English Verb Inflection: A Generative View [Reprint 2018 ed.] 9783110886467, 9789027932624

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JANUA LINGUARUM STUDIA MEMORIAE NICOLAI VAN WIJK DEDICATA edenda curai C. H. VAN S C H O O N E V E L D Indiana University

Series Minor, 211

ENGLISH VERB INFLECTION: A GENERATIVE VIEW by SILAS G R I G G S and C U R T M. R U L O N North Texas State

University

1974

MOUTON THE H A G U E • PARIS

© Copyright 1974 in The Netherlands Mouton & Co. N.V., Publishers, The Hague No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, -without written permission from the publishers.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 74-75445

Printed in The Netherlands by Mouton & Co., The Hague

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction 1.1 Syntactic input 1.2. Phonological component 1.3. Systematic phonetic representation

7 8 12 13

2. Conjugation of regular verbs

15

3. Classes of irregular verbs 3.1. Definitions of classes 3.2. The data 3.3. Weak verbs 3.4. Strong verbs 3.5. Mixed verbs

17 17 18 20 21 22

4. Phonological processes: weak verbs

23

5. Phonological processes: strong verbs 5.1. Deletion of the/d/suffix 5.2. The /n/ suffix 5.3. Internal vowel change

30 30 30 32

6. Lexical representation 6.1. Special representations 6.11. Underlying voiced velar spirants 6.12. Epsilon 6.2. Design of the lexical entry 6.3. Conjugation rules

37 37 37 38 39 40

6

TABLE OF CONTENTS

6.4. Lexical entries for verbal affixes 6.41. Inflectional 6.42. Derivational 6.5. Lexical entries for the copula 6.6. Lexical entries for irregular verbs

42 42 42 43 44

7. Summary of Rules 7.1. Readjustment rules 7.2. Phonological rules 7.3. Commentary

55 55 57 61

8. Residual problems 8.1. Negative forms 8.2. 'Atonies' and other sandhi forms 8.3. Suffix voice assimilation

63 63 63 64

References

66

Index

68

1 INTRODUCTION

This work presents a complete generative account of English verb inflection within the framework of distinctive-feature phonology. Its title has been selected so as to invite comparison of our work with Bernard Bloch's 1947 article "English Verb Inflection".1 In his paper Bloch applied, with brilliant consistency and stern rigor, the principles of item-and-arrangement morpheme analysis to a description of English verb inflection. Since the description of regular paradigms in a language as inflectionally poor as English is quickly accomplished, Bloch devoted most of his space to a taxonomic analysis of irregular verb forms. Bloch's purpose may be said to have been two-fold. First, he wrote an important part of a structural grammar of English. Secondly — and of more interest to him — he provided an explicit demonstration of the adequacy of a particular theory of language description. Although almost everything that follows represents an implicit rejection of Bloch's theoretical framework, we offer no explicit counterarguments or refutations. (For a convenient listing of major critiques of Bloch's paper, see Allen 1966.)2 Instead, we simply offer our paper as an alternative approach to the description of the same corpus of data. Despite the many theoretical and technical differences between the two analyses, our paper resembles Bloch's in a number of ways. First, we deal with the same data. Secondly, our paper, like his, claims to be complete. In the third place, our paper also has a 1

Language 23, 399-418. Robert Livingston Allen, The Verb System of Present-Day American English (The Hague, 1966), 21«. 2

8

INTRODUCTION

dual purpose. In addition to constituting a part of a generative grammar of English, our paper also serves as a demonstration, a demonstration of the adequacy of generative phonology in describing morphologically- as well as phonologically-conditioned alternation. In sum, this study should be viewed as a 'trying out' of the principles of generative phonology on a corpus established by Bloch more than a quarter of a century ago. This work is divided into eight sections. Section 2 describes the conjugation of regular English verbs. Section 3 explains our system of irregular verb inflection and provides exhaustive lists of irregular English verbs. Phonological processes involved in the derivation of weak and strong verbs are presented in Sections 4 and 5 respectively. Section 6, after explaining the design of lexical entries and introducing the new concept of the conjugation rule, gives the underlying lexical entries for all irregular English verbs. Section 7 summarizes the generative rules necessary to reduce lexical representations to systematic phonetic representations. Residual problems are considered in Section 8. Before proceeding further, however, we must define the theoretical setting of our work. The remainder of this section presents the 'givens' of our analysis.

