European Values in Numbers : Trends and Traditions at the Turn of the Century [1 ed.] 9789004328525, 9789004328433

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European Values in Numbers

European Values Studies Edited by Loek Halman (Tilburg University) Paul de Graaf (Tilburg University)

The book series European Values Studies is based on the results of a large-scale, crossnational and longitudinal survey research program, founded in the late 1970s by what is now a foundation called the European Values Study. This study group investigates basic social, cultural, political, moral, and religious values held by the populations of the European countries. A first study was carried out in 1981, followed by repeat surveys in 1990, 1999, and 2008, in an extending number of countries. By now, all European countries are involved in the European Values Study. The publications in the book series on European Values include interpretations and explanations of the quantitative survey data. These are presented in the form of monographs and edited volumes. Incidentally, the Series publishes sourcebooks as well. For more information on the European Values Study see: www.europeanvaluesstudy.eu

VOLUME 16

The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/evs

European Values in Numbers Trends and Traditions at the Turn of the Century By

Ruud Luijkx, Loek Halman, Inge Sieben, Evelyn Brislinger, and Markus Quandt In collaboration with

Karoline Harzenetter and Jara Kampmann

LEIDEN | BOSTON

The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016035043

Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1568-5926 isbn 978-90-04-32843-3 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-32852-5 (e-book) Copyright 2017 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner.

Contents Series Editors’ Preface vii Acknowledgments viii List of Figures and Tables ix About the Authors xiv Introduction 1 The European Values Study 2 First Wave 3 Second Wave 3 Third Wave 3 Fourth Wave 3 EVS Surveys 1981–2008 5 EVS 2008: Main Improvements 6 Organizational Structure and Collaboration 7 Questionnaire Development and Translation 8 Universe and Sampling 10 Data Collection/Fieldwork 10 Training of Interviewers 12 Response Enhancing Measures and Incentives 12 Quality Control Back-Checks of Interviews, Refusals, and Non-Contacts 12 Data Processing and Documentation 13 Steps in Data Editing and Harmonisation 13 Data Documentation 13 Internal and External Review Procedures on Outcomes 13 Access to Data and Documentation 14 How to Read the Tables 14 Tables 15

Series Editors’ Preface This is not an ordinary book in this series of and on European Values. The series aims at theory driven publications using the survey data from the European Values Study to test the hypotheses derived from these theories. This book does not contain any theory and no hypotheses are tested. Nevertheless, the book tells you a story of stability and change in Europe’s opinions and attitudes climate and, as such, will be a valuable tool for all who are interested in European culture and its developments over time. On some issues Europeans are becoming more similar, on other issues differences remain and on yet other issues the gaps between European societies become wider and wider. As such, there is no uniform pattern in the values and value trends, and characterizing Europe as diversity in unity does justice to the patterns found. This is a book full of tables and serves as background information to the Atlas of European Values which appeared as volume 14 in this series. In fact, the Atlas of European Values can be seen as an attractive version of

this book with tables. Both are based on the same data and tell the same story of Europe’s culture. The readers are invited to draw their own conclusions from the tables. Both are, we hope, the start of a new set of books in this series on European Values based on the survey data collected within the European Values Study. Meanwhile, a first substantive book appeared in this series edited by Wil Arts and Loek Halman, Value Contrasts and Consensus in Present-Day Europe. Therefore, this sourcebook is volume 16 in the series. Subsequent volumes in this series will provide more scientific interpretations and explanations of the similarities and diversities in values displayed in the Atlas of European Values and this sourcebook. Paul de Graaf & Loek Halman

The series editors Tilburg, September 2016

Acknowledgments This sourcebook could not have been produced without the efforts of a network of social scientists in the European countries collaborating within the European Values Study. For creating and sharing the dataset we are grateful to all who carried out the European Values Study or were otherwise involved in the data collections of 1981, 1990, 1999, and 2008 for collecting, preparing, archiving, and documenting the data: the national program directors in the European countries, Gallup Europe, and the EVS teams at Tilburg University, CEPS/Instead in Luxembourg, and GESIS Data Archive in Cologne. Without the financial support of many national and international sponsors, including Renovabis and many national science foundations, the data would not have

been collected and the production of this sourcebook would not have been possible. Finally, Carlos Gil Hernandez, Angelica Maineri, Emanuelle Drissen, Kristina Hauser, Dafina Kurti, Emile de Nijs Bik, Lisette van Noort, Verena Ortmans, Josja Rokven, Ivet Solanes, Kirsten Stam, Steve van de Weijer, Eva van Vlimmeren, Pamela Wronski and Wolfgang Zenk-Möltgen were of invaluable help in preparing and checking all the data necessary for the tables. Ruud Luijkx, Loek Halman, Inge Sieben, Evelyn Brislinger & Markus Quandt

Tilburg, September 2016

List of Figures and Tables Figures 1 Actors and collaboration during the EVS 2008 project 8 2 Languages and language versions fielded in EVS 2008 9 Tables 1 Countries in European Values Study 1981–2008 and survey year 5 2 Overview of integrated values studies 1981–2014 6 3 Countries in EVS 2008 and number of cases  7 4 Data collector and fieldwork period 11 Section A: Perceptions of Life A001 Family important 15 A002 Friends important 16 A003 Leisure time 17 A004 Politics important 18 A005 Work important 19 A006 Religion important 20 A008 Feeling of happiness 21 A009 State of health 22 A025 Respect parents 23 A026_01 Responsibilities of children 24 A026 Responsibilities of parents 25 A027 Child qualities: Good manners 26 A029 Child qualities: Independence 27 A030 Child qualities: Hard work 28 A032 Child qualities: Feeling of responsibility 29 A034 Child qualities: Imagination 30 A035 Child qualities: Tolerance and respect for other people 31 A038 Child qualities: Thrift, saving money and things 32 A039 Child qualities: Determination, perseverance 33 A040 Child qualities: Religious faith 34 A041 Child qualities: Unselfishness 35 A042 Child qualities: Obedience 36 A048 Abortion when woman not married 37 A049 Abortion if not wanting more children 38

A050_01 Leisure time: Meeting nice people 39 A050_02 Leisure time: Relaxing 40 A050_03 Leisure time: Doing as I want 41 A050_04 Leisure time: Learning something new 42 A062 How often discusses political matters 43 A064 Belong: Social welfare services 44 A065 Belong: Church organisations 45 A066 Belong: Cultural activities 46 A067 Belong: Trade unions 47 A068 Belong: Political parties or groups 48 A069 Belong: Local community action 49 A070 Belong: Third world development/human rights 50 A071 Belong: Conservation, the environment, ecology, animal rights 51 A072 Belong: Professional associations 52 A073 Belong: Youth work 53 A074 Belong: Sports or recreation 54 A075 Belong: Women’s groups 55 A076 Belong: Peace movement 56 A077 Belong: Organisations concerned with health 57 A079 Belong: Other groups 58 A080 Belong: None 59 A081 Unpaid work: Social welfare services 60 A082 Unpaid work: Church organisations 61 A083 Unpaid work: Cultural activities 62 A084 Unpaid work: Trade unions 63 A085 Unpaid work: Political parties or groups 64 A086 Unpaid work: Local community action 65 A087 Unpaid work: Third world development/ human rights 66 A088 Unpaid work: Conservation, the environment, ecology, animal rights 67 A089 Unpaid work: Professional associations 68 A090 Unpaid work: Youth work 69 A091 Unpaid work: Sports or recreation 70 A092 Unpaid work: Women’s groups 71 A093 Unpaid work: Peace movement 72 A094 Unpaid work: Organisations concerned with health 73 A096 Unpaid work: Other groups 74 A097 Unpaid work: None 75

x A124_01 Neighbours: People with a criminal record 76 A124_02 Neighbours: People of a different race 77 A124_03 Neighbours: Heavy drinkers 78 A124_04 Neighbours: Emotionally unstable people 79 A124_05 Neighbours: Muslims 80 A124_06 Neighbours: Immigrants/foreign workers 81 A124_07 Neighbours: People who have aids 82 A124_08 Neighbours: Drug addicts 83 A124_09 Neighbours: Homosexuals 84 A124_10 Neighbours: Jews 85 A124_17 Neighbours: Gypsies 86 A124_24 Neighbours: Christians 87 A124_26 Neighbours: Left wing extremists 88 A124_27 Neighbours: Right wing extremists 89 A124_28 Neighbours: People with large families 90 A165 Most people can be trusted 91 A168_01 Most people try to be helpful 92 A168A Most people try to be fair 93 A170 Life satisfaction 94 A173 Feeling of freedom 95 Section B: Environment B001 Environment: Income 96 B024 Environment: Limit number of people 97 B025 Environment: Humans interfere 98 B026 Environment: Human ingenuity 99 B027 Environment: Balance of nature 100 B028 Environment: Humans rule over the nature 101 B029 Environment: Ecological catastrophe 102 Section C: Work C001 Men more right to a job 103 C002 Employers should give priority to people of own nationality 104 C011 Important in a job: Good pay 105 C012 Important in a job: Not too much pressure 106 C013 Important in a job: Good job security 107 C015 Important in a job: Good hours 108 C016 Important in a job: An opportunity to use initiative 109 C017 Important in a job: Generous holidays 110

List of Figures and Tables

C018 Important in a job: Achieving 111 C019 Important in a job: A responsible job 112 C020 Important in a job: Interesting job 113 C021 Important in a job: Job that meets one’s abilities 114 C022 Important in a job: Pleasant people to work with 115 C024 Important in a job: Useful for society 116 C025 Important in a job: Meeting people 117 C027_1 Important in a job: Learning new skills 118 C027_2 Important in a job: Family friendly 119 C027_3 Important in a job: Say in decisions 120 C027_4 Important in a job: People treated equally 121 C033 Job satisfaction 122 C034 Freedom to make decisions in job 123 C036 Job needed to develop talents 124 C037 Receive money without having work 125 C038 People who don’t work turn lazy 126 C039 Work is a duty towards society 127 C041 Work should come first 128 C061 Following instructions at work 129 Section D: Family D018 Child needs a home with father and mother 130 D019 Woman needs children 131 D020 Men needs children 132 D022 Marriage is an outdated institution 133 D023 Woman as a single parent 134 D026_01 Homosexual couples able to adopt children 135 D026_02 Live together without getting married 136 D026_03 Duty to have children 137 D026_04 People should decide whether they have children 138 D026_05 It is a child’s duty to take care of ill parents 139 D026 Marriage necessary to be happy 140 D027 Marriage success: Faithfulness 141 D028 Marriage success: Adequate income 142 D029 Marriage success: Same social background 143 D031 Marriage success: Share religious beliefs 144 D032 Marriage success: Good housing 145 D033 Marriage success: Agreement on politics 146

List of Figures and Tables

D035 Marriage success: Apart from in-laws 147 D036 Marriage success: Happy sexual relationship 148 D037 Marriage success: Household chores 149 D038 Marriage success: Children 150 D039 Marriage success: Discuss problems 151 D043_01 Marriage success: Time for friends and personal hobbies 152 D056 A working mother relationship 153 D057 Being a housewife fulfilling 154 D058 Husband and wife should contribute 155 D061 Children suffer with working mother 156 D062 Women want home and children 157 D063 Job independence women 158 D064_01 Men as much responsible as women 159 D064 Fathers well suited to look after their children 160 Section E: Politics and Society E003-a Aims: Maintaining order 161 E003-b Aims: More say in government decisions 162 E003-c Aims: Fighting prices 163 E003-d Aims: Protecting freedom of speech 164 E014 Less emphasis on money 165 E018 Greater respect for authority 166 E023 Interested in politics 167 E025-a Have done: Signing a petition 168 E025-b Might do: Signing a petition 169 E026-a Have done: Joining in boycotts 170 E026-b Might do: Joining in boycotts 171 E027-a Have done: Attending lawful demonstrations 172 E027-b Might do: Attending lawful demonstrations 173 E028-a Have done: Joining unofficial strikes 174 E028-b Might do: Joining unofficial strikes 175 E029-a Have done: Occupying buildings or factories 176 E029-b Might do: Occupying buildings or factories 177 E032 Freedom more important than equality 178 E033-a Political left 179 E033-b Political right 180 E034-a Change in society: Revolutionary action 181 E034-b Change in society: Gradual reforms 182 E034-c Change in society: No 183 E035 Income: Larger income differences 184

xi E036 Private ownership 185 E037 Government more responsibility 186 E038 Take any job available 187 E039 Competition is good 188 E042 State should give more freedom to firms 189 E069_01 Confidence: The church 190 E069_02 Confidence: Armed forces 191 E069_03 Confidence: Education system 192 E069_04 Confidence: The press 193 E069_05 Confidence: Trade unions 194 E069_06 Confidence: The police 195 E069_07 Confidence: Parliament 196 E069_08 Confidence: Civil service 197 E069_09 Confidence: Social security system 198 E069_11 Confidence: Government 199 E069_12 Confidence: Political parties 200 E069_13 Confidence: Major companies 201 E069_14 Confidence: Environmental organisations 202 E069_16 Confidence: Health care system 203 E069_17 Confidence: Justice system 204 E069_18 Confidence: The European Union 205 E069_19 Confidence: Nato 206 E069_20 Confidence: The United Nations 207 E110 Satisfied with democracy 208 E111 Rate system for governing country today 209 E114 Having a strong leader 210 E115 Having experts make decisions 211 E116 Having the army rule 212 E117 Having a democratic political system 213 E120 In democracy, the economic system runs badly 214 E121 Democracies are indecisive 215 E122 Democracies aren’t good at maintaining order 216 E123 Democracy may have problems but is better 217 E143-a Immigrant policy: Anyone can come 218 E143-b Immigrant policy: If jobs are available 219 E143-c Immigrant policy: Strict limits 220 E143-d Immigrant policy: Prohibit 221 E150 Follow politics on television 222 E151 Give information to the authorities 223 E152 People should stick to their own affairs 224 E153 Concerned with: Family 225

xii E154 Concerned with: People in neighbourhood 226 E155 Concerned with: People in the region 227 E156 Concerned with: Fellow countrymen 228 E157 Concerned with: Europeans 229 E158 Concerned with: All humans 230 E159 Concerned with: Elderly people 231 E160 Concerned with: Unemployed people 232 E161 Concerned with: Immigrants 233 E162_01 Concerned with: Poor children 234 E162 Concerned with: Sick and disabled people 235 E178_01 Vote for general election 236 E190-a People living in need: Unlucky 237 E190-b People living in need: Laziness 238 E190-c People living in need: Injustice 239 E190-d People living in need: Part of modern progress 240 E197 Terrorism 241 Section F: Religion and Morale F022_01-a Absolute standards under all circumstances 242 F022_01-b Absolute standards but deviation possible 243 F022_01-c No absolute standards 244 F024 Belong to religious denomination 245 F028 How often do you attend religious services 246 F030 Attend religious services when you were 12 247 F031 Religious service: Birth 248 F032 Religious service: Marriage 249 F033 Religious service: Death 250 F034-a Religious person 251 F034-b Not a religious person 252 F034-c Convinced atheist 253 F035 Churches give answers: Moral problems 254 F036 Churches give answers: Problems of family life 255 F037 Churches give answers: People’s spiritual needs 256 F038 Churches give answers: The social problems 257 F050 Believe in God 258 F051 Believe in life after death 259

List of Figures and Tables

F053 Believe in hell 260 F054 Believe in heaven 261 F055 Believe in sin 262 F057 Believe in re-incarnation 263 F062-a Believe in a personal God 264 F062-b Believe in some spirit/life force 265 F062-c Don’t know what to believe 266 F062-d Don’t believe 267 F062_01 Connecting with the divine 268 F062_02 Spiritual person 269 F062_03-a Only one true religion 270 F062_03-b One true religion and others have truths as well 271 F062_03-c All religions contain basic truths 272 F062_03-d No religion has any truth 273 F063 Importance of god in your life 274 F064 Comfort and strength from religion 275 F065 Moments of prayer, meditation 276 F066 Pray to god outside religious services 277 F099 Lucky charm can help 278 F102 Politicians and God 279 F105 Religious leaders and influence voting 280 F114 Justifiable: Claiming state benefits 281 F115 Justifiable: Avoiding a fare on public transport 282 F116 Justifiable: Cheating on tax 283 F117 Justifiable: Someone accepting a bribe 284 F118 Justifiable: Homosexuality 285 F119 Justifiable: Prostitution 286 F120 Justifiable: Abortion 287 F121 Justifiable: Divorce 288 F122 Justifiable: Euthanasia 289 F123 Justifiable: Suicide 290 F125 Justifiable: Joyriding 291 F126 Justifiable: Taking soft drugs 292 F127 Justifiable: Lying in own interest 293 F128 Justifiable: Having an affair 294 F129 Do You justify: Throwing away litter in public place 295 F130 Do You justify: Driving under influence of alcohol 296 F131 Justifiable: Paying cash for services to avoid taxes 297 F132 Justifiable: Having casual sex 298 F137 Justifiable: Experiments on human embryos 299 F138 Justifiable: Manipulation of food stuffs 300

List of Figures and Tables

F144_01 Justifiable: Invitro fertilization 301 F144_02 Justifiable: Death penalty 302 Section G: National Identity G001-a Geographical identity: Town 303 G001-b Geographical identity: Region 304 G001-c Geographical identity: Country 305 G001-d Geographical identity: Europe 306 G001-e Geographical identity: World 307 G006 How proud of nationality 308 G033 Nationality: Born in own country 309 G034 Nationality: Respect political institutions and laws 310 G035 Nationality: Have countries’ ancestry 311 G036 Nationality: Speak national language 312 G037 Nationality: Lived in the country for a long time 313 G038 Immigrants take jobs away 314 G039 Immigrants undermine cultural life 315

xiii G040 Immigrants increase crime problems 316 G041 Immigrants are strain on welfare system 317 G042 Immigrants are threat to society 318 G043 Immigrants should maintain customs 319 G044 Feel Stranger in own country 320 G045 Too many immigrants 321 G046  E U fears: Loss of social security 322 G047  E U fears: Loss of national identity/ culture 323 G048  E U fears: Country paying more and more to EU 324 G049  E U fears: Loss of power in world for country 325 G050  E U fears: Loss of jobs in country 326 G051 Enlargement European Union 327

About the Authors Ruud Luijkx, Ph.D. (1994) Tilburg University, is an Associate Professor of Sociology at Tilburg University, the Netherlands. He is an Associate Member of Nuffield College, Oxford, and a Research Fellow at the Department of Sociology and Sociological Research at the University of Trento, Italy. His publications are in the field of social stratification and mobility, categorical data analysis, and international comparative databases. Loek Halman, Ph.D. (1991) Tilburg University, is an Associate Professor of Sociology at Tilburg University, the Netherlands. His publications focus on values, beliefs and attitudes in contemporary society and the dynamics of value change. Inge Sieben, Ph.D. (2001) is an Assistant Professor of Sociology at Tilburg University, the Netherlands. She is co-author of The Atlas

of European Values: Trends and Traditions at the Turn of the Century (Brill, 2001). Evelyn Brislinger, Dipl.-Soz. (1978) Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, is a senior project manager at the GESIS Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences. She coordinates the data management and processing for various national and international survey programs and is in charge of the publication of EVS data and documentation. Markus Quandt, Ph.D. (1996) GESIS Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, is head of the Research Data Center International Survey Programs at GESIS. He is involved in the management of various international survey programs and has worked and published on data infrastructures, data harmonization, measurement equivalence of comparative data, and topics in political sociology.

Introduction* The European Values Study is the most comprehensive, large scale, international comparative and longitudinal survey research project on basic human values in Europe. This sourcebook presents the results of this project in standardized cross-national measures of people’s opinions, attitudes, and beliefs in a broad range of important areas of life, e.g., religion, morality, family, marriage, gender roles, politics, democracy, economics, work, ecology, and solidarity. It allows for numerous international comparisons and cross-time analyses and addressing issues of whether value patterns in Europe are converging or diverging. Therefore, this sourcebook is of importance to everyone who is interested in Europe. The European Values Study is organized by a wellestablished network of social and political scientists. The project originated in the 1970s when Europe was gradually becoming a common economic market, and unification was mainly confined to a political process. The project’s founding fathers aimed at describing Europe’s basic values. The main purpose of the project was (and is) to attain a better insight into fundamental human values and gain knowledge of the value differences, similarities, and changes within Europe. They aimed at answering questions like: 1. 2. 3.

Do Europeans share a homogenous and enduring set of values? Are values changing in Europe and, if so, in what directions? What are the implications for European unity?

To answer such questions, surveys were carried out using uniformly structured questionnaires, enabling generalizations and comparisons between countries and in time. The first wave of surveys was conducted in 1981 in European Community member states and, in subsequent years, other Western European countries followed. So far, four waves of surveys have been carried out in an increasing number of European countries, with time intervals of nine years. The latest wave in 2008 provided unique data from national representative samples in all European societies, from Iceland to Armenia, and from Malta to Finland. These data give insight into and allow comparison of the preferences and orientations

of the populations of societies covering a wide range of economic, social, political, and cultural variation. The collected data are a real gold mine, not only for social and political scientists as it is shown in numerous academic publications, but for everyone interested in Europe. The appeal of these data on values and beliefs in Europe to a wide and varied audience appeared from the latest version of the Atlas of European Values,1 which was received with great enthusiasm after its launch in November 2011. The Atlas of European Values showed in informative maps and graphs how Europeans think about life after death, work, sex, euthanasia, immigration, and freedom. It presented a selection of the results of the latest values survey and highlighted for the first time important trends in values since the 1980s. The data are also very suitable to teach pupils in secondary schools about European’s values and attitudes. For that purpose, a special website (www.atlasofeuropeanvalues.eu) was built, which not only shows patterns and trends across Europe, but also offers several tools to compare maps or create new ones on-line. The website includes strategies, lesson plans and assignments that can be used in secondary and higher education to explore what we understand by Europe. What do the data in this sourcebook and the maps in the Atlas of European Values and the education website reveal? First of all, that European people do have a great deal in common. This appears, among other things, in the sharing of a set of values that distinguishes the European culture not only from other great cultures such as the Chinese or the Islamic ones, but also from that of North America. Secondly, these similarities do not mean that Europe is a unity when it comes to values; instead, it is a unity in diversity. The European Values Study data reveal sometimes deep and long-lasting differences in basic beliefs, attitudes, and opinions, illustrating that, although Europeans certainly share common values, Europe remains a conglomerate of cultures that refuse to be levelled out by the blind laws of economic and monetary policy. Many people will highly cherish this diversity, not only with regard to languages but also with respect to longstanding religious and ideological traditions, regional subcultures, and political and educational systems. The European Values Study data can help in deciphering what it is common in the collective conscience of the men and women of Europe, and in identifying those aspects that are shared to a lesser extent or not at all.

*  Parts of this text appeared in: Halman, L. (2001). The European Values Study: A Third Wave. Tilburg: EVS/WORC/Tilburg University. 1  Halman, L., I. Sieben, and M. van Zundert (2011). Atlas of European Values Trends and Traditions at the turn of the Century. Leiden: Brill. © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ���7 | doi ��.��63/9789004328525_002

2 In this way, an important contribution can be made, not only to a better mutual understanding, but also to the resolution of conflict and the safeguard of peace. The dramatic events in Yugoslavia have provided us with a sad illustration of what can happen when hidden forces within the collective conscience of peoples explode into hatred and violence. An additional and highly important reason for surveying values in Europe is the knowledge that diverging or even contrasting values in the various European countries could hamper the further unification of Europe. The data presented in this source book will therefore be of interest to (European) policy makers, political and religious leaders, major companies, journalists, and teachers. In view of the processes of economic, political, and cultural internationalization and globalization, marketing leaders, labour unions, and employers can also benefit from an in-depth study of basic European values. The main purpose of this source book is to make the European Values Study data more accessible to current and potential users, and to provide more detailed information than was possible in the Atlas of European Values. The latter product contains a broad selection of the very rich dataset, whereas this sourcebook contains the data of all four waves. In order to keep comparability with the tables as presented in Changing Values and Beliefs in 85 countries,2 the data for the first three waves come from an integrated Data File that contains data from WVS and EVS: European Values Study Group and World Values Survey Association (2006). EUROPEAN AND WORLD VALUES SURVEYS FOUR-WAVE INTEGRATED DATA FILE, 1981–2004, v.20060423. The data set can be obtained from both the ASEP/JDS website www.jdsurvey.net and the GESIS Data Catalogue, archive study number ZA5080, http://doi.org/10.4232/1.11159. The data for the fourth wave (2008), instead, are based on EVS (2015). European Values Study Longitudinal Data File 1981–2008. GESIS Data Archive, Cologne. ZA4804 Data File Version 3.0.0, http://doi.org/10.4232/1.12253. Please note that the data of the EVS Survey 2008 conducted in Azerbaijan is not included in the tables presented in this sourcebook. All European Values Study data are available to the widest possible audience, not only through academic publications, the Atlas of European Values, and this sourcebook, but also via internet. The data can be analysed online and

Introduction

downloaded after r­egistration through the GESIS Data Catalogue. Please visit the European Values Study website (www.europeanvaluesstudy.eu) for more information.

The European Values Study

In the 1970s, Jan Kerkhofs (Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium) and Ruud de Moor (Tilburg University, The Netherlands) launched a research project to investigate the value patterns of Europeans in a systematic way by means of surveys. It was designed to empirically explore cross-national differences and similarities in basic social values in Europe. Originally, the study would focus on four major countries in Western Europe and a few Eastern European countries. Unfortunately, it appeared impossible to secure collaboration with researchers from Eastern Europe and the study in Western Europe evolved into a nine-country study. Surveys were conducted in the European Community member states including Spain and Northern Ireland, but excluding Greece. This ninecountry study was produced by the European Values Systems Study Group (EVSSG), which established a Foundation in Amsterdam for this purpose. A Steering Committee and a Technical Group were responsible for the questionnaire design and the organization of the fieldwork. Three research institutes played an important role in the technical group: Gallup London, Faits et Opinions in Paris, and the Institut für Demoskopie in Allensbach (West-Germany). An explorative study was conducted on the nature, number, and salience of values in the lives of individuals. A series of in-depth interviews were held with people who could be expected to have some insight into the going-on in society: journalists, architects, teachers, and so on. Furthermore, group discussions were organized with individuals belonging to socially deprived groups such as the unemployed, unmarried mothers, divorced people, members of minority groups, etc. After this exploration, the survey agencies conducted an archive search of different databases with respect to questions and items referring to values. This archive search resulted in a database of more than 900 possible items for the questionnaire. From this large database a questionnaire was produced, covering the domains of work and leisure time, family and sexuality, religion, politics, and ethics. The questionnaire was piloted in Great Britain, France, West-Germany, and

2  Halman, L., R. Inglehart, J. Díez-Medrano, R. Luijkx, A. Moreno, and M. Basáñez (2008). Changing Values and Beliefs in 85 Countries, Leiden: Brill.

Introduction

Spain with about 200 respondents in each country. Based on the results of these pilots, a master questionnaire was produced in English. First Wave The final survey was fielded in 1981 in all member countries of the European Community except Greece, but including Spain, which at that time was not yet a member of the European Community. The interviewing agencies in the various countries took care of the translation of the English master questionnaire into the national language. The fieldwork was coordinated by Gallup in London. Nationally representative samples were selected for the fieldwork, which was mainly conducted in March-May 1981. Gallup in London gathered all data tapes and produced a combined data set. Researchers all over the world showed their interest in the European Values Study and many have fielded (parts of) the questionnaire in their countries. As a result, comparable data are available in a great number of countries from the United States to Australia and New Zealand, from Argentina and Chili to Japan. Second Wave In order to explore the dynamics of value change, a new wave of research was carried out in 1990. The project was extended to include several Central and Eastern European countries. The preparations of a second wave of the European Values Study started in 1986. Again, a Steering Committee was entrusted with the scientific supervision of the project. The questionnaire was designed by this Steering Committee in close consultation with national research teams and representatives of fieldwork agencies. In 1989, the preliminary questionnaire was piloted in Great Britain, Spain, Germany, France, and the United States, and a final questionnaire was drafted based on the experiences gained during these pilots. The final questionnaire was again produced in the English language and translated into the various national languages. The main survey was carried out in the middle of 1990 and the beginning of 1991, covering the same main themes as in 1981: work and leisure, family and sexuality, religion, politics, and ethics. The 1990 survey was conducted in all European Community member states (except Greece), in Scandinavia, Austria, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, the former German Democratic Republic, and Romania. The European field-

3 work was coordinated by the Institut für Demoskopie in Allensbach (Germany). National samples were drawn from the population of citizens over 18 years of age. Ronald Inglehart from the University of Michigan organized and coordinated surveys in countries other than those participating in the European Values Study. His efforts developed into the World Values Surveys Association, now based in Stockholm, carrying out surveys all over the world (see www.worldvaluessurvey.org). Third Wave The preparations for the third wave of the European Values Study started during the nineties. Building on the knowledge of the two previous waves, a new questionnaire was designed, taking into account several new issues that had emerged in the various life spheres. Five research or working groups (four substantive and one methodological group) were established. The four substantive research groups covered the main domains in the questionnaire: religion and morality, society and politics, primary relations, and work and leisure. The tasks of these substantive research groups were the development of theories, concepts, and suggestions for concrete items to be included in the 1999 questionnaire. Each research group consisted of experts on the domain at issue. The main tasks of the methodology group were to reach consensus on the themes and items in the questionnaire, identify problems of comparability, plan the survey, make recommendations on socio-demographic background variables, take care of the quality of the data, advice, provide assistance on analyses, etc. The proposals from the research groups were discussed in several Steering Committee meetings, resulting in a questionnaire that was applied in 1999 and 2000 in 33 European countries. Again, the UK survey did not include Northern Ireland, where a separate survey was conducted. The 1999/2000 European Values Study was coordinated from Tilburg University, where the survey data were gathered and checked in close collaboration with Hermann Duelmer, Evelyn Brislinger, and Wolfgang Zenk-Moeltgen at Zentralarchiv für Empirische Sozialforschung in Cologne (ZA) and with Helga van Gelder, Cor van der Meer and Berry Feith from the Netherlands Institute for Scientific Information Services (NIWI) in Amsterdam. Fourth Wave In 2008, a fourth wave of surveys was conducted in all countries in Europe with a population of more than

4 100,000. In Northern Cyprus and, again, Northern Ireland separate surveys were fielded. As in previous waves, the master questionnaire was produced in the English language, which was translated into the national languages. The questionnaire was developed by a Theory Group, which critically evaluated the existing questions and items and prepared proposals for new items to be included in the survey to tap new topics and issues. A Methodology Group was made responsible for the quality of the project; from data collection, cleaning and handling, to data analyses. For the 2008 wave, a special, online computer program was developed to monitor the translation process in the various countries. In most countries, the surveys were performed through face-to-face interviews from samples of all adult citizens aged 18 years and older. No

Introduction

upper age limit was imposed. Great efforts were taken to guarantee the highest scientific standards in developing, translating, and pre-coding the master questionnaire and the field questionnaires, high-quality fieldwork, and standardized procedures for data processing and documentation. A set of guidelines and recommendations was set up, and the whole process of data collection and processing was guided and monitored by the EVS Methodology Group. Detailed information on the translation of the questionnaire, the sampling procedures, the actual fieldwork, weighting, national codes etc. can be found on the European Values Study website: www. europeanvaluesstudy.eu. The next chapter explains the main improvements of the 2008 wave, and gives information on comparing outcomes from all four waves.

EVS Surveys 1981–2008 Since its start in the early eighties, the European Values Study has gathered a wealth of data, which have been harmonized in order to improve comparability. As a result, a wide range of data files and documentation products is available,1 fostering comparisons across region and time. So far, 125 national surveys covering 49 countries have been conducted in the four waves 1981, 1990, 1999, and 2008 (see Table 1). Table 1

Country/Region

Poland Portugal Romania Slovak Republic Slovenia Belarus Croatia Greece Luxembourg Russian Federation Turkey Ukraine Albania Armenia Azerbaijana Bosnia and Herzegovina Cyprus Northern Cyprus Georgia Kosovo Macedonia, Republic of Moldova, Republic of Montenegro, Republic of Serbia Switzerland

Countries in European Values Study 1981–2008 and survey year

Country/Region

1981

1990

1999

2008

USA Canada Belgium Denmark France Germany (1981 only Germany West) Great Britain Iceland Ireland Italy Malta Netherlands Northern Ireland Spain Sweden Norway Austria Bulgaria Czech Republic (–1991 Czechoslovakia) Estonia Finland Hungary Latvia Lithuania

1982 1982 1981 1981 1981 1981

1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990

1999 1999 1999 1999

2009 2008 2008 2008/2009

1981 1984 1981 1981 1983 1981 1981 1981 1982 1982

1990 1990 1990 1990 1991 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1991 1991

1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999

2009/2010 2009/2010 2008 2009 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009/2010 2008 2008 2008 2008

1990 1990 1991 1990 1990

1999 2000 1999 1999 1999

2008 2009 2008/2009 2008 2008

1981

1990

1999

2008

1990 1990 1993 1991 1992

1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 2000 1999 1999 1999 1999 2001 1999

2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008/2009 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008

a The data of the EVS Survey 2008 conducted in Azerbaijan is not included in the database presented in this sourcebook. It can be downloaded for further analyses through the GESIS Data Archive’s Data Catalogue at www.gesis.org/data-catalogue.

To allow comparisons across countries, integrated datasets have been constructed from the national data for each wave. These datasets cover a time span of almost 30 years. To encourage comparisons over time, a Longitudinal Data File (LF) has been created from the multicountry datasets: EVS (2015). European Values Study

1  All data and documentation can be obtained from the EVS website (www.europeanvaluesstudy.eu) and the GESIS website (www .gesis.org). © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ���7 | doi ��.��63/9789004328525_003

6

EVS SURVEYS 1981–2008

Longitudinal Data File 1981–2008. GESIS Data Archive, Cologne. ZA4804 Data File Version 3.0.0, http://doi .org/10.4232/1.12253. It includes altogether 164.997 respondents and almost the complete set of variables. Moreover, in order to broaden the range of comparisons on an international level, users can easily combine the EVS Longitudinal Data File with the World Values Surveys (WVS) Data File. The resulting data, called ‘Integrated Values Surveys’ (IVS), covers 113 countries/ Table 2

Overview of integrated values studies 1981–2014

Fieldwork period Surveys included Countries/regions N of respondents N of variables



regions and 364 national surveys. Altogether, 506.268 respondents answered questions, which to a large extent have been replicated since the early eighties. Information about the four EVS waves, the EVS Longitudinal Data File, and the Integrated Values Surveys is summarized in Table 2. It describes the fieldwork period, and the number of surveys, countries, respondents, and variables included.2

EVS wave 1981

EVS wave 1990

EVS wave 1999

EVS wave 2008

EVS LF 1981–2008

IVS 1981–2014

1981–1984 16 16 19,378 370

1989–1993 29 29 38,213 390

1999–2001 33 33 41,125 513

2008–2010 46 46 66,281 477

1981–2010 124 48 164,997 892

1981–2014 364 113 506,268 1,427

EVS 2008: Main Improvements

The replication of the EVS surveys every 9 years allows for systematic evaluations and continuous improvements of the questionnaires, enhancement of data quality as well as regional expansion. However, to be able to build on the results and experience of previous waves, documentation standards and preservation concepts have to be taken into account as well. The main improvements therefore combine both substantial and methodological issues and data and metadata handling. First, in EVS wave 2008, thirteen countries were added, resulting in 47 countries/regions participating, covering all European countries3 and all EU member countries. As a result, almost 68.000 respondents answered questions about their ideas, beliefs, attitudes, values, and opinions. An overview of all countries and number of respondents can be found in Table 3. 2   For more information on administration and results of the EVS waves 1981, 1990, and 1999, Halman, L. and A. Vloet (1994). Measuring and Comparing Values in 16 Countries of the Western World. Tilburg: EVS/WORC; Halman, L. (2001). The European Values Study: A Third Wave. Source book of the 1999/2000 European Values Study Surveys. Tilburg: EVS/WORC/Tilburg University; Inglehart, R., M. Basáñez, J. Díez-Medrano, L. Halman, and R. Luijkx (2004). Human Beliefs and Values. A cross-cultural sourcebook based on the 1999–2002 values surveys. Siglo XXI Editores , Mexico; Halman,

Furthermore, representative random sampling designs (single or multistage and stratified) were applied in the countries. The core questionnaire was enriched with new topics and more background variables; trend questions were critically reviewed and newly introduced questions were translated in a centralized and monitored process. Large efforts were undertaken striving for high scientific quality standards throughout the survey ­lifecycle.4 Based on agreed standards and procedures, project data management was carefully designed. It covered all phases from survey design to long-term preservation with quality controls and review procedures embedded. An extensive documentation was set up and persistent identifiers were assigned to each data file closely connecting the data with documentation and publications.

L., R. Inglehart, J. Díez-Medrano, R. Luijkx, A. Moreno, and M. Basáñez (2008). Changing Values and beliefs in 85 Countries. Leiden/Boston: Brill. 3  In EVS 2008, all European countries with a population over 100,000 are included. 4  See Survey Research Center (2010). Guidelines for Best Practice in Cross-Cultural Surveys. Ann Arbor, MI: Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. Retrieved April, 16, 2013, from www.ccsg.isr.umich.edu.

7

EVS SURVEYS 1981–2008 Table 3

Countries in EVS 2008 and number of cases

Country/Region

Country abbreviation Number of ISO 3166–1 alpha-2 cases

Integrated Dataset IDS Albania AL Armenia AM Austria AT Azerbaijana AZ Belarus BY Belgium BE Bosnia-Herzegovina BA Bulgaria BG Croatia HR Cyprus CY Czech Republic CZ Denmark DK Estonia EE Finland FI France FR Georgia GE Germany DE Great Britain GB-GBN Greece GR Hungary HU Iceland IS Ireland IE Italy IT Kosovo RS-KM* Latvia LV Lithuania LT Luxembourg LU Macedonia, Republic MK of Malta MT Moldova, Republic of MD Montenegro, ME Republic of Netherlands NL Northern Cyprus CY-TCC* Northern Ireland GB-NIR Norway NO Poland PL Portugal PT Romania RO Russian Federation RU

66,281 1,534 1,500 1,510 1,505 1,500 1,509 1,512 1,500 1,525 1,000 1,821 1,507 1,518 1,134 3,071 1,500 2,075 1,561 1,500 1,513 808 1,013 1,519 1,601 1,506 1,500 1,610 1,500 1,500 1,551 1,516 1,554 500 500 1,090 1,510 1,553 1,489 1,504

5  For a more extensive discussion of implementation of quality standards in cross-national surveys see Koch, A., G. Blom, I. Stoop, and J. Kappelhof ( 2009) Data Collection Quality Assurance in Cross-

Country/Region

Country abbreviation Number of ISO 3166–1 alpha-2 cases

Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine

RS SK SI ES SE CH TR UA

1,512 1,509 1,366 1,500 1,187 1,272 2,384 1,507

a Data not presented in this sourcebook. * No official ISO 3166–1 alpha-2 code; ISO 3166–2 is applied for the United Kingdom subdivisions.

Finally, EVS 2008 data and documentation were released in a timely fashion using internal pre-releases and workshops as a prior testing measure. Easy access and a high degree of transparency for secondary researchers were reached assisting them in using the outcomes and providing feedback. The critical review, in turn, will support the scientific community working with the data as well as the EVS research project in preparing the next EVS wave in 2017. Organizational Structure and Collaboration In a preparatory project phase, data management was designed aiming at high quality standards for questionnaire development, data collection, and data processing. From the outset of the project, it comprised considerations on which kind of data and information should be produced, which quality guarantee measurements would be necessary to improve data quality, and which types of outcomes may facilitate user-friendly access for secondary researchers.5 A brief overview of the collaboration between different actors set up for the EVS 2008 project is given in Figure 1. The Board of the EVS Foundation and the Council of National Program Directors supervised the project. The EVS 2008 Guidelines and Recommendations were developed by a Theory and a Methodology Group (coordinated at Tilburg University) in collaboration with CEPS/Instead Luxemburg and the GESIS Data Archive in Cologne. The National Surveys: The Example of the ESS. Methoden—Daten— Analysen, 3(2): 219–247.

8

EVS SURVEYS 1981–2008

Figure 1

Actors and collaboration during the EVS 2008 project.

Guidelines and Recommendations cover standards and specifications on translation process, sampling, fieldwork, and data processing and documentation. The Methodology Group developed a methodological questionnaire compiling information on how the recommendations were implemented in the surveyed countries. The National Program Directors were attributed responsibility for overseeing the entire process in their country and for reporting on the outcomes; in Armenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Northern Cyprus and Kosovo, this task was undertaken by the European Values Study. During the project, the EVS Theory and Methodology groups provided assistance to the national teams to adapt the agreed recommendations and standards to national circumstances. The Executive Committee was in charge of steering the project and organized a close collaboration between the central EVS teams and the national teams. Finally, professional institutes carried out fieldwork in all countries. To ease the data transfer and to guarantee transparency in information necessary for all teams involved, the EVS project portal was built. It is part of the technical infrastructure of the GESIS Data Archive and served as a workspace allowing for a controlled, stable, and secure access to all key data and documentation deposited. During the project, more than 620 files were uploaded by the countries and more than 100 people involved in data processing and documentation registered on the portal.

Questionnaire Development and Translation The master questionnaire of the 2008 wave addresses a broad range of values focusing on the topics religion and morale, politics and society, perceptions of life, family, work, national identity, and environment. To increase comparability of data across countries, particular attention was directed to the quality of questions and question translations. Where possible and applicable, questions and translations already ‘tried and tested’6 in previous EVS waves or other international surveys were reviewed and integrated in the master questionnaire. Questions newly introduced were translated in a harmonized and closely monitored translation process with several quality control features implemented. The translation process was designed by the EVS groups at Tilburg University, Gallup Europe, CEPS/Instead Luxembourg, and the GESIS Data Archive. Questions that proved to be less relevant were not replicated in the most recent wave, and new and emerging issues in various life spheres were introduced to the master questionnaire. Furthermore, the rich set of sociodemographic background variables and newly included batteries of questions focusing on life experiences or characteristics of respondent’s parents and partner were serious improvements and extensions. Of course, in order to promote trend analyses, a core set of questions remained unchanged. About 250 items are taken from the European Values Study 1999 and overlap to a large

6   Harkness, J.A., F.J.R. van de Vijver, and T.P. Johnson (2003). Questionnaire design in comparative research. Pp. 19–33 in:

Harkness, J.A., F.J.R. van de Vijver, and P.Ph. Mohler (Eds) CrossCultural Survey Methods. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

9

EVS SURVEYS 1981–2008

Figure 2

Languages and language versions fielded in EVS 2008. The shaded boxes indicate countries sharing one or more languages, shared languages are set bold.

extent with questions fielded in World Values Survey (WVS 1995 and/or WVS 2000). A few additional questions come from the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP 2003) and the European Social Survey (ESS-Round 2 and ESS-Round 3). The master questionnaire was designed in English by the EVS Theory Group and critically reviewed by the Council of National Program Directors. It was the starting point for the translation process, monitored and coordinated by the Administrative Centre for Translation Procedures (ACTP) established at CEPS/Instead. ACTP designed detailed translation guidelines, provided assistance, reviewed translations, and continuously reported on the results. It was particularly engaged in coordination of information exchange between all actors involved and contributed to a high degree of transparency.7 For the 47 countries participating in the 2008 wave, translations of questions were required for each language used as a first language by more than 5 percent of the population. As a result, the English master questionnaire was translated into 37 languages and altogether 67 language versions (see Figure 2). Twelve of the languages were used in more than one country. Fourteen countries had to manage the translation process for several languages (up to five) including key minority languages. The National Program Directors and/or, in some countries, the fieldwork institutes, were responsible for the

coordination of the translation process and the creation of field questionnaires. In most countries, independent reviewers/experts and two independent translators were engaged. The translation process was facilitated by the web-based questionnaire translation system WebTrans provided by Gallup Europe. Three procedures were followed in WebTrans, each one allowing several actors to directly enter translations and modifications along with comments. The review procedure for trend questions applied to countries that participated in EVS 1999 and the other international surveys involved. The adaptation procedure applied to countries sharing the same language(s). And finally the new translation procedure was used for questions newly added to the master questionnaire and for countries that did neither participate in the other surveys nor adapt other translations. After a country completed its tasks in WebTrans, a final check took place. All modifications and comments indicated as ‘major’ changes were revised, commented, and approved or disapproved by the Methodology Group supported by the ACTP. After finalizing the questionnaire translation phase, draft field questionnaires with a harmonized structure and layout were created for every language/language version. With the twofold aim to check the concepts of questions and to evaluate their translations in the respective national context(s), a pre-tests phase was implemented.

7  For a detailed description of the questionnaire translation process see the EVS Guidelines and Recommendations at www. europeanvaluesstudy.eu and Borsenberger, M., M. Valentova and

K. Skoczylas (2010). ACTP—Administrative Center for Translation Procedure, Final Report 2007–2010 (internal publication).

10 Pilot interviews were conducted in 39 countries with between 10 and 40 interviews realized in most of them. Verification of the CAPI questionnaire programmes and the PAPI field questionnaires were undertaken by the fieldwork institutes and in some countries additionally by the National Program Directors. Universe and Sampling The sampling schema employed in a country was designed by the National Program Director in collaboration with the fieldwork institute and approved by the Methodology Group. In order to guarantee high quality samples, random probability sampling had to be implemented. As different random sampling designs were applied, the following summary gives only a brief insight into main steps taken.8 The defined sample universe of the European Values Study 2008 includes all people 18 years or older who are resident within private households, regardless of their nationality, citizenship or language; a lower age cut-off of 15 was imposed in Armenia and an upper age cut-off of 74 in Finland. In Denmark, Iceland and Sweden, the availability of an up-to-date and reliable national resident register allowed for drawing a simple random sample. In the other countries, multistage, stratified random sampling was applied to obtain representative national samples. In general, at the first stage, the primary sampling units such as urban settlements and rural administrative areas, municipalities, census units, electoral districts or other administrative units were stratified and selected randomly. Reliable and up-to-date population statistics, mostly national Census data but also other registers of municipalities or polling places, were used as sample frame. For stratification, key characteristics in the population as geographical region, level of urbanisation, or size of the locality were used most frequently. At the next stage, resident registers, lists of telephone owners, post-code address files or other databases were used as sampling frames. Individuals or addresses/ households were randomly selected. In countries where a register based sampling was not the appropriate approach, a random route procedure was applied including two separate steps. For defining the starting points of interviews, in some countries dwellings were selected randomly from telephone books or, streets were selected randomly from maps of settlements or databases. For rural areas, in single countries further starting points were added. Subsequently, detailed random walk patterns were defined from the starting point onward 8  For more detailed information see the EVS 2008 Method Report and the Online Study Overview at www.europeanvaluesstudy.eu.

EVS SURVEYS 1981–2008

and addresses/households were selected to be included in the sample. At the final stage of the sampling design, the eligible respondent within each chosen household was selected. The Kish Grid method was most frequently applied for identifying the person to be interviewed in the selected household; the next or the last birthday method were further approaches used for eligibility screening. Although countries differ a lot regarding their size, an equal sample size of 1,500 respondents was intended. Not all countries (mainly small ones) could reach that goal; the number of cases is displayed in Table 3. In France, a random sample and two additional quota samples were drawn. The quota samples are included in the French national dataset only. In Germany, a disproportional sample design was used taking the disparity of East and West Germany into account. The same approach was applied to Belgium which planned a sample of equal size in the Flemish region and in Wallonia-Brussels. A post-stratification weighting factor was constructed by the EVS group at Tilburg University for all national datasets. The weight adjusts the socio-structural characteristic in the samples to the distribution of gender and age of the resident population (aged 18 and over). For the regions of Germany and Belgium a special weighting factor is included correcting for the disproportional sample size of the regions in both countries. The target response rate of 70% and higher could be reached by 16 countries, whereas altogether 36 countries could reach a response rate of 50% and higher. However, there is a considerable variation in the response rates between the surveyed countries (25% to 89%). Data Collection/Fieldwork The National Program Directors were in charge of monitoring and checking the progress of data collection on a regular basis. Guidance and assistance in all steps of fieldwork was provided by the Methodology Group. Most of the surveys were conducted within 2008, while a few carried over into 2009 or even 2010. Although 36 countries managed to complete fieldwork within a four-month period, other countries extended the fieldwork period to improve the chance of successful contacts to respondents (see Table 4). Comparable to previous waves, the mode of data collection was face-to-face ­interviews in the respondents’ homes; exceptions in the 2008 wave are Finland and Sweden, where online and postal surveys were administered, respectively. For assisting interviewers, in 13 countries CAPI-questionnaires (Computer Assisted Personal Interview) were used.

11

EVS SURVEYS 1981–2008 Table 4

Data collector and fieldwork period

Country/region

Data collector

Start of fieldwork

End of fieldwork

AL AM AT AZa

Strategic Puls Research, Tirana Marketing Communications, Yerevan GFK Austria GmbH, Vienna International Center for Social Research (ICSR), Baku Center for Sociological and Political Research at the Belarusian State University, Minsk TNS-Dimarso, Brussels PULS doo, Sarajevo Market LINKS-Research & Consulting, Sofia University of Zagreb, Faculty of Law, Department of Social Work CYMAR Market Research, Nicosia SC&C spol. s r. o., Prague SFI Survey, Copenhagen SAAR POLL, Tallinn TNS Gallup Oy, Espoo Institut de Sondages Lavialle (I.S.L.), Issy-les-Moulineaux GORBI Gallup International, Tbilisi BIK MARPLAN Intermedia GmbH, Offenbach am Main Quality Fieldwork & Research Services, Birmingham Metron Analysis S.A., Athens Forsense Piackutató és Stratégiai Tanácsadó Kft., Budapest The Social Science Research Institute, Reykjavík TNS mrbi, Dublin C.R.S. Centro Ricerche Sociali—di Marzulli M. & C. S.a.s., Milan Strategic Puls Research, Pristina Market and opinion research centre Latvian Facts, Riga Baltic Surveys—market and public opinion research company, Vilnius CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Philosophy, Skopje MISCO international, Malta Institute of Marketing and Polls IMAS-INC, Chisinau Strategic Research, Podgorica TNS Nipo, Amsterdam

2008–07–10 2008–06–16 2008–07–21 2008–07–11

2008–09–09 2008–09–19 2008–10–22 2008–08–10

2008–06–11

2008–07–31

2009–04–30 2008–07–12 2008–04–21

2009–08–02 2008–07–31 2008–06–15

2008–04–31

2008–10–31

2008–10–25 2008–05–05 2008–04–01 2008–07–01 2009–07–09 2008–05–07

2008–11–28 2008–11–02 2008–09–15 2008–08–31 2009–07–15 2008–09–04

2008–08–21 2008–09–17

2008–09–30 2009–02–10

2009–08–01

2010–03–10

2008–09–12 2008–11–26

2008–10–26 2009–01–28

2009–07–15

2010–03–15

2008–06–07 2009–10–02

2008–08–31 2009–12–30

2008–07–15 2008–06–01

2008–10–13 2008–10–31

2008–07–21

2008–09–14

2008–05–03 2008–07–03

2008–12–15 2008–10–13

2008–06–16 2008–07–02

2008–09–23 2008–10–04

2008–11–12 2008–05–21

2008–12–08 2008–10–31

BY

BE BA BG HR CY CZ DK EE FI FR GE DE GB-GBN GR HU IS IE IT RS-KM LV LT LU MK MT MD ME NL

12

EVS SURVEYS 1981–2008 Country/region

Data collector

Start of fieldwork

End of fieldwork

CY-TCC GB-NIR NO PL

Prologue Consulting, Nicosia TNS mrbi, Dublin Statistics Norway, Oslo Pentor Research International S.A., Warsaw TNS Euroteste, Lisbon The Research Institute for the Quality of Life; Metro Media Transilvani, Cluj Napocaa Bashkirova and Partners, Moscow Strategic Marketing d.o.o., Belgrade TNS SK. S.r.o., Bratislava University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Social Sciences Metroscopia, Madrid Statistics Sweden (SCB), Örebro M.I.S. Trend S.A., Lausanne SAM Arastirma, Danisma ve Tanitim Hizmetleri A.S.; Bulgu Arastirma ve Halkla Iliskiler Ltd.Sti., Istanbul Kiev International Institute of Sociology, Kiev

2008–10–28 2008–09–26 2008–04–07 2008–06–27

2008–12–04 2008–10–23 2008–09–02 2008–09–28

2008–05–26 2008–04–24

2008–08–31 2008–06–30

2008–06–28 2008–07–14 2008–07–14 2008–03–27

2008–07–26 2008–07–31 2008–08–29 2008–06–18

2008–05–28 2009–09–25 2008–05–08 2008–11–26

2008–07–15 2010–01–10 2008–10–06 2009–03–01

2008–07–12

2008–10–09

PT RO

RU RS SK SI ES SE CH TR

UA

a Data not presented in this sourcebook.

Training of Interviewers According to the EVS recommendations, interviewers should be trained thoroughly before they go into the field and National Program Directors should monitor this process closely. To follow this rule, several measures were implemented in the surveyed c­ ountries. Nearly all fieldwork teams were provided with written EVS-specific instructions before fieldwork started and followed project-specific training measures. In general, the majority of interviewers deployed for the project had relevant experience as interviewers. In the majority of countries, an interviewer carried out less than 50 interviews to minimize the impact of interviewers on the data.

Response Enhancing Measures and Incentives Specific attention was devoted to response enhancement strategies. To support interviewers in obtaining contact, introduction letters, shortly describing the EVS 2008 project goals, were used in more than half of the countries. Furthermore, some countries used further supporting material as brochures and/or leaflets and offered monetary or non-monetary incentives to the respondents. In general, substitution of sampling units

(individuals or addresses) was not allowed. People randomly selected and not interviewed because of refusal or non-contact had to be revisited and could not be replaced by another person. Further means of enhancing response rates were related to interviewer calling schedules. The requested number of visits for a successful interview was set to four (one visit and three re-visits). The vast majority of countries complied with fieldwork standards and organized visits at different days of the week and at different times of the day. For monitoring the fieldwork process and assisting interviewers in fieldwork, a predefined contact form was used reporting on successful visits, and number of and reasons for refusals. Furthermore, information about interviewers deployed in the countries’ surveys was collected in a predefined interviewer form.

Quality Control Back-Checks of Interviews, Refusals, and Non-Contacts Almost all countries reported on several activities implemented to control the quality of fieldwork. In compliance with the recommendations, quality control back-checks (in person, by telephone, and by mail) were required on

13

EVS SURVEYS 1981–2008

at least 5% of respondents, 10% of refusals and 10% of cases where no contact with the sampled person was made. All countries but one reported on the verification of interviews; in the majority of countries also refusals and non-contacts were checked. Data Processing and Documentation The National Program Directors in collaboration with the central EVS teams at Tilburg University and the GESIS Data Archive were in charge of the data processing and documentation. Data editing, cleaning, and verification were the responsibility of the National Program Directors and their teams. All subsequent steps with regard to further data checks, standardisation, harmonisation, and integration of data as well as the publication of the outcomes were taken over by the central EVS teams. In a continuous dialogue, modifications in the data and data problems were discussed and documented in national data cleaning reports. Depending on the nature of these problems, for some countries one review round was sufficient, for other countries two or more rounds had to be implemented. Steps in Data Editing and Harmonisation Data processing took place in several steps, each one resulting in a specific kind of data file. In the first step, the original, unmodified data were submitted by all countries and preserved in the GESIS Data Archive. This allows for tracing all data modifications and for the reconstruction of data files in case of any data loss. The original data was systematically checked for consistency by the country teams. From this data, a national master data file was constructed by the central EVS teams serving as basis for all future steps in data processing. Cleaning procedures were used to check for data modifications performed in the countries and for inconsistencies or illegitimate codes. Checks on variable level were focused on the uniqueness of assigned case IDs, variable names and labels, formats, wild codes, and missing definitions. Special attention was paid to filter inconsistencies and contradictions between variables indicating inconsistencies in the answer patterns of respondents. International standards or EVS coding frames were used for further standardisation and harmonization of variables. In general, the data was cleaned according to the filter instructions of the English master questionnaire. Systematic deviations occurring in the national datasets as well as recoded or constructed variables were marked by variable notes. Non-conformities or contradictions in 9 Web page ‘Compare question texts’ at www.europeanvalues study.eu/page/compare-question-texts-in-evs-2008.html.

answer-patterns were indicated by flag variables leaving correction decisions up to the researcher. For the European Values Study 2008, both the Integrated Data File and the 47 national datasets are provided for secondary analyses. While the integrated data includes variables based on the common EVS questionnaire program, the national data also cover countryspecific variables constructed for questions additionally added to the field questionnaire. Data Documentation The documentation process of the data started very early in the project. To allow researchers to easily discover and re-use the data, extensive documentation has been created and provided. It includes the Guidelines and Recommendations created during the survey planning phase, the English master questionnaire supplemented by information on trend variables and new topics included, the field questionnaires along with records on the translation procedure, the methodological questionnaires including information on data creation and outcomes in the countries, and the national data cleaning reports on editing and integrating the data. To help secondary researchers access and use the data, method reports and bilingual (English/original language) variable reports are compiled. Finally, the report on project and data management provides insights into the workflows designed and decisions made. As a general rule, data and information processed by the central EVS teams was reviewed by the country teams before publication.

