Final Reports of the Lebanese-German Excavations at Beirut, Bey 020. Volume III: Small Objects and the Dog Burials (Agypten Und Altes Testament, 108) 396327154X, 9783963271540

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Ägypten und altes testament 108/3 ÄAT 108/3 Final Reports of the Lebanese-German Excavations at Beirut, BEY 020 • Volume III

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Final Reports of the Lebanese-German Excavations at Beirut, BEY 020 Volume III small Objects and the dog Burials edited by Hélène sader and uwe Finkbeiner Zaphon

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Final Reports of the Lebanese-German Excavations at Beirut, BEY 020 Vol. III Small Objects and the Dog Burials

Edited by Hélène Sader and Uwe Finkbeiner With Contributions by H. Al-Akra, F. Alpi, U. Finkbeiner, K. Lehmann-Jericke, V. Lott, A.-M. Maïla Afeiche, H. Sader, Z. Sawaya, A.W. Schmitt, L.S. Shehadeh, C. Yazbeck

ÄGYPTEN UND ALTES TESTAMENT Studien zu Geschichte, Kultur und Religion Ägyptens und des Alten Testaments

Band 108 / 3

Gegründet von Manfred Görg Herausgegeben von Stefan Jakob Wimmer und Wolfgang Zwickel

Final Reports of the Lebanese-German Excavations at Beirut, BEY 020 Vol. III Small Objects and the Dog Burials

Edited by Hélène Sader and Uwe Finkbeiner With Contributions by H. Al-Akra, F. Alpi, U. Finkbeiner, K. Lehmann-Jericke, V. Lott, A.-M. Maïla Afeiche, H. Sader, Z. Sawaya, A.W. Schmitt, L.S. Shehadeh, C. Yazbeck

Zaphon Münster 2022

Supported by

Ägypten und Altes Testament, Band 108 / 3 Final Reports of the Lebanese-German Excavations at Beirut, BEY 020. Vol. III: Small Objects and the Dog Burials Edited by Hélène Sader and Uwe Finkbeiner. With Contributions by H. Al-Akra, F. Alpi, U. Finkbeiner, K. Lehmann-Jericke, V. Lott, A.-M. Maïla Afeiche, H. Sader, Z. Sawaya, A.W. Schmitt, L.S. Shehadeh, C. Yazbeck

Cover illustration: “Excavator supporting the removal of rubbish” (Photo of the excavation BEY 020) © 2022 Zaphon, Enkingweg 36, Münster (www.zaphon.de) All rights reserved. Printed in Germany. Printed on acid-free paper. ISBN 978-3-96327-154-0 (Buch) ISBN 978-3-96327-155-7 (E-Book) ISSN 0720-9061

‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺑﻳﺭﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﻣﻲ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺣﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺩﻡ‬

To Beirut Rise up from the ruins

Table of contents

List of Figures, Tables and Plates .................................................................................................... XI Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................. XV Editors’ Preface ............................................................................................................................ XVII

Introduction 1 The Historical Setting (Hélène Sader) ............................................................................................................ 1 2 The Excavation BEY 020 (Uwe Finkbeiner) .................................................................................................. 8 2.1 History of the excavation ........................................................................................................................ 8 2.2 The excavation team .............................................................................................................................. 9 2.3 Excavation procedures ......................................................................................................................... 11 3 Stratigraphy, an Overview (Uwe Finkbeiner) .............................................................................................. 11 3.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................... 11 3.2 The findings under Rue Azmi Bey (Square 09/11) ............................................................................... 12 3.3 The findings under Rue Cadmus (Squares 08/09, 09/10, 10/09 – 12/10) ............................................. 14 4 Structure of the Volume (Uwe Finkbeiner) .................................................................................................. 17 4.1 General.................................................................................................................................................. 17 4.2 The chapters of part I, the “Small Objects” .......................................................................................... 17 4.3 Part II, “The Dog Burials of Beirut BEY 020” ..................................................................................... 18 4.4 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................... 18 4.5 Appendices ........................................................................................................................................... 19

Part I: Small Objects 1 Oil Lamps (Anne-Marie Maïla Afeiche) ....................................................................................................... 23 1.1 Type 1: Late Bronze/Iron Age open-saucer lamps .............................................................................. 23 1.2 Type 2: Folded-saucer lamp ................................................................................................................. 23 1.3 Type 3: Greek & Hellenistic lamps ...................................................................................................... 24 1.4 Type 4: Roman lamps .......................................................................................................................... 25 1.5 Type 5: Byzantine lamps ..................................................................................................................... 26 1.6 Decorations on the discus .................................................................................................................... 27 1.7 Decorations on the shoulder ................................................................................................................. 27 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 28 Catalogue ................................................................................................................................................... 29 Annex ......................................................................................................................................................... 40 2 Metal Objects (Aaron W. Schmitt) ................................................................................................................ 43 Catalogue .................................................................................................................................................... 43 2.1 Arrowheads and javelin heads ............................................................................................................. 43 2.2 Tools and instruments ........................................................................................................................... 45 2.2.1 Tools for fishing ........................................................................................................................ 45 2.2.2 Miscellaneous tools .................................................................................................................. 46 2.3 Jewelry .................................................................................................................................................. 46 2.3.1 Fibulae ...................................................................................................................................... 47 2.3.2 Rings ........................................................................................................................................ 48 2.3.3 Earrings .................................................................................................................................... 49 2.3.4 Beads ........................................................................................................................................ 49 2.4 Bells ..................................................................................................................................................... 49 2.5 Applications, fittings ............................................................................................................................ 50 2.6 Needles and pins ................................................................................................................................... 51 2.6.1 Large pins ................................................................................................................................. 51

VIII

Table of Contents 2.6.2 Hook pins .................................................................................................................................. 53 2.6.3 Eye-needles .............................................................................................................................. 55 2.7 Weights ................................................................................................................................................ 55 2.8 Nails ..................................................................................................................................................... 56 2.9 Miscellaneous ...................................................................................................................................... 57 Results of the chemical analysis (Table 1) ................................................................................................. 72

3 Terracotta Figurines (Kirsten Lehmann-Jericke) 3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 73 3.2 Find situation and find groups ............................................................................................................. 73 3.3 Production techniques ........................................................................................................................... 74 3.4 Typology ............................................................................................................................................... 75 3.5 Function of the figurines ....................................................................................................................... 80 3.6 Catalogue .............................................................................................................................................. 81 3.6.1 A – Figurines of horsemen and horses ..................................................................................... 81 3.6.2 B – Female and male tambourine players ................................................................................. 86 3.6.3 C – Female figurines ................................................................................................................ 87 3.6.4 D – Heads ................................................................................................................................. 94 3.6.5 E – Standing figurines .............................................................................................................. 96 3.6.6 F – Sitting / Clothed figurines .................................................................................................. 97 3.6.7 G – Zoomorphic figurines ........................................................................................................ 97 3.6.8 H – Phalli .................................................................................................................................. 98 3.6.9 I – Fragments that could not be identified, at least not with certainty ....................................... 98 4 Other Objects of Clay .................................................................................................................................. 101 4.1 The clay pipes of the BEY 020 Excavation (Lana S. Shehadeh) ....................................................... 101 Catalogue ............................................................................................................................................ 103 4.2 Discs and some other objects of burnt clay (Uwe Finkbeiner) .......................................................... 107 Catalogue ............................................................................................................................................ 107 5 Bone Objects (Uwe Finkbeiner) .................................................................................................................. 113 Catalogue .................................................................................................................................................. 113 5.1 Pins .................................................................................................................................................... 113 5.2 Tools .................................................................................................................................................. 114 5.3 Varia .................................................................................................................................................. 114 6 Objects of Glass (Uwe Finkbeiner) ............................................................................................................. 117 Catalogue .................................................................................................................................................. 117 6.1 Glass vessels ...................................................................................................................................... 117 6.2 Glass beads and jewelry ..................................................................................................................... 118 7 Objects of Stone .......................................................................................................................................... 123 7.1 Chipped stone artefacts from BEY 020 (Corinne Yazbeck) ............................................................... 123 Catalogue of samples .......................................................................................................................... 125 7.2 Stone objects (Uwe Finkbeiner) ......................................................................................................... 129 Catalogue .......................................................................................................................................... 129 7.2.1 Stone vessels ........................................................................................................................... 129 7.2.2 Spindle whorls ......................................................................................................................... 129 7.2.3 Various stone objects............................................................................................................... 130 8 The Coins from BEY 020 ............................................................................................................................ 133 8.1 The pre-Islamic coins from BEY 020 (Ziad Sawaya) ........................................................................ 133 8.1.1 Coins from the Persian Period (4th c. BC) ............................................................................... 133 8.1.2 Alexandrian coins (332–302 BC) ............................................................................................ 134 8.1.3 Ptolemaic coins (302–199/8 BC)............................................................................................. 134 8.1.4 Seleucid coins (199/8–92/1 BC) .............................................................................................. 134 8.1.5 Hellenistic civic coins (3rd–2nd c. BC) ..................................................................................... 135 8.1.6 Roman provincial and colonial coins (30 BC – 260 AD) ........................................................ 136 8.1.7 Roman antoniniani and tetrarchic coins (260–324 AD) .......................................................... 136 8.1.8 Late Roman coins (324–491 AD)............................................................................................ 137

Table of Contents

IX

8.1.9 Byzantine and Ostrogoth coins (491–556/7 AD) ................................................................... 137 Catalogue ................................................................................................................................................. 138 8.1.1 Coins from the Persian Period ................................................................................................ 138 8.1.3 Ptolemaic coins ....................................................................................................................... 139 8.1.4 Seleucid coins ......................................................................................................................... 139 8.1.5 Hellenistic civic coins ............................................................................................................ 140 8.1.6 Roman provincial and colonial coins ..................................................................................... 141 8.1.7 Roman antoninianus ............................................................................................................... 141 8.1.8 Late Roman coins ................................................................................................................... 142 8.1.9 Byzantine coins ...................................................................................................................... 143 8.2 Islamic and modern coins (Hassan Al-Akra) ..................................................................................... 147 Catalogue ................................................................................................................................................. 148 9 The Greek Inscriptions (Frédéric Alpi) ....................................................................................................... 151 Conclusion (Uwe Finkbeiner) ........................................................................................................................ 153

Part II: The Dog Burials of Beirut 1 The Dog Burials of Beirut BEY 020 (Verena Lott) ..................................................................................... 157 1.1 The Iron Age glacis............................................................................................................................. 158 1.2 The dog burials ................................................................................................................................... 159 1.3 Catalogue ............................................................................................................................................ 160 1.4 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 169 2 Annex A: Catalogue of Sites with Dog Burials (Verena Lott) .................................................................... 171 3 Annex B: The Phenomenon of Dog Burials (Verena Lott).......................................................................... 179

Bibliography ................................................................................................................................193 Appendices Appendix A: Small Objects by Inventory-Number ........................................................................................ 209 Appendix B: Small Objects by Square, Locus and Stratigraphic Unit ........................................................... 227 Appendix C: The Stratigraphic Units of BEY 020 ......................................................................................... 245

Plates 1–40 ................................................................................................................... 251–331

List of Figures, Tables and Plates

List of Figures INTRODUCTION Fig. 1 The Beirut central district ............................................................................................................ 1 Fig. 2 Beirut in a French plan of 1920 with the “Tell” northeast of Martyrs’ square. ........................... 2 Fig. 3 Plan of Beirut’s center 1841 (after Davie 1987). ......................................................................... 3 Fig. 4 Beirut, Crusader castle (after Bartlett 1838) ................................................................................ 3 Fig. 5 Large sewer cutting the Iron Age II Glacis .................................................................................. 4 Fig. 6 …and cutting the Early Bronze Age city wall ............................................................................. 4 Fig. 7 Beirut, the “Kharji Tombs” (after Saidah 1993–94) .................................................................... 4 Fig. 8 Area of BEY 003, 013 and 020 excavations between “Rivoli” and “Byblos” ............................. 5 Fig. 9 Location of the excavation area BEY 020 ................................................................................... 8 Fig. 10 BEY 020, square 09/11, walls [0911-1] and [0911-2] turning to the east.................................... 8 Fig. 11 Square 11-12/09, gate of the early Iron Age ................................................................................ 9 Fig. 12 Chronology of the proceeding excavation ................................................................................... 9 Fig. 13 BEY 020, excavator generously placed at our disposal by Solidere .......................................... 10 Fig. 14 BEY 020, grid of the excavation ................................................................................................ 11 Fig. 15 BEY 020, square 09/11, wall [09/11-1] MBA and wall [09/11-2] LBA/IA I ............................ 13 Fig. 16 BEY 020, square 09/11, section A – B ...................................................................................... 13 Fig. 17 BEY 020, square 10/09 from S with Glacis [3] and late wall [7] .............................................. 14 Fig. 18 BEY 020, W-section in square 10/09......................................................................................... 15 PART I SMALL OBJECTS Fig. 1 Chibouk pipe. Pipe part, details, styles and decorations (from Robinson, 1985) ..................... 102 CONCLUSION Fig. 1 Distribution of datable finds by periods and squares ............................................................... 153 Fig. 2 Reconstruction of the gate of Iron Age I–II (designed by Angus Kennedy) ............................ 154 PART II THE DOG BURIALS Fig. 1: Beirut, location of the excavation area BEY 020 ..................................................................... 157 Fig. 2: General stratigraphical situation .............................................................................................. 158 Fig. 3: General plan of the dog burials in square 10/09 (G. Müller) ................................................... 160 Fig. 4a–b: Dog burial 1, square 10/09, locus 16; covered by pithos sherds (a) and uncovered (b) (plan by P. Jablonka, scale 1:10).............................................................................................. 161 Fig. 5: Dog burial 2, square 10/09, locus 21 (plan by P. Jablonka, scale 1:10) ................................... 162 Fig. 6: Dog burial 3, square 10/09, locus 22 (plan by P. Jablonka, scale 1:10) ................................... 162 Fig. 7: Dog burial 4, square 10/09, locus 23 (plan by P. Jablonka, scale 1:10) ................................... 163 Fig. 8: Dog burial 5, square 10/09, locus 24 (plan by P. Jablonka, scale 1:10) ................................... 163 Fig. 9: Dog burial 6, square 10/09, locus 25 (plan by P. Jablonka, scale 1:10) ................................... 164 Fig. 10: Dog burial 7, square 10/09, locus 26 (plan by P. Jablonka, scale 1:10) ................................... 164 Fig. 11: Dog burial 8, square 10/09, locus 28, 2 dog skeletons disturbed by excavater (sketch plan by P. Jablonka, scale 1:50) ....................................................................................................... 165 Fig. 12: Dog burial 9, square 10/09, locus 37 (plan by Gh. Abillama, scale 1:10) ............................... 165 Fig. 13: Dog burial 10, square 10/09, locus 68 (plan by Gh. Abillama, scale 1:10).............................. 166 Fig. 14: Dog burial 11, square 10/09, locus 72 (plan by A. Bagg, scale 1:10) ...................................... 166 Fig. 15a–b: Dog burial 12a–b, square 11/09, locus 09; covered by pithos sherds (a) and uncovered (b) (plan by S. Kiliç, scale 1:10) ...................................................................... 167 Fig. 16: Dog burial 13a–b, square 11/09, locus 56 (plan by R. Andari, scale 1:10) .............................. 168 Fig. 17: Dog burials 14 and 15, square 12/09, loci 25 and 26 (sketch plan by J. V. Kiliç) ................... 168 Fig. 18: Map of sites with dog burials in the Levant (plan by G. Müller) ............................................. 172 List of Tables PART I – SMALL OBJECTS Table 1 Fragments of oil Lamps of various types not included in chapter 1 .......................................... 40 Table 1 Results of the chemical analysis of the samples (after ZDPV 129, 2013, 205) ......................... 72

XII

List of Figures, Tables and Plates

Table 1 Table 1 Table 2 APPENDIX C1–2 Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 Table 7 Table 8 Table 9 Table 10 Table 11 Table 12 List of Plates Plate 1 Plate 2 Plate 3 Plate 4 Plate 5 Plate 6 Plate 7 Plate 8 Plate 9 Plate 10 Plate 11 Plate 12 Plate 13 Plate 14 Plate 15 Plate 16 Plate 17 Plate 18 Plate 19 Plate 20 Plate 21 Plate 22 Plate 23 Plate 24 Plate 25 Plate 26 Plate 27 Plate 28 Plate 29 Plate 30 Plate 31 Plate 32 Plate 33 Plate 34 Plate 35

Groups of terracotta figurines .................................................................................................... 73 Distribution by stratigraphic units............................................................................................ 124 Distribution by artefact classes ................................................................................................ 124 BEY 020, stratigraphic units in square 08/09–10 .................................................................... 245 BEY 020, stratigraphic units in square 09/09 .......................................................................... 245 BEY 020, stratigraphic units in square 09/10 .......................................................................... 245 BEY 020, stratigraphic units in square 09/11 .......................................................................... 246 BEY 020, stratigraphic units in square 10/09 .......................................................................... 246 BEY 020, stratigraphic units in square 10/10 .......................................................................... 246 BEY 020, stratigraphic units in square 11/09 .......................................................................... 247 BEY 020, stratigraphic units in square 11/10 .......................................................................... 247 BEY 020, stratigraphic units in square 12/09 .......................................................................... 248 BEY 020, stratigraphic units in square 12/10 .......................................................................... 248 BEY 020, stratigraphic units in Area B, inside building parcel 391 ........................................ 248 BEY 020, the stratigraphic units set in relation to each other .................................................. 249

Oil lamps types 1.1a–b and 1.2a–b .......................................................................................... 252 Oil lamps types 1.3, 2 and 3 ..................................................................................................... 254 Oil lamps types 4.1–4.4 ........................................................................................................... 256 Oil lamps types 5.1–5.3 ........................................................................................................... 258 Oil lamps type 5.3 .................................................................................................................... 260 Oil lamps type 5.3 .................................................................................................................... 262 Oil lamps types 5.3–5.5 ........................................................................................................... 264 1. Arrowheads and javelin heads (1–14). – 2. Tools and instruments (15–19 ) ....................... 266 3. Jewellery (1–18). – 4. Bells (19–20) .................................................................................... 268 5. Applications, fittings (1–7). – 6. Needles and pins (8–17)................................................... 270 6. Needles and pins (1–6). – 7. Weights (7–8). – 8. Nails (9–16) ............................................ 272 Type A 1: Horsemen (a–h) ...................................................................................................... 274 Type A 2: Horses (a–e) ............................................................................................................ 276 Type A 3: Horse and horseman (a–f) ....................................................................................... 278 Type B: Tambourine players (a–d). – Type C/C 1: Female figurines (e–g) ............................ 280 Type C 2: Standing naked pregnant figurines with arms spread sideways (a–i) ...................... 282 Type C 2: Standing naked pregnant figurines with arms spread sideways (j – r) .................... 284 Type C 3: Breast – supporting figurines (a–b). – Type C 4: With Egyptian scarf (c–d). – Type C 5: Bases with fragments of legs and feet (e–k)............................................................ 286 Type D: Heads (a–e). – Type E: Standing figurines (f–i) ........................................................ 288 Type F: Sitting / Clothed figurines (a–c). – Type G: Zoomorphic figurines (d–g). – Type H: Phalli (h–i) ................................................................................................................. 290 Category I: Round bowl pipes (a–c) ........................................................................................ 292 Category I: Round bowl pipes (a–b) ........................................................................................ 294 Category II: Lily shaped pipes (a–e) ........................................................................................ 296 Category III: Disc based pipe with keel (a). – Category IV: Shanks with no bowls (b–e) ...... 298 4.2.1 Discs (a–j). – 4.2.2 Other objects of clay (k–p) .............................................................. 300 5.1 Pins (a–f) and tools (g–i).................................................................................................... 302 5.3 Varia (a–i) .......................................................................................................................... 304 6.1 Vessels of glass (a–i) ......................................................................................................... 306 6.2 Jewellery of glass (a–n) ..................................................................................................... 308 7.1 Lithics (a–h) ....................................................................................................................... 310 7.2.1 Stone vessels (a–c). – 7.2.4 Sculptures (d–e) .................................................................. 312 7.2.2 Spindle Whorls (a–d). – 7.2.3 Various stone objects (e–j).............................................. 314 8.1.1 Coins from the Persian period (1–10). – 8.1.3 Ptolemaic coins (11–14). – 8.1.4 Seleucid coins (15–19) .................................................................................................... 316 8.1.5 Hellenistic coins (20–35) ................................................................................................ 318 8.1.6 Roman provincial and colonial coins (36–41). – 8.1.7 Roman Antoninianus (42–43). – 8.1.8 Late Roman coins (44–52) .............................................................................................. 320

List of Figures, Tables and Plates Plate 36 Plate 37 Plate 38 Plate 39 Plate 40

XIII

8.1.8 Unidentified late Roman coins (53–60). – 8.1.9 Byzantine coins (61–69) ..................... 322 8.1.9 Byzantine coins (70 – 80) and Ostrogoth coin (81) ........................................................ 324 Unidentified late Roman or Byzantine coins (82–98) .............................................................. 326 Unclassified coins (99–104). – 8.2 Islamic and modern coins (105–113) ............................... 328 9 The Greek Inscriptions (a–c)................................................................................................. 330

Abbreviations

Location and Stratigraphy

Periods

asl betw. E elev. fragm. loc. N PA strat. unit sqr. vol.

Abbas. AD BC / BCE Byz. Date

above sea level between East elevation fragmentary locus North partial area stratigraphic unit (SU) square volume

Measurements Ø H. L. Th. W.

< >

= =

diameter height length thickness width smaller than larger than

EB Hell. IA LB MB Ottom. Pers. P.

Abbaside after Domini before Christian Era Byzantine by typological evidence or by inscription Early Bronze Hellenistic Iron Age Late Bronze Middle Bronze Ottoman Persian period

Registration Inv. MNB

excavation inventory Musée national Beyrouth

Chronological symbols

> < ≡

= =

later than earlier than identical with

Editors’ Preface

The Salvage excavations that have taken place in the Beirut Central District (hereafter BCD) before its reconstruction in the aftermath of the Lebanese armed conflict, have unveiled large portions of the ancient city’s history. The German-Lebanese team in charge of excavating the area labelled BEY 020, was one among fifteen others who were involved in this titanic task, which was continued after the year 2000 by the archaeologists of the Directorate General of Antiquities (hereafter DGA). It is maybe superfluous to add that the BEY 020 excavations took place under strong pressure by the developers and that the funding was barely enough for the fieldwork proper. It has to be admitted that while adequate archaeological methodology was used, there has been no collection of samples for the analyses of plant, soil and animal remains with the exception of the dog burials. In spite of the publication of several lengthy preliminary reports in the Bulletin d’Archéologie et d’Architecture Libanaises, the journal of the Lebanese DGA, and that of some side articles in a variety of specialized venues, not many excavation results of the intensive international salvage excavations that took place between 1993 and 2000, have received a final and comprehensive publication. The situation in Lebanon coupled with the absence of funds and the involvement of the archaeologists in other new long term projects, has relegated the interest in the archaeology of Beirut to the bottom of the excavators’ priority list. More than twenty years after the end of the excavations in BEY 020, the time has finally come to pay our due. The present volume, Beirut III, BEY 020, Small Objects and Dog Burials is the first of a series of three dealing with the final results of the German-Lebanese excavations on the site BEY 020 in the BCD. It was supposed to be the third of the series after Beirut I, BEY 020, Architecture and Stratigraphy and Beirut II, BEY 020, The Pottery, but the editors deemed important to present the studies as soon as they were completed. It was not easy to re-involve members of the excavation team in the final publication more than twenty years after the end of the excavations in BEY 020 because many had left archaeology and have embraced new careers while others had changed their research focus and had little or no time for the study of the Beirut material. The editors are grateful to all contributors to this volume and to all those who accepted to participate in the publication of the other forthcoming two. They would like to express here their heartfelt thanks. The substantial financial support by the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs made it possible for us to start the project and to provide for collaborators coming from abroad. The Breuninger Foundation grant partly covered the expenses of post-excavation work necessary for the evaluation of the excavated material. The most important funding institution was the Gerda Henkel Stiftung who accompanied not only the post-excavation work but also supported exclusively the preparation of the publication. It would have been almost impossible to complete the present volume without the support and cooperation of the Lebanese Directorate General of Antiquities who facilitated access to the stored material. The editors would like to thank in particular the DGA officer in charge of the storage, Marie-Antoinette Gemayel, for her efficient help.

Beirut / Obersteinbach, May 2021 Hélène Sader / Uwe Finkbeiner

Introduction

1 The Historical Setting (Hélène Sader) Twenty-two years ago the Lebanese-German excavations on the site of BEY 0201 were completed. This joint rescue excavation undertaken by the American University of Beirut (represented by Hélène Sader) and the Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen (represented by Uwe Finkbeiner) lasted four years (1994–1998). The above institutions answered the international appeal made in 1993 by the Lebanese Ministry of Culture to rescue excavate the area of the Beirut Central District (hereafter BCD) which was to be imminently reconstructed. During the second half of the 1990’s, fourteen other local and international teams of archaeologists contributed to the salvage excavations of the BCD in one of the largest urban excavation projects. A short retrospective of the circumstances surrounding this archaeological project will help contextualize the BEY 020 excavations,2 and a short survey of Beirut’s history in the Bronze and Iron Age will place the remains in their historical setting.

Fig. 1: The Beirut central district.

