0 00001 0 00702 0 00001 0 001 0 00501 0 02508 0 00501 0 18711 0 04307 0 03810

35 1 3 70 4 2 80 4 2 10 0 5 130 5 15 0 2 22 06 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 9 1 4 0 10 0 0 0 0 3 0 10 1 0 20 1 3 60 9 0 10 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 8 0 30 7 10 0 9 0 0 0 1 0 10 1 0 10 0 0 10 0 0 30 5 10 0 0 20 0 9 0 20 5 0 30 7

20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 10 21500 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000 20 00000

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 2 2 2 2 2 2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000

2 6 1 1 00 10 89 1 4 1 19 2 3 10 89 2 5 2 1 23 1 5 20 00 1 0 1 1 69 5 0 00 5 0 15 5 0 06 1 1 69 5 0 05 5 0 05 2 0 40 23 0 0 30 74 2 0 1 1 70 1 5 40 23 5 0 00 40 32 1 8 30 68 1 5 40 33 1 9 30 68 5 0 30 40 39 5 0 00 2 0 5 0 30 40 39 0 0 30 81 2 5 4 1 52 1 0 1 1 36 3 9 2 1 39 2 4 2 1 23 30 00

0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 48 0 65 0 00 0 42 0 09 0 06 0 00 0 10 0 11 0 20 0 44 0 00 0 32 0 04 0 25 0 56 0 08 0 67 0 08 0 08 0 55 0 14 0 46 0 08 1 23 0 00 0 39 1 20 0 98

0 15 2 0 1 1 0 00 2 3 0 48 2 3 1 1 0 73 2 2 2 18 2 2 3 1 0 00 2 0 0 65 20 2 2 0 00 2 0 2 2 0 00 0 0 1 3 0 00 2 0 1 1 0 06 2 0 1 2 0 00 2 0 1 3 0 00 2 0 3 2 0 10 2 2 1 1 0 24 2 0 1 1 0 002 0 0 04 2 0 1 2 0 00 2 0 2 2 0 00 2 0 2 3 0 08 2 0 3 1 0 00 2 1 2 2 0 08 2 0 2 2 0 00 2 0 3 3 0 09 2 0 2 2 0 55 2 0 3 0 00 2 0 3 3 0 14 2 0 2 1 0 64 2 0 2 2 0 00 2 0 2 2 0 39 2 0 1 1 0 46 2 0 1 1 0 00 2 0 2 2 0 35

E conom ic t=2 7 33301 6 32 7 42301 8 42 7 50301 3 47 7 61401 0 24 7 70701 0 32

2 5233 3 1426 1 0558 0 0302 0 0839

4 03 5 96 2 62 0 12 0 25

6 38 7 08 7 55 5 00 7 81

0 7612006003304111221901586 15137039051007056 0 0301 0 2707807803700604020903467 0 8033300000000004400000000 0 0618803100000000021502500

1 33

3 50 3 55 3 40 3 68 3 58

3 33 3 43 3 55 3 73 3 68

8 8564321 2 014 2 4181004 2 414 2 0151000

E conom ic t= 3 7 33301 7 42301 7 50301 7 61401 7 70701 4 31901 4 39401 5 50601 5 82101 5 89701 6 29701 8 61401

6 32 8 42 3 47 0 24 0 32 0 07 0 05 0 04 0 01 0 46 0 16

2 5233 3 1426 1 0558 0 0302 0 0839 0 0104 0 0345 0 0077 0 0028 0 3421 0 0422

4 03 6 38 5 96 7 08 2 62 7 55 0 12 5 00 0 25 7 81 0 050714 0 030600 0 041000 0 011000 0 380826 0 120750

0 7612006003304111221901586 15137039051007056 0 0301 0 2707807803700604020903467 0 0833300000000004400000000 0 0618803100000000021502500 0 0228600000000000024500000 0 0000000000000000017608002 0 0000000000000000027202500 0 0000000000000000022910000 0 0102200004306502216603911 0 0212500006306300027001250

3 50 3 55 3 40 3 68 3 58 1 25 0 35 1 40 2 25 1 75 2 10 4 63

3 33 3 43 3 55 3 73 3 68 0 30 0 17 1 50 1 85 1 70 2 05 4 68

8 8564321 2 014 2 4181004 2 414 2 0151000 1 7120000 1 3080000 0 6060000 0 2022100 1 4110010 1 5122200 0 000

3 50 3 55 3 40 3 68 3 58 12 1 25 0 35 0 43 0 41 0 40 0 43 0 43 0 40 0 88 0 65 0 56 0 73 0 75 1 08 1 30 1 40 1 55 2 25 1 75 2 10 2 50 4 63

3 33 3 43 3 55 3 73 3 68 0 30 0 30 0 17 0 48 0 48 0 48 0 50 0 51 0 48 0 17 0 73 0 58 0 75 0 80 15 1 38 1 50 1 63 1 85 1 70 2 05 2 55 4 68

8 8564321 2 014 2 4181004 2 414 2 0151000 1 0000 1 7120000 1 3080000 2 8251100 1 5123210 1 7152300 1100000 2 1170000 1 6150100 0 0000000 2 1200000 7 7621100 4 5450000 1 6110000 0 3030000 1 6120010 0 6060000 0 7060000 0 2022100 1 4110010 1 5122200 0 6050000 0 000

E conom ic t =4 7 33301 7 42301 7 50301 7 61401 7 70701 4 22501 4 31901 4 39401 4 50101 4 50202 4 50203 4 50301 4 50401 4 50601 4 58501 4 70401 4 79501 4 89701 4 99801 5 10301 5 40601 5 50601 5 79701 5 82101 5 89701 6 29701 6 51101 8 61401

6 32 8 42 3 47 0 24 0 32

2 5233 3 1426 1 0558 0 0302 0 0839

4 03 5 96 2 62 0 12 0 25

6 38 7 08 7 55 5 00 7 81

0 7612006003304111221901586 15137039051007056 0 0030 0 2707807803700604020903467 0 0833300000000004400000000 0 0618803100000000021502500

0 07 0 05 0 19 0 32 0 30 0 11 0 16 0 25

0 0104 0 0345 0 0632 0 2164 0 1178 0 0783 0 0697 0 0893

0 050714 0 030600 0 170895 0 260813 0 260867 0 100909 0 130813 0 230920

0 0228600000000000024500000 0 0000000000000000017608002 0 0000000005300005322805260 0 0309400000006303117505940 0 0103300003300006724903671 0 0000000000000000012907271 0 0000012500000006324303751 0 0000000008000000021304800

0 15 0 30 0 09 0 10 0 01 0 12 0 04 0 07 0 01 0 46 0 16 0 05

0 0638 0 0981 0 0356 0 0936 0 0043 0 0907 0 0077 0 0483 0 0028 0 3421 0 0422 0 0096

0 140933 0 240800 0 091000 0 070700 0 011000 0 090750 0 041000 0 060857 0 011000 0 380826 0 120750 0 040800

0 0000006700000000019202001 0 0000016700003300019102000 0 0000000000000000017604440 0 0110000000000020020604001 0 0000000000000000018100000 0 0000000008308300016705001 0 0000000000000000027202500 0 0000000000000000016002861 0 0000000000000000022900000 0 0102200004306502216603911 0 0212500006306300027001250 0 0120000000000000000000000

1 34

E conom ic t=5 7 33301 7 42301 7 50301 7 61401 7 70701 4 22501 4 31901 4 39401 4 50101 4 50202 4 50203 4 50301 4 50302 4 50401 4 50601 4 58501 4 70401 4 70402 4 79501 4 89701 4 99801 5 10301 5 10401 5 20301 5 29301 5 40601 5 50601 5 79701 5 82101 5 89701 6 29701 6 51101 8 61401

6 32 8 42 3 47 0 24 0 32

2 5233 3 1426 1 0558 0 0302 0 0839

4 03 5 96 2 62 0 12 0 25

6 38 7 08 7 55 5 00 7 81

0 7612006003304111221901586 15137039051007056 0 3001 0 2707807803700604020903467 0 0833300000000004400000000 0 0618803100000000021502500

0 07 0 05 0 19 0 32 0 30 0 11 0 03 0 16 0 25

0 0104 0 0345 0 0632 0 2164 0 1178 0 0783 0 0136 0 0697 0 0893

0 05 7 14 0 03 6 00 0 17 8 95 0 26 8 13 0 26 8 67 0 10 9 09 0 031000 0 130813 0 230920

0 0228600000000000024500000 0 0000000000000000017608002 0 0000000005300005322805260 0 0309400000006303117505940 0 0103300003300006724903671 0 0000000000000000012907271 0 0000000000000000026300000 0 0000012500000006324303751 0 0000000008000000021304800

0 15 0 03 0 30 0 09 0 10 0 01 0 01 0 03 0 32 0 12 0 04 0 07 0 01 0 46 0 16 0 05

0 0638 0 0379 0 0981 0 0356 0 0936 0 0043 0 0036 0 0077 0 0865 0 0907 0 0077 0 0483 0 0028 0 3421 0 0422 0 0096

0 140933 0 020667 0 240800 0 091000 0 070700 0 011000 0 011000 0 031000 0 260813 0 090750 0 041000 0 060857 0 011000 0 380826 0 120750 0 040800

0 0000006700000000019202001 0 0000000000033300020000000 0 0000016700003300019102000 0 0000000000000000017604440 0 0110000000000020020604001 0 0000000000000000018110000 0 0000000000000000013910000 0 0000000000000000022610000 0 0206303109400000029603131 0 0000000008308300016705001 0 0000000000000000027202500 0 0000000000000000016002861 0 0000000000000000022910000 0 0102200004306502216603911 0 0212500006306300027001250 0 0120000000000000047200000

1 35

3 50 3 55 3 40 3 68 3 58 1 12 1 25 0 35 0 43 0 41 0 40 0 43 0 38 0 43 0 40 0 88 0 65 0 65 0 56 0 73 0 75 1 08 1 08 13 15 1 30 1 40 1 55 2 25 1 75 2 10 2 50 4 63