Internal and External Review Procedures on Outcomes Internal-use releases and publicly available pre-releases played an important role as means of testing the data in advance and providing feedback. Workshops organized during the project were used as a further dialogue and feedback mechanisms with the members of the EVS teams in the countries. The public release of data and documentation introduced a new review procedure. Secondary researchers are asked to play an active role in using the outcomes, evaluating questions, data, and publications and reporting on their findings. This process is supported by several user-friendly online features. Researchers who want to compare questions across languages, countries, or waves are assisted by a specific EVS web page.9 It provides access to all information necessary and allows for monitoring problems or peculiarities in original questions spotted and reported.

14

EVS SURVEYS 1981–2008

For researchers who want to report on or monitor data problems detected, a specific section is provided in the study description of the GESIS Data Catalogue.10 Persistent identifiers (Digital Object Identifier) allow the identification of dataset versions released and the reliable citation of data used in publications. Finally, the EVS Bibliography11 provides information on publications based on EVS data. Access to Data and Documentation The website of the European Values Study is the first place for researchers to get comprehensive information about origin and content of the EVS research program. It contains active links to the GESIS Data Archive’s retrieval systems making the complete EVS holding (1981–2008) widely accessible. The EVS 2008 integrated dataset and the 47 national datasets can be downloaded through the GESIS Data Catalogue free of charge. For researchers continuously working with the data, information on up-to-date dataset versions and errata history may be important. Advanced searches and analyses are fostered by the Online Study Catalogue— ZACAT.12 The data portal in particular assists researchers who are looking for trend information across the EVS waves or want to compare original questions for the waves 1999 and 2008. Documentation covering project-, study-, and variable-level information is provided for download. Project-level information is given in the reports ‘Guidelines and Recommendations’ and ‘Project and Data Management’. Information on study-level is included in method reports, and the master and field questionnaires, whereas variable reports are provided for documentation the single variable. Two interactive online overviews offer an additional approach to studylevel13 and variable-level14 information. They may be of particular value for researchers who want to get a quick overview on how the EVS survey 2008 was conducted in the countries and which variables were used so far.

How to Read the Tables

The tables in this sourcebook are based on the weighted data: European Values Study Group and World Values Survey Association (2006). EUROPEAN AND WORLD 10   G ESIS Data Catalogue at www.gesis.org/data-catalogue. 11   E VS Bibliography at www.europeanvaluesstudy.eu/page/ publications.html. 12  Online Study Catalogue—ZACAT at zacat.gesis.org.

VALUES SURVEYS FOUR-WAVE INTEGRATED DATA FILE, 1981–2004, v.20060423. Obtained by merging data from the waves 1981–2004 of WVS and EVS, this dataset has been employed to produce data for the first three waves (1981–2000), and can be retrieved both from the ASEP/JDS website www.jdsurvey.net and from the GESIS Data Catalogue, archive study number ZA5080, http:// doi.org/10.4232/1.11159. To produce data for the last and fourth wave (2008), another dataset has been employed: EVS (2015): European Values Study Longitudinal Data File 1981–2008. GESIS Data Archive, Cologne. ZA4804 Data File Version 3.0.0, http://doi.org/10.4232/1.12253. The numbers of the tables (e.g. A001, A124_01) correspond to the names of the variables in the EVS Longitudinal Data File. The EVS data is deposited with the GESIS Data Archive and can be downloaded through the GESIS Data Catalogue at www.gesis.org/data-catalogue. The European Values Study surveys include questions on major life spheres and the tables in this sourcebook are ordered accordingly. We distinguish perceptions of life, environment, work, family, politics and society, religion and morality, and national identity. In order to present the findings concisely in the tables that follow, the responses to each question are dichotomized, with only the percentage of one category (or more, in case of continuous variables) being shown. The chosen categories are specified in the caption of each table. For example, the first table presented displays the responses to the question, ‘How important is your family in your life?’. Only the percentage saying that the family is “very important” is shown here; the other three response categories (“fairly important,” “not very important,” and “not at all important”) are not shown. This sacrifice of detail brings a huge gain in conciseness: if we were to report each response category for each variable, it would require a very large and unwieldy book, since some questions have ten response categories. The countries are listed in alphabetical order, and the responses in each year for which data are available are shown under the appropriate columns, from 1981 to 2008. Presenting the data in such a way provides a comprehensive overview, not only of the trends within countries, but also comparisons between countries.

13  Online Study Overview at info1.gesis.org/EVS/Studies/. 14  Online Variable Overview at info1.gesis.org/EVS/Variables/.

Tables

Section A: Perceptions of Life

(A001)

Family important

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

For each of the following aspects, indicate how important it is in your life: Family. Very important (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

96

Armenia

90

Kosovo

87

94

Latvia

73

72

67

65

66

63

Austria

85

89

79

Lithuania

Belarus

77

78

81

Luxembourg

88

91

Belgium

84

87

87

Macedonia

98

94

99

76

Malta

95

93

83

86

Moldova

86

76

79

76

Montenegro

92

92

93

Netherlands

80

86

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

76

Croatia Cyprus

96

80

Czech Republic

86

85

78

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

88

87

87

Northern Ireland

94

Estonia

69

68

74

Norway

88

Finland

84

80

84

Poland

91

92

87

France

82

88

89

Portugal

65

84

78

91

Romania

83

85

86

79

76

81

92

85

Georgia Germany

96 90

93 90

74

81

77

Russian Fed.

Germany East

84

78

77

Serbia

Germany West

71

82

77

Slovak Republic

88

87

90

88

89

90

Slovenia

81

82

83

83

86

Spain

83

86

83

90

92

Great Britain Greece Hungary

89

89

91

Sweden

87

Iceland

91

94

96

Switzerland

88

Ireland

91

91

90

Turkey

87

Italy

88

90

92

Ukraine

© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ���7 | doi ��.��63/9789004328525_004

84 97

97

82

87

16

Tables

(A002)

Friends important

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

For each of the following aspects, indicate how important it is in your life: Friends and acquaintances. Very important (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

32

Armenia

17

Kosovo

29

50

Latvia

16

25

28

19

17

19

Austria

35

44

56

Lithuania

Belarus

37

27

32

Luxembourg

47

51

Belgium

46

48

47

Macedonia

50

75

71

40

Malta

32

42

37

38

Moldova

35

24

36

34

Montenegro

43

52

49

Netherlands

60

62

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

38

Croatia Cyprus

29

59

Czech Republic

23

27

38

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

53

55

61

Northern Ireland

53

Estonia

23

26

30

Norway

68

Finland

43

51

46

Poland

21

27

38

France

41

50

53

Portugal

20

30

38

61

Romania

25

26

29

29

27

36

58

41

Georgia Germany

60 65

73 65

36

48

44

Russian Fed.

Germany East

32

45

43

Serbia

Germany West

37

49

44

Slovak Republic

28

34

47

48

58

63

Slovenia

38

42

49

42

46

Spain

45

43

42

71

55

Great Britain Greece Hungary

27

34

42

Sweden

69

Iceland

49

48

63

Switzerland

52

Ireland

54

61

73

Turkey

55

Italy

38

36

37

Ukraine

64 74

74

39

36

17

Tables (A003)

Leisure time

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

For each of the following aspects, indicate how important it is in your life: Leisure time. Very important (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

2 mm

14

Armenia

15

Kosovo

29

35

Latvia

21

17

25

17

15

20

Austria

37

39

44

Lithuania

Belarus

37

25

25

Luxembourg

38

37

Belgium

41

40

39

Macedonia

42

70

43

33

Malta

50

49

23

28

Moldova

25

23

25

26

Montenegro

25

39

55

Netherlands

53

53

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

36

Croatia Cyprus

47

50

Czech Republic

24

21

34

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

48

45

53

Northern Ireland

31

Estonia

25

19

27

Norway

42

Finland

47

39

48

Poland

31

25

37

France

31

37

34

Portugal

16

20

27

41

Romania

25

24

36

29

20

38

31

31

Georgia Germany

34 46

51 53

39

32

35

Russian Fed.

Germany East

36

23

24

Serbia

Germany West

40

34

37

Slovak Republic

29

32

34

45

51

50

Slovenia

28

33

40

43

48

Spain

38

35

42

54

55

Great Britain Greece Hungary

32

31

41

Sweden

55

Iceland

36

34

39

Switzerland

47

Ireland

32

40

54

Turkey

24

Italy

33

29

27

Ukraine

52 43

52

25

31

18

Tables

(A004)

Politics important

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

For each of the following aspects, indicate how important it is in your life: Politics. Very important (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

8

Armenia

3

Kosovo

19

16

Latvia

10

6

5

Lithuania

13

5

3

Austria

7

10

11

Belarus

14

6

6

Luxembourg

8

10

Belgium

6

9

7

Macedonia

14

16

11

9

Malta

13

12

8

8

Moldova

8

6

4

3

Montenegro

6

5

16

Netherlands

10

11

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

15

Croatia Cyprus

11

12

Czech Republic

9

6

5

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

8

8

12

Northern Ireland

Estonia

9

2

3

Norway

10

Finland

3

4

4

Poland

10

7

7

France

8

8

12

Portugal

3

5

6

25

Romania

4

5

6

11

8

8

5

6

Georgia Germany

15 6

8

10 9

10

9

7

Russian Fed.

Germany East

16

7

6

Serbia

Germany West

9

10

8

Slovak Republic

6

5

4

10

5

9

Slovenia

7

3

3

9

14

Spain

6

6

5

Sweden

11

11

7

Great Britain Greece Hungary

6

5

5

Iceland

9

7

12

Switzerland

11

Ireland

5

6

10

Turkey

11

Italy

7

8

10

Ukraine

13 18

20

11

11

19

Tables (A005)

Work important

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

For each of the following aspects, indicate how important it is in your life: Work. Very important (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

82

Armenia

62

Kosovo

64

80

Latvia

33

70

54

42

54

42

Austria

62

66

54

Lithuania

Belarus

55

49

53

Luxembourg

53

69

Belgium

58

63

54

Macedonia

76

79

75

52

Malta

76

71

62

61

Moldova

43

51

48

46

Montenegro

59

60

76

Netherlands

48

45

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

57

Croatia Cyprus

83

51

Czech Republic

58

53

43

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

51

40

50

Northern Ireland

57

Estonia

32

51

46

Norway

73

Finland

54

52

34

Poland

68

78

56

France

61

69

67

Portugal

35

58

58

64

Romania

69

71

58

46

59

52

55

57

Georgia Germany

76 42

46 61

40

45

48

Russian Fed.

Germany East

61

63

54

Serbia

Germany West

35

41

46

Slovak Republic

64

61

63

51

42

45

Slovenia

73

62

58

59

70

Spain

65

59

62

54

47

Great Britain Greece Hungary

59

57

56

Sweden

67

Iceland

56

54

63

Switzerland

52

Ireland

65

51

52

Turkey

59

Italy

62

62

64

Ukraine

66 75

84

62

58

20

Tables

(A006)

Religion important

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

For each of the following aspects, indicate how important it is in your life: Religion. Very important (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

28

Armenia

16

Kosovo

46

Latvia

48 7

11

9

16

14

10

Austria

24

20

18

Lithuania

Belarus

12

12

14

Luxembourg

16

17

Belgium

15

18

13

Macedonia

48

43

34

28

Malta

66

59

16

18

Moldova

35

34

26

19

Montenegro

19

37

59

Netherlands

17

17

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

12

Croatia Cyprus

71

22

Czech Republic

9

7

6

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

9

8

9

Northern Ireland

34

Estonia

4

5

5

Norway

15

Finland

14

14

12

Poland

52

45

32

France

14

11

13

Portugal

17

27

16

66

Romania

42

51

55

12

12

16

29

19

Georgia Germany

45 28

33 14

13

9

9

Russian Fed.

Germany East

12

4

5

Serbia

Germany West

13

10

11

Slovak Republic

25

27

26

16

13

16

Slovenia

17

12

13

33

43

Spain

23

19

14

11

8

Great Britain Greece Hungary

23

20

15

Sweden

10

Iceland

24

19

21

Switzerland

24

Ireland

48

33

28

Turkey

61

Italy

34

33

34

Ukraine

17 81

80

22

26

21

Tables (A008)

Feeling of happiness

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Taking all things together, would you say you are: Very happy (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region

Albania

10

Armenia

1981

1990

1999

2008

12

Kosovo

21

22

Latvia

2

7

10

4

5

6

Austria

30

36

29

Lithuania

Belarus

6

5

11

Luxembourg

36

38

40

43

45

Macedonia

19

24

22

21

Malta

31

35

8

15

Moldova

6

9

13

18

Montenegro

9

22

32

Netherlands

46

56

Belgium

33

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

7

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

13

34

40

46

7

11

14

Northern Cyprus

43

45

47

Northern Ireland

40

37

Estonia

3

7

11

Norway

28

29

Finland

20

24

15

Poland

10

18

20

25

31

36

Portugal

13

18

17

16

Romania

6

4

14

Russian Fed.

6

6

11

12

14

Denmark

France

31

20

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

47

41 41

15

20

15

13

21

9

11

16

19

17

Slovak Republic

6

8

14

38

38

43

Slovenia

9

16

23

19

25

Spain

20

21

20

29

29

41

37

31

Germany East Germany West

28

Greece

Serbia

Hungary

11

11

17

17

Sweden

Iceland

44

41

47

51

Switzerland

36

Ireland

40

44

42

47

Turkey

29

Italy

11

16

18

19

Ukraine

42 31

27

6

13

22

Tables

(A009)

State of health

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

All in all, how would you describe your state of health these days? Would you say it is . . . Very good/good (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

75

Armenia

56

Kosovo

63

47

Latvia

32

45

43

50

Austria

64

73

Lithuania

Belarus

27

35

Luxembourg

72

74

Macedonia

65

Malta

56

Moldova

30

43

Croatia

57

Montenegro

59

58

Cyprus

78

Netherlands

49

65

Northern Cyprus

78

80

Northern Ireland

76

77

72

Estonia

36

52

Norway

75

74

77

Finland

76

58

Poland

37

61

66

70

Portugal

44

74

48

Romania

47

58

56

64

Russian Fed.

26

29

54

60

Serbia

54

56

66

Slovak Republic

47

61

72

75

73

Slovenia

43

64

77

Spain

49

56

71

80

79 80

Belgium

70

Bosnia and Herz.

65

Bulgaria

51

Czech Republic Denmark

France

73

59

Georgia Germany Germany East Germany West Great Britain Greece

76 71 57

71

71 69

71

77 69

52

Hungary

35

31

51

Sweden

Iceland

69

74

75

Switzerland

80

Ireland

78

81

86

Turkey

60

Italy

50

55

63

Ukraine

76

65

51

74

64 32

23

Tables (A025)

Respect parents

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

With which of these two statements do you tend to agree? A. Regardless of what the qualities and faults of one’s parents are, one must always love and respect them. B. One does not have the duty to respect and love parents who have not earned it by their behavior and attitudes. Tend to agree with statement A (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

87

Armenia

82

Kosovo

91

92

Latvia

72

77

75

80

83

75

Austria

74

65

53

Lithuania

Belarus

83

71

75

Luxembourg

59

64

76

65

65

Macedonia

91

83

91

81

Malta

91

91

82

79

Moldova

90

89

71

71

Montenegro

87

83

85

Netherlands

32

40

Belgium

81

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

83

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

92

44

90

42

76

74

64

Northern Cyprus

47

36

39

Northern Ireland

76

80

Estonia

62

72

68

Norway

50

45

Finland

40

63

42

Poland

89

87

82

77

75

74

Portugal

77

83

82

96

Romania

83

84

83

76

84

83

87

73

Denmark

France

41

80

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

78

72 36

66

53

58

Russian Fed.

77

70

62

Serbia

60

62

49

57

Slovak Republic

82

74

79

59

68

65

60

Slovenia

82

78

79

69

85

Spain

73

81

83

75

51

51

44

26

Germany East Germany West

83

Greece Hungary

70

81

83

75

Sweden

Iceland

61

61

61

61

Switzerland

70

Ireland

80

78

72

63

Turkey

82

Italy

82

84

79

81

Ukraine

55 86

91

86

92

24

Tables

(A026_01) Responsibilities of children Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Which of the following statements best describes your views about responsibilities of adult children towards their parents when their parents are in need of long-term care? Adult children have the duty to provide long-term care for their parents even at the expense of their own well-being (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

66

Kosovo

88

Armenia

84

Latvia

55

Austria

37

Lithuania

39

Belarus

67

Luxembourg

48

Belgium

47

Macedonia

62

Bosnia and Herz.

76

Malta

79

Bulgaria

62

Moldova

74

Croatia

66

Montenegro

63

Cyprus

62

Netherlands

30

Czech Republic

50

Northern Cyprus

67

Denmark

18

Northern Ireland

35

Estonia

48

Norway

26

Finland

16

Poland

68

France

55

Portugal

81

Georgia

87

Romania

61

Germany

39

Russian Fed.

64

Germany East

40

Serbia

59

Germany West

39

Slovak Republic

59

Great Britain

37

Slovenia

57

Greece

68

Spain

68

Hungary

57

Sweden

29

Iceland

33

Switzerland

41

Ireland

44

Turkey

79

Italy

67

Ukraine

74

25

Tables (A026)

Responsibilities of parents

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Which of the following statements best describes your views about parents’ responsibilities to their children? Parents duty is to do their best for their children even at the expense of their own well-being (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

75

Armenia

86

Kosovo

91

84

Latvia

51

76

56

37

39

38

Austria

60

71

58

Lithuania

Belarus

65

49

51

Luxembourg

68

74

64

78

74

Macedonia

82

82

88

90

Malta

91

92

75

79

Moldova

75

83

90

87

Montenegro

86

87

77

Netherlands

61

81

Belgium

68

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

58

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

90

60

91

68

56

60

54

Northern Cyprus

52

60

70

Northern Ireland

75

81

Estonia

55

58

65

Norway

76

73

Finland

49

70

56

Poland

67

72

75

81

75

80

Portugal

84

80

86

96

Romania

85

89

82

51

56

59

82

80

Denmark

France

51

75

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

81

76 86

57

58

60

Russian Fed.

71

55

71

Serbia

59

54

59

57

Slovak Republic

58

60

63

73

74

76

81

Slovenia

72

74

79

57

81

Spain

77

77

80

84

68

63

67

89

Germany East Germany West

77

Greece Hungary

53

62

65

77

Sweden

Iceland

69

50

64

75

Switzerland

69

Ireland

78

73

76

74

Turkey

71

Italy

67

79

72

83

Ukraine

75 79

85

63

72

26

Tables

(A027)

Child qualities: Good manners

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Here is a list of qualities which children can be encouraged to learn at home. Which, if any, do you consider to be especially important? Good manners (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

85

Kosovo

85

Armenia

83

Latvia

53

72

67

35

34

40

83

86

Austria

79

78

78

Lithuania

Belarus

71

60

64

Luxembourg

72

78

82

Macedonia

83

Malta

71

Moldova

83

Croatia

82

Montenegro

83

Cyprus

84

Netherlands

Belgium

47

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

72

Czech Republic

69

97 70

59

80

80

82

81

70

86

87

87

77

Northern Cyprus

66

72

76

Northern Ireland

80

95

Estonia

74

78

78

Norway

60

77

Finland

83

90

89

Poland

45

58

59

53

69

68

Portugal

83

77

67

71

Romania

92

80

97

57

58

65

Denmark

France

50

21

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

89

90 78

67

63

79

Russian Fed.

69

67

78

Serbia

42

67

63

79

Slovak Republic

88

73

78

67

89

92

92

Slovenia

89

77

81

76

78

Spain

53

82

86

84

55

78

70

77

Germany East Germany West

84

Greece

87

Hungary

48

77

71

83

Sweden

Iceland

60

90

74

74

Switzerland

59

Ireland

66

75

87

87

Turkey

92

Italy

55

79

75

80

Ukraine

79 92 56

61

27

Tables (A029)

Child qualities: Independence

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Here is a list of qualities that children can be encouraged to learn at home. Which, if any, do you consider to be especially important? Independence (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

57

Armenia

32

Kosovo

49

24

Latvia

73

51

69

81

77

74

Austria

65

70

65

Lithuania

Belarus

31

32

25

Luxembourg

49

50

36

41

32

Macedonia

59

90

56

34

Malta

31

36

42

44

Moldova

56

49

Croatia

41

Montenegro

59

39

Cyprus

39

Netherlands

53

49

Belgium

20

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

62

Czech Republic

8

27

32

49

52

69

65

Northern Cyprus

81

81

79

Northern Ireland

16

37

Estonia

43

22

26

Norway

53

86

Finland

58

58

52

Poland

12

22

40

27

29

27

Portugal

24

22

42

54

Romania

24

30

61

29

31

35

61

36

Denmark

France

55

16

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

51

50 86

72

70

71

Russian Fed.

67

70

72

Serbia

46

73

70

71

Slovak Republic

48

61

71

23

43

53

50

Slovenia

33

70

72

58

42

Spain

24

36

39

39

18

36

69

65

Germany East Germany West

24

Greece Hungary

50

70

71

76

Sweden

Iceland

38

89

76

81

Switzerland

42

Ireland

29

43

50

62

Turkey

19

Italy

22

31

41

39

Ukraine

64 15 32

23

28

Tables

(A030)

Child qualities: Hard work

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Here is a list of qualities that children can be encouraged to learn at home. Which, if any, do you consider to be especially important? Hard work (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

64

Armenia

58

Kosovo

49

76

Latvia

91

85

79

92

86

81

Austria

14

10

13

Lithuania

Belarus

80

92

88

Luxembourg

58

54

36

38

35

Macedonia

37

93

54

48

Malta

42

48

86

87

Moldova

87

74

Croatia

64

Montenegro

82

78

Cyprus

34

Netherlands

14

20

Belgium

33

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

91

Czech Republic

32

13

59

14

84

73

74

Northern Cyprus

2

2

5

Northern Ireland

Estonia

92

82

81

Norway

Finland

6

12

7

Poland

87

86

83

53

50

48

Portugal

68

69

66

89

Romania

71

82

91

93

91

81

75

51

Denmark

France

2

36

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

20

29

4

7

41

47 11

15

23

17

Russian Fed.

18

20

18

Serbia

22

15

23

17

Slovak Republic

83

75

84

16

29

39

45

Slovenia

32

29

33

31

29

Spain

41

37

45

21

4

5

4

10

Germany East Germany West

63

Greece Hungary

29

70

71

76

Sweden

Iceland

24

78

44

46

Switzerland

36

Ireland

25

28

37

61

Turkey

73

Italy

13

27

36

39

Ukraine

26 74 89

88

29

Tables (A032)

Child qualities: Feeling of responsibility

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Here is a list of qualities that children can be encouraged to learn at home. Which, if any, do you consider to be especially important? Feeling of responsibility (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

68

Armenia

59

Kosovo

49

76

Latvia

75

74

80

72

76

75

Austria

85

86

78

Lithuania

Belarus

81

77

71

Luxembourg

78

81

73

80

72

Macedonia

74

97

74

56

Malta

77

71

76

80

Moldova

83

57

Croatia

71

Montenegro

68

69

Cyprus

68

Netherlands

87

86

Belgium

37

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

68

Czech Republic

38

55

56

86

61

66

62

Northern Cyprus

86

81

81

Northern Ireland

10

38

Estonia

76

79

85

Norway

64

90

Finland

84

86

90

Poland

68

73

72

72

74

70

Portugal

78

60

73

76

Romania

56

62

80

70

76

73

72

72

Denmark

France

63

39

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

54

54 88

85

84

85

Russian Fed.

84

80

82

Serbia

63

85

85

85

Slovak Republic

64

67

79

24

48

56

49

Slovenia

71

76

73

83

72

Spain

63

78

83

83

63

89

87

87

Germany East Germany West

66

Greece Hungary

45

66

73

76

Sweden

Iceland

49

94

81

78

Switzerland

77

Ireland

22

61

54

63

Turkey

66

Italy

46

82

82

83

Ukraine

81 63 75

74

30

Tables

(A034)

Child qualities: Imagination

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Here is a list of qualities that children can be encouraged to learn at home. Which, if any, do you consider to be especially important? Imagination (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

29

Armenia

20

Kosovo

11

Latvia Lithuania

32 11

7

19

6

5

6

Austria

25

24

21

Belarus

7

10

9

Luxembourg

25

26

18

23

16

Macedonia

13

79

27

15

Malta

7

10

19

26

Moldova

26

26

Croatia

15

Montenegro

12

14

Cyprus

9

Netherlands

32

26

Belgium

8

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

16

Czech Republic

2

11

12

22

5

7

18

Northern Cyprus

37

37

32

Northern Ireland

Estonia

13

11

11

Norway

Finland

27

28

24

Poland

10

13

23

23

18

17

Portugal

20

15

12

3

Romania

17

14

52

11

7

15

10

13

8

3

10

10

12

6

Denmark

France

10

12

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

9

13

12

31

31

35 30

31

30

30

Russian Fed.

27

27

21

Serbia

14

32

30

32

Slovak Republic

11

18

38

31

Slovenia

22

12

Spain

24

38

29

22

16

40

40

39

Germany East Germany West

31

Greece Hungary

7

9

11

16

Sweden

Iceland

6

49

18

20

Switzerland

30

Ireland

7

14

25

46

Turkey

23

Italy

8

15

12

12

Ukraine

22 22 11

12

31

Tables (A035)

Child qualities: Tolerance and respect for other people

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Here is a list of qualities that children can be encouraged to learn at home. Which, if any, do you consider to be especially important? Tolerance and respect for other people (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

80

Armenia

54

Kosovo

56

67

Latvia

70

69

72

57

58

54

Austria

67

71

68

Lithuania

Belarus

80

72

64

Luxembourg

78

82

70

83

82

Macedonia

75

96

72

59

Malta

61

59

59

65

Moldova

78

57

Croatia

70

Montenegro

57

57

Cyprus

65

Netherlands

91

85

Belgium

45

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

52

Czech Republic

24

57

41

88

66

63

50

Northern Cyprus

81

87

87

Northern Ireland

60

80

Estonia

70

71

76

Norway

32

64

Finland

80

83

86

Poland

76

80

74

78

85

87

Portugal

70

65

69

55

Romania

56

58

74

70

67

60

65

58

Denmark

France

58

59

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

75

80 91

76

73

70

Russian Fed.

72

70

77

Serbia

42

77

74

69

Slovak Republic

55

57

53

62

79

84

79

Slovenia

74

70

72

53

53

Spain

44

73

80

81

71

91

93

91

Germany East Germany West

52

Greece Hungary

31

62

66

71

Sweden

Iceland

58

93

84

86

Switzerland

77

Ireland

56

76

75

74

Turkey

69

Italy

43

66

75

71

Ukraine

85 63 65

61

32

Tables

(A038)

Child qualities: Thrift, saving money and things

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Here is a list of qualities that children can be encouraged to learn at home. Which, if any, do you consider to be especially important? Thrift, saving money and things (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

55

Armenia

49

Kosovo

39

35

Latvia

46

45

58

37

42

40

Austria

54

48

43

Lithuania

Belarus

53

46

43

Luxembourg

48

48

36

43

46

Macedonia

40

91

37

30

Malta

53

54

39

42

Moldova

42

43

Croatia

38

Montenegro

38

23

Cyprus

26

Netherlands

22

30

Belgium

36

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

39

Czech Republic

32

17

41

29

39

32

42

Northern Cyprus

19

10

10

Northern Ireland

Estonia

35

45

46

Norway

Finland

38

23

24

Poland

44

38

44

36

38

42

Portugal

32

36

40

24

Romania

37

31

61

61

51

47

31

34

Denmark

France

15

32

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

8

25

12

22

26

36 11

49

37

35

Russian Fed.

61

45

60

Serbia

31

46

35

29

Slovak Republic

38

39

48

9

26

33

26

Slovenia

58

35

32

30

31

Spain

11

23

32

35

32

48

31

50

Germany East Germany West

41

Greece Hungary

33

49

41

49

Sweden

Iceland

13

69

21

20

Switzerland

42

Ireland

15

22

23

39

Turkey

36

Italy

19

29

35

44

Ukraine

36 29 50

53

33

Tables (A039)

Child qualities: Determination, perseverance

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Here is a list of qualities that children can be encouraged to learn at home. Which, if any, do you consider to be especially important? Determination, perseverance (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

53

Armenia

37

Kosovo

31

41

Latvia

40

36

47

34

35

34

Austria

39

36

31

Lithuania

Belarus

40

49

33

Luxembourg

39

44

39

44

33

Macedonia

43

92

46

40

Malta

17

23

56

65

Moldova

33

27

Croatia

40

Montenegro

44

38

Cyprus

38

Netherlands

34

36

Belgium

21

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

41

Czech Republic

4

16

21

32

31

29

34

Northern Cyprus

31

32

27

Northern Ireland

10

18

Estonia

51

50

48

Norway

12

33

Finland

39

50

47

Poland

27

35

41

39

38

42

Portugal

23

24

29

24

Romania

40

19

59

40

40

39

41

39

Denmark

France

11

18

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

34

36 32

51

47

49

Russian Fed.

55

51

45

Serbia

27

49

46

50

Slovak Republic

29

25

27

17

31

40

37

Slovenia

42

54

46

54

51

Spain

13

22

29

24

17

33

29

32

Germany East Germany West

43

Greece Hungary

17

12

29

29

Sweden

Iceland

13

75

29

28

Switzerland

Ireland

10

26

28

45

Turkey

Italy

17

27

34

33

Ukraine

36 20

21 46

33

34

Tables

(A040)

Child qualities: Religious faith

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Here is a list of qualities that children can be encouraged to learn at home. Which, if any, do you consider to be especially important? Religious faith (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

36

Armenia

21

Kosovo

12

Latvia

39 9

12

16

21

22

16

Austria

23

20

18

Lithuania

Belarus

6

12

13

Luxembourg

17

12

16

14

10

Macedonia

27

82

25

43

Malta

56

37

15

22

Moldova

43

41

Croatia

40

Montenegro

22

18

Cyprus

57

Netherlands

9

13

Belgium

17

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

11

Czech Republic

43

14

54

15

9

7

12

Northern Cyprus

9

8

8

Northern Ireland

33

44

Estonia

3

6

6

Norway

11

14

Finland

13

16

9

Poland

63

43

36

13

8

7

Portugal

26

24

14

67

Romania

43

59

81

Russian Fed.

8

9

15

21

25

Denmark

France

8

11

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

40

35 9

19

13

10

13

6

6

17

20

15

11

Slovak Republic

31

33

32

13

19

18

14

Slovenia

21

18

14

39

42

Spain

22

26

20

12

Sweden

5

6

5

6

Germany East Germany West

35

Greece Hungary

8

24

19

22

Iceland

9

50

10

7

Ireland

42

57

39

Italy

22

37

31

Serbia

Switzerland

24

40

Turkey

44

38

Ukraine

13 47 18

24

35

Tables (A041)

Child qualities: Unselfishness

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Here is a list of qualities that children can be encouraged to learn at home. Which, if any, do you consider to be especially important? Unselfishness (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

12

Armenia

17

Kosovo

29

32

Latvia

16

12

25

33

29

26

Austria

8

5

10

Lithuania

Belarus

27

17

14

Luxembourg

26

34

28

29

21

Macedonia

47

88

38

29

Malta

46

50

14

34

Moldova

11

15

Croatia

34

Montenegro

40

27

Cyprus

39

Netherlands

28

24

Belgium

14

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

22

Czech Republic

18

9

40

23

37

37

34

Northern Cyprus

51

56

64

Northern Ireland

Estonia

25

17

15

Norway

Finland

21

21

27

Poland

9

12

19

40

40

41

Portugal

29

40

39

12

Romania

20

7

52

24

21

18

34

27

Denmark

France

23

22

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

29

49

6

10

60 18

7

6

Russian Fed.

8

11

4

Serbia

4

8

6

6

Slovak Republic

22

19

27

40

57

60

50

Slovenia

33

38

31

26

28

Spain

4

8

12

2

10

29

33

32

Greece Hungary

14

26

21

34

Sweden

Iceland

21

75

35

31

Switzerland

37

Ireland

23

53

49

51

Turkey

28

2

39

41

41

Ukraine

Italy

50

8

Germany East Germany West

27

12 22 15

19

36

Tables

(A042)

Child qualities: Obedience

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Here is a list of qualities that children can be encouraged to learn at home. Which, if any, do you consider to be especially important? Obedience (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

54

Armenia

28

Kosovo

22

22

Latvia

15

20

30

25

20

20

Austria

26

17

14

Lithuania

Belarus

22

34

38

Luxembourg

26

29

37

43

38

Macedonia

11

85

44

39

Malta

41

30

16

21

Moldova

41

25

Croatia

41

Montenegro

47

30

Cyprus

38

Netherlands

26

30

Belgium

28

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

19

Czech Republic

24

23

56

34

21

17

26

Northern Cyprus

20

14

14

Northern Ireland

51

56

Estonia

19

29

27

Norway

26

31

Finland

26

30

21

Poland

42

32

32

53

36

28

Portugal

46

39

30

14

Romania

19

19

53

Russian Fed.

26

34

29

32

35

Denmark

France

14

18

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

58

51 21

23

12

12

26

17

9

15

22

11

12

Slovak Republic

36

26

34

37

39

49

41

Slovenia

40

25

22

11

24

Spain

30

43

49

29

13

25

13

16

Germany East Germany West

32

Greece

Serbia

Hungary

31

45

33

42

Sweden

Iceland

14

68

17

13

Switzerland

20

Ireland

33

35

48

57

Turkey

31

Italy

27

34

28

32

Ukraine

15 42 35

40

37

Tables (A048)

Abortion when woman not married

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Do you approve or disapprove of abortion under the following circumstances? Where the woman is not married. Approve (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

43

Kosovo

Armenia

47

Latvia

46

53

55

45

42

Lithuania

28

57

66

58

39

Luxembourg

39

48

50

55

Macedonia

44

Malta

68

62

Moldova

27

62

52

Montenegro

51

17

Netherlands

Austria

16

Belarus Belgium

24

27

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

63

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

30

57 4

28

4

30

10

64

4

58

51

66

69

Northern Cyprus

57

81

89

Northern Ireland

12

16

Estonia

25

49

51

Norway

35

45

Finland

67

59

78

Poland

14

30

25

30

69

73

Portugal

21

44

51

22

Romania

51

59

48

42

61

52

Denmark

France

60

35

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

24

26 66

21

55

53

Russian Fed.

18

76

61

Serbia

24

22

50

51

Slovak Republic

45

45

38

32

35

51

59

Slovenia

44

69

68

68

43

Spain

16

28

44

57

43

65

60

Sweden

40

41

90

91

Germany East Germany West

54

Greece Hungary

57

Iceland

16

22

60

65

Switzerland

Ireland

6

8

17

20

Turkey

44

32

27

23

39

33

Ukraine

51

43

Italy

61

38

Tables

(A049)

Abortion if not wanting more children

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Do you approve or disapprove of abortion under the following circumstances? Where a married couple do not want to have any more children. Approve (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

32

Kosovo

Armenia

52

Latvia

67

64

63

44

43

Lithuania

45

63

67

68

46

Luxembourg

36

45

40

50

Macedonia

44

Malta

81

76

Moldova

28

56

49

Montenegro

49

13

Netherlands

Austria

28

Belarus Belgium

23

23

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

77

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

26

55 4

22

3

27

15

50

3

48

56

77

76

Northern Cyprus

63

72

81

Northern Ireland

14

17

Estonia

73

71

70

Norway

43

46

Finland

61

52

71

Poland

28

36

26

48

63

67

Portugal

36

39

53

37

Romania

67

57

45

67

75

60

Denmark

France

69

50

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

18

19 57

34

55

51

Russian Fed.

50

78

64

Serbia

37

31

50

48

Slovak Republic

45

52

46

35

41

48

55

Slovenia

70

75

72

55

39

Spain

16

30

42

50

69

75

72

Sweden

59

52

85

88

Germany East Germany West

53

Greece Hungary

66

Iceland

28

27

50

56

Switzerland

Ireland

5

8

15

16

Turkey

41

28

30

26

31

27

Ukraine

62

52

Italy

53

39

Tables (A050_01) Leisure time: Meeting nice people Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

I am going to read to you some aspects of leisure time that some people say are important. Please tell me for each how important they are for you personally. Meeting nice people. Very important (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

34

Kosovo

60

Armenia

51

Latvia

33

Austria

44

Lithuania

22

Belarus

36

Luxembourg

63

Belgium

58

Macedonia

73

Bosnia and Herz.

55

Malta

72

Bulgaria

42

Moldova

49

Croatia

56

Montenegro

69

Cyprus

68

Netherlands

46

Czech Republic

45

Northern Cyprus

39

Denmark

41

Northern Ireland

39

Estonia

36

Norway

62

Finland

27

Poland

39

France

67

Portugal

41

Georgia

52

Romania

45

Germany

39

Russian Fed.

40

Germany East

34

Serbia

57

Germany West

40

Slovak Republic

48

Great Britain

40

Slovenia

52

Greece

48

Spain

39

Hungary

36

Sweden

35

Iceland

53

Switzerland

55

Ireland

53

Turkey

58

Italy

48

Ukraine

49

40

Tables

(A050_02) Leisure time: Relaxing Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

I am going to read to you some aspects of leisure time that some people say are important. Please tell me for each how important they are for you personally. Relaxing. Very important (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

47

Kosovo

54

Armenia

52

Latvia

47

Austria

61

Lithuania

31

Belarus

46

Luxembourg

66

Belgium

52

Macedonia

78

Bosnia and Herz.

49

Malta

79

Bulgaria

47

Moldova

44

Croatia

45

Montenegro

55

Cyprus

68

Netherlands

63

Czech Republic

53

Northern Cyprus

48

Denmark

43

Northern Ireland

54

Estonia

42

Norway

36

Finland

64

Poland

51

France

75

Portugal

42

Georgia

41

Romania

48

Germany

51

Russian Fed.

50

Germany East

39

Serbia

47

Germany West

54

Slovak Republic

51

Great Britain

55

Slovenia

58

Greece

59

Spain

57

Hungary

53

Sweden

61

Iceland

54

Switzerland

65

Ireland

60

Turkey

75

Italy

54

Ukraine

51

41

Tables (A050_03) Leisure time: Doing as I want Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

I am going to read to you some aspects of leisure time that some people say are important. Please tell me for each how important they are for you personally. Doing as I want. Very important (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

50

Kosovo

56

Armenia

45

Latvia

44

Austria

46

Lithuania

28

Belarus

38

Luxembourg

47

Belgium

43

Macedonia

74

Bosnia and Herz.

50

Malta

62

Bulgaria

51

Moldova

40

Croatia

51

Montenegro

63

Cyprus

69

Netherlands

43

Czech Republic

47

Northern Cyprus

52

Denmark

41

Northern Ireland

43

Estonia

40

Norway

37

Finland

50

Poland

57

France

52

Portugal

37

Georgia

50

Romania

49

Germany

34

Russian Fed.

42

Germany East

27

Serbia

60

Germany West

36

Slovak Republic

35

Great Britain

43

Slovenia

38

Greece

61

Spain

44

Hungary

50

Sweden

67

Iceland

26

Switzerland

47

Ireland

50

Turkey

67

Italy

65

Ukraine

38

42

Tables

(A050_04) Leisure time: Learning something new Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

I am going to read to you some aspects of leisure time that some people say are important. Please tell me for each how important they are for you personally. Learning something new. Very important (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

38

Kosovo

59

Armenia

45

Latvia

31

Austria

31

Lithuania

18

Belarus

35

Luxembourg

52

Belgium

43

Macedonia

74

Bosnia and Herz.

40

Malta

60

Bulgaria

46

Moldova

45

Croatia

28

Montenegro

48

Cyprus

60

Netherlands

28

Czech Republic

30

Northern Cyprus

46

Denmark

20

Northern Ireland

30

Estonia

30

Norway

30

Finland

14

Poland

33

France

63

Portugal

45

Georgia

40

Romania

43

Germany

27

Russian Fed.

32

Germany East

28

Serbia

39

Germany West

26

Slovak Republic

41

Great Britain

32

Slovenia

37

Greece

43

Spain

37

Hungary

21

Sweden

15

Iceland

53

Switzerland

45

Ireland

44

Turkey

75

Italy

42

Ukraine

42

43

Tables (A062)

How often discusses political matters

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

When you get together with your friends, would you say you discuss political matters frequently, occasionally or never? Frequently/Occasionally (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

78

Armenia

63

Kosovo

77

69

Latvia

96

77

77

94

85

76

Austria

69

74

80

Lithuania

Belarus

91

80

75

Luxembourg

69

77

53

63

64

Macedonia

80

72

73

70

Malta

62

66

74

71

Moldova

81

75

80

64

Montenegro

79

56

61

Netherlands

80

79

Belgium

44

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

88

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

59

73

54

75

89

87

74

Northern Cyprus

79

80

83

Northern Ireland

63

56

Estonia

95

82

79

Norway

76

88

Finland

82

74

79

Poland

83

76

74

65

65

74

Portugal

53

51

68

91

Romania

66

62

58

83

75

66

77

68

Denmark

France

79

62

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

66

47 88

86

84

83

Russian Fed.

93

88

87

Serbia

79

84

83

82

Slovak Republic

84

86

68

64

66

49

58

Slovenia

82

72

65

79

72

Spain

70

52

55

57

76

79

80

81

Germany East Germany West

66

Greece Hungary

68

76

54

63

Sweden

Iceland

74

78

78

86

Switzerland

86

Ireland

52

58

59

59

Turkey

56

Italy

51

58

68

71

Ukraine

74 54

59

78

76

44

Tables

(A064)

Belong: Social welfare services

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organisations and activities and say . . . which, if any, do you belong to? Social welfare services for elderly, handicapped or deprived people. Belong to (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

14

8

Kosovo

2

Latvia

2

1

2

7

7

Lithuania

1

1

2

1

2

Luxembourg

14

13

12

9

Macedonia

7

2

2

1

Malta

2

2

1

1

Moldova

4

5

2

3

Montenegro

4

3

4

Netherlands

21

21

Armenia Austria

5

Belarus Belgium

5

12

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

4

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

8

2

12

2

16

5

7

6

Northern Cyprus

6

7

12

Northern Ireland

10

9

Estonia

2

3

5

Norway

13

11

Finland

11

10

8

Poland

3

3

1

7

6

7

Portugal

5

2

6

0

Romania

2

2

4

2

1

1

3

3

Denmark

France

5

4

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

4

8 9

8

4

6

Russian Fed.

9

3

3

Serbia

13

7

4

6

Slovak Republic

4

7

3

9

7

7

5

Slovenia

1

5

7

6

1

Spain

6

3

3

2

2

2

1

Sweden

7

8

21

8

Germany East Germany West

3

Greece Hungary Iceland

20

16

17

20

Ireland

10

7

6

9

Turkey

0

2

4

4

6

4

Ukraine

2

1

Italy

Switzerland

9

7

45

Tables (A065)

Belong: Church organisations

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organisations and activities and say . . . which, if any, do you belong to? Religious or church organisations. Belong to (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999

Albania

20

Armenia Austria

16

Belarus Belgium

9

12

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

2

Croatia

12

Kosovo

2

Latvia

3

5

7

Lithuania

3

5

5

8

25

13

2

1

Luxembourg

10

7

12

6

Macedonia

11

4

8

4

Malta

14

9

2

1

Moldova

14

15

13

10

Montenegro

3

4

5

Netherlands

35

31

Cyprus Czech Republic

2008

15

35

13

35

5

7

7

Northern Cyprus

7

12

62

Northern Ireland

Estonia

4

7

7

Norway

Finland

18

47

27

Poland

7

6

4

6

4

4

Portugal

11

6

4

4

Romania

5

4

9

Russian Fed.

1

2

1

3

3

14

17

7

3

7

9

15

5

7

4

9

10

71

11

Denmark

France

4

4

Georgia Germany

17

13

11

19

12

4

13

16

14

12

Slovak Republic

22

16

5

12

Slovenia

7

2

Spain

11

12

6

Sweden

Germany East Germany West Great Britain Greece Hungary

2 51

25

9

11

Serbia

24

43 13

Iceland

35

50

71

63

Switzerland

Ireland

31

14

16

29

Turkey

1

1

7

8

10

10

Ukraine

4

3

Italy

11

14

46

Tables

(A066)

Belong: Cultural activities

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organisations and activities and say . . . which, if any, do you belong to? Education, arts, music or cultural activities. Belong to (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

14

11

Kosovo

3

Latvia

7

4

7

13

9

Lithuania

7

2

4

2

4

Luxembourg

17

16

20

16

Macedonia

12

7

4

2

Malta

5

5

4

5

Moldova

12

5

6

8

Montenegro

9

3

5

Netherlands

45

38

Armenia Austria

8

Belarus Belgium

10

17

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

4

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

9

5

12

7

34

6

10

11

Northern Cyprus

13

17

23

Northern Ireland

6

11

Estonia

11

8

12

Norway

7

13

Finland

20

14

11

Poland

2

2

1

9

8

10

Portugal

8

3

4

1

Romania

2

3

4

5

1

3

3

4

Denmark

France

6

6

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

8

9 12

11

8

6

Russian Fed.

8

6

3

Serbia

7

12

8

7

Slovak Republic

6

7

5

7

10

10

11

Slovenia

3

9

13

21

5

Spain

5

5

7

5

3

3

3

Sweden

13

13

26

12

Germany East Germany West

4

Greece Hungary Iceland

8

14

15

16

Switzerland

7

13

Ireland

6

10

10

15

Turkey

1

3

Italy

4

4

10

8

Ukraine

3

2

47

Tables (A067)

Belong: Trade unions

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organisations and activities and say . . . which, if any, do you belong to? Trade unions. Belong to (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999

Albania

9

7

Kosovo

2

Latvia

52

11

8

20

8

Lithuania

43

2

3

39

39

Luxembourg

12

15

18

15

Macedonia

6

4

7

2

Malta

9

2

6

5

Moldova

14

5

11

7

Montenegro

16

5

5

Netherlands

22

22

Armenia Austria

20

Belarus Belgium

15

16

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

19

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

2008

6

9

16

9

19

24

10

6

Northern Cyprus

49

54

55

Northern Ireland

16

12

Estonia

59

5

6

Norway

35

42

Finland

36

32

34

Poland

22

10

4

5

4

5

Portugal

5

2

4

3

Romania

20

9

6

62

24

10

14

5

Denmark

France

41

10

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

6

7 39

23

7

7

Russian Fed.

55

8

5

Serbia

16

15

7

7

Slovak Republic

22

16

5

21

14

8

7

Slovenia

19

17

14

8

4

Spain

6

3

4

5

32

7

4

Sweden

44

59

64

24

Germany East Germany West

6

Greece Hungary Iceland

52

60

60

48

Switzerland

Ireland

14

9

10

12

Turkey

2

3

8

6

6

6

Ukraine

21

13

Italy

6

5

48

Tables

(A068)

Belong: Political parties or groups

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organisations and activities and say . . . which, if any, do you belong to? Political parties or groups. Belong to (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

15

10

Kosovo

4

Latvia

11

7

Lithuania

1

1

7

Armenia Austria

12

Belarus Belgium

3

6

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

11

Croatia

18

2

2

7

1

4

Luxembourg

6

6

4

Macedonia

11

11

7

4

Malta

6

2

4

4

Moldova

5

2

4

7

Montenegro

20

5

7

Netherlands

9

11

Cyprus Czech Republic

7

9

9

8

10

5

4

3

Northern Cyprus

7

7

7

Northern Ireland

Estonia

8

2

4

Norway

Finland

14

7

10

Poland

2

1

1

3

2

3

Portugal

5

1

3

2

Romania

3

2

4

11

1

2

6

7

Denmark

France

7

2

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

3

2

14

14

2

1 7

8

3

4

Russian Fed.

11

3

3

Serbia

8

7

3

4

Slovak Republic

3

7

1

5

6

2

2

Slovenia

3

3

4

8

5

Spain

3

2

2

2

2

2

1

Sweden

14

10

11

5

Germany East Germany West

9

Greece Hungary Iceland

13

15

19

24

Switzerland

9

5

Ireland

4

4

4

6

Turkey

3

3

Italy

6

5

4

4

Ukraine

2

3

49

Tables (A069)

Belong: Local community action

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organisations and activities and say . . . which, if any, do you belong to? Local community action on issues like poverty, employment, housing, racial equality. Belong to (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

12

6

Kosovo

1

Latvia

5

1

0

3

2

Lithuania

2

1

3

0

0

Luxembourg

5

6

5

4

Macedonia

6

3

1

1

Malta

3

0

1

1

Moldova

3

2

2

2

Montenegro

1

1

2

Netherlands

7

11

Armenia Austria

2

Belarus Belgium

5

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

2

Croatia Cyprus

7

3

5

Czech Republic

2

3

2

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

5

6

7

Northern Ireland

2

Estonia

4

2

3

Norway

3

Finland

3

3

2

Poland

2

2

1

France

3

2

4

Portugal

2

1

3

0

Romania

1

1

2

2

1

1

1

2

Georgia Germany

1 3

7 2

2

1

1

Russian Fed.

Germany East

3

1

0

Serbia

Germany West

2

1

2

Slovak Republic

3

8

2

4

4

4

Slovenia

6

9

2

4

2

Spain

1

2

1

9

2

Great Britain Greece Hungary

1

1

1

Sweden

2

Iceland

2

2

6

Switzerland

3

Ireland

3

5

7

Turkey

0

0

Italy

2

2

3

Ukraine

2

1

2

50

Tables

(A070)

Belong: Third world development/human rights

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organisations and activities and say . . . which, if any, do you belong to? Third world development or human rights. Belong to (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

6

5

Kosovo

0

Latvia

1

1

0

3

3

Lithuania

1

0

0

1

0

Luxembourg

11

10

9

5

Macedonia

3

0

0

0

Malta

0

0

0

0

Moldova

2

1

1

1

Montenegro

1

2

2

Netherlands

23

24

Armenia Austria

1

Belarus Belgium

1

6

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

2

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

6

0

3

0

14

1

1

1

Northern Cyprus

3

4

9

Northern Ireland

0

3

Estonia

1

0

1

Norway

4

5

Finland

6

6

7

Poland

0

0

0

3

1

3

Portugal

1

1

2

1

Romania

0

1

1

0

0

0

1

1

Denmark

France

3

1

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

2

3 11

2

1

2

Russian Fed.

1

0

0

Serbia

1

2

1

3

Slovak Republic

0

0

0

1

2

3

3

Slovenia

0

1

2

5

1

Spain

1

1

3

1

0

0

0

Sweden

3

9

15

8

Germany East Germany West

0

Greece Hungary Iceland

3

3

8

15

Switzerland

0

5

Ireland

1

2

2

4

Turkey

0

1

Italy

1

1

3

3

Ukraine

1

0

51

Tables (A071)

Belong: Conservation, the environment, ecology, animal rights

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organisations and activities and say . . . which, if any, do you belong to? Conservation, the environment, ecology, animal rights. Belong to (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999

Albania

10

Armenia

2008

6

Kosovo

6

1

Latvia

1

2

1

1

Austria

9

8

Lithuania

Belarus

1

2

Luxembourg

11

12

11

9

Macedonia

5

4

Bosnia and Herz.

2

1

Malta

2

1

Bulgaria

1

2

Moldova

5

2

Croatia

2

3

Montenegro

4

2

2

Netherlands

43

36

7

6

Northern Cyprus

13

15

Northern Ireland

3

Estonia

2

6

Norway

4

Finland

4

6

Poland

1

1

2

4

Portugal

0

2

0

Romania

1

3

3

5

Russian Fed.

1

1

2

1

Serbia

1

3

3

3

6

Slovak Republic

3

2

5

1

6

Slovenia

3

5

11

3

Spain

1

2

1

2

1

Sweden

3

11

8

Belgium

3

Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark

France

6

1

Georgia Germany Germany East Germany West Great Britain Greece Hungary

2

11

2 1

4 5

Iceland

5

5

7

Switzerland

12

Ireland

3

3

4

Turkey

0

1

Italy

2

4

3

Ukraine

1

0

52

Tables

(A072)

Belong: Professional associations

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organisations and activities and say . . . which, if any, do you belong to? Professional associations. Belong to (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

11

7

Kosovo

1

Latvia

6

1

3

7

4

Lithuania

3

1

2

1

3

Luxembourg

6

10

9

7

Macedonia

7

5

2

1

Malta

3

2

2

4

Moldova

7

2

3

3

Montenegro

6

3

4

Netherlands

16

18

Armenia Austria

6

Belarus Belgium

4

7

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

5

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

7

4

8

3

13

6

6

5

Northern Cyprus

12

11

13

Northern Ireland

Estonia

4

4

6

Norway

Finland

15

6

8

Poland

4

4

2

5

3

3

Portugal

4

1

2

1

Romania

2

2

2

2

1

1

3

4

Denmark

France

14

4

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

7

7

14

16

4

7 13

8

4

5

Russian Fed.

6

3

2

Serbia

8

9

5

6

Slovak Republic

7

5

2

9

11

2

8

Slovenia

6

7

8

14

5

Spain

5

3

2

2

6

4

2

Sweden

7

12

14

7

Germany East Germany West

6

Greece Hungary Iceland

11

15

19

13

Switzerland

13

10

Ireland

4

5

8

12

Turkey

1

2

Italy

3

4

7

5

Ukraine

2

3

53

Tables (A073)

Belong: Youth work

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organisations and activities and say . . . which, if any, do you belong to? Youth work (e.g. scouts, guides, youth clubs, etc.). Belong to (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

12

9

Kosovo

1

Latvia

2

1

2

3

3

Lithuania

5

2

5

1

3

Luxembourg

9

8

8

7

Macedonia

5

6

2

1

Malta

2

1

1

2

Moldova

6

2

2

3

Montenegro

3

3

1

Netherlands

7

9

Armenia Austria

3

Belarus Belgium

5

8

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

2

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

7

5

6

2

7

5

7

5

Northern Cyprus

5

7

8

Northern Ireland

8

11

Estonia

2

2

5

Norway

8

6

Finland

5

7

4

Poland

2

2

2

3

2

1

Portugal

3

1

3

0

Romania

1

1

1

3

1

1

1

2

Denmark

France

8

6

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

6

10 3

3

2

4

Russian Fed.