1.1. SYNTACTIC INPUT

For the purposes of this paper, 3 we assume a transformational8 Our use of this 'antiquated' model of syntax should not be taken as a rejection of any of the 'post-Aspects' revisions in syntactic theory which have been proposed in such works as Emmon Bach, "Have and Be in English Syntax", Language 43 (1967), 452-465; Charles J. Fillmore, "The Case for Case", Universals in Linguistic Theory, edited by Emmon Bach and Robert T. Harms (New York, 1968), 1-88; James D. McCawley, "English as a VSO Language", Language 46 (1970), pp. 286-299; John Robert Ross, "Adjectives as Noun Phrases", Modern Studies in English, edited by David A. Reibel and Sanford A. Schane (Englewood Cliffs, 1969), 352-360; and Robert T. Stockwell, Paul Schachter, and Barbara Hall Partee, The Major Syntactic Structures of English (New York, 1973). With the notable exception of the last work however, none of these proposals contains a generative grammar comparable in scope and rigor with Peter S. Rosenbaum, IBM Grammar II (Yorktown Heights,

9

INTRODUCTION

z O eu

z < 0

O _ ^ « W j D j ; ao a. Q Q Si K H 2 | + I + I + +H J

W

§ •Q

E z C S « PQ

< D. O. H.

em w " I J

O a o -s: o

X tt, — D fiE . S

a c3 60

ffl> E s S7 £» g» U + + I I + I +, FE

Z

O

o g Sw g

C i O m a Z Sf a U > > fc + + I Iw + I£ S

' oa

r > b> ou „S S& 8s 0 S + i i i i I I i 1

1 fe o s ZS co + 1 +

=1

• [ - v o i c e ] / [ - v o i c e ] #

#

The obvious similarities between (2) and (4), on the one hand, and (3) and (5), on the other, strongly suggest that each set may be combined into a single rule. Such a generalization is achieved in Section 7 below. The observations made above about ING forms apply to all verbs. Similarly, except for the four instances noted, all Z forms in English also yield to this analysis. Therefore, no further attention is paid to these forms in the analysis which follows, since all inflectional irregularities in the English verb system are centered in the preterite and past participial forms. This fact permits a taxonomic simplification in the use of the term PARTICIPLE. Hereinafter, we use the term to refer exclusively to the PAST participle. And that is simply all that there is to say about the conjugation of regular English verbs. Indeed, except for a handful of irregular verbs — maximally, there are only 189 — our paper would end at this point. However, inflectionally irregular verb forms do exist in the speech of all speakers of English, and a full account of English verb inflection must include a description of these as well. Thus, our paper must devote a major amount of space to the description of the irregular verbs, the various classes of which are now considered.

3 CLASSES OF IRREGULAR VERBS

After defining the system of classification and explaining the source and scope of the data described, this section presents exhaustive lists of the various classes of irregular verbs.

3.1. DEFINITIONS OF CLASSES

There are three major classes of irregular verbs in English, weak, strong, and mixed. Please observe that, in the definitions which follow, certain familiar terms borrowed from historical Germanic linguistics are being stipulatively redefined. A WEAK verb is an irregular verb wherein both ED and EN are realized lexically as /d/ and in which that suffix is joined to the stem by the boundary/+/, rather than / # / . Thus, the crucial difference between weak and regular verbs lies in the suffixal boundary employed. A full list of weak verbs is presented in Section 3.3 below. A STRONG verb is an irregular verb in which the EN suffix is realized lexically as /n/ and in which typically the preterite suffix/d/ is deleted entirely. In a few cases, instead of being deleted, /d/ is joined to the stem by / + / , as with weak verbs. Furthermore, the tonic vowel of the two inflected forms typically (though not necessarily) undergoes some form of vowel gradation. We recognize three classes of strong verbs, defined in Section 3.4 below, which also contains exhaustive lists of each class. A MIXED verb is one in which either the preterite or the participle is conjugated irregularly but the other form is regular. Among our

