Flashcards for Bones, Joints, and Actions of the Human Body [2nd Edition] 0323078257, 9780323078252, 9780323298735

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Register today and gain access to: Video Clips Complete set of video clips, demonstrating all joint actions of the body. Bony Landmark identification exercises Reinforce your knowledge of bony landmarks by completing these additional exercises. Drag and Drop Labeling Exercises 15 illustrations aid in your review of the material as you drag the name of the structure and drop it into the correct position on the illustrations. Crossword Puzzles 20 crossword puzzles reinforce muscle names and terminology through fun, interactive activities! Glossary of Terms and Origins Kinesiology terms are defined and explained on the Evolve site. Additional Strengthening Exercise photographs There are additional photographs demonstrating key strengthening exercises on Evolve. Radiographs Radiographic images show real-world application of material in the book.

3251 Riverport Lane Maryland Heights, Missouri 63043 FLASHCARDS FOR BONES, JOINTS, AND ACTIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY

ISBN: 978-0-323-07825-2

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Notice Neither the Publisher nor the Author assume any responsibility for any loss or injury and/or damage to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of the material contained in this book. It is the responsibility of the treating practitioner, relying on independent expertise and knowledge of the patient, to determine the best treatment and method of application for the patient. The Publisher Vice President and Publisher: Linda Duncan Senior Editor: Kellie White Senior Developmental Editor: Jennifer Watrous Publishing Services Manager: Julie Eddy Senior Project Manager: Celeste Clingan Design Direction: Kim Denando Printed China Last digit is the print number:

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Working together to grow libraries in developing countries www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org

ABOUT THE FLASHCARDS Flashcards for Bones, Joints, and Actions of the Human Body, ed. 2, is designed as a companion to the textbook, Kinesiology: The Skeletal System and Muscle Function, ed. 2. •

•

These cards provide a fun way to study and learn the bones, joints, joint actions, and kinesiology concepts of the human body! There are 256 full-color cards divided into four sections. • Section I includes 112 cards that display all the bones and bony landmarks of the body. One side of the card shows a photograph of the bone with numbered lead lines, allowing you to quiz yourself. The numeric key is provided on the back of the card. • Section II includes 48 cards that have full-color line drawings of the joints of the body. Numbered lead lines are again provided, allowing you to quiz yourself on the ligaments and other illustrated structures of the joint. Again, the key to the numbers is provided on the back of the card. • Section III includes 58 cards that depict the joint motions of the body. The front of the card includes a photograph with the bones involved in the joint action superimposed on the photograph. The other side of the card contains essential information about the joint action that is pictured. iv

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Section IV includes 38 cards. Each card contains an illustration and text covering a specific kinesiologic concept of the human body. Review questions are located at the end of each card, allowing you to test your knowledge and understanding of the concept presented. All flashcards contain references to sections and pages from the textbook in the side margins, allowing quick and easy reference to Kinesiology: The Skeletal System and Muscle Function, ed. 2. Headings at the top of each card quickly place the card into its respective section of flashcards.

Studying Kinesiology Kinesiology literally means the study of motion. Because motion in the body is primarily created by muscles pulling on bones and creating motion of those bones at joints, kinesiology is usually thought of as the study of the musculoskeletal system. Given that the muscular system is controlled and coordinated by the nervous system, a more thorough description of kinesiology would be to say that it is the study of the anatomy and physiology of the neuromusculoskeletal system. Encompassing so many systems, the study of kinesiology involves a great deal of information. Therefore, when beginning the study of kinesiology, it is crucial that the extensive body of information is approached in a logical and step-wise fashion. Therefore, it is essential that fundamental information is learned first. Once this base is created, advanced information that builds upon the base can be approached and learned more easily. v

The information located in the textbook, Kinesiology: The Skeletal System and Muscle Function, ed. 2, has been ordered in a way that will facilitate this step-by-step learning of kinesiology. When using these flashcards as a companion to the textbook, I recommend that you access the cards in the same order as the information is presented in the book. If you are using these flashcards independent of the textbook, then I recommend that you access them in the following order (note: this order is not rigidly required, but it will facilitate learning the information on the cards): 1. Begin with cards #219-223 of Section IV (Kinesiology Concepts) before anything else. Knowing some of the basic terminology presented in these cards makes it easier to learn the cards of Section I (Bones and Bony Landmarks). 2. I then recommend that you begin learning the bones and bony landmarks of the body by using the cards of Section I. 3. After learning the bones of the body, return to cards #224-236 of Section IV (Kinesiology Concepts). This information will then make it easier to learn the structural components of joints covered in the cards of Section II and the joint actions of the body covered in the cards of Section III. 4. Now you may begin to use the cards of Sections II and III (Joints and Joint Actions). 5. Once the cards have been covered, the rest of the cards of Section IV (Kinesiology Concepts) can be learned. vi

Of course, if you already versed in this material and are using these flashcards for review, please access them in any order that you please.

Credits Artists: Jeanne Robertson, Frank Forney for Electronic Publishing Services Photographers: David Eliot, Yanik Chauvin

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BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

9 10 11 12 2 13

3

14 15 4

16 17

5

=?

6 7

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Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

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BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Full Skeleton—Anterior View Axial skeleton

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Skull (cranium) Mandible Cervical vertebrae Sternum

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

Rib cage Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Pelvic bone Femur Patella Fibula Tibia Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

CARD # 1

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 72, Figure 4-1

Appendicular skeleton

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

9

2

13 5 6 7

14 8

21 22 23

11

12

4

16

17 =?

18

1

15

=?

20

19

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10

3

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Full Skeleton—Posterior View Axial skeleton

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Clavicle Scapula Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Skull (cranium) Mandible Cervical vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

Rib cage Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx Pelvic bone Femur Fibula Tibia Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

CARD # 2

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 73, Figure 4-2

Appendicular skeleton

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Superior

1

4

7

10

2

5

8

11

3

6

9

12

13

Inferior

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

L e f t R i g h t

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Skull—Anterior View (Colored) AXIAL SKELETON

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Nasal bone Lacrimal bone Ethmoid bone Vomer Palatine bone Inferior nasal concha

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 74, Figure 4-3

Frontal bone Parietal bone Temporal bone Sphenoid bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mandible

CARD # 3

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Superior

43 4 42

R i g h t

3 22

24

2

11 12 13 23 25

5

6

27

26 18

8 9 15 7 16 17 14

L e f t

10

21 19 20

28

31

30

32

29 34

35

38

36

37 39 40 41

Inferior

33

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Skull—Anterior View

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

Frontal bone (#2-6) Superciliary arch Supraorbital margin Supraorbital notch Glabella Orbital surface Nasal bone Internasal suture Frontonasal suture Nasomaxillary suture Orbital cavity Superior orbital fissure Inferior orbital fissure Greater wing of sphenoid Lesser wing of sphenoid Lacrimal bone Ethmoid bone Middle nasal concha (of ethmoid bone) Inferior nasal concha Vomer Palatine bone Frontozygomatic suture Infraorbital margin Zygomatic bone Zygomaticomaxillary suture

Maxilla (#26-31) 26. Frontal process 27. Infraorbital foramen 28. Canine fossa 29. Incisive fossa (indicated by dotted line) 30. Alveolar process (indicated by dashed line) 31. Anterior nasal spine 32. Intermaxillary suture Mandible (#33-43) 33. Body 34. Ramus 35. Angle 36. Mental foramen 37. Incisive fossa (indicated by dotted line) 38. Alveolar fossa (indicated by dashed line) 39. Symphysis menti 40. Mental tubercle 41. Oblique line (indicated by solid line) 42. Temporal bone 43. Parietal bone

CARD # 4

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 75, Figure 4-4

AXIAL SKELETON

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Superior

A n t e r i o r

1 2 3

4 5 6

Inferior

7 8 9 10

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

P o s t e r i o r

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Skull—Right Lateral View (Colored) AXIAL SKELETON

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Maxilla Mandible Occipital bone Nasal bone Lacrimal bone

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 76, Figure 4-5

Frontal bone Parietal bone Temporal bone Sphenoid bone Zygomatic bone

CARD # 5

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

3

6

1 5

P o s t e r i o r

2 15 10

7

18

17 8

13 30

9

A n t 25 21 e 24 r 20 23 i o r 22 4

14

16

19

11

29 28

12 27

Inferior

26 31

32

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Superior

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Skull—Right Lateral View AXIAL SKELETON

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 77, Figure 4-6

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

Frontal bone Glabella Coronal suture Frontozygomatic suture Superior temporal line Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Occipital bone External occipital protuberance (EOP) Temporal bone Mastoid process Styloid process External auditory meatus Zygomatic arch Squamosal suture Zygomaticotemporal suture Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

18. Greater wing of sphenoid 19. Lateral pterygoid plate (of pterygoid process) of sphenoid 20. Zygomatic bone 21. Nasal bone 22. Maxilla 23. Anterior nasal spine 24. Frontal process of maxilla 25. Lacrimal bone Mandible (#26-32) 26. Body 27. Angle 28. Ramus 29. Coronoid process 30. Condyle 31. Mental foramen 32. Mental tubercle

CARD # 6

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1. 2. 3. 4.

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Superior

1

4

7

2

5

8

3

6

9

Inferior

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

R i g h t L e f t

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Skull—Posterior View (Colored) AXIAL SKELETON

6. 7. 8. 9.

Mandible Occipital bone Vomer Palatine bone

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 78, Figure 4-7A

Parietal bone Temporal bone Sphenoid bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla

CARD # 7

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Superior

1

1 3

4

5

L e f t

6

7 11

11 8 9

26 18

19 10

15 16 13 17 14

23

12

25 24

20 22

21

Inferior

R i g h t

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

2

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Skull—Posterior View AXIAL SKELETON

Occipital bone (#4-10) 4. Occipital bone 5. Highest nuchal line 6. Superior nuchal line 7. External occipital protuberance (EOP) 8. Inferior nuchal line 9. External occipital crest 10. Condyle 11. Temporal bone 12. Mastoid process of temporal bone 13. Maxilla 14. Tuberosity of maxilla

Sphenoid bone (#15-17) 15. Lateral pterygoid plate of pterygoid process 16. Medial pterygoid plate of pterygoid process 17. Pterygoid hamulus 18. Vomer 19. Palatine bone Mandible (#20-25) 20. Mandible 21. Inferior and superior mental spines 22. Mylohyoid line 23. Lingula 24. Angle 25. Ramus 26. Zygomatic bone

CARD # 8

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 78, Figure 4-7B

1. Parietal bone 2. Sagittal suture 3. Lambdoid suture

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Anterior

1

4

5

2

Posterior

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6

9

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Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

L e f t R i g h t

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Skull—Inferior View (Colored) AXIAL SKELETON

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Maxilla Mandible Occipital bone Vomer Palatine bone

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 79, Figure 4-8A

Frontal bone Parietal bone Temporal bone Sphenoid bone Zygomatic bone

CARD # 9

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Anterior

26

25 24

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R i g h t

22 15 10

14 21

9

L e f t

28 7

13

16 6 8

11 12

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30 1 2

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Posterior

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

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BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Skull—Inferior View

Occipital bone (#1-9) 1. External occipital crest 2. Inferior nuchal line 3. Superior nuchal line 4. External occipital protuberance (EOP) 5. Foramen magnum 6. Condyle 7. Basilar part 8. Jugular process 9. Foramen lacerum Temporal bone (#10-15) 10. Temporal bone 11. Mastoid process 12. Mastoid notch 13. Styloid process 14. Zygomatic arch 15. Carotid canal 16. Jugular foramen (of occipital bone) 17. Vomer

Sphenoid bone (#18-22) 18. Medial pterygoid plate of pterygoid process 19. Pterygoid hamulus 20. Lateral pterygoid plate of pterygoid process 21. Greater wing of sphenoid 22. Foramen ovale 23. Palatine bone 24. Posterior nasal spine of palatine bones 25. Maxilla 26. Zygomatic bone 27. Mandible 28. Angle of mandible 29. Frontal bone 30. Parietal bone

CARD # 10

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 79, Figure 4-8B

AXIAL SKELETON

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Anterior

1

4

7

2

5

8

3

6

9

P osterior

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

R i g h t L e f t

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Skull—Internal View (Colored) AXIAL SKELETON

6. 7. 8. 9.

Maxilla Occipital bone Nasal bone Ethmoid bone

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 80, Figure 4-9A

Frontal bone Parietal bone Temporal bone Sphenoid bone Zygomatic bone

CARD # 11

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Anterior 21

22

17

20

24 16

10 23

15

9

L e f t

11 12

13 14 7

4 8 5 3

6

1 2

Posterior

R i g h t

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

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BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Skull—Internal View

Occipital bone (#1-5) 1. Occipital bone 2. Internal occipital protuberance 3. Foramen magnum 4. Basilar part 5. Jugular foramen 6. Parietal bone 7. Squamous part of temporal bone 8. Petrous part of temporal bone 9. Foramen lacerum Sphenoid bone (#10-16) 10. Sphenoid bone 11. Lesser wing 12. Greater wing

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

Sella turcica Dorsum sellae Foramen ovale Optic foramen Frontal bone (orbital part) Frontal crest Crista galli of ethmoid bone Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Nasal bone Maxilla Zygomatic arch of temporal bone Temporal arch of zygomatic bone

CARD # 12

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 80, Figure 4-9B

AXIAL SKELETON

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

S A

P I

2 11 3

12

4

13

5 14 6 15

7 8 9 17

16

18 10

Adapted from Patton KT, Thibodeau GA: Anatomy and physiology, ed. 7, St Louis, 2010, Mosby.

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Skull—Sagittal Section AXIAL SKELETON

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 81, Figure 4-10A

6. 7. 8. 9.

Coronal suture Sphenoid bone Frontal bone Frontal sinus Crista galli of ethmoid bone Nasal bone Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Inferior concha Maxilla

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Mandible Parietal bone Temporal bone Sella turcica Lamboidal suture Occipital bone Sphenoid sinus Vomer Pterygoid process of sphenoid bone

CARD # 13

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9

S

I

M

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

10

L

Adapted from Patton KT, Thibodeau GA: Anatomy and physiology, ed. 7, St Louis, 2010, Mosby.

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS The Orbital Cavity AXIAL SKELETON

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Optic foramen Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Maxilla Infraorbital foramen

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 81, Figure 4-10B

Frontal bone Superior orbital fissure Sphenoid bone Zygomatic bone Inferior orbital fissure

CARD # 14

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Left

14 12

11

10

13 9

15

6

6 8

Right

3

1

7 2

4

5

Anterior

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Posterior

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Mandible—Oblique View AXIAL SKELETON

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 82, Figure 4-11B

Body Mental foramen Oblique line Mental protuberance Symphysis menti Alveolar process (indicated in light pink) 7. Incisive fossa (indicated in dark pink)

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Angle Ramus Coronoid process Mandibular notch Head of condyle Neck of condyle Lingula Mylohyoid line

CARD # 15

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Superior

11

10

A n t e r i o r

9 8 3

6 1

7 2 4

Inferior

A

Anterior 5 7

4 2 63 1

L e f t

R i 8 g h 10 t

14 11

Posterior

9 13 12 B

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

P o s t e r i o r

12 13

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Mandible—Right Lateral and Superior Views AXIAL SKELETON

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Body Mental foramen Oblique line Mental protuberance Symphysis menti Alveolar process (indicated in light pink) 7. Incisive fossa (indicated in dark pink)

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Angle Ramus Coronoid process Mandibular notch Head of condyle Neck of condyle Lingula

CARD # 16

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 82, Figure 4-11AC

A, Lateral view of the right side of the mandible B, Superior view of the mandible

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

3

1

A

7

1

2 6 3

5 4

Adapted from Patton KT, Thibodeau GA: Anatomy and physiology, ed. 7, St Louis, 2010, Mosby.

B

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

2

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Parietal and Frontal Bones AXIAL SKELETON

A, Lateral view at the right parietal bone. 1. Superior temporal line 2. Inferior temporal line

3. Parietal bone

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 83, Figure 4-12AC

1. 2. 3. 4.

Supraorbital notch Supraorbital margin Orbital plate Nasal spine

5. Glabella 6. Zygomatic process 7. Frontal bone

CARD # 17

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

B, Anterior view of the frontal bone.

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

3 7

4

5

2 6

A

1

4

5

2

3

6 7

B

Adapted from Patton KT, Thibodeau GA: Anatomy and physiology, ed. 7, St Louis, 2010, Mosby.

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Temporal and Occipital Bones AXIAL SKELETON

1. External auditory meatus 2. Mastoid process 3. Squamous portion 4. Mandibular fossa

5. Zygomatic arch (process) 6. Styloid process 7. Temporal bone

B, Inferior view of the occipital bone. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line Foramen magnum

5. External occipital crest 6. External occipital protuberance 7. Occipital bone

CARD # 18

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 83-84, Figure 4-12B and 4-13A

A, Lateral view of the right temporal bone.

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

1

6 2

A

4 11 5

1

6

8 9 10 7

B

Adapted from Patton KT, Thibodeau GA: Anatomy and physiology, ed. 7, St Louis, 2010, Mosby.

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

11

5

3

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Sphenoid Bone AXIAL SKELETON

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Superior orbital fissure Foramen ovale Optic foramen Sella turcica Lesser wing Greater wing

7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Pterygoid hamulus Body Lateral pterygoid plate Medial pterygoid plate Sphenoid bone

CARD # 19

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 84, Figure 4-13BC

A, Superior view of the sphenoid bone. B, Posterior view of the sphenoid bone.

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Anterior

1

4

2

Posterior

P o s t e r i o r

A n 4 t e r i o r

1

5

B

3

A 1

7 4

R i g h t

6

L e f t

5 C

3

Adapted from Patton KT, Thibodeau GA: Anatomy and physiology, ed. 7, St Louis, 2010, Mosby.

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

3

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Ethmoid Bone AXIAL SKELETON

1. 2. 3. 4.

Crista galli Cribriform plate Perpendicular plate Ethmoidal sinus

5. Middle nasal concha 6. Superior nasal concha 7. Ethmoid bone

CARD # 20

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 85, Figure 4-14ABC

A, Superior view of the ethmoid bone. B, Lateral view of the ethmoid bone. C, Anterior view of the ethmoid bone.

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

2

1

4

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

3

A 2

3

B

Adapted from Patton KT, Thibodeau GA: Anatomy and physiology, ed. 7, St Louis, 2010, Mosby.

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Vomer AXIAL SKELETON

A, Anterior view of the vomer. B, Lateral view of the vomer.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 85, Figure 4-14DE

3. Vertical plate 4. Vomer

CARD # 21

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1. Ala 2. Ala

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

3

4

9

2

A

5

8

7 6

10

3

11

13 12 14 15

8

7

6

5

B

Adapted from Patton KT, Thibodeau GA: Anatomy and physiology, ed. 7, St Louis, 2010, Mosby.

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Maxilla AXIAL SKELETON

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Alveolar process Palatine process Frontal process Maxillary sinus Incisors Canine Premolars Molars

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Maxilla Notch for lacrimal bone Orbital surface Zygomatic process Infraorbital foramen Anterior nasal spine Alveolar process

CARD # 22

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 86, Figure 4-15AB

A, Medial view of the right maxilla. B, Lateral view of the right maxilla.

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

1

4

A 3

2

B

1

4

3

C

Adapted from Patton KT, Thibodeau GA: Anatomy and physiology, ed. 7, St Louis, 2010, Mosby.

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

5

2

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Zygomatic and Palatine Bones AXIAL SKELETON

A, Lateral view of the right zygomatic bone.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 86-87, Figure 4-15C and 4-16AB

4. Infraorbital margin 5. Zygomatic bone

B, Medial view of the right palatine bone. C, Anterior view of the right palatine bone. 1. Horizontal plate 2. Vertical plate

3. Horizontal plate 4. Palatine bone

CARD # 23

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1. Frontal process 2. Temporal process 3. Zygomaticofacial foramen

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

A

1

B

Adapted from Patton KT, Thibodeau GA: Anatomy and physiology, ed. 7, St Louis, 2010, Mosby.

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Lacrimal and Nasal Bones AXIAL SKELETON

A, Anterior view of the right lacrimal bone. 1. Lacrimal bone

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 87, Figure 4-16CD

1. Nasal bone

CARD # 24

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

B, Anterior view of the right nasal bone.

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

10 2

1

5

11

6

7

8

12

9

13

14

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

3 4

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Spinal Column—Posterior View AXIAL SKELETON

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 88, Figure 4-17

C1 (atlas) C2 (axis) C7 T1 Transverse processes (TPs) 6. Spinous processes (SPs) 7. T12 8. L1

9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

L5 Cervical spine (C1-C7) Thoracic spine (T1-T12) Lumbar spine (L1-L5) Sacrum (sacral spine, S1-S5) 14. Coccyx (coccygeal spine, Co1-Co4)

CARD # 25

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Superior C1 C2

1

C7 T1

2 7

P 3 o s 4 t e r i o r

A n t e r i o r

T12 L1

8

5 L5

9 10

Inferior

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

6

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Spinal Column—Right Lateral View AXIAL SKELETON

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 89, Figure 4-18

7. Thoracic spine (T1-T12) 8. Lumbar spine (L1-L5) 9. Sacrum (sacral spine, S1-S5) 10. Coccyx (coccygeal spine, Co1-Co4)

CARD # 26

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1. Transverse processes (TPs) 2. Spinous processes (SPs) 3. Facet joints 4. Disc spaces 5. Intervertebral foramina 6. Cervical spine (C1-C7)

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Superior

1

P o s t e r i o r

C2 (axis)

C3 C4 2 C5 C6 C7 T1

Inferior

A n t e r i o r

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

C1 (atlas)

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Cervical Spine—Lateral View AXIAL SKELETON

Right lateral view of the cervical spine: 1. C2 spinous process

2. C7 spinous process

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 90, Figure 4-19A

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

CARD # 27

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Superior C1

C2

2 C3

R i g h t

C4

C5 3 C6 4 C7

T1

Inferior

L e f t

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Cervical Spine—Anterior View AXIAL SKELETON

Anterior view of the cervical spine:

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 90, Figure 4-19C

3. Facet joint (C3-C4) 4. Disc joint space (C3-C4)

CARD # 28

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1. C1-C2 facet joint 2. Intervertebral foramen (C2-C3)

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Superior 3

4 C1 (atlas) C2

5

L e f t

C3

R i g h t

C4 C5 C6 C7 T1

1

Inferior

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

2

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Cervical Spine—Posterior View AXIAL SKELETON

1. C7 spinous process 2. Dens of C2 (axis) 3. Atlanto-odontoid joint

4. Body of C2 5. Spinous process (SP) of C2

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 91, Figure 4-20A

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

CARD # 29

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Superior

1

C3

C4

3

C5

C6

C7

T1

Inferior

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

C2

2

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Cervical Spine—Anterolateral Oblique View

1. C2 spinous process 2. Intervertebral foramen (C3-C4)

3. C7 spinous process

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 91, Figure 4-20B

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

CARD # 30

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

P 2

L R 2 3

I 3

A 1

A

S

1

I

B

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

S

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Hyoid Bone—Lateral and Anterior Views AXIAL SKELTON

A, Right lateral view B, Anterior view 3. Greater cornu

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 90, FIGURE 4-19BD

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1. Body 2. Lesser cornu

CARD # 31

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Anterior 2

3

L e f t

4

10

7

6

R i g h t

8 9

Posterior

A

Anterior 1

R i g h t

6

7

5

2

3 10

L e f t

8 9

Posterior

B

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS The Atlas (C1)—Superior and Inferior Views AXIAL SKELETON

1. Anterior arch 2. Anterior tubercle 3. Facet for dens of axis (C2) 4. Superior articular process/facet 5. Inferior articular process/facet

6. Transverse process (TP) 7. Transverse foramen 8. Posterior arch 9. Posterior tubercle 10. Vertebral foramen

CARD # 32

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 92, Figure 4-21AB

A, Superior view B, Inferior view

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Superior 4 11

1

L e f t

2

6 5

Inferior 10

A

Superior 1

L e f t

4

3 9

R i g h t

7

8

6 5

Inferior

B

Superior P o s t e r i o r

4

7

9

2

8 6

A n t e r i o r

5

Inferior

C

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

R i g h t

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS The Atlas (C1)—Anterior, Posterior, and Right Lateral Views AXIAL SKELETON

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 92, Figure 4-21CDE

1. Anterior arch 2. Anterior tubercle 3. Facet for dens of axis (C2) 4. Superior articular process/facet 5. Inferior articular process/facet

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Transverse process (TP) Transverse foramen Posterior arch Posterior tubercle Vertebral foramen Lateral mass

CARD # 33

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

A, Anterior view B, Posterior view C, Right lateral view

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Anterior 1

2

L e f t

6

10

3

9

7

R i g h t

8

Posterior

A

Anterior

R i g h t

10

5

4

6

L e f t

9

3 7

8

8

8

Posterior

B

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

4

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS The Axis (C2)—Superior and Inferior Views AXIAL SKELETON

1. Dens (odontoid process) 2. Superior articular process/facet 3. Inferior articular process/facet 4. Transverse process (TP)

5. 6. 7. 8.