1 2

The numbering of the excavation sites in the Beirut Central District followed a chronological sequence: BEY 001 was the first site to be opened and the following ones received a sequential number. For a detailed account of the political and economic circumstances and difficulties of the BCD archaeological project see Sader 1998.

2

Introduction

The Beirut Central District The BCD was the heart of the modern city of Beirut where all the souks, banks, and other businesses were flourishing before the civil conflict broke out in 1975. It extended from Martyrs’ Square in the East to the district of Kantari in the west, and from the modern bridge that links east and west Beirut in the south to the Mediterranean Sea in the north (Fig. 1). The BCD covered roughly 700 000 m2, and the promontory on which ancient Beirut was built occupied the northeastern edge of the area and overlooked the harbor.

Fig. 2: Beirut in a French plan of 1920 with the “Tell” northeast of Martyrs’ square. Martyrs’ Square, previously known as Saḥat al-Burj, the Tower Square, by reference to the Crusader tower that was located southeast of it, was the beating heart of the BCD. Under French mandate it was also called Place des Canons by reference to the Ottoman artillery placed on top of the tower to protect the harbor. North of Martyrs’ Square, overlooking the harbor, was the site of the Bronze and Iron Age acropolis of Beirut. The “tell” of ancient Beirut was still preserved in the 1920’s as attested by a French plan published in 1920. On this plan (Fig. 2) the settlement is clearly visible northeast of Martyrs’ Square. It was preserved almost intact because the center of the classical and medieval city shifted to the west in the Roman period and occupied the area around modern Place de l’Étoile or Parliament Square, as far north as the sea. The fortified settlement was abandoned after the Hellenistic period and the area became only randomly occupied in Roman and Byzantine times. The site of the ancient fortified settlement of Beirut lost progressively its preeminent position and was not included within the walls of the medieval city (Cheikho 1925). It was occupied in Ottoman times by a Muslim cemetery which was removed at the end of the 19th century (Davie 1984 and 1987) (Fig. 3). This explains the good preservation of the archaeological “tell” until this period. It is only after the removal of the cemetery that modern buildings started to appear in that area. However, late 19th and early 20th century buildings had no deep foundations and did not damage the archaeological layers underneath. The site of ancient Beirut did not remain safe from serious damage during its long history. The first important destruction of the ancient settlement goes back to the Crusader period when the imposing castle (Fig. 4) destroyed the northwestern part of the intra muros city. Its remains were found to the west of the promontory in site BEY 003 (Fig. 8). This Crusader castle was dismantled at the end of the 19th century (Du Mesnil du Buisson 1921: 250) and is known only from photographs and paintings. Another substantial destruction occurred in the 1940’s or 1950’s with the construction of the main sewer that drained the used waters from the eastern suburbs of the Beirut Central District to the sea. This sewer which was exposed during the excavations (Fig. 5), damaged the Iron Age glacis as well as the Early Bronze Age fortification wall in site BEY 020 (Fig. 6). It cut the glacis from southeast

Introduction

3

to northwest thus creating a wide section in the structure which made the study of the building technique of this well-preserved and impressive element of the Iron Age fortification possible (for a preliminary description of the glacis see Jablonka 1997 and Finkbeiner in this volume). The final and more lethal blow to the archaeological layers was caused in the late 1950’s and 1960’s by the construction of high-rise buildings such as the so-called “Byblos” (parcel 289) and “Rivoli” buildings (parcel 139) as well as by new streets and sewers laid in this area (Finkbeiner-Sader 1997: 121). The deep foundations of these massive constructions reached bedrock and destroyed the largest part of the intra muros city of Beirut. Finally, the bulldozing of all standing buildings on the tell site using heavy machines followed by the implantation of a cement factory on that site before reconstruction began, contributed in erasing what the high-rise buildings had spared.

Fig. 3: Plan of Beirut’s center 1841 (after Davie 1987).

Fig. 4: Beirut, Crusader castle (after Bartlett 1838).

4

Introduction

Previous Work on the Site of the Bronze and Iron Age Tell Little recorded archaeological work is known to have taken place on the ancient tell of Beirut before the civil strife broke out. While several remains of the Roman and Byzantine city were exposed in the area of Place de l’Étoile by the French Mandate authorities (Lauffray 1944–1945), there is no record of any archaeological activity in the area of the ancient tell.

Fig. 5: Large sewer cutting the Iron Age II glacis …

Fig.6: … and cutting the Early Bronze Age city wall.

Fig. 7: Beirut, the “Kharji Tombs” (after Saidah 1993–94). In 1954, a first discovery was made north of Martyrs’ Square, in the area of the former Muslim cemetery known as Beirut Kharji.3 While digging for the foundations of a modern high-rise building, the Makassed Islamic Charity Association hit archaeological remains in the Beirut cadastral plot 289 which belonged to the Islamic waqf. According to Roger Saidah (1993–1994), this plot corresponds to the site of the later “Byblos” building. Four Middle and Late Bronze Age rock-cut tombs were exposed (Fig. 7): The first one was emptied by the developer who alerted the authorities as recorded by Maurice Chéhab4 in his “chronique” (Chéhab 1955: 51): “Saeb Bey (the then President of the Makassed Charity) eut l’amabilité de recueillir les pièces de céramique trouvées dans cette tombe et de m’aviser de la découverte”. The remaining three tombs were excavated by the Directorate General of Antiquities (hereafter DGA). The construction planned by the Makassed was unfortunately not stopped by the DGA to allow further extended investigations of the area. In the absence of official protection, the new high-rise buildings multiplied and obliterated almost completely the intra muros settlement of pre-Hellenistic Beirut and damaged the Bronze and Iron Age fortifications (Fig. 8). 3 4

Kharji is an Arabic term which means “outer, external”, and it refers to the fact that the cemetery district was located outside the city walls. Director General of the Lebanese Antiquities at the time.

Introduction

5

The archaeological material retrieved from the Kharji tombs as well as the documentation kept in the DGA about the 1954 excavations were collected by the late Roger Saidah who could not publish them due to his untimely death in 1979. In 1993, when the BCD archaeological project started, the material was published under his name in the journal Berytus. According to the Berytus editor (Seeden 1993–1994: 137), “… the spectacular post-war discoveries of substantial remnants of the Bronze and Iron Age fortified settlements of Beirut made the publication of the earlier Bronze Age tomb finds a matter of great urgency.” The wealth of these tombs suggests that they may have belonged to the ruling class. The large number of Middle and Late Bronze Age Egyptian (Ward 1993–1994), Minoan, Mycenaean, and Cypriot (Saidah 1993–1994) imports indicates the wide trade network of Beirut in the second millennium BCE which encompassed all the Eastern Mediterranean.

Fig. 8: Area of BEY 003, 013 and 020 excavations between “Rivoli” and “Byblos”. In 1969, Roger Saidah surveyed the area between the “Rivoli” and the “Byblos” buildings and collected materials which strongly suggested that the area was the site of the ancient settlement of Beirut. He planned to undertake new excavations there, more precisely in plots 237 and 238, and declared with great insight that this “will provide the last opportunity archaeologists will have to study the rather unknown and mysterious history of pre-Roman Beirut.” (Saidah 1970: 12). Unfortunately, his planned excavations never took place. The area selected by Saidah corresponds partly to site BEY 003 which was excavated by the American University Museum (Badre 1997). This excavation site which revealed the pre-Hellenistic fortifications of Beirut, confirmed the identification of the area with the Bronze and Iron Age city. As the BCD archaeological project progressed under the pressure of developers (for the problems encountered by the BCD archaeological project see Sader 1998), three additional sites were opened to expose the entire Beirut fortifications and the remains of the intra muros city. East of BEY 003, extending along Rue Cadmus and Rue Azmi Bey, two excavation areas, BEY 020 (AUB-Tübingen) and BEY 013 (Lebanese University), yielded the longest and best preserved portion of the Iron Age glacis and reached the eastern border of the Iron Age city (Finkbeiner/Sader 1997; Karam 1997). West of BEY 003, the University of Amsterdam excavated site BEY 032 which extended to the western border of the Iron Age city (Curvers 2001–2002 and Curvers and Stuart 2005). The results of all four excavation sites provided a good picture of the Bronze and Iron Age fortifications of Beirut, gave a rough idea of the city’s original size, and exposed some of the surviving remains of the intra muros settlement. The preserved remains of pre-classical Beirut

6

Introduction

are located today in the area bordered by Avenue George Haddad to the east, Rue Zaafarane to the west, Rue Cadmus to the south, and the former Rue des Entrepôts to the north. The archaeological remains exposed in these four excavation sites were considered to be worth preserving and the Lebanese authorities decided to expropriate the parcels so far excavated for this purpose. Unfortunately, the surrounding unexcavated plots located in the immediate vicinity of the fortifications, where remains belonging to pre-Hellenistic Beirut were likely to be found,5 were not included in the expropriation decision and were sold to developers. Beirut in the Bronze and Iron Ages Since BEY 020 is part of the Bronze and Iron Age settlement of Beirut, a short survey of Beirut’s history during these periods will help place its remains in their historical setting. Until 1993 Beirut was not considered to be one of Lebanon’s major archaeological attractions and one of its famous ancient cities. For one, the city did not enjoy the fame and wealth of other ancient coastal settlements like Tyre, Sidon, or Byblos. On the other hand, although impressive structures had been uncovered since the beginning of the twentieth century in the BCD, no visible remains were left standing to bear witness to the city’s long and, at times, glorious past. The reason simply is that ancient Beirut was and still is the victim of its location in the modern central district of the capital. If one had to rely only on the written records, the history of Beirut would have begun in the Late Bronze Age when the city is mentioned for the first time in the sources. Indeed, there is no mention of the city in the written records of the third and first half of the second millennium BCE. Pettinato’s interpretation of the place name bau9-ra-adki or ba-u9-ra-duki mentioned in the third millennium BCE Ebla texts as referring to Beirut was rejected by Bonechi (1993: 68) and no consensus around this identification prevailed among scholars. The first explicit mentions of Beirut appeared in Late Bronze Age texts. Indeed, the city is often mentioned in the El-Amarna correspondence as uruBe-ru-ta, and in the Ras Shamra texts as Biruti (for all the mentions of Beirut in the cuneiform texts see Belmonte Marín 2001: 56–57). The political and economic situation of Beirut in the Late Bronze Age is best described in the Amarna correspondence, mainly in the letters of Rib-Adda, the king of Byblos (Moran 1987). These letters inform us that Beirut was a small independent kingdom ruled by a king called Ammunira. The city seems to have been politically more stable than Byblos and militarily stronger. Rib-Adda took refuge in Beirut when the Apiru and Abdi-Ashirta threatened his city. In EA 95, 141, and 142 the city is requested to send troops to help Byblos against Abdi-Ashirta, the king of Amurru. Its king, Ammunira, told Pharaoh in one of his letters (EA 141) that he did prepare his troops and chariots to answer Pharaoh’s request. In these letters there is also mention of Beirut’s merchant fleet and of the peaceful relations the city had with other cities (EA 114). The existence of a merchant fleet in Beirut is also attested in the Emar texts (Arnaud 1992). The documents found in Ras Shamra attest to the diplomatic and commercial relations between the two kingdoms. The king of Beirut appears as the equal of the king of Ugarit whom he addresses as his “brother”, and Beirut imported tin and copper from Ugarit which were paid in silver sheqels (Vida 2005 for the various mentions of Beirut in the Ras Shamra texts). It is also interesting to note that Beirut seems to have had territorial ambitions or at least, maybe, to have sought revenge against Ugarit!! One Ras Shamra text speaks of Beiruti boats in the city of Siyannu who came to attack Ugarit! However, the reason for this aggressive behavior remains unknown. According to Vida (2005: 296), “The analysis of the letters from Beirut shows a certainly meaningful picture, in which the city appears as one of the most important sites in the Phoenician coast”. Beirut is mentioned also in the late 19th dynasty papyrus Anastasi I (20, 8) dated to the 13th c. BCE. (Belmonte Marín 2001: 57). The relatively clear picture that the city offers in the Late Bronze Age documentation fades away in the Iron Age. Indeed, Beirut is mentioned only once in the annals of Esarhaddon, the neo-Assyrian king. In the year 677 BC, Esarhaddon made a campaign against Sidon and transformed the kingdom into an Assyrian province to which he gave the name Kar-Esarhaddon, “Esarhaddon’s harbor”. In his account of this event, the Assyrian king enumerates all the cities that he included in the newly created province.

5

This omission was at the origin of several controversies regarding the preservation of the remains in these plots. This is what happened, for example, in the plot 1474 Marfa’ southwest of the Tell area where the southern edge of the Iron Age paved street exposed in BEY 032 was found. A strong controversy arose between the DGA and the developers regarding its preservation.

Introduction

7

“I gathered the kings of Ḫatti (Syria-Palestine) and the seacoast, all of them, and had (them) build a city in another place, and I named it Kār-Esarhaddon. (The inhabitants of) the cities Bīt-Ṣupūri, Sikkû, Gi’, Inimme, Ḫildua, Qartimme, Bi’rû, Kilmê, Bitirume, Sagû, Ampa, Bīt-Gisimeya, Birgi’, Gambūlu, Dalaimme, (and) Isiḫimme, cities of the environs of Sidon, places of pasturing and watering for his stronghold, which I captured with the help of the god Aššur, my lord, …”. (Leichty 2011, 1, ii, 65–82 and iii, 1–19). Bi’rû was identified with Beirut (Bagg 2007) and the above text clearly shows that Beirut in the 7th c. BC belonged to the kingdom of Sidon and was not anymore an independent kingdom. It was one of the fortified cities of Sidon’s territory and it is not clear when and under which circumstances this change in Beirut’s status happened. This single mention of Beirut in the Iron Age leaves the city’s history completely in the dark and had it not been for the archaeological discoveries, no one would have assumed that Beirut was once a fortified settlement with a major and active harbor on the Phoenician coast. It is in the classical period that Beirut will earn its prominent position as one of the main political, economic, and cultural centers of Phoenicia, a position it continues to claim until the present day. To sum up, if the recent archaeological evidence is combined with the available written sources, a sketch of Beirut’s history from the third until the end of the first millennium BCE can be drawn. The ancient settlers of Beirut chose the rocky promontory overlooking the bay of St Andrew as the site of their city. As early as the mid third millennium, they fortified their first urban settlement with a mudbrick wall (Badre 1997: 26) but there is no information about this Early Bronze Age settlement of Beirut because little was retrieved in terms of architectural and other material remains from that period, and also because of the total absence of written sources. It seems, however, that the city progressively grew and prospered to become an important harbor in the Middle Bronze Age. The most important evidence for Beirut's prosperity during that period is the beautifully built stone fortification wall with pilasters placed at regular intervals on its outer face (Badre 1997: 28 and figs 11a and 11b). The city’s economic importance is evidenced by the wide trade network it had established which reached Crete as attested by the presence of a Kamares bowl in the Kharji tombs (Saidah 1993–1994: Pls. 17 and 18), Egypt as attested by alabaster and faience vases and figurines (Badre 1997: Figs. 16 and 19), and Cyprus. The quality of the finds in both the Kharji tombs and the site suggests the presence of a political and economic elite. This may lead to the assumption that Beirut was maybe ruled by a royal dynasty as was the case of other Middle Bronze Age coastal cities. The recent excavations have yielded also a jar burial of a child with a carnelian necklace (Badre 1997: Fig. 13a–c). The wealth of imported finds from the recent site excavations which complemented those of the Kharji tombs, confirmed the importance of the city in the Middle Bronze Age. This importance grew in the Late Bronze Age as attested by the written sources and the archaeological remains. The prestige and wealth of the royal dynastic regime are confirmed by both the written records and the archaeological finds. The city prospered and its trade connections extended to the entire eastern Mediterranean mainly Cyprus, Mycenae, and Egypt. The Iron Age city continued to renew and strengthen its fortification walls as attested by the impressive surviving glacis. However, for reasons that remain to be cleared, Beirut seems to have lost its leading political role and to have fallen under the hegemony of the kingdom of Sidon. This inclusion within the territory of Sidon did not affect Beirut’s economic activity which continued to develop as attested by the large numbers of transport amphorae and foreign imports. The accumulation of debris on top of its glacis and its transformation into a dog cemetery during the Persian period (Lott in this volume) suggest the progressive decay of the fortifications. Furthermore, the creation of a new residential quarter to the west of the stronghold and near the harbor also suggests that the economic center of the city was shifting from its original promontory to further west, closer to the harbor (Elayi and Sayegh 1998 and 2000). The wealth of the excavated Persian period houses in the new residential area attests to this urban and economic development. The last rebuilding of Beirut’s city wall was the work of Alexander the Great’s successors. When the Romans conquered Beirut in 61 BCE, they chose to leave the tell area and to build their new city in the plain, west of the promontory.

8

Introduction

2 The Excavation BEY 020 (Uwe Finkbeiner) 2.1 History of the excavation During the first campaign in May 1995 work was extended, in order to get an overview, over the whole area of streets Rue Cadmus and Rue Azmi Bey (s. plan fig. 9). It turned out that the square areas in the west, 08/09 and 08/10, would only yield findings mainly dating in the Byzantine and Ottoman periods. But already in the next campaign, in the fall of 1995, square area 09/11 delivered the earliest architectural finding, namely the Early Bronze Age city wall [09/11-1] (fig. 10).

Fig. 9: Location of the excavation area BEY 020. In the 3rd to 5th campaigns (1996–1998) the excavations took place in just 4 square areas. As the Iron Age II glacis was in a better state of preservation its base could be exposed in square area 10/09 at + 4.90 m. An even older phase became visible in square area 12/09 in the shape of a gate and stairs dated to the early Iron Age (fig. 11).

Fig. 10: BEY 20, square 09/11, walls [0911-1] and [0911-2] turning to the east.

Introduction

9

Fig. 11: Square 11-12/09, gate of the early Iron Age. Area B was completely buried under the deep-reaching concrete foundations of the SNIP building (parcel 291) that had first to be removed using heavy machinery; then the remaining parts of the glacis’ base could be reached and the connection with excavation area BEY 003 (Badre 1997) was definitely laid open. The table below provides a chronological overview including the amount of loci in the individual square areas. Square Area A 08/09 08/10 09/09 09/10 09/11 10/09 10/10 11/09 11/10 12/09 12/10 Area B

1. Camp. 05/1995

2. Camp. 09/1995

3. Camp. 09/1996

4. Camp. 09/1997

5. Camp. 04/1998

01−40 01−09 01−05 01−55 01−16 01−09 01−39 01−09 01−28 01−04 01–18 01–69

-

-

164–166 -

06−08 56−69 17−31 10−32a -

33−92 -

-

10−30 -

31−63 -

64−94 29

05−29 19 70–83

30−132 20–22 -

133−163 23 -

Fig. 12: Chronology of the proceeding excavation. 2.2 The excavation team The excavations in BEY 020 were from the start planned as a joint expedition of the American University Beirut (AUB) and the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen. Those two institutions were represented by Dr. Hélène Sader and Dr. Uwe Finkbeiner as field directors. The excavations were rescue excavations but aimed also to serve as study courses for the beginners in practical archaeology from Beirut and Tübingen. Here we present a list of our collaborators.

10

Introduction

The Lebanese team consisted of Anne-Marie Maïla Afeiche, at the time from the Direction Générale des Antiquités, and Dr. Arda Ekmekji (AUB); then there were the students Nadine Boksmati (AUB), Gassia Artin, Rana Andari, Raghida Abillama, Marie Lamah, Surayya Jabak (all Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut), Hanadi Nasrallah and Salwa Kheireddine (Lebanese University, Beirut). Edouard Karaa (Beirut) was in charge of the photos. Area supervisors among the German team were Dr. Peter Jablonka [†], Sinan Kiliç, M.A., Lorenz Korn, M.A., Regina Heilmann, M.A., and Gerti Preuss, M.A. (at the time all Tübingen University), later Dr. Renate Gut and Dr. Stefan Hauser (both FU Berlin); field assistants were Jâle Kiliç, M.A., Ariel M. Bagg, M.A., Vivi Deckwirth, Susanne Fischer (all Tübingen University). In addition there were Edy Mulié and Linda Wilhelm from the University of Amsterdam and Francisco J. Núñez Calvo (University Pompeo Fabra, Barcelona). Free lance collaborators were Andrea Göddecke [†] and Günter Müller (both from Waldbronn) in charge of the drawing of the plans, and Martin Wille (University of Mainz) and Rami Yassine (Beirut) as drawers of the small finds; Dr. Brigitte Finkbeiner had taken on the registering of the finds. A third group was made up of the engineers of geodesy and their students from the Technical University (HfT) Stuttgart. Besides the surveying work needed for the excavation, Prof. Dr. Peter Breuer prepared an overall plan for which he surveyed the region south of the excavation areas BEY 003, 013 and 020, he was supported by Henning Schriever (TU Berlin). Dipl. ing. Andreas Runte and Dipl. ing. Andreas Schadl, as well as Stephan Nickel and Markus Pfeiffer, all from the HfT Stuttgart, took care of the daily measuring of finds and findings and of the field sketches. The surveying team was enforced by Dipl. ing. Hans Paul Birk, free-lance surveyor, and Dipl. ing. Dieter Müller, “Landesdenkmalamt” Stuttgart. The collaboration with all those mentioned above lies already far back in time, but they who have contributed so much to the success of the excavations have never been appreciated accordingly. The former field directors, at present editors of this volume, have it at heart to thank you all very much for your committed and always reliable work. Especially effective collaboration was delivered by the heavy machinery (Fig. 13) and by the trucks for the removal of the lifted ground, which the company Solidere put at our disposal free of cost: therefore our special thanks.

Fig. 13: BEY 020, excavator generously placed at our disposal by Solidere.

Introduction

11

2.3 Excavation procedures As regards the field methods and stratigraphy employed, a 10 by 10 m grid was initially designed to define the site topography and to map the excavation trenches. Therefore the dig took place within 9 by 9 m squares designated from West to East and from South to North by means of Arabic numbers (08/09, 09/10, etc.), each separated by a 1 m thick baulk.

Fig. 14: BEY 020, grid of the excavation. Each square was managed by a supervisor, an experienced student in archaeology, following a standard excavation system and using a fixed set of procedures and recording forms. The progress of the dig was described in a daily sheet. The material was collected within each excavation unit, called locus, i.e. a spatial, confined feature. Each locus was designated by a sequential number preceded by the double numeral of the square (i.e. 20/19-55). The term ‘level’ was used by the excavator for layers stratigraphically defined by clear limits and numbered within a chronological sequence. The term “strata” indicates arbitrarily limited packages of material, for example from test-trenches. A clear definition of historically relevant levels by architecture was generally not possible. It must be taken into consideration that the excavation ground was not formed by occupation levels but rose up in layers of rubbish thrown from top of the town wall to the glacis and then sloping down by ca. 30 degrees. 3. Stratigraphy, an Overview (Uwe Finkbeiner) 3.1 Introduction The Lebanese-German excavation BEY 020 focused on a region free of construction south of the former warehouse Byblos (parcel 289) and between the former and an office building of the company SNIP (parcel 391), the region corresponds to the course of the streets Rue Cadmus and Rue Azmi Bey. As the excavation continued it became clear that the course of those streets follows that of the ancient city wall and its outside installations that had for millennia marked the appearance of the city (fig. 14). This particular situation had a decisive influence on the excavation. The earliest city wall that could be seized lay at the northern edge of the excavation area, from there the terrain sloped towards the south so that most layers could not be exposed horizontally but only parallel to the slope. This circumstance rendered the exact stratigraphical documentation of the overall findings more difficult, but on the other hand the successive defense installations provided separating marks that made a rough stratigraphical interpretation possible. Another difficulty arose in excavator work carried out before the beginning of the excavations, especially in the western squares, where stratigraphical connections could not be reconstructed.