3 33 3 43 3 55 3 73 3 68 0 30 0 30 0 17 0 48 0 48 0 48 0 50 0 46 0 51 0 48 0 17 0 73 0 73 0 58 0 75 0 80 15 15 1 23 1 08 1 38 1 50 1 63 1 85 1 70 2 05 2 55 4 68

8 8564321 2 014 2 4181004 2 414 2 0151000 0 0000000 1 7120000 1 3080000 2 8251100 1 5123210 1 7152300 1 1100000 1 8180000 2 1170000 1 6150100 0 0000000 2 1200000 1 4100000 7 7621100 4 5450000 1 6110000 0 3030000 1110000 1 0100000 3 0253410 1 6120010 0 6060000 0 7060000 0 2022100 1 4110010 1 5122200 0 6050000 0 000

Env iron men ta l t=5 7 33301 7 42301 7 50301 7 61401 7 70701 4 22501 4 3190i 4 39401 4 50101 4 50202 4 50203 4 50301 4 50302 4 50401 4 50601 4 58501 4 70401 4 70402 4 79501 4 89701 4 99801 5 10301 5 10401 5 20301 5 29301 5 40601 5 50601 5 79701 5 82101 5 89701 6 29701 6 51101 8 61401

1 20 1 55 1 10 2 15 1 65 0 08 0 08 0 05 0 06 0 06 0 06 0 05 0 05 0 05 0 05 0 04 0 09 0 09 0 08 0 13 0 14 0 18 0 18 0 18 0 20 0 20 0 22 0 30 0 35 0 32 0 38 0 64 4 15

3 14 3 14 3 14 3 14 3 14 3 14 3 14 2 51 3 14 3 14 3 14 2 83 2 83 2 79 2 83 3 14 3 14 3 14 3 14 3 14 3 14 3 14 3 14 3 14 3 14 3 14 3 14 3 14 3 14 3 14 3 14 3 14 3 14

1 964 1 964 1 964 1 964 1 964 1 964 1 964 1 374 1 964 1 964 1 767 1 570 1 570 1 748 1 571 1 178 1 964 1 866 1 964 1 964 1 964 1 964 1 964 1 964 1 964 1 964 1 964 1 964 1 964 1 964 1 964 1 964 1 964

1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 0 00 0 00 0 10 1 00 1 00 1 00 0 93 1 00 0 50 1 00 0 70 0 00 0 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 0 70 1 00 0 95 0 00 0 30 0 70 0 10 1 00 0 05 0 40 1 00 1 00

1 36

1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 0 00 0 00 0 20 0 90 0 79 0 87 0 79 0 80 0 64 0 55 0 60 0 15 0 20 0 95 1 00 1 00 0 50 0 50 0 50 0 40 0 55 0 60 0 50 1 00 0 50 0 60 1 00 1 00

1 0 1 5 1 0 1 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 2 0

2 5 2 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 5 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 5 1 5 6 0

2 2 1 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 3

2 3 3 4 4

2 2 1 1 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 0 00 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 0 2 1 1 2 1 7 2

5 9 5 7 5 7 2 1 0 1 1 2 2 3 6 4 2 1 1 1 1 3 4 4 2 6 6 3 4 5 5 3 6

0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 12 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0

A ppend ix C T h i s a ppend ix i n c lude sv a r iab le i npu t mean s , s t anda rd d ev ia t ion s a nd c oe f f ic ien t s o f v ar ia t ion o ft he t h ree t ime p e r iod su sed f o rt he d i sc r im inan ta na ly s i si nC hap te rV I . D ISCR IM INANT ANALYS IS , 7VAR IABLES , T=3 MEANS

VAR IABLE F ir s t

S econd

GROUP T h ird

1S i te A rea 3 2 .16666 1 9 .14999 3 . 15000 2S i te Ma s s 14405 .31250 4 7460 .50000 1 6890 .00000 3MDGT8 2 . 16667 0 . 50000 0 . 50000 4MD3T08 4 . 66667 2 . 50000 0 . 50000 5MDLT3 6 . 50000 5 . 00000 0 . 0 6ORDER 1 . 00000 2 . 00000 3 . 00000 7NNSA ME 9 . 66666 8 . 95000 1 5 .10000 COUNTS

6

2

2

S econd

GROUP T h ird

F our th

A l lG roups

1 . 85000 2 0 .10832 1 800 .00000 6 8227 .75000 0 . 0 1 . 25000 0 . 0 2 . 83333 0 . 50000 4 . 16667 4 . 00000 2 . 00000 0 . 0 8 . 84166 2

1 2

S TANDARD DEV IAT IONS

VAR IABLE F ir s t

1S i te A rea 2S i te Ma s s 3MDGT8 4 .MD3T08 5MDLT3 6ORDER 7NNSA ME

1 0 .5148 1 . 06066 4 6377 .16406 3 4008 .30078 0 . 75277 0 . 70711 3 . 07679 0 . 70711 2 . 88097 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 5 . 90344 1 2 .65721

1 . 20208 7 933 .73828 0 . 70711 0 . 70711 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 14142

F our th

A l lG roups

1 . 20208 8 . 34287 2 545 .58447 3 8697 .85938 0 . 0 0 . 69222 0 . 0 2 . 45798 0 . 70711 2 . 29129 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 6 . 46604

COEFF IC IENTS OF VAR IAT ION

F ir s t

S econd

GROUP T h ird

F our th

0 . 32689 0 . 40538 0 . 34743 0 . 65931 0 . 44323 0 . 0 0 . 61070

0 . 05539 0 . 71656 1 . 41421 0 . 28284 0 . 0 0 . 0 1 . 41421

0 . 38161 0 . 46973 1 . 41421 1 . 41421 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 00937

0 . 64977 1 . 41421 0 . 0 0 . 0 1 . 41421 0 . 0 0 . 0

VAR IABLE

1S i te A rea 2S i te Ma s s 3MDGT8 4MD3T08 5MDLT3 6ORDER 7NNSA ME

1 37

A l lG roups

0 . 41490 0 . 56719 0 . 55377 0 . 86752 0 . 54991 0 . 0 0 . 73132

D ISCR IM INANT ANALYS IS , 7VAR IABLES , T=4 MEANS

VAR IABLE F ir s t

S econd

GROUP T h ird

F our th

F if th

A l lG roups

1S i te A rea 3 0 .03749 1 6 .14999 7 . 35000 1 . 93333 0 . 67500 1 2 .97500 2S i te Ma s s 11132 .75000 4 8608 .50000 1 9354 .33203 1 3 199 .00000 2 311 .00000 4 6002 .14063 3MDGT8 2 . 00000 0 . 50000 0 . 16667 1 . 16667 0 . 0 0 . 71429 4MD3T08 5 . 37500 3 . 25000 1 . 50000 0 . 33333 0 . 25000 2 . 42857 5MDLT 3 7 . 75000 4 . 75000 5 . 00000 1 . 16667 1 . 25000 4 . 39286 6ORDER 1 . 00000 2 . 00000 3 . 00000 4 . 00000 5 . 00000 2 . 78571 7NNSA ME 1 3 .01250 9 . 62500 4 . 38333 3 . 30000 0 . 67500 6 . 83571 COUN ' IS

8

4

6

6

S econd

GROUP T h i rd

F our th

4

2 8

S TANDARD DEV IAT IONS

VAR IABLE F ir s t

1S i te A rea 2S i te Mas s 3MDGT8 4MD3T08 5MDLT3 6ORDER 7NNSA ME

F i f th

A l lG roups

9 . 82459 3 . 86134 2 . 26782 0 . 49261 0 . 22174 5 . 70073 4 7062 .55469 2 8159 .69531 8 411 .60547 9 555 .56641 1 313 .87207 2 8512 .82031 1 . 06905 0 . 57735 0 . 40825 0 . 40825 0 . 0 0 . 68101 3 . 02076 1 . 25831 1 . 37840 0 . 51640 0 . 50000 1 . 86744 3 . 61544 2 . 06155 3 . 74166 2 . 40139 1 . 25831 3 . 00603 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 3 . 59779 6 . 46084 3 . 12052 5 . 93768 0 . 61847 4 . 38352

COEFF IC IENTS OF VAR IAT ION

VAR IABLE

1S i te A rea 2S i te Ma s s 3MEGT8 4MD3T08 5MDLT3 6ORDER 7NNSA ME

F ir s t

S econd

GROUP T h ird

F our th

F i f th

0 . 32708 0 . 42348 0 . 53452 0 . 56200 0 . 46651 0 . 0 0 . 27649

0 . 23909 0 . 57932 1 . 15470 0 . 38717 0 . 43401 0 . 0 0 . 67126

0 . 30855 0 . 43461 2 . 44949 0 . 91894 0 . 74833 0 . 0 0 . 71191

0 . 25480 0 . 72396 2 . 44949 1 . 54919 2 . 05833 0 . 0 , 1 . 79930

0 . 32850 0 . 56853 0 . 0 2 . 00000 1 . 00664 0 . 0 0 . 91625

1 38

A l lG roups

0 . 43936 0 . 61982 0 . 95341 0 . 76894 0 . 68430 0 . 0 0 . 641227

D ISCR IM INANT ANALYS IS , 7VAR IABLES , T=5 MEANS

VAR IABLE F ir s t

S econd

GROUP T h i rd

F our th

F i f th

A l lG roups

1S i te A rea 3 3 .03749 1 6 .14999 8 . 46000 2 . 98571 0 . 82222 1 2 .10606 2S i te Mas s 18110 .25000 4 8608 .50000 1 8610 .39844 1 6398 .42578 3 064 .55542 4 1658 .72656 3MDGT8 2 . 12500 0 . 50000 0 . 20000 0 . 14286 0 . 0 0 . 63636 4MD3T08 5 . 87500 3 . 25000 1 . 00000 1 . 00000 0 . 22222 2 . 24242 5MDLT3 7 . 75000 4 . 75000 4 . 60000 2 . 14286 1 . 33333 3 . 96970 6ORDER 1 . 00000 2 . 00000 3 . 00000 4 . 0000 5 . 00000 3 . 15152 7NNSA ME 1 3 .01250 9 . 62500 5 . 82000 4 . 87143 1 . 01111 6 . 51212 COUNTS

