Exploring Early Christian Identity (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen Zum Neuen Testament) 9783161496745, 9783161515156, 3161496744
The main point of emphasis in the book is that approaching the Christian movement's early history through investiga
279 128 1MB
English Pages 205 [214]
Cover
Preface
Table of Contents
Understanding the First Hundred Years of Christian Identity (Bengt Holmberg)
Was There a Distinct Early Christ-Movement?
Are the Labels "Christian" and "Jew/ish" Anachronistic?
Inentity in Recent Scholarship on the Christ-Movement
(1) Identity as a Textual Phenomenon
(2) Identity as a Post-Factum Ideological Construct
(3) Identity Constructed by Entrepreneurs and Accepted by Recipients
(4) Identity as the Autonomous Inner Structure of the Semiotic System
(5) Identity as the Feedback-Shaped Self-Undertanding of the Christ-Movement
How should Identity be Approached? A Summary
Outlining This Book
Memory and Identity in the Gospels: A New Perspective (Samuel Byrskog)
1 The Genre of the Gospels and Identity Formation
A. The Ancient Historians Between the Past and the Present
B. The Gospel Writers Between the Past and the Present
2. The Sitz im Leben and Mnemonic Identity
A. The Sitz im Leben Revisited
B. A New Approach to the Sitz im Leben
3. Narrative Forms and Mnemonic Identity
A. The Ancient Chreia as a Narrative and Mnemonic Form
B. Papias about the Gospel of Mark and the Rhetorical Exercise of the Chreia
C. A Test Case: Mark 1:29–39
4. Conclusion: A New Perspective
Inventing Christian Identity: Paul, Ignatius, and Theodosius I (Anders Runesson)
1.Exploring the Question
2. 'Don't Trust the Horse!' Terminology, Categories, and the Battle for Historical Precision
3. Re-thinking the Question
4. The How, When, and Why of Christian Identity: Some Tentative Suggestions
5. Conclusions
Behaving like a Christ-Believer: A Cognitive Perspective on Identity and Behavior Norms in the Early Christ-Movement (Rikard Roitto)
I. Cognitive Research as a Tool for Historians
II. Ancient Mediterranean Culture and the Culture of the First Christ-Believers as Shared Cognition
III. Identity in Christ as Mutual Categorization of Each Other as Group Members
IV. The Ideal Christ-Believer, the Ingroup Prototype
V. The Christ-Believer in Interaction – Cognition and Behavior in Intragroup and Intergroup Dynamics
VI. The Social and Psychological Advantage of Being Perceived as Prototypical
VII. Summary of the Functions of the Prototype
VIII. Narrative, Prototype and Behavior Norms in the Primitive Christ-Movement
IX. Summary
The Prototypical Christ-Believer: Early Christian Identity Formation in Ephesus (Mikael Tellbe)
Text and Identity
Social Identity and Self-Categorization
Towards a Theory of Identity Formation in Ephesus
Prototypes in Comparison
Authority, Legitimacy and Leadership Structures.
Societal Relations
Community Metaphors and the Prototype of the Christ-believer
Prototypes in Response
The Presbyter in Response to the Pastor
The Prophet in Response to the Pastor.
The Bishop in Response to the Prophet.
Conclusion.
Points of Commonality
Commonality and "Orthodoxy"
The Role of Morality in the Rise of Roman Christianity (Runar M. Thorsteinsson)
Introduction
Morality as a Meaningful Component of Early Christian Identity
The "Novelty" of Christian Morality: Some Recent Claims
Moral Innovations? Ancient Allusions and Modern Illusions
Concluding Reflections: The Role of Morality in the Rise of Roman Christianity
Christian Identity as True Masculinity (Fredrik Ivarsson)
Greco-Roman Masculinity
Unnatural Men: Effeminate Gentiles in Romans
Ascetic Virility: Paul's Rhetoric of Masculinity in 1 Corinthians
The Mark of a Man: Emasculated Judaizers in Galatians
Conclusion
Early Christian Identity – Some Conclusions (Bengt Holmberg)
Uniqueness and identity
Distinctive cognition
Ethnicity and identity
Unity vs. Diversity
Identity Institutionalized
Bibliography
Index of Ancient Sources
A. Old Testament and Apocrypha
B. Ancient Jewish Writings
C. Other Ancient Writings
D. New Testament
E. Ancient Christian Writings
Index of Modern Authors
Index of Subjects and Terms
Recommend Papers
File loading please wait...
Citation preview
Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament Herausgeber / Editor Jörg Frey (München) Mitherausgeber / Associate Editors Friedrich Avemarie (Marburg) Judith Gundry-Volf (New Haven, CT) Hans-Josef Klauck (Chicago, IL)
226
Exploring Early Christian Identity Edited by
Bengt Holmberg
Mohr Siebeck
Bengt Holmberg is professor emeritus at Lund University, Sweden.
e-ISBN PDF 978-3-16-151515-6 ISBN 978-3-16-149674-5 ISSN 0512-1604 (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament) Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. © 2008 by Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, Germany. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisher’s written permission. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems. The book was printed by Gulde-Druck in Tübingen on non-aging paper and bound by Großbuchbinderei Spinner in Ottersweier. Printed in Germany.
! " #$%&! %% % " % ' "( % %"% ) & ** +
* , % "
% ) % " - ""
& ! % " ( - . / % " " $% & 0 % " - ( % " %&0 ) - " $ " " " " % "" % ' % " & 0 " ( 1 ! 2 "
.13 /
(& 4 " % 55 6 $ 6 ( ! 7 " % % " ) 8- 9 : % % " & ) ) "" 0% ( 7 % &! "
%
% 5; ' ( ) " " % (& ! ) " .1< % (0
+ $ .+
/ "" " ) % &! % 1 ! " ? % " ) " @ % "" 5A % % % % % ( % ( %& ) ( % " , " ( ) " " & B " % % % "
& !" 0 ) " " % " ) &! % %
% ( )
% % "" " % - & +5C 6 % ? " %
Table of Contents Preface ..................................................................................................... V
Understanding the First Hundred Years of Christian Identity ......... 1 Bengt Holmberg
Memory and Identity in the Gospels: A New Perspective .............. 33 Samuel Byrskog
Inventing Christian Identity: Paul, Ignatius, and Theodosius I ........................................................................................ 59 Anders Runesson
Behaving like a Christ-Believer: A Cognitive Perspective on Identity and Behavior Norms in the Early Christ-movement ........ 93 Rikard Roitto
The Prototypical Christ-Believer: Early Christian Identity Formation in Ephesus ............................................................................ 115 Mikael Tellbe
The Role of Morality in the Rise of Roman Christianity ............. 139 Runar Thorsteinsson
Christian Identity as True Masculinity .............................................. 159 Fredrik Ivarsson
Early Christian Identity – Some Conclusions ................................. 173 Bengt Holmberg
VIII
Table of Contents
Bibliography ................................................................................................. 179 Index of Ancient Sources ............................................................................. 193 Index of Modern Authors ............................................................................. 201 Index of Subjects and Terms ........................................................................ 204
% 7 ? z - 0 ! - % " { "" "( % { " ' " " { & ? + | " " % + { %") {& ! "" 2 } % % { % $ % " "% % {& * % % { "" " " % % % & 6 " 6 ~ % .;59;/ 8- "" : { ") "
% " "" 2 { % @ " - - " {&! - % % ' ' % & ? % " { ""
% " } ) 8- 9 :" ( &!" ) " " } & B "" "" 8 : "8- :. 8{:/ % "" + 9 % } 9 "8 :
B!* # - +" 7 " " } & ? ( % " - % { "" % %
5
% ," " { { 1 & " % ( %
' "" &!" "" " "" 8 : $" | B " $ -
% % " " "( % " " " % &
4 % " "" % "" " % | 9!"" % % " " { " ' $ % " "" - &5 9!"" "" $ 8" " :
" ( % | { $ % &;
+% +& + 0!-?# 7 +& z 4 1 ! "#$ .-" %| -" % 5/$& 5 7 %{ + ? # 1# % # & ' ( )#*+ , % .6 C/ 1!?#0#
+#,- , # . 5&.1
(, / 000 C|8{ -" (|{ ' 6' % :955&! { " 1 ! ?#0# ( - ' ( , / ' , 0.13 |13 > % /& ; ? 0 % " : : : % : } "( " " " .
/ % $ % & 4 % $ - "" $" | {"*&1&* , '1 # &1 , %/ . | #$ / (!{ 4? 4 &1 # %/ .+
| 7 C/& 6 7& + #z#, " 8 # $ : # 2 ' - 0 .B " % | + 1 ' C/& 4 "" " " " " 6z,~41' 3
4 "
;
9!"" % | { & ! %
" % "" % { - &A 9 ! "" " %
% % %{ . {
$ /& 0 { { &, " } % " %
{ ? % & - - "" %
" "! " .1(&1 / "" .1 & |;/& 0 " % - { " "" { " & 9 ! "" " " % % " " 0 & ! " ( " (|8 2 1 { ? ( %" 0 9 " :! % "
"" " & 4 % "
% " &
8- : 8{: ! 8- : 8{: " " % " % "" ( 0 0 { - & ' # 5 1 & 6 $ .!3 % | + (5/ % (& A $" B&?,! *42 ( { 1 $ 5 7 . # 0 ,/ 5&.# %|!!- (C &CC/ . , # 0 , .1 , |#" 5;/& + ?# 1# , *#0 # . |-+/&
A
+ $" % & 7&# | ! %" 8{: 88% : " " % 8{ : 8 { :! % % " 8- : -# " & 0 % % ! " & # ) " & 0 8- : 8- : " & 0 $ 0 8- : 8- : 8 - : 8 - "" : ( % &
0 " (# % % " " " 1( ," ( & 0 " % %
" % { " { "& !
" 8{:&0 8{: "8{ ": 8" % % " + : { % "&0 " %% { 8 % : % % # % " % " % " & 0 " % "& ? " " % "&! 8{: 8- : " " % { " - "& 8{: 1 "
" " ".# / % " { " " " { & ! 8- : % % { " " " ( & " " 8 - :&0 8- : % " A|| 80 8- : . / " " % 1 ) -
&7&# #, " #' ' 9. .+
|7 5;/5&
4 "
& : :7 "&: B % )
( " " " " $
% "| % % { - 8- : & 0 - " $
" "% " % " &!0 8- : ./ "" - ;;C-&#& &
0 , - +" ! % 0
" % " " - & ! % % } % - & ! % %
- % % % "" ! } ( " -
& 0 % " " % " $ | ./- $ & .5/- % "
"" 2 %% " & .;/-
% " " & .A/- "
- " "& % , (& %
% 8{: 8{ ": " $ " { &! - "" @- ;C& - "" " % " 0 "
" ' % " %&
./- % % "" ( % $ % & ;+ 6 1 / 5 1 .5 &@ 1 , |#" 5A/& ; -& ? - -0~ 8* 1
% # % "| * # % " +( " ," ( ? % : = # 7 4 ( (/ 0 .& - (@
;A
' =
% %& { - &B % " % % B " " % % B 1 " B 1 $
B
% B
1 * % " & $ " %
% " ' 1 % % "% % " % - % " % % % " & 0 " % % % A " " "% % "% % % & 6 6 / ! - " $ " $ & ! $
"
& " ( &! " % " " % % & 0 5&5& "!" %
% &?% 5&5&95
% 9 "" " % $ 9 ( "
" " & 0 .&5&5&95/&B " (!" ( B ! ;;@ !3 % | + ( CA/ C9;@ # + 6 #-~#, - = 0 = 1 .B ! A@!3 % | + ( 5/@ , 6 -~? + 8? % - 1 { : %';.5/|9;& A ? ! {7# 5 1 ' #' ' .-" %|-" % C/& 7 " (' 3 '
#5 1 & 6 $ .B !5;@!3 % | + (5 6 |6 55/& 2 / 2 " -# 2 % &
"
;
"
$ .5&5&A/& !
% & 2 } % }
& " % " }
% " & "% } " &87 % % % %
: ' !" .5&5&5/& ! } &? " (.&5&C@5&5&5/& ! & 2 - ? . . &&/& $ % % ? 28 :. CA/&!
! 2 -
{ " 8 " : .61 & &;/& ! } " " " &
$ ( " & 80 % # : "& ! " |8 :.% &&/&0 | " . / % % " % % % $ " " &" " % % &4 " " @ "
&B "" | ( ( ( ( .% &&95/&
" ( %"$ % $
%
$ &! % % &! " " %" % %&!"
% @ " & ! " % % ( %&!" % + 0 & # ! "
;
' =
% 6-#
" 0 & % ! " % ." $ &&A/& ! " ' % &!%" ( 6-# " ( " - - ! 1&0 2 ," ' "$& 0 " } " .&&/& % % " % "( ,"" & % & & % $ " % .5&&A/& 7 % .&&;/& - & ! % $ "
0 ! " .$ &5/& 4 ( % "" . $ 5&&;/& ? " " $ | 8B ( % " ( :( . $ 5&5&/@8 % ( : . $ 5&&5/&0 . &5&
|8 ( ( &: B" % C % % " & % " % " & ! "" " &0 $ 5&&;- " &!
& ( "
"% % " %
& 0 "
&A5 " % &0 "0 &5&;$
- K = .& 7 $ { @ 6 | B"
|6 5;9C/C;75 C!& C B 44*+ 1 . | -" ? " 4% | % CC/&
"
;
% " " |8! .0(& / (" % % % % % % " " % &: 7 %
" " "
& 0 ) % 8 (
( : .A&5&/& * % 2 "% "(" " .A&5&5/& "
% " .A&5&/& # " 8 " " "
: .5&&5/& 0 ) % ) $ & "
& ! ( % ( % & ! ( % "
%8" ( % :.&&;A/& % "" % %
" % " .&&9;5/& - %&0 K &5&;( " " $%%
" " & ( - % (" % & " $ 5&&5 $ % "
( ( | 87
( % %
$ % " % %
) : ! " " " % & ! 2 % % " $ " " % .&55&/&+ $" "% ( (& ! % - 2 " 1 .6& &5A/& 0 "
;C
' =
" ' " % % % " ( " " "& !
% ! & 5 12 / !1 % " &! " " " "
' 1 & " "
& ! % % $ % " % % & 0 %
1 %
" " " 1
" $ " " "
& ! % %
1 & * " $ 1 "% " " ( 1( % & ! " " ( * { 1 &? - ( 1 +( % % & # " $ 1( ," % " & ? % % & ( % 1 % &* % , { " $"
" " " & # " " " % - " 1 . ' .& ?"
* @ 6 | B"
C59 /55& *0? #8*# % %6% : -0 0#! L0 Q ' 1 +U)*.& " @B !5C@!3 % |+ (C;/;C;9A& ? - -0~8*1
%# % ":C9;&-& + ,#0#,8* %# % ( % :P%2./|95&
"
;
{ &
" % % { &5 % ' % % &; ! - " # % " &! " " % { % "" "
" $
& ! $
+
( " +( &!
1
" % 9 9 ' " " % " ( 1 & ! " % "
& 0 %
" " % 1 " ' ( % ( % & ! " $ 1 % & ! % { - % ' % % '
" " & ! "( % % & 0 ( % " " ( A +( " "$ "& 0 " $ " ( "
1 " % %% - " &0
" % "
" 1 5
0 ' "
, $ # - 6 6 " 76 , .- 6 ! 5A@ ( "| "} B( 0 A/;A9C& ; {3% ,4 477 - ? , # 0 , (L 0.5 &@1
(, ;/& A 7 " & ? !1,# %
0- # 6 ' 2 K / = 5 1 %
0 .6 B ;@6 |1 55/&
A
' =
& ( % 1 % %
& ! % " " % &! " } " " % )
) 1 % " % % &! " 1 " % % - & 0 " % # %
% " % % " " } " % (&! - % % " { & ! 1
%% $
1 " " " &! &
5&!'(. + " 0 0
% 1
'(.&?"
1 ( 6 %&1 ( $
" % 0 % & , 6 "
+ * 9 * 2(9 ( "1 ( $ % " { " - &1! 1" " " " " '(.|
?"
1 ~# 8* 1 " % : 6 L(.1
(, ;@% - . ( 59CC9/59;C.;;/& , 6 !+ - 5 1 .7, ! 5@ 5 &@1
(, ;/@+ * 06# 0-K 0 .5 &@!3 % |+ (;;/&
"
A
3% !$ "% +
3% ' " > ' " 2
!$ ""% 1 % % > % %+ ~ &
6 '(.0 4 '(. &0 2 " " &# '&C 7 " " '(. (
" % " " " 1 & % "
" '( . " "
" " ( "& " 2 " "" " " % % &! "" %
! " ' " {
" "% &0 ' %
" " " % " " ( & ! { ( % " % % % & 7 ( - { " %
% %
& 8B ( " & ' % ( % B
{ " ": 1 ! ?#0# ' ( ' ( 4
.B !@!3 % |+ (/9./& C " " , 6 "
' 1 ,.55.5;/A9&
A5
' =
0 '( . " 1 "" & ! %",6 ("2 % 2} %" 1 - "" '( .& 7 B " ' $
1 "" " %"|84 :8" % ""
% 1 "2 $ " '(. "
1 &:5 B '% '(. % " !2 " % % '(.
' "( % } % % &1 ( %&! " % % " %6 B B& " 1" " 1" %
& % "% % % - - & "'(. " " $ " $ - " & 6%/611 '(. 0 % % ( '(. ( " " &0 "( % % 1 "
'(.
- "" " " { " %&! ( '
5 1 6 # = 5 1 6 .& ,& 6 ("@# %|- (C/& 5 7 B !4 8! , % 1 : 5 1 6 95./&
"
A;
" " % " & " "" & 0 $ " % " % ) (
%&0 % "
% % % " & B % " ) &0 "( " "
%&!
- " $
$ & + %
( % & 0 "
{ "
1 " 1 " & ( " % 1 "" " % ( 1 & "
% "" &B 1 ( { " % ( & B (
""
%
&!'(. % "" & ! $
% % 1 " " % " " % & 4 " " % & 0 " & ! %% ( % % " % % " &! " " &+ " ( % & ! ""% & %" % " " % " '
'(.&1 ( % '(. "" "
AA
' =
% &! "
""&5 ! " " "&B "
9 ( ( $
- 9 " " ( "
{ & B "
%
% % "
" " 9 "" 9
$ % " & ! % } % &! % 1 " "
1 % & ! ( " " '(. "" % % " " " $
% { 1 & ! $ ' ) "" % % "" "" " - % % "" &
;& 7" + " 0 ! " " & !'(. & ! { { 2 % &! %" " " % %
{ ( % " % % % &! " " "" (
& % " %" %
{ " $ " %& ! " 5
7 " 8 '( .: ;9;&
"
A
" "" % &! - "" " ( & ! 1
" { %
" $ % & 0 " ( 1 % %% " $ " 1 % % - & 0 %
" " " % " " % " " " " ( '
" " & ! 1 8 % % &! " " % 1 ," & ! " " % " "" % & ! 1 "
1 & ! % % 1 % "
" { &
% } % 1 & 0 - " " " 1 0 " " % { " "% " " & 6 6 %
0 K 0 } " "
" "" " & ! 1(. ," / }
&0 " $ " } " & ?"% " " "
$ % & !
A
' =
$ % -# & ! $ " -# " 1( " " % &550 $
% %
% " .A 59;/& "
( &5; 0
% ( " " % " & ! "& % !
8 " "
" % % : . 95/&5A !
& } % " 88! 888 $ "
: .C 9/& ! 88 $ " % "% '
& !
%
&0 $" (
" " } &5 !
$ "& # " " &!$ } $ ( % % " 9?"% .zVKEWfE/9 2 " % %
" &- 55 , 7&?4-~ # &42 #0 8!-* ! $ |0 ! -"" : 6 ! +# .&?(42 @ | C/9 5.9/& 5; 6 & + -~ > ~& ,4660 5 1 . "| %C/;9.;9;/& 5A ! ! 5 .& % @ & 5@ '%| ! CA/& % 2 + !0 4 1 6 4 41 #0 6 @ .- 7 @| 6
/& 5 ! "
" % % &
"
A
% &! %
"
$ & ! " " "&0 ! $ "" .A ;/&0 " "
( $& 4
"" ! " "
" "' & ! 1 8 &! % " %&5! % 1 8 " & ( 1 8 % %& % ! % " . ;9/| 8" " $ : 8 "" &:0 $ "% $ % %
"& ! & ! ( 1 8 "
&5 7! "
% &6 " " "&0 1 8 "" &! -#%" $& 1 )G }
1 8 | 86 ( " .TSQRLQSRI»IXEM/ " } &:!%
" " " " % & !" " $ } """&7! " " % % " $ &? TEKKIPfE&, 8 % " :. 9/&! ( " $ % &0 ""' ( % " & 5
" 6 z,~4187"+" +"&! % 6(% 1 : , #K',- 5 - .& +~ % ! -&+ @ z(|- (- " " %/& 5 -&?4-~42 #0 8!-* :9&
AC
' =
, " (
" &!" &! $ "( &! ( " " } " $& 1 5 1 = &
!1 +( "
& + + %
+(
% &4 A+( " &7 % + " " +( " 1( &5C +2 " 2 " +(& ! " $ " #
;&;& $ " " ! 2 $ | |? % " .VQLRIYXN 4{XVSY/ +( 9 9 " "" .´WEzQRLQ³RIYWIR/ % &7
" % 0 %
% " .TV³N XN GVIfEN/ "( % %" 2 +( % % % % "" .ÇN TIQRLQ³RIYWIR/&7 % %
% % "&
!$ TV³NXNGVIfEN &!
