Forensic and Clinical Forensic Autopsy: An Atlas and Handbook [2 ed.] 2020004883, 2020004884, 9780367330712, 9780367502782, 9781003048114

Table of contents :
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Contributing Editors
Editors
Contributors
1 A Methodological Approach to the External Examination
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Clothing
1.3 Jewelry
1.4 Tattoos
1.5 Sex, Race, and Age
1.6 Height and Weight
1.7 Time of Death Indicators
1.8 General Recommendations
1.9 Head Examination
1.10 Neck Examination
1.11 Chest Examination
1.12 Abdominal Examination
1.13 Shoulder and Upper Extremities
1.14 Lower Extremities and External Genitalia
1.15 Dorsal and Lumbar Regions
Bibliography
2 Adult Autopsy
2.1 Adult Autopsy
2.1.1 General Autopsy Principles
2.1.2 Autopsy Preliminaries
2.1.2.1 Autopsy Forms
2.1.3 The Instruments
2.1.4 Regulation of the Autopsy Table and Positioning of the Dissector
2.2 Primary Incision of the Soft Tissues of the Thoracic-Abdominal Wall
2.2.1 Cutting Sequence
2.2.1.1 Handling the Scalpel
2.2.2 Approaching Dissection by Single Layers: The Thoracic Wall
2.2.3 The Abdominal Wall
2.2.3.1 Case Study #1
2.3 Access to the Thoracic Cavity
2.3.1 Incision of the Thoracic Wall
2.3.2 Disarticulating Clavicular Joints
2.3.3 The Chondrocostal Incision
2.3.4 Removal of the Anterior Rib Shield
2.3.5 Inspection of the Anterior Chest
2.3.6 Inspection of the Pleural Cavities
2.3.7 Incision of the Pericardial Sac: Examination of the Heart In Situ
2.3.8 Examination of the Pericardial Cavity and Its Content
2.3.9 Cardiac Examination
2.3.10 Collecting Blood Samples
2.3.11 Examination in Situ of the Main Pulmonary Artery
2.3.11.1 Case Study #2
2.3.11.2 Case Study #3
2.3.11.3 Case Study #4
2.4 Evisceration According to Virchow's Technique
2.4.1 Heart Extraction
2.4.2 Lung Sections and Removal
2.4.3 Exploration of the Anatomical Structures of the Posterior Mediastinum
2.5 Access to the Neck Region
2.5.1 Removal of the Muscular Heads of the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle
2.5.2 Removal of the Muscle of Superficial, Medium, and Deep Surface Regions
2.5.3 Removal of the Thyroid
2.5.4 Inspection and Section of the Neck Vasculature: Neurovascular Bundle
2.5.5 Removal of the Muscles of the Posterior Face of the Neck
2.5.5.1 Case Study #5
2.6 Evisceration According to Ghon's Technique (En Bloc)
2.6.1 Direct Access to the Mouth Floor
2.6.2 The Floor of the Mouth
2.6.3 Ghon's En Bloc
2.7 Access to the Abdominal Cavity
2.7.1 Incision of the Parietal Peritoneum
2.7.2 Abdominal Inspection
2.8 The Letulle Technique: En Masse Removal
2.8.1 Case Study #6
2.9 The Virchow Technique
2.9.1 Removal of the Spleen
2.9.2 Small Intestine Removal
2.9.2.1 Complete Removal of the Small Intestine
2.9.2.2 Isolation of the Small Intestine Through Linearization of the Single Intestinal Loop
2.9.3 Removal of the Large Intestine
2.9.3.1 Isolation and Removal of the Cecum
2.9.3.2 Isolation and Removal of the Ascending Colon
2.9.3.3 Isolation and Removal of the Right Colon Flexure
2.9.3.4 Isolation and Removal of the Transverse Colon
2.9.3.5 Isolation and Removal of the Left Colon Flexure
2.9.3.6 Isolation and Removal of the Left, Descending, and Iliac Colon
2.9.3.7 Isolation and Removal of the Sigmoid Colon
2.9.3.8 Isolation and Removal of the Rectum
2.9.3.9 Bile Collection
2.9.4 Isolation and Removal of the Liver
2.9.5 Examination of the Stomach, Duodenum, and Pancreas
2.9.5.1 Case Study #7
2.9.6 Removal of Kidneys and Suprarenal Glands