8

4

5

7

S econd

GROUP T h ird

F our th

9

3 3

S TANDARD DEV IAT IONS

VAR IABLE F ir s t

1S i te A rea 2S i te Mas s 3MDGT8 4MD3T08 5MDLT 3 6ORDER 7NNSA ME

F i f th

A l lG roups

1 2 .19987 3 . 86134 1 . 26016 1 . 65068 0 . 65341 6 . 30391 4 8181 .03906 2 8159 .69531 1 2280 .52344 5 299 .60938 1 455 .80713 2 6334 .02344 0 . 99103 0 . 57735 0 . 44721 0 . 37796 0 . 0 0 . 58347 3 . 44083 1 . 25831 1 . 41421 1 . 00000 0 . 44096 1 . 91964 3 . 61544 2 . 06155 4 . 03732 3 . 02371 1 . 32288 2 . 91736 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 3 . 59779 6 . 46084 3 . 29727 4 . 60171 1 . 22009 3 . 77154

COEFF IC IENTS OF VAR IAT ION

VAR IABLE

1S i te A rea 2S i te Mas s 3MDGT8 4MD3T08 5MDLT3 6ORDER 7NNSA ME

F ir s t

S econd

GROUP T h ird

F our th

F i f th

A l lG roups

0 . 36927 0 . 40793 0 . 46637 0 . 58567 0 . 46651 0 . 0 0 . 27649

0 . 23909 0 . 57932 1 . 15470 0 . 38717 0 . 43401 0 . 0 0 . 67126

0 . 14895 0 . 65987 2 . 23607 1 . 41421 0 . 87768 0 . 0 0 . 56654

0 . 55286 0 . 32318 2 . 64575 1 . 00000 1 . 41107 0 . 0 0 . 94463

0 . 79469 0 . 47505 0 . 0 1 . 98431 0 . 99216 0 . 0 1 . 20668

0 . 52072 0 . 63214 0 . 91688 0 . 85606 0 . 73491 0 . 0 0 . 57916

1 39

A ppend ix D

PAC IF IC S LOPE GUATE MALA ARCHAEOLOG ICAL PROJECT OBS ID IAN CLASS IF ICAT ION S YSTE M

1 .

O pe ra t ion ( S i te n umbe ro rc ode )

2 .

S ub -Ope ra t ion

3 .

L o t Numbe r

1 0 .

G ene ra lT ype o fA r t i f ac t ( b lade s )

0 1

R e touched o r u n re touched p r i sma t ic b l ade . C an b e a n e n t i re b l ade o r as ec t ion o f ab l ade , b u t n o t ab l ade f r agmen t ( See C ode 0 3 ) , c anno t h ave c o r tex ( See C ode 0 4 ) , c anno t b e av e ry i r regu la rb l ade ( See C ode 0 2 ) .

0 2

V e ry i r regu la r b l ade . C an b e r e touched o r u n re touched . N o c o r tex . ( The se b l ade s w e re p o s s ib ly d e tached d u r ing c o re s happ ing ) . B lade s s hou ld h ave n a tu ra l ly i r regu la r e dge s a nd/o r n on -parale l d o r sa l r i dge s , a nd/o r h igh ly i r regu la r c ro s s s ec t ion . N o t ap r i sma t ic b l ade . e . g .

0 3

B lade f r agmen t , c an b e r e touched o r u n re touched . No c o r tex . T h i s i s ap iece w h ich a ppea r s d e f in i te ly t o h ave b een p ar t o f a b l ade b u t w h ich i sb roken s o t ha t t he f r agmen t i ss mal a nd d oe s n o t e x tend a c ro s s t he f ul w id th o f t he b l ade . U sua l ly t he se p iece s h ave a t l e a s t o ne d o r sa l r i dge p a ra l lel ing t he e dge o f t he f r agmen t . C ode d oe s n o t a pp ly t o b l ade s w i th a b u r in b l ow w h ich r emoved o ne o r ig ina le dge . e . g .

0 4

B lade w i th c o r tex . C an b e r e touched o r u n re touched , p r i sma t ic o r i r regu la r . C anno t b e af r agmen t ( See C ode 0 5 ) . I fc o r tex i s o n ly o n p l a t fo rm , d o n o t c ode h e re . C ode a s ar egu la r b l ade a nd n o te c o r tex o np l a t fo rm i nf r ee t e x t .

1 40

( f lake s )

( o the r )

0 5

B lade f r agmen tw i th c o r tex . ( See d e f in i t ion si nC ode 0 3 ) .

0 6

F lake , r e touched o r u n re touched . B u lba r s ec t ion , o r p a r t o f i t , v i s ib le , o r a lmo s t e n t i re f l ake a t l e a s t v i s ib le . F lake c an b e l a rge o r s mal , t h ick o r t h in , b u t i f i t i s at h ick , i r regu la r , c hunky f l ake , u se C ode 0 8 . N oc o r tex ( See C ode 1 0 ) .

0 7

F lake f r agmen t . Smal p iece w h ich a ppea r s t o p o s s ib ly h ave b een p a r t o f af l ake , b u t w h ich i ss o s mal a nd l a ck s p a r t o f t he b u lba r s ec t ion s o t ha t i tc anno t b e c l a s s i f ied a s af l ake ( Code 0 6 ) . N oc o r tex ( See C ode 1 ) .

0 8

C hunk l ike f l ake . B u lba r a rea o r p a r t o f i tv i s ib le o n v en t ra l s u r f ace . P iece i s v e ry t h ick i n r e la t ion t o i t s w id th , v e ry i r regu la r , n o tt ape r ing t ou sab le e dge s . N oc o r tex ( See C ode 0 9 ) .

0 9

C hunk l ike f l ake w i th c o r tex

1 0

F lake w i th c o r tex . Do n o t c ode h e re a s c o r tex i f o n ly o n p l a t fo rm ; i n s tead , c ode a s ar egu la r f l ake a nd n o te c o r tex o n p l a t fo rm i nf r ee t e x t .

1

F lake f r agmen tw i th c o r tex

1 2

C omp le te p r i sma t ic c o re ,s i ng le p l a t fo rm .

1 3

C omp le te p r i sma t ic c o re ,d oub le p l a t form ( bo th e nd s ) .

1 4

P r i sma t ic C o re f r agmen t .

1 5

I r regu la r c hunk , n o c o r tex . C an b e l a rge o r s mal . Doe s n o t s how b u lba ra rea o ro the rs e cu re e v idence o fw he re i tw a s d e tached . T h ick , i r regu la rs ur f ace s .

1 6

I r regu la rc hunk w i th c o r tex .

1 7

B u r in s pal ,f r om b l ade .

1 8

P l a t fo rm e dge r emova lb l ade , o rr i dge b l ade .

1 9

P l a t form r eve r sa lb l ade .

9 9

O the r( f i l li nf r ee t e x t ) .

1 .

We igh to fp i ece i ng ram s .

1 2 .

T ype o fr e touched t oo l( Code 0 0i fp iece i sn o tr e touched ) . ( b lade s )

0 1

R e touched s napped e nd , s t ra igh t .

0 2

R e touched d i s ta le nd ( o r ig ina le nd ) , s t ra igh t .

0 3

R e touched b u lba re nd , s t ra igh t .

1 41

0 4

R e touched s napped e nd ,r ounded .

0 5

R e touched d i s ta le nd , r ounded .

0 6

R e touched b u lba re nd , r ounded .

0 7

R e touched s napped e nd ,i r regu la r .

0 8

R e touched d i s ta le nd ,i r regu la r .

0 9

R e touched b u lba re nd ,i r regu la r .

1 0

One e dge r e touched ( al o rn ea r ly a l lo fe dge ) .

1

One e dge p a r t ly r e touched .

1 2 Two e dge sr e touched ( al o rn ea r ly a lo fe dge ) . 1 3 Two e dge sp a r t ly r e touched . 1 4 Two e dge s r e touched , o ne a l r e touched , t he o the r o n ly p a r t ly r e touched . 1 5 S ing le c o rne re dge

1 6 Doub le c o rne re dge , o nt wo c o rne r sa ts ame e nd o fb l ade . 1 7

Doub le c o rne r e dge , o n t wo c o rne r s a t o ppo s i te e nd s o f b l ade , s ame e dge .

1 8 Doub le c o rne r e dge , o ppo s i te e dge s .

2 c o rne r s a t o ppo s i te e nd s o f b l ade ,

1 9 S ing le c oncav i ty . 2 0

Doub le c oncav i ty ,b o th o ns ame e dge .

2 1

Doub le c oncav i ty , o ppo s i te e dge s .

2 2

P o in tc r ea ted b yt wo r e touched e dge s .

2 3

P o in t c r ea ted b y o ne r e touched e dge , o ppo s i te e dge h a s s imp le , s i ng le b u r in .

2 4

P o in to ns i de e dge o fb l ade .

2 5

S imp le s i ng le b u r in ( de f in i t ion s : s imp le , 1d i rec t ion o fb low d ihed ra l : 2d o rec t ion so fb l ow sa ts ome e nd . S ing le : 1b l ow

s i m p l e

s l i k e ck a l 2 6

d o ub le

d oub le : 2b l ow s ( i n mo re o r l e s s t he s ame d i re c t ion ) .

S imp le d oub le b u r in ,b l ow sa ts ame l o ca t ion .

2 7 Two s imp le s i ng le b u r in s( on t wo d i f f e ren te dge s , s ame e nd ) .

( f lake )

2 8

Two s imp le s i ng le b u r in s( on t wo d i f fe ren te dge s ,d i f f e ren te nd s ) .

2 9

S e r ra ted , t wo e dge s r e touched ( r e touch f r om e i the r d or sa l o r v en t ra l s i de , b u t c on s i s ten t o n ag i ven e dge ) t o f o rm i r regu la r e dge , r e la t ive ly s t eep r e touch , may b e c omb ined w i th e dge d amage i nf o rm o ff l ak ing , w h ich a l so c on t r ibu te s t ot he i r regu la r e dge .

