Eutectic composite explosives containing ammonium nitrate

Citation preview

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zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

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-81-917

TITLE:

EUTECTIC COMPOSITE EXPLOSIVES CONTAINING AMMONIUM NITWTE

AUTHOR(S):

Mary M. Stineciph[~r

SUBMITTED TO: Yth Syml)osium (IzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA nt l.) on l)etond~ioll Annapolis, M!)

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LOS ALAMOS SCIENTFIC LABORATORY Post C)ltiGo 130x ICG3 Los A1OIINM, Nmw M[~xicu 87545 An Alflrmtive Actiow EqIKIl OL)p(vtwi?y h]~iuyor

r,

‘wt.’

Pt.zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA f! . st~ncelpher

EUTECTIC

COMPOSITE EXPMSIVES

CONTAINING

AMHONIUM

NITRATE!

M. M. Stinccipher Iam Alarmo National Laboratory Univ~rmlty of California U3s,Alamos. New Mexico and mtudied ths sensitivity and ide have prepared, performance of, the eutectic of ammoniun n~trare (*I and the a-nium salt of 3,5-dlnltroL,2,4-trlazolo. We found that this AN Formulation was unumuaL in that it performed ideally at which indicated that it wna a small diameter, monomolecular exploalv~. Sensitivity tests included type 12 impact, Henkln thermal snd wwdqe testn, and performance tests included rate ltlck/plate dent, cylinder, and aquarium Cesrs. P,esulte were compared with calculation, st~ndard explosives, and anuther ●utect~c, ethylenedLsm~nc 4initrate

[EDD)/AN.

INTRODUCTION

1.

?tonomalecular oxplos~ves arc. limited in amount o! cnerqy that can lnta rho mnlccule without it he buklt ll@wbeccm~nq too unstable to use. if atl the oxyqen does not have ever, to be in the sa m e molecule, a more stable mmbination of oxidizer and fuel-rich ●xploeivc can achieve the ~n?rqy of ● ~~-balsnced @mpLoIIivP. Until recently, it had b-en thouqltt (1) thet .s nolid solution -uld ht necmassry for an l)xlrllxer find fuel to Mhav= ●e one mmpound in th~ r!rtnnation zon*, How*ver, experia-nt~ h-f Vinqf?r (2) and co-@rk@re at Lawrencm Livmrmore National Laboratory (LM L) sh-~rl that when th~ ~rt~cLe at-e 0[ tho oxldLzer was less than !3zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA ~m (ear ●x sm plv, ● a~slte of qtound partiCIQS of ammonium IWrc!rlorata eusp~nded in

y-lld

nltromothan~)

thmn

th~

OXL-

dizmr reacts mmpl?tely ~n the d@tonatlon xono, am ~huw.1 by the ncallnq heand 5, L!d-cm-dlaa cylinder t,ween 2.54McGuIre ;)) found thst i.wi~ teste. topic nlmlnq r!vrinq d~tonatlon in a monrnaml~ular osplomiv~ was random. Alatal Eut.in the cane of a compmltm,

