Flexible and Wearable Sensors 9781032288178, 9781032289809, 9781003299455, 1032288175

Table of contents :
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of Contributors
Chapter 1 Flexible and Wearable Sensing Devices: An Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Global Wearable Sensing Devices Market
1.3 Wearable Sensing Devices and Their Implementations
1.3.1 Temperature Measuring Devices
1.3.2 Pressure Measuring Devices
1.3.3 Uninterrupted Glucose Surveillance
1.3.4 Pulse Rate Monitors
1.4 Skin-Like Wearable Sensing Devices
1.4.1 Textiles
1.4.2 Tattoos
1.4.3 Bands
1.5 Perspectives and Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 2 Materials and Technologies for Flexible and Wearable Sensors
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Materials for Flexible and Wearable Sensors
2.3 Technologies for Flexible and Wearable Sensors
2.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Design Principles of Flexible and Wearable Sensors
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Working Principle
3.3 Nanomaterials and Techniques Used in the Synthesis of Wearable and Flexible Nanosensors
3.4 Types of Sensors
3.4.1 Wearable Temperature Sensors
3.4.2 Wearable Biochemical Sensors
3.4.3 Wearable Strain Sensors
3.4.4 Wearable Motion Sensors
3.4.5 Wearable Pressure Sensors
3.5 Future Perspective and Challenges
3.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Functionalized Materials for Improved Sensing
4.1 Developed Sensor Systems
4.2 Inorganic Functional Nanomaterial-Based Sensors
4.3 Polymer-Based Sensors
4.4 Metal-Organic Framework-Based Sensors
4.5 Functional Nanomaterial-Based Sensors
4.6 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Sensors
4.7 MXene-Based Sensors
4.8 Future Outlook of Advanced Sensing Materials
References
Chapter 5 Recent Advances in Flexible and Wearable Sensors
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Biomedical Sensors
5.3 Biosensors
5.4 Strain Sensors
5.5 Environment Sensors
5.6 Photosensors
5.7 Humidity Sensors
5.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Recent Advances in Flexible, Stretchable, and Self-Healing Sensors
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Self-Healing Materials and Healing Mechanism for Flexible and Stretchable Sensors
6.3 Design and Preparation of Flexible, Stretchable, and Self-Healing Sensors
6.3.1 Chemical Structure Design
6.3.2 Physical Structure Design
6.4 Flexible, Stretchable, and Self-Healing Sensors in Applications
6.4.1 Flexible, Stretchable, and Self-Healing Sensors in Mechanical Engineering
6.4.2 Flexible, Stretchable, and Self-Healing Sensors in Environment Monitoring
6.4.3 Flexible, Stretchable, and Self-Healing Sensors in Human Health
6.4.4 Flexible, Stretchable, and Self-Healing Sensors in Multimodal Sensing
6.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 7 Properties and Applications of Conjugated Polymers for Flexible Electronics: Current Trends and Perspectives
7.1 Introduction and Overview
7.2 Properties of Conjugated Polymers
7.2.1 Electrical Properties
7.2.2 Optical Properties
7.2.3 Mechanical Properties
7.3 Applications of Conjugated Polymers in Flexible Electronics
7.3.1 Supercapacitor
7.3.2 Light-Emitting Diodes
7.3.3 Transparent Electronics
7.3.4 Sensors
7.3.5 Chemical Sensors
7.3.6 Biosensors
7.3.7 Organic Photovoltaic Solar Cells
7.3.8 Organic Field-Effect Transistors
7.4 Challenges
7.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 8 Flexible and Wearable Strain Sensors
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Sensing Mechanisms
8.2.1 Piezoresistive Principle
8.2.2 Piezoelectric Principle
8.2.3 Piezocapacitive Principle
8.3 Materials
8.3.1 Conducting Particles
8.3.2 Functional Particles
8.3.3 Flexible Matrix Materials
8.3.4 Flexible Electrodes
8.4 Fabrication Techniques
8.4.1 Melt Fabrication Techniques
8.4.2 Solution-Based Fabrication Techniques
8.4.3 In-Situ Polymerization
8.5 Designing Procedure of Flexible Strain Sensors
8.6 Wearability
8.7 Applications
8.8 Future Prospects
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 9 Metal Oxide-Based Flexible and Wearable Sensors
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Gas Sensors
9.3 pH Sensors
9.4 Humidity Sensors
9.5 Biomaterial Sensors
9.6 Temperature Sensors
9.7 Challenges and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 10 Transition Metal Chalcogenide-Based Flexible and Wearable Sensors