3

1

1

Serbia

3

4

2

5

Slovak Republic

3

7

3

7

4

6

5

Slovenia

2

4

6

5

1

Spain

3

2

2

1

2

1

1

Sweden

6

9

7

3

Germany East Germany West

3

Greece Hungary Iceland

20

8

7

7

Switzerland

4

3

Ireland

9

6

7

9

Turkey

0

1

Italy

2

3

4

6

Ukraine

1

1

54

Tables

(A074)

Belong: Sports or recreation

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organisations and activities and say . . . which, if any, do you belong to? Sports or recreation. Belong to (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

11

Armenia Austria

19

Belarus Belgium

20

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

4

Croatia

10

Kosovo

10

1

Latvia

9

7

8

Lithuania

8

3

8

23

13

2

3

Luxembourg

25

31

25

33

Macedonia

13

8

11

6

Malta

9

3

4

4

Moldova

5

3

12

13

Montenegro

11

5

6

Netherlands

51

52

Cyprus

6

40

Czech Republic

18

23

21

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

33

33

41

Northern Ireland

17

Estonia

14

9

16

Norway

33

Finland

23

24

16

Poland

4

3

2

France

16

16

20

Portugal

14

9

5

0

Romania

3

2

3

5

4

3

8

7

11

18

8

Georgia Germany

9 14

19 28

30

28

22

Russian Fed.

Germany East

22

17

15

Serbia

Germany West

32

30

23

Slovak Republic

18

3

15

Slovenia

8

17

21

15

6

Spain

5

8

5

Sweden

32

37

21

Great Britain Greece Hungary

4

4

5

Iceland

30

34

33

Switzerland

Ireland

24

28

29

Turkey

1

1

Italy

10

12

9

Ukraine

2

2

30

55

Tables (A075)

Belong: Women’s groups

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organisations and activities and say . . . which, if any, do you belong to? Women’s groups. Belong to (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999

Albania

14

7

Kosovo

1

Latvia

1

0

1

4

4

Lithuania

3

0

2

0

1

Luxembourg

6

4

9

5

Macedonia

6

3

3

2

Malta

1

1

1

1

Moldova

3

1

2

2

Montenegro

3

3

3

Netherlands

5

6

Armenia Austria

4

Belarus Belgium

9

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

2

Croatia

2008

Cyprus

6

1

7

Czech Republic

4

2

3

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

2

2

3

Northern Ireland

5

Estonia

2

2

4

Norway

3

Finland

3

4

4

Poland

5

1

1

France

1

0

1

Portugal

0

0

2

0

Romania

0

0

1

2

0

1

0

2

Georgia Germany

1 4

8 3

6

4

4

Russian Fed.

Germany East

7

4

2

Serbia

Germany West

6

4

5

Slovak Republic

4

7

2

5

2

3

Slovenia

0

2

4

4

1

Spain

1

2

1

3

3

2

Great Britain Greece Hungary

1

0

1

Sweden

Iceland

7

6

6

Switzerland

Ireland

5

4

7

Turkey

0

1

Italy

0

0

0

Ukraine

1

0

5

56

Tables

(A076)

Belong: Peace movement

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organisations and activities and say . . . which, if any, do you belong to? Peace movement. Belong to (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999

Albania

7

5

Kosovo

1

Latvia

1

0

0

1

2

Lithuania

1

0

0

0

1

Luxembourg

2

2

2

1

Macedonia

5

1

0

1

Malta

0

0

1

0

Moldova

2

0

1

1

Montenegro

1

2

1

Netherlands

3

3

Armenia Austria

1

Belarus Belgium

2

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

1

Croatia

2008

Cyprus

6

0

3

Czech Republic

1

1

1

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

2

1

1

Northern Ireland

1

Estonia

1

0

1

Norway

1

Finland

2

1

1

Poland

0

1

0

France

0

0

0

Portugal

1

1

2

0

Romania

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

1

Georgia Germany

1 2

1 1

2

0

1

Russian Fed.

Germany East

2

0

0

Serbia

Germany West

2

0

1

Slovak Republic

2

0

1

1

1

1

Slovenia

0

1

1

4

0

Spain

1

1

1

3

1

1

Great Britain Greece Hungary

1

0

0

Sweden

Iceland

1

1

2

Switzerland

Ireland

1

2

1

Turkey

0

0

Italy

1

1

2

Ukraine

0

0

1

57

Tables (A077)

Belong: Organisations concerned with health

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organisations and activities and say . . . which, if any, do you belong to? Voluntary organisations concerned with health. Belong to (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

13

6

Kosovo

1

Latvia

2

1

1

8

4

Lithuania

1

2

1

1

2

Luxembourg

7

7

5

4

Macedonia

8

3

3

1

Malta

1

1

1

1

Moldova

3

1

3

3

Montenegro

2

3

2

Netherlands

9

13

Armenia Austria

4

Belarus Belgium

4

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

2

Croatia Cyprus

6

0

20

Czech Republic

7

6

4

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

6

4

7

Northern Ireland

Estonia

2

1

2

Norway

12

Finland

7

9

6

Poland

1

1

0

France

3

2

3

Portugal

3

2

2

0

Romania

0

1

2

1

1

0

1

3

Georgia Germany

1 3

4

9 10

5

3

4

Russian Fed.

Germany East

5

2

2

Serbia

Germany West

4

3

4

Slovak Republic

6

4

3

4

3

5

Slovenia

1

3

5

5

3

Spain

1

2

2

2

7

3

Great Britain Greece Hungary

4

2

2

Sweden

Iceland

5

3

4

Switzerland

Ireland

3

4

6

Turkey

0

1

Italy

3

5

4

Ukraine

1

0

3

58

Tables

(A079)

Belong: Other groups

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organisations and activities and say . . . which, if any, do you belong to? Other groups. Belong to (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999

Albania

5

5

Kosovo

0

Latvia

4

5

3

9

6

Lithuania

2

2

2

1

2

Luxembourg

4

6

11

6

Macedonia

8

4

3

1

Malta

3

2

2

2

Moldova

3

1

4

5

Montenegro

4

2

3

Netherlands

9

11

Armenia Austria

6

Belarus Belgium

5

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

3

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

2008

7

4

10

7

9

6

Northern Cyprus

11

14

11

Northern Ireland

Estonia

4

5

5

Norway

19

Finland

9

12

12

Poland

3

3

3

France

5

7

6

Portugal

2

3

4

1

Romania

2

2

2

2

1

2

4

1

Denmark

Georgia Germany

1 7

7

6 20

9

4

6

Russian Fed.

Germany East

8

4

5

Serbia

Germany West

9

4

6

Slovak Republic

4

8

5

8

5

8

Slovenia

5

10

9

7

3

Spain

4

2

2

19

25

18

Great Britain Greece Hungary

2

3

2

Sweden

Iceland

10

3

8

Switzerland

Ireland

2

5

7

Turkey

2

1

Italy

2

3

5

Ukraine

2

2

8

59

Tables (A080)

Belong: None

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organisations and activities and say . . . which, if any, do you belong to? None. Belong to (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999

2008

Albania

73

Kosovo

Armenia

88

Latvia

32

69

72

33

58

Lithuania

40

83

74

54

52

Luxembourg

41

38

32

33

Macedonia

82

Malta

80

81

Moldova

72

60

42

Montenegro

81

75

Netherlands

Austria

45

Belarus Belgium

58

42

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

59

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

82

66 59

38

63

16

58

8

79

3

38

41

49

Northern Cyprus

19

16

7

Northern Ireland

34

44

Estonia

27

67

60

Norway

27

19

Finland

23

20

28

Poland

59

74

78

62

62

55

Portugal

64

76

80

31

Romania

70

79

76

26

68

81

Denmark

France

38

73

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

53

55 21

30

49

53

Russian Fed.

17

56

65

Serbia

50

33

48

50

Slovak Republic

44

35

38

48

47

66

54

Slovenia

61

48

1

44

74

Spain

77

69

75

50

71

80

Sweden

15

4

Germany East Germany West

76

Greece Hungary

78

69

Iceland

17

10

7

7

Switzerland

40

Ireland

48

51

44

58

Turkey

92

0

Italy

74

68

58

62

Ukraine

66

77

60

Tables

(A081)

Unpaid work: Social welfare services

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

And for which, if any, are you currently doing unpaid voluntary work? Social welfare services for elderly, handicapped or deprived people. Belong to (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

11

6

Kosovo

1

Latvia

4

2

2

2

5

Lithuania

1

1

1

3

1

Luxembourg

7

8

6

6

Macedonia

5

2

1

1

Malta

5

2

1

1

Moldova

7

3

1

1

Montenegro

3

1

2

Netherlands

9

11

Armenia Austria

2

Belarus Belgium

4

6

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

2

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

6

1

9

2

8

2

3

4

Northern Cyprus

2

4

48

Northern Ireland

8

5

Estonia

1

3

3

Norway

6

4

Finland

7

7

8

Poland

5

2

1

5

4

5

Portugal

3

1

3

0

Romania

2

1

3

1

1

0

1

1

Denmark

France

2

3

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

3

8 4

3

2

3

Russian Fed.

4

1

2

Serbia

6

3

2

3

Slovak Republic

3

6

2

6

5

13

3

Slovenia

1

5

6

8

2

Spain

8

2

2

1

2

2

1

Sweden

2

3

9

6

Germany East Germany West

1

Greece Hungary Iceland

12

10

9

6

Switzerland

4

Ireland

7

7

4

6

Turkey

0

1

Italy

3

3

5

65

Ukraine

1

1

61

Tables (A082)

Unpaid work: Church organisations

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

And for which, if any, are you currently doing unpaid voluntary work? Religious or church organisations. Belong to (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

15

9

Kosovo

1

Latvia

3

4

6

7

8

Lithuania

3

4

3

4

1

Luxembourg

6

5

6

4

Macedonia

9

3

5

1

Malta

13

7

2

1

Moldova

16

11

5

4

Montenegro

2

2

3

Netherlands

11

12

Armenia Austria

6

Belarus Belgium

5

7

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

2

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

5

9

9

9

9

2

3

4

Northern Cyprus

2

3

6

Northern Ireland

Estonia

1

3

3

Norway

Finland

6

8

8

Poland

9

4

3

5

3

3

Portugal

6

3

4

2

Romania

4

4

6

1

1

0

1

1

Denmark

France

2

3

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

14

10

6

6

9

19 6

7

6

5

Russian Fed.

7

2

3

Serbia

7

7

6

5

Slovak Republic

5

13

4

7

6

6

6

Slovenia

2

4

5

6

2

Spain

10

4

4

3

3

5

2

Sweden

9

3

23

5

Switzerland

Germany East Germany West

0

Greece Hungary Iceland

5

4

5

4

6

Ireland

8

7

8

15

Turkey

1

1

Italy

5

6

7

71

Ukraine

2

2

62

Tables

(A083)

Unpaid work: Cultural activities

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

And for which, if any, are you currently doing unpaid voluntary work? Education, arts, music or cultural activities. Belong to (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999

Albania

10

8

Kosovo

2

Latvia

5

4

6

7

6

Lithuania

6

2

2

2

1

Luxembourg

8

11

9

7

Macedonia

7

4

3

1

Malta

4

3

2

4

Moldova

9

3

3

4

Montenegro

3

1

2

Netherlands

16

13

Armenia Austria

5

Belarus Belgium

6

7

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

3

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

2008

6

3

5

4

9

2

6

6

Northern Cyprus

4

5

28

Northern Ireland

2

3

Estonia

7

5

7

Norway

2

5

Finland

9

5

5

Poland

2

2

0

5

5

5

Portugal

4

2

3

1

Romania

1

2

3

3

0

1

1

2

Denmark

France

1

3

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

2

7 4

4

3

4

Russian Fed.

3

3

2

Serbia

2

4

3

4

Slovak Republic

3

6

2

1

3

3

3

Slovenia

3

7

8

14

3

Spain

4

2

3

2

2

3

3

Sweden

4

3

11

6

Switzerland

Germany East Germany West

2

Greece Hungary Iceland

3

5

6

4

8

Ireland

2

4

4

10

Turkey

1

2

Italy

3

3

6

59

Ukraine

2

1

63

Tables (A084)

Unpaid work: Trade unions

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

And for which, if any, are you currently doing unpaid voluntary work? Trade unions. Belong to (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

4

6

Kosovo

1

Latvia

9

2

6

2

2

Lithuania

9

1

2

5

7

Luxembourg

3

5

2

2

Macedonia

2

2

2

0

Malta

2

1

3

2

Moldova

8

2

4

1

Montenegro

1

2

2

Netherlands

2

3

Armenia Austria

2

Belarus Belgium

1

2

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

5

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

5

2

1

2

2

6

3

3

Northern Cyprus

3

4

7

Northern Ireland

2

2

Estonia

11

0

2

Norway

6

6

Finland

8

4

4

Poland

6

2

1

2

1

2

Portugal

1

0

3

1

Romania

14

6

2

9

4

2

2

2

Denmark

France

3

3

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

1

1 3

3

0

1

Russian Fed.

10

1

1

Serbia

2

2

0

1

Slovak Republic

5

6

1

1

1

2

0

Slovenia

2

3

3

4

2

Spain

2

1

1

1

5

1

1

Sweden

3

6

10

2

Germany East Germany West

3

Greece Hungary Iceland

3

3

3

1

Switzerland

2

Ireland

2

1

1

3

Turkey

1

2

Italy

4

3

2

27

Ukraine

4

2

64

Tables

(A085)

Unpaid work: Political parties or groups

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

And for which, if any, are you currently doing unpaid voluntary work? Political parties or groups. Belong to (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

11

9

Kosovo

2

Latvia

6

1

2

3

3

Lithuania

4

1

2

1

0

Luxembourg

3

3

3

2

Macedonia

8

7

3

2

Malta

4

1

3

3

Moldova

5

1

2

2

Montenegro

3

2

4

Netherlands

3

3

Armenia Austria

3

Belarus Belgium

2

2

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

5

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

6

3

2

4

2

2

2

2

Northern Cyprus

2

3

40

Northern Ireland

2

1

Estonia

4

1

2

Norway

4

4

Finland

7

3

5

Poland

1

1

0

2

1

1

Portugal

3

1

2

1

Romania

2

2

2

5

0

0

1

3

Denmark

France

2

2

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

1

1 1

3

1

1

Russian Fed.

5

1

1

Serbia

4

3

1

1

Slovak Republic

1

5

1

1

2

1

1

Slovenia

1

1

2

5

2

Spain

2

1

1

1

1

1

0

Sweden

2

4

4

3

Germany East Germany West

4

Greece Hungary Iceland

2

4

3

3

Switzerland

3

Ireland

2

2

2

7

Turkey

3

2

Italy

4

3

2

46

Ukraine

1

2

65

Tables (A086)

Unpaid work: Local community action

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

And for which, if any, are you currently doing unpaid voluntary work? Local community action on issues like poverty, employment, housing, racial equality. Belong to (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

8

5

Kosovo

1

Latvia

8

2

0

1

1

Lithuania

2

1

3

1

0

Luxembourg

3

4

2

2

Macedonia

3

2

1

0

Malta

4

0

1

1

Moldova

3

1

1

0

Montenegro

0

2

1

Netherlands

4

4

Armenia Austria

2

Belarus Belgium

3

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

2

Croatia Cyprus

6

2

3

Czech Republic

1

2

2

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

2

3

48

Northern Ireland

2

Estonia

4

2

2

Norway

1

Finland

3

2

2

Poland

2

1

0

France

3

1

2

Portugal

1

1

3

0

Romania

1

1

1

2

1

0

0

1

Georgia Germany

0 1

7 0

1

0

0

Russian Fed.

Germany East

1

0

0

Serbia

Germany West

1

0

0

Slovak Republic

2

7

1

1

2

1

Slovenia

3

6

2

7

1

Spain

1

2

0

1

5

2

Great Britain Greece Hungary

2

1

1

Sweden

Iceland

1

1

1

Switzerland

Ireland

3

4

9

Turkey

0

0

Italy

1

2

68

Ukraine

1

1

1

66

Tables

(A087)

Unpaid work: Third world development/human rights

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

And for which, if any, are you currently doing unpaid voluntary work? Third world development or human rights. Belong to (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

2

5

Kosovo

0

Latvia

4

0

0

1

1

Lithuania

1

0

0

1

0

Luxembourg

5

4

4

2

Macedonia

2

0

0

0

Malta

1

1

0

0

Moldova

2

0

0

0

Montenegro

0

1

1

Netherlands

4

4

Armenia Austria

1

Belarus Belgium

0

3

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

1

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

5

0

1

1

3

0

0

1

Northern Cyprus

1

1

20

Northern Ireland

0

0

Estonia

1

0

0

Norway

2

1

Finland

2

3

2

Poland

1

0

0

1

1

1

Portugal

1

1

2

0

Romania

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Denmark

France

1

0

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

1

1 2

1

0

1

Russian Fed.

0

0

0

Serbia

1

1

0

1

Slovak Republic

0

0

0

1

1

4

1

Slovenia

0

0

1

6

1

Spain

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

Sweden

2

3

4

4

Germany East Germany West

0

Greece Hungary Iceland

1

0

1

2

Switzerland

4

Ireland

1

1

2

2

Turkey

0

1

Italy

1

1

2

61

Ukraine

0

0

67

Tables (A088)

Unpaid work: Conservation, the environment, ecology, animal rights

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

And for which, if any, are you currently doing unpaid voluntary work? Conservation, the environment, ecology, animal rights. Belong to (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999

Albania

7

Armenia

2008

5

Kosovo

6

0

Latvia

0

1

Austria

2

3

Lithuania

0

1

Belarus

2

1

Luxembourg

4

6

3

2

Macedonia

3

3

Bosnia and Herz.

2

0

Malta

2

1

Bulgaria

1

2

Moldova

4

1

Croatia

1

2

Montenegro

2

1

1

Netherlands

2

5

3

4

Northern Cyprus

2

15

Northern Ireland

1

Estonia

1

3

Norway

1

Finland

2

2

Poland

0

0

1

1

Portugal

0

2

0

Romania

1

3

1

1

Russian Fed.

0

0

1

1

Serbia

0

1

1

1

1

Slovak Republic

2

1

1

8

2

Slovenia

3

4

Greece

9

2

Spain

1

1

1

Hungary

2

1

Sweden

4

4

3

Belgium

2

Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark

France

0

1

Georgia Germany Germany East Germany West Great Britain

1

1

1 1

5 1

Iceland

2

1

1

Switzerland

7

Ireland

1

1

5

Turkey

0

0

Italy

1

2

54

Ukraine

0

0

68

Tables

(A089)

Unpaid work: Professional associations

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

And for which, if any, are you currently doing unpaid voluntary work? Professional associations. Belong to (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999

Albania

7

6

Kosovo

1

Latvia

3

0

2

2

1

Lithuania

1

0

0

1

1

Luxembourg

1

5

3

2

Macedonia

3

3

1

0

Malta

2

1

2

3

Moldova

4

1

2

1

Montenegro

2

2

2

Netherlands

3

4

Armenia Austria

1

Belarus Belgium

2

2

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

2

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

2008

6

3

2

1

2

2

2

3

Northern Cyprus

3

4

20

Northern Ireland

1

1

Estonia

2

1

3

Norway

4

3

Finland

7

2

2

Poland

2

1

1

3

1

1

Portugal

1

1

2

0

Romania

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

2

Denmark

France

5

2

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

1

5 1

2

1

1

Russian Fed.

2

1

1

Serbia

2

2

1

1

Slovak Republic

3

3

1

1

2

8

1

Slovenia

2

3

4

6

2

Spain

2

1

1

0

2

2

1

Sweden

4

3

4

2

Germany East Germany West

2

Greece Hungary Iceland

2

3

3

2

Switzerland

5

Ireland

1

1

3

5

Turkey

1

1

Italy

1

1

3

24

Ukraine

1

1

69

Tables (A090)

Unpaid work: Youth work

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

And for which, if any, are you currently doing unpaid voluntary work? Youth work (e.g. scouts, guides, youth clubs, etc.). Belong to (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

9

6

Kosovo

1

Latvia

3

1

2

2

2

Lithuania

4

1

3

1

1

Luxembourg

6

5

5

5

Macedonia

3

3

2

0

Malta

3

1

1

1

Moldova

4

1

2

1

Montenegro

1

2

0

Netherlands

5

8

Armenia Austria

2

Belarus Belgium

3

5

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

1

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

6

3

5

2

5

3

6

4

Northern Cyprus

3

5

78

Northern Ireland

6

8

Estonia

2

2

3

Norway

6

4

Finland

5

4

4

Poland

2

1

1

2

1

1

Portugal

2

1

3

0

Romania

1

1

1

3

0

0

0

1

Denmark

France

5

4

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

3

12 2

2

2

3

Russian Fed.

2

1

1

Serbia

2

2

2

3

Slovak Republic

1

6

2

6

3

15

3

Slovenia

1

3

4

5

1

Spain

3

1

1

1

1

1

1

Sweden

3

7

5

4

Germany East Germany West

1

Greece Hungary Iceland

10

5

3

3

Switzerland

3

Ireland

7

5

4

9

Turkey

0

1

Italy

1

3

3

73

Ukraine

1

0

70

Tables

(A091)

Unpaid work: Sports or recreation

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

And for which, if any, are you currently doing unpaid voluntary work? Sports or recreation. Belong to (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

8

6

Kosovo

0

Latvia

9

6

7

9

7

Lithuania

7

2

3

1

2

Luxembourg

9

19

8

11

Macedonia

9

6

7

3

Malta

6

2

4

3

Moldova

4

1

7

4

Montenegro

5

2

4

Netherlands

17

16

Armenia Austria

8

Belarus Belgium

6

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

4

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

7

3

10

8

10

11

Northern Cyprus

11

14

37

Northern Ireland

Estonia

8

3

7

Norway

14

Finland

16

12

10

Poland

3

2

1

France

6

9

8

Portugal

6

4

4

0

Romania

3

1

2

3

1

1

3

3

Denmark

Georgia Germany

11

7

9

Russian Fed.

Germany East

11

4

6

Serbia

Germany West

11

7

10

4

4

Great Britain Greece

4 6

4

9 14

Slovak Republic

6

13

4

4

Slovenia

3

8

11

9

3

Spain

2

3

2

Sweden

17

18

12

Hungary

2

3

3

Iceland

14

11

11

Switzerland

Ireland

7

13

24

Turkey

1

1

Italy

6

6

49

Ukraine

1

1

14

71

Tables (A092)

Unpaid work: Women’s groups

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

And for which, if any, are you currently doing unpaid voluntary work? Women’s groups. Belong to (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

9

6

Kosovo

0

Latvia

2

0

1

2

3

Lithuania

2

0

1

1

0

Luxembourg

2

2

3

1

Macedonia

4

2

2

1

Malta

1

1

1

1

Moldova

3

1

2

1

Montenegro

1

2

1

Netherlands

2

2

Armenia Austria

2

Belarus Belgium

3

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

1

Croatia Cyprus

6

1

2

Czech Republic

1

1

2

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

0

1

49

Northern Ireland

2

Estonia

2

1

2

Norway

1

Finland

3

2

2

Poland

3

0

0

France

1

0

0

Portugal

0

0

2

0

Romania

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

1

Georgia Germany

1 1

3 1

3

2

2

Russian Fed.

Germany East

2

2

1

Serbia

Germany West

3

2

2

Slovak Republic

2

5

1

2

1

1

Slovenia

0

1

2

3

1

Spain

0

1

1

2

2

2

Great Britain Greece Hungary

1

0

1

Sweden

Iceland

3

2

3

Switzerland

Ireland

2

3

5

Turkey

0

0

Italy

0

0

39

Ukraine

0

0

3

72

Tables

(A093)

Unpaid work: Peace movement

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

And for which, if any, are you currently doing unpaid voluntary work? Peace movement. Belong to (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

3

4

Kosovo

0

Latvia

1

0

0

0

0

Lithuania

1

0

0

1

0

Luxembourg

1

1

1

0

Macedonia

3

1

0

0

Malta

0

0

0

0

Moldova

2

0

1

0

Montenegro

1

1

1

Netherlands

1

1

Armenia Austria

0

Belarus Belgium

1

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

1

Croatia Cyprus

6

0

1

Czech Republic

0

0

1

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

0

0

12

Northern Ireland

0

Estonia

1

0

0

Norway

0

Finland

1

1

0

Poland

0

0

0

France

0

0

0

Portugal

0

0

2

0

Romania

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

Georgia Germany

1 1

1 0

1

0

0

Russian Fed.

Germany East

0

0

0

Serbia

Germany West

1

0

0

Slovak Republic

0

0

0

1

4

0

Slovenia

0

1

1

5

0

Spain

1

1

0

2

0

1

Great Britain Greece Hungary

0

0

0

Sweden

Iceland

0

0

0

Switzerland

Ireland

0

1

2

Turkey

0

0

Italy

1

1

41

Ukraine

0

0

1

73

Tables (A094)

Unpaid work: Organisations concerned with health

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

And for which, if any, are you currently doing unpaid voluntary work? Voluntary organisations concerned with health. Belong to (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

8

5

Kosovo

1

Latvia

2

0

1

3

2

Lithuania

1

0

1

2

1

Luxembourg

3

4

5

3

Macedonia

5

2

2

1

Malta

2

1

1

1

Moldova

4

1

2

1

Montenegro

3

1

1

Netherlands

7

8

Armenia Austria

2

Belarus Belgium

2

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

2

Croatia Cyprus

6

0

3

Czech Republic

3

3

2

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

1

1

33

Northern Ireland

2

Estonia

1

1

1

Norway

3

Finland

4

4

2

Poland

2

1

0

France

2

2

1

Portugal

2

1

2

0

Romania

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

2

Georgia Germany

0 3

10 4

2

1

2

Russian Fed.

Germany East

2

1

1

Serbia

Germany West

1

1

2

Slovak Republic

3

4

2

3

10

3

Slovenia

1

2

3

5

1

Spain

1

1

1

1

3

2

Great Britain Greece Hungary

2

1

1

Sweden

Iceland

4

2

1

Switzerland

Ireland

2

3

8

Turkey

0

1

Italy

2

3

55

Ukraine

1

0

2

74

Tables

(A096)

Unpaid work: Other groups

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

And for which, if any, are you currently doing unpaid voluntary work? Other groups. Belong to (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

4

Kosovo

Armenia

0

Latvia

2

5

2

4

4

Lithuania

2

2

2

1

1

Luxembourg

2

4

7

4

Macedonia

0

Malta

2

1

Moldova

1

3

3

Montenegro

1

2

Netherlands

Austria

4

Belarus Belgium

3

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

2

Croatia Cyprus

6

3 1

4

2

6

1

7

Czech Republic

4

4

5

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

3

7

48

Northern Ireland

2

Estonia

2

3

3

Norway

7

Finland

7

6

9

Poland

3

2

2

France

4

6

5

Portugal

1

2

4

0

Romania

2

1

1

2

1

1

Georgia Germany

0 4

5 10

4

2

4

Russian Fed.

Germany East

4

3

4

Serbia

Germany West

4

2

4

Slovak Republic

2

6

3

4

Slovenia

3

6

6

4

2

Spain

1

2

1

9

10

8

Great Britain

4

Greece

1

Hungary

1

2

2

Sweden

Iceland

4

2

3

Switzerland

Ireland

2

4

5

Turkey

1

0

Italy

2

2

64

Ukraine

1

2

6

75

Tables (A097)

Unpaid work: None

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

And for which, if any, are you currently doing unpaid work? None Belong to (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990

1999

2008

Albania

80

Kosovo

Armenia

93

Latvia

64

78

77

69

72

Lithuania

70

86

84

81

86

Luxembourg

69

60

64

66

Macedonia

92

Malta

84

87

Moldova

82

78

46

Montenegro

92

83

Netherlands

58

Northern Cyprus

Austria

74

Belarus Belgium

79

72

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

80

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

90

72 65

73

77

65

72

50

85

14

71

67

74

63

Estonia

66

82

77

Norway

63

Finland

55

62

62

Poland

72

86

87

77

74

74

Portugal

81

86

86

39

Romania

75

84

87

69

92

95

Denmark

France

45

84

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

61

74

78

70 62

68

79

73

Russian Fed.

62

83

81

Serbia

29

69

78

72

Slovak Republic

73

49

88

78

77

57

78

Slovenia

85

71

42

60

83

Spain

88

82

87

84

85

88

Sweden

61

44

Germany East Germany West

Northern Ireland

89

Greece Hungary

89

77

Iceland

68

64

67

61

Switzerland

63

Ireland

77

74

69

68

Turkey

94

0

Italy

82

78

74

40

Ukraine

87

91

76

Tables

(A124_01) Neighbours: People with a criminal record Variable/Question Response Country/Region

On this list are various groups of people. Could you please sort out any that you would not like to have as neighbours? People with a criminal record (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

97

Armenia

62

Kosovo

69

47

Latvia

63

57

61

69

66

72

Austria

31

27

46

Lithuania

Belarus

72

72

70

Luxembourg

29

27

28

30

28

Macedonia

76

71

88

82

Malta

80

64

75

78

Moldova

83

66

74

73

Montenegro

29

79

65

Netherlands

32

50

Belgium

22

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

70

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

76

17

78

29

70

64

64

Northern Cyprus

28

31

36

Northern Ireland

39

46

Estonia

63

69

65

Norway

35

37

Finland

34

39

41

Poland

75

68

70

19

21

14

Portugal

59

44

39

80

Romania

67

69

59

63

58

64

29

71

Denmark

France

17

11

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

47

47 36

29

25

28

Russian Fed.

36

22

35

Serbia

28

28

26

26

Slovak Republic

74

82

67

39

41

48

41

Slovenia

38

40

36

67

58

Spain

35

37

32

33

50

Sweden

27

35

33

44

Germany East Germany West

23

Greece Hungary

74

77

Iceland

12

24

26

31

Switzerland

Ireland

44

52

56

65

Turkey

Italy

39

48

47

53

Ukraine

6 81

18 80

82

72

60

77

Tables (A124_02) Neighbours: People of a different race Variable/Question Response Country/Region

On this list are various groups of people. Could you please sort out any that you would not like to have as neighbours? People of a different race (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

30

Armenia

37

Kosovo

29

43

Latvia

13

5

14

20

10

14

Austria

8

7

18

Lithuania

Belarus

17

17

19

Luxembourg

6

13

17

16

6

Macedonia

19

21

13

14

Malta

19

25

28

21

Moldova

11

19

20

13

Montenegro

19

13

17

Netherlands

5

10

Belgium

12

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

39

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

9

10

10

8

26

10

22

Northern Cyprus

7

7

5

Northern Ireland

9

7

Estonia

19

15

24

Norway

9

12

Finland

25

12

9

Poland

17

17

12

9

9

3

Portugal

15

8

10

23

Romania

28

24

21

11

8

16

6

21

Denmark

France

4

5

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

11

8 6

11

5

5

Russian Fed.

13

7

5

Serbia

11

10

4

4

Slovak Republic

30

17

15

10

9

9

6

Slovenia

40

12

29

14

10

Germany East Germany West

56

Greece Hungary

23

Spain

9

10

11

4

9

Sweden

6

6

2

6

Switzerland

Iceland

4

8

3

1

Ireland

7

6

12

12

Turkey

Italy

7

13

16

16

Ukraine

2 34

3 32

43

10

10

78

Tables

(A124_03) Neighbours: Heavy drinkers Variable/Question Response Country/Region

On this list are various groups of people. Could you please sort out any that you would not like to have as neighbours? Heavy drinkers (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

81

Armenia

57

Kosovo

55

47

Latvia

85

75

79

92

82

76

Austria

58

53

61

Lithuania

Belarus

82

83

81

Luxembourg

32

41

50

44

39

Macedonia

64

66

77

58

Malta

74

57

76

80

Moldova

85

82

63

60

Montenegro

63

65

44

Netherlands

58

66

Belgium

39

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

73

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

61

51

61

59

79

75

67

Northern Cyprus

34

36

48

Northern Ireland

40

43

Estonia

90

84

72

Norway

33

32

Finland

54

51

66

Poland

85

78

72

50

47

35

Portugal

51

38

40

83

Romania

79

77

66

82

73

79

56

57

Denmark

France

29

47

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

51

58 26

66

56

56

Russian Fed.

72

53

65

Serbia

67

64

57

54

Slovak Republic

75

80

71

48

48

51

48

Slovenia

45

69

47

37

39

Spain

38

40

39

31

57

Sweden

44

45

33

47

Germany East Germany West

28

Greece Hungary

79

81

Iceland

52

61

62

61

Switzerland

23

Ireland

33

34

36

40

Turkey

87

Italy

44

51

40

46

Ukraine

45 87

87

79

75

79

Tables (A124_04) Neighbours: Emotionally unstable people Variable/Question Response Country/Region

On this list are various groups of people. Could you please sort out any that you would not like to have as neighbours? Emotionally unstable people (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

61

Armenia

40

Kosovo

45

41

Latvia

54

35

54

48

61

67

Austria

20

18

37

Lithuania

Belarus

63

60

62

Luxembourg

19

27

21

22

14

Macedonia

47

45

58

36

Malta

30

30

44

76

Moldova

68

71

41

40

Montenegro

77

54

64

Netherlands

25

31

Belgium

15

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

53

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

32

19

34

20

29

19

24

Northern Cyprus

11

14

19

Northern Ireland

29

23

Estonia

37

54

55

Norway

19

22

Finland

24

29

37

Poland

49

58

57

17

22

12

Portugal

47

27

35

73

Romania

64

53

49

51

54

61

57

43

Denmark

France

9

9

Georgia Germany

29

22

11

Russian Fed.

21

22

18

Serbia

28

31

22

9

30

28

39 62

Germany East Germany West Great Britain Greece

34 35

28 30

Slovak Republic

31

22

22

29

Slovenia

37

30

30

64

Spain

22

25

25

20

14

Sweden

12

17

17

28

Hungary

66

23

Iceland

23

32

31

27

Switzerland

Ireland

23

30

25

33

Turkey

Italy

29

34

38

39

Ukraine

4 72

7 76

76

63

58

80

Tables

(A124_05) Neighbours: Muslims Variable/Question Response Country/Region

On this list are various groups of people. Could you please sort out any that you would not like to have as neighbours? Minority group (1) Muslims % 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

30

Armenia

29

Kosovo

20

37

Latvia

26

15

30

34

33

46

Austria

15

15

31

Lithuania

Belarus

24

27

25

Luxembourg

14

18

Belgium

26

22

15

Macedonia

26

26

13

13

Malta

28

31

21

19

Moldova

44

35

26

18

Montenegro

20

13

36

Netherlands

12

18

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

41

Croatia Cyprus

12

15

Czech Republic

30

15

31

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

15

16

13

Northern Ireland

15

Estonia

21

22

33

Norway

21

Finland

10

19

23

Poland

20

24

26

France

17

16

7

Portugal

18

8

14

39

Romania

34

31

23

15

14

21

14

28

Georgia Germany

76 16

20 14

20

11

22

Russian Fed.

Germany East

22

15

34

Serbia

Germany West

20

10

19

Slovak Republic

34

25

22

17

14

12

Slovenia

38

23

29

21

16

Spain

12

13

13

11

Sweden

17

9

16

Great Britain Greece Hungary

18

Iceland

12

12

8

Ireland

13

14

23

Turkey

Italy

15

17

24

Ukraine

Switzerland

0

11

55

6 24

24

81

Tables (A124_06) Neighbours: Immigrants/foreign workers Variable/Question Response Country/Region

On this list are various groups of people. Could you please sort out any that you would not like to have as neighbours? Immigrants/Foreign workers (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

17

Armenia

32

Kosovo

36

36

Latvia

31

10

21

15

24

28

Austria

21

12

24

Lithuania

Belarus

17

17

27

Luxembourg

8

14

21

18

7

Macedonia

19

20

25

15

Malta

15

34

25

18

Moldova

19

20

22

13

Montenegro

20

11

25

Netherlands

5

14

Belgium

15

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

34

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

3

17

9

10

26

19

30

Northern Cyprus

12

11

7

Northern Ireland

Estonia

17

21

32

Norway

Finland

5

13

15

Poland

10

24

18

13

12

4

Portugal

9

2

8

27

Romania

30

21

21

12

11

32

8

23

Denmark

France

9

6

Georgia Germany

17

9

10

Russian Fed.

21

14

16

Serbia

21

16

7

8

13

12

16 14

Germany East Germany West Great Britain Greece Hungary

22

57 9

7

10

16

18

21 6

Slovak Republic

27

23

16

14

Slovenia

41

16

29

15

Spain

2

9

10

4

15

Sweden

4

9

3

7

Iceland

2

8

3

3

Switzerland

Ireland

6

5

12

14

Turkey

Italy

3

15

17

17

Ukraine

2 28

4 39

48

15

18

82

Tables

(A124_07) Neighbours: People who have aids Variable/Question Response Country/Region

On this list are various groups of people. Could you please sort out any that you would not like to have as neighbours? People who have AIDS (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

70

Armenia

53

Kosovo

55

43

Latvia

65

29

35

78

55

61

Austria

32

17

26

Lithuania

Belarus

73

58

51

Luxembourg

12

16

Belgium

24

13

5

Macedonia

52

62

60

54

Malta

38

31

52

44

Moldova

66

64

51

42

Montenegro

76

59

35

Netherlands

8

13

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

63

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

47

16

53

21

39

Northern Cyprus

9

6

3

Northern Ireland

28

Estonia

63

42

45

Norway

25

Finland

24

21

16

Poland

57

44

52

France

15

9

3

Portugal

44

27

18

69

Romania

66

47

43

68

52

57

51

48

Denmark

Georgia Germany

26 31

20 6

27

11

17

Russian Fed.

Germany East

22

10

15

Serbia

Germany West

29

11

18

Slovak Republic

62

45

39

23

25

11

Slovenia

42

33

29

27

34

Spain

35

21

12

31

Sweden

18

7

8

Great Britain Greece Hungary

66

Iceland

18

7

4

Ireland

35

23

29

Turkey

Italy

44

31

31

Ukraine

Switzerland

0 89

7 83

85

59

57

83

Tables (A124_08) Neighbours: Drug addicts Variable/Question Response Country/Region

On this list are various groups of people. Could you please sort out any that you would not like to have as neighbours? Drug addicts (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

85

Armenia

61

Kosovo

70

49

Latvia

89

75

88

89

86

94

Austria

59

53

65

Lithuania

Belarus

82

87

87

Luxembourg

43

55

Belgium

53

51

55

Macedonia

73

79

82

83

Malta

71

59

72

84

Moldova

91

88

69

73

Montenegro

86

83

69

Netherlands

73

75

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

69

Croatia Cyprus

64

72

Czech Republic

79

73

70

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

53

60

75

Northern Ireland

59

Estonia

87

90

77

Norway

55

Finland

68

75

83

Poland

76

69

77

France

44

48

40

Portugal

60

48

48

90

Romania

76

74

64

86

84

86

70

72

Georgia Germany

25 78

76 52

60

59

68

Russian Fed.

Germany East

62

52

68

Serbia

Germany West

60

60

67

Slovak Republic

76

79

75

62

72

73

Slovenia

47

65

48

45

61

Spain

57

53

46

64

Sweden

65

60

65

Great Britain Greece Hungary

84

Iceland

74

76

81

Switzerland

32

Ireland

64

66

77

Turkey

92

Italy

60

55

60

Ukraine

51 94

93

88

85

84

Tables

(A124_09) Neighbours: Homosexuals Variable/Question Response Country/Region

On this list are various groups of people. Could you please sort out any that you would not like to have as neighbours? Homosexuals (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

83

Armenia

55

Kosovo

62

44

Latvia

78

46

44

87

68

67

Austria

43

25

24

Lithuania

Belarus

79

63

64

Luxembourg

19

19

Belgium

24

17

7

Macedonia

53

58

64

63

Malta

40

21

54

54

Moldova

77

80

53

53

Montenegro

74

66

39

Netherlands

6

10

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

68

Croatia Cyprus

44

12

Czech Republic

51

20

23

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

12

8

6

Northern Ireland

48

Estonia

73

46

48

Norway

19

Finland

25

21

13

Poland

70

55

53

France

24

16

6

Portugal

50

25

22

87

Romania

75

65

58

81

58

62

49

57

Georgia Germany

31 35

21 6

34

13

17

Russian Fed.

Germany East

36

13

18

Serbia

Germany West

34

13

17

Slovak Republic

64

44

31

31

24

10

Slovenia

43

44

34

27

30

Spain

30

16

5

30

Sweden

18

6

7

Great Britain Greece Hungary

75

Iceland

20

8

1

Ireland

33

27

19

Turkey

Italy

39

29

23

Ukraine

Switzerland

7 92

90

90

66

61

85

Tables (A124_10) Neighbours: Jews Variable/Question Response Country/Region

On this list are various groups of people. Could you please sort out any that you would not like to have as neighbours? Minority group (2) Jews (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

17

37

Kosovo

36

Latvia

8

17

Lithuania

15

21

13

4

28

16

Malta

18

15

Moldova

18

12

Montenegro

26

Netherlands

Armenia Austria

11

Belarus Belgium

13

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

30

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

23 9

5

11

18

23

29

Luxembourg

8

13

Macedonia

20

16

21

21

25

22

8

15 4

2

7

14

4

12

Northern Cyprus

3

2

2

Northern Ireland

6

Estonia

13

11

22

Norway

9

Finland

5

9

5

Poland

18

25

18

France

7

6

2

Portugal

19

11

11

17

Romania

28

23

19

13

11

14

Denmark

Georgia Germany

49 12

9 3

8

5

6

Russian Fed.

Germany East

9

8

7

Serbia

Germany West

7

4

5

Slovak Republic

28

10

12

7

6

3

Slovenia

38

17

28

19

12

Spain

10

22

2

6

2

4

Great Britain Greece Hungary

10

Iceland

7

Ireland Italy

18

6

Sweden

4

3

Switzerland

6

11

11

Turkey

62

69

13

13

13

Ukraine

10

11

5

86

Tables

(A124_17) Neighbours: Gypsies Variable/Question Response Country/Region

On this list are various groups of people. Could you please sort out any that you would not like to have as neighbours? Gypsies (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

41

Kosovo

26

Armenia

38

Latvia

27

41

Austria

25

32

Lithuania

63

69

Belarus

51

58

Luxembourg

25

25

Belgium

35

26

Macedonia

22

Malta

Bosnia and Herz.

16 30

31

Bulgaria

54

49

Moldova

Croatia

39

25

Montenegro

24

20

46

Netherlands

19

27

Cyprus

48

Czech Republic

40

56

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

15

38

Northern Ireland

Estonia

50

45

Norway

Finland

44

49

Poland

39

34

France

40

25

Portugal

37

41

33

Romania

51

45

32

29

Russian Fed.

46

54

Germany East

32

25

Serbia

12

25

Germany West

33

30

Slovak Republic

77

49

Great Britain

37

33

Slovenia

37

39

Greece

33

37

Spain

28

26

39

Sweden

20

23

Georgia Germany

Hungary

44 58

55 25

Iceland

9

10

Switzerland

22

Ireland

25

49

Turkey

72

67

Italy

56

63

Ukraine

53

53

87

Tables (A124_24) Neighbours: Christians Variable/Question Response Country/Region

On this list are various groups of people. Could you please sort out any that you would not like to have as neighbours? Christians (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

26

Kosovo

16

Armenia

1

Latvia

6

Austria

Lithuania

3

Belarus

Luxembourg

12 5

Belgium

1

Macedonia

Bosnia and Herz.

6

Malta

Bulgaria

6

Moldova

3

Croatia

7

Montenegro

8

Cyprus

0

Netherlands

7

Czech Republic

7

Northern Cyprus

55

Northern Ireland

3

Denmark

11

Estonia

21

Norway

Finland

2

Poland

5

Portugal

5 15

France Georgia

4

Romania

Germany

1

Russian Fed.

Germany East

1

Serbia

Germany West

1

Slovak Republic

Great Britain

2

Slovenia

Greece

2

Spain

0

Hungary

2

Sweden

1

Iceland

0

Switzerland

1

Ireland

4

Turkey

Italy

Ukraine

3 17 3

47

62 6

88

Tables

(A124_26) Neighbours: Left wing extremists Variable/Question Response Country/Region

On this list are various groups of people. Could you please sort out any that you would not like to have as neighbours? Left-wing extremists (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

44

Kosovo

Armenia

30

Latvia

69

26

31

50

50

Lithuania

65

34

35

42

31

Luxembourg

42

38

36

26

Macedonia

23

Malta

54

49

Moldova

35

34

21

Montenegro

26

8

Netherlands

Austria

43

Belarus Belgium

20

34

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

68

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

18

34 45

38

21

48

37

50

27

57

34

31

35

Northern Cyprus

6

9

6

Northern Ireland

29

35

Estonia

66

30

33

Norway

19

19

Finland

12

13

19

Poland

17

18

11

23

25

13

Portugal

32

11

21

16

Romania

45

35

26

41

23

39

Denmark

France

6

10

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

36

27 15

53

50

44

Russian Fed.

59

46

35

Serbia

51

51

50

46

Slovak Republic

29

19

32

27

34

27

25

Slovenia

32

36

29

23

7

Germany East Germany West

40

Greece Hungary

21

19

Spain

25

25

25

16

12

Sweden

21

24

23

30

Iceland

22

30

25

15

Switzerland

15

40

Ireland

21

29

33

32

Turkey

67

64

Italy

37

30

28

29

Ukraine

35

29

89

Tables (A124_27) Neighbours: Right wing extremists Variable/Question Response Country/Region

On this list are various groups of people. Could you please sort out any that you would not like to have as neighbours? Right-wing extremists (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

43

Kosovo

Armenia

27

Latvia

21

25

60

63

Lithuania

32

33

40

29

Luxembourg

57

50

46

37

Macedonia

25

Malta

53

51

Moldova

33

35

24

Montenegro

24

6

Netherlands

Austria

42

Belarus Belgium

17

38

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

65

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark

3

France

14

Great Britain

34

21

53

40

69

28

68

37

Northern Cyprus

40

7

20

20

Northern Ireland

23

29

23

31

Norway

18

22

7

18

24

Poland

14

15

11

33

43

29

Portugal

29

12

21

13

Romania

42

34

25

40

22

36

34

26 32

63

77

71

Russian Fed.

70

72

74

Serbia

45

62

78

70

Slovak Republic

30

17

30

22

28

30

30

Slovenia

33

37

30

31

9

Germany East Germany West

42

29

Georgia Germany

33

32

Estonia Finland

17

Greece Hungary

20

21

Spain

24

28

29

20

13

Sweden

17

29

48

45

Iceland

20

29

29

18

Switzerland

18

57

Ireland

17

21

32

29

Turkey

67

64

Italy

40

34

30

32

Ukraine

36

28

90

Tables

(A124_28) Neighbours: People with large families Variable/Question Response Country/Region

On this list are various groups of people. Could you please sort out any that you would not like to have as neighbours? People with large families (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

31

Kosovo

Armenia

44

Latvia

12

5

11

4

16

Lithuania

17

11

16

10

15

Luxembourg

8

16

9

3

Macedonia

Austria

6

Belarus Belgium

4

8

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

24

Croatia

11

Malta

12

11

Moldova

15

12

Montenegro

5

Netherlands

Cyprus Czech Republic

27

13 11

16

15

15 7 10

6

8

8

14

13

9

20

Northern Cyprus

3

4

4

Northern Ireland

9

9

Estonia

11

14

26

Norway

4

6

Finland

4

7

11

Poland

9

11

9

8

10

3

Portugal

15

5

10

7

Romania

22

14

17

Russian Fed.

12

6

12

Denmark

France

5

4

Georgia Germany

8

6

8

8

7

11

10

8

6

8

11

11

14

13

11

3

Spain

5

Sweden

Germany East Germany West Great Britain Greece Hungary

7

56 14

11 6

Serbia

20

Slovak Republic

18

10

6

Slovenia

41

9

29

4

8

6

1

5

5

4

6

Iceland

2

2

3

2

Switzerland

Ireland

3

3

9

7

Turkey

41

36

13

12

14

11

Ukraine

9

9

Italy

1

4

91

Tables (A165)

Most people can be trusted

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted or that you can’t be too careful in dealing with people? Most people can be trusted (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

24

Armenia

10

Kosovo

11

21

Latvia

19

17

26

31

25

30

Austria

32

34

36

Lithuania

Belarus

25

42

45

Luxembourg

26

33

33

31

36

Macedonia

14

19

16

27

Malta

21

23

27

18

Moldova

15

12

18

20

Montenegro

34

25

9

Netherlands

60

63

Belgium

29

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

30

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

10

44

24

53

27

24

31

Northern Cyprus

58

67

76

Northern Ireland

45

44

Estonia

28

23

32

Norway

61

65

Finland

63

58

65

Poland

32

19

28

23

22

27

Portugal

21

10

20

23

Romania

16

10

18

37

24

29

19

12

Denmark

France

51

24

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

39

29 74

35

35

40

Russian Fed.

23

43

36

Serbia

31

38

33

41

Slovak Republic

22

16

13

44

44

30

40

Slovenia

17

22

24

24

22

Spain

34

34

36

35

57

66

66

70

Germany East Germany West

5

Greece Hungary

33

25

22

21

Sweden

Iceland

41

44

41

51

Switzerland

43

Ireland

42

47

36

38

Turkey

10

Italy

25

34

33

31

Ukraine

55 16

11

27

28

92

Tables

(A168_01) Most people try to be helpful Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Would you say that most of the time people try to be helpful or that they are mostly looking out for themselves? % Most people try to be helpful (1 thru 4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

72

Kosovo

54

Armenia

59

Latvia

47

Austria

41

Lithuania

66

Belarus

56

Luxembourg

41

Belgium

44

Macedonia

53

Bosnia and Herz.

54

Malta

37

Bulgaria

70

Moldova

70

Croatia

57

Montenegro

55

Cyprus

67

Netherlands

27

Czech Republic

50

Northern Cyprus

68

Denmark

19

Northern Ireland

28

Estonia

42

Norway

20

Finland

34

Poland

54

France

43

Portugal

63

Georgia

58

Romania

62

Germany

43

Russian Fed.

42

Germany East

44

Serbia

58

Germany West

43

Slovak Republic

56

Great Britain

25

Slovenia

46

Greece

75

Spain

34

Hungary

52

Sweden

43

Iceland

18

Switzerland

30

Ireland

25

Turkey

61

Italy

55

Ukraine

46

93

Tables (A168A)

Most people try to be fair

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Do you think that most people would try to take advantage of you if they got the chance, or would they try to be fair? % Most people try to be fair (7 thru 10) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

17

Kosovo

24

Armenia

24

Latvia

42

Austria

48

Lithuania

26

Belarus

34

Luxembourg

48

Belgium

51

Macedonia

20

Bosnia and Herz.

25

Malta

26

Bulgaria

26

Moldova

29

Croatia

27

Montenegro

28

Cyprus

15

Netherlands

66

Czech Republic

32

Northern Cyprus

20

Denmark

85

Northern Ireland

46

Estonia

43

Norway

73

Finland

55

Poland

35

France

47

Portugal

24

Georgia

43

Romania

24

Germany

48

Russian Fed.

55

Germany East

41

Serbia

27

Germany West

50

Slovak Republic

24

Great Britain

48

Slovenia

37

Greece

15

Spain

31

Hungary

32

Sweden

67

Iceland

70

Switzerland

62

Ireland

51

Turkey

18

Italy

33

Ukraine

43

94

Tables

(A170)

Life satisfaction

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

All things considered, how satisfied are you with your life as a whole these days? % Satisfied (7 thru 10) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

30

Armenia

51

Kosovo

64

42

Latvia

40

33

52

44

33

55

Austria

79

83

75

Lithuania

Belarus

33

24

47

Luxembourg

82

81

78

78

82

Macedonia

31

62

38

62

Malta

86

80

36

44

Moldova

19

58

54

65

Montenegro

41

68

70

Netherlands

90

92

Belgium

76

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

25

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

78

82

82

84

58

67

70

Northern Cyprus

86

86

90

Northern Ireland

77

83

Estonia

45

44

62

Norway

80

78

Finland

79

84

83

Poland

55

50

71

59

66

69

Portugal

63

62

61

36

Romania

44

38

61

31

27

56

40

62

Denmark

France

84

58

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

85

80 87

69

79

72

Russian Fed.

58

70

56

Serbia

71

71

80

75

Slovak Republic

54

47

71

76

74

73

76

Slovenia

47

67

74

61

65

Spain

57

67

65

75

86

84

80

77

Germany East Germany West

48

Greece Hungary

62

44

37

54

Sweden

Iceland

86

85

87

87

Switzerland

86

Ireland

81

80

86

80

Turkey

48

Italy

58

71

70

68

Ukraine

86 39

57

24

49

95

Tables (A173)

Feeling of freedom

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Some people feel they have completely free choice and control over their lives, while other people feel that what they do has no real effect on what happens to them. Indicate how much freedom of choice and control you feel you have over the way your life turns out. % A great deal (7 thru 10) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

46

45

Kosovo

52

Latvia

48

41

48

70

60

Lithuania

54

50

63

37

45

Luxembourg

64

61

59

51

Macedonia

42

70

47

58

Malta

75

72

46

45

Moldova

46

60

60

64

Montenegro

45

72

70

Netherlands

65

62

Armenia Austria

71

Belarus Belgium

48

57

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

28

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

56

65

45

65

52

53

59

59

Northern Cyprus

64

72

79

Northern Ireland

49

75

Estonia

50

43

55

Norway

56

67

Finland

79

78

81

Poland

47

48

57

45

51

51

Portugal

52

55

48

45

Romania

49

58

66

47

38

53

44

58

Denmark

France

62

50

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

74

69 78

61

73

62

Russian Fed.

53

66

51

Serbia

64

63

74

64

Slovak Republic

54

50

62

58

65

67

67

Slovenia

44

64

69

65

59

Spain

54

57

58

62

65

74

74

80

Germany East Germany West

48

Greece Hungary

60

49

44

54

Sweden

Iceland

72

70

81

85

Switzerland

Ireland

63

65

69

67

Turkey

39

49

Italy

36

52

51

40

Ukraine

34

47

66

68

96

Tables



Section B: Environment

(B001)

Environment: Income

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

I would give part of my income if I were certain that the money would be used to prevent environmental pollution. Strongly agree/Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

70

70

Kosovo

84

Latvia

77

70

63

49

43

Lithuania

75

26

43

58

66

Luxembourg

64

68

58

60

Macedonia

79

85

76

71

Malta

61

68

57

78

Moldova

68

77

79

74

Montenegro

60

75

83

Netherlands

75

58

Armenia Austria

59

Belarus Belgium

57

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

83

Croatia Cyprus

89

69

81

Czech Republic

85

78

56

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

84

79

74

Northern Ireland

75

Estonia

77

48

56

Norway

80

Finland

67

53

44

Poland

75

63

44

France

61

46

55

Portugal

84

57

52

90

Romania

52

63

63

62

80

77

Georgia Germany

84 47 67

54

33

38

Russian Fed.

Germany East

61

30

28

Serbia

Germany West

52

34

40

Slovak Republic

76

57

55

68

49

48

Slovenia

89

82

79

82

84

Spain

68

59

58

81

79

63

Great Britain Greece

78

46

Hungary

60

51

49

Sweden

Iceland

78

63

57

Switzerland

Ireland

69

54

48

Turkey

77

87

Italy

68

65

68

Ukraine

62

78

67

97

Tables (B024)

Environment: Limit number of people

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

We are approaching the limit of the number of people the earth can support. Strongly agree/Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

46

Kosovo

49

Armenia

66

Latvia

61

Austria

63

Lithuania

62

Belarus

50

Luxembourg

62

Belgium

64

Macedonia

52

Bosnia and Herz.

60

Malta

65

Bulgaria

56

Moldova

63

Croatia

53

Montenegro

51

Cyprus

72

Netherlands

55

Czech Republic

59

Northern Cyprus

80

Denmark

56

Northern Ireland

62

Estonia

64

Norway

60

Finland

86

Poland

51

France

48

Portugal

59

Georgia

63

Romania

56

Germany

67

Russian Fed.