Transverse foramen Pedicle Lamina Spinous process (SP) (bifid) 9. Vertebral foramen 10. Body

CARD # 34

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 93, Figure 4-22AB

A, Superior view B, Inferior view

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

1

R i g h t

1

11

L e f t

2 4

10

3

7 8

Superior 1 11

8

2 6

7

5 3

Inferior

4 10 C

R i 5 g 4 h 3 t

8

Inferior

Inferior

P o s t e r i o r

2 6

10

8 A

9

A n t e r i o r

B

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Superior

Superior

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS The Axis (C2)—Anterior, Posterior, and Right Lateral Views AXIAL SKELETON

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 93, Figure 4-22CDE

1. Dens (odontoid process) 2. Superior articular process/facet 3. Inferior articular process/facet 4. Transverse process (TP) 5. Transverse foramen

6. Pedicle 7. Lamina 8. Spinous process (SP) (bifid) 9. Vertebral foramen 10. Body 11. Facet on dens

CARD # 35

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

A, Anterior view B, Posterior view C, Right lateral view

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

7

3

8 2

4

5

6

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Posterior

Left

Right Anterior

1

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Atlantoaxial Joint—Posterosuperior Oblique View AXIAL SKELETON

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 91, Figure 4-20C

5. Posterior tubercle of C1 6. Spinous process (SP) of C2 7. Atlanto-odontoid joint 8. Right C1-C2 facet joint

CARD # 36

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1. Anterior arch of C1 (atlas) 2. Dens of C2 (axis) 3. Superior articular process/facet of C1 4. Body of C2

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Anterior 3 1

6 5

2

L e f t

8

12 10

11

9

4

R i g h t

11

Posterior

A

Anterior 3 5 4

R i g h t

1

6 7

9

L e f t

12 10

11

11

Posterior

B

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

7

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Typical Cervical Vertebra (C5) Superior and Inferior Views AXIAL SKELETON

1. Body 2. Uncus of body 3. Anterior tubercle of transverse process (TP) 4. Posterior tubercle of TP 5. Groove for spinal nerve (on TP) 6. Transverse foramen 7. Pedicle

8. Superior articular process/facet 9. Inferior articular process/facet 10. Lamina 11. Spinous process (SP) (bifid) 12. Vertebral foramen

CARD # 37

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 94, Figure 4-23AB

A, Superior view B, Inferior view

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Superior 8

2

L e f t

3 4

1 9

Inferior

A

Superior 2

3 8

1

L e f t

4 10

11

R i g h t

11

Inferior

B

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

R i g h t

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Typical Cervical Vertebra (C5) Anterior and Posterior Views AXIAL SKELETON

1. Body 2. Uncus of body 3. Anterior tubercle of transverse process (TP) 4. Posterior tubercle of TP 5. Groove for spinal nerve (on TP) (not seen) 6. Transverse foramen (not seen)

7. Pedicle (not seen) 8. Superior articular process/facet 9. Inferior articular process/facet 10. Lamina 11. Spinous process (SP) (bifid)

CARD # 38

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 94, Figure 4-23CD

A, Anterior view B, Posterior view

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Superior 8

2 6 5

4

10

1

9

11

Inferior

Left

A

Anterior 2 8

1

7

3

6 5

9 12

4 10

11

Posterior

11 B

A n t e r i o r

3

Right

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

P o s t e r i o r

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Typical Cervical Vertebra (C5) Right Lateral and Oblique Views AXIAL SKELETON

1. Body 2. Uncus of body 3. Anterior tubercle of transverse process (TP) 4. Posterior tubercle of TP 5. Groove for spinal nerve (on TP) 6. Transverse foramen 7. Pedicle

8. Superior articular process/facet 9. Inferior articular process/facet 10. Lamina 11. Spinous process (SP) (bifid) 12. Vertebral foramen

CARD # 39

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 95, Figure 4-23EF

A, Right lateral view B, Oblique posterior view

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

1

3

7 6

Posterior

R i g h t 5 4

L e f t

2

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Anterior

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Cervical Endplates—Superior View AXIAL SKELETON

5. C5 6. C6 7. C7

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 95, Figure 4-24

C1 C2 C3 C4

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1. 2. 3. 4.

CARD # 40

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Superior

T1 T2 T3

2

T4

3

P o s t e r i o r 4 5

T5 T6 T7 T8 T9

8

A n t e r i o r 9

T10

6

10 T11

7 T12

Inferior

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Thoracic Spine—Right Lateral View

1. Inferior vertebral notch 2. Superior vertebral notch 3. Intervertebral foramen (T5-T6) 4. Spinous process of T6 5. Transverse costal facet for rib (#8) 6. Transverse process of T10

7. Facet joint (T10-T11) 8. Body of T6 9. Costal hemifacets for rib (#9) 10. Disc joint space (T10T11)

CARD # 41

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 96, Figure 4-25

AXIAL SKELETON

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Superior T1

T3 1

T4 T5

2

L e f t 3

T6 T7 T8

T9

4 T10

T11

T12

Inferior

R i g h t

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

T2

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Thoracic Spine—Posterior View AXIAL SKELETON

1. Lamina (T4) 2. T7 Transverse process

3. T6 Spinous process 4. Facet joint (T9-T10)

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 97, Figure 4-26

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

CARD # 42

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Anterior

L e f t

8

R i g h t

2 3 6

5

7

Posterior

A

Anterior

1

R i g h t

8

2 3 4 5

L e f t

6

7

Posterior

B

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Typical Thoracic Vertebra (T5) Superior and Inferior Views AXIAL SKELETON

1. Body 2. Pedicle 3. Superior articular process/facet 4. Inferior articular process/facet

5. 6. 7. 8.

Transverse process (TP) Lamina Spinous process (SP) Vertebral foramen

CARD # 43

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 98, Figure 4-27AB

A, Superior view B, Inferior view

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Superior 3

1

L e f t

Inferior

A

7

Superior 3 1 5

L e f t

6 4

R i g h t

7

Inferior

B

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

5

R i g h t

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Typical Thoracic Vertebra (T5) Anterior and Posterior Views AXIAL SKELETON

1. Body 2. Pedicle (not seen) 3. Superior articular process/facet 4. Inferior articular process/facet

5. 6. 7. 8.

Transverse process (TP) Lamina Spinous process (SP) Vertebral foramen (not seen)

CARD # 44

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 98, Figure 4-27CD

A, Anterior view B, Posterior view

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Superior 3 8

2

10 5

1 11

6

4 9

A n t e r i o r

7

Inferior

A

13 3 2 S

A

P

I

8 1

5 10 11 6

4

12 9

7 B

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

P o s t e r i o r

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Typical Thoracic Vertebra (T5) Right Lateral and Oblique Views AXIAL SKELETON

1. Body 2. Pedicle 3. Superior articular process/facet 4. Inferior articular process/facet 5. Transverse process (TP) 6. Lamina 7. Spinous process (SP)

8. Superior costal hemifacet 9. Inferior costal hemifacet 10. Transverse costal facet 11. Intervertebral foramen 12. Inferior vertebral notch 13. Superior vertebral notch

CARD # 45

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 99, Figure 4-27EF

A, Right lateral view B, Posterior oblique view

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Anterior

5

6

R i g h t 7

8

9

10

11

12

Posterior

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

3

4

2 1

L e f t

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Thoracic Endplates—Superior View AXIAL SKELETON

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 99, Figure 4-28

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

CARD # 46

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Superior

4 5

L2

6

1 L3

P o s t e r i o r

L4

L5

2

A n t e r i o r 7

3 8

Inferior

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

L1

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Lumber Spine—Right Lateral View AXIAL SKELETON

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 100, Figure 4-29

6. Superior vertebral notch 7. Intervertebral foramen (L4-L5) 8. Lumbosacral (L5-S1) disc joint space

CARD # 47

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1. Spinous process (L3) 2. Lumbosacral (L5-S1) facet joint 3. Sacrum 4. Body (L2) 5. Inferior vertebral notch

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Superior

3

L2

4

L4 1

2

Inferior

5 L3

L e f t

L5

R i g h t 6

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

L1

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Lumbar Spine—Posterior View AXIAL SKELETON

5. Transverse process (L3) 6. Lumbosacral (L5-S1) facet joint

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 101, Figure 4-30

Spinous process (L4) Sacrum Facet joint (L1-L2) Mamillary process (L3)

CARD # 48

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1. 2. 3. 4.

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Anterior

1

2 10 3 8 5

7 4

6

R i g h t

9

Posterior

A

Anterior

1

R i g h t

2 10 6

7 43

5

L e f t

8

9

Posterior

B

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

L e f t

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Typical Lumber Vertebra (L3)— Superior and Inferior Views AXIAL SKELETON

1. Body 2. Pedicle 3. Superior articular process/facet 4. Mamillary process 5. Inferior articular process/facet

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Transverse process (TP) Accessory process Lamina Spinous process (SP) Vertebral foramen

CARD # 49

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 102, Figure 4-31AB

A, Superior view B, Inferior view

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Superior 4

6

L e f t

1 7

5

Inferior

A

Superior

3 4

1

L e f t

8

9

7

6

R i g h t

5

Inferior

B

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

R i g h t

3

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Typical Lumber Vertebra (L3)— Anterior and Posterior Views AXIAL SKELETON

1. Body 2. Pedicle (not seen) 3. Superior articular process/facet 4. Mamillary process 5. Inferior articular process/facet

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Transverse process (TP) Accessory process Lamina Spinous process (SP) Vertebral foramen (not seen)

CARD # 50

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 102, Figure 4-31CD

A, Anterior view B, Posterior view

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Superior 3

12

A n t e r i o r

4 2 1 9

8

11 7 10

5

Inferior

A

Left

Posterior

3 4 9

1 2 6 5

Right

B

Anterior

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

P o s t e r i o r

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Typical Lumber Vertebra (L3)—Right Lateral and Oblique Views AXIAL SKELETON

1. Body 2. Pedicle 3. Superior articular process/facet 4. Mamillary process 5. Inferior articular process/facet

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Transverse process (TP) Accessory process Lamina Spinous process (SP) Intervertebral foramen Inferior vertebral notch Superior vertebral notch

CARD # 51

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 103, Figure 4-31EF

A, Right lateral view B, Anterior oblique view

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

L e f t

Anterior

2

5

3

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1

4

Posterior

R i g h t

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Lumber Endplates—Superior View AXIAL SKELETON

4. L4 5. L5 Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 103, Figure 4-32

1. L1 2. L2 3. L3

CARD # 52

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Superior 5 2 6 3

L e f t

2

4 8

2 9 10 11

R i g h t

13

12 14

Inferior

A

Superior 5 15 16

6

R i g h t

17 18

L e f t

11 12

13 14

Inferior

B

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

7

1

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Sacrococcygeal Spine—Posterior and Anterior Views AXIAL SKELETON

1. Median sacral crest 2. Tubercles along the median sacral crest 3. Intermediate sacral crest 4. Lateral sacral crest 5. Superior articular process/facet 6. Ala (wing) 7. Auricular surface (articular surface for ilium) 8. 3rd Posterior foramen 9. Sacral hiatus

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Sacral cornu Apex 1st Coccygeal element Coccygeal transverse process (TP) 2nd to 4th Coccygeal elements (fused) Sacral base Sacral promontory 1st Anterior foramen Fusion of 2nd and 3rd sacral vertebrae

CARD # 53

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 104, Figure 4-33AB

A, Posterior view B, Anterior view

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Superior 6

2 5

P o s t e r i o r

4 6

6

7 8 9 10

Inferior

A n t e r i o r

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1

3

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Sacrococcygeal Spine—Right Lateral View

1. Base 2. Promontory 3. Superior articular process 4. Auricular surface (articular surface for ilium) 5. 1st Posterior foramen

6. (Tubercles of) median sacral crest 7. Cornu 8. Apex 9. 1st Coccygeal element 10. 2nd to 4th Coccygeal elements

CARD # 54

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 105, Figure 4-33C

AXIAL SKELETON

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

R i g h t 4

5

3

Posterior

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6

2

1

Anterior

L e f t

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Sacrococcygeal Spine—Superior View AXIAL SKELETON

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 105, Figure 4-33D

4. Ala (wing) 5. Sacral canal 6. Lateral sacral crest

CARD # 55

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1. Base 2. Superior articular process 3. (Tubercles of) median sacral crest

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS R i g h t

2

26

4

3

27

15

5

6 7

Superior

C7 T1 9 10

11

12

T12

8

28

A

L e f t

R i g h t

19

18

22 23

20

24

21

8

Inferior

25

11

10

9

Superior

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1

13 14

16 17 L1

Inferior

L e f t

B

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Rib cage and Sternum—Anterior View

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Clavicle Acromion process Coracoid process Glenoid fossa Subscapular fossa 1st Rib Cartilage of 1st rib Sternal notch Manubrium of sternum Sternal angle Body of sternum Xiphoid process of sternum 5th Rib Cartilage of 5th rib 10th Rib 11th Rib 12th Rib Clavicular notch of manubrium

19. Notch for 1st costal cartilage 20. Notch for 2nd costal cartilage 21. Notch for 3rd costal cartilage 22. Notch for 4th costal cartilage 23. Notch for 5th costal cartilage 24. Notch for 6th costal cartilage 25. Notch for 7th costal cartilage 26. Acromioclavicular (AC) joint 27. Sternocostal joints (#s 3 and 4) 28. Sternoclavicular (SC) joint

CARD # 56

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 106, Figure 4-34AB

AXIAL SKELETON

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Superior

2

1 3

6

8 4

P o s t e r i o r

7

10

13

12

11

17

14 16

15

Inferior

9

A n t e r i o r

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5

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Rib cage and Sternum—Right Lateral View AXIAL SKELETON

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

1st Intercostal space 5th Rib 5th Intercostal space 6th Rib 10th Rib 11th Rib 12th Rib Vertebral spinous processes (SPs)

CARD # 57

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 107, Figure 4-35

1. Clavicle Scapula (#2-7) 2. Acromion process 3. Coracoid process 4. Glenoid fossa 5. Superior angle 6. Spine of scapula 7. Inferior angle 8. 1st Rib 9. Cartilage of 1st rib

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Posterior 2

12 5

9

1

Rib #5

L e f t

11 4 3

7

10 8 T5

Anterior

A

Superior 9

11 10 15

16

T4

P o s t e r i o r

14 4

1 3

10

12

13 8

T5

2

6

A n t e r i o r

12 7 Rib #5

Inferior

B

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R i g h t

6

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Costospinal Joints—Superior and Right Lateral Views AXIAL SKELETON

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Costovertebral joint Costotransverse joint Head of rib Neck of rib Tubercle of rib Angle of rib Body of rib Vertebral body Transverse process (TP) Pedicle

11. Superior articular process/facet 12. Spinous process (SP) 13. Disc space (T4-T5) 14. Intervertebral foramen (T4-T5) 15. Costal hemifacet for rib #4 16. Transverse costal facet for rib #4

CARD # 58

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 108, Figure 4-36AB

A, Superior view B, Right lateral view

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Superior Superior border 1 2

A n t e r i o r

3 4 Inferior border

5

6

Inferior

A

Superior

A n t e r i o r

1 2 Superior border 5

Inferior border 6

Inferior

4

3

P o s t e r i o r

B

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P o s t e r i o r

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Typical Right Rib (R6)—Posterior and Medial Views AXIAL SKELETON

A, Posterior view B, Medial view

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 109, Figure 4-37AB

4. Angle 5. Body 6. Anterior end

CARD # 59

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1. Head 2. Neck 3. Tubercle

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

R i g h t

1 3

9

Posterior

4

10

5

11

6

12

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2

8

Anterior

7

L e f t

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Ribs—Superior View AXIAL SKELETON

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

7th Rib 8th Rib 9th Rib 10th Rib 11th Rib 12th Rib

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 109, Figure 4-37C

1st Rib 2nd Rib 3rd Rib 4th Rib 5th Rib 6th Rib

CARD # 60

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Proximal

2

M e d i a l

4

5

6

Distal

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3

L a t e r a l

1

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Lower Extremity—Anterior View APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LOWER EXTREMITY

4. Tibia 5. Fibula 6. Bones of the foot Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 110, Figure 4-38A

1. Patella 2. Pelvic bone 3. Femur

CARD # 61

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Proximal

1

A n t e r i o r

3

6

4

7

8

5

Distal

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2

P o s t e r i o r

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Lower Extremity—Lateral View APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LOWER EXTREMITY

5. 6. 7. 8.

Tarsals Patella Metatarsals Phalanges

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 110, Figure 4-38B

Pelvic bone Femur Tibia Fibula

CARD # 62

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1. 2. 3. 4.

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

L e f t 4

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7

Distal

2 3 1

6

Proximal 5

R i g h t

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Bony Pelvis—Anterior View APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LOWER EXTREMITY

5. Right sacroiliac joint 6. Left sacroiliac joint 7. Pubic symphysis joint

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 111, Figure 4-39A

Right pelvic bone Left pelvic bone Sacrum Coccyx

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1. 2. 3. 4.

CARD # 63

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

5

7

Proximal

3

1

R i g h t

L e f t 4

Distal

6

6

Anterior

2

L e f t

A

R i g h t

1

3

5

Posterior

7

B

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2

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Bony Pelvis—Posterior and Superior Views APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LOWER EXTREMITY

A, Posterior view B, Superior view 5. Left sacroiliac joint 6. Pubic symphysis joint 7. Right sacroiliac joint

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 111, Figure 4-39BC

Right pelvic bone Left pelvic bone Sacrum Coccyx

CARD # 64

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1. 2. 3. 4.

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Proximal

2

3

1 21 4

L a t e r a l

5

M e d i a l

20 19

18

7 6

17

9

8 10

15

16 12 13 14

Distal

11

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2

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Pelvic Bone—Anterior Views

1. Wing of ilium (iliac fossa on internal surface) 2. Iliac crest 3. Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) 4. Articular surface for sacroiliac joint 5. Posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS) 6. Superior ramus of pubis 7. Pectineal line of pubis 8. Pubic crest 9. Pubic tubercle 10. Body of pubis

11. Articular surface for pubic symphysis 12. Inferior ramus of pubis 13. Ramus of ischium 14. Ischial tuberosity 15. Body of ischium 16. Obturator foramen 17. Acetabulum 18. Rim of acetabulum 19. Body of ilium 20. Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) 21. Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

CARD # 65

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 112, Figure 4-40AB

APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LOWER EXTREMITY

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Proximal 2

19

2

16

3

15

M e d i a l

17 14 20 12 4

11 5 10

13 6 21

9 8

7

Distal

L a t e r a l

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1 18

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Pelvic Bone—Posterior Views

1. Wing of ilium (iliac fossa on internal surface) 2. Iliac crest 3. Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) 4. Rim of acetabulum 5. Ischial spine 6. Body of ischium 7. Ischial tuberosity 8. Ramus of ischium 9. Inferior ramus of pubis 10. Body of pubis 11. Superior ramus of pubis 12. Pectineal line of pubis

13. Obturator foramen 14. Body of ilium 15. Posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS) 16. Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) 17. Inferior gluteal line (dashed line) 18. Anterior gluteal line (dashed line) 19. Posterior gluteal line (dashed line) 20. Greater sciatic notch 21. Lesser sciatic notch

CARD # 66

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 113, Figure 4-41AB

APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LOWER EXTREMITY

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Proximal

3 2

4

P o s t e r i o r

23

22

20

1

5

21 19 18 6

15 7

16

13

8 9

17 14

10 11

Distal

12

A n t e r i o r

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2

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Pelvic Bone—Lateral Views

1. Wing of ilium (external/gluteal surface) 2. Iliac crest 3. Tubercle of iliac crest 4. Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) 5. Posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS) 6. Greater sciatic notch 7. Ischial spine 8. Lesser sciatic notch 9. Body of ischium 10. Ischial tuberosity 11. Ramus of ischium 12. Inferior ramus of pubis

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

Body of pubis Obturator foramen Acetabulum Rim of acetabulum Notch of acetabulum Body of ilium Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) Inferior gluteal line (dashed line) Anterior gluteal line (dashed line) Posterior gluteal line (dashed line)

CARD # 67

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 114, Figure 4-42AB

APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LOWER EXTREMITY

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Proximal 2

4 1

A n 24 t e r i o r

3 5 6 20 22

23

7 19

17 16 8

15 14

18 13

9 21

10

11

12

Distal

P o s t e r i o r

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2

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Pelvic Bone—Medial Views

1. Wing of ilium (iliac fossa on internal surface) 2. Iliac crest 3. Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) 4. Iliac tuberosity 5. Articular surface of ilium for sacroiliac joint 6. Posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS) 7. Greater sciatic notch 8. Ischial spine 9. Lesser sciatic notch 10. Body of ischium 11. Ischial tuberosity 12. Ramus of ischium

13. Inferior ramus of pubis 14. Articular surface of pubis for pubis symphysis 15. Pubic tubercle 16. Superior ramus of pubis 17. Pectineal line of pubis 18. Body of pubis 19. Iliopectineal line 20. Arcuate line of ilium 21. Obturator foramen 22. Body of ilium 23. Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) 24. Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

CARD # 68

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 115, Figure 4-43AB

APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LOWER EXTREMITY

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Proximal 2

1 4

3

5

L a t e r a l

M e d i a l

7

12 9 8

Distal

10

13

11

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6

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Femur—Anterior View APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LOWER EXTREMITY

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 116, Figure 4-44A

Head Fovea of the head Neck Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter Intertrochanteric line Body (shaft)

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Lateral condyle Lateral epicondyle Medial condyle Medial epicondyle Adductor tubercle Articular surface for patellofemoral joint

NOTE: The borders of the lateral and medial condyles are shown by dashed lines.

CARD # 69

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Proximal 2

1 7 5 98

11

M e d i a l

10

L a t e r a l

12

14 13 15

20 19

18

17

16

23 23 22

Distal

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4

3

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Femur—Posterior View APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LOWER EXTREMITY

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 116, Figure 4-44B

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Head Fovea of head Neck Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter Intertrochanteric line (not seen) Intertrochanteric crest Gluteal tuberosity Pectineal line Lateral lip of linea aspera Medial lip of linea aspera Body (shaft) Lateral supracondylar line

14. Medial supracondylar line 15. Popliteal surface 16. Lateral condyle 17. Lateral epicondyle 18. Medial condyle 19. Medial epicondyle 20. Adductor tubercle 21. Articular surface for patellofemoral joint (not seen) 22. Intercondylar fossa 23. Articular surface for knee (tibiofemoral) joint

CARD # 70

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Proximal

Proximal 1

2

4

1

3

4

8

3

7

9

P o s t e r i o r

10

A n t e r i o r

P o s t e r i o r

10

17 16 15 12 11

14

13 A

Distal

Distal

B

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5

6

6

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Femur—Lateral and Medial Views APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LOWER EXTREMITY

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Head Fovea of head Neck Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter Intertrochanteric line Intertrochanteric crest Trochanteric fossa Pectineal line Body (shaft)

11. Lateral condyle 12. Lateral epicondyle 13. Groove for popliteus tendon 14. Medial condyle 15. Medial epicondyle 16. Adductor tubercle 17. Impression for lateral gastrocnemius

CARD # 71

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 117, Figure 4-45AB

A, Lateral view B, Medial view

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Anterior 9 8

10 2

1 3 4 7

5

L a t e r a l

6

Posterior

A

Proximal 1 3 4

8

L a t e r a l

M e d i a l

13

12 11 9

10 14

Distal

B

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M e d i a l

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Femur—Proximal and Distal Views APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LOWER EXTREMITY

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Head Fovea of head Neck Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter Intertrochanteric crest Trochanteric fossa Body (shaft), anterior surface

9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Lateral condyle Medial condyle Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Articular surface for patellofemoral joint 14. Articular surface for knee (tibiofemoral) joint

CARD # 72

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 118, Figure 4-46AB

A, Proximal (superior) view B, Distal (inferior) view

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Proximal

Proximal

2

2

L a t e r a l

M e d i a l

1

P o s t e r i o r

A n t e r i o r

3 3

A

Distal

4

4

5

5

Distal

B

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1

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Knee Joint—Anterior and Lateral Views APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LOWER EXTREMITY

A, Anterior view B, Lateral view

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 119, Figure 4-47AB

4. Tibia 5. Fibula

CARD # 73

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1. Femur 2. Patella 3. Knee (tibiofemoral) joint

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

L

P D

M

M

A P

L

A

4

1 3

C

B

4

2

5

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1

2

3

M

P

D

L

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Patella—Anterior, Proximal (superior), and Posterior Views APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LOWER EXTREMITY

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 119, Figure 4-47CDE

1. Base 2. Apex 3. Facet for lateral condyle of femur

4. Facet for medial condyle of femur 5. Vertical ridge

CARD # 74

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A, Anterior view B, Proximal (superior) view C, Posterior view

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Proximal 1

2

3 11

18

10 20 13

14 12

L a t e r a l

21

22

15

16 23 17

Distal

M e d i a l

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19

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Tibia/Fibula—Anterior View

Tibial Landmarks: 1. Lateral condyle 2. Medial condyle 3. Intercondylar eminence 4. Lateral tubercle of intercondylar eminence (not seen) 5. Medial tubercle of intercondylar eminence (not seen) 6. Anterior intercondylar area (not seen) 7. Posterior intercondylar area (not seen) 8. Lateral facet (articular surface for knee [i.e., tibiofemoral] joint) (not seen) Fibular Landmarks: 18. Head 19. Neck 20. Interosseus border 21. Body (shaft)

9. Medial facet (articular surface for knee [i.e., tibiofemoral] joint) (not seen) 10. Tuberosity 11. Impression for iliotibial tract 12. Crest (i.e., anterior border) 13. Interosseus border 14. Medial border 15. Body (shaft) 16. Medial malleolus 17. Articular surface for ankle joint

22. Lateral malleolus 23. Articular surface for ankle joint

CARD # 75

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 120, Figure 4-48A

APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LOWER EXTREMITY

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Proximal 3 5 2

4 6

17 1 16

7

8

9

M e d i a l

11

L a t e r a l

19

20 13 22

12 14 23

Distal

21

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18 10

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Tibia/Fibula—Posterior View

Tibial Landmarks: 1. Lateral condyle 2. Medial condyle 3. Intercondylar eminence 4. Lateral facet (articular surface for knee [i.e., tibiofemoral] joint) 5. Medial facet (articular surface for knee [i.e., tibiofemoral] joint) 6. Posterior intercondylar area 7. Groove for semimembranosus muscle Fibular Landmarks: 16. Head 17. Apex of head 18. Neck 19. Body (shaft) 20. Lateral surface

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Interosseus border Medial border Soleal line Body (shaft) Medial malleolus Groove for tibialis posterior muscle 14. Articular surfaces for ankle joint 15. Tuberosity (not seen)

21. Lateral malleolus 22. Groove for fibularis brevis 23. Articular surface for ankle joint

CARD # 76

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 121, Figure 4-49A

APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LOWER EXTREMITY

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Proximal 3 2 11 10

Proximal 3 2

1

5

5

6

13

7

6

A n t e r i o r

P o s t e r i o r

7

A n t e r i o r

6 6 14

9 15 A

8 9

Distal

Distal

B

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12

P o s t e r i o r

1 4

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Tibia/Fibula—Lateral Views APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LOWER EXTREMITY

Tibial Landmarks: 1. Lateral condyle 2. Medial condyle 3. Intercondylar eminence 4. Articular facet for proximal tibiofibular joint Fibular Landmarks: 10. Head 11. Apex of head 12. Neck 13. Body (shaft)

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Tuberosity Interosseus border Body (shaft) Fibular notch Medial malleolus

14. Triangular subcutaneous area 15. Lateral malleolus

CARD # 77

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 122, Figure 4-50AB

A, Right lateral view of the tibia and fibula articulated B, Right lateral view of just the tibia

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Proximal

Proximal 10 9 8 11

2 1

3

4

13

A n t e r i o r

12

6

A

7 14

Distal

P o s t e r i o r

A n t e r i o r

13

P o s t 12 e r i o r

15 14

Distal B

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5

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Tibia/Fibula—Medial Views APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LOWER EXTREMITY

Tibial Landmarks: 1. Medial condyle 2. Intercondylar eminence 3. Groove for semimembranosus muscle Fibular Landmarks: 8. Head 9. Apex of head 10. Articular surface for proximal tibiofibular joint 11. Neck

4. 5. 6. 7.

12. 13. 14. 15.