" %8 % : " 2
%&5++( VQLRIYXN "" "& ! %% %
" VQLRIYXN % " 8 : 8$
&: +(2 % VQLRIYXN 5C
+ +4##, 6 =7 2 .{ ! 55@ | "55/5A5& 5 { ~,0 1#,8* % ? ' 7" +( % ":P5./|5A9A&+
6 -~.8!, !" % +( +
:,'%;.C/|;9A/ )
~3' %2 &
"
A
2 "
$ &0 $ ""' ! " VQLRI»IMR& , " 8 :.WEJ{WXEXE VQLRI»WEM/ % " . /& 0 ( " +( % ""' &! % " +(%
% & ? 2
"" " & B +( % } " & 2 VQLRIYXN 2 " " 1 & 0 2 " & # # +(&{ + % +(;|9 1 8 .-& &;/& ! 1 " % " 1( " 1 8 &! " 2 " +(
1 " "" ' { % " " " & 6# =+#*U3EU ? " " ( 1 ( B" " 2 " "$" +(2 1 " & 0 " %
# % $ %
" " " ' " " % % " & ( " +(&+(|59; ' 9 "" &!
$ % % % % { & 0 | & 59; ;59;A ;9 ;&
' =
=+#*U3E+ ! % |59;A % " 2 2 & ! ( " |;9;& { 2 & ;| 8 &: !
% $ & ! " % } " | .5/ " %% " " {" { & .;/" 2" " & .;/ " ( ./ 1& % "& ! " ./ "( ( .&5/. / "" " .&;/./ " %
" .&; /./ .&;/ ./ % ( .& ; / ./ % .&;/&!
% "&7 " {" { ( "%
" ( "( { .|95/& { " "& % (
%" 2" { 2 % " .|595C/& % ! 2 +( |59; &! % % " " "$ &6 "$ "( &! " %$ & ! %
"
% & B " "
" "
% & ! " 8 " % :.C ;9;5/&!
" " 2 % " & ! +( |59; % & ! % $ | "" ) $ " & !
"
% +( ( " &;&0 "% $ & ! " % " %
"( % % % &! $" % ! . /& % " % $ & +( % $ &, 6 (" % % $ - ! 5% %
+( 8 % &:; 0 1 +( %
$ ) "" { "" %
% { & ! " " % ! &6 ("" +(|5 & ! ( " ( % ) | 8B %% " {" { & + " &: % 6 (" % +(2 % 8: "
& ! %% ! 6 (" % " 2
&0 " % " % " % {" { & "
%" " " & ; "" " % &4
{ % &? " "&! " % & ! 6 (" " " ;
,6 -~? + , /#5 1 / .1 , |#" 5/9A C9C5& -& - ! , #, 8+ %| - #$% 1 >& ! +" { ?* -:,'5.5/|559A&
5
' =
" % $ %
& ! $ &! %
} " .; ;9;5/& $ " & +( " % % (
" % % " % "" { " % & ? % 8 : " %
& " 9 % 9 "% 2 $
$&0 "( ( 1 8 & 6 % " % " ! 2 " 8 " % &:! " $ " "% % "{ " " "
" ' %" 2 % " " %
& =+#E*3EJ ! " 2 { 2 & ;A| 8 " " " "
" (&: .;5/ ! % % " ( " & .;;/ % & .;A/ ( " " " " ( ( "& ! " &;59;A ./ "( ( % " .8 :/
% % " .&;5/. /" "( % " % ( .&;;/./ .& ;A9/ ./ $ ""
& B
"
;
% $
"" %& ! &0 ( % ' "" &, " ! 2 88&! &
88 $ "
.C 9/&?" $ " 88| ./ " "
& ! " %
& & +( |;59;A ! 2 88& 0 88 % "( { " " ( $ "" "" &0 "! 2
% % " & $ % $ " 88& ! % $" . 9/| B %" %% B " " %{ " " " " ( % "& ! % "% "&? " % { 2
" &!" % '" " " & !
&59; 88 &;59;A "%&!" 8" % : % " "% % { "
% 8$ "
: { 2 " "
& !% 1 2" "
" % 2 % "
& =+#EG3EU " 2 |;9;& ! " " 2" &?
A
' =
( " % { & ;C& ! % " %&0 " % | .;/ " % ( % & .;/ " " " .;/ " "|8# % &: .;C/ "| 8 % % % 0 " @ 0 &: .;/ %% % 1 % % " & ! " ./ "( %
.&;/. /" "( % "" " %.&; /./ " %.&;9;/./ %.&;C/ ./ %.&;/& ! % & " " " & ! % & ;C % " %& 7 "! % . 5A9C 5/| " } 8:8 :@ } } % @ }
% $ % @ " "( & 0 ( " % ( "% &!+( " % %& { } } 2 %"& ! " ( &0 ! 2 "
" $ . ;9 5/|"$" $ %" "" $" " "
% "
% ) " " "& { 2 % & ;C " $ "
&6 % % % " { 2 $ " % % % $
&!$ ""
% ' % { 2" " |A9 " 5|5 |A&6 &;C $
"
&! 8 :( ( " &; { - " " 1 &? %$ " & % % 8 : 1 % %% % " &; ! "
$ &B ! " " % $ " &! 2 $ " % 1(" ?"% 2 $ " & ? } " " ( &0 " | % " " % " " % % " "$" % " " $ ( & ! % " % % ?"% &! &;50 +( $ { ?"% 2 $ %{ &;C " & ! % % "( & ; $ { 2 % % & & 0 % { 2 &0 " % % % $ " 88& ! "
{ &! %&{ " & 59; ( 1 8 $ % &;9; "( ( 1 8 &
; ! PUIR " ""&-&
(A|AA& ;5 +4##,6 C59C&
' =
A&- | ! " % $ ""
& ! %
" " ' " 1 & ! % % 1
% &!
} % " ( " " 1 % & % (% % " " % 1 "( " " " % &0 " " % - ( % % { & ( % 1 '( .& ? % "
'(. " " "
% ""( % &! ( " " '( . "" % % "" "$
% { 1 & !
1 % " " '(.
" " " 1 " & ! " " "& " " " $
1 +($ % " 88 % " " ( 1 " & ! % % " 1 "" ( % % %&! % 1 "" " % % %" "
"
- &! "" % % % "" " % &6 % ' % 2""
% } % & ! % " ( " " ""& 0 $ "" % " .- A5 &/& ! "" "% "&! &,
% " & 2 , 8 &:;;!"" " " % "
" % % & ! - 9" " " 9 &! { "" % " " $
% { " 1 " & % +(2 1 & 1 ! " %
""
&!+( " " " "" +
( { & 0 ""' " "%
&!( ' % % " %
% " " " & ! { $ %
-&#& ! % +( ( " " " %
" " '& ! "% % " " " - %
% % & ;;
, 0-4#, 7 7K .-%| -% 5A/&
0 %- 0 | 0% ! 0 6 - " {&+ (
&#$ % 0 - + % %% &!
} } " " " " % " 8 % : { % &5 . / " % { " - " % " % } & * " - %|-
{ 1& 0 " "" % | " %% - (
" % 6
" 5& 0 ( ( 9 { & " +%
" +( 9 "" & 0 " % +
{( +- % {- ! " % " &0 (
"" ) " # K V " % % ( .{ 5 7 5C/ " % " &0" " 1 . | !!- (55/95& A -& & # *#,8! % B2" , { ": % 95 ,/ # 2 6 - WX +EG.&{"*&1&*
@1 , |B "6&#" /& !" " % * " C&! " *
+ ( 5 #" & -& 7
9 #, 2 .-" %+&|? C/& # *#,8 , { ":95 " ' " & + 144*+ 8+ % % B2 : % 95 2 %0 #,/ .6N 6 .& " ?& 6(
z( ,@ !3 % | + ( 5;/& ! " % "% "" % % &
"0 "
2 %0 & 0 *
2 5 " $ | 8B - { " " % : " } % & ! %" "
"(&0 " % } ( " % % "& !" % } } & C
0 " 8 " : 0 " "
% } " % & % " % } %% %"90 ( 9) " 0 " % " &0
( }
* 6 4z ,0 - 5 # = , . | /@" .# , . |
5A/@ 7,#*,0~# 8B % B2{1 +
- : % ;9A 2 %0 @ { 0# % ,/ % 5 =>@ ,#0 ? ,! 8 7( , + ?% % B26 { " - : %5C9;5 K , # $ 5 6N .& 0 ? 1 4%"@ { B % " 1 ," @13 |13 > % 5/@ 1&B0 4 ' #,/ WX3+WX .+
|7 /@+% #! !#,?4 + $ 6 # 6 ' ' 611 '1 /, . | , % 5;/@ " 6#-~ #,
z(,##*&2 %0 #,/ .6N 6.!3 % |+ (5;/&4 } - % 6 0 *# 0 | Y = Z 0 [ ++X .~ |7 % 5/@
z(,##*K6
, # 1 . .-" %|-" % 5/ A.559/@+
{ -~4 +-- 6# &,/ #=6 5 1 &.+
|7 5/& #&4,!#, 6(B&,& # ,4 8B - { 7 - :, 5 , .5/|C59&7 %./ } " ,#0 ? ,! 87( ,:595C;& C # *#, 8 , { ": & 0#2 "" |8! % 2" " % " " 0 " "" " &:
5
6
% - { % " " " &
5&* 2 ! ?2!" %- % 6
? % % " " &>$ $
" & 0 % 8 : " &!" " $
% % $ % & " " " & " " " & ! 8 : & !" % " & z
4 " % "% &&%& , #4 8
- 0 7" |{ - - "7" 7
$ - : %5;95 7 7 " 6 5 .& {3% % % ? B&
% * 6& + @ !3 % | + ( 5/@ " 8, ! ( % # { - , | +
-" " ? 0 % - : , . 5 .5C/|9;5& &%& + +0!? 8!" % 6 ! , " !" { - : % 9; ' V /.&{&*&- @ &|' 76 " 76 , @ z(|6 /& " 2 %|8! ) " %@" % % & + : ./& , # 4 8 { " - "- ,"( !" % ! %: , 5 , .5/| 59AA@ { 1 1#, 8 { ": % 9 , 7 , 7 6 , .& 7( , '@ |{ ~ $55/@ 7,#*,0~# 8+ , " | 0
"0 "
;
. / " " " % % &0 % " 8 : ( "& 2 % !) N 7 " " % % % & B " $ " " % % ( ( ""% %' " " & * 6 % % " % " & ! % B ! % % " % % " % & " % "&5 ! % % " & ~ % " " 8 : ( " " + % )
-"" # " % % " " " " % " & % "8 % : % % " " ( } - 8 % : { " - - 4% B !" -" 1: ' ;|5 .5/|5;95A& >% 6 5&AC9A& ! " "
, #4 $ | 8#$% +( %| ! ! - ! " : . & & & 5/ A9 6 .6 0 / 5& 5 6 4z ,0 - 5 @ " 8" * @ { "2- 2 : %9C 2 %0 # ,/ .6N 6.& "?&6(
z( ,@!3 % |+ (5;/A9C |8> - % " " { " .
{ - / "&:
A
6
"| 8{ ": 8- &:; ! " 8{ ": 8{: " " " " % &A 4 " %
" { 8 - %: 1 { & B % " " " % &! 0 " % 5 + | 8{ { { ' % { "| " - %' ? &: ! " & 0 + % " " " } 8{ ": " " " ; 7 "8 % :&%&{ &+0!?8, % , % , % : % 595CA ' .& +( -& ! @-%| -%C/@"8, % , % | * : ' . ""7 CC/| 5;95AA@ , !& +--!-?#4 8! - % , % 2 , | - : % A5 ./| 5CA9;@ " 1 0 8! " , % : , 6 6 5 .A/| 9@ 6 0 -4
# = 6 '1 ++ .5 &@ -%| -% 5;/& A 7 % &%&-4?# ,/# 7 ! 7 4 .6( | - /@ 7,#z # 86 "| " 0 1 : % ;C9A & 6
6N # .& 1& B + *) @ B 4 | B 5/@ # #, " #'
' 9 . .+
| 7 5;/ 9@ ' ;;.5A/ " " " % @ + 4 8{{ { ' %{ "| " - %' ? : , ' , ;C .5/|A95& 1"? ,>#z2" % " #4 % ,/7 / " 6 ,/ . . | 6 5/& % ?2 &*& " " " }
" } & &%& ," 6 0#,0 1#,* 4 #7#z! 7 } > *#- !## # > #>0 # & 6 , K 5 1 . |B " { ~ $5/& A &
"0 "
% %% " & 8{ ": " '" % } } % ' % ." "/ % . {/ - % "& 8{ ": { - " & ! " 6' - % | 8{ ": 8- &: -" " %8- &: 0 8 % : "
" % $ % } | . / " " . / % "%&C ! + " "
" " 8{ &: B 0 % % " + 2% " % % "" } 0 " " & 0 + 2 % % % " % " { { "& ! " + 2 % "
%{ " " " & 0 " % $
} " " " " .{/ % " % " % " & 0 + . } {/ - " "" 8 % &: * " 8{ ": % ' % % { & % % " " 8{ "&:- . } " /- %
+ 4 8{{ { ' %{ ":&%&5@ &ACC } "" 2 . &/& C + 4 8{ { { ' % { ": AC59ACC& # #, " " " & "0 " % " + 20 " + 2 &
6
8 % : 8{ ": ( 5 % 5 { " { "% ' " % % % % " & B + % " % " % " . " / % "
% 8 % : " %% " &55 ! % " | & 0 } " &%&6 1 " % % %" %
" |" " & 5& !{ ( "" 8" { : 8 % # % &&{0 0 /1 : ." " /&5; + { " "
" , z" 0} AC " 0 &! &%&8"0 : + 8{: 80 &: !
% % , z" 0}& 80 " 0 z 2 {
&&&. { "" ! 2/&:5A 5
7 8 : *144*6 !! 6 ,/% .-" %|-" % 5/& 5 ! %$" " &0 - ." / " { &? " { % ) ( 8 % &:! $" %| - ") 8 % :
. / { & ! % & 8{ ": - " '8 : %8 % :" % & 0 8 % : ( % " 8{ ":8{:
% %" %{ &! " } 8{: % 8- : % & ! - % { % % %
1&0 28 % : % % %% " &B & 55 + 4 8{{ { ' %{ ":ACA& 5; 0 &AC& 5A 0 &A&
"0 "
! " " " % " & 0 &%& -&#& " % " " % * { &!" " %{ ( % % % % " " % &- 5| %| ,/ 0 .1 1 / % { "& % " ( %0 .= 8 =: : :/& "' (8 ( %1 .5 / % % .= 8 =:8:888/ +# " . =8 =/ + "{ ." / - % " #% % % - "," { ." =1 8 / - 9 % % . 8 :/
" ( % 12 &
0 " (
" " . ( % 0 % %/ % { 1 % " &0
{
" " % " 8 % " : { " " {
" % " 8 , z" 0}: { "& 0 ) " " " % %& 0 # % " 8{: "
" 8"" : "
* {" % " " 0 & ! " " {& % ( " " % %
" % % & + % " % % " " & 0 } , , & ! 0 " 8{ : & 0 } 8 0 &: - %$" " "
-&#&| 9 " .#'( 5|/@ 9 ( " .5 ~% |5@ 5 - 5|/@8" .! |A@+
5|5/&
C
6
!
% 8 0 : %% " .
% %" % " /& 0 -&#& % {
," "&! " " . / % 1 & % " % 80 : ." 88/ } % " .&%& + |;@ ," |A@ 5 - |555@ 5|55@ A + C|/& 0 }
" % % % &0 " 0 " " %" & 0 " 80 : ' % % 8{: ' % %&0 } " ( % 8{ : % % 80 &: 4 |" " 8 0 &: 7 + % " " "
{ " " ;-&#&5 %+ 7 " 5 " ; %
"
" " % & 0 ) 8{: " 80 : " " & 7 % " % } 8 : + & 0 " # % 8 : " 5 + 4 " 8{: 1( % % % " %.8{ { { ' %{ ": &/&? " 5 - |55 " 80 : " %% ",".&;9A |,"2 &5 &5@;;@C@/& 5 + 4 8{{ { ' %{ ":&%&A& 5 7# *+ 8"4 " :46./| 95;& +&*4!? 8!" % % 6 : % ;9A 6
# " 6
7, 761 +U)J.& &6 &@{ "|0 #$ C/;9;@ * 144*6 !! 87" { 0 | " { } : ,', 5 .C/| 9;& , #4 $ ' #6' ' . ( "| "} B( 0 5/59; " % %&
"0 "
( " & B " - " " ( 8{ ":8 % : + %'{ " {" % 5C{ % ) &57" " " 8{: 8{ ": % " } & ! { " { @{ " % %% " B B
!" % " {&; ! % " " &%&" " "
{ " + 1'" " &! " } ," { B 6 (&; 0 " + 2 "
1( " %
" ,/ # % " 8{: 8{: 8{ ": . 5C 0 % - %' { " % " "% " "- % ," #" % '
{" &! - { "8 % :" " - { %& -& + 4 8{{ { ' %{ ":A - { "8 { " : & 5 4 " 0 " - %&0 " (- " & ! "
8 % : %
8 % :
{ # B & ; !{ " " ") % , { " " ") " { "&- " " "
%% % " % " & 7
&%& 7 0 # 8* %% , !" : 5 ./| C95 A& % " " % " % "( % " " + { % )
B B ( % *" ,(&+ { % " 1& ; 7 " &%& , !& *#,4 ! 1 0 #?1 #6" ' . |? ( 55/&
6
" / % } "& ! " " / 8{&: " % % & % % % " % $ % % % % ' & 0 %% " " 8{ : 8{: % " " $ " ' %% " % & "" &&
% % " { % { &%&{ % 1 &0 1 { $ " %% % " { |&;5 1( ( % "" ( % { % % { % " % % % { " " . /& B { { " " " { % { . 1 " { % 1 /&;; ;5
8 { 5& ? % , " ( % ( "&:!?,!7'!7%'!7 %"!. " % %/ " " " 8{: $ " 8{: % 1 " " & % % . % /" ! 5|A9& 0 " $ "( }
" &A 8{ : { % % { - { { % { . 1 88" : &A/ { % . % " /& 8{ : % % { { %% & ;; 4 % $ +
5C|& " " $" " & 8# % : 8# % : 81 6 : 86 : " % & " % { | "| 8 B " &? % # % |1 6 # % | 6 ( % ( "&: 7 "" $ " % % % ( %"
"0 "
! % 8- : % " % ) " & " % % 0% " & B
& ? " % % " -&#& }
& "
% } & 8- : " " "
" 8 % : + . /@
"% % '
" % " { ' &+" % 8- : % "" 1
&;A - { "&0 %8- : " " { " " " 8 % : 1 ," % & ! # % " 8- : 8- : 1( % " ! " ; $ &; 8-
# % * ~ %" & ? . / ? ! # ~ %"
"8? :" # % "! ;A 7 " " %, #4 8 { " - : 59;A& 8- : % "" $ % " $
% & 8 : } "" ( & 8 : "
% . " " (% ) /& 0 @ $" ;9A& ! &* 4 *4 , 5#,/ 40 ; +EG 0 # %% A9AC@13 !#+6#,1#,,/ . #K .# %|!!- (5/& -& -?B ,! "1 ,/ ' 7 *XX 3\JX . | 5/ " ' " { & -& " { ,/ # . -+/&
C
6
+
1 +
& ?