3 0

S e r ra ted , t wo e dge s r e touched , b u t w i th a l te rna t ing r e touch ( i . e . , a l te rna te s b e tween v en t ra l a nd d o r sa l o n s ame e dge ) o n a tl e a s t o ne e dge ,o the rw i se a sC ode 2 9 .

3 1

S e r ra ted , o ne e dge r e touched , n on -a l te rna t ing r e touch ( See C ode 2 9 ) .

3 2

S e r ra ted , t wo e dge s w i th a l te rna t ing r e touch l e ad ing t o ap o in ted e nd .

3 3

T h ick e nd s c rape ro nf l ake .

3 4

T h ick i r regu la rs c rape ro nf l ake .

3 5

F lake w i th r e touched e nd .

3 6

P o in ted f l ake ,c rea ted b yc onve rg ing r e touch o nt wo s i de s .

3 7 P o in ted f l ake , c r ea ted b y r e touch a l ong o ne e dge a ng l ing t o s napped e nd .

( add b l ade s )

3 8

F lake r e touched o no ne e dge .

3 9

O ne e dge r e touched ( a l l o r n ea r ly a l o fe dge ) a nd t he o the r e dge w i th as i ng le c oncav i ty .

4 0

P o in t , C ode s egmen t r ep re sen ted a s 1 po in t e nd ; 2 ful p o in t ; 3 b o t tom e nd .

4 1

P o in t , C ode s egmen tr ep re sen ted a si nC ode 4 0 .

9 9

O the r( f lake o rb l ade ) s pec i f yi nf r ee t e x t .

1 43

1 3 .

1 4 .

1 5 .

S egmen tr ep re sen ted . 0 1

B u lba r e nd p re sen t , d i s ta l e nd a b sen t o r n o t d e f in i te ly p re sen t . N o te i nf r ee t e x ti ft he re i s ad oub le b u lb .

0 2

B u lba r a nd d i s ta l e nd p re sen t . d oub le b u lb .

0 3

D i s ta le nd o n ly .

0 4

Med ia ls e c t ion o n ly ( two s napped e nd s ) .

0 5

C an ' td e te rm ine .

N o te i n f r ee t e x t i ft he re i sa

N a tu re o fd o r sa ls c a r s . E va lua t ion a pp ly st od o r sa ls c a r sp r io rt ob l ade o r f l ake d e tachmen t . 0 1

b l ade

0 2

f l ake

0 3

Unde te rm ined

K ind o fp l a t fo rm ( i fb u lba re nd i sp re sen t ,o the rw i se c ode 0 ) . 0 1

( b lade ) u n f ace ted , b road , n o t g round . P la t fo rm s hou ld b e a lmo s t a sw ide a st he b l ade i t se l f .

0 2

( b lade ) u n face ted , p o in ted , n o t g round . B lade s hou ld n a r row d own t o ar e s t r ic ted p l a t fo rm w h i ch i sn o t iceab ly l e s s w ide t han t he b l ade i t se l f .

0 3

( f lake )u n f ace ted ,n o tg round .

0 4

( b lade o rf l ake ) mu l t i f ace ted ,s how sf l ake s c a r s .

0 5

( b lade o rf l ake )g round ( s t r ia ted ) .

0 6 b roken o rc an ' td e te rm ine . TH IS S ECT ION APPL IES TO BLADES ONLY . CODE 0FOR FLAKES 1 6 .

Numbe ro fd o r sa lr i dge sp a rale l ing e dge s .

1 7 .

A ve rage w id th i n c m . Do n o t mea su re r i gh t a tb u lba r e nd n o r w he re b l ade t ape r s a td i s ta le nd . I fy ou c an ' tg e t ad e fen s ib le mea su remen tc ode 0 .

1 8 .

L eng th i nc m . Mea su re a l ong c en t ra lp a r to fb l ade ( e x c lude h inge o ve rhang ) .

1 44

A ppend ix E

F orma t ive o b s id ian d a ta f r om f ou r s i te s a re i n c luded i n t h i s a ppend ix . T he s i te s a re C r i s toba l , L o s C e r r i to s -Sou th , Mon te A l to a nd L a Morena . Ob s id ian f r om e ach s i te i s t abu la ted b yt ype a nd s ubope ra t ion f o rb o th f r equency a nd w e igh t .

FORMAT IVE CR ISTOBAL FREQUENCY

CELL FREQUENCY COUNTS

SUBOP

2 . 00

TYPE ( VAR 2 )

1 . 00 2 . 00 3 . 00 4 . 00 5 . 00 6 . 00 7 . 00 8 . 00 9 . 00 1 0 .0 1 .0 1 2 .0 1 3 .0 1 4 .0 1 5 .0 1 6 .0 1 7 .0 1 8 .0 1 9 .0 9 9 .0

TOTAL

( VAR 1 )

5 . 00

6 . 00

7 . 00

1 0 .0

TOTAL

8 4 1 0 1 0 1 2 2 5 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

1 . 2 0 2 0 0 2 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

1 5 0 2 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 0 0 0 0

3 5 0 0 3 0 2 8 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0

9 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0

1 55 1 4 4 0 2 2 1 5 1 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 4 0 0 0 1

19

2 2

3 3

6 4

1 4

2 52

1 45

FORMAT IVE CR ISTOBAL WE IGHT

CELL FREQUENCY COUNTS

SUBOP

2 . 00

T YPE ( VAR 2 )

1 . 00 2 . 00 3 . 00 4 . 00 5 . 00 6 . 00 7 . 00 8 . 00 9 . 00 1 0 .0 1 .0 1 2 .0 1 3 .0 1 4 .0 1 5 .0 1 6 .0 1 7 .0 1 8 .0 1 9 .0 9 9 .0

TOTAL

( VAR 1 )

5 . 00

6 . 00

7 . 00

1 0 .0

2 630 2 2 0 4 0 0 2 35 9 2 07 7 1 4 4 0 0 0 0 3 68 0 0 0 0 3 36

2 19 0 1 8 0 0 1 2 1 9 0 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 0

2 11 0 2 8 0 0 4 6 5 7 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 1 3 0 0 0 0

4 98 0 0 5 0 0 2 0 3 2 3 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 12 4 9 0 0 0 0

4 38 0 0 0 0 1 6 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 0

3 996 2 2 4 6 9 0 0 3 29 6 5 3 39 1 59 5 5 0 0 0 0 7 09 13 0 0 0 3 36

3 96 .2

4 0 .7

4 9 .6

9 0 .4

4 9 .0

6 25 .9

1 46

TOTAL

FORMAT IVE LOS CERR ITOS FREQUENCY

CELL FREQUENCY COUNTS TYPE

1 . 00

SUBOP ( VAR 1 )

2 . 00 5 . 00 6 . 00 7 . 00 8 . 00 9 . 00 1 0 .0

TOTAL NOT COUNTED

2 . 00

2 94 7 0 2 73 2 80 6 3 2 0 7 5 1 075 0

1 2 .0

SUBOP ( VAR 1 )

3 . 00

( VAR 2 )

4 . 00

5 . 00

6 . 00

7 . 00

8 . 00

9 . 00

1 0 .0

1 .0

4 0 1 0 8 2 4 5 1 2

1 4 1 0 3 8 2 5 9 1 5

9 3 7 1 0 6 1 1

2 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 6 1 4 5 6 5 8 1 9 8 8

3 0 5 1 6 3 0 9 2 0

1 9 1 2 1 7 3 3 7 2 2

1 9 5 9 1 7 1 0 1

8 1 1 1 6 1 1

4 1 3 4 0 0 0

9 0 0

1 02 0

3 7 0

2 0

2 09 0

9 2 0

9 2 0

5 2 0

3 9 0

1 2 0

1 3 .0

1 4 .0

2 . 00 5 . 00 6 . 00 7 . 00 8 . 00 9 . 00 1 0 .0

0 . 0 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 3 0 5 6 0 0 0

TOTAL

1

0

3 4

1 5 .0

1 6 .0

3 3 1 6 2 7 3 0 1 7 3 4

1 30

1 47

1 7 .0

1 8 .0

1 9 .0

9 9 .0

TOTAL

1 8 1 7 1 6 3 2 1

0 0 1 3 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 0 1 3 1 0 0

5 61 1 48 4 80 5 50 1 46 4 1 1 00

4 8

4

0

0

7

2 026

FORMAT IVE LOS CERR ITOS WE IGHT

CELL FREQUENCY COUNTS

SUBOP

2 . 00

TYPE ( VAR 2 )

1 . 00 2 . 00 3 . 00 4 . 00 5 . 00 6 . 00 7 . 00 8 . 00 9 . 00 1 0 .0 1 .0 1 2 .0 1 3 .0 1 4 .0 1 5 .0 1 6 .0 1 7 .0 1 8 .0 1 9 .0 9 9 .0

TOTAL

6 107 2 198 1 45 4 48 6 8 1 351 4 17 1 457 2 110 5 70 8 4 0 0 3 802 2 001 8 . 53 0 0 0 2 80

2 189 .1

5 . 00

( VAR 1 )

6 . 00

7 . 00

9 34 3 032 3 988 1 33 1 60 7 44 9 8 2 51 1 68 3 03 8 4 3 37 0 0 0 2 17 7 20 7 55 1 5 11 2 95 5 46 8 53 1 682 1 33 4 73 1 060 5 2 11 4 71 4 2 3 1 9 0 6 07 0 0 0 0 0 3 57 2 60 6 10 5 41 8 75 1 9 1 48 5 08 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 9 14

3 01 .7

7 58 .7 1 210 .9

1 48

8 . 00

9 . 00

1 0 .0

7 38 8 0 7 6 6 1 0 1 77 3 3 3 88 9 1 25 0 0 0 0 2 78 7 5 0 0 0 3 6

3 53 2 3 7 1 2 0 2 49 2 4 5 1 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 9 0 5 9 0 0 0 0