Tuberosity Body (shaft) Medial malleolus Groove for tibialis posterior muscle Interosseus border Body (shaft) Lateral malleolus Articular surface for ankle joint

CARD # 78

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 123, Figure 4-51AB

A, Medial view of the tibia and fibula articulated B, Medial view of just the fibula

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Anterior 9 1 5

7

8

3

4

13

L a t e r a l

6

Posterior

A

Anterior 9 1

L a t e r a l

2

13 16

12

10

M e d i a l

14 11 15

Posterior

B

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M e d i a l

2

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Tibia/Fibula—Proximal and Distal Views APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LOWER EXTREMITY

Tibial Landmarks: 1. Lateral condyle 2. Medial condyle 3. Lateral tubercle of intercondylar eminence 4. Medial tubercle of intercondylar eminence 5. Anterior intercondylar area 6. Posterior intercondylar area 7. Lateral facet (articular surface for knee [i.e., tibiofemoral] joint) 8. Medial facet (articular surface for knee [i.e., tibiofemoral] joint)

9. Tuberosity 10. Medial malleolus 11. Groove for tibialis posterior muscle 12. Articular surfaces for ankle joint Fibular Landmarks: 13. Head 14. Lateral malleolus 15. Groove for fibularis brevis muscle 16. Articular surface for ankle joint

CARD # 79

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 120-121, Figure 4-48B and 4-49B

A, Proximal view B, Distal view

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Proximal

28 29

25

L a t e r a l

3

4 5 6 8 11 10

7 9

26

16 15 14

30 13

12

31

24 23 22 27

M e d i a l

19 20 21

Distal

17 18

32

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1

2

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Ankle Joint—Anterior View

1. Tibia 2. Fibula 3. Medial malleolus (of tibia) 4. Lateral malleolus (of fibula) 5. Talus 6. Calcaneus 7. Navicular 8. Cuboid 9. 1st Cuneiform 10. 2nd Cuneiform 11. 3rd Cuneiform 12. 1st Metatarsal 13. 2nd Metatarsal 14. 3rd Metatarsal 15. 4th Metatarsal 16. 5th Metatarsal 17. Proximal phalanx of big toe 18. Distal phalanx of big toe 19. Proximal phalanx of 2nd toe

20. Middle phalanx of 2nd toe 21. Distal phalanx of 2nd toe 22. Distal phalanx of 3rd toe 23. Middle phalanx of 4th toe 24. Proximal phalanx of little toe (i.e. 5th toe) 25. Tarsal sinus 26. Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint 27. Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint 28. Ankle joint 29. Transverse tarsal joint 30. Tarsometatarsal joint 31. Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints 32. Interphalangeal (IP) joint

CARD # 80

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 124, Figure 4-52A

APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LOWER EXTREMITY

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Proximal

P o s t e r i o r

1

18 19 4

5

9

7 10 11

6

12 13

8

14 15 16

17 20

Distal

A n t e r i o r

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

2

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Ankle Joint—Lateral View

1. Tibia 2. Fibula 3. Medial malleolus (of tibia) (not seen) 4. Lateral malleolus (of fibula) 5. Talus 6. Calcaneus 7. Navicular 8. Cuboid 9. 1st Cuneiform

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

2nd Cuneiform 3rd Cuneiform 1st Metatarsal 2nd Metatarsal 3rd Metatarsal 4th Metatarsal 5th Metatarsal Tarsal sinus Ankle joint Transverse tarsal joint Tarsometatarsal joint

CARD # 81

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 124, Figure 4-52B

APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LOWER EXTREMITY

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

12

8

5 5

6 7

16 14

3 11

1 17 9 15

Lateral view

5 8

15

A

5 4

7 6 12

10 2

16 1

11 9

17 15

Medial view

B

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

4

13

10

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Subtalar Joint—Lateral and Medial Views APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LOWER EXTREMITY

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Calcaneus Sustentaculum tali Tarsal sinus Talus Articular surface for ankle joint 6. Neck of talus 7. Head of talus 8. Talonavicular joint (of transverse tarsal joint)

9. Calcaneocuboid joint (of transverse tarsal joint) 10. Navicular 11. Cuboid 12. 1st Cuneiform 13. 2nd Cuneiform 14. 3rd Cuneiform 15. Tarsometatarsal joint 16. 1st Metatarsal 17. 5th Metatarsal

CARD # 82

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 125, Figure 4-53AC

A, Right lateral view B, Medial view

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

10

9

18

13

22 20

23 26

24

6

1

21 27

19 25

Lateral view, subtalar joint open 17 12

7 5

15

L a t e r a l

A

14

4

16

6 3

13 9 Inferior (distal) view

M e d i a l

1

L a t e r a l

Superior (proximal) view

Subtalar joint, articular surfaces

B

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

3

11 12 4 14 15 5

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Subtalar Joint—Open and Open-Book APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LOWER EXTREMITY

1. Calcaneus (#1-7) 2. Sustentaculum tali (not seen) 3. Calcaneal posterior facet (of subtalar joint) 4. Calcaneal middle facet (of subtalar joint) 5. Calcaneal anterior facet (of subtalar joint) 6. Sulcus (of calcaneus) 7. Articular surface for calcaneocuboid joint (of transverse tarsal joint) 8. Tarsal sinus (not seen) 9. Talus (#9-17) 10. Articular surface for ankle joint 11. Neck of talus 12. Head of talus 13. Talar posterior facet (of subtalar joint)

14. Talar middle facet (of subtalar joint) 15. Talar anterior facet (of subtalar joint) 16. Sulcus (of talus) 17. Articular surface for talonavicular joint (of transverse tarsal joint) 18. Talonavicular joint (of transverse tarsal joint) 19. Calcaneocuboid joint (of transverse tarsal joint) 20. Navicular 21. Cuboid 22. 1st Cuneiform 23. 2nd Cuneiform 24. 3rd Cuneiform 25. Tarsometatarsal joint 26. 1st Metatarsal 27. 5th Metatarsal

CARD # 83

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 125, Figure 4-53BD

A, Lateral view, subtalar joint open B, Subtalar joint, articular surfaces (open-book)

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Anterior (distal)

24

23

28

29

25

17 22

21

16

M e d i a l

20

15 12

13

10

8 9

19 18

14

11

7 6

2

3

4 5

1

Posterior (proximal)

L a t e r a l

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27 26

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Foot—Dorsal View

1. Calcaneus 2. Fibular trochlea of calcaneus 3. Articular surface of talus for ankle joint 4. Medial tubercle of talus 5. Lateral tubercle of talus 6. Neck of talus 7. Head of talus 8. Navicular 9. Navicular tuberosity 10. Cuboid 11. Groove for fibularis longus muscle 12. 1st Cuneiform 13. 2nd Cuneiform 14. 3rd Cuneiform 15. Base of 1st metatarsal 16. Body (shaft) of 1st metatarsal 17. Head of 1st metatarsal 18. Tuberosity of base of 5th metatarsal

19. Base of 5th metatarsal 20. Body (shaft) of 5th metatarsal 21. Head of 5th metatarsal 22. Sesamoid bone of big toe 23. Proximal phalanx of big toe 24. Distal phalanx of big toe 25. Base of proximal phalanx of 2nd toe 26. Body (shaft) of proximal phalanx of 2nd toe 27. Head of proximal phalanx of 2nd toe 28. Middle phalanx of 3rd toe 29. Distal phalanx of 4th toe

CARD # 84

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 126, Figure 4-54

APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LOWER EXTREMITY

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Anterior (distal)

22

26

27

21

23

20

20

19

L a t e r a l

M e d i a l

18

17 16

15 14 12

13

11 10

9

8 7

6 54 1 3

2

Posterior (proximal)

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25 24

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Foot—Plantar View

1. Calcaneus 2. Medial process of calcaneal tuberosity 3. Lateral process of calcaneal tuberosity 4. Sustentaculum tali of calcaneus 5. Groove for distal tendon of flexor hallucis longus muscle (on sustentaculum tali) 6. Anterior tubercle of calcaneus 7. Head of talus 8. Navicular 9. Navicular tuberosity 10. Cuboid 11. Tuberosity of cuboid 12. Groove for distal tendon of fibularis longus muscle 13. 1st Cuneiform 14. 2nd Cuneiform

15. 3rd Cuneiform 16. Tuberosity of base of 5th metatarsal 17. Base of 5th metatarsal 18. Body (shaft) of 5th metatarsal 19. Head of 5th metatarsal 20. Sesamoid bone of big toe 21. Proximal phalanx of big toe 22. Distal phalanx of big toe 23. Base of proximal phalanx of 2nd toe 24. Body (shaft) of proximal phalanx of 2nd toe 25. Head of proximal phalanx of 2nd toe 26. Middle phalanx of 3rd toe 27. Distal phalanx of 4th toe

CARD # 85

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 127, Figure 4-55

APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LOWER EXTREMITY

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

21

20

22 23

13 14

15 16

12

17

9 10 11

24

8

7

5

4

3

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

19 18

Dorsal Anterior Posterior (distal) (proximal) Plantar

25

6

1

2

Adapted from Patton KT, Thibodeau GA: Anatomy and physiology, ed. 7, St Louis, 2010, Mosby.

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Foot—Medial View

1. Calcaneus (medial surface) 2. Medial process of calcaneal tuberosity 3. Sustentaculum tali of calcaneus 4. Anterior tubercle of calcaneus 5. Articular surface of talus for (medial malleolus of) ankle joint 6. Medial tubercle of talus 7. Neck of talus 8. Head of talus 9. Navicular 10. Navicular tuberosity 11. Cuboid 12. 1st Cuneiform 13. 1st Metatarsal 14. 3rd Metatarsal

15. 4th Metatarsal 16. 5th Metatarsal 17. Tuberosity of base of 5th metatarsal 18. Sesamoid bone of big toe 19. Proximal phalanx of big toe 20. Distal phalanx of big toe 21. Interphalangeal (IP) joint (of big toe) 22. First metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint 23. Tarsometatarsal joint 24. Talonavicular joint (of transverse tarsal joint) 25. Subtalar joint

CARD # 86

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 128, Figure 4-56

APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LOWER EXTREMITY

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

7

2

1

5 11

8 9 10

12 28

14 15

21

13 16 17 18 19 20

29

24

30

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

6

3 4

27

Dorsal Posterior Anterior (proximal) (distal) Plantar

22

25

23

26

31

Adapted from Patton KT, Thibodeau GA: Anatomy and physiology, ed. 7, St Louis, 2010, Mosby.

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Foot—Lateral View

1. Calcaneus (lateral surface) 2. Lateral process of calcaneal tuberosity 3. Fibular trochlea 4. Groove for distal tendon of fibularis longus muscle 5. Tarsal sinus (subtalar joint) 6. Articular surface of talus for (lateral malleolus of) ankle joint 7. Lateral tubercle of talus 8. Neck of talus 9. Head of talus 10. Navicular 11. Cuboid 12. Groove for distal tendon of fibularis longus muscle 13. 1st Cuneiform 14. 2nd Cuneiform 15. 3rd Cuneiform 16. 1st Metatarsal 17. 2nd Metatarsal

18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.

3rd Metatarsal 4th Metatarsal 5th Metatarsal Tuberosity of base of 5th metatarsal Proximal phalanx of big toe Distal phalanx of big toe Proximal phalanx of little toe Middle phalanx of little toe Distal phalanx of little toe Calcaneocuboid joint (of transverse tarsal joint) Tarsometatarsal joint Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint

CARD # 87

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 129, Figure 4-57

APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LOWER EXTREMITY

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

1

2

4

5

6 7

8

Anterior view

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

3

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Upper Extremity—Anterior View APPENDICULAR SKELETON, UPPER EXTREMITY

5. 6. 7. 8.

Radius Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 130, Figure 4-58A

Clavicle Scapula Humerus Ulna

CARD # 88

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1. 2. 3. 4.

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS 1

2

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

3

4

5

6 7

8

Posterior view

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Upper Extremity—Posterior View APPENDICULAR SKELETON, UPPER EXTREMITY

5. 6. 7. 8.

Radius Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 130, Figure 4-58B

Clavicle Scapula Humerus Ulna

CARD # 89

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1. 2. 3. 4.

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

5

6

Distal

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

M e d i a l L a t e r a l

4 3

Proximal 2 1

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Shoulder Joint—Anterior View APPENDICULAR SKELETON, UPPER EXTREMITY

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 131, Figure 4-59A

4. Head of humerus 5. Shoulder (glenohumeral [GH]) joint 6. Glenoid fossa of scapula

CARD # 90

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1. Acromion process of scapula 2. Acromioclavicular (AC) joint 3. Clavicle

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

1

2

3

Distal

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

L a t e r a l M e d i a l

6 5

Proximal 4

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Shoulder Joint—Posterior View APPENDICULAR SKELETON, UPPER EXTREMITY

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 131, Figure 4-59B

4. Clavicle 5. Acromioclavicular (AC) joint 6. Acromion process of scapula

CARD # 91

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1. Scapula 2. Shoulder (glenohumeral [GH]) joint 3. Humerus

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Superior

13

1

15 12

2

14 11

3

5

M e d i a l

10 4

8

9

6

7

Inferior

L a t e r a l

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16

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Scapula—Posterior View

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Acromion process Acromial angle Glenoid fossa Infraglenoid tubercle Neck Lateral border Inferior angle Infraspinous fossa

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Medial border Root of spine Spine Supraspinous fossa Superior angle Superior border Suprascapular notch Coracoid process

CARD # 92

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 132, Figure 4-60A

APPENDICULAR SKELETON, UPPER EXTREMITY

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Superior 6 4

3

1

2

5

13 11

L a t e r a l

7 14 10

9

8

Inferior

M e d i a l

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12

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Scapula—Anterior View

1. Acromion process 2. Apex of coracoid process 3. Base of coracoid process 4. Suprascapular notch 5. Superior border 6. Superior angle 7. Medial border

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Inferior angle Lateral border Infraglenoid tubercle Glenoid fossa Supraglenoid tubercle Neck Subscapular fossa

CARD # 93

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 133, Figure 4-61A

APPENDICULAR SKELETON, UPPER EXTREMITY

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Superior 1

5 14

3

4

13

P o s t e r i o r

6

A n t e r i o r

7

12

11 8

13

9

P 2

M

L A

7 6 14 4 A

10

Inferior

3

5 17

15 16

1

12 B

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

2

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Scapula—Lateral and Superior Views APPENDICULAR SKELETON, UPPER EXTREMITY

A, Lateral view B, Superior view

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 134, Figure 4-62AB

5. 6. 7. 8.

Superior angle Acromion process Supraspinous fossa Apex of coracoid process Base of coracoid process Supraglenoid tubercle Glenoid fossa Infraglenoid tubercle

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

Lateral border Inferior angle Infraspinous fossa Medial border Acromial angle Spine Root of spine Superior border Suprascapular notch

CARD # 94

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1. 2. 3. 4.

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

P L

1

M

7 3

4

A A L

6

3 7

M P

4 5

8

2 1

10

B

9 2

11 12

1 S

9 C

L

4 M

5

I

11 12 4 D

6

1 S L

M I

9

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

A

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Clavicle APPENDICULAR SKELETON, UPPER EXTREMITY

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 135, Figure 4-63ABCD

1. Acromial end 2. Articular surface for acromioclavicular (AC) joint 3. Anterior border 4. Sternal end 5. Articular surface for sternoclavicular (SC) joint

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Costal tubercle Posterior border Subclavian groove Conoid tubercle Trapezoid line Superior border Inferior border

CARD # 95

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A, Superior view B, Inferior view C, Anterior view D, Posterior view

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Proximal 2 3

1 5

4

L a t e r a l

7

M e d i a l

8

10 12 14

11 13 16 17 15

20

19

Distal

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6

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Humerus—Anterior View

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Head Anatomic neck Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Bicipital groove Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Body (shaft) Groove for radial nerve (not seen) 10. Lateral supracondylar ridge

11. Medial supracondylar ridge 12. Lateral condyle 13. Medial condyle 14. Lateral epicondyle 15. Medial epicondyle 16. Radial fossa 17. Coronoid fossa 18. Olecranon fossa (not seen) 19. Trochlea 20. Capitulum

NOTE: Proximally, the anatomic and surgical necks are indicated by dashed lines; distally, the borders of the lateral and medial condyles are indicated by dashed lines.

CARD # 96

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 136, Figure 4-64A

APPENDICULAR SKELETON, UPPER EXTREMITY

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Proximal 2 1

3

7

M e d i a l

L a t e r a l

9

8

11

10

13

12

18 15 19

20

Distal

14

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

6

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Humerus—Posterior View APPENDICULAR SKELETON, UPPER EXTREMITY

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 136, Figure 4-64B

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Head Anatomic neck Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle (not seen) Bicipital groove (not seen) Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Body (shaft) Groove for radial nerve Lateral supracondylar ridge

11. Medial supracondylar ridge 12. Lateral condyle 13. Medial condyle 14. Lateral epicondyle 15. Medial epicondyle 16. Radial fossa (not seen) 17. Coronoid fossa (not seen) 18. Olecranon fossa 19. Trochlea 20. Capitulum

NOTE: Proximally, the anatomic and surgical necks are indicated by dashed lines; distally, the borders of the lateral and medial condyles are indicated by dashed lines.

CARD # 97

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1. 2. 3. 4.

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Proximal 2

Proximal 4

1

1

4

7

8

P o s t e r i o r

A n t e r i o r

9

P o s t e r i o r

9

10 11

15 12 14 A

Distal

13

Distal

B

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

2

5 6

3

5

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Humerus—Lateral and Medial Views APPENDICULAR SKELETON, UPPER EXTREMITY

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Head Anatomic neck Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Surgical neck Lateral lip of bicipital groove 7. Medial lip of bicipital groove 8. Deltoid tuberosity

9. Body (shaft) 10. Lateral supracondylar ridge 11. Medial supracondylar ridge 12. Lateral epicondyle 13. Medial epicondyle 14. Trochlea 15. Capitulum

NOTE: The anatomic and surgical necks are indicated by dashed lines.

CARD # 98

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 137, Figure 4-65AB

A, Lateral view B, Medial view

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Anterior 9 10

13

12

7

5

M e d i a l

4

1

L a t e r a l

2

Posterior

A

Anterior 6

5 3

L a t e r a l

4 1 13 12 14 7

M e d i a 8 l

11

Posterior

B

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

8

6

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Humerus—Proximal and Distal Views APPENDICULAR SKELETON, UPPER EXTREMITY

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Head Anatomic neck Surgical neck Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Bicipital groove Lateral epicondyle

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Medial epicondyle Radial fossa Coronoid fossa Olecranon fossa Trochlea Capitulum Groove for ulnar nerve

NOTE: The anatomic and surgical necks are indicated by dashed lines.

CARD # 99

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 138, Figure 4-66AB

A, Proximal (superior) view B, Distal (inferior) view

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Proximal

Proximal

1 2 2

4

L a t e r a l

M e d i a l

L a t e r a l

5 3

8 6

A

Distal

Distal

B

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

7

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Elbow Joint—Anterior and Posterior Views APPENDICULAR SKELETON, UPPER EXTREMITY

A, Anterior view B, Posterior view 5. 6. 7. 8.

Humeroulnar joint Ulna Humerus Radius

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 139, Figure 4-67AB

Capitulum of humerus Humeroradial joint Head of radius Trochlea of humerus

CARD # 100

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1. 2. 3. 4.

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Proximal 6 13

7 1 8 9 3

10

4

Lateral (radial)

Medial (ulnar)

14

15

16 11 5

Distal

12

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

2

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Radius/Ulna—Anterior View APPENDICULAR SKELETON, UPPER EXTREMITY

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 140, Figure 4-68

Landmarks of the Ulna: 6. Olecranon process 7. Trochlear notch 8. Coronoid process 9. Tuberosity 10. Interosseus crest 11. Head

4. Interosseus crest 5. Styloid process

12. Styloid process 13. Proximal radioulnar joint 14. Radius (anterior surface) 15. Ulna (anterior surface) 16. Distal radioulnar joint

CARD # 101

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Landmarks of the Radius: 1. Head 2. Neck 3. Tuberosity

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Proximal 6

13

7

8

9

3

Lateral (radial)

Medial (ulnar)

14

12

15

11 10

4 5

Distal

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1 2

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Radius/Ulna—Posterior View APPENDICULAR SKELETON, UPPER EXTREMITY

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 141, Figure 4-69

Landmarks of the Ulna: 6. Olecranon process 7. Coronoid process 8. Supinator crest 9. Interosseus crest 10. Head 11. Styloid process

4. Dorsal tubercle 5. Styloid process

12. Ulna (posterior surface) 13. Proximal radioulnar joint 14. Radius (posterior surface) 15. Distal radioulnar joint

CARD # 102

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Landmarks of the Radius: 1. Head 2. Neck 3. Interosseus crest

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Proximal 9

9 10

10

1

12 11

11

14

3

P o s t e r i o r

15

13 13

A n t e r i o r 20

18

19

8 17 7 6 5 4 A

17

Distal

16 B

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2

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Radius/Ulna—Lateral Views APPENDICULAR SKELETON, UPPER EXTREMITY

Landmarks of the Radius: 1. Head 2. Neck 3. Radial tuberosity 4. Grooves for the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis Landmarks of the Ulna: 9. Olecranon process 10. Trochlear notch 11. Coronoid process 12. Radial notch 13. Interosseus crest 14. Tuberosity

5. Styloid process 6. Groove for the extensor carpi radialis longus 7. Groove for the extensor carpi radialis brevis 8. Dorsal tubercle

15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Supinator crest Head Styloid process Ulna (lateral surface) Radius (lateral surface) Ulna (lateral surface)

CARD # 103

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 142, Figure 4-70AB

A, Lateral view of the radius and ulna articulated. B, Lateral view of just the ulna.

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Proximal 1 2

7 8 9 1 2

10 3

A n t e r i o r

P o s t e r i o r

4

4

13

14

11

5 6 A

6

Distal

12 B

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3

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Radius/Ulna—Medial Views APPENDICULAR SKELETON, UPPER EXTREMITY

A, Medial view of the radius and ulna articulated. B, Medial view of just the radius.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 143, Figure 4-71AB

Landmarks of the Ulna: 7. Olecranon process 8. Trochlear notch 9. Coronoid process 10. Tuberosity

4. Interosseus crest 5. Ulnar notch 6. Styloid process 11. 12. 13. 14.

Head Styloid process Radius (medial surface) Ulna (medial surface)

CARD # 104

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Landmarks of the Radius: 1. Head 2. Neck 3. Tuberosity

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Proximal 6 7

13

8 9 16

14

Lateral (radial)

10

Medial (ulnar)

3

15 11

4 5

12

Distal

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1 2

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Radius/Ulna—Pronated Anterior View

Landmarks of the Radius: 1. Head 2. Neck 3. Interosseus crest

4. Dorsal tubercle 5. Styloid process

Landmarks of the Ulna: 6. Olecranon process 7. Trochlear notch 8. Coronoid process 9. Tuberosity

10. Interosseus crest 11. Head 12. Styloid process

Bones and Joints of the Forearm: 13. Proximal radioulnar (RU) joint 14. Radius

15. Distal radioulnar (RU) joint 16. Ulna

CARD # 105

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 144, Figure 4-72

APPENDICULAR SKELETON, UPPER EXTREMITY

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Anterior 15 3

14

3 21

20

Lateral (radial)

13

22

Posterior

A

23

Anterior 15 1

2

21

16

Lateral (radial)

4

6

3

5

20

Medial (ulnar) 18 17

7

19 8

9

10 11

Posterior

12 B

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1

Medial (ulnar)

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Radius/Ulna—Proximal and Distal Views APPENDICULAR SKELETON, UPPER EXTREMITY

Landmarks of the Radius: 1. Head 2. Tuberosity 3. Distal end of radius 4. Articular surface for lunate 5. Articular surface of scaphoid 6. Styloid process 7. Groove for extensor carpi radialis longus tendon

8. Groove for extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon 9. Dorsal tubercle 10. Groove for extensor pollicis longus tendon 11. Groove for extensor digitorum and extensor indicis tendons 12. Ulnar notch

Landmarks of the Ulna: 13. Olecranon process 14. Trochlear notch 15. Coronoid process 16. Tuberosity

17. Distal end of ulna 18. Head 19. Styloid process

Bones and Joints of the Forearm: 20. Ulna 21. Radius 22. Proximal radioulnar joint

23. Distal radioulnar joint

CARD # 106

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 145, Figure 4-73AB

A, Superior (proximal) view of the radius and ulna articulated. B, Inferior (distal) view of the radius and ulna articulated.