{8 % : 1
- " - & ! " { " " $ .) " " !" { "/& 0 0 ( % " $ " - " $ &* %0 " %
" " $ 2
! 0 "8- : % " &0 " $ " % " % % "" % " &7"
0
% % % ' % " % | 0% ! 0&! " " &, ( " % % "&4 % "" "
( 6 6% - -
% "" & B { +
" ( " " % { " 8 % : % " % % 2 & ! " "" {
-&#&C - " . |/& 0 1 ," " "" " % 9 9 % " & 2 %" % "" 1 | " .&& % { ) { / % & 0 "
&& """ " % 2 % | , #4 8 { " -
:;;9;&! % &;A& C 7 "" *4 *4 , 5& B % 2 %
"0 "
C
" ( % % " "
. - | 5/& *
% + . / " $" % % {"( % +& 0 "} 2 % " 8 - : . :/ % { {
" " " .," A/5 % " 1& 0 } !" 2 " " {. |9;@&1 |;/& &4 " 5|595& 8? " % 1 &!" &B " " " ( " "( " & B " " " ( " &: . - |9C/& " % $ &- "
% % ) % { %" {&& +$ " 1 |;& ! " % { % " 0' .6 , 5&;A9AC/ " $ % & # ' { } { 10 " % " "
%
0' 10 { % +& % " 0' " { % & * 4 *4 , 5 ;; "& { " " 10 {& " " 2
" { {@ " & B { " 2 # '2 "
%
.1 :/ 1"" %{ .* &;;C/ } " 1. +/ { { ) % " {& & 5 2 % % " 1 " % |/ " 1 " / 1 "2% "/" %
"2 1/ " "2 % &!|/ " ". {/ ".{/ 1 2. % "% { +/&+ % "," A ," 1 . " 0 { / "% ( " "
C5
6
10 1 { . " { {/& % %% " % 0 21 1 . " /& 0 . /{.,"|C/ { ".,"|5 5@-| A@ 5-C| |/ { ) { .," ;|5 ;/& 0 % {"" 1
( .,";|;/&; 2 { " ( "
{ 1 )
{ "" .," |5C 5/& ! { 1 8 : .," |5A/ "(
" { .,"|5/& { 10 " { % { + .=8 ," |/& { % 8 - : { { "" .," |5/ {&7 / 1 { { %
N % %
( . - | 5@ ," | 5/& {" " { % " {- |80 ""
: .," |C/&A " .,"|5C95@5/& { { + 2 % @ " " 9 9 91 2
{ " " & 4
" 2
% 1 |;& ; -& { 1 1#,! 4% " "|
!{ " % - } .4$|4$ C/5;95A& A +( 4 .+
|7 /
&5C ( % & # #, " 5C9;& -& , {#B#!! .+
| 7 5/ C9C& 7 % % ( % ," ~ !# * ? ." /K6
# 9. .+
| 7 /;;9AA&
"0 "
C;
! " +
" 7( &B % - % % |"
{) % { ) % & 0 9 " / { 10 " / " "% % % " " 9 % % % &0% $" " " - & ( 8 % : ( " 1 ," &0
" % " " %% % "" &0" ( % " % + + " # " "
0 4 .&%& - &/&!" 0
% " % "" " &! % "
% % 2 @ ) 8 % : & B " ' { " % % { 1 ," . " 2 " % 1 /& 0 2" { % { % % % {
" 1 ," % &7" { - $ 1 ," & % 8 %': % % 7,#*,0~# 8+ , " :5;95A5;5& |8
% % &: -&+ 4 8{{ { ' %{ ":AC|8 % (
% "
% &:
CA
6
- "" % { 1 ," " % & { " " { "8 %': % 1 ," &{ ," "$ 8 %:
"" " "$ { 8 % : ( %
| %& 8 %' :% % % 0% 2
& 7 0% - % { "& 4 - { " " "&C!10 % 1 { &- % 0% " . { / $ 1 ," " &! 0% " " "" " % - ' % " (
| - $ & 0% 2 8 % : " { 8" : . %/ 8":8 %: 1 ," " & 1 ] ^ &
-&+ 4 8{{ { ' %{ ":AC " ' 8 : - " % 8&8" " 9 - / " .- &C/9 "" .&%&+ - 0/
&: C 0% & |59;|8 %
{ - &6 " " % "
@ " & 0 "{ - { "&7- { " { " - 9 % 1 %
% &: % |80 ({ - % " { " " &7 -
{ "&:-& 8 : ( { + - / 1 A@ "" % "& 7,#*,0~# 2"" ".8+ , " :5A95A;/&0 % $ %
%" & -?4#*# " 9 " %0% 2 % "
"0 "
C
0% 2" " "
" " { % % 8" : " % & 0 ) "( " "" " " " " & B
{ % {" % 1 & 0% 2 % ({ " " % " . /" % &!" $ { "
& - "(
% ( "& -
{ "
% N %{ "& ! % % - "" " % ," & % - . } / 9{ { "9 . / &8- %': &%&+ " - % % " % % " ( &5 4 7 5C;C -&#&- + # &! 1 | B #!!#, ! " #$% 5 .6 . # - 1
( , 5/&! " B
2 " &+% " % % "
& ,
%% " " 8 % : % ' & - " % % { + - " $ ! & - " ( .- /" " } .& 5 =; 1 % | ! " % % ./ %
"& A& # % | !
% & & % |! % "" % " " & & " % % | ! "& ! " %
& & # |! "
) % & !
" $" &! % % "" " & C& 0 % | ! % &!"" " % "
" & 0 % ( % % % " & %
"
=
" % & !
$ $ % 2 &
>000& 6 " " - +" ? %
% % } " (" % % %%
" " ( % & A 1 & %% % " " | .$ %/ $ . " % $ " / . % % ( % $ / " . " /&AC4 % % / / " & 1 " " &-% %%
8 $: &&% " % "&A B " $ $ "&!"( " " $ " $ & 0 " "& ! " " " $ % %
( %& % ( % % % " " " ( % " " & ! " 8 %: % " $ A -& 1, ##, & 8? * + - , : %
0"1 #' 0K .& % &|+ &{&| # " 55/ 55& -& &%& , 0-4#, %
0 .-%| &-%&CA/& AC 1, ##, &8?* + - , :& A ,% -& -? ~ !" ,& 6#,+ 8! , ~ % : %
0 "1 # ' 0 K .& % &|+ &{&| # "55/& ~ {"?4 z4 ~ &80 |! % -% : 6 # 1 0 0 ' .& 1
&| -" %+&|+0!5/ &
0= 0
" $ " % % $" &0 % % % " " " . / " " " . % / " % % "
" % " % "( " " %&! $
( " $"
% % & -% % % (
% " " % &- " " $ % % (
% " &5 % ( % " " "
% " &;0 % ( % % " " " & 0 "
" "& 4 " % % ! 2 " " . "/ " ( % &0 " " % ( $ % " " " &+ $ " - "" $ $ % ( - &B - 1- % " & ! &B "% " " - % &0 " % - % - 6 ?4,# # 7 7 . z(|4$ &/* #,6#,&1 #6% 611 .-" %|6 ( /& 5 !, 0 C & ; ! ? 1 ,* -" ?# #z8#" % % 0 : 6 # 1 0 0' .&1
&| -" %+&|+0!5/&
5
=
&0 " " % ( %&0! 2"
. "/% " ( "
% % ( & % "( "
"" " % & B " " ( %& ! (&&% &B $ "" $ "
"
% % ( %& 4 " "" " % $ & " % % $ - "" | ! % ! " "
" % %- .&%&+
|5A &@5- | @ A|C @ ;| @ - |5A@ 5|C 5@ A| ;@ { |; A 5/&! % " / ) %" /
%- &!) %" &!
% " % ( | 8! - ) % &! % & ! - " ) % " &:! |8 % Æ@ % %Æ) %&:! % " & ! " $ " 1@8 % Æ" 1&:!" " - |8B
1 % - &: ! % 1 @ %"( & %
( & ! " " & 0 % " % "" &! " 0% $" % "" % & 6 { 2 % " " % & , { 2 % " % % " " $" { " &! %
0= 0
;
- ) - & " " - "" % - & ! " ( " "
{ 2 % 2 % % & ! $ % - ( .
/ % %" %" ." / % " { 2 %
" % %&0 " " " " -
&! % %& - " $" % & B $" 0" %% " %
" " &! %
$ % " " && % "( % / -
% " "
" / $ " " % "&
0& "" 0 0 " % "( %
- " % " "& ! % " %% % " &!
$" % %% % " % ( %} %& ! % " $ % "" &! %% -
A
=
" %& ! % "" %
" % "&! $
% % " % " $ % & ! ""' " % &!% " "
% % &B
/ "( " / % " " "& " %" % "( % $ " - & 0 ./ - "" ( ./ %
" ." / % " & % ""
& 6
" % " %
% % ( %& ! % " % " &
% % ) % $ "" % - &+
% " " $
! - | # - 0 7" # = " - $ # &7 !" (, 0% 2
# $ - # & 0 95 % (2 - " # & ") {
%% " % 2
#
& * " $
% ! " % - "" # & ? $ ") - "" # & % % %
"( " "" " " 9 9 " & ! - $
# % "" " " % % " 8 : % $ "% ' " % - .0 " 8 : " - /&0 95!" % { - : " % } . !" A|9;@ |5@ 5 !" 5|C/& 0 , 5
+&1 !?#,-K Q 1 .7 ( "+ | % /@ ?& ~4#!#, 8# # - : 1 7 1 6# 6 " 1 611 " 6
7 7 .& ?& ~ > 7%| ! 0 / 9A@ B& !?0## 1 #- ' 0 1 1 P ( P 61 !$ ' " " 5 .!3 % | 7 ( > % /@,&!,# 76 ,/1 6 BC.6 |B 1 /@+&70#1#,"' 6 #5 4 1 ' , % 1 " .6 7 ( | % C/ &! ,#60 -4 1 " B ! .!3 % |+ (5A/&
=
% : : % 0% 2
# " % " ( * % .0% & 1& &5@ &5@ C&95@ &95/& { " % ? { ./ 8{ - +:.{ 5|C95@A|9 /&!"%"" " (2 " # 2 & 0 # + . 5|59;/&B $
#
" % % - &# " % " - &0
" " """ 0 "
% $ % " - # &5 0 " " - "" # 1 " .5A/ !
" "" | :! % " - # - % - & " " 9 % " 9 # - "" &:; % ! % %
% 8- "" # :&A ? " " "" } % "" & " ! %
{
%
C9 -#& ? 8"%: 8 (:
. {
% "%
% ( {
/ %
"" - # "&0 ! %% {
"" $ "
5 " " % +& !# 6# 0 1 # 6 & 6 " K . 1 0- 6 !.B (|# 5/& ; !,#60 -4 & A !,#60 -4 &
1 0
& ( 8{ : % 6(, & ! "
{
, &0 % " % $ $" &%& - "" " " " 8 : % & 0 ! "
""
{
"" & 7$" !
""
" {
&7 "
8 %
% ' : {
"" @ "
) " 2" " 8 % : {
& % !
{
""
" $
8 % | ( {
( 5 ;{ :& ! 2C5 % " %
"
" " - " " # ( 8- : # "& ? " % ! 2 " } & - "} ! % ' " |8 " %
" " &: ? " % %% % " $ (& " % " "" " "" &?( %" $" % %
!,#60 -4 ;& !,#60 -4 . % /&
C
=
( " " ""
% & ! % " "
" " % " % % . % %% ""
% /&0 %%
% & % %% 8 " "" % "" % " % $ &:C + " " " " % ! "" $
$ & 0 (
%
/ & " $"
$ " } % & % " "% " 8 "" : ! " &!( %
"" } " " " "" &
!$ 0 0 " ,/ 5 2 .5A/ { $ %
$ $ & %
" $ "% ) % " % $ &B
#&%&!,#60 -4. 9/ $" {
&%& % .!"|;9A@&{ C|;9;/ 8 :.!"5|@5 !" ;|A@ & { C|;@ |9@ { A|@ 5 { /& 0 " ! ,#60 -4 . 95/ $" {
&%& % % 5{ ;" " !"|5 5!"|5& C !,#60 -4 5& !,#60 -4 A&
1 0
$ $ |8 % " % $
. / $ &: B ( % % $ $ " $ & |80
$ " % $ % %%
' ' "" &: ? % $ &0 ( % "" 6 (2 8 $ "" : && % " $
&57 $ 8:9 8 $ ' : 9 $ " %% % " %} &; ! $ &B ! " $ % $ &0% $ 9 $ 8: &
$ " % $
&0 8 $ "" : &! - "" " % $ " $ "" & " $ % % ' "" & ( " -
$ " $ &!$ ( %% { ( " % % & ? " " % ( & ! $ % " % . / " $ %
. % "" /&0 $%
{ +& 0# " ,/ 5 2 .4$| 4$ 5A/.& &;/& 0# " & 5 0# " 5C& ; 0# " ;9;&
5
=
$ % " % . # /&B
$ 8"% : % " % . " $ /& % ! "
$ ( } "" $ & " " " 8" %: % ""
{
, &! % %
$ ( ""
$ % 2
" " & ! $ ( " % &6 %% % " - # "% "( "
} &
0 - %' + & " " % ./ % (&! 6 + + 8 : : &:A 0 " % &
" 8 : & ! 6 % , { ( %% 8 " &: { ( 8 : 8 % 2 % " &:8 : " " % % % %
%
A
6& {& + 0 %/ 2 # " 6 1 . |B " { ~ $5/5& ,&{# ~0 ' " . |, %5A/A. /& {# ~0 ' " &
1 0
5
% "" " "%& 8 : 2 % & ! %8 : % %8 "&: 0 " "
% " " % "
" % &* " @ 8 &:C! % $
| " & +" % " && " % % " &! " " %' % % "" % "" & % { ! ( &?% 2 % "" % "" &! 8 %' : % %' % % & 8 %' : " " """ %&5 % ! 8! '
9 % 2 9 " }
% "" &:5 7 $" "" % '" ("
" "" % % & 8 %' : % "" "
-& { -& ! , #, :! -% , 1 : ' " " 1 .&?&!) @-" %|-" %
C5/9A.5;/& C {# ~0 ' " & {# ~0 ' " C@&C59C& 5 {&-&! , #, & 0 ' 5 1#6' ( .4$| 6 ( C/A59A; A& % ,& ,
2 (& 5 {&-&!, #,8"- 0 , - % ' !: ' " # &7 7 .& & # " ,& 6&*)@4$|6 ( /9;A./@&! , #, &
0 9&
55
=
% " " $ " % "& 0 8 %' : $%% %. % % / " " "'
%. " % % " /& % ! "" % % %
" % "" " % " % . " / % % " % " % .
/& !
% % "" $" % "" " " "" &%& ./ % &550 % "" ( % "" " & ! % % % "" &0 % "" " % 2
& 4 "" " %
% " " .
"$ &/ $ &
!!0 7" # - " " ( % &
% % % % 8 : 8 : 8 : 8 &: ! - $ # " " % { & 0 %%
( $ - $ - ( " % $ "( " " & ( - $ % # $ " &&+ $ "
!"
55
! , #, & 0 A9AA9C&
1 0
5;
(, $" " % % &? ( $
" % % % % " % " % % . "/ "" &6 % " % "" "" % % 2 & ! %
% -#
"
% "" %" $ # &5;7 ( 9 ( % ' 9 " %' .95!"/ 1.,/ .9; { /& 6 % 0 " " % &%& % " "" "" "% " "" % &0 "(" $ 0 " " "
&
-" 6 7. . 1' ! 5!" , 9;{
" 8 &: B
$ " @ % " % % " { & ! 95 !"
" ' . !" |595@ 5 !" |C9A/& #" % "
% { 8 %: & ! (
5;
0 9 ( , " 2 {
9-#&
5A
=
.5!"5|5/&! . = / " $ !" ;|9; |95 1= 1 71 1 8 = & 0 6( , " % % " % %& 0 $ % ./ " % 8 % : ., 5| &/& # } 8 : .1 / " % % % % 1 .&%& A|A @ |9A/& !
8 :.1 / 8 :
# .8 " : 5|5/ % & 4
" % .C|5/
.5|A/& ! "( % , & ! 8 : "" , &, % 8 %:{
"" ( 1 - "" .,|9595@55|C9/&0
" % " '& 0 % { 8 : " % %8 ' ": " - "" + & 0 % " {
{
% % "" .{ 5|5@A|/&!
8 : { " "
.|9A/ "" .|@ 5| 5A@;|@|5@5{ /&{ " ' $ ""
.5|5/&4 "" " 8 : 8" : % % " $ 8 %: .:/& " " "" 8
1 0
5
: 8 %: . / ""
8 1&: ! " ""
$ 8 ' ": & ! " "
, " "" 9; { & B " % 8 :| %
"" & ' % " % 95 !" % - &? %"
& ! }
" % " " ? { 1 ," % " @ &%& 8 : . / 8 : .: :/ 8 : . =/ 8 : .1/& ! " "
% } .$ " % / .&%&% %} % !";|9/& 0 " 95!" { " &! %% " 1 ," & ? % " " " " % % .&%&,;|9@C|9A/&! "&?) 8 % : " 8 : . { 5|9@ ;| ;/& B % %% " % &? 95!" , { % % % "
% 9 8 &: % " 8 $ : " % " ""
5
=
" & 1 1 0 6 95 !" 9; { ""
" 1&? "%812 :.!";|/%"" "% 812 " :
" " "%
{ .{ ;|9@A|59 5@|/&B 95!" "% 12 9; { " " ' " &6 "% "%
"" 8 " " : .|A@ & A|A/ 8 { ":.5|9/ , &B
%
"" % "
% ' & ! % "" "( 2 % "" & B ( " " "" % " ' & 4 % - 8 % ": . % /&B 1 % "& ! " "
% "" % " % -
%% & ! %" " % % % ' " % - % &
5
1 0
1
6 . ! .95!"/
. 1 ?
1 12
'
4
! .,/
>%
!"
" { " 12"
- "
1 1 1 % % % % "
%
> "" "1 - ! !"" .9; { / 8 %:
+ " '
,
% { $
# &! " 8 %: - &%& { - : 95 !" 8 : , {
* 0% 2
# & ? $ $ % %% "( - # &- 95 !" , 9; {
! (
% { $ " "( % " % "& " 0% 2
# . -#/ "
* % % "
- # + & & 1 {
} "- % % " % % & ? % " " % &! 9;{ "
5C
=
$ % { &B 95!" % ' ' {
" $ &! "" &!" ( %% " % %
2 % " "" & %{ ( % " ." 59;{ / " "" 8 : "" .&%&{ |9A % * ;{ /&6 % %%
{
" % % " $
& 11 ! % 6(, " (
" " { " + ' &? " % %% & ! ( & 7
% , @ 8 : , & ! "
{ " " &0 " " " ""(
& 0 % { ( % " %
&?" % " & B , "
4 B 6 %% % %% &5A - % " - $ " " .&%&0% / "} ( "
5A
B& 6 #, $ & . | -+ 5/C;9CA&
1 0
5
%
+ &0 " ( { " ( % & + %% { 2
% % @{ ( "
& z - { 8 " " . "" /&:5 0 { %
{ % " 0 ( %& ! " 8 1: , .&%& |5@ |/
" & ! " 8 ': %
" "8 : % , & ! " ! " & ! " ' $ % " "" " " "" &5 { " ( & 0 4 ! " } %% }
)
) & ! " " &0 , " " } $ %
"" & ! " " % % " " " } 8 ' %: { " - "" & 7 $" 6 " -
5
&z -4 0 # / 61 1. |7 CA/;& 5 % 1& ! ?#0# 6 0 . | -+/5A{ 2 "" % % " 8 ': % | 8{ " % $ "&&&? "" % " $ " &:
;
=
% " , ." ( %"
-#/ $ ' &5 # %
%
6 ", ? % % "" - " &5C ? 6 "7 6 1 .6 " |9@ ;|;9A|55/ %
% " % $ 1&, % 6 " ;|59; % ' % ( " " " " ./ ? % 6 ) 0% &5 !
% 6 "" % 95!" } % " %
"" ."
!"|C@A|A@5!"&|/ .&%&!"5|A9@;|/& (
6 { " " { 1 . /& ! 6 ""
% % ' " "" &0 "
5
0 6 " ;|59; ' 8 : %8" ( :.;|5A/ "" "( %8 " " & & & "( " ( :.;|;/&! % " @8 " % : .;|5/&! $ % " % 8" %
% :.;|5/&! "" % % 8 "( : .;|;/
&0 " &0& " 8 : % " " % $ % " 2.802:/ & 5C , 1&? :! 0|-"" * # - :,../5C9;.;/& 5 ? : 0:;9&
1 0
;
{ " %% ' ' + & 11 1 0 % 0% $ " $ " .95!"/ % % " & 0% " "
8 : .0% & 1& &@ & &95/& % " % { &0%
( # .&0% &1&5&5/&? " 0% " - # & 0% 8 # :. &/&? 8 :- # % " .&0% &1&&5@&5/&# 0% " "" 4 " && " 8 : 8 ) "" " &:! 8 :.0% & 1& &59;/& ! $
" %
0% &1&;&|8( " % " } &&& " % } : .& 5&5/& ! " " " ( %& - % 0% "" # 8% 1 % " % :.0% &1 &5@&&/ " " " 8 &: B 8 : ! " % .95 !"&/ " %
% ( &%& { & , " ( " & B 0% (
6(, "
""" .# " / (
;5
=
0% &0 % % ' 0%
2
* { ' 0% " " % 0( -
" " 0% & 0% % " 8 %:.0% & &95/&? " " " % % & % - !
80% 2 % % % ( &:; 0 0% 9 9 { - 8 % ? : .0% & &/& 0% " & 7 % , ? %% 0% )
% 6 "&; (
% 6 "0% 2 "" "
1 - &;5 ! 6 "" " "1 % .6 " ;|59;/&B " " ( 0% " } " " % " % % ' "
" ( & % " { & ! 0% " " % ' % % &0% " $ ( % % % " " & ! " (
% # % ( % "
;
-&!,#>#!!:!4
- | 0% :,'%;.C/9;.5/& ; ? : 0:;A9& ;5 #&%&0% &1&&95@' &C9@ &5&5@;&@&&@;&5&
1 0
;;
&& " & ! % 0% "
"" {
% %% ( - " " , & 6 -# %% " % % # % {
% " - & 0 %
" % %
" { $ - # |95!"
6( , " ' " 9;{ % ""
& ! $ % ( "
"" - # & ! " %% ' " 95 !" "" %% " & 0 " 8 ': 8 ': % ""
95!" & % " " " ' % % &? " " " &
-"" - $ # &6 - "" # % 0 %% ( ( & 7 $" % $
% " - " %
"" (""
& 6 " % ( 8 % : %
;A
=
% %"" & ! ({ 0% "
"& ! "" - + .# " /&!