12

Introduction

In just a few cases can a dating be deduced from a particular layer. For the catalogue of finds a system of stratigraphic units was instead worked out (abbreviated SU), that should allow to place finds as exactly as possible within the stratigraphy. For the time being, the SU substitute for a future dating of the loci on the basis of the pottery. (The respective examination had already been done for the ceramics of Tell el-Abd [Sconzo 2013] and was put to good use in the publication “Tell el-ʻAbd III” [Finkbeiner 2019]). The stratigraphic units will be designated by the respective square number plus a capital letter and put in square brackets, e.g. [08/09-A]. Architectural features functioning as separating markers in the stratigraphic sequence will be designated by Arabic numerals within the respective square, e.g. [09/11-1]. After this first mention they will only be designated by the respective numeral in square brackets, as the numeral is valid for all square areas. Exceptions are the architectural remains [1] and [2] which have to be differentiated between square areas 09/11 or 12/09. In the appendix to this chapter all stratigraphic units will be listed according to squares together with the respective loci (Appendix C, tables 1–11). Loci with typologically datable finds will be given in bold-faced type, loci that are only defined within the sections will be put in square brackets. A table showing all SUs in chronographic order (Appendix C, table 12) will conclude the appendix. There is yet another specialty of this excavation site to be taken into consideration: most of the deposits developed from building debris or from waste material or material otherwise unfit for use that had simply been thrown away over the city wall, making up a dump in front of the city wall. Among those strata of organic material and of sherds was mingled the stone debris of the defense installations. The following overview over the stratigraphy and the resulting dating proposals adheres to the grid of the squares from west to east and then from south to north (fig. 14). The squares along Rue Cadmus link with the findings in the east (BEY 013) which had already been exposed by a team from the Lebanese University (Karam 1997). However, to begin with, the excavation findings in Rue Azmi Bey will be presented. 3.2 The findings under Rue Azmi Bey (Square 09/11) In the west of the excavation site BEY 020 a wall was exposed, wall [09/11-1], which, due to the installation of a modern sewer, was only preserved as two parallel rows of stones. Its original width of 2 meters and its masonry of carefully hewn blocks attested to its defensive function, its stratigraphic position and its foundation on bedrock to a very early date. The city wall which L. Badre excavated in BEY 003 and which was dated to the Middle Bronze Age (Badre 1997) is so similar in execution that the wall in BEY 020 needs be the continuation of that city wall towards the southeast – then also to be dated to the Middle Bronze Age (see plan fig. 15). In this plan and in the respective section (fig. 16) there appears yet another wall, wall [09/11-2]. This second wall obviously follows the course of the Middle Bronze Age city wall, also running from southeast to northwest but at an increasing distance of up to 2.5 m. Close to the southern limit of square 09/11 it turns – here together with wall [09/11-1] – towards the east. Its further course is not preserved. Probably, wall [09/11-2] was to replace or supplement the older wall [09/11-1] of Middle Bronze Age date. Its execution as tapering rubblestone wall leaning inwards clearly shows that it was not meant to be freestanding. It may rather have been part of the foundation of a later city wall to which also belonged the Iron Age glacis put up in front. A date in the Late Bronze Age is certain although respective finds are lacking. Sloping against and over wall [2] – and thus definitely younger – there was a sequence of strata consisting of mud and of small stones, the SU [09/11-A]. The material had been carried there from an unknown place to serve as groundwork of the glacis, it contains small finds, especially stone tools showing that the place from where they were taken was much older. Three examples, BEY 020: 065, BEY 020: 339 and BEY 020: 440, will be presented in chapter 7.1. (For details of the stratigraphy see Appendix C, table 4)

Introduction

Fig. 15: BEY 020, square 09/11, wall [09/11-1] MBA and wall [09/11-2] LBA/IA I.

Fig. 16: BEY 020, square 09/11, section A – B.

13

14

Introduction

3.3 The findings under Rue Cadmus (Squares 08/09, 09/10, 10/09 – 12/10) Square 08/09 As the square lies in the extreme southwest of the excavation area, the glacis is not preserved here. The foundations of two Ottoman walls were exposed (loci 05,06). The rooms that they indicate were just a little disturbed by some pits (loci 02,07,08), finds belonged mostly to the Byzantine and some to the Ottoman period, there was a badly preserved floor at 14.10 m. No earlier findings were reached. (For details of the stratigraphy see Appendix C, table 1) The Ottoman walls separated two rooms, SU [08/09-A] between loci 06 and 05, and SU [08/09-B], at a level of ± 12,50 m both SUs were differentiated into an upper and a lower SU, i.e. A1–2 and B1–2. Square 09/09 With the exception of a small piece of wall square 09/09 had no architecture. There are not even remains of the glacis, although it must have existed here. An internal stratigraphy is not recognizable, but three SUs may be defined by their position in the square: SU [09/09-A] in the northeastern corner, SU [09/09-B] in the northwestern corner and SU [09/09-C] for the Islamic and modern remains. (For details of the stratigraphy see Appendix C, table 2) Only 15 finds from 09/09 could be dated. More than half of them (8) are Ottoman and come from a disturbance by the modern sewer. More than a fourth of the other finds is Roman (4), one find is Byzantine and two go back to Persian times. Square 09/10 In the west, Square 09/10 is delimited by the concrete foundations of the SNIP building, the glacis comes in from the east and covers about one fourth of the square. That means that two Stratigraphic Units are partially observable: layers on top of the glacis, in the east and in the south, and layers as groundwork Unterfütterung of the glacis which correspond to SU [09/11-A]. A clean separation into layers below and layers above the glacis was unfortunately not possible. Accordingly, the datable finds extend from Iron Age II (2) to pipes from the Ottoman period (4). Half of the finds belong to Roman times while the Byzantine (2), the Hellenistic (1) and the Persian times (2) are underrepresented. As to periods the resulting picture is irregular but definitely concentrating on the Roman epoch. (For details of the stratigraphy see Appendix C, table 3) Square 10/09 In this square as well as in those following towards the east the excavation and then the interpretation of the findings were hampered by a strong wall running from west to east, wall r [10/09-7], in the jargon of the team „The Roman wall“. It was not removed down to the end of the excavation and quite restricted the surface to be examined (fig. 17). There resulted two partial areas, one north of wall [7], where the modern sewer provided a further disturbance, the other along the west section past wall [7]. South of that wall excavator work had done quite some damage so that adequate exposure of the layers could only set in at a depth of about 6 to 5.5 m above sea level.

Fig. 17: BEY 020, square 10/09 from S with glacis [3] and late wall [7].

Introduction

15

The sections in the west and in the east show a few deposits that must be older than the glacis [10/09-3] and are termed SU [10/09-A]. The erection of the glacis marks the beginning of the Iron Age II in the 8th c. BC. Over a period of about 200 years and together with a city wall erected at its northern end but not preserved it protected the town. During that time span, whatever was spoiled or had become useless was thrown over the wall and in time grew to a mass of layers, 1–2 meters thick, which, as far as possible, was documented stratigraphically. That mass of layers, SU [10/09-B], also contains the findings of SU [10/10-D]. As the “dump” grew it hindered more and more the original protective function of the glacis. This development was to be stopped by a retention wall set in the slope in front of the glacis, wall [10/09-4]. The wall separated the later layers down the slope in the south of the square, SU [10/09-C], from the recent deposits that had accumulated before the erection of wall [4], SU [10/09-B]. The west section (fig. 18) clearly shows that wall [4] was not very carefully built. It projects towards the south and had obviously soon to be substituted by a second retention wall, wall [10/09-5]. The latter separates the layers SU [10/09-C] from SU [10/09-D], that is those layers that had accumulated as long as wall [4] was able to function. In between there lies in our sequence of layers a layer of ashes [10/09-E corresponding to locus 52, that will be discussed below.

Fig. 18: BEY 020, W-section in square 10/09.

16

Introduction

As wall [5] shows a join in the section (fig. 18), this finding must be differentiated. The profile suggests that the strong layer of ashes SU [10/09-E] is very likely to have extended over the lower building phase of wall [5]. Further up the slope it was then cut when the younger phase was built; we must therefore differentiate between a wall [5a] and a wall [5b]. Regardless of this interpretation the layer of ashes, locus 52, that could be followed into square 10/10, stands for a deep bench mark manifesting a destruction of the city and separating Iron Age II from Iron Age III. Wall [5] belongs at the end of Iron Age II [5a] as well as at the beginning of Iron Age III [5b]. Above SU [10/09-E] and north of wall [7] there lay layers SU [10/09-F] with – from bottom to top – the loci 20, 17 and 15. In those layers 7 dog burials, SU [10/09-6], were exposed, presumably dug down from locus 20 (s. Part II, fig. 3). The loci to the west thereof and close to the surface were subsumed under SU [10/09-G]. The region in the northeast, north of wall [7] and east of the line E: 105,00 – listed separately in table SU 10/09 – was only excavated in the third campaign 1996. Two phases were differentiated, SU [10/09-H1] and SU [10/09H2], which are nearly contemporary with SU [10/09-F] and SU [10/09-G]. (For details of the stratigraphy see Appendix C, table 5) Square 10/10 The square north of 10/09 had not been left untouched either. The foundation pit of the “Warehouse Byblos” built in the 1930s destroyed all possible findings in the northern half as well as much of the Bronze Age city. The “sewage canal” cut the southern half diagonally into two triangles, that is, in loci west and east of the canal. Fortunately, the glacis still existed for most of that stretch so that the lower delimitations are clear. The east profile supplements the stratigraphical findings by a clear sequence of the layers sloping from north to south. There was only one place where two phases of the glacis [3] of different ages could be demonstrated (loci 04a– b). Right there, in test trenches [10/10-T], the groundwork of the glacis was visible as SU [10/10-A]. The findings above the glacis were rather clear: in the west, close to the section, several partial areas were exposed, SU [10/10B]: a triangular area east of the canal, SU [10/10-C], and another one from the canal to the east profile, SU [10/10D]. In the last two it was possible to differentiate between two packages of layers, SU [10/10-C1/2] and SU [10/10-D1/2]. The whole north of the square was deeply destroyed by building pits, SU [10/10-E], and by the modern sewage, SU [10/10-8]. (For details of the stratigraphy see Appendix C, table 6) Square 11/09 The ancient wall already mentioned, here [11/09-7], made for a complete separation during the first three excavation campaigns. Only after Solidere had removed the wall in 1996, the lower levels were accessible without hindrance. Until then the excavation focused on the region north of the wall, where the stratigraphy could be systematically followed from north to south by test trenches at the western and eastern profiles and in the center. In this way the areas between the test trenches could be correctly interpreted in their stratigraphies and be subdivided continuously into individual levels which were numbered from the glacis almost up to the surface, SU [11/09-C] until SU [11/09-J]. The section wall between 11/09 and 11/10 was dismantled accordingly, level by level, and documented down to level II [10/10-K]. It has already been mentioned that in the fourth campaign we could begin to expose the layers under the glacis. The earliest findings appeared in the partial areas lying south of the preserved glacis and west of the gateway [12/09-1], subsumed under SU [11/09-A]. Above, from the gateway [1] – only a small part of which belongs to the square – up to the glacis [3], all findings were taken as one unit and called SU [11/09-B]. To be added are the findings that have already been exposed during the first campaign, south of wall [7]. Apart from the layers documented north of wall [7] they are designated SU [11/09-L]. (For details of the stratigraphy see Appendix C, table 7) Square 11/10 As has been described for square 11/09, here were also test trenches brought down in order to better understand the stratigraphy of the partial areas between the test trenches. The SUs refer to the partial areas right and left of the central test trench and are designated SU [11/10-B] and SU [11/10-C]. Two phases were differentiated as SU [B1–2] and SU [C1–2]. The deposits and strata above were registered as SU [11/10-D]. At just one place was the glacis so badly damaged that a view to the material below was possible. This earliest finding was called SU [11/10-A]. The test trenches are registered separately as SU [11/10-T], they yielded several not stratified finds. (For details of the stratigraphy see Appendix C, table 8) Square 12/09 As in almost all squares the sequence of layers is divided by the glacis. In addition, the deposits above the glacis adhere to the numbering of the layers as derives from the shared profile of squares 11/09-10 and 12/09-10. The

Introduction

17

overall structure is also subdivided in an “upper and a lower glacis” [12/09-3a–b] caused by a delimitation of the glacis in a gusset in the east. The resulting free space is obviously connected to a flight of stairs that had a landing here and is otherwise only preserved in a few steps (locus 11/10-29). Within the sequence of layers above the glacis a big block (circa 1.5 x 2 m) of the layered debris, the so-called West Block (WB), was systematically dismantled layer by layer, it contained a great amount of ceramics which were sorted and statistically documented. The resulting detailed stratigraphy was, as far as possible, transferred to the surrounding findings and compared with the already mentioned findings from the profiles. The SUs above the glacis [12/09-E-H] are subdivided into the SUs of the WB and the SUs of the findings adjoining in the south with the parallel level designations. Right on top of the glacis were deposited the layers I–IV (WB), SU [12/09-E1], resp. III–IV (south of WB), SU [12/09-E2]. There follow layers V–VI (WB), SU [12/09-F], the layers VII–IX (WB), SU [12/09-G1], and VII– VIII (south of WB), SU[12/09-G2]. Further, two younger layers X/XI and XII/XIII, SU [12/09-H1/2] were documented in the northwest of the square, they correspond with the findings layers XII/XIII, SU [12/09-I] in the northeast corner. Under the findings below the glacis, accessible from 1996, two structures had been hidden, a wall [12/09-2] erected obliquely in a right angle, and an earlier gateway [12/09-1] (Fig. 11) underneath. As the excavation proceeded, findings between the glacis and the wall corner [12/09-2] as SU [12/09-D] and those between wall [2] and the gate [1] as SU [12/09-A–C] had to be separated, the latter must be differentiated in space but not necessarily in time. Besides the described sequence of layers the findings that had already been exposed in 1995 south of the then still existing wall [7] were subsumed under SU [12/09-K], the test trenches north of wall [7] under SU [12/09-T], and the findings observed at the removal of the baulk in the extreme northeast under SU [12/09-L]. (For details of the stratigraphy see Appendix C, table 9) Square 12/10 The excavation of this square stuck to the same rules that have already been presented several times: with three test trenches from north to south at the section baulks in the west and in the east and in the center the partial areas in between were carefully exposed observing the stratigraphy. Here, too, the definition of the Stratigraphic Units must come in two parts. Starting at the glacis [3], five SUs, SU [12/10-B] to SU [12/10-F], could be defined, because of the bisection marked by 1 or 2. A further SU, [12/10-G], takes together the modern changes through building activities and the finding at the surface. (For details of the stratigraphy see Appendix C, table 10) Area B Outside of the grid laid down by the Antiquities Department a sounding was brought down within the SNIP building (parcel 391) until underneath the lower stories (fig. 13); this sounding was made possible by the generous support of Solidere who provided heavy machinery. We hoped to discover remains of the buildings in square 10/09, namely of the glacis [3] and of walls [4] and [5]; that hope was fulfilled towards the end of the 2nd campaign in the fall of 1995, thus presenting yet another connection between excavation sites BEY 020 and BEY 003 in the west. (For details of the stratigraphy see Appendix C, table 11) 4 Structure of the Volume (Uwe Finkbeiner) 4.1 General The first part of the volume considers the small finds; the second part is devoted to the dog burials of the Iron Age III found in Beirut and their distribution in the Near East. The small finds part contains the introduction and nine chapters, chapters 1 – 9, dealing with the various find categories. There follow the indices: Index 1 lists the finds after inventory numbers, Index 2 lists the loci after square and locus. All contributions are published as handed in by the collaborators – who may have completed their manuscripts quite some time ago. Chapters 1–3 were submitted to the editor in 2014 and 2015 and revised in 2019, only chapters 4.1/2 – 7 were begun and completed in 2020 as well as was part 2. To avoid unnecessary repetitions the following signs are used: The loci numbers are given in round brackets (…), stratigraphic units in square brackets […]. 4.2 The chapters of part I, the “Small Objects” A short text describing the find group and its peculiarities is followed by the catalogue of the finds, which are presented in as uniform a manner as possible, giving the find spot, the measurements and if possible the dating. The arrangement is as follows:

18

Introduction

4.2.1 Inventory number and description The Inventory number consists of BEY 020, the excavation area, and the inventory number, a sequential number of three digits, as for example: “BEY 020: 341”. There follows, if known, the registration number of the National Museum Beirut (MNB) and the description of the object including the details of its shape and function and the state of preservation: “Oil lamp, complete, type 3.2”. In some cases those are mentioned separately in an extra paragraph. 4.2.2 Location and context The find spot is usually identified by square and locus. Originally during the excavation loci were counted within each square only. In addition the context of the object is noted and the coordinates giving the precise find-spot. In our example: “Location – Context: 11/09-008. – Enlargement of locus 6 towards West.” “Coordinates: E: 114.29; N: 97.43; Elev.: 12.94 m.” “Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-J]” Stratigraphic units (SU, s. Introduction 3) are only mentioned in the catalogue when a dating is not possible, in this way we offer at least a rough placing within the stratigraphy. The SUs are, however, always mentioned in the appendices. Sometimes finds were only recognized as such when pottery or bone collections were evaluated and can then only be attributed to the locus of the collection. 4.2.3 Measurements Measurements are always given in centimeters, in our example: “Measurements: L (length): 7.7; W (width): 5.0; H (height): 3.1”. 4.2.4 Further details of our example “BEY 020: 341” “Color – decoration: 10YR 7/4”. “Plate: 2,11” 4.2.5 Dating If the object is dated exclusively by typological characteristics it is described for example as “Greek / Hellenistic”. If there is no dating possible either by typology or associated finds the stratigraphic unit [SU] is added (see Introduction, 3 Stratigraphy). These co-notations will be given to parts of the stratigraphy which show a range of layers or strata defined by stratigraphically relevant bench marks like walls or burnt layers covering the complete area. A stratigraphic unit like [10/09-C] is for example defined by a lower (31) and an upper wall (66) and delivers in that way a time span and thus a vague dating. A stratigraphic unit such as [09/11-B], serving as substructure of the glacis and composed of material originating from an unknown place may of course contain a mixed collection of finds, in this case even lithics of Palaeolithic date. 4.2.6 Plates All plates showing small objects are to be found at the end of the volume. The presentation of the objects had to make do with what was available in Tübingen. So come that next to final drawings in ink or pencil executed by M. Wille and J. Englert, there are also photos because drawings were lacking. To the left of the plates the respective catalogue entries of the presented objects are given. 4.2.7 References All references to the preliminary report in BAAL 2 are noted. References to comparable objects published elsewhere are given whenever possible but are shown in full detail only in the Bibliography. 4.3 Part II, “The Dog Burials of Beirut BEY 020” In Part II the author presents her yet unpublished MA thesis about the dog burials from BEY 020, revised and supplemented in 2020. Besides the burials from BEY 020 she includes all dog burials so far known in the Levant (Annex A) and, in her third chapter (Annex B), the burials outside the Levant as well as attempts at an interpretation of the phenomenon of dog burials. 4.4 Bibliography The “Bibliography” assembles all references from the contributions of both parts, the small objects as well as the dog burials.

Introduction

19

4.5 Appendices The annex assembles the objects in three appendices: An index of “Small objects by inventory number” (Appendix A), and an index of “Small objects by square, locus and stratigraphic unit” (Appendix B). Both indices add besides a short description of the object and mentions the chapter in which it is treated. Appendix C assembles the stratigraphic units in charts for each square showing all loci. Numbers of loci marked in bold characters show loci with dated objects, others given in brackets are only defined by the sections.

PART I

Small Objects

1 Oil Lamps Anne-Marie Maïla Afeiche1

This study aims to report and trace the chronological development of the pottery oil lamp collection found during the 1995 to 1998 Beirut 020 excavation campaigns. With the exception of a few complete lamps (12), the material consists mostly of sherds. The identification of each of them (186 in total) with its corresponding square, locus and Context:number, dimensions and fabric Color is laid out in the catalogue. A repertory of types and subtypes carries particular criteria corresponding to different chronological periods. 1.1 Type 1: Late Bronze/Iron Age open-saucer lamps (Pls. 1–2) This type consists of 86 fragments and one almost-complete wheelmade open-saucer lamp excavated from 7 different loci, namely 10/9, 11/9, 12/9, 13/9, 10/10, 12/10, 9/11. Within this particular grouping, three distinct subtypes of lamps can be distinguished: Subtype 1.1 six examples of which were found, has a thick wall and a shallow saucer. The lamp fragment B020 684 in Subtype 1.1a has a round base and a tapered lip. Its prominent nozzle is blackened at the tip. It is made of rough reddish ware with a grey core and abundant grits and is the only one in this group covered in a beige slip (P1. 1: 1), whilst Type 1.1b represented by three examples consists of a thinner buff Colored ware. The lamp portion (P1. 1: 2) has an everted flange with markings on the inside of the rim. Both lamps (P1. 1: 2–3) have short nozzles like that of the “unusually short spout” from Gezer (Macalister 1912: Fig. 167) and that of a lamp from Tell Taanek which is dated to the Iron Age I period (Kassab/Tahsin 1995: 36 no. 14, 15). Compared to material found in other Beirut sites, subtype 1.1 could be an intrusion from Late Bronze Age levels as it is very similar to a lamp found in site 010 (Elayi/Sayegh 1998: Fig. 40:1) as well as one of the 003 material (Badre 1997: Fig. 23: 3) dated to the same period (1997: 53). However, the same shape is common at Tell Keisan, level 7, where it is dated to the Iron IIA–B period (Briend/Humbert 1980: Pl. 51: 10–12) as well as at Laschich, where types 147 and 148 are dated respectively to the 9th and 8th centuries B.C. (Tufnell 1953: 284, 285). Subtype 1.2 consists of flat-base lamps, low in profile with a narrow nozzle formed by a ‘pinching-up’ of the rim. They were found in 6 different loci, namely 10/9, 10/10, 11/9, 12/9 (mostly represented), 12/10 and 13/9. According to Amiran (1970: 291), flat-base lamps, along with round-base lamps were common during the Iron Age I period. Subtype 1. 2a is the largest grouping of the type with 67 buff-ware fragments featuring moderate to rare inclusions. Subtype 1. 2b consists mainly of 12 light-orange slightly rough fragments with, in some cases, traces of white grits. Among the body sherds, there are flat bases and varying degrees of horizontal everted rims (Pl. 1: 4–7). Parallels of this lamp shape are found in Tyre (Bikai 1978: Type 3) and in Sarepta, where the Type L9 is thought to be “most characteristic of the Persian period” (Anderson 1988: 232). It is interesting to note that amongst the latter types there is a noticeable absence of slip except for the example of a lamp fragment (Pl. 1: 4). Subtype 1.3 represented by one example B020: 059 (Pl. 2: 8) is identified by a flat-base raised-foot lamp with thick walls and a wide flanged rim. At first glance it is easily mistaken for a substandard manufacturing ‘second’ due to narrow oil capacity and its careless finish. Although not a close parallel to the Laschich Type 153, nevertheless it does bear certain similarities to this type which represents “a late phase in the evolution of saucer lamps characteristic of the seventh century B.C.”. (Tufnell 1953: 286). One example from Tell Taanek is described as “le réservoir est en fait constitué par le marli convexe et prolongé par une base surélevé qui confère à la lampe un fond très massif. Les parois sont rabattues et pincées pour former un canal” (Kassab/Tahsin 1995: 19). These lamps are dated to the late 8th and the 6th century B.C. (idem 1995: 39). 1.2 Type 2: Folded-saucer lamp This type, also represented by a single example, namely B020: 556 (P1. 2: 9), marks a break with Type 1, although it also belongs to the saucer-based family of lamps. It consists of a wheelmade, bright orange sandy ware, with a deeply pinched everted rim. Its nozzle is blackened at the tip. The presence of a disc base, concave in the centre, is characteristic of many folded lamps (Saller 1957: 166). They were found in Sarepta (Pritchard 1988: Fig. 58) and in Beirut, B010 (Elayi/Sayegh 1998: no. 13) as well as in 006 (Mikati 1998: Group I, Type 1B). A lot of 1

I would like to express my gratitude to Uwe Finkbeiner and Hélène Sader whom I thank for charging me with this study in 1999.