18

CLASSES OF IRREGULAR VERBS

data, the irregularity is always that of a strong verb, never that of a weak verb. Thus, we have dive-dove-dived and prove-proved-proven but no *dive-dift-dived nor *prove-proved-proft. We assume that this category would also contain verbs with 'pleonastic preterite', such as ranned and dranked, but none of these occur in our data. The verbs in this marginal class are listed in Section 3.5 below. A SUPPLETIVE verb is one whose alternants differ so radically in phonetic structure as to preclude derivation by rule and so require separate lexical entries. The only two members of this category, be and go, are classed as strong verbs because of their selection of the /n/ suffix. Two separate lexical entries are required for go. The copula requires six distinct entries, i.e. be, am, is, are, was, and were. Our classification of verb conjugations may be captured through the use of just three lexical features, REGULAR, MIXED, and en, as is illustrated in Figure 3. verb form + regular

— regular

+ mixed

1

i— —.

r-L—.

+ en

— en

+ en

I

I

I

— en

I

(REGULAR (STRONG (WEAK (E.g. (E.g. VERBS) VERBS) VERBS) prove) dive) FIGURE 3. Conjugational classes of English verbs.

3.2. THE DATA

The lists of irregular verbs which follow are based primarily on the list of Bloch. 14 Our lists, like his, attempt to include "all irregular verbs current in standard colloquial English, together with a few that are no longer used in conversation but are occasionally spoken in a formal or literary style".15 The lists have been updated slightly, 14 16

Bloch, "English Verb Inflection", 249-250. Bloch, "English Verb Inflection", 248.

CLASSES OF IRREGULAR VERBS

19

both to reflect the analysis of Juilland and Macris (1962)16 and our own dialects. While we, like Bloch, have tended to exclude 'clearly substandard' forms,17 we are apparently not as confident as he in making this judgment, for among alterants in our lists are some not recorded by him. Before discussion the content and format of the lists, we note the specific differences between Bloch's list and our own. We recognize no verb better, as in You better go. The modal might is treated as the ED form of may and not given separate listing. The modal must, like beware, is not listed because its only irregularities are syntactic, not inflectional. The alternant [bias], which occurs before the -lit suffix, is not an irregularity but, as noted by Pope,18 the product of a quite general phonological process in English which deletes [t] when it occurs between an anterior spirant and a sonorant consonant (e.g. soften, hasten, christen). Our only additions to Bloch's list are gild, which we believe belongs here as much as gird does, and shit. Throughout this paper our primary purpose has been to relate phonological form to phonetic shape. In pursuing this goal, we have tended to ignore the important problem of relating specific inflectional patterns to particular meanings. Although Bloch makes some effort in this regard, he is inconsistent. Thus, while he identifies ring as being subject to regular conjugation in the sense 'encircle', he makes no such allowance for fly, as in Bench flied out to centerfield. In our judgment, both of these are different formatives, and thus ring is listed simply as a strong verb. Similarly, we have indicated a total of three possible preterites for tread — trod, tread, treaded — without noting that the last two seem to be largely restricted to the usage in tread water. While these questions are of great importance to pedagogy and lexicography, we feel that they may be safely ignored in our description of the phonological 16

Alphonse Juilland, and James Macris, The English Verb System (The Hague, 1962). " See the many interesting variants in: Virginia G. McDavid, and William Card, "Problem Areas in Grammar", Culture, Class, and Language Variety, edited by A. L. Davis (Urbana, 1972), 89-132. 18 Emily Pope, "GH-Words", Linguistic Inquiry 3 (1972), 126.

