First Aid Manual, 11e (Jul 1, 2021)_(0241446309)_(Dorling Kindersley Ltd) 9780241446300

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[DK]

St John Ambulance

m

St Andrew ’s First Aid

11 EDITION

+

BritishRedCross

FIRST AD MANUAL

WRITTEN AND AUTHORISED BY THE UK 'S LEADING FIRST AID PROVIDERS

St John Ambulance

St Andrew ’s First Aid

11 EDITION

British RedCross

FIRST AD MANUAL The Authorised Manual of St John Ambulance, St Andrew's First Aid and the British Red Cross St John Ambulance Dr Margaret Austin DStJ LRCPI LRCSI LM Chief Medical Adviser St Andrew's First Aid Mr Rudy Crawford MBE BSc ( Hons) MB ChB FRCS (Glasg) FRCEM Chairman of the Board

British Red Cross Dr Barry Klaassen BSc (Hons) MB ChB FRCS ( Edin) FRCEM

Chief Medical Adviser

Penguin

Random House

St John Ambulance isa registered charity (No. 1077265 /1); St Andrew's First Aid is the trading nameofSt Andrew's Ambulance Association, incorporated by Royal Charter 1899, is a charity registered in Scotland (No. SC006750); The British Red Cross Society, incorporated by Royal Charter 1908, is a charity registered in England and Wales ( 220949), Scotland (SC 037738), and the Isle of Man (0752). Each charity receives a royalty for every copy of the book sold by Dorling Kindersley. Detailsofthe royalties payablecan be obtained by writing to the publishers, Dorling Kindersley Limited, One Embassy Gardens, 8 Viaduct Gardens, London SW 11 7BW. For the purposes of the Charities Acts no further seiler of this book shall be deemed to be a commercial participator with these three Societies.

DORLING KINDERSLEY

Consultant editor Jemima Dunne

Senior art editor Sharon Spencer

Production editor Kavita Varma

Senior jacket designer Surabhi Wadhwa

Managing editor Angeles Gavira Guerrero

Associate Publishing Director Liz Wheeler

Publishing director Jonathan Metcalf

Jacket design development manager Sophia M.T.T Senior production controller Meskerem Berhane Photography Gerard Brown, Vanessa Davies, Ruth Jenkinson, Nigel Wright

Managing art editor Michael Duffy Art director Karen Self

.

Text revised in line with the latest guidelines from the Resuscitation Council (UK)

All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,

11th edition first published in Great Britain in 2021 by Dorling Kindersley Limited, DK, One Embassy Gardens, 8 Viaduct Gardens, London SW 11 7 BW

mechanical, photocopying, recording orotherwise, withoutthe prior written permission

The authorised representative in the EEA is Dorling Kindersley Verlag GmbH. Arnulfstr. 124, 80636 Munich, Germany

All enquiries regarding any extracts or re-use of any material in this book should be addressed to the publishers, Dorling Kindersley Limited

A Penguin Random House Company 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 001—319130 —July /2021

of the copyright owners.

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978 - 0- 2414 -4630- 0

Text copyright © 2021 St John Ambulance; St Andrew's First Aid; The British Red Cross Society lllustration copyright © 2021 Dorling Kindersley Limited, except as listed in acknowledgments on p.296

Printed and bound in Slovakia

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PROTECTION FROM INFECTION

HAND WASHING lf you can, wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water before and after contact with a casualty. Wash your hands for at least 20 seconds every time, paying attention to all parts

of your hands - palms, wrists, fingers, thumbs and fingernails. If no soap and water is available, rub your hands with hand sanitiser, then wash them with soap and water as soon as possible.

HOW TO WASH YOUR HANDS Wet your hands under running water. Putsome soap into the palm of a cupped hand. Rub the palms of your hands together.

1

4 against the palm of your left hand, then repeat with your left hand in your right palm.

u

Rub the palm of your left hand against the back of your right hand,then rub the right palm on the back of your left hand.

Rub your right thumb in the palm of your left hand, then your left thumb in the right palm.

o

^

Interlock the fingers of both hands and work the

soap between them.

