Flora of Turkey, Volume 4 9781474466097

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FLORA OF TURKEY VOLUME FOUR

VOLUME FOUR

FLORA OF TURKEY and the East Aegean Islands

edited by

P.H.DAVISD.Sc Reader in Taxonomic Botany assisted by D. F. Chamberlain, D. Phil and Victoria A. Matthews, B.Sc SRC Research Assistants

EDINBURGH at the

UNIVERSITY PRESS

© 1972

Transferred to Digital Print 2010 Edinburgh University Press 22 George Square, Edinburgh Reprinted 1997,2001,2008

Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne A CIP record is available for this book from the British Library ISBN 0 85224 208 5

PREFACE Volume IV brings us to the watershed: halfway through the vascular plants in the Turkish flora. This volume contains the rest of the polypetalous families in Boissier's sequence, and the beginning of the gamopetalous ones, that is, from Rosaceae to Dipsacaceae. The account of the Rubiaceae has unfortunately had to be deferred to Volume VI. The two largest families included in the present volume are the Rosaceae (c. 245 species) and Umbelliferae (c. 375 species in 97 genera). Due to complications associated with hybridization, apomixis and polyploidy, the taxonomy of the Rosaceae is notoriously difficult, but the family in Turkey is potentially of great economic importance, Anatolia being a much neglected gene centre for several genera of fruit trees. In the Umbelliferae the limits and relationships of the genera are so problematical that a tribal classification has not been used; as a departure from usual practice, a multi-access key to the genera in this family supplements the usual indented dichotomous key. The simplified terminology used for summarizing internal distribution in Volume III is continued. For convenience, the broad areas are listed again here (p. xvi), and illustrated in Map 2 (p. xv). For the system used in summarizing external distribution, reference should be made to Volume I: p. 13 and Map 3. It should perhaps be pointed out that as the Flora has progressed, the choice of species that have been mapped has frequently been guided by the following considerations: the species selected for mapping are either of phytosociological or phytogeographical importance (cf. Volume I, p. 8), or are closely related taxa whose different distribution patterns are not only biologically interesting but may be used (with caution) as an aid in identification. The maps are intended to help both the phytogeographer and the taxonomist. Widespread species have not usually been mapped. Attention is drawn to a paper by the writer on distribution patterns in Anatolia, which contains a map of the phytogeographical regions of Turkey (in P. H. Davis et al., eds., Plant Life of South-West Asia, pp. 15-26. Published by the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 1971). Volume v will cover the Compositae; Volumes VI and VII will contain the rest of the gamopetalous families and the apetalous families (excluding the Centrospermous ones included in Volume II); Volume VIII will account for the Monocotyledons. P.H.DAVIS Edinburgh, January 1972

