Essays on Word/Music Adaptation and on Surveying the Field.: 9 (Word and Music Studies) 9042024305, 9789042024304

The twelve essays presented in this volume are drawn from the Fifth International Conference on Word and Music Studies h

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Table of contents :
Word and Music Studies: Essays on Word/Music Adaptation and on Surveying the Field
Contents
Preface
Introduction
Word/Music Adaptation
Berlioz's Romeo et Juliette Symphony and the European Reception of Shakespeare
From Novel to Song via Myth: Wuthering Heights as a Case of Popular Intermedial Adaptation
From Novel into Film into Opera: Multiple Transformations of Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights
Adaptations of Othello: Shakespeare – Verdi – Zeffrrelli
The Spoken Opera-Film Fedora (1942): Intermedial Transposition and hnplicit Operatic References in Film
Literary Mediations of Baroque Music: Biber, Bach, and Nancy Huston
Interart Contraband: What Passed between Garcia, Liszt and Sand in "Le Contrebandier"
Conscientious Translation: Liszt, Robert Franz, and the Phenomenology of Lied Transcription
Longing for Longing: Song as Transmutation
Strauss, Idomeneo and Postmodernism
Surveying the Field
Description: A Common Potential of Words and Music?
Whose Classical Music? Reflections on Film Adaptation
Notes on Contributors
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Essays on Word/Music Adaptation and on Surveying the Field.: 9 (Word and Music Studies)
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Word and Music Studies Essays on Word/Music Adaptation and on Surveying the Field

WORD AND MUSIC STUDIES 9 Series Editors

Walter Bernhart Michael Halliwell Lawrence Kramer Suzanne M. Lodato Werner Wolf

The book series WORD AND MUSIC STUDIES (WMS) is the central organ of the International Association for Word and Music Studies (WMA), an association founded in 1997 to promote transdisciplinary scholarly inquiry devoted to the relations between literature/verbal texts/language and music. WMA aims to provide an international forum for musicologists and literary scholars with an interest in interart/intermedial studies and in crossing cultural as well as disciplinary boundaries. WORD AND MUSIC STUDIES will publish, generally on an annual basis, theme-oriented volumes, documenting and critically assessing the scope, theory, methodology, and the disciplinary and institutional dimensions and prospects of the field on an international scale: conference proceedings, collections of scholarly essays, and, occasionally, monographs on pertinent individual topics as well as research reports and bibliographical and lexicographical work.

Word and Music Studies Essays on Word/Music Adaptation and on Surveying the Field

Edited by

David Francis Urrows

Amsterdam - New York, NY 2008

Cover design: Pier Post The paper on which this book is printed meets the requirements of “ISO 9706: 1994, Information and documentation - Paper for documents Requirements for permanence”. ISBN-13: 978-90-420-2430-4 ©Editions Rodopi B.V., Amsterdam - New York, NY 2008 Printed in The Netherlands

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