60

Germany East

60

Serbia

51

Germany West

68

Slovak Republic

60

Great Britain

74

Slovenia

62

Greece

76

Spain

61

Hungary

76

Sweden

66

Iceland

53

Switzerland

66

Ireland

61

Turkey

84

Italy

45

Ukraine

71

98

Tables

(B025)

Environment: Humans interfere

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

When humans interfere with nature it often produces disastrous consequences. Strongly agree/Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

81

Kosovo

62

Armenia

85

Latvia

91

Austria

89

Lithuania

91

Belarus

90

Luxembourg

93

Belgium

81

Macedonia

74

Bosnia and Herz.

78

Malta

92

Bulgaria

94

Moldova

82

Croatia

85

Montenegro

75

Cyprus

97

Netherlands

66

Czech Republic

82

Northern Cyprus

92

Denmark

88

Northern Ireland

84

Estonia

89

Norway

88

Finland

93

Poland

85

France

95

Portugal

90

Georgia

97

Romania

82

Germany

90

Russian Fed.

91

Germany East

91

Serbia

83

Germany West

90

Slovak Republic

90

Great Britain

85

Slovenia

95

Greece

96

Spain

95

Hungary

92

Sweden

93

Iceland

87

Switzerland

91

Ireland

86

Turkey

95

Italy

93

Ukraine

99

Tables (B026)

Environment: Human ingenuity

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Human ingenuity will insure that the earth remains fit to live in. Strongly agree/Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990

1999

2008

Albania

69

Kosovo

56

Armenia

78

Latvia

63

Austria

57

Lithuania

61

Belarus

53

Luxembourg

63

Belgium

67

Macedonia

67

Bosnia and Herz.

49

Malta

68

Bulgaria

61

Moldova

57

Croatia

57

Montenegro

52

Cyprus

48

Netherlands

71

Czech Republic

64

Northern Cyprus

78

Denmark

75

Northern Ireland

48

Estonia

68

Norway

80

Finland

45

Poland

67

France

50

Portugal

44

Georgia

98

Romania

70

Germany

59

Russian Fed.

58

Germany East

64

Serbia

60

Germany West

58

Slovak Republic

49

Great Britain

62

Slovenia

53

Greece

39

Spain

53

Hungary

59

Sweden

68

Iceland

82

Switzerland

61

Ireland

58

Turkey

73

Italy

57

Ukraine

61

100 (B027)

Tables Environment: Balance of nature

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

The balance of nature is strong enough to cope with the impacts of modern industrial nations. Strongly agree/Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

45

Kosovo

52

Armenia

85

Latvia

40

Austria

30

Lithuania

36

Belarus

25

Luxembourg

21

Belgium

24

Macedonia

53

Bosnia and Herz.

40

Malta

43

Bulgaria

33

Moldova

43

Croatia

27

Montenegro

40

Cyprus

34

Netherlands

26

Czech Republic

42

Northern Cyprus

55

Denmark

26

Northern Ireland

34

Estonia

25

Norway

33

Finland

14

Poland

46

France

14

Portugal

26

Georgia

39

Romania

47

Germany

33

Russian Fed.

38

Germany East

29

Serbia

33

Germany West

34

Slovak Republic

31

Great Britain

35

Slovenia

35

Greece

26

Spain

26

Hungary

34

Sweden

15

Iceland

27

Switzerland

20

Ireland

45

Turkey

59

Italy

19

Ukraine

33

101

Tables (B028)

Environment: Humans rule over the nature

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Humans were meant to rule over the rest of nature. Strongly agree/Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region

1981

1990

1999

2008

Albania

55

Kosovo

51

Armenia

54

Latvia

26

Austria

23

Lithuania

34

Belarus

27

Luxembourg

21

Belgium

32

Macedonia

59

Bosnia and Herz.

43

Malta

47

Bulgaria

25

Moldova

57

Croatia

33

Montenegro

39

Cyprus

59

Netherlands

25

Czech Republic

39

Northern Cyprus

66

Denmark

17

Northern Ireland

38

Estonia

26

Norway

40

Finland

17

Poland

60

France

23

Portugal

32

Georgia

18

Romania

53

Germany

25

Russian Fed.

35

Germany East

25

Serbia

44

Germany West

25

Slovak Republic

28

Great Britain

37

Slovenia

48

Greece

34

Spain

31

Hungary

28

Sweden

19

Iceland

36

Switzerland

18

Ireland

51

Turkey

70

Italy

24

Ukraine

32

102 (B029)

Tables Environment: Ecological catastrophe

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

If things continue on their present course, we will soon experience a major ecological catastrophe. Strongly agree/Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

79

Kosovo

71

Armenia

89

Latvia

85

Austria

83

Lithuania

87

Belarus

86

Luxembourg

83

Belgium

77

Macedonia

85

Bosnia and Herz.

76

Malta

90

Bulgaria

91

Moldova

84

Croatia

86

Montenegro

75

Cyprus

98

Netherlands

61

Czech Republic

74

Northern Cyprus

94

Denmark

68

Northern Ireland

77

Estonia

83

Norway

78

Finland

83

Poland

69

France

89

Portugal

87

Georgia

95

Romania

75

Germany

79

Russian Fed.

87

Germany East

83

Serbia

84

Germany West

78

Slovak Republic

81

Great Britain

79

Slovenia

90

Greece

97

Spain

86

Hungary

88

Sweden

84

Iceland

62

Switzerland

90

Ireland

77

Turkey

91

Italy

83

Ukraine

93

103

Tables



Section C: Work

(C001)

Men more right to a job

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? When jobs are scarce, men have more right to a job than women. Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

47

Armenia

33

Kosovo

26

52

Latvia

34

20

19

66

24

18

Austria

50

27

21

Lithuania

Belarus

38

25

27

Luxembourg

26

15

Belgium

38

25

19

Macedonia

43

30

27

31

Malta

47

25

39

23

Moldova

45

41

29

12

Montenegro

30

20

40

Netherlands

12

10

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

46

Croatia Cyprus

70

25

Czech Republic

51

18

29

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

11

6

2

Northern Ireland

34

Estonia

45

14

20

Norway

16

Finland

15

10

4

Poland

55

35

22

France

33

22

12

Portugal

34

29

21

41

Romania

42

38

27

40

36

31

31

25

Georgia Germany

32 16

11 3

32

27

18

Russian Fed.

Germany East

34

25

10

Serbia

Germany West

31

27

20

Slovak Republic

55

24

27

34

23

12

Slovenia

29

18

14

20

32

Spain

31

19

16

Sweden

8

2

3

Great Britain Greece Hungary

42

25

14

Iceland

6

4

3

Ireland

36

15

17

Turkey

Italy

43

27

22

Ukraine

Switzerland

20 51

60

60

31

30

104 (C002)

Tables Employers should give priority to people of own nationality

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? When jobs are scarce, employers should give priority to people of own nationality over immigrants. Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

80

Armenia

76

Kosovo

70

74

Latvia

80

74

84

92

94

92

Austria

78

72

66

Lithuania

Belarus

56

85

81

Luxembourg

48

41

Belgium

65

56

52

Macedonia

78

87

9

84

Malta

94

92

88

89

Moldova

65

69

91

80

Montenegro

85

72

90

Netherlands

28

37

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

87

Croatia Cyprus

92

35

Czech Republic

85

84

80

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

53

34

24

Northern Ireland

62

Estonia

82

47

75

Norway

59

Finland

71

65

55

Poland

64

91

73

France

63

54

39

Portugal

88

63

70

93

Romania

75

74

69

63

73

81

80

76

Georgia Germany

48 75

75 33

64

59

49

Russian Fed.

Germany East

73

69

59

Serbia

Germany West

62

56

46

Slovak Republic

89

88

82

51

58

68

Slovenia

79

76

81

78

72

Spain

77

60

56

35

11

23

Great Britain Greece Hungary

87

90

90

Sweden

Iceland

87

70

55

Switzerland

Ireland

69

74

68

Turkey

Italy

74

61

61

Ukraine

43 75

66

69

70

75

105

Tables (C011)

Important in a job: Good pay

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Here are some more aspects of a job that people say are important. Please tell me which ones you personally think are important in a job? Good pay (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

95

Armenia

96

Kosovo

95

96

Latvia

69

75

89

79

93

96

Austria

62

66

68

Lithuania

Belarus

87

88

93

Luxembourg

66

81

71

73

60

Macedonia

89

95

91

92

Malta

89

92

91

98

Moldova

86

98

86

85

Montenegro

81

94

94

Netherlands

72

77

Belgium

67

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

90

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

78

54

78

71

74

74

85

Northern Cyprus

55

54

55

Northern Ireland

67

74

Estonia

86

89

94

Norway

63

60

Finland

65

65

58

Poland

80

93

93

54

68

58

Portugal

79

80

89

98

Romania

76

91

95

83

90

94

72

90

Denmark

France

48

53

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

89

91 56

73

75

74

Russian Fed.

74

75

76

Serbia

72

73

75

73

Slovak Republic

78

91

94

60

68

81

75

Slovenia

82

87

77

90

94

Spain

78

77

84

78

55

73

58

62

Germany East Germany West

95

Greece Hungary

78

85

90

85

Sweden

Iceland

67

86

86

79

Switzerland

Ireland

66

73

89

92

Turkey

Italy

66

72

85

76

Ukraine

57 90

97

98

88

93

106 (C012)

Tables Important in a job: Not too much pressure

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Here are some more aspects of a job that people say are important. Please tell me which ones you personally think are important in a job? Not too much pressure (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

46

Armenia

61

Kosovo

79

76

Latvia

18

8

33

40

34

50

Austria

16

18

30

Lithuania

Belarus

60

20

30

Luxembourg

36

52

25

32

16

Macedonia

32

75

52

59

Malta

68

63

40

56

Moldova

49

71

63

52

Montenegro

36

56

66

Netherlands

33

49

Belgium

30

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

35

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

55

38

44

41

42

36

48

Northern Cyprus

16

14

17

Northern Ireland

19

20

Estonia

32

24

49

Norway

41

23

Finland

20

31

31

Poland

48

63

70

8

11

6

Portugal

41

24

58

40

Romania

37

34

47

19

17

37

23

58

Denmark

France

26

10

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

40

44 20

26

24

22

Russian Fed.

20

20

17

Serbia

35

28

24

23

Slovak Republic

45

18

39

22

19

28

24

Slovenia

48

71

55

54

48

Spain

37

37

39

33

36

48

35

33

Germany East Germany West

85

Greece Hungary

31

46

57

18

Sweden

Iceland

35

35

32

21

Switzerland

Ireland

27

26

44

48

Turkey

Italy

17

31

60

52

Ukraine

19 78

91

84

29

31

107

Tables (C013)

Important in a job: Good job security

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Here are some more aspects of a job that people say are important. Please tell me which ones you personally think are important in a job? Good job security (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

81

Armenia

76

Kosovo

86

83

Latvia

22

38

64

38

75

72

Austria

66

75

72

Lithuania

Belarus

37

30

56

Luxembourg

59

69

39

47

33

Macedonia

85

85

90

69

Malta

72

85

81

88

Moldova

86

93

81

70

Montenegro

48

67

81

Netherlands

29

45

Belgium

52

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

57

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

57

41

42

41

59

52

62

Northern Cyprus

52

50

44

Northern Ireland

61

62

Estonia

40

51

72

Norway

79

78

Finland

53

68

71

Poland

58

80

79

35

46

28

Portugal

73

64

88

90

Romania

43

87

85

38

69

71

39

83

Denmark

France

51

47

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

76

76 60

73

79

79

Russian Fed.

73

81

81

Serbia

73

73

79

78

Slovak Republic

62

72

66

61

57

65

66

Slovenia

73

88

73

65

54

Spain

64

64

75

52

62

65

51

52

Germany East Germany West

96

Greece Hungary

70

72

89

81

Sweden

Iceland

37

57

58

47

Switzerland

Ireland

55

61

69

79

Turkey

Italy

58

61

76

75

Ukraine

56 83

98

97

72

62

108 (C015)

Tables Important in a job: Good hours

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Here are some more aspects of a job that people say are important. Please tell me which ones you personally think are important in a job? Good hours (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

55

Armenia

67

Kosovo

75

79

Latvia

34

19

56

54

54

63

Austria

35

43

44

Lithuania

Belarus

59

54

62

Luxembourg

52

64

40

45

30

Macedonia

48

76

59

68

Malta

79

76

62

74

Moldova

57

88

69

56

Montenegro

46

69

84

Netherlands

37

61

Belgium

39

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

55

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

63

37

47

45

44

31

47

Northern Cyprus

32

32

32

Northern Ireland

44

42

Estonia

58

56

74

Norway

48

32

Finland

37

48

55

Poland

35

50

55

26

36

20

Portugal

62

44

68

61

Romania

36

59

75

46

40

48

35

60

Denmark

France

39

27

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

70

73 27

46

39

27

Russian Fed.

41

31

26

Serbia

53

48

41

27

Slovak Republic

45

43

54

35

37

55

53

Slovenia

39

41

29

52

53

Spain

46

45

57

45

49

64

44

48

Germany East Germany West

91

Greece Hungary

68

59

79

45

Sweden

Iceland

53

64

60

46

Switzerland

Ireland

38

46

64

70

Turkey

Italy

36

39

64

53

Ukraine

24 88

92

90

50

56

109

Tables (C016)

Important in a job: An opportunity to use initiative

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Here are some more aspects of a job that people say are important. Please tell me which ones you personally think are important in a job? An opportunity to use initiative (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

40

Armenia

45

Kosovo

66

67

Latvia

17

14

35

29

32

46

Austria

42

49

44

Lithuania

Belarus

40

25

38

Luxembourg

49

72

41

49

32

Macedonia

29

66

46

41

Malta

69

61

50

63

Moldova

48

86

56

36

Montenegro

26

36

52

Netherlands

62

81

Belgium

33

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

47

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

48

44

37

64

43

30

41

Northern Cyprus

44

50

50

Northern Ireland

32

38

Estonia

30

35

52

Norway

49

45

Finland

45

48

46

Poland

38

56

49

38

43

33

Portugal

55

35

61

56

Romania

38

59

60

29

31

40

24

46

Denmark

France

47

31

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

51

47 41

58

53

41

Russian Fed.

57

47

41

Serbia

62

59

54

40

Slovak Republic

37

31

49

48

46

39

45

Slovenia

55

78

57

56

34

Spain

36

33

39

13

44

71

52

62

Germany East Germany West

72

Greece Hungary

42

37

61

16

Sweden

Iceland

35

55

63

55

Switzerland

Ireland

35

50

59

58

Turkey

Italy

36

45

64

52

Ukraine

45 81

91

78

42

39

110 (C017)

Tables Important in a job: Generous holidays

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Here are some more aspects of a job that people say are important. Please tell me which ones you personally think are important in a job? Generous holidays (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

48

Armenia

58

Kosovo

68

47

Latvia

31

10

37

40

30

43

Austria

17

20

25

Lithuania

Belarus

53

36

48

Luxembourg

37

37

30

34

17

Macedonia

16

57

42

54

Malta

35

35

34

47

Moldova

39

78

48

37

Montenegro

30

51

38

Netherlands

28

48

Belgium

28

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

33

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

30

30

25

35

24

17

37

Northern Cyprus

17

16

17

Northern Ireland

30

27

Estonia

32

20

32

Norway

18

9

Finland

20

21

18

Poland

15

30

42

14

20

10

Portugal

47

37

60

35

Romania

34

41

52

43

29

51

18

40

Denmark

France

26

17

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

56

54 10

33

24

14

Russian Fed.

30

18

10

Serbia

38

34

25

15

Slovak Republic

28

19

41

25

25

39

30

Slovenia

29

46

34

32

19

Spain

36

31

37

18

Sweden

21

35

19

17

Germany East Germany West

36

Greece Hungary

42

37

54

16

Iceland

11

17

18

9

Ireland

28

29

46

54

Turkey

Italy

15

19

35

22

Ukraine

Switzerland

11 44

57

55

43

45

111

Tables (C018)

Important in a job: Achieving

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Here are some more aspects of a job that people say are important. Please tell me which ones you personally think are important in a job? A job in which you feel you can achieve something (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

51

Armenia

58

Kosovo

78

74

Latvia

26

32

52

44

42

53

Austria

51

56

56

Lithuania

Belarus

42

31

52

Luxembourg

55

79

40

47

36

Macedonia

50

80

66

59

Malta

69

60

65

78

Moldova

65

91

66

56

Montenegro

53

55

69

Netherlands

40

66

Belgium

32

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

42

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

48

27

34

45

48

38

48

Northern Cyprus

55

55

57

Northern Ireland

51

62

Estonia

42

45

62

Norway

73

69

Finland

54

56

61

Poland

48

67

67

42

50

46

Portugal

67

48

75

75

Romania

63

74

70

28

38

52

50

68

Denmark

France

51

30

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

67

59 62

63

52

49

Russian Fed.

68

54

53

Serbia

62

62

51

48

Slovak Republic

48

36

60

59

66

58

67

Slovenia

71

90

75

60

46

Spain

37

37

48

26

61

85

72

61

Germany East Germany West

86

Greece Hungary

66

58

77

42

Sweden

Iceland

77

83

81

69

Switzerland

Ireland

53

60

71

70

Turkey

Italy

42

51

75

67

Ukraine

52 86

94

85

51

49

112 (C019)

Tables Important in a job: A responsible job

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Here are some more aspects of a job that people say are important. Please tell me which ones you personally think are important in a job? A responsible job (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

25

Armenia

34

Kosovo

68

65

Latvia

12

15

35

24

18

42

Austria

46

49

48

Lithuania

Belarus

27

14

30

Luxembourg

55

77

38

41

30

Macedonia

38

79

46

44

Malta

60

55

40

61

Moldova

43

81

44

36

Montenegro

25

48

66

Netherlands

42

54

Belgium

31

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

28

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

34

29

37

47

42

29

40

Northern Cyprus

42

48

48

Northern Ireland

32

35

Estonia

17

17

36

Norway

48

43

Finland

30

40

41

Poland

34

53

54

53

49

48

Portugal

54

42

63

58

Romania

28

57

55

21

26

37

18

52

Denmark

France

32

38

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

49

47 37

53

55

43

Russian Fed.

48

48

42

Serbia

55

54

57

44

Slovak Republic

43

21

48

38

42

37

40

Slovenia

53

73

54

51

54

Spain

36

31

39

15

51

72

55

48

Germany East Germany West

80

Greece Hungary

62

51

78

38

Sweden

Iceland

19

36

39

30

Switzerland

Ireland

35

41

54

63

Turkey

Italy

25

32

53

44

Ukraine

50 78

90

83

35

33

113

Tables (C020)

Important in a job: Interesting job

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Here are some more aspects of a job that people say are important. Please tell me which ones you personally think are important in a job? A job that is interesting (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

41

Armenia

50

Kosovo

72

88

Latvia

60

48

71

64

63

82

Austria

58

57

69

Lithuania

Belarus

73

58

72

Luxembourg

64

85

47

56

42

Macedonia

52

78

71

67

Malta

85

80

63

80

Moldova

75

94

76

65

Montenegro

58

68

79

Netherlands

56

74

Belgium

40

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

51

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

74

41

51

61

66

57

65

Northern Cyprus

63

65

62

Northern Ireland

64

69

Estonia

68

65

83

Norway

66

64

Finland

65

76

79

Poland

58

74

76

59

66

59

Portugal

53

45

80

82

Romania

43

66

70

67

69

70

45

70

Denmark

France

52

53

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

75

73 56

70

70

63

Russian Fed.

64

68

65

Serbia

70

71

71

62

Slovak Republic

59

49

70

77

72

68

69

Slovenia

76

92

80

69

66

Spain

43

46

55

28

57

80

70

61

Germany East Germany West

50

Greece Hungary

61

51

77

43

Sweden

Iceland

56

76

76

70

Switzerland

Ireland

57

70

72

77

Turkey

Italy

43

56

76

67

Ukraine

66 49

49

57

70

72

114 (C021)

Tables Important in a job: Job that meets one’s abilities

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Here are some more aspects of a job that people say are important. Please tell me which ones you personally think are important in a job? A job that meets one’s abilities (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

29

Armenia

70

Kosovo

79

82

Latvia

44

42

57

56

52

70

Austria

60

59

60

Lithuania

Belarus

49

39

55

Luxembourg

57

81

50

56

37

Macedonia

42

80

74

62

Malta

93

75

78

85

Moldova

79

93

74

59

Montenegro

53

64

79

Netherlands

69

83

Belgium

35

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

52

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

76

48

69

73

71

56

55

Northern Cyprus

56

54

39

Northern Ireland

36

41

Estonia

54

55

72

Norway

54

42

Finland

45

54

54

Poland

53

66

65

43

50

36

Portugal

57

47

75

65

Romania

52

79

78

54

54

58

40

68

Denmark

France

50

32

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

61

56 29

69

54

55

Russian Fed.

65

56

57

Serbia

70

70

54

55

Slovak Republic

69

55

59

46

42

39

44

Slovenia

61

86

60

56

58

Spain

52

48

60

25

27

53

41

32

Germany East Germany West

91

Greece Hungary

75

66

86

45

Sweden

Iceland

56

72

65

53

Switzerland

Ireland

40

50

61

67

Turkey

Italy

48

54

75

69

Ukraine

46 90

96

90

61

58

115

Tables (C022)

Important in a job: Pleasant people to work with

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Here are some more aspects of a job that people say are important. Please tell me which ones you personally think are important in a job? Pleasant people to work with (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

71

Kosovo

Armenia

88

Latvia

55

32

62

68

67

Lithuania

73

60

67

69

79

Luxembourg

74

89

75

68

Macedonia

69

Malta

64

83

Moldova

92

76

68

Montenegro

71

85

Netherlands

Austria

64

Belarus Belgium

62

68

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

63

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

86

85 75

80

57

92

83

89

80

95

73

64

69

Northern Cyprus

77

78

78

Northern Ireland

61

68

Estonia

77

71

86

Norway

84

80

Finland

64

74

74

Poland

66

74

73

53

65

62

Portugal

80

67

88

86

Romania

56

75

79

71

55

64

Denmark

France

75

50

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

71

71 79

75

65

63

Russian Fed.

73

58

61

Serbia

75

76

67

64

Slovak Republic

71

51

70

69

65

72

71

Slovenia

82

90

86

76

65

Spain

61

61

66

60

65

85

59

Sweden

81

91

84

84

Germany East Germany West

89

Greece Hungary

71

Iceland

79

89

83

81

Switzerland

67

Ireland

60

64

77

81

Turkey

97

90

Italy

44

50

72

57

Ukraine

66

78

116 (C024)

Tables Important in a job: Useful for society

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Here are some more aspects of a job that people say are important. Please tell me which ones you personally think are important in a job? A useful job for society (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

41

Kosovo

Armenia

75

Latvia

32

29

38

36

36

Lithuania

47

29

32

26

36

Luxembourg

44

64

41

26

Macedonia

37

Malta

57

63

Moldova

82

59

33

Montenegro

36

64

Netherlands

Austria

31

Belarus Belgium

30

32

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

53

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

66

74 52

39

37

48

72

39

54

59

55

32

42

Northern Cyprus

21

26

18

Northern Ireland

24

22

Estonia

36

27

38

Norway

45

36

Finland

20

31

29

Poland

34

48

38

28

30

30

Portugal

60

51

67

71

Romania

48

65

57

48

22

26

Denmark

France

36

24

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

40

40 25

37

33

26

Russian Fed.

46

34

31

Serbia

39

35

33

25

Slovak Republic

50

24

36

30

30

27

36

Slovenia

63

73

52

52

48

Spain

44

39

44

20

49

74

26

Sweden

26

42

25

14

Germany East Germany West

77

Greece Hungary

42

Iceland

44

54

47

34

Switzerland

27

Ireland

24

30

42

49

Turkey

98

86

Italy

41

47

65

51

Ukraine

31

27

117

Tables (C025)

Important in a job: Meeting people

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Here are some more aspects of a job that people say are important. Please tell me which ones you personally think are important in a job? Meeting people (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

39

Kosovo

Armenia

67

Latvia

39

43

49

47

41

Lithuania

59

40

52

37

50

Luxembourg

47

67

53

37

Macedonia

48

Malta

56

68

Moldova

86

62

40

Montenegro

46

63

Netherlands

Austria

39

Belarus Belgium

39

45

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

44

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

66

75 48

44

31

66

59

61

52

73

48

34

43

Northern Cyprus

43

46

38

Northern Ireland

41

16

Estonia

57

44

56

Norway

48

41

Finland

30

41

35

Poland

31

52

53

39

44

40

Portugal

53

36

60

66

Romania

27

55

57

27

34

38

Denmark

France

41

34

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

59

54 34

54

52

40

Russian Fed.

50

47

40

Serbia

53

55

54

40

Slovak Republic

45

23

38

42

43

42

42

Slovenia

56

69

53

53

47

Spain

37

36

38

19

40

69

27

Sweden

42

64

46

31

Germany East Germany West

70

Greece Hungary

51

Iceland

40

59

54

46

Switzerland

40

Ireland

33

35

53

60

Turkey

88

74

Italy

36

43

66

54

Ukraine

42

38

118 (C027_1)

Tables Important in a job: Learning new skills

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Here are some more aspects of a job that people say are important. Please tell me which ones you personally think are important in a job? Learning new skills (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

54

Kosovo

75

Armenia

75

Latvia

46

Austria

46

Lithuania

54

Belarus

40

Luxembourg

75

Belgium

34

Macedonia

83

Bosnia and Herz.

48

Malta

62

Bulgaria

72

Moldova

91

Croatia

43

Montenegro

42

Cyprus

61

Netherlands

73

Czech Republic

46

Northern Cyprus

80

Denmark

44

Northern Ireland

53

Estonia

59

Norway

37

Finland

45

Poland

58

France

40

Portugal

68

Georgia

57

Romania

68

Germany

26

Russian Fed.

49

Germany East

24

Serbia

50

Germany West

26

Slovak Republic

51

Great Britain

50

Slovenia

68

Greece

39

Spain

21

Hungary

25

Sweden

49

Iceland

49

Switzerland

26

Ireland

67

Turkey

83

Italy

55

Ukraine

49

119

Tables (C027_2)

Important in a job: Family friendly

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Here are some more aspects of a job that people say are important. Please tell me which ones you personally think are important in a job? Family friendly (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

79

Kosovo

82

Armenia

83

Latvia

54

Austria

45

Lithuania

67

Belarus

55

Luxembourg

69

Belgium

40

Macedonia

77

Bosnia and Herz.

63

Malta

70

Bulgaria

71

Moldova

92

Croatia

61

Montenegro

62

Cyprus

80

Netherlands

58

Czech Republic

43

Northern Cyprus

90

Denmark

26

Northern Ireland

51

Estonia

56

Norway

18

Finland

22

Poland

57

France

45

Portugal

76

Georgia

90

Romania

72

Germany

26

Russian Fed.

46

Germany East

23

Serbia

70

Germany West

27

Slovak Republic

55

Great Britain

34

Slovenia

64

Greece

53

Spain

30

Hungary

36

Sweden

13

Iceland

44

Switzerland

26

Ireland

55

Turkey

88

Italy

48

Ukraine

120 (C027_3)

Tables Important in a job: Say in decisions

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Here are some more aspects of a job that people say are important. Please tell me which ones you personally think are important in a job? Have a say in important decisions (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

56

Kosovo

74

Armenia

76

Latvia

26

Austria

38

Lithuania

37

Belarus

33

Luxembourg

57

Belgium

18

Macedonia

70

Bosnia and Herz.

40

Malta

55

Bulgaria

60

Moldova

87

Croatia

34

Montenegro

40

Cyprus

52

Netherlands

52

Czech Republic

31

Northern Cyprus

78

Denmark

43

Northern Ireland

40

Estonia

48

Norway

33

Finland

26

Poland

44

France

24

Portugal

53

Georgia

70

Romania

60

Germany

28

Russian Fed.

36

Germany East

30

Serbia

46

Germany West

28

Slovak Republic

36

Great Britain

31

Slovenia

48

Greece

29

Spain

Hungary

19

Sweden

33

Iceland

34

Switzerland

34

Ireland

47

Turkey

79

Italy

53

Ukraine

37

9

121

Tables (C027_4) Important in a job: People treated equally Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Here are some more aspects of a job that people say are important. Please tell me which ones you personally think are important in a job? People treated equally at the workplace (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

70

Kosovo

83

Armenia

84

Latvia

42

Austria

52

Lithuania

57

Belarus

51

Luxembourg

72

Belgium

39

Macedonia

86

Bosnia and Herz.

66

Malta

77

Bulgaria

79

Moldova

90

Croatia

62

Montenegro

59

Cyprus

80

Netherlands

86

Czech Republic

64

Northern Cyprus

91

Denmark

35

Northern Ireland

74

Estonia

71

Norway

47

Finland

60

Poland

72

France

40

Portugal

84

Georgia

78

Romania

80

Germany

48

Russian Fed.

52

Germany East

48

Serbia

67

Germany West

48

Slovak Republic

56

Great Britain

66

Slovenia

73

Greece

62

Spain

29

Hungary

47

Sweden

58

Iceland

64

Switzerland

42

Ireland

75

Turkey

91

Italy

58

Ukraine

58

122 (C033)

Tables Job satisfaction

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Overall, how satisfied or dissatisfied are you with your job? % Satisfied (7 thru 10) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981

1990

1999

2008

Albania

59

Kosovo

Armenia

41

Latvia

52

57

69

77

75

Lithuania

61

61

68

33

55

Luxembourg

78

83

82

86

Macedonia

65

Malta

65

68

Moldova

67

57

66

Montenegro

62

81

Netherlands

Austria

83

Belarus Belgium

80

80

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

47

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

78

64 81

84

87

80

88

85

77

85

63

69

74

Northern Cyprus

88

84

84

Northern Ireland

82

78

Estonia

58

58

66

Norway

86

81

Finland

77

84

79

Poland

73

56

76

59

70

74

Portugal

66

75

67

56

Romania

56

60

69

49

48

64

Denmark

France

86

61

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

73

77 85

70

83

80

Russian Fed.

62

78

77

Serbia

67

72

85

81

Slovak Republic

66

60

73

77

71

70

75

Slovenia

67

68

73

63

68

Spain

61

65

71

73

67

58

67

Sweden

82

83

74

78

Germany East Germany West

68

Greece Hungary

65

Iceland

85

82

84

92

Switzerland

88

89

Ireland

80

78

77

87

Turkey

50

57

Italy

69

70

73

72

Ukraine

45

66

123

Tables (C034)

Freedom to make decisions in job

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

How free are you to make decisions in your job? % A great deal (7 thru 10) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region

1981

1990

1999

2008

Albania

60

Kosovo

56

Armenia

62

Latvia

51

42

55

52

39

41

56

61

Austria

64

65

58

Lithuania

Belarus

40

33

40

Luxembourg

65

68

70

Macedonia

40

Malta

47

45

Moldova

58

41

49

Montenegro

46

60

Netherlands

Belgium

59

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

37

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

57 50

69

63

73

69

79

60

81

53

50

53

Northern Cyprus

74

80

78

Northern Ireland

59

63

Estonia

53

45

53

Norway

63

63

Finland

69

71

65

Poland

64

46

48

56

55

61

Portugal

59

57

51

65

Romania

48

55

56

40

40

49

Denmark

France

63

51

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

54

59 77

50

57

55

Russian Fed.

46

51

47

Serbia

52

51

58

56

Slovak Republic

50

40

55

59

66

59

67

Slovenia

48

53

63

60

66

Spain

54

55

56

50

49

34

45

Sweden

66

75

77

82

Germany East Germany West

52

Greece Hungary

60

Iceland

70

63

78

84

Switzerland

73

Ireland

55

63

61

67

Turkey

31

Italy

56

59

58

61

Ukraine

70 29

54

37

55

124 (C036)

Tables Job needed to develop talents

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Albania

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: To fully develop your talents, you need to have a job. Strongly agree/Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

80

79

Kosovo

89

Armenia

84

Latvia

85

80

Austria

83

Lithuania

71

74

Belarus

75

84

Luxembourg

69

74

Belgium

51

56

Macedonia

68

89

Bosnia and Herz.

85

67

Malta

50

49

Bulgaria

87

88

Moldova

80

87

Croatia

63

57

Montenegro

78

70

84

Netherlands

38

47

.

Cyprus Czech Republic

80

74

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

73

76

Northern Ireland

Estonia

80

76

Norway

Finland

59

57

Poland

92

77

France

78

78

Portugal

90

91

82

Romania

79

85

82

87

Russian Fed.

80

76

Germany East

90

90

Serbia

65

68

Germany West

81

86

Slovak Republic

67

85

Great Britain

53

58

Slovenia

72

74

Greece

68

81

Spain

69

77

Hungary

82

86

Sweden

50

47

Iceland

36

30

Switzerland

Ireland

61

68

Turkey

88

90

Italy

73

71

Ukraine

80

77

Georgia Germany

84 58

63 66

79

125

Tables (C037)

Receive money without having work

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Albania

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: It is humiliating to receive money without having to work for it. Strongly agree/Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

76

74

Kosovo

85

Armenia

77

Latvia

63

48

Austria

50

Lithuania

70

62

Belarus

54

54

Luxembourg

55

56

Belgium

42

42

Macedonia

73

64

Bosnia and Herz.

60

66

Malta

64

62

Bulgaria

72

76

Moldova

57

63

Croatia

67

63

Montenegro

74

76

63

Netherlands

26

35

Cyprus Czech Republic

47

49

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

37

33

Northern Ireland

Estonia

53

54

Norway

Finland

43

42

Poland

64

49

France

44

45

Portugal

57

62

62

Romania

65

61

38

53

Russian Fed.

64

53

Germany East

40

54

Serbia

72

73

Germany West

38

52

Slovak Republic

54

48

Great Britain

39

47

Slovenia

53

51

Greece

54

65

Spain

44

35

Hungary

51

57

Sweden

40

40

Iceland

42

32

Switzerland

Ireland

48

53

Turkey

88

86

Italy

67

66

Ukraine

63

68

Georgia Germany

82 36

35 50

40

126 (C038)

Tables People who don’t work turn lazy

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Albania

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: People who don’t work turn lazy. Strongly agree/Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

80

76

Kosovo

79

Armenia

78

Latvia

75

70

Austria

68

Lithuania

55

54

Belarus

66

73

Luxembourg

61

56

Belgium

50

57

Macedonia

78

68

Bosnia and Herz.

68

56

Malta

74

63

Bulgaria

68

78

Moldova

20

84

Croatia

68

53

Montenegro

77

64

71

Netherlands

34

45

Cyprus Czech Republic

79

70

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

65

68

Northern Ireland

Estonia

65

68

Norway

Finland

55

59

Poland

78

65

France

54

55

Portugal

70

74

72

Romania

80

76

50

62

Russian Fed.

74

73

Germany East

41

59

Serbia

77

68

Germany West

52

62

Slovak Republic

79

70

Great Britain

43

55

Slovenia

86

84

Greece

56

66

Spain

63

76

Hungary

74

78

Sweden

37

46

Iceland

17

14

Switzerland

Ireland

57

58

Turkey

90

87

Italy

76

75

Ukraine

66

77

Georgia Germany

86 48

56 62

55

127

Tables (C039)

Work is a duty towards society

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Albania

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Work is a duty towards society. Strongly agree/Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

63

49

Kosovo

53

Armenia

60

Latvia

67

50

Austria

72

Lithuania

45

43

Belarus

63

63

Luxembourg

69

76

Belgium

62

74

Macedonia

67

64

Bosnia and Herz.

49

47

Malta

88

80

Bulgaria

75

77

Moldova

52

62

Croatia

61

49

Montenegro

54

43

78

Netherlands

59

71

Cyprus Czech Republic

63

52

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

70

79

Northern Ireland

Estonia

60

53

Norway

Finland

61

62

Poland

73

48

France

56

71

Portugal

86

83

65

Romania

79

55

64

71

Russian Fed.

56

43

Germany East

63

67

Serbia

65

51

Germany West

64

72

Slovak Republic

63

61

Great Britain

49

68

Slovenia

76

77

Greece

49

64

Spain

63

64

Hungary

70

69

Sweden

58

62

Iceland

58

57

Switzerland

Ireland

60

67

Turkey

89

84

Italy

67

70

Ukraine

53

56

Georgia Germany

66 50

67 82

74

128 (C041)

Tables Work should come first

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Albania

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Work should always come first, even if it means less spare time. Strongly agree/Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

88

76

Kosovo

74

Armenia

74

Latvia

50

31

Austria

54

Lithuania

55

41

Belarus

35

39

Luxembourg

40

48

Belgium

33

37

Macedonia

79

53

Bosnia and Herz.

67

48

Malta

45

46

Bulgaria

53

67

Moldova

65

64

Croatia

54

41

Montenegro

69

51

66

Netherlands

23

26

Cyprus Czech Republic

56

48

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

49

48

Northern Ireland

Estonia

48

39

Norway

Finland

39

34

Poland

62

39

France

34

37

Portugal

46

53

68

Romania

80

58

47

62

Russian Fed.

50

45

Germany East

64

59

Serbia

66

53

Germany West

43

63

Slovak Republic

61

59

Great Britain

26

36

Slovenia

56

47

Greece

38

55

Spain

50

52

Hungary

78

62

Sweden

29

35

Iceland

34

27

Switzerland

Ireland

35

40

Turkey

72

74

Italy

49

48

Ukraine

47

53

Georgia Germany

41 31

27 49

45

129

Tables (C061)

Following instructions at work

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

People have different ideas about following instructions at work. Some say that one should follow instructions of one’s superiors even when one does not fully agree with them. Others say that one should follow one’s superior’s instructions only when one is convinced that they are right. With which opinion do you agree? Must be convinced first (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

30

Armenia

31

Kosovo

40

48

Latvia

42

46

39

60

47

38

Austria

37

40

40

Lithuania

Belarus

27

38

36

Luxembourg

32

30

43

44

42

Macedonia

43

32

38

43

Malta

51

36

46

44

Moldova

54

41

51

50

Montenegro

40

47

34

Netherlands

31

35

Belgium

36

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

65

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

30

36

36

47

51

34

29

Northern Cyprus

54

26

33

Northern Ireland

26

38

Estonia

44

31

31

Norway

33

34

Finland

45

59

43

Poland

60

50

43

48

40

43

Portugal

39

44

47

56

Romania

75

29

36

56

47

33

43

45

Denmark

France

23

58

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

36

28 21

26

28

33

Russian Fed.

35

28

19

Serbia

53

24

28

37

Slovak Republic

52

32

35

35

43

33

34

Slovenia

58

48

48

32

36

Spain

45

50

42

41

33

41

33

24

Germany East Germany West

38

Greece Hungary

7

59

34

36

Sweden

Iceland

43

33

33

36

Switzerland

Ireland

27

41

37

32

Turkey

Italy

40

46

33

33

Ukraine

37 19

55

42

42

32

130

Tables

Section D: Family

(D018)

Child needs a home with father and mother

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

If someone says a child needs a home with both a father and a mother to grow up happily, would you tend to agree or disagree? Tend to agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

99

96

Kosovo

97

Latvia

99

93

91

88

81

Lithuania

94

80

71

94

92

Luxembourg

85

82

81

78

Macedonia

97

91

95

87

Malta

93

92

97

97

Moldova

97

96

89

79

Montenegro

97

92

95

Netherlands

66

72

Armenia Austria

94

Belarus Belgium

88

92

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

95

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

95

94

80

95

80

96

86

84

Northern Cyprus

73

67

52

Northern Ireland

78

81

Estonia

99

96

93

Norway

79

86

Finland

86

60

58

Poland

99

97

93

94

86

82

Portugal

93

73

59

99

Romania

97

95

96

97

95

96

89

88

Denmark

France

60

87

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

70

59 69

95

90

86

Russian Fed.

97

92

84

Serbia

92

94

90

86

Slovak Republic

97

95

92

69

74

67

59

Slovenia

94

88

87

96

98

Spain

87

93

86

70

99

95

94

Sweden

71

85

60

50

Germany East Germany West

95

Greece Hungary Iceland

78

78

71

57

Switzerland

Ireland

75

83

68

66

Turkey

Italy

92

97

92

90

Ukraine

80 96

97

97

97

98

131

Tables (D019)

Woman needs children

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Do you think that a woman has to have children in order to be fulfilled or is this not necessary? Needs children (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

92

Armenia

90

Kosovo

60

80

Latvia

96

91

82

88

68

60

Austria

50

34

36

Lithuania

Belarus

97

77

77

Luxembourg

38

40

46

33

28

Macedonia

70

81

87

72

Malta

44

45

76

75

Moldova

79

90

59

48

Montenegro

78

64

73

Netherlands

7

7

Belgium

47

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

92

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

72

12

56

12

74

44

64

Northern Cyprus

82

80

78

Northern Ireland

42

32

Estonia

91

75

71

Norway

20

23

Finland

20

12

9

Poland

75

70

57

75

67

61

Portugal

61

68

52

98

Romania

85

83

84

92

83

87

67

77

Denmark

France

73

73

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

18

14 15

49

54

51

Russian Fed.

67

70

52

Serbia

39

44

50

51

Slovak Republic

77

45

55

22

21

21

16

Slovenia

58

38

34

75

78

Spain

49

49

48

41

16

21

8 36

Germany East Germany West

63

Greece Hungary

89

96

94

87

Sweden

Iceland

49

42

35

26

Switzerland

31

Ireland

27

26

16

20

Turkey

72

Italy

53

67

56

57

Ukraine

75

79

86

90

132 (D020)

Tables Men needs children

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

How would you feel about the following statement? Do you agree or disagree? A man has to have children in order to be fulfilled. Strongly agree/Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

88

Kosovo

84

Armenia

89

Latvia

90

80

Austria

26

32

Lithuania

48

38

Belarus

77

71

Luxembourg

30

38

Belgium

25

21

Macedonia

74

Malta

Bosnia and Herz.

78 33

36

Bulgaria

54

76

Moldova

91

Croatia

77

67

Montenegro

84

65

Netherlands

Cyprus

5

5

Czech Republic

60

66

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

65

62

Northern Ireland

Estonia

67

66

Norway

Finland

28

22

Poland

54

44

France

53

50

Portugal

50

44

93

Romania

75

77

39

38

Russian Fed.

71

77

Germany East

52

34

Serbia

Germany West

36

39

Slovak Republic

39

52

Great Britain

11

13

Slovenia

37

38

Greece

48

58

Spain

36

30

Hungary

76

69

Sweden

Iceland

29

21

Switzerland

Ireland

16

20

Turkey

63

80

Italy

45

47

Ukraine

73

86

Georgia Germany

62 16

13 13

75

9 27

133

Tables (D022)

Marriage is an outdated institution

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Marriage is an outdated institution. Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

9

Armenia

16

Kosovo

12

15

Latvia

9

16

20

9

20

18

Austria

12

20

30

Lithuania

Belarus

16

17

18

Luxembourg

33

36

22

31

33

Macedonia

18

18

14

15

Malta

7

11

18

28

Moldova

32

25

8

18

Montenegro

12

17

19

Netherlands

25

27

Belgium

18

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

11

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

13

15

6

21

8

11

24

Northern Cyprus

18

15

13

Northern Ireland

14

14

Estonia

11

16

20

Norway

13

10

Finland

13

18

15

Poland

6

9

18

29

36

35

Portugal

23

26

31

4

Romania

9

12

20

15

22

21

18

17

7

12

14

18

27

25

Denmark

France

18

31

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

23

26 19

15

18

27

Russian Fed.

15

18

33

Serbia

15

15

19

25

Slovak Republic

14

18

26

23

Slovenia

16

21

Spain

24

15

21

32

15

14

20

21

Germany East Germany West

15

Greece Hungary

17

11

17

19

Sweden

Iceland

13

6

8

11

Switzerland

13

Ireland

13

10

22

23

Turkey

11

Italy

23

13

17

19

Ukraine

28 8

9

18

19

134 (D023)

Tables Woman as a single parent

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

If a woman wants to have a child as a single parent but she doesn’t want to have a stable relationship with a man, do you approve or disapprove? Approve (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

12

Armenia

27

Kosovo

40

33

Latvia

26

55

59

55

61

67

Austria

39

38

42

Lithuania

Belarus

47

61

46

Luxembourg

46

60

32

52

55

Macedonia

53

48

48

58

Malta

16

22

46

47

Moldova

37

51

66

69

Montenegro

37

53

28

Netherlands

50

58

Belgium

32

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

47

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

18

33

16

38

27

39

52

Northern Cyprus

67

52

68

Northern Ireland

22

24

Estonia

32

29

51

Norway

36

27

Finland

56

54

41

Poland

13

42

49

39

49

59

Portugal

40

37

44

36

Romania

38

49

61

42

54

54

54

64

Denmark

France

72

62

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

31

40 41

25

31

42

Russian Fed.

34

30

42

Serbia

25

23

31

42

Slovak Republic

25

23

32

32

36

31

43

Slovenia

60

56

60

31

48

Spain

38

63

72

81

41

25

32

52

Germany East Germany West

12

Greece Hungary

28

39

38

52

Sweden

Iceland

88

84

82

88

Switzerland

Ireland

21

23

32

42

Turkey

Italy

36

39

28

32

Ukraine

37 6

46 6

8

40

47

135

Tables (D026_01) Homosexual couples able to adopt children Variable/Question Response Country/Region

How would you feel about the following statement? Do you agree or disagree? Homosexual couples should be able to adopt children. Strongly agree/Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

13

Kosovo

10

Armenia

11

Latvia

9

Austria

30

Lithuania

6

Belarus

15

Luxembourg

38

Belgium

44

Macedonia

12

Bosnia and Herz.

9

Malta

Bulgaria

16

Croatia

8

Montenegro

7

Cyprus

10

Netherlands

63

Czech Republic

31

Northern Cyprus

12

Denmark

49

Northern Ireland

34

Estonia

14

Norway

41

Finland

40

Poland

8

France

38

Portugal

22

Georgia

4

Romania

16

Germany

36

Russian Fed.

18

Germany East

35

Serbia

Germany West

36

Slovak Republic

10

37

Slovenia

18

Spain

49

Great Britain Greece

6

Moldova

7 15

8

Hungary

17

Sweden

52

Iceland

79

Switzerland

34

Ireland

32

Turkey

27

Italy

11

Ukraine

13

136

Tables

(D026_02) Live together without getting married Variable/Question Response Country/Region

How would you feel about the following statement? Do you agree or disagree? It is alright for two people to live together without getting married. Strongly agree/Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

49

Kosovo

60

Armenia

45

Latvia

75

Austria

81

Lithuania

53

Belarus

61

Luxembourg

90

Belgium

88

Macedonia

50

Bosnia and Herz.

45

Malta

41

Bulgaria

61

Moldova

47

Croatia

55

Montenegro

57

Cyprus

46

Netherlands

87

Czech Republic

58

Northern Cyprus

44

Denmark

96

Northern Ireland

78

Estonia

76

Norway

88

Finland

82

Poland

61

France

92

Portugal

83

Georgia

32

Romania

60

Germany

80

Russian Fed.

61

Germany East

78

Serbia

62

Germany West

81

Slovak Republic

36

Great Britain

81

Slovenia

73

Greece

70

Spain

84

Hungary

70

Sweden

94

Iceland

94

Switzerland

89

Ireland

77

Turkey

32

Italy

54

Ukraine

51

137

Tables (D026_03) Duty to have children Variable/Question Response Country/Region

How would you feel about the following statement? Do you agree or disagree? It is a duty towards society to have children. Strongly agree/Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

41

Kosovo

59

Armenia

54

Latvia

34

Austria

25

Lithuania

28

Belarus

57

Luxembourg

25

Belgium

14

Macedonia

56

Bosnia and Herz.

29

Malta

48

Bulgaria

71

Moldova

53

Croatia

25

Montenegro

26

Cyprus

56

Netherlands

4

Czech Republic

44

Northern Cyprus

46

Denmark

16

Northern Ireland

14

Estonia

31

Norway

13

Finland

10

Poland

30

France

20

Portugal

41

Georgia

65

Romania

42

Germany

30

Russian Fed.

40

Germany East

26

Serbia

35

Germany West

31

Slovak Republic

31

Great Britain

10

Slovenia

31

Greece

46

Spain

32

Hungary

36

Sweden

Iceland

8

Ireland Italy

4

Switzerland

24

19

Turkey

64

23

Ukraine

48

138

Tables

(D026_04) People should decide whether they have children Variable/Question Response Country/Region

How would you feel about the following statement? Do you agree or disagree? People should decide for themselves whether to have children or not. Strongly agree/Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

88

Kosovo

90

Armenia

94

Latvia

94

Austria

91

Lithuania

91

Belarus

94

Luxembourg

97

Belgium

97

Macedonia

92

Bosnia and Herz.

86

Malta

88

Bulgaria

94

Moldova

91

Croatia

92

Montenegro

94

Cyprus

93

Netherlands

94

Czech Republic

87

Northern Cyprus

96

Denmark

97

Northern Ireland

96

Estonia

93

Norway

97

Finland

92

Poland

87

France

97

Portugal

90

Georgia

85

Romania

88

Germany

93

Russian Fed.

91

Germany East

95

Serbia

96

Germany West

92

Slovak Republic

87

Great Britain

94

Slovenia

99

Greece

94

Spain

96

Hungary

96

Sweden

97

Iceland

99

Switzerland

97

Ireland

93

Turkey

91

Italy

91

Ukraine

96

139

Tables (D026_05) It is a child’s duty to take care of ill parents Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

How would you feel about the following statement? Do you agree or disagree? When a parent is seriously ill or fragile, it is mainly the adult child’s duty to take care of him/her. Strongly agree/Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

74

Kosovo

88

Armenia

43

Latvia

90

Austria

57

Lithuania

77

Belarus

91

Luxembourg

66

Belgium

78

Macedonia

81

Bosnia and Herz.

84

Malta

87

Bulgaria

81

Moldova

94

Croatia

87

Montenegro

92

Cyprus

89

Netherlands

45

Czech Republic

77

Northern Cyprus

87

Denmark

25

Northern Ireland

46

Estonia

75

Norway

41

Finland

20

Poland

78

France

88

Portugal

83

Georgia

97

Romania

84

Germany

64

Russian Fed.

91

Germany East

69

Serbia

90

Germany West

63

Slovak Republic

89

Great Britain

42

Slovenia

78

Greece

94

Spain

90

Hungary

80

Sweden

28

Iceland

37

Switzerland

61

Ireland

53

Turkey

89

Italy

89

Ukraine

97

140 (D026)

Tables Marriage necessary to be happy

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

How would you feel about the following statement? Do you agree or disagree? A marriage or a long-term stable relationship is necessary to be happy. Strongly agree/Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

80

Kosovo

77

Armenia

89

Latvia

81

74

Austria

55

49

Lithuania

71

61

Belarus

73

73

Luxembourg

59

62

Belgium

55

53

Macedonia

58

Malta

Bosnia and Herz.

64 65

60

Bulgaria

81

81

Moldova

85

Croatia

69

58

Montenegro

71

61

Netherlands

Cyprus

21

23

Czech Republic

69

64

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

36

43

Northern Ireland

Estonia

75

72

Norway

Finland

36

28

Poland

72

66

France

65

66

Portugal

70

64

91

Romania

84

76

63

64

Russian Fed.

74

80

Germany East

69

63

Serbia

Germany West

62

64

Slovak Republic

77

78

Great Britain

37

43

Slovenia

82

39

Greece

84

92

Spain

54

53

Hungary

90

87

Sweden

42

31

Iceland

35

31

Switzerland

Ireland

38

42

Turkey

77

77

Italy

63

64

Ukraine

78

86

Georgia Germany

64 34

35 45

72

50

141

Tables (D027)

Marriage success: Faithfulness

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Here is a list of things which some people think make for a successful marriage. Please tell me, for each one, whether you think it is important for a successful marriage: Failthfulness. Very important (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

88

Kosovo

Armenia

96

Latvia

74

78

82

86

81

Lithuania

70

64

79

70

75

Luxembourg

88

88

89

86

Macedonia

88

Malta

74

81

Moldova

86

72

75

Montenegro

90

95

Netherlands

Austria

83

Belarus Belgium

87

85

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

63

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

78

94 94

85

94

88

97

87

95

87

72

73

72

Northern Cyprus

81

84

83

Northern Ireland

90

94

Estonia

61

61

76

Norway

89

91

Finland

75

82

77

Poland

84

87

90

74

80

84

Portugal

77

74

73

94

Romania

77

83

89

77

72

78

Denmark

France

76

72

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

94

96 88

78

85

79

Russian Fed.

78

83

74

Serbia

80

78

85

80

Slovak Republic

86

81

88

88

90

90

93

Slovenia

80

81

86

87

88

Spain

78

80

79

83

84

85

90

Sweden

80

89

88

87

Germany East Germany West

98

Greece Hungary

79

Iceland

90

90

96

97

Switzerland

81

87

Ireland

90

93

95

92

Turkey

96

99

Italy

83

84

84

88

Ukraine

79

86

142 (D028)

Tables Marriage success: Adequate income

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Here is a list of things which some people think make for a successful marriage. Please tell me, for each one, whether you think it is important for a successful marriage: An adequate income. Very important (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

60

Kosovo

Armenia

55

Latvia

35

36

42

28

44

Lithuania

36

42

54

38

50

Luxembourg

26

34

40

39

Macedonia

46

Malta

51

57

Moldova

65

23

30

Montenegro

53

69

Netherlands

Austria

31

Belarus Belgium

40

45

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

45

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

60

83 48

37

38

27

39

23

46

22

45

36

47

Northern Cyprus

10

5

5

Northern Ireland

42

40

Estonia

30

29

34

Norway

23

21

Finland

32

17

10

Poland

37

45

41

38

36

29

Portugal

49

36

43

60

Romania

45

54

61

54

54

63

Denmark

France

13

41

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

34

42 13

27

26

38

Russian Fed.

30

29

35

Serbia

33

26

26

39

Slovak Republic

54

47

53

47

35

34

30

Slovenia

40

30

33

54

65

Spain

38

43

34

43

52

58

66

Sweden

24

22

19

11

Germany East Germany West

77

Greece Hungary

37

Iceland

34

39

31

20

Switzerland

35

43

Ireland

55

52

46

54

Turkey

84

93

Italy

41

32

29

25

Ukraine

66

64

143

Tables (D029)

Marriage success: Same social background

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Here is a list of things which some people think make for a successful marriage. Please tell me, for each one, whether you think it is important for a successful marriage: Being of the same social background. Very important (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

24

Kosovo

Armenia

26

Latvia

13

22

Lithuania

11

14

Luxembourg

21

15

Macedonia

23

Malta

30

22

Moldova

29

7

11

Montenegro

19

27

Netherlands

Austria

14

Belarus Belgium

25

22

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

18

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

39 11

15

23

8

12

19

15

23 30

56

28

47

23

51

15

51

16

14

7

21

Northern Cyprus

11

6

7

Northern Ireland

20

21

Estonia

8

8

10

Norway

15

14

Finland

8

9

7

Poland

17

17

20

21

16

14

Portugal

26

14

19

22

Romania

25

28

34

9

10

23

Denmark

France

16

26

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

23

21 10

11

14

18

Russian Fed.