20

CLASSES OF IRREGULAR VERBS

processes involved in the conjugation of English verbs.19 The lists below contain no compound verbs, e.g. broadcast, nor prefixed verbs e.g. become, overbid, except for those prefixed verbs in which the stem does not occur independently as a separate verb, e.g.forsake, beseech, begin. Verbs subject to more than one pattern of conjugation are identified by the following notational scheme: verbs subject to alternate regular conjugations are enclosed in parentheses; strong verbs which may also be conjugated as weak or mixed verbs are identified by the notation (W) or (M) respectively; a verb also subject to conjugation as a strong verb is marked with the notation (I), (II), or (III) to indicate which class of strong verb it belongs to. Thus, the entry for cleave in the weak verb list appears as '(cleave (II))'. It is listed as a Class II strong verb in the form \cleave (W))'. Each entry thus recognizes three different sets of principal parts, namely cleave/cleaved/cleaved, cleave/cloveI cloven, and c/eave/c/e/i/ cleft. 3.3. WEAK VERBS

The ninty-eight weak verbs of English are here divided into four phonologically-defined classes in terms of the following criteria. Groups (a) and (b) include all verbs in which the present stem ends in a voiceless segment, whereas Groups (c) and (d) contain those wherein the present ends in a voiced segment. Groups (a) and (c) include all weak verbs in which the /d/ suffix is realized as [t], whereas Groups (b) and (d) include those wherein the same suffix is realized as [d]. The utility of this subclassification is made clear in Section 4 below. (a) (beseech), bet, bite (II), burst, cast, catch, cost, creep, cut, (fit), hit, hurt, keep, (knit), (leap), let, (light), meet, put, quit, seek, " Thus, we ignore the interesting effort to relate the formal difference between smelled-smelt, spilled-spilt, etc. to a difference in meaning. See: Randolph Quirk, "Aspect and Variant Inflection in English Verbs", Language 46 (1970), 300-311.

CLASSES OF IRREGULAR VERBS

21

set, shit, shoot, shut, sleep, (slit), spit (II), split, (sweat), sweep, teach, think, thrust, weep, (wet), (work/wreak). (b) make. (c) bend, (bereave), (blend), bring, build, (burn), buy, (cleave (II)), deal, (dream), (dwell), feel, (gild), (gird), (kneel), (lean), (learn), leave, lend, lose, may, mean, (pen), (rend), send, (smell), (spell), spend, (spill), (spoil), use, went. (d) bid (I), bleed, breed, can, (chide (II)), (clothe), feed, flee, have, hear, hide (II), lead, (plead), read, (rid), say, sell, shall, shed, (shoe), slide, (speed), spread, stand, tell, (tread (II)), (wed), will.

3.4. STRONG VERBS There are three classes of strong verbs in English, determined by the relationship among the stems of the three principal parts. Class I.

Participial stem is identical to that of the present-tense form.

Class II. Participial stem is identical to that of the preterite form. Class III. Participial stem is different from those of the other two principal parts. In this classification, a formal difference that involves only tenseness of the tonic vowel is ignored. This drive (with its participle driven) belongs to Class I because the only difference between the two stems is one of tenseness in the tonic vowel. Although strong verbs are defined above as being those wherein the E N suffix is always represented lexically as /n/, this suffix is deleted by a readjustment rule in more than half of the 92 verbs in this category. Thus, the phonetic absence of [n] or [an] — the two phonetic reflexes of this suffix — offers no bar to inclusion in this category. The membership of the three classes is as follows: Class I be, bid (W), blow, come, do, draw, drive, eat, fall, forsake, give,

22

CLASSES OF IRREGULAR VERBS

go, grow, know, ride, rise, run, see, shake, (shrive), slay, smite (II), stride (II), strike (II), (strive), take, (thrive), throw, write. Class II

bear, beat, (bide), bind, bite (W), break, (chide (W)), choose, (cleave (W)), cling, dig, (dive (M)), fight, find, fling, freeze, get, grind, hang, (heave), hide (W), hold, lie, (shear (M)), shine, shrink (III), sink (III), sit, sling, slink, smite (I), speak, spin, spit (W), spring (III), (stave), steal, stick, sting, stink (III), stride (I), strike (I), (string), swear, (swell (M)), swing (III), tear, (tread (W)), (wake), wear, weave, win, wind, wring. Class III

begin, drink, fly, ring, shrink (II), sing, sink (II), spring (II), stink (II), swim, swing (II).

