Flowering Plants: Basswoods to Spurges (The Illustrated Flora of Illinois) [1 ed.] 0809310252, 9780809310258

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Southern Illinois University Carbondale

OpenSIUC Illustrated Flora of Illinois

Southern Illinois University Press

4-1982

Flowering Plants: Basswoods to Spurges Robert H. Mohlenbrock

Follow this and additional works at: http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/siupress_flora_of_illinois Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Mohlenbrock, Robert H., "Flowering Plants: Basswoods to Spurges" (1982). Illustrated Flora of Illinois. 12. http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/siupress_flora_of_illinois/12

This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Southern Illinois University Press at OpenSIUC. It has been accepted for inclusion in Illustrated Flora of Illinois by an authorized administrator of OpenSIUC. For more information, please contact [email protected].

The common name, or names, is the one used locally in Illinois. The habitat designation is not always the habitat throughout the range of the species, but only in Illinois. The overall range for each species is given from the northeastern to the northwestern extremities, south to the southwestern limit, then east to the southeastern limit. The range has been compiled from various sources, including examination of herbarium material and some field studies. A general statement is given concerning the range of each species in Illinois. Dot maps showing county distribution for each taxon are provided. Each dot represents a voucher specimen deposited in some herbarium. There has been no attempt to locate each dot with reference to the actual locality within each county. Each species is illustrated, showing the habitat as well as some of the distinguishing features. These detailed illustrations were provided by Mark Mohlenbrock. Robert H. Mohlenbrock, one of the most prolific writers of contemporary plant scientists, is professor of botany at Southern Illinois University, Carbondale and general editor of the Illustrated Flora of Illinois series. Among his many publications are 25 books, of which, Flowering Plants: Hollies to Loasas (1978) was the first volume to be devoted to the dicots in this series, and over 200 articles in technical journals and popular magazines. He is coauthor with Douglas M. Ladd of Distribution of Illinois Vascular Plants and with John W. Voight of A Flora of Southern Illinois and Plant Communities of Southern Illinois.

Edited by ROBERT H. MOHLENBROCK ADVISORY BOARD Constantine J. Alexopoulos, University of Texas Gerald W. Prescott, University of Montana Aaron J. Sharp, University of Tennessee Robert F. Thorne, Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Gardens Rolla M. Tryon, Jr., The Gray Herbarium This first attempt by any botanists in the country to produce a work which covers the whole range of plant groups will give keys, descriptions, distribution maps, comments, and illustrations of every kind of plant known to occur in this state. While various states have floras for certain groups of plants (ferns, or flowering plants, or mosses, etc.), they generally are not illustrated, or lack descriptions, or are incomplete in some other way. “These books are excellent and should be invaluable to teachers and serious students of botany.” —The Explorer

1915 University Press Drive Mail Code 6806 Carbondale, IL 62901 www.siu.edu/~siupress

Printed in the United States of America

ISBN 0-8093-1025-2 ISBN 978-0-8093-1025-8

,!7IA8A9-dbacfi!

SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY PRESS

Southern Illinois University Press

Basswoods to Spurges.indd 1

This is the fourth volume devoted to dicotyledons, or dicot plants. Dicots are the greatest group of flowering plants, exceeding the monocotyledons, or monocots. Dicots produce a pair of seed leaves during germination, while monocots produce only a single seed leaf. Five volumes have been published on monocots, covering such plants as grasses, sedges, lilies, orchids, irises, aroids, and pondweeds. The dicots include such plant groups as roses, mustards, mints, nightshades, milkweeds, asters, and pinks. The three previously published volumes on dicots treated hollies to loasas, willows to mustards, and magnolias to pitcher plants. Although there are many classification systems, Mohlenbrock has chosen to identify the flowering plants according to the classification system proposed by Robert Thorne in outline form in 1968. He has, however, departed from Thorne’s system in a few instances, but he follows Thorne in using the standard suffix—aceae—for all families. Thus, the Cruciferae becomes the Brassicaceae, the Gutti-ferae becomes the Hypericaceae, the Leguminosae becomes the Fabaceae, the Umbelliferae becomes the Apiaceae, the Labiatae becomes the Lamiaceae, the Compositae becomes the Asteraceae, and the Gramineae becomes the Poaceae. This volume contains four orders and ten families of dicots. The orders included are Malvales, Urticales, Rhamnales, and Euphorbiales. Within the Malvales a re the familie s Tiliaceae, Ste rculiaceae, and Malvaceae. The families Ulmaceae, Moraceae, and Urticaceae comprise the Urticales. The Rhamnaceae and Elaeagnaceae make up the Rhamnales. Only the Thymelaeaceae and the Euphorbiaceae are included in the Euphorbiales. The nomenclature for the species and lesser taxa used in this volume has been arrived at after lengthy study of recent floras and monographs. Synonyms, with complete author citation, that have applied to species in the northeastern United States are given under each species. A description, while not necessarily intended to be complete, covers the more important features of the species.

SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY PRESS

10/30/07 2:33:22 PM

THE ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF ILLINOIS

ROB E R T 11. M 0 H LEN B ROC K , General Editor

ADVISORY BOARD:

Constantine J. Alexopoulos, University of Texas Gerald \v. Prescott, University of Montana Aaron

J.

Sharp, University of Tennessee

Robert F. Thorne, Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden Rolla M. Tryon, The Gray Herbarium

THE ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF ILLINOIS

FLOWERING PLANTS

basswoods to Spurges

Robert H. Mohlenbrock

SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY PRESS Carbondale and Edwardsville

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Mohlenbrock, Robert H., 1931Flowering plants. (The Illustrated flora of Illinois) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Botany-Illinois. 2. Botany-Illinois-Pictorial works. 3. Dicotyledons-Identification. J. Title. II. Series: Illustrated flora of Illinois. QK157·M614 582.1309773 81-8585 AACR2 ISBN 0--8093-1025-2

Editorial expenses for this edition have been met in part by a grant from the Joyce Foundation, administered by the Natural Land Institute, Rockford, Illinois.

Copyright © 1982 by the Board of Trustees, Southern Illinois University All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Edited by Stephen W. Smith Designed by Andor Braun

This book is dedicated to

Mark William Mohlenbrock, my eldest son, who has prepared all the illustrations in this volume.

CONTENTS

Illustrations Foreword

Introduction Descriptions and Illustrations Tiliaceae-Basswood Family Sterculiaceae-C hocolate Family Malvaceae-Mallow Family Ulmaceae-Elm Family Moraceae-Mulberry Family Urticaceae-Nettle Family Rhamnaceae-Buckthorn Family Elaeagnaceae-Oleaster Family Thymelaeaceae-Mezereum Family Euphorbiaceae-Spurge Family Species Excluded Summary of Taxa Treated in This Volume

Glossary Literature Cited Index of Plant Names

ix xiii

1

5

5 11

13

60 85 101 118

136

144 148 21 7 2 19

223 229 231

ILLUSTRATIONS

~. 2.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. ~o. 11. 12.

13. 14. ~5. ~6.

17. ~8. ~9. 20.

2~. 22.

23. 24.

25· 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.

32.

33. 34. 35. 36.

Tilia americana (Basswood). Tilia heterophylla (White Basswood). Melochia corchorifolia (Chocolate Weed). Malva sylvestris (High Mallow). Malva moschata (Musk Mallow). Malva neglecta (Common Mallow). Malva verticillata var. crispa (Curled Mallow). Malva rotundifolia (Mallow). Callirhoe triangulata (Poppy Mallow). Callirhoe involucrata (Poppy Mallow). Callirhoe alcaeoides (Pale Poppy Mallow). Callirhoe digitata (Fringed Poppy Mallow). Iliamna remota (Kankakee Mallow). Gossypium hirsutum (Cotton). Sphaeralcea angusta (Globe Mallow). Hibiscus trionum (Flower-of-an-hour). Hibiscus esculentus (Okra). Hibiscus militaris (Halberd-leaved Rose Mallow). Hibiscus syriacus (Rose-of-Sharon). Hibiscus palustris (Swamp Rose Mallow). Hibiscus lasiocarpos (Hairy Rose Mallow). Althaea rosea (Hollyhock). Napaea dioica (Glade Mallow). Anoda cristata (Crested Anoda). Abutilon theophrastii (Velvet Leaf). Sida spinosa (Prickly Sida). Sida elliottii (Elliott's Sida). Ulmus rubra (Slippery Elm). Ulmus americana (American Elm). Ulmus pumila (Siberian Elm). Ulmus alata (Winged Elm). Ulmus thomasii (Rock Elm). Ulmus procera (English Elm). Planera aquatica (Water Elm). Celtis occidentalis (Hackberry). Celtis laevigata (Sugarberry).