24

Part I Small Objects

confusion occurs when trying to date this style of lamp which is in fact an open-saucer lamp often discovered in earlier contexts with no clarification as to whether it was first made during an Iron Age period. Two examples in the British Museum collection are attributed to the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C. (Bailey 1975: no 515, 516). Similar examples of the type are common in Palestine (Kennedy 1963: 70, Type 1: 481), at Ramal Rahel (Aharoni 1964: Fig.: 11.5) and in Bethany (Saller 1957: Fig. 33: 2, 3). In Samaria, a specimen was found in a purely Hellenistic locus (area S 10d) but it seems that “the fold-over saucer or half-closed lamps persisted even after the Greek closed-lamp types were introduced” (Crowfoot/Crowfoot/Kenyon 1957: 365). Four lamps of this type in the Istanbul Archaeological Museum are even dated to between the 2nd and 1st centuries B.C. (Kassab/Tahsin 1995: no. 61, 65). This type called also “cornucopia” lamp “stands within the saucer lamp tradition” but “became noticeably popular in the 2nd century B.C.” (Smith 1964: 117, 118). 1.3 Type 3: Greek & Hellenistic lamps The first examples of Greek influenced lamps found in the region were of Attic clay, wheelmade and covered both inside and out with a superior black glaze. They had high rounded bodies which rested on a raised concave base. Grooves often defined the rim and a knob would occasionally be placed on the side of the outer lamp. This style corresponds to the Corinth Type VII (Brooner 1930: IV-2: 45) as well as to the Tarsus Type I and is dated between the late 5th century through to the early 3rd century B.C. (Goldman 1950: 87). “The general trend in design was for the body to become less open and shallow and the nozzle to lengthen. Glaze, which at first was purely to lessen porosity began to be applied artistically as well” (Bailey 1963: 18). 3.1 : Subtype 3.1 is represented by six fragments from four different loci, namely 10/9, 10/10, 11/9 and 11/10. They are of the same soft, smooth pale orange ware, most probably of Attic origin, which is covered both inside and out with glossy black glaze (except for lamp B020: 002 where the glaze is still visible only in the inside). The set includes one nearly whole lamp of which only the nozzle is missing, B020: 002 (P1. 2: 10), one short flat-top nozzle with part of a rim bearing grooves, one raised base and three body-sherds, one of which has a knob applied to its outer wall. These lamp fragments seem to correspond to Howland’s Type 25 basic shape which was dated to around the middle of the 4th century B.C. It points to a corollary between the types although the mentioned lamp nozzle is not very substantial and the sherds are not proof enough to allow a definite conclusion to be drawn. They resemble the Beirut 006 material (Elayi/Sayegh 1998: no. 33–35), also in a fragmentary state. The incomplete lamp B020: 002 (Pl. 2: 10) shows traces of black glaze on the inside of the main body. A lateral lug, partly broken, juts out of the body piece on the left side. Its raised circular base, slightly concave underneath, has a very thick underside which rises toward the interior forming a peak. The heaviness of the underside is characteristic of the Howland Type 25 A, which is very precisely dated from the middle of the second quarter of the 4th century B.C. to the first quarter of the 3rd century B.C. (Howland 1958: 67–68). 3.2 : Subtype 3.2 is represented by 11 body sherds and 2 complete lamps (P1. 2: 11 and 12) found in four different loci namely, 10/9, 11/9, 12/9, 9/10. The essential shape remains the same as for subtype 3.1, the main differences being the absence of glazing on the surface, the significant decrease in size, and the change in the width of the rim. Lamps of the first and second quarter of the 3rd century B.C. tend to be smaller and the base lighter (Howland 1958: 75). They are wheelmade closed lamps with globular bodies; the base does not rise to convexity within and the raised foot is straight. The sides of the body have a pronounced curve. This profile is close in style to the Corinth Type IX model, dated to the 3rd century B.C., and reflects a typological transition in the angular profile (Brooner 1930: 48). The nozzle is long, flat-topped, and ends with a small wick-hole. Markedly large, they were intended for everyday use. The Color of the ceramic is usually beige and the ware is soft with moderate to rare inclusions. No traces of decoration are apparent except for the concentric grooves around the filling-hole. Lamps on 11 and 12 (Pl. 2) which were probably locally made and lack a “finished” surface, have blackened nozzles. There is an obvious similarity between these two lamps and the Beirut 010 material, in particular lamps no. 21 (Pl. 3) and 28 (Pl. 4) respectively (Elayi/Sayegh 1998: P1. XV). There are also similarities with material from Sarepta (Pritchard 1988: Fig. 73, 5–9) and Umm el‘Amed (Dunand/Duru 1962: Fig. 86, a–b). Traces of red or sometimes brown slip appear on fragments of this type, as they do on some incomplete lamps from Samaria (Crowfoot/Crowfoot/Kenyon 1957: 367). One example from B020 is a body sherd with a “pierced knob” (B020: 111, Pl. 2: 13). According to Crowfoot the “pierced knob is a feature of 3rd century lamps” (1958: 367). 3.3 : Subtype 3.3 is represented by a complete moulded lamp of beige clay with traces of red slip (B020: 628, P1. 2: 14). The body is ridged in a carinated style thus giving a double convex profile on a slightly raised foot. The nozzle is flat, long and rounded at the tip. Traces of burning can be seen around it. The upper ledge of the lamp or its shoulder is decorated with radiating lines and little dots. A lug is present on the left side of the lamp and a floral motif, a rosette, appears in relief on the nozzle. “With decorations in relief that recall those of contemporary Megarian bowls, (the moulded lamp) made its first appearance in the middle years of the 3rd century B.C., with Type 45–A” (Howland 1958: 5). In fact, sometime

1 Oil Lamps

25

during the late 3rd century B.C., a change occurred from wheelmade to moulded lamps, thus allowing the development of more ornate lamps and a variety of decoration in relief (Walters 1914: xxi), like the patterns of rays around the wick-hole. Numerous examples of this type are found throughout the Mediterranean, like in Corinth, a type which flourished between 200 B.C. and the middle of the first half of the 1st century A.D. (Brooner 1930: Type XVIII) or the Cyprus Type 5a (Vessberg 1953: 118–119). A red slip Cypriot lamp belonging to a private collection in Vancouver, Canada is dated between the mid-2nd century B.C. and mid-1st century B.C. (Russel 1973: 37). There are also similarities to the Tarsus-Group IV (Goldman 1950: 101). Parallels are found in Antioch from the first half of the 2nd century B.C. (Waagé 1941: 59, no. 1835) and in Egypt from the middle of the 3rd century B.C., until the early 1st century A.D. (Daszewski 1987: 56, Fig.: 2–12). In Lebanon, this lamp type is prevalent in the Sarepta Group V (Pritchard 1988), dated to 250–150 B.C. as well as in Umm el‘Amed, where 14 lamps with radiating lines around the wick-hole and the occasional side knob were discovered. “ … On les attribue à la première moitié du IIe siècle, mais on ne doit pas les exclure de la fin du IIIe.” (Dunand/Duru 1962: 213). 1.4 Type 4: Roman lamps The Roman group of lamps is represented by 12 broken and 2 almost complete lamps found in six different loci, namely 8/9, 9/9, 10/9, 9/10, 10/10, 12/10. Common examples of the moulded decorated disk lamps have a flat circular shoulder which is ridged by one or more concentric circles. The slightly depressed discus is sometimes left unadorned but more commonly is found to have a great variety of floral decorations or representations of human figures. The shoulder more often bears geometric styles of decoration. The base is flat. The flat-topped nozzle flanked by volutes is either triangular (Subtype 4.2) or rounded in shape (Subtype 4.3). In other examples, the nozzle blends with the body producing an almond shape outline (Subtype 4.4) where the wick-hole is cut into the shoulder of the lamp and the filling-hole is pierced, neither of which interferes with the design outlined on the discus. 4.1 : Subtype 4.1 is represented by a single large triangular decorated handle (B020: 112, P1. 3: 15). It probably belongs to the “moulded terracotta lamps with decorative attachment above the handle, on the model of bronze lamps of the Hellenistic and Roman periods” (Marchand 1996: 58). B020: 112 is a red-slip handle with part of a grooved outer edge rim, decorated with an acanthus palm. Parallels of this well documented type are found in Corinth (Type XXI) and dated to the second half of the 1st century B.C. (Brooner 1930: 73–76), in Antioch (Type 1) (Waagé 1934: 62), and in Carthage (Deneauve 1974: 145: 543–575). Similar handles exist in material uncovered from Beirut 006 (Mikati 1998: P1. 16–3a), in Byblos (Dunand 1954: Fig. 285: 9231), in Tyre (Marchand 1996: 58: 4) and Sidon (Contenau 1920: 143: 45e). 4.2 : Subtype 4.2 consists of an incomplete dark grey fabric lamp, with a triangular nozzle flanked by volutes and bearing a grooved rim with a small channel (B020:130, P1.°3: 16).The filling-hole is off-centre, probably to allow room for the design on the discus which unfortunately is missing from this particular piece. This type of lamp corresponds to the Class 1 lamp catalogued in the British Museum collection which is described as “lamps ending in an obtuse-angled termination flanked on either side by a double volute” (Walters 1914: xxiv). Loeschcke describes this shape as having largely disappeared by the end of Tiberius’s reign and attributes it to between the late 1st century B.C. and the early 1st century A.D. (Loeschcke 1919: 109). It also appears similar to the Carthage Type IVA (Deneauve 1974: 107, nos. 287–369), the Antioch Type 40 (Waagé: 1941: 64, fig. 77), the Tarsus type (Goldman 1950: 93–94, 110–111) and the Samaria-Sebaste type (Crowfoot/Crowfoot/Kenyon 1957: 371, Fig. 88). Parallels are found in the material uncovered in Beirut 006–Group 12B (Mikati 1998: 58), in Byblos (Dunand 1958: 689–690, Fig. 824: 14386–14387), in Type Group 3 in Tyre (Marchand 1996: 58–59) and in Sidon (Contenau 1920: Fig. 39m). 4.3a : Subtype 4.3a is defined as round nozzle lamps, similar to Class 2 specimens catalogued in the British Museum’s collection (Walters 1914: xxvii). With Subtype 4.3a (P1.°3: 17 and 18), the nozzle is round, small and flanked by double volutes at the junction with the main body of the lamp but it barely projects beyond the rim. Similarities are to be found in the Type Group 5b in Tyre (Marchand 1996: 65), at Byblos (Dunand 1958: Fig. 1164:19120), Sarepta (Pritchard 1988:185–186, Fig. 75:48) and Deb’aal (Hajjar 1965: Pl. XX: 347). This type is usually dated to the 2nd and 3rd centuries A.D. Lamp no. 17 is whole: the profile of the body is slightly curved and the flat bottom elongated. Although the pattern on the concave discus is very faint, in fact barely recognisable, the portrait of a man facing forward yet striding to the right is just discernable. An oblong object is depicted above his right shoulder whilst his left arm is disproportionally long. His legs straddle the filling-hole. Many examples portray human figures drawn on the discus, in particular Olympian deities, legendary heroes and gladiators carrying a trident or a dagger. According to Walters, these subjects are usually found on Class 2 lamps (Walters 1914: xxvii).

26

Part I Small Objects

Comparisons can be drawn with similar images of Heracles or Actaeon brandishing a club (Walters 1914: Fig. 319–320). Another interpretation sees it as a representation of Aeneas carrying Anchises on his shoulder and accompanied by Ascanius. This is similar to the one on a lamp from Doura Europos dated to the 3rd century B.C. (Bauer 1947: no. 326, Pl. VIII: 21). Another example is the illustration on a lamp from Tyre of Hoplomachus’s “right arm raised above his head brandishing his weapon and left arm holding a square shield” (Marchand 1996: 60, no. 22). 4.3b : Subtype 4.3b presents a style where volutes no longer flank the round nozzle. Lamp no. B020: 057, Pl.°3: 19, which is almost complete, bears a slightly concave discus defined by a ridge with a ‘festoon’ and three concentric lines. It would appear that the type was very popular in the Levant during the 2nd and 3rd centuries A.D. 4.4 : Subtype 4.4 groups together a variety of Roman lamp fragments adorned with miscellaneous types of decoration (Pl.°3: 20–23). A concave plain discus B020: 150, Pl. 3: 20, defined by double ridges and surrounded on the shoulder by an ovolo style moulding, is a well documented motif found on Roman lamps of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD from Carthage (Deneauve 1974: nos. 867, 868, 902). It is also common on lamps from Groups XVI and XVII from Tarsus (Goldman 1950: 95, Fig. 102: 203–207) as well as from Deba’al (Hajjar 1965: Pl. XX: F390). Lamp fragment B020: 189 (not reproduced) is a very thin beige-ware discus fragment bearing the same ovolo moulding which is also called “stamped egg-pattern”, although the pattern is faded. This decoration is usually present on the rim of round-nozzle lamps (Walters 1914: nos. 1064, 1069, 12430). B020: 157 is an incomplete lamp. Its shoulder is decorated with a frieze of leaf motifs. On the concave discus a crater is depicted sprouting leaves and flowers. The wick-hole is off centre, situated on the left side (Pl. 3: 21). A very similar lamp from Deba’al carries a round and slightly projecting nozzle flanked by double volutes (Hajjar 1965: Pl. XX: 374a). The same motif also appears on a lamp in the British Museum collection (Walters 1914: 272, no.1240). Lamp fragment B020:94 is a red-slip thin-ware with a ridge around the concave discus. On its left side, a motif slightly in relief portrays a couple of posterior horse legs (Pl. 3: 22). This compares well with a triangular-nozzle lamp from Carthage (Deneauve 1974: Pl. XXXVIII, 328) portraying two horses galloping to the left with a straight line under them. The theme of Nike with a wreath in her right hand driving a two- horse chariot is found in Tarsus (Goldman 1950: Fig. 112: 167, 428) as well as on two Roman lamps from the Athenian Agora (Howland 1958: Pl. 4: 99, 102) dated between the mid-1st century and the 2nd century A.D. Although fragmentary, B020: 085 (not reproduced) bears part of a double-grooved discus depicting a human figure in a seated position extending the left arm. On the base fragment B020: 168, Pl. 3: 23, appears an incomplete inscription inside four circular lines. Inscriptions are due “to one of three reasons: the maker’s name or mark, the owner’s name or mark, or a votive dedication” (Bailey 1963: 23). The inscription may be found either “impressed in relief or hollow letters from a stamp, or engraved with a pointed instrument” (Walters 1914: xxxiii). In our case, only the engraved letters H.O can be identified. B020:165 is a light brown two-fragment shoulder lamp. The ware is smooth with traces of black glaze and decorated in spherical shapes or even dots. The carinated shape of the profile bears the ornament on the upper part of the shoulder (Pl. 3: 24). It is similar to a lamp from Carthage (Type 1) dated to the Republican period (Deneauve 1974: no. 265) where “la forme est encore très proche des dernières lampes hellénistiques moulées dont elle conserve le rebord très galbé. Quelques exemplaires sont encore couverts de vernis noir…” (1974: 103). The same decoration appears on a round-nozzle yellow clay unglazed lamp from Volubilis Type III B1, with a double row of “perlettes” (Ponsich 1961: Pl. XVII: 210) dated to the Roman period, and on a lamp decorated with three rows of dots made in Italy during the 3rd or 4th centuries A.D. (Bailey 1963: Pl. 14, c). This motif appears again at later periods, for instance in Tell Keisan on a portion of a shoulder-decorated lamp with dots in relief (Hartélius 1980: Fig. 29: 1) dated to the 5th century and on a lamp from Déhès (North Syria) dated to the 6th century (Sodini 1980: 256). 1.5 Type 5: Byzantine lamps The B020 Byzantine oil lamps are mostly preserved in fragments, consisting of decorated shoulders (52), some bases (13) and a single complete lamp, B020: 061. They were all uncovered from locus 8/9 and classified within five different subtypes: 5.1 : Subtype 5.1 is represented by the unique example of a dark orange coarse-ware wheelmade lamp (B020:100, Pl. 4: 25) It has a double convex profile. The slightly pointed nozzle is pierced at the wide end of its ridged shoulder. This type has different proposed dates. The time span involved ranges from the 3rd century in Hama (Papanacolaou-Christensen 1986: Fig. 37a), to the 4th and 8th centuries in Palmyra (Michalowski 1964: Pl. V: 5) and between the 6th and 11th centuries in Salamis, Cyprus (Oziol/Pouilloux 1969: Pl. XX: 497). In Tell Arqa

1 Oil Lamps

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its common appellation is ‘Byzantine’ (Thalmann 1978: Fig. 40). 5.2 : Subtype 5.2 is also represented by a single example, namely a moulded lamp (B020: 061, Pl.°4: 26), which is widely documented throughout the Levant. Characterized by a square nozzle, a large decorated discus and a narrow shoulder bearing notch-marks, it probably had a knob at one time but our example does not. The discus is decorated with four stylized wheat “ears”. The ware is coarse, light brown and made locally. Parallels are found in the Beirut 004 Type 17L material (Mikati 1998: 74), in Byblos (Dunand 1939: Fig. 11, nos. 1101–1108 and 1954: Fig. 1164, no. 19064), in Awza’i (Chéhab 1957: Pl. XC: 17) and in Caesarea (Sussman 1980a: 76: 8) and is dated to between the 4th and 5th centuries A.D. 5.3 : Subtype 5.3 (Pls. 4–7) contains fragments of lamp sherds and only one complete lamp which belong to a single structural type. They can be described as being pear-shaped and pointed at one end. This design shows the same characteristics as the ‘slipper’ lamps. The ware varies slightly in shape from pale orange to light brown and the medium coarse fabric contains fine limestone grits. Produced in a two-piece mould and then assembled, an example of this type are lamp fragments B020: 137 and B020: 138 (not reproduced) which consist of the remains of the bottom halves of lamps with a flat-base and a small portion of reservoir wall. They are similar to a flat almond-shaped base from Tell Keisan, dated between the 6th and 7th centuries A.D. (Hartélius 1980: 89). Most of the sherds have a triangular knob opposite the nozzle. The discus is small, encircled with a pronounced ridge that extends onto the nozzle and around the wick-hole forming a cavity-like depression, sometimes in a trapeze shape. This section of the lamp can be either plain or decorated with various motifs: stylized leaves (Pl. 4: 28; Pl. 5: 36), dots in a cross shape (Pl. 7: 53), or a cross motif (Pl. 5: 40). A “Christian lamp” from Salamine in Cyprus has a cross in light relief on the same section (Oziol/Pouilloux 1969: 24–7ème série). This type of pear-shaped lamps (Corinth Type XXVIII or Tarsus Group XIX) depicts faunal, vegetal and geometric patterns on the discus as well as on the shoulder. On the latter, the decoration fills the surface possibly out of horror vacui. According to Dunand and Duru, in Umm el‘Amed : “ces lampes abondent à l’époque byzantine à partir de la fin du IVe, mais sont surtout fréquentes aux Ve et VIe siècles” (1962: Fig. 89 a-d-h). In el-Bassa, they were traced right up through to the Islamic period (Iliffe 1933: 81–91). Decorations found on the various discuses and on the shoulder lamps, fall into a number of patterns. Additionally each pattern lists a diversity of designs: 1.6 Decorations on the discus (Pls. 4–7) 1.6.1 Geometric patterns o Dots (Pl. 4: 27–31) are a very common motif, also found on lamps from the 8th century from Busra (Wilson/Sa΄d 1984: fig. 22, 25). o Sun-Rays (Pl. 5: 32–36) sometimes associated with dots (Pl. 5: 33). o Imbrication of dots inside grids (Pl. 5: 37–38). o Irregular geometric patterns enclosed in rectangles (Pl. 5: 39–40). 1.6.2 Vegetal patterns o Floral motifs (Pl. 6: 41–46) sometimes associated with dots (Pl. 6: 44–46). o Stylised wheat “ears” (Pls. 6: 47–48 and 7: 49). o Both the floral motifs and the wheat ears are represented in a “rosette” shape, which could be associated, as a Christian symbol, with a prototype of a cross (Modrzweska 1988: 17). o Leaves (Pl. 7: 50–51). 1.6.3 Faunal motifs A faunal motif is found on the discus of the only complete lamp in Subtype 5.3. The pattern depicted on the B020: 018 discus has not been clearly identified. However, it seems to bear a naïve representation of a camel (?) carrying another quadruped on its back (?) (Pl. 7: 52). In Sarepta, a Byzantine lamp of the same type also has portrayals of camels (Pritchard 1988: Fig.72: 68). Another lamp, B020: 218 (Pl. 5: 40), seems to have a zoomorphic representation that is unfortunately not very clear. 1.7 Decorations on the shoulder (Pls. 4–7) 1.7.1 Geometric patterns o Dots (Pl. 6 : 45–46). o Dots inscribed in a circle (Pl. 7: 53), in a triangle (Pl. 4: 28 and Pl. 5: 39), in a square (Pl. 7: 54). o Imbrications of dots inside grids (Pl. 5: 37–38), inscribed in a circle (B020: 162, not reproduced). o Dots and zig zag lines (B020: 334, not reproduced). A lamp from Tell Keisan has the same motif on a portion of shoulder and nozzle. It is probably dated to between the late 6th century and the first half of the 7th century

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o o o o o

Part I Small Objects with a possible extension into the second half of the 7th century (Hartélius 1980: Fig. 29: 3). Heart-shaped motifs associated with dots (Pl. 5: 33). The heart representation seems to have a special meaning in the Christian community (Meurdrac 1937: 137). Cross-shaped motifs (quadrate cross) associated with dots (Pl. 4: 27). Undulating lines (Pl. 4: 27 and 29). “Chevron” (B020: 119, not reproduced). Lozenges (B020: 186, not reproduced).

1.7.2 Vegetal patterns o Vine leaf motif with grapes (Pl. 6: 42 and 47–48). The same Christian symbol appears on lamps from Sidon (Meurdrac 1937: Pl.XXVIII:6). o Volutes (Pl. 7: 56). o Stylised branches (Pl. 6: 41 and 45). o Stylized pine tree (Pl. 7: 52). The same motif appears on a lamp from Salamine (Oziol/Pouilloux 1969: 267, no. 804). 1.7.3 Faunal motifs Birds or ducks which appear on lamps B020: 190 and B020: 187 (Pl. 4: 30) have parallels in Salamine (Oziol/Pouilloux 1969: 265, no. 798). 1.7.4 Baskets filled with grapes or bread (Pl. 5: 32 and Pl. 7: 52) are a common motif, depicted on lamps from Sarepta (Pritchard 1988: Fig. 72: 64) and Sidon and described by Meurdrac as a Christian symbol: “la ciste chargée de pain(s) … la félicité céleste est souvent figurée dans les Ecrits par un festin dont la representation abrégée peut être fournie par les pains et par la ciste mystique” (1937: 139). 1.7.5 Subtype 5.4 is represented by a red-slip, tongue-shaped handle, with a cross depicted on it, the upper part of which is flanked by the two letters A and W (B020: 082, Pl. 7: 58). It belongs to a different type of slipper lamp. It is believed to be an imitation of African style lamps and could be a Greek import (Bailey 1988: 21). The chronology established by Meurdrac concerning the crosses on lamps dates the Latin cross with irregular arms to Constantin’s reign, the 4th century A.D. (Meurdrac 1937: 141). Parallels of this type of lamp are found in Antioch (Waagé 1941: 61, type 56), Samaria (Crowfoot/Crowfoot/Kenyon 1957: Fig. 89: 9), (Day 1942: Pl. XII) and are dated from the 6th century to between the 12th and 13th centuries A.D. 1.7.6 Subtype 5.5, represented by a single example (Pl. 7: 59), is characterized by the absence of a nozzle that is completely integrated in the shoulder. Because of its flattened shape, it is also called “lampe en galette” (Oziol/Pouilloux 1969: 24) and usually dated to the 6th century, as is a lamp from Salamis (1969: 24, no. 18) and one from Cyprus also dated to the 6th century (Bailey 1963: Pl. 14, e). With a slightly different decoration, the same type is found in Antioch, on two lamps dated to the 6th–7th centuries (Waagé 1941: Fig. 78:141–142). It is interesting to note that “most of the reverse is flattened out to form a wide base which is decorated in the same technique as the top …” (1941: 66). Conclusion The investigation of the BEY 020 lamps revealed a variety of interesting facts even though both the local and imported types are commonly attested in the region; the exception being Subtype 1.3, which warrants a closer inspection in its own right. Certain interesting conclusions or interferences emerge as a result of these findings not the least of which is the curious dispersal of the lamp groups in the excavated area. Clusters of certain groups with a variety of styles were found within the loci. One glaring example was Type 1, most of which was found in locus 12/9. Another is Type 5, largely found in locus 8/9. By virtue of the large number of examples uncovered these two groups can be described as containing the most common types when compared to the fewer numbers that were found of the other lamp groups. Another interesting feature of the BEY 020 collection is the variety of periods it encompasses. This extends from the Late Bronze/Iron Age through to the Byzantine period and includes the Greek and Roman periods. However, there is a noticeable absence of Islamic material. This suggests the possibility of some sort of urban shift away from the site at the end of the Byzantine period.

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CATALOGUE (All measurements in cm) 1 LATE BRONZE / IRON AGE OPEN–SAUCER LAMPS (TYPE 1) 1.1 Oil lamps of type 1a and 1b BEY 020: 684: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 1.1a. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-151. – Test–trench 8, fill of stones and soil. Coordinates: E: 120.65; N: 94.90; Elev.: 8.50 m. Measurements: L: 9.0; W: 7.3; H: 1.0. Color – decoration 5YR 5/6, white slip. Plate: 1,1 BEY 020: 685: Oil lamp, rim and base fragment, type 1.1a. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-146. – Fill of earth. Coordinates: [From pottery collection] Measurements: L: 9.0; W: 8.5; H: 1.0. Color – decoration 5YR 4/6. BEY 020: 689: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 1.1b. Square-locus – Context 12/09-119, 92. – Pottery collection from test–trench East, mixed materials on top of the glacis. Coordinates: [From pottery collection] Measurements: not reported. Color – decoration 7,5YR 7/4. Plate: 1,2 BEY 020: 690: Oil lamp, rim fragment with nozzle, type 1.1b. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-119, sherd no. 321. – Pottery collection from test–trench East, mixed materials on top of the glacis. Coordinates: [From pottery collection] Measurements: L: 5.0; W: 4.0. Color – decoration 7,5YR 7/4. Plate: 1,3 1.2 Oil lamps of type 1.2a and 1.2b BEY 020: 683: Oil lamp, part of right side, type 1.2a. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-138 – West of test-trench level III. Coordinates: [from Pottery collection] Measurements: L: 8.0; W: 3.3; H: 2.9. Color – decoration 7,5YR 7/4. BEY 020: 691: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 1.2a. Square-locus – Context: 12/10-011, 391+722. – West of test-trench level III. Coordinates: [from Pottery collection] Measurements: L: 9.9; W: 4.6. Color – decoration 7,5YR 7/2, white slip. Plate: 1,4 BEY 020: 692: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 1.2a. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-007, 210. – Pit, level X. Coordinates: [from Pottery collection] Measurements: L: 5.0; W: 2.5. Color – decoration 7,5YR 7/4. Plate: 1,5

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Part I Small Objects

BEY 020: 693: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 1.2b. Square-locus – Context: 10/09-014, 267. – Middle test-trench. Coordinates: [from Pottery collection] Measurements: L: 4.0; W: 4.2. Color – decoration 7,5YR 7/6. Plate: 1,6. BEY 020: 694: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 1.2b. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-007, 23. – Pit, level X. Coordinates: [From pottery collection] Measurements: L: 6.0; W: 5.5; H: 3.5. Color – decoration 7,5YR 7/6. Plate: 1,7 BEY 020: 188: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 1.2b. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-012. – Layer of brown earth. Coordinates: [From pottery collection] Measurements: L: 6.4; W: 6.5. Color – decoration 7,5YR 7/6. 1.3 Oil lamp of type 1.3 BEY 020: 059: Oil lamp, body fragment, type 1.3. Square-locus – Context: 11/10-007. – Top layer in test-trench East. Coordinates: – Measurements: L: 10; W: 12.4; H: 3.5. Color – decoration 7,5YR 8/3. Plate: 2,8 2 FOLDED–SAUCER LAMP (TYPE 2) BEY 020: 556: Oil lamp, complete, type 2. Square-locus – Context: 10/09-031. – On top of the first retaining wall in front of the glacis. Coordinates: E: 93.25; N: 103.50; Elev.: 9.40 m. Measurements: L: 6.8; W: 5.5; H: 2.4. Color – decoration 2,5YR 6/8. Plate: 2,9 3 GREEK & HELLENISTIC LAMPS (TYPE 3) 3.1 Oil lamps of type 3.1 BEY 020: 002: Oil lamp, body fragment, type 3.1. Square-locus – Context: 10/10-001. – Surface material. Coordinates: E: 108.00; N: 100.60; Elev.: 13.80 m. Measurements: L: 6.7; W: 6.5; H: 4.2. Color – decoration 7,5YR 6/6, knob. Plate: 2,10 BEY 020: 464: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 3.1. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-013. – Middle test-trench. Coordinates: – Measurements: not reported. Color – decoration 5YR 5/6.