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

(ulnar)

(radial)

D 10

3

1

M

L

2 11

5

4

7

6 12

8 13

14

9 15

16 17

20

18 19

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P

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Carpal Bones (Separated)—Anterior View

1. Radius 2. Styloid process of radius 3. Ulna 4. Styloid process of ulna 5. Scaphoid 6. Tubercle of scaphoid 7. Lunate 8. Triquetrum 9. Pisiform 10. Trapezium 11. Tubercle of trapezium 12. Trapezoid

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Capitate Hamate Hook of hamate 1st Metacarpal (of thumb) 2nd Metacarpal (of index finger) 3rd Metacarpal (of middle finger) 4th Metacarpal (of ring finger) 5th Metacarpal (of little finger)

CARD # 107

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 146, Figure 4-74

APPENDICULAR SKELETON, UPPER EXTREMITY

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

3

(radial)

(ulnar)

2 7

L

M

5

D

6

8 9 13

12

11

10

14 18

17

16

15

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

P

1

4

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Carpal Bones (Separated)—Posterior View

1. Radius 2. Styloid process of radius 3. Dorsal tubercle of radius 4. Ulna 5. Styloid process of ulna 6. Scaphoid 7. Lunate 8. Triquetrum 9. Pisiform 10. Trapezium 11. Trapezoid

12. Capitate 13. Hamate 14. 1st Metacarpal (of thumb) 15. 2nd Metacarpal (of index finger) 16. 3rd Metacarpal (of middle finger 17. 4th Metacarpal (of ring finger) 18. 5th Metacarpal (of little finger)

CARD # 108

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 147, Figure 4-75

APPENDICULAR SKELETON, UPPER EXTREMITY

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Proximal

1

29

3 5 4 6 89 12 7 14 10 11 13 25 15

30

2

16

26 19

31

Lateral (radial)

32

33

17

27

Medial (ulnar)

18 34 20 35 21 22 23

Distal

24

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28

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Wrist/Hand—Anterior View

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

Radius Ulna Scaphoid Tubercle of scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Trapezium Tubercle of trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate Hook of hamate Base of 1st metacarpal (of thumb) Body (shaft) of 1st metacarpal (of thumb) Head of 1st metacarpal (of thumb) Proximal phalanx of thumb Distal phalanx of thumb 2nd Metacarpal (of index finger) Proximal phalanx of index finger Base of middle phalanx of middle finger Body (shaft) of middle phalanx of middle finger

23. Head of middle phalanx of middle finger 24. Distal phalanx of ring finger 25. Base of 5th metacarpal (of little finger) 26. Body (shaft) of 5th metacarpal (of little finger) 27. Head of 5th metacarpal (of little finger) 28. Radiocarpal (wrist) joint 29. Carpometacarpal (CMC) joint 30. Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint 31. Interphalangeal (IP) joint 32. Carpometacarpal (CMC) joint 33. Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint 34. Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint 35. Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint

CARD # 109

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 148, Figure 4-76

APPENDICULAR SKELETON, UPPER EXTREMITY

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Proximal

26 21 5 9

22

4

3 7 13

8

Medial (ulnar)

25

16 17 20 19

29

11

15

24

28

10

14

23

27

6

18

Distal

12

Lateral (radial)

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1

2

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Wrist/Hand—Posterior View

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

Radius Ulna Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate 1st Metacarpal (of thumb) Proximal phalanx of thumb Distal phalanx of thumb Base of metacarpal of index finger Body (shaft) of metacarpal of index finger Head of metacarpal of index finger Base of proximal phalanx of middle finger Body (shaft) of proximal phalanx of middle finger

18. Head of proximal phalanx of middle finger 19. Middle phalanx of little finger 20. Distal phalanx of little finger 21. Midcarpal joint 22. Carpometacarpal (CMC) joint 23. Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint 24. Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint 25. Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint 26. Radiocarpal (wrist) joint 27. Carpometacarpal (CMC) joint 28. Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint 29. Interphalangeal (IP) joint

CARD # 110

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 149, Figure 4-77

APPENDICULAR SKELETON, UPPER EXTREMITY

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Proximal 1

3

5

20

9

13

21

Lateral (radial) 22

2

6 7

23

8 12

10 24 16

Medial (ulnar)

14

15

25 17 26 18

Distal

19

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4 11

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Wrist/Hand—Medial View

1. Radius 2. Styloid process of radius 3. Ulna 4. Styloid process of ulna 5. Scaphoid 6. Lunate 7. Triquetrum 8. Pisiform 9. Trapezium 10. Trapezoid 11. Capitate 12. Hamate 13. 1st Metacarpal (of thumb) 14. Proximal phalanx of thumb 15. Distal phalanx of thumb 16. Metacarpal of index finger 17. Proximal phalanx of middle finger

18. Middle phalanx of ring finger 19. Distal phalanx of little finger 20. 1st Carpometacarpal (CMC) joint 21. 1st Metcarpophalangeal (MCP) joint 22. Interphalangeal (IP) joint 23. 5th Carpometacarpal (CMC) joint 24. 5th Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint 25. Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint 26. Distal interphalangeal joint (DIP)

CARD # 111

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 150, Figure 4-78

APPENDICULAR SKELETON, UPPER EXTREMITY

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

Distal

14

13

16

Medial (ulnar)

18

Lateral (radial)

15 12 8

11 5 10 9 2 4 1 3

7 6

Proximal

A

Anterior (palmer) 19

11 5

Medial (ulnar)

9

10

7 8 2 6

4 3

Lateral (radial)

1

Posterior (dorsal)

B

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17

BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS Right Wrist/Hand (Flexed) and Carpal Tunnel APPENDICULAR SKELETON, UPPER EXTREMITY

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Scaphoid Tubercle of scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Trapezium Tubercle of trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate Hook of hamate 1st Metacarpal (of thumb)

13. Proximal phalanx of thumb 14. Distal phalanx of thumb 15. Metacarpal (of index finger) 16. Proximal phalanx of middle finger 17. Middle phalanx of ring finger 18. Distal phalanx of little finger 19. Carpal tunnel

CARD # 112

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 151, Figure 4-79AB

A, Proximal view of right wrist and hand with fingers flexed B, Proximal view of right carpal tunnel

JOINTS

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1

2

5

3

4

JOINTS Suture Joints of the Skull

1. Periosteum 2. Bone 3. Periosteum

4. Suture 5. Bone

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 212, Figure 7-1

Suture joints are especially important during childbirth; they allow the head to change shape as it moves through the birth canal.

CARD # 113

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Structural classification: Suture fibrous joint Functional classification: Synarthrotic joint

JOINTS

2 3

A

4 5

6

3

B

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1

JOINTS Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) #1

1. Articular capsule 4. Articular capsule 2. Temporomandibular 5. Sphenomandibular ligament ligament 3. Stylomandibular 6. Styloid process ligament Structural classification: Modified hinge synovial joint Functional classification: Uniaxial diarthrotic joint When the TMJ does not function properly, it is called TMJ syndrome or TMJ dysfunction.

CARD # 114

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 215, Figure 7-6AB

A, Left lateral view B, Right medial view

JOINTS

7

8

9 4

5

D

11

7

12

13

10

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10 C

5 1

6 2

3

6

JOINTS Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) #2

C, Coronal (frontal) section D, Sagittal section

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 215, Figure 7-6CD

Articular cartilage Temporal bone Lateral pole Lateral collateral ligament 5. Upper joint cavity 6. Lower joint cavity 7. Disc

8. Medial pole 9. Medial collateral ligament 10. Condyle 11. Mandibular fossa (temporal bone) 12. Joint capsule 13. Anterior pole

Structural classification: Modified hinge synovial joint Functional classification: Uniaxial diarthrotic joint The articular disc of the TMJ divides the joint into two separate joint cavities.

CARD # 115

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1. 2. 3. 4.

JOINTS

2

3

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1

JOINTS Spinal Joints #1-Disc Joint

Sagittal cross-section, left lateral view 1. Vertebral end plate 2. Annulus fibrosus

3. Nucleus pulposus

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 222, Figure 7-11

Disc joints bear 80% of the weight of the body parts above.

CARD # 116

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Disc joint: Structural classification: Symphysis cartilaginous joint Functional classification: Nonaxial amphiarthrotic joint

JOINTS

3

1

5

6

A

10

7

4

8

9

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12

B

11 5

4 2

JOINTS Spinal Joints #2-Facet Joints

A, Posterior view B, Cross section

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 223, Figure 7-13AB

Facet joint capsule Superior vertebra Exposed articular facet Inferior articular process 5. Superior articular process 6. Inferior vertebra

7. Articular cartilage 8. Synovial fold 9. Outer tough, fibrous portion of capsule 10. Ligamentum flavum 11. Synovial lining 12. Vascular, less fibrous region of capsule

Facet joint: Structural classification: Plane synovial joint Functional classification: Diarthrotic joint Facet joints are primarily responsible for determining the type of motion that most easily occurs at that segmental level of the spine; this motion is determined by the planes of the facets.

CARD # 117

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1. 2. 3. 4.

JOINTS

6

7

8

9

4

5

11

10

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1

2

3

JOINTS Spinal Joints #3-Ligaments #1

Sagittal cross-section, right lateral view

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 227, Figure 7-19A

Intervertebral foramen Spinous process Supraspinous ligament Interspinous ligament Lamina Pedicle Body

8. Intervertebral disc 9. Anterior longitudinal ligament 10. Posterior longitudinal ligament 11. Ligamentum flavum

Anterior ligaments of the spine limit extension; posterior ligaments of the spine limit flexion.

CARD # 118

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

JOINTS

3

2

4

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1

JOINTS Spinal Joints #4-Ligaments #2

Coronal (frontal) plane section, anterior view looking posteriorly 1. Transverse process 2. Lamina

3. Ligamentum flavum 4. Pedicle

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 227, Figure 7-19B

CARD # 119

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The ligamentum flavum of the spine is located within the spinal canal.

JOINTS

2

3

4

7

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1

8

6

5

JOINTS Atlanto-occipital Joint (AOJ) and Atlantoaxial Joint (AAJ) #1

Posterior view

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 233, Figure 7-27

Vertebral artery Mastoid process Occipital bone Posterior atlantooccipital membrane 5. Articular capsule of AOJ

6. Transverse process of C1 7. Articular capsule of C1C2 facet joint 8. Ligamentum flavum

AOJ: Structural classification: Condyloid synovial joint Functional classification: Triaxial diarthrotic joint AAJ: Structural classification: Atlanto-odontoid joint: Pivot synovial joint Lateral facet joints: Plane synovial joints Functional classification: Biaxial diarthrotic joint* Because the atlas (C1) has no vertebral body, there is no disc joint between the atlas and occiput nor between the atlas and axis (C2).

*The atlanto-odontoid joint is usually described as a uniaxial joint, however, the entire atlanto-axial joint allows movement in two planes around two axes, hence it is a biaxial joint.

CARD # 120

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1. 2. 3. 4.

JOINTS

5

2

6

3

7

4

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1

JOINTS Atlanto-occipital Joint (AOJ) and Atlantoaxial Joint (AAJ) #2

1. Lateral part of occipital bone 2. Accessory atlantoaxial ligament 3. Tectorial membrane 4. Posterior longitudinal ligament

5. Articular capsule of atlanto-occipital joint 6. Transverse process of atlas (C1) 7. Foramen of transverse process of axis (C2)

The tectorial membrane is the continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine in the region of C2 to the occiput.

CARD # 121

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 233, Figure 7-28A

Posterior view

JOINTS

7

8

9

10

17

12

14 11

15

16

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13

B

5 A

6 1

2

3

4

JOINTS Atlanto-occipital Joint (AOJ) and Atlantoaxial Joint (AAJ) #3

1. Clivus 2. Alar ligament 3. Accessory atlantoaxial ligament 4. Cut lamina of axis (C2) 5. Spinous process of C3 6. Superior vertical band of cruciate ligament of dens 7. Transverse band of cruciate ligament of dens 8. Inferior vertical band of cruciate ligament of dens

9. Body of axis (C2) 10. Clivus of occiput 11. Lateral part of occipital bone 12. Odontoid process (dens) 13. Foramen of transverse process of C2 14. Apical odontoid ligament 15. Hypoglossal canal 16. Alar ligament of dens 17. Atlantal part of alar ligament

There are many ligaments that function to stabilize the axis, atlas, and occiput.

CARD # 122

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 233, Figure 7-28BC

Posterior views

JOINTS

1

5

6

7

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4

2

3

JOINTS Atlanto-occipital Joint (AOJ) and Atlantoaxial Joint (AAJ) #4

1. Articular capsule of atlanto-occipital joint 2. Anterior atlantooccipital membrane 3. Articular capsule of atlantoaxial joint 4. Basilar part of occipital bone

5. Mastoid process 6. Transverse process of atlas 7. Anterior longitudinal ligament

Approximately 1⁄2 of all the rotation of the cervical spine occurs at the atlantoaxial joint (AAJ). When you turn your head from side to side indicating ‘no’, the majority of that movement occurs at the AAJ.

CARD # 123

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 234, Figure 7-29

Anterior view

JOINTS

1

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2

JOINTS Costospinal Joints #1

Left lateral view 1. Costovertebral articulation

2. Costotransverse articulation

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 242, Figure 7-35A

There are two types of costospinal joints: costovertebral and costotransverse. The costovertebral joint is also known as the costocorporeal joint (corp means body).

CARD # 124

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Structural classification: Synovial joints Functional classification: Nonaxial gliding joints

JOINTS

1

3

4

5

6

7

6

4

8

C

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2

B

JOINTS Costospinal Joints #2

1. Intertransverse ligament 2. Costal hemifacets 3. Superior costotransverse ligament 4. Radiate ligament

5. Lateral costotransverse ligament 6. Articular cartilage 7. Costotransverse ligament 8. Articular capsule

There are no costotransverse joints between the 10th and 11th ribs and the spine.

CARD # 125

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 242, Figure 7-35BC

B, Left lateral view C, Superior view

JOINTS

4

2

1

3

A

5

3

2

1

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6

B

4

5

JOINTS Sternocostal Joints

A, 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1st Rib 3rd Rib Sternocostal joint 7th Rib Sternum 12th Rib

B, 1. Costochondral joint 2. Radial ligament of chondrosternal joint 3. Interchondral joint 4. Manubriosternal joint 5. Sternoxiphoid joint

Structural classification: Synchondrosis cartilaginous joint Functional classification: Gliding amphiarthrotic joint There are seven pairs of sternocostal joints in the body.

CARD # 126

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 244, Figure 7-36 and 7-37

Anterior views

JOINTS

2

3

4

5

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1

JOINTS Intrapelvic Joints (Sacroiliac [SI] and Symphysis Pubis Joints)

Anterolateral view

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 260, Figure 8-2

4. Symphysis pubis joint 5. Arcuate ligament

Sacroiliac: Structural classification: Plane joint-mixed synovial/fibrous joint Functional classification: Mixed diarthrotic/amphiarthrotic joint Symphysis pubis: Structural classification: Symphysis cartilaginous joint Functional classification: Nonaxial amphiarthrotic joint The SI and symphysis pubis joints allow motion within the pelvis between the two pelvic bones and sacrum.

CARD # 127

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1. Sacroiliac joints 2. Lumbosacral joint 3. Hip joint

JOINTS

5

6 3

7 4

8

9

2

11

10

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1

JOINTS Sacroiliac (SI) Joints #1

Posterior view

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 261, Figure 8-4A

Intertransverse ligament Supraspinous ligament Iliolumbar ligament Posterior sacroiliac ligaments 5. L5

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Iliac crest Greater sciatic foramen Sacrospinous ligament Lesser sciatic foramen Sacrotuberous ligament Ischial tuberosity

Sacroiliac: Structural classification: Plane joint-mixed synovial/fibrous joint Functional classification: Mixed diarthrotic/amphiarthrotic joint Symphysis pubis: Structural classification: Symphysis cartilaginous joint Functional classification: Nonaxial amphiarthrotic joint The SI joint is stabilized primarily by ligaments.

CARD # 128

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1. 2. 3. 4.

JOINTS

5

2

3

3

7

8

9

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6 1

4

JOINTS Sacroiliac (SI) Joints #2

Anterior view

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 261, Figure 8-4B

6. 7. 8. 9.

L5 Interosseus ligament Sacrotuberous ligament Symphysis pubis joint

There are no muscles that cross the SI joint and attach from the sacrum directly to the ilium.

CARD # 129

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1. Intertransverse ligament 2. Iliolumbar ligament 3. Anterior sacroiliac ligament 4. Sacrospinous ligament 5. Anterior longitudinal ligament

JOINTS

1

5

6 2

3

7

8

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4

JOINTS Hip Joint #1

5. 6. 7. 8.

Exposed head of femur Pubic bone Pubofemoral ligament Lesser trochanter

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 285, Figure 8-18A

Structural classification: Ball-and-socket synovial joint Functional classification: Triaxial diarthrotic joint The iliofemoral ligament is also known as the Y-ligament.

CARD # 130

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1. Ischiofemoral ligament 2. Greater trochanter of femur 3. Iliofemoral ligament 4. Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)

JOINTS

4

5

1

2

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3

JOINTS Hip Joint #2

Posterior view 4. Ischiofemoral ligament 5. Greater trochanter of femur

Because the acetabulum is made up of all three parts of the pelvic bone, the three ligamentous reinforcements of the hip joint capsule are the iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, and pubofemoral ligaments.

CARD # 131

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 285, Figure 8-18B

1. Ischial tuberosity 2. Zona orbicularis 3. Iliofemoral ligament

JOINTS

2 3 4

5

6

Modeled from Neumann DA: Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system: foundations for physical rehabilitation, ed. 2, St Louis, 2010, Mosby.

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1

JOINTS Hip Joint #3

Open-joint view

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 285, Figure 8-18C

5. Capsular ligaments (cut) 6. Transverse acetabular ligament

Reverse actions at the hip joint involve the pelvis moving relative to a fixed thigh. Much of the movement that is credited to the trunk is actually the pelvis moving at the hip joints with the trunk “going along for the ride.”

CARD # 132

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1. Articular cartilage of acetabulum 2. Acetabular labrum 3. Ligamentum teres (cut) 4. Head of femur

JOINTS

1 7 2 8 3

4

9

10

5

Modeled from Neumann DA: Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system: foundations for physical rehabilitation, ed. 2, St Louis, 2010, Mosby.

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

6

JOINTS Knee Joint #1

1. Iliotibial band 2. Lateral meniscus 3. Lateral collateral ligament 4. Transverse ligament of meniscus 5. Patellar ligament 6. Posterior cruciate ligament

7. Anterior cruciate ligament 8. Medial meniscus 9. Medial collateral ligament 10. Pes anserine insertion (semitendinosus, sartorius, and gracilis)

Structural classification: Modified hinge synovial joint Functional classification: Biaxial diarthrotic joint The knee joint is the largest joint in the human body.

CARD # 133

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 293, Figure 8-24A

Anterior view (in flexion)

JOINTS

1 7 2 3

8 9 10

4 11

5

Modeled from Neumann DA: Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system: foundations for physical rehabilitation, ed. 2, St Louis, 2010, Mosby.

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

6

JOINTS Knee Joint #2

1. Tendon of adductor magnus muscle 2. Gastrocnemius muscle 3. Medial meniscus 4. Medial collateral ligament 5. Tendon of semimembranosus 6. Posterior cruciate ligament

7. Anterior cruciate ligament 8. Lateral meniscus 9. Popliteus tendon 10. Lateral collateral ligament 11. Capsule of proximal tibiofibular joint

The anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments are named for their tibial attachments.

CARD # 134

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 293, Figure 8-24B

Posterior view (in extension)

JOINTS

5 1 6

2

1

7 3 3 4 9

8

A

1

2

3

4

B

A, Modified from Neumann DA: Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system: foundations for physical rehabilitation, ed. 2, St Louis, 2010, Mosby.

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

2

JOINTS Knee Joint #3

1. Meniscal horn attachments 2. Articular cartilage 3. Coronary ligaments 4. Medial meniscus 5. Tibial tuberosity 6. Anterior cruciate ligament

7. Lateral meniscus 8. Meniscofemoral ligament 9. Posterior cruciate ligament

B, Distal (inferior) view 1. Patella 2. Intercondylar groove

3. Lateral condyle 4. Medial condyle

The menisci deepen and thereby stabilize the knee (tibiofemoral) joint; they also provide cushioning to the joint.

CARD # 135

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 293, 298, Figure 8-24C, 8-25

A, Proximal (superior) view

JOINTS

11

2

10

3

13

4

9

5

14

6

7

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1

12

8

JOINTS Ankle (Talocrural) Joint and Joints of the Foot #1

Lateral view

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 304, Figure 8-32

Talus Transverse tarsal joint Navicular Cuneiforms Tarsometatarsal joints Metatarsals Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Phalanges Cuboid Subtalar joint Calcaneus Hindfoot Midfoot Forefoot

Ankle joint: Structural classification: Hinge synovial joint Functional classification: Uniaxial diarthrotic joint Subtalar tarsal joint: Structural classification: Synovial joint Functional classification: Uniaxial diarthrotic joint Transverse tarsal joint: Structural classification: Synovial joint Functional classification: Uniaxial diarthrotic joint Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints: Structural classification: Condyloid synovial joints Functional classification: Biaxial diarthrotic joints Interphalangeal (IP) joints (pedis): Structural classification: Hinge synovial joints Functional classification: Uniaxial diarthrotic joints The structure of the ankle (talocrural) joint can be likened to a nut (the talus) held within a wrench (the tibia and fibula).

CARD # 136

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

JOINTS

3

4

1 2

5 15

14

13

7 8

12

9 10 11

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6

JOINTS Ankle (Talocrural) Joint and Joints of the Foot #2

1. Tibia 2. Deltoid ligament 3. Medial talocalcaneal ligament 4. Sustentaculum tali of calcaneus 5. Calcaneus 6. Long plantar ligament 7. Dorsal talonavicular ligament

8. Navicular tuberosity 9. Dorsal cuneonavicular ligaments 10. Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments 11. First metatarsal 12. First cuneiform 13. Cuboid 14. Spring ligament 15. Short plantar ligament

The deltoid ligament located on the medial side of the foot is a thick and stable ligament that limits the ankle joint from having an eversion sprain.

CARD # 137

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 310, Figure 8-36A

Medial view

JOINTS

8

2

7

6

5

4

3

1

18

17

16

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

9

19

10

11

12

13

14

15

JOINTS Ankle (Talocrural) Joint and Joints of the Foot #3

1. Anterior tibiofibular ligament 2. Lateral collateral ligament (#3-5) 3. Posterior talofibular ligament 4. Calcaneofibular ligament 5. Anterior talofibular ligament 6. Dorsal talonavicular ligament 7. Dorsal cuneonavicular ligament 8. Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments

9. Dorsal intermetatarsal ligaments 10. Tibia 11. Fibula 12. Posterior tibiofibular ligament 13. Interosseus talocalcaneal ligament 14. Calcaneus 15. Dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament 16. Short plantar ligament 17. Long plantar ligament 18. Bifurcate ligament 19. Dorsal cuneocuboid ligament

The anterior talofibular ligament is the most commonly sprained ligament in the human body.

CARD # 138

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 310, Figure 8-36B

Lateral view

JOINTS

2 1

5

10

6

11

7

12

8

13 A

2

9

10 1

4

5

14

13

12

6

11

B

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

9 3

JOINTS Ankle (Talocrural) Joint and Joints of the Foot #4

1. Fibula 2. Tibia 3. Posterior distal tibiofibular ligament 4. Anterior distal tibiofibular ligament 5. Lateral malleolus 6. Posterior talofibular ligament 7. Posterior talocalcaneal ligament

8. Calcaneofibular ligament 9. Medial malleolus 10. Talus 11. Deltoid ligament 12. Sustentaculum tali of calcaneus 13. Calcaneus 14. Cervical ligament

The two major tarsal joints of the foot are the subtalar joint and the transverse tarsal joint.

CARD # 139

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 311, Figure 8-36CD

A, Posterior view B, Posterior view (frontal plane section)

JOINTS

1

2

10

11 3

4

12 13

5

14

6 7

15

8

16

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

9

JOINTS Ankle (Talocrural) Joint and Joints of the Foot #5

1. Plantar tarsometatarsal ligament 2. Cuneiforms 3. Plantar cuneonavicular ligaments 4. Tuberosity of navicular bone 5. Spring ligament 6. Deltoid ligament 7. Sustentaculum tali of calcaneus

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Talus Phalanges Metatarsal Plantar intermetatarsal ligaments Cuboid Calcaneofibular ligament Long plantar ligament Short plantar ligament Calcaneus

Overpronation at the subtalar and transverse tarsal joints results in a loss of the arches of the foot.

CARD # 140

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 311, Figure 8-36E

Plantar view

JOINTS

7

8

9 3

4

5 1

11

10

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

6

2

JOINTS Ankle (Talocrural) Joint and Joints of the Foot #6

1. Subcutaneous lateral malleolar bursa 2. Common tendon sheath of fibularis longus and brevis tendons 3. Subcutaneous calcaneal bursa 4. Subtendinous calcaneal bursa 5. Calcaneus 6. Superior extensor retinaculum

7. Tendon sheath of tibialis anterior tendon 8. Tendon sheath of extensor digitorum longus and fibularis tertius tendons 9. Tendon sheath of extensor hallucis longus tendon 10. Inferior extensor retinaculum 11. Superior and inferior fibular retinacula

A retinaculum prevents a tendon from lifting up and away from the body; when this condition does occur, it is known as bowstringing.

CARD # 141

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 312, Figure 8-37

Lateral view

JOINTS

5

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

8

B

7

9

10

5

1

6

4

3

2

6 1

7 2

8 3

4

9

A

JOINTS Ankle (Talocrural) Joint and Joints of the Foot #7

1. Collateral ligaments of metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints 2. Deep transverse metatarsal ligaments 3. Plantar intermetatarsal ligaments

4. Cuboid 5. Phalanges 6. Plantar plates of MTP joints 7. 1st Metatarsal 8. 4th Metatarsal 9. Calcaneus

B, Medial view of the MTP Joint 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Phalanges (#2-4) Distal Middle Proximal Capsule of MTP joint Metatarsal Collateral ligament

8. Plantar plate 9. Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint 10. Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint

Plantar plates of the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints function to cushion the heads of the metatarsals when walking on hard surfaces.

CARD # 142

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 320, 323, Figure 8-43B, 8-46

A, Plantar view

JOINTS

2

3

8

7

11

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

13

10 12 5

9 4

6 1

JOINTS Shoulder (Glenohumeral [GH]) Joint #1

1. Acromioclavicular ligament 2. Coracoacromial ligament 3. Coracohumeral ligament 4. Transverse ligament 5. Biceps brachii tendon 6. Clavicle

7. Coracoclavicular ligament (#8-9) 8. Conoid ligament 9. Trapezoid ligament 10. Glenohumeral ligaments (#11-13) 11. Superior 12. Middle 13. Inferior

Structural classification: Ball-and-socket synovial joint Functional classification: Triaxial diarthrotic The GH joint is the most mobile joint in the human body.

CARD # 143

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 333, Figure 9-5

Anterior view

JOINTS

2 1

3

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JOINTS Shoulder (Glenohumeral [GH]) Joint #2

Anterior view 1. Humerus 2. Glenoid fossa

3. Glenoid labrum 4. Scapula

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 334, Figure 9-6A

CARD # 144

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The glenoid labrum helps to deepen the glenoid fossa of the scapula; this adds stability to the glenohumeral joint.

JOINTS

6

1

8

L A T E R A L

3

9 10 Head of the Humerus

4

11

4 10 5 2 1

DISTAL

Modified from Muscolino JE: The muscular system manual: the skeletal muscles of the human body, ed. 2, St Louis, 2005, Mosby.

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

7 2

JOINTS Shoulder (Glenohumeral [GH]) Joint #3

Anterior view of a frontal (coronal) section

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 334, Figure 9-6B

6. Acromion process of scapula 7. Acromioclavicular joint 8. Distal clavicle 9. Supraspinatus 10. Glenoid labrum 11. Glenoid fossa of scapula

The subacromial bursa of the shoulder joint helps decrease friction between the rotator cuff tendon and the acromion process of the scapula and deltoid muscle.

CARD # 145

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1. Capsular ligament 2. Synovial membrane 3. Subacromial bursa (also known as subdeltoid bursa) 4. Articular cartilage 5. Deltoid

JOINTS

2

12 6

7

13

9

4

10

5

11

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8 3

1

JOINTS Sternoclavicular (SC) Joint

Anterior view

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 341, Figure 9-15

Interclavicular ligament Articular cartilage Articular disc Costoclavicular ligament, posterior fibers 5. Right sternoclavicular joint 6. First costal cartilage 7. Second costal cartilage

8. Anterior sternoclavicular ligament 9. Clavicle 10. 1st Rib 11. Costoclavicular ligament 12. Manubrium of sternum 13. Manubriosternal joint

Structural classification: Saddle synovial joint Functional classification: Biaxial diarthrotic joint The SC joint is the only osseous articulation between the upper extremity and the axial skeleton.

CARD # 146

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1. 2. 3. 4.