8 10

12

17 18 20 22

23

25 27 29 31 33

35 36 39 41 42 44 46 47 49 51 53 54 57 59 63 65 67 68 71 72 74 78 81

x /

ILLUSTRATIONS

37· 38 . 39· 40. 41. 42 . 43· 44· 45· 46. 47· 48 . 49· 50. 51. 52. 53· 54· 55· 56. 57· 58. 59· 60. 61. 62. 63· 64· 65· 66. 67· 68. 69· 70 . 71.

Celtis tenuifolia (Dwan Hackberry). Morus rubra (Red Mulberry). Morus alba (White Mulberry). Broussonetia papyrifera (Paper Mulberry). Maclura pomifera (Osage Orange). Humulus lupulus (Common Hops). Humulus japonicus (Japanese Hops). Cannabis sativa (Marijuana). Urtica dioica (Stinging Nettle). Urtica urens (Burning Nettle). Urtica chamaedryoides (Nettle). Boehmeria cylindrica (False Nettle). Pilea pumila (Clearweed). Pilea fontana (Black-seeded Clearweed). Laportea canadensis (Wood Nettle). Parietaria pensyivanica (Pellitory). Berchemia scandens (Supple-jack). Ceanothus ovatus (Inland New Jersey Tea). Ceanothus americanus (New Jersey Tea). Rhamnus alnifolia (Alder-leaved Buckthorn). Rhamnus cathartica (Common Buckthorn). Rhamnus davurica (Buckthorn). Rhamnus lanceolata (Lance-leaved Buckthorn). Rhamnus caroliniana (Carolina Buckthorn). Rhamnus frangula (Glossy Buckthorn). Shepherdia canadensis (Canadian Buffalo-berry). F,laeagnus angustifolia (Russian Olive). F,laeagnus umbellata (Autumn Olive). Elaeagnus multiflora (Long-stalked Oleaster). Virca palustris (Leatherwood). Thymelaea passerina (Annual Thymelaea). Ricinus communis (Castor Bean). Phyllanthus caroliniensis (Phyllanthus). Phyllanthus urinaria (Leaf-flower). Croton glandulosus var. septentrionalis (Sand Croton).

Croton capitatus (Capitate Croton). Croton monanthogynus (Croton). Croton lindheimerianus (Lindheimer's Croton). Croton texensis (Texas Croton). Crotonopsis linearis (Narrow-leaved Rushfoil). 77· Crotonopsis elliptica (Rushfoil).

72. 73· 74· 75· 76.

84 87 90 92 94 96 98 100 103 105 106 109 III

113 114 116 120 121 124 12 7 128 130 13 1 133 135 138 140 141 142 145 147 151 152 154 156 158 160 161 163 165 166

Illustrations / xi

78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89.