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is a pleasure to acknowledge the continued generous support of the Science Research Council which provided money for two Research Assistants and a Secretary/Typist. My thanks are also due to the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland for a three-year grant towards the salary of one of the Research Assistants. Victoria A. Matthews (Mrs Burbidge) continues with the s.R.c. research team, but in 1971 Dr D. F. Chamberlain left to join the staff of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh; fortunately he has been able to complete his generic revisions for Volume IV. He has now been replaced on the Turkey team by Miss Frances Kupicha. Dr Hasan Pe~men (from Ege University, Izmir) has worked with us as a post-doctoral fellow and has contributed numerous revisions to the present volume. I am indebted to the following botanists (not on the s.R.c. team) who have contributed revisions to Volume IV: Dr R.Alava (Turku, Finland- Tordylium, Ainsworthia), Dr K. Browicz (Poznan - Rosaceae, tribes Spiraeae, Pruneae, and Pomeae excluding Sorbus), M.J.E.Coode (Lae- Valerianella, with V.A.Matthews), Dr J.Cullen (Liverpool University - Sanguisorba, Sarcopoterium and 'Daucoid' Umbelliferae), Dr E. T.Gabrielian (Erevan - Sorbus), I. C. Hedge (Edinburgh -numerous Umbelliferae), Miss I.Herrnstadt & Professor C.C. Heyn (Jerusalem- Prangos, Heptaptera), C.Jeffrey (Kew - Cucurbitaceaet), Miss J. M. Lamond (Edinburgh- numerous Umbelliferae), G. H. Leute (ViennaFroriepia (Umbelliferae)), D.Long (Edinburgh University - Lonicera, with D.F.Chamberlain), R.D.Meikle (Kew- Rubus with P.H.Davis), Miss C.W. Muirhead (Edinburgh - Rosularia (with D. F. Chamberlain) and Sempervivum), Dr 6.Nilsson (Uppsala- Rosa), Dr H.Pe~men (Izmir- Potentilla and several other Rosaceous genera, Liquidambar, and various Umbelliferae), Professor P. H. Raven (Stanford University- Circaea, Ludwigia; Epilobium with D. F. Chamberlain), I.B.K.Richardson (Reading University- Valeriana, Centranthus), DrS. Snogerup (Lund- Bupleurum), Dr P.F.Stevens (Lae- several Umbelliferae), Dr S.M. Walters (Cambridge University) and the late Professor B. Pawlowski (Cracow) - Alchemilla. I am indebted to the following artists for their illustrations: M.J.E.Coode (Figures 15, 16, 17, rearranged), Gillian Meadows (Figures4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 19, and the text diagram of Umbelliferae fruit on p. 266), Patricia Quinn (Figures 1, 2 (based on E. T.Gabrielian's drawing), 3, 10), S.Snogerup (Figure 9). The Directors of the following herbaria (cited by their contractions in Index Herbariorum) have generously lent material for this volume: ANK, BM, BSB BRA FI, o (including the Post-Aznavour herbarium on loan to Edinburgh), GB, H, HUJ, ISTE, ISTO, J, K, LE, LD, M, OXF, P, S, TUR, UPS, US, W, WU, Z, the Botany Department of Ege University (lzmir) and the Botany Department of Leicester University. The following botanists have very kindly lent or gifted material from their private collections: Dr O.Alpay, Professors A. &T.Baytop, Professor H.Demiriz, Dr L.B.Hewitt, Dr A.Huber-Morath, Professor P. Quezel. Dr F. Sorger, and C. Tobey.

t The help of Mrs J.S.Page in the preparation of the account of the Cucurbitaceae is gratefully acknowledged.

Acknowledgements I am, as ever, particularly grateful to Dr A. Huber-Morath (Basel), not only for his invaluable Turkish material, but for his painstaking reading of manuscripts and galley proofs, and for numerous constructive suggestions. Professor H. Runemark (Lund) has been especially helpful in continuing the loan of his team's collections from the East Aegean Islands, and for lists of records from the same area. Professor A.Baytop has supplied us with information on the distribution of cultivated plants in Turkey. I am indebted to R.D.Meikle and C. C. Townsend (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) and to I.C.Hedge and Miss J.M. Lamond (Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh) for finding time to assist us in so many ways. I should like to extend my thanks to Professor Robert Brown (Botany Department, University of Edinburgh) for his continued support for the Flora of Turkey project in the Taxonomy Section; and to Dr H. R. Fletcher (Regius Keeper of the Royal Botanic Garden) and his successor, D.M.Henderson, for providing facilities in the herbarium, library and garden, and for their encouragement and assistance in the production of the Flora; no one could wish for better working conditions or greater collaboration. P.H.D.