JOINTS

1 2

6

3

8

7 9

4

10

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5

JOINTS Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint

1. Coracoacromial ligament 2. Acromion process 3. Coracohumeral ligament 4. Biceps brachii tendon 5. Acromioclavicular ligament

6. Clavicle 7. Coracoclavicular ligament (#8-9) 8. Conoid ligament 9. Trapezoid ligament 10. Glenohumeral ligaments

Structural classification: Plane synovial joint Functional classification: Nonaxial diarthrotic joint The AC joint allows motion within one side of the shoulder girdle between the scapula and clavicle.

CARD # 147

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 343, Figure 9-18

Anterior view

JOINTS

6

7 3

8

2

4

9 5

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1

JOINTS Elbow Joint #1

Medial view of the left elbow joint

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 349, Figure 9-23A

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Transverse part Joint capsule Annular ligament Radius Ulna

Humeroulnar joint: Structural classification: Hinge synovial joint Functional classification: Uniaxial diarthrotic joint Humeroradial joint: Structural classification: Atypical ball-and-socket synovial joint Functional classification: Biaxial diarthrotic joint The elbow joint is the typical example of a uniaxial hinge joint.

CARD # 148

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1. Humerus 2. Medial collateral ligament (#3-5) 3. Anterior part 4. Posterior part

JOINTS

2

4

3

5

6

9

7

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1

8

JOINTS Elbow Joint #2

Lateral view of the left elbow joint

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 349, Figure 9-23B

Humerus Joint capsule Annular ligament Radial tuberosity Radius

6. Ulna 7. Lateral collateral ligament (#8-9) 8. Annular fibers 9. Ulnar fibers

The elbow joint is primarily composed of the ulna articulating with the humerus.

CARD # 149

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

JOINTS

5

2

6

3

7

8

4

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1

JOINTS Radioulnar Joints #1

Anterior view

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 353, Figure 9-27A

Annular ligament Oblique cord Radius Palmar radiocarpal ligament (cut) 5. Proximal radioulnar joint

6. Ulna 7. Interosseus membrane (middle radioulnar joint) 8. Distal radioulnar joint

Proximal radioulnar joint: Structural classification: Pivot synovial joint Functional classification: Uniaxial diarthrotic joint Middle radioulnar joint: Structural classification: Syndesmosis fibrous joint Functional classification: Uniaxial amphiarthrotic joint Distal radioulnar joint: Structural classification: Pivot synovial joint Functional classification: Uniaxial diarthrotic joint The radioulnar joints allow motion within the forearm between the radius and ulna.

CARD # 150

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1. 2. 3. 4.

JOINTS

4

5 2

6

Medial

3

7

Posterior

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Anterior 1

Lateral

JOINTS Radioulnar Joints #2

Distal (inferior) view

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 353, Figure 9-27B

Articular cartilage Radius Dorsal tubercle Radioulnar disc (triangular fibrocartilage)

5. Palmar radioulnar ligament 6. Ulna 7. Dorsal radioulnar ligament

The radioulnar disc is a triangular piece of fibrocartilage that attaches the distal ulna to the distal radius.

CARD # 151

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1. 2. 3. 4.

JOINTS

10 11 12

14

13 5

9

15

7

8

16

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1

2

3 4

6

JOINTS Wrist Joint #1

Anterior view

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 358, Figure 9-32

Metacarpals Hamate Capitate Triquetrum Trapezoid Ulnar collateral ligament 7. Lunate 8. Radioulnar disc

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Ulna Carpometacarpal joint Trapezium Midcarpal joint Scaphoid Radial collateral ligament 15. Radiocarpal joint 16. Radius

Structural classification: Condyloid synovial joint Functional classification: Biaxial diarthrotic joint The wrist joint is actually a compound joint composed of the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints.

CARD # 152

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

JOINTS

1 10

2

11

3

4

12

5

14

6

15

7

16

8

13

17

Modeled from Neumann DA: Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system: foundations for physical rehabilitation, ed. 2, St Louis, 2010, Mosby.

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

9

JOINTS Wrist Joint #2

1. Transverse carpal ligament (cut) 2. Palmar intercarpal ligament 3. Lunotriquetral ligament 4. Ulnocarpal complex (#5-7) 5. Ulnar collateral ligament 6. Palmar ulnocarpal ligament 7. Radioulnar disc 8. Ulna 9. Intermetacarpal ligaments

10. Short palmar intrinsic ligaments of distal row 11. Transverse carpal ligament (cut) 12. Radial collateral ligament 13. Palmar radiocarpal ligament (#14-16) 14. Radiocapitate ligament 15. Radioulnate ligament 16. Radioscapholunate ligament 17. Radius

The transverse carpal ligament forms the roof of the carpal tunnel. Pressure within the carpal tunnel that impinges upon the median nerve is called carpal tunnel syndrome.

CARD # 153

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 361, Figure 9-34A

Palmar view

JOINTS

7

8 2

9

3 10

4

11 5

6

12

Modeled from Neumann DA: Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system: foundations for physical rehabilitation, ed. 2, St Louis, 2010, Mosby.

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1

JOINTS Wrist Joint #3

1. Short dorsal intrinsic ligaments 2. Scaphotrapezial ligament 3. Scaphoid 4. Radial collateral ligament 5. Dorsal radiocarpal ligament 6. Radius

7. Intermetacarpal ligaments 8. Hamate 9. Dorsal intercarpal ligament 10. Ulnar collateral ligament 11. Radioulnar disc 12. Ulna

Most of the wrist joint ligaments are divided into two broad categories: extrinsic ligaments that originate in the forearm and then attach onto the carpus, and intrinsic ligaments that originate and insert (i.e., are wholly located within) the carpus.

CARD # 154

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 361, Figure 9-34B

Dorsal view

JOINTS

5

1

3 2 4

7 A

8 1

9 13

B

10 11 12

Modeled from Neumann DA: Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system: foundations for physical rehabilitation, ed. 2, St Louis, 2010, Mosby.

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

6

JOINTS Carpometacarpal (CMC) Joints

1. 1st (Thumb) metacarpal 2. Carpometacarpal joint (thumb) (#3-4) 3. Posterior oblique ligament 4. Radial collateral ligament 5. Dorsal intermetacarpal ligaments 6. Dorsal carpometacarpal ligaments 7. Dorsal intercarpal ligament

8. Palmar intermetacarpal ligaments 9. Palmar carpometacarpal ligaments (cut) 10. Capitate 11. Anterior oblique ligament 12. Tubercle of trapezium 13. Intermetacarpal ligament (cut)

2nd and 3rd CMC joints: Structural classification: Plane synovial joints Functional classification: Nonaxial synarthrotic joints 1st, 4th, and 5th CMC joints: Structural classification: Saddle synovial joints Functional classification: Biaxial diarthrotic joints The 2nd and 3rd CMC joints allow very little motion; therefore, they form the stable central pillar of the hand.

CARD # 155

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 365, Figure 9-37AB

A, Dorsal view B, Palmar view

JOINTS

2 3 4

5 6

7 8 9 10 A

11 B

Modeled from Neumann DA: Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system: foundations for physical rehabilitation, ed. 2, St Louis, 2010, Mosby.

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1

1

JOINTS Carpometacarpal (CMC) Joint of the Thumb

1. 2nd Metacarpal 2. 1st Metacarpal 3. Intermetacarpal ligament 4. Ulnar collateral ligament 5. Posterior oblique ligament 6. Radial collateral ligament

7. Anterior oblique ligament 8. Abductor pollicis longus tendon 9. Transverse carpal ligament 10. Flexor carpi radialis tendon 11. Extensor carpi radialis longus tendon

Structural classification: Saddle synovial joint Functional classification: Biaxial diarthrotic joint The CMC joint of the thumb is the famous saddle joint of the body. This joint is considered to be biaxial. Motion around a third axis can occur here, however it cannot be isolated, hence the joint is considered to be biaxial.

CARD # 156

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 369, Figure 9-40AB

A, Palmar view B, Radial view

JOINTS

3

8

7

2

6

5

1

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

4

JOINTS Intermetacarpal Joints

1. Trapezium 2. Palmar intermetacarpal ligaments 3. Flexor digitorum superficialis tendons (cut) 4. Flexor digitorum profundus tendons (cut)

5. Pisiform 6. Hook of hamate 7. Deep transverse metacarpal ligaments 8. Palmar plates

Structural classification: Plane synovial joints Functional classification: Nonaxial amphiarthrotic joints The intermetacarpal joints between the thumb and index finger, and the little and ring fingers are the most mobile intermetacarpal joints, allowing the body of the hand to close around an object being grasped.

CARD # 157

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 370, Figure 9-41B

Palmar (anterior) view

JOINTS

6

8 1 9 10 2

11 3 4

A

12

5

14

13

15 16

Dorsal surface

17

Palmar surface B

Proximal 1

Middle 18

Distal

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7

JOINTS Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) Joints

1. Palmar ligament (plates) 2. Deep transverse metacarpal ligaments 3. Palmar intermetacarpal ligaments 4. Hook of hamate 5. Pisiform 6. Flexor digitorum profundus tendons (cut) 7. Flexor digitorum superficialis tendons (cut) 8. Cut margins of digital fibrous sheaths 9. Radial collateral ligament

10. Ulnar collateral ligament 11. Joint capsule 12. Trapezium 13. Metacarpal bone 14. Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint capsule 15. Ulnar collateral ligament 16. Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint capsule 17. Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint capsule 18. Phalanges

Structural classification: Condyloid synovial joints Functional classification: Biaxial diarthrotic joints MCP joints of the hand are the joints most often and severely affected with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

CARD # 158

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 375, Figure 9-44AB

A, Palmar (anterior) view B, Ulnar (medial) view

JOINTS

9

1

4

10

11

12

1 13

5

7 6 8 14

Modeled from Neumann DA: Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system: foundations for physical rehabilitation, ed. 2, St Louis, 2010, Mosby.

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

3 2

JOINTS Interphalangeal (IP) Joints (Manus) #1

1. Palmar plate 2. Collateral ligaments (cut) (#3-4) 3. Cord 4. Accessory 5. Check-rein ligaments 6. Collateral ligaments (cut) (#7-8) 7. Cord 8. Accessory

9. Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint 10. Middle phalanx 11. Base 12. Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint 13. Head 14. Proximal phalanx

Structural classification: Hinge synovial joints Functional classification: Uniaxial diarthrotic joints The thumb has only one IP joint; each of the other four fingers has two, the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) and distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints.

CARD # 159

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 378, Figure 9-47A

Dorsal view

JOINTS

3

2 4 5 6 1 7 8 9

Modeled from Neumann DA: Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system: foundations for physical rehabilitation, ed. 2, St Louis, 2010, Mosby.

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1

JOINTS Interphalangeal (IP) Joints (Manus) #2

1. Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) 2. Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) 3. Proximal phalanx 4. Check-rein ligament 5. Radial collateral ligament

6. Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint 7. Palmar plate 8. Fibrous capsule 9. Middle phalanx

Check-rein ligaments are located only at the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints and function to prevent hyperextension of the PIP joints.

CARD # 160

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 378, Figure 9-47B

Palmar view

JOINT ACTIONS

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B

A

Mover Muscles A, Flexion: Longus capitis Rectus capitis anterior B, Extension: Trapezius (upper) Splenius capitis Erector spinae group (spinalis and longissimus) Transversospinalis group (semispinalis) Rectus capitis posterior major Rectus capitis posterior minor Obliquus capitis superior Sternocleidomastoid Flexion 5 degrees Extension 10 degrees Sagittal plane actions around a mediolateral axis. Reverse actions: The head is usually considered to move upon the neck. The reverse actions would be for the head to be fixed and the neck to move relative to the head. This is not a likely action but might occur when a person is lying down.

CARD # 161

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 230, Figure 7-23AB

JOINT ACTIONS Flexion and Extension of the Head at the Atlanto-occipital Joint (AOJ)

JOINT ACTIONS

B

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A

JOINT ACTIONS Lateral Flexions of the Head at the Atlanto-occipital Joint (AOJ)

Mover Muscles Trapezius (upper) Splenius capitis Sternocleidomastoid Erector spinae group (longissimus and spinalis) Transversospinalis group (semispinalis) Rectus capitis posterior major Obliquus capitis superior Longus capitis Rectus capitis lateralis Right lateral flexion 5 degrees Left lateral flexion 5 degrees Frontal plane actions around an anteroposterior axis. Reverse actions: The head is usually considered to move upon the neck. The reverse actions would be for the head to be fixed and the neck to move relative to the head. This is not a likely action but might occur when a person is lying down.

CARD # 162

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 231, Figure 7-24AB

A, Left lateral flexion B, Right lateral flexion

JOINT ACTIONS

B

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A

JOINT ACTIONS Rotations of the Head at the Atlanto-occipital Joint (AOJ)

Mover Muscles Ipsilateral rotation: Splenius capitis Rectus capitis posterior major Erector spinae group (longissimus and spinalis) Contralateral rotation: Trapezius (upper) Sternocleidomastoid Right rotation 5 degrees Left rotation 5 degrees Transverse plane actions around a vertical axis. Reverse actions: The head is usually considered to move upon the neck. The reverse actions would be for the head to be fixed and the neck to move relative to the head. This is not a likely action but might occur when a person is lying down.

CARD # 163

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 231, Figure 7-25AB

A, Left rotation B, Right rotation

JOINT ACTIONS

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A

B

Mover Muscles A, Depression: Digastric Mylohyoid Geniohyoid Platysma B, Elevation: Temporalis Masseter Medial pterygoid Full depression of the TMJ should allow three proximal interphalangeal joints (PIPs) to fit between the teeth. Sagittal plane actions around a mediolateral axis. Reverse actions: Reverse actions at the TMJ require the temporal bone (and therefore the entire head) to move relative to a fixed mandible; this does not happen very often.

CARD # 164

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 213, Figure 7-3AB

JOINT ACTIONS Depression and Elevation of the Mandible at the Temporomandibular Joints (TMJs)

JOINT ACTIONS

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A

B

Mover Muscles A, Protraction: Medial pterygoid Lateral pterygoid Masseter B, Retraction: Temporalis Masseter Digastric These motions are nonaxial. Reverse actions: Reverse actions at the TMJ require the temporal bone (and therefore the entire head) to move relative to a fixed mandible; this does not happen very often.

CARD # 165

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 214, Figure 7-4AB

JOINT ACTIONS Protraction and Retraction of the Mandible at the Temporomandibular Joints (TMJs)

JOINT ACTIONS

B

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

A

JOINT ACTIONS Lateral Deviations of the Mandible at the Temporomandibular Joints (TMJs)

A, Left lateral deviation B, Right lateral deviation

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 214, Figure 7-5AB

These motions are primarily nonaxial. Reverse actions: Reverse actions at the TMJ require the temporal bone (and therefore the entire head) to move relative to a fixed mandible; this action does not happen often.

CARD # 166

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Mover Muscles—Contralateral Deviation: Medial pterygoid Lateral pterygoid

JOINT ACTIONS

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B

A

Mover Muscles A, Flexion: Sternocleidomastoid Anterior scalene Middle scalene Longus colli Longus capitis B, Extension: Trapezius (upper) Splenius capitis Splenius cervicis Erector spinae group (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis) Transversospinalis group (semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores) Levator scapulae Rectus capitis posterior major (C1 only) Interspinales Flexion 45 degrees Extension 70 degrees Sagittal plane actions around a mediolateral axis. Reverse actions: Actions of the spine are usually thought of as the more superior aspect of the spine moving relative to a fixed inferior aspect. The reverse actions would be the lower neck flexing or extending relative to the upper neck.

CARD # 167

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 239, Figure 7-33AB

JOINT ACTIONS Flexion and Extension of the Neck at the Spinal Joints

JOINT ACTIONS

B

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A

JOINT ACTIONS Lateral Flexions of the Neck at the Spinal Joints

Mover Muscles—Lateral Flexion: Trapezius (upper) Sternocleidomastoid Splenius capitis Splenius cervicis Scalene group (anterior, middle, and posterior scalenes) Levator scapulae Erector spinae group (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis) Transversospinalis group (semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores) Longus colli Longus capitis Intertransversarii Right lateral flexion 40 degrees Left lateral flexion 40 degrees Frontal plane actions around an anteroposterior axis. Reverse actions: Actions of the spine are usually thought of as the more superior aspect of the spine moving relative to a fixed inferior aspect. The reverse actions would be the lower neck laterally flexing to the right or left relative to the upper neck.

CARD # 168

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 239, Figure 7-33CD

A, Left lateral flexion B, Right lateral flexion

JOINT ACTIONS

B

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A

JOINT ACTIONS Rotations of the Neck at the Spinal Joints

Mover Muscles Ipsilateral rotation: Splenius capitis Splenius cervicis Erector spinae group (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis) Obliquus capitis inferior (C1 only) Rectus capitis posterior major (C1 only) Levator scapulae Contralateral rotation: Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius (upper) Transversospinalis group (semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores) Anterior scalene Longus colli Right rotation 80 degrees Left rotation 80 degrees Transverse plane actions around a vertical axis. Reverse actions: Actions of the spine are usually thought of as the more superior aspect of the spine moving relative to a fixed inferior aspect. The reverse action of the upper neck rotating to the right is the lower neck rotating to the left; the reverse action of the upper neck rotating to the left is the lower neck rotating to the right.

CARD # 169

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 239, Figure 7-33EF

A, Right rotation B, Left rotation

JOINT ACTIONS

B

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A

Mover Muscles A, Flexion: Rectus abdominis External abdominal oblique Internal abdominal oblique Psoas major Psoas minor B, Extension: Erector spinae group (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis) Transversospinalis group (semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores) Quadratus lumborum Trapezius (middle and lower) Interspinales Levatores costarum Flexion 85 degrees Extension 40 degrees Sagittal plane actions around a mediolateral axis. Reverse actions: ❒ Trunk flexion: posterior tilt of the pelvis at the lumbosacral joint (and flexion of the lower trunk relative to the upper trunk). ❒ Trunk extension: anterior tilt of the pelvis at the lumbosacral joint (and extension of the lower trunk relative to the upper trunk).

CARD # 170

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 250, Figure 7-41AB

JOINT ACTIONS Flexion and Extension of the Trunk at the Spinal Joints

JOINT ACTIONS

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B

A

JOINT ACTIONS Lateral Flexions of the Trunk at the Spinal Joints

Mover Muscles—Lateral Flexion: Erector spinae group (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis) Transversospinalis group (semispinalis, multifidus) Psoas major Rectus abdominis External abdominal oblique Internal abdominal oblique Quadratus lumborum Intertransversarii Levatores costarum Right lateral flexion 45 degrees Left lateral flexion 45 degrees Reverse actions: ❒ Trunk right lateral flexion: elevation of the right side of the pelvis at the lumbosacral joint (and right lateral flexion of the lower trunk relative to the upper trunk). ❒ Trunk left lateral flexion: elevation of the left side of the pelvis at the lumbosacral joint (and left lateral flexion of the lower trunk relative to the upper trunk).

CARD # 171

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 251, Figure 7-41CD

A, Right lateral flexion B, Left lateral flextion

JOINT ACTIONS

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B

A

JOINT ACTIONS Rotations of the Trunk at the Spinal Joints

Mover Muscles Ipsilateral rotation: Internal abdominal oblique Erector spinae group (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis) Contralateral rotation: External abdominal oblique Transversospinalis group (semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores) Psoas major Rhomboids major and minor Levatores costarum Right rotation 35 degrees Left rotation 35 degrees Transverse plane actions around a vertical axis. Reverse actions: ❒ Trunk right rotation: left rotation of the pelvis at the lumbosacral joint (and left rotation of the lower trunk relative to the upper trunk). ❒ Trunk left rotation: right rotation of the pelvis at the lumbosacral joint (and right rotation of the lower trunk relative to the upper trunk).

CARD # 172

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 251, Figure 7-41EF

A, Right rotation B, Left rotation

JOINT ACTIONS

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A

B

JOINT ACTIONS Right Lateral Deviation of the Trunk at the Shoulder Joint

A, Neutral position B, Right lateral deviation

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 248, Box 7-21AB

Frontal plane action around an anteroposterior axis. Reverse action: Adduction of the arm at the shoulder joint.

CARD # 173

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Mover Muscles—Lateral Deviation: Pectoralis major Latissimus dorsi

JOINT ACTIONS

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A

B

JOINT ACTIONS Rotation of the Trunk at the Shoulder Joint

Mover Muscles Ipsilateral rotation: Pectoralis major Anterior deltoid Contralateral rotation: Latissimus dorsi Posterior deltoid Transverse plane action around a vertical axis. Reverse action: Medial rotation of the arm at the shoulder joint.

CARD # 174

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 248, Box 7-21CD

A, Neutral position B, Right rotation

JOINT ACTIONS

B

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A

JOINT ACTIONS Elevation of the Trunk at the Shoulder Joint

A, Neutral position B, Elevation

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 249, Box 7-21EF

Frontal plane action around an anteroposterior axis. Reverse action: Adduction of the arm at the shoulder joint (with the forearm flexing at the elbow joint).

CARD # 175

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Mover Muscles—Elevation: Pectoralis major Latissimus dorsi

JOINT ACTIONS

B

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A

Mover Muscles A, Posterior tilt: Rectus abdominis External abdominal oblique Internal abdominal oblique Psoas minor B, Anterior tilt: Erector spinae group (iliocostalis, longissimus) Transversospinalis group (multifidus) Quadratus lumborum Latissimus dorsi Sagittal plane actions around a mediolateral axis. Reverse actions: ❒ Pelvis posterior tilt: Flexion of the trunk at the lumbosacral (and other spinal) joints. ❒ Pelvis anterior tilt: Extension of the trunk at the lumbosacral (and other spinal) joints.

CARD # 176

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 264, Figure 8-6AB

JOINT ACTIONS Posterior Tilt and Anterior Tilt of the Pelvis at the Lumbosacral Joint

JOINT ACTIONS

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B

A

JOINT ACTIONS Elevations of the Pelvis at the Lumbosacral Joint

Mover Muscles—Elevation: Quadratus lumborum Erector spinae group (iliocostalis, longissimus) Transversospinalis group (multifidus) Latissimus dorsi External abdominal oblique Internal abdominal oblique Frontal plane actions around an anteroposterior axis. Reverse actions: ❒ Right pelvis elevation: Right lateral flexion of the trunk at the lumbosacral and spinal joints. ❒ Left pelvis elevation: Left lateral flexion of the trunk at the lumbosacral and spinal joints.

CARD # 177

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 265, Figure 8-6CD

A, Elevation of the right pelvis B, Elevation of the left pelvis

JOINT ACTIONS

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JOINT ACTIONS Right Rotation of the Pelvis at the Lumbosacral Joint

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 266, Figure 8-6E

Transverse plane action around a vertical axis. Reverse actions: ❒ Pelvis right rotation: Left rotation of the trunk at the lumbosacral and spinal joints.

CARD # 178

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Mover Muscles Ipsilateral rotators: Right external abdominal oblique Right transversospinalis group (multifidus) Contralateral rotators: Left internal abdominal oblique Left psoas major Left erector spinae group (iliocostalis, longissimus)

JOINT ACTIONS

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JOINT ACTIONS Left Rotation of the Pelvis at the Lumbosacral Joint

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 266, Figure 8-6F

Transverse plane action around a vertical axis. Reverse actions: ❒ Pelvis left rotation: Right rotation of the trunk at the lumbosacral and spinal joints.

CARD # 179

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Mover Muscles Ipsilateral rotators: Left external abdominal oblique Left transversospinalis group (multifidus) Contralateral rotators: Right internal abdominal oblique Right erector spinae group (iliocostalis, longissimus)

JOINT ACTIONS

B

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A

Mover Muscles A, Posterior tilt: Biceps femoris (long head) Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius (posterior fibers) Gluteus minimus (posterior fibers) Adductor magnus B, Anterior tilt: Psoas major Iliacus Rectus femoris Sartorius Tensor fasciae latae Gluteus medius (anterior fibers) Gluteus minimus (anterior fibers) Pectineus Adductor longus Gracilis Adductor brevis Sagittal plane actions around a mediolateral axis. Reverse actions: ❒ Pelvis posterior tilt: Extension of the thigh at the hip joint. ❒ Pelvis anterior tilt: Flexion of the thigh at the hip joint.

CARD # 180

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 268, Figure 8-7AB

JOINT ACTIONS Posterior Tilt and Anterior Tilt of the Pelvis at the Hip Joint

JOINT ACTIONS

B

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A

Mover Muscles A, Depression (lateral tilt): Gluteus medius (entire muscle) Gluteus minimus (entire muscle) Tensor fasciae latae Sartorius B, Elevation (hiking of the hip): Pectineus Adductor longus Gracilis Adductor brevis Adductor magnus Frontal plane actions around an anteroposterior axis. Reverse actions: ❒ Pelvis depression: Abduction of the ipsilateral thigh at the hip joint. ❒ Pelvis elevation: Adduction of the ipsilateral thigh at the hip joint.

CARD # 181

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 269, Figure 8-7CD

JOINT ACTIONS Depression and Elevation of the Pelvis at the Hip Joint

JOINT ACTIONS

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Mover Muscles Ipsilateral rotators: Right tensor fasciae latae Right gluteus medius (anterior fibers) Right gluteus minimus (anterior fibers) Contralateral rotators: Left psoas major Left iliacus Left sartorius Left gluteus maximus Left gluteus medius (posterior fibers) Left gluteus minimus (posterior fibers) Left piriformis Left superior gemellus Left obturator internus Left inferior gemellus Left obturator externus Left quadratus femoris Transverse plane action around a vertical axis. Reverse actions: ❒ Pelvis right rotation: Medial rotation of the right thigh at the hip joint and lateral rotation of the left thigh at the hip joint.

CARD # 182

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 270, Figure 8-7E

JOINT ACTIONS Right Rotation of the Pelvis at the Hip Joints

JOINT ACTIONS

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Mover Muscles Ipsilateral rotators: Left tensor fasciae latae Left gluteus medius (anterior fibers) Left gluteus minimus (anterior fibers) Contralateral rotators: Right psoas major Right iliacus Right sartorius Right gluteus maximus Right gluteus medius (posterior fibers) Right gluteus minimus (posterior fibers) Right piriformis Right superior gemellus Right obturator internus Right inferior gemellus Right obturator externus Right quadratus femoris Transverse plane action around a vertical axis. Reverse actions: ❒ Pelvis left rotation: Medial rotation of the left thigh at the hip joint and lateral rotation of the right thigh at the hip joint.

CARD # 183

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 270, Figure 8-7F

JOINT ACTIONS Left Rotation of the Pelvis at the Hip Joints

JOINT ACTIONS

B

Modified from Neumann DA: Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system: foundations for physical rehabilitation, ed. 2, St Louis, 2010, Mosby.