7

11

11

Serbia

15

12

15

20

Slovak Republic

18

16

17

24

21

18

14

Slovenia

24

15

15

21

17

Spain

27

24

17

13

16

15

17

Sweden

13

12

7

7

Germany East Germany West

51

Greece Hungary

Switzerland

13

Iceland

14

14

7

9

16

13

Ireland

30

25

26

29

Turkey

65

73

Italy

19

17

13

12

Ukraine

15

20

144 (D031)

Tables Marriage success: Share religious beliefs

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Here is a list of things which some people think make for a successful marriage. Please tell me, for each one, whether you think it is important for a successful marriage: Shared religious beliefs. Very important (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

21

Kosovo

Armenia

44

Latvia

19

19

Lithuania

14

17

Luxembourg

18

17

Macedonia

39

Malta

27

25

Moldova

40

28

21

Montenegro

35

60

Netherlands

Austria

22

Belarus Belgium

28

22

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

14

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

50 9

11

19

14

16

19

15

22 51

71

25

62

19

56

11

57

13

17

8

22

Northern Cyprus

16

13

14

Northern Ireland

41

37

Estonia

8

11

10

Norway

27

24

Finland

13

15

13

Poland

49

40

31

16

13

11

Portugal

34

20

19

53

Romania

31

41

40

11

12

23

Denmark

France

19

19

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

33

26 15

14

15

16

Russian Fed.

14

8

11

Serbia

20

14

16

17

Slovak Republic

34

26

23

21

19

14

14

Slovenia

34

20

22

33

41

Spain

31

28

21

13

22

15

15

Sweden

18

18

13

11

Germany East Germany West

53

Greece Hungary

Switzerland

21

Iceland

19

18

10

9

21

13

Ireland

40

33

27

27

Turkey

73

87

Italy

26

26

23

27

Ukraine

24

24

145

Tables (D032)

Marriage success: Good housing

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Here is a list of things which some people think make for a successful marriage. Please tell me, for each one, whether you think it is important for a successful marriage: Good housing. Very important (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

48

Kosovo

Armenia

35

Latvia

45

30

43

33

42

Lithuania

33

27

43

48

44

Luxembourg

28

43

41

54

Macedonia

38

Malta

45

49

Moldova

53

18

25

Montenegro

48

67

Netherlands

Austria

40

Belarus Belgium

35

39

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

43

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

52

74 60

49

31

36

38

26

44

29

49

41

49

Northern Cyprus

30

18

17

Northern Ireland

39

36

Estonia

35

26

33

Norway

34

23

Finland

22

18

14

Poland

53

52

46

37

36

41

Portugal

52

35

34

42

Romania

51

51

52

51

45

57

Denmark

France

39

44

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

36

41 13

29

26

35

Russian Fed.

41

30

33

Serbia

32

25

25

35

Slovak Republic

52

49

46

50

37

39

33

Slovenia

39

30

29

59

67

Spain

30

37

31

32

51

60

63

Sweden

36

39

29

22

Germany East Germany West

48

Greece Hungary

28

Iceland

39

33

26

21

Switzerland

34

38

Ireland

53

46

47

50

Turkey

62

77

Italy

26

25

20

20

Ukraine

62

62

146 (D033)

Tables Marriage success: Agreement on politics

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Here is a list of things which some people think make for a successful marriage. Please tell me, for each one, whether you think it is important for a successful marriage: Agreement on politics. Very important (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

6

Kosovo

Armenia

18

Latvia

6

12

Lithuania

5

9

Luxembourg

7

4

Macedonia

Austria

7

Belarus Belgium

11

9

Bosnia and Herz.

15

Bulgaria

15

Croatia

13

7

13

7

8

11

7

8 17

49

33

24

19

15

9

Moldova

24

4

5

Montenegro

12

15

Netherlands

Cyprus Czech Republic

Malta

24

12

8

4

4

16

6

15

Northern Cyprus

4

2

2

Northern Ireland

11

10

Estonia

6

5

5

Norway

12

7

Finland

5

4

3

Poland

9

13

14

7

8

6

Portugal

15

9

15

10

Romania

7

15

17

8

3

9

Denmark

France

8

9

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

12

13 3

8

10

8

Russian Fed.

11

9

8

Serbia

8

7

10

8

Slovak Republic

12

8

7

8

7

7

5

Slovenia

13

6

6

14

11

Spain

18

12

10

8

11

7

14

Sweden

14

10

6

4

Germany East Germany West

27

Greece Hungary Iceland

3

5

2

1

Ireland

6

4

7

12

Turkey

49

52

11

10

7

8

Ukraine

10

11

Italy

Switzerland

8

9

4

147

Tables (D035)

Marriage success: Apart from in-laws

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Here is a list of things which some people think make for a successful marriage. Please tell me, for each one, whether you think it is important for a successful marriage: Living apart from your in-laws. Very important (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

20

Kosovo

Armenia

27

Latvia

42

32

57

44

44

Lithuania

35

34

45

45

50

Luxembourg

54

59

60

56

Macedonia

34

Malta

58

53

Moldova

56

26

30

Montenegro

36

41

Netherlands

Austria

37

Belarus Belgium

53

57

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

43

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

33

44 51

58

44

60

57

56

64

54

52

40

47

Northern Cyprus

54

55

62

Northern Ireland

49

54

Estonia

42

39

43

Norway

41

41

Finland

23

24

19

Poland

64

61

54

64

69

63

Portugal

54

31

42

30

Romania

40

38

46

36

37

50

Denmark

France

58

71

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

47

50 35

39

31

36

Russian Fed.

45

26

39

Serbia

37

37

32

35

Slovak Republic

46

18

34

62

54

51

45

Slovenia

31

30

26

51

44

Spain

33

34

32

35

48

49

58

Sweden

13

53

42

70

Germany East Germany West

58

Greece Hungary

27

Iceland

48

43

40

44

Switzerland

59

55

Ireland

46

46

45

45

Turkey

60

63

Italy

46

46

47

45

Ukraine

52

51

148 (D036)

Tables Marriage success: Happy sexual relationship

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Here is a list of things which some people think make for a successful marriage. Please tell me, for each one, whether you think it is important for a successful marriage: Happy sexual relationship. Very important (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

53

Kosovo

Armenia

67

Latvia

59

53

64

64

56

Lithuania

37

37

53

54

56

Luxembourg

61

68

66

59

Macedonia

60

Malta

61

61

Moldova

64

37

44

Montenegro

66

84

Netherlands

Austria

57

Belarus Belgium

66

65

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

48

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

49

82 79

68

59

62

82

51

77

52

70

56

59

Northern Cyprus

65

56

58

Northern Ireland

69

69

Estonia

53

52

56

Norway

66

62

Finland

61

52

45

Poland

61

66

63

68

73

70

Portugal

69

41

62

55

Romania

59

49

58

46

50

59

Denmark

France

60

71

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

67

67 49

51

48

52

Russian Fed.

54

51

58

Serbia

54

51

47

51

Slovak Republic

70

59

55

74

66

64

65

Slovenia

61

64

57

82

79

Spain

57

63

60

59

69

70

76

Sweden

59

67

60

48

Germany East Germany West

74

Greece Hungary

47

Iceland

83

73

71

66

Switzerland

68

68

Ireland

67

68

71

68

Turkey

84

85

Italy

71

67

67

65

Ukraine

67

64

149

Tables (D037)

Marriage success: Household chores

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Here is a list of things which some people think make for a successful marriage. Please tell me, for each one, whether you think it is important for a successful marriage: Sharing household chores. Very important (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

44

Kosovo

Armenia

30

Latvia

31

26

39

29

36

Lithuania

25

26

41

45

50

Luxembourg

37

53

42

42

Macedonia

40

Malta

34

42

Moldova

49

23

30

Montenegro

43

44

Netherlands

Austria

29

Belarus Belgium

34

38

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

42

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

53

58 45

30

39

34

55

33

56

34

43

24

38

Northern Cyprus

48

41

48

Northern Ireland

25

45

Estonia

19

18

21

Norway

26

33

Finland

25

29

33

Poland

52

55

50

35

40

46

Portugal

50

23

41

63

Romania

42

43

54

38

28

37

Denmark

France

46

33

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

47

54 38

23

20

27

Russian Fed.

30

27

35

Serbia

20

21

19

25

Slovak Republic

47

31

30

42

44

50

49

Slovenia

35

36

38

44

40

Spain

26

36

36

45

40

41

53

Sweden

34

48

52

42

Germany East Germany West

46

Greece Hungary

36

Iceland

43

42

45

58

Switzerland

33

45

Ireland

31

38

53

52

Turkey

60

67

Italy

30

30

29

35

Ukraine

45

51

150 (D038)

Tables Marriage success: Children

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Here is a list of things which some people think make for a successful marriage. Please tell me, for each one, whether you think it is important for a successful marriage: Children. Very important (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

81

Kosovo

Armenia

88

Latvia

78

73

67

60

53

Lithuania

66

51

58

76

73

Luxembourg

43

59

58

52

Macedonia

70

Malta

78

79

Moldova

79

63

59

Montenegro

88

83

Netherlands

Austria

63

Belarus Belgium

46

55

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

84

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

69

89 80

50

69

54

70

47

57

48

86

77

65

Northern Cyprus

42

36

37

Northern Ireland

63

69

Estonia

74

64

63

Norway

54

61

Finland

60

55

51

Poland

78

73

59

65

63

66

Portugal

65

43

48

86

Romania

68

70

70

80

74

75

Denmark

France

37

65

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

55

54 50

48

48

48

Russian Fed.

64

52

48

Serbia

42

44

47

48

Slovak Republic

88

70

81

58

58

48

52

Slovenia

73

71

70

72

79

Spain

67

71

65

66

85

83

80

Sweden

47

61

59

47

Germany East Germany West

73

Greece Hungary

72

Iceland

69

66

51

49

Switzerland

54

57

Ireland

53

62

59

59

Turkey

78

87

Italy

55

64

58

65

Ukraine

84

85

151

Tables (D039)

Marriage success: Discuss problems

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Here is a list of things which some people think make for a successful marriage. Please tell me, for each one, whether you think it is important for a successful marriage: Being willing to discuss the problems that come up. Very important (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

44

Kosovo

57

Armenia

62

Latvia

42

54

Austria

75

64

Lithuania

33

51

Belarus

53

58

Luxembourg

73

85

Belgium

83

80

Macedonia

62

Malta

Bosnia and Herz.

80 95

87

Bulgaria

58

66

Moldova

77

Croatia

55

62

Montenegro

82

90

Netherlands

Cyprus

87

81

Czech Republic

73

66

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

76

80

Northern Ireland

Estonia

51

60

Norway

Finland

64

70

Poland

74

61

France

77

80

Portugal

56

66

56

Romania

66

75

60

58

Russian Fed.

43

56

Germany East

44

58

Serbia

Germany West

64

58

Slovak Republic

66

78

Great Britain

84

85

Slovenia

80

80

Greece

91

86

Spain

63

66

Hungary

78

89

Sweden

82

74

Iceland

89

88

Switzerland

Ireland

89

80

Turkey

89

92

Italy

81

80

Ukraine

64

70

Georgia Germany

86 82

83 83

61

86

152

Tables

(D043_01) Marriage success: Time for friends and personal hobbies Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Here is a list of things which some people think make for a successful marriage. Please tell me, for each one, whether you think it is important for a successful marriage: Having some time for one’s own friends and for personal hobbies/ activities. Very important (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

19

Kosovo

46

Armenia

38

Latvia

39

Austria

51

Lithuania

31

Belarus

26

Luxembourg

59

Belgium

40

Macedonia

68

Bosnia and Herz.

40

Malta

50

Bulgaria

39

Moldova

42

Croatia

35

Montenegro

55

Cyprus

56

Netherlands

64

Czech Republic

45

Northern Cyprus

53

Denmark

54

Northern Ireland

64

Estonia

27

Norway

62

Finland

48

Poland

36

France

47

Portugal

38

Georgia

37

Romania

38

Germany

37

Russian Fed.

37

Germany East

38

Serbia

35

Germany West

36

Slovak Republic

39

Great Britain

65

Slovenia

51

Greece

55

Spain

47

Hungary

57

Sweden

56

Iceland

63

Switzerland

60

Ireland

63

Turkey

68

Italy

36

Ukraine

32

153

Tables (D056)

A working mother relationship

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

For each of the following statements, can you tell me how much you agree with each: A working mother can establish just as warm and secure a relationship with her children as a mother who does not work. Agree strongly/Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

76

Armenia

82

Kosovo

71

84

Latvia

47

76

79

72

Lithuania

42

76

78

Austria

51

Belarus

65

82

87

Luxembourg

76

85

Belgium

74

79

85

Macedonia

74

75

82

81

Malta

61

71

79

89

Moldova

85

87

66

78

Montenegro

77

77

67

Netherlands

81

82

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

61

Croatia Cyprus

41

69

Czech Republic

62

81

78

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

83

86

91

Northern Ireland

71

80

Estonia

82

71

80

Norway

69

91

Finland

94

95

96

Poland

38

54

65

France

73

77

87

Portugal

76

67

78

86

Romania

84

83

88

64

83

91

79

81

Georgia Germany

70

44

67

73

Russian Fed.

Germany East

55

90

89

Serbia

Germany West

41

62

69

Slovak Republic

58

81

86

70

73

82

Slovenia

74

82

88

76

76

Spain

66

79

77

73

84

91

Great Britain Greece Hungary

70

78

79

Sweden

Iceland

82

86

93

Switzerland

Ireland

63

79

Turkey

Italy

63

69

Ukraine

64

71 57

70

73

83

90

154 (D057)

Tables Being a housewife fulfilling

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

For each of the following statements, can you tell me how much you agree with each: Being a housewife is just as fulfilling as working for pay. Agree strongly/Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

46

Armenia

47

Kosovo

73

68

Latvia

66

40

40

58

Lithuania

85

79

78

Austria

63

Belarus

81

64

55

Luxembourg

64

59

Belgium

67

64

65

Macedonia

52

53

71

51

Malta

87

82

49

42

Moldova

72

57

56

52

Montenegro

65

47

54

Netherlands

51

57

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

87

Croatia Cyprus

87

56

Czech Republic

70

76

53

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

55

54

46

Northern Ireland

70

66

Estonia

71

59

62

Norway

53

49

Finland

54

81

78

Poland

63

60

63

France

60

62

52

Portugal

49

51

47

62

Romania

48

48

54

86

64

66

69

53

Georgia Germany

72

50

42

47

Russian Fed.

Germany East

36

25

22

Serbia

Germany West

54

46

52

Slovak Republic

46

71

54

60

61

68

Slovenia

63

54

59

42

56

Spain

60

60

48

62

51

47

Great Britain Greece Hungary

76

61

56

Sweden

Iceland

71

64

66

Switzerland

Ireland

72

73

Turkey

Italy

56

52

Ukraine

55

65 79

78

84

58

66

155

Tables (D058)

Husband and wife should contribute

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

For each of the following statements, can you tell me how much you agree with each: Both the husband and wife should contribute to household income. Agree strongly/Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

96

91

Kosovo

86

Latvia

77

89

94

83

Lithuania

75

90

84

85

91

Luxembourg

54

73

70

81

Macedonia

93

94

94

83

Malta

73

90

92

97

Moldova

91

88

94

82

Montenegro

94

90

92

Netherlands

38

46

Armenia Austria

74

Belarus Belgium

67

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

83

Croatia Cyprus

96

74

30

Czech Republic

90

93

91

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

71

68

79

Northern Ireland

82

82

Estonia

81

82

87

Norway

74

91

Finland

78

71

80

Poland

81

87

86

France

80

81

90

Portugal

98

88

96

96

Romania

91

85

87

80

83

86

89

95

Georgia Germany

91

69

74

83

Russian Fed.

Germany East

87

93

95

Serbia

Germany West

64

69

80

Slovak Republic

85

89

93

70

70

73

Slovenia

93

91

90

88

93

Spain

84

87

88

87

89

93

Great Britain Greece Hungary

83

89

94

Sweden

Iceland

68

64

74

Switzerland

Ireland

70

76

Turkey

88

85

Italy

80

88

Ukraine

86

94

81

81

156 (D061)

Tables Children suffer with working mother

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

For each of the following statements, can you tell me how much you agree with each: A pre-school child is likely to suffer if his or her mother works. Agree strongly/Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

58

Kosovo

Armenia

61

Latvia

92

75

68

65

Lithuania

90

71

70

60

62

Luxembourg

68

58

51

38

Macedonia

52

Malta

61

43

Moldova

49

64

48

Montenegro

60

71

Netherlands

Austria

83

Belarus Belgium

61

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

76

Croatia Cyprus

73

42 89

63

87

46

78

39

Czech Republic

71

47

41

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

32

18

9

Northern Ireland

44

34

Estonia

91

65

57

Norway

46

19

Finland

52

41

22

Poland

94

77

62

France

65

56

39

Portugal

84

72

66

82

Romania

58

47

53

70

73

62

Georgia Germany

70

83

66

58

Russian Fed.

Germany East

80

36

36

Serbia

Germany West

84

73

63

Slovak Republic

76

63

39

55

46

36

Slovenia

67

47

36

78

73

Spain

56

46

48

74

38

19

Great Britain Greece

50

Hungary

70

63

55

Sweden

Iceland

52

33

18

Switzerland

60

Ireland

53

34

Turkey

80

Italy

78

76

Ukraine

81

73

71

157

Tables (D062)

Women want home and children

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

For each of the following statements, can you tell me how much you agree with each: A job is alright but what most women really want is a home and children. Agree strongly/Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

56

Kosovo

Armenia

72

Latvia

90

67

63

49

Lithuania

97

94

93

68

57

Luxembourg

56

48

54

54

Macedonia

62

Malta

76

72

Moldova

90

66

55

Montenegro

75

72

Netherlands

Austria

62

Belarus Belgium

61

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

90

Croatia Cyprus

71

71 70

41

70

34

78

38

Czech Republic

87

72

71

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

25

18

11

Northern Ireland

53

47

Estonia

85

68

69

Norway

51

35

Finland

42

50

36

Poland

88

74

68

France

68

65

54

Portugal

62

52

49

84

Romania

82

85

83

91

86

86

Georgia Germany

77

51

44

41

Russian Fed.

Germany East

52

30

28

Serbia

Germany West

51

47

43

Slovak Republic

87

61

56

45

44

46

Slovenia

76

65

64

65

75

Spain

56

47

48

40

31

Great Britain Greece

58

Hungary

76

70

66

Sweden

Iceland

71

62

55

Switzerland

51

Ireland

58

55

Turkey

89

Italy

72

67

Ukraine

68

80

88

158 (D063)

Tables Job independence women

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

For each of the following statements, can you tell me how much you agree with each: Having a job is the best way for a woman to be an independent person. Agree strongly/Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

75

Kosovo

Armenia

72

Latvia

62

85

87

85

Lithuania

41

77

82

58

84

Luxembourg

84

88

77

82

Macedonia

85

Malta

79

89

Moldova

83

79

79

Montenegro

77

81

Netherlands

Austria

74

Belarus Belgium

70

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

63

Croatia Cyprus

91

84 39

55

45

61

74

67

Czech Republic

59

76

79

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

80

84

88

Northern Ireland

70

72

Estonia

56

79

81

Norway

75

84

Finland

77

63

60

Poland

64

76

79

France

79

84

87

Portugal

80

79

84

87

Romania

68

81

83

58

70

76

Georgia Germany

75

75

81

84

Russian Fed.

Germany East

75

87

94

Serbia

Germany West

75

80

82

Slovak Republic

60

75

85

68

65

63

Slovenia

73

79

78

83

86

Spain

78

81

86

74

84

79

Great Britain Greece

81

Hungary

48

72

81

Sweden

Iceland

43

46

47

Switzerland

83

Ireland

61

68

Turkey

72

Italy

74

82

Ukraine

77

73

81

159

Tables (D064_01) Men as much responsible as women Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

(D064_01) For each of the following statements, can you tell me how much you agree with each: Men should take as much responsibility as women for the home and children. Agree strongly/Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

85

Kosovo

94

Armenia

93

Latvia

94

Austria

85

Lithuania

93

Belarus

90

Luxembourg

95

Belgium

91

Macedonia

95

Bosnia and Herz.

92

Malta

96

Bulgaria

94

Moldova

81

Croatia

96

Montenegro

94

Cyprus

84

Netherlands

85

Czech Republic

87

Northern Cyprus

89

Denmark

98

Northern Ireland

96

Estonia

88

Norway

96

Finland

96

Poland

93

France

95

Portugal

90

Georgia

97

Romania

75

Germany

89

Russian Fed.

95

Germany East

96

Serbia

95

Germany West

88

Slovak Republic

96

Great Britain

94

Slovenia

97

Greece

84

Spain

93

Hungary

98

Sweden

97

Iceland

99

Switzerland

90

Ireland

96

Turkey

90

Italy

91

Ukraine

98

160 (D064)

Tables Fathers well suited to look after their children

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

For each of the following statements, can you tell me how much you agree with each: In general, fathers are as well suited to look after their children as mothers. Agree strongly/Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

75

Kosovo

Armenia

62

Latvia

72

78

Austria

79

Lithuania

83

81

78

87

Belarus

84

88

Luxembourg

Belgium

77

82

Macedonia

75

Malta

Bosnia and Herz.

86

83 63

71

Bulgaria

61

71

Moldova

76

Croatia

66

76

Montenegro

75

69

Netherlands

Cyprus

77

80

Czech Republic

67

67

Northern Cyprus

66

Denmark

84

88

Northern Ireland

81

Estonia

69

76

Norway

88

Finland

86

93

Poland

86

83

France

80

89

Portugal

68

79

48

Romania

57

64

74

73

Russian Fed.

82

83

Germany East

76

75

Serbia

Germany West

73

73

Slovak Republic

67

71

Great Britain

71

79

Slovenia

85

91

Greece

64

65

Spain

74

80

Hungary

71

73

Sweden

92

93

Iceland

85

90

Switzerland

84

81

Turkey

73

72

Ukraine

Georgia Germany

Ireland Italy

69

71

82

89

161

Tables



Section E: Politics and Society

(E003-a)

Aims: Maintaining order

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

If you had to choose, which one of the things on this card would you say is most important? Maintaining order in the nation (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

70

Armenia

36

Kosovo

60

44

Latvia

54

54

31

29

24

10

Austria

41

36

27

Lithuania

Belarus

44

56

45

Luxembourg

45

33

21

38

16

Macedonia

77

45

71

50

Malta

33

25

76

55

Moldova

63

41

28

28

Montenegro

54

39

49

Netherlands

41

25

Belgium

28

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

51

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

45

40

49

30

56

56

46

Northern Cyprus

59

59

51

Northern Ireland

55

35

Estonia

59

57

32

Norway

68

64

Finland

11

52

31

Poland

31

40

26

27

43

17

Portugal

34

33

21

65

Romania

60

49

37

59

56

42

49

46

Denmark

France

40

31

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

41

27 57

37

42

19

Russian Fed.

37

50

19

Serbia

50

37

41

19

Slovak Republic

45

48

36

33

25

29

Slovenia

27

42

26

40

29

Spain

61

31

36

19

39

38

45

46

Germany East Germany West

46

Greece Hungary

79

37

53

47

Sweden

Iceland

49

49

57

39

Switzerland

32

Ireland

41

24

37

32

Turkey

20

Italy

47

28

32

25

Ukraine

32 26

54

55

40

162

Tables

(E003-b) Aims: More say in government decisions Variable/Question Response Country/Region

If you had to choose, which one of the things on this card would you say is most important? Giving people more say in important government decisions (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

20

Kosovo

21

Armenia

27

Latvia

33

Austria

28

Lithuania

31

Belarus

19

Luxembourg

19

Belgium

27

Macedonia

32

Bosnia and Herz.

18

Malta

20

Bulgaria

20

Moldova

20

Croatia

36

Montenegro

26

Cyprus

23

Netherlands

16

Czech Republic

26

Northern Cyprus

27

Denmark

17

Northern Ireland

28

Estonia

32

Norway

19

Finland

32

Poland

28

France

19

Portugal

23

Georgia

11

Romania

25

Germany

35

Russian Fed.

14

Germany East

40

Serbia

23

Germany West

34

Slovak Republic

27

Great Britain

33

Slovenia

38

Greece

36

Spain

26

Hungary

30

Sweden

21

Iceland

41

Switzerland

18

Ireland

22

Turkey

21

Italy

29

Ukraine

23

163

Tables (E003-c)

Aims: Fighting prices

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

If you had to choose, which one of the things on this card would you say is most important? Fighting rising prices (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

37

Kosovo

14

Armenia

19

Latvia

33

Austria

33

Lithuania

57

Belarus

32

Luxembourg

36

Belgium

36

Macedonia

19

Bosnia and Herz.

29

Malta

49

Bulgaria

24

Moldova

34

Croatia

32

Montenegro

31

Cyprus

20

Netherlands

19

Czech Republic

19

Northern Cyprus

13

5

Northern Ireland

38

Denmark Estonia

32

Norway

4

Finland

22

Poland

41

France

50

Portugal

52

Georgia

13

Romania

33

Germany

29

Russian Fed.

42

Germany East

33

Serbia

28

Germany West

28

Slovak Republic

29

Great Britain

18

Slovenia

27

Greece

27

Spain

45

Hungary

19

Sweden

Iceland

12

Switzerland

28

Ireland

36

Turkey

18

Italy

28

Ukraine

35

3

164

Tables

(E003-d) Aims: Protecting freedom of speech Variable/Question Response Country/Region

If you had to choose, which one of the things on this card would you say is most important? Protecting freedom of speech (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

7

Kosovo

5

Armenia

10

Latvia

3

Austria

12

Lithuania

2

Belarus

4

Luxembourg

12

Belgium

21

Macedonia

5

Bosnia and Herz.

2

Malta

7

Bulgaria

1

Moldova

4

Croatia

4

Montenegro

4

Cyprus

8

Netherlands

41

Czech Republic

10

Northern Cyprus

14

Denmark

27

Northern Ireland

7

Estonia

4

Norway

19

Finland

16

Poland

5

France

14

Portugal

3

Georgia

11

Romania

5

Germany

16

Russian Fed.

2

Serbia

3

Germany East

8

Germany West

18

Slovak Republic

8

21

Slovenia

9

Great Britain Greece

7

Spain

10

Hungary

5

Sweden

30

Iceland

8

Switzerland

23

Ireland

9

Turkey

7

17

Ukraine

2

Italy

165

Tables (E014)

Less emphasis on money

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

I’m going to read out a list of various changes in our way of life that might take place in the near future. If it were to happen, do you think it would be a good thing, a bad thing, or don’t you mind? Less emphasis on money and material possesions. Good (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

37

Armenia

38

Kosovo

66

Latvia

71 48

46

46

Austria

54

50

49

Lithuania

Belarus

60

48

54

Luxembourg

71

68

65

67

66

Macedonia

52

70

54

73

Malta

81

83

58

65

Moldova

46

63

77

74

Montenegro

52

65

82

Netherlands

60

64

Belgium

64

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

61

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark

71

France

73

Great Britain

62

58

Northern Cyprus

71

78

70

65

Northern Ireland

67

60

54

63

Norway

64

60

71

66

80

Poland

61

60

62

71

71

65

Portugal

64

57

77

67

Romania

65

68

45

56

51

74

75 69

53

54

Russian Fed.

47

53

62

Serbia

57

51

54

53

Slovak Republic

25

61

70

62

64

66

75

Slovenia

50

63

68

78

79

Spain

78

81

76

77

65

66

67

70

Greece

41

72

50

Germany East Germany West

63

76

49

Georgia Germany

65

44

Estonia Finland

33

32

Hungary

39

44

45

60

Sweden

Iceland

62

59

61

72

Switzerland

82

Ireland

74

73

70

72

Turkey

56

Italy

69

72

71

75

Ukraine

69 70

77

44

46

166 (E018)

Tables Greater respect for authority

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

I’m going to read out a list of various changes in our way of life that might take place in the near future. If it were to happen, do you think it would be a good thing, a bad thing, or don’t you mind? Greater respect for authority. Good (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

34

Armenia

45

Kosovo

70

Latvia

75 40

44

39

Austria

47

39

52

Lithuania

Belarus

71

72

67

Luxembourg

53

57

50

63

80

Macedonia

48

63

26

65

Malta

92

93

69

64

Moldova

48

57

56

62

Montenegro

45

62

44

Netherlands

67

77

Belgium

61

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

78

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark

40

France

60

Great Britain

53

53

Northern Cyprus

41

35

38

63

Northern Ireland

87

82

44

45

Norway

38

32

26

39

37

Poland

73

55

45

59

69

77

Portugal

74

78

85

73

Romania

84

66

56

57

55

69

78 36

45

47

Russian Fed.

59

58

50

Serbia

44

30

43

47

Slovak Republic

54

68

63

74

72

71

81

Slovenia

66

43

49

17

22

Spain

76

68

59

76

31

22

22

23

Greece

68

77

36

Germany East Germany West

60

95

52

Georgia Germany

93

62

Estonia Finland

53

49

Hungary

72

61

69

62

Sweden

Iceland

49

42

47

52

Switzerland

46

Ireland

85

82

77

71

Turkey

64

Italy

64

49

51

70

Ukraine

64 68

61

64

59

167

Tables (E023)

Interested in politics

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

How interested would you say you are in politics? Very/Somewhat interested (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region

Albania

40 54

1990

30

Kosovo

55

Latvia

79

67

60

Lithuania

74

46

44

39

Armenia Austria

1981

1999

2008

52 53 46

32

Luxembourg

47

55

34

Macedonia

46

45

39

41

Malta

49

51

Moldova

48

41

Croatia

35

Montenegro

45

28

Cyprus

52

Netherlands

66

60

Belarus Belgium

30

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

73

37

63

51

Czech Republic

82

70

44

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

54

60

66

Northern Ireland

34

Estonia

60

50

Norway

72

Finland

47

28

43

Poland

49

42

40

France

38

37

48

Portugal

31

29

34

66

Romania

18 53

Georgia Germany

51 40

35 70

34

72

61

69

Russian Fed.

Germany East

84

67

68

Serbia

Germany West

69

59

69

Slovak Republic

63

49

37

42

Slovenia

57

42

44

42

51

Spain

26

28

35

38

Sweden

47

44 47

Great Britain Greece Hungary

66

52

Iceland

47

50

63

Switzerland

66

Ireland

37

43

48

Turkey

48

Italy

29

32

40

Ukraine

39

37

38

37 48

40

49

42

49

168 (E025-a)

Tables Have done: Signing a petition

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

I’d like you to tell me, for each one, whether you have actually done any of these things, whether you might do it or would never, under any circumstances, do it. Signing a petition. Have done (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

22

Armenia

22

Kosovo

32

13

Latvia

65

19

17

Lithuania

58

27

15

Austria

47

57

49

Belarus

27

9

5

Luxembourg

53

60

50

68

59

Macedonia

26

38

22

24

Malta

33

37

11

10

Moldova

18

12

35

44

Montenegro

24

19

20

Netherlands

59

53

Belgium

24

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

22

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

19

35

34

50

48

59

34

Northern Cyprus

51

57

67

Northern Ireland

35

60

Estonia

39

21

21

Norway

55

61

Finland

41

50

54

Poland

18

23

21

54

68

68

Portugal

29

23

27

15

Romania

11

11

12

9

29

23

Denmark

France

43

45

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

49 73

51

57

Russian Fed.

68

61

58

Serbia

46

56

48

57

Slovak Republic

41

59

39

63

75

79

66

Slovenia

28

32

34

50

19

Spain

24

21

28

41

18

15

15

Sweden

54

72

87

82

Greece Hungary

30

60

59

Germany East Germany West

19

Iceland

38

47

53

54

Switzerland

63

Ireland

29

42

59

54

Turkey

14

Italy

41

46

55

51

Ukraine

65 14

9

14

11

169

Tables (E025-b)

Might do: Signing a petition

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

I’d like you to tell me, for each one, whether you have actually done any of these things, whether you might do it or would never, under any circumstances, do it. Signing a petition. Might do (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

35

Kosovo

63

Armenia

21

Latvia

41

Austria

30

Lithuania

43

Belarus

23

Luxembourg

25

Belgium

26

Macedonia

48

Bosnia and Herz.

53

Malta

32

Bulgaria

30

Moldova

35

Croatia

46

Montenegro

44

Cyprus

31

Netherlands

31

Czech Republic

34

Northern Cyprus

45

Denmark

20

Northern Ireland

28

Estonia

32

Norway

21

Finland

36

Poland

50

France

23

Portugal

38

Georgia

27

Romania

23

Germany

28

Russian Fed.

26

Germany East

33

Serbia

51

Germany West

27

Slovak Republic

31

Great Britain

22

Slovenia

38

Greece

36

Spain

35

Hungary

31

Sweden

16

Iceland

38

Switzerland

23

Ireland

31

Turkey

33

Italy

33

Ukraine

27

170 (E026-a)

Tables Have done: Joining in boycotts

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

I’d like you to tell me, for each one, whether you have actually done any of these things, whether you might do it or would never, under any circumstances, do it. Joining in boycotts. Have done (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

6

Armenia

10

Kosovo

15

4

Latvia

4

4

4

7

5

2

Austria

5

10

9

Lithuania

Belarus

5

4

1

Luxembourg

9

13

10

10

10

Macedonia

13

22

7

7

Malta

10

10

4

3

Moldova

4

4

6

10

Montenegro

16

8

3

Netherlands

21

12

Belgium

3

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

3

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

13

6

15

8

10

9

5

Northern Cyprus

11

25

18

Northern Ireland

5

9

Estonia

3

3

3

Norway

7

12

Finland

13

14

24

Poland

6

4

4

12

13

16

Portugal

5

5

6

6

Romania

2

2

3

2

19

11

Denmark

France

8

10

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

17

11

3

6

4

6

10

11

13

Slovak Republic

4

4

3

7

15

17

14

Slovenia

8

8

7

5

7

Spain

9

6

6

8

2

3

2

Sweden

8

16

33

24

Hungary

4

12

10

Greece

Russian Fed.

14

9

Germany East Germany West

8

Serbia

Iceland

8

21

18

30

Switzerland

Ireland

7

7

8

11

Turkey

Italy

6

9

10

12

Ukraine

14 6

6

5

5

5

171

Tables (E026-b)

Might do: Joining in boycotts

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

I’d like you to tell me, for each one, whether you have actually done any of these things, whether you might do it or would never, under any circumstances, do it. Joining in boycotts. Might do (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

26

Kosovo

71

Armenia

13

Latvia

31

Austria

37

Lithuania

36

Belarus

14

Luxembourg

37

Belgium

34

Macedonia

55

Bosnia and Herz.

52

Malta

33

Bulgaria

19

Moldova

28

Croatia

53

Montenegro

36

Cyprus

13

Netherlands

35

Czech Republic

30

Northern Cyprus

37

Denmark

41

Northern Ireland

35

Estonia

33

Norway

49

Finland

53

Poland

38

France

50

Portugal

37

Georgia

29

Romania

14

Germany

38

Russian Fed.

19

Germany East

38

Serbia

45

Germany West

38

Slovak Republic

26

Great Britain

34

Slovenia

47

Greece

22

Spain

30

Hungary

17

Sweden

60

Iceland

56

Switzerland

44

Ireland

39

Turkey

25

Italy

37

Ukraine

17

172 (E027-a)

Tables Have done: Attending lawful demonstrations

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

I’d like you to tell me, for each one, whether you have actually done any of these things, whether you might do it or would never, under any circumstances, do it. Attending lawful demonstrations. Have done (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

25

Armenia

12

Kosovo

31

10

Latvia

36

25

17

34

12

8

Austria

10

17

16

Lithuania

Belarus

18

16

13

Luxembourg

28

33

25

36

29

Macedonia

18

20

9

7

Malta

25

19

15

9

Moldova

18

8

7

9

Montenegro

20

10

24

Netherlands

31

22

Belgium

14

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

15

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

12

13

21

25

33

28

12

Northern Cyprus

27

29

34

Northern Ireland

18

19

Estonia

26

11

6

Norway

19

20

Finland

14

15

16

Poland

16

10

8

33

40

46

Portugal

25

15

15

26

Romania

15

7

23

9

24

14

Denmark

France

17

25

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

15 29

27

27

Russian Fed.

50

46

35

Serbia

13

21

23

26

Slovak Republic

22

14

5

9

14

13

15

Slovenia

10

10

13

48

24

Spain

24

23

27

39

4

5

4

Sweden

15

23

35

23

Greece Hungary Iceland

15

24

21

26

Switzerland

Ireland

13

17

21

16

Turkey

Italy

24

34

35

38

Ukraine

33

22

27

Germany East Germany West

12

15 6

25 7

7

19

16

173

Tables (E027-b)

Might do: Attending lawful demonstrations

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

I’d like you to tell me, for each one, whether you have actually done any of these things, whether you might do it or would never, under any circumstances, do it. Attending lawful demonstrations. Might do (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

35

Kosovo

57

Armenia

22

Latvia

43

Austria

35

Lithuania

52

Belarus

21

Luxembourg

39

Belgium

33

Macedonia

56

Bosnia and Herz.

52

Malta

28

Bulgaria

35

Moldova

39

Croatia

60

Montenegro

41

Cyprus

26

Netherlands

35

Czech Republic

42

Northern Cyprus

41

Denmark

35

Northern Ireland

31

Estonia

37

Norway

51

Finland

47

Poland

44

France

33

Portugal

40

Georgia

31

Romania

26

Germany

36

Russian Fed.

25

Germany East

41

Serbia

44

Germany West

35

Slovak Republic

31

Great Britain

33

Slovenia

51

Greece

30

Spain

33

Hungary

21

Sweden

61

Iceland

58

Switzerland

37

Ireland

39

Turkey

27

Italy

35

Ukraine

27

174 (E028-a)

Tables Have done: Joining unofficial strikes

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

I’d like you to tell me, for each one, whether you have actually done any of these things, whether you might do it or would never, under any circumstances, do it. Joining unofficial strikes. Have done (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

2

Armenia

3

Kosovo

8

5

Latvia

6

1

2

3

2

1

Austria

1

2

4

Lithuania

Belarus

2

1

1

Luxembourg

7

6

7

8

7

Macedonia

5

9

4

3

Malta

5

5

5

4

Moldova

13

3

3

5

Montenegro

5

5

0

Netherlands

4

4

Belgium

4

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

3

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

5

2

6

3

15

10

4

Northern Cyprus

17

22

18

Northern Ireland

6

10

Estonia

4

1

1

Norway

3

24

Finland

8

3

4

Poland

6

5

3

10

13

11

Portugal

4

3

2

8

Romania

1

1

2

1

8

5

Denmark

France

9

10

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

9 3

2

3

Russian Fed.

1

2

1

Serbia

2

2

2

4

Slovak Republic

7

2

1

8

8

10

7

Slovenia

2

4

3

10

5

Spain

7

7

8

9

3

1

0

Sweden

2

3

5

2

Greece Hungary

3

10

2

Germany East Germany West

2

Iceland

3

5

3

4

Switzerland

2

Ireland

5

4

6

4

Turkey

1

Italy

2

6

5

8

Ukraine

4 2

2

3

2

175

Tables (E028-b)

Might do: Joining unofficial strikes

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

I’d like you to tell me, for each one, whether you have actually done any of these things, whether you might do it or would never, under any circumstances, do it. Joining unofficial strikes. Might do (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

11

Kosovo

28

Armenia

15

Latvia

20

Austria

24

Lithuania

16

Belarus

7

Luxembourg

21

Belgium

22

Macedonia

45

Bosnia and Herz.

42

Malta

15

Bulgaria

17

Moldova

16

Croatia

45

Montenegro

24

Cyprus

4

Netherlands

21

Czech Republic

25

Northern Cyprus

16

Denmark

34

Northern Ireland

23

Estonia

17

Norway

22

Finland

31

Poland

23

France

35

Portugal

21

Georgia

23

Romania

6

Germany

18

Russian Fed.

13

Germany East

17

Serbia

25

Germany West

19

Slovak Republic

10

Great Britain

20

Slovenia

30

Greece

11

Spain

27

Sweden

26 20

Hungary

5

Iceland

34

Switzerland

Ireland

28

Turkey

9

Italy

15

Ukraine

13

176 (E029-a)

Tables Have done: Occupying buildings or factories

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

I’d like you to tell me, for each one, whether you have actually done any of these things, whether you might do it or would never, under any circumstances, do it. Occupying buildings or factories. Have done (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

0

Armenia

3

Kosovo

4

1

Latvia

1

0

0

0

1

0

Austria

1

1

2

Lithuania

Belarus

1

1

0

Luxembourg

2

2

4

6

3

Macedonia

1

6

1

2

Malta

1

2

3

1

Moldova

2

1

1

1

Montenegro

1

2

0

Netherlands

5

3

Belgium

3

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

1

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

2

2

3

3

2

1

1

Northern Cyprus

2

3

2

Northern Ireland

1

1

Estonia

1

0

0

Norway

1

1

Finland

2

0

1

Poland

4

3

2

8

9

9

Portugal

1

1

1

1

Romania

0

1

1

1

2

1

Denmark

France

2

7

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

1 1

1

2

Russian Fed.

1

1

0

Serbia

1

1

1

3

Slovak Republic

1

1

0

2

2

2

2

Slovenia

1

2

1

27

8

Spain

3

3

3

3

0

1

0

Sweden

0

0

3

1

Greece Hungary Iceland

0

1

1

1

Switzerland

Ireland

2

2

2

2

Turkey

Italy

5

7

8

9

Ukraine

1

2

1

Germany East Germany West

0

2 1

1

2

1

1

177

Tables (E029-b)

Might do: Occupying buildings or factories

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

I'd like you to tell me, for each one, whether you have actually done any of these things, whether you might do it or would never, under any circumstances, do it. Occupying buildings or factories. Might do (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

8

Kosovo

12

Armenia

6

Latvia

6

Austria

14

Lithuania

8

Belarus

3

Luxembourg

17

Belgium

19

Macedonia

23

Bosnia and Herz.

27

Malta

10

Moldova

13

Bulgaria

9

Croatia

17

Montenegro

12

Cyprus

3

Netherlands

15

Czech Republic

13

Northern Cyprus

8

Denmark

5

Northern Ireland

15

Estonia

7

Norway

7

Finland

16

Poland

23

France

35

Portugal

16

Georgia

13

Romania

6

Germany

13

Russian Fed.

6

Germany East

11

Serbia

Germany West

13

Slovak Republic

Great Britain

11

Slovenia

16

Greece

12

Spain

14

Sweden

13 15

12 6

Hungary

3

Iceland

13

Switzerland

Ireland

17

Turkey

7

Italy

18

Ukraine

5

178 (E032)

Tables Freedom more important than equality

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Which of these two statements comes closest to your opinion? I find that both freedom and equality are important. But if I were to choose one or the other, I would consider personal freedom more important, that is, everyone can live in freedom and develop without hindrance. Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

59

Kosovo

Armenia

55

Latvia

58

56

50

Lithuania

73

62

57

Luxembourg

46

44

Macedonia

62

Malta

60

62

Moldova

53

42

48

Montenegro

63

52

Netherlands

Austria

65

Belarus Belgium

55

52

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

48

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

65 48 58

58

49

48 65

62

60

48

57

58

56

49

62

56

59

47

Northern Cyprus

62

69

61

Northern Ireland

68

64

Estonia

71

55

58

Norway

65

67

Finland

74

53

57

Poland

55

55

57

53

50

41

Portugal

42

49

38

59

Romania

54 45

Denmark

France

58

58

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

47

56 61

62

63

62

51

Russian Fed.

50

47

32

Serbia

39

66

65

56

Slovak Republic

50

63

54

72

65

60

59

Slovenia

42

46

59

53

Spain

41

45

49

51

60

67

62

63

Germany East Germany West

51

Greece Hungary

51

45

48

Sweden

47

47 54

Iceland

51

45

46

43

Switzerland

58

44

Ireland

51

45

48

51

Turkey

41

47

Italy

46

46

40

42

Ukraine

53

49

179

Tables (E033-a)

Political left

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

In political matters, people talk of ‘the left’ and ‘the right’. How would you place your views on this scale, generally speaking? (1=left; 10=right) % Left (1 thru 4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

39

Armenia

42

Kosovo

24

20

Latvia

13

15

Austria

18

20

29

Lithuania

25

23

Belarus

60

15

12

Luxembourg

26

26

27

25

29

Macedonia

27

24

24

24

Malta

13

29

25

26

Moldova

31

15

19

29

Montenegro

46

29

30

Netherlands

36

30

Belgium

19

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

31

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark

17

France

37

30

Northern Cyprus

Great Britain

28

24

26

31

Northern Ireland

15

10

11

17

Norway

22

27

21

24

31

Poland

16

27

14

42

39

37

Portugal

23

35

39

14

Romania

18

18

17

33

30

18

24

23

19

9 25

30

29

34

Russian Fed.

34

40

48

Serbia

26

29

26

31

Slovak Republic

25

33

34

21

24

26

24

Slovenia

23

25

27

34

31

Spain

41

47

40

45

18

23

19

Sweden

35

28

34

37

Germany East Germany West

31

21

Georgia Germany

32

8

19

Estonia Finland

19

Greece Hungary Iceland

26

30

28

35

Switzerland

23

Ireland

13

12

14

18

Turkey

25

Italy

46

41

32

35

Ukraine

33 21

16

27

21

180 (E033-b)

Tables Political right

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

In political matters, people talk of ‘the left’ and ‘the right’. How would you place your views on this scale, generally speaking? (1=left; 10=right) % Right (7 thru 10) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

36

Armenia

29

Kosovo

40

33

Latvia

31

36

Austria

24

19

22

Lithuania

25

31

Belarus

10

28

26

Luxembourg

22

23

31

21

21

Macedonia

22

44

18

24

Malta

24

32

36

26

Moldova

36

40

16

22

Montenegro

25

23

36

Netherlands

23

32

Belgium

42

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

22

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark

28

France

20

33

Northern Cyprus

Great Britain

35

35

32

33

Northern Ireland

37

33

31

30

Norway

38

34

43

36

49

Poland

29

27

35

20

21

24

Portugal

31

26

20

42

Romania

29

32

31

11

19

25

30

26

28

19 32

22

23

18

Russian Fed.

18

22

12

Serbia

31

23

23

20

Slovak Republic

29

22

18

30

26

16

20

Slovenia

14

14

17

22

29

Spain

20

19

17

17

18

14

25

Sweden

31

35

32

39

Germany East Germany West

33

39

Georgia Germany

34

45

36

Estonia Finland

55

Greece Hungary Iceland

36

36

39

33

Switzerland

30

Ireland

37

33

23

30

Turkey

25

Italy

16

18

28

30

Ukraine

23 34

33

29

31

181

Tables (E034-a)

Change in society: Revolutionary action

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

There are three basic kinds of attitudes vis a vis the society we live in. Please choose the one which best describes your opinion. The entire way our societ is organized must be radically changes by revolutionary action (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999

Albania

11

Armenia

20

Kosovo

14

Latvia

31 32

Austria

2

2

5

Lithuania

Belarus

26

5

4

Luxembourg

6

Macedonia

Belgium

7

3

Bosnia and Herz.

12

2008

13 10 23

17 6

15

34

Malta

15

Moldova

28

12

Croatia

18

Montenegro

11

20

Cyprus

14

Netherlands

13

Northern Cyprus

2

1

Northern Ireland

1

5

16

Estonia

22

6

Norway

2

2

5

Finland

3

3

Poland

19

14

4

15

Portugal

4

13

2

Romania

4

9

Russian Fed.

13

15

2

2

8

5

5

Bulgaria

22

Czech Republic Denmark

France

18 4

8

6

Georgia Germany Germany East Germany West Great Britain Greece Hungary

3

15

10

2

4 19

10 17

Serbia

15

9

9

18

Slovak Republic

17

11

Slovenia

14

7

14

15

Spain

8

4

6

8

Sweden

4

6

6

6

Iceland

2

3

17

Switzerland

Ireland

4

4

10

Turkey

Italy

7

7

8

Ukraine

4

1

13

5

6 5

14

23

25

10

12

182 (E034-b)

Tables Change in society: Gradual reforms

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

There are three basic kinds of attitudes vis a vis the society we live in. Please choose the one which best describes your opinion. Our society must be gradually changed by reforms (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999

Albania

69

Armenia

73

Kosovo

67

Latvia

59 58

2008

81 75

Austria

78

81

77

Lithuania

Belarus

46

87

75

Luxembourg

85

Macedonia

60

Malta

81

Moldova

58

80

Croatia

77

Montenegro

78

73

Cyprus

55

Netherlands

76

Northern Cyprus

77

94

Northern Ireland

73

74

74

Estonia

61

85

Norway

49

66

88

Finland

88

80

Poland

64

79

75

72

Portugal

85

80

88

Romania

70

77

Russian Fed.

84

72

Serbia

57

66

78

Slovak Republic

61

71

81

76

Slovenia

73

82

77

67

Spain

82

89

85

82

77

82

Sweden

80

86

Belgium

72

76

Bosnia and Herz.

75

Bulgaria

59

Czech Republic Denmark

France

57 69

73

75

Georgia Germany Germany East Germany West Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland

83

82

80

Switzerland

Ireland

75

76

74

Turkey

Italy

74

83

85

Ukraine

87

67

70 82

61 69

68

66

79 79

73

82 66

82 49

80

83

80

73 87

91 87

60

55

49

87

84

183

Tables (E034-c)

Change in society: No

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

There are three basic kinds of attitudes vis a vis the society we live in. Please choose the one which best describes your opinion. Our present society must be valiantly defended against all changes (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999

Albania

20

Armenia

6

Kosovo

19

Latvia

10 10

2008

7 15

Austria

20

17

18

Lithuania

Belarus

28

8

22

Luxembourg

9

Macedonia

6

Malta

4

Moldova

14

8

Croatia

5

Montenegro

12

6

Cyprus

31

Netherlands

12

Northern Cyprus

22

5

Northern Ireland

25

21

10

Estonia

17

9

Norway

49

31

8

Finland

9

17

Poland

16

7

21

13

Portugal

11

8

10

Romania

26

14

Russian Fed.

4

13

Serbia

40

32

14

Slovak Republic

22

24

14

13

Slovenia

12

11

9

18

Spain

10

6

9

10

17

12

Sweden

16

8

Belgium

21

21

Bosnia and Herz.

13

Bulgaria

19

Czech Republic Denmark

France

25 27

19

19

Georgia Germany Germany East Germany West Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland

15

14

3

Ireland

21

20

15

Turkey

Italy

19

9

7

Ukraine

9

10

13 12

24 30

29

19

8 11

25

14 14

8 34

5

8

12

9 8

3

Switzerland

8 26

21

25

4

4

184 (E035)

Tables Income: Larger income differences

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

How would you place your views on: We need larger income differences as incentives for individual effort (1–10). % Agree (7 thru 10) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

49

Armenia

27

Kosovo

50

Latvia

68 73

Austria

43

26

10

Lithuania

Belarus

71

36

39

Belgium

50

42

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

61

Croatia

19 57 34

36

Luxembourg

62

55

43

Macedonia

35

68

46

19

Malta

48

70

Moldova

58

35

22

19

Montenegro

40

41

34

Netherlands

51

46

27

Northern Cyprus

64

Northern Ireland

67

Cyprus 42

78

52

60

Czech Republic

66

Denmark

57

Estonia

77

62

48

Norway

47

Finland

61

28

29

Poland

77

France

40

33

37

Portugal

25

70

Romania

55

20

16

56

20

Russian Fed.

63

65

55

Germany East

73

19

Serbia

47

24

Germany West

51

21

Slovak Republic

56

38

Slovenia

48

20

14

29

Spain

33

35

31

28

Sweden

58

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

58

39

Greece Hungary

49

Iceland

47

44

39

Switzerland

Ireland

58

50

35

Turkey

Italy

47

49

48

Ukraine

25 44

30 40

51

36 35

34

28 26

31

25

25

66

72

185

Tables (E036)

Private ownership

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

How would you place your views on: Private ownership of business and industry should be increased (1–10). % Agree (1 thru 4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

65

Armenia

62

Kosovo

45

31

Latvia

58 52

30

Austria

68

68

40

Lithuania

Belarus

29

36

38

Luxembourg

Belgium

56

50

Macedonia

28

Malta

32

Moldova

24

40

33

Montenegro

61

22

31

Netherlands

49

46

42

Northern Cyprus

51

Northern Ireland

47

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

48 56

Croatia

47

Cyprus 47

45

39 45

63 54

49

49 54

Czech Republic

65

Denmark

61

Estonia

58

29

27

Norway

51

Finland

64

57

36

Poland

33

28

31

France

50

51

38

Portugal

54

39

45

53

Romania

52

58

49

33

25

17

52

31

Georgia Germany

34 48

32 43

66

58

45

Russian Fed.

Germany East

74

42

23

Serbia

Germany West

64

62

50

Slovak Republic

46

30

48

40

44

Slovenia

59

46

41

Spain

37

21

Sweden

52

Great Britain Greece Hungary

57

Iceland

60

66

39

Switzerland

Ireland

60

53

46

Turkey

Italy

55

56

43

Ukraine

28

24 45 50

35

45

27

35

19

186 (E037)

Tables Government more responsibility

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

How would you place your views on: The government should take more responsibility to ensure that everyone is provided for (1–10). % Agree (7 thru 10) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999

Albania

50

Armenia

2008

25

Kosovo

57

34

Latvia

55

54

39

44

34

27

Austria

13

18

19

Lithuania

Belarus

43

39

27

Luxembourg

18

19

Belgium

29

33

29

Macedonia

70

44

47

32

Malta

33

26

32

32

Moldova

56

28

36

32

Montenegro

77

40

29

Netherlands

23

25

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

35

Croatia Cyprus

41

22

Czech Republic

26

28

25

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

16

17

21

Northern Ireland

36

Estonia

35

43

30

Norway

21

Finland

20

26

24

Poland

36

35

33

France

19

16

23

Portugal

28

26

18

52

Romania

36

33

21

32

40

38

62

38

Georgia Germany

24 25

11 25

22

21

17

Russian Fed.

Germany East

23

42

30

Serbia

Germany West

22

16

14

Slovak Republic

45

50

24

33

20

15

Slovenia

44

50

34

39

39

Spain

45

48

36

11

17

18

Great Britain Greece Hungary

50

48

34

Sweden

Iceland

26

24

28

Switzerland

Ireland

30

23

20

Turkey

Italy

39

37

40

Ukraine

15 50

51

36

47

42

187

Tables (E038)

Take any job available

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

How would you place your views on: People who are unemployed should have the right to refuse a job they do not want (1–10). % Agree (7 thru 10) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

23

Kosovo

Armenia

42

Latvia

68

45

39

18

19

Lithuania

45

40

31

44

35

Luxembourg

17

21

32

21

Macedonia

34

Malta

35

28

Moldova

44

32

32

Montenegro

46

34

Netherlands

Austria

16

Belarus Belgium

29

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

59

Croatia Cyprus

22

37 41

27

36

32

26

20

Czech Republic

29

28

20

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

26

32

30

Northern Ireland

39

Estonia

57

52

38

Norway

12

Finland

12

33

30

Poland

36

26

24

France

25

28

43

Portugal

27

25

24

29

Romania

42

39

34

41

50

45

Georgia Germany

31 30

21 18

28

22

17

Russian Fed.

Germany East

39

35

22

Serbia

Germany West

25

18

16

Slovak Republic

40

27

21

37

27

20

Slovenia

11

16

17

39

38

Spain

28

19

32

19

15

23

Great Britain Greece

41

Hungary

39

25

18

Sweden

Iceland

22

30

26

Switzerland

22

Ireland

37

39

27

Turkey

30

Italy

16

13

13

Ukraine

53

50

188 (E039)

Tables Competition is good

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

How would you place your views on: Competition is good. It stimulates people to work hard and develop new ideas (1–10). % Agree (1 thru 4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

80

Armenia

66

Kosovo

68

52

Latvia

80

68

62

78

60

52

Austria

74

74

55

Lithuania

Belarus

68

65

60

Luxembourg

52

52

Belgium

60

48

53

Macedonia

77

58

74

56

Malta

76

75

66

72

Moldova

61

63

75

59

Montenegro

73

55

46

Netherlands

50

52

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

80

Croatia Cyprus

65

59

Czech Republic

89

77

66

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

62

61

62

Northern Ireland

65

Estonia

81

52

64

Norway

78

Finland

77

59

53

Poland

69

59

52

France

61

46

44

Portugal

56

49

53

73

Romania

81

79

73

72

58

51

70

68

Georgia Germany

61 64

59 70

76

66

73

Russian Fed.