CONTENTS List of Maps, p. x List of Figures, p. xiii Abbreviations, p. xvii FLORA, p. 1 Addendum: list of new combinations and names, p. 625 Index, p. 627

LIST OF MAPS 1 2

Turkish vilayets and grid system, p. xiv Geographical divisions within Turkey, p. xv

DISTRIBUTIONS

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 [x]

Spiraea hypericifolia, S. crenata, Aruncus vulgaris, p. 7 Laurocerasus officina/is, Prunus divaricata, p. 7 Padus avium, Prunus spinosa, P. kurdica, P. cocomilia, p. 7 Cerasus prostrata, C. brachypetala, C. angustifolia, p. 15 Cerasus incana, C. microcarpa, p. 15 Cerasus mahaleb, p. 15 Cerasus avium, Amygdalus trichamygdalus, A. lycioides, p. 27 Amygdalus fenzliana, A. webbii, A. orienta/is, p. 27 Amygdalus graeca, A. arabica, Potentilla rupestris, P. calycina, p. 27 Potentilla kotschyana, P. anatolica, P. cappadocica, P. geranioides, p. 57 Potentilla aucheriana, P. ruprechtii, P. speciosa, p. 57 Geum coccineum, Orthurus heterocarpus, p. 57 Sanguisorba officinalis, S. armena, p. 111 Rosa phoenicia, R. montana, p. 111 Rosa pisiformis, R.foetida, p. 111 Rosa hemisphaerica, p. 113 Rosa pimpinellifolia, R. horrida, p. 113 Pyracantha coccinea, p. 113 Mespilus germanica, Crataegus aronia, p. 137 Crataegus pentagyna, C. tanacetifolia, p. 137 Crataegus x bornmuelleri, C. orienta/is, p. 137 Crataegus szovitsii, C. meyeri, p. 141 Crataegus curvisepala, p. 141 Crataegus monogyna, p. 141 Crataegus microphylla, p. 153 Sorbus persica, S. kusnetzovii, p. 153 Sorbus umbellata, p. 153 Sorbus torminalis, p. 161 Malus sylvestris, p. 161 x Malosorbus f/orentina, Eriolobus trilobatus, p. 161 Pyrus syriaca, P. salicifolia, p. 169 Pyrus elaeagnifolia, p. 169 Amelanchier rotundifolia, p. 169 Amelanchier parvif/ora, p. 171 Myrtus communis, p. 171 Lythrum virgatum, Epilobium stevenii, E. dodonaei, p. 171 Epilobium roseum, p. 217 Umbilicus horizontalis, Ribes biebersteinii, R. orientale, p. 217

List of Maps 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58

59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

72 73

Rosularia globulariifolia, R. serrata, R. chrysantha, R. aizoon, R. serpentinica, p. 217 Sedum sartorianum, S. laconicum, S. pilosum, p. 229 Sedum subulatum, S. pallidum, p. 229 Liquidambar orienta/is, Hedera colchica, p. 229 Astrantia maxima, p. 295 Actinolema macrolema, A. eryngioides, p. 295 Eryngium creticum, E. bithynicum, p. 295 Eryngium billardieri, E. kotschyi, E. giganteum, p. 305 Lagoecia cuminoides, p. 305 Bifora testiculata, B. radians, p. 305 Chamaesciadium acaule, Smyrnium olusatrum, S. cordifolium, p. 341 Smyrnium creticum, S. connatum, S. rotundifolium, S. perfoliatum, p. 341 Bunium paucifolium, p. 341 Pimpinella puberula, P. cretica, P. eriocarpa, p. 357 Pimpinella aurea, P. anthriscoides, p. 357 Pimpinella peregrina, P. peucedanifolia, p. 357 Hippomarathrum microcarpum, H. cristatum, H. crassilobum, Johrenia silenoides, p. 433 Ridolfia segetum, Falcaria falcarioides, Xanthogalum purpurascens, p. 433 Ferula szowitsiana, F. drudeana, F. communis, p. 433 Ferula tingitana, F. anatolica, F. orienta/is, F. halophila, p. 451 Ferula lycia, F. rigidula, F. haussknechtii, F. hermonis, F. tenuissima, p. 451 Ferula elaeochytris, F. longipedunculata, F. amanicola, F. huber-morathii, F. caspica, p. 451 Ferulago latiloba, F. sandrasica, F. humilis, F. macrosciadia, F. isaurica, p. 459 Ferulago galbanifera, F. autumnalis, F. pauciradiata, F. aucheri, p. 459 Ferulago asparagifolia, F. cassia, F. amani, F. setifolia, F. stel/ata, F. longistylis, p. 459 Ferulago platycarpa, F. thirkeana, F. sylvatica, F. syriaca, F. mughlae, p. 467 Ferulago macrocarpa, F. silaifolia, F. confusa, p. 467 Ferulago angulata, F. blancheana, F. pachyloba, F. trachycarpa, F. bracteata, p. 467 Malabaila aurea, M. lasiocarpa, M. dasyantha, M. secacul, p. 495 Heracleum platytaenium, H. antasiaticum, H. persicum, p. 495 Heracleum sphondylium, H. pastinacifolium, H. apiifolium, p. 495 Heracleum crenatifolium, H. trachyloma, H. argaeum, H. humile, H. raweanum, p, 497 Laserpitium petrophilum, L. affine, L. hispidum, L. carduchorum, L. glaucum, p. 497 [xi]