({ " " " {
* 0% 2
# ! " &0 ("" {
" " %% .5 { 5@ ; { ;9A/& ! (
" " " % %
") ," $ %" ," & ! ( % "" "" - % &B " " $ "" ( "" & B - # " " % "" % 8 : " "" - "" & $" %
$ % # ""
{ & B " " % " { " $ & ! " 0 % { 95!", 9;{ % % "| ./1 7 .5/ { - ;;.;/ " { ;A .A/ $ - ;./ " "
; ./ % 12 ; ./ . /&;C .C/ ! " ; ./
;;
5!"|@{ |5@;|C@A|9@,|95& !"5|@{ A|5@5{ @,5|& ; !";|@5!"5|C@{ 5|5595;@,|C@|59;@|@|@55|59 ;& ; !"5|;@{ |@5|5@;|@A|@,|@|@A|;& ; 5!"|@5|@{ 5|5@;|C@,|@A|;9A& ;C !"5|A@A|@{ 5|5@A|A@,|@A|@|A& ; !"A|@5!"|A@{ 5|5@A|@,A|;@|@55|& ;A
1 0
;
% " { - A&0
12 % { - ./" ""
. % %/ " %""
% %"" A .5/ " - (
. % " /A5 .;/ "
A; .A/ 8 % : . " /AA ./ % % . /A ./ % (- A&4 " % " "" { $ & % $ "( " % % " { % { & -"" "
% " % % % % & ! { $" &B
"" & B % # " % % * 0% $ &6 "( "
.95!"/ {
.9;{ /
.,/ %" " $ 0% 8 : $ .&%& " " % % /& 0 % 0%
{
{ & %"" " % "
8 : $ # " ( { - 0% &
A
!"|A@5!"5|5@{ 5|5C@;|5@,|@55|95& !"|A@A|C@5!"5|C@{ 5|A9C@;|@A|@,5|5@|;@A|& A5 !"|A@A|5@|@5!"|;@{ 5|9@;|5@,;|@A|5& A; !"|C9@A|5@{ |9@,A|A& AA !"|;99@{ 5|@;|9C@,;|9C@C|9A& A !"|@|@{ |5@,5|595@|595@|5& A 5!";|5@{ ;|;@,5|;@|9@;|& A
;
=
-"" 84 $: B "" " - # 4 " ( " " - "" " B 6 2 " ;A L = ?( L . # % & /& 6 "
% "
" 8- : " 8- : 1 % & ! " " 8 $ - : " 8
: % " "6 &!( $% %% %% " " 9 9 " .&& 1 / &A84 $:6 8 "- ") ,"&:0 " 5-#&AC 0 + # 6 %% % ") % ( " $ % - % -#& ! ""% 1 " "" { & % 6 "( % % - "" &7" 8 " &&&
% { % - $ &:A! 8% : 8 &:* % ;-#@8 $: "
. /& 6 | 8# 1
$ $" - % "" % % $ &: 6 " " "" % . {
/ " % - % % &
A
6 #,$ & 5& 6 #,$ & 55& A 6 #,$ & C 6 #,$ & $$9$$& 6 #,$ & C5. % /& AC
1 0
;
B " 6 2 $ - "" 5 $ % &;0 ( %
" ( - "" # " " %% % % &! " % % {
" % 6 %% & 0 $" } 6 2 + %
% -#& " $
%% # & ! $ $ % "
%% % % & 0
" 8 : % { & 0 % % 6 8: % ( ' % % ." " " ") / - "
% &! " "( 6 2 @ 8 : % % % " % " - & ? % ' % $ " % " # 6 2 # 8 $&: ( % % " ( %8 $: - "" " %% 8 : 8 %: " " % "% % & ! } - "
""
"% $ & $ " '
5
7
" " % 6 6& # ?,+ . # ' 1 K2%0 ?/.4$|4$ 5;/& ; ! ) 6 2 ?& #& B& !, #, # 6 ' / $ &
. | + A/ !" & ,460 4 & # 5 1
. |+ CC/& &!,#60 -48- -"" # + # - | 0% 4 B
% 6 :,'A.5/9AA&
;C
=
" ) % ( % 8 :8 %:8 &:! %% % " %
&B % " % % """ "( 8 $: 8&:
!, + ,," - 0 !- "} & % " - " % & 4 " "& 6 "
% 1 ,"
- % ? 8- :B 8 :
80 : " &?0 " " } " &! " & 0 " % .- / % . - /& 0 } " . % / ( ( % . % /
% & !
" % % } & 0 " - .8 % :/ } & 0 0 " } " && "" % &? - " " B % ( 2 " 8 % ": - B % "
4 %
A
0 %0 } %% " " & 6 % } | B % " " -
+ + % -" # - 0 4 " % - 5 " %
%& 0 { " " 2 % " % % % & ! ( " % - $ " %} & 0 " "" 8 % : ( ! " % .&%& +
+( ( { ," - 1 # ! 5 ! " { { 5 { /&; 0 $ " " "| { -
% & 6 " &7 %
8 % :" - } " 8 &:! " % "
" & 0 " " % ! ) " " " % ( ," - ," "& 5 0 0 " " "8- ./: 8- : { ' % % " "&B " " %
" -&#& 9 - 8 :&& { % $ 9 ( 1 0 &+ % "8- ./: / %
!'& .|5@5|5C/ .A|/
& 0 "8- ./: %
. " &&
-&#&/& ; -& &%& +
|A;9A@ 55|;@ +( 5|;@ ( |59;@ |5@ { ;|;A9;@ |59@,";|C9@-;@1 |;9A@# A&5@!;|5@A|9@5! |;@ "@{5|C@ |55@5|@A|C@{ 5|@;|9C5;@A|95@5{ 9& 4 !& &%&+&;C&95@A9@*&;&A@0% & &C@- & @&@&@&A9@5 ;;&9;5&
A
" % % %
" % "$ " ) " &0 "
% "" " " $ '
%& 0 ,"9 ," #" - 9 "
" - &! "
| 2
,"
7
7
- " % " " % " 8 : .18/& 2
,"
% " " " ) & 7 %
" %8 : "
+ . / 2- .& " 8 : -;/" % " %
% " " & 2
, " + " %& 0
," - " " " " % %
"" " ( % ," ," &A 2
," " " $ . / 8% : . / - % |C9& 2 8" : && " % 59& !
"
A
!" " " ," 1 +( ? ,"
(0 ( " & 2
" "," " " } 2" %. % ,"/
," . & & |9@5|9A/& -&, +&!?4,!#0 4 8 2+ * 1 ,"| $,"&;9:%'AC.55/|;9A&
A5
& 2" % ) " % " 8 :
&, % % 8% : " & " 5| | " % 9 & 5|95
2 %.&&/
( % .& &5/& 0 } $ 2 - &?"( "
8 - :" 8 : " " "" " "" % ( &0 " "" "" " "" " } " 8 : & ( % " % . 5|;9C/& B
' % " " .&9;/& %"%
% .5|A 95/ .;|9/ % % &, %.$ 1| 5|/& ? 2 " " - % % & ?
8 &:0 18 %
8 " :.;|C9/&!
% .A|9|A/|" % " 8(: . / $ " %
% ( % ) % % & 0
" } 8(: "" " % &0 %) % 8(:
" &! % 8 %: % 8(:
) - " 8 % % % : .|5/& ? "( " % , +& !?4,!#0 4 9 " *# K " & 6 1 1 .- 6 !A@ ( "| "} B( 5;/A9A&
A;
% " % "
," - & ! %" +
," &C0
," ," ," " ,"&! % % 2
.
/
" + " % ," " % .- / ,"& 7 " 8 :
.& |5/ % " " $ & ! % ( " " 2 " ( 2 % - " " & ( $ ."/ - ,"&# } (
| 18& { ," % 8 : 8 : .A|C/ % ( %
.& &|55@5|/& 8 %%: " .5|59/
" 9 2
& 18"% " ," " " " - " &B } 0 0 ( 8(: 8 %: 8{ - : 81 - : . / "
% " ( % ,"
& 8(: 8 %:
$ &- ""
&A "({ % @ &%& % ( ,#0-?#,! - c 5 / # 4 ( 6 1 =.7, !A@1
( , 5/ 59;;; & ;5;95@ - #& 1 * # 6 1 1 . ! C@ |6 /5;9;& + "
8(: 8 %: ," %& C 7 " " -&#& -&#& " & + " % +
"&
AA
$ ." %
2"%/ $" % " .A|C9/& % " %
" - & K " " " .&& - /
.&&9;/&!
. ," ==8 / " % - & ! % "
" " .&5&95/&" 2 - . $ A&9A/ +
% "" 18.A9/&? "
&0 " " % " % ==8 ," " .;&9A/ " .;&9;C&5/ " " 8 %: "" 8(:
% "&!" - % "" % +&- 8"" - : 8"" :.A&@&,"5|/&0
$ 2" %
," & ," " % 2 8 - &: + % & ! % ' " $ - % ,"& % " %"" "
& B % % % " .," / ( 8 : % "& ! " (" % &!"" " " % 8 :-
A
&6 " ," 18 $ & ! " " " ) ," + " " - ," - &
!8 :- + |", - " B " " % % "
" - ,"& 7 0 "& " ! " $ $ " &0 " " " - % " } } &7" " %" &4 " " % ( " % $ & 0 ( % , (
" } 8 "% { "" " " % B : . (2 /& 0 % ( 0 " } &0 % %& % (" "
- ," #" & 0 % " " %
" "
&-
% " % " " |8- % " : (& 8B - % % " :. &5A9/&0 ) %" 8 " 71
-&&%&> &7, 0? . 0 %/. | % 5/ ( 8 " :. &/& " . / , +& ! ?4,!#0 4 8 , " "|," 5 - " # :,'%5.5/|AA9A& , ! ,~ # /$ 7 , 0 - K
2 2 K/ . 7 |? 7 /&
A
2 { ;| '' % & % " &! 1 " : . & 5/& 7 " 8 " - " $ " " $ " { - 2.-&|5/: . &55/& % (8 &: ( 9 " ( 9 - " / " - .8 % :/ & ! $ " " % " "
% & 4 ( & ? " ! |80 %(
" &4 (2 ( 2: .61 & ;/& % ! - 2 %
" " - "( " %& (
#" { 2 "" . ," % && - / " | ? " " - % ," #" % { " 8" : % 8
% % &:!#"
|80 ( % ( " 1 && - " &: 7 | 8! " 1 (" &:5 0 (2 " - " " & - " "" " & * % " -
% %
& 8! - (: ( . &C5/&0 ) %" " - 8 % : .& &/&! $ " & ( " 5
! ,~C;9CAC&
A
% 8- 1 1 :. &C5@ % /& ! (" "" 0 " & 7 $" - $ " " % %
"&6 ( ( %" "
%&6 ( &. &CC@ % /
( - 8 " "
" % " % ' : . & 5/& - " 8 %: . & 5/& 0 " % " % %& 6 $ ?
- $ " "
" - 0 " &
+ 0
+ 0 ! %" %" % ," ," -&#& " & 7 % -2 "
," 6&-&#& " " " % " -&#& " " )
. $ %/&! % " 1 ," " % % ," & 0
" % ," ."
" - %/ " &; 0 % % . ( - / " % " ,""" &A!," ; #&> , 4 * ' .-" %|-" % /95@7&?& *6 -?' . |* ( C/9&-& ~&!4B#,8 ( % ! %|!- " 2 % :% 05.CA/|& " . %/ %& A -&,"+ -+ # $ # 74 7 6 1 .-" %|? /A9A&
AC
" "
" & ! " & " % " " .& 9 -&#&/ + , .& 59 -&#&/ # .& 9; -&#&/& B B % ," % " & % % " & % " " % % % %, . / &8? " %
" %: &C ? " % & % ( % "" % % % &578 : 8 % " . / " : $ &5 # | 8 "" " % " " .18/ ) &:55
" % & + , &0
" "
. 8/ 8 .1 :1/ %
-&+ &-4 0?' 6N 6& > &0&' .. . ? - ! % ;A@ |6 C/59;& , # " " - . - /&, + . - /""-#& ! 8+ , |!," 2:z - .A/|9A. " % " /&B #
. / " " .C -&#&" " / % ," #
2 % % % " &! "
& -& 1&AA&@&;&5C&@+ ;&;C&59;@# - &&A9@ &;&;9A@5&C&9A& C 1&&;;&+ 7 & 1&&5@5&C@+ 5&;C&9;;9A@# - ;&&595C@ A&&C& 5 & &;&5@ 5&&;@ " &&;@ 5&;&@ $ &A@ ;&@ + A&AC&95@ # - &&59;@&5;&@5&&5;@A&&5& 5 1&&5& 55 # - ;&;&&+ ""4 2 - &
A
) 2 % : && 8 ) % 2 &:5;! " " % " "( %"
&6 " "" 8 " % &:5A "" " ( & ! &? $ " %
% " % & 0 % "( % "( " % % % 1 & ! (
%&5 ! % % % " " %& 6 % % " % % ) & ! " % & ! 8 " ( (&:5, "&0 ) ," " 9 9 %&57% " &5C
( %&! . /%" % %( ) 8
"
&:5 ? $
" " " | 8 " %% ( % %% " 0 .1/
" % " % " &:;! " " &!%"
" "& ? " "( " ) &! % 5;
+ A&5&59;;& 1&AC&5&-&1&&A& 5 -& 1&5&A9@5C&@&A9@&;9A@# - &C&;9A@5&55&9;@ 5&5@A&&;@ &A5&B % & 5 " 5&;A&& 5 " &A&;@ &&@ 5&&9@ 5&;5&@ ;&5& ;@ & &;&@ 1& &5@ A&A;@+ &C&595C@# - A&&55@ &A5@A;& 5C + &C&;;9C&;@# - 5&55&;& 5 " 5&&& ; # - ;&55&A& -& + A&; .# %& /@ $ &A& 5A
0 ; " ," "
" % " " 0 &;5 0 "(
% "
% &;; ! % 9
% % &!% " % 1 % $" |86 1 " &:;A " " " & ;!
|80 " ( " " | " % " 9 % &:;!" % "
8 : $ &!" " ' 2 % " 2
& 0 " % 8 %: "" ( 8(: ; } %&;C0 "" 8 (&:; ! "
} " " " & 0 " ;
" %.8" :/& #&%& # & &;| 8# % &: ;; -& &&&& ;A # - ;&55&A&-&;&55&5;C@A&C&;9;& ; ! " . & -5/ % + >& ## 7' 7 . !+ ;@ -" %| -" % 5/& 7 "" { ~&+-> z8!? " 6 +
# - B : 6' ; .5/|;9A@ , 0& ?0-~ 8! 6 6# :,;.;/|59;& ; 1&&95&-& " 5&;&@# - 5&&5A95@5&&A&-& -K&;&59;& ; -& 1&&A@&95@&A&;&@+ &55&559;5& ;C ! &5A&;&-&&;&C95C@1&A@# - &;& ; 1 ,#z* + -?0 ' # '71 7 6 .-%| -%5/& ;5
" % " ( $ " % &0 " % 8 " % . / " &:A 0 " ( " " " % "% $ ? " " % % . " % "/&A!
% ," &0 % 8 % : % 1 % 12 A5 12 " " &8! :+ 8 " %&:A; 7" %
% %" $"$ " " "&AA! .," / " ) " % %& B " " . " $/ " " " "& !
( % # &!
} " " % " %. /&0 # 2 1 8 : " A " % % % A % % &A 1 " |8B "(( "" @
1 &:AC # 2
1 | " } A
&&&5&-&5&&;@! &5A&;@1&;&@CC&;@&9;@5&C@ # - ;&55&C9C5& A -&1 !,0~#,87 % | # :$& ' 6 1 ./|9;& A5 # - &;&@ &5&;9@ &5&A@ &;&@ 5&&595C& -& + &A&;9;@ ! &&& A; + &A&;9;&-& 1&&& AA &%&~" 1, 8 ! %: 1 ' .&6&0 @-" %|-" % 5;/;9C& A # - &;&@&&A@&&9@&&5@;&55&C5@;&5A&;9&-&
1&&@ 0&5&@&5&5&A@+ , C&A&A9@&A&;& A # - &&@&A&59A@5&&@5&C&@5&C&5@;&5&5C9@;&55&;@ ;&5&;& A # - &5&;@&A&@&;&@5&A&@;&5&5C&-& 1&C;&& AC # - &A&;9A@&5&C&9A&
5
8 :. 1 / "&! (|87 ," ( % ( " " 2 !" " %&4 " " "&:A B 0 9 9 "" " % ," "& 7 " - % $ &# " &! % 8 % : % - z&* )
z&* 8 ":z & 6 - * " &6 " - % &B % " 9 " % &6 - % " "" 8(: % ( 8 %:z & ! } " $ "
" " "& 0 ( " % - "
% " "
% " ,"& ! A
1&;&@&A&9@;&& 0 - % " 18. % /
8 : .1(/ - " 1. % /& 6 . ( - /& " " . C9/& $ $" & &&| 8! . 1/ .1 / 2 (&: -& 2 1. 1/ -|55& ," 5|A % 8 : . 8 ( :/
0 "& 8 % 2 ": - } + , |8 0 && ( % " 9 } 2 ," &C { &# - ! ( 2 % ( "2: .+ ,#0#, 8 # " - $ } : %' A 5|A5/&
;
&B $ " " - $ &0 - 8 % : " % & "% %
" & ? %
" % - " " & 7 " } " 8 : .& ( /& 0
% " ' ," % " && " &5! % +
'& $ "
- & ! 4% " | 8! 1
% % % " " $ & " % " % " " ? 4 " % " + &:; 0 % 8"
: -
% $ "" " " & ," " - " % 8
: "" "8 : 8 " :" &A ? ( ," " ( % "" " " % " 5
&%& - 10 8! ," 0" : 1 ' .&6& 0 @ -" %| -" % 5;/A9AA@,#z* + -?0 ' 9;@ *6 -?' &7 $" " " 1&&@&;@5&95@;A&A@5&C@& &&;@+ &;&95@&5&59A@&5&9C@A&&9@# - 5&&59;@ 5&&5A95@;&5&A9& ; 4% &;&. &, * /&-&{ *61 &C&-& . - / "" + * - " & 55@ 1&;&@ ! 61 &A&A& A 0 % - - ( % " 4% % % " " "& ! " ! 2 " %& { B ?0!! ~#,8- + ," #" :!;;./|559;&
A
- ,"0 , ( ) %" 1 ," .8 % :/ 8 :- " &, "
" % " " & ? % $ %
& " " 8 : % " " & " "
. 8 : /" % " " "% ' % . /
% &6 8" % ," $
- % "( % % "" 2 . ( ! - " $ $" /&! -
% "" 2 " % ( % 2 ," &: 7 " } "( ( (&7 -
,1 "" |8 %
$ - " - &: " " -
% " #
" 6 | 7 # 2"% " " " " ! " @ " & % " - " " % " % "
- " 8 - : - " &
- #*B ,* " 6 .-" %| -" % ;/;;& ' #1+3\G. &,&+&1 ""@ - @-" %|?
/$& + &-4 0?8 " ! " | # ? % : 6%25&|;A&- %|8 " ! " ( % ) % "" " " :. &;/&
! % % ( &!
$" ' 1 . & 8 :/ {" 1 " " ' .8 :/&C0 " - ' ," " "
" % &0 " - ' & %% " " &
- %, |!, + , ," - 0% " " % " " - ,"& ! " " $ % ," - '& ," +
& ( " - " " &? " " - & % " - " % " % & ( " ) %" & ?() $" % & ! $ % ," " ( ) & ! % } - "
%& 6 - $
" " " & ! "
" " % - % " % 9 "& " (& C
"{&+ ?#,6#8? + ! " :6%25&|5C9& -&{&B ?0!! ~#,8- + :555|!- 28 # % ' " " - " & ! ( - " % &: -& ? { ~ -~ & # 6 5 5 . & 6& + @ +
| 7 5;/ ;;C& ! #" + C -&#& % "( %
" ". % " " % /&
( % " "
- %
" % && " " %- &6 $ "
( ( &0 0 " (2 } &0 " "
" %% " " - & 6 (&! - " $ % & % " "' - 2 & + - " ( ( } | B % 1 " " %
&! / 0 /
" " " % "( " &7 " 10 % " " @ % "
& (|;5;&2 % $ % & 6 / / 0 / 7 0 / 0 " "&
0 " 0 ! 2! % " #" { - & 0 " ( ( - &B "( ( " ! " { 9 && " %&+ % % "& 6 "% - . %" "/ " % % "
%0 "
8 : &0 - " "
*&;&;9A. &#" - /&
9 % 59 % } " " %& ! %% " % / " " - ," " % - % & ? %% " % " -
/ ' & 0 " % " % - 1 0 " " - &;
5
-& -& ,& B ?0!! ~#, 8! : .& & 1 @ & & 1& - @-%| -%;/5C& ; 0 (" % ( "" %% " " & 0 $ " % " % * +
" "( % ) &
- 0 ! + K ="0 86 " : % - . - |;/& ! $
" 0 % "(&+ " % 2 %& - . /" " & - ' " & 0 0 "$" 2 " " " & 1 ," " 2
&7 8
:$ , " |5A95 $" % " & 2% " - " " " &! % % 1 "
"( "
&! "
( "" % &0 "
" " % $ % % " $%&
1 ," + 6 % " " " 1 ," } &5!% " 1( (& ,> 8 % : % % 0>8 " %&: 5 ! % % 1 ," " &""
| + B& 1 # 4 = # ' 1 ' 6 . | /@ 74? { +4 & = # ' 1 .