Germany East

78

66

62

Serbia

Germany West

75

66

76

Slovak Republic

77

68

72

65

59

67

Slovenia

72

73

61

55

56

Spain

55

52

42

78

74

69

Great Britain Greece Hungary

68

61

51

Sweden

Iceland

80

84

79

Switzerland

Ireland

68

64

60

Turkey

Italy

61

57

52

Ukraine

63 60

65

49

62

48

189

Tables (E042)

State should give more freedom to firms

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

How would you place your views on: The state should give more freedom to firms (1–10). % Agree (1 thru 4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

44

Kosovo

46

Armenia

26

Latvia

15

27

Austria

59

44

Lithuania

50

36

Belarus

49

49

Luxembourg

20

25

Belgium

32

25

Macedonia

33

Malta

Bosnia and Herz.

27 44

47

Bulgaria

40

32

Moldova

38

Croatia

40

26

Montenegro

24

23

Netherlands

Cyprus

30

36

Czech Republic

30

39

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

49

37

Northern Ireland

Estonia

27

29

Norway

Finland

50

34

Poland

22

39

France

44

32

Portugal

31

40

50

Romania

36

34

52

47

Russian Fed.

30

23

Germany East

42

23

Serbia

Germany West

55

53

Slovak Republic

14

28

Great Britain

40

44

Slovenia

39

40

Greece

31

28

Spain

29

24

Hungary

21

20

Sweden

61

49

Iceland

71

41

Switzerland

Ireland

39

43

Turkey

25

25

Italy

46

29

Ukraine

40

21

Georgia Germany

28 49

33 48

27

37

190

Tables

(E069_01) Confidence: The church Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each item how much confidence you have in them: is it a great deal of confidence, quite a lot of confidence, not very much confidence or none at all? The church. A great deal/Quite a lot (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

66

Armenia

52

Kosovo

88

84

Latvia

64

67

62

73

71

80

Austria

49

39

36

Lithuania

Belarus

53

70

78

Luxembourg

48

44

49

40

36

Macedonia

46

76

50

59

Malta

82

77

35

40

Moldova

82

84

64

53

Montenegro

48

63

68

Netherlands

29

35

Belgium

65

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

30

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

86

41

82

32

31

20

20

Northern Cyprus

47

59

63

Northern Ireland

71

80

Estonia

54

44

44

Norway

50

45

Finland

32

58

47

Poland

84

69

65

50

46

41

Portugal

57

80

67

95

Romania

72

83

85

65

61

67

53

61

Denmark

France

50

56

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

64

65 44

41

39

40

Russian Fed.

44

25

21

Serbia

47

40

43

44

Slovak Republic

50

69

56

49

43

34

36

Slovenia

39

35

49

55

52

Spain

51

50

42

31

39

37

45

39

Germany East Germany West

74

Greece Hungary

39

56

48

43

Sweden

Iceland

71

68

65

64

Switzerland

Ireland

78

72

54

54

Turkey

Italy

61

63

67

67

Ukraine

39 66

71

85

66

78

191

Tables (E069_02) Confidence: Armed forces Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each item how much confidence you have in them: is it a great deal of confidence, quite a lot of confidence, not very much confidence or none at all? The armed forces. A great deal/Quite a lot (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

57

Armenia

51

Kosovo

78

89

Latvia

25

48

60

21

50

71

Austria

28

39

43

Lithuania

Belarus

61

70

74

Luxembourg

54

55

33

37

50

Macedonia

55

74

61

44

Malta

72

83

58

43

Moldova

57

59

66

47

Montenegro

51

37

63

Netherlands

40

55

Belgium

44

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

69

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

37

44

43

31

40

25

34

Northern Cyprus

46

61

72

Northern Ireland

77

78

Estonia

23

35

59

Norway

68

65

Finland

57

84

83

Poland

65

67

63

56

63

73

Portugal

47

71

75

76

Romania

82

83

76

69

67

73

74

42

Denmark

France

41

57

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

56

65 57

35

55

58

Russian Fed.

14

46

53

Serbia

54

40

57

59

Slovak Republic

50

77

69

82

81

83

89

Slovenia

45

42

68

68

70

Spain

63

40

42

57

61

49

44

41

Germany East Germany West

92

Greece Hungary

52

46

41

Sweden

Iceland

24

40

44

Switzerland

Ireland

76

61

60

72

Turkey

Italy

58

48

52

75

Ukraine

41 91

86

90

69

59

192

Tables

(E069_03) Confidence: Education system Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each item how much confidence you have in them: is it a great deal of confidence, quite a lot of confidence, not very much confidence or none at all? The education system. A great deal/Quite a lot (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

42

Kosovo

Armenia

64

Latvia

53

74

66

86

66

Lithuania

57

67

56

84

75

Luxembourg

68

68

80

85

Macedonia

60

Malta

57

42

Moldova

77

64

57

Montenegro

67

68

Netherlands

Austria

65

Belarus Belgium

79

73

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

53

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

77

73 68

73

79

65

84

73

87

63

62

55

55

Northern Cyprus

81

75

77

Northern Ireland

74

66

Estonia

48

74

78

Norway

80

79

Finland

78

89

89

Poland

77

81

71

66

68

76

Portugal

51

60

70

54

Romania

79

79

74

55

71

67

Denmark

France

65

57

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

83

69 70

51

73

49

Russian Fed.

42

78

51

Serbia

43

54

71

49

Slovak Republic

67

76

74

62

47

66

70

Slovenia

67

80

87

29

48

Spain

51

64

68

71

61

64

51

Sweden

62

70

68

65

Germany East Germany West

70

Greece Hungary

54

Iceland

69

80

82

91

Switzerland

83

Ireland

68

73

87

76

Turkey

57

77

Italy

56

48

53

55

Ukraine

72

63

193

Tables (E069_04) Confidence: The press Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each item how much confidence you have in them: is it a great deal of confidence, quite a lot of confidence, not very much confidence or none at all? The press. A great deal/Quite a lot (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

35

Armenia

33

Kosovo

58

34

Latvia

60

45

47

68

77

54

Austria

17

32

36

Lithuania

Belarus

25

41

46

Luxembourg

46

50

44

37

41

Macedonia

20

48

25

28

Malta

36

34

26

26

Moldova

44

49

18

15

Montenegro

24

21

36

Netherlands

56

42

Belgium

36

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

35

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

35

28

27

36

36

38

34

Northern Cyprus

31

33

39

Northern Ireland

32

16

Estonia

63

42

34

Norway

41

43

Finland

38

36

42

Poland

48

47

37

38

36

38

Portugal

36

66

58

38

Romania

28

38

44

44

30

36

29

11

Denmark

France

30

32

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

18

16 41

32

36

35

Russian Fed.

22

37

23

Serbia

33

34

36

37

Slovak Republic

39

49

35

30

14

16

15

Slovenia

50

61

62

31

22

Spain

47

49

41

37

27

33

46

36

Germany East Germany West

40

Greece Hungary

81

40

31

23

Sweden

Iceland

16

20

39

25

Switzerland

Ireland

44

36

34

41

Turkey

Italy

30

39

35

29

Ukraine

32 42

34

32

47

39

194

Tables

(E069_05) Confidence: Trade unions Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each item how much confidence you have in them: is it a great deal of confidence, quite a lot of confidence, not very much confidence or none at all? Trade unions. A great deal/Quite a lot (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

33

Armenia

23

Kosovo

62

32

Latvia

24

32

50

27

40

52

Austria

35

31

29

Lithuania

Belarus

25

28

57

Luxembourg

52

55

37

37

48

Macedonia

13

34

23

32

Malta

49

42

15

11

Moldova

33

40

29

18

Montenegro

20

24

33

Netherlands

58

52

Belgium

33

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

32

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

40

40

35

53

26

22

30

Northern Cyprus

46

48

58

Northern Ireland

23

24

Estonia

27

32

41

Norway

56

59

Finland

32

54

47

Poland

23

34

32

32

35

42

Portugal

29

47

45

29

Romania

30

27

36

47

30

41

23

12

Denmark

France

51

39

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

38

33 64

34

38

38

Russian Fed.

29

36

38

Serbia

37

36

38

38

Slovak Republic

31

43

41

27

26

28

30

Slovenia

27

31

53

14

22

Spain

33

40

30

38

49

40

42

36

Germany East Germany West

57

Greece Hungary

67

30

24

25

Sweden

Iceland

46

51

49

57

Switzerland

Ireland

37

43

47

54

Turkey

Italy

27

34

29

30

Ukraine

48 40

53

48

38

37

195

Tables (E069_06) Confidence: The police Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each item how much confidence you have in them: is it a great deal of confidence, quite a lot of confidence, not very much confidence or none at all? The police. A great deal/Quite a lot (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

65

Armenia

60

Kosovo

72

46

Latvia

20

40

54

28

26

45

Austria

67

76

69

Lithuania

Belarus

21

40

61

Luxembourg

72

75

51

56

71

Macedonia

51

60

64

54

Malta

67

81

47

33

Moldova

35

40

53

37

Montenegro

40

44

60

Netherlands

64

69

Belgium

64

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

46

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

55

73

52

73

38

33

42

Northern Cyprus

89

91

91

Northern Ireland

84

80

Estonia

19

34

68

Norway

89

88

Finland

76

90

92

Poland

32

55

58

67

66

75

Portugal

44

66

77

61

Romania

45

45

55

35

29

39

47

35

Denmark

France

86

66

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

63

58 85

64

74

74

Russian Fed.

40

65

65

Serbia

71

70

75

76

Slovak Republic

36

44

53

87

77

70

68

Slovenia

51

50

67

28

53

Spain

64

45

59

68

51

45

51

Sweden

80

74

76

74

Germany East Germany West

81

Greece Hungary Iceland

76

85

83

92

Switzerland

Ireland

86

86

83

71

Turkey

Italy

68

67

67

77

Ukraine

82 63

71

82

33

29

196

Tables

(E069_07) Confidence: Parliament Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each item how much confidence you have in them: is it a great deal of confidence, quite a lot of confidence, not very much confidence or none at all? Parliament. A great deal/Quite a lot (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

45

Armenia

33

Kosovo

65

40

Latvia

27

20

Austria

41

41

30

Lithuania

11

14

Belarus

29

37

61

Luxembourg

63

68

43

36

42

Macedonia

7

49

20

26

Malta

52

53

27

11

Moldova

35

36

23

12

Montenegro

33

36

56

Netherlands

55

49

Belgium

38

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

49

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark

37

France

56

17

Northern Cyprus

Great Britain

54

42

49

70

Northern Ireland

47

46

27

28

Norway

78

59

34

44

44

Poland

73

33

20

48

41

51

Portugal

34

49

40

37

Romania

21

19

24

47

19

43

23

13

40

31 64

49

36

37

Russian Fed.

41

40

33

Serbia

53

51

35

38

Slovak Republic

31

43

49

41

46

36

23

Slovenia

36

25

46

24

31

Spain

49

38

48

49

47

47

51

60

Germany East Germany West

54

12

Georgia Germany

45

42

41

Estonia Finland

46

Greece Hungary

92

40

34

21

Sweden

Iceland

58

53

72

39

Switzerland

Ireland

52

50

31

49

Turkey

Italy

30

32

34

34

Ukraine

64 58

43

58

27

14

197

Tables (E069_08) Confidence: Civil service Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each item how much confidence you have in them: is it a great deal of confidence, quite a lot of confidence, not very much confidence or none at all? The Civil Service. A great deal/Quite a lot (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

40

Armenia

38

Kosovo

67

46

Latvia

49

57

Austria

41

42

41

Lithuania

21

38

Belarus

20

23

39

Luxembourg

60

70

42

45

56

Macedonia

17

49

30

35

Malta

49

55

24

18

Moldova

47

38

35

28

Montenegro

29

48

54

Netherlands

37

42

Belgium

47

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

30

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark

47

France

53

34

Northern Cyprus

Great Britain

64

51

55

67

Northern Ireland

60

57

40

59

Norway

58

44

33

41

46

Poland

57

33

31

49

46

62

Portugal

32

54

47

51

Romania

31

27

32

48

38

53

29

25

52

51 57

35

39

39

Russian Fed.

18

36

36

Serbia

36

39

39

39

Slovak Republic

34

39

55

49

44

46

43

Slovenia

40

25

55

14

25

Spain

40

35

41

44

46

44

49

49

Germany East Germany West

46

22

Georgia Germany

45

39

33

Estonia Finland

57

Greece Hungary

74

50

50

41

Sweden

Iceland

48

46

56

60

Switzerland

Ireland

55

59

61

62

Turkey

Italy

28

27

33

37

Ukraine

73 50

60

68

39

37

198

Tables

(E069_09) Confidence: Social security system Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each item how much confidence you have in them: is it a great deal of confidence, quite a lot of confidence, not very much confidence or none at all? The social security system. A great deal/Quite a lot (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

51

Kosovo

Armenia

47

Latvia

37

57

67

67

57

Lithuania

52

32

53

56

67

Luxembourg

79

88

69

82

Macedonia

36

Malta

26

17

Moldova

44

32

29

Montenegro

45

74

Netherlands

Austria

67

Belarus Belgium

67

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

36

Croatia Cyprus

68

48 71

69

76

65

74

61

Czech Republic

46

33

38

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

69

67

69

Northern Ireland

48

Estonia

46

51

61

Norway

48

Finland

74

71

57

Poland

42

39

26

France

70

67

75

Portugal

47

51

54

44

Romania

36

30

46

67

45

54

Georgia Germany

75 54

51 64

68

44

40

Russian Fed.

Germany East

59

49

47

Serbia

Germany West

70

43

39

Slovak Republic

42

37

52

33

36

43

Slovenia

40

47

55

19

31

Spain

44

63

75

46

51

43

Great Britain Greece

25

Hungary

50

42

37

Sweden

Iceland

69

50

57

Switzerland

Ireland

59

57

58

Turkey

65

79

Italy

38

34

51

Ukraine

44

49

71

199

Tables (E069_11)

Confidence: Government

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each item how much confidence you have in them: is it a great deal of confidence, quite a lot of confidence, not very much confidence or none at all? Government. A great deal/Quite a lot (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

58

25

Kosovo

65

Armenia

53

Latvia

21

Austria

18

Lithuania

25

Belarus

66

Luxembourg

68

Belgium

32

Macedonia

21

Malta

Bulgaria

13

Moldova

37

34

Croatia

14

Montenegro

34

39

Cyprus

60

Netherlands

49

21

Northern Cyprus

48

Denmark

55

Northern Ireland

21

Estonia

36

Norway

51

Finland

42

Poland

23

France

34

Portugal

30

Georgia

49

Romania

25

Germany

29

Russian Fed.

60

Germany East

27

Serbia

Germany West

29

Slovak Republic

Great Britain

19

Slovenia

Greece

22

Spain

Hungary

17

Sweden

54

Iceland

33

Switzerland

61

Ireland

38

Turkey

Italy

28

Ukraine

Bosnia and Herz.

Czech Republic

30

48

11

52 52

31 35

15 49 41

28

49

44

46

35

53 24

200

Tables

(E069_12) Confidence: Political parties Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each item how much confidence you have in them: is it a great deal of confidence, quite a lot of confidence, not very much confidence or none at all? Political parties. A great deal/Quite a lot (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

22

Kosovo

55

Armenia

32

Latvia

14

Austria

15

Lithuania

31

Luxembourg

21

Macedonia

13

Malta

Belarus

29

23

Belgium Bosnia and Herz.

15

9 40 9

34 37

Bulgaria

9

Moldova

24

19

Croatia

8

Montenegro

26

16

Cyprus

30

Netherlands

33

16

Northern Cyprus

33

Denmark

44

Northern Ireland

16

Estonia

12

Norway

35

Finland

15

Poland

12

France

16

Portugal

26

Georgia

25

Romania

18

Germany

14

Russian Fed.

Czech Republic

48

46

Serbia

26

Germany East

9

15

Germany West

15

Slovak Republic

Great Britain

14

Slovenia

Greece

16

Spain

Hungary

10

Sweden

28

Iceland

17

Switzerland

25

Ireland

32

Turkey

Italy

14

Ukraine

35

7 23 23

61

27

29

18

31 17

201

Tables (E069_13) Confidence: Major companies Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each item how much confidence you have in them: is it a great deal of confidence, quite a lot of confidence, not very much confidence or none at all? Major companies. A great deal/Quite a lot (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

49

Armenia

37

Kosovo

41

Latvia

11 16

Austria

41

41

28

Lithuania

Belarus

37

59

74

58 45 17

24

Luxembourg

40

43

46

Macedonia

23

45

31

Malta

20

Moldova

50

36

22

Montenegro

29

30

31

Netherlands

35

Northern Cyprus

38

55

Northern Ireland

54

47

39

Estonia

15

45

Norway

45

53

53

Finland

41

43

24

Poland

59

27

67

48

45

Portugal

45

43

Romania

35 46

Belgium

43

50

Bosnia and Herz.

34

Bulgaria

34

Croatia

30

Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark

France

24 35

50

20

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

36

68

52

48

43 48

53

50 35

40

36

21

Russian Fed.

47

44

20

Serbia

34

38

34

22

Slovak Republic

31

39

50

48

40

38

Slovenia

33

55

20

17

Spain

38

46

27

Sweden

42

53

28

Switzerland

49

Turkey

42

Ukraine

Germany East Germany West

62

Greece Hungary

34

Iceland

33

40

Ireland

50

52

Italy

34

62

42 50

21

34

32

26

39

36 40 40

29

51

38

21

25

202

Tables

(E069_14) Confidence: Environmental organisations Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Albania

Please tell me for each item how much confidence you have in them: is it a great deal of confidence, quite a lot of confidence, not very much confidence or none at all? Environmental organisations. A great deal/Quite a lot (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

25

Kosovo

63

Armenia

48

Latvia

68

Austria

55

Lithuania

48

Belarus

67

Luxembourg

70

Belgium

68

Macedonia

35

Malta

Bulgaria

31

Moldova

52

45

Croatia

40

Montenegro

34

39

Cyprus

55

Netherlands

53

Czech Republic

39

Northern Cyprus

60

Denmark

66

Northern Ireland

63

Estonia

65

Norway

62

Finland

40

Poland

48

France

70

Portugal

70

Georgia

49

Romania

49

Germany

55

Russian Fed.

56

Germany East

49

Serbia

Germany West

56

Slovak Republic

62

Great Britain

60

Slovenia

76

Greece

68

Spain

Hungary

52

Sweden

57

Iceland

52

Switzerland

70

Ireland

65

Turkey

Italy

53

Ukraine

Bosnia and Herz.

38

52

42

48 70

44

61

70

32

63

47 45

203

Tables (E069_16) Confidence: Health care system Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each item how much confidence you have in them: is it a great deal of confidence, quite a lot of confidence, not very much confidence or none at all? Health care system. A great deal/Quite a lot (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

27

Kosovo

69

Armenia

62

Latvia

67

54

Austria

86

72

Lithuania

37

32

Belarus

67

69

Luxembourg

78

87

Belgium

83

91

Macedonia

57

Malta

Bosnia and Herz.

54 86

83

Bulgaria

34

21

Moldova

53

Croatia

44

40

Montenegro

56

57

Netherlands

Cyprus

76

71

Czech Republic

43

42

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

70

75

Northern Ireland

Estonia

62

53

Norway

Finland

84

73

Poland

57

44

France

77

78

Portugal

44

58

57

Romania

59

54

53

34

Russian Fed.

56

51

Germany East

68

46

Serbia

Germany West

49

32

Slovak Republic

51

56

Great Britain

59

80

Slovenia

68

69

Greece

26

39

Spain

66

79

Hungary

44

32

Sweden

76

75

Iceland

85

94

Switzerland

Ireland

58

32

Turkey

56

78

Italy

37

54

Ukraine

48

44

Georgia Germany

61 68

62 74

41

78

204

Tables

(E069_17) Confidence: Justice system Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each item how much confidence you have in them: is it a great deal of confidence, quite a lot of confidence, not very much confidence or none at all? The justice system. A great deal/Quite a lot (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

25

Kosovo

62

Armenia

42

Latvia

36

47

44

39

19

25

59

68

Austria

59

69

65

Lithuania

Belarus

26

46

62

Luxembourg

45

34

50

Macedonia

39

Malta

28

18

Moldova

42

35

19

Montenegro

44

65

Netherlands

Belgium

58

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

45

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

38 48

65

39

63

45

49

47

56

45

23

35

Northern Cyprus

79

78

87

Northern Ireland

69

56

Estonia

33

32

54

Norway

84

75

Finland

66

66

73

Poland

51

42

44

58

46

56

Portugal

41

41

48

32

Romania

48

40

42

38

36

41

Denmark

France

80

56

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

48

41 78

60

61

58

Russian Fed.

41

50

44

Serbia

67

65

64

61

Slovak Republic

43

36

36

67

54

49

51

Slovenia

51

44

47

44

50

Spain

50

47

42

42

73

56

61

69

Germany East Germany West

68

Greece Hungary

89

60

45

39

Sweden

Iceland

70

67

74

67

Switzerland

Ireland

58

47

55

50

Turkey

Italy

43

32

32

36

Ukraine

25

75 64

57

81

32

25

205

Tables (E069_18) Confidence: The European Union Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each item how much confidence you have in them: is it a great deal of confidence, quite a lot of confidence, not very much confidence or none at all? The European Union. A great deal/Quite a lot (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

84

Armenia

81

Kosovo

76

60

Latvia

35

42

Austria

37

30

Lithuania

31

71

Belarus

47

48

Luxembourg

58

67

47

60

Macedonia

33

55

48

39

Malta

56

67

43

59

Moldova

75

61

44

22

Montenegro

51

47

56

Netherlands

33

45

Belgium

66

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

50

Croatia Cyprus

58

55

Czech Republic

63

43

43

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

39

27

44

Northern Ireland

49

31

55

Norway

40

Estonia

40 40

41 43

Finland

47

25

38

Poland

59

43

55

France

73

48

53

Portugal

57

69

69

77

Romania

48

39

61

Georgia Germany

51

37

37

Russian Fed.

26

37

Germany East

64

34

36

Serbia

27

29

Germany West

48

38

37

Slovak Republic

45

55

67

47

26

25

Slovenia

46

37

71

25

49

Spain

51

53

55

58

29

41

Great Britain Greece Hungary

63

59

51

Sweden

Iceland

36

45

33

Switzerland

Ireland

71

59

58

Turkey

Italy

74

69

65

Ukraine

40 37

40

39

45

39

206

Tables

(E069_19) Confidence: Nato Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each item how much confidence you have in them: is it a great deal of confidence, quite a lot of confidence, not very much confidence or none at all? NATO (North Atlantic Treaty organisation). A great deal/Quite a lot (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

86

Armenia

79

Kosovo

74

45

Latvia

36

47

Austria

28

22

Lithuania

36

65

Belarus

21

28

Luxembourg

62

65

44

60

Macedonia

27

53

38

33

Malta

52

58

44

Moldova

66

39

24

Montenegro

19

29

18

Netherlands

52

54

Belgium

46

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

28

Croatia

56

Cyprus

47

Czech Republic

39

44

43

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

52

59

70

Northern Ireland

53

41

37

51

Norway

67

69

Estonia

41

Finland

29

34

Poland

38

57

53

France

60

55

Portugal

35

68

63

78

Romania

47

35

57

68

8

18

6

9

Georgia Germany

37

51

39

Russian Fed.

Germany East

19

40

25

Serbia

Germany West

42

54

41

Slovak Republic

23

36

54

59

59

48

Slovenia

25

37

55

7

28

Spain

21

33

33

47

Sweden

36

41

40

35

Switzerland

54

Turkey

39

34

57

Ukraine

32

23

Great Britain Greece Hungary

42

Iceland

35

Ireland

59

Italy

54

47 56

39

207

Tables (E069_20) Confidence: The United Nations Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Albania

Please tell me for each item how much confidence you have in them: is it a great deal of confidence, quite a lot of confidence, not very much confidence or none at all? United Nations Organization. A great deal/ Quite a lot (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

86

Armenia

75

Kosovo

72

58

Latvia

48

52

Austria

42

33

Lithuania

47

69

Belarus

53

57

Luxembourg

65

69

Belgium

45

62

Macedonia

37

55

Bosnia and Herz.

39

33

Malta

63

65

Bulgaria

40

47

Moldova

74

50

Croatia

47

27

Montenegro

44

38

35

Netherlands

55

56

Cyprus Czech Republic

48

47

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

64

75

Northern Ireland

Estonia

43

53

Norway

Finland

44

58

Poland

58

55

France

54

64

Portugal

71

72

68

Romania

44

59

52

40

Russian Fed.

27

40

Germany East

47

42

Serbia

17

17

Germany West

53

39

Slovak Republic

52

60

Great Britain

60

51

Slovenia

49

64

Greece

19

36

Spain

49

47

Hungary

59

50

Sweden

74

71

Iceland

72

71

Switzerland

Ireland

62

61

Turkey

46

33

Italy

68

64

Ukraine

55

46

Georgia Germany

42 53

47 82

57

208 (E110)

Tables Satisfied with democracy

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Albania

On the whole are you very satisfied, rather satisfied, not very satisfied or not at all satisfied with the way democracy is developing in our country? % Very/rather satisfied 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

27

Armenia

18

Kosovo

70

48

Latvia

30

29

Austria

77

53

Lithuania

26

32

Belarus

33

63

Luxembourg

83

75

Belgium

49

61

Macedonia

18

42

Bosnia and Herz.

34

26

Malta

78

69

Bulgaria

27

10

Moldova

10

28

Croatia

17

25

Montenegro

33

38

75

Netherlands

74

56

Cyprus Czech Republic

37

41

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

67

76

Northern Ireland

Estonia

36

45

Norway

Finland

56

54

Poland

45

53

France

49

39

Portugal

77

42

41

Romania

21

41

75

65

Russian Fed.

7

38

Germany East

63

42

Serbia

45

20

Germany West

78

70

Slovak Republic

23

47

Great Britain

54

32

Slovenia

45

50

Greece

55

43

Spain

66

58

Hungary

33

21

Sweden

60

70

Iceland

65

46

Switzerland

Ireland

64

64

Turkey

24

57

Italy

36

32

Ukraine

16

16

Georgia Germany

57 29

55 71

78

209

Tables (E111)

Rate system for governing country today

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Albania

People have different views about the system for governing this country. Here is a scale for rating how well things are going. (1= very bad; 10= very good) % (very) Bad (1 thru 4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

51

Armenia

59

Kosovo

21

43

Latvia

46

54

Austria

21

44

Lithuania

73

68

Belarus

55

20

Luxembourg

12

17

Belgium

36

46

Macedonia

76

45

Bosnia and Herz.

60

65

Malta

12

20

Bulgaria

49

76

Moldova

54

56

Croatia

67

57

Montenegro

26

Netherlands

Cyprus

34 11

22

Czech Republic

53

46

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

36

27

Northern Ireland

Estonia

43

46

Norway

Finland

22

32

Poland

55

50

France

40

57

Portugal

16

64

31

Romania

65

45

23

27

Russian Fed.

83

32

Germany East

27

47

Serbia

Germany West

23

23

Slovak Republic

64

26

Great Britain

32

54

Slovenia

48

41

Greece

43

64

Spain

23

39

Hungary

57

72

Sweden

37

26

Iceland

18

47

Switzerland

Ireland

23

25

Turkey

76

38

Italy

51

57

Ukraine

70

74

Georgia Germany

46 33

36 23

53

14

210 (E114)

Tables Having a strong leader

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Albania

I’m going to describe various types of political systems and ask what you think about each as a way of governing this country. Having a strong leader who does not have to bother with parliament and elections. Very good/Fairly good (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

17

Armenia

38

Kosovo

51

47

Latvia

58

63

Austria

16

23

Lithuania

56

51

Belarus

40

71

Luxembourg

45

37

Belgium

33

41

Macedonia

74

72

Bosnia and Herz.

37

42

Malta

19

30

Bulgaria

48

62

Moldova

62

85

Croatia

12

31

Montenegro

15

51

15

Netherlands

27

37

Cyprus Czech Republic

17

29

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

14

15

Northern Ireland

Estonia

18

27

Norway

Finland

27

15

Poland

22

21

France

35

25

Portugal

36

49

54

Romania

67

73

16

20

Russian Fed.

49

59

Germany East

23

16

Serbia

19

68

Germany West

15

20

Slovak Republic

20

12

25

29

Slovenia

24

26

9

8

Spain

21

21

Hungary

22

27

Sweden

21

15

Iceland

11

15

Switzerland

Ireland

27

34

Turkey

71

61

Italy

16

16

Ukraine

60

67

Georgia Germany

Great Britain Greece

71 19

36 18

24

211

Tables (E115)

Having experts make decisions

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Albania

I’m going to describe various types of political systems and ask what you think about each as a way of governing this country. Having experts, not government, make decisions according to what they think is best for the country. Very good/Fairly good (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999

88

Armenia

2008

79

Kosovo

66

60

Latvia

61

71

Austria

61

58

Lithuania

57

53

Belarus

79

64

Luxembourg

46

45

Belgium

58

61

Macedonia

84

70

Bosnia and Herz.

74

74

Malta

34

47

Bulgaria

82

90

Moldova

51

81

Croatia

88

84

Montenegro

89

77

27

Netherlands

40

52

Cyprus Czech Republic

63

66

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

30

29

Northern Ireland

Estonia

57

62

Norway

Finland

58

49

Poland

88

77

France

51

52

Portugal

47

60

58

Romania

85

73

56

62

Russian Fed.

52

49

Germany East

65

66

Serbia

88

88

Germany West

54

61

Slovak Republic

86

84

Great Britain

47

53

Slovenia

81

81

Greece

13

19

Spain

44

63

Hungary

85

84

Sweden

41

39

Iceland

42

70

Switzerland

Ireland

37

51

Turkey

74

57

Italy

51

46

Ukraine

50

52

Georgia Germany

72 38

51 40

39

212 (E116)

Tables Having the army rule

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Albania

I’m going to describe various types of political systems and ask what you think about each as a way of governing this country. Having the army rule the country. Very good/Fairly good (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

12

Armenia

20

Kosovo

47

37

Latvia

5

11

Lithuania

4

8

Austria

2

7

Belarus

20

15

Luxembourg

7

4

Belgium

4

8

Macedonia

26

24

Bosnia and Herz.

9

29

Malta

4

10

Bulgaria

12

12

Moldova

14

32

Croatia

6

11

Montenegro

7

29

19

Netherlands

1

3

Cyprus Czech Republic

2

8

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

1

1

Northern Ireland

Estonia

3

5

Norway

Finland

6

4

Poland

17

14

France

4

5

Portugal

9

15

6

Romania

28

26

2

2

Russian Fed.

19

17

Germany East

2

2

Serbia

10

29

Germany West

2

2

Slovak Republic

7

3

7

10

Slovenia

5

4

10

9

Spain

7

5

Hungary

3

6

Sweden

7

5

Iceland

1

1

Switzerland

Ireland

5

10

Turkey

29

33

Italy

4

5

Ukraine

13

13

Georgia Germany

Great Britain Greece

25 2

7 2

2

213

Tables (E117)

Having a democratic political system

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Albania

I’m going to describe various types of political systems and ask what you think about each as a way of governing this country. Having a democratic political system. Very good/Fairly good (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

98

Armenia

88

Kosovo

88

92

Latvia

88

77

Austria

96

92

Lithuania

86

83

Belarus

88

88

Luxembourg

92

91

Belgium

89

92

Macedonia

91

94

Bosnia and Herz.

92

83

Malta

94

95

Bulgaria

86

80

Moldova

75

80

Croatia

98

88

Montenegro

95

88

95

Netherlands

96

92

Cyprus Czech Republic

93

82

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

98

99

Northern Ireland

Estonia

87

84

Norway

Finland

87

92

Poland

84

86

France

89

91

Portugal

91

92

96

Romania

89

84

95

91

Russian Fed.

63

78

Germany East

92

87

Serbia

94

89

Germany West

95

92

Slovak Republic

84

88

Great Britain

88

86

Slovenia

89

88

Greece

98

97

Spain

95

96

Hungary

87

82

Sweden

97

94

Iceland

98

96

Switzerland

Ireland

90

84

Turkey

92

90

Italy

97

97

Ukraine

85

72

Georgia Germany

89 92

82 96

97

214 (E120)

Tables In democracy, the economic system runs badly

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Albania

I’m going to read off some things that people sometimes say about a democratic political system. In democracy, the economic system runs badly. Disagree/Strongly disagree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

79

Armenia

60

Kosovo

79

75

Latvia

52

50

Austria

87

81

Lithuania

60

58

Belarus

68

76

Luxembourg

79

71

Belgium

67

67

Macedonia

55

71

Bosnia and Herz.

75

73

Malta

88

87

Bulgaria

60

49

Moldova

58

42

Croatia

71

58

Montenegro

80

70

62

Netherlands

92

88

Cyprus Czech Republic

63

62

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

85

92

Northern Ireland

Estonia

69

72

Norway

Finland

80

82

Poland

53

64

France

50

48

Portugal

61

60

80

Romania

44

47

88

83

Russian Fed.

45

65

Germany East

79

70

Serbia

70

64

Germany West

90

85

Slovak Republic

52

67

Great Britain

71

60

Slovenia

53

57

Greece

58

53

Spain

76

59

Hungary

61

57

Sweden

90

91

Iceland

88

87

Switzerland

Ireland

80

65

Turkey

69

64

Italy

67

72

Ukraine

64

56

Georgia Germany

72 79

59 63

85

215

Tables (E121)

Democracies are indecisive

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Albania

I’m going to read off some things that people sometimes say about a democratic political system. Democracies are indecisive and have too much quibbling. Disagree/Strongly disagree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

72

Armenia

49

Kosovo

81

56

Latvia

30

32

Austria

60

52

Lithuania

37

37

Belarus

60

62

Luxembourg

47

41

Belgium

40

35

Macedonia

59

50

Bosnia and Herz.

55

73

Malta

80

75

Bulgaria

58

47

Moldova

58

27

Croatia

74

62

Montenegro

73

70

51

Netherlands

58

50

Cyprus Czech Republic

49

49

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

57

67

Northern Ireland

Estonia

54

60

Norway

Finland

53

63

Poland

20

31

France

26

26

Portugal

40

37

75

Romania

27

29

66

60

Russian Fed.

28

42

Germany East

62

43

Serbia

51

66

Germany West

67

63

Slovak Republic

45

48

Great Britain

55

45

Slovenia

31

32

Greece

49

49

Spain

64

34

Hungary

38

37

Sweden

52

62

Iceland

81

75

Switzerland

26

Ireland

60

54

Turkey

46

Italy

48

53

Ukraine

Georgia Germany

42 67

37 34

46

28

216 (E122)

Tables Democracies aren’t good at maintaining order

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Albania

I’m going to read off some things that people sometimes say about a democratic political system. Democracies aren’t good at maintaining order. Disagree/Strongly disagree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

71

Armenia

59

Kosovo

75

64

Latvia

56

53

Austria

87

79

Lithuania

50

60

Belarus

59

67

Luxembourg

79

73

Belgium

62

63

Macedonia

59

75

Bosnia and Herz.

82

66

Malta

87

86

Bulgaria

65

40

Moldova

57

44

Croatia

81

70

Montenegro

81

72

68

Netherlands

78

78

Cyprus Czech Republic

46

46

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

84

86

Northern Ireland

Estonia

69

72

Norway

Finland

81

85

Poland

32

48

France

45

54

Portugal

59

59

73

Romania

49

53

84

84

Russian Fed.

35

47

Germany East

78

78

Serbia

69

70

Germany West

86

85

Slovak Republic

58

59

Great Britain

66

67

Slovenia

54

53

Greece

67

69

Spain

81

82

Hungary

61

55

Sweden

85

87

Iceland

89

87

Switzerland

Ireland

77

66

Turkey

65

62

Italy

80

83

Ukraine

50

42

Georgia Germany

73 75

56 71

79

217

Tables (E123)

Democracy may have problems but is better

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Albania

I’m going to read off some things that people sometimes say about a democratic political system. Democracy may have problems but it’s better than any other form of government. Agree strongly/Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

95

Armenia

93

Kosovo

90

88

Latvia

89

85

Austria

97

96

Lithuania

88

90

Belarus

87

88

Luxembourg

96

94

Belgium

92

90

Macedonia

81

88

Bosnia and Herz.

92

83

Malta

94

96

Bulgaria

84

83

Moldova

78

73

Croatia

96

88

Montenegro

92

86

97

Netherlands

96

93

Cyprus Czech Republic

93

84

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

99

99

Northern Ireland

Estonia

90

88

Norway

Finland

91

95

Poland

90

91

France

93

93

Portugal

93

93

96

Romania

78

87

97

95

Russian Fed.

63

80

Germany East

93

91

Serbia

89

84

Germany West

97

96

Slovak Republic

84

91

Great Britain

78

88

Slovenia

90

91

Greece

97

96

Spain

93

96

Hungary

81

81

Sweden

94

95

Iceland

97

96

Switzerland

Ireland

92

85

Turkey

88

93

Italy

94

96

Ukraine

82

77

Georgia Germany

94 93

93 96

96

218 (E143-a)

Tables Immigrant policy: Anyone can come

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Albania

How about people from other countries coming here to work. Which one of the following do you think the government should do? Let anyone come who wants (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

30

Armenia

16

Kosovo

10

35

Latvia

7

8

Lithuania

4

9

Austria

5

7

Belarus

19

14

Luxembourg

7

6

Belgium

6

5

Macedonia

13

30

16

24

Malta

2

1

Bulgaria

9

17

Moldova

18

24

Croatia

5

10

Montenegro

13

20

3

Netherlands

4

4

Bosnia and Herz.

Cyprus Czech Republic

3

8

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

7

5

Northern Ireland

Estonia

7

9

Norway

Finland

10

8

Poland

6

16

France

6

7

Portugal

12

6

18

Romania

18

40

Georgia Germany

14 8

5 5

4

5

Russian Fed.

10

11

Germany East

5

3

Serbia

17

27

Germany West

4

6

Slovak Republic

3

8

Great Britain

4

3

Slovenia

5

11

Greece

6

8

Spain

18

9

Hungary

2

4

Sweden

16

14

Iceland

7

10

Ireland

8

4

Turkey

9

14

10

11

Ukraine

10

15

Italy

Switzerland

5

219

Tables (E143-b)

Immigrant policy: If jobs are available

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Albania

How about people from other countries coming here to work. Which one of the following do you think the government should do? Let people come as long as there are jobs available (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

45

Armenia

42

Kosovo

34

35

Latvia

27

37

Austria

52

45

Lithuania

36

46

Belarus

35

53

Luxembourg

52

53

Belgium

31

37

Macedonia

20

29

Bosnia and Herz.

55

37

Malta

30

21

Bulgaria

31

30

Moldova

54

43

Croatia

28

40

Montenegro

27

45

31

Netherlands

35

37

Cyprus Czech Republic

30

34

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

24

39

Northern Ireland

Estonia

37

45

Norway

Finland

35

38

Poland

18

41

France

34

45

Portugal

61

51

15

Romania

39

44

33

40

Russian Fed.

46

44

Germany East

32

40

Serbia

36

29

Germany West

33

40

Slovak Republic

27

41

Great Britain

34

32

Slovenia

48

55

Greece

45

37

Spain

58

56

Hungary

12

28

Sweden

54

44

Iceland

59

51

Switzerland

Ireland

47

37

Turkey

38

25

Italy

47

42

Ukraine

44

53

Georgia Germany

38 35

30 51

64

220 (E143-c)

Tables Immigrant policy: Strict limits

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Albania

How about people from other countries coming here to work. Which one of the following do you think the government should do? Put strict limits on the number of foreigners who can come here (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

17

Armenia

34

Kosovo

43

26

Latvia

47

44

Austria

39

42

Lithuania

36

35

Belarus

30

25

Luxembourg

39

38

Belgium

53

49

Macedonia

42

34

Bosnia and Herz.

22

31

Malta

45

57

Bulgaria

45

45

Moldova

22

24

Croatia

56

42

Montenegro

41

30

51

Netherlands

57

55

Cyprus Czech Republic

60

49

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

66

56

Northern Ireland

Estonia

44

41

Norway

Finland

52

52

Poland

62

40

France

50

42

Portugal

23

36

49

Romania

26

12

56

46

Russian Fed.

29

35

Germany East

52

51

Serbia

37

35

Germany West

57

45

Slovak Republic

50

46

Great Britain

48

54

Slovenia

39

31

Greece

41

45

Spain

22

32

Hungary

59

54

Sweden

29

39

Iceland

33

37

Switzerland

Ireland

42

51

Turkey

26

25

Italy

38

41

Ukraine

28

24

Georgia Germany

37 51

57 42

30

221

Tables (E143-d)

Immigrant policy: Prohibit

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Albania

How about people from other countries coming here to work. Which one of the following do you think the government should do? Prohibit people coming here from other countries (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

8

Armenia

8

Kosovo

14

3

Latvia

19

11

23

9

Austria

4

7

Lithuania

Belarus

16

8

Luxembourg

2

2

Belgium

10

8

Macedonia

26

8

7

9

Malta

23

20

Bulgaria

16

8

Moldova

6

9

Croatia

12

8

Montenegro

18

6

15

Netherlands

4

4

Bosnia and Herz.

Cyprus Czech Republic

7

9

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

3

1

Northern Ireland

Estonia

12

6

Norway

Finland

3

3

Poland

14

4

France

10

6

Portugal

4

6

18

Romania

18

4

Georgia Germany

11 6

9 2

7

9

Russian Fed.

14

11

Germany East

11

7

Serbia

10

9

Germany West

6

9

Slovak Republic

20

5

13

11

Slovenia

8

4

8

10

Spain

2

3

Hungary

27

14

Sweden

1

3

Iceland

1

2

Switzerland

Ireland

3

8

Turkey

27

36

Italy

5

6

Ukraine

18

8

Great Britain Greece

2

222 (E150)

Tables Follow politics on television

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Albania

How often do you follow politics in the news on television or on the radio or in the daily papers? % Every day 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

31

Armenia

34

Kosovo

26

43

Latvia

64

52

Austria

57

54

Lithuania

68

57

Belarus

34

29

Luxembourg

46

58

Belgium

47

49

Macedonia

56

26

Bosnia and Herz.

30

22

Malta

34

33

Bulgaria

41

49

Moldova

45

42

Croatia

52

32

Montenegro

28

23

38

Netherlands

51

48

Cyprus Czech Republic

60

26

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

64

67

Northern Ireland

Estonia

48

46

Norway

Finland

39

42

Poland

53

35

France

58

57

Portugal

36

49

74

Romania

43

35

61

57

Russian Fed.

67

64

Germany East

71

56

Serbia

45

29

Germany West

59

57

Slovak Republic

41

41

Great Britain

24

33

Slovenia

44

42

Greece

53

51

Spain

44

44

Hungary

48

39

Sweden

72

64

Iceland

45

63

Switzerland

Ireland

30

29

Turkey

49

28

Italy

50

54

Ukraine

62

73

Georgia Germany

45 32

22 60

57

223

Tables (E151)

Give information to the authorities

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Can you tell me your opinion on the following statement: If someone has information that may help justice be done, generally he or she should give it to the authorities. Agree strongly/Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

82

Kosovo

91

Armenia

74

Latvia

85

81

Austria

80

74

Lithuania

68

72

Belarus

85

81

Luxembourg

86

89

Belgium

84

87

Macedonia

78

Malta

Bosnia and Herz.

71 91

91

Bulgaria

85

87

Moldova

86

Croatia

85

83

Montenegro

70

82

Netherlands

Cyprus

83

84

Czech Republic

88

77

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

82

88

Northern Ireland

Estonia

78

79

Norway

Finland

91

89

Poland

88

74

France

84

88

Portugal

85

89

66

Romania

92

84

75

69

Russian Fed.

75

77

Germany East

75

66

Serbia

Germany West

75

69

Slovak Republic

89

82

Great Britain

91

91

Slovenia

88

92

Greece

75

74

Spain

82

89

Hungary

71

78

Sweden

81

83

Iceland

93

94

Switzerland

74

Ireland

89

80

Turkey

91

Italy

87

92

Ukraine

Georgia Germany

90 82

89 92

78

83

87

224 (E152)

Tables People should stick to their own affairs

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Can you tell me your opinion on the following statement: People should stick to their own affairs and not show too much interest in what others say or do. Agree strongly/Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

53

Kosovo

76

Armenia

65

Latvia

66

64

Austria

60

56

Lithuania

57

54

Belarus

47

39

Luxembourg

64

55

Belgium

50

64

Macedonia

64

Malta

Bosnia and Herz.

79 63

72

Bulgaria

46

51

Moldova

46

Croatia

64

59

Montenegro

76

58

Netherlands

Cyprus

29

32

Czech Republic

31

31

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

35

41

Northern Ireland

Estonia

65

51

Norway

Finland

62

38

Poland

63

48

France

62

63

Portugal

69

70

61

Romania

59

46

41

57

Russian Fed.

63

60

Germany East

44

54

Serbia

Germany West

40

58

Slovak Republic

27

31

Great Britain

38

38

Slovenia

71

82

Greece

47

51

Spain

53

72

Hungary

54

61

Sweden

28

23

Iceland

55

61

Switzerland

75

Ireland

43

45

Turkey

59

Italy

29

26

Ukraine

Georgia Germany

79 39

49 47

62

57

51

225

Tables (E153)

Concerned with: Family

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

To what extent do you feel concerned about the living conditions of: Your immediate family. Very much (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

58

Kosovo

68

Armenia

84

Latvia

57

53

Austria

49

32

Lithuania

79

73

Belarus

87

66

Luxembourg

66

55

Belgium

77

77

Macedonia

47

Malta

Bosnia and Herz.

74 86

85

Bulgaria

80

81

Moldova

70

Croatia

41

39

Montenegro

57

94

Netherlands

Cyprus

74

77

Czech Republic

12

15

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

19

72

Northern Ireland

Estonia

66

61

Norway

Finland

15

10

Poland

73

70

France

69

64

Portugal

78

75

79

Romania

67

66

82

81

Russian Fed.

61

59

Germany East

82

85

Serbia

Germany West

82

80

Slovak Republic

65

47

Great Britain

56

37

Slovenia

58

46

Greece

87

84

Spain

63

65

Hungary

87

86

Sweden

79

88

Iceland

68

67

Switzerland

Ireland

69

33

Turkey

94

90

Italy

44

53

Ukraine

74

72

Georgia Germany

86 60

26 68

44

69

226 (E154)

Tables Concerned with: People in neighbourhood

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

To what extent do you feel concerned about the living conditions of: People in your neighbourhood. Very much (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

12

Kosovo

16

Armenia

31

Latvia

2

4

Austria

4

7

Lithuania

2

3

Belarus

8

7

Luxembourg

7

5

Belgium

8

9

Macedonia

Bosnia and Herz.

16

Malta

17 9

14

Bulgaria

9

8

Moldova

11

Croatia

9

6

Montenegro

14

13

Netherlands

Cyprus

4

7

Czech Republic

2

4

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

2

8

Northern Ireland

Estonia

3

5

Norway

Finland

1

1

Poland

7

9

France

6

5

Portugal

7

13

27

Romania

7

12

10

15

Russian Fed.

3

4

Germany East

16

17

Serbia

Germany West

9

14

Slovak Republic

Great Britain

9

9

Greece

5

10

Hungary

6

Iceland Ireland

Georgia Germany

Italy

33 12

8 7

10 15

7

Slovenia

5

6

Spain

7

5

7

Sweden

4

5

3

5

Switzerland

21

13

Turkey

54

58

3

5

Ukraine

5

5

12

227

Tables (E155)

Concerned with: People in the region

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

To what extent do you feel concerned about the living conditions of: The people of the region you live in. Very much (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

6

Kosovo

14

Armenia

13

Latvia

2

2

Austria

2

4

Lithuania

1

1

Belarus

6

4

Luxembourg

3

3

Belgium

3

3

Macedonia

Bosnia and Herz.

12

Malta

14 6

8

Bulgaria

6

6

Moldova

8

Croatia

7

5

Montenegro

8

8

Netherlands

Cyprus

1

2

Czech Republic

2

2

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

2

5

Northern Ireland

Estonia

2

2

Norway

Finland

2

1

Poland

3

3

France

3

3

Portugal

5

10

19

Romania

7

9

5

10

Russian Fed.

3

4

Germany East

8

9

Germany West

5

10

Great Britain

5

Greece

Georgia Germany

23 7

6 4

Serbia

8

Slovak Republic

9

2

7

Slovenia

2

4

4

8

Spain

4

4

Hungary

3

3

Sweden

2

3

Iceland

2

3

Switzerland

Ireland

13

11

Turkey

41

46

2

2

Ukraine

6

4

Italy

6

228 (E156)

Tables Concerned with: Fellow countrymen

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

To what extent do you feel concerned about the living conditions of: Your fellow countrymen. Very much (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

5

Kosovo

13

Armenia

13

Latvia

2

3

Austria

3

4

Lithuania

2

2

Belarus

10

5

Luxembourg

4

3

Belgium

3

4

Macedonia

Bosnia and Herz.

11

Malta

14 6

9

Bulgaria

8

7

Moldova

9

Croatia

8

5

Montenegro

7

9

Netherlands

Cyprus

1

2

Czech Republic

3

2

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

3

10

Northern Ireland

Estonia

2

3

Norway

Finland

3

5

Poland

5

5

France

3

3

Portugal

8

11

20

Romania

11

8

3

10

Russian Fed.

3

4

Germany East

5

8

Germany West

3

10

Great Britain

5

Greece

Georgia Germany

19 6

5 4

Serbia

9

Slovak Republic

8

2

8

Slovenia

9

7

6

9

Spain

4

5

Hungary

5

3

Sweden

3

5

Iceland

4

5

Switzerland

Ireland

13

10

Turkey

40

43

3

2

Ukraine

6

4

Italy

11

229

Tables (E157)

Concerned with: Europeans

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

To what extent do you feel concerned about the living conditions of: Europeans. Very much (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

4

Kosovo

7

Armenia

4

Latvia

1

1

Austria

1

3

Lithuania

0

1

Belarus

4

1

Luxembourg

3

2

Belgium

2

1

Macedonia

6

Malta

Bosnia and Herz.

9 4

5

Bulgaria

4

3

Moldova

6

Croatia

3

2

Montenegro

4

2

Netherlands

Cyprus

1

0

Czech Republic

2

3

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

1

4

Northern Ireland

Estonia

1

1

Norway

Finland

1

1

Poland

1

2

France

2

2

Portugal

4

6

5

Romania

4

7

3

7

Russian Fed.

1

2

Germany East

3

6

Serbia

Germany West

3

7

Slovak Republic

4

2

Great Britain

2

3

Slovenia

2

2

Greece

3

4

Spain

2

2

Hungary

2

1

Sweden

2

3

Iceland

2

1

Switzerland

Ireland

7

5

Turkey

9

16

Italy

2

1

Ukraine

2

1

Georgia Germany

6 3

5 2

5

4

230 (E158)

Tables Concerned with: All humans

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

To what extent do you feel concerned about the living conditions of: All humans all over the world. Very much (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999

2008

Albania

5

Kosovo

10

Armenia

6

Latvia

4

1

Austria

4

5

Lithuania

2

3

Belarus

7

3

Luxembourg

6

5

Belgium

6

3

Macedonia

6

Malta

Bosnia and Herz.

11 7

6

Bulgaria

9

3

Moldova

7

Croatia

13

5

Montenegro

6

4

Netherlands

8

5

Northern Cyprus

13

16

Northern Ireland

Estonia

3

2

Norway

Finland

12

14

Poland

2

2

France

6

10

Portugal

12

16

10

Romania

5

7

5

12

Russian Fed.

6

6

Germany East

4

9

Germany West

5

12

Slovak Republic

6

3

Great Britain

11

14

Slovenia

8

4

Greece

18

6

Spain

8

7

Hungary

6

2

Sweden

8

6

Iceland

5

7

Switzerland

Ireland

15

11

Turkey

34

37

6

7

Ukraine

7

4

Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark

Georgia Germany

Italy

8

2 15

9

10 5

Serbia

7

13

231

Tables (E159)

Concerned with: Elderly people

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

To what extent do you feel concerned about the living conditions of: Elderly people in country. Very much (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

42

Kosovo

47

Armenia

40

Latvia

15

13

Austria

15

14

Lithuania

25

15

Belarus

19

28

Luxembourg

15

16

Belgium

23

17

Macedonia

28

Malta

Bosnia and Herz.

27 40

36

Bulgaria

34

36

Moldova

42

Croatia

29

26

Montenegro

34

34

Netherlands

Cyprus

16

13

Czech Republic

15

20

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

25

38

Northern Ireland

Estonia

17

19

Norway

Finland

22

35

Poland

28

21

France

32

24

Portugal

51

33

49

Romania

27

37

19

33

Russian Fed.

32

32

Germany East

29

44

Serbia

Germany West

17

30

Slovak Republic

39

Great Britain

36

39

Slovenia

13

18

Greece

31

30

Spain

19

21

Hungary

25

20

Sweden

29

32

Iceland

22

24

Switzerland

Ireland

54

33

Turkey

47

59

Italy

25

18

Ukraine

35

39

Georgia Germany

33 32

43 32

36

19

232 (E160)

Tables Concerned with: Unemployed people

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

To what extent do you feel concerned about the living conditions of: Unemployed people in country. Very much (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999

Albania

29

Kosovo

Armenia

32

Latvia

Austria

7

6

Lithuania

Belarus

7

8

Luxembourg

Belgium

9

5

Macedonia

Bosnia and Herz.

30

Malta

2008

46 7

4

15

6

5

7 31

14

20

Bulgaria

25

20

Moldova

27

Croatia

26

25

Montenegro

31

14

Netherlands

Cyprus Czech Republic

4

2

12

8

Northern Cyprus

7

15

Northern Ireland

Estonia

12

10

Norway

Finland

12

14

Poland

14

10

France

19

11

Portugal

24

23

44

Romania

20

20

7

14

Russian Fed.

17

16

Germany East

11

15

Serbia

Germany West

6

14

Slovak Republic

21

5

Great Britain

11

13

Slovenia

16

13

Greece

18

25

Spain

11

13

Hungary

9

9

9

12

Iceland

6

10

Switzerland

Ireland

21

17

Turkey

51

57

Italy

16

16

Ukraine

26

22

Denmark

Georgia Germany

Sweden

22 10

15 9

41

7

233

Tables (E161)

Concerned with: Immigrants

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

To what extent do you feel concerned about the living conditions of: Immigrants in country. Very much (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999

2008

Albania

14

Kosovo

23

Armenia

15

Latvia

2

1

Austria

4

3

Lithuania

1

1

Belarus

2

2

Luxembourg

5

4

Belgium

4

3

Macedonia

Bosnia and Herz.

12

Malta

8 4

9

Bulgaria

3

5

Moldova

12

Croatia

5

3

Montenegro

10

10

Netherlands

Cyprus

2

1

Czech Republic

2

4

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

4

11

Northern Ireland

Estonia

4

1

Norway

Finland

3

3

Poland

2

3

France

8

6

Portugal

11

8

12

Romania

5

10

2

4

Georgia Germany

16 5

6 4

4

8

Russian Fed.

Germany East

3

6

Serbia

Germany West

4

9

Slovak Republic

4

1

Great Britain

5

6

Slovenia

2

2

Greece

8

13

Spain

5

9

Hungary

0

2

Sweden

7

7

Iceland

3

4

Switzerland

Ireland

11

8

Turkey

21

33

7

4

Ukraine

2

4

Italy

12

7

234 (E162_01)

Tables Concerned with: Poor children

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

To what extent do you feel concerned about the living conditions of: Children in poor families in country. Very much (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

41

Kosovo

47

Armenia

42

Latvia

15

Austria

13

Lithuania

15

Belarus

23

Luxembourg

15

Belgium

14

Macedonia

29

Bosnia and Herz.