L

~]>.~~b~l~d a~~n~u. ratio j the isotoro

lndicfitmd that t%! A!4 partlclem

ft~tratQ (A~)/. in th~ productm

only a 0.6 .m ltty-r @3m1317WI with the

of

M. H. S?inecipher Drierite in vacuum gave pure ADNT [35 of AN per male of ADNT to be two roles g, 0.2 mol. 67t yield) with a melting ~2-balanced. Because the C02point Of 168-170°C. The yield waa forraulation wan not far Cron eutectic improved by a second ●xtraction of the formlatlon, 1.38/1 wlar ratio AN/aqueous reaction ❑ ixture. ADW forms of the AN could be dissolved ADm, allzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA a dihydrate at relative humidities in the eutectic melt by heating to over 35t. The aminefr used war? terti123% (7). We have studied the perary amines: Alamines 304 and 336 and 2/1 molar formance of the ●ut a c t ic (General Hill Chemicals, Inc.) and ● r~tlo M/ADNT, compared these results aminer Amberlite (Rohm and secondary with calcul~ted resultn and compared Iiaas Co.). The mlar amunt of amine our reaulte with those Akst has obumcd wan ●qual to the amount 02 the ED2VAN (6). tained Cor ●utectlc DNT in the solution as measured by uv upectrosc~py. The regenerated amine 11. MATERIAL FREPARATION eolution was reused after washinq with water. Preparation of AD~ We have modified the method of preparation of ADNT reported by the Soviets (9), es~-ially the ❑ethod of isolation. The following is a sample syrthesia and isolation.

-.

A nolution of 3,5-dl.lmlno1#2,4,triazole (Aldrich) (30.0 q, (1.1 0.1 -1) in 0.68 !4 sulfuric acid {, L.5 ❑ol H +) was added dropwlse over 3 hours to a solution of sodium nitrite (200 q, 2.9 mol.) in water (200 ❑ll while keepif;n th~ reaction mixture at 0% with an alcohol-lee bath. Act?r addition was compl=c?, the reaction wan heated to 600c and waa held there for one hour until a~l precipitate had dlsaolved. Then the reaction mixture was cooLed again to 0%, and acidified with 6 H suLfuric acid (1OIJ m l, 1 .2 m ol H +). Thin step converted the excess nod\um nit rit e tm nitroum acid. urea (15 q, 0.25 moll wsm adtlad slowly (foamLnql to

rom ve

troqen

from

any rema~ninq solution.

oxidas

of

Preparation

of

we prepared phatic

amine

Sitrates

Amine

EDD ~nd

n~trates

by

other

the a.~ine in 10S aqueoua ■ethanol adding :0/50 by volume concencraced nitric acid/water tiropwtse while coolinq with an ice bath to keep temperature sc ambient or below. ter ne,Jtrsllzation prc:lpttaced nitrate w e ll t~rod, w~shed

recry~talllzed

wss complete, ~~lt wss fllw it h

from

ali-

dissolving

m e t ha nol,

and the Afthe t nrl

water;metn~nol.

ni-

The completed reaction mixture had a small amunt of oranqe pr-clpltace chat wan removed by ●ddition of rlecolorkzirq carbn and (lltratlon. Analysis of t he filtrate by ultraviolet npeckraecupy at 285 nm snowed a 909 yield of l,5-dLnltro(D~). 1,2,4-tria’tole 111. stronqly tcidlc character of DW 1-0.66 pRJ) (10) ●ad- ●xtractiori with tho usual orqanic aolventrn impo~slble . I t can be ●re t ra c t e d by the continuwrm ■ethod with ●th’~1 ●ther, but tho flamabillty of ●t he r ud~ ●nether method neceesary for larqeWe found that a scale r~actlona. toluero ●olutlon (20t) of waterlncol’Jbl@ m?condary or t e rt ia ry amlnea Qatrscted the DNT from the ●queout Aaxonia qas reaction mlxturc (11). bubblt!d into the dried organic phasm reqvnerated the •min~ and preclpltatml the d~slr.d smmonlum ualt, ADNT. Rmcrystatllsatinn in 90/10 Volum* ratlh ●thyl ac@tate/acetone ●nd drying over

TESTING

,WIIODS

ThQ

Sannitlv19y --

W9ta —.

Miatureo

by findinq vltles. tional

*re impact

Th@ wedqe ~nformatlon

tested lor saf~ty thermal senaitbt~at qave add~-

and

on

~nttlatlon.

Impact e~noitlvity wan found on an ZRL-type machine ●q’Jlpp@d with typQ 12 tmlo and a microphone for ooJnd

●nalyaln.

A 40

mq nample

square of ~andpap~r -n ●nvil and a 2.5 @ cmto thr anvil. urrrx! for typq !itl.

h-aped

on

a

was plsced

undmr kq w~iqht was dropNo tandpaixr In An ]rbitrary l@v@i

.*

9.