%" @ | , % C/@
K ="0
& " " ' ") " ) & ! " " " & + } % " &; 0 " } " $&!1 ," " " " " B
& " % $ &" % 1 ," " |A 1 0 !
" " & " " " & 0 " " ( & " " " & ? " " & " " } " % & 0 11 + "
% " % &! " " ( " & ! " " " 2 " %
&+ &6 %" " % (" ( ( &!" (" " 8 :9
74? { +4 &22 # 7 / 7 " 6N .
%" C@ | , %C/@-% &B 0 0 + & #" 6N .4$|4$ /@ ,&+&,4# 0& 0!#, & 6 # ' 6N . |6 5;/&+ ! " $ $ *& +44,# { - *#,4 & %/ ." A@ |6 5;/& ; -& 2% " " 2 " $ . &&;9C/& A ! % 1 ," " "
" ""' % & -& } % !";|59&!1= 1 " " " " &
"
= 1(& " " 2 " $ % " & %
" %" " @ % @ % % @ % (@ % "
@ % @ " % ( % % %& ! " % $ "
"( % " (& 1 1 & 0 " " &! 1 % " % " & ! $ & - " $ $ & ! % % " " " % " ' &C " " & (
" " 2 % & 6 " % % $ & 0 1 ," $ } " & $ " % "
% " 9 &&" "
" " &
7 8
:- #*B ,* " 6 .-" %| -" % ;/ ;9@ B 0 0 + & 59& &%& # 2
( " %"
" % } . && &C9/&+ "$" } B 0 0 + & 59@ 1 # 4 = 9C& C { B !#, 80 % ," 6| + 0" ," ! % : '& .& { & ?
+ 6& (
@ | /59A;& !1( ," $ %
& % % + 6&~0 #,'& 5 = .+ +&|6 ( 5/& 0" " + 7 4- ! '& . & ,& ? @ ; &@ z(| C9C/@ " ,0-? 0 5 1 # '& 6 . ? | z C;/@{ {&B 0 ~ #, - #6 1 '& 5 6 5 . z(| , % /@ * +& ? # ,0 $ V & # 6 $ 5 = . 0 . z(| , % /@ * +& ? #,0 { {&B 0 ~ #, 7" 0& #0! 0 & '& # &1 6 2
5
K ="0
! " $ " & $
" % "
& " " " " 9 $ " " & !% " ( % 1 ," " &6 & ! % " "( "" & - " % " % 2 "" "& " "
( " & #$ % " 2 " 2 " & " " &
+ |#" 1 ," 0 % ( % (6 " 2
," %
" " & % % ," %
" %
% { % - & ! %
"( " .|C9;5/&6 % { & % "%
{
" % % "
% ( .5|9 A|55/&4 % % - % .|;9A/&!% % ( % %%
.|95/& 4 % - " " % .C|9;/&
. | /@ ? #!! ~0 #, '& & !," " B 0 0 + & 955A& ~& !4B#, 6 # , 7 ,/7 5 . ? | z A/& 2 % ," ""' & ;9A& " = 2 ( "
" .A9/&
"
;
? % |C9;55 " 8
:$ .|5A95/&+ % %" 2 0 "$ " 9&& "( " " & .|5C9;5/ % % % % $ % .|5A 595/& 6 % - %
" 1 " % & 0 % " 1 " .|5;5/& } % 1 " % % " " " .|595/& % " " &;! 8 : " " &!" " 8 : $ "& 7 " 8 :$" "
% "
$&A ! " $ % 8 : . = / 8
: .1 / % %
$ &! " " 2 " " $ &#$ % " " 2 " &0 " % " " " & 4 "% 5
""" %% " & 6 { % % % & ; % " " . &5&5/& -& 2 % -|A9&7 .8 / " " % %& %% "
% % " & " " $ " " " .-|;/&0 % 2 " " " " " ," - % 1 ," & A &%& ? & ,~#, 8! ! % 1: '& A9& + " & + "" . / " :
:" :" $ : "
"
" &6 :"$ :" % &0
$ " " % %& 7" "
A
K ="0
%8
:$ &!
" " " % 9&& " % " &! &B 8 " :. 8 :/" " "& 6 " "( " & 0 8 " :9&&
" " 9 & " &6
% " " . 8 8/ " 2 " % " " " ./ %% " % & % 1 ," " $ " %" % &6 %"
" % " " & ": " : & " % " " "% & " " % "% |0 " &C 4 { ' % $" " &6 " " %
" &! " " % 8" : "% " " " &0 ," "
" $ " &, " 1 " " ( " " " & ! " } " 1 ," $ . &/& " %$ " &%& " %
% .B 0 0 + & 95;/& , {#B#!! % 2 % |5 } " $ . # 6 @ ?" @ +
| 7 5 9C/& {
2 % % 0 " " % {
( %&{
"( % 1 ," $ $% % " $ & C ," . &/&? $ " "" 1 ," "& #&%& '1 & ;&;9A5 .& 1& 9@ 6 & ;9;@ '1 & &;5/@ ' $ ;&A9@ 595A&
"
&! % "
" & ! % } " " " % " " ," & " 8 : " " | !
" $ ( " @ $ ( " @ " " &0 $ " " % "" % &#" " 2% - &
> | 2, + - ! % " " - & % 8
: % " $ "- &!" 91 = = .|9/&5 { ," |C9;5 % $ " & 6 "- " - " % | $ " 9 = &6 - " " &B %
" .5|5/& " " % .|5/& $ " " 2 " & $ 2 9 % " " .|/& 6 "
" . == / " &7
" .|59/& " & ! " "" 1 ( % % " $ " "" .|95/& ! " % " " &!% % $ " & 2 " % &! " " - " & ! " 5
0 1 = =
& 7 "
" " " " " $ % &
K ="0
" " ( &0 " " " & ! % .|A/ " " "& ! " % " & ! " $ " 1 & ! " " " " .|9C/& " " "
( %"1.|9/& 2 % " " - ," &0 - " %
" % - & - " " $ "%.|/&
," 2 " - & 2 " "
( "( &! % " 9 " " & 4 " %" "
" " |5 ( @ ( @ " & 4 " ( .5|9/& , " " " &55 ! ( " " } & 2 ( " 9 " %" "( % .A|9;/& 0 ( " ( ( " & 7 " % &%& %" .|95;/& 2 ' % " - &! ( & - " ( % " .|5A95/& ) (" &?"" ( ( % % 5 0 8 : " ( - % ( %& 55 1 # 4 =&
"
.5|9/&0" % " ( % "" - .;|9;/& 2 "
" " .|5A95/& 2 % "
% % % .|95;@&C|;/& '" - .A|A95/&0 "( % % "& ? " ( & 1 7 % - "" & ? $ " % .|9 |5/&?% " "% " % %& - " "( " " " " % " " % .|;9A|;;9;/& '" " " - " & (% % "& ! - '"" %" " 2 % " " & { (," - " &5;0 " " & ! - " % % % % " &
!+(+ |#" { ' 1 2
1 " " & 7 { "% - " " "( & " " % %
1 & 2 % " % % - { & 1 " % - & ! % " " 2 ( - & 5;
+
" "" %-" &
C
K ="0
+ $ 2 % % % " % " "(& B % " %
" % &5A "( " % " " " % % " " & " " $ " {" &5 + " % $ & 5+ 1( ," " " " &5 B
( 1 " " " "
" & 0
" " &
" % " " } " %& % " " ( & B( "(
" &80
" :$ ".|5/&+ "" % " &5C?0 (
% 1 " & ! % " % 1 " 2 % & " " " & 0
} % && " "
5A 4 " " %
&6%
~ ? : %+ |+ %% 1 ;&5C: ,'% .5/| ;9A
" " 1 .A/& 5 '1 &@&j5;&A95@ 5& 5 + 1 &; &C5 &A& -?7#, , 1 # 6 / ,/6 2 .-" %+&|? /9 5& 5 #&%& ' &9CC& # 04!! # 9. 56 &.{ !5AC@ |!! - (0 5;/5;A95;@&-?7#,, 1 ;9C& 5C 6 B 0!?#,0 1!4 0005 5#6 ' 9. 5.# %|!!- (C/;A9; " 1 &
"
&54 & - " %&; ! " $ ( & % " " &4 $ % $ 8 : " &; ! (
"
( %& B $ " ) % " "&B " % " "% ) "( " & '
8 ": " " & ! ' %
$ " & % " 9 - .|5@ & |/& ! " 1 " 8 :.|;/& $ %
& % " &;5B " 8( : " $ | 1 " .|95/& 2 % 1 " %
$ &! " % " 1 "
8 : % .A|9C/&6 ' % 5
B !#># 4 8!,# 1 ," } :, '& ./|A9 " & + " % $
& ; -"" 1 |5 1 & " $ # 04!! & ; 4 " 2 % .&C&5A9;/&! ""'} 2 1 |95& ;5 0 & """ % .&%&1 |;@#'( 5;|5/ "( " " % 2 % " " &-&# ' 1 #*B ,*8#$ % 0" 2 ' & .7 /: & # . ' 1 .& , &6 @ |B " { ~ $/9C&
K ="0
" " .|/& !1 ( 9 .A|95/&;;! " " &? " " % 1 .|9 5|/& B " " " ( " .5|9 A/& " % ( " .||/ % - ' .|9/& ! ' " " " "& % = .|5;/ .|5A/& ( % % % "( { .|/&! % "( " &;A "( - " &
- B $" "
&7
," % " " % %$" & 0 " " &! " " % 1 % 2% - & % " " " - % " "
( " & " " ' $ " &!- " " " "" % ( % " & ! 8 ": 1 " ' && " %& ! 8 : 1
" & ;;
-& 2 % % " " .&C&5/& ;A -& " -.{ , &/&
"
! $" " % 2 - &- $ " " % % {&! " - &! " $ & *" % ( " 1 ," " " - & ! " ' " $ % " " & " " " & ! " " % % & ? " % " " " & * " 2 " %" $ " % 2 %B
( & 2
%
8 '&:; B 2 %
& ! "
-
" & ! "
( "% ' &0 % " "
"& # " " 8 " : % 2 " &6
" " " " " " "& ! " " &! 2
" 8" :" 9 " - &
;
! ?, - ( # 6 - 1 0 ./.? %|! 0 5/"( % %
" % 2 % & 6 ! " " 8 % :.C5/&
Early Christian Identity – Some Conclusions Bengt Holmberg At the end of a research project, one is naturally asked for the results. Can you now point to new knowledge or new research questions about the subject you set out to investigate? Does all this research amount to a new and better understanding of early Christianity? I think there are some reasons for saying “yes” to that question. In the first chapter of this book the six following papers were compared to six windows opening up vistas to different parts of the research terrain. But are half a dozen windows enough when scores could be opened? It depends on what we get to see, and how representative the insights are. The reader is invited to transform that imaginary wall with its six windows by tilting it forwards 90º (flat on the ground) and in the mind’s eye turn each of the windows into a square archaeological digging trench on the surface of a large tell: the first hundred years of the Christ-movement. In any archaeological excavation, the area researched is very small compared with the area of the tell as a whole, but if rightly chosen these small digs can become “windows” opening up the past, providing us with vital information about the ancient habitation we are exploring. Our hope and contention is that this analogy is an apposite illustration of what we have been doing in this book. Uniqueness and identity Fredrik Ivarsson’s “dig” investigates how one person, the apostle Paul, wrote letters to three different groups of Greek-speaking Christ-believers in the middle of the first century C.E. He shows that the apostle makes use of contemporaneous conventions of masculinity and effeminacy in a surprisingly conventional manner. It is of course surprising only if we imagined that a new religious movement must be new and unique in every respect of its faith and order, life and work. The lesson to be learnt is the opposite one: the early Christian movement was very much a child of its time, borrowing not only vocabulary and grammar from its Hellenized Mediterranean environment, but also its gender roles and its taken-for-granted ways of thinking about human beings.
174
Bengt Holmberg
Runar Thorsteinsson’s comparison of how Christians and Stoics in Rome thought and taught about love for the neighbor during the first and second centuries tells a similar story. The contents of the teaching on love in these two traditions are not very different, and if we fondly imagined that Christians at least had an advantage over the pagan philosophers when it comes to the depth and boundlessness of neighborly love we learn that the boot is actually on the other foot. There is good reason to note Thorsteinsson’s own conclusion from his study. It suggests that moral teaching was important for the formation of Christian identity in Rome, and that it may well have contributed to the rapid growth of the Christian religion. However, this study also suggests that, if the moral teaching did contribute to the advancement of Christianity, it did so, not because it was different, but precisely because it was fundamentally similar to the already established Stoic teaching.1
So, here the Christ-movement was not different or unique, but its distinct identity was rather located in the similarity of its moral teaching with the highest ideals in contemporary culture. This squares very well with the realization made in the study of charismatic movements, that part of their attraction lies in the fact that the charismatic leader manages to give a new and convincing voice to deep-seated ethical and religious ideals of the followers’ own culture. One can wonder whether the Christian presentation of this ideal was more down-to-earth, visible, and socially effective than the ideals received and discussed by well-educated Roman aristocrats, and whether that is the reason for the remarkable growth of Roman Christianity; that is a question to be answered by further research. But even without an answer to that question we realize that what is important for a movement’s identity is not necessarily what is unique for it, but what is distinct in it. It could be added that the early Christian movement also seems to have had a notable characteristic of thinking that they were very good at what is good, for example real masculinity = self-control, moral strength, independence, human maturity. This kind of self-understanding is typical of small, “hot” renewal movements, claiming a greater nearness to the divine, a real sanctification, showing itself in a powerful life, more seriousness and better spiritual insight. Gerd Theissen named this trait of the movement its “competitive syncretism”, referring to the active Christian relating to figures, values, and habits of other religious systems, only to state that they are outdone by the Christ-believers on every point. “There are many lords, but our Lord is lord of them all.” “We know the truth.” “We are the really manly.” This is not the same as saying that others have nothing and “we” Christ-believers have it all. The important point is that “we” have more. 1
T HORSTEINSSON, “The Role of Morality in the Rise of Roman Christianity,” 139– 157 in this book, p. 157; Thorsteinsson’s italics.
Early Christian Identity – Some Conclusions
175
The feeling of being superior and elected above “the world” outside is distinctly part of the group’s identity. Distinctive cognition One salient aspect of what was distinct in the early Christ-movement is brought to the fore in Samuel Byrskog’s chapter on the relation between memory and identity. He demonstrates to what a degree the life of Christian groups was connected with their social memory and how central the narrativization of the memory of what Jesus had said and done was to the life of this movement. The very fact of the gospels and the process leading up them is evidence of an emerging and “fundamental awareness among the early Christians of their link in the present to the decisive past and a deep sense of belonging to the present Lord as the Jesus of history.” 2 The gospels as finished literary products are often dated some time to the last third or quarter of the first century. Often this results in routinely moving them and everything that went into their creation to the same place on our mental map: a second-generation phenomenon, a kind of afterthought or old people’s pastime that is undertaken only because of the many deaths of first-generation believers. Byrskog’s fresh grasp on the gospel growth process rectifies that mistake, and definitely places the gospel traditioning as the distinctive cognition of the Christ-movement. It played a central role from the beginning in everything else that the movement did, its worship and ritual life, its external mission work and its internal catechesis and moral formation. “Being socialized into a group’s memories and thereby identifying with its collective past is part of the process of acquiring social identity.”3 The fact that for Christ-believers their own history and identity are bound up with that of their confessed Lord, Jesus of Nazareth, gives early Christian thinking about him, or in other words their christology, a more important place in the movement’s life than it is sometimes accorded. It cannot be seen as a mere addendum to social practice and religious life within the movement, but rather as the foundational, identity-forming “myth” that created and upheld the movement as such. Ethnicity and identity One conclusion from Anders Runesson’s energetic and clarifying discussion of how to label Judaism and the Christ-movement that started its life as a fully Jewish phenomenon is that the Christ-believers’ identity was not really ethnically determined. It may look as if that were the case, because 2 3
B YRSKOG, “Memory and Identity in the Gospels,” 33–57 in this book, p. 56. Ibid., 57.
176
Bengt Holmberg
the first believers were all Jews, but the reception of the first non-Jews into the Christ-movement revealed that this ethnic belonging was not one of its defining characteristics. From the moment it was decided that non-Jews could belong to the movement without becoming Jews, one of the two basic axioms of Judaism, the covenantal nomism, had in reality been abandoned. If the indelible connection between god-land-people-law-of-Moses is what defines Judaism, as claimed by Runesson, while the Christians think that redemption is no longer dependent on the divine election of the Jewish people but on faith in one redeemer for all people, it is hard to deny that “Christianity is not a part of Judaism.” 4 The moment when this subterranean earthquake took place is located at less than twenty years distance from the post-paschal beginning of the movement of Christ-believers. The consequences of that decision were not immediately apparent to most believers, but took a generation or two to surface. I suggest that one can talk about that long clarification period as a time of dual ethnicity in the Christian movement. “Dual ethnicity” means that both Jewish and Gentile Christ-believers straddled the boundary of ethnic belonging and identity. Believers of Jewish descent had of course not stopped being Jews by becoming baptized (in)to the Messiah Jesus: they still thought of themselves as Jews, observed the Law, etc. In the same way, those who entered the Christ-movement from a pagan background did not stop being goyim, naturally uncircumcised Gentiles who did not observe the commandments of Moses. To some extent, they all remained what they had always been. On the other hand, none of them remained what they had been. The Jewish identity of the Christian Jews was no longer intact. Their faith in Jesus and his unique relation to God, their consequential initiation into a new Messianic congregation through baptism, and the consequences this had had for their common life of prayer (they prayed to Jesus as "our Lord," Marana!) and not least for their communion with non-Jews – all this had started a loosening of their moorings from the earlier unquestioned belonging inside the Jewish people, Israel kata sarka. To begin with, it was imperceptible, in the long run inevitable. Likewise, the exclusively Jewish salvation was now, according to common Christian belief, opened to all nations, and consequently the religious and social identity of the Gentile Christians was in the process of changing. Now they belonged to the New (= renewed) covenant in the blood of Jesus, and together with their Jewish co-Christians constituted the core of "God's Israel". They somehow belonged inside Israel while staying outside Judaism.
4
T HEISSEN, Religion, 231; on covenantal nomism as a basic axiom of Judaism, ibidem, p. 13. See also the reasoning of H ORRELL in his “Becoming Christian.”
Early Christian Identity – Some Conclusions
177
So we see both Jews and Gentiles in the Christian movement slowly sliding out of their earlier identities, becoming something that none of them had ever been before. This reciprocal identity displacement, which is at the same time a unification process, started early in the history of the Christ-movement, even if we do not see it completed in the writings of the New Testament.5 Unity vs. Diversity Mikael Tellbe opens his research ”window” in Western Asia Minor in a period close to the turn of the first to the second century. There is no doubt about the presence of variant types of Christianity (or Christ-movements) in this area and time, but Tellbe warns against concluding too easily from similarities in vocabulary between different texts to historical contacts between the alleged textual communities. Texts both construct and reflect social, political, and religious realities of their authors – to some degree also of their readers. Analyzing the textual prototypes in the various text groups with the help of perspectives from theories of social cognition and selfcategorization helps us grasp both the rivalry between and the underlying commonalities of these congregations. The resultant picture of the obviously variegated Christ-movement is one of both diversity and unity. In spite of their obvious differences, they form an actual network of Christbelieving groups, and the basic commonality lies in the area of myth and ethos, not in structures of leadership.6 Identity Institutionalized The introductory chapter of this book focused on the question whether early Christian identity should be interpreted as a phenomenon with a low or a high degree of concreteness. The former alternative means that identity is seen as a cluster of loose ideas always under discussion and reformulation, an epiphenomenon from which hardly any durable conclusions about the real development of the movement could be drawn. The latter alternative pictures identity as solidifying all the time, soon developing into a fairly “hard” reality. The choice of alternatives here has something to do with the angle from which the early Christ-movement is approached. If one comes to it with a 5
The preceding three paragraphs depend on the argument developed in H OLMBERG, “Jewish versus Christian Identity?” RB (1998): 397–425, 421–422. 6 The emphasis on cognitional unity in thinking about Jesus the Christ reminds one of the perspective of James DUNN in his Unity and Diversity, while the importance of the connection between christology and ethos is emphasized especially by Arland J. HULTGREN, The Rise of ormative Christianity, Minneapolis: Fortress, 1994.