1 Oil Lamps 3.2 Oil lamps of type 3.2 BEY 020: 341: Oil lamp, complete, type 3.2. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-008. – Enlargement of locus 6 towards West. Coordinates: E: 114.29; N: 97.43; Elev.: 12.94 m. Measurements: L: 7.7; W: 5.0; H: 3.1. Color – decoration 10YR 7/4. Plate: 2,11 BEY 020: 480: Oil lamp, complete, type 3.2. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-17. – From North baulk. Coordinates: [From pottery collection] Measurements: L: 7; W: 4.7; H: 3.1. Color – decoration 10YR 8/4. Plate: 2,12 BEY 020: 680: Oil lamp, rim fragment with nozzle, type 3.2. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-67. – Layer of stones and brown earth. Coordinates: [From pottery collection] Measurements: not reported. BEY 020: 111: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 3.2. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-002. – From test-trench East. Coordinates: [From pottery collection] Measurements: L: 6.5; W: 2.0; H: 3.0. Color – decoration 7,5YR 7/6. Plate: 2,13 3.3 Oil lamps of type 3.3 BEY 020: 628: Oil lamp, complete, type 3.3. Square-locus – Context: 12/10-020. – Below top layer of asphalt and concrete. Coordinates: E: 120.00–124.66; N: 103.69–104.87; Elev.: 12.84 m. Measurements: L: 8.4; W: 5.5; H: 2.7. Color – decoration 10YR 7/4, outside red slip. Plate: 2,14 4 ROMAN LAMPS (TYPE 4) 4.1 Oil lamps of type 4.1 BEY 020: 112: Oil lamp, handle, type 4.1. Square-locus – Context: 09/10-004. – Black ashes with much ceramics. Coordinates: [From pottery collection] Measurements: L: 9.1; W: 6.8. Color – decoration 10YR 7/4. Plate: 3,15 4.2 Oil lamps of type 4.2 BEY 020: 130: Oil lamp, body fragment, type 4.2. Square-locus – Context: 10/09-007. – Layers on top of the glacis. Coordinates: E: 105.60; N: 92.30; Elev.: 12.73 m. Measurements: L: 5.8; W: 6.2. Color – decoration 2,5YR 4/1, nozzle. Plate: 3,16

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Part I Small Objects

4.3 Oil lamps of type 4.3 BEY 020: 062: Oil lamp, complete, type 4.3a. Square-locus – Context: 09/09-004. – Layer, debris of yellowish-brown material. Coordinates: E: 90.54; N: 98.06; Elev.: 12.64 m. Measurements: L: 4.0; W: 2.0; H: 7.0. Color – decoration 7,5YR 8/3. Plate: 3,17 BEY 020: 141: Oil lamp, body fragment, type 4.3a. Square-locus – Context: 09/10-024. – Ashy fill with much ceramics. Coordinates: [From pottery collection] Measurements: not reported. Color – decoration 5YR 6/6. Plate: 3,18 BEY 020: 057: Oil lamp, almost complete, type 4.3b. Square-locus – Context: 09/10-040. – Dark brown earth with pebbles. Coordinates: [From pottery collection] Measurements: L: 8.0; W: 7.2; H: 2.2. Color – decoration 2,5YR 6/6. – Decorated in shallow concentric ribs, badly calcinated. Plate: 3,19 4.4 Oil lamps of type 4.4 BEY 020: 085: Oil lamp, rim fragment of greenish surface, type 4.4. Square-locus – Context: 09/10-004. – Black ashes with much ceramics. Coordinates: E: 97.62; N: 103.28; Elev.: 12.85 m. Measurements: L: 4.1; W: 6.0; H: 1.6. Color – decoration 2,5YR 8/3. – Human figure in a seated or riding position. BEY 020: 150: Oil lamp, fragment, type 4.4. Square-locus – Context: 09/10-008. – Fill of dark-brown earth. Coordinates: [From pottery collection] Measurements: L: 5.7; W: 5.0. Color – decoration Plate: 3,20 BEY 020: 157: Oil lamp, body fragment, type 4.4. Square-locus – Context: 10/10-002. – Foundation of wall locus 02. Coordinates: [From pottery collection] Measurements: L: 6.6; W: 5.1; H: 1. Color – decoration 10YR 8/3. Plate: 3,21 BEY 020: 094: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 4.4. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-003 – Ashy layer with 50% sherds and small objects. Coordinates: E: 84.46; N: 98.43; Elev.: 13.09 m. Measurements: not reported. Color – decoration 10YR 7/4. Plate: 3,22 BEY 020: 168: Oil lamp, base fragment, type 4.4. Square-locus – Context: 09/09-002. – Fill of ashes with ceramics and debris of roof tiles. Coordinates: E: 90.59; N: 99.77; Elev.: 12.15 m. Measurements: L: 4.6; W: 2.3. Color – decoration 2,5YR 8/3, red slip. Plate: 3,23

1 Oil Lamps BEY 020: 165: Oil lamp, body fragment, type 4.4. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-003. – Ashy layer with 50% sherds and small objects. Coordinates: [From pottery collection] Measurements: not reported. Color – decoration 10YR 7/4. Plate: 3,24 BEY 020: 189: Oil lamp, fragment, type 4.4. Square-locus – Context: 09/10 – 001. – Fill of late, dark and ashy material. Coordinates: [From pottery collection] Measurements: L: 5.0; W: 2.5. Color – decoration 5YR 7/6.

5 BYZANTINE LAMPS (TYPE 5) 5.1–2 Oil lamps of types 5.1 – 5.2 BEY 020: 100: Oil lamp, body fragment, type 5.1. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-003. – Ashy layer with 50% sherds and small objects. Coordinates: [From pottery collection] Measurements: L: 8.3; W: 4.2; H: 3.9. Color – decoration 2YR6/8. Plate: 4,25 BEY 020: 061: Oil lamp, complete, type 5.2. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-032. – Occupation layer. Coordinates: E: 83.19; N: 97.41; Elev.: 12.29 m. Measurements: L: 9.0; W: 7.5; H: 2.6. Color – decoration 7,5YR6/6. Plate: 4,26 5.3 Oil lamps of type 5.3 BEY 020: 092: Oil lamp, body fragment, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-003. – Ashy layer with 50% sherds and small objects. Coordinates: E: 85.92; N: 96.82; Elev.: 12.57 m. Measurements: L: 10.0; W: 3.8; H: 3.4. Color – decoration 2,5YR 5/8. Plate: 4,27 BEY 020: 095: Oil lamp, body fragment, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-003. – Ashy layer with 50% sherds and small objects. Coordinates: E: 84.88; N: 99.84; Elev.: 12.85 m. Measurements: L: 9.6; W: 7.2. Color – decoration 5YR 5/8. Plate: 4,28 BEY 020: 098: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-003. – Ashy layer with 50% sherds and small objects. Coordinates: [From pottery collection] Measurements: L: 2.9; W: 2.5. Color – decoration 2,5YR 6/6. BEY 020: 172: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-017. – Ashy fill with Byzantine pottery. Coordinates: E: 85.50; N: 98.79; Elev.: 12.59 m. Measurements: L: 5.1; W: 3.9. Color – decoration 2,5YR 5/6. Plate: 4,29

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Part I Small Objects

BEY 020: 187a–b: Oil lamp, rim fragment of 2 joining sherds, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-003. – Ashy layer with 50% sherds and small objects. Coordinates: [From pottery collection] Measurements: L: 5.9; W: 4.9. Color – decoration 5YR 6/6. Plate: 4, 30 BEY 020: 084: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-003. – Ashy layer with 50% sherds and small objects. Coordinates: [From pottery collection] Measurements: L: 5.0; W: 2.9; H: 1.0. Color – decoration 5YR 6/6. Plate: 4,31 BEY 020: 101: Oil lamp, front half of the upper part with rim, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-003. – Ashy layer with 50% sherds and small objects. Coordinates: E: 86.62; N: 99.53; Elev.: 12.85 m. Measurements: L: 3.1; W: 7.0; H: 1. Color – decoration 5YR 7/6. – Tendrils with wine-leaves sheltering baskets heaped with grapes. Plate: 5,32 BEY 020: 159: Oil lamp, body fragment, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-001. – Layer of brown debris with lenses of ash. Coordinates: E: 87.69; N: 99.20; Elev.: 12.80 m. Measurements: L: 7.0; W: 3.8; H: 3.5. Color – decoration 5YR 6/6. Plate: 5,33 BEY 020: 126: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 5.3 Square-locus – Context: 08/09-039. – Light brown earth, many sherds of ceramic and glass. Coordinates: E: 84.02; N: 96.02; Elev.: 12.15 m. Measurements: L: 4.6; W: 4.3. Color – decoration 2,5YR 6/4. Plate: 5,34 BEY 020: 127: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-033. – Sandy brown fill with ashes. Coordinates: E: 83.10; N: 96.30; Elev.: 12.20 m. Measurements: L: 5.4; W: 3.2; H: 1.5. Color – decoration 7,5YR 6/4. Plate: 5,35 BEY 020: 158: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-032. – Occupation layer. Coordinates: E: 82.41; N: 97.13; Elev.: 12.34 m. Measurements: L: 7.2; W: 5.2. Color – decoration 5YR 7/6. Plate: 5,36 BEY 020: 079: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-003. – Ashy layer with 50% sherds and small objects. Coordinates: [From pottery collection] Measurements: L: 8.2; W: 7.0. Color – decoration 5YR 7/6. Plate: 5,37

1 Oil Lamps BEY 020: 080: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-003. – Ashy layer with 50% sherds and small objects. Coordinates: [From pottery collection] Measurements: L: 5.5; W: 3.6. Color – decoration 5YR 6/4. Plate: 5,38 BEY 020: 093: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-003. – Ashy layer with 50% sherds and small objects. Coordinates: [From pottery collection] Measurements: L: 6.3; W: 4.0. Color – decoration 2,5YR 6/8. Plate: 5,39 BEY 020: 135: Oil lamp, fragment of the back part, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-40. – Fill of brown earth, partly ashy. Coordinates: E: 85.70; N: 96.12; Elev.: 12.22 m. Measurements: L: 2.9; W: 5.1; H: 1.8. Color – decoration [badly calcinated] – Decorated, knob on the side. BEY 020: 137: Oil lamp, lower part, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-03. – Ashy layer with 50% sherds and small objects. Coordinates: E: 85.94; N: 97.95; Elev.: 12.94 m. Measurements: L: 8.1; W: 5.9; H: 1.2. Color – decoration 7,5YR7/4. BEY 020: 218: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-033. – Sandy brown fill with ashes. Coordinates: E: 83.17; N: 95.76; Elev.: 12.16 m. Measurements: L: 6.0; W: 6.4. Color – decoration 7,5YR 6/2. Plate: 5,40 BEY 020: 122: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-040. – Fill of brown partly ashy earth. Coordinates: E: 85.24; N: 95.33; Elev.: 12.55 m. Measurements: L: 6.9; W: 6.7. Color – decoration 7,5YR 7/4. Plate: 6,41 BEY 020: 099: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-003. – Ashy layer with 50% sherds and small objects. Coordinates: E: 84.68; N: 99.17; Elev.: 12.95 m. Measurements: L: 5.8; W: 3.7. Color – decoration 7,5YR 6/4, red slip. Plate: 6,42 BEY 020: 083: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-020. – Fill of black or greyish brown earth. Coordinates: E: 84.40; N: 96.50; Elev.: 12.54 m. Measurements: L: 9.6; W: 6.3. Color – decoration 5YR 7/4. Plate: 6,43

35

36

Part I Small Objects

BEY 020: 081a–b: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-003. – Ashy layer with 50% sherds and small objects. Coordinates: [From pottery collection] Measurements: L: 5.0; W: 3.5. Color – decoration 5YR 6/4. Plate: 6,44 BEY 020: 132: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-040. – Fill of brown partly ashy earth. Coordinates: E: 84.49; N: 95.40; Elev.: 12.52 m. Measurements: L: 4.3; W: 6.7. Color – decoration 7,5YR 8/3. Plate: 6,45 BEY 020: 147: Oil lamp, back upper part with rim fragment, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-003. – Ashy layer with 50% sherds and small objects. Coordinates: E: 85.40; N: 98.96; Elev.: 12.72 m. Measurements: L: 3.5; W: 5.7; H: 1.9. Color – decoration 2,5YR 4/8. Plate: 6,46 BEY 020: 118: Oil lamp, right front quarter of the upper part, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-40. – Fill of brown earth, partly ashy. Coordinates: E: 85.50; N: 96.18; Elev. 12.20 m. Measurements: L: 6.0; W: 2.5; H: 1.2. Color – decoration 7,5YR7/3. – “Meander” BEY 020: 119: Oil lamp, about a third of the upper part, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-34. – Dark brown earth aside of Ottoman wall. Coordinates: E: 85.36; N: 94.90; Elev. 12.77 m. Measurements: L: 7.1; W: 3.5; H: 1.7. Color – decoration 7,5YR7/3. – “Winkelhaken” along the side. BEY 020: 131: Oil lamp, fragment of the back part, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-40. – Fill of brown earth, partly ashy. Coordinates: E: 85.68; N: 96.18; Elev.: 12.34 m. Measurements: L: 1.8; W: 6.2; H: 2.7. Color – decoration 5YR6/2. – Cross-hatched with dots in some of the fields. BEY 020: 133: Oil lamp, fragment of the upper part, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-40. – Fill of brown earth, partly ashy. Coordinates: E: 84.70; N: 96.48; Elev.: 12.45 m. Measurements: L: 6.1; W: 3.0; H: 1.6. Color – decoration Decoration of bent lines and dots. BEY 020: 166: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-011. – Lentoid flat ash pit. Coordinates: E: 83.76; N: 97.36; Elev.: 12.58 m. Measurements: L: 9.0; W: 4.9. Color – decoration 7,5YR 7/4. Plate: 6,47 BEY 020: 170: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-020. – Fill of black or greyish brown earth. Coordinates: E: 85.30; N: 99.50; Elev.: 12.41 m. Measurements: L: 7.9; W: 6.0.

1 Oil Lamps Color – decoration Plate:

7,5YR 7/3. 6,48

BEY 020: 097: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-011. – Lentoid flat ash pit. Coordinates: E: 83.51; N: 97.30; Elev.: 12.60 m. Measurements: L: 5.9; W: 3.5. Color – decoration 5YR 7/4. Plate: 7,49 BEY 020: 148: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-003. – Ashy layer with 50% sherds and small objects. Coordinates: E: 84.15; N: 98.74; Elev.: 12.80 m. Measurements: L: 4.3; W: 3.0. Color – decoration 5YR 6/4. Plate: 7,50 BEY 020: 154: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-025. – Black ashy fill with many small objects. Coordinates: E: 85.67; N: 98.05; Elev.: 12.20 m. Measurements: L: 5.8; W: 5.3. Color – decoration 7,5YR 7/2. Plate: 7,51 BEY 020: 018: Oil lamp, complete, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-020. – Fill of black or greyish brown earth. Coordinates: E: 85.62; N: 98.10; Elev.: 12.55 m. Measurements: L: 9.0; W: 6.7; H: 2.6. Color – decoration 7, 5YR 7/4. Plate: 7,52 BEY 020: 151: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-025. – Black ashy fill with many small objects. Coordinates: E: 85.80; N: 97.72; Elev.: 12.06 m. Measurements: L: 8.2; W: 6.9. Color – decoration 7,5YR 6/6. Plate: 7,53 BEY 020: 186: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-003. – Ashy layer with 50% sherds and small objects. Coordinates: [From pottery collection] Measurements: L: 5.1; W: 3.4. Color – decoration 2,5YR 5/6. Plate: 7,54 BEY 020: 164a–b: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-003. – Ashy layer with 50% sherds and small objects. Coordinates: [From pottery collection] Measurements: L: 3.0; W: 3.3. Color – decoration 5YR 7/8. Plate: 7,55 BEY 020: 191: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-021. – Foundation trench of Ottoman wall, locus 006, with yellow to brown earth. Coordinates: E: 85.80; N: 98.70; Elev.: 12.44 m. Measurements: L: 5.0; W: 3.1; H: 2.8.

37

38 Color – decoration Plate:

Part I Small Objects 5YR 7/6. 7,56

BEY 020: 149: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-003. – Ashy layer with 50% sherds and small objects. Coordinates: E: 85.47; N: 98.31; Elev.: 12.92 m. Measurements: L: 5.0; W: 2.7. Color – decoration 5YR 7/4. Plate: 7,57 BEY 020: 096: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-003. – Ashy layer with 50% sherds and small objects. Coordinates: E: 85.88; N: 98.72; Elev.: 12.95 m. Measurements: L: 4.9; W: 5.4; H: 1.6. Color – decoration 5YR7/4. – Tendrils with smaller shoots ending in a heart-shaped blossom or fruit. BEY 020: 160: Oil lamp, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-003. – Ashy layer with 50% sherds and small objects. Coordinates: [From pottery collection] Measurements: L: 3.8; W: 2.8; H: 1.1. Color – decoration 5YR7/8. – Decoration along the side. BEY 020: 161: Oil lamp, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-03. – Ashy layer with 50% sherds and small objects. Coordinates: [From pottery collection] Measurements: L: 2.9; W: 2.8; H: 0.7. Color – decoration 5YR7/6. – Floral decoration. BEY 020: 162: Oil lamp, fragment of the upper part, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-03. – Ashy layer with 50% sherds and small objects. Coordinates: [From pottery collection] Measurements: L: 4.8; W: 1.9; H: 0.7. Color – decoration 5YR7/6. – Cross-hatching and dots in a circle. BEY 020: 163: Oil lamp, fragment of upper part with rim, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-03. – Ashy layer with 50% sherds and small objects. Coordinates: [From pottery collection] Measurements: L: 4.3; W: 2.9; H: 1.3. Color – decoration 5YR6/4. – Floral decoration. BEY 020: 171: Oil lamp, fragment of the upper part, type 5.3. Location – Context: 08/09-17. – Ashy fill with Byzantine pottery. Coordinates: E: 85.00; N: 98.79; Elev.: 12.59 m. Measurements: L: 3.4; W: 2.9; H: 1.5. Color – decoration 5YR6/6. – Floral decoration. BEY 020: 184: Oil lamp, fragment of the upper half, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-17. – Ashy fill with Byzantine pottery. Coordinates: [From pottery collection] Measurements: L: 4.0; W: 3.0; H: 1.0. Color – decoration 5YR7/4. – Geometric and floral elements along the side. BEY 020: 185: Oil lamp, 2 joining fragments of the upper half, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-03. – Ashy layer with 50% sherds and small objects. Coordinates: [From pottery collection] Measurements: L: 7.5; W: 3.5; H: 0.7. Color – decoration 2,5YR5/6. – Various geometric elements along the side.

1 Oil Lamps BEY 020: 190: Oil lamp, fragment of the upper half, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-03. – Ashy layer with 50% sherds and small objects. Coordinates: [From pottery collection] Measurements: L: 5.2; W: 4.6; H: 1.0. Color – decoration 5YR6/6. – Plants, bird. BEY 020: 334: Oil lamp, fragment of the upper half, type 5.3. Square-locus – Context: 09/09-06. – Disturbance by sewage canal with Ottoman finds. Coordinates: [From pottery collection] Measurements: L: 5.5; W: 3.0; H: 1.6. Color – decoration 5YR6/4. – Along the side kind of fishbone with raised dots at the angles. 5.4–5 Oil lamps of type 5.4 – 5.5 BEY 020: 082: Oil lamp, handle, type 5.4. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-017. – Ashy layer with 50% sherds and small objects. Coordinates: E: 85.04; N: 99.03; Elev.: 12.96 m. Measurements: L: 2.5; W: 2.0. Color – decoration 5YR 7/4. – Red slip. Plate: 7,58 BEY 020: 107: Oil lamp, rim fragment, type 5.5. Square/locus – Context: 08/09-033. – Sandy brown fill with ashes. Coordinates: E: 83.00; N: 95.68; Elev.: 12.07 m. Measurements: L: 6.2; W: 3.9. Color – decoration 10YR 7/3. Plate: 7,59 OIL LAMPS, TYPE NOT IDENTIFIED BEY 020: 110: Oil lamp, small fragment of the upper part, type not identified. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-02. – Stratum, material from south of wall locus 02a. Coordinates: [From pottery collection] Measurements: W: 3.6 x 3.2. Color – decoration Light yellow clay. – Floral decoration. BEY 020: 138: Oil lamp, lower part, type not identified. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-22. – Floor (pavement), dark-brown. Coordinates: E: 85.06; N: 98.70; Elev.: 12.59 m. Measurements: L: 9.1; W: 6.9; H: 1.8. Color – decoration [not registered] BEY 020: 139: Oil lamps, parts of at least 2 lamps badly fragmented. Square-locus – Context: 09/10-31. – Brown earth above glacis, few sherds. Coordinates: E: 90.41; N: 100.60; Elev.: 12.21 m. Measurements: (the most substantial fragment) L: 6.8; W: 2.0; H: 1.7. Color – decoration Not reported.