3.5. MIXED VERBS

All of the verbs in the following list are subject to regular conjugation. For this reason, parentheses enclose the whole set. (crow, dive (II), hew, lade, melt, mow, prove, rive, saw, sew, shear (II), show, sow, strew, swell (II)). Phonetic representations of the principal parts of all of these verbs, along with our proposed lexical representations, are listed in Section 6 below. First, however, we must examine in some detail the phonological processes involved in the derivation of weak and strong verbs.

4 PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES: WEAK VERBS

As explained above, the distinguishing characteristic of weak verbs is that both the preterite and participial forms take the /d/ suffix with only the / + / boundary. For this reason, weak verbs must be lexically marked to undergo a rule which deletes the / # / boundary.20 (6)

#->0/[+(• [rip#t]. Surely, this is but one manifestation of a much more general property of syllable structure, a property which may be language universal. This principle may be stated roughly as follows: within a syllable, voiced segments may not be separated by voiceless segments. We would therefore suggest that this rule should be located among rules presenting redundant properties of syllables, after syllable boundaries have been inserted but before other phonological boundaries have been removed. It could take the form of a mirror-image rule :43 (28) where represents any combination of nonvowels and phonological boundaries but includes no syllable boundary.

** If this approach is correct, Hoard's account of syllabication will have to be revised slightly. Also, how such a rule would be incorporated into the syllabication rules of Hooper we leave open. See Hoard, "Aspiration, Tenseness, and syllabication in English", 137. Joan B. Hooper, "The Syllable in Phonological Theory", Language 48 (1972), 525-540.

REFERENCES

Allen, Robert Livingston 1966 The Verb System of Present-Day American English (The Hague, Mouton). Bach, Emmon 1967 "Have and Be in English Syntax", Language 43,462-485. Bloch, Bernard 1947 "English Verb Inflection", Language 23, 399-418. Cited herein in its appearance in Martin Joos (ed.), Readings in Linguistics 1 (4th edition) (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1966), 243-254. Chomsky, Noam 1965 Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (Cambridge, MIT Press). Chomsky, Noam and Morris Halle 1968 The Sound Pattern of English (New York, Harper and Row). Fillmore, Charles J. 1968 "The Case for Case", Universals in Linguistic Theory, edited by Emmon Bach and Robert T. Harms (New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston), 1-88. Francis, W. Nelson 1958 The Structure of American English (New York, Ronald Press). Griggs, Silas Forthcoming. "Underlying /y/ in English". Hill, Archibald A. 1958 Introduction to Linguistic Structures (New York, Harcourt, Brace and Company). Hoard, James E. 1971 "Aspiration, Tenseness, and Syllabication in English", Language 47, 133-140. Hooper, Joan B. 1972 "The Syllable in Phonological Theory", Language 48, 525-540. Jones, Nancy N. 1972 "Be in Dallas Black English", Doctoral Dissertation (North Texas State University). Juilland, Alphonse, and James Macris 1962 The English Verb System (The Hague, Mouton).