9 67 4 7 7 0 1 03 0 9 5 0 6 6 1 09 1 9 0 0 0 0 1 26 5 0 0 0 0

2 07 .6

8 8 .2

1 60 .7

TOTAL

1 6119 3 385 8 15 1 348 6 8 3 564 8 95 5 043 3 894 1 415 1 30 6 07 0 4 419 4 521 1 667 3 9 0 0 1 240

4 916 .9

FOR MAT IVE MONTE ALTO FREQUENCY CELL FREQUENCY COUNTS TYPE SUBOP ( VAR 1 )

1 7 .0 1 8 .0 2 0 .0 2 2 .0 2 4 .0 2 5 .0 2 6 .0 3 1 .0 3 2 .0 3 3 .0 3 4 .0 3 5 .0 3 6 .0 3 7 .0 3 9 .0 4 1 .0 4 2 .0 4 3 .0 4 4 .0 4 5 .0 4 6 .0 4 7 .0 4 8 .0 4 9 .0 5 0 .0 5 1 .0 5 2 .0 5 3 .0 5 4 .0 5 5 .0 5 6 .0 5 9 .0 6 0 .0 6 1 .0 6 2 .0 6 3 .0 6 5 .0 6 6 .0 6 7 .0 6 8 .0 7 0 .0 7 1 .0 7 2 .0 7 3 .0 7 4 .0 7 5 .0 7 6 .0 7 7 .0 7 8 .0 7 9 .0 8 0 .0 8 1 .0 TOTAL

( VAR 2 )

1 . 00 2 . 00 3 . 00 4 . 00 5 . 00 6 . 00 7 . 00 8 . 00 9 . 00 1 0 .0 1 .0 5 7 0 0 2 0 2 8 0 9 2 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 7 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 3 0 0 0 6 0 4 0 1 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 0 0 0 0 5 0 3 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 1 1 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 9 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 8 0 0 0 0 1 6 0 4 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 44 7 0 3 0 1 52 0 1 4 8 2 2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 1 70 7 0 3 0 6 7 0 1 0 4 5 0 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 4 0 2 1 1 0 1 5 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 04 5 0 0 0 1 7 0 3 2 2 0 4 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 2 2 0 1 9 1 0 0 0 5 0 2 4 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 8 9 4 0 3 0 2 9 1 9 4 4 0 2 7 1 0 0 0 1 0 7 0 0 0 8 4 4 0 0 0 5 0 4 1 1 0 2 3 3 1 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 39 3 0 3 0 2 0 0 6 3 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 5 0 3 1 3 0 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 88 0 0 1 0 1 5 0 1 6 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 4 1 0 0 0 5 0 1 1 1 0 2 8 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 2 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 6 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 2 7 0 0 1 0 4 0 5 1 1 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 2 2 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 875 4 4 1 1 8 0 4 51 1 1 21 5 3 6 9 1 1 49

1 2 .0

SUBOP BAR 1 )

1 7 .0 1 8 .0 2 0 .0 2 2 .0 2 4 .0 2 5 .0 2 6 .0 3 1 .0 3 2 .0 3 3 .0 3 4 .0 3 5 .0 3 6 .0 3 7 .0 3 9 .0 4 1 .0 4 2 .0 4 3 .0 4 4 .0 4 5 .0 4 6 .0 4 7 .0 4 8 .0 4 9 .0 5 0 .0 5 1 .0 5 2 .0 5 3 .0 5 4 .0 5 5 .0 5 6 .0 5 9 .0 6 0 .0 6 1 .0 6 2 .0 6 3 .0 6 5 .0 6 6 .0 6 7 .0 6 8 .0 7 0 .0 7 1 .0 7 2 .0 7 3 .0 7 4 .0 7 5 .0 7 6 .0 7 7 .0 7 8 .0 7 9 .0 8 0 .0 8 1 .0

TOTAL

1 3 .0

1 4 .0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0

0

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 3 1 3 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 2

3 5 1 50

1 5 .0

7 1 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 1 0 2 0 0 3 1 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 1 6 3 4 3 8 3 4 3 4 4 5 1 8 0 0 8 6 0 2 0 3 1 1 2 5 2

1 31

1 6 .0

1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 6 4 4 1 2 2 0 4 0 0 2 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

5 2

9 9 .0 TOTAL

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0

14 1 2 9 1 4 8 3 6 5 1 7 8 3 4 5 5 1 8 2 4 5 6 3 1 4 6 71 4 5 9 1 0 2 81 2 0 1 3 2 0 1 41 1 5 3 7 1 1 58 4 4 10 3 6 1 85 2 1 1 2 52 1 8 4 3 4 4 1 9 1 0 1 4 7 1 5 4 0 6 1 4 6 3 6

2 852

FORMAT WE MONTE ALTO WE IGHT CELL FREQUENCY COUNTS TYPE SUBOP ( VAR 1 )

1 7 .0 1 8 .0 2 0 .0 2 2 .0 2 4 .0 2 5 .0 2 6 .0 3 1 .0 3 2 .0 3 3 .0 3 4 .0 3 5 .0 3 6 .0 3 7 .0 3 9 .0 4 1 .0 4 2 .0 4 3 .0 4 4 .0 4 5 .0 4 6 .0 4 7 .0 4 8 .0 4 9 .0 5 0 .0 5 1 .0 5 2 .0 5 3 .0 5 4 .0 5 5 .0 5 6 .0 5 9 .0 6 0 .0 6 1 .0 6 2 .0 6 3 .0 6 5 .0 6 6 .0 6 7 .0 6 8 .0 7 0 .0 7 1 .0 7 2 .0 7 3 .0 7 4 .0 7 5 .0 7 6 .0 7 7 .0 7 8 .0 7 9 .0 8 0 .0 8 1 .0 TOTAL

( VAR 2 )

1 . 00 2 . 00 3 . 00 4 . 00 1 965 0 0 8 6 1 62 0 0 0 1 83 0 0 0 3 64 0 0 0 2 72 0 0 10 8 6 0 0 0 2 40 0 0 0 9 31 1 47 0 0 12 0 0 0 3 84 0 0 0 3 069 0 0 0 1 522 0 0 0 5 13 0 0 0 9 66 1 8 0 0 1 229 0 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 37 0 0 0 7 301 4 61 0 1 23 3 0 0 0 1 5 10 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 7 9 0 0 0 3 250 4 23 0 7 1 9 7 0 0 0 8 2 0 0 0 5 61 4 3 0 0 2 377 9 0 0 0 5 9 0 0 0 5 54 1 7 0 0 4 8 0 0 0 2 837 1 48 0 4 09 1 053 5 2 0 0 2 912 3 27 0 0 6 14 1 26 3 0 0 2 914 8 9 0 6 0 1 07 0 0 0 1 45 0 0 0 5 950 0 0 4 4 5 8 0 0 0 3 48 0 0 0 7 47 1 07 0 0 9 86 0 0 0 4 79 0 0 0 2 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 096 4 7 0 0 2 02 0 0 0 8 03 0 0 9 7 1 692 6 3 0 0 8 18 1 25 0 0 4 63 0 0 0 5 125 .3 2 28 .3 3 . 0 1 01 .5 1 51

5 . 00 6 . 00 7 . 00 8 . 00 9 . 00 1 0 .0 1 .0 0 8 91 0 5 44 1 20 4 64 0 0 3 5 0 0 7 5 7 6 0 0 0 0 1 33 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 2 0 2 40 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 2 24 0 0 0 0 2 86 0 0 8 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 1 06 0 0 2 6 0 0 0 1 43 0 0 1 213 0 3 65 0 8 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 3 886 0 1 063 5 33 1 077 1 28 0 1 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 52 0 1 55 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 1 08 0 0 2 876 0 7 39 1 63 3 26 0 0 3 42 0 8 4 3 30 0 0 0 9 3 0 1 35 1 8 2 7 0 0 1 5 0 1 35 0 0 0 0 2 91 0 1 77 7 4 1 5 0 0 4 6 0 3 5 8 3 6 8 0 0 2 46 0 4 0 1 55 0 0 0 3 6 0 0 8 3 0 0 0 1 385 1 4 3 30 3 17 9 2 0 0 7 3 0 2 71 0 0 0 0 155 0 2 82 5 50 7 2 0 0 6 2 0 7 9 0 0 0 0 3 29 0 1 98 4 19 2 39 0 0 1 45 0 1 08 8 4 1 25 0 0 7 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 5 14 0 7 80 4 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 37 0 0 0 0 1 63 0 16 9 0 5 3 0 0 2 10 0 1 08 0 2 76 0 0 1 65 0 1 32 1 53 0 0 0 3 2 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 0 0 1 2 3 8 0 0 4 28 0 4 7 0 3 2 0 0 6 40 0 2 86 4 7 1 7 0 0 1 65 0 0 2 96 2 23 0 0 3 6 0 8 0 5 9 1 33 0 0 1 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 1702 .3 1 . 4 7 27 .7 4 22 .8 3 84 .4 1 2 .8

1 2 .0

SUBOP ( VAR 1 )

1 7 .0 1 8 .0 2 0 .0 2 2 .0 2 4 .0 2 5 .0 2 6 .0 3 1 .0 3 2 .0 3 3 .0 3 4 .0 3 5 .0 3 6 .0 3 7 .0 3 9 .0 4 1 .0 4 2 .0 4 3 .0 4 4 .0 4 5 .0 4 6 .0 4 7 .0 4 8 .0 4 9 .0 5 0 .0 5 1 .0 5 2 .0 5 3 .0 5 4 .0 5 5 .0 5 6 .0 5 9 .0 6 0 .0 6 1 .0 6 2 .0 6 3 .0 6 5 .0 6 6 .0 6 7 .0 6 8 .0 7 0 .0 7 1 .0 7 2 .0 7 3 .0 7 4 .0 7 5 .0 7 6 .0 7 7 .0 7 8 .0 7 9 .0 8 0 .0 8 1 .0

TOTAL

1 3 .0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0

0

1 4 .0

1 5 .0

1 6 .0

3 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 24 0 0 5 74 0 0 0 5 81 0 0 0 0 2 66 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 0 6 0 1 48 3 16 2 5 18 0 0 9 59 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 5 0 0 0 3 62 1 52