:!.

Stincciphcr

(8). Energy of the e 8 pa 5 ●ach pint The S08 ● ‘90.9 w a a compared to ~ by dlvidlng slon ’90” hclght wan determined byzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA t he , Bruc ot on U p ●nd Down m e t hod [121.

Of

SOUnd

indicattd

I

zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA ma thermal m ona lt ivlt y w es meawrod by tho ~ifiod IIonkln method: I ●s dovoloped by Roqerm (13) ●nd wan JannQy. A thin slab o: ●xplomivo I comtlned in ● csrtridqo~ plac~d In ● t om ~ra t uro

Controlld

•otal~ ●nd tlmod until tomperaturo belo@ which ●Epldo la t ho critical

of

wood’s l%.

it will not temperature.

of ● shock botoro de t oimtlom st a rt s in a n ●xploslvQ, was dome ●t Loa Ala-a by the Detonation Physics qcoup fit) on 300-anq18 ●ini-uodaos ■actlin~d Crom 2.54-cB-di4m prcsaed ~LiI@ors. Theo. prwmur.a w a r. uaad to find t ho rolationahlp of t ho run to detonation, X*, t o the proamura input.

dlatancc

ThQ uedq9 of run

bath

●mplomiorr.

Performance

to9t, a meaaurc

of

Tests

Tlm deconatkon v~locity was • m a w r~d by two qroupm ●t bm Alamoa. Tlm mthod us~d by the Detonation Physics qroup has b~on dencribed by 8nqalkc (1S)1 it 1s very ●ccurate. Tht Ias Ala-n Exploslven Technology qroup’a mthai fOLI OuS.

Ionkzstlon mr~tchea ■ado o? polymmirlo-insulated, four-m~l copper w ire wnro placed about 2.54 mm tpart becuesn th- charqes. The pausaqe of the tonkzod rletonaclun wavo Crkqqarrd ● t.lmor. ●ccurac~ to ● LO nanoSo:ondm . We umad a m~ack of SI S 2.54cm-diam charqm held tlqhcly Ln plac~ on ● 5.00-cm-thick •t~ol pla t ~ w it h t a p-. T ho de nt w a s measur~d by ● ball tnd rinq ●ethod. PlacQ danca of the ●mplosivon hav? &en ~jrstandard re la t d by Ymlth [16) and Urlzar. For this Z.S4--diam uncontln~d plata dent teat, ● ftctnr of %.6U ❑ult~pliad by t!l- dent f-) qwth@ d~tenat~mt premmrro fGPJlm ~llndor t~mta -rdone by Lhe Los Alamo- Detonation Phymlcs yroup. ~ The sanpl~s wro fired Ln a 2.54-cmI lnnw-dlam by JO.4a-m-Lonq co-r i tubor ● 5.OU-cm-lnn@r diaa by 60.96---lcnq cnpper t u-. A atreah camera recordd tho ●aparrJion of the copp-r ●t ● milt 20.12 cm d-n th” tub~ ●nd ●pproprimtcly scal~d In the Th@ time Vmmua eapanS.oa-ca t um e . ●ion dtta were ●nalyzed by flttinq ● pwcr curve thwuqh JO points burroundlnq th~ 6-c 19-0 and JO-- Polnco of ●xparmlcm ●nd b flndlnq t h flrm t dlftmcntlai for vcli=lty ●nd tho ■ccccolcratiun ●t md dlffmmti~l fm ■

?1 .

M.