REFERENCES

67

Kenyon, James Samuel, and Thomas Albert Knott 1944 A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English (Springfield, Merriam). McCawley, James D. 1970 "English as a VSO Language", Language 46, 286-299. McDavid, Virginia G., and William Card 1972 "Problem Areas in Grammar", Culture, Class, and Language Variety, edited by A. L. Davis (Urbana, N.C.T.E.), 89-132. Pope, Emily 1972 "GH-Words", Linguistic Inquiry 3, 125-130. Quirk, Randolph 1970 "Aspect and Variant Inflection in English Verbs", Language 46, 300311. Rosenbaum, Peter S. 1968 English Grammar II (Yorktown Heights, N.Y., IBM Corporation). Ross, John Robert 1969 "Adjectives as Noun Phrases", Modern Studies in English, edited by David A. Reibel and Sanford A. Schane (Englewood Cliffs, PrenticeHall). 352-360. Sledd, James H. 1966 "Breaking, Umlaut, and the Southern Drawl", Language 42, 18-41. Stockwell, Robert T., Paul Schachter, and Barbara Hall Partee 1973 The Major Syntactic Structures of English (New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston).

INDEX

ablaut 32-33 Allen, Robert Livingston 7 'atonic verbs' 63-64 Bach, Emmon 8 Bloch, Bernard 7, 15, 18, 44, 63 boundary, phonological 12 Chomsky, Noam 10 Chomsky, Noam, and Morris Halle 12-14, 23-25, 30-38, 55, 61-62 cluster laxing 24, 30-31 conjugation — regular verbs 15-16 — strong verbs 30-36 — weak verbs 23-29 conjugation rules 40-41 contiguous obstruent voice assimilation 25 contraction, negative 63 contraction, subject-verb 63-64 copula, lexical entries for 43-44 deep structure 9-10 diphthongization 35 features, syntactic 10 Fillmore, Charles J. 8 final cluster devoicing 24 Francis, W. Nelson 25 Halle, Morris, see 'Chomsky and Halle' Hill, Archibald A. 25

Hoard, James E. 61, 65 Hooper, Joan B. 65 identical consonant elision 24 irregular verbs — definition of classes 17-18 — lexical entries for 44-54 — phonetic representations of inflected forms of 45-54 Jones, Nancy N. 10 Juilland, Alphonse, and James Macris 19 Kenyon, James Samuel, and Thomas Albert Knott 13 lexical entries, design of 39-40 lexical insertion 10, 30 lexical representation 12, 37-54 lowness adjustment 33 McCawley, James D. 8 McDavid, Virginia G., and William Card 19 mixed verb — definition 17 — list 22 nominalizations (i.e. deverbal nouns) 39-40, 42-43 participle, past — definition 15

69

INDEX

— regular 16 — strong 30-32 — weak 23-28 participle, present 15-16 past, see 'preterite' phonetic representation, systematic 12, 13-14 phonetic representations of all irregular verb forms 45-54 phonological component 10, 12-13 phonological rules 12 — summary of 57-61 prefixed verbs, treatment of 20 present tense form — definition 15 — regular 15-16 — irregular 28-29 preterite — definition 15 — regular 16 — strong 30, 32-36 — weak 23-28 preterite, pleonastic 18 Pope, Emily 19, 33, 38, 43

semantic component 10 Sledd, James H. 62 Stockwell, Robert, Paul Schachter, and Barbara Hall Partee 8 strong verb — classes of 21 — definition 30-36 — derivation 30-36 — list 21-22 suffix, derivational 42-43 suffix, inflectional 15 — lexical entries for 42 ed 16, 17, 23/, 30 en 17, 30-32 — -ing 15 — -J 15-16, 28-29 suffix voice assimilation 15-16, 64-65 suppletive verb 18 surface structure 10-11 syllabication 61-, 65

readjustment rules 12 — summary of 55-57 regular verbs, conjugation of 15-16 Rosenbaum, Peter S. 8, 10 Ross, John Robert 8 rules (All readjustment and phonological rules formulated in this paper are summarized in Section 7 (55-61). See also under name at individual rule.)

velar palatalization 39 voiced spirant elision 28, 64 vowel change, internal 32-36 vowel shift 35, 47

tense, see 'present', 'preterite' tenseness adjustment 35 transformational section 10

weak — — —

verbs definition 17 derivation 23-29 list 20-21

janua linguarum s Series Mi Minor 1 4 9 16 23 24 30 33 38 41 56 57 59 60 68 71 72 73 74 75 88 89 90 98 99 101 105 106 107 109 110 112 114 115 119