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

A

Mover Muscles A, Anterior tilt: Erector spinae group (iliocostalis, longissimus) Transversospinalis group (multifidus) Quadratus lumborum Latissimus dorsi Psoas major Iliacus Rectus femoris Sartorius Tensor fasciae latae Gluteus medius (anterior fibers) Gluteus minimus (anterior fibers) Pectineus Adductor longus Gracilis Adductor brevis B, Posterior tilt: Rectus abdominis External abdominal oblique Internal abdominal oblique Psoas minor Biceps femoris (long head) Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius (posterior fibers) Gluteus minimus (posterior fibers) Adductor magnus Posterior tilt 15 degrees Anterior tilt 30 degrees Sagittal plane actions around a mediolateral axis.

CARD # 184

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 272, Figure 8-8AB

JOINT ACTIONS Anterior Tilt and Posterior Tilt of the Pelvis at the Lumbosacral Joint and Hip Joints

JOINT ACTIONS

B

Modified from Neumann DA: Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system: foundations for physical rehabilitation, ed. 2, St Louis, 2010, Mosby.

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

A

Mover Muscles A, Depression (lateral tilt) of the right side of the pelvis: Right gluteus maximus (upper one third) Right gluteus medius (entire muscle) Right gluteus minimus (entire muscle) Right tensor fasciae latae Right sartorius Left quadratus lumborum Left erector spinae group (iliocostalis, longissimus) Left transversospinalis group (multifidus) Left latissimus dorsi Left external abdominal oblique Left internal abdominal oblique B, Elevation (hiking the hip) of the right side of the pelvis: Right pectineus Right adductor longus Right gracilis Right adductor brevis Right adductor magnus Right quadratus lumborum Right erector spinae group (iliocostalis, longissimus) Right transversospinalis group (multifidus) Right latissimus dorsi Right external abdominal oblique Right internal abdominal oblique Right depression 30 degrees Right elevation 30 degrees Left depression 30 degrees Left elevation 30 degrees Frontal plane actions around an anteroposterior axis. Note: When the right side of the pelvis depresses, the left side elevates; when the right side elevates, the left side depresses.

CARD # 185

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 272, Figure 8-8CD

JOINT ACTIONS Depression and Elevation of the Right Side of the Pelvis at the Lumbosacral Joint and Right Hip Joint

JOINT ACTIONS

B

Modified from Neumann DA: Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system: foundations for physical rehabilitation, ed. 2, St Louis, 2010, Mosby.

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

A

Mover Muscles A, Right rotation: Right tensor fasciae latae Right gluteus medius (anterior fibers) Right gluteus minimus (anterior fibers) Right external abdominal oblique Right transversospinalis group (multifidus) Left internal abdominal group Left erector spinae group (iliocostalis, longissimus) B, Left rotation: Left tensor fasciae latae Left gluteus medius (anterior fibers) Left gluteus minimus (anterior fibers) Left external abdominal oblique Left transversospinalis group (multifidus) Right internal abdominal group Right erector spinae group (iliocostalis, longissimus) Right rotation 5 degrees Left rotation 15 degrees Transverse plane actions around a vertical axis.

CARD # 186

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 272, Figure 8-8EF

JOINT ACTIONS Rotations of the Pelvis at the Lumbosacral Joint and Hip Joint

JOINT ACTIONS

A

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B

Mover Muscles A, Flexion: Psoas major Iliacus Sartorius Tensor fasciae latae Rectus femoris Pectineus Adductor longus Gracilis Adductor brevis Gluteus medius (anterior fibers) Gluteus minimus (anterior fibers) B, Extension: Gluteus maximus Hamstrings (biceps femoris [long head], semitendinosus, semimembranosus) Adductor magnus Gluteus medius (posterior fibers) Gluteus minimus (posterior fibers) Flexion 90 degrees Extension 20 degrees Sagittal plane actions around a mediolateral axis. Reverse actions: ❒ Thigh flexion: Anterior tilt of the pelvis at the hip joint. ❒ Thigh extension: Posterior tilt of the pelvis at the hip joint.

CARD # 187

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 283, Figure 8-17AB

JOINT ACTIONS Flexion and Extension of the Thigh at the Hip Joint

JOINT ACTIONS

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A

B

Mover Muscles Abduction: Gluteus medius (entire muscle) Gluteus minimus (entire muscle) Tensor fasciae latae Sartorius Gluteus maximus (upper one-third) Piriformis Superior gemellus Obturator internus Inferior gemellus Adduction: Pectineus Adductor longus Gracilis Adductor brevis Adductor magnus Gluteus maximus (lower two-thirds) Biceps femoris (long head) Quadratus femoris Abduction 40 degrees Adduction 20 degrees Frontal plane actions around an anteroposterior axis. Reverse actions: ❒ Thigh abduction: Depression of the ipsilateral pelvis at the hip joint. ❒ Thigh adduction: Elevation of the ipsilateral pelvis at the hip joint.

CARD # 188

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 283, Figure 8-17CD

JOINT ACTIONS Abduction and Adduction of the Thigh at the Hip Joint

JOINT ACTIONS

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B

A

Mover Muscles A, Lateral rotation: Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius (posterior fibers) Gluteus minimus (posterior fibers) Piriformis Superior gemellus Obturator internus Inferior gemellus Obturator externus Quadratus femoris Sartorius Psoas major Iliacus Biceps femoris (long head) B, Medial rotation: Gluteus medius (anterior fibers) Gluteus minimus (anterior fibers) Tensor fasciae latae Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Piriformis (if flexed more than 60°) Lateral rotation 50 degrees Medial rotation 40 degrees Transverse plane actions around a vertical axis. Reverse actions: ❒ Thigh lateral rotation: Contralateral rotation of the pelvis at the hip joint (i.e., the reverse action of lateral rotation of the right thigh is left [i.e., opposite side] rotation of the pelvis at the right hip joint). ❒ Thigh medial rotation: Ipsilateral rotation of the pelvis at the hip joint (i.e. the reverse action of medial rotation of the right thigh is right [i.e. same side] rotation of the pelvis at the right hip joint).

CARD # 189

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 284, Figure 8-17EF

JOINT ACTIONS Rotations of the Thigh at the Hip Joint

JOINT ACTIONS

B

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A

Mover Muscles A, Flexion: Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus) Sartorius Gracilis Gastrocnemius Plantaris Popliteus B, Extension: Quadriceps femoris (vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, rectus femoris) Tensor fasciae latae Gluteus maximus Flexion 140 degrees (hyper)Extension 5 degrees Sagittal plane actions around a mediolateral axis. Reverse actions: ❒ Leg flexion: Flexion of the thigh at the knee joint. ❒ Leg extension: Extension of the thigh at the knee joint. Note: These reverse actions usually occur when the foot and leg are fixed.

CARD # 190

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 292, Figure 8-23AB

JOINT ACTIONS Flexion and Extension of the Leg at the Knee Joint

JOINT ACTIONS

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B

A

Mover Muscles A, Lateral rotation: Biceps femoris (entire muscle) B, Medial rotation: Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Sartorius Gracilis Popliteus Medial rotation 15 degrees Lateral rotation 30 degrees Note: Rotation measurements are done with the knee (tibiofemoral) joint in 90 degrees of flexion. Transverse plane actions around a vertical axis. Reverse actions: ❒ Leg medial rotation: Lateral rotation of the thigh at the knee joint. ❒ Leg lateral rotation: Medial rotation of the thigh at the knee joint. Note: These reverse actions usually occur when the foot and leg are fixed.

CARD # 191

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 292, Figure 8-23CD

JOINT ACTIONS Rotations of the Leg at the Knee Joint

JOINT ACTIONS

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A

B

Mover Muscles A, Dorsiflexion: Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus Fibularis tertius B, Plantarflexion: Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis Tibialis posterior Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Dorsiflexion 20 degrees Plantarflexion 50 degrees Sagittal plane actions around a mediolateral axis. Reverse actions: ❒ Foot dorsiflexion: Extension (or dorsiflexion) of the leg at the ankle joint. ❒ Foot plantarflexion: Flexion (or plantarflexion) of the leg at the ankle joint. Note: These reverse actions usually occur when the foot is fixed.

CARD # 192

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 308, Figure 8-35AB

JOINT ACTIONS Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion of the Foot at the Ankle Joint

JOINT ACTIONS

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B

A

Mover Muscles A, Pronation of the foot. Pronation is an oblique plane movement of the foot at the subtalar tarsal joint composed of three cardinal plane components: (1) eversion, (2) dorsiflextion, and (3) adduction of the foot (see flashcard #194). Eversion is the principal component of pronation. Eversion: Fibularis longus Fibularis tertius Fibularis brevis Extensor digitorum longus B, Supination of the foot. Supination is an oblique plane movement of the foot at the subtalar tarsal joint composed of three cardinal plane components: (1) inversion, (2) plantarflexion, and (3) abduction of the foot (see flashcard #194). Inversion is the principal component of supination. Inversion: Tibialis posterior Extensor hallucis longus Tibialis anterior Gastrocnemius Flexor digitorum longus Soleus Flexor hallucis longus Oblique plane actions around an oblique axis. Reverse actions: These actions are usually viewed as the distal calcaneus moving relative to the proximal talus. The reverse actions would be the distal calcaneus being fixed with the proximal talus moving instead. (Note: This action occurs when a person is standing.)

CARD # 193

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 315, Figure 8-40AB

JOINT ACTIONS Pronation and Supination of the Foot at the Subtalar Tarsal Joint

JOINT ACTIONS

Eversion

Inversion

B

Dorsiflexion

Plantarflexion

Lateral rotation (Abduction)

C

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A

Medial rotation (Adduction)

Mover Muscles A, Eversion 10 degrees Inversion 20 degrees Frontal plane actions around an anteroposterior axis. B, Dorsiflexion 2.5 degrees Plantarflexion 5 degrees Sagittal plane actions around a mediolateral axis. C, Lateral rotation Medial rotation (Abduction) 10 degrees (Adduction) 20 degrees Transverse plane actions around a vertical axis. Reverse actions: These actions are usually viewed as the distal calcaneus moving relative to the proximal talus. The reverse actions would be the distal calcaneus being fixed with the proximal talus moving instead. (Note: This action usually occurs when a person is standing.)

CARD # 194

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 315, Figure 8-40CDE

JOINT ACTIONS Cardinal Plane Components of Pronation and Supination of the Foot at the Subtalar Tarsal Joint

JOINT ACTIONS

B

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A

JOINT ACTIONS Flexion and Extension of the Toes at the Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) and the Interphalangeal (IP) Joints

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 322, Figure 8-45AB

B, Extension: Extensor hallucis longus Extensor hallucis brevis

Mover Muscles—Toes #2-5 A, Flexion: Flexor digitorum longus Flexor digitorum brevis Flexor digiti minimi pedis (5th toe only) Quadratus plantae Abductor digiti minimi pedis (5th toe only) Lumbricals pedis Plantar interossei (toes #3-5 only) Dorsal interossei pedis (toes #2-4 only) B, Extension: Extensor digitorum longus Extensor digitorum brevis (toes #2-4) Lumbricals pedis Plantar interossei (toes #3-5 only) Dorsal interossei pedis (toes #2-4 only) Sagittal plane actions around a mediolateral axis. Reverse actions: These actions are usually considered to be motion of the more distal bones relative to the more proximal one. The reverse actions would be motion of the more proximal one relative to the more distal one instead. Note: These reverse actions at the MTP joints happen with walking—extension of the metatarsals at the MTP joints occurs at toe-off.

CARD # 195

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Mover Muscles—Big Toe (#1) A, Flexion: Flexor hallucis longus Flexor hallucis brevis Abductor hallucis Adductor hallucis

JOINT ACTIONS

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B

A

Mover Muscles A, Abduction: Abductor hallucis (big toe [toe #1] only) Dorsal interossei pedis (toes #2-4 only) Abductor digiti minimi pedis (toe #5 only) B, Adduction: Adductor hallucis (big toe [toe #1] only) Plantar interossei (toes #3-5 only) Transverse plane actions around a vertical axis. Reverse actions: The metatarsals moving relative to the proximal phalanges at the MTP joints. (These reverse actions are not likely to occur often.) Note: The reference line for abduction and adduction of the toes is an imaginary line through the middle of the 2nd toe when it is in anatomic position.

CARD # 196

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 322, Figure 8-45CD

JOINT ACTIONS Abduction and Adduction of the Toes at the Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) Joint

JOINT ACTIONS

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B

A

JOINT ACTIONS Fibular and Tibial Abduction of the 2nd Toe at the Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) Joint

A, Fibular Abduction Mover muscle 2nd Dorsal interosseus

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 322, Figure 8-45EF

Transverse plane actions around a vertical axis. Reverse actions: The 2nd metatarsal moving relative to the proximal phalanx of the 2nd toe at the MTP joint. (These reverse actions are not likely to occur often.) Note: The 2nd toe abducts in both directions; fibular abduction to the fibular (lateral) side, and tibial (medial) abduction to the tibial side.

CARD # 197

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B, Tibial Abduction Mover muscle 1st Dorsal interosseus

JOINT ACTIONS

B

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A

Mover Muscles A, Elevation: Trapezius (upper) Levator scapulae Rhomboids major and minor Serratus anterior (upper fibers) Pectoralis major B, Depression: Trapezius (lower) Pectoralis minor Latissimus dorsi Pectoralis major Serratus anterior (lower fibers) These motions are nonaxial. Reverse actions: ❒ Scapula elevation: Depression of the trunk relative to a fixed scapula. ❒ Scapula depression: Elevation of the trunk relative to a fixed scapula. Note: These reverse actions usually occur when the hand and, therefore, the upper extremity and scapula are fixed. Note: Muscles that elevate/depress the clavicle also elevate/depress the scapula.

CARD # 198

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 337, Figure 9-8AB

JOINT ACTIONS Elevation and Depression of the Scapula at the Scapulocostal (ScC) Joint

JOINT ACTIONS

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Mover Muscles Upward rotation (right scapula): Trapezius (upper and lower) Serratus anterior Teres major Downward rotation (left scapula): Rhomboids major and minor Pectoralis minor Levator scapulae Deltoid (entire muscle) Upward rotation 60 degrees Downward rotation 0 degrees Oblique plane actions around an oblique axis. (These actions occur within the plane of the scapula.) Reverse actions—scapula rotation: Motion of the trunk relative to a fixed scapula. Note: These reverse actions usually occur when the hand and, therefore, the upper extremity and scapula are fixed.

CARD # 199

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 338, Figure 9-9

JOINT ACTIONS Rotations of the Scapula at the Scapulocostal (ScC) Joint

JOINT ACTIONS

B

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A

Mover Muscles A, Protraction (abduction): Serratus anterior Pectoralis minor Pectoralis major B, Retraction (adduction): Trapezius (entire muscle) Rhomboids major and minor Levator scapulae These motions are nonaxial. Reverse actions: ❒ Scapula protraction: Posterior motion of the trunk relative to the scapula. ❒ Scapula retraction: Anterior motion of the trunk relative to the scapula. Note: These reverse actions usually occur when the hand and, therefore, the upper extremity and scapula are fixed; for example, they occur at the end of a push-up exercise. Note: Muscles that protract/retract the clavicle also protract/retract the scapula.

CARD # 200

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 337, Figure 9-8CD

JOINT ACTIONS Protraction and Retraction of the Scapula at the Scapulocostal (ScC) Joint

JOINT ACTIONS

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Mover Muscles Lateral tilt (right scapula): Pectoralis minor Coracobrachialis Biceps brachii Triceps brachii Medial tilt (left scapula): Serratus anterior Rhomboids major and minor Trapezius (middle and lower) Latissimus dorsi Transverse plane actions around a vertical axis. Reverse actions: Motion of the trunk relative to a fixed scapula. Note: These reverse actions usually occur when the hand and, therefore, the upper extremity and scapula are fixed. Note: Lateral tilt occurs when the medial border of the scapula moves away from the rib cage wall. Medial tilt occurs when the medial border returns to the rib cage wall.

CARD # 201

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 338, Figure 9-10A

JOINT ACTIONS Lateral and Medial Tilts of the Scapula at the Scapulocostal (ScC) Joint

JOINT ACTIONS

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Mover Muscles Upward tilt (right scapula): Pectoralis minor Levator scapulae Coracobrachialis Biceps brachii Downward tilt (left scapula): Latissimus dorsi Serratus anterior Sagittal plane actions around a mediolateral axis. Reverse actions: Motion of the trunk relative to a fixed scapula. Note: These reverse actions usually occur when the hand and, therefore, the upper extremity and scapula are fixed. Note: Upward tilt occurs when the inferior angle of the scapula moves away from the rib cage wall. Downward tilt occurs when the inferior angle returns to the rib cage wall.

CARD # 202

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 338, Figure 9-10B

JOINT ACTIONS Upward and Downward Tilts of the Scapula at the Scapulocostal (ScC) Joint

JOINT ACTIONS

B

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A

Mover Muscles A, Elevation: Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius (upper) Deltoid (anterior deltoid) B, Depression: Subclavius Pectoralis major Elevation 45 degrees Depression 10 degrees Frontal plane actions around an anteroposterior axis. Reverse actions: Motion of the trunk relative to a fixed clavicle. Note: These reverse actions usually occur when the hand and, therefore, the upper extremity and clavicle are fixed. Note: Muscles that elevate/depress the scapula also elevate/depress the clavicle.

CARD # 203

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 340, Figure 9-12AB

JOINT ACTIONS Elevation and Depression of the Clavicle at the Sternoclavicular (SC) Joint

JOINT ACTIONS

B

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A

Mover Muscles A, Protraction: Subclavius Pectoralis major Deltoid (anterior deltoid) B, Retraction: Trapezius (upper) Protraction 30 degrees Retraction 30 degrees Transverse plane actions around a vertical axis. Reverse actions: Motion of the trunk relative to a fixed clavicle. Note: These reverse actions usually occur when the hand and, therefore, the upper extremity and clavicle are fixed. Note: Muscles that protract/retract the scapula also protract/retract the clavicle.

CARD # 204

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 340, Figure 9-13AB

JOINT ACTIONS Protraction and Retraction of the Clavicle at the Sternoclavicular (SC) Joint

JOINT ACTIONS

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Mover Muscles A, Upward rotation (right clavicle): Trapezius (upper) Sternocleidomastoid B, Downward rotation (left clavicle): Pectoralis major Subclavius Deltoid (anterior deltoid) Upward rotation 45 degrees Downward rotation 0 degrees Sagittal plane actions around a mediolateral axis. Reverse actions: Motion of the trunk relative to a fixed clavicle. Note: These reverse actions usually occur when the hand and, therefore, the upper extremity and clavicle are fixed. Note: Upward rotation occurs when the inferior surface of the clavicle comes to face anteriorly. Downward rotation occurs when the inferior surface returns to face inferiorly.

CARD # 205

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 340, Figure 9-14

JOINT ACTIONS Rotations of the Clavicle at the Sternoclavicular (SC) Joint

JOINT ACTIONS

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A

B

Mover Muscles A, Flexion: Deltoid (anterior deltoid) Pectoralis major (clavicular head) Coracobrachialis Biceps brachii (entire muscle) B, Extension: Deltoid (posterior deltoid) Latissimus dorsi Teres major Triceps brachii (long head) Pectoralis major (sternocostal head) Flexion 100 degrees Extension 40 degrees Sagittal plane actions around a mediolateral axis. Reverse actions: Motion of the scapula at the glenohumeral joint. (If the scapula is fixed to the trunk, motion of the trunk may also occur.) Note: These reverse actions usually occur when the hand, forearm, and arm are fixed.

CARD # 206

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 331, Figure 9-2AB

JOINT ACTIONS Flexion and Extension of the Arm at the Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint

JOINT ACTIONS

B

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A

Mover Muscles A, Abduction: Deltoid (entire muscle) Supraspinatus Biceps brachii (long head) Pectoralis major (clavicular head above 90 degrees) B, Adduction: Pectoralis major Latissimus dorsi Teres major Coracobrachialis Biceps brachii (short head) Triceps brachii (long head) Teres minor Abduction 120 degrees Adduction 0 degrees* *Pure adduction from anatomical position is blocked because of the presence of the trunk. However, if the arm is first flexed or extended, further adduction is possible anterior to or posterior to the trunk. Frontal plane actions around an anteroposterior axis. Reverse actions: Motion of the scapula at the shoulder joint. (If the scapula is fixed to the trunk, motion of the trunk may also occur.) Note: These reverse actions usually occur when the hand, forearm, and arm are fixed. The reverse action of abduction of the arm at the shoulder joint is downward rotation of the scapula at the glenohumeral (and scapulocostal) joint; the reverse action of adduction of the arm at the shoulder joint is upward rotation of the scapula at the glenohumeral (and scapulocostal) joint.

CARD # 207

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 331, Figure 9-3AB

JOINT ACTIONS Abduction and Adduction of the Arm at the Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint

JOINT ACTIONS

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B

A

Mover Muscles A, Lateral rotation: Deltoid (posterior deltoid) Infraspinatus Teres minor B, Medial rotation: Deltoid (anterior deltoid) Pectoralis major Latissimus dorsi Teres major Subscapularis Lateral rotation 50 degrees

Medial rotation 90 degrees

Transverse plane actions around a vertical axis. Reverse actions: Motion of the scapula at the shoulder joint. (If the scapula is fixed to the trunk, motion of the trunk may also occur.) Note: These reverse actions usually occur when the hand, forearm, and arm are fixed.

CARD # 208

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 333, Figure 9-4AB

JOINT ACTIONS Rotations of the Arm at the Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint

JOINT ACTIONS

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B

A

Mover Muscles A, Flexion: Brachialis Biceps brachii (entire muscle) Brachioradialis Pronator teres Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor pollicis longus Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis B, Extension: Triceps brachii (entire muscle) Anconeus Extensor digitorum Extensor digiti minimi Extensor carpi ulnaris Flexion 145 degrees Extension 0 degrees Sagittal plane actions around a mediolateral axis. Reverse actions: ❒ Forearm flexion: Flexion of the arm at the elbow joint (for example, doing a pull-up). ❒ Forearm extension: Extension of the arm at the elbow joint. Note: These reverse actions usually occur when the hand and forearm are fixed.

CARD # 209

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 348, Figure 9-22AB

JOINT ACTIONS Flexion and Extension of the Forearm at the Elbow Joint

JOINT ACTIONS

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A

B

Mover Muscles A, Pronation: Pronator quadratus Pronator teres Brachioradialis Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Extensor carpi radialis longus B, Supination: Supinator Biceps brachii (entire muscle) Brachioradialis Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis longus Extensor indicis Pronation 160 degrees Supination 0 degrees Transverse plane actions around a vertical axis. Reverse actions: The radius is usually considered to be the mobile bone with these actions. The reverse actions would be motion of the ulna relative to a fixed radius. (This occurs when the hand, and therefore the radius, is fixed.)

CARD # 210

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 352, Figure 9-26AB

JOINT ACTIONS Pronation and Supination of the Forearm at the Radioulnar Joints

JOINT ACTIONS

B

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A

Mover Muscles A, Flexion: Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor digitorum profundus Flexor pollicis longus Abductor pollicis longus B, Extension: Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor digitorum Extensor digiti minimi Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor pollicis longus Extensor indicis Flexion 80 degrees Extension 70 degrees Sagittal plane actions around a mediolateral axis. Reverse actions: ❒ Hand flexion: Flexion of the forearm at the wrist joint. ❒ Hand extension: Extension of the forearm at the wrist joint. Note: These reverse actions usually occur when the hand is fixed.

CARD # 211

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 360, Figure 9-33AB

JOINT ACTIONS Flexion and Extension of the Hand at the Wrist Joint

JOINT ACTIONS

A

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B

Mover Muscles A, Radial deviation (abduction): Flexor carpi radialis Flexor pollicis longus Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor pollicis longus Flexor pollicis longus B, Ulnar deviation (adduction): Flexor carpi radialis Extensor carpi ulnaris Radial deviation 15 degrees Ulnar deviation 30 degrees Frontal plane actions around an anteroposterior axis. Reverse actions: ❒ Hand radial deviation: Radial deviation of the forearm at the wrist joint. ❒ Hand ulnar deviation: Ulnar deviation of the forearm at the wrist joint. Note: These reverse actions usually occur when the hand is fixed.

CARD # 212

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 360, Figure 9-33CD

JOINT ACTIONS Deviations of the Hand at the Wrist Joint

JOINT ACTIONS

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B

A

Mover Muscles A, Flexion: Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor digitorum profundus Flexor digiti minimi manus (5th finger only) Lumbricales manus Palmar interossei (fingers #2, 4, and 5 only) Dorsal interossei manus (fingers #2-4 only) Opponens digiti minimi (5th finger only) B, Extension: Extensor digitorum Extensor indicis (2nd finger only) Extensor digiti minimi (5th finger only) Abductor digiti minimi manus (5th finger only) Lumbricals manus Palmar interossei (fingers #2, 4, and 5 only) Dorsal interossei manus (fingers #2-4 only) Sagittal plane actions around a mediolateral axis. Reverse actions: These actions are usually considered to be motion of the more distal bone relative to the more proximal one. The reverse actions would be motion of the more proximal one relative to the more distal one instead. For example, the reverse action of flexion of a finger at the MCP joint would be flexion of the metacarpal relative to the proximal phalanx of that finger at the MCP joint.

CARD # 213

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 373, Figure 9-43AB

JOINT ACTIONS Flexion and Extension of a Finger at the Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and/or Interphalangeal (IP) Joints

JOINT ACTIONS

B

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A

Mover Muscles A, Abduction: Dorsal interossei manus (fingers #2-4 only) Abductor digiti minimi manus (5th finger only) Lumbricals manus (muscles #1 and 2) B, Adduction: Palmar interossei (fingers #2, 4, and 5 only) Extensor indicis (2nd finger only) Lumbricals manus ( muscles #3 and 4) Abduction 20 degrees Adduction 20 degrees Frontal plane actions around an anteroposterior axis. Reverse actions: The metacarpals moving relative to the proximal phalanges at the MCP joints. Note: The reference line for abduction and adduction of fingers #2-5 is an imaginary line that runs through the center of the middle finger when the middle finger is in anatomic position.

CARD # 214

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 373, Figure 9-43CD

JOINT ACTIONS Abduction and Adduction of the Fingers at the Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) Joint

JOINT ACTIONS

A

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B

Mover Muscles A, Radial abducction: 2nd Dorsal interosseus manus 2nd Lumbricals manus B, Ulnar abduction: 3rd Dorsal interosseus manus Radial abduction 20 degrees Ulnar abduction 20 degrees Frontal plane actions around an anteroposterior axis. Reverse actions: The 3rd metacarpal moving relative to the proximal phalanx of the middle finger at the MCP joint.

CARD # 215

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 373, Figure 9-43EF

JOINT ACTIONS Radial and Ulnar Abduction of the Middle Finger at the Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) Joint

JOINT ACTIONS

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B

A

JOINT ACTIONS Opposition and Reposition of the Thumb at the Carpometacarpal (CMC) Joint

Mover Muscles A, Opposition: Opponens pollicis

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 367, Figure 9-39AB

B, Reposition: Note: Reposition of the thumb is composed of adduction, extension, and lateral rotation; therefore all muscles that create one or more of these actions contribute to reposition. Flexion 40 degrees

Extension 10 degrees

Oblique plane actions around an oblique axis. Reverse actions: Motion of the carpal bones and forearm at the 1st CMC joint.