List of Maps

74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92

[xii]

Cornus sanguinea, p. 497 Cornus mas, p. 549 Lonicera caucasica, p. 549 Lonicera nummulariifolia, L. xylosteum, p. 549 Valeriana al/iariifolia, V. a/pestris, V. dioscoridis, p. 555 Valeriano oligantha, V. spe/uncaria, V. officina/is, p. 555 Valeriano sisymbriifolia, V. leucophaea, V. tuberosa, p. 555 Centranthus ruber, C. longiflorus, C. calcitrapa, p. 575 Valerianella hirsutissima, V. uncinata, V. dactylophyl/a, p. 575 Valerianella oxyrhyncha, V. echinata, V. orienta/is, p. 575 Valerianella /ocusta, V. costata, V. dufresnia, p. 579 Valerianella turgida, V. pumila, V. obtusiloba, p. 579 Valerianella kotschyi, V. discoidea, V. carinata, p. 579 Valerianel/a dentata, V. muricata, p. 591 Cephalaria aristata, C. transsylvanica, C. setosa, C. dipsacoides, p. 591 Cephalaria gigantea, Pterocephalus pinardii, P. pyrethrifolius, p. 591 Scabiosa crinita, S. atropurpurea, S. micrantha, S. persica, p. 615 Scabiosa caucasica, S. polykratis, S. cosmoides, S. hispidula, p. 615 Scabiosa reuteriana, S. bicolor, S. calocepha/a, p. 615

LIST OF FIGURES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Sanguisorba minor subspp. (fruits}, Alchemilla (leaves), p. 87 Alchemilla, Sorbus, Eriolobus, x Malosorbus (leaves), p. 89 Crataegus (leaves), p. 143 Umbelliferae: Group A (fruits), p. 269 Umbelliferae: Group B (fruits), p. 273 Umbelliferae: Group C and Group D (fruits), p. 275 Umbelliferae: Group D (fruits), p. 277 Umbelliferae: GroupE (fruits), p. 281 Bupleurum (petals), p. 401 Ferula, Ferulago (leaves), p. 443 Ferula, Ferulago (fruits), p. 447 Ferulago (fruits}, p. 463 Umbelliferae (fruits}, p. 525 Umbelliferae (fruits), p. 535 Valerianella (fruits}, p. 565 Valerianella (fruits), p. 569 Valerianella (fruits), p. 573 Scabiosa (fruits}, p. 605 Scabiosa, Tremastelma (fruits), p. 609

[xiii]

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2 Geographical divisions within Turkey (seep. xvi).