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Copper-Based Chalcogenides
10.3 Nickel-Based Chalcogenides
10.4 Molybdenum-Based Chalcogenides
10.5 Iron-Based Chalcogenides
10.6 Hafnium-Based Chalcogenides
10.7 Tungsten- and Vanadium-Based Chalcogenides
10.8 Outlook and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 11 Recent Developments in MXenes for Advanced Flexible Sensors
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Synthesis of MXenes
11.3 Properties of MXenes Over 2D materials
11.3.1 Tunable Surface Chemistry
11.3.2 Free-Standing Film
11.3.3 Dispersibility
11.3.4 Mechanical Strength
11.3.5 Electrical Properties
11.4 Processing Techniques
11.5 Piezoelectric and Triboelectric Sensors
11.6 Gas Sensors
11.7 Humidity Sensors
11.8 Wearable Health Monitors
11.9 Summary and Future Outlook
References
Chapter 12 Hydrogel-Based Flexible and Wearable Sensors
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Features
12.3 Double Network Hydrogel-Based FWSs
12.4 Nanocomposite Hydrogel-Based FWSs
12.5 Conductive Hydrogel-Based FWSs
12.5.1 Electronically Conductive Hydrogel-Based FWSs
12.5.1.1 Interpenetrating Network Conductive Hydrogel-Based FWSs
12.5.1.2 Conductive Composite Hydrogel-Based FWSs
12.5.2 Ionically Conductive Hydrogel-Based FWSs
12.5.3 Tough Conductive Hydrogel-Based FWSs
12.5.3.1 Double Network Conductive Hydrogel-Based FWSs
12.6 Piezoresistive Hydrogel-Based FWSs
12.7 Capacitive Hydrogel-Based FWSs
12.8 Triboelectric Hydrogel-Based FWSs
12.9 Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogel-Based FWSs
12.9.1 Cellulose-Based Hydrogel-Based FWSs
12.9.2 Electronic Conductive Cellulose-Based Hydrogel-Based FWSs
12.9.3 Ionic Conductive Cellulose-Based Hydrogel-Based FWSs
12.9.4 Chitosan-Based Hydrogel-Based FWSs
12.9.5 Chitosan-Based Hydrogels for Stimuli-Response Sensors
12.10 Protein-Based Hydrogel-Based FWSs
12.10.1 Collagen-Based Hydrogel-Based FWSs
12.10.2 Gelatin-Based Hydrogel-based FWSs
12.10.3 Resilin-Based Hydrogel-Based FWSs
12.10.4 Silk-Based Hydrogel-Based FWSs
12.10.4.1 Silk Fibroin FWSs Based on Conductive Components
12.10.4.2 Calcium-Modified Silk Fibroin Electronic Skin
12.11 Summary, Challenges, and Outlook
References
Chapter 13 Multifunctional Flexible and Wearable Sensors
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Various Multifunctional Flexible and Wearable Sensors
13.2.1 Multifunctional Temperature Sensors
13.2.1.1 Resistance Temperature Detectors
13.2.1.2 Thermocouple
13.2.1.3 Thermistor
13.2.2 Pressure or Strain Sensors
13.2.3 Chemical Sensors
13.3 Fabrication of Multifunctional Flexible and Wearable Sensors
13.4 Applications of Multifunctional Flexible and Wearable Sensors
13.4.1 Applications in Human Health
13.4.2 Artificial Electronic Skins
13.4.3 Opto-Electronic Applications
13.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives
13.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 14 Nanocomposite-Based Flexible and Wearable Sensors
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Materials
14.2.1 Hydrogel-Based Materials
14.2.1.1 Which Applications Can Hydrogel Be Used For?
14.2.1.2 The Structure and Properties of Hydrogel for Use in Wearable Sensors
14.2.2 Graphene-Based Materials
14.2.2.1 Structural Design of Graphene-Based Materials for Use in Wearable Sensors
14.2.2.2 Various Stimulants Affecting Graphene-Based Materials
14.2.2.3 Application of Graphene-Based Materials in Wearable and Flexible Sensors
14.3 Technologies
14.3.1 3D Printing Technology
14.3.2 Nanogenerators in Flexible Wearable Sensors
14.3.3 Methods to Improve Conductivity
14.4 Challenges
14.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 Electrochemical Wearable Sensors Based on Laser-Induced Graphene for Health Monitoring
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Laser-Induced Graphene for Electrochemical Sensors
15.2 Applications of Laser-Induced Graphene Sensors in Health Monitoring Biomarkers
15.2.1 Glucose
15.2.2 Hydrogen Peroxide
15.2.3 Dopamine
15.2.4 Ions
15.2.5 Cortisol
15.2.6 SARS-CoV-2
15.3 Challenges for On-Body Measurements with LIG Wearable Sensors
15.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 16 Textile-Based Flexible and Wearable Sensors
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Materials for Textile-Based Flexible and Wearable Sensors