4 12 2 8 0 0 0 0 3 5 2 09 0 1 58 0 1 72 0 0 1 41 1 00 0 0 3 99 0 0 0 0 4 21 0 0 1 20 1 66 2 29 1 06 1 73 3 12 17 4 35 2 61 4 15 1 73 5 98 1 503 0 0 2 11 3 14 0 3 36 0 8 8 3 8 3 7 4 1 4 27 3 56

7 8 1 23 0 0 0 2 76 8 8 12 0 0 0 0 0 9 6 1 36 0 0 0 3 57 0 0 0 0 5 25 0 0 0 1 00 0 1 00 0 2 58 2 71 8 25 15 4 23 10 0 2 97 0 0 1 56 2 55 9 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 8 0

4 19 .5 1 52

8 53 .1

4 85 .1

9 9 .0 TOTAL

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 890 4 99 3 16 4 01 3 82 3 62 3 63 1 738 12 5 42 3 406 2 307 6 96 1 249 3 740 1 42 1 3 17 1 5909 2 01 4 12 4 97 2 57 9 060 8 53 3 55 8 74 3 325 5 20 1 218 3 40 6 162 1 985 6 874 1 312 5 204 8 52 7 83 1 0457 5 8 4 85 1 643 2 149 1 021 6 93 7 0 1 425 7 47 1 927 2 480 2 098 1 091

0 1 0467 .2

TOTAL LA MORENA FREQUENCY CELL FREQUENCY COUNTS SUBOP

( VAR

1 )

2 . 00 5 . 00 6 . 00 7 . 00 8 . 00 9 . 00 1 0 .0 1 .0 1 2 .0 1 3 .0 TYPE 1 . 00 2 4 1 3 5 0 3 3 7 0 0 2 2 ( VAR 2 ) 2 . 00 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 . 00 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 . 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 . 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 . 00 5 2 2 5 0 2 1 0 0 2 0 7 . 00 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 8 . 00 0 0 7 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 9 . 00 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 .0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 .0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 .0 1 1 1 6 0 0 2 0 0 2 1 1 6 .0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TOTAL 3 2 2 0 12 4 5 1 4 0 1 6 3 NOT COUNTED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 5 .0

TYPE ( VAR 2 )

1 . 00 2 . 00 3 . 00 4 .00 5 .00 6 . 00 7 . 00 8 . 00 9 . 00 1 0 .0 1 .0 1 2 .0 1 3 .0 1 4 .0 1 5 .0 1 6 .0 1 7 .0 1 8 .0 1 9 .0 9 9 .0

TOTAL

2 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0

2 9

NOT TOTAL COUNTED

1 44 3 3 0 0 4 7 1 5 1 2 1 1 3 0 0 0 3 2 3 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 64

0 1 53

1 4 .0 1 8 1 0 0 0 7 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 6 2 0 0 0 0 3 8 0

TOTAL LA MORENA WE IGHT CELL FREQUENCY COUNTS SUBOP

2 . 00

TYPE ( VAR 2 )

1 . 00 2 . 00 3 . 00 4 . 00 5 . 00 6 . 00 7 . 00 8 . 00 9 . 00 1 0 .0 1 .0 1 2 .0 1 3 .0 1 4 .0 1 5 .0 1 6 .0 1 7 .0 1 8 .0 1 9 .0 9 9 .0

TOTAL

TYPE ( VAR 2 )

6 16 7 8 0 0 0 9 5 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 0

8 3 .9

5 . 00

1 61 0 2 9 0 0 2 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 9 0 0 0 0

6 . 00

6 59 4 0 4 0 0 2 56 3 8 1 23 0 7 1 0 0 0 0 1 77 0 0 0 0 0

2 4 .9 1 31 .4

1 5 .0 1 . 00 4 01 2 . 00 0 3 . 00 0 4 . 00 0 5 . 00 0 6 . 00 4 5 7 . 00 0 8 . 00 8 2 9 . 00 0 1 0 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 2 .0 0 1 3 .0 0 1 4 .0 0 1 5 .0 1 29 1 6 .0 0 1 7 .0 0 1 8 .0 0 1 9 .0 0 9 9 .0 0 TOTAL 6 5 .7

7 . 00

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 . 3

( VAR

8 . 00

4 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 . 6

TOTAL 2 232 1 28 3 3 0 0 6 22 5 9 2 88 2 1 7 2 5 0 0 0 7 40 3 4 0 0 0 0 4 18 .9

1 54

1 )

9 . 00

6 9 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 7 2 1 0 4 0 0 0 4 3 0 0 0 0 0

1 6 .7

1 0 .0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0

1 .0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 . 5

1 2 .0

1 0 0 0 0 2 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 .5

1 3 .0

1 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 4 0 0 0 0 0

9 . 3

1 4 .0

2 36 1 0 0 0 0 1 47 4 4 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 87 2 5 0 0 0 0

6 6 .1

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E s tud io i n t eg ra l d e l o s r e cur so s h id räu l ico s d e l D epa r tmen to d e E scu in t la . I n s t i tu to Geog rä f ico N ac iona l , M in i s te r io d eC omun icac ione s yOb ras P üb l ica s , Gua tema la .

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o f ma jo r

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i n

B en fe r , Robe r tA . a nd A l ice N . B en fe r 1 981 Au toma t ic c l a s s i f ica t ion o f i n spec t iona l c a tego r ie s : mu l t iva r ia te t heor ie s o f a rchaeo log ica ld a ta . Ame r i can An t iqu i ty 4 6 :381 -96 . B e rgman ,J ohn F . 1 959 T he c u l tura l g eog raphy o f c acao i n a bo r ig ina l Ame r ica a nd i t s c omme r c ia l i za t ion i n e arl y Gua t ema la . Unpubl i shed P h .D . D i s se r ta t ion , Un ive r s i ty o fC a l i forn ia , L os Ange le s . 1 969

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Anna l s o f

B e r lo ,J ane tC . 1 980 T eo t ihuacan a r t a b road : a s t ud y o f me t ropo l i tan s t y l e a nd p rov inc ia l t r an sf o rma t ion i n i n cen sa r io w ork shop s . P h .D . D i s se r ta t ion , Y a le Un ive r s i ty . Un ive r s i ty M ic rof i lm s , Ann A rbo r . B e t t inge r , R obe r tL . 1 979 Mu l t ivar ia te s t a t i s t ica l a na ly s i s o f ar eg iona l s ub s i s tence se t t lemen t mode l f o r Owen sV a l ley . Ame r i can An t iqu i ty 4 4 :455 -70 . B in ford , L ew i s R . 1 964 A c ons ide ra t ion 2 9 :425 -41 .

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Ame r i can An t iqu i ty

B lan ton , R icha rd E . 1 972 P reh i span ic s e t t lemen t p a t te rn s o f t he I x tapa lapa P en in su la r eg ion , Mex ico . O cca s iona l P ape r s o ft h e D epa r tmen t o f An thropo logy , T he P enn sy l van ia S ta t e U n ive r s i ty N o . 6 , Un ive r s i ty P ark . 1 978

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Academ ic

B orhegy i , S tephan 1 965a S e t t lemen t p a t te rns o f t he Gua tema lan h i gh land s . I n Handbook o f M idd l e Ame r ican I nd ian s , V o l . 2 ,e d i ted b y G .R Wi l ley , p p . 5 9 -75 . Un ive r s i ty o fT exa s P re s s , Au s t in .

1 55

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n . d .

T echno log ica l p repara t ion .

i nd i ce s

o f Me soame r ican

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t r ad e .

Manusc r ip t

i n

C lark ,J ohn E . a nd T homa sA . L ee ,J r . 1 979a A b ehav iora l mode l f o r t he o b s id ian i ndu s t ry o fC h iapa d e C orzo . E s tud io s d e C u l tura Maya X I I :33 -51 . 1 979b

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P ar son s , L ee A . a nd B a rba ra J .P r ice 1 971 Me soame r ican t r ade a nd i t s r o le i n t he eme rgence o f c i v i l iza t ion . I n Ob serva t ion s o n t he eme rgence o fc i v i l iza t ion i n Me soame r ica , e d i ted b y R .F . He ize r a nd J .A . G raham . U n ive r s i ty o f C a l if or n ia , A r chaeo log ica l R e sea r ch F ac i l i ty 1 :169 -95 . P ar son s , Ma ry H . 1 972 S p ind le w ho r l s f r om t he T eo t ihuucan V aley , Mex ico . I n M i sce l laneou s s t ud ie s i n Mex ican p reh i s tory . Mu seum o f A n th ropo log y , U n ive r s i ty o f M ich igan , An thropo log ica lP ape r s4 5 :45 -80 . P aul , Gene 1 976 T he a pp l i ca t ion o f c en t ra l -p lace t h eo ry t o t h e s e t t l emen t s o f t h e P ac if i c C oa s t o f Gua t ema la . P h .D . D i s se r ta t ion , Un ive r s i ty o f A r izona . Un iver s i ty M ic rof i lms , Ann A rbo r . P eeb le s , C h r i s tophe rS .a nd S u san M . Ku s 1 977 S ome a rchaeo log ica l c o r re la te s o f r anked s oc ie t ie s . Ame r ican An t iqu i ty 4 2 :421 -48 . P ianka , E .R . 1 974 E vo lu t iona ry e co logy . Harpe ra nd R ow ,N ew Y o rk . P i re s -Fe r re i ra ,J ane W . 1 976 Ob s id ian e xchange i n F orma t ive Me soame r ica . I n T he e a r l y Me soamer ican v i l lag e , e d i ted b yK .V . F lanne ry ,p p .2 92 -306 .A cadem ic P re s s , N ew Y ork . P i re s -Fe r re i ra ,J ane W . a nd K en tV . F lanne ry 1 976 E thnog raph ic mode l s f o r F orma t ive e x change . I n T he e ar l y Me soame r i can v i l lag e , e d i ted b yK .V . F lanne ry ,p p . 2 86 -92 .A cadem ic P res s , N ew Y o rk . P o lo S i fon te s , F ranc i s 1 981 T i tu lo d e A lo t enango , 1 565 . U n a po r t e al a a rqueo log ia d e l a c o s ta s ur e n Gua t ema la . P ape r f o r t he s ympo s ium R e sea rch Deve lopmen t s o n t he P ac i f i c S l ope o f S ou the rn Me soame r ica , 4 6 th Annua l Mee t ing , S oc ie ty f o r Ame r ican A rchaeo logy , S an D iego . Quear ry , M ichae lW . 1 975 C on t inen ta l v o l can ic s ed imen t s i n t h e r e g ion o f V o l can d e F uego . Unpub l i shed M .A .T he s i s , Un ive r s i ty o fM i s sou r i -Co lumb ia . R and s , R obe r tL .a nd R obe r tE . Sm i th 1 965 P o t te ry o f t he Gua tema lan h igh land s . I n Handbook o f M idd l e Ame r i can I nd ian s , Vo l . 2 ,e d i ted b y G .R . Wiley , p p . 9 5 -145 . Un ive r s i ty o f T exas P re s s , Au s t in . R ead , Dw igh tW . 1 974 S ome c ommen t s o n t y po log ie s i na r chaeo logy a nd a n o u t l ine o f ame thodo logy . Ame r ican An t iqu i ty 3 9 :216 -42 . 1 975