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION IN TURKEY areas numbered as on Map 2, p. xv

Turkey-in-Europe (1) North Anatolia (2-4) West Anatolia (5-7)

South Anatolia (8-15) Central Anatolia (16-20) East Anatolia (21-25)

The following terms are also used: Outer Anatolia: areas 2-15 Inner Anatolia: areas 16-25 North-West Turkey: areas 1, 2 & 5, together with vilayet Bilecik; shaded on map North-East Anatolia: areas 4 & 24, together with part of vilayet Giimii~ane in area 21 ; shaded on map South-West Anatolia: areas 7, 8, 9, 12 & 17; shaded on map South-East Anatolia: area 23, together with parts of vilayets Van & Bitlis in area 25; shaded on map North Turkey; N. Anatolia & Turkey-in-Europe West Turkey: W. Anatolia & Turkey-in-Europe Islands: E. Aegean islands; E. of dotted line on map 2

[xvi]

ABBREVIATIONS This list does not include abbreviations of authorities, books and journals or herbaria; for the first we have followed general usage, for the last Index Herbariorum, and for the remainder we have used abbreviations that should be readily comprehensible. An asterisk (*) before a generic or species name indicates that the taxon only occurs in Turkey as an introduced or cultivated plant. An exclamation mark (!) following a cited specimen shows that the specimen has been seen by the author of the account; following a synonym it indicates that type material of the synonymous taxon has been seen. Alt. anon. Azn. Bal. Boiss. Bornm. Cand.

C. em D.

d. Da. De. diam. E. Euro-Sib. excl. f.

Fl. Fors.-Maj.

fr. G. Hand.-Mazz. Haradj. Hausskn. Heldr. Hub.-Mor.

ibid. Ic. incl. Ir.-Tur. Is. It. Leyd. km

Altitude collector unknown G.V.Aznavour B. Balansa P.E.E.Boissier J.F.N.Bornmilller C.A.Candargy Central centimetres P.H.Davis district Dag, Dagi or Daglari (Turkish for mountain or mountain range) Dere, Deresi (Turkish for valley) diameter East Euro-Siberian excluding figure Flowering period (in months) C.J.Forsyth-Major fruit Gol, Golii (Turkish for lake) H. F. von Handel-Mazzetti M. Haradjian C. Haussknecht T. von Heldreich A.Huber-Morath in the same place Icon including Irano-Turanian Islands Iter Leydenense (a Dutch expedition) kilometres [xvii]

Abbreviations

loc. cit. m Maniss. Medit. mm mt. N. op. cit. photo Plitm. p.p. Reck. S. Sint. s.l. s.n. Spitz. Stn. & Hend. t. unloc. d'Urv. W. Y. Yalt. ± x

Ixviii]

on the page previously cited metres A. Manissadjian Mediterranean millimetres mountain North in the work previously cited photograph U. Plitmann pro parte K. H.Rechinger :fil. South P.E.E.Sintenis sea level sine numero F.Spitzenberger J.D.A.Stainton & D.M.Henderson plate not localized J.S.C.D.d'Urville West Yayla, Yaylasi (Turkish for summer pasture) F. Yaltirik more or less 'times' (e.g. 3 x 4 mm = 3 mm long by 4 mm wide) or denoting a hybrid

SPERMATOPHYTA (continued)