CARD # 216

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Note: Opposition of the thumb is composed of abduction, flexion, and medial rotation; therefore all muscles that create one or more of these actions contribute to opposition.

JOINT ACTIONS

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B

A

Mover Muscles A, Flexion: Flexor pollicis longus Flexor pollicis brevis Opponens pollicis Adductor pollicis B, Extension: Extensor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Abductor pollicis longus Abductor pollicis brevis Frontal plane actions around an anteroposterior axis. Reverse actions: Motion of the carpal bones and forearm at the 1st CMC joint. Note: Flexion of the thumb is a component of opposition; extension of the thumb is a component of reposition.

CARD # 217

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 367, Figure 9-39CD

JOINT ACTIONS Flexion and Extension of the Thumb at the Carpometacarpal (CMC) Joint

JOINT ACTIONS

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B

A

Mover Muscles A, Abduction: Abductor pollicis longus Abductor pollicis brevis Extensor pollicis brevis Flexor pollicis brevis Opponens pollicis B, Adduction: Adductor pollicis Abduction 60 degrees Adduction 10 degrees Sagittal plane actions around a mediolateral axis. Reverse actions: Motion of the carpal bones and forearm at the 1st CMC joint. Note: Abduction of the thumb is a component of opposition; adduction of the thumb is a component of reposition.

CARD # 218

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 367, Figure 9-39EF

JOINT ACTIONS Abduction and Adduction of the Thumb at the Carpometacarpal (CMC) Joint

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

Neck Axial body parts

Shoulder girdle Arm

Trunk Forearm Pelvis Hand Thigh Lower extremity body parts Leg

Foot

Upper extremity body parts

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Head

❒ The definition of a body part is a part of the body that can move independently of another part of the body that is located next to it. ❒ Generally, it is the presence of a bone (sometimes more than one bone) within a body part that defines the body part. ❒ For example, the humerus defines the arm; the radius and ulna define the forearm. The 11 major body parts are: ❒ head ❒ neck ❒ trunk ❒ pelvis ❒ thigh ❒ leg ❒ foot ❒ shoulder girdle ❒ arm ❒ forearm ❒ hand ❒ It is important to distinguish the thigh from the leg. The thigh is between the hip joint and the knee joint, whereas the leg is between the knee joint and the ankle joint. ❒ It is important to distinguish the arm from the forearm. The arm is between the shoulder joint and the elbow joint, whereas the forearm is between the elbow joint and the wrist joint. Questions: 1. What defines a body part? 2. What are the eleven major parts of the human body? 3. Where is the arm located?

CARD # 219

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 4-5, Section 1.2, Figure 1-2

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Major Body Parts

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

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D

C

B A

❒ A distinction must be made between true movement of a body part (in kinesiology terminology) and what we will call “going along for the ride.” ❒ For true movement of a body part to occur, the body part must move relative to an adjacent body part. ❒ For example, in Figures A and B, we see that a person is moving his right upper extremity. In lay terms we might say that the person’s right hand is moving because it is changing its position in space. However, in kinesiology terminology, the right hand is not moving because the position of the hand relative to the forearm is not changing, i.e., the right hand is not moving relative to the forearm. The movement that is occurring is flexion of the forearm at the elbow joint because the forearm is moving relative to the arm at the elbow joint. In the true sense of the word, the hand is not moving in this scenario because it did not change its position relative to the forearm. We could say that the hand is merely “going along for the ride.” ❒ Figures C and D illustrate actual motion of the hand (relative to the forearm). The movement that is occurring is flexion of the hand at the wrist joint. Questions: 1. What defines true movement of a body part? 2. With regard to movement of the body, to what does the term going along for the ride refer?

CARD # 220

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 10, 11, Section 1.6, Figures 1-11AB and 1-12AB

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS True Movement versus “Going Along for the Ride”

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Questions: 1. What is the importance of anatomic position? 2. A point on the body that is farther to the front than another point is described as being __________________. 3. How do we describe a point on the arm that is closer to the trunk than another point on the arm?

❒ In anatomic position, the person is standing erect, facing forward, with the arms at the sides, palms facing forward, and the fingers and thumbs extended. ❒ The importance of anatomic position is that it is used as a reference position for mapping the body. In other words, this position is used to name the relative position of body parts, structures, and points on the body. ❒ Terms that are relative to anatomic position and are used to name the relative locations come in pairs; each one of the pair being the opposite of the other, similar to north and south, up and down, and left and right. ❒ These pairs of terms are as follows. ❒ Anterior/posterior: ❒ Anterior means farther to the front. ❒ Posterior means farther to the back. ❒ Medial/lateral: ❒ Medial means closer to an imaginary midline that divides the body into right and left halves. ❒ Lateral means farther from an imaginary midline that divides the body into right and left halves. ❒ Superior/inferior: ❒ Superior means above. ❒ Inferior means below. ❒ Proximal/distal: ❒ Proximal means closer to the axial body. ❒ Distal means farther from the axial body. ❒ Superficial/deep: ❒ Superficial means closer to the surface of the body. ❒ Deep means farther from the surface of the body (i.e., more internal). Note: Anterior/posterior, medial/lateral, and superficial/deep are used throughout the entire body. Superior/inferior are usually used only on the axial body; proximal/distal are usually used only on the appendicular body.

CARD # 221

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 15-21, Sections 2.1-2.7, Figure 2-1

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Anatomic Position and Location Terminology

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

A

C

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B

D

❒ A plane is a dimension of space within which motion can occur. ❒ Three dimensions to space (three-dimensional space) exist; hence three cardinal planes exist. ❒ The three cardinal planes are the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes. ❒ A sagittal plane divides the body into left and right portions (Figure A). ❒ A frontal plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions (Figure B). ❒ A transverse plane divides the body into upper (superior/proximal) and lower (inferior/distal) portions (Figure C). ❒ Note that the sagittal and frontal planes are oriented vertically, and the transverse plane is oriented horizontally. ❒ Any plane that is not perfectly sagittal, frontal, or transverse is an oblique plane (Figure D). An oblique plane is actually a mixture of two or all three of the cardinal planes. ❒ An infinite number of sagittal, frontal, transverse, and oblique planes is possible. ❒ Note: The frontal plane is also known as the coronal plane; the transverse plane is also known as the horizontal plane. Questions: 1. What plane divides the body into left and right portions? 2. What cardinal plane is horizontal? 3. What is an oblique plane?

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 22-23, Section 2.8, Figure 2-7ABCD

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Planes

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

A

C

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B

D

❒ An axis is an imaginary line around which a body part moves. (The plural of axis is axes.) ❒ When a body part moves around an axis, it is called axial motion. ❒ Because axial motion involves the body part moving in a circular fashion, axial motion is also called circular motion. ❒ When axial motion of a body part occurs, the body part moves within a plane and around an axis. ❒ For each cardinal plane, there is a corresponding cardinal axis. ❒ The corresponding axis for a plane is always oriented perpendicular to that plane. ❒ The axis for a sagittal plane is mediolateral (side to side) in orientation (Figure A). ❒ The axis for a frontal plane is anteroposterior (front to back) in orientation (Figure B). ❒ The axis for a transverse plane is vertical in orientation (Figure C). ❒ Each oblique plane also has a corresponding axis, which is perpendicular to that oblique plane, therefore its orientation will vary, depending on the orientation of the oblique plane (Figure D). ❒ Note: An axis is also known as a mechanical axis or an axis of rotation. Questions: 1. What is an axis? 2. What is the corresponding axis for a frontal plane? 3. What is the orientation of an axis to its corresponding plane?

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 25-30, Sections 2.10-2.13, Figure 2-10ABCD

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Axes

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

C

D

B

E

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A

❒ Structurally, bones can be divided into four major categories based on their shape. ❒ These four major classifications by shape are: ❒ Long bones ❒ Short bones ❒ Flat bones ❒ Irregular bones ❒ Long bones are long; that is, they have a longitudinal axis to them. This longitudinal axis is the shaft of the bone. At each end of the shaft of a long bone is an expanded portion that forms a joint (articulates) with another bone. ❒ Examples of long bones are the humerus and phalanges (Figure A). ❒ Short bones are short; that is, they are approximately as wide as they are long and are often described as being cube shaped. ❒ Examples of short bones are the carpals of the wrist and the tarsals of the ankle (Figure B). ❒ Flat bones are flat; that is, they are broad and thin, with either a flat or perhaps a curved surface. ❒ Examples of flat bones are the ribs and the sternum (Figure C). ❒ Irregular bones are irregular in shape; that is, they do not neatly fall into any of the three preceding categories. They are neither clearly long, nor short, nor flat. ❒ Examples of irregular bones are vertebrae and sesamoid bones (Figures D and E). ❒ Sesamoid bones are so named because they are shaped as a sesame seed (i.e., they are round). Questions: 1. What are the four major classifications of bones by shape? 2. What type of bone has a long axis with expanded ends? 3. A sesamoid bone is a type of which major classification of bones?

CARD # 224

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 35-36, Section 3.1, Figure 3-1

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Classification of Bones by Shape

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Epiphyseal discs Articular cartilage Proximal epiphysis

Spongy bone

Endosteum Medullary cavity Compact bone Yellow marrow Diaphysis

Periosteum

Distal epiphysis Femur

Questions: 1. What is the shaft of a long bone called? 2. Where is bone marrow found? 3. What provides attachment sites for tendons and ligaments?

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Space containing red marrow

Diaphysis: ❒ The diaphysis is the shaft of a long bone; its shape is that of a hollow cylindrical tube. ❒ Purpose: To be a lightweight rigid tube that can withstand strong forces without bending or breaking. Epiphysis: ❒ An epiphysis (pl. epiphyses) is the expanded end found at each end of the diaphysis. ❒ Purpose: To articulate with another bone. Articular cartilage: ❒ Articular cartilage covers the joint surfaces of a bone. ❒ Purpose: To provide cushioning and shock absorption for the joint. Periosteum: ❒ Periosteum is a thin dense fibrous membrane that surrounds the entire bone, except for the articular surfaces. ❒ The purposes of periosteum are to provide a site of attachment for tendons and ligaments, to house cells that are important in forming and repairing bone tissue, and to house the blood vessels that provide vascular supply to the bone. Medullary cavity: ❒ The medullary cavity is a tube-like cavity located within the diaphysis. ❒ Purpose: To house bone marrow. Endosteum: ❒ The endosteum is a thin membrane that lines the inner surface of the bone within the medullary cavity. ❒ Purpose: To house cells that are important in forming and repairing bone tissue. Other components of a bone: ❒ Bones are also well supplied with arteries, veins, and neurons.

CARD # 225

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 36-37, Section 3.2, Figure 3-2

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Parts of a Long Bone

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

B

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A

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Axial and Nonaxial Motion

Axial motion: ❒ Axial motion is a motion of a body part that occurs around an axis. ❒ This type of motion is also known as circular motion because the body part moves along a circular path around the axis in such a manner that a point drawn anywhere on the body part would transcribe a circular path around the axis (Figure A). ❒ Note: Not every point on the body part moves the same amount. A point closer to the axis moves less than a point farther from the axis. Nonaxial motion: ❒ Nonaxial motion is motion of a body part that does not occur around an axis. ❒ This type of motion is also known as a gliding motion because the body part glides along another body part (Figure B). ❒ With nonaxial motion, every aspect of the body part moves or glides the same amount; that is, every point on the body part moves in a linear path exactly the same amount in the same direction at the same time as every other point on the body part. Questions: 1. What is motion that occurs around an axis called? 2. If every point on a body part moves in a linear path exactly the same amount in the same direction at the same time as every other point on the body part, what type of motion is this called? 3. What is another name for axial motion?

CARD # 226

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 155-156, Section 5.2, Figure 5-1AB

❒ When a body part moves at a joint, motion of the body part occurs. The two basic types of motion that a body part may undergo are axial motion and nonaxial motion.

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

A Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

B C Modeled from Neumann DA: Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system: foundations for physical rehabilitation, ed. 2, St Louis, 2010, Mosby.

❒ Three fundamental types of movement can occur when one bone moves upon another. These are roll, spin, and glide. ❒ Roll (Figure A) and spin (Figure B) are axial movements. ❒ Glide (Figure C) is a linear nonaxial movement. ❒ These fundamental motions do not always occur independently of each other. ❒ As a rule, rolling and gliding motions must couple together, or the bone that is rolling will dislocate by rolling off the other bone of the joint. Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, right lateral flexion, and left lateral flexion are actually made up of a combination of axial roll and nonaxial glide motions. ❒ When the convex-shaped bone moves relative to the concave-shaped bone, the roll occurs in one direction, and the glide occurs in the opposite direction; when the concave-shaped bone moves relative to the convex-shaped bone, the roll and the glide both occur in the same direction. ❒ A spinning motion can occur independently. However, incorporating a spinning motion along with a rolling or gliding motion is possible for a motion of the body, for example, when a person simultaneously flexes and laterally rotates the arm at the shoulder joint. ❒ Note: Roll is also known as rock; slide is also known as glide; spin is also known as axial rotation. Questions:

1. What are the three fundamental types of movement that can occur when one bone moves relative to another? 2. Which of these three types of movement are axial, and which one is nonaxial? 3. Which of these types of movement usually occur together?

CARD # 227

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 160-161, Sections 5.7-5.8, Figure 5-8ABC

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Roll, Spin, and Glide Motions

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

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Questions: 1. To describe a joint motion fully, what three things should be stated? 2. Name an example when flexion of the hip joint is not equivalent to flexion of the thigh. 3. What are the two advantages of describing a joint action fully?

❒ When a joint action is named, it is common to describe it in one of two ways: ❒ The body part that moves might be stated, for example, flexion of the thigh. ❒ The motion of the joint might stated, for example, flexion of the hip joint. ❒ Generally, these two descriptions are considered to be synonymous and are used interchangeably. However, times do occur when these descriptions are not equivalent. For example, hip joint flexion can involve the pelvis moving instead of the thigh, such as when you bend over by anteriorly tilting the pelvis at the hip joint. Furthermore, the thigh can flex at the knee joint instead of the hip joint, such as when you sit down from a standing position. These actions are reverse actions, and they often occur. Fully describing a joint action eliminates possible confusion when reverse actions are occurring. ❒ Therefore, to describe a joint action completely, in addition to the type of motion that occurs, the body part that moves and the joint at which the motion takes place should both be stated. ❒ To describe a joint action fully, three things must be stated: ❒ The type of motion that occurs (flexion) ❒ The body part that moves (thigh) ❒ The joint at which the action occurs (hip joint) ❒ The figure on the reverse side of this card demonstrates flexion of the (right) thigh at the hip joint. ❒ Note: Another advantage to naming a joint action in this method is that it helps to visualize better and therefore understand better the joint action that is occurring because one must see both the body part moving and the joint where the motion is occurring. This description is especially helpful for new students of kinesiology.

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 161-162, Section 5.9, PAGE 283, Figure 8-17A

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Naming Joint Actions Completely

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

B

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A

C

Reverse Actions: ❒ A typical muscle crosses a joint and has two attachments: (1) a mobile distal attachment that is lighter (often called the insertion) and (2) a fixed proximal attachment that is heavier (often called the origin). ❒ When the muscle contracts and shortens, the lighter distal attachment is the body part that is usually considered to move, and the heavier proximal attachment stays fixed. ❒ A reverse action is when a muscle contracts and the attachment that is usually considered to be fixed does the moving, and the attachment that is usually considered to be mobile stays fixed. ❒ Figure A shows the brachialis contracting and creating flexion of the forearm at the elbow joint; this action is the one that is usually considered to occur when the elbow joint flexes. ❒ Figure B shows the brachialis contracting and creating flexion of the arm at the elbow joint. (The hand and forearm are fixed, such as when doing a pull-up.) This action is the reverse action of elbow joint flexion. ❒ Figure C shows the third possibility of both attachments moving; that is, both the usual and reverse actions occur (flexion of the forearm and the arm at the elbow joint). ❒ That the reverse action of a muscle is always theoretically possible should be emphasized. Reverse actions tend to occur when the distal body part is fixed, which usually occurs more often in the lower extremity than it does in the upper extremity. Questions: 1. Which attachment of a muscle is usually heavier? 2. When a muscle contracts, which attachment usually moves? 3. What is the definition of a reverse action?

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 181-182, Section 5.29, Figure 5-32BCD

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Reverse Actions

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

Bone

Intervertebral disc

Bone

Vertebral body A B

Subacromial bursa Supraspinatus tendon Deltoid

Fibrous capsule Synovial membrane

Glenoid labrum

Head of the humerus Synovial cavity

C

Scapula

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Vertebral body

Fibrous tissue

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Joint Classification

soft tissue that connects the bones to each other), and joints may be classified based on their function (i.e., the degree of movement that they allow). ❒ Structural classification of joints: The three structural classifications of joints are (1) fibrous, (2) cartilaginous, and (3) synovial joints. ❒ A joint in which the bones are held together by a dense fibrous connective tissue is known as a fibrous joint (Figure A). ❒ A joint in which the bones are held together by either fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage is known as a cartilaginous joint (Figure B). ❒ A joint in which the bones are connected by a joint capsule, which is composed of two distinct layers, an outer fibrous layer and an inner synovial layer, is known as a synovial joint (Figure C). ❒ Functional classification of joints: The three functional classifications of joints are (1) synarthrotic, (2) amphiarthrotic, and (3) diarthrotic. ❒ A joint that allows very little or no movement is known as a synarthrotic joint (synarthrosis, pl. synarthroses). ❒ A joint that allows a moderate but limited amount of movement is known as an amphiarthrotic joint (amphiarthrosis, pl. amphiarthroses). ❒ A joint that is freely moveable and allows a great deal of movement is known as a diarthrotic joint (diarthrosis, pl. diarthroses). ❒ Generally, fibrous joints are synarthrotic joints, cartilaginous joints are amphiarthrotic, and synovial joints are diarthrotic. Questions: 1. What are the three structural classifications of joints? 2. What are the three functional classifications of joints? 3. Which functional joint classification is the most mobile?

CARD # 230

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 193-200, Sections 6.6-6.9, Figures 6-6A, 6-9A, 6-11A

❒ Joints may be classified based on their structure (i.e., the type of

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

B

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A

❒ Synovial joints can be divided into four categories (uniaxial, biaxial, triaxial, and nonaxial) based on the number of axes of movement that exist at the joint. Figure A: Hinge joint (elbow joint) Figure B: Pivot joint (atlanto-odontoid joint) ❒ Uniaxial joint: A uniaxial joint allows motion to occur around one axis and within one plane. ❒ The two major types of uniaxial joints are hinge joints and pivot joints. Questions: 1. What are the four classifications of synovial joints? 2. What are the two types of biaxial joints? 3. What type of joint allows motion around only one axis?

CARD # 231

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 200-201, Section 6.10, Figures 6-12A and 6-13A

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Synovial Joint Classifications—Uniaxial Joints

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

C

B

D

Modeled from Neumann DA: Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system: foundations for physical rehabilitation, ed. 2, St Louis, 2010, Mosby.

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A

❒ Synovial joints can be divided into four categories (uniaxial, biaxial, triaxial, and nonaxial) based upon the number of axes of movement that exist at the joint. Figures A and B: Condyloid joint Figures C and D: Saddle joint ❒ Biaxial joint: A biaxial joint allows motion to occur around two axes, within two planes. ❒ The two major types of biaxial joints are condyloid joints and saddle joints. Questions: 1. What are the four classifications of synovial joints? 2. What type of joint allows motion around two axes? 3. What are the two types of biaxial joints?

CARD # 232

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 201-203, Section 6.11, Figures 6-14AB and 6-15AB

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Synovial Joint Classifications—Biaxial Joints

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

B

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A

C

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Synovial Joint Classifications—Triaxial Joints

Figures A, B, and C: Ball-and-socket joint ❒ Triaxial joint: A triaxial joint allows motion to occur around three axes, within three planes. ❒ The major type of triaxial joint is the ball-and-socket joint. Questions: 1. What are the four classifications of synovial joints? 2. What type of joint allows motion around three axes? 3. What is the major type of triaxial joint?

CARD # 233

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 204-205, Section 6.12, Figure 6-16BCD

❒ Synovial joints can be divided into four categories (uniaxial, biaxial, triaxial, and nonaxial) based upon the number of axes of movement that exist at the joint.

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

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KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Synovial Joint Classifications—Nonaxial Joints

Nonaxial Plane Joint ❒ Nonaxial joint: A nonaxial joint allows motion to occur within a plane, but this motion is a gliding type of motion and does not occur around an axis. ❒ The major type of nonaxial joint is the plane joint. ❒ Plane joints are also known as gliding joints, or irregular joints. Questions: 1. What are the four classifications of synovial joints? 2. What type of synovial joint does not allow motion around an axis? 3. What are other names for plane joints?

CARD # 234

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 206, Section 6.13, Figure 6-18

❒ Synovial joints can be divided into four categories (uniaxial, biaxial, triaxial, and nonaxial) based upon the number of axes of movement that exist at the joint.

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

B

Questions: 1. What is femoropelvic rhythm? 2. What pelvic motion accompanies flexion of the thigh at the hip joint? 3. What pelvic motion accompanies extension of the thigh at the hip joint?

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A

❒ Similar to the coupled actions of scapulohumeral rhythm of the upper extremity, there is a rhythm of coupled actions of the thigh and pelvis of the lower extremity called femoropelvic rhythm. ❒ For example, if a person flexes the right thigh at the hip joint for the purpose of kicking a ball, the actual range of motion of the right thigh at the hip joint is approximately 90 degrees. This range is not sufficient to raise the foot high into the air for a strong follow-through to the kick. Therefore the pelvis is posteriorly tilted on the left thigh at the left hip joint (the support limb side) to increase the range of motion of the kick. The following are common coupled actions that occur between the thigh and the pelvis. ❒ Thigh flexion at the hip joint is coupled with pelvic posterior tilt at the contralateral (opposite sided, that is, the other) hip joint. (See figure.) ❒ Thigh extension at the hip joint is coupled with pelvic anterior tilt at the contralateral hip joint. ❒ Thigh abduction at the hip joint is coupled with pelvic depression at the contralateral hip joint. ❒ Thigh adduction at the hip joint is coupled with pelvic elevation at the contralateral hip joint. ❒ Thigh lateral rotation at the hip joint is coupled with pelvic contralateral rotation at the contralateral hip joint. ❒ Thigh medial rotation at the hip joint is coupled with pelvic ipsilateral rotation at the contralateral hip joint.

CARD # 235

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 289, Section 8.11, Figure 8-21A

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Femoropelvic Rhythm

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

Medial longitudinal arch

Transverse arch

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Lateral longitudinal arch

❒ The foot is often described as having an arch. More accurately, the foot can be described as having three arches. These three arches are: ❒ Medial longitudinal arch: This arch runs the length of the foot on the medial side. This is the largest arch of the foot and is the arch to which we normally refer when the arch of the foot is discussed. ❒ Lateral longitudinal arch: This arch runs the length of the foot on the lateral side. This arch is not as high compared with the medial longitudinal arch. ❒ Transverse arch: This arch runs transversely across the foot. ❒ Due to the manner in which the bones and joints of the foot tend to function together, motion that affects one arch tends to affect all three arches; i.e., if one arch ‘drops’, then all three arches drop; if one arch ‘raises’, then all three arches raise. ❒ An excessive arch to the foot is called pes cavus. ❒ A decreased arch to the foot is called pes planus, described as a flat foot. Questions: 1. What are the three arches of the foot? 2. Which of the three arches of the foot is the largest? 3. What name describes a foot with a decreased arch?

CARD # 236

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 303-306, Section 8.17, Figure 8-33

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Arches of the Foot

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

60 degrees Courtesy Joseph E. Muscolino

Questions: 1. What is scapulohumeral rhythm? 2. What scapular motion accompanies abduction of the arm at the GH joint? 3. What scapular motion accompanies medial rotation of the arm at the GH joint?

Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

120 degrees

❒ When a small degree of arm movement is needed, motion may occur solely at the glenohumeral (GH) joint. However, if any appreciable degree of arm motion is necessary, the entire complex of shoulder joints must become involved. The result is that arm motion requires coupled joint actions of the scapula and clavicle. This pattern of coupled actions is called scapulohumeral rhythm. Following is a list of the scapular actions at the scapulocostal (ScC) joint that couple with motions of the arm at the GH joint. ❒ Flexion of the arm at the GH joint couples with protraction and upward rotation of the scapula at the ScC joint. ❒ Extension of the arm at the GH joint couples with retraction and downward rotation of the scapula at the ScC joint. ❒ Extension of the arm at the GH joint beyond neutral (i.e., extension beyond anatomic position) couples with upward tilt of the scapula at the ScC joint. ❒ Abduction of the arm at the GH joint couples with upward rotation of the scapula at the ScC joint (see Figure). (For more details on scapulohumeral rhythm that occurs with abduction of the arm, see the Spotlight feature on this topic in this section of the textbook.) ❒ Adduction of the arm at the GH joint couples with downward rotation of the scapula at the ScC joint. ❒ Medial rotation of the arm at the GH joint couples with protraction of the scapula at the ScC joint. ❒ Lateral rotation of the arm at the GH joint couples with retraction of the scapula at the ScC joint.

CARD # 237

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 344-347, Section 9.6, Figure 9-19B

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Scapulohumeral Rhythm

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

Flexor pollicis longus tendon

Flexor carpi radialis tendon

Trapezium

Scaphoid

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Transverse carpal ligament Hook of hamate Pisiform Median nerve

Flexor digitorum superficialis tendons

Flexor digitorum profundus tendons

Modeled from Neumann DA: Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system: foundations for physical rehabilitation, ed. 2, St. Louis, 2010, Mosby. Courtesy of Joseph E. Muscolino.

❒ The carpal tunnel is located anteriorly at the wrist and is a tunnel formed by the arrangement of the carpal bones. ❒ The carpal tunnel is located between the arch-like transverse concavity of the carpal bones and the transverse carpal ligament, then spans across the top of the carpal bones. ❒ The transverse carpal ligament attaches to the pisiform and hook of the hamate on the ulnar side and to the tubercles of the trapezium and scaphoid on the radial side. ❒ The transverse carpal ligament is also known as the flexor retinaculum. ❒ The carpal tunnel provides a safe passageway for the median nerve and the distal tendons of the extrinsic finger flexor muscles of the forearm to enter the hand. ❒ The distal tendons of the extrinsic finger flexor muscles located within the carpal tunnel are the four tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis, four tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus, and the tendon of the flexor pollicis longus. ❒ Note: The distal tendon of the flexor carpi radialis runs between two layers of the transverse carpal ligament. Therefore the distal tendon of the flexor carpi radialis is not located within the carpal tunnel. Questions: 1. Where is the carpal tunnel located? 2. What structures travel within the carpal tunnel? 3. What are the attachments sites of the transverse carpal ligament?