Dfl-

Jakobson, R. and M.Halle: Fundamentals of Language 8, Chomsky, N.: Syntactic Structures 9, Rosetti, A.: Sur la théorie de la syllabe 15 FF/ 10, Bastide, R. (ed.): Sens et usages du terme "structure" dans les sciences humaines et sociales 39 FF/ 25, Levin, S.R.: Linguistic Structures in Poetry 10, Juilland, A. and J.Macris: The English Verb System 15, Garvin, P.L.: On Linguistic Method 24, Longacre, R.E.: Grammar Discovery Procedures 15, Chomsky, N.: Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 12, Saumjan, S.K.: Problems of Theoretical Phonology 30, Chomsky, N.: Topics in the Theory of Generative Grammar 12, Haas, M.R.: The Prehistory of Languages 16, Greenberg, J.H.: Language Universals 14, Hockett, C.F.: Language, Mathematics, and Linguistics 28, Akhmanova-, O. and G.Mikael'an: The Theory of Syntax in Modern Linguistics 20, Lieb, H.-H.: Communication Complexes and Their Stages 20, Jakobson, R.: Child Language, Aphasia and Phonological Universals 12, Hockett, C.F.: The State of the Art 18, Juilland, A. and H.-H. Lieb: 'Klasse' und Klas14, sifikation in der Sprachwissenschaft Kramsky, J.: The Word as a Linguistic Unit 14, Sampson, G.: Stratificational Grammar 11, Weinreich, U.: Explorations in Semantic Theory 16, Pelc, J.: Studies in Functional Logical Semiotics of Natural Language 28, Houston, S.H.: A Survey of Psycholinguistics 28, Meyerstein, R.S.s Functional Load 19, Akhmanova, 0.: Phonology, Morphonology, Morphology • 18, Botha, R.P.: The Methodological Status of Grammatical Argumentation ' 11, Birnbaum, H.: Problems of Typological and Genetic Linguistics Viewed in a Generative Framework 16, Chomsky, N.: Studies on Semantics in Generative Grammar 24, Ghosh, S.K. (ed.): Man, Language and Society 35, Bierwisch, M.: Modern Linguistics 12, Botha, R.: Methodological Aspects of Transformational Generative Phonology 25, Jakobson, R.: Studies on Child Language and Aphasia 16, Helbig, G. (ed.): Beiträge zur Valenztheorie 18, Parret, H.: Language and Discourse 32,

janua Iinguamm Series Minor 123 Oiler, J.W.: Coding Information in Natural Languages 125 Kramsky, J.: The Article and the Concept of Definiteness in Language 128 Garvin, P.L.: On Machine Translation 130 Juilland, A. and A.Roceric: The Linguistic Concept of Word 133' Ohnesorg, K. (ed.): Colloquium Paedolinguisticum 134 Jakobson, R.: A Bibliography of His Writings 141 Gumb, R.D.: Rule-Governed Linguistic Behavior 143 Prucha, J.: Soviet Psycholinguistics 148 Lieberman, P.: The Speech of Primates 151 Khlebnikova, I.: Oppositions in Morphology 152 Kilsen, D.L.F-.: Toward a Semantic Specification of Deep Case 153 Blumstein, S.A.: A Phonological Investigation of Aphasic Speech 154 Bloom, L.: One Word at a Time 155 Bolinger, D.: That's That 156 Nilsen, D.L.F.: The Instrumental Case in English 158 Prucha, J.: Information Sources of Psycholinguistics 165 Shands, H.C. and J.D.Meltzer: Language'and Psychiatry 173 Stemmer, N.: An Empiricist Theory of Language Acquisition 182 Chomsky, N.: Strukturen der Syntax 192 Levelt, W.J.M.: Formal Grammars in Linguistics and Psycholinguistics (three volumes)

Dfl. 20,32,22,16,45,10,18,22,20,28,12,20,26,— 12,28,15,15,29,12,-