Tragia cordata (Tragia). Acalypha ostryaefolia (Three-seeded Mercury). Acalypha rhomboidea (Three-seeded Mercury). Acalypha deamii (Large-seeded Mercury). Acalypha virginica (Three-seeded Mercury). Acalypha gracilens (Slender Three-seeded Mercury). Euphorbia marginata (Snow-on-the-Mountain). Euphorbia corollata (Flowering Spurge). Euphorbia cyparissias (Cypress Spurge). Euphorbia esula (Leafy Spurge). Euphorbia commutata (Wood Spurge). Euphorbia peplus (Petty Spurge). 90. Euphorbia helioscopia (Wart Spurge). 91. Euphorbia obtusata (Blunt-leaved Spurge). 92. Euphorbia spathulata (Spurge). 93. Poinsettia cyathophora (Wild Poinsettia). 94. Poinsettia dentata (Wild Poinsettia). 95. Chamaesyce supina (Milk Spurge). 96. Chamaesyce humistrata (Milk Spurge). 97. Chamaesyce serpens (Round-leaved Spurge). 98. Chamaesyce geyeri (Geyer's Spurge). 99. Chamaesyce polygonifolia (Seaside Spurge). 100. Chamaesyce vermiculata (Spurge). 101. Chamaesyce maculata (Nodding Spurge). 102. Chamaesljce serpyllifolia (Spurge). 103. Chamaesyce glyptosperma (Spurge).

168 170 172

174

176 178 181 183 185 186 188 189 191 192 194 196 199 202

204 205 207

208 210 212

214 216

FOREWORD

In 1967, the first volume of The Illustrated Flora of Illinois was published. That volume, which covered the ferns of Illinois, has been followed by eight volumes on flowering plants. This is the ninth book devoted to flowering plants, and the fourth one treating dicotyledonous plants. Several additional volumes on dicots will follow, as well as work on algae, mosses, liverworts, lichens, fungi, and the monocotyledonous genus Carex. The idea of The Illustrated Flora, which was conceived in 1960, is to present every group of plants known to occur in Illinois. For each kind of plant, there will be a description, ecological notes, a distribution map, and illustrations showing the major features qf the plant. Keys for easy identification of each kind of plant are presented. An advisory board was created in 1964 to screen, criticize, and make suggestions for each volume of The Illustrated Flora during its preparation. The board is composed of botanists eminent in their area of specialty-Dr. Gerald W. Prescott, University of Montana (algae); Dr. Constantine J. Alexopoulos, University of Texas (fungi): Dr. Aaron J. Sharp, University of Tennessee (bryophytes); Dr. Rolla M. Tryon, Jr., The Gray Herbarium (ferns); and Dr. Robert F. Thorne, Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden (flowering plants). The author is editor of the series and will prepare many of the volumes. Specialists in other groups are preparing volumes on plants of their special interest. As volumes are completed, they will be published since there is no special sequence for publication. The author is proud to acknowledge the generous support of the Joyce Foundation which made possible the preparation of this volume. The Natural Land Institute of Rockford, IllinOiS, which sponsors The Illustrated Flora, provided administrative support. Robert H. Mohlenbrock Southern Illinois University April 5, 1981

The Illustrated Flora of Illinois

FLOWERING PLANTS

basswoods to spurges

WISCONSIN

IOWA

I1f.AIO(AXCf

1~1I0J4

INDIANA

MISSOURI

County Map of Illinois

KENTUCKY

Introduction

This volume is the fourth devoted to dicotyledons, or dicot plants. Dicots are the greatest group of flowering plants, exceeding the monocotyledons, or monocots. Dicots are plants which produce a pair of seed leaves during germination, while monocots produce merely a single seed leaf. Five volumes have been published on monocots, covering such plants as grasses, sedges, lilies, orchids, irises, aroids, and pondweeds. The dicots include slleh plant groups as roses, mllstards, mints, nightshades, milkweeds, asters, and pinks. The three previously published volumes on dicots treated hollies to loasas, willows to mustards, and magnolias to pitcher plants. Since there are over 200,000 different kinds of flowering plants, it is necessary for systems of classifications to be developed to organize so many species. Since the time of Linnaeus in the eighteenth century, and even before, botanists have published hundreds of classification schemes. Each scheme has attempted to group plants of similar characters together. As more and more information is learned about plants, the newer systems of classification try to incorporate this information. When I began to write the flowering plants in thc series, I had to select one system to follow for the presentation of the flowering plants. After considerable soul searching, I chose a classification proposed by Robert Thorne in outline form in 1968. I have, however, departed from Thorne's system in a few instances. J am following Thorne in using the standard suffix -aceae for all families. Thus, the Cruciferae becomes the Brassicaceae, the Guttiferae becomes the Hypericaceae, the Leguminosae becomes the Fabaceae, the Umbelliferae becomes the Apiaceae, the Labiatae becomes the Lamiaceae, the Compositae becomes the Asteraceae, and the Gramineae becomes the Poaceae. Since the Thorne classification is conSiderably different from the more traditional Engler system, the sequence for the dicots is presented next. Those names in boldface are described in this volume of The Illustrated Flora of Illinois. Order Annonales Family Magnoliaceae Family Annonaceae Family Calycanthaceae Family Aristolochiaceae