R eg iona l s ampl ing . I n S amp l ing i n a r chaeo log y , e d i ted b y J .W . Muele r , p p . 4 5 -60 .T he Un ive r s i ty o fA r izona P re s s ,T uc son .

R ec inos , Ad r ian a nd De l ia Goe tz ( t r . ) 1 953 T he a nna l so ft h eC akch ique l s . Un ive r s i ty o f Ok lahoma P re s s , Norman . R edman , C ha r le sL . 1 973 Mu l t i s tage f i e ldwo rk a nd a na ly t ica lt e chn ique s . Ame r i can An t iqu i ty 3 8 :61 -79 . R en f rew , C o l in 1 972 T he e me rg ence o f c i v i l i za t ion , t h e C y c lad e s a nd t h e Aeg ean i n t h e t h i rd m i l l en ium , B .C . Me thuen ,L ondon . 1 973

S oc ia la r chaeo log y . C ame lo tP re s sL td . , Un ive r s i ty o fS ou thamp ton .

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B eyond a s ub s i s tence e conomy : t he e vo lu t ion o f s oc ia l o rgan iza t ion i n p reh i s to r ic E u rope . I n R econ s t ruc t ing c omp l ex s oc ie t i e s , e d i ted b y C .B . Moore , p p . 6 9 -85 . S upp lemen t t o t he B ule t in o f t he Ame r ican S choo l s o f O r ien ta l R e sea rch No .2 0 ,C h icago .

R eyno ld s , Robe r tG .D . 1 976 L inea r s y s tem s o n t he u ppe r G r i ja lva R ive r : t he a pp l ica t ion o f a Ma rkov ian mode l . I n T he e a r l y Me soame r ican v i l lag e , e d i ted b y K .V . F lanne ty , p p . 1 80 -94 . Academ ic P re s s ,N ew Yo rk . R icha rd son , F ranc i sB . 1 940 Non - Maya monumen ta l s cu lp tu re o f C en t ra l Ame r ica . I n T he Maya a nd t h e i r n e ighbor s , e d i ted b y C .L . Hay , p p . 3 95 -416 . D . App le ton -Cen tu ry C o . , N ew Yo rk . R icha rd son , Ha r ry W . 1 973 T heo ry o f t he d i s tr ibu t ion o f c i ty s i ze s : r ev iew a nd p ro spec t s . R eg iona l S tud i e s7 : 239 -51 . S ah l in s Ma r shal 1 958 S oc ia ls t ra t if i ca t ion i nP o l yne s ia . Un ive r s i ty o f Wash ing ton P re s s , S ea t t le . S ande r s , Wi l l iam T . 1 956 T he c en t ra l Mex ican s ymb io t ic r eg ion : a s t udy i n p reh i s to r ic s e t t lemen t p a t te rn . I n P r eh i s to r i c s e t t l emen t p a t t e rns i n t h e N ew Wor ld , e d i ted b y G .R . Wiley ,p p . 15 -27 .V ik ing F und P ub l ica t ion si n An th ropo logy , No .2 3 . 1 972

P opu la t ion , a g r icu l tu ra l h i s tory , a nd s oc ie ta l e vo lu t ion i n Me soame r ica . I n P opu la t ion g r ow th : a n thropo log ica l i mp l ica t ion s , e d i ted b y B . S poone r , p p . 1 01 -53 .T he MIT P re s s , C amb r idge .

1 974

C h ie fdom t o s t a te : p o l i t ica l e vo lu t ion a t K am ina l juyu , Gua tema la . I n R econ s t ruc t ing c omp l ex s oc i e t i e s , e d i ted b y C .B . Moore , p p . 9 7 -121 . S upp lemen t t ot he B ule t in o ft he Ame r ican S choo l s o fO r ien ta l R e search No . 2 0 , C h icago .

1 977

E thnog raph ic a na lo g a nd t he T eo t ihuacan h o r izon s t y le . I n T eo t ihuacan a nd K am ina l juyu : as t ud y i n p r eh i s to r i c c u l tur e c on tac t , e d i ted b y W .T . S ande r s a nd J .W . M i che l s , p p . 3 97 -410 . T he P ennsy lvan ia S ta te Un ive r s i ty P re s s Monog raph S e r ie so nK am ina l juyu , Un ive r s i ty P a rk .

1 978

C ommen ta ry . I n P r eh i s to r ic c oa s ta l a dap t ions : t h e e conomy a nd e co log y o f ma r i t ime M idd l e Ame r i ca , e d i ted b y B .L . S ta rk a nd B . Voo rh ie s , p p . 2 69 -74 . A cadem ic P re s s , New Yo rk .

S ande r s , Wi l l iam T .a nd J oseph W . M iche l s( ed . ) 1 977 T eo t ihuacan a nd K am ina l juyu : a s t ud y i n p r eh i s to r i c c u l tur e c on tac t . T he P ennsy lvan ia S ta te Un ive r s i ty P re s s Monog raph S e r ie s o n K am ina l juyu , Un ive r s i ty P a rk . S ande r s , W .T . ,J .R . P ar son sa nd R .S . S an t ley 1 979 T he b a s in o f Mex ico : e co log ica l p roce s se s i n t h e e vo lu t ion o f c i v i l i za t ion . A cadem ic P re s s , N ew Y o rk . S ande r s , W i l l iam T .a nd B a rbara J .P r ice 1 968 Me soamer i ca :t h ee vo lu t ion o f ac i v i l i za t ion . R andom House , N ew Y ork . S erv ice , E lman R . 1 962 P r im i t ive s oc ia lo r gan i za t ion . R andom Hou se , N ew York . 1 975

O r ig in s o f t h e s t a t e a nd c i v i l i za t ion : t h e p roce s s o f c u l tura l e vo lu t ion . W .W . N or ton a nd C o . , I nc . , N ew Y o rk .

S hare r , R obe r tJ . 1 978 T he p r eh i s to ry o f C ha l chuapa , E l S a l vador , V o l . 3 , p o t t e ry a nd c onc lu s ion s . R .J . S hare r , G ene ra lE d i tor . Un ive r s i ty o fP enn sy lvan ia P re s s , P h i lade lph ia . 1 63

S hee t s , P ay son D . 1 977 T he o b s id ian a r t if ac t s o f S abana G rand e , G ua t ema la . T he 1 976 -77 Annua l R epo r t o f t he Mu seum o f An th ropo logy , Un ive r s i ty o f M i s sou r i -Co lumb ia . E d i ted b yL .H . F e ldman a nd R . D ieh l . 1 978a

T he p r eh i s to ry o f C ha l chuapa , E l S a l vado r , V o l . 2 , a r t if ac t s a nd f i gur ine s , c o -au thored w i th B .H . D ah l in . R obe r t J .S ha re r , Gene ra l E d i to r . Un ive r s i ty o f P enn sy lvan ia P re s s ,P h i lade lph ia .

1 978b

F rom c ra f t sman t o c og : q uan t i ta t ive v i ew s o f Me soame r ican l i th ic t e chno logy . I n P ape r s o n t h e e conomy a nd a r ch i t ec tur e o ft h e a nc i en t Maya , e d i ted b y R . S id ry s , p p . 4 0 -71 . Monog raph V I I I , I n s t i tu te o f A rchaeo logy , Un ive r s i ty o f C a l i fo rn ia , L o s Ange le s .

n . d .

C h ipped s t one f r om t h e Z apo t i tan V a l l e y , E l S a l vador . T o a ppear i n A rchaeo logy a nd v o lcan i sm i n C en t ra l Ame r ica : t he Z apo t i tan V aley o f E l S a lvador , e d i ted b yP ay son D . S hee t s . Un ive r s i ty o fT exa sP re s s , Aus t in .

S hook , E dw in M . 1 945 A rchaeo log ica l d i scove ry a tF inca A r izona , Gua tema la . C ar neg i e I n s t i tu t ion o f Wa sh ing ton , No t e so nM idd l e Amer ican A r chaeo log ya nd E thno log y , No . 5 7 . 1 949

H i s to r ia •a rqueo läg ica d e l P ue r to d e S an J o sé , Gua tema la . An t ropo log ia e H i s to r ia d e Gua t ema la , Vo l . 1 , No .2 .

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T he p re sen t s t a tu s o fr e sea rch o n t he P rec la s s ic h o r izon i n Gua tema la . I n T he c i v i l i za t ion s o fa nc i en t Ame r ica , e d i ted b y S o l T ax , p p . 9 3 -100 . Un ive r s i ty o f C h icago P re s s , C h icago .

1 952

L uga re s a rqueo läg ico s d e l a l t ip lano me r id iona l An t ropo log i a eH i s tor ia d e G ua t ema la , Vo l . I X , No 2 .