ANGIOSPERMAE

DICOTYLEDONES continued

46.ROSACEAE Woody or herbaceous, sometimes armed. Leaves alternate, usually stipulate, simple or compound, often with a toothed margin. Inflorescence diverse, in trees and shrubs often borne on spur shoots. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, actinomorphic, perigynous or epigynous. Sepals 4-5, free; epicalyx present or absent. Petals 4-5, free, or absent. Stamens 1-many. Ovary superior to inferior, of 1-many carpels, the carpels only united in genera with ± inferior ovary. Fruit with a dry or fleshy receptacle or hypanthium of diverse form, bearing follicles, achene(s), or drupe, or forming a pome (i.e. with the ± syncarpous ovary (carpels 1-5) adnate to and enclosed by the fleshy receptacle); never a syncarpous capsule as in Saxifragaceae or Parnassiaceae, or a true berry as in Grossulariaceae. Seeds usually without endosperm. The numerous wild fruit trees and their cultivated and naturalized relatives (tribes Pruneae and Pomeae) need biosystematic study in Anatolia before their relationships and status can be more firmly established. In this family the rich Turkish gene pool remains largely untapped. The taxonomy of Crataegus, too, is still in a somewhat provisional state. The extent of hybridization occurring among woody Turkish Rosaceae remains problematical, but may be rather extensive. In the meantime, more adequate population samples (preferably collected in fruit) and field observations could lead to a better understanding of the puzzling variability shown. Several Rosaceous genera (e.g. Rubus, Potentilla, Alchemilla, Sorbus) are known to contain obligate or facultative apomicts, but experimental proof is totally lacking for Turkish material. In the following account we have interpolated the tribes adopted by J. Hutchinson, Genera Plantarum, 1 (1964). 1. Leaves simple, sometimes ± deeply lobed or dissected 2. Annual or perennial herbs; flowers apetalous; epicalyx present 3. Stamens 1(-2); small annual with dense leaf-opposed cymes 22. Aphanes

3. Stamens 4(-10); perennial, cymes corymbose or panicled 21. AlchemiUa 2. Shrubs or trees; flowers with petals; epicalyx absent 4. Ovary superior; fruit a drupe with a single stone (sometimes dehiscent), or composed of several follicles 5. Carpels 5; fruit composed of several follicles; stipules absent 1. Spiraea 5. Carpel 1; fruit a drupe; stipules present, sometimes deciduous (Prunus group) -·F.T.-B

[I]

46. ROSACEAE 6. Flowers solitary, fasciculate, umbellate or in few-flowered (up to 12flowered) lax racemes 7. Fruit dehiscent; pericarp becoming dry (Almonds) 9. Amygdalus 7. Fruit indehiscent; pericarp fleshy and juicy 8. Drupes glabrous, or if sometimes puberulent or a little pubescent then small, c. 1 em diam. 9. Drupes pruinose; leaves convolute in bud (Plums, etc.) 5. Prunus 9. Drupes without a bloom; leaves conduplicate in bud (Cherries) 6. Cerasus 8. Drupes velutinous or tomentose, or exceptionally glabrous then large, over 2 em diam. 10. Stones smooth; leaves convolute in bud, broadly ovate, at most 1t x as long as broad (Apricot) 7. Armeniaca 10. Stones distinctly pitted; leaves conduplicate in bud, elliptic-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, c. 3 x as long as broad (Peach) 8. Persica 6. Flowers 15 or more, in elongate but compact racemes 11. Leaves deciduous; racemes with leaves at base 3. Padus 11. Leaves evergreen; racemes with bracts but no leaves at base 4. Laurocerasus 4. Ovary ± inferior; fruit a pome (see family description) 12. Flowers solitary 13. Flowers less than 1 em diam.; fruit red or black 25. Cotoneaster 13. Flowers more than 1 em diam.; fruit brown, greenish or yellow 14. Branches unarmed; fruit more than 5 em long, with leathery carpel 30. Cydonia walls (Quince) 14. Branches usually thorny; fruit less than 5 em long, with bony carpel walls (Medlar) 24. Mespilus 12. Flowers in 2- to many-flowered inflorescences 15. At least some leaves lobed (occasionally almost all leaves with lobes replaced by deep teeth, then leaves cuneate) 16. Flowers in compound corymbs 28. Sorbus 16. Flowers in simple corymbs or umbels 17. Often spiny; walls of carpels becoming woody in fruit 27. Crataegus 17. Unarmed; walls of carpels becoming cartilaginous in fruit 18. Leaves trilobed; sepals persistent in fruit 33. Eriolobus 18. Leaves with more than 3 lobes; sepals deciduous in fruit 32. x Malosorbus 15. Leaves not lobed 19. Leaf margin entire 20. Petals 5 mm or less, rounded; carpel walls becoming woody in fruit 25. Cotoneaster 20. Petals 10-15 mm, elongate; carpel walls becoming cartilaginous in fruit 35. Amelanchier 19. Leaf margin serrate or dentate 21. Inflorescence a compound corymb or panicle 22. Leaves up to 25 em long; inflorescence a panicle; fruit yellow, pyriform or ellipsoidal, 20-30(-100) mm (Loquat) 29. Eriobotrya 22. Leaves up to 11 em long; inflorescence a compound corymb; fruit red, globose, 9-16 mm diam. [2]