39

40

Part I Small Objects Annex

Table 1: Fragments of oil Lamps of various types not included in chapter 1 Type 1.1a 1.1b 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a

Square 09/11 12/09 13/09 12/09 12/09 12/09 10/09 12/09 12/09 12/09 11/09 12/09 12/09 10/10 12/09 12/09 12/09 10/09 12/09 12/09 12/09 12/09 12/09 12/09 12/09 12/09 12/09 10/09 12/09 12/09 12/09 12/09 12/09 12/09 11/09 12/09 12/09 12/09 12/09 12/09 10/09 12/09 12/09 12/09 12/09 12/10 12/10 12/10 12/10 12/10

Locus 018 011 045 001 105 109 017 003 138 050 008 119 105 023 036 102 105 017 036 036 102 038 038 099 099 003 114 014 054 106 121 038 035 119 001 106 038 038 036 114 014 114 036 007 119 010 010 031? 010 011

Sherdno. complete 016 – 406 – 006 – 007 – 011 – 011 – 012 – 016 – 017 – 027 – 029 – 030 – 036 – 037 – 040 – 040 – 043 – 055 – 062 – 063 – 070 – 075 – 082 – 083 – 085 – 092 – 101 – 131 – 144 – 153 – 154 – 156 – 157 – 180 – 189 – 196 – 197 – 203 – 219 – 241 – 243 – 255 – 261 – 278 – 288 – 288 – 365 – 365 – 386 – 406 –

Rim – – x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x – x x – x x x x x x x x – – x – x x x – x x x x x x x x

Base x – – – – – x – – – – – – – – – x – – x x – x – – x – – – x – – – – x x x – x x – x – – x x – – x x

Color 5YR 5/4 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 8/3 5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 5YR 7/4 5YR 6/4 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 5YR 7/8 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 8/4 5YR 6/4 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/3 5YR 7/4 2,5YR 7/4

Decoration wheel traces wheel traces wheel traces -

1 Oil Lamps Type 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2a 1.2b 1.2b 1.2b 1.2b 1.2b 1.2b 1.2b 1.2b 1.2b 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.2 3:2 3:2 3:2 3:2 3:2 3:2 3:2 3:2 4.4 4.4 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3

Square 12/09 12/09 12/09 12/10 12/09 12/10 12/09 12/10 12/10 12/10 12/09 12/09 12/10 12/09 12/09 12/09 12/09 12/09 12/09 12/09 12/09 12/09 12/09 12/09 10/09 10/09 10/09 11/10 09/10 12/09 10/09 12/09 10/09 12/09 12/09 12/09 12/09 12/10 09/10 08/09 08/09 08/09 08/09 08/09 08/09 08/09 08/09 08/09 08/09 08/09 08/09 08/09

Locus 106 106 106 011 106 011 114 011 011 011 121 114 010 114 114 104 007 138 117 036 036 036 007 038 012 010 014 023 056 007 001 003 014 008 008 007 007 014 042 024 027 028 027 023 028 027 026 012 022 003 012 012

Sherdno. complete 410 – 420 – 427 – 431 – 455 – 474 – 480 – 633 – 701 – 713 – 389/472 – 951 – 965 – 969 – 975 – 008 – 016 – 032 – 033 – 041 – 062 – 100 – 101 – 206 – 031 X 073 X 143 X 149 – 003 – 022 – 033 – 051 – 059 – 099 – 100 – 280 – 290 – – 139 – -?– 001 – 029 – 039 – 043 – 043 – 054 – 064 – 105 – 137 – 160 – 160 – 188 –

Rim x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x – x – x x x – x – – – – – x nozzle – x – x x nozzle – x – – x – x – – – – – x – x

41 Base – – x – x – – – – – – – – – – x x x x x – – x – – – – x x – x – x – – x – – – – x – x x x x x x x – x –

Color 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 10YR 7/3 7,5YR 7/4 5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/3 2,5YR 7/4 2,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/2 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/6 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/6 7,5YR 7/6 7,5YR 7/6 7,5YR 7/6 7,5YR 7/6 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 7/6 7,5YR 6/8 7,5YR 7/4 7,5YR 6/6 5YR 5/6 7,5YR 7/6 7,5YR 7/4 10YR 7/3 10YR 6/6 10YR 8/3 10YR 7/3 7,5YR 8/4 7,5YR 7/6 7,5YR 6/4 7,5YR 8/4 7,5YR 7/4 5YR7/4 5YR7/6 5YR6/3 5YR7/6 5YR7/6 5YR7/6 5YR7/3 5YR6/3 5YR6/3 5YR7/4 5YR7/8 5YR6/4 5YR6/4

Decoration knob -

2 Metal Objects

Aaron W. Schmitt

The metal finds from BEY 020 have been studied at the American University of Beirut (AUB) in 2005 by the author who was also responsible for most of the drawings. Additional drawings were made by Rami Yassine. The objects were cleaned by Simone A. Korolnik-Jablonka (2003), Magali Stoller (2008) and Nicole Ebinger-Rist (2011). A selection of metal finds was sampled by the author during a research stay at the AUB in 2009. These samples were analyzed by Nicole Lockhoff and Ernst Pernicka at the Curt-Engelhorn-Center Archaeometry in Mannheim using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence in order to determine the main components of each object (see table 1). The results have already been discussed in a paper published by the author in the Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins together with a larger set of samples from late Iron Age and Persian Period contexts excavated at Tell el-Burak (Schmitt 2013). In the 2013 paper the focus lay on the Iron Age metal finds from BEY 020. Here, a catalogue is provided of all 225 metal objects found during the BEY 020 excavations. Some technical remarks: In the absence of archaeometric analyses to determine the metal(s) used for every single object the identification of metal types was based on macroscopic analysis. As a rule of thumb we took green surface oxidation as an indication of Copper or Copper-based alloys and reddish brown surface oxidation as an indication of Iron. In the catalogue, the objects are grouped according to object categories (arrowheads, jewelry, needles etc.) and within each category whenever feasible into subcategories. All of the objects included here come from secondary contexts which helps to explain the fragmentary state of preservation of most metal finds. In many cases the object was so badly preserved that it was impossible to determine its original function. CATALOGUE (all measurements in cm) 2.1 ARROWHEADS AND JAVELIN HEADS Five of the arrowheads belong to a leaf-shaped type with socket and two blades separated by a central bulge (pl. 8,4–8). Based on the find contexts, these arrowheads can be dated to the late Iron Age / Iron Age II (Finkbeiner / Sader 1997, 157). Due to their size, some of the projectiles included here might be identified as javelin heads (pl. 8,11–12). Parallels were found in BEY 003 (Badre 1997, 58, Fig. 27a), where, however, the respective find context is dated to the Late Bronze Age II. The second comparison was found at Tel Michal (Muhly/Muhly 1989, 270, No. 19) in a context dating to the Persian Period. Two arrowheads with three blades and socket (pl. 8, 1. 2) are of “Irano-Scythian style” type 1BII as defined by Stern (1982, 154). These objects are commonly found in Persian Period contexts at many sites in the Near East and beyond (cf. Cleuziou 1977). Several arrowheads of this type were found at Tell el-Burak (Schmitt 2013, 178–182). BEY 020: 033 (MNB 32159): Arrowhead, leaf-shaped with socket, bulge between the blades, broken into two pieces. Square-locus – Context: 10/10-29, 72. – Close-packed layers on top of glacis. Coordinates: E: 105.60; N: 100.20; Elev.: 11.17 m. Stratigraphic unit: [10/10-C1] Measurements: L: 3.5; W: 1.2; H: 0.2 – 0.5; Ø socket: 0.6; Weight: 2.6 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 8, 03 BEY 020: 034 (MNB 32000): Arrowhead, leaf-shaped with socket, bulge between the blades. Square-locus – Context: 12/10-01, 01. – Surface debris, complete square. Coordinates: E: 126.50; N: 107.00; Elev.: 12.50 m. Stratigraphic unit: [12/10-G] Measurements: L: 4.6; W: 1.7; H: 0.1 – 0.5; Ø socket: 0.5; Weight: 5.3 g.

44 Material: Plate:

Part I Small Objects Bronze (Cu 86 %, Sn 8.8 %, Pb 4.6 %). 8, 04

BEY 020: 047 (MNB 32788): Arrowhead, leaf-shaped, bulge between the blades, only tip preserved. Square-locus – Context: 10/10-36, 84. – Close-packed layers on top of glacis. Coordinates: E: 102.40; N: 100.30; Elev.: 10.50 m. Stratigraphic unit: [10/10-C1] Measurements: L: 1.9; W: 1.6; H: 0.3 – 0.1; Weight: 1.4 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 8, 08 BEY 020: 053 (MNB 32163): Arrowhead, only tip preserved, long and flat. Square-locus – Context: 09/10-30, 46. – Light-brown sand below and mixed with locus 25 (= backfilling [?] of the glacis). Stratigraphic unit: [09/10-A] Measurements: L: 3.2; W: 0.8; H: 0.1; Weight: 0.7 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 8, 13 BEY 020: 071 (MNB 31989): Arrowhead, leaf-shaped with socket, bulge between the blades, only lower part preserved. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-02, 09. – Debris of test trench East. Coordinates: E: 119.00; N: 96.50; Elev.: 13.12 m. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-J] Measurements: L: 2.1; W: 1.6; H: 4.5; Ø socket: 0.5; Weight: 2.9 g. Material: Bronze (Cu 80 %, As 8.3 %, Sb 5.4 %, Pb 5.9 %). Plate: 8, 05 BEY 020: 177 (MNB 32172): Head of javelin (?), broken in two pieces, originally leaf-shaped, tang square in cross-section. Square-locus – Context: 09/10-46, 57. – Dark-brown, hard material, small stones. Stratigraphic unit: [09/10-B1] Measurements: L: 7.6; W: 1.2; Weight: 5.4 g. Material: Bronze (Cu 98 %, As 0.94 %). Plate: 8, 11 BEY 020: 238 (MNB 32165): Head of javelin (?), elongated, leaf-shaped, very thin; tang square in cross-section. Square-locus – Context: 09/10-06, 69. – Next to sewer 20th c. Stratigraphic unit: [09/10-B2] Measurements: L: 9.4; W: 1.5; H: 0.2; tang 0.25 x 0.25; Weight: 8.8 g. Material: Bronze (Cu 99 %, As 0.88 %). Plate: 8, 12 BEY 020: 344: Head of javelin (?). Square-locus – Context: 11/09-09, 21. – Fourth layer from top of glacis, dark-brown, hardly any ceramics. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-J] Measurements: L: 7.0; W: 1.7. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 8, 14 BEY 020: 458 (MNB 32149): Arrowhead, leaf-shaped with socket, bulge between the blades. Square-locus – Context: 10/10-13, 36. – Soil, close-packed layers on top of glacis. Coordinates: E: 102.11; N: 100.79. Stratigraphic unit: [10/10-D1] Measurements: L: 4.0; W: 1.5; H: 0.25 – 0.55; Ø socket: 0.6; Weight: 4.9 g. Material: Bronze (Cu 77 %, Pb 15.4 %, Sn 7.7 %). Plate: 8, 06

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BEY 020: 471a (MNB 32168): Arrowhead, Persian. Square-locus – Context: 10/10-23, 53. – Test-trench W, southern part. Coordinates: E: 101.00; N: 102.20; Elev.: 11.84 m. Stratigraphic unit: [10/10-T] Measurements: L: 3.2; W: 0.8; Ø socket: 0.65; Weight: 3.9 g. Material: Bronze (Cu 86 %, Pb 7.7 %, Sn 5.9%). Date: 6th–3rd c. BCE. Plate: 8, 01 BEY 020: 474 (MNB 31991): Head of javelin (?), only long tang with remains of blade, tang square in crosssection, bulge between the leaf-shaped (?) blades. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-17, 84. – Test-trench W, northern part, north of wall locus 02a. Coordinates: E: 121.25; N: 99.60; Elev.: 12.17 m. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-Tw] Measurements: L: 4.2; W: 1.6; H: 0.6; Ø tang: 0.3 – 0.4; Weight: 5.7 g. Material: Bronze (Cu 90 %, Sn 9.0 %). Plate: 8, 09 BEY 020: 598 (MNB 32176): Arrowhead, leaf-shaped with socket, bulge between the blades, tip missing. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-43, 60. – Central test-trench, stratum following locus 39. Coordinates: E: 116.00; N: 95.98; Elev.: 9.83 m. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-C] Measurements: L: 4.4; W: 1.4; H: 0.2 – 0.45; Ø socket: 0.6; Weight: 4.9 g. Material: Bronze (Cu 76 %, As 9.6 %, Sb 8.0 %, Pb 6.1 %). Plate: 8, 07 BEY 020: 605 (MNB 32189): Arrowhead, leaf-shaped, pin probably square in cross-section. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-88. – Test trench W, mixed material. Coordinates: E: 120.90; N: 97.10; Elev.: 9.21 m. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-Tw] Measurements: L: 3.9; W: 1.7; H: 0.3; Ø pin: 0.4 x 0.4; Weight: 4.8 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 8, 10 BEY 020: 634 (MNB 32177): Arrowhead, Persian. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-50, 83. – Stratum between central and E-test-trench + baulk (≡ locus 38). Coordinates: E: 118.09; N: 98.24; Elev.: 11.31 m. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-E] Measurements: L: 3.6; W: 1.1; Ø socket: 0.6; Weight: 3.8 g. Material: Bronze (Cu 93 %, Sn 4.0 %, Pb 1.3 %, Sb 1.19 %). Date: 6th–3rd c. BCE. Plate: 8, 02 2.2 TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS A small group of fishing tools were found at BEY 020 which is not surprising given the proximity to the sea. To this group belong three fishing hooks and two rolled-up flat pieces of metal which might be interpreted as net or line weights. An instrument with pointy tip on one side and a flattened end at the other might be interpreted as a stylus used to write on wax-covered wood or ivory tablets. This object, was however not discovered in a well stratified context. Parallels were found at Beirut (Elayi/Elayi/Sayegh 1998, 322, No. 99–100, pl. 39), Sarepta (Pritchard 1988, 103, No. 16, Fig. 25) and Tel Michal (Muhly/Muhly 1989: 274–275, No. 68). The authors have suggested different functions for these objects. 2.2.1 Tools for fishing BEY 020: 032 (MNB 32173): Fishing-hook. Square-locus – Context: 10/10-29, 73. – Closely packed layers on top of glacis. Coordinates: E: 103.50; N: 100.30; Elev.: 11.10 m.

46 Stratigraphic unit: Measurements: Material: Plate:

Part I Small Objects [10/10-C1] L: 4.6; W: 1.4; H: 0.2 – 0.25; Weight: 1.4 g. Copper or Copper-based alloy. 8, 15

BEY 020: 043 (MNB 31988): Fishing-hook. Square-locus – Context: 09/10-05, 13 – Fill of light brown earth. Stratigraphic unit: [09/10-B2] Measurements: L: 3.4; W: 2.6; H: 0.2 – 0.25; Weight: 1.9 g. Material: Bronze (Cu 91 %, Zn 5.2 %, Sn 1.38 %, Pb 1.70 %). Plate: 8, 16 BEY 020: 630a (MNB not reg.): Fishing-hook. Square-locus – Context: 10/09-73, 62. – Central test-trench, unstratified material. Coordinates: E: 105.12–106.00; N: 97.50–98.75; Elev.: 9.81–8.55 m. Stratigraphic unit: [10/09-C2] Measurements: — Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. BEY 020: 413 (MNB 32644): Flat sheet of Copper rolled at one end, net or line weight (?) Square-locus – Context: 10/10-29, 71. – Closely packed layers on top of glacis. Stratigraphic unit: [10/10-C1] Measurements: L: 2.1; W: 1.4; H: 1.0. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 8, 18 BEY 020: 559 (MNB 32643): Flat sheet of Copper, rolled, net or line weight (?) Square-locus – Context: 12/09-35. – Test-trench E, mixed layers. Coordinates: E: 127.90; N: 96.60. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-Te] Measurements: L: 2.7; W: 1.1; H: 1.0. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 8, 19 2.2.2 Miscellaneous tools BEY 020: 584 (MNB 32188): Stylus, writing-tool, with thin shaft (round in section), a pointed tip, flattened head. Square-locus – Context: Surface find. Measurements: L: 8.4; W: 0.1 – 1.3; Weight: 6.2 g. Material: Bronze (Cu 98 %, Pb 1.94 %). Plate: 8, 17 BEY 020: 633 (MNB 32148): Stick, cosmetic tool (?) Square-locus, Context: 12/09-37. – “Block-West”, level V, brown layer, many sherds. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-F] Measurements: L: 9.5; W: 0.3; Weight: 5 g. Material: Bronze (Cu 87 %, Pb 6.8 %, Sn 5.0 %). Plate: 9, 01 2.3 JEWELRY The classification and dating of fibulae found at BEY 020 was based on Pedde’s seminal study of this object class (Pedde 2000). The bow fibulae BEY 020: 367 and BEY 020: 487 belong to his group C4.2 (Pedde 2000, 228– 235). Parallels are found in 5th and 4th century contexts in the Levant (Pedde 2000, 229, Karte 35). The fibula fragment BEY 020: 620 can be assigned to group B6 (Pedde 2000, 159–163). Fibulae of this type are mainly found in the southern Levant in contexts of the 6th and 5th century. The bad state of preservation of the fragments BEY 020: 402 and BEY 020: 403 does not allow for a more precise identification.

2 Metal Objects

47

Some rings and earrings were found. The earrings are of the crescent-shaped type and are a typical feature of late Iron Age contexts in the region (cf. Schmitt 2013, 184). 2.3.1 Fibulae BEY 020: 367 (MNB not reg.): Bow fibula, part of the spiral and the pin preserved, the needle missing. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-07, 38. – Pit, level X. Coordinates: E: 122.25; N: 97.52; Elev.: 11.80 m. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-H2] Measurements: L: 5.3; W: 2.1; H: 0.8 – 0.3. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Date: 5th–4th c. BCE (Pedde 2000, 228 – 235). Plate: 9, 02 BEY 020: 402 (MNB 32170): Five fragments of one almost complete bow fibula, bow decorated, needle missing. Square-locus – Context: 12/10-16, 18. – East of test-trench, level IV. Coordinates: E: 125.85; N: 111.40; Elev.: 12.26 m. Stratigraphic unit: [12/10-D2] Measurements: L: 4.2; W: 2.4; H: 0.6 – 0.3. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 9, 03 BEY 020: 403 (MNB 32146): Probably fragment of a bow fibula. Square-locus – Context: 09/10-36, 55. – (Only visible in section). Coordinates: E: 97.40; N: 101.00; Elev.: 11.07 m. Stratigraphic unit: [09/10-E] Measurements: L: 1.7; W: 1.8; H: 0.4. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 9, 04 BEY 020: 425 (MNB 32649): Bow of a fibula (?), badly corroded. Square-locus – Context: 10/10-39, 89. – Disturbance of the glacis. Coordinates: E: 101.50; N: 101.40; Elev.: 10.33 m. Stratigraphic unit: [10/10-A] Measurements: L: 3.9; W: 3.8; H: 0.7 – 0.4. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. BEY 020: 487 (MNB 32167): Bow fibula, bow decorated, needle missing. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-12, 87. – Pit north of wall locus 02a. Coordinates: E: 126.30; N: 97.35; Elev.: 11.74 m. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-I] Measurements: L: 4.2; W: 2.0; H: 0.8 – 0.25. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Date: 5th–4th c. BCE (Pedde 2000, 228 – 235). Plate: 9, 05 BEY 020: 620 (MNB 32209): Fibula, only part of bow and needle preserved. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-48, 77. – Stratum, below locus 46, following the disturbance from locus 34. Coordinates: E: 117.22; N: 96.59; Elev.: 10.14 m. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-E] Measurements: L: 1.9; W: 1.6; H: 1.2 – 0.4. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Date: 6th–5th c. BCE (Pedde 2000, 159 – 163). Plate: 9, 06

48

Part I Small Objects

2.3.2 Rings BEY 020: 037 (MNB 32208): Two fragmentary rings, rectangular in section. Square-locus – Context: 09/10-02, 10. – Fill of dark-brown earth, much ash, ceramics and brick debris. Coordinates: E: 97.34; N: 100.82; Elev.: 12.09 m. Stratigraphic unit: [09/10-B2] Measurements: Ø: 1.8; Th: 0.1 – 0.2. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 9, 07 BEY 020: 040 (MNB 31998): Small ring, open ends. Square-locus – Context: 11/10-07, 13. – Top layer in test-trench-E. Coordinates: E: 118.56; N: 99.64; Elev.: 11.08 m. Stratigraphic unit: [11/10-T] Measurements: Ø: 1.3; Th: 2.5; Weight: 1.1 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 9, 08 BEY 020: 048 (MNB 32180): Object, semicircular, flat at the interior, convex at the exterior. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-01, 02. – Surface material, rubbish. Coordinates: E: 118.10; N: 96.80. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-J] Measurements: L: 2.5; W: 1.7; H: 0.9 – 1.1; Weight: 6 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 9, 09 BEY 020: 049 (MNB 32179): Small ring with a small piece of Copper added at the end. Square-locus – Context: 10/10-35, 80. – Closely packed layers on top of glacis. Coordinates: E: 102.70; N: 100.90; Elev.: 10.83 m. Stratigraphic unit: [10/10-C1] Measurements: L: 1.4; W: 1.2; H: 0.3; Weight: 1.5 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. BEY 020: 221 (MNB 32191): Two rings, fixed to each other by corrosion. Square-locus – Context: 11/10-01, 04. – Uppermost stratum, mixed material. Stratigraphic unit: [11/10-D] Measurements: Ø: 2.0; Th: 0.3 – 0.5; Weight: 2.7 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 9, 10 BEY 020: 331 (MNB 31992): Ring, open ends, broken in four pieces. Square-locus – Context: 10/09-15, 22. – Debris on top of the glacis. Coordinates: E: 107.13; N: 98.12; Elev.: 10.08 m. Stratigraphic unit: [10/09-F] Measurements: Ø: 2.3; Th: 0.3; Weight: 1.6 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 9, 11 BEY 020: 488 (MNB 31996): Ring, open ends. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-19, 91. – North of wall locus 02a-W. Coordinates: Elev.: 11.63 m. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-Tc] Measurements: Ø: 1.3; Th: 0.2; Weight: 0.8 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 9, 12

2 Metal Objects

49

BEY 020: 579 (MNB 32184): Ring, open ends. Square-locus – Context: 10/09-00, 47. – Layers on top of the glacis. Coordinates: E: 103.25; N: 97.14; Elev.: 8.22 m. Stratigraphic unit: [10/09-x] Measurements: Ø: 1.5; Th: 0.2; Weight: 0.8 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 9, 13 BEY 020: 585 (MNB 32175): Ring with an attached small rhombus. Square-locus – Context: Surface find. Measurements: Ø: 1.8; Th: 0.1–0.2; Weight: 1.1 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 9, 14 2.3.3 Earrings BEY 020: 345 (MNB 32152): Fragment of an earring, crescent-shaped, lower part preserved. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-11, 30. – North of wall locus 02a, eastern part. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-Te] Measurements: L: 1.8; W: 1.4; H: 0.2 – 0.5; Weight: 1.2 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 9, 15 BEY 020: 391 (MNB 32187): Fragment of an earring, crescent-shaped, lower part preserved. Square-locus – Context: 11/10-26, 43. – Layer between central and W-test-trench, level L. Coordinates: E: 111.20; N: 99.30; Elev.: 10.93 m. Stratigraphic unit: [11/10-B1] Measurements: L: 1.35; W: 1.1; H: 0.2 – 0.4; Weight: 0.8 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 9, 16 BEY 020: 416 (MNB 32625): Fragment of an earring, crescent-shaped, lower part preserved. Square-locus – Context: 12/10-09, 07. – West of test-trench: level IV. Coordinates: E: 123.35; N: 100.77; Elev.: 12.12 m. Stratigraphic unit: [12/10-D1] Measurements: L: 2.25; W: 0.9; H: 0.2 – 0.5; Weight: 1.4 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 9, 17 2.3.4 Beads BEY 020: 421 (MNB 32642): Bead, bi-conical, badly corroded. Square-locus – Context: 09/11-30, 45. – Light-brown sand below and mixed with locus 25. Stratigraphic unit: [09/10-A] Measurements: L: 1.2; W: 0.6. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 9, 18 2.4 BELLS Parallels were found at Timna (Mazar/Panitz-Cohen 2001, 222 with further parallels), Akhziv (Dayagi-Mendels 2002, 38, Fig. 4.1, No. 28) and in the Assyrian heartland (Curtis 2013, 97–100, pl. 76–77). BEY 020: 028 (MNB 32004): Bell. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-12, 42. – Layer of brown earth. Stratigraphic unit: [08/09-A2] Measurements: L: 1.5; Ø: 1.4; Weight: 2.3 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 9, 19

50

Part I Small Objects

BEY 020: 055 (MNB 32647): Bell. Square-locus – Context: 09/10-40, 48. – Dark-brown earth with pebbles, not localized. Stratigraphic unit: [09/10-x] Measurements: L: 1.8; Ø: 1.6; Weight: 4.3 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. BEY 020: 228 (MNB 32020): Bell. Square-locus – Context: 08/10-00. Stratigraphic unit: [08/10-x] Measurements: L: 2.4; W: 2.5; H: 1.5; Weight: 5.9 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 9, 20 2.5 APPLICATIONS, FITTINGS The objects assigned to this group exhibit features such as rivets and small perforations. Originally they were most probably applied or fixed to some other object. BEY 020: 036 (MNB 32206): Flat rectangular fragment, one end bent, the other broken off, two perforations. Square-locus – Context: 11/10-08. – Central test-trench. Stratigraphic unit: [11/10-T] Measurements: L: 1.4; W: 1.2; H: 0.1; Weight: 0.6 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 10, 02 BEY 020: 041 (MNB 32658): Application in the shape of a tongue, slightly bent with four perforations. Square-locus – Context: 11/10-01, 08. – Uppermost stratum, mixed material. Coordinates: E: 117.35; N: 100.85; Elev.: 11.60 m. Stratigraphic unit: [11/10-D] Measurements: L: 2.8; W: 2.6; H: 0.1; Weight: 3.1 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 10, 03 BEY 020: 050 (MNB 32216): Bent sheet of Copper, fragmentary. Square-locus – Context: 10/10-35, 81. – Closely packed layers on top of glacis. Stratigraphic unit: [10/10-C1] Measurements: L: 3.3; W: 2.2; H: 0.15; Weight: 2.8 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 10, 04 BEY 020: 175 (MNB 32623): Flat application (?) with one round side and broken edges, two perforations. Square-locus – Context: 10/09-02, 03. – Layer of brown, sandy earth above wall locus 07. Stratigraphic unit: [10/09-G] Measurements: L: 3.1; W: 1.3; H: 0.25; Weight: 3.6 g. Material: Bronze (Cu 83 %, Sn 4.4 %, Pb 11.3 %). Plate: 10, 05 BEY 020: 456 (MNB 32155): Small rectangular application with two perforations. Square-locus – Context: 11/10-15, 26. – Layer between central and E-test-trench, level K. Coordinates: E: 116.10; N: 98.65; Elev.: 10.86 m. Stratigraphic unit: [11/10-B2] Measurements: L: 2.7; W: 1.2; H: 0.1 – 0.2; Weight: 1.4 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 10, 06 BEY 020: 597 (MNB 32635): Two rectangular flat plates, joined with two rivets. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-43, 59. – Central test-trench, stratum following locus 39. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-C]