St lne c lphe r

T ABLE

sensitivity

@lar

Haterial ratios)

Impact 12(cm)

Type

ADNT ADNT

1 Tests

Sensitivity 12B(cm)

Critical

58 2H20

225 ---

224 ~320

AN

Temperature Heakin (OC)

361

1.38/l-AN/ADNT

66

236

2/1-AN/ADNT

65

241

2513

236

1.38/l/l.54-AN/ADNT/R.DX

37

215

2/l\l.3-AN/ADNT/TATB

5;l/1-AN/ADNT/RDX

44

219

5/1/l/3.3-AN/ADNT/RDx/Al

38

~~1

EDD

88

245

109

244

3.7/l/l-AN/Am4T/EDD

93

212

3/O.3/l.AN/ADN?/EDD

58

~~7

2.33/l-AN/E!MJ

FDEK 1.38/l/l.38-AN/ADNT/NQ L.38/l/l.83-AN/ADNT/NQ

74

226

108

256

312

261

’320

Y#

RDx

22

TNT

15J

198 214 28.)

where: AN ● ammonium nitrate ADWT = mseonlum dinitrotr;azoiatc (Ilnttrste EDD ● ethylenediamlnq W = nitcWuafiidine RDX ● cycLotrimrthyl@ne TATB ● 1, .1, 5-triaml*lo-2,4, TNT ● l, J,5-tr\nitrotoLuene AL - aluminum

trinitramine b-trlnltcubenzene

Firnt —.—

;ensity Input

(9/cm’)

PreR9Ute

(CPa)

Shot — . .

S*cond .-. —.. ___ Shot

Thlrj .——

1,640

1.640

6.9

8.7

7,8

RunzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA to D@tonatlon (m) 6.1 2s7

4.13

Time

0,30

(~,e)

- Shot .. . .

1.640

1.28

0.>5

H. Y. Stincciphcr

sol

x

WATf R

a~: I

w zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA 10 20 so zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA 9 b

M

Omaln F(M}

FLq.

Ralative

Sh&k

L

Scnsit Lvitien Explosives

M4/ADWT and Other

of 2/1 in the

Wt.dqe Teat. %x

9s01

-

95/?.5/2.5

wtn M$lX/Est,lnc/-

!1P PDX ~502

- 9S/$

wtt

T Al1 3 /K c l-F

bt @:, pla t e de nt teats conjunction with rletonatlrm

w e re

1100

CI OI U

voloc~ty tcsta on 2.54-cm-dl~m charqes (Table the addition ot 4). Ho found that ● 8tra AN to t% wtectlc forrnulstlon roducmd tho aqKocmont with the calcuLdtal VI1lUCS With the elc@ptlm o;.th?! aluminized 2/1 mnlar ratio ANYAIN4”:, which porformd hettcr than calculated. in

(Flqure

c

10

(cm) .“:1.

.

AIY”JI1 rL

21.

~ztr~pnl.tt~.l (~p~ ) .--— l.?i-AwAwr l,J#!l-AN/ADNT

P.==

~~lc~l~td .—

p:J

(GPs — ~

1,590 1.645

23.2

25.4

2).0

27.6

1.6J0

27.J

J6.7

1.%10

P’stld

Z6.7

20.0 26.1 Imbst i.10/l/l.J@-AN/AUm/~zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA l.)#11/l.’J-M/AD~/~X

1. 7oa

J1.6

JO.4

i.3Q/L/i-M/AD~/M

1.?56

14.2

lJ.4 I

3.

A.

Stineclphcr

TABLE 4 Unconflncd

2.54-cm

Rate

CaiculaCed

I’xocrimencal Pr.y(dent)(GPn)

Haterlal (mlar

T e st s DentzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPO

Stick/Plate

ratlol

P-y(GPa)