32

Malta

30

Bulgaria

33

Moldova

40

Croatia

37

Montenegro

44

Cyprus

32

Netherlands

8

Czech Republic

20

Northern Cyprus

24

Denmark

27

Northern Ireland

41

Estonia

26

Norway

20

Finland

29

Poland

19

France

22

Portugal

34

Georgia

58

Romania

33

Germany

32

Russian Fed.

29

Germany East

43

Serbia

50

Germany West

30

Slovak Republic

24

Great Britain

38

Slovenia

27

Greece

28

Spain

19

Hungary

15

Sweden

27

Iceland

23

Switzerland

20

Ireland

38

Turkey

56

Italy

26

Ukraine

35

235

Tables (E162)

Concerned with: Sick and disabled people

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

To what extent do you feel concerned about the living conditions of: Sick and disabled people in country. Very much (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999

2008

Albania

34

Kosovo

41

Armenia

35

Latvia

12

11

Austria

13

10

Lithuania

14

10

Belarus

12

15

Luxembourg

11

13

Belgium

17

16

Macedonia

28

Malta

Bosnia and Herz.

22 33

29

Bulgaria

24

30

Moldova

35

Croatia

26

27

Montenegro

36

29

Netherlands

Cyprus

10

9

Czech Republic

21

18

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

22

32

Northern Ireland

Estonia

12

16

Norway

Finland

16

26

Poland

20

14

France

23

23

Portugal

41

32

48

Romania

25

29

10

24

Russian Fed.

24

25

Germany East

14

30

Serbia

Germany West

10

23

Slovak Republic

28

21

Great Britain

29

33

Slovenia

17

16

Greece

33

25

Spain

11

16

Hungary

17

13

Sweden

24

25

Iceland

23

20

Switzerland

Ireland

49

33

Turkey

54

52

Italy

25

18

Ukraine

29

31

Georgia Germany

23 26

40 20

40

16

236 (E178_01)

Tables Vote for general election

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

If there was a general election tomorrow, can you tell me if you would vote? % Yes 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

74

Kosovo

50

Armenia

79

Latvia

73

Austria

85

Lithuania

63

Belarus

81

Luxembourg

77

Belgium

96

Macedonia

76

Bosnia and Herz.

67

Malta

91

Bulgaria

68

Moldova

86

Croatia

80

Montenegro

74

Cyprus

86

Netherlands

88

Czech Republic

66

Northern Cyprus

72

Denmark

97

Northern Ireland

66

Estonia

67

Norway

90

Finland

90

Poland

66

France

89

Portugal

71

Georgia

90

Romania

75

Germany

83

Russian Fed.

74

Germany East

74

Serbia

77

Germany West

85

Slovak Republic

79

Great Britain

73

Slovenia

73

Greece

88

Spain

82

Hungary

74

Sweden

94

Iceland

87

Switzerland

70

Ireland

90

Turkey

89

Italy

86

Ukraine

74

237

Tables (E190-a)

People living in need: Unlucky

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Why are there people in this country who live in need? Which one reason do you consider to be most important? Because they are unlucky (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

26

Kosovo

Armenia

5

Latvia

10

12

15

10

14

21

32

25

Austria

14

Belarus Belgium

28

14

12

Lithuania

8

13

Luxembourg

30

26

Macedonia

16

Malta

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

11

Croatia

10

7

Moldova

6

8

Montenegro

16

Netherlands

Cyprus Czech Republic

19

9 14

13

12 11 9

25

33

29

9

16

25

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

18

19

21

Northern Ireland

12

Estonia

12

11

15

Norway

15

Finland

4

15

13

Poland

5

6

18

France

18

14

13

Portugal

19

23

15

10

Romania

16

11

17

Russian Fed.

10

10

16

Georgia Germany

13 17

17 17

13

12

14

Germany East

5

11

9

Germany West

15

12

15

Slovak Republic

10

11

17

15

16

15

Slovenia

12

10

9

11

10

Spain

19

20

18

11

10

11

Great Britain Greece

Serbia

7

Hungary

9

13

13

Sweden

Iceland

27

21

14

Switzerland

Ireland

19

23

23

Turkey

5

23

Italy

15

20

17

Ukraine

13

13

21

238 (E190-b)

Tables People living in need: Laziness

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Why are there people in this country who live in need? Which one reason do you consider to be most important? Because of laziness or lack of willpower (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

27

Kosovo

Armenia

22

Latvia

17

29

36

32

28

Lithuania

25

10

21

21

41

Luxembourg

23

23

18

19

Macedonia

20

Malta

15

26

Moldova

32

12

22

Montenegro

30

44

Netherlands

Austria

36

Belarus Belgium

22

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

27

Croatia Cyprus

33

17 62

16

50

15

38

21

Czech Republic

48

43

45

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

14

17

14

Northern Ireland

32

Estonia

24

15

21

Norway

11

Finland

26

23

22

Poland

27

23

31

France

15

11

16

Portugal

24

42

34

21

Romania

34

30

40

34

23

36

Georgia Germany

41 29

34 11

24

28

23

Russian Fed.

Germany East

31

15

14

Serbia

Germany West

23

31

25

Slovak Republic

37

31

33

27

25

33

Slovenia

24

33

30

23

30

Spain

25

20

25

16

7

15

Great Britain Greece

30

Hungary

34

28

33

Sweden

Iceland

23

22

15

Switzerland

Ireland

21

21

23

Turkey

23

29

Italy

30

23

24

Ukraine

17

33

21

239

Tables (E190-c)

People living in need: Injustice

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Why are there people in this country who live in need? Which one reason do you consider to be most important? Because of injustice in our society (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

34

Kosovo

Armenia

56

Latvia

65

32

28

22

35

Lithuania

51

50

37

46

30

Luxembourg

23

24

34

30

Macedonia

58

Malta

50

51

Moldova

45

70

55

Montenegro

47

16

Netherlands

Austria

26

Belarus Belgium

33

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

52

Croatia Cyprus

38

55 13

36

24

25

28

31

Czech Republic

15

19

15

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

29

17

22

Northern Ireland

25

Estonia

57

42

37

Norway

49

Finland

20

24

22

Poland

50

50

37

France

42

44

44

Portugal

39

22

30

47

Romania

36

43

33

50

22

18

Georgia Germany

37 28

28 38

34

37

37

Russian Fed.

Germany East

46

56

57

Serbia

Germany West

31

32

32

Slovak Republic

32

37

27

34

31

28

Slovenia

44

35

40

24

28

Spain

43

48

42

35

47

48

Great Britain Greece

49

Hungary

39

38

41

Sweden

Iceland

27

29

37

Switzerland

Ireland

36

33

32

Turkey

67

42

Italy

43

38

41

Ukraine

26

23

25

240 (E190-d)

Tables People living in need: Part of modern progress

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Why are there people in this country who live in need? Which one reason do you consider to be most important? It’s an inevitable part of modern progress (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

12

Kosovo

Armenia

16

Latvia

25

21

Lithuania

19

14

Luxembourg

17

24

Macedonia

Austria

24

Belarus Belgium

11

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

5 8

Croatia

Malta

7 4

24

20

12

24

20

18

25 17

9

12

21

19

14

Moldova

11

11

13

Montenegro

11

21

Netherlands

Cyprus

16

18

19

Czech Republic

19

18

10

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

35

34

32

Northern Ireland

30

Estonia

6

30

26

Norway

22

Finland

38

35

33

Poland

17

19

13

France

21

27

25

Portugal

16

12

17

21

Romania

13

13

10

5

44

29

Georgia Germany

8 24

18 30

24

20

24

Russian Fed.

Germany East

13

16

17

Serbia

Germany West

27

20

26

Slovak Republic

15

11

20

21

24

22

Slovenia

16

17

18

41

30

Spain

10

10

14

31

31

27

Great Britain Greece

12

Hungary

15

19

13

Sweden

Iceland

20

24

32

Switzerland

Ireland

23

19

20

Turkey

5

5

Italy

11

16

15

Ukraine

41

31

27

241

Tables (E197) Terrorism Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Terrorism is everyday news. In principle, most people are against it, but there is still room for differences of opinion. Which of these two statements do you tend to agree with? Terrorism for whatever motive must always be condemned (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

89

Kosovo

93

Armenia

92

Latvia

91

Austria

89

Lithuania

93

Belarus

96

Luxembourg

91

Belgium

94

Macedonia

88

Bosnia and Herz.

91

Malta

94

Bulgaria

95

Moldova

93

Croatia

91

Montenegro

91

Cyprus

86

Netherlands

92

Czech Republic

87

Northern Cyprus

97

Denmark

93

Northern Ireland

86

Estonia

91

Norway

90

Finland

80

Poland

93

France

93

Portugal

93

Georgia

94

Romania

89

Germany

90

Russian Fed.

95

Germany East

94

Serbia

92

Germany West

89

Slovak Republic

94

Great Britain

92

Slovenia

90

Greece

86

Spain

96

Hungary

94

Sweden

91

Iceland

94

Switzerland

91

Ireland

83

Turkey

Italy

94

Ukraine

95

242

Tables

Section F: Religion and Morale

(F022_01-a)

Absolute standards under all circumstances

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Here are three statements which people sometimes make when discussing good and evil. Which one comes closest to your own point of view? There are absolutely clear guidelines about what is good and evil. These always apply to everyone, whatever the circumstances (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

33

Kosovo

45

Armenia

36

Latvia

25

Austria

19

Lithuania

26

Belarus

25

Luxembourg

19

Belgium

18

Macedonia

50

Bosnia and Herz.

45

Malta

32

Bulgaria

32

Moldova

35

Croatia

36

Montenegro

43

Cyprus

31

Netherlands

20

Czech Republic

29

Northern Cyprus

33

5

Northern Ireland

46

Denmark Estonia

23

Norway

13

Finland

12

Poland

35

France

11

Portugal

42

Georgia

22

Romania

38

Germany

21

Russian Fed.

29

Germany East

21

Serbia

39

Germany West

22

Slovak Republic

31

Great Britain

30

Slovenia

26

Greece

22

Spain

27

Hungary

10

Sweden

Iceland

8

Ireland Italy

9

Switzerland

17

37

Turkey

44

32

Ukraine

30

243

Tables (F022_01-b)

Absolute standards but deviation possible

Variable/Question Response

Country/Region

Here are three statements which people sometimes make when discussing good and evil. Which one comes closest to your own point of view? There are absolutely clear guidelines about what is good and evil. However, deviating from these guidelines is sometimes justified by special circumstances (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

33

Kosovo

36

Armenia

35

Latvia

39

Austria

38

Lithuania

36

Belarus

34

Luxembourg

37

Belgium

44

Macedonia

26

Bosnia and Herz.

38

Malta

32

Bulgaria

32

Moldova

33

Croatia

35

Montenegro

30

Cyprus

27

Netherlands

37

Czech Republic

33

Northern Cyprus

27

Denmark

27

Northern Ireland

27

Estonia

33

Norway

37

Finland

39

Poland

48

France

45

Portugal

31

Georgia

35

Romania

29

Germany

44

Russian Fed.

35

Germany East

38

Serbia

30

Germany West

45

Slovak Republic

25

Great Britain

29

Slovenia

25

Greece

36

Spain

40

Hungary

36

Sweden

42

Iceland

23

Switzerland

28

Ireland

34

Turkey

26

Italy

36

Ukraine

33

244 (F022_01-c)

Tables No absolute standards

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Here are three statements which people sometimes make when discussing good and evil. Which one comes closest to your own point of view? There can never be absolutely clear guidelines about what is good and evil. What is good and evil depends entirely upon the circumstances at the time (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

34

Kosovo

19

Armenia

29

Latvia

36

Austria

43

Lithuania

38

Belarus

41

Luxembourg

43

Belgium

38

Macedonia

25

Bosnia and Herz.

16

Malta

36

Bulgaria

36

Moldova

32

Croatia

29

Montenegro

26

Cyprus

42

Netherlands

43

Czech Republic

38

Northern Cyprus

40

Denmark

68

Northern Ireland

27

Estonia

44

Norway

50

Finland

49

Poland

17

France

44

Portugal

28

Georgia

43

Romania

33

Germany

35

Russian Fed.

36

Germany East

41

Serbia

31

Germany West

34

Slovak Republic

44

Great Britain

41

Slovenia

49

Greece

43

Spain

33

Hungary

54

Sweden

49

Iceland

69

Switzerland

55

Ireland

29

Turkey

30

Italy

32

Ukraine

37

245

Tables (F024)

Belong to religious denomination

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Do you belong to a religious denomination? Yes (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region

Albania

87 85

Belarus Belgium

84

68

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

34

Croatia

1999

2008

Kosovo

95

Latvia

37

59

65

88

83

Lithuania

63

81

86

52

72

Luxembourg

72

74

64

58

Macedonia

86

93

75

78

Malta

99

97

70

74

Moldova

100

93

89

83

Montenegro

97

59

100

Netherlands

45

49

Cyprus Czech Republic

1990

71

Armenia Austria

1981

92

100

63

97

51

41

34

29

Northern Cyprus

92

90

88

Northern Ireland

97

90

Estonia

13

25

31

Norway

96

90

Finland

89

88

76

Poland

96

96

96

61

57

49

Portugal

72

89

81

98

Romania

94

98

98

34

51

62

94

70

Denmark

France

94

74

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

86

78 80

79

77

73

Russian Fed.

38

34

23

Serbia

91

89

87

84

Slovak Republic

74

77

77

91

58

83

55

Slovenia

74

70

71

96

96

Spain

91

86

83

75

93

82

76

66

Germany East Germany West

96

Greece Hungary

98

58

57

55

Sweden

Iceland

99

98

96

92

Switzerland

Ireland

99

96

91

87

Turkey

Italy

94

85

82

82

Ukraine

92 100

72 98

99

56

77

246 (F028)

Tables How often do you attend religious services

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Apart from weddings, funerals and christenings, about how often do you attend religious services these days? % once a month or more 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

29

Armenia

14

Kosovo

41

Latvia

50 9

15

16

Austria

44

42

29

Lithuania

31

25

Belarus

6

15

20

Luxembourg

32

23

31

27

19

Macedonia

33

25

45

45

Malta

87

82

20

15

Moldova

29

29

53

41

Montenegro

17

15

51

Netherlands

25

24

Belgium

38

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

9

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark

13

France

18

12

Northern Cyprus

Great Britain

21

11

12

10

Northern Ireland

68

69

11

9

Norway

15

13

11

14

10

Poland

84

78

72

17

12

12

Portugal

41

51

37

38

Romania

31

46

48

Russian Fed.

6

9

14

20

21

63

50 13

30

30

21

17

12

9

37

34

34

24

Slovak Republic

40

50

44

22

23

19

19

Slovenia

35

31

25

34

40

Spain

54

41

36

24

14

10

9

8

Germany East Germany West

30

12

Georgia Germany

40

90

11

Estonia Finland

94

Greece

Serbia

Hungary

34

23

18

15

Sweden

Iceland

11

9

12

12

Switzerland

42

Ireland

88

88

70

54

Turkey

38

Italy

52

53

54

50

Ukraine

20 40

40

17

24

247

Tables (F030)

Attend religious services when you were 12

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Apart from weddings, funerals and christenings, about how often did you attend religious services when you were 12 years old? % once a week or more 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

6

Kosovo

Armenia

16

Latvia

11

8

Lithuania

30

18

77

68

Austria

64

47

Belarus

5

6

Luxembourg

Belgium

74

60

Macedonia

40

Malta

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

15

6

Croatia

72

64

Montenegro

65

Netherlands

Cyprus

17

10 97

Moldova

96 20 8

51

51

Czech Republic

28

17

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

10

6

Northern Ireland

Estonia

4

3

Norway

Finland

6

6

Poland

92

86

France

57

53

Portugal

71

62

8

Romania

46

45

3

3

Georgia Germany

21 88

79 11

38

36

Russian Fed.

Germany East

18

12

Serbia

Germany West

42

42

Slovak Republic

63

58

Great Britain

53

49

Slovenia

66

64

Greece

46

50

Spain

64

56

Hungary

47

40

Sweden

Iceland

12

13

Switzerland

Ireland

95

84

Turkey

38

34

Italy

85

77

Ukraine

6

9

13

8 54

248 (F031)

Tables Religious service: Birth

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Do you personally think it is important to hold a religious service for any of the following events? Birth. Yes (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

44

Kosovo

Armenia

50

Latvia

84

65

61

81

80

Lithuania

87

93

94

84

87

Luxembourg

70

64

70

66

Macedonia

84

Malta

78

70

Moldova

97

91

79

Montenegro

69

92

Netherlands

Austria

87

Belarus Belgium

74

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

78

Croatia Cyprus

88

93 97

47

96

40

95

41

Czech Republic

45

42

36

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

69

65

59

Northern Ireland

83

Estonia

66

64

54

Norway

66

Finland

58

84

69

Poland

96

96

94

France

65

61

52

Portugal

75

90

83

96

Romania

86

98

98

78

75

80

Georgia Germany

29 81

83 56

65

64

63

Russian Fed.

Germany East

38

26

21

Serbia

Germany West

72

73

72

Slovak Republic

80

83

81

66

59

58

Slovenia

79

73

70

67

65

Spain

76

78

67

56

60

50

Great Britain Greece

87

Hungary

79

75

73

Sweden

Iceland

67

74

63

Switzerland

Ireland

94

91

92

Turkey

42

57

Italy

86

89

86

Ukraine

86

89

61

249

Tables (F032)

Religious service: Marriage

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Do you personally think it is important to hold a religious service for any of the following events? Marriage. Yes (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

51

Kosovo

Armenia

91

Latvia

79

78

69

76

79

Lithuania

84

89

88

61

70

Luxembourg

66

62

70

63

Macedonia

87

Malta

83

80

Moldova

96

95

89

Montenegro

76

96

Netherlands

Austria

85

Belarus Belgium

76

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

81

Croatia Cyprus

78

93 96

52

96

46

95

48

Czech Republic

44

40

34

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

64

63

54

Northern Ireland

93

Estonia

64

65

53

Norway

70

Finland

64

83

63

Poland

96

95

94

France

68

66

59

Portugal

79

89

78

99

Romania

92

98

97

62

54

59

Georgia Germany

42 90

88 61

69

68

64

Russian Fed.

Germany East

47

34

28

Serbia

Germany West

75

76

72

Slovak Republic

76

80

78

80

69

69

Slovenia

76

70

67

83

87

Spain

76

75

60

59

62

50

Great Britain Greece

91

Hungary

76

75

71

Sweden

Iceland

66

67

56

Switzerland

Ireland

94

93

90

Turkey

82

79

Italy

83

85

82

Ukraine

69

73

62

250 (F033)

Tables Religious service: Death

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Do you personally think it is important to hold a religious service for any of the following events? Death. Yes (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

73

Kosovo

Armenia

70

Latvia

85

88

78

85

84

Lithuania

89

95

95

88

91

Luxembourg

77

76

74

73

Macedonia

94

Malta

89

87

Moldova

95

96

92

Montenegro

74

98

Netherlands

Austria

88

Belarus Belgium

79

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

86

Croatia Cyprus

93

95 97

60

97

56

96

57

Czech Republic

55

50

40

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

80

80

80

Northern Ireland

96

Estonia

72

76

67

Norway

81

Finland

83

90

74

Poland

95

96

96

France

73

73

71

Portugal

79

92

85

99

Romania

89

98

97

74

79

82

Georgia Germany

95 93

93 81

79

73

73

Russian Fed.

Germany East

62

39

31

Serbia

Germany West

83

81

82

Slovak Republic

83

85

81

86

78

76

Slovenia

80

77

76

87

92

Spain

77

80

71

80

78

68

Great Britain Greece

94

Hungary

86

82

79

Sweden

Iceland

93

91

84

Switzerland

Ireland

97

96

96

Turkey

95

97

Italy

87

89

89

Ukraine

85

90

78

251

Tables (F034-a)

Religious person

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Independently of whether you go to church or not, would you say you are . . . A religious person (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

68

Armenia

91

Kosovo

100

89

Latvia

54

77

76

55

84

85

Austria

80

79

64

Lithuania

Belarus

41

28

32

Luxembourg

63

57

68

67

60

Macedonia

84

85

74

95

Malta

75

67

52

60

Moldova

91

83

85

83

Montenegro

73

87

92

Netherlands

Belgium

81

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

36

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

96

74

70

60

62

60

62

61

40

43

32

Northern Cyprus

73

77

71

Northern Ireland

63

72

Estonia

21

42

41

Norway

48

48

Finland

59

67

54

Poland

96

94

88

51

47

42

Portugal

69

88

75

97

Romania

74

85

82

56

66

74

74

90

Denmark

France

74

56

Georgia Germany

59

56

49

Russian Fed.

37

29

18

Serbia

69

65

62

57

Slovak Republic

74

82

81

59

56

42

45

Slovenia

73

70

72

80

86

Spain

65

68

61

54

34

31

39

32

Germany East Germany West Great Britain

46

Greece Hungary

45

57

59

55

Sweden

Iceland

68

75

74

68

Switzerland

74

Ireland

66

72

74

65

Turkey

75

Italy

86

86

86

86

Ukraine

61 80

90

75

86

252 (F034-b)

Tables Not a religious person

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Independently of whether you go to church or not, would you say you are . . . Not a religious person (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

26

Armenia

6

Kosovo

0

10

Latvia

42

20

20

42

14

14

Austria

17

19

31

Lithuania

Belarus

50

63

60

Luxembourg

29

33

24

25

29

Macedonia

16

10

20

3

25

32

42

35

Moldova

8

16

12

13

Montenegro

24

8

7

Netherlands

Belgium

13

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

56

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

Malta

4

25

25

34

32

33

35

37

53

49

51

Northern Cyprus

23

18

21

Northern Ireland

36

28

Estonia

76

52

52

Norway

49

50

Finland

39

31

37

Poland

3

4

9

38

38

40

Portugal

25

9

18

2

Romania

24

14

17

37

29

20

23

7

Denmark

France

21

34

Georgia Germany

34

36

42

Russian Fed.

43

49

59

Serbia

27

32

33

38

Slovak Republic

21

14

16

37

39

53

47

Slovenia

19

21

16

16

11

Spain

31

28

32

35

59

62

54

53

Germany East Germany West Great Britain

48

Greece Hungary

41

39

35

41

Sweden

Iceland

30

23

23

26

Switzerland

22

Ireland

33

27

25

33

Turkey

24

Italy

10

11

12

9

Ukraine

32 19

10

22

12

253

Tables (F034-c)

Convinced atheist

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Independently of whether you go to church or not, would you say you are . . . A convinced atheist (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

6

Armenia

3

Kosovo

0

1

Latvia

4

3

4

3

2

1

Austria

3

2

5

Lithuania

Belarus

9

9

8

Luxembourg

8

10

8

7

11

Macedonia

0

5

6

2

Malta

0

1

6

5

Moldova

1

1

3

5

Montenegro

3

5

0

Netherlands

Belgium

5

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

8

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

0

0

4

6

6

7

3

2

7

8

17

Northern Cyprus

4

5

7

Northern Ireland

1

1

Estonia

3

7

7

Norway

3

3

Finland

3

3

8

Poland

1

1

2

11

15

18

Portugal

5

3

6

1

Romania

1

1

1

Russian Fed.

7

5

7

3

3

Denmark

France

5

10

Georgia Germany

6

8

9

20

22

24

4

3

4

6

Slovak Republic

5

4

3

4

5

5

8

Slovenia

8

9

12

5

3

Spain

4

4

6

11

7

7

7

15

Germany East Germany West Great Britain

6

Greece

Serbia

Hungary

14

4

6

4

Sweden

Iceland

2

2

3

6

Switzerland

4

Ireland

1

1

2

2

Turkey

1

Italy

5

3

3

5

Ukraine

7 1

0

3

2

254 (F035)

Tables Churches give answers: Moral problems

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Generally speaking, do you think that the churches in your country are giving adequate answers to . . . The moral problems and needs of the individual. Yes (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

64

39

Kosovo

58

Latvia

37

43

56

Armenia Austria

46

Belarus Belgium

49

42

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

49

Croatia

58

57

Lithuania

82

85

65

Luxembourg

33

35

33

30

Macedonia

47

55

48

56

Malta

66

58

44

40

Moldova

73

78

60

41

Montenegro

52

51

56

Netherlands

36

37

Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark

25

France

48

Great Britain

41

86

37

32

Northern Cyprus

67

20

20

29

Northern Ireland

56

55

45

46

Norway

47

41

25

44

44

Poland

80

64

60

38

36

32

Portugal

57

57

55

86

Romania

62

81

69

88

71

76

50

52

49

53 33

44

48

45

Russian Fed.

58

33

30

Serbia

45

41

52

48

Slovak Republic

64

68

59

40

34

33

35

Slovenia

64

45

38

43

44

Spain

47

44

40

32

78

46

41

Sweden

23

19

26

24

Germany East Germany West

84

35

Georgia Germany

88

67

Estonia Finland

77

Greece Hungary Iceland

40

37

40

49

Switzerland

38

Ireland

56

42

31

38

Turkey

76

79

Italy

51

54

62

57

Ukraine

80

81

255

Tables (F036)

Churches give answers: Problems of family life

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Generally speaking, do you think that the churches in your country are giving adequate answers to . . . The problems of family life. Yes (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

53

30

Kosovo

52

Latvia

29

33

36

Armenia Austria

33

Belarus Belgium

43

36

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

38

Croatia

48

46

Lithuania

81

74

45

Luxembourg

24

26

30

27

Macedonia

31

41

34

41

Malta

74

59

29

25

Moldova

67

71

59

39

Montenegro

34

42

56

Netherlands

31

35

Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark

16

France

40

Great Britain

40

90

33

25

Northern Cyprus

42

13

15

18

Northern Ireland

57

59

30

29

Norway

36

29

27

42

38

Poland

81

64

55

28

28

27

Portugal

57

46

40

83

Romania

53

78

61

74

55

59

39

41

48

49 22

36

39

38

Russian Fed.

42

27

21

Serbia

42

35

42

41

Slovak Republic

59

64

52

41

36

30

33

Slovenia

54

43

41

31

34

Spain

41

44

37

30

70

41

33

Sweden

18

14

18

13

Germany East Germany West

89

30

Georgia Germany

63

58

Estonia Finland

67

Greece Hungary Iceland

39

39

45

53

Switzerland

33

Ireland

52

36

27

31

Turkey

67

68

Italy

51

47

48

47

Ukraine

63

68

256 (F037)

Tables Churches give answers: People’s spiritual needs

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Generally speaking, do you think that the churches in your country are giving adequate answers to . . . People’s spiritual needs. Yes (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

79

72

Kosovo

80

Latvia

60

55

70

Armenia Austria

68

Belarus Belgium

59

58

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

56

Croatia

81

74

Lithuania

87

90

79

Luxembourg

46

57

49

46

Macedonia

75

66

66

71

Malta

85

77

55

57

Moldova

82

86

87

74

Montenegro

75

69

66

Netherlands

49

56

Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark

36

France

56

Great Britain

54

91

53

49

Northern Cyprus

77

48

51

54

Northern Ireland

71

80

73

66

Norway

64

55

51

68

67

Poland

89

83

78

59

55

57

Portugal

62

73

64

97

Romania

78

89

88

92

74

76

73

72

77

77 51

67

55

46

Russian Fed.

64

41

37

Serbia

59

68

59

48

Slovak Republic

79

83

77

57

63

58

64

Slovenia

77

70

62

62

55

Spain

55

58

55

45

90

67

61

Sweden

52

51

57

53

Germany East Germany West

96

69

Georgia Germany

87

80

Estonia Finland

85

Greece Hungary Iceland

55

58

54

61

Switzerland

52

Ireland

73

71

64

62

Turkey

83

80

Italy

60

71

72

78

Ukraine

82

85

257

Tables (F038)

Churches give answers: The social problems

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Generally speaking, do you think that the churches in your country are giving adequate answers to . . . The social problems facing our country today. Yes (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

33

17

Kosovo

40

Latvia

30

32

23

Armenia Austria

37

Belarus Belgium

28

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

22

Croatia

26

21

Lithuania

61

59

30

Luxembourg

24

28

27

24

Macedonia

21

37

27

31

Malta

56

47

15

14

Moldova

39

43

44

28

Montenegro

22

32

49

Netherlands

37

33

Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark

63 42

77

31

38

15

19

Northern Cyprus

8

11

14

Northern Ireland

52

14

14

Norway

19

Estonia

19 36

40 18

Finland

12

31

26

Poland

52

39

36

France

24

21

22

Portugal

44

36

32

77

Romania

32

52

36

60

25

35

28

27

Georgia Germany

38

32

28

Russian Fed.

Germany East

58

14

22

Serbia

Germany West

33

36

29

Slovak Republic

31

30

30

29

27

25

Slovenia

49

34

25

31

25

Spain

35

31

25

12

17

14

Great Britain Greece Hungary

55

25

19

Sweden

Iceland

24

28

39

Switzerland

Ireland

33

27

28

Turkey

44

57

Italy

43

43

41

Ukraine

30

31

29

258 (F050)

Tables Believe in God

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Which, if any, of the following do you believe in? God. Yes (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981

Albania

92

Armenia

94

Kosovo

97

Latvia

1990

1999

2008

100 58

80

77

Austria

86

87

80

Lithuania

87

87

Belarus

43

83

86

Luxembourg

73

70

69

71

61

Macedonia

90

95

88

96

Malta

99

99

66

75

Moldova

96

98

93

90

Montenegro

83

88

98

Netherlands

60

58

Belgium

87

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

40

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark

68

France

68

36

Northern Cyprus

Great Britain

98

64

69

63

Northern Ireland

97

97

51

48

Norway

76

65

76

83

69

Poland

97

97

96

62

62

52

Portugal

86

96

86

99

Romania

94

96

98

44

70

77

83

92

93

91 56

69

68

63

Russian Fed.

36

30

21

Serbia

82

78

77

73

Slovak Republic

73

83

81

83

78

72

65

Slovenia

63

65

66

91

93

Spain

92

86

85

76

60

45

53

46

Germany East Germany West

65

39

Georgia Germany

72

100

35

Estonia Finland

100

Greece Hungary

57

65

68

71

Sweden

Iceland

81

85

84

72

Switzerland

Ireland

97

98

96

90

Turkey

98

99

Italy

90

91

93

91

Ukraine

80

90

75

259

Tables (F051)

Believe in life after death

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Which, if any, of the following do you believe in? Life after death. Yes (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990

Albania

47

Armenia

26

Kosovo

47

Latvia

1999

2008

76 30

45

49

Austria

56

59

61

Lithuania

79

68

Belarus

18

41

44

Luxembourg

54

48

44

44

43

Macedonia

47

47

60

65

Malta

86

87

36

32

Moldova

59

64

68

58

Montenegro

23

29

70

Netherlands

51

51

Belgium

48

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

18

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark

32

France

41

30

Northern Cyprus

Great Britain

77

34

38

37

Northern Ireland

84

78

36

33

Norway

51

45

60

57

48

Poland

73

80

73

44

45

42

Portugal

39

47

48

61

Romania

58

68

74

21

37

44

27

35

75

77 47

43

39

40

Russian Fed.

17

15

18

Serbia

49

50

45

46

Slovak Republic

51

68

64

56

52

58

53

Slovenia

28

32

36

61

59

Spain

68

52

53

48

35

38

46

46

Germany East Germany West

46

36

Georgia Germany

51

91

22

Estonia Finland

90

Greece Hungary

18

26

33

36

Sweden

Iceland

82

81

78

70

Switzerland

64

Ireland

85

83

80

72

Turkey

80

Italy

59

68

73

72

Ukraine

53 90

94

40

51

260 (F053)

Tables Believe in hell

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Which, if any, of the following do you believe in? Hell. Yes (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981

Albania

41

Armenia

26

Kosovo

50

Latvia

1990

1999

2008

76 7

28

33

Austria

21

18

27

Lithuania

68

55

Belarus

9

35

43

Luxembourg

22

20

17

16

18

Macedonia

47

45

60

66

Malta

81

85

30

29

Moldova

65

71

57

45

Montenegro

21

31

58

Netherlands

14

16

Belgium

22

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

11

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark

9

France

16

18

Northern Cyprus

Great Britain

80

8

9

9

Northern Ireland

76

73

16

17

Norway

24

19

27

31

23

Poland

41

66

69

17

20

17

Portugal

25

38

35

80

Romania

43

71

81

Russian Fed.

16

36

42

18

30

74

78 15

13

20

18

7

10

7

16

15

22

21

Slovak Republic

32

46

47

29

28

35

32

Slovenia

17

20

19

41

53

Spain

39

30

37

30

11

8

9

10

Germany East Germany West

15

13

Georgia Germany

17

84

11

Estonia Finland

85

Greece

Serbia

Hungary

12

16

20

26

Sweden

Iceland

13

12

18

17

Switzerland

24

Ireland

61

53

54

50

Turkey

85

Italy

37

42

49

53

Ukraine

20 94

98

38

53

261

Tables (F054)

Believe in heaven

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Which, if any, of the following do you believe in? Heaven. Yes (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981

Albania

48

Armenia

38

Kosovo

53

Latvia

1990

1999

2008

79 12

33

39

Austria

47

41

41

Lithuania

71

59

Belarus

12

37

46

Luxembourg

33

29

34

31

35

Macedonia

50

50

62

70

Malta

88

90

33

33

Moldova

68

74

64

59

Montenegro

18

38

66

Netherlands

38

40

Belgium

42

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

16

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark

20

France

29

23

Northern Cyprus

Great Britain

80

19

18

20

Northern Ireland

89

90

19

24

Norway

52

44

55

61

44

Poland

75

80

78

32

31

32

Portugal

56

60

46

85

Romania

57

75

84

18

36

44

17

38

87

87 40

34

31

35

Russian Fed.

23

14

13

Serbia

37

38

35

40

Slovak Republic

47

55

54

64

59

56

52

Slovenia

30

28

32

47

57

Spain

57

53

51

46

31

31

31

25

Germany East Germany West

38

21

Georgia Germany

45

92

23

Estonia Finland

92

Greece Hungary

21

27

29

35

Sweden

Iceland

58

57

59

46

Switzerland

44

Ireland

89

90

86

77

Turkey

87

Italy

48

54

59

63

Ukraine

43 94

98

40

58

262 (F055)

Tables Believe in sin

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Which, if any, of the following do you believe in? Sin. Yes (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981

Albania

38

Kosovo

Armenia

78

Latvia

1990

1999

2008

81 50

74

67

Austria

67

61

57

Lithuania

91

84

Belarus

47

59

67

Luxembourg

47

41

45

43

44

Macedonia

74

Malta

53

63

Moldova

89

76

68

Montenegro

67

91

Netherlands

Belgium

55

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

30

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark

37

France

45

Great Britain

46

93

40

93

38

45

Northern Cyprus

90

24

21

21

Northern Ireland

95

91

52

45

Norway

59

44

66

67

54

Poland

89

90

86

43

40

40

Portugal

68

71

62

94

Romania

77

91

94

47

68

72

90

92 32

57

41

47

Russian Fed.

34

20

18

Serbia

67

63

46

54

Slovak Republic

68

76

68

73

71

67

62

Slovenia

47

43

44

74

79

Spain

65

60

51

47

40

31

26

18

Germany East Germany West

55

94

59

Georgia Germany

95

55

Estonia Finland

62

Greece

62

Hungary

46

39

45

53

Sweden

Iceland

69

70

64

61

Switzerland

64

Ireland

90

87

86

75

Turkey

91

Italy

69

73

73

59

Ukraine

50 96

99

74

87

263

Tables (F057)

Believe in re-incarnation

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Do you believe in re-incarnation, that is, that we are born into this world again? Yes (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

21

Kosovo

Armenia

22

Latvia

23

27

33 17

Austria

30

Belarus Belgium

18

16

33

41

Lithuania

44

37

29

Luxembourg

24

24

17

Macedonia

23

Malta

30

30

Moldova

28

23

15

Montenegro

16

18

Netherlands

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

25

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark

13

France

25

Great Britain

31

13

18

17

12

22

20

20

17

Northern Cyprus

31

17

17

19

Northern Ireland

24

33

37

31

Norway

38

15

34

18

22

Poland

42

25

17

28

29

23

Portugal

29

29

31

10

Romania

24

28

22

Russian Fed.

22

32

33

17

23 18

22

19

24

12

11

9

24

26

21

27

Slovak Republic

21

20

14

33

29

27

Slovenia

17

17

20

26

18

Spain

33

27

20

23

23

20

23

Sweden

17

20

22

23

Germany East Germany West

17

23

Georgia Germany

45

11

Estonia Finland

62

Greece Hungary

Serbia

22

Iceland

31

39

41

36

Switzerland

36

28

Ireland

32

20

24

30

Turkey

33

29

Italy

27

27

18

19

Ukraine

28

37

264 (F062-a)

Tables Believe in a personal God

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Which of these statements comes closest to your beliefs? There is a personal God (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981

1990

1999

2008

Albania

59

Kosovo

Armenia

60

Latvia

10

8

9

32

26

Lithuania

21

51

44

64

27

Luxembourg

33

28

29

22

Macedonia

26

Malta

36

34

Moldova

46

41

42

Montenegro

28

84

Netherlands

Austria

29

Belarus Belgium

45

31

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

10

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

80

40 79

37

72

28

78

24

67

24

12

7

11

Northern Cyprus

20

25

22

Northern Ireland

72

66

Estonia

7

16

19

Norway

39

30

Finland

29

50

36

Poland

79

83

80

22

22

18

Portugal

62

79

61

96

Romania

36

37

36

Russian Fed.

8

32

46

Denmark

France

27

28

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

61

59 23

23

35

23

14

20

9

27

25

39

26

Slovak Republic

36

35

42

32

33

31

26

Slovenia

22

24

23

66

70

Spain

57

51

49

44

40

45

41

Sweden

20

16

16

15

Germany East Germany West

91

Greece Hungary

Serbia

Iceland

18

51

51

40

Switzerland

Ireland

76

67

65

58

Turkey

Italy

28

67

71

62

Ukraine

20

23

28 91 42

57

265

Tables (F062-b)

Believe in some spirit/life force

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Which of these statements comes closest to your beliefs? There is some sort of spirit or life force (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981

1990

1999

2008

Albania

18

Kosovo

Armenia

30

Latvia

55

67

67

52

49

Lithuania

40

26

31

9

49

Luxembourg

35

38

37

38

Macedonia

57

Malta

39

46

Moldova

40

47

40

Montenegro

50

14

Netherlands

Austria

49

Belarus Belgium

28

22

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

36

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

13

45 13

32

19

42

19

49

26

43

38

50

30

Northern Cyprus

34

38

35

Northern Ireland

19

20

Estonia

53

49

41

Norway

33

36

Finland

51

32

34

Poland

5

10

11

34

32

34

Portugal

19

15

22

3

Romania

43

46

46

40

18

20

Denmark

France

26

28

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

26

26 40

40

32

41

Russian Fed.

21

16

18

Serbia

41

45

36

46

Slovak Republic

28

41

32

40

41

40

39

Slovenia

44

51

50

23

23

Spain

24

28

28

26

9

15

23

Sweden

41

46

54

45

Germany East Germany West

2

Greece Hungary Iceland

58

32

33

38

Switzerland

Ireland

16

24

24

26

Turkey

Italy

54

22

19

24

Ukraine

59

64

49 7 25

20

266 (F062-c)

Tables Don’t know what to believe

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Which of these statements comes closest to your beliefs? I don’t really know what to think (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981

1990

1999

2008

Albania

14

Kosovo

Armenia

8

Latvia

22

15

14

25

17

17

17

17

Austria

14

Belarus Belgium

17

32

9

14

Lithuania

23

16

Luxembourg

19

20

Macedonia

12

Malta

13

11

Moldova

12

9

13

Montenegro

13

2

Netherlands

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

18

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

4

11 6

18

7

15

3

15

5

16

27

21

24

Northern Cyprus

24

19

19

Northern Ireland

Estonia

25

21

20

Norway

Finland

9

11

12

Poland

13

5

6

26

26

24

Portugal

12

4

10

1

Romania

18

15

15

29

31

20

Denmark

France

24

24

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

12

19

23

10

12 19

11

13

Russian Fed.

18

8

16

Serbia

18

18

12

12

Slovak Republic

21

14

14

19

15

19

18

Slovenia

19

13

16

7

4

26

19

Greece Hungary

15

Spain

12

14

15

16

21

Sweden

21

18

16

19

Iceland

16

12

11

11

Switzerland

Ireland

6

7

8

12

Turkey

12

6

7

9

Ukraine

Italy

8

18

Germany East Germany West

3

0

11 1 22

17

267

Tables (F062-d)

Don’t believe

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Which of these statements comes closest to your beliefs? I don’t really think there is any sort of spirit, God or life force (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990

1999

2008

Albania

8

Kosovo

Armenia

2

Latvia

13

10

10

Lithuania

14

6

9

15

16

Austria

8

Belarus Belgium

10

15

7

11

5

7

Luxembourg

15

21

Macedonia

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

36

Croatia

4

5

Malta

12

9

Moldova

2

3

5

Montenegro

9

0

Netherlands

Cyprus Czech Republic

2

2

13

1

15

1

12

1

16

24

22

35

Northern Cyprus

22

18

24

Northern Ireland

1

2

Estonia

15

14

20

Norway

9

11

Finland

12

7

19

Poland

2

2

3

18

20

24

Portugal

8

2

7

1

Romania

3

2

2

23

18

14

Denmark

France

23

20

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

3

4 18

19

22

24

Russian Fed.

48

55

57

Serbia

14

12

14

16

Slovak Republic

16

10

13

9

10

10

17

Slovenia

15

12

11

5

3

6

7

7

13

25

21

15

Sweden

18

20

14

21

Switzerland

Germany East Germany West

4

Greece Hungary

Spain

Iceland

8

5

4

11

Ireland

2

1

3

5

Turkey

Italy

7

5

3

5

Ukraine

6

13

12 1 11

6

268

Tables

(F062_01) Connecting with the divine Variable/Question Response Country/Region

How true is this statement for you? I have my own way of connecting with the Divine without churches or religious services. Very much (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

16

Kosovo

13

Armenia

40

Latvia

24

Austria

25

Lithuania

25

Belarus

21

Luxembourg

30

Belgium

21

Macedonia

30

Bosnia and Herz.

22

Malta

14

Bulgaria

25

Moldova

31

Croatia

20

Montenegro

16

Cyprus

31

Netherlands

16

Czech Republic

16

Northern Cyprus

47

Denmark

30

Northern Ireland

32

Estonia

19

Norway

12

Finland

26

Poland

22

France

31

Portugal

21

Georgia

14

Romania

38

Germany

19

Russian Fed.

26

Germany East

12

Serbia

21

Germany West

20

Slovak Republic

24

Great Britain

23

Slovenia

20

Greece

29

Spain

25

Hungary

17

Sweden

29

Iceland

37

Switzerland

31

Ireland

35

Turkey

42

Italy

17

Ukraine

29

269

Tables (F062_02) Spiritual person Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Whether or not you think of yourself as a religious person, how spiritual would you say you are, that is how strongly are you interested in the sacred or the supernatural? Very interested (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

22

Kosovo

34

Armenia

25

Latvia

13

Austria

16

Lithuania

Belarus

13

Luxembourg

16

Belgium

13

Macedonia

21

Bosnia and Herz.

21

Malta

34

Bulgaria

11

Moldova

16

Croatia

22

Montenegro

19

Cyprus

41

Netherlands

21

8

Northern Cyprus

21

Denmark

12

Northern Ireland

17

Estonia

11

Norway

11

Finland

12

Poland

10

France

12

Portugal

15

Georgia

25

Romania

16

Germany

10

Russian Fed.

12

Serbia

19

Czech Republic

8

Germany East

5

Germany West

12

Slovak Republic

13

Great Britain

18

Slovenia

16

Greece

19

Spain

16

Hungary

10

Sweden

14

Iceland

20

Switzerland

19

Ireland

19

Turkey

42

Italy

20

Ukraine

24

270 (F062_03-a)

Tables Only one true religion

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

These are statements one sometimes hears. Please choose the statement that best describes your view? There is only one true religion (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

37

Kosovo

24

Armenia

45

Latvia

16

Austria

9

Lithuania

15

Belarus

21

Luxembourg

8

Belgium

7

Macedonia

36

Bosnia and Herz.

31

Malta

31

Bulgaria

15

Moldova

49

Croatia

25

Montenegro

23

Cyprus

50

Netherlands

10

Czech Republic

9

Northern Cyprus

49

Denmark

7

Northern Ireland

22

Estonia

10

Norway

7

Finland

5

Poland

31

France

6

Portugal

25

Georgia

81

Romania

36

Germany

13

Russian Fed.

24

Serbia

28

Slovak Republic

19

Slovenia

11 26

Germany East

4

Germany West

15

Great Britain

9

Greece

43

Spain

Hungary

14

Sweden

4

Iceland

5

Switzerland

7

Ireland

21

Turkey

68

Italy

23

Ukraine

31

271

Tables (F062_03-b)

One true religion and others have truths as well

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

These are statements one sometimes hears. Please choose the statement that best describes your view? There is only one true religion, but other religions do contain some truths as well (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

19

Kosovo

44

Armenia

37

Latvia

28

Austria

25

Lithuania

34

Belarus

32

Luxembourg

17

Belgium

19

Macedonia

40

Bosnia and Herz.

43

Malta

48

Bulgaria

21

Moldova

35

Croatia

40

Montenegro

38

Cyprus

34

Netherlands

14

Czech Republic

14

Northern Cyprus

26

Denmark

20

Northern Ireland

31

Estonia

20

Norway

18

Finland

13

Poland

38

France

14

Portugal

33

Georgia

15

Romania

38

Germany

22

Russian Fed.

30

Germany East

10

Serbia

33

Germany West

25

Slovak Republic

36

Great Britain

19

Slovenia

22

Greece

30

Spain

18

Hungary

26

Sweden

14

Iceland

10

Switzerland

18

Ireland

31

Turkey

28

Italy

28

Ukraine

31

272 (F062_03-c)

Tables All religions contain basic truths

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

These are statements one sometimes hears. Please choose the statement that best describes your view? There is not one true religion, but all great world religions contain some basic truths (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

31

Kosovo

30

Armenia

16

Latvia

40

Austria

49

Lithuania

40

Belarus

37

Luxembourg

57

Belgium

50

Macedonia

16

Bosnia and Herz.

20

Malta

20

Bulgaria

52

Moldova

13

Croatia

28

Montenegro

29

Cyprus

15

Netherlands

51

Czech Republic

34

Northern Cyprus

23

Denmark

60

Northern Ireland

42

Estonia

45

Norway

64

Finland

68

Poland

26

France

50

Portugal

31

Georgia

3

Romania

23

Germany

41

Russian Fed.

20

Germany East

36

Serbia

27

Germany West

42

Slovak Republic

31

Great Britain

55

Slovenia

48

Greece

23

Spain

39

Hungary

45

Sweden

59

Iceland

76

Switzerland

62

Ireland

42

Turkey

4

Italy

42

Ukraine

20

273

Tables (F062_03-d)

No religion has any truth

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

These are statements one sometimes hears. Please choose the statement that best describes your view? None of the great religions have any truths to offer (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

12

Kosovo

1

Armenia

3

Latvia

16

Austria

17

Lithuania

11

Belarus

10

Luxembourg

18

Belgium

23

Macedonia

7

Malta

1

Moldova

4

Bosnia and Herz.

6

Bulgaria

12

Croatia

7

Montenegro

10

Cyprus

1

Netherlands

26

Czech Republic

42

Northern Cyprus

2

Denmark

13

Northern Ireland

5

Estonia

25

Norway

11

Finland

15

Poland

4

France

30

Portugal

11

Georgia

1

Romania

3

Germany

24

Russian Fed.

25

Germany East

49

Serbia

11

Germany West

19

Slovak Republic

14

17

Slovenia

19

Spain

18

Sweden

24 13

Great Britain Greece

4

Hungary

15

Iceland

9

Switzerland

Ireland

7

Turkey

1

Italy

8

Ukraine

18

274 (F063)

Tables Importance of god in your life

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

How important is God in your life? (10= very important; 1= not at all important) % Very important (7 thru 10) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

70

Armenia

64

Kosovo

91

82

Latvia

40

42

Austria

51

54

43

Lithuania

58

52

Belarus

22

44

53

Luxembourg

40

37

38

37

32

Macedonia

70

71

68

78

Malta

93

90

37

43

Moldova

70

85

66

65

Montenegro

55

60

82

Netherlands

36

35

Belgium

47

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

20

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark

27

France

32

25

Northern Cyprus

Great Britain

84

18

20

21

Northern Ireland

67

73

22

27

Norway

34

27

42

49

41

Poland

84

82

78

27

27

27

Portugal

57

74

55

91

Romania

67

86

84

21

38

53

49

60

63

55 27

36

39

38

Russian Fed.

24

20

15

Serbia

43

39

44

44

Slovak Republic

47

58

57

43

36

34

33

Slovenia

30

35

37

68

75

Spain

53

49

46

44

23

19

23

25

Germany East Germany West

36

20

Georgia Germany

42

94

21

Estonia Finland

96

Greece Hungary

35

40

39

42

Sweden

Iceland

53

47

51

47

Switzerland

56

Ireland

78

74

67

60

Turkey

86

Italy

63

65

68

67

Ukraine

48 92

92

49

66

275

Tables (F064)

Comfort and strength from religion

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Do you find that you get comfort and strength from religion? Yes (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990

Albania

73

Armenia

60

Kosovo

83

Latvia

1999

2008

95 37

63

62

Austria

59

62

57

Lithuania

72

74

Belarus

31

54

64

Luxembourg

49

42

46

49

44

Macedonia

71

75

72

86

Malta

93

91

45

49

Moldova

92

91

82

77

Montenegro

66

70

89

Netherlands

43

44

Belgium

59

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

33

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark

32

France

40

25

Northern Cyprus

Great Britain

89

27

33

35

Northern Ireland

76

77

36

35

Norway

49

36

49

59

48

Poland

86

82

75

36

35

32

Portugal

67

80

70

97

Romania

76

87

89

35

57

67

63

79

69

71 37

41

50

46

Russian Fed.

29

28

18

Serbia

53

45

55

53

Slovak Republic

54

64

67

48

45

37

39

Slovenia

51

48

55

76

81

Spain

63

57

54

48

31

27

33

30

Germany East Germany West

45

26

Georgia Germany

50

95

27

Estonia Finland

98

Greece Hungary

44

49

49

48

Sweden

Iceland

76

75

75

71

Switzerland

Ireland

82

83

76

72

Turkey

Italy

67

71

72

73

Ukraine

53 88

93

96

65

77

276 (F065)

Tables Moments of prayer, meditation

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Do you take some moments of prayer, meditation or contemplation or something like that? Yes (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999

Albania

81

82

Kosovo

82

Latvia

69

62

71

Armenia Austria

70

Belarus Belgium

63

55

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

36

Croatia

Denmark

49

France

45

68

Lithuania

62

61

79

Luxembourg

58

55

62

52

Macedonia

62

67

80

77

Malta

91

87

34

38

Moldova

88

90

75

63

Montenegro

58

54

72

Netherlands

69

64

Great Britain

61

88

68

28

Northern Cyprus

95

43

51

48

Northern Ireland

75

76

51

39

Norway

62

64

22

75

71

Poland

90

87

84

46

41

40

Portugal

62

73

58

76

Romania

86

94

90

37

33

42

59

73

73

71 64

66

54

48

Russian Fed.

52

30

23

Serbia

67

70

60

54

Slovak Republic

62

66

62

49

54

50

45

Slovenia

45

46

55

61

71

Spain

72

62

55

60

58

61

63

Sweden

34

34

44

44

Germany East Germany West

91

37

Georgia Germany

66

33

Estonia Finland

98 65

Cyprus Czech Republic

2008

Greece Hungary Iceland

44

46

54

50

Switzerland

65

Ireland

82

84

82

74

Turkey

93

95

Italy

73

76

79

75

Ukraine

49

61

277

Tables (F066)

Pray to god outside religious services

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Albania

How often do you pray to God outside of religious services? Every day/more than once a week (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990

48

Armenia

1999

2008

49

Kosovo

61

53

Latvia

27

26

Austria

34

27

Lithuania

32

22

Belarus

27

28

Luxembourg

25

24

Belgium

27

22

Macedonia

44

31

Bosnia and Herz.

40

48

Malta

80

78

Bulgaria

20

23

Moldova

60

61

Croatia

53

46

Montenegro

19

23

57

Netherlands

29

29

Cyprus Czech Republic

14

14

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

17

13

Northern Ireland

Estonia

15

17

Norway

Finland

35

28

Poland

68

58

France

15

15

Portugal

53

35

51

Romania

70

72

27

21

Russian Fed.

22

27

Germany East

13

10

Serbia

30

30

Germany West

31

24

Slovak Republic

50

46

Great Britain

24

22

Slovenia

Greece

48

55

Spain

Hungary

30

27

Sweden

16

Iceland

37

31

Switzerland

34

Ireland

62

53

Turkey

81

89

Italy

55

55

Ukraine

35

47

Georgia Germany

76 55

54 20

20 33

33

278 (F099)

Tables Lucky charm can help

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Do you believe that a lucky charm such as a mascot or a talisman can protect or help you? % Definitely yes (7 thru 10) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

35

Kosovo

33

Armenia

34

Latvia

33

35

Austria

21

24

Lithuania

20

29

Belarus

19

29

Luxembourg

15

18

Belgium

11

13

Macedonia

31

Malta

Bosnia and Herz.

30 5

3

Bulgaria

66

28

Moldova

38

Croatia

31

29

Montenegro

26

30

Netherlands

Cyprus

10

10

Czech Republic

16

26

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

10

9

Northern Ireland

Estonia

21

27

Norway

Finland

7

8

Poland

59

15

France

10

12

Portugal

14

16

28

Romania

64

36

21

24

Russian Fed.

20

29

Germany East

17

16

Serbia

Germany West

22

25

Slovak Republic

17

20

Great Britain

10

15

Slovenia

15

15

Greece

29

34

Spain

8

14

Hungary

10

16

Sweden

9

12

Iceland

18

19

Switzerland

Ireland

13

16

Turkey

16

16

7

8

Ukraine

17

24

Georgia Germany

Italy

27 8

12 7

25

22

279

Tables (F102)

Politicians and God

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Albania

How much do you agree with the following: Politicians who do not believe in God are unfit for public office. Strongly agree/agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

44

Armenia

34

Kosovo

60

53

Latvia

22

19

Austria

14

22

Lithuania

24

17

Belarus

26

30

Luxembourg

13

11

Belgium

7

6

Macedonia

35

31

Bosnia and Herz.

16

40

Malta

41

42

Bulgaria

24

32

Moldova

45

43

Croatia

28

24

Montenegro

21

36

48

Netherlands

2

5

Cyprus Czech Republic

6

10

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

4

3

Northern Ireland

Estonia

14

15

Norway

Finland

14

9

Poland

17

16

France

9

8

Portugal

15

15

80

Romania

52

48

15

19

Russian Fed.

21

28

Germany East

8

6

Serbia

27

39

Germany West

17

22

Slovak Republic

22

12

Great Britain

11

8

Slovenia

11

10

Greece

37

37

Spain

11

14

Hungary

14

17

Sweden

4

4

Iceland

9

6

Ireland

15

15

Turkey

61

66

Italy

15

17

Ukraine

33

40

Georgia Germany

33 14

22 5

Switzerland

13

280 (F105)

Tables Religious leaders and influence voting

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Albania

How much do you agree with the following: Religious leaders should not influence government decisions Strongly agree/agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999

76

Armenia

2008

61

Kosovo

53

60

Latvia

73

51

Austria

79

68

Lithuania

76

56

Belarus

73

54

Luxembourg

77

72

Belgium

73

74

Macedonia

74

58

Bosnia and Herz.