2 Metal Objects Measurements: Material: Plate:

51

L: 2.0; W: 1.1; H: 0.9. Copper or Copper-based alloy. 10, 01

BEY 020: 676 (MNB 32198): Small square fragment with perforation. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-58, 98. – Stratum between central and E-test-trench + baulk (≡ locus 45). Coordinates: E: 116.85; N: 98.48; Elev.: 10.90 m. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-D] Measurements: L: 1.0; W: 1.0; H: 0.1. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 10, 07 2.6 NEEDLES AND PINS The needles and pins found at BEY 020 were grouped into the subcategories large pins, hook pins and eye-needles. Objects identified as large pins were never preserved completely. Their function is unclear. BEY 020: 179 was also assigned to this group even though the object is markedly different from the rest. 2.6.1 Large pins BEY 020: 179 (MNB 31997): Large pin, head flat and slightly circular, perforation in the center; shaft rectangular in cross-section. Square-locus – Context: 09/10-48, 59. – Light-brown material, stones, late disturbance. Stratigraphic unit: [09/10-A] Measurements: L: 10.8; Ø head: 2.1; Th. of head: 0.2; Pin: 0.5 x 0.3; Weight: 13.6 g. Material: Copper (Cu 98 %). Plate: 11, 01 BEY 020: 194 (MNB 32144): Fragment of a large pin, tip preserved, rectangular in cross-section. Square-locus – Context: 09/10-08, 15. Stratigraphic unit: [09/10-B2] Measurements: L: 6.0; W: 0.3 – 0.5; H: 0.3 – 0.5; Weight: 5.5 g. Material: Copper (Cu 99 %). Plate: 10, 08 BEY 020: 239 (MNB 32215): Fragment of a large pin, pin bent, rectangular in cross-section. Square-locus – Context: 09/10-56, 65. – Baulk between 09/10-10/10, surface material. Stratigraphic unit: [09/10-D] Measurements: L: 3.0; W: 2.7; H: 0.3 – 0.4; Weight: 3.6 g. Material: Copper (Cu 99 %). Plate: 10, 10 BEY 020: 332 (MNB 32157): Fragment of a large pin, tip, rectangular in cross-section. Square-locus – Context: 10/09-15, 24. – Debris on top of the glacis. Stratigraphic unit: [10/09-F] Measurements: L: 2.7; W: 0.2 – 0.4; Weight: 1.8 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. BEY 020: 340 (MNB 32217): Fragment of a large pin. Square-locus – Context: 10/09-15, 23. – Debris on top of the glacis. Coordinates: E: 106.38; N: 95.86; Elev.: 9.76 m. Stratigraphic unit: [10/09-F] Measurements: L: 19.8; W: 0.3 – 0.6. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 10, 09 BEY 020: 346 (MNB 32667): Fragment of a large pin. Square-locus – Context: 09/10-59, 72. – Baulk between 09/10-10/10, uppermost layer. Stratigraphic unit: [09/10-D]

52 Measurements: Material: Plate:

Part I Small Objects L: 4.2; W: 0.2 – 0.4; Weight: 2.9 g. Copper (Cu 99 %). 10, 11

BEY 020: 433 (MNB 32666): Fragment of a large pin with tip. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-13, 49. – South of wall locus 02a. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-K1] Measurements: L: 2.65; W: 0.3 – 0.45; Weight: 1.4 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. BEY 020: 445 (MNB 32014): Fragment of a large pin. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-13, 58. – South of wall locus 02a. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-K1] Measurements: L: 11.1; W: 0.2 – 0.5; Weight: 13.2 g. Material: Copper (Cu 99 %). Plate: 10, 12 BEY 020: 465 (MNB 32994): Fragment of a large pin. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-12, 74. – Pit north of wall locus 02a. Coordinates: E: 125.00; N: 98.00; Elev.: 12.09 m. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-I] Measurements: L: 9.8; W: 0.3 – 0.5; Weight: 8.7 g. Material: Copper (Cu 99 %). Plate: 10, 13 BEY 020: 468a–b (MNB 32668): Fragment of a large pin, round section. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-09, 26. – Fourth layer from top, dark-brown, few sherds. Coordinates: E: 113.82; N: 97.90. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-J] Measurements: L: 6.9; W: 0.5 – 0.7; Weight: 12.5 g. Material: Copper (Cu 99 %). Plate: 10, 14 BEY 020: 519 (MNB 32218): Fragment of a large pin. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-27, 41. – Test-trench W, 2nd level from top. Coordinates: E: 114.00; N: 95.30. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-F] Measurements: L: 2.7; W: 0.25 – 0.4; Weight: 2.6 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 10, 16 BEY 020: 609 (MNB 32145): Fragment of a large pin. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-43, 65. – Central test-trench, stratum following locus 39. Coordinates: E: 116.13; N: 97.91; Elev.: 9.43 m. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-C] Measurements: L: 3.9; W: 0.2 – 0.45; Weight: 2.8 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. BEY 020: 619 (MNB 32648): Fragment of a large pin, tip. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-47, 80. – Stratum between central and E-test-trench + baulk (≡ locus 37). Coordinates: E: 116.93; N: 97.18; Elev.: 11.01 m. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-F] Measurements: L: 4.0; W: 0.2. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy.

2 Metal Objects BEY 020: 660 (MNB 32195): Fragment of a large pin. Square-locus – Context: 10/09-52, 64. – Layer of much ash, charcoal and ceramics towards wall locus 66. Coordinates: E: 102.02; N: 91.80; Elev.: 8.05 m. Stratigraphic unit: [10/09-E] Measurements: L: 7.4; W: 0.4 – 0.5; Weight: 9.6 g. Material: Copper (Cu 99 %). Plate: 10, 15 2.6.2 Hook pins BEY 020: 066 (MNB 32181): Hook pin. Square-locus – Context: 11/10-23, 37. – Layer between central and W-test-trench, levels H+I. Coordinates: E: 112.45; N: 98.75; Elev.: 11.55 m. Stratigraphic unit: [11/10-C1] Measurements: L: 6.4; W: 0.2; Weight: 1.1 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 11, 02 BEY 020: 176 (MNB 32181): Hook pin, broken into 2 parts. Square-locus – Context: 10/09-3. – Earth, Roman level, partly disturbed. Stratigraphic unit: [10/09-G] Measurements: L: 3.3; W: 0.3. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. BEY 020: 233 (MNB 32017): Hook pin, broken into 3 parts. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-08, 21. – South of wall locus 02a. Coordinates: E: 129.16; N: 93.15; Elev.: 11.65 m. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-K2] Measurements: L: 4.5; W: 0.3; Weight: 0.6 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. BEY 020: 242 (MNB 32019): Hook pin. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-09, 18. – North of wall locus 02a. Coordinates: E: 126.80; N: 98.69; Elev.: 12.55 m. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-I] Measurements: L: 3.7; W: 0.15; Weight: 0.3 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 11, 03 BEY 020: 244 (MNB 32656): Hook pin. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-07, 10. – Pit, level X. Coordinates: E: 121.61; N: 98.34; Elev.: 12.44 m. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-H2] Measurements: L: 4.1; W: 0.15; Weight: 0.5 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 11, 04 BEY 020: 266 (MNB 32164): Hook pin, broken into 4 parts. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-09, 25. – North of wall locus 02a. Coordinates: E: 131.25; N: 97.70; Elev.: 12.26 m. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-I] Measurements: L: 5.8; W: 0.25. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. BEY 020: 370 (MNB 32676): Hook pin. Square-locus – Context: 10/09-15, 27. – Debris on top of the glacis. Coordinates: E: 107.10; N: 95.99; Elev.: 9.80 m. Stratigraphic unit: [10/09-F]

53

54 Measurements: Material:

Part I Small Objects L: 2.45; W: 0.2; Weight: 0.3 g. Copper or Copper-based alloy.

BEY 020: 382 (MNB 32212): Hook pin, broken into 3 parts. Square-locus – Context: 10/09-13, 16. – Test-trench E above the glacis. Coordinates: Elev.: 10.09 m. Stratigraphic unit: [10/09-T] Measurements: L: 3.3; W: 0.2. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. BEY 020: 406 (MNB 32780): Hook pin. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-02. – From test-trench E. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-J] Measurements: L: 2.5; W: 0.45. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. BEY 020: 439 (MNB 32781): Hook pin. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-13, 50. – South of wall locus 02a. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-K1] Measurements: L: 2.9; W: 0.15; Weight: 0.2 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. BEY 020: 453 (MNB 32183): Hook pin, fragmentary. Square-locus – Context: 11/10-05, 10. – Test-trench at the W-baulk. Coordinates: E: 111.04; N: 99.75; Elev.: 11.62 m. Stratigraphic unit: [11/10-T] Measurements: L: 5.7; W: 0.2; Weight: 0.6 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. BEY 020: 467 (MNB 32783): Hook pin, broken into 2 parts. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-12, 69. – Pit north of wall locus 02a. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-I] Measurements: L: 1.7; W: 0.2. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. BEY 020: 563 (MNB 32634): Hook pin. Square-locus – Context: 12/09. – Surface find from E-section. Coordinates: E: 128.00; N: 96.50; Elev.: 11.20 m. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-x] Measurements: L: 4.3; W: 0.15; Weight: 0.3 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 11, 05 BEY 020: 617 (MNB 32186): Hook pin, broken into 2 parts. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-47, 74. – Stratum between central and E-test-trench + baulk (≡ loc.37) Coordinates: E: 117.23; N: 97.94; Elev.: 11.45 m. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-F] Measurements: L: 4.9; W: 0.15 – 0.25; Weight: 0.6 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. BEY 020: 623 (MNB 32160): Hook pin. Square-locus – Context: 10/09-33, 57. – Filling rubble of 1995 season. Stratigraphic unit: [10/09-B] Measurements: L: 2.1; W: 0.15. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy.

2 Metal Objects

55

BEY 020: 675 (MNB 32016): Hook pin. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-58, 97. – Stratum between central and E-test-trench + baulk (≡ loc.45) Coordinates: E: 118.31; N: 98.50; Elev.: 10.68 m. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-D] Measurements: L: 5.6; W: 0.2; Weight: 1 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 11, 06 2.6.3 Eye-needles BEY 020: 434 (MNB32640): Eye-needle, broken into 2 parts, badly corroded. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-09, 23. – Fourth layer from top, dark-brown, few sherds. Coordinates: E: 116.95; N: 97.75. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-J] Measurements: L: 4.6; W: 0.4 – 0.3 Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. BEY 020: 494 (MNB 32006): Eye-needle. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-17, 97. – North of wall locus 02a west. Coordinates: E: 121.40; N: 97.80; Elev.: 11.54 m. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-Tw] Measurements: L: 4.2; W: 0.2; Weight: 1 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 10, 17 BEY 020: 663 (MNB 32196): Eye-needle, broken into 4 parts. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-57, 95. – Stratum between central and E-test-trench + baulk (loc.41). Coordinates: E: 98.30; Elev.: 10.97 m. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-E] Measurements: L: 6.7; W: 0.25 – 0.15; Weight: 0.8 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. BEY 020: 688 (MNB ?): Eye-needle. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-124, 117. – Removing the wall in test-trench W (locus 120). Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-2] Measurements: L: 5.8; W: 0.2–0.5. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. 2.7 WEIGHTS For the following three objects a function as weights is suggested. This interpretation, however, remains preliminary. BEY 020: 027 (MNB 32001): Square-locus object, weight? Square-locus – Context: 08/09-03, 41. – Ashy layer with 50% sherds and small objects. Stratigraphic unit: [08/09-C] Measurements: L: 1.7; W: 1.7; H: 0.6; Weight: 13.2 g. Material: Bronze (Cu 80 %, Sn 5.5 %, Zn 9.3 %, Pb 4.9 %). Plate: 11, 07 BEY 020: 395 (MNB 32161): Square object, weight? Square-locus – Context: 10/09-17, 30. – Layer on top of the glacis. Coordinates: E: 107.09; N: 96.02; Elev.: 9.72 m. Stratigraphic unit: [10/09-F] Measurements: L: 2.0; W: 1.9; H: 1.7; Weight: 42.2 g. Material: Bronze (Cu 81 %, Sb 12.5 %, Pb 3.6 %, Sn 2.92 %). BEY 020: 580 (MNB 32192): Bi-conical object, weight? Square-locus – Context: 10/09-00, 46. – Layers on top of the glacis. Coordinates: E: 109.30; N: 102.30; Elev.: 9.43 m. Stratigraphic unit: [10/09-x]

56 Measurements: Material: Plate:

Part I Small Objects L: 1.2; Ø: max. 1.6; Weight: 10.6 g. Bronze (Cu 81 %, Sb 16.1 %, Sn 2.94 %). 11, 08

2.8 NAILS BEY 020: 070 (MNB 32171): Nail. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-02, 08. – From test-trench E. Coordinates: E: 118.50; N: 96.70. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-J] Measurements: L: 2.5; W: 0.2 – 1.0; Weight: 1.7 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 11, 09 BEY 020: 195 (MNB 32624): Nail. Square-locus – Context: 11/10-04. – Glacis. Stratigraphic unit: [11/10-3] Measurements: L: 1.9; W: 0.1 – 0.85; Weight: 0.8 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 11, 10 BEY 020: 225 (MNB 33005): Nail, slightly bent, head not preserved, badly corroded. Square-locus – Context: 10/09-10. – Cleaning the disturbance by the canal. Stratigraphic unit: [10/09-T] Measurements: L: 10.0; W: 0.5. Material: Iron. BEY 020: 226 (MNB 33009): Nail, head missing, badly preserved. Square-locus – Context: 10/09-10. – Cleaning the disturbance by the canal. Stratigraphic unit: [10/09-T] Measurements: L: 8.5; Ø: 1.2. Material: Iron. BEY 020: 241a+b (MNB 32995): Two fragments of nails, badly corroded. Square-locus – Context: 09/10-56, 67. – Baulk between 09/10-10/10, surface material. Stratigraphic unit: [09/10-D] Measurements: L: 8.0 (a); 5.2 (b); W: 0.2 (a), 0.5 (b). Material: Iron. BEY 020: 373 (MNB 32663): Nail, head missing, badly corroded. Square-locus – Context: 10/09-13. – Test-trench E above the glacis. Stratigraphic unit: [10/09-T] Measurements: L: 4.4; W: 0.2 – 1.1. Material: Iron. BEY 020: 411 (MNB 32999): Nail, part of the head preserved. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-12, 52. – Layer of brown earth. Stratigraphic unit: [08/09-A2] Measurements: L: 2.9; W: 1.1 – 1.5. Material: Iron. BEY 020: 414 (MNB 33007): Nail, head missing, badly corroded. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-24. – Fill of dark-brown earth. Stratigraphic unit: [08/09-A1] Measurements: L: 6.5; W: 1.2. Material: Iron.

2 Metal Objects BEY 020: 417 (MNB 32203): Nail. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-22, 74. – Stamped floor (Fb3), dark-brown. Stratigraphic unit: [08/09-A1] Measurements: L: 4.2; W: 0.6 – 1.4. Material: Iron. Plate: 11, 11 BEY 020: 418 (MNB 32012): Shaft of a nail, badly corroded. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-22, 73. – Stamped floor (Fb3), dark-brown. Stratigraphic unit: [08/09-A1] Measurements: L: 1.9; W: 0.5; H: 0.5; Ø head: 2.5; Weight: 11.4 g. Material: Iron. Plate: 11, 12 BEY 020: 448 (MNB 32011): Nail, rectangular in cross-section. Square-locus – Context: 10/10-08, 10. – Layer of earth. Coordinates: E: 102.70; N: 100.20; Elev.: 12.21 m. Stratigraphic unit: [10/10-D1] Measurements: L: 3.9; W: 0.3 – 1.1; Weight: 3 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 11, 13 BEY 020: 469 (MNB 32150): Nail. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-10. – Fifth layer from top, above the glacis. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-J] Measurements: L: 3.1; W: 0.5 – 1.5; Weight: 5.4 g. Material: Iron. Plate: 11, 14 BEY 020: 475 (MNB32156): Nail, upper part with head preserved. Square-locus – Context: 10/09-20, 37. – Layer on top of the glacis. Coordinates: E: 108.00; N: 95.40; Elev.: 9.35 m. Stratigraphic unit: [10/09-F] Measurements: L: 2.2; Ø head: 2.0; Ø pin: 1.0; Weight: 9.5 g. Material: Copper or Copper-based alloy. Plate: 11, 15 BEY 020: 562 (MNB 31987): Nail. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-36. – Test-trench E, much pottery, big stones. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-Te] Measurements: L: 7.9; W: 0.7 – 2.8; Weight: 41.8 g. Material: Iron. Plate: 11, 16 BEY 020: 624 (MNB 33011): Nail, head not preserved, badly corroded. Square-locus – Context: 10/09-70, 56. – Layer on top of the glacis. Coordinates: E: 106.68; N: 98.39; Elev.: 9.83 m. Stratigraphic unit: [10/09-C2] Measurements: L: 8.3; W: 0.9–1.1. Material: Iron. 2.9 MISCELLANEOUS MNB 76500: Two small unspecific fragments. Square-locus – Context: xx/xx-68, xx. Measurements: Material: Copper.xx

57

58

Part I Small Objects

MNB 76501: Thin, elongated object, fragment of needle (?). Square-locus – Context: xx/xx-63, xx. Measurements: L: 1.5; Ø: 0.3. Material: Copper. MNB 90682: Nail. Square-locus – Context: Stratigraphic unit: Measurements: Material:

11/09-28. – Test-trench E, 117–119.5 E, stratum below loc.11. [11/09-G] L: 5.3; W: 0.7; H: 0.7; Ø: head: 2.3. Iron.

MNB 90689: Nail. Square-locus – Context: Stratigraphic unit: Measurements: Material:

09/10-67. – Filling debris above the glacis. [09/10-C] L: 3.1; W: 0.4; H: 0.4; Ø: head: 2.0. Iron.

MNB 90681: Nail, head not preserved, badly corroded. Square-locus – Context: 10/10-05, 11. – Lump of earth. Stratigraphic unit: [10/10-D2] Measurements: L: 8.0; Ø: 1.0. Material: Iron. MNB 90679: Elongated fragment. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-16. – Stratum between central and E Test-trench. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-I] Measurements: L: 3.8; W: 0.7; H: 0.5. Material: Iron. MNB 90680: Amorphous object, badly corroded. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-00, 114. Coordinates: E: 119.15; N: 96.60; Elev.: 10.98 m. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-x] Measurements: L: 3.2; W: 2.7; H: 2.6. Material: Copper. MNB 90690: Several fragments. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-20. – Recent rubble S of Roman wall. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-L] Measurements: Material: Iron. MNB 90692: Amorphous fragment. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-01, 01. – Surface material, rubbish. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-J] Measurements: Material: Iron. MNB 90695: Elongated fragment. Square-locus – Context: 10/10-11, 32. – Layer of earth above glacis. Stratigraphic unit: [10/10-D1] Measurements: L: 8.6; W: 2.3; H: 1.1. Material: Lead. MNB 90691: Amorphous fragment. Square-locus – Context: 10/10-05, 31. – Lump of earth. Stratigraphic unit: [10/10-D2]

2 Metal Objects Measurements: Material:

59

L: 8.0; W: 7.0; H: 3.0. -

MNB 90694: Flat fragment, slightly curved. Square-locus – Context: 09/10-67. – Filling debris above the glacis. Stratigraphic unit: [09/10-C] Measurements: L: 5.5; W: 3.0; H: 0.2. Material: Lead. MNB 90696: Two elongated fragments, badly corroded. Square-locus – Context: 10/10-05, 20. – Lump of earth. Stratigraphic unit: [10/10-D2] Measurements: L (1): 7.4, (2): 6.0. Material: Iron. MNB 90693: Broad, flat object. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-20. – Recent rubble S of Roman wall. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-L] Measurements: L: 16.0; W: 6.7; H: 0.8. Material: Iron. MNB 90683: Amorphous fragment. Square-locus – Context: 12/10-12, 11. – West of test-trench, level II. Stratigraphic unit: [12/10-C1] Measurements: L: 3.3; W: 2.5; H: 2.2. Material: Copper. MNB 90688: Amorphous fragment. Square-locus – Context: 10/10-27, 65. – Stratum, various material above glacis. Stratigraphic unit: [10/10-C1] Measurements: L: 2.8; W: 2.4; H: 2.0. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 025 (MNB 32662): Flat, square object with rounded edges. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-12, 36. – Layer of brown earth. Stratigraphic unit: [08/09-A2] Measurements: L: 1.9; W: 1.9; H: 0.1. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 026 (MNB 32996): Elongated shank, badly corroded, square in cross-section, bent towards the middle part. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-12, 40. – Layer of brown earth. Stratigraphic unit: [08/09-A2] Measurements: L: 3.8; W: 0.4. Material: Iron. BEY 020: 030 (MNB 32178): Flat, long object, at one end triangular part removed, whereby a sort of tip was created. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-12, 55. – L ayer of brown earth. Stratigraphic unit: [08/09-A2] Measurements: L: 6.5; W: 1.2; H: 0.3. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 031 (MNB 33001): Roughly elliptical sheet. Square-locus – Context: 12/10-04, 5. – Northern part locus 03, exposure of glacis. Coordinates: E: 126.22; N: 101.64; Elev.: 12.24 m. Stratigraphic unit: [12/10-B]

60 Measurements: Material:

Part I Small Objects L: 2.9; W: 1.4; H: 1.5. Copper.

BEY 020: 035 (MNB 32784): Five very small fragments. Square-locus – Context: 10/10-27, 62. – Stratum, various material above glacis. Coordinates: E: 101.90; N: 100.20; Elev.: 11.65 m. Stratigraphic unit: [10/10-C1] Measurements: Material: Copper. BEY 020: 038 (MNB 32008): Complete object of unknown function, elongated body with concave sides, one end round and pierced, there is a second object attached, but because of corrosion no identification possible, other end rectangular and bent by 90 degrees. Square-locus – Context: 10/10-20. 51. – Layer of earth above glacis. Stratigraphic unit: [10/10-D2] Measurements: L: 3.9; W: 0.8–1.5; H: 0.4. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 039 (MNB 31999): Flat, long sheet, slightly curved. Square-locus – Context: 10/10-02, 47. – Foundation of wall locus 02. Coordinates: E: 106.20; N: 101.05; Elev.: 11.53 m. Stratigraphic unit: [10/10-E] Measurements: L: 4.8; W: 0.8; H: 1.5. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 042 (MNB 32002): Flat, elongated sheet, curved. Square-locus – Context: 10/10-01, 05. – Surface material. Coordinates: E: 108.00; N: 101.00; Elev.: 12.67 m. Stratigraphic unit: [10/10-E] Measurements: L: 4.3; W: 0.8; H: 0.2. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 051 (MNB 32190): Arrowhead(?), roughly conical, in the lower part rectangular in cross-section, tang very thin and round in cross-section. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-01, 03. – Surface material, rubbish. Coordinates: E: 113.50; N: 92.00. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-J] Measurements: L: 3.3; W: 6.5. Material: Bronze (Cu 93%, Sn 4.2%, Pb 1.6 %). BEY 020: 052 (MNB 32005): Hook-shaped object, round in cross-section. Square-locus – Context: 12/10-09, 08. – West of test-trench: level IV. Coordinates: E: 126.00; N: 101.10; Elev.: 12.07 m. Stratigraphic unit: [12/10-D1] Measurements: L: 5.1; W: 2.0-2.5. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 054 (MNB 32645): Open ring, one end terminating in closed loop, other end broken off, small handle(?). Square-locus – Context: 08/09-22, 77. – Stamped floor, dark-brown. Stratigraphic unit: [08/09-A1] Measurements: L: 2.8; W: 2.6; H: 0.3. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 069 (MNB 32654): Three small, flat fragments, put together they form a curved fragment. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-02, 04. – Stratum, material from south of wall locus 02a. Coordinates: E: 124.20; N: 92.50; Elev.: 12.90 m. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-K1]

2 Metal Objects Measurements: Material:

61

L: 1.3; W: 0.8; H: 0.3. Copper.

BEY 020: 153 (MNB 33006): Three unspecific fragments. Square-locus – Context: 11/10-09. –. Material around the dog-burial 15, locus 11/09-09. Stratigraphic unit: [11/10-T] Measurements: L (1): 3.6, (2): 1.7, (3): 1.4; W(1): 0.3, (2): 0.5, (3): 0.3. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 155 (MNB 32993): Amorphous object, badly corroded. Square-locus – Context: 10/10-39, 88. – Disturbance of the glacis. Stratigraphic unit: [10/10-A] Measurements: L: 9.2; W: 6.8; H: 2.0. Material: Iron. BEY 020: 174 (MNB 33013): “Fork”; not studied by the author. Square-locus – Context: 09/10-40. – Dark-brown earth with pebbles, not localized. Stratigraphic unit: [09/10-x] Measurements: Material: unclear. BEY 020: 178 (MNB 32211): Curved shaft, badly corroded. Square-locus – Context: 09/10-46, 58. – Stratum between central and test-trench-E + baulk (≡ locus 45). Stratigraphic unit: [09/10-B] Measurements: L: 3.9; W: 3.5. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 180 (MNB 31995): Straight shank, fragment of needle (?). Square-locus – Context: 09/10-46, 60. – Dark-brown material, stones. Stratigraphic unit: [09/10-B] Measurements: L: 6.2; W: 0.2–1.5. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 193 (MNB 32651): Part of lock for small chest or box (?); according to metal analysis most probably modern object (cf. report by E. Pernicka). Square-locus – Context: 09/10-08, 20. – Fill of dark-brown earth. Stratigraphic unit: [09/10-C] Measurements: L: 3.6; W: 1.9; H: 0.4–0.9. Material: Bronze (Cu 67%, Zn 32%, Pb 1.17 %). BEY 020: 196 (MNB 32637): Long, curved sheet, broken into two pieces. Square-locus – Context: 09/10-13, 32. – Fill of fat blackish-brown earth. Stratigraphic unit: [09/10-C] Measurements: L: 5.6; W: 1.1; H: 2.5. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 227 (MNB 32142): long, conical object, slightly curved several times, badly corroded. Square-locus – Context: 09/10. Stratigraphic unit: [09/10-x] Measurements: L: 4.4; W: 0.3–0.4. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 231 (MNB 32010): Shank, becoming bigger towards either end, one end terminating in large spherical shape, badly corroded. Square-locus – Context: 10/10-13, 34. – Layer of earth above glacis. Stratigraphic unit: [10/10-D1]

62 Measurements: Material:

Part I Small Objects L: 5.2; W: 0.4; Ø spherical end: 1.0, Ø other end: 0.6. Copper.