D(-ls~

w

2/1-AN/ADNT

1.640

26.1

7U92~i

27.3

0268

l.Wl/l.S-AN/AD~/RDX

1.711

31.7

E455:2

30.6

8475

s/1/l-An/ADNT/sDx

1,699

24.0

771221

30.4

8598

5/1/l/3.3-AN/ADNT/RDx/Al

1.752

25.0

7739310

29.A

8223

2/1/2.66-AN/ADn/Al

1.734

26.3

7844

25.1

7680

2/1/l.3-AN/ADW/TATB

1.765

20.1

COIJ

1.655

26.4

7a45:l ------

:8.0

L.3e/l/L.3e-AN/ADm/No

:a.o

a305

1.30/l/l.83-AN/ADNT/NO

1.654

25.5

dlbO

:6.8

d197

J/L/l-AN/AM/CDD

1.607

24.2

~b6 4 ~1

27.4

a207

3/o.3/L-AN/ADNT/EDD

1.535

20.ti

.-.---

93.0

7873zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZ

I. JI 1 .1 3 L. 46

i.no 1.09 1.09

1 .1 0 1 .4 *

1.1)

1.1: 1.11

1.10

~.i~ !.:s

fL. baIb

1,,18 1. :4 L.:1

1. 1? L.9 G L.0 0

1 ,1 ”

1.::

I .L1

1.CI

1.:1

1..G

:. ?0

:ml~ L.G6

I .L$ 1 .1 1

1.10

.

_rnw wcwnms~on Denolty -AH

wam 1.639

detonation Products

~m~-~

●

*-=--z

----

--

Experimental

qlcm]

121Jt12

(cal/g) (ml/ml

I!I?)

-. - .. —....— Calculations

1261:40

ILL*L)

(from

products]

BKWRCJ IsentroWl 15:OR

lfj?su

H,0

1.7s.

1.77

1.70

!12

1.47

1.49

1.49

CO*

0.59

nm~”)

).59

112

0.0096

~.:o)z

9.rJo2s

eo

0.0092

W

Q.!2011

,m::~l

1.0065

~

1.010 !l.:.3 U 9 0.0006 w ,zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA IICY

v.

1).!)rlr)5

~

)

51scussIm

.

!1. !!. t he ro la e a . other fa c t or, hot obvioun now, that ■akes Ce re nc e . There ●re proje c t s

StinccipherzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDC Another

way to look at ideallty the detonation productn and comparing t he result with what would be ●rpected for complete re a c t ion be fore fre e ze -out . The detonation calorimetry ●x pe rim e nt (T a ble 6) ●hwed that the products from the detonation of 2/1 m ola r ratio A!!/AD~, the C02-balanced int e rm ole c ula r for■ulation, were what was ●zpe c t d. T he ox yqe n from the M ham been used by

which 1s t he dlf-

18 by

in proqrema to find ways to decrease t he particle ●ize of t he AM in EDD;AN ■lzt ure s ●nd e e a rc h for ot he r e x plosive s t ha t form ●utectlca with AN that wuld hsve diffe re nt he a t s of formation.