178
Bengt Holmberg
social-psychological perspective, as Rikard Roitto does in this book, it is natural to focus on the individual in relation to the small face-to-face group, and how he or she learns to adapt to it. It is apposite to focus on the mechanisms of social cognition and small group life, and the identity formation process is reflected in everyday behavior and standard teaching and paraenesis. Roitto’s chapter lucidly depicts how formative and concrete the everyday elements of this process really are. Perhaps this approach tends, however, to exaggerate the extent to which the process is driven by the individual together with his or her immediate environment and open to influence from the one adapting to it. One learns social identity and in learning it the identity is affected. In other words, identity appears a soft reality, simply because we focus the individual who is only one case among several possible ones. This impression needs to be balanced by realizing that the building of social identity does not start anew every day, or in other words, balanced by the perspective of the power of institutionalized social cognition. When a new convert or a child born in the movement meets the community and its social identity, these are “harder” realities than the individual, more likely to change him or her than the other way around. This is so simply because of the immediate and inexorable institutionalization that any group over time will exhibit. Yesterday’s discussion will become today’s decision and tomorrow’s settled custom, and the day after tomorrow it is law. Institutionalization is a cumulative process, even if it is not an iron law that can never be changed or overthrown. The process will give historically and humanly developed ways of acting, thinking, and talking a degree of objectivity and resilience against easy change that can be quite formidable, especially to the late-comer or to a new generation.7 This does not mean that the social identity has an ontological status different from social cognition, only that it is a supra-personal or corporate reality, normally older, more solid and permanent than the individual believer that is formed by it and thereby maintains it. Hopefully, these brief concluding reflections point to the many various ways in which identity was manifested in the early Christian movement, and indicate the vast scope and deep interest of investigating it from the perspective of its identity. 7
I discussed institutionalization, routinization, and cumulative institutionalization in my investigation of how authority developed in the primitive church, Bengt HOLMBERG, Paul and Power (1978), 167–181 (in the Fortress edition: 165–179). The perspective was taken up and applied to a longer sweep of development in the Pauline churches, in Margaret Y. MACDONALD, The Pauline Churches: A Socio-Historical Study of Institutionalization in the Pauline and Deutero-Pauline Writings (Cambridge: CUP, 1988).
Bibliography Aelius Théon Progymnasmata. Edited by Michel Patillon and Giancarlo Bolognesi. Collection des Universités de France. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1997. Alexander, Philip S. “ ‘The Parting of the Ways’ from the Perspective of Rabbinic Judaism.” Pages 1–2 in Jews and Christians: The Parting of the Ways A.D. 70 to 135. Edited by James D. G. Dunn. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1999. Algra, Keimpe. “Stoic Theology.” Pages 153–178 in The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics. Edited by B. Inwood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Arnold, E. Vernon. Roman Stoicism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1911. Atran, S. In Gods We Trust: The Evolutionary Landscape of Religion. Evolution and Cognition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Augoustinos, M. and I. Walker. Social Cognition: An Integrated Introduction. London: Sage, 1995. Barclay, John M.G. Jews in the Mediterranean Diaspora: From Alexander to Trajan (323 B C E – 117 C E). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. Bauckham, Richard, ed. The Gospels for All Christians: Rethinking the Gospel Audiences. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1998. Bauckham, Richard. Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2006. Bauckham, Richard. “Historiographical Characteristics of the Gospel of John,” ew Testament Studies 53 (2007): 17–36. Bauer, Walter. “Rechtgläubigkeit und Ketzerei im ältesten Christentum.“ Pages 229–233 in W. Bauer. Aufsätze und kleine Schriften. Edited by G. Strecker. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1967. Bauer, Walter. Rechtgläubigkeit und Ketzerei im ältesten Christentum. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1934, 2d ed. 1964. American translation: Robert A. Kraft and Gerhard Krodel, eds. Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy in Earliest Christianity. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1971. British edition: Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity. London: SCM Press, 1972. Becker, Adam, and Annette Yoshiko Reed, eds. The Ways that ever Parted: Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2003. Becker, Eve-Marie. Das Markusevangelium im Rahmen antiker Historiographie. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 194. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006. Berger, Klaus. Historische Psychologie Des euen Testaments. Stuttgarter Bibelstudien 146/147. Stuttgart: Katholisches Bibelwerk, 1991. Bieringer, Reimund, Didier Pollefeyt, and Frederique Vandecasteele-Vanneuville, eds. Anti-Judaism and the Fourth Gospel. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2001. Bilde, Per. En religion bliver til: En undersøgelse af kristendomens forudsætninger og tilblivelse indtil år 110. København: Forlaget Anis, 2001. Binder, Donald D. Into the Temple Courts: The Place of the Synagogues in the Second Temple Period. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 1999.
180
Bibliography
Black, Matthew. “The Use of Rhetorical Terminology in Papias on Mark and Matthew,” Journal for the Study of the ew Testament 37 (1989): 31–41. Bloch, M. How We Think They Think: Anthropological Approaches to Cognition, Memory, and Literacy. Boulder: Westview, 1998. Boccaccini, Gabriele. Middle Judaism: Jewish Thought: 300 B.C.E. to 200 C.E. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1991. Boyarin, Daniel. Dying for God: Martyrdom and the Making of Christianity and Judaism. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999. Boyarin, Daniel. “Semantic Differences; or, ‘Judaism’/‘Christianity.’ ” Pages 65–85 in Becker and Reed, eds. The Ways that ever Parted, 2003. Boyarin, Daniel. Border Lines: The Partition of Judaeo-Christianity. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004. Boyer, P. Cognitive Aspects of Religious Symbolism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Boyer, P. Religion Explained: The Human Instincts That Fashion Gods, Spirits and Ancestors. London: Heinemann, 2001. Buell, Denise Kimber. “Ethnicity and Religion in Mediterranean Antiquity and Beyond.” Religious Studies Review 26 (2000): 243–249. Buell, Denise Kimber. “Rethinking the relevance of race for early Christian self-definition.” Harvard Theological Review 94 (2001): 449–476. Buell, Denise Kimber with Caroline E. Johnson Hodge. “The politics of interpretation: the rhetoric of race and ethnicity in Paul.” Journal of Biblical Literature 123 (2004): 235–251. Bultmann, Rudolf. Die Geschichte der synoptischen Tradition. Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments 29; 2 nd ed. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1931. Burke, Gary T. ”Walter Bauer and Celsus: The Shape of Late Second-Century Christianity.” Second Century 4 (1984): 1–7. Burridge, Richard A. What Are the Gospels? A Comparison With Graeco-Roman Biography. 2nd ed. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2004. Byrskog, Samuel. Jesus the Only Teacher: Didactic Authority and Transmission in Ancient Israel, Ancient Judaism and the Matthean Community. Coniectanea Biblica: New Testament Series 24. Stockholm: Almqvist&Wiksell International, 1994. Byrskog, Samuel. Story as History – History as Story: The Gospel Tradition in the Context of Ancient Oral History. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 123; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2000, and Boston: Brill 2002. Byrskog, Samuel. Review article of Rudolf Bultmann, The History of the Synoptic Tradition, in Journal of Biblical Literature 122 (2003): 549–555. Byrskog, Samuel. “A New Quest for the Sitz im Leben: Social Memory, the Jesus Tradition and the Gospel of Matthew,” ew Testament Studies 52 (2006): 319–336. Byrskog, Samuel. “Performing the Past: Gospel Genre and Identity Formation in the Context of Ancient History Writing.” Pages 28–44 in History and Exegesis: ew Testament Essays in Honor of Dr. E. Earle Ellis for His Eightieth Birthday. Edited by Sang-Won Son. New York: Clark, 2006. Byrskog, Samuel. “A Century with the Sitz im Leben: From Form-Critical Setting to Gospel Community and Beyond.” Zeitschrift für neutestamentliche Wissenschaft 98 (2007): 1–27. Byrskog, Samuel. “The Early Church as a Narrative Fellowship: An Exploratory Study of the Performance of the Chreia.” Tidsskrift for Teologi og Kirke 78 (2007): 207–226.
Bibliography
181
Byrskog, Samuel. “From Memory to Memoirs. Tracing the Background of a Literary Genre.” in Remembering Jesus: FS James D. G. Dunn. Edited by Scot McKnight and Terence C. Mournet. New York: Clark/Continuum, forthcoming. Cameron, R, and M. P. Miller, eds. Redescribing Christian Origins. SBL Symposium Series 28, Atlanta: SBL, 2004. Campbell, William S. Paul and the Creation of Christian Identity. London: T&T Clark, 2006. Cancik, Hubert. “Die Gattung Evangelium: Das Evangelium des Markus im Rahmen der antiken Historiographie,” Pages 85–113 in Markus-Philologie: Historische, literargeschichtliche und stilistische Untersuchungen zum zweiten Evangelium. Edited by H. Cancik; Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 33; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1984). Charlesworth, James. Foreword to Middle Judaism: Jewish Thought: 300 B.C.E. to 200 C.E. by Gabriele Boccaccini. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1991. Cohen, Shaye. The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. Colish, Marcia L. The Stoic Tradition from Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. Vol. I. Stoicism in Classical Latin Literature. Studies in the History of Christian Thought 34. Leiden: Brill, 1985. Colish, Marcia L. “Stoicism and the New Testament: An Essay in Historiography.” Aufstieg und iedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms in der Spiegel der neueren Forschung 26.1: 334–379. Part 2, Principat, 26.1. Edited by H. Temporini and W. Haase. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1992. Collingwood, R. G. The Idea of History. Oxford: Clarendon, 1946. Collins, Adela Yarbro. Crisis and Catharsis: The Power of the Apocalypse. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984. Dibelius, Martin. Die Formgeschichte des Evangeliums. 2d ed. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1933. Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker. Edited by. Felix Jacoby; Berlin: Weidmann, and Leiden: Brill, 1923–58. Diehle, Albrecht. “Die Evangelien und die griechische Biographie.” Pages 383–411 in Peter Stuhlmacher, ed. Das Evangelium und die Evangelien: Vorträge vom Tübinger Symposium 1982. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 28; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1983. Donaldson, Terry L. Judaism and the Gentiles: Jewish Patterns of Universalism (to 135 C.E.). Waco: Baylor University Press, 2007. Dothan, M. “Terminology for the Archaeology of the Biblical Periods.” Pages 136–141 in Biblical Archaeology Today: Proceedings of the International Congress on Biblical Archaeology, Jerusalem, April 1984. Edited by A. Biran, et al. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1985. Dunn, James D. G. Unity and Diversity in the ew Testament: An Inquiry into the Character of Earliest Christianity. London: SCM, 1977; 2d ed. 1990. Dunn, James D. G. Jesus and the Spirit: A Study of the Religious and Charismatic Experience of Jesus and the First Christians as Reflected in the ew Testament. London: Express reprints, 1995. Dunn, James D. G. Review of R. Cameron–M. P. Miller, eds. Redescribing Christian Origins. Journal of Biblical Literature 124 (2005): 760–764. Edwards, Catharine. The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
182
Bibliography
Ehrman, Bart D. Lost Christianities: The Battle for Scripture and the Faiths We ever Knew. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Elliott, Susan. Cutting Too Close for Comfort: Paul’s Letter to the Galatians in its Anatolian Cultic Context. Journal for the Study of the New Testament: Supplement Series 248. London: T&T Clark International, 2003. Esler, Philip F. Conflict and Identity in Romans: The Social Setting of Paul's Letter. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2003. Feldman, Louis. “Some Observations on the Name of Palestine.” Hebrew Union College Annual 61 (1996):1–23. Fieger, M. Im Schatten der Artemis: Glaube und Ungehorsam in Ephesus. Arbeiten zur Religion und Geschichte des Urchristentums 1, Bern/Frankfurt: Lang, 1998. Fiske, S. T., and S. E. Taylor. Social Cognition. Topics in Social Psychology. New York: Random house, 1984. Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality. Translated by R. Hurley. 3 vols. New York: Pantheon, 1978–1986. Foxhall, Lin, and John Salmon, eds. Thinking Men: Masculinity and Its Self-Representation in the Classical Tradition. Leicester-Nottingham Studies in Ancient Society 7. London: Routledge, 1998. Foxhall, Lin, and John Salmon, eds. When Men Were Men: Masculinity, Power, and Identity in Classical Antiquity. Leicester-Nottingham Studies in Ancient Society 8. London: Routledge, 1998. Fredriksen, Paula. “ ‘What Parting of the Ways’? Jews, Gentiles, and the Ancient Mediterranean City.” Pages 35–64 in Becker and Reed, eds. The Ways that ever Parted, 2003. Fredriksen, Paula. “Mandatory Retirement: Ideas in the Study of Christian Origins Whose Time has Come to Go.” Studies in Religion 35 (2006): 231–246. Freyne, Sean. “Behind the Names: Samaritans, Ioudaioi, Galileans.” Pages 389–401 in Text and Artifact in the Religions of Mediterranean Antiquity: Essays in Honour of Peter Richardson. Edited by Stephen G. Wilson and Michel Desjardins. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2000. Frickenschmidt, Dirk. Evangelium als Biographie: Die vier Evangelien im Rahmen antiker Erzählkunst. TANZ 22; Tübingen: Francke Verlag, 1997. Furnish, Victor P. The Love Command in the ew Testament. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1972. Gager, John. The Origins of Anti-Semitism: Attitudes Toward Judaism in Pagan and Christian Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985. Gager, John. “Paul, the Apostle of Judaism.” Pages 56–76 in Jesus, Judaism, and Christian Anti-Judaism. Edited by Paula Fredriksen and Adele Reinhartz. Louisville: John Knox Press, 2002. Geertz, Clifford. “Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Religion.” Pages 87–125 in C. Geertz, ed. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books, 1973. Geertz, Clifford. “Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture.” Pages 3–30 in C. Geertz, ed. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books, 1973. Gill, Christopher. “The School in the Roman Imperial Period.” Pages 33–58 in The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics. Edited by B. Inwood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Gill, Sam. “The Academic Study of Religion.” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 62 (1994): 965–975. Glad, Clarence E. Paul and Philodemus: Adaptability in Epicurean and Early Christian Psychagogy. Novum Testamentum Supplements 81. Leiden: Brill, 1995.
Bibliography
183
Gleason, Maud W. Making Men: Sophists and Self-Presentation in Ancient Rome. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995. Goodblatt, David. “From Judeans to Israel: Names of Jewish States in Antiquity.” Journal for the Study of Judaism 29 (1998): 1–36. Goodblatt, David. Elements of Ancient Jewish ationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Goodman, Martin. “Modeling the ‘Parting of the Ways.’ ” Pages 119–129 in Becker and Reed, eds. The Ways that ever Parted, 2003. Gordon Edwards, Elizabeth. “Exploring the Implications of Paul’s Use of Sarx (Flesh).” Pages 69–86 in Biblical Ethics and Homosexuality: Listening to Scripture. Edited by Robert L. Brawley. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1996. Graesser, A. C., et al. “How Does the Mind Construct and Represent Stories?” Pages 229–262 in arrative Impact: Social and Cognitive Foundations. Edited by J. J. Strange, et al. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2002. Gummere, Richard M. “Introduction.” Pages vii–xv in Seneca: Epistles 1–65. Translated by R. M. Gummere. LCL. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1917. Günther, M. Die Frühgeschichte des Christentums in Ephesus. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1995. Gunkel, Hermann. “Die Grundprobleme der israelitischen Literaturgeschichte,” in Reden und Aufsätze. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1913 (originally published in Deutsche Literaturzeitung 27 [1906], 1797–1800, 1861–66), 29–38. Hall, R. G. ”The Ascension of Isaiah: Community Situation, Date, and Place in Early Christianity,” Journal of Biblical Literature 109 (1990): 289–306. Hallett, Judith P., and Marilyn B. Skinner, eds. Roman Sexualities. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997. Halperin, David M. One Hundred Years of Homosexuality: And Other Essays on Greek Love. New York: Routledge, 1990. Halperin, David M., John J. Winkler, and Froma I. Zeitlin, eds. Before Sexuality: The Construction of Erotic Experience in the Ancient World. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990. Harland, Philip A. Associations, Synagogues, and Congregations: Claiming a Place in Ancient Mediterranean Society. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2003. Harvey, Graham. The True Israel: Uses of the ames Jew, Hebrew and Israel in Ancient Jewish and Early Christian Literature. Leiden: Brill, 2001. Haslam, A. S. “The Group as the Basis for Emergent Stereotype Consensus.” European Review of Social Psychology 8 (1998): 203–239. Haslam, A. S., et al. “Contextual Changes in the Prototypicality of Extreme and Moderate Outgroup Members.” European Journal of Social Psychology 25 (1995): 509– 529. Heintz, Michael. Review of Bart Ehrman, Lost Christianities. Journal of Early Christian Studies 13 (2005): 247–249. Hengel, Martin. achfolge und Charisma: eine exegetisch-religionsgeschichtliche Studie zu Mt 8:21 f. und Jesu Ruf in die achfolge. Berlin, 1968. Hengel, Martin, in collaboration with Roland Deines, The Pre-Christian Paul. London: SCM, 1991. Hicks, Ruth I. “The Body Political and the Body Ecclesiastical.” Journal of Bible and Religion 31 (1963): 29–35. Himmelfarb, Martha. “The Parting of the Ways Reconsidered: Diversity in Judaism and Jewish-Christian Relations in the Roman Empire: ‘A Jewish Perspective.’ ” Pages 47–
184
Bibliography
61 in Interwoven Destinies: Jews and Christians Through the Ages. Edited by Eugene J. Fisher. New York: Paulist Press, 1993. Hock, Ronald F. and Edward N. O’Neil. “The Chreia Discussion of Aelius Theon of Alexandria: Introduction, Translation and Comments.” Pages 61–112 in The Chreia in Ancient Rhetoric. Vol. 1: The Progymnasmata. Edited by Hock-O’Neil; Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1986). Holmberg, Bengt. ”Jewish versus Christian Identity?” Révue Biblique 105 (1998): 397– 425. Holmberg, Bengt. Paul and Power: The Structure of Authority in the Primitive Church as Reflected in the Pauline Epistles. Coniectanea Biblica: New Testament Series 11. Lund: Gleerup, 1978. American editions: Philadelphia: Fortress, 1980, and Eugene: Wipf & Stock, 2004. Holyoak, K. J., et al. “Introduction: The Place of Analogy in Cognition.” Pages 1–19 in The Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science. Edited by D. Gentner, et al. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2001. Hopkins, Keith. ”Christian Number and Its Implications”, Journal of Early Christian Studies 6 (1998): 185–226. Horrell, David G. “‘Becoming Christian’: Solidifying Christian Identity and Content.” Pages 309–335 in Handbook of Early Christianity: Social Science Approaches. Edited by A. J. Blasi, J. Duhaime, P.-A. Turcotte. Walnut Creek–New York: Altamira, 2002. Horrell, David G. “‘No Longer Jew or Greek’: Paul’s Corporate Christology and the Construction of Christian Community.” Pages 321–344 in: Christology, Controversy and Community. ew Testament Essays in Honour of David R. Catchpole. Edited by D. G. Horrell and C. M. Tuckett. Leiden: Brill, 2000. Hultgren, Arland J. The Rise of ormative Christianity. Minneapolis: Augsburg-Fortress, 1994. Hultgren, Stephen. arrative Elements in the Double Tradition: A Study of Their Place Within the Framework of the Gospel arrative (BZNW 113; Berlin: de Gruyter, 2002). Hurtado, Larry W. One God, One Lord: Early Christian Devotion and Ancient Jewish Monotheism. 2d ed. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1998 (First ed. 1988). Hurtado, Larry W. Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003. Hutchinson, J., and A. D. Smith, eds. Ethnicity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae. Edited by Hermann Dessau. Berlin: Weidmann, 1892– 1916. Jackson-McCabe, Matt, ed. Jewish Christianity Reconsidered: Rethinking Ancient Groups and Texts. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2007. Jacobs, Andrew. Remains of the Jews: The Holy Land and Christian Empire in Late Antiquity. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004. Jenkins, R. Social Identity. London: Routledge, 2004. Jewett, Robert. Romans: A Commentary. Hermeneia. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2007. Johnson, Luke T. Religious Experience in Earliest Christianity: A Missing Dimension in ew Testament Studies. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1998. Klauck, Hans-Josef. The Religious Context of Early Christianity: A Guide to GraecoRoman Religions. Translated by B. McNeil. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2003. Koester, Helmut. “Ephesos in Early Christian Literature.” Pages 119–140 in Ephesos, Metropolis of Asia: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Its Archaeology, Religion, and Culture. Edited by H. Koester. Valley Forge: Trinity Press International, 1995.
