Ezochi of Northern Japan: From Outer Land to Inner Land 0612943070

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Ezochi of Northern Japan: From Outer Land to Inner Land

Fumiko Horimoto

A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of East Asian Studies University of Toronto

© Copyright by Fumiko Horimoto 2004

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An Abstract of the Dissertation of Fumiko Horimoto For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

To be taken November 2004 Graduate Department of East Asian Studies University of Toronto Title: Ezochi of Northern Japan: From Outer Land to Inner Land

This dissertation explores the northern frontier of the Japanese state in the preMeiji periods in terms of both territory and frontier peoples.

The thesis shows the

process how the China-centered worldview was replaced by the modern

boundaries in late Tokugawa Japan. in which

Ezochi

(present-day

notion of

In other words, this study examines the process

Hokkaido)

became

a part of Japan.

Today

many

Japanese think Hokkaido island has been an integral part of the country since ancient times, and Japan’s master narrative of national homogeneity denies the existence of the Ainu

as

an ethnic

minority

group.

However,

before

the

modern

notion

of

boundaries emerged, Ezochi, or Ainu land, was considered to be foreign “barbarian”

territory outside Japan, based on the East Asian world order. A close investigation is made into the interrelations between Ainu and Wajin (Japanese) in the Tokugawa period, when much of the groundwork for the subsequent deprivation of the Ainu was laid.

Ezochi became inseparable from the economy of the

mainland as a production center of marine goods.

The introduction of commercial

capital into Hokkaido changed the Ainu from trade partners to fishery laborers.

il

Matsumae domain needed foreign ethnicity of the Ainu for its survival.

the Russian southern advance,

But with

the intellectuals of the day felt the necessity of

defending the country against foreign countries.

They thought the best way to keep

Ezochi under the Japanese sphere of influence was to “develop” Ezochi and “civilize” its inhabitants.

The bakufu’s direct rule of Ezochi was launched in line with this logic.

In other words, the direct rule was an effort to delineate a modern boundary with

Russia in the northern frontier region. Lastly,

I probe

into the

and

continuities

discontinuities

between

Tokugawa

intellectuals’ ideas on Ezochi and the subsequent Meiji policy toward the Ainu.

The

change from the traditional East Asian worldview to the modern notion of boundaries

meant the transformation of Ezochi from iki (foreign region) to a part of Japan, and the Ainu from “foreign” people to “Japanese.”

i

Acknowledgments

I wish to extend my most heartfelt: gratitude to my thesis advisors.

I deeply value

their advice and teachings, without which this dissertation would never have been My first and foremost thanks go to Prof. A. Schmid, whose stimulating

completed.

His insightful advice and

course inspired me to take up the topic of this dissertation.

suggestions were extremely valuable for writing the thesis and pursuing research.

His critical and illuminating comments on the manuscript also helped me improve the dissertation, and taught me the essence of scholastic writing.

I am very grateful to

Prof. J. Brownlee for his thoughtful and helpful advice on the dissertation.

support and encouragement meant a lot to me.

His warm

I am especially thankful to him for

giving me an opportunity to be a teaching assistant of his history course.

The three

years of teaching under him provided me an invaluable experience, which was both challenging and rewarding.

mindedness.

I heartily appreciate his generous attitude and open-

I sincerely thank Prof. S. Uyenaka, my supervisor/mentor, for patiently

waiting until I have finally decided the subject of the dissertation.

He has taught me

basic things essential to a scholar, since I started graduate studies at the University of Toronto.

He

is extremely

understanding

academic writing and learning in general. completing the dissertation.

and

gives

me

most

useful

advice

on

I am most indebted to him for his help in

I would like to thank Prof. M. Donnelly for being a

member of the examination committee and Prof. B. Wakabayashi of York University for

being

an

Wakabayashi’s

external comments

appraiser, were

in very

spite

of their

illuminating

iv

busy and

schedule. gave

me

Professor an

excellent

opportunity to rethink about this thesis. Special thank go to Eberhard Buehler, my ¢éngxué in Chinese classes and a great English teacher. chapters were

I am completed.

grateful to him I am

for carefully reading the manuscript,

overwhelmed by his patience,

hospitality he and his wife Nancy have shown to me. senpai at the University of Toronto.

kindness,

as

and the

I also want to thank two good

Yu Chang and Ueda Kiyoshi provided me useful

advice on my study, examination, and teaching. Lastly, I thank my family for allowing me to continue to stay in Toronto to pursue my lifelong dream.