Key to Genera 23. Shrub, usually spiny; leaves evergreen; carpels completely connate 26. Pyracantha 23. Unarmed tree; leaves deciduous; carpels partly free 28. Sorbus 21. Inflorescence a simple corymb, umbel or raceme 24. Inflorescence a raceme; ovary and fruit incompletely 4-10-locular with 1 ovule per loculus 35. Amelanchier 24. Inflorescence an umbel or corymb; ovary and fruit 2-5-locular with 2 ovules per loculus 25. Fruit globose to pyriform with numerous grit cells; styles free (Pears) 34. Pyrus 25. Fruit globose and umbilicate without or with only a few grit cells; styles connate at base (Apples) 31. Malus 1. Leaves compound, with separate leaflets 26. Small tree, unarmed; ovary inferior; fruit a pome 28. Sorbus 26. Shrubs, sometimes armed, or herbs; ovary superior; fruit not a pome 27. Armed shrubs 28. Inflorescence a dense, head-like spike; petals absent; armature of persistent spiny branch-tips 19. Sarcopoterium 28. Inflorescence lax, paniculate or corymbose; petals present; armature of prickles scattered along branches 29. Fruit of several fleshy druplets borne on a convex receptacle 11. Rubus 29. Fruit a deep, fleshy, urceolate hypanthium containing several longstyled achenes 23. Rosa 27. Herbs or unarmed shrubs 30. All leaves ternate or palmate 31. Epicalyx absent; fruit of several fleshy druplets 11. Rubus 31. Epicalyx present; fruit of dry achenes (in Fragaria borne on a fleshy receptacle) 32. Petals absent 21. Alchemilla 32. Petals present 33. Petals 1-2 mm; stamens 5(-10) 14. Sibbaldia 33. Petals more than 2 mm; stamens usually more than 10 34. Leaves ternate; flowers white; receptacle much enlarged in fruit and fleshy 13. Fragaria 34. Leaves palmate or ternate; flowers white, yellow or reddish; receptacle neither enlarged nor fleshy in fruit 12. Potentilla 30. At least basal leaves 1-2-pinnate 35. Flower and fruit surrounded by a 10-fid involucre 18. Aremonia 35. Involucre absent 36. Epicalyx present 37. Styles long, at least part of styles persistent in fruit 38. Distal part of styles deciduous; corolla shorter than calyx; fruit of 50-250 achenes 15. Geum 38. Distal part of style persistent; corolla longer than calyx; fruit of 5-15 achenes 16. Orthurus 37. Styles short, in fruit deciduous in their entirety 12. Potentilla 36. Epicalyx absent 39. Petals absent; inflorescence a dense, head-like spike 20. Sanguisorba [3]

46. ROSACEAE 39. Petals present; inflorescence a lax raceme, paniculate cyme, panicle or elongate spike 40. Inflorescence a lax spike or raceme; receptacle with a crown of 17. Agrimonia hooked spines 40. Inflorescence a panicle or paniculate cyme; receptacle spineless 41. Stipules present; leaves !-pinnate; fruit a group of achenes 10. Filipendula

41. Stipules absent; leaves 2-pinnate; fruit of 3(-5) cartilaginous follicles 2. Aruncus Tribus SPIRAEAE. Shrubs. Leaves simple or 2-pinnate; stipules absent. Epicalyx absent. Receptacle shallow. Ovary supetior. Fruit of several dehiscent follicles.