Rubthefingertipsofyour left hand in the palm of your right hand and vice versa. Rinse thoroughly, then pat dry with a disposable paper towel. r

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BECOMING A FIRST AIDER

PROTECTION FROM INFECTION USING PROTECTIVE GLOVES

CAUTION

In addition to hand washing, disposable gloves give added protection against infection in a first aid situation. If possible, you should carry protective, disposable, latex-free gloves with you at all times. Wear them whenever there is a likelihood of contact with blood or other body fluids. If in doubt, putthem on anyway. Gloves should only be used to treat one casualty. Wash or sanitise your hands, then put

•Always use latex-free gloves. Some people have

a serious allergy to latex, and this may cause anaphylactic shock (p.227). Nitrile gloves (often blue or purple) are recommended.

the gloves on just before you approach the person. Remove them as soon as the treatment is completed without touching the outside. Dispose of the gloves and any other personal protective equipment as described below.

PUTTING ON AND REMOVING DISPOSABLE GLOVES

W

Ideally, wash or sanitise your hands before putting on the gloves Hold one glove by the topedge and pull it on. Do not touch the main part of the glove with your fingers.

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To remove the gloves, first grasp the outside cuff of one glove with a gloved hand and peel it off. Without touching theouter side put this glove in your other (gloved) hand.

3

Pickup the second glove with your gloved hand. Put your fingers under the top edge, and pull the glove on to your other hand. Your gloved fingers should not touch your skin.

Inserttwo fingers beneath the top edge of the second glove and peel it off over the first one so that the first glove is inside the second one. Without touching the outer surfaces, place both gloves in a waste bag.

DEALING WITH WASTE Once you have treated a casualty, all soiled material, including personal protective equipment (PPE), must be disposed of safely to prevent the spread of infection. Place items such as dressings in a waste bag, ideally a yellow clinical waste bag. If possible ask the attending emergency service how to deal with this type of waste. Seal the bag and label it "clinical waste". Put sharp objects, such as needles, in a special yellow plastic container called a sharps box. If you do not have one, put used needles in a jar with a screw top and dispose of it safely. 18

Carefully remove PPE without touching the outward-facing surfaces and put it in a waste bag. Take off the gloves as described above, then wash or sanitise your hands. Snap or unfasten your apron ties at the neck and let the top fall forward, then repeat at the waist; fold it inwards so you do not touch the outer surface and dispose of it. Remove any eye protection by the side arms, then wash or sanitise your hands again. Remove your mask using the earpieces; do not touch the main part of the mask. Wash or sanitise your hands thoroughly.

• • •

•

•

PROTECTION FROM INFECTION

| DEALING WITH A CASUALTY

DEALING WITH A CASUALTY Casualties are often frightened because of what someone better qualified. If there is more than is happening to them, and what may happen one casualty, use the primary survey (pp.46-47) next. Your role is to stay calm and take charge of to identify the most seriously injured casualties the situation - be ready to stand back if there is and treat in the order of priority.

BUILDING TRUST Establish trust with your casualty by first introducing yourself. Find out what they like to be called, and use their name when you talk to them. Crouch or kneel down so you are at the same level and can make eye contact with the person. Treat them with dignity and respect at all times. Explain what is happening and why - you will inspire trust if you tell them what you are doing before you do it. If possible, give them choices, for example, ask whether they would prefer to sit or lie down and /or who they would Reassure the casualty like with them. Also, if possible, gain their When treating a casualty, stay calm and do not do consent before you begin treatment by asking if anything without explaining your actions first. Always answer their questions honestly and clearly. they agree with whatever you are going to do.

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DIVERSITY AND COMMUNICATION It is important to consider the age and appearance of a casualty when you talk to them, as different people need different responses. Always respect a person's wishes and accept the fact that they might want to be treated in a particular way. Communication can be difficult if

a person speaks a different language or cannot hear you. Use simple language or signs or you can write questions down and show them. Also ask if anyone nearby speaks the same language, knows the person and /or saw the incident and can describe what happened.

SPECIALCASE TREATING CHILDREN You will need to use simpler, shorter words when talking to children. If possible, their parents or carers should be with them. Keep them involved at all times. It is important to establish the carer's trust as well as the child's. Talk first to the parent /carer and get their permission to continue Once the parent /carer trusts you, the child will also feel more confident.

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