Bibliography
185
Kogan, Michael S. Opening the Covenant: A Jewish Theology of Christianity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Kürzinger, Joseph. “Die Aussage des Papias von Hierapolis zur literarischen Form des Markusevangeliums,” Biblische Zeitschrift 21 (1977), 245–264. Lakoff, G. and M. Johnson. Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought. New York: Basic Books, 1999. Lee, Michelle V. Paul, the Stoics, and the Body of Christ. Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series 137. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Levine, Lee I. The Ancient Synagogue: The First Thousand Years. 2d ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005. Lieu, Judith M. Image and Reality: The Jews in the World of the Christians in the Second Century. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1996. Lieu, Judith M. either Jew nor Greek? Constructing Early Christianity. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 2002. Lieu, Judith M. Christian Identity in the Jewish and Graeco-Roman World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. Lincoln, A. T. Hebrews: A Guide. London: T & T Clark, 2006. Lincoln, Bruce. Holy Terrors: Thinking about Religion After September 11. 2d ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003. Lindbeck, George A. The ature of Doctrine. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1984. Linder, Amnon. The Jews in Roman Imperial Legislation: Edited with Introductions, Translations, and Commentary. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1987. Luomanen, Petri et al. Explaining Christian Origins and Early Judaism: Contributions from Cognitive and Social Science. Biblical Interpretation Series, 89. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2007. Lutz, Cora E. “Musonius Rufus: ‘The Roman Socrates.’” Yale Classical Studies 10 (1947): 1–147. MacDonald, Margaret Y. The Pauline Churches: A Socio-historical study of Institutionalization in the Pauline and Deutero-Pauline Writings. Society of New Testament Studies Monograph Series 60; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Mack, Burton L. and Vernon K. Robbins. Patterns of Persuasion in the Gospels (Sonoma: Polebridge Press, 1989). MacMullen, Ramsay. Enemies of the Roman Order: Treason, Unrest, and Alienation in the Empire. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966. Malherbe, Abraham J. “Hellenistic Moralists and the New Testament.” Aufstieg und iedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms in der Spiegel der neueren Forschung 26.1:267–333. Part 2, Principat, 26.1. Edited by H. Temporini and W. Haase. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1992. Malina, Bruce J. The ew Testament World: Insights from Cultural Anthropology. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2001. Marques, J. M., et al. “Social Categorization, Social Identification, and Rejection of Deviant Group Members.” Pages 400–424 in Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology: Group Processes. Edited by M. A. Hogg and R. S. Tindale. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2001. Mason, Steve. “Jews, Judaeans, Judaizing, Judaism: Problems of Categorization in Ancient History.” Journal for the Study of Judaism 38 (2007): 457–512. McCue, James F. “Orthodoxy and Heresy: Walter Bauer and the Valentinians.” Vigiliae christianae 33 (1979): 118–130. McCutcheon, Russell T. “The Category ‘Religion’ in Recent Publications: A Critical Survey.” umen 42 (1995): 284–309.
186
Bibliography
McVay, John K. “The Human Body as Social and Political Metaphor in Stoic Literature and Early Christian Writers.” Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 37 (2000): 135–147. Meyer, Ben F. The Early Christians: Their World Mission and Self-Discovery. Wilmington: Michael Glazier, 1986. Meyer, Ben F. Critical Realism and the ew Testament. Princeton Theological Monograph Series 17; Allison Park, Pennsylvania: Pickwick Press, 1989. Meyer, Ben F. Christus Faber: The Master Builder and the House of God. Princeton Theological Monograph Series 29; Allison Park, Pennsylvania: Pickwick Press, 1992. Mitchell, Margaret M., and Frances M. Young, eds. Cambridge History of Christianity. Volume I: Origins to Constantine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Moeser, Marion C. The Anecdote in Mark, the Classical World and the Rabbis. Journal for the Study of the New Testament: Supplement Series 227; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2002. Moore, Stephen D., and Janice Capel Anderson, eds. ew Testament Masculinities. Semeia Studies 45. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2003. Munck, J. “Jewish Christianity in Post-Apostolic Times.” ew Testament Studies 6 (1960): 103–116. Murray, Michele. Playing a Jewish Game: Gentile Christian Judaizing in the First and Second Centuries C.E. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2004. Nanos, Mark. The Mystery of Romans. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1996. Nanos, Mark. The Irony of Galatians. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2002. Neusner, Jacob. “The Formation of Rabbinic Judaism: Yavneh (Jamnia) from A.D. 70 to 100.” Vol. 2. of Aufstieg und iedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung. Edited by H. Temporini and W. Haase. Berlin, 1979. Neusner, Jacob. Jews and Christians: The Myth of a Common Tradition. London, SCM Press, 1991. Niebuhr, H. Richard. The Meaning of Revelation. New York: Macmillan, 1941. Norris, Frederick W. “Ignatius, Polycarp, and 1 Clement: Walter Bauer Reconsidered.” Vigiliae christianae 30 (1976): 23–44. Oakes, P. J. “The Categorization Process: Cognition of the Group in the Social Psychology of Stereotyping.” Pages 28–47 in Social Identity Theory: Constructive and Critical Advances. Edited by D. Abrams and M. A. Hogg. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1990. Parker, Holt N. “The Teratogenic Grid.” Pages 47–65 in Roman Sexualities. Edited by Judith P. Hallett and Marilyn B. Skinner. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997. Pearson, Birger A. The Emergence of the Christian Religion: Essays on Early Christianity. Harrisburg: Trinity Press International, 1997. Porter, Stanley E., and Brooke W. R. Pearson. “Why the Split? Christians and Jews by the Fourth Century,” Journal of Greco-Roman Christianity and Judaism 1 (2000): 82–119. Pyysiäinen, Ilka. How Religion Works: Towards a ew Cognitive Science of Religion. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2003. Reed, Annette Yoshiko, and Adam H. Becker. “Introduction: Traditional Models and New Directions.” Pages 1–33 in Becker and Reed, eds. The Ways that ever Parted, 2003. Reed, Annette Yoshiko. Fallen Angels and the History of Judaism and Christianity: The Reception of Enochic Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Bibliography
187
Reicher, S. D., et al. “A Social Identity Model of Deindividuation Phenomena.” European Review of Social Psychology 6 (1995): 161–198. Reichert, Angelika. Der Römerbrief als Gratwanderung: Eine Untersuchung zur Abfassungsproblematik. Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments 194. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2001. Reinhartz, Adele. “A Fork in the Road or a Multi-Lane Highway? New Perspectives on the ‘Parting of the Ways’ Between Judaism and Christianity.” Pages 278–329 in The Changing Face of Judaism: Christianity and Other Greco-Roman Religions in Antiquity. Edited by Ian Henderson and Gerbern Oegema. Jewish Writings from the GrecoRoman Period. Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus, 2006. Reiser, Marius. “Die Stellung der Evangelien in der antiken Literaturgeschichte.” Zeitschrift für neutestamentliche Wissenschaft 90 (1999): 1–27. Reiser, Marius. “Love of Enemies in the Context of Antiquity.” ew Testament Studies 47 (2001): 411–427. Reydams-Schils, Gretchen. The Roman Stoics: Self, Responsibility, and Affection. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. Rhetores Graeci. Edited by Leonardi Spengel; vol. 2; Leipzig: Teubner, 1854. Richardson, Peter. Building Jewish in the Roman East. Waco: Baylor University Press, 2004. Riches, John. Review of Gerd Theissen, A Theory of Primitive Christian Religion. Journal of Theological Studies 55 (2004): 208–216. Richlin, Amy. The Garden of Priapus: Sexuality and Aggression in Roman Humor. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983. Ricœur, Paul. Time and arrative. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1984. Ricœur, Paul. Soi-même comme un autre. Paris: Seuil, 1990. Ricœur, Paul. Memory, History, Forgetting (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004). Robinson, James M., and Helmut Koester. Trajectories Through Early Christianity. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1971. Robinson, Thomas A. The Bauer Thesis Examined: The Geography of Heresy in the Early Christian Church. Lewiston: Edw. Mellen Press, 1988. Roloff, Jürgen. Das Kerygma und der irdische Jesus: Historische Motive in den JesusErzählungen der Evangelien. 2 nd ed. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1973. Rosen, R. M., and I. Sluiter, eds. Andreia: Studies in Manliness and Courage in Classical Antiquity. Leiden: Brill, 2003. Runesson, Anders. “Particularistic Judaism and Universalistic Christianity? Some Critical Remarks on Terminology and Theology.” Journal of Greco-Roman Christianity and Judaism 1 (2000): 120–144. Runesson, Anders. The Origins of the Synagogue: A Socio-Historical Study. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 2001. Runesson, Anders. “Architecture, Conflict, and Identity Formation: Jews and Christians in Capernaum From the First to the Sixth Century.” Pages 231–257 in Religion, Ethnicity, and Identity in Ancient Galilee. Edited by Jürgen Zangenberg, Harold W. Attridge, and Dale B. Martin. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2007. Runesson, Anders, Donald D. Binder, and Birger Olsson. The Ancient Synagogue from its Origins to 200 C.E.: A Source Book. Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity 72. Leiden: Brill, 2008. Runesson, Anders. “Re-Thinking Early Jewish-Christian Relations: Matthean Community History as Pharisaic Intragroup Conflict.” Journal of Biblical Literature 127 (2008): 95–132.
188
Bibliography
Runesson, Anna. “Exegesis in the Making: The Theoretical Location and Contribution of Postcolonial New Testament Studies.” Lic.Phil. diss., Lund University, 2007. Sandbach, F. H. The Stoics. London: Duckworth, 1989. Sanders, E. P. Judaism: Practice and Belief 63 B.C.E. – 66 C.E. London: SCM Press, 1992. Sanders, E. P. Paul and Palestinian Judaism: A Comparison of Patterns of Religion. London: SCM Press, 1977. Sauer, Eberhard. The Archaeology of Religious Hatred in the Roman and Early Medieval World. Charlestown: Tempus, 2003. Schäfer, Peter. Judeophobia: Attitudes Toward the Jews in the Ancient World. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997. Schank, R. C. and T. R. Berman. “The Persuasive Role of Stories in Knowledge and Action.” Pages 287–313 in arrative Impact: Social and Cognitive Foundations. Edited by J. J. Strange, et al. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2002. Schreckenberg, Heinz. The Jews and Christian Art: An Illustrated History. New York: Continuum, 1996. Schreiter, Robert J. Constructing Local Theologies. New York: Orbis, 1985. Schwartz, Seth. Imperialism and Jewish Society, 200 B.C.E.–640 C.E. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001. Segal, Alan F. Rebecca’s Children: Judaism and Christianity in the Roman World. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986. Shore, B. Culture in Mind: Cognition, Culture, and the Problem of Meaning. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1996. Simon, Marcel. Verus Israel: étude sur les relations entre chrétiens et juifs dans l’Empire romaine (135–425). Paris: Boccard, 1948. Skinner, Marilyn B. Sexuality in Greek and Roman Culture. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2005. Smith, Jonathan Z. “Religion and Religious Studies: No Difference at All.” Soundings 71 (Summer/Fall 1988): 231–244. Smith, Jonathan Z. “Religion, Religions, Religious.” Pages 269–284 in Critical Terms for Religious Studies. Edited by Mark C. Taylor. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. Smith, Morton. “Terminological Booby Traps and Real Problems in Second Temple Judaeo-Christian Studies.” Pages 95–103 in Studies in the Cult of Yahweh. Edited by Shaye J. D. Cohen. Vol. 1: Studies in Historical Method, Ancient Israel, Ancient Judaism. New York: Brill, 1996. Sperber, D. Explaining Culture: A aturalistic Approach. Cambridge: Blackwell, 1996. Stark, Rodney. The Rise of Christianity: How the Obscure, Marginal Jesus Movement Became the Dominant Religious Force in the Western World in a Few Centuries. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1996. Stegemann, Ekkehard W., and Wolfgang Stegemann. The Jesus Movement: A Social History of its First Century. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1999. Stemberger, Günter. Jews and Christians in the Holy Land: Palestine in the Fourth Century. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 2000. Stendahl, Krister. Final Account: Paul’s Letter to the Romans. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1995. Stevenson, Walter. ”The Rise of Eunuchs in Greco-Roman Antiquity.” Journal of the History of Sexuality 5 (1995): 495–511. Stowers, Stanley K. “Social Status, Public Speaking and Private Teaching: The Circumstances of Paul’s Preaching Activity.” ovum Testamentum 26 (1984): 59–82.
Bibliography
189
Stowers, Stanley K. A Rereading of Romans: Justice, Jews, and Gentiles. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994. Strauss, C., and N. Quinn. A Cognitive Theory of Cultural Meaning. Publications of the Society for Psychological Anthropology, 9. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Strelan, R. Paul, Artemis and the Jews in Ephesus. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für neutestamentliche Wissenschaft 80. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1996. Striker, Gisela. “Following Nature: A Study in Stoic Ethics.” Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 9 (1991): 1–73. Tajfel, Henri. “Social Categorization.” in Introduction à la psychologie sociale. Edited by S. Moscovici. 1972. Tajfel, Henri. “Social Identity and Intergroup Behaviour.” Social Science Information 13 (1974): 65–93. Tajfel, Henri. Differentiation Between Social Groups: Studies in the Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations. European Monographs in Social Psychology, 14. London: Acad. P. in coop. with European assoc. of experimental social psychology, 1978. Tajfel, Henri and John C. Turner. “An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict.” in The Social Psychology of Intergroup Conflict. Edited by W. G. Austin and S. Worchel. Monterey, Calif.: Brooks/Cole Pub. Co., 1979. Tajfel, Henri. Human Groups and Social Categories: Studies in Social Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981. Tajfel, Henri. Social Identity and Intergroup Relations. European Studies in Social Psychology. Cambridge; Paris: Cambridge U.P.; Maison des sciences de l'homme, 1982. Taylor, Miriam S. Anti-Judaism and early Christian Identity. Leiden: Brill, 1995. Tellbe, M., Christ-Believers in Ephesus: A Textual Analysis of Early Christian Identity Formation in a Local Perspective, Coniectanea Biblica: New Testament Series. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2009. Thagard, P. and C. Shelley. “Emotional Analogies and Analogical Inference.” Pages 335–362 in The Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science. Edited by D. Gentner, et al. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2001. Theissen, Gerd Die Soziologie der Jesusbewegung. The Sociology of the Jesus Movement. Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus, 1977. Theissen, Gerd. “Wanderradikalismus. Literatursoziologische Aspekte der Überlieferung von Worten Jesu im Urchristentum,” Pages 79–105 in G. Theissen. Studien zur Soziologie des Urchristentums. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 19; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1979. Theissen, Gerd, and Annette Merz. Der historische Jesus: Ein Lehrbuch, 2d ed. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1997. Theissen, Gerd. A Theory of Primitive Christian Religion. London: SCM Press, 1999. Theissen, Gerd. The Religion of the Earliest Churches: Creating a Symbolic World. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1999. Thiessen, W. Christen in Ephesus: Die historische und theologische Situation in vorpaulinischer und paulinischer Zeit und zur Zeit der Apostelgeschichte und der Pastoralbriefe. Texte und Arbeiten zum neutestamentlichen Zeitalter 12. Tübingen: Francke Verlag, 1995. Thorsteinsson, Runar M. “Paul’s Missionary Duty towards Gentiles in Rome: A Note on the Punctuation and Syntax of Rom 1.13–15.” ew Testament Studies 48 (2002): 531–547.
190
Bibliography
Thorsteinsson, Runar M. Paul’s Interlocutor in Romans 2: Function and Identity in the Context of Ancient Epistolography. ConBNT 40. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 2003. Thorsteinsson, Runar M. “Paul and Roman Stoicism: Romans 12 and Contemporary Stoic Ethics.” Journal for the Study of the ew Testament 29 (2006): 139–161. Thurén, Lauri. Derhetorizing Paul: A Dynamic Perspective on Pauline Theology and the Law. Harrisburg: Trinity Press International, 2000. Trebilco, Paul. ”Christian Communities in Eastern Asia Minor into the Early Second Century: Ignatius and Others as Witnesses against Bauer.” Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 49 (2006): 17–44. Trebilco, Paul. The Early Christians in Ephesus from Paul to Ignatius. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 166, Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2004. Trevett, C. ”The Other Letters to the Churches of Asia: Apocalypse and Ignatius of Antioch.” Journal for the Study of the ew Testament 37 (1989): 117–135. Turner, Cuthbert. “Marcan Usage: Notes Critical and Exegetical, on the Second Gospel V. The Movements of Jesus and His Disciples and the Crowd,” Journal of Theological Studies 26 (1925): 225–240. Turner, H. E. W. The Pattern of Christian Truth: A Study in Relations between Orthodoxy and Heresy in the Early Church. London: Mowbray, 1954. Turner, John C. ”Towards a Cognitive Redefinition of the Social Group.” Pages 15–40 in Social Identity and Intergroup Relations. Edited by H. Tajfel; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982. Turner, John C. with M. A. Hogg et al. Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory. Oxford: Blackwell, 1987. Turner, John C. ”Some Current Issues in Research on Social identity and Self-Categorization Theories,” Pages ?? in Social Identity: Context, Commitment, Content. Edited by N. Ellemers, R. Spears and B. Doosje. Oxford: Blackwell, 1999. Turner, John C. “Explaining the Nature of Power: A Three-Process Theory.” European Journal of Social Psychology 35 (2005): 1–22. Walters, Jonathan. “Invading the Roman Body: Manliness and Impenetrability in Roman Thought.” Pages 29–43 in Roman Sexualities. Edited by Judith P. Hallett and Marilyn B. Skinner. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997. Watson, Francis. “Toward a Literal Reading of the Gospels.” Pages 195–217 in R. Bauckham, ed. The Gospels for All Christians: Rethinking the Gospel Audiences. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1998. Wetter, Gillis P:son. Altchristliche Liturgien: Das christliche Mysterium. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1921. Whittaker, C. R. “The Poor.” Pages 272–299 in The Romans. Edited by A. Giardina. Translated by L. G. Cochrane. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993. Whittaker, John. “Christianity and Morality in the Roman Empire.” Vigiliae christianae 33 (1979): 209–225. Williams, Craig A. Roman Homosexuality: Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. Wilson, Stephen G. Related Strangers: Jews and Christians 70–170 C.E. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1995. Winkler, John J. The Constraints of Desire: The Anthropology of Sex and Gender in Ancient Greece. New York: Routledge, 1990. Witherington, Ben, III. Grace in Galatia: A Commentary on St Paul’s Letter to the Galatians. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1998.
Bibliography
191
Woodman, Anthony. Rhetoric in Classical Historiography. London: Croom Helm, and Portland, Oregon: Areopagitica Press, 1988. Zetterholm, Magnus. The Origins of Christianity at Antioch: A Social-Scientific Approach to the Separation Between Judaism and Christianity. London: Routledge, 2003.