●eaauring

the Another way to increase tenperaturo in t he detonation zone 1s t he C or CO frm t he ADN T t o form to ●dd ●luminum ●ekal ~der. This C0 2 a lm ost ●zc luslve ly. T he re c ovshould help Increaso thezyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA ldeallty of ●ry of t he products war ●zcelleltt bet he pe rform a nc e because t he temperacause there were no aoiid prtiuccs. t ure of the detonation affects t he There is defln~tely complete reaction la ye r thickness of a particle of M in this case before Cre*z@-ouc at ●he that will re a c t in the detonation zone produc:s. (19). We SOQ that this is the cane when qoinq frnm the mizcure 5/L/l Aa we BCLM V these ●utecclc m ola r ra t io AWADfw T /uX to one conmystema dnd t ind ot he rs, w e kill bettalnlnq ●luminum, 5/1/l/l.J molar ter understand the pa rsm e e e rs e =a t a rratio M/ADNT,’nDx/Al. The detonation Cect the renctlans between mol-ules sel~ity lncr~amed from 908 to 94* of in the detonation zone. t he calculated value. Addition of ●luminum to 2~1 molar ratio AN /ADN T AcRwLE*;mEWS I nc re a se d D frnm 95Q to 102Q of th~ calculated value. We testr~l the latter cc+omition In the 2.54-ea-dtam .~ppreelat~:l The authfir qr~at!y the contrlb,l::onm Ia ?-can~ca: n-lp c ylinde r test. W- found, .13 did ●nd underscand:nq qlven 3Y M,sr::m L. P[nqer (20) and Bjarnholt (21), that ●luminum b-hav-s ss an inert in the Clancy, ~. L. :lancy, C. E. Hsanatorl, early pa rt OF th~ ●xpanaion [6 m) but W. ?. rnz, Joan L. Janney, M. J. keeps thm wall sccelerat~nq even at III U rt za r. ![. H . Ca dy, H . D. Ccburn, K:*1 The wall w loc lt y is a lm ost aa me. Y, Lo~, a. P. Cnq@lk@, A. U. UsZPb@li. Ca nt at 19 mm and is fsst m r than t!w c. w. !lautz, :. B. Raaley, .:. L. Ma(ter, B. G. C:aLq, .lnd eapc:ally t:proje c t e d value of ?hm 2?1 ~lar r.ltto support :Iy R. %. ltoq~r~ .tnd cJnverAN/ADWF St 10 ~ [Table 4). T h@ prnjected value was dotermln~d by .IverSttlnna ● 1:5 :.zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPO Il. Akatm ●qinq the lncremantn @f thm nth~r cyLT5wr~ wan support~d .= i~.trt irrb: taatm thst h~ve D ●lw qt .lq c a lby th~ % SV I 1 l $ea 5yntens Command snd Culated. The tomts with D conal.larNaval Surf.ice Hmapons Center ::cxI obly Iea9 than Calculated showed a proqras und~r ~~psrta~nt 01 fmr.ly hiqher lncreano in wall v~loclty from Contrsct w-74J5-ENG-M. ]9 t’a 10 m than thomm with D clrm? ta calculated. REFEmcrs W@ have dtacuosmd Ideall%’; .IS R. V. Rmt-cm, “4s Alama 1. of m intwrmnlmcular @EChc ahlllty :At ir.l!orv, As A1.t=jt. NstlOnfil ploalve to CoilCalculated ~rfnrmN NM M * z;c o, ~f:~:nal e-Mwliance as do t h~ m n-le c ullr ●xploc,t~lmn, : 17?. S1VQ9 that w~re uaaf tn calibrat= taq calcvlstlonom in th~ BW Calculatinnq 2. F. dmlm. E. “s, R. M. Pinq@f. the mqroement is not too qood unless tho ratios of tha ●lemmnta ■aklnq Up itost, P. lhwng, J. ws;ton, P. Hay*m, and L. i’e~n, “tStr*ctrri the mu eaploaivo ●ro ●lmont the gSBQ ●s in cho mudel compound, ROx . zation or Co-erc\al C-sit= Many pr=, g~m:~ Q~mof th~ IntQrmol@cular @IplOBiVeO hsve Emploa\vQm,= Ifntl) on >tonatlon~ pcsium ● ■ uch hlqhar rstlrz of hydrwen to A@u@t 1?76, Cor,>nado, carbnn than **s RDX ao they probably would not tit the calculation ●s Callfmrnia, OffLca ~IC Naval RQt=,trcll r-port Adi.~21, ~. well. ~or ●mampl~, tha RDX ha- C;H;O 7:9-)J9. ●t a ra t 1 0 1 /2 /2 m nd k .1 U /1 AN /Adn ha a COli’O ● t om ra t io lf4.7614.91 but 2.1)/1 wlar ratio AN/EDD han C;ll/o -. . ● to9 ratio l/’9.64.’4@4@.

I

4

?!. ‘!. StinccipherzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA 3.

D. L. Ornellaa, R. R. McGuire, ●nd 1. B. Ak8t, ‘Detonation Dlffuslom Control Chomlstryl Non-Ideal

Exploolvea,=

;;;;:,a nd

Ex plosive s,

;

~,

23

Non-Ideal

EmploSivem

Contalninq ~nium Nitrate,” Plcatlnny Arsenal Technical port 4 7 8 9 , M a rc h 1 9 7 S. 5.