1. SPIRAEA L. K. BROWICZ

Deciduous shrubs. Leaves simple, serrate or dentate, sometimes entire, shortpetioled. Stipules absent. Flowers bisexual, rarely polygamous, white or rosy, in umbels, corymbs or racemes. Petals 5, usually rounded and longer than sepals. Stamens 15-60, inserted on the margin of the calyx tube. Carpels usually 5, free. Follicles bony, dehiscent, with several minute, linear or oblong seeds. The Turkish species belong to Sect. Chamaedryon Ser. C. K. Schneider, Uebersicht tiber die spontanen Arten und Formen der Gattung Spiraea (Euspiraea). Bull. Herb. Boiss. 2 ser. 5:335-350 (1905). 1. Inflorescences umbel-like, sessile, without or with a rosette of small leaves

at the base 1. Inflorescences corymbiform on the top of leafy twigs

1. hypericifolia 2. crenata

1. S. hypericifolia L., Sp. Pl. 489 (1753). Ic: Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel-Bur. 4(2): t. 1008 (1922); Grossh., Fl. Kavk. 5: t. 2 (1952). Map 3, p. 7. Shrub up to 2 m high, with erect arching branches. Twigs subterete, brown, glabrous. Leaves 1-3·5 x0·2-1·5 em, on strong infertile shoots even broader, oblong-obovate or obovate-lanceolate, almost sessile, acute at the top or obtuse, entire or with 3-5 teeth or lobules near apex, mostly 3-nerved, glabrous or shortly pubescent at first, greyish-green above, light or bluish-green beneath. Umbels sessile, 5-many-flowered, naked or with rosette of small leaves at the base. Flowers white, 5-8 mm diam. Pedicels glabrous or almost so, c. 1 em. Follicles c. 3 mm long, divergent. Fl. 4-5. In scrub, on hillsides or on steep banks, 16002000m. Described from (probably wrongly) Canada (Hb. Linn. 651/5, p~oto !). E. Anatolia, rare. A9 Erzurum: N. of ~enkaya (Grossheim 5: map 2). Kars: 5 km N. of Kars, 1750 m, M. Zohary & Plitm. 2462~13! Mt. E. of Kagizman, 8 km from Ak~y to Cuma~y, 1650 m, D. 46804! B8 Mu~: Mt. Gumgum, S. side of BingO! Da., Kotschy 538 ! S.E. Europe, Crimea, Caucasia, Siberia, C. Asia. [4]

2. Aruncus

2. S. crenata L., Sp. Pl. 489 (1753). Syn: S. crenifolia C. A. Meyer in Beitr. Ptl. Russ. Reichs 6:43 (1834); S. anatolica Hausskn. apud Schneider in Bull. Herb. Boiss., 2 ser. 5:338 (1905). Ic: Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel-Bur. 4(2): t. 1099 (1922). Map 3, p. 7. Very similar to S. hypericifolia, but smaller, up to 1 m, with distinctly puberulous young leaves, and ± persistently puberulous pedicels and calyx. Leaves entire or crenulate above the middle. Inflorescences corymbiform, on the top of leafy twigs 2-7 em long. Fl. 5(-6). Stony hills and rocky places, 400-650 m. Described from Siberia and Spain (Hb. Linn. 651/8, photo!). N. & E. Anatolia, local. A3 Ankara: 2 km N. of Nallihan, 600 m, Kiihne 660! A4 Zonguldak: Hamamli to Safranbol, Wiedemann ! AS Amasya: Amasya, 400600 m, Bornm. 1889:298!