CARD # 238

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 354-357, Section 9.10, Figure 9-30

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Carpal Tunnel

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

D I S T A L

D I S T A L

Metacarpal

P R O X I B M A L

Dorsal interosseus manus

Extensor digitorum

Dorsal Lumbrical interosseus manus manus

Metacarpal

Lumbrical manus

P R O X A I M A L

Palmar interosseus Dorsal digital expansion

Extensor digitorum

PALMAR

Flexor digitorum superficialis

Dorsal digital expansion

DORSAL

LATERAL/RADIAL

Central band

MEDIAL/ULNAR

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Lateral bands

Central band Lateral band

Distal phalanx

Flexor digitorum profundus

From Muscolino JE: The muscular system manual: the skeletal muscles of the human body, ed. 2, St Louis, 2010, Mosby.

❒ The dorsal digital expansion of the hand is a fibrous aponeurotic expansion of the distal attachment of the extensor digitorum muscle on the index, middle, ring, and little fingers. ❒ The dorsal digital expansion serves as a movable hood of tissue when the fingers flex and extend. ❒ The dorsal digital expansion begins on the dorsal, medial, and lateral sides of the proximal phalanx of each finger and ultimately attaches onto the dorsal side of the middle and distal phalanges. ❒ The dorsal digital expansion serves as an attachment site for a number of muscles. ❒ These muscles are the lumbricals manus, palmar interossei, dorsal interossei manus, and the abductor digiti minimi manus. ❒ Because the dorsal digital expansion crosses the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint and the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint on the dorsal side, all muscles that attach into the dorsal digital expansion can do extension of the fingers at the PIP and DIP joints. ❒ The dorsal digital expansion is also known as the extensor expansion or the dorsal hood. ❒ A dorsal digital expansion of the thumb formed by the distal tendon of the extensor pollicis longus is also present. Questions: 1. Name two muscles that attach into the dorsal digital expansion of the hand. 2. All muscles that attach into the dorsal digital expansion can do what action(s)? 3. What is the most distal attachment site of the dorsal digital expansion?

CARD # 239

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 354-357, Section 9.10, Figure 9-31AB

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Dorsal Digital Expansion of the Hand

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

Bone

Epimysium

Perimysium

Endomysium

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Muscle

❒ The tissue that creates the structural organization of a muscle is the tough fibrous fascia connective tissue that is known as muscular fascia. ❒ The major component of muscular fascia is collagen fibers. ❒ There is also a small component of elastin fibers in muscular fascia. ❒ Although all muscular fascia is uniform in its composition, it is given different names depending on its location. ❒ The fibrous fascia that surrounds each individual muscle fiber is called endomysium. ❒ The fibrous fascia that surrounds a group of muscle fibers, dividing the muscle into bundles known as fascicles, is called perimysium. ❒ The fibrous fascia that surrounds an entire muscle is called epimysium. ❒ It is important to note that all three layers of muscular fascia blend together and continue beyond the muscle to attach the muscle to a bone. ❒ If the muscular fascia that attaches the muscle to a bone is round and cordlike, it is called a tendon; if it is broad and flat, it is called an aponeurosis. ❒ The role of a tendon or an aponeurosis is to transfer the force of the muscle contraction to the bone. Questions: 1. Muscular fascia is primarily made up of what type of fiber? 2. What is the name of the muscular fascia that envelops individual muscle fibers? 3. What is the name of the muscular fascia that envelops an entire muscle?

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 385-386, Section 10.4, Figure 10-6

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Muscular Fascia

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Sarcomere Z-line

Myosin heads

Myosin filaments

Relaxed

Cross-bridges Contracting

Fully contracted

Questions: 1. What defines a muscle as contracting? 2. In which direction does a myosin cross-bridge pull the actin filament? 3. The presence of what substance in the sarcoplasm results in muscle contraction?

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Actin filaments

Z-line

❒ The mechanism that explains how sarcomeres shorten is called the sliding filament mechanism because, during shortening of a sarcomere, the actin and myosin filaments slide along each other. ❒ In essence, the steps of the sliding filament mechanism are as follows: 11. A message is sent from the nervous system that tells muscle fibers to contract. 12. This message causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release stored calcium into the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm). 13. These calcium ions attach to the actin filaments, exposing actinfilament binding sites. 14. Myosin heads attach to these exposed binding sites of the actin filaments, creating cross-bridges between the myosin filaments and the actin filaments. The presence of cross-bridges defines a muscle as contracting. 15. Each myosin-actin cross-bridge then bends, creating a pulling force that pulls the actin filament in toward the center of the sarcomere. 16. These cross-bridges then break, reattach to the next binding sites of the actin filaments, and bend, further pulling the actin filaments in toward the center of the sarcomere. 17. This process occurs over and over again as long as the nervous system sends to the muscle the message to contract. 18. Since the actin filaments are attached to the Z-lines of the sarcomere (the boundaries of the sarcomere), the Z-lines are pulled in toward the center of the sarcomere. 19. When Z-lines are pulled in toward the center of the sarcomere, the sarcomere shortens. 10. To relate this concept to the bigger picture of how a muscle works, an important point to realize is that, when all the sarcomeres of a myofibril shorten in this manner, the myofibril shortens; when all the myofibrils of a muscle fiber shorten, the muscle fiber shortens; when enough muscle fibers of a muscle shorten, the muscle shortens, exerting a pulling force on its bony attachments; if this pulling force is sufficiently strong, the bones are pulled toward each other, creating movement of the body parts within which the bones are located. Hence, via the sliding filament mechanism, muscles can create movement of body parts!

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 388-389, Section 10.6, Figure 10-10

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Sliding Filament Mechanism

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

Motor neurons

Spinal nerve Ventral horn

Anterior

Motor neuron

Neuromuscular junctions Muscle fibers

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Posterior

❒ A motor unit is defined as one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it controls. ❒ All motor units are similar in that they have one motor neuron. ❒ Motor units differ from each other based on the number of muscle fibers they contain. ❒ When a motor neuron reaches a muscle, it branches numerous times to synapse with as few as two to three muscle fibers or as many as 2000 muscle fibers. ❒ Smaller motor units create smaller, more precise actions. ❒ Larger motor units create larger, less precise actions. ❒ A typical muscle contains a large number of motor units of different sizes. Questions: 1. What is the definition of a motor unit? 2. How are all motor units similar? 3. What is the advantage of a small motor unit?

CARD # 242

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 393-394, Section 10.9, Figure 10-14

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Motor Unit

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

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❒ When a message is sent from the nervous system to a muscle fiber directing it to contract, the message instructs the muscle fiber to contract completely (i.e., 100%). If no message is sent, then the muscle fiber relaxes completely (i.e., 0% contraction). ❒ Therefore a muscle fiber contraction is an all-or-nothing mechanism, and this concept is called the all-or-none response law. ❒ The all-or-none response law applies to the sarcomere, myofibril, muscle fiber, and motor unit because all of these structural levels of muscle tissue are innervated by a single motor neuron that either carries the message to contract or does not carry the message to contract. ❒ However, the all-or-none response law does not apply to an entire skeletal muscle. A skeletal muscle has a large number of motor units. If some of these motor units are contracting 100% and others are 100% relaxed, then the muscle can have a partial contraction. ❒ The strength of the partial contraction of the muscle is determined by which motor units are being directed to contract and which ones are relaxed. Questions: 1. What is the all-or-none response law? 2. Does the all-or-none response law apply to an entire motor unit? 3. Does the all-or-none response law apply to an entire muscle?

CARD # 243

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 394-395, Section 10.10, Figure 10-15

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS All-or-None Response Law

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

A

Arm (fixed)

B

Arm (fixed)

C

Questions: 1. What type of contraction occurs if the force of the muscle’s contraction is greater than the resistance force? 2. If an antagonist is contracting, what type of contraction does the muscle have? 3. What is the name of a contraction in which the muscle does not change its length?

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Arm (fixed)

❒ When the nervous system directs a muscle to contract, the muscle attempts to shorten toward its center. ❒ Whether a muscle is successful in shortening toward its center is determined by the strength of the pulling force of the muscle compared with the force necessary to actually move one or both body parts to which the muscle is attached. ❒ The force necessary to move a body part is usually the force necessary to move the weight of the body part and is called the resistance force. ❒ If the force of the muscle’s contraction is greater than the resistance force, the muscle will successfully shorten (Figure A). ❒ This type of contraction is called a concentric contraction. ❒ A concentric contraction occurs when a muscle contracts and shortens. ❒ Note: A concentrically contracting muscle is called a mover. ❒ If the force of the muscle’s contraction is less than the resistance force, the muscle will lengthen instead of shorten (Figure B). ❒ This type of contraction is called an eccentric contraction. ❒ An eccentric contraction occurs when a muscle contracts and lengthens. ❒ Note: An eccentrically contracting muscle is called an antagonist. ❒ If the force of the muscle’s contraction is exactly equal to the resistance force, then the muscle will neither shorten nor lengthen (Figure C). ❒ This type of contraction is called an isometric contraction. ❒ An isometric contraction is one in which the muscle contracts and stays the same length. ❒ Note: In this case, no movement of a body part at the joint occurs; therefore no joint action occurs.

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 434-436, Section 12.1, Figures 12-1, 12-2, 12-4

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Muscle Contractions

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

Posterior deltoid, fixator muscle

Biceps brachii, mover

Pronator teres, neutralizer muscle Force of weight in right hand

Questions: 1. What muscle role can create the action in question? 2. What is the definition of an antagonist? 3. What is the similarity between a fixator and neutralizer?

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Left erector spinae, support muscle

❒ When muscles contract in our body to contribute to movements, these muscles may have different roles. ❒ The names of these roles are assigned relative to the specific joint action that is occurring. The term that we give this joint action that is occurring is the action in question. ❒ Of course, most of the time, as a part of larger movement patterns, we perform multiple joint actions at the same time. However, to simplify our ability to determine which muscles are working in which muscle roles, a helpful technique is to break the more complicated movement patterns into specific joint actions and then determine the roles in which the muscles in our body are working relative to each specific action in question. ❒ There are six major roles that a muscle may have when it contracts. ❒ Mover: A mover is a muscle (or other force) that can do the action in question. ❒ Antagonist: An antagonist is a muscle (or other force) that can do the opposite action of the action in question. ❒ Fixator: A fixator (also known as a stabilizer) is a muscle (or other force) that can stop an unwanted action at the fixed attachment of the muscle that is working. ❒ Neutralizer: A neutralizer is a muscle (or other force) that can stop an unwanted action at the mobile attachment of the muscle that is working. ❒ Support: A support muscle is a muscle (or other force) that can hold another part of the body in position while the action in question is occurring. ❒ Synergist: A synergist is a muscle (or other force) that works with the muscle that is contracting.

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 449-450, 474, Chapter 13 Introduction, Figure 13-16

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Muscle Roles

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

A

Brachialis (antagonist)

Gravity (mover)

B

Questions: 1. What is the definition of an antagonist? 2. What are the two ways an antagonist muscle can lengthen when the action in question occurs? 3. If a mover muscle contracts, it contracts concentrically. True or false?

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Brachialis (mover)

❒ When a joint action occurs, many muscles are usually acting in different roles that must contract to create this action. Two of these roles are mover and antagonist. ❒ A mover is a muscle (or other force) that can do the action in question. ❒ An antagonist is a muscle (or other force) that can do the opposite action of the action in question. ❒ By definition, mover muscles shorten when the action in question occurs. ❒ When a mover muscle is working, it concentrically contracts and creates the action in question. ❒ If an external mover force, such as gravity, creates the action in question, mover muscles are relaxed as they shorten. ❒ Among a group of movers, the most powerful one is called the prime mover. ❒ Movers are also known as agonists. ❒ In Figure A, the brachialis muscle is the mover, concentrically contracting and creating flexion of the forearm at the elbow joint. ❒ By definition, antagonist muscles lengthen when the action in question occurs. ❒ An antagonist muscle may be relaxed and lengthen, or it may contract and lengthen. ❒ If an antagonist muscle is contracting, it eccentrically contracts and slows down the action in question. ❒ The eccentric contraction of an antagonist muscle is often important to slow down a joint action that an external force, such as gravity, creates. ❒ In Figure B, the brachialis muscle is the antagonist, eccentrically contracting and slowing flexion of the forearm at the elbow joint (created by gravity). ❒ Mover muscles and antagonist muscles are usually located on opposite sides of a joint. ❒ When joint motion is desired, either mover muscles contract or antagonist muscles contract. ❒ When joint stability is desired, both mover muscles and antagonist muscles contract simultaneously; this is called co-contraction.

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 451-455, Sections 13.1-13.2, Figure 13-1A and 13-2A

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Muscle Roles: Movers and Antagonists

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

Levator scapulae (mover) Fixed attachment

SCM (neutralizer)

Lower trapezius (fixator)

Questions: 1. How are fixators and neutralizers similar to each other? 2. How are fixators and neutralizers different from each other? 3. What is another name for a fixator?

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Mobile attachment

❒ When a joint action occurs, many muscles are usually acting in different roles that must contract to create this action. Two of these roles are fixator and neutralizer. ❒ Fixator (also known as stabilizer): A fixator is a muscle (or other force) that can stop an unwanted action at the fixed attachment of the muscle that is working. ❒ Neutralizer: A neutralizer is a muscle (or other force) that can stop an unwanted action at the mobile attachment of the muscle that is working. ❒ Fixators and neutralizers are similar in that they both work to stop an unwanted action of the muscle that is working (either a concentrically contracting mover or an eccentrically contracting antagonist). ❒ Fixators and neutralizers are different in that the fixator works at the fixed attachment (hence the name), and the neutralizer works at the mobile attachment. ❒ In the accompanying figure, the right levator scapulae is contracting and the only joint action that is occurring is right lateral flexion of the neck at the spinal joints. ❒ In this scenario, the right lower trapezius is a fixator because it stops the right levator scapulae from performing the unwanted action of elevation of the right scapula at the scapulocostal joint; the scapula is the fixed attachment. ❒ The right sternocleidomastoid is a neutralizer because it stops the right levator scapulae from performing the unwanted action of extension of the neck at the spinal joints; the neck is the mobile attachment. ❒ Note: Other unwanted actions of the levator scapulae at the scapula and neck can occur that the levator scapulae would have created and would therefore need fixators and neutralizers to stop.

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGE 468, Section 13-8

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Muscle Roles: Fixators and Neutralizers

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

B2

B1

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A

❒ Two types of motion can occur at a joint: (1) active range of motion and (2) passive range of motion. ❒ Active joint motion is defined as joint motion that is created by the mover muscles of that joint. ❒ Passive joint motion is defined as joint motion that is created by a force other than the mover muscles of that joint. ❒ Because the mover muscles of the client’s joint that is being moved create active joint motion, the client must do this him or herself; therefore the therapist has no role. (See Figure A.) ❒ With passive joint motion, the therapist can have a role. ❒ Because the mover muscles of the joint that is being moved are not creating the joint motion, another force must do this; the force to move the joint passively can be created by the therapist (Figure B1), or it can be created by muscles of the client that are not located at the joint that is moving (Figure B2). Questions: 1. What defines active joint motion? 2. What defines passive joint motion? 3. How can a client do passive joint motion without the aid of another individual?

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 558-561, Section 16.1, Figures 16-2 and 16-3AB

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Active versus Passive Joint Motion

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

Biceps brachii muscle

A

C

B

Questions: 1. In which direction should one strum a muscle when palpating it? 2. What is the name of the neurologic reflex used to relax adjacent musculature when palpating the target muscle? 3. What is the advantage of making the target muscle contract when attempting to palpate it?

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Brachialis muscle

Five-step muscle palpation guideline: Following are the five basic guidelines to follow when looking to palpate the target muscle; the target muscle is defined as the muscle that you desire to palpate. 1. Know the attachments of the target muscle to place your palpating fingers. 2. Know the actions of the target muscle to make the muscle contract such that it is harder and more easily palpable. 3. For a target muscle that is deep and more difficult to discern from adjacent musculature, resisting the client’s contraction of the target muscle is often helpful, making it even harder and therefore more palpable and discernable from adjacent muscles. (See Figure A.) 4. Once a muscle is contracted and taut, it can more easily be felt by strumming perpendicularly across the muscle. (See Figure B.) 5. In some instances, having an adjacent muscle relax (be inhibited from contracting) is desirable so that we can better discern the contraction of the target muscle. This circumstance can be facilitated by asking the client to perform an action that is antagonistic to an action of the adjacent muscle. (Do not choose an action that is antagonistic to the action that you will use to make the target muscle contract.) This employs a neurologic reflex called reciprocal inhibition. For example, to relax the biceps brachii when palpating the brachialis, ask the client to first pronate the forearm (the biceps brachii is a supinator) at the radioulnar joints before flexing the forearm at the elbow joint. (Figure C.)

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 565-567, Section 16.4, Figure 16-6ABC

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Muscle Palpation Guidelines

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

A

C

D

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B

E

Modified from Muscolino JE: The muscular system manual: the skeletal muscles of the human body, ed. 2, St Louis, 2010, Mosby.

❒ The arrangement of muscle fibers within a muscle is called muscle fiber architecture. ❒ Muscles have two general architectural types in which their fibers are arranged: longitudinal and pennate. ❒ A longitudinal muscle has its fibers running along the length of the muscle (i.e., longitudinally). ❒ Longitudinal muscles can be divided into categories based on their shape. The most common types of longitudinal muscles are: ❒ Fusiform (also known as spindle) (Figure A) ❒ Strap (Figure B) ❒ Rectangular (Figure C) ❒ Rhomboidal (Figure D) ❒ Triangular (also known as fan shaped) (Figure E) ❒ A longitudinal muscle has long muscle fibers and is ideally suited to create a relatively weak contraction of a body part at a joint but throughout a large range of motion.

CARD # 250

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 482-485, Section 14.2, Figure 14-1A-E

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Longitudinal Muscles

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

B

C

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A

Modified from Muscolino JE: The muscular system manual: the skeletal muscles of the human body, ed. 2, St Louis, 2005, Mosby.

❒ The arrangement of muscle fibers within a muscle is called muscle fiber architecture. ❒ Muscles have two general architectural types in which their fibers are arranged: longitudinal and pennate. ❒ A pennate muscle has one or more fibrous central tendons that run along the length of the muscle. The muscle fibers themselves are arranged at an oblique angle to the central tendon or tendons of the muscle. ❒ Pennate muscles are divided into three categories: (1) unipennate, (2) bipennate, and (3) multipennate. ❒ A unipennate muscle has one central tendon with the fibers oriented diagonally to one side of the tendon. (Figure A). ❒ A bipennate muscle has one central tendon with the fibers oriented diagonally to both sides of the tendon. (Figure B). ❒ A multipennate muscle has more than one central tendon with fibers oriented diagonally either to one side or both sides of each tendon. In effect, a multipennate muscle has a combination of unipennate and bipennate arrangements. (Figure C). ❒ A pennate muscle has short muscle fibers and is ideally suited to create a relatively powerful contraction force of a body part at a joint but through a small range of motion. Questions: 1. What is the orientation of muscle fibers within a pennate muscle? 2. What are the three types of pennate muscles? 3. Do pennate muscles tend to create relatively weak or powerful contraction forces?

CARD # 251

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 482-485, Section 14.2, Figure 14-2ABC

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Pennate Muscles

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

Active tension: ❒ Active tension of a muscle is generated by the sliding filament mechanism (i.e., its contraction). ❒ This tension is termed active tension because the muscle is actively creating this force; that is, the muscle is expending energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to generate a contraction via actins being pulled by the crossbridges of myosins toward the center of the sarcomere. Passive tension: ❒ The passive tension force of a muscle is created primarily by the elasticity of its fascia. ❒ When a muscle is stretched beyond its resting length, the fascia of the muscle is stretched longer. Because the muscular fascia is elastic in nature, it will try to bounce back elastically to its resting length, creating a pulling force back toward the center of the muscle. ❒ This elastic tension force is termed passive tension because a muscle does not actively generate it; that is, the muscle expends no energy to create it; it is inherent in the natural elasticity of the tissue. Continued

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❒ The term tension is used to describe the pulling force that a muscle generates when it pulls on its attachments. ❒ The total tension of a muscle’s pulling force can be divided into its active tension force and its passive tension force. These tension forces can be illustrated by the lengthtension relationship curve. (See card #254.)

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Active versus Passive Tension

Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 485-486, Section 14.3

Questions: 1. What defines tension? 2. What creates active tension? 3. What creates passive tension?

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Total Tension: ❒ Hence, the active tension of a muscle is generated by its contractile actin and myosin proteins, and the passive tension of a muscle is the result of the natural elasticity of the fascia of the muscle. ❒ The total tension of a muscle is the sum of its active and passive tension.

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

Binding sites inaccessible Actin filament

Myosin heads Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

A

Z line Shortened sarcomere

All binding sites accessible

B Sarcomere at rest

Binding sites inaccessible

Binding sites inaccessible

C Lengthened sarcomere

❒ Active tension describes the force of contraction that a muscle can actively generate via the sliding filament mechanism, which, in turn, is based on the number of cross-bridges that exist between myosin and actin filaments. ❒ Therefore, if the number of cross-bridges were to decrease, the strength of the muscle’s contraction would decrease and the muscle can be said to be insufficient in strength, in other words, actively insufficient. ❒ The two states of active insufficiency are (1) shortened active insufficiency and (2) lengthened active insufficiency. Shortened active insufficiency: ❒ Shortened active insufficiency of a muscle occurs when a muscle is shorter than its resting length and weak. ❒ In a shortened sarcomere, the actin filaments overlap each other in such as way that some of the active sites on one of the actin filaments are blocked by the other actin filament (and some of the active sites of the actin filament that is overlapping the other are too close toward the center and also not accessible by the myosin heads). (Figure A) Lengthened active insufficiency: ❒ Lengthened active insufficiency of a muscle occurs when a muscle is longer than its resting length and weak. ❒ In a lengthened sarcomere, the actin filaments are pulled so far from the center of the sarcomere that many of the myosin heads cannot reach the actin filaments to form cross-bridges. (Figure C) Questions: 1. What determines the active tension of a muscle? 2. What creates active insufficiency of a muscle? 3. What are the two types of active insufficiency?

CARD # 253

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 486-488, Section 14.4, Figure 14-3ABC

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Active Insufficiency

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

Disruption of sarcomere

Resting length

Increasing tension

Increasing length

Questions: 1. What is the length-tension relationship curve? 2. At what point in a muscle’s length is the active lengthtension relationship curve greatest? 3. Which type of tension of a muscle continues to increase as the muscle length increases beyond its resting length?

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Total tension force Active tension force Passive tension force

❒ The length-tension relationship curve is a graph that compares the length of a sarcomere with the percentage of maximal contraction that the sarcomere can generate. Because a muscle is effectively composed of many sarcomeres, the relationship between the length and tension of a sarcomere can be extrapolated to the relationship between the length and tension of an entire muscle. ❒ The red line only considers the active tension as the length of a muscle changes. The shape of this curve is a bell curve wherein the greatest tension is when the muscle is at resting length. ❒ The lessened active tension when a muscle is shortened is called shortened active insufficiency; the lessened active tension when a muscle is lengthened is called lengthened active insufficiency. ❒ The brown line only considers the passive tension as the length of the muscle changes. ❒ This increased passive tension of a muscle as it lengthens is called passive tension and is the result of the natural elasticity of the tissue. ❒ The black line considers both the active tension and the passive tension (i.e., the total tension) of a muscle as its length changes. ❒ We see that the overall tension of the muscle increases from a shortened length to resting length. Most of the tension in this range of the muscle’s length is the result of increasing active tension. ❒ The pulling force then stays fairly high beyond resting length for quite some time. Most of the tension in this range of the muscle’s length is the result of increasing passive tension.

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 488-490, Section 14.5, Figure 14-5

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Length-Tension Relationship Curve

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

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R

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❒ Levers are divided into three classes: first class, second class, and third class levers. ❒ The difference between the three classes of levers is the relative location of the application of force to cause movement (F, line of pull of the muscle) and the force of resistance to movement (R, weight of the body part to be moved) relative to the axis of motion (A, center of the joint). ❒ A first class lever has F and R on opposite sides of the axis. (Figure A) ❒ A second class lever has F and R on the same side of the axis; and F is further from the axis than R. (Figure B) ❒ Therefore, second class levers inherently have greater leverage for strength of pulling force. ❒ A third class lever has F and R on the same side of the axis; and F is closer to the axis than R. (Figure C) ❒ Therefore, third class levers inherently have less leverage for strength of pulling force. ❒ Note: the mechanical advantage a third class lever gives up in leverage for lifting heavy weights, it gains in speed of motion of the body part moved. Questions: 1. What are the three classes of levers called? 2. What defines a first class lever? 3. Which class of lever inherently has greater leverage for strength of pulling force?

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 494-496, Section 14.8, Figures 14-14AB, 14-15AB, 14-16AB

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Classes of Levers

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS

❒ Fascial and joint proprioceptors are primarily located in and around the capsules of joints and provide information about the joint’s static position and dynamic movement. ❒ The two major types of fascial and joint proprioceptors are Pacini’s corpuscles and Ruffini endings. ❒ Pacini’s corpuscles detect movement only; Ruffini endings detect movement and static position. ❒ Muscle proprioceptors are located within the muscles of the body and not only provide proprioceptive awareness about the position and movement of the body, but also create proprioceptive reflexes that protect muscles and tendons from injury. ❒ The two major types of muscle proprioceptors are (1) muscle spindles and (2) Golgi tendon organs. ❒ Muscle spindles detect when a muscle is stretched; Golgi tendon organs detect when a muscle contracts. Continued

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❒ Proprioception is the ability of the nervous system to know the body’s position in space and the body’s movement through space. ❒ Many types of proprioceptors are found in the human body. Generally, these proprioceptors can be divided into three major categories: ❒ Fascial and joint proprioceptors ❒ Muscle proprioceptors ❒ Inner ear proprioceptors

❒ Inner ear proprioceptors provide information about the static position and dynamic movement of the head. ❒ Proprioceptive sensation from the inner ear (both static and dynamic) is often referred to as the sense of equilibrium. ❒ The inner ear static proprioceptors for head position are the maculas, which are located in the vestibule of the inner ear. ❒ The inner ear dynamic proprioceptors for head movement are the crista ampullarises, which are located in the semicircular canals of the inner ear. Questions: 1. What is the definition of proprioception? 2. What are the three major categories of proprioceptors in the human body? 3. What are the two types of muscle proprioceptors?

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Kinesiology, ed. 2, PAGES 581-593, Sections 17.4-17.8

KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS Proprioceptors