Family Lauraceae Family Saururaceae Order Berberidales Family Menispermaceae Family Ranunculaceae

2

/

BASSWOODS TO SPURGES

Family Berberidaceae Family Papaveraceae Order Nymphaeales Family Nymphaeaceae Family Ceratophyllaceae Order Sarraceniales Family Sarraceniaceae Order Theales Family Aquifoliaceae Family Hypericaceae I Family Elatinaceae Family Ericaceae Order Ebenales Family Ebenaceae Family Styracaceae Family Sapotaceae Order Primulales Family Primulaceae Order Cistales Family Violaceae Family Cistaceae Family Passifloraceae Family Cucurbitaceae Family Loasaceae Order Salicales Family Salicaceae Order Tamaricales Family Tamaricaceae Order Capparidales Family Capparidaceae Family Resedaceae Family Brassicaceae Order Malvales Family Tiliaceae Family Sterculiaceae Family Malvaceae Order Urticales Family Ulmaceae Family Moraceae Family Urticaceae Order Rhamnales Family Rhamnaceae Family Elaeagnaceae Order Euphorbiales Family Thymelaeaceae 'Called Clusiaccae by Thorne (1968).

Family Euphorbiaceae Order Solanalcs Family Solanaceae Family Convolvulaceae Family Polemoniaceae Order Campanulales Family Campanulaceae Order Santalales Family Celastraceae Family Santalaceae Family Loranthaceae Order Oleales Family Oleaceae Order Geraniales Family Linaceae Family Zygophyllaceae Family Oxalidaceae Family Geraniaceae Family Balsaminaccae Family Limnanthaceae Family Polygalaceae Order Rutales Family Rutaceae Family Simaroubaceae Family Anacardiaceae Family Sapindaceae Family Aceraceae Family Hippocastanaceae Family Juglandaceae Order Myricales Family M yricaceae Order Chenopodiales Family Phytolaccaceae Family Nyctaginaceae Family Aizoaceae Family Cactaceae Family Portulacaceae Family Chenopodiaceae Family Amaranthaceae Family Caryophyllaceae Family Polygonaceae Order Hamamelidales Family Hamamelidaceae Family Platanaceae Order Fagales Family Fagaceae

Introduction ! 3

Family Betulaceae Order Rosales Family Rosaceae Family Fabaceae Family Crassulaceae Family Saxifragaccae Family Droseraceac Family Staphyleaceae Order Myrtales Family Lythraceae Family Melastomaceae Family Onagraceae Order Gentianales Family Loganiaceae Family Rubiaceae Family Apocynaceae Family Asclepiadaceae 2 Family Gentianaceae Family Menyanthaceae Order Bignoniales Family Bignoniaceae Family Martyniaceae Family Scrophulariaceae Family Plantaginaceae Family Orobanchaceae

Family Lentibulariaceae Family Acanthaceae Order Cornales Family Vitaceae Family Nyssaceae Family Cornaceae Family Haloragidaceae Family Hippurdiaceae Family Araliaceae Family Apiaceae 3 Order Dipsacales Family Caprifoliaceae Family Adoxaceae Family Valerianaceae Family Dipsacaccae Order Lamiales Family HydrophyIlaeeae Family Boraginaceae Family Verbenaceae Family Phrymataceae4 Family CaIIitrichaceae Family Lamiaceae Order Asterales Family Asteraceae

2Included in Apocynaceae by Tborne (1968). 'Included in Araliaceae by Thorne (lg6S),