8.

7.

n.

S.

4J9-

RwlQr

December

1945.

J3.

14.

L5.

[now H. H.

CSpt 1 3 0 \V Pm

Cont a lnlnq,

H. 16.

Am .

mon~um N it ra t Q,= Lom Alamom Scimtitiz Latmratory re~rt LA-7190-FUY, !ieptQmb*r 117am 0.

and E. H. Eyeter,

449.

9tlneclpherl, T. W. Benziqer, R. Cady, Y. D. Cohurn, D. U. N. J. Hmrrl@, R. q. RqQrs, U rLa a r, “Camt.sble Ideal Com pOSt k m

Smith

‘Phyelcal Testinq of Csploeives, Part 111 - Miscellaneous Serialtivity Tests,= ~RD Report No.

5746,

●nd 1. Akat, “lmJ. Re rm t ik ouLt x provamenc of Performance of Composit e ExpLomiv~s Containknq Am-n!um Nitrate by Phy~icaL Synthesis,= Proc. Sixth Sympslum [Intl) on D@tOnatlOn, Auqumc Cslifnrnta, 0[L976, Coronado, flco of Naval RQs@arch report

~.

‘

Re-

1. Akat, J. WrahMmLtz, “lCspl* ■ iv. Performance Modiflcstlon by ComoLldLflcatLon of ~nium Nltrato with Puels,PLcat~nny Arsolal TechnLcal Report 4907, 1976. October

Acm-22L,

L. C.

I

I Wm hk oult z, I . Akst, ‘A New ~roach to Improvinq the Perof

12.

in’

J.

form a nc e

R. Y. Lee, D. C. Ott, ard M. M. 9tineciphar. “Use of SoLvent Exin t he Production ot traction the Ammonium Salt ot 3.5DinltroL,2,4-TriazoLe=, J. of Ind. and Enq. Chain. Proc e m m DOsbqn and Dov., to be published, 1901.

Pro~l-

. 4.

11.

17.

‘~~tonation in Ex plo~ivQs: Characc@rlmtlca OC Some thrtmctke Prne . S* v-nt fr ?Ormul.ttlonm,” 1.

B.

Akrnt,

IntQrmolmcular

5 Y M p9 ium

Juno 9.

L9al,

(I nt l)

m

D-tona?itln,

Anna~Lio.

18.

!%ry:and.

L. 1. naqal, M. S. Pevfln@r, A. M. Frmlnv, .tnd N. 1. 9ctrQludyakava, ‘Synt~*81s of FJ it ro

o~rlw ~t ~w s

01

,2,4-Triazoie. L,l,419. T!timllaaq~-, y~t ra zol~, t ,],4 Oxmdiaml-, ar,dzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA Pyrazmle by th~ Noncacalytic fI@placwment nf tha Diazo Group by the NitrO Grnup,Ge t ~ru. 9 oe 4 ., g, z5 Q Rhla.

[1970)

. da

10.

L. 1. BwJ*l and M. 9. PropQrti@m “Ac\d-Bsa@

Pwzwr, nf

Nitro

D@ri”J .lt lv* S Of l,2 .4 -T rl.lZ OlQ,Khlm. Ge t e ro. Sod., ~, 550

(1970).

●

Y. 3.

21.

StincclphcrzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFE

M. A. Cook, The Science of H i h G. Bja rnholt , ‘Effects of AluFluoride Adminum a nd Llthlum 22” %%%% p”:a ’’e ’’’o’d’k ” ■ix t ure s on zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA Metal Acceleration Ablltty Of C09p B,- Proc. Sixth 23. Nuaerical .Hodellnq C. L. Made;, By8pomlum (Intl) on Detonation, ~ Detonation, pp. ~-99, Auquot 1976, Coronado,

California, PP. 510-520.

ONR rewrt

ACR221,

UniversityzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPON of California PresO.

Berkeley,

1979.

●