Without my husband's overseas assignment, it would not have

been possible for me to study in Toronto in the first place.

I am also thankful to my

mother, who always cares for me and has encouraged my pursuit.

Iam most grateful

to my husband for his support, understanding, and warm consideration for me. dissertation is therefore dedicated to my husband, Shoji Horimoto.

This

Table of Contents Abstract Acknowledgments Chapter I

Introduction

Homogeneity Myth Previous Studies on Hokkaido (Ezochi) Reconsideration of Sakoku Perceptions of E:zo Before the Tokugawa Period Chapter IT

10 13 27

Emergence of the Kakizaki (Later Matsumae) Family

The Rise of the Kakizaki (Matsumae) Family Transformation of the Kakizaki Family from And6 Vassal to Independent Daimyo Hideyoshi and Ieyasu’s Geographic Recognition of Ezochi Position of the Matsumae family in the Tokugawa Polity Tokugawa Intellectuals Perceptions of Matsumae and Ezochi

Boundary between Wajinchi and Ezochi in Tokugawa Japan Chapter III

iv

Commercial Activities Surrounding Ezochi

50 56 60 71 74 92

Roles of Omi Merchants

101

Basho Contract System and the Ainu

105

Herring Fishery

111

Prospering Matsumae Three Ports Tawaramong. A Leading Nagasaki Export

115

Santan Trade

125

ChapterIV

External Threat and the Bakufu's Response

Tanuma’s Ezochi Investigation Plan Matsudaira Sadanobu Administration’s Ezochi Policy

119

139

145 158

Chapter V Tokugawa Intellectuals’ Opinions on Ezochi Development

170

Ezochi Development Proposals from Economic Viewpoints

172

Proposal of National Defense Arguments for Ezo Development: the Case of Honda Toshiaki

178 185

Discreet Views on Ezo Development

198

Ohara Sakingo’s View on Northern Defense Saté Nobuhiro’s Ideas on Colonization Tokugawa Nariaki’s Ezochi Management Plan Ezochi as an Ideal World: Andé Shéeki’s Case Toward the Internalization of Ezochi

207 213

Chapter VI

217 221 229

Bakufu’s Direct Rule of Ezochi

240

Basic Policy of Direct Rule of Ezochi (1799-1821) Efforts to Improve Trade Practices Management of the Kuriles and Sakhalin

241 248 253

Efforts to Transform the Ainu into Japanese

255

Alteration of Ainu Manners and Customs

259

Reasons for Suspending Ezochi Administration

264

The Bakufu’s Second Direct Rule of Ezochi The Policy of the Second Direct Rule Conservation of Ainu Population

268 271 273

Assimilation Policy

280

Conclusion of the Direct Rule

285

Chapter VII

Conclusion

298

Notions of Boundary in Pre-modern Japan

300

Borders in Early Modern Japan

305

Ethnic Borders of the Japanese

309

Continuities and Discontinuities

between Bakufu and Meiji Colonial Policies

316

Ezochi (Hokkaido) as “Internal Colony”

321

From Ezo to Ayii-dojin Former Aborigines)

324

Glossary of Japanese Terms

333

Bibliography

340

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

In the seventh month of 1853, the Russian envoy Vasilievich Putyatin (1803-1883)

arrived at Nagasaki, only one month after Commodore Perry's epoch-making arrival at Uraga.!

Putyatin’s mission was the same as Perry's: to demand the opening of Japan

for trade after more than 250 years of seclusion policy.

The Edo bakufu was obliged to

negotiate with the Russian government over the northern border areas “Ezochi,” in conformity with the law of modern international society.

At the negotiating table, the

Russian envoy claimed territorial rights over Etorofu island, because “Russians lived there but there were no Japanese on the island.”

Kawaji Toshiakira (1801-1868), the

bakufu official in charge, refuted the Russian claim, saying, “The island was originally inhabited by the Ezo, and your people came later.

The areas populated by the Ezo

Aino [sic] are Japanese territory, because Aino people belong to Japan.”

And so, the

Russians and the Japanese discussed which country had territorial rights over the northern islands, disregarding the will of the native people.

Before the modern notion

of boundaries emerged, however, Ezochi was considered to be foreign “barbarian” territory outside the Japanese state, based on the East Asian world order.’

If so, how

and when did the recognition of Ezochi as part of Japan arise in Japanese society? This thesis studies the process in which Ezochi became a part of Japan, focusing on the notion of boundaries.

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