16.2.1 Substrates
16.2.1.1 Fibers
16.2.1.2 Yarns
16.2.1.3 Fabrics
16.2.2 Conducting Medium
16.2.2.1 Polymers
16.2.2.2 Metal-Based
16.2.2.3 Carbon-Based
16.2.2.4 Composite
16.3 Fabrication Methods for Textile-Based Flexible and Wearable Sensors
16.3.1 Coating Processes
16.3.2 Printing Process
16.3.3 Yarn-Type Processes: Knitting, Weaving, Sewing, and Embroidering
16.4 Applications for Textile-Based Flexible and Wearable Sensors
16.4.1 Types of Sensors and Areas of Use
16.4.1.1 Pressure Sensors
16.4.1.2 Strain Sensors
16.4.1.3 Temperature Sensors
16.4.1.4 Electrochemical/Biosensors
16.4.1.5 Humidity Sensors
16.4.2 Applications
16.5 Challenges, Opportunities, and the Future of Textile-Based Flexible and Wearable Sensors
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 17 Color-Based Flexible and Wearable Sensors
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Classification of Color-Changing Sensors Based on Their Structure
17.2.1 Bulk and Colloidal Hydrogels
17.2.2 Elastomeric Hydrogels
17.2.3 Thin Films
17.2.4 Fibers
17.2.5 Core-Shell Nanoparticles
17.3 Challenges and Future Perspective
17.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18 Self-Powered Sensors
18.1 Introduction
18.2 SPSs and Systems: Origin and Development
18.3 Different Types of SPSs
18.3.1 Nuclear Energy-Based SPSs
18.3.2 Solar Cell-Based SPSs
18.3.3 Electrochemical Cell-Based SPSs
18.3.4 Electromagnetic Energy-Based SPSs
18.3.5 Piezoelectric Nanogenerator-Based SPSs
18.3.6 Triboelectric Nanogenerator-Based SPSs
18.3.7 Pyroelectric Nanogenerator-Based SPSs
18.3.8 Hybrid Nanogenerator-Based SPSs
18.4 Conclusions and Outlook
References
Chapter 19 Stretchable and Self-Healing Sensors
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Requirements for Stretchable and Self-Healing Sensors
19.2.1 Mechanical Properties
19.2.2 Sensing Properties
19.2.3 Self-Healing Properties
19.2.4 Other Properties
19.3 Classification of Stretchable Self-Healing Sensors Based on the Mechanism of Sensing
19.3.1 Piezoresistive Stretchable Self-Healing Sensors
19.3.2 Capacitive Stretchable Self-Healing Sensors
19.3.3 Piezoelectric Stretchable Self-Healing Sensors
19.4 Design of Stretchable and Self-healing Sensors
19.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 20 Flexible and Wearable Sensors for Biomedical Applications
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Flexible Materials for Wearable Sensors
20.2.1 Application of Flexible Materials in Wearable Sensors
20.3 Sensor Networks for Wearable Flexible Sensors
20.4 Types of Sensing Using Wearable Flexible Sensors
20.4.1 Physical Sensing
20.4.2 Chemical Sensing
20.4.2.1 Invasive and Non-Invasive Sensors
20.4.3 Mechanisms of Sensing
20.4.4 Fabrication Methods
20.5 Biomedical Applications of Wearable Flexible Sensors
20.5.1 Motion Sensors
20.5.2 Vital Sign Sensors
20.5.2.1 Temperature Sensors
20.5.2.2 Heart Rate Sensors
20.5.2.3 Electrophysiological Sensors
20.5.2.4 Humidity Sensors
20.5.2.5 Gas Sensors
20.5.2.6 Metabolites Sensors
20.5.2.7 Other Biomedical Applications
20.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21 The Role of Additive Manufacturing in Flexible and Wearable Sensors
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Ink-Based Additive Manufacturing Methods
21.3 Structural Materials for Additive Manufacturing
21.3.1 Encapsulation Materials and Matrix
21.3.2 Conductive Materials
21.3.2.1 Metallic Materials
21.3.2.2 Carbon-Based Materials
21.3.2.3 Conjugated Polymers
21.4 Application of Additive Manufacturing in Flexible and Wearable Sensors
21.4.1 Strain Sensors
21.4.2 Nanogenerators
21.4.3 Flexible Electrodes
21.4.4 Soft Sensors, Actuators, and Robotics
21.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 22 Current Challenges and Perspectives of Flexible and Wearable Sensors
22.1 Introduction
22.1.1 Classification of Wearable Devices
22.2 The Architecture of Wearable Sensing Devices
22.2.1 Conventional Sensors
22.2.2 Non-Conventional Sensors
22.2.2.1 Non-Conventional Materials
22.2.2.2 Non-Conventional Applications
22.2.2.3 Non-Conventional Sensing Modules
22.2.2.4 Non-Conventional Materials and Integration Methods
22.2.3 Digital Biomarkers (Multifunctional)
22.3 Future Applications
22.3.1 Medical Devices
22.3.2 Industrial Applications
22.3.3 Sports
22.3.4 Entertainment
22.3.5 Consumer Direction Prospects
22.4 Challenges
References
Index