BEY 020: 232 (MNB 33014): Large, fragmentary circlet. Square-locus – Context: 09/09-06, 14. – Disturbance near sewage canal with Ottoman finds. Coordinates: Elev.: 12.58 m. Stratigraphic unit: [09/09-A] Measurements: W: 1.0; H: 0.3–0.4; Ø: 8.5. Material: Iron. BEY 020: 234 (MNB 32009): Long, flat hook-shaped object. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-08, 22. – South of wall locus 02a. Coordinates: E: 128.81; N: 98.94; Elev.: 12.45 m. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-K2] Measurements: L: 2.3; W: 0.4; H: 1.5–0.4. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 235 (MNB 32631): Small spherical object with cylindrical object (W: 3 mm) protruding from one side. Square-locus – Context: 10/09-13, 15. – Test-trench East above the glacis. Stratigraphic unit: [10/09-T] Measurements: L: 3.5; W: 1.0; H: 0.8. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 240 (MNB 32219): Long, flat fragment, badly corroded. Square-locus – Context: 09/10-56, 68. – Baulk between 09/10-10/10, surface material. Stratigraphic unit: [09/10-E] Measurements: L: 5.2; W: 1.5; H: 0.9. Material: Iron. BEY 020: 245 (MNB 31990): Knob, mushroom-shaped body, loop (now fragmentary) attached to bottom side, inside the body seems to consist of calcareous material, covered with thin layer of Copper. Square-locus – Context: 10/09-13, 18. – Test-trench East above the glacis. Coordinates: E: 108.68; N: 98.49; Elev.: 9.69 m. Stratigraphic unit: [10/09-T] Measurements: H: 1.1; Ø: 2.0. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 263 (MNB 32143): Straight shank. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-07, 24 b. Coordinates: E: 129.20; N: 97.00; Elev.: 11.64 m. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-H2] Measurements: L: 4.2; W: 0.2. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 264 (MNB 32659): Amorphous piece, from elongated base (triangular cross-section) sprout two branches to the right and left, one thicker and longer (L: 36 mm, W: 6 mm) than the other (L: 25 mm, W: 3.5 mm), thick branch is twisted several times. Square-locus – Context: 09/10-59, 71. – Baulk between 09/10-10/10, uppermost layer. Coordinates: Elev.: 11.86 m. Stratigraphic unit: [09/10-E] Measurements: L: 5.9; W: 4.4. Material: Lead. BEY 020: 338 a–c (MNB 32628): Some corroded fragments. Square-locus – Context: 10/09-13 – Test-trench East above the glacis. Stratigraphic unit: [10/09-T]

2 Metal Objects Measurements: Material:

Iron.

BEY 020: 343 (MNB 32633): Elongated fragment, considerably corroded. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-07, 19. – Enlarging loci 2+3 towards West. Coordinates: E: 114.07; N: 97.40. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-J] Measurements: L: 3.7; W: 0.2–0.4. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 368 (MNB 32670): Straight shank with tip preserved. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-07, 39. – Pit, level X. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-H2] Measurements: L: 3.0; W: 0.4–0.3. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 369 (MNB 32013): Straight shank, tapering towards middle part. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-07, 40. – Pit, level X. Coordinates: E: 123.65; N: 96.25; Elev.: 12.87 m. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-H2] Measurements: L: 3.0; W: 0.3–0.5. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 374 (MNB 32998): Three fragments of a flat, curved sheet. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-11, 34. – North of wall locus 02a eastern part. Coordinates: E: 128.75; N: 97.80; Elev.: 11.69 m. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-Te] Measurements: L: 1.7; W: 0.6; H: 0.2. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 375 (MNB 32214): Flat, triangular object. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-10, 33. – South of wall locus 02a. Coordinates: E: 124.60; N: 93.40; Elev.: 11.64 m. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-K2] Measurements: L: 3.3–2.9; W: 0.2. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 383 (MNB 32786): Small spherical object. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-08, 14. – South of wall locus 02a. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-K2] Measurements: Ø: 0.5. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 384 (MNB 33012): Elongated shank, round cross-section. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-09, 11. – North of wall locus 02a. Coordinates: E: 129.00; N: 98.80; Elev.: 12.50 m. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-I] Measurements: L: 2.0; W: 0.2. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 385 (MNB 32182): Thin wire, almost curved to circle, one end terminating in tip. Square-locus – Context: 11/10-25, 40. – Layer between central and W-test-trench, level K. Coordinates: E: 111.65; N: 100.15; Elev.: 11.24 m. Stratigraphic unit: [11/10-B1] Measurements: H: 0.2; Ø: 1.3. Material: Copper.

63

64

Part I Small Objects

BEY 020: 386 (MNB 32210): Elongated, thin shank, one end flattened. Square-locus – Context: 12/10-14, 14. – East of test-trench: level VII–VI. Coordinates: E: 127.40; N: 100.30; Elev.: 12.26 m. Stratigraphic unit: [12/10-F2] Measurements: L: 3.9; W: 0.5. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 387 a–b (MNB 32790): Some unspecific fragments. Square-locus – Context: 09/10-06. – Baulk between 09/10-10/10, surface material. Stratigraphic unit: [09/10-E] Measurements: Material: Iron. BEY 020: 388 (MNB 32166): U-shaped shank, broken into two pieces, may be fragment of fibula. Square-locus – Context: 10/09-02, 01. – Layer of brown, sandy earth above wall locus 07. Coordinates: E: 105.05; N: 92.40; Elev.: 12.86 m. Stratigraphic unit: [10/09-G] Measurements: L: 3.2; W: 2.7; H: 0.4. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 389 (MNB 32675): Straight shank broken into two pieces, fragment of needle or pin (?). Square-locus – Context: 10/09-02, 05. – Layer of brown, sandy earth above wall locus 07. Coordinates: E: 104.80; N: 92.70; Elev.: 12.39 m. Stratigraphic unit: [10/09-G] Measurements: L: 2.9; W: 0.2. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 390 (MNB 32018): Two fragments of curved shank. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-03. – Stratum, test-trench (T.MNa-1). Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-Tc] Measurements: L: 1.9; W: 2.5. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 392 (MNB 32785): Elongated, flat fragment. Square-locus – Context: 11/10-26, 03. – Layer between central and W-test-trench, levels L. Coordinates: E: 112.20; N: 98.20; Elev.: 10.77 m. Stratigraphic unit: [11/10-B1] Measurements: L: 2.3; W: 0.8; H: 0.2. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 393 (MNB 33003): Fragment of sheet. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-12, 44. – Pit north of wall locus 02a. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-I] Measurements: L: 1.2; W: 1.2; H: 0.1. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 394 (MNB 32997): Flat, rectangular sheet with two rectangular perforations. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-12, 41. – Pit north of wall locus 02a. Coordinates: E: 126.25; N: 97.64; Elev.: 12.33 m. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-I] Measurements: L: 4.5; W: 2.2; H: 0.5–0.1. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 396 (MNB 32199): Elongated fragment, one third rectangular cross-section, other part irregular crosssection. Square-locus – Context: 10/09-17, 29. – Layer on top of the glacis. Coordinates: E: 105.91; N: 95.89; Elev.: 9.71 m.

2 Metal Objects Stratigraphic unit: Measurements: Material:

65

[10/09-F] L: 2.9; W: 0.4–0.7. Copper.

BEY 020: 404 (MNB 32204): Elongated, flat fragment. Square-locus – Context: 09/10-50, 62. – Stratum, various material above glacis. Stratigraphic unit: [09/10-B] Measurements: L: 2.5; W: 0.4; H: 0.2. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 405 (MNB 33010): Long, thick fragment, broken lengthwise into four flat pieces. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-40, 124. – West of test-trench: level IV. Stratigraphic unit: [08/09-A1] Measurements: L: 11.0; W: 2.7; H: 2.2. Material: Iron. BEY 020: 408 (MNB 32657): Two objects: 1. elongated shank, square in cross-section; 2. lentil-shaped object. Square-locus – Context: 11/10-01. – Uppermost layer of mixed material. Stratigraphic unit: [11/10-D] Measurements: L (1): 1.8; W (1): 0.6, (2): 0.4; Ø (2): 0.8. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 409 (MNB 32669): Elongated, thin object, both ends terminate in tips. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-01, 01. – Light-brown sand below and mixed with loc. 25. Coordinates: E: 117.37; N: 95.84. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-J] Measurements: L: 3.2; W: 0.3. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 410 (MNB 32791): Elongated shank, curved twice. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-03, 39. – Surface material, rubbish. Stratigraphic unit: [08/09-C] Measurements: L: 3.0; W: 0.6. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 412 (MNB 32674): Elongated shank. Square-locus – Context: 10/10-27, 69. – Stratum, various material above glacis. Coordinates: E: 101.50; N: 100.80; Elev.: 11.18 m. Stratigraphic unit: [10/10-C1] Measurements: L: 1.8; W: 0.2. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 415 (MNB 32671): Elongated shank, broken into two pieces. Square-locus – Context: 10/10-32, 77. – Stratum, various material above glacis. Coordinates: E: 101.70; N: 100.20; Elev.: 10.72 m. Stratigraphic unit: [10/10-C1] Measurements: L: 2.4; W: 0.2. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 419 (MNB 32162): Elongated, flat fragment, one end terminating in tip. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-22, 72. – Stamped floor, dark-brown. Stratigraphic unit: [08/09-A1] Measurements: L: 3.3; W: 0.2; H: 0.1. Material: Copper.

66

Part I Small Objects

BEY 020: 420 (MNB 32158): Conical fragment, may be part of nail. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-25, 69. – Black ashy fill with many small objects. Stratigraphic unit: [08/09-A1] Measurements: L: 4.6; W: 0.6–2.0. Material: Iron. BEY 020: 422 (MNB 32015): Slightly curved shank with tip preserved. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-01, 06. – Surface material, rubbish. Coordinates: E: 117.16; N: 95.50. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-J] Measurements: L: 4.8; W: 0.4–2.5. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 423 (MNB 32672): Elongated shank, both ends slightly bent. Square-locus – Context: 09/10-34, 51. – Only visible in section. Stratigraphic unit: [09/10-F] Measurements: L: 3.3; W: 0.4. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 424 (MNB 32782): Unspecific fragment, at broken edge perforation. Square-locus – Context: 10/10-36, 82. – Stratum, various material above glacis. Stratigraphic unit: [10/10-C1] Measurements: L: 2.3; W: 1.5; H: 3.5. Material: Bronze (Cu 85%, Sn 10.1%, Pb 3.6 %). BEY 020: 426 (MNB 32661): Rectangular, flat object, near narrow edges pierced by tang. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-01, 01. – Surface rubbish. Coordinates: E: 122.82; N: 95.50; Elev.: 13.23 m. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-J] Measurements: L: 9.5; W: 3.6; H: 1.1. Material: Iron. BEY 020: 427 (MNB 32787): Long, curved sheet. Square-locus – Context: 09/10-25. – Material from underneath the glacis. Stratigraphic unit: [09/10-A] Measurements: L: 3.2; W: 11.5; H: 3.5. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 428 (MNB 32665): Elongated object, tapering towards one end. Square-locus – Context: 08/09-00. – From pottery collection. Stratigraphic unit: [08/09-x] Measurements: L: 2.8; W: 0.3–0.5. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 429 (MNB 32664): Small half-lentil-shaped object, hollow inside. Square-locus – Context: 10/10-03, 14. – Earth + debris next to wall loc. 2. Coordinates: E: 101.00; N: 103.00; Elev.: 12.41 m. Stratigraphic unit: [10/10-D1 Measurements: L: 1.05; W: 0.8; H: 0.3. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 432 (MNB 32789): Flat fragment, slightly curved. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-15, 57. – North of wall locus 02a-W, level VIII. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-H2] Measurements: L: 2.3; W: 2.1; H: 0.3. Material: Copper.

2 Metal Objects

67

BEY 020: 435 (MNB 32205): Elongated sheet. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-13, 53. – South of wall locus 02a. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-K1] Measurements: L: 1.5; W: 0.6; H: 0.1. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 436 (MNB 32776): Elongated shank. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-13, 54. – South of wall locus 02a. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-K1] Measurements: L: 2.2; W: 0.2. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 437 (MNB 32655): Roughly square object from which protrudes a long, conical, curved object (L: 0.2–0.5). Square-locus – Context: 12/09-12, 52. – Pit north of wall locus 02a. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-I] Measurements: L: 2.8; W: 1.1; H: 0.7. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 438 (MNB 32200): Elongated, flat fragment. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-15, 47. – North of wall locus 02a-W, level VIII. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-H2] Measurements: L: 2.3; W: 0.5–0.6; H: 0.2. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 444 (MNB 32626): Elongated shaft. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-13, 60. – South of wall locus 02a. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-K1] Measurements: L: 1.8; W: 0.3. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 446 (MNB 32169): Ring-shaped object made from wire which is rectangular in cross-section, both ends twisted together, on the opposite side wire is flattened, originally probably tied around another object. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-12, 61. – Pit north of wall locus 02a. Coordinates: E: 126.20; N: 97.25; Elev.: 11.94 m. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-I] Measurements: L: 3.9; W: 2.4; H: 0.25. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 447 (MNB 32627): Three unspecific fragments, measurements taken of biggest fragment. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-12, 64. – Pit north of wall locus 02a. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-I] Measurements: L: 2.3; W: 1.9; H: 0.1. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 449 (MNB 32007): Fragment of sheet, badly corroded. Square-locus – Context: 10/10-05, 15. – Lump of earth. Coordinates: E: 101.10; N: 103.00; Elev.: 12.46 m. Stratigraphic unit: [10/10-D2] Measurements: L: 3.7; W: 2.0; H: 0.2–0.5. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 450 (MNB 32003): Small axe or blade(?), straight edges at thicker end, flattened towards other end by enlarging width, badly corroded. Square-locus – Context: 10/10-05, 18. – Lump of earth. Coordinates: E: 109.40; N: 104.20; Elev.: 12.39 m. Stratigraphic unit: [10/10-D2]

68 Measurements: Material:

Part I Small Objects L: 2.3; W: 1.6; H: 0.8. Copper.

BEY 020: 451 (MNB 32636): Elongated shank, tapering towards either end. Square-locus – Context: 10/10-05, 23. – Lump of earth. Coordinates: E: 107.00; N: 103.50; Elev.: 12.10 m. Stratigraphic unit: [10/10-D2] Measurements: L: 2.0; W: 0.5. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 452 (MNB 31993): Straight shank. Square-locus – Context: 11/10-01, 06. – Uppermost stratum, mixed material. Coordinates: E: 111.20; N: 101.70; Elev.: 11.98 m. Stratigraphic unit: [11/10-D] Measurements: L: 4.1; W: 0.1–0.2. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 454 (MNB 32185): Wire bent to circle, ends not attached to each other. Square-locus – Context: 11/10-05, 09. – Test-trench at the W-baulk. Coordinates: E: 110.92; N: 100.35; Elev.: 11.76 m. Stratigraphic unit: [11/10-T] Measurements: L: 1.5; W: 1.0; H: 0.3. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 455 (MNB 32641): Elongated shaft. Square-locus – Context: 10/10-11, 24. – Layer of earth above glacis. Coordinates: E: 102.60; N: 101.60; Elev.: 12.30 m. Stratigraphic unit: [10/10-D1] Measurements: L: 2.6; W: 0.2. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 457 (MNB 33000): Flat fragment with one perforation. Square-locus – Context: 10/10-13, 35. – Layer of earth above glacis. Coordinates: E: 102.65; N: 100.41; Elev.: 11.83 m. Stratigraphic unit: [10/10-D1] Measurements: L: 1.7; W: 0.7; H: 0.15. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 459 (MNB 33002): “Weight?”; not studied by the author. Square-locus – Context: 11/10-15, 20. – Layer between central and E-test-trench, level K. Stratigraphic unit: [11/10-B2] Measurements: Material: Copper. BEY 020: 460 (MNB 32151): Elongated, flat fragment. Square-locus – Context: 09/10-04, 36. – Black ashes with much ceramics. Stratigraphic unit: [09/10-C] Measurements: L: 5.1; W: 1.6; H: 0.5. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 466 (MNB 32792): Elongated fragment, broken into two pieces. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-12, 68. – Pit north of wall locus 02a. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-I] Measurements: L: 4.7; W: 1.0-0.5; H: 0.2. Material: Copper.

2 Metal Objects

69

BEY 020: 471b (MNB 32168): Arrowhead (?), not well preserved, no tang or socket, roughly triangular in crosssection. Square-locus – Context: 10/10-32, 7. – Stratum, various material above glacis. Coordinates: E: 101.00; N: 102.20; Elev.: 11.84 m. Stratigraphic unit: [10/10-C1] Measurements: L: 3.2; W: 0.7. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 472 (MNB 32777): Curved shank with tip, needle (?). Square-locus – Context: 10/09-20, 34. – Layer on top of the glacis. Coordinates: E: 107.30; N: 95.80; Elev.: 9.35 m. Stratigraphic unit: [10/09-F] Measurements: L: 6.1; W: 0.15. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 493 (MNB 32673): Flat fragment. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-17, 98. – North of wall locus 02a-W. Coordinates: Elev.: 11.49 m. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-Tw] Measurements: L: 2.2; W: 0.4–0.8; H: 0.25. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 501: “Metal piece”; not studied by the author. Square-locus – Context: B-75, 05. – Reddish sand, recent material. Stratigraphic unit: [B-B] Measurements: Material: Copper. BEY 020: 502 (MNB 32639): Elongated sheet. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-19, 102. – North of wall locus 02a-W. Coordinates: E: 129.20; N: 96.30; Elev.: 11.23 m. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-Tc] Measurements: L: 4.5; W: 0.4; H: 0.1. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 509 (MNB 32202): Thin sheet or foil, folded and bent several times. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-17, 105. – North of wall locus 02a-W. Coordinates: E: 121.00; N: 96.15; Elev.: 10.90 m. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-Tw] Measurements: L: 2.5; W: 2.2; H: 1.2. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 537 (MNB 32154): Amorphous fragment. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-27, 112. – North of wall locus 02a-W. Coordinates: E: 123.00; N: 96.50; Elev.: 11.46 m. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-H1] Measurements: L: 2.8; W: 1.6; H: 0.25. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 538 (MNB 32201): Fragment of sheet. Square-locus – Context: 09/11-30, 7. – Yellow layer west of Bronze Age wall. Coordinates: E: 98.00; N: 114.50; Elev.: 8.00 m. Stratigraphic unit: [09/11-A Measurements: L: 2.4; W: 1.6; H: 0.15. Material: Copper.

70

Part I Small Objects

BEY 020: 561 (MNB 32153): Elongated, flat fragment, one end terminating in tip. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-33, 47. – Stratum between central and E test-trench + baulk. Coordinates: E: 118.12; N: 97.31; Elev.: 11.46 m. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-J] Measurements: L: 1.6; W: 0.5; H: 0.1. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 590 (MNB 32778): Straight shank. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-38, 55. – Layer in the baulk, follow. loc. 37. Coordinates: E: 115.80; N: 98.21; Elev.: 11.51 m. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-K] Measurements: L: 1.7; W: 0.2. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 591 (MNB 32193): Three tiny fragments. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-39, 56. – Central test-trench, stratum following locus 26. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-E] Measurements: Material: Copper. BEY 020: 595 (MNB 32629): Elongated shaft, terminating in blunt tip. Square-locus – Context: 10/09-65, 50. – Test-trench, mostly stones and sherds. Stratigraphic unit: [10/09-D2] Measurements: L: 3.9; W: 0.9; H: 0.6. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 599 (MNB 31994): Straight shank. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-42, 61. – Central test-trench, stratum following locus 28. Coordinates: E: 118.20; N: 95.50; Elev.: 10.67 m. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-F] Measurements: L: 7.5; W: 0.2–0.25. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 600 (MNB 32650): Foil folded several times. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-44, 62. – Stratum between central and E-test-trench + baulk (≡ locus 35). Coordinates: E: 118.40; N: 98.40; Elev.: 12.09 m. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-F] Measurements: L: 4.2; W: 0.3–0.6. Material: Lead (?). BEY 020: 601 (MNB 33004): Elongated shaft. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-44, 63. – Stratum between central and E-test-trench + baulk (≡ locus 35). Coordinates: E: 118.21; N: 98.50; Elev.: 11.99 m. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-F] Measurements: L: 5.0; W: 0.4. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 608 (MNB 32653): Flat, curved fragment, rectangular cross-section. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-46, 68. – Stratum following the disturbance from locus 34. Coordinates: E: 116.92; N: 96.50; Elev.: 10.69 m. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-F] Measurements: L: 5.2; W: 1.2; H: 0.9. Material: Iron. BEY 020: 615 (MNB 32779): Elongated shaft, rectangular cross-section, both ends flattened. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-47, 76. – Stratum between central and E-test-trench + baulk (≡ locus 37). Coordinates: E: 116.85; N: 97.96; Elev.: 11.42 m.

2 Metal Objects Stratigraphic unit: Measurements: Material:

71

[11/09-F] L: 3.1; W: 0.6; H: 0.5. Copper.

BEY 020: 616 (MNB 32632): Elongated shaft. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-47, 75. – Stratum between central and E-test-trench + baulk (≡ locus 37). Coordinates: E: 116.76; N: 97.98; Elev.: 11.45 m. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-F] Measurements: L: 1.3; W: 0.2. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 618 (MNB 32646): Two small hook-shaped objects. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-47, 73. – Stratum between central and E-test-trench + baulk (≡ locus 37). Coordinates: E: 117.04; N: 98.37; Elev.: 11.68 m. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-F] Measurements: L (1): 1.3, (2): 1.1; W (1): 1.0, (2): 0.6; H (1): 0.2, (2): 0.2. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 621 (MNB 32660): Elongated shank, rectangular cross-section, both ends flattened, one end bent. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-51. 81. – Partial area between central and E-test-trench. Coordinates: E: 117.10; N: 96.40; Elev.: 10.06 m. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-D] Measurements: L: 5.6; W: 0.6. Material: Lead. BEY 020: 622 (MNB 32147): L-shaped shank. Square-locus – Context: 10/09-73, 58. – Test-trench, unstratified material.. Coordinates: E: 105.66; N: 97.85; Elev.: 9.40 m. Stratigraphic unit: [10/09-C2] Measurements: L: 4.5; W: 0.35. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 630b (MNB 32630): "Tool"; not studied by the author. Square-locus – Context: 10/09-73, 62. – Test-trench, unstratified material. Stratigraphic unit: [10/09-C2] Measurements: Material: Copper. BEY 020: 631 (MNB 32207): Sheet, several fragments. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-50, 86. – Stratum between central and E-test-trench + baulk (≡ locus 38) Coordinates: E: 117.86; N: 96.95; Elev.: 10.63 m. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-E] Measurements: L: 2.2; W: 1.7; H: 0.1. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 635 (MNB 32652): Fragmentary object made of three wires fixed to each other, broken into five pieces, curved. Square-locus – Context: 10/09-33, 60. – Filling rubble of 1995 season, not stratified. Stratigraphic unit: [10/09-B] Measurements: L: 2.4; W: 0.8; H: 0.6. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 658 (MNB 32213): Three unspecific fragments, badly corroded. Square-locus – Context: 12/09-99. – Block-W, layer of earth. Stratigraphic unit: [12/09-E1] Measurements: L (1): 5.4; (2): 4.0; W (1): 1.3, (2): 1.2. Material: Iron.

72

Part I Small Objects

BEY 020: 662 (MNB 32194): Elongated shank, rectangular cross-section, one end flattened. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-52, 91. – Partial area between central and E-test-trench, second stratum from top = below locus 51. Coordinates: E: 117.60; N: 96.55; Elev.: 9.75 m. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-D] Measurements: L: 3.8; W: 0.7; H: 0.5. Material: Copper. BEY 020: 674 (MNB 32197): Shank bent to circle, one terminating in tip, broken into two pieces. Square-locus – Context: 11/09-59, 99. – Partial area between central and E-test-trench, third stratum from top = below locus 52. Coordinates: E: 117.21; N: 96.71; Elev.: 9.19 m. Stratigraphic unit: [11/09-D] Measurements: L: 1.5; W: 1.3; H: 0.35. Material: Copper.

RESULTS OF THE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS Labor-Nr. Inv.-no. MA-090791 B 20:27 MA-090792 B 20:34 MA-090793 B 20:43 MA-090794 B 20:51 MA-090795 B 20:71 MA-090796 B 20:175 MA-090797 B 20:177 MA-090798 B 20:179 MA-090799 B 20:193 MA-090800 B 20:194 MA-090801 B 20:238 MA-090802 B 20:239 MA-090803 B 20:346 MA-090804 B 20:395 MA-090805 B 20:424 MA-090806 B 20:445 MA-090807 B 20:458 MA-090808 B 20:465 MA-090809 B 20:468 MA-090810 B 20: 471a MA-090811 B 20:474 MA-090812 B 20:580 MA-090813 B 20:584 MA-090814 B 20:598 MA-090815 B 20:633

Object Weight (?) Arrowhead Fishing-hook Arrowhead Arrowhead Application(?) Head of javelin Pin Lock(?) Pin Head of javelin Pin Pin Weight? Object, fragm. Pin Arrowhead Pin Pin Arrowhead

Head of javelin Bi-conical object Stylus Arrowhead Stick, cosmetic tool MA-090816 B 20:634 Arrowhead MA-090817 B 20:660 Pin

Fe Co 0,28 0,02 0,04 0,03 0,45