Index of Ancient Sources A. Old Testament and Apocrypha
Philo De Abrahamo 135–136
164
De vita contemplativa 60–61
78 164
Genesis 17:13
169
Leviticus 19:18
152
2 Kings 5:2
De migratione Abrahami. 92 168
67
Quaestiones et solutiones in Genesin 3.46–52 168
2 Chronicles 2:17
67
Ezekiel 12:19 23:20
67 169
Tobit 1:4
67
Pseudo-Phocylides 210–214
164
1 Macc 7:13
68
Sibylline Oracles 3.594–600
164
4 Macc 18:5
68
B. Ancient Jewish Writings Ascension of Isaiah 3:21–31 3:24 3:25 3:29 3:31 3:13–4:22 6:1–17
130, 132 130 130 130 130 130 130
Josephus Antiquitates Judaicae 20.34–48
81
Bellum judaicum 1.197
170
De specialibus legibus 1.9 168 1.325 164 3.37–42 164 Prob. (Quod omnis probus) 81 78
C. Other Ancient Writings Apuleius Metamorphoses 8.24–30 8.29
169 170
Aristotle Mem. Rem. (De memoria) 452b.7 57 Politica 1.2.12 1.5.3–8
163 160
Rhetorica 1.11.17
152
Cicero Ad Familiares 5.12.3
37
194 Brutus 11.42 De Finibus 3.62–63 De Inventione 1.21.30 De Legibus 1.1.5 1.2.5 De oratore 2.7.30 2.9.36 2.12.51 2.15.62 Orator ad M. Brutum 61.207
Index of Ancient Sources
36 150 36 35 36 36 36 36 36, 37 36
Dio Cassius 67.14 68.2
77 77
Dio Chrysostom Rhodiaca (Or. 31) 122
153
Epictetus Diatribai (Dissertationes) 1.3.1 151 1.6.40 151 1.9.4–5 148 1.9.6–7 151 1.9.7 151 1.12.3 151 1.13 150 1.13.3–4 148 1.13.5 151 1.14.1 151 1.14.9 151 1.14.12–14 151 1.14.13–14 151 1.18.3–4 149 1.19.9 151 1.19.12 151 1.19.12–13 148 1.23.1 148 1.25.3–6 151 1.29.4 151 1.30.1 151 1.30.5 151 2.1.29–31 153 2.5.24–26 150 2.7.11 151
2.8.1 2.8.11–14 2.10.4 2.10.23 2.11.24–25 2.14.11 2.16.27–28 2.18.29 2.22.1–3 2.22.36 2.26 3.7.26–28 3.13.5 3.21.4–6 3.21.12 3.21.18–19 3.22.23 3.22.46 3.22.53 3.22.54 3.22.56 3.22.81–82 3.22.82 3.22.87 3.24.3 3.24.15–16 3.26.28 3.26.37 4.1.3 4.1.122 4.1.167 4.7.8 4.8.30–31 4.10.12
151 148, 151 150 148 153 151 151 151 149 149 149 148 148 153 151 151 150 150 151 149 150 151 151 150 151 151 151 151 149 149 149 148 150 148
Enchiridion 42 43 51.3
149 149 150
Martialis Epigrammata 7.35 7.82 11.94
168 168 168
Musonius Rufus 1.36.10–12 2.38.1–3 2.38.13–14 3.38.26–30 4.48.9–12
153 148 148 148 148
195
Index of Ancient Sources 5.52.2–4 6.52.7–8 8.64.14–15 10.78.27–28 10.78.33–80.3 14.92.29–33 14.96.6–7 16.104.31 16.104.35–36 19.122.22–32 41.136
153 153 151 149 149 149 153 151 151 150 149
Persius Satirae 5.176–188
168
Philostratus Vita Apollonii 4.46 Pliny the Younger Epistulae 3.11 Plutarchos Herodoti Mal. 854f
4.3.1 7.1.3 7.31.1
150 153 149
De clementia 1.3.2 1.11.2 2.5.3
148 151 148, 151
153
De ira 1.5.3 1.14.3 1.16.1 2.10.6–7 2.10.7 2.31.7 2.32.1 2.34.5 3.27.1 3.27.3
148 149 149 149 149 148, 150 149 149 149 149
153
De otio 1.4 3.5
148, 149 148
35
De providentia 2.6
151
De vita beata 15.5 24.3
151 150, 151
Epistulae morales 6.5 16.3 20.1–2 20.4–6 28.9 31.11 34.4 41.1–5 44.1 47 48.2 50.4–9 52.8 61.3–4 66.21 73.7 73.16 83.1 88.30 90.40 94.43 95.33
153 153 153 149 149 152 153 152 148 152 149 149 153 149 149 151 152 151 151 149 149 148
Polybius 12.25a.2 12.25d 12.25e.1–2 12.25h.4 12.25i.1–2 16.20.8 29.12.12
35 34 34 35 34 35 35
Quintilianus Institutio oratoria 10.1.31 10.1.74 10.1.101 12.11.4
36 36 36 36
Seneca the Elder Controversiae 1.pr.8–10
161
Seneca De beneficiis 1.6.1 2.29.4 3.18–28 3.28.1
150 151 150 148
196
Index of Ancient Sources
95.50 95.51–52 95.51–53 95.52 102.18 110.10
151 12 151 148 148, 151 151
aturales quaestiones 7.16.1–2
35
Tacitus Ann. 11.24
37
Theon of Alexandria Progymnasmata 30 64.29–30 78.16–17 96.19–21 97.3–7 97:24–98.20 98.31–32 99.13–101.2 101.7–9 101.9 103.30–32
47 46 46 46 47 54 50 54 47 49 52
Thucydides 1.22.1
37
Virgil Aeneid 2.48–49
63
D. New Testament Matthew 2:20 5:43–46 16:24 22:39 28:15
67 140 112 140 70
Mark 1:14–15 1:29–31 1:29–39 1:32–34 1:35–39 2:27 3:16–17 10:45
141 54 50–52, 55 49 52–53 53–55 54 49 54
12:31 Luke 6:27–35 6:32 6:35 10:27 14:7–11
140 140 156 156 140 105
John 3:16 7:1 8:31 10:16 13:34–35 15:4 15:9–10 15:12–17 18:36–37 20:4–8 21:15–23
146 70 118 102 140 104 118 140 118 102 102
Acts 2:5–11 2:22 2:41–47 4:32–37 5:33–39 6:1–6 6:9 10–11 10:1–11:18 10:44–48 11:26 15 15:1–35 15:5 16:1–3 18:15 19–20 20:29–30 21 21:17–26 21:21–26 22:12 23:6 26:28
67 68 102 102 73 102 78 25 102 105 71, 140 19, 25, 26, 77, 87 102 73, 80 81 72 115 116 77 102 81 72 72, 73 71, 140
Romans 1 1:8–15 1:18–32
163 141 162–165
197
Index of Ancient Sources 1:23–27 1:24–27 1:27 b 1:28–32 2:17–4:22 3:27–31 3:31 4 6:3–14 6:12–13 7:7–25 8:1–39 9:4 11 11:15 11:16–17 11:18 11:24 11:26 11:28–29 12–15 12:1 12:1–2 12:3–8 12:5 12:9–13 12:14 12:17–21 12:19 13:1–7 13:8–10 14–15 14:1–15:14 14 15:2 15:7–12 15:19 15:25–27 15:25–29
163 159, 163 164 163 162 82 82 81 162 104 162 162 68 82 82 92 82 82 82 82 141 142 142 142 144 142 142, 152 142 142 142 140, 142 19 142 143 142 82 82 82 102
1 Corinthians 1:2 2:1–5 3:1–3 4:9–13 4:14–21 5:1–2 5:1–6:20 6:9–10 6:9–11 6:12 6:15–18
146 166, 167 167 166 167 165 167 166 165 165 166
7:1 7:1–9 7:4 7:17–18 7:17–20 7:18 8:13 9:19–23 9:24–27 11 11:3 11:3–16 11:14–15 11:17–34 12 12:2 13 14:33–36 15:1–11 15:24–27 16:1–4 16:13 16:22
165, 166 165 166 87 81, 82 77 167 166, 167 167 163 163 167 163 26 150 165 140, 141 167 24 166 82 159 152
2 Corinthians 1:5–6 4:8–11 8:1–9:15 11:22
112 112 82, 102 68
Galatians 1:7–8 1:10–2:14 1:13 2 2:6 –7 2:10 2:11–14 2:11–21 4:17–18 4:17–20 5:3 5:5–6 5:11 5:12 5:13–14 5:16 5:19–21 5:23–24 6:12–13 6:15 6:17
102 170 3 19, 25, 26 102 102 102 25, 26 169 170 81, 82 170 80, 169 168, 169 140 170 169 170 169 170 170
198
Index of Ancient Sources
Ephesians 1:6 1:17–18 3:16–19 4:2 4:11–14 4:17–19 5:1–7 5:1–5
107 104 104, 107 140 108 107 107 107
Philippians 1:9–10 2:1–4 3:2–6 3:2–3 3:10–11
141 141 107 102 112
Colossians 1:24
112
1 Thessalonians 2:14–16 3:12 4:9–10
70 140 140
2 Thessalonians 1:3
140
1 Timothy 1:2 1:3–11 1:4 1:5 1:8–11 1:12–20 1:14 1:17 1:18 1:18–20 2:3 2:4 2:4–5 2:5 2:6 2:15 3:1–7 3:1–13 3:2–7 3:3–13 3:12
118 108 135 135 135 123 135 135 130 108 134 134 130 134 134 118 125 108 160 124 135
3:14 3:16 4:1 4:1–3 4:1–16 4:8 4:10 4:12 4:14 5:17–19 5:17–20 6:3–10 6:11 6:13–14 6:14 6:15 6:17–19 6:20
118 130, 134 134 115 108 135 134 135 130 108 124 135 135 118 135 135 135 115
2 Timothy 1:2 1:5 1:6 1:8–14 1:10 1:13 1:14 2:2 2:8 2:10 2:12 2:18 3:14–16
118 29 130 123 134 135 134 124 134, 135 134 135 115 29
Philemon 5
140
Hebrews 9 10:1 13:9–13
141 106 106 106
James 1:3–4 2:8
112 140
1 Peter 1:22 2:12–17 2:17 2:18–25
141 140, 143 143 140, 143 112
199
Index of Ancient Sources 4:1 4:8 4:8–11 4:13 4:16 5:12
112 140, 143 144 112 5, 71, 140 143
2 John 3 5–6 5 7 9
118 140 124 134 118
1 John 1:1–4 1:2 1:5 1:5–10 1:9 2:2 2:4–8 2:5–10 2:10 2:12 2:15–17 2:16 2:18–27 2:20 2:22–23 2:24 2:28 3:1 3:2 3:5 3:6–7 3:8 3:10–18 3:10 3:11 3:13 3:16 3:17–18 3:23 3:29 4:1–6 4:2 4:6 4:7–21 4:9–10 4:10 4:11 4:14 4:16 4:20–21 5:3 5:16 5:20 5:21
124, 128 134 124 135 134 134 135 135 140 135 125 135 116 124, 134 134 124 135 125 135 134 126 134 140 135 124 125, 135 134, 135 135 140 135 116 134 124, 134 140 134 134 135 134 118 126 103 126 124 135
Revelation 1:1–2 1:5 1:6 1:7 1:9 1:9–20 2 2:1 2:2 2:5 2:13 2:16 2:20–21 2:21 3;17–18 4:4 4:10 5:5–14 5:9 5:10 5:12–13 6:9–11 7:17 9:20–21 11:13 11:15 12:5 13:1–10 13:10 14:3 14:3–4 14:4 14:6 14:7 14:12 14:13 14:14 15:4 17:14 18:1–4 18:20 19:2 19:10 21:9–10
124, 134 134 134 135 134 124 115 124 124 135 135 135 135 135 135 124 124 124 134 134 134 135 134 135 135 134 134 125 135 134 134 126 134 135 135 134 135 134 126 125, 135 124 135 134 126
200 21:14 22:6 22:7 22:7–20 22:10 22:12–13 22:17 22:18–19
Index of Ancient Sources 124 134 124 135 124 134 134 124
E. Ancient Christian Writings 1 Clement 7.1–3 37.1–4 37.5–38.2 38.1–2 46.7 47.1–4 49–50 62.1–2 2 Clement 13.4 13.3–4
144 144 144 140 144 144 140, 144 144
140 157
Ignatius Eph. inscr. 2–9 5.1–2 5.2 5:2–3 6.2 7.2 8.1-2 9.1 9.1-2 11.2 12.2.1 13.1 15.1 20.2
131 108 131 131 131 116, 131 116 116 131 116 131 131 131 131 131
Magn. 6.1 6–8 10.1 10.2–3 13.2 19.1–2
132 108 71 84 132 131
Phld. inscr. 7.1–2
132 132
Smyrn. 8–9
132
Trall. 2.2 3.1 8
132 132 140
Hermas Mand. VI.2
104
Diognetus 1 5.11 6.6 10:4–6
140 140 140 140
Gospel of Truth 33:1–32
140
Justin Martyr Dial. Tryph. 47 106.3
84, 91 49
Second Apology 8
153
Papias (in Eusebius, Hist. eccl. 3.39.15)
48
Tertullianus Apol. 16.3 Apol. 39 Val. 4
154, 156 35 146 100
Clement of Alexandria 154 Protrept. 2, 12 85 Origenes Against Celsus 1.9 3.66 68
84 153 84
Index of Modern Authors Alexander, P. S. 60, 61, 75 Algra, K. 151 Anderson, J. C. 160 Anderson, R. T. 69 Arnold, E. V. 147 Atran, S. 94 Augoustinos, M. 103 Barclay, J. M. G. 19, 77 Bauckham, R. 34, 42, 51 Bauer, W. 7, 11–13, 15–16, 30, 128, 136–138 Baur, F. C. 10, 11 Becker, A. 61 Becker, E.-M. 34 Berger, K. 95 Berman, T. R. 110 Bieringer, R. 64 Bilde, P. 61 Binder, D. D. 78 Black, M. 48 Bloch, M. 95 Boccaccini, G. 74 Bockmuehl, M. 19 Bolognesi, G. 46 Boyarin, D. 19 Boyer, P. 94, 100 Brander, B. 30 Buell, D. K. 8 Bultmann, R. 40 Burke, G. T. 15 Burridge, R. A. 33 Byrskog, S. 3, 25, 31, 33, 34, 39, 41, 44, 47, 173 Cameron, R. 13 Campbell, W. S. 17–19, 26, 28–29 Cancik, H. 33, 38 Charlesworth, J. 74 Cohen, S. 64 Colish, M. L. 148, 154 Collingwood, R. G. 95 Collins, A. Y. 129 Deines, R. 3 Dibelius, M. 40
Dihle, A. 38 Donaldson, T. L. 71, 80, 81 Dothan, M. 68 Dunn, J. D. G. 2, 13, 60, 175 Edwards, C. 154, 161, 169 Edwards, E. G. 169 Ehrman, B. D. 13–16, 29–30, 137 Elliott, S. 168, 169 Esler, P. F. 4, 16–19, 26, 28–29, 64, 65, 77, 82, 108 Feldman, L. 68 Fieger, M. 115 Fine, S. 69 Fiske, S. T. 94, 100, 102, 103 Foucault, M. 161 Foxhall, L. 159, 160 Fredriksen, P. 60–62, 83, 84 Freyne, S. 64 Frickenschmidt, D. 33 Furnish, V. P. 145 Gager, J. 62, 71, 82 Geertz, C. 98 Giles, T. 69 Gill, C. 153 Gill, S. 64 Glad, C. E. 143 Gleason, M. W. 159, 161, 166 Goodblatt, D. 66, 68 Goodman, M. 60, 73 Graesser, A. C. 110 Günther, M. 115 Gummere, R. M. 154 Gunkel, H. 40, 42 Hall, R. G. 129, 130, 132 Hallett, J. P. 162 Halperin, D. M. 161 Harland, P. A. 78 Harvey, G. 64 Haslam, A. S. 105, 106, 108 Heintz, M. 16 Hengel, M. 2, 3 Hicks, R. I. 150 Himmelfarb, M. 90
202
Index of Modern Authors
Hock, R. F. 46, 47 Holmberg, B. 15, 26–27, 175, 176 Holyoak, K. J. 110 Hopkins, K. 7, 8 Horrell, D. G. 19, 20, 27, 174 Hultgren, A. J. 15, 175 Hultgren, S. 39 Hurtado, L. W. 3 Hutchinson, J. 18 Ivarsson, F. 30, 32, 171 Jackson-McCabe, M. 61 Jacobs, A. 86 Jeanrond, W. G. 28 Jenkins, R. 120, 121 Jewett, R. 82, 164 Johnson, L. T. 2 Johnson, M. 94 Kahl, B. 168 Klauck, H.-J. 155 Koester, H. 12, 115 Kogan, M. S. 75 Kürzinger, J. 48 Lakoff, G. 94 Lee, M. V. 150, 152 Levine, L. I. 78 Lieu, J. M. 6–7, 9, 20, 29, 60–61, 118–119 Lincoln, A. T. 106 Lincoln, B. 64 Lindbeck, G. A. 23 Linder, A. 86 Luomanen, P. 93 Lutz, C. E. 148 MacDonald, M. Y. 174, 176 Mack, B. L. 46 MacMullen, R. 147 Malherbe, A. J. 155 Malina, B. J. 120 Marques, J. M. 106 Mason, S. 64–66, 68–69, 71, 83, 84 McCue, J. F. 15 McCutcheon, R. T. 64 McVay, J. K. 150 Merz, A. 2 Meyer, B. F. 3, 7, 24–27 Miller, M. P. 13 Mitchell, M. M. 2 Mitternacht, D. 157 Moeser, M. C. 48, 55 Moore, S. D. 160
Munck, J. 59 Murray, M. 77 Nanos, M. 72, 82, 87 Neusner, J. 76, 79, 89 Niebuhr, H. R. 25 Norris, F. W. 15 Oakes, P. J. 105 Olsson, B. 78 O’Neil. E. N. 46, 47 Parker, H. N. 163 Patillon, M. 46 Pearson, B. A. 15 Pearson, B. W. R. 61 Pollefeyt, D. 64 Porter, S. E. 61 Pyysiäinen, I. 94, 98 Quinn, N. 96, 98, 111 Reed, A. Y. 61, 75 Reicher, S. D. 102 Reichert, A. 143 Reinhartz, A. 61 Reiser, M. 38, 152 Reydams-Schils, G. 150, 153 Richardson, P. 78 Riches, J. 22, 23 Richlin, A. 161 Ricœur, P. 28, 57, 110 Robbins, V. K. 46 Robinson, J. M. 12 Robinson, T. A. 15, 137 Roitto, R. 23, 30, 176 Roloff, J. 39 Rosen, R. M. 160 Runesson, A. 5, 31, 62, 68, 71, 73, 74, 78, 80, 92, 173, 174 Runesson, Anna 63 Salmon, J. 159, 160 Sandbach, F. H. 147, 153 Sanders, E. P. 76, 77 Sauer, E. 86 Schäfer, P. 168 Schank, R. C. 110 Schoedel. W. R. 71, 84 Schreckenberg, H. Schreiter, R. J. 23 Schwartz, S. 79 Segal, A. F. 60 Shelley, C. 111 Shore, B. 111 Simon, M. 8
Index of Modern Authors Skinner, M. B. 161, 162 Sluiter, I. 160 Smith, A. D. 18 Smith, J. Z. 64 Smith, M. 62 Sperber, D. 111 Stark, R. 145–147, 153–156 Stegemann, E. and W. 77 Stemberger, G. 79 Stendahl, K. 82 Stevenson, W. 169 Stowers, S. K. 147, 162–163 Strauss, C. 96, 98, 111 Strelan, R. 115 Striker, G. 151 Tajfel, H. 34, 101, 105 Taylor, M. S. 8 Taylor, S. E. 94, 100, 102, 103 Tellbe, M. 9, 31, 32, 116, 175 Thagard, P. 111 Theissen, G. 2, 20–24, 26, 40, 41, 98– 100, 111, 112, 129, 172, 174 Thiessen, W. 115 Thorsteinsson, R. 32, 141, 142, 145, 172
203
Thurén, L. 171 Tomson, P. 19 Trebilco, P. 115–118, 129, 137 Trevett, C. 132 Turner, C. 51 Turner, H. E. W. 137 Turner, J. C. 101–103, 105–107, 121– 122 Vandecasteele-Vanneuville, F. 64 Walker, I. 103 Walters, J. 161 Watson, F. 42 Wetter, G. P. 85 Whittaker, C. R. 156 Whittaker, J. 153, 155 Williams, C. A. 160–162, 164 Wilson, S. G. 61, 63 Winkler, J. J. 161 Witherington, B. 168 Woodman, A. 34 Young, F. M. 2 Zeitlin, F. I. 161 Zetterholm, M. 19, 61, 88
Index of Subjects and Terms adaptability apomnēmoneuma apostolic Judaism
141, 142 45–47, 49, 55 72, 82, 88–89, 91–92 attribution 104 authority, and tradition 123–124, 127– 133 basic axiom bios body metaphorical boundaries
23, 174 38 142, 144, 151 28–29 3
chreia 45–48 in Theon and Papias 48–49 in Theon and Mark 48–55 Christ-fearers 73, 91–92 Christian identity, late phenomenon 10–14 feedback process 25–27 textual reality 6–10 ideological construct 10–16 entrepreneurial 16–20 self-understanding 3, 24–27 from common history 24–25 “rules” of 23–24 Christianismos 71 Christianization 154–155 Christ-movement characteristics of 2–3 historical entity 2 cinaedus 162, 164, 170 circumcision 73, 81, 82, 167– 170 cognition, distinctive 173 common Judaism 77 community metaphors 126–127 culture, ontology of 98–100 derhetorizing diēgema
171 46, 53, 56
effeminacy eunuch evil Ephesus
159–171 168–170 148–149, 152 115–117, 132– 133, 135–138 130–135
episcopacy epistemology, of historiography 9–10 of rhetorical analysis 8–10 essentialism 6, 7 ethnos, ethnicity, 65, 68, 70–77, 81–91, 173–174 closed-ethnic 71, 80, 83, 87 dual 174 non-ethnic 71, 85–87, 92 not = identity 173–174 open-ethnic 71, 80, 81 fiscus Judaicus flesh forgiveness
77 168–170 143, 150
galli genre of historiography
168–170 33–40 34–38
historical reconstruction 119–120 human being 149–14, 155 humanity 145 149, 151, 152–153 identity,
142–145, 152, 155–156 definition of 139–140 displacement of 175 ethnic 18–19 institionalization of 175–176 not = uniqueness 171–172 prototypical 121–122 relation to texts 118–119 theory of 122–123 ideology, role of 15–16, 29–30 idolatry 162–165 Ignatius 71, 83–84, 87– 88, 92
205
Index of Subjects and Terms ingroup
102–105, 144 intergroup, intragroup 105–107 labels, “Christian” Christianoi importance of Ioudaioi Judaism “Judeans” land, importance of leadership love
of enemy of neighbor
139,
3–5, 71–75 5, 73 62–64 64–70 Jews, 70 4, 64–70 68–69, 72, 75, 77–78, 85, 90 107–109 140–146, 149– 151, 152, 153, 155–156 149, 152, 156 140–142, 148, 152, 155
masculinity Greco-Roman rhetoric
159–171 159–162 162, 168, 170– 171 Matthean community 62, 73, 80, 91 memory 33–57, 173 moral conduct 139, 145–146, 152–153, 155– 156 innovation 139, 145, 147, 153, 157 teaching 139–145, 147, 151–152, 155– 156 morality 139–157 mystery cults 91 narrativization nature, natural
33–38, 56–57, 110–113 159, 162–165, 149, 150, 152
orthodoxy outgroup outsiders
136–138 139 142–144, 155
parenesis paterfamilias Paul on Israel
141, 143 161, 167 80–84
pederasty philosophy porneia proto-Christian prototypes, ideal
164–165 147, 148, 153 165–166, 169 73–74, 79, 85 102–105, 107– 110
rhetorical analysis, see epistemology rhetorization of history 34–38 retaliation 142, 149, 152 Rome Christianity in 139, 141–144, 155–156 Stoicism in 147–157 sage, Stoic (wise man) 149–151 self-categorization 101–102, 121– 122 self-mastery 160–163, 165, 168, 170–171 Sitz im Leben 40–44 social 140–141, 144, 146, 148, 151– 152, 154–156 identity 27–28, 120–121 memory 173 profile 27 status 142, 151 society 140, 151 Socrates 150, 152, 153 Stoicism, Stoics 147–157 synagogue, as defeated woman 59 types of 78 as institutional context 78, 88 syncretism competitive 21, 23, 172 Theodosius I theology Stoic Theon of Alexandria
80, 86, 92 147, 152 150–152 46, 48–55
unity vs. diversity 91, 175 universal, universalism 143, 144, 148, 152, 155 virtue
141, 143–144, 146–148
voluntary associations 65