1 956

An O lmec s cu lp ture f r om Gua tema la .A r chaeo log y9 : 260 -2 .

1 965

A rchaeo log ica l s urvey o f t he P ac i f ic c oa s t o f Gua tema la . I n Handbook o f M idd l e Ame r ican I nd ian s , V o l . 2 ,e d i ted b y G .R . Wi l ley , p p . 1 80 -94 . Un iver s i ty o fT exa sP re s s , Au s t in .

1 971

I nven tory o f s ome P re -c la s s ic t r a i t s i n t he h i gh land s a nd P ac i f ic Gua tema la a nd a d jacen t a rea s . I n C on t r ibu t ion s o f t h e U n ive r s i ty o f C a l if or n ia , A r chaeo log i ca lR e sear ch F ac i l i ty , 1 :70 -84 .

c en t ra l

d e

Gua tema la .

S hook , E dw in M . a nd Mar ion P . Ha tch 1 978 T he r u in s o fE l B a l samo , Depa r tmen t o fE scu in t la , Gua tema la .J our na lo fN ew Wo r ld A r chaeo log y3 : 1 1 979

T he e a r ly P rec la s s ic s equence i nt he O co s -Sa l ina s L a B lanca a rea , s ou th c oa s t o f Gua tema la . C on t r ibu t ion s o f t h e U n iv e r s i t y o f C a l if or n ia , A r chaeo log ica l R e sea r ch F ac i l i ty 4 1 :143 -75 .

n . d .

T he C e ram i c so f Mon t eA l to . Manusc r ip ti np repa ra t ion .

S hook , E dw in M . a nd R obe r tF . He ize r 1 976 An O lmec s cu lp tu re f r om t he s ou th ( Pac i f ic ) c oa s t o f Gua tema la . J our na l o f N ew Wo r ld A r chaeo log y1 : 3 . S hook ,E dw in M . a nd A l f red V . K idde r 1 952 Mound E I I I -3 , K am ina l juyu , Gua tema la . C a rneg ie I n s t i tu t ion o f Wa sh ing ton , P ub l . 5 96 , C on t r ibu t ion 5 3 . S id ry s , R aymond V . 1 976 C las s ic Maya o b s id ian t r ade . Ame r i can An t iqu i t y4 1 :449 -64 . S idry s , R aymond V . a nd J e rome K imbe r l in 1 979 U se o f Mayan o b s id ian s ou rce s t h rough t ime : t r ace -e lemen ta l a na ly s i s f r om E l B ä l samo , Gua tema la .J ou rna lo fF ie ld A r chaeo log y6 : 116 -22 .

1 64

S immons , C . , S .T a rano a nd J .P in to 1 959 C la s if i cac iön d e r e conoc im i en to d e l o s s ue lo s d e l a r e püb l ica d e Gua t ema la . M in i s te r io d e Ag r icu l tura , I n s t i tu to Ag ro -Pecuar ia , Gua tema la . S i s son , E dward B . 1 970 S e t t lemen t p a t te rn s a nd l a nd u se i n t he n or thwe s te rn C hon ta lpa , T aba sco , Mex ico : ap rog re s sr epor t . C e räm ica d eC u l tura Maya 6 : 41 -54 . 1 976

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Sm i th ,A . L edya rd 1 965 A rch i tec tu re o f t h e Gua tema lan h igh land s . I n Handbook o fM idd l e Ame r i can I nd ian s , Vo l . 2 ,e d i ted b y G .R . Wi l ley , p p . 7 6 -94 . Un ive r s i ty o f T exa s P re s s , Au s t in . Sm i th , C a ro lA . 1 975 E xam in ing s t ra t i f i ca t ion s y s tem s t h rough p ea san t ma rke t ing a r rangemen ts : a n a pp l ica t ion o fs ome mode l s f r om e conom ic g eog raphy . Man -The J ou rna lo ft h e R oya l An thropo log i ca lS oc i e ty 1 0 :95 -122 . S pence , M ichae lW . 1 967 T he o b s id ian i ndu s t ry o fT eo t ihuacan . Ame r ican An t iqu i ty 3 2 :507 -14 . S tade lman , R aymond 1 940 Ma ize c u l t iva t ion i n n or thwe s te rn Gua tema la . C omp i led b y t he C a rneg ie I ns t i tu t ion o f Wa sh ing ton f r om d a ta c olec ted i n t he f i e ld b y R aymond S tade lman . C on t r ibu t ion s t o Amer i can An thropo log y a nd H i s to r y , No . 3 3 . C arneg ie I n s t i tu t ion o f Wa sh ing ton , P ub l . 5 23 . S ta rk ,B arbara L . 1 978 An e thnoh i s to r ic mode l f o r n a t ive e conomy a nd s e t t lemen t p a t te rns i n s ou the rn Ve rac ruz , Mex ico . I n P r eh i s tor ic c oa s ta l a dap t ion s : t h e e conomy a nd e co log y o f mar i t ime M idd l e -Ame r i ca , e d i ted b y B .L . S tark a nd B . Voo rh ie s , p p . 2 11 -38 .A cadem ic P re s s ,N ew York . 1 981

P o t t er y i n r e la t ion t o e conomy a nd s oc ia l o rgan i za t ion a t E l B a l samo , E scu in t la , Gua t ema la . P ape rf o rt he XV I I Me sa R edonda , S oc iedad Mex icana d e An t ropo log ia .

S tark , B a rbara L .a nd B a rba ra Voo rh ie s 1 978 F u tu re r e search d i rec t ion s . I n P r eh i s tor ic c oa s ta l a dap t ion s : t h e e conomy a nd e co logy o f ma r i t ime M idd l e -Ame r i ca , e d i ted b y B .L . S ta rk a nd B . Voo rh ie s , p p . 2 75 -304 . Academ i cP re s s ,N ew Yo rk . S tark , B .L . , E .M . S ta rk ,L . Hele r , M . Hodge ,J .L ind ly , a nd L .M inc 1 980 P r e l im ina ry r e po r t o n r e s id en t ia l i n ve s t iga t ion s a t E l B a l samo , E scu in t la , Gua t ema la . I n te r im R epor t f o r t he I n s t i tu to d e An t ropo log ia e H i s to r ia , Gua tema la . S tepona i t i s , V inca sP . 1 978 L oca t iona l t heo ry a nd c omp lex c h ie fdom s : a M i s s i s s ipp ian e xamp le . I n M i s s i s s ipp ian s e t t l emen tp a t t e rn s , e d i ted b y B .P . Sm i th , p p . 4 17 -453 . A cadem ic P re s s ,N ew Yo rk . 1 981

S e t t lemen t h i e ra rch ie s a nd p o l i t ica l c omp lex i ty i n n onma rke t s oc ie t ie s : t he F orma t ive P e r iod o ft he V aley o f Mex ico . Ame r ican An thropo log i s t8 3 :320 -63 .

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T he f l ag f olow s t r ade : a n e s say o n t he n ece s sary i n te rac t ion o f m i l i tary a nd c omme r ica l f a c to r s i n s t a te f o rma t ion . I n Anc i en t c i v i l i za t ion a nd t r ad e , e d i ted b y J .A . S ab lo f fa nd C .C . L ambe rg -Ka r lov sky , p p . 1 55 -209 . Un iver s i ty o f N ew Mex ico P re s s ,A lbuque rque .

Webe r ,A l f red 1 929 T heo ry o f t h e l o ca t ion o f i ndu s t r i e s . T ran s la ted w i th i n troduc t ion a nd n o te s b yC ha r le sJ .F r iedr ich , 1 957 . Un ive r s i ty o fC h icago P re s s , C h icago . We s t , R obe r tC . a nd J ohn P . Augel i 1 966 M idd l e Amer i ca . I t s l a nd s a nd p eop l e s . P ren t ice -Hal , I nc . , E ng lewood C l i f f s , New J e r sey . We the r ing ton , R ona ld K ( ed . ) 1 978 T he c e ram ic s o fK am ina l juyu , Gua t ema la . T he P enn sy lvan ia S ta te Un ive r s i ty P re s s Monog raph S e r ie so nK am ina l juyu , Un ive r s i ty P a rk . We the r ing ton , R ona ld K . 1 978a T he c e ram ic c hrono logy o f K am ina l juyu . I n T he c e ram ic s o f K am ina l juyu , Gua t ema la , e d i ted b y R .K . We the r ing ton , p p . 15 -49 . T he P ennsy lvan ia Un ive r s i ty P re s s Monog raph S e r ie so nK am ina l juyu , Un ive r s i ty P ark . 1 978b

De sc r ip t ive t a xonomy o f K am ina l juyu c e ram ic s . I n T he c e ram ic s o f K am ina l juyu , Gua t ema la , e d i ted b y R .K . We the r ing ton , p p . 5 1 -114 . T he P enn sy lvan ia Un ive r s i ty P re s s Monog raph S e r ie so nK am ina l juyu .

Wi l ley , Gordon R . 1 953 P reh i s tor ic s e t t lemen t p a t te rn i n t he V i ru v aley , P e ru . B ur eau o f Ame r i can E thnog raphy , B ul . 1 55 . Wa sh ing ton ,D .C . Wi ll iam s , Howe l 1 960 Vo lcan ic h i s tory o f t he Gua tema lan h i gh land s . P ub l ica t ion si nG eo log i ca lS c i ence s3 8 :1 -86 .

U n ive r s i ty o f C a l if o rn ia

W i t tfoge l , K ar l 1 957 O r ien ta ld e spo t i sm . Y a le Un ive r s i ty P re s s ,N ew Haven . Wr igh t , Henry T . 1 977 T owa rd a n e xp lana t ion o f t he o r ig in s o f t he s t a te . I n E xp lana t ion o f p r eh i s to r ic c hang e , e d i ted b y J . H i l l , p p . 2 15 -30 . Un ive r s i ty o f N ew Mex ico P re s s ,A lbuque rque .

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F igur e2 . S tudy a rea o fp ro jec ts how ing k ey s i te sa nd o b s id ian s ou rce s .

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