2.9.6.1 Access to the Renal Cavity and Excision In Situ
2.9.6.2 Excision of the Renal Cavity and Ureter In Situ
2.9.6.3 Inspection and Resection of the Ureters
2.9.7 Examination and Removal of the Bladder
2.9.7.1 Drawing Urine
2.9.7.2 Bladder Removal
2.9.8 Removal of the Uterus and Adnexae
2.9.9 Examination and Removal of the Large Arterial–Venous Retroperitoneal Pelvic Veins
2.9.9.1 Case Study #8
2.10 Dissection of the Head
2.10.1 Preparation of the Dissection Field
2.10.2 The Bimastoid Resection
2.10.3 Inspection and Resection of the Temporal Muscles
2.10.4 Removal of the Skullcap
2.11 Removal of the Brain
2.11.1 In situ Examination of Lateral Ventricles
2.11.2 Brain Dissection
2.11.2.1 Case Study #9
2.11.3 Access to the Face
2.11.3.1 Case Study #10
2.12 Face and Neck Approach: The "face/off" Technique (Pomara C.)
2.13 Vertebral Resection and Cord Removal
2.13.1 Posterior Approach
2.13.2 Anterior Approach
2.13.2.1 Case Study #11
2.14 Upper limb and Axilla dissection
2.14.1 Case Study #12
2.14.2 Case Study #13
2.15 Lower Limb Dissection
2.15.1 Case Study #14
2.16 Macroscopic Examination and Dissection of Organs
2.16.1 Brain
2.16.1.1 The Ludwig Scheme
2.16.1.2 Classic Variations (Virchow Method)
2.16.1.3 Blood Samples
2.16.2 Heart
2.16.2.1 Inflow-Outflow Method in Cardiac Dissection and in situ Coronary Tree Isolation
2.16.2.2 Method of Heart Valve Dissection
2.16.2.3 Dissection by Chamber
2.16.2.4 Dissection of the Base of the Heart
2.16.2.5 Recommended Cardiac Samples
2.16.3 Upper Respiratory Tract
2.16.3.1 Examination of the Larynx and Pharynx
2.16.4 Trachea and Primary Bronchi
2.16.4.1 Case Study #16
2.16.4.2 Case Study #17
2.16.5 Lungs
2.16.5.1 Lung Resection
2.16.5.2 Lateral Lung Resection
2.16.5.3 Sampling
2.16.6 Liver
2.16.7 Spleen
2.16.7.1 Sample Collection
2.16.8 The Kidneys
2.16.8.1 Sample Collection
Bibliography
3 Pediatric and Fetal Autopsies
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The External Examination
3.3 Removal of the Brain
3.4 Access to the Neck, Chest, and Abdomen
3.5 Evisceration
3.6 Gross Examination of Fetal Annexes
3.6.1 Placenta and Umbilical Cord
3.7 Histological Sections
3.7.1 Case Study #1
3.7.2 Case Study #2
3.7.3 Case Study #3
Bibliography
4 Postmortem Radiology and Digital Imaging: From Traumatic Injuries to Natural Death
4.1 Conventional X-ray
4.2 Computed Tomography
4.3 Magnetic Resonance
4.4 Angiography
4.5 Microimaging
4.6 Conclusions
4.7 Case Study #1
4.8 Case Study #2
4.9 Case Study #3
4.10 Case Study #4
4.11 Case Study #5
References
5 Forensic Genetics and Genomic
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Nonhuman Forensic Genetics
5.3 Molecular Application in Human Forensic Investigation
5.3.1 Identification
5.3.2 Searching the "Causa Mortis"
5.3.3 Understanding Manner of Death
5.3.4 Pharmacogenetics: How Death Could Be Influenced
5.3.5 Gene Expression: The Central Dogma
5.4 Future Perspectives
5.5 Case Study #1
5.5.1 The External Examination
5.5.2 Autopsy Findings
5.5.3 Genetic Analysis
5.5.3.1 Discussion
5.5.3.2 Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate
5.5.3.3 Consent for Publication
References
Case Report
6 Human Skeletal Remains: A Multidisciplinary Approach
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Crime Scene Investigation
6.3 Anthropological Investigation
6.3.1 Sex Estimation
6.3.2 Age-at-Death Estimation
6.3.3 Height
6.3.4 Ancestry
6.4 Medicolegal Investigation and Trauma Analysis
6.5 Personal Identification
References
Index