Epistemic Meaning: A Crosslinguistic and Functional-Cognitive Study 9783110219036, 9783110204384

This book is intended to contribute to the clarification of the linguistic research area covered by the terms modal, evi

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Table of contents :
Acknowledgements
List of figures
List of tables
List of abbreviations
1. Preliminaries
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Overview of the book
1.3. Theoretical basis
1.3.1. Central assumptions
1.3.2. Crosslinguistic descriptive categories
1.4. Empirical basis
1.5. The term epistemic in linguistics and philosophy
1.6. Epistemic meanings and notions
1.6.1. Evidential meanings and notions
1.6.2. Epistemic modal meanings and notions
1.6.3. Non-epistemic meanings and notions occasionally considered epistemic in the literature
1.6.4. Overview of epistemic meanings and notions
1.7. Precursors of the category of epistemicity
1.7.1. Epistemic meaning variants
1.7.2. Epistemic stance
1.7.3. Language-specific groups of epistemic expressions
1.7.4. The descriptive category of status
1.7.5. Epistemic scales
1.8. Summary of Chapter 1
2. Epistemic systems
2.1. Introduction
2.1.1. Morphosyntactic systems
2.1.2. The argument
2.1.3. Overview of Chapter 2
2.2. General epistemic systems across languages
2.2.1. General epistemic systems in American languages
2.2.2. General epistemic systems in non-American languages
2.2.3. Evidential subsystems with epistemic modal extensions as general epistemic systems
2.2.4. Other possible instances of general epistemic systems
2.3. Epistemic subsystems across languages
2.3.1. Evidential systems across languages
2.3.2. Epistemic modal systems across languages
2.3.3. Epistemic extensions of narrow-sense modal systems
2.4. Several epistemic systems in one and the same language
2.5. Epistemic expressions as a universal phenomenon
2.5.1. Scattered coding of epistemic meaning
2.5.2. Lexical coding of epistemic meaning
2.6. Summary of Chapter 2
3. A semantic map of epistemic expressions
3.1. Introduction
3.1.1. Semantic mapping
3.1.2. The argument
3.1.3. Overview of Chapter 3
3.2. The map
3.3. The crosslinguistic significance of the notional distinctions found in the map
3.3.1. The distinction between direct and indirect justification
3.3.2. The distinction between full, partial and neutral support
3.3.3. The distinction between evidential and epistemic modal notions
3.4. The crosslinguistic significance of the connecting lines found in the map
3.4.1. Connecting line 1: The link between direct and indirect justification
3.4.2. Connecting line 2: The link between full and partial support
3.4.3. Connecting line 3: The link between partial and neutral support
3.4.4. Connecting line 4: The link between direct justification and full support
3.4.5. Connecting line 5: The link between indirect justification and partial support
3.5. How to falsify the proposed semantic map of epistemic expressions
3.6. The structure of the semantic map of epistemic expressions
3.6.1. The epistemic modal scale
3.6.2. The evidential reliability scale
3.6.3. The relation between the epistemic modal scale and the evidential scale
3.7. Related semantic maps
3.7.1. Anderson’s (1986) map of evidentiality
3.7.2. Van der Auwera and Plungian’s (1998) map of narrow-sense modality
3.8. The asymmetry of the semantic map with respect to coding potential
3.8.1. Zero-coding potential
3.8.2. Dependencies between zero-coding potentials
3.9. Summary of Chapter 3
4. Epistemic meaning and scope
4.1. Introduction
4.1.1. Scope
4.1.2. The argument
4.1.3. Overview of Chapter 4
4.2. The scope of epistemic meaning
4.2.1. Speech acts, propositions and states-of-affairs
4.2.2. Epistemic meaning and the proposition
4.3. The distribution of epistemic expressions among different clause types
4.3.1. Distribution among different types of independent clauses
4.3.2. Distribution among different types of dependent clauses
4.3.3. Epistemic expressions disambiguate polyfunctional clauses as propositional
4.3.4. Propositional clauses disambiguate polyfunctional expressions as epistemic
4.4. The position of grammatical epistemic expressions in a universal ordering of grammatical expressions
4.4.1. A universal ordering of grammatical tense, epistemic and illocutionary expressions
4.4.2. The ordering of grammatical epistemic expressions relative to other grammatical expressions
4.4.3. The ordering of co-occurring grammatical epistemic expressions relative to each other
4.4.4. The ordering of grammatical epistemic expressions and the propositional scope of epistemic meanings
4.5. Less than one propositional expression per epistemic expression
4.5.1. Epistemic expressions without propositional expressions
4.5.2. More than one epistemic expression per propositional expression
4.6. Summary of Chapter 4
5. A functional-cognitive analysis of epistemic meaning and the proposition
5.1. Introduction
5.1.1. Definitions of epistemic, evidential and epistemic modal meaning
5.1.2. Overview of Chapter 5
5.2. A functional-cognitive analysis of the proposition
5.2.1. The proposition as a referring meaning unit
5.2.2. The proposition as a linguistic prompt to evoke a Langackerian process construed as referring
5.2.3. Arguments in support of the proposed functional-cognitive analysis
5.2.4. Reference and truth value
5.3. A functional-cognitive analysis of epistemic meaning
5.3.1. Epistemic meaning as a linguistic prompt to evoke a conceptual justificatory-support structure
5.3.2. Epistemic meaning as a survival skill
5.4. Relating the functional-cognitive analysis to the crosslinguistic data
5.4.1. Conceptual coherence and epistemic systems
5.4.2. Conceptual coherence and the semantic map of epistemic expressions
5.4.3. Conceptual dependence and the propositional scope of epistemic meanings
5.4.4. Functional dependence and propositions without epistemic expressions
5.5. Summary
6 Conclusion
References
Language index
Subject index
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Citation preview

Epistemic Meaning

Empirical Approaches to Language Typology 43

Editors Georg Bossong Bernard Comrie Yaron Matras

De Gruyter Mouton

Epistemic Meaning A Crosslinguistic and Functional-Cognitive Study

by Kasper Boye

De Gruyter Mouton

ISBN 978-3-11-020438-4 e-ISBN 978-3-11-021903-6 ISSN 0933-761X Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. 쑔 2012 Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston Printing: Hubert & Co. GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen 앝 Printed on acid-free paper 앪 Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com



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