72

58

Malta

78

62

Bulgaria

79

69

Moldova

58

51

Croatia

79

67

Montenegro

77

73

67

Netherlands

60

57

Cyprus Czech Republic

74

52

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

85

78

Northern Ireland

Estonia

75

57

Norway

Finland

58

61

Poland

81

70

France

82

79

Portugal

79

58

31

Romania

78

62

71

63

Russian Fed.

68

56

Germany East

73

63

Serbia

82

65

Germany West

71

63

Slovak Republic

71

61

Great Britain

65

56

Slovenia

73

76

Greece

59

74

Spain

69

72

Hungary

70

59

Sweden

52

64

Iceland

70

76

Switzerland

Ireland

72

60

Turkey

72

63

Italy

68

66

Ukraine

72

63

Georgia Germany

52 66

49 59

68

281

Tables (F114)

Justifiable: Claiming state benefits

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, never be justified, or something in between. Claiming state benefits which you are not entitled to. % Never justifiable (1 thru 4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

93

Armenia

90

Kosovo

96

92

Latvia

90

88

74

88

80

79

Austria

94

88

80

Lithuania

Belarus

77

67

70

Luxembourg

76

74

78

82

89

Macedonia

72

92

92

89

Malta

97

96

91

91

Moldova

64

85

93

89

Montenegro

82

88

55

Netherlands

96

95

Belgium

85

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

92

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

96

96

98

95

67

92

83

Northern Cyprus

95

97

97

Northern Ireland

95

91

Estonia

84

73

78

Norway

97

96

Finland

46

86

93

Poland

87

85

77

64

65

61

Portugal

79

90

87

83

Romania

93

91

86

86

85

72

87

92

Denmark

France

96

67

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

86

86 92

89

92

90

Russian Fed.

94

87

91

Serbia

91

88

93

90

Slovak Republic

63

78

75

92

92

89

94

Slovenia

76

78

82

61

58

Spain

84

82

84

77

96

94

91

89

Germany East Germany West

98

Greece Hungary

95

79

93

94

Sweden

Iceland

95

91

93

96

Switzerland

89

Ireland

89

89

89

87

Turkey

94

Italy

95

89

91

92

Ukraine

93 98

96

78

85

282 (F115)

Tables Justifiable: Avoiding a fare on public transport

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, never be justified, or something in between. Avoiding a fare on public transport. % Never justifiable (1 thru 4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

88

Armenia

79

Kosovo

79

Latvia

79 83

Austria

92

86

76

Lithuania

Belarus

72

51

50

82

82 90

Belgium

86

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

84

Croatia

74

Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark

92

93 80 70

64

Luxembourg

80

80

81

Macedonia

88

90

79

Malta

88

Moldova

52

80

65

Montenegro

81

82

76

Netherlands

78

81

97

82

98

87

95

86

74

71

Northern Cyprus

95

91

93

89

Northern Ireland

92

91

72

82

Norway

94

93

86

Estonia

84

Finland

88

85

84

Poland

90

75

78

76

78

Portugal

77

85

90

Romania

84

75

77

France

81

Georgia Germany

88

91

82

Russian Fed.

95

95

89

Serbia

87

86

91

81

Slovak Republic

76

65

86

90

78

82

Slovenia

81

83

68

79

Spain

83

84

93

89

69

Germany East Germany West Great Britain Greece

62

56

84

81

84

72

Hungary

93

71

76

Sweden

Iceland

84

76

77

Switzerland

92

88

Ireland

79

85

72

Turkey

90

96

Italy

92

89

84

Ukraine

87

56

66

283

Tables (F116)

Justifiable: Cheating on tax

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, never be justified, or something in between. Cheating on tax if you have the chance. % Never justifiable (1 thru 4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

94

Armenia

82

Kosovo

95

81

Latvia

82

83

69

86

61

72

Austria

90

86

80

Lithuania

Belarus

70

55

66

Luxembourg

69

78

59

63

70

Macedonia

83

91

90

87

Malta

95

96

88

90

Moldova

60

78

78

83

Montenegro

82

89

83

Netherlands

80

85

Belgium

67

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

81

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

93

71

90

75

92

89

83

Northern Cyprus

82

88

92

Northern Ireland

77

86

Estonia

87

72

84

Norway

70

73

Finland

73

84

92

Poland

79

86

80

71

71

81

Portugal

65

83

85

85

Romania

88

78

70

75

72

68

87

90

Denmark

France

80

70

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

81

82 85

80

86

89

Russian Fed.

91

84

95

Serbia

83

77

86

87

Slovak Republic

87

86

84

77

81

82

90

Slovenia

88

85

89

73

81

Spain

75

80

85

81

74

87

94

Sweden

92

82

83

85

Germany East Germany West

99

Greece Hungary Iceland

81

81

87

90

Switzerland

82

Ireland

67

79

83

82

Turkey

98

Italy

91

82

83

84

Ukraine

89 99

97

67

80

284 (F117)

Tables Justifiable: Someone accepting a bribe

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, never be justified, or something in between. Someone accepting a bribe in the course of their duties. % Never justifiable (1 thru 4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

85

Armenia

77

Kosovo

96

96

Latvia

91

92

84

87

87

85

Austria

95

95

90

Lithuania

Belarus

89

71

76

Luxembourg

92

93

82

87

88

Macedonia

95

91

96

91

Malta

99

97

92

96

Moldova

77

86

92

93

Montenegro

97

96

94

Netherlands

95

95

Belgium

82

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

95

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

100

88

99

92

87

87

81

Northern Cyprus

98

99

99

Northern Ireland

96

96

Estonia

89

90

94

Norway

97

96

Finland

96

97

98

Poland

94

95

88

85

86

89

Portugal

93

90

91

95

Romania

87

95

85

95

91

84

97

95

Denmark

France

98

80

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

94

85 97

91

93

90

Russian Fed.

90

89

96

Serbia

92

91

93

88

Slovak Republic

82

76

79

93

96

93

95

Slovenia

93

92

94

90

92

Spain

94

96

94

95

94

94

92

88

Germany East Germany West

99

Greece Hungary

90

79

78

90

Sweden

Iceland

98

96

98

98

Switzerland

93

Ireland

95

97

95

87

Turkey

98

Italy

88

93

95

94

Ukraine

97 99

98

88

92

285

Tables (F118)

Justifiable: Homosexuality

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, never be justified, or something in between. Homosexuality. % Never justifiable (1 thru 4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

96

Armenia

85

Kosovo

96

98

Latvia

89

87

79

96

86

87

Austria

66

42

37

Lithuania

Belarus

88

74

77

Luxembourg

31

30

56

36

30

Macedonia

87

85

86

89

Malta

75

53

78

72

Moldova

84

90

79

80

Montenegro

93

90

80

Netherlands

13

14

Belgium

67

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

89

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

87

37

21

52

41

46

Northern Cyprus

44

27

18

Northern Ireland

89

76

Estonia

87

71

79

Norway

64

57

Finland

52

47

29

Poland

89

74

75

51

34

29

Portugal

81

67

49

99

Romania

92

87

83

94

81

82

84

88

Denmark

France

45

66

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

57

43 21

54

35

36

Russian Fed.

59

44

34

Serbia

66

52

33

36

Slovak Republic

68

45

43

64

61

43

36

Slovenia

71

52

59

43

57

Spain

74

59

33

28

54

53

17

18

Germany East Germany West

81

Greece Hungary

94

78

94

67

Sweden

Iceland

66

36

19

10

Switzerland

53

Ireland

73

69

51

40

Turkey

93

Italy

78

61

44

Ukraine

27 91

94

79

91

286 (F119)

Tables Justifiable: Prostitution

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, never be justified, or something in between. Prostitution. % Never justifiable (1 thru 4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

97

Armenia

89

Kosovo

95

Latvia

79 90

Austria

67

58

51

Lithuania

Belarus

82

75

76

98 85 80

87

Luxembourg

66

64

57

Macedonia

92

86

93

Malta

85

Moldova

80

93

87

Montenegro

92

95

93

Netherlands

74

Northern Cyprus

60

59

Northern Ireland

93

83

Estonia

78

83

Norway

89

86

68

Finland

54

64

Poland

91

80

63

Portugal

86

77

99

Romania

88

83

87

89

82

76

89

91

Belgium

70

64

Bosnia and Herz.

91

Bulgaria

66

Croatia

92

Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark

France

72 55

68

76

71

64

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

45

96

93

36

45 97 84

79

61

53

51

Russian Fed.

72

63

58

Serbia

65

58

51

49

Slovak Republic

79

71

69

63

68

Slovenia

73

68

79

73

77

Spain

79

69

55

58

77

Sweden

77

87

68

Germany East Germany West

98

Greece

73

Hungary

94

78

Iceland

83

77

73

79

Switzerland

57

48

Ireland

83

85

75

74

Turkey

91

97

Italy

85

80

81

87

Ukraine

86

87

287

Tables (F120)

Justifiable: Abortion

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, never be justified, or something in between. Abortion. % Never justifiable (1 thru 4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

58

Armenia

68

Kosovo

89

73

Latvia

67

56

56

88

55

48

Austria

60

48

45

Lithuania

Belarus

43

37

55

Luxembourg

37

42

43

48

37

Macedonia

56

49

55

70

Malta

96

93

42

42

Moldova

62

82

61

61

Montenegro

65

59

80

Netherlands

34

35

Belgium

60

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

42

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

98

50

36

41

26

33

37

Northern Cyprus

37

22

15

Northern Ireland

73

40

Estonia

26

46

48

Norway

38

67

Finland

33

37

26

Poland

52

61

69

43

26

24

Portugal

42

58

44

70

Romania

41

58

60

39

38

45

40

54

Denmark

France

31

40

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

71

61 24

49

48

48

Russian Fed.

50

30

40

Serbia

59

43

53

49

Slovak Republic

22

47

50

54

70

44

39

Slovenia

75

29

32

40

50

Spain

75

51

46

42

35

35

15

13

Germany East Germany West

68

Greece Hungary

51

38

56

40

Sweden

Iceland

50

84

35

23

Switzerland

66

Ireland

90

50

72

65

Turkey

52

Italy

54

39

52

60

Ukraine

38 78

87

55

59

288 (F121)

Tables Justifiable: Divorce

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, never be justified, or something in between. Divorce. % Never justifiable (1 thru 4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

48

Armenia

50

Kosovo

84

66

Latvia

31

44

36

53

39

27

Austria

42

31

25

Lithuania

Belarus

34

23

30

Luxembourg

22

19

36

28

24

Macedonia

51

39

25

51

Malta

75

60

40

34

Moldova

50

67

50

46

Montenegro

38

40

41

Netherlands

17

18

Belgium

52

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

49

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

90

42

78

26

25

25

30

Northern Cyprus

24

15

10

Northern Ireland

65

50

Estonia

27

31

28

Norway

38

31

Finland

17

18

16

Poland

54

45

50

23

16

15

Portugal

35

32

20

53

Romania

40

51

44

35

29

29

28

40

Denmark

France

20

31

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

45

33 12

31

31

27

Russian Fed.

34

26

25

Serbia

39

30

32

28

Slovak Republic

34

33

36

36

28

27

21

Slovenia

22

22

23

21

23

Spain

48

34

25

16

Sweden

24

22

10

11

Germany East Germany West

49

Greece Hungary

40

41

46

27

Iceland

22

16

15

5

Ireland

66

53

40

Italy

42

37

34

Switzerland

40

37

Turkey

38

42

Ukraine

19 56

63

41

41

289

Tables (F122)

Justifiable: Euthanasia

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, never be justified, or something in between. Euthanasia (terminating the life of the incurably sick). % Never justifiable (1 thru 4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

72

Armenia

77

Kosovo

92

79

Latvia

56

42

46

64

38

41

Austria

62

53

48

Lithuania

Belarus

53

37

41

Luxembourg

35

29

40

25

16

Macedonia

69

65

59

73

Malta

83

76

59

50

Moldova

71

78

59

55

Montenegro

54

72

86

Netherlands

18

19

Belgium

62

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

66

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

94

37

87

30

56

36

37

Northern Cyprus

36

23

19

Northern Ireland

72

64

Estonia

58

41

43

Norway

76

54

Finland

29

38

30

Poland

82

66

67

35

22

17

Portugal

68

63

43

82

Romania

65

70

69

64

37

50

48

64

Denmark

France

28

43

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

58

43 33

58

52

45

Russian Fed.

59

48

49

Serbia

55

57

53

44

Slovak Republic

64

42

50

50

44

40

31

Slovenia

56

41

36

52

65

Spain

71

55

42

28

51

43

26

23

Germany East Germany West

66

Greece Hungary

77

50

59

49

Sweden

Iceland

54

44

35

28

Switzerland

40

Ireland

85

78

66

56

Turkey

75

Italy

73

62

57

48

Ukraine

40 76

84

43

61

290 (F123)

Tables Justifiable: Suicide

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, never be justified, or something in between. Suicide. % Never justifiable (1 thru 4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

95

Armenia

91

Kosovo

99

95

Latvia

76

90

91

87

92

91

Austria

73

69

69

Lithuania

Belarus

75

77

80

Luxembourg

59

68

72

67

66

Macedonia

95

94

92

93

Malta

98

92

86

91

Moldova

86

93

92

90

Montenegro

80

92

96

Netherlands

52

58

Belgium

81

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

83

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

100

68

95

53

73

75

65

Northern Cyprus

71

70

74

Northern Ireland

91

82

Estonia

78

83

87

Norway

83

77

Finland

57

74

63

Poland

86

80

80

53

47

47

Portugal

87

83

80

99

Romania

88

95

91

82

84

83

88

92

Denmark

France

65

60

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

86

79 68

69

79

69

Russian Fed.

76

73

61

Serbia

75

67

80

70

Slovak Republic

77

63

68

75

67

69

62

Slovenia

70

65

72

78

88

Spain

83

84

73

77

73

67

56

56

Germany East Germany West

97

Greece Hungary

90

77

93

84

Sweden

Iceland

79

80

86

84

Switzerland

69

Ireland

88

84

83

81

Turkey

92

Italy

89

85

83

82

Ukraine

56 97

97

88

95

291

Tables (F125)

Justifiable: Joyriding

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, never be justified, or something in between. Taking and driving away a car belonging to someone else (joyriding). % Never justifiable (1 thru 4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

83

Kosovo

Armenia

98

Latvia

97

99

93

99

95

Lithuania

98

99

97

91

92

Luxembourg

94

96

98

98

Macedonia

95

Malta

97

98

Moldova

93

99

97

Montenegro

93

95

Netherlands

Austria

100

Belarus Belgium

96

95

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

97

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

95

92 99

97

99

96

99

98

96

97

86

89

84

Northern Cyprus

100

100

98

Northern Ireland

99

99

Estonia

95

95

97

Norway

98

97

Finland

96

98

98

Poland

98

99

93

96

96

96

Portugal

97

93

94

97

Romania

94

99

93

98

96

93

Denmark

France

99

95

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

99

90 96

98

98

95

Russian Fed.

99

99

99

Serbia

98

98

98

95

Slovak Republic

84

76

74

97

99

99

98

Slovenia

98

93

94

93

97

Spain

91

96

94

95

84

99

99

Sweden

96

99

97

94

Germany East Germany West

98

Greece Hungary

97

Iceland

95

92

93

93

Switzerland

94

97

Ireland

99

100

99

98

Turkey

99

98

Italy

97

98

96

94

Ukraine

97

97

292 (F126)

Tables Justifiable: Taking soft drugs

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, never be justified, or something in between. Taking the drug marijuana or hashish. % Never justifiable (1 thru 4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

92

Kosovo

Armenia

99

Latvia

97

98

94

91

85

Lithuania

98

95

96

94

91

Luxembourg

85

88

91

87

Macedonia

95

Malta

94

96

Moldova

94

96

94

Montenegro

96

96

Netherlands

Austria

96

Belarus Belgium

93

94

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

97

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

99

91 99

87

100

84

99

72

96

77

94

93

85

Northern Cyprus

85

79

77

Northern Ireland

96

97

Estonia

94

94

97

Norway

98

98

Finland

93

93

84

Poland

97

96

87

91

84

87

Portugal

92

86

85

Georgia

99

Romania

97

99

93

Germany

88

Russian Fed.

98

97

90

Denmark

France

88

89

Germany East Germany West Great Britain

99 83

78 88

99

97

95

Serbia

96

94

88

86

Slovak Republic

94

82

73

90

89

71

80

Slovenia

95

83

85

76

87

Spain

86

92

85

77

85

97

94

Sweden

97

97

91

83

Greece Hungary

97

Iceland

90

93

89

84

Switzerland

87

75

Ireland

93

96

88

81

Turkey

99

98

Italy

94

94

87

85

Ukraine

97

97

293

Tables (F127)

Justifiable: Lying in own interest

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, never be justified, or something in between. Lying in your own interest. % Never justifiable (1 thru 4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

78

Kosovo

Armenia

92

Latvia

85

87

76

76

71

Lithuania

91

67

72

54

58

Luxembourg

72

78

65

62

Macedonia

81

Malta

94

Moldova

81

Croatia

81

Montenegro

82

Cyprus

83

Netherlands

Austria

81

Belarus Belgium

66

56

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

92

Czech Republic

93

83 92

69

89

65

94

73

93

74

69

80

73

Northern Cyprus

89

90

90

Northern Ireland

91

88

Estonia

82

76

84

Norway

92

90

Finland

79

81

85

Poland

86

88

74

57

59

71

Portugal

63

81

80

Georgia

90

Romania

63

77

74

Germany

73

Russian Fed.

80

66

60

Denmark

France

88

66

Germany East Germany West Great Britain

89 82

75 86

76

78

82

Serbia

74

67

70

71

Slovak Republic

69

73

73

78

77

75

81

Slovenia

87

82

87

74

80

Spain

69

72

74

68

64

81

77

Sweden

89

90

84

71

Greece Hungary

88

Iceland

94

92

93

93

Switzerland

78

79

Ireland

80

85

84

78

Turkey

96

95

Italy

89

80

83

87

Ukraine

71

76

294 (F128)

Tables Justifiable: Having an affair

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, never be justified, or something in between. Married men/ women having an affair. % Never justifiable (1 thru 4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

84

Kosovo

Armenia

96

Latvia

64

71

78

83

72

Lithuania

83

82

75

68

59

Luxembourg

80

84

78

80

Macedonia

84

Malta

67

83

Moldova

91

79

82

Montenegro

86

91

Netherlands

Austria

82

Belarus Belgium

77

74

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

68

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

95

85 98

77

98

74

99

77

97

85

67

77

73

Northern Cyprus

85

86

87

Northern Ireland

92

92

Estonia

63

68

74

Norway

86

88

Finland

75

85

81

Poland

88

88

84

55

59

67

Portugal

82

79

82

Georgia

94

Romania

80

88

86

Germany

76

Russian Fed.

72

77

73

Denmark

France

75

51

Germany East Germany West Great Britain

96 90

85 88

83

74

81

Serbia

79

76

78

75

Slovak Republic

72

70

73

78

81

83

88

Slovenia

61

64

78

73

73

Spain

78

79

82

81

71

86

88

Sweden

83

87

84

75

Greece Hungary Iceland

93

93

96

98

Switzerland

Ireland

89

88

89

86

Turkey

Italy

75

72

75

82

Ukraine

83

76

82 97 79

88

295

Tables (F129)

Do You justify: Throwing away litter in public place

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, never be justified, or something in between. Throwing away litter. % Never justifiable (1 thru 4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

Kosovo

Armenia

Latvia

96

98

88

Lithuania

92

89

80

Luxembourg

96

Macedonia

Austria

95

Belarus Belgium

93

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

Malta 93

Croatia

90

Moldova

98

Montenegro

Cyprus

Netherlands

93 99

99

93

95 78

Czech Republic

90

93

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

96

97

Northern Ireland

85

Estonia

93

89

Norway

93

Finland

87

87

Poland

97

93

France

92

94

Portugal

95

91

Georgia

Romania

96

97

Germany

Russian Fed.

92

96

Germany East

91

91

Serbia

Germany West

94

86

Slovak Republic

82

76

93

80

Slovenia

91

90

88

Spain

96

92

82

80

Great Britain Greece Hungary

81

94

Sweden

Iceland

92

87

Switzerland

Ireland

94

90

Turkey

99

Italy

97

96

Ukraine

89

296 (F130)

Tables Do You justify: Driving under influence of alcohol

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, never be justified, or something in between. Driving under influence of alcohol. % Never justifiable (1 thru 4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

Kosovo

Armenia

Latvia

92

96

97

Lithuania

93

96

88

Luxembourg

94

Macedonia

Austria

95

Belarus Belgium

90

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

Malta 96

Croatia

95

Moldova

95

Montenegro

Cyprus

Netherlands

86 98

99

97

98 97

Czech Republic

95

96

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

99

99

Northern Ireland

98

Estonia

93

95

Norway

98

Finland

97

97

Poland

96

98

France

90

90

Portugal

94

91

Georgia

Romania

96

98

Germany

Russian Fed.

96

96

Germany East

98

98

Serbia

Germany West

93

97

Slovak Republic

92

89

98

95

Slovenia

89

88

94

Spain

96

96 97

Great Britain Greece Hungary

84

99

Sweden

99

Iceland

97

98

Switzerland

91

Ireland

95

96

Turkey

100

Italy

98

96

Ukraine

95

297

Tables (F131)

Justifiable: Paying cash for services to avoid taxes

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, never be justified, or something in between. Paying cash for services to avoid taxes. % Never justifiable (1 thru 4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

77

Kosovo

93

Armenia

85

Latvia

72

62

Austria

73

59

Lithuania

51

62

Belarus

60

66

Luxembourg

57

61

Belgium

50

49

Macedonia

80

Malta

Bosnia and Herz.

56 86

80

Bulgaria

91

90

Moldova

82

Croatia

76

75

Montenegro

85

81

Netherlands

Cyprus

55

55

Czech Republic

86

69

Northern Cyprus

95

Denmark

52

59

Northern Ireland

Estonia

69

76

Norway

Finland

69

69

Poland

77

70

France

52

54

Portugal

87

83

Georgia

91

Romania

75

74

Germany

75

Russian Fed.

70

66

71

65 68

Germany East

83

81

Serbia

89

Germany West

77

74

Slovak Republic

65

65

Great Britain

65

69

Slovenia

71

69

Greece

61

80

Spain

67

55

Hungary

79

79

Sweden

63

60

Iceland

80

80

Switzerland

Ireland

75

63

Turkey

96

97

Italy

81

81

Ukraine

64

77

73

298 (F132)

Tables Justifiable: Having casual sex

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, never be justified, or something in between. Having casual sex. % Never justifiable (1 thru 4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999

2008

Albania

83

Kosovo

92

Armenia

97

Latvia

81

72

Austria

73

63

Lithuania

80

74

Belarus

58

61

Luxembourg

65

66

Belgium

76

71

Macedonia

75

Malta

Bosnia and Herz.

67 99

97

Bulgaria

77

82

Moldova

90

Croatia

78

76

Montenegro

76

85

Netherlands

Cyprus

61

63

Czech Republic

76

65

Northern Cyprus

93

Denmark

62

59

Northern Ireland

Estonia

71

71

Norway

Finland

64

52

Poland

83

73

France

54

54

Portugal

74

73

Georgia

92

Romania

87

83

Germany

65

Russian Fed.

75

65

70

66 54

Germany East

78

70

Serbia

73

Germany West

72

64

Slovak Republic

71

61

Great Britain

65

61

Slovenia

57

67

Greece

49

50

Spain

60

46

Hungary

76

64

Sweden

48

35

Iceland

40

33

Switzerland

Ireland

75

64

Turkey

90

93

Italy

69

71

Ukraine

75

78

64

299

Tables (F137)

Justifiable: Experiments on human embryos

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, never be justified, or something in between. Scientific experiments on human embryos. % Never justifiable (1 thru 4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

80

Kosovo

95

Armenia

92

Latvia

83

Austria

94

84

Lithuania

28

77

Belarus

85

78

Luxembourg

91

73

Belgium

84

64

Macedonia

74

Bosnia and Herz.

93

Malta

86

Bulgaria

84

Moldova

84

87

Montenegro

93

Cyprus

93

Netherlands

Czech Republic

74

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

65

Northern Ireland

Estonia

86

Norway

59

65

Poland

79

France

68

Portugal

68

Georgia

92

Romania

77

Germany

78

Russian Fed.

75

Croatia

Finland

94

81

81

56 88

87

70

Germany East

94

74

Serbia

86

Germany West

95

79

Slovak Republic

79

Great Britain

82

58

Slovenia

90

85

Greece

94

89

Spain

91

58

84

Sweden

59

Hungary Iceland

85

74

Switzerland

73

Ireland

87

69

Turkey

90

Italy

87

71

Ukraine

86

300 (F138)

Tables Justifiable: Manipulation of food stuffs

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, never be justified, or something in between. Genetic manipulation of food stuffs. % Never justifiable (1 thru 4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

79

Kosovo

93

Armenia

94

Latvia

83

Austria

90

88

Lithuania

60

74

Belarus

60

72

Luxembourg

86

78

Belgium

79

70

Macedonia

81

Bosnia and Herz.

91

Malta

87

Bulgaria

82

Moldova

84

87

Montenegro

88

Cyprus

96

Netherlands

Czech Republic

71

Northern Cyprus

Denmark

74

Northern Ireland

Estonia

89

Norway

63

68

Poland

71

France

73

Portugal

68

Georgia

95

Romania

80

Germany

79

Russian Fed.

83

Croatia

Finland

88

81

72

61 97

84

75

Germany East

86

73

Serbia

91

Germany West

85

80

Slovak Republic

63

Great Britain

84

64

Slovenia

76

76

Greece

76

93

Spain

87

70

91

Sweden

66

62

Switzerland

73

73

Turkey

97

80

Ukraine

93

Hungary Iceland

73

Ireland Italy

81

301

Tables (F144_01)

Justifiable: Invitro fertilization

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, never be justified, or something in between. Artificial insemination or in-vitro fertilization. % Never justifiable (1 thru 4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

56

Kosovo

84

Armenia

60

Latvia

35

Austria

36

Lithuania

27

Belarus

22

Luxembourg

25

Belgium

16

Macedonia

27

Bosnia and Herz.

52

Malta

61

Bulgaria

15

Moldova

62

Croatia

30

Montenegro

24

Cyprus

32

Netherlands

11

Czech Republic

25

Northern Cyprus

53

Denmark

11

Northern Ireland

29

Estonia

22

Norway

12

Finland

16

Poland

43

France

14

Portugal

27

Georgia

58

Romania

53

Germany

39

Russian Fed.

30

Germany East

31

Serbia

34

Germany West

41

Slovak Republic

26

Great Britain

27

Slovenia

20

Greece

14

Spain

13

Hungary

30

Sweden

11

Iceland

4

Switzerland

26

Ireland

40

Turkey

55

Italy

42

Ukraine

31

302

Tables

(F144_02) Justifiable: Death penalty Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, never be justified, or something in between. Death penalty. % Never justifiable (1 thru 4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

55

Kosovo

93

Armenia

83

Latvia

35

Austria

74

Lithuania

44

Belarus

40

Luxembourg

61

Belgium

55

Macedonia

60

Bosnia and Herz.

73

Malta

80

Bulgaria

46

Moldova

78

Croatia

62

Montenegro

65

Cyprus

74

Netherlands

67

Czech Republic

34

Northern Cyprus

81

Denmark

76

Northern Ireland

39

Estonia

46

Norway

73

Finland

68

Poland

58

France

46

Portugal

69

Georgia

93

Romania

64

Germany

75

Russian Fed.

32

Germany East

65

Serbia

55

Germany West

77

Slovak Republic

52

Great Britain

39

Slovenia

48

Greece

71

Spain

69

Hungary

34

Sweden

66

Iceland

72

Switzerland

75

Ireland

65

Turkey

77

Italy

76

Ukraine

45

303

Tables



Section G: National Identity

(G00-a)

Geographical identity: Town

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

To which of these geographical groups would you say you belong first of all? Locality or town where you live (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

51

Armenia

50

Kosovo

25

32

Latvia

34

41

44

25

51

49

Austria

34

35

25

Lithuania

Belarus

52

66

44

Luxembourg

43

32

47

35

30

Macedonia

45

40

57

56

Malta

47

47

Moldova

37

44

62

54

Montenegro

46

56

38

Netherlands

39

39

Belgium

66

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

50

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

53

49

46

44

43

35

43

59

Northern Cyprus

52

56

41

Northern Ireland

42

48

Estonia

31

61

39

Norway

63

69

Finland

33

49

18

Poland

33

63

68

41

44

34

Portugal

40

36

38

24

Romania

48

45

58

55

42

Russian Fed.

33

51

38

57

37

Serbia

52

47

55

43

Slovak Republic

43

54

55

49

39

Slovenia

46

53

50

38

31

Spain

41

44

43

46

58

67

55

Sweden

68

56

59

48

Denmark

France

45

38

Georgia Germany Germany East Germany West Great Britain

45 38

40

Greece Hungary

33

Iceland

43

40

38

32

Switzerland

51

Ireland

54

44

59

61

Turkey

34

Italy

46

41

53

46

Ukraine

63

54 52

23 34

49

49

36

304 (G001-b)

Tables Geographical identity: Region

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

To which of these geographical groups would you say you belong first of all? Region of country where you live (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

11

Armenia

19

Kosovo

23

13

Latvia

55

14

11

Lithuania

66

5

5

Austria

32

34

36

Belarus

30

1

3

Luxembourg

11

8

14

21

23

Macedonia

7

10

6

13

Malta

5

5

Moldova

10

13

7

6

Montenegro

27

5

12

Netherlands

7

9

Belgium

6

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

9

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

12

7

15

7

8

18

14

11

Northern Cyprus

22

22

22

Northern Ireland

36

23

Estonia

56

12

17

Norway

14

13

Finland

12

12

11

Poland

12

15

11

14

12

13

Portugal

19

16

16

Georgia

7

Romania

15

20

19

Germany

33

Russian Fed.

24

28

48

Serbia

30

30

Slovak Republic

14

17

Slovenia

10

14

Spain

6

6

6

Sweden Switzerland

20 12

Denmark

France

11

18

Germany East Germany West Great Britain

18 18

17

Greece Hungary Iceland

5

6

6

6

Ireland

16

14

15

13

Turkey

9

11

11

11

Ukraine

Italy

22 11

9 16

7.9 13 18

6

35

10

6

8

9

11

17

17

18

16

8

13

10

10 34

15

8

8

12

305

Tables (G001-c)

Geographical identity: Country

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

To which of these geographical groups would you say you belong first of all? Country (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

37

Armenia

26

Kosovo

45

50

Latvia

6

39

38

3

37

39

Austria

27

24

27

Lithuania

Belarus

12

25

43

Luxembourg

24

33

22

27

33

Macedonia

39

45

23

27

Malta

41

43

Moldova

35

31

22

32

Montenegro

23

30

44

Netherlands

41

38

Belgium

20

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

30

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

28

32

35

36

42

36

35

25

Northern Cyprus

22

19

31

Northern Ireland

17

21

Estonia

8

21

37

Norway

19

14

Finland

41

31

59

Poland

49

19

19

28

28

36

Portugal

27

42

36

Georgia

67

Romania

32

30

19

Germany

14

Russian Fed.

10

25

42

13

12

Serbia

19

37

9

15

Slovak Republic

15

27

35

28

36

Slovenia

42

32

31

35

47

Spain

34

30

28

25

27

20

34

Sweden

22

25

22

30

Denmark

France

37

30

Germany East Germany West Great Britain

24 32

32

Greece Hungary

37

Iceland

49

48

51

53

Switzerland

17

Ireland

25

37

22

23

Turkey

46

Italy

25

28

23

29

Ukraine

21

32 24

28 41

41

26

43

306 (G001-d)

Tables Geographical identity: Europe

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

To which of these geographical groups would you say you belong first of all? Europe (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

0

Armenia

2

Kosovo

3

1

Latvia

1

2

3

1

3

4

Austria

3

4

6

Lithuania

Belarus

1

1

2

Luxembourg

13

20

7

8

6

Macedonia

3

3

7

3

Malta

4

2

Moldova

2

6

3

3

Montenegro

2

3

2

Netherlands

4

5

Belgium

5

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

4

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

3

4

2

4

3

3

3

3

Northern Cyprus

2

1

3

Northern Ireland

1

1

Estonia

1

1

4

Norway

1

1

Finland

5

3

6

Poland

4

2

1

8

4

6

Portugal

4

2

3

Georgia

1

Romania

2

2

1

Germany

6

Russian Fed.

16

0

1

1

2

Serbia

5

4

3

6

Slovak Republic

2

5

2

2

3

Slovenia

2

2

4

3

3

Spain

2

1

2

2

6

2

3

Sweden

1

3

4

5

Denmark

France

3

4

Germany East Germany West Great Britain

7 2

3

Greece Hungary

2

Iceland

1

1

1

3

Switzerland

4

Ireland

2

3

2

2

Turkey

1

Italy

4

5

4

5

Ukraine

2

3 4

7 1

1

2

2

307

Tables (G001-e)

Geographical identity: World

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

To which of these geographical groups would you say you belong first of all? The world as a whole (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

2

Armenia

3

Kosovo

4

4

Latvia

4

5

4

4

4

3

Austria

3

3

5

Lithuania

Belarus

5

7

7

Luxembourg

8

7

10

9

8

Macedonia

6

3

7

2

Malta

4

3

Moldova

7

5

Montenegro

3

Netherlands

Belgium

4

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

7

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

3

9

2

9

3 16

6

2

6

8

9

8

5

2

Northern Cyprus

2

2

2

Northern Ireland

4

6

Estonia

3

4

3

Norway

2

2

Finland

9

4

6

Poland

2

1

1

10

11

11

Portugal

10

4

7

Georgia

1

Romania

3

3

2

Germany

5

Russian Fed.

17

16

5

1

2

Serbia

6

6

2

6

Slovak Republic

6

4

2

7

6

Slovenia

2

4

5

13

5

Spain

6

7

8

10

3

4

2

Sweden

2

3

5

7

Denmark

France

4

11

Germany East Germany West Great Britain

6 9

9

Greece Hungary

7

Iceland

2

5

4

5

Switzerland

8

Ireland

3

3

1

2

Turkey

8

16

15

9

9

Ukraine

Italy

2

2 3

8 9

2

15

7

308 (G006)

Tables How proud of nationality

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

How proud are you to be (NATIONALITY)? Very proud (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region

Albania

73

Armenia

1981

1990

1999

2008

42

Kosovo

88

64

Latvia

49

40

32

41

22

22

Austria

52

53

48

Lithuania

Belarus

34

27

36

Luxembourg

49

54

29

23

31

Macedonia

61

54

38

29

Malta

74

71

34

34

Moldova

23

25

42

42

Montenegro

33

34

68

Netherlands

20

27

Belgium

30

Bosnia and Herz. Bulgaria

39

Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic

75

21

78

23

28

26

33

Northern Cyprus

42

48

49

Northern Ireland

50

54

Estonia

30

24

36

Norway

43

45

Finland

38

56

56

Poland

67

72

51

35

40

36

Portugal

42

79

62

66

Romania

48

47

37

26

31

48

42

43

Denmark

France

32

35

Georgia Germany

Great Britain

28

53 61

22

17

22

Russian Fed.

31

29

20

Serbia

24

20

14

22

Slovak Republic

30

25

40

57

54

50

53

Slovenia

59

56

62

55

65

Spain

52

46

53

57

30

41

41

45

Germany East Germany West

50

Greece Hungary

68

47

49

37

Sweden

Iceland

59

54

66

61

Switzerland

38

Ireland

68

77

73

77

Turkey

67

Italy

42

41

39

47

Ukraine

44 63

74

24

37

309

Tables (G033)

Nationality: Born in own country

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

How important do you think each of the following is for being truly [NATIONALITY]? To have been born in own country. Very important (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999

2008

Albania

45

Kosovo

50

Armenia

36

Latvia

28

Austria

37

Lithuania

25

Belarus

23

Luxembourg

21

Belgium

18

Macedonia

55

Bosnia and Herz.

43

Malta

58

Bulgaria

50

Moldova

35

Croatia

32

Montenegro

40

Cyprus

59

Netherlands

15

Czech Republic

34

Northern Cyprus

31

Denmark

19

Northern Ireland

36

Estonia

32

Norway

18

Finland

31

Poland

42

France

21

Portugal

34

Georgia

59

Romania

55

Germany

26

Russian Fed.

45

Germany East

30

Serbia

32

Germany West

25

Slovak Republic

27

Great Britain

39

Slovenia

41

Greece

37

Spain

41

Hungary

34

Sweden

22

Iceland

20

Switzerland

19

Ireland

51

Turkey

58

Italy

45

Ukraine

36

310 (G034)

Tables Nationality: Respect political institutions and laws

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

How important do you think each of the following is for being truly [NATIONALITY]? To respect country’s political institutions and laws. Very important (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999

2008

Albania

36

Kosovo

42

Armenia

57

Latvia

37

Austria

65

Lithuania

23

Belarus

42

Luxembourg

73

Belgium

63

Macedonia

72

Bosnia and Herz.

26

Malta

67

Bulgaria

45

Moldova

33

Croatia

45

Montenegro

43

Cyprus

69

Netherlands

55

Czech Republic

50

Northern Cyprus

33

Denmark

77

Northern Ireland

36

Estonia

38

Norway

79

Finland

80

Poland

35

France

83

Portugal

46

Georgia

43

Romania

55

Germany

63

Russian Fed.

49

Germany East

68

Serbia

41

Germany West

62

Slovak Republic

66

Great Britain

63

Slovenia

75

Greece

55

Spain

62

Hungary

46

Sweden

72

Iceland

49

Switzerland

64

Ireland

51

Turkey

67

Italy

73

Ukraine

52

311

Tables (G035)

Nationality: Have countries’ ancestry

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

How important do you think each of the following is for being truly [NATIONALITY]? To have country’s ancestry. Very important (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999

2008

Albania

50

Kosovo

56

Armenia

38

Latvia

28

Austria

24

Lithuania

22

Belarus

19

Luxembourg

11

Belgium

14

Macedonia

57

Bosnia and Herz.

31

Malta

50

Bulgaria

53

Moldova

34

Croatia

39

Montenegro

41

Cyprus

68

Netherlands

5

Czech Republic

31

Northern Cyprus

24

Denmark

14

Northern Ireland

28

Estonia

34

Norway

10

Finland

22

Poland

49

France

15

Portugal

29

Georgia

58

Romania

48

Germany

26

Russian Fed.

49

Germany East

44

Serbia

37

Germany West

22

Slovak Republic

24

Great Britain

32

Slovenia

32

Greece

48

Spain

18

Hungary

45

Sweden

15

Iceland

11

Switzerland

11

Ireland

43

Turkey

64

Italy

19

Ukraine

41

312 (G036)

Tables Nationality: Speak national language

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

How important do you think each of the following is for being truly [NATIONALITY]? To be able to speak the national language. Very important (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999

2008

Albania

44

Kosovo

55

Armenia

71

Latvia

59

Austria

67

Lithuania

44

Belarus

24

Luxembourg

56

Belgium

56

Macedonia

69

Bosnia and Herz.

39

Malta

61

Bulgaria

63

Moldova

44

Croatia

53

Montenegro

39

Cyprus

66

Netherlands

70

Czech Republic

53

Northern Cyprus

53

Denmark

73

Northern Ireland

11

Estonia

65

Norway

70

Finland

48

Poland

56

France

65

Portugal

47

Georgia

71

Romania

64

Germany

71

Russian Fed.

59

Germany East

77

Serbia

45

Germany West

70

Slovak Republic

73

Great Britain

69

Slovenia

87

Greece

52

Spain

52

Hungary

71

Sweden

66

Iceland

70

Switzerland

77

Ireland

34

Turkey

59

Italy

56

Ukraine

40

313

Tables (G037)

Nationality: Lived in the country for a long time

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

How important do you think each of the following is for being truly [NATIONALITY]? To have lived for a long time in the country. Very important (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999

2008

Albania

22

Kosovo

48

Armenia

42

Latvia

30

Austria

41

Lithuania

21

Belarus

26

Luxembourg

30

Belgium

22

Macedonia

59

Bosnia and Herz.

32

Malta

56

Bulgaria

47

Moldova

28

Croatia

27

Montenegro

29

Cyprus

62

Netherlands

14

Czech Republic

36

Northern Cyprus

29

Denmark

18

Northern Ireland

25

Estonia

33

Norway

15

Finland

31

Poland

36

France

20

Portugal

33

Georgia

58

Romania

43

Germany

31

Russian Fed.

43

Germany East

31

Serbia

25

Germany West

31

Slovak Republic

34

Great Britain

33

Slovenia

37

Greece

37

Spain

26

Hungary

37

Sweden

33

Iceland

18

Switzerland

30

Ireland

39

Turkey

53

Italy

36

Ukraine

40

314 (G038)

Tables Immigrants take jobs away

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Please look at the following statements and indicate where you would place your views: Immigrants take jobs away from natives in a country (1–10) % Agree (1 thru 4 ) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

32

Kosovo

62

Armenia

39

Latvia

57

Austria

48

Lithuania

54

Belarus

50

Luxembourg

23

Belgium

41

Macedonia

30

Bosnia and Herz.

43

Malta

68

Bulgaria

51

Moldova

49

Croatia

45

Montenegro

34

Cyprus

68

Netherlands

28

Czech Republic

49

Northern Cyprus

36

9

Northern Ireland

60

Denmark Estonia

48

Norway

16

Finland

28

Poland

37

France

23

Portugal

47

Georgia

54

Romania

41

Germany

49

Russian Fed.

54

Germany East

53

Serbia

48

Germany West

49

Slovak Republic

50

Great Britain

58

Slovenia

45

Greece

56

Spain

38

Hungary

69

Sweden

20

Iceland

32

Switzerland

26

Ireland

58

Turkey

56

Italy

35

Ukraine

49

315

Tables (G039)

Immigrants undermine cultural life

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Please look at the following statements and indicate where you would place your views: A country’s cultural life is undermined by immigrants (1–10) % Agree (1 thru 4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

29

Kosovo

57

Armenia

29

Latvia

41

Austria

50

Lithuania

34

Belarus

33

Luxembourg

24

Belgium

40

Macedonia

35

Bosnia and Herz.

31

Malta

72

Bulgaria

21

Moldova

41

Croatia

30

Montenegro

27

Cyprus

53

Netherlands

32

Czech Republic

36

Northern Cyprus

31

Denmark

26

Northern Ireland

41

Estonia

37

Norway

29

Finland

20

Poland

22

France

30

Portugal

20

Georgia

36

Romania

29

Germany

47

Russian Fed.

48

Germany East

38

Serbia

36

Germany West

49

Slovak Republic

27

Great Britain

51

Slovenia

38

Greece

39

Spain

27

Hungary

33

Sweden

27

Iceland

20

Switzerland

30

Ireland

41

Turkey

50

Italy

32

Ukraine

39

316 (G040)

Tables Immigrants increase crime problems

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Please look at the following statements and indicate where you would place your views: Immigrants make crime problems worse (1–10) % Agree (1 thru 4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

40

Kosovo

57

Armenia

26

Latvia

56

Austria

68

Lithuania

54

Belarus

57

Luxembourg

46

Belgium

57

Macedonia

51

Bosnia and Herz.

39

Malta

67

Bulgaria

50

Moldova

44

Croatia

45

Montenegro

37

Cyprus

79

Netherlands

58

Czech Republic

67

Northern Cyprus

46

Denmark

66

Northern Ireland

53

Estonia

53

Norway

71

Finland

63

Poland

37

France

30

Portugal

41

Georgia

28

Romania

31

Germany

68

Russian Fed.

66

Germany East

77

Serbia

49

Germany West

65

Slovak Republic

58

Great Britain

50

Slovenia

54

Greece

65

Spain

46

Hungary

64

Sweden

52

Iceland

57

Switzerland

64

Ireland

47

Turkey

50

Italy

67

Ukraine

50

317

Tables (G041)

Immigrants are strain on welfare system

Variable/Question Response Country/Region

Please look at the following statements and indicate where you would place your views: Immigrants are a strain on a country’s welfare system (1–10) % Agree (1 thru 4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

42

Kosovo

56

Armenia

27

Latvia

54

Austria

67

Lithuania

57

Belarus

45

Luxembourg

42

Belgium

60

Macedonia

40

Bosnia and Herz.

38

Malta

92

Bulgaria

49

Moldova

40

Croatia

52

Montenegro

36

Cyprus

71

Netherlands

42

Czech Republic

60

Northern Cyprus

34

Denmark

55

Northern Ireland

68

Estonia

55

Norway

61

Finland

53

Poland

45

France

42

Portugal

37

Georgia

36

Romania

29

Germany

66

Russian Fed.

49

Germany East

80

Serbia

54

Germany West

63

Slovak Republic

61

Great Britain

71

Slovenia

55

Greece

56

Spain

31

Hungary

69

Sweden

42

Iceland

28

Switzerland

57

Ireland

70

Turkey

50

Italy

46

Ukraine

45

318 (G042)

Tables Immigrants are threat to society

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please look at the following statements and indicate where you would place your views: In the future the proportion of immigrants will become a threat to society (1–10) % Agree (1 thru 4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

34

Kosovo

57

Armenia

33

Latvia

57

Austria

56

Lithuania

62

Belarus

46

Luxembourg

37

Belgium

56

Macedonia

41

Bosnia and Herz.

35

Malta

89

Bulgaria

37

Moldova

35

Croatia

42

Montenegro

30

Cyprus

71

Netherlands

41

Czech Republic

57

Northern Cyprus

34

Denmark

38

Northern Ireland

60

Estonia

55

Norway

42

Finland

42

Poland

32

France

39

Portugal

35

Georgia

62

Romania

28

Germany

53

Russian Fed.

68

Germany East

51

Serbia

44

Germany West

53

Slovak Republic

56

Great Britain

64

Slovenia

48

Greece

60

Spain

34

Hungary

55

Sweden

34

Iceland

28

Switzerland

35

Ireland

56

Turkey

51

Italy

47

Ukraine

52

319

Tables (G043)

Immigrants should maintain customs

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please look at the following statements and indicate where you would place your views: For the greater good of society it is better if immigrants maintain their distinct customs and traditions (1–10) % Agree (1 thru 4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

44

Kosovo

54

Armenia

43

Latvia

35

Austria

33

Lithuania

30

Belarus

35

Luxembourg

22

Belgium

13

Macedonia

31

Bosnia and Herz.

38

Malta

40

Bulgaria

44

Moldova

43

Croatia

43

Montenegro

37

Cyprus

55

Netherlands

17

Czech Republic

37

Northern Cyprus

26

Denmark

17

Northern Ireland

25

Estonia

37

Norway

11

Finland

16

Poland

40

France

23

Portugal

30

Georgia

38

Romania

53

Germany

45

Russian Fed.

28

Germany East

33

Serbia

46

Germany West

47

Slovak Republic

32

Great Britain

24

Slovenia

38

Greece

52

Spain

23

Hungary

39

Sweden

14

Iceland

17

Switzerland

20

Ireland

37

Turkey

37

Italy

25

Ukraine

36

320 (G044)

Tables Feel Stranger in own country

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please indicate to what extent you agree or disagree with each of the following statements regarding immigrants living in your country: Because of the number of immigrants in your country, you feel sometimes like a stranger. Agree strongly/Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

8

Kosovo

55

Armenia

14

Latvia

14

Austria

51

Lithuania

11

Belarus

11

Luxembourg

30

Belgium

37

Macedonia

18

Bosnia and Herz.

23

Malta

36

Bulgaria

10

Moldova

23

Croatia

18

Montenegro

22

Cyprus

51

Netherlands

26

Czech Republic

29

Northern Cyprus

25

Denmark

14

Northern Ireland

34

Estonia

12

Norway

19

Finland

18

Poland

11

France

30

Portugal

21

Georgia

14

Romania

14

Germany

34

Russian Fed.

31

Germany East

19

Serbia

23

Germany West

37

Slovak Republic

Great Britain

45

Slovenia

24

Greece

43

Spain

29

Hungary

19

Sweden

24

Iceland

12

Switzerland

33

Ireland

44

Turkey

31

Italy

27

Ukraine

18

9

321

Tables (G045)

Too many immigrants

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Please indicate to what extent you agree or disagree with each of the following statements regarding immigrants living in your country: Today there are too many immigrants in your country. Agree strongly/Agree (%) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

18

Kosovo

50

Armenia

29

Latvia

22

Austria

65

Lithuania

17

Belarus

24

Luxembourg

43

Belgium

57

Macedonia

28

Bosnia and Herz.

26

Malta

93

Bulgaria

14

Moldova

25

Croatia

29

Montenegro

28

Cyprus

94

Netherlands

41

Czech Republic

46

Northern Cyprus

53

Denmark

31

Northern Ireland

63

Estonia

23

Norway

43

Finland

32

Poland

17

France

44

Portugal

48

Georgia

51

Romania

17

Germany

54

Russian Fed.

74

Germany East

55

Serbia

36

Germany West

54

Slovak Republic

20

Great Britain

69

Slovenia

42

Greece

91

Spain

61

Hungary

53

Sweden

40

Iceland

27

Switzerland

46

Ireland

60

Turkey

62

Italy

62

Ukraine

39

322 (G046)

Tables EU fears: Loss of social security

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Some people may have fears about the building of the European Union. I am going to read a number of things which people say they are afraid of. For each tell me if you—personally—are currently afraid of: The loss of social security (1–10). % Afraid (1–4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

52

Kosovo

51

Armenia

36

Latvia

66

Austria

51

Lithuania

40

Belarus

49

Luxembourg

49

Belgium

56

Macedonia

25

Bosnia and Herz.

47

Malta

50

Bulgaria

28

Moldova

34

Croatia

52

Montenegro

35

Cyprus

32

Netherlands

35

Czech Republic

51

Northern Cyprus

64

Denmark

37

Northern Ireland

52

Estonia

43

Norway

Finland

61

Poland

35

France

64

Portugal

65

Georgia

24

Romania

34

Germany

64

Russian Fed.

55

Germany East

67

Serbia

46

Germany West

64

Slovak Republic

41

Great Britain

52

Slovenia

65

Greece

51

Spain

48

Hungary

61

Sweden

53

Iceland

31

Switzerland

39

Ireland

50

Turkey

64

Italy

42

Ukraine

47

323

Tables (G047)

EU fears: Loss of national identity/culture

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Some people may have fears about the building of the European Union. I am going to read a number of things which people say they are afraid of. For each tell me if you—personally—are currently afraid of: The loss of national identity/culture (1–10). % Afraid (1–4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

52

Kosovo

50

Armenia

49

Latvia

50

Austria

41

Lithuania

37

Belarus

45

Luxembourg

42

Belgium

40

Macedonia

32

Bosnia and Herz.

42

Malta

50

Bulgaria

29

Moldova

37

Croatia

44

Montenegro

29

Cyprus

33

Netherlands

33

Czech Republic

46

Northern Cyprus

68

Denmark

42

Northern Ireland

53

Estonia

41

Norway

Finland

53

Poland

27

France

50

Portugal

44

Georgia

29

Romania

35

Germany

49

Russian Fed.

49

Germany East

39

Serbia

43

Germany West

52

Slovak Republic

27

Great Britain

68

Slovenia

58

Greece

51

Spain

46

Hungary

45

Sweden

41

Iceland

38

Switzerland

36

Ireland

56

Turkey

67

Italy

40

Ukraine

42

324 (G048)

Tables EU fears: Country paying more and more to EU

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Some people may have fears about the building of the European Union. I am going to read a number of things which people say they are afraid of. For each tell me if you—personally—are currently afraid of: Your country paying more and more to the European Union (1–10). % Afraid (1–4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

44

Kosovo

45

Armenia

44

Latvia

72

Austria

57

Lithuania

62

Belarus

48

Luxembourg

49

Belgium

49

Macedonia

27

Bosnia and Herz.

38

Malta

58

Bulgaria

49

Moldova

33

Croatia

61

Montenegro

34

Cyprus

44

Netherlands

54

Czech Republic

57

Northern Cyprus

60

Denmark

40

Northern Ireland

61

Estonia

55

Norway

Finland

71

Poland

42

France

58

Portugal

63

Georgia

22

Romania

49

Germany

66

Russian Fed.

56

Germany East

68

Serbia

49

Germany West

65

Slovak Republic

43

Great Britain

72

Slovenia

74

Greece

57

Spain

42

Hungary

67

Sweden

63

Iceland

59

Switzerland

48

Ireland

54

Turkey

Italy

39

Ukraine

52

325

Tables (G049)

EU fears: Loss of power in world for country

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Some people may have fears about the building of the European Union. I am going to read a number of things which people say they are afraid of. For each tell me if you—personally—are currently afraid of: A loss of power in the world for your country (1–10). % Afraid (1–4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

38

Kosovo

43

Armenia

40

Latvia

51

Austria

35

Lithuania

37

Belarus

44

Luxembourg

36

Belgium

37

Macedonia

18

Bosnia and Herz.

31

Malta

49

Bulgaria

33

Moldova

27

Croatia

38

Montenegro

26

Cyprus

30

Netherlands

34

Czech Republic

42

Northern Cyprus

67

Denmark

35

Northern Ireland

49

Estonia

32

Norway

Finland

62

Poland

28

France

47

Portugal

45

Georgia

15

Romania

34

Germany

43

Russian Fed.

54

Germany East

33

Serbia

40

Germany West

45

Slovak Republic

20

Great Britain

65

Slovenia

46

Greece

46

Spain

42

Hungary

52

Sweden

49

Iceland

41

Switzerland

36

Ireland

60

Turkey

65

Italy

33

Ukraine

46

326 (G050)

Tables EU fears: Loss of jobs in country

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Some people may have fears about the building of the European Union. I am going to read a number of things which people say they are afraid of. For each tell me if you—personally—are currently afraid of: The loss of jobs in your country (1–10). % Afraid (1–4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

48

Kosovo

46

Armenia

52

Latvia

83

Austria

60

Lithuania

63

Belarus

55

Luxembourg

58

Belgium

60

Macedonia

19

Bosnia and Herz.

41

Malta

56

Bulgaria

44

Moldova

30

Croatia

51

Montenegro

40

Cyprus

56

Netherlands

36

Czech Republic

50

Northern Cyprus

65

Denmark

35

Northern Ireland

64

Estonia

55

Norway

Finland

77

Poland

32

France

62

Portugal

71

Georgia

25

Romania

43

Germany

74

Russian Fed.

56

Germany East

77

Serbia

48

Germany West

73

Slovak Republic

35

Great Britain

77

Slovenia

74

Greece

69

Spain

49

Hungary

80

Sweden

50

Iceland

38

Switzerland

44

Ireland

71

Turkey

66

Italy

55

Ukraine

65

327

Tables (G051)

Enlargement European Union

Variable/Question

Response Country/Region

Some say that the European Union enlargement should go further. Others say it has already gone too far. What describes your position (1 = should go further; 10 = has already gone too far)? % Should go further (1–4) 1981 1990 1999 2008 Country/Region 1981 1990 1999 2008

Albania

74

Kosovo

34

Armenia

44

Latvia

16

Austria

22

Lithuania

33

Belarus

36

Luxembourg

24

Belgium

23

Macedonia

77

Bosnia and Herz.

57

Malta

34

Bulgaria

56

Moldova

66

Croatia

35

Montenegro

45

Cyprus

35

Netherlands

24

Czech Republic

34

Northern Cyprus

36

Denmark

31

Northern Ireland

12

Estonia

26

Norway

24

Finland

16

Poland

47

France

18

Portugal

31

Georgia

74

Romania

55

Germany

22

Russian Fed.

23

Germany East

25

Serbia

45

Germany West

22

Slovak Republic

39

Great Britain

11

Slovenia

36

Greece

27

Spain

29

Hungary

28

Sweden

28

Iceland

22

Switzerland

30

Ireland

13

Turkey

31

Italy

29

Ukraine

44