Encyclopedia of physical science and technology: polymers [3 ed.] 0122274105, 9780122274107

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Table of contents :
Cover Page......Page 1
Table of Contents......Page 2
General Characteristics of Polymers......Page 3
Biopolymers......Page 4
Structure......Page 5
Function......Page 10
Polysaccharides......Page 15
Structure......Page 16
Classification......Page 19
Plant Polysaccharides......Page 20
Marine Polysaccharides......Page 24
Microbial Polysaccharides......Page 25
Peptidoglycan, Proteoglycan, and Glycoprotein......Page 26
Structure......Page 28
Function......Page 31
Utilization—Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering......Page 36
Rubber, Lignin, and Polyesters......Page 37
Polymer-Polymer Interactions......Page 40
References......Page 41
Glossary......Page 42
The Macromolecular Concept......Page 43
Types of Macromolecular Structure......Page 44
Formation of Macromolecules......Page 48
Isomerism in Macromolecular Chains......Page 49
Physical and Mechanical Properties......Page 50
Chain Polymerization......Page 51
Polymer Chain End-to-End Distance and Radius of Gyration......Page 52
Polymer Solution Thermodynamics......Page 53
Light Scattering......Page 54
Size Exclusion Chromatography......Page 55
Viscosity Measurements......Page 56
Osmotic Pressure......Page 57
Vibrational Spectroscopy......Page 58
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)......Page 60
Stereochemical Configuration......Page 61
Geometrical Isomerism......Page 64
Copolymer Structure......Page 66
Regioregularity......Page 71
Branching......Page 72
Theoretical Introduction......Page 74
The Characteristic Ratio, C infinity......Page 76
Spectroscopic Determination of Chain Conformation in Solution......Page 77
X-Ray Diffraction......Page 79
Neutron Scattering......Page 80
Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy......Page 81
Crystalline Polymers and Chain Packing......Page 83
References......Page 85
Glossary......Page 87
General Types of Plastics......Page 88
Oriented polymers......Page 90
Composites......Page 91
Design Considerations......Page 92
Polyphenylene sulfide......Page 93
General Behavior Characteristics of Engineering Plastics......Page 94
Long-term tests......Page 95
Degradation of Engineering Plastics......Page 98
Material and Process Selection......Page 99
Automotive Applications......Page 100
Medical Applications......Page 101
Electrical Applications......Page 102
References......Page 103
Glossary......Page 105
Introduction......Page 106
Purely Viscous Behavior......Page 107
Viscoelastic Behavior......Page 108
Rheometry: Shear Flow Measurements......Page 110
Squeeze Flow Rheometer......Page 112
Effect of Molar Mass on Viscosity......Page 113
Thermal Physical Properties......Page 114
Single-Screw Extruders......Page 115
Twin-Screw Extruders......Page 116
Principles of Mixing......Page 118
Commercial Compounding Lines......Page 121
Lubricants and Processing Aids......Page 122
Extrudate Nonuniformities......Page 123
Extrusion Instabilities......Page 124
Flat Film and Sheet Dies......Page 126
Annular Dies......Page 127
Multiple-Layer Extrusion (Coextrusion)......Page 128
Fiber Spinning......Page 129
Film Blowing......Page 131
Stability......Page 132
Injection Molding......Page 133
Thermoforming......Page 134
Blow Molding......Page 135
Compression Molding......Page 136
References......Page 137
Glossary......Page 138
Electronic States......Page 139
Pendant-Group Polymers......Page 140
Triboelectricity and Electrets......Page 141
Piezo- and Pyroelectricity......Page 142
Photoelectronic Properties of Pendant-Group Polymers......Page 143
Conducting Polymers:Polyacetylene......Page 146
Applications......Page 148
References......Page 150
Glossary......Page 151
Field-Related and Charge-Related Electrostrictive Coefficients......Page 152
Acoustic Impedance Z......Page 153
Molecular and Crystal Structure......Page 154
Ferroelectricity and Related Properties of PVDF......Page 155
Ferroelectric–Paraelectric Phase Transition......Page 156
Ferroelectricity and Related Properties......Page 157
Synthesis......Page 158
Thermal Properties......Page 159
Electric Properties......Page 160
Polymeric and Crystal Structure......Page 162
Cyanopolymers......Page 163
Polyureas and Polythioureas......Page 164
Applications......Page 165
References......Page 166
Glossary......Page 167
Compositional Classification......Page 168
Polysiloxanes (Silicones)......Page 169
Polysilanes......Page 171
Polysilazanes......Page 173
Polyphosphazenes......Page 174
Other Phosphorus-Containing Polymers......Page 176
Boron–Hydrogen Polymers: Polyboranes......Page 177
Boron–Carbon Polymers: Carboranes......Page 178
Boron–Nitrogen and Boron–Oxygen Polymers......Page 179
Heteroatom–Sulfur Polymers......Page 181
Aluminum-Containing Polymers......Page 182
Tin-Containing Polymers......Page 183
Transition Metal Coordination Polymers......Page 185
Metallocene Polymers......Page 186
References......Page 187
Glossary......Page 188
Introduction......Page 189
Types of Deformation......Page 190
Important Stress–Strain Deformation Parameters......Page 193
Effect of Temperature on Stress–Deformation Behavior......Page 197
Time and Temperature with Respect to Molecular Considerations......Page 199
Factors Influencing Dynamic Loss Behavior......Page 205
Stress Relaxation and Creep Behavior......Page 206
Effect of Fillers on Mechanical Behavior......Page 208
Molecular Orientation and Anisotropic Systems......Page 210
Miscellaneous Considerations and Final Remarks......Page 211
References......Page 213
Glossary......Page 214
Introduction......Page 215
Historical Perspective......Page 216
Two-Component Crosslinking Resists......Page 217
Single-Component Crosslinking Resists......Page 218
Main-Chain Scission Positive Resist Chemisty......Page 219
Dissolution-Inhibition Resists......Page 220
Deprotection Chemistry......Page 222
Depolymerization Chemistry......Page 223
Condensation Polymerization Mechanisms......Page 224
Alicyclic Polymers for 193-nm Imaging......Page 225
Photoacid Generator Design Issues......Page 227
Base Additives......Page 228
157-NM Resist Design......Page 229
Conclusion......Page 231
References......Page 232
Nonrenewable Resources......Page 236
Degradation......Page 237
Incineration......Page 238
Primary Recycling......Page 239
References......Page 241
Glossary......Page 242
Degree of Polymerization (Molecular Weight)......Page 243
Basic Considerations......Page 244
Linear Step-Growth Polymerizations......Page 245
Linear Chain-Growth Polymerizations......Page 251
Free-Radical Chain Polymerizations......Page 253
Thermodynamics of Polymerization......Page 255
Kinetics of Free-Radical Polymerization......Page 256
Copolymers......Page 259
Ionic Polymerization......Page 261
Controlled and Living Radical Polymerization......Page 264
References......Page 265
Glossary......Page 266
Essentials of Polymer Stability......Page 267
Material Developments and Applications......Page 268
Polyphenylenes and Polyxylylenes......Page 269
Polyamides......Page 270
Poly(Phenylene Sulfide)......Page 272
Poly(Phenylene Ether), Poly(Phenylene Ether Sulfones), Poly(Phenylene Ether Ketone)......Page 275
Poly(1,3,4-Oxadiazoles)......Page 279
Aryl Cyanate Esters......Page 280
Polybenzazoles—Polybenzimidazoles......Page 282
Polybenzazoles—Ordered Polymers......Page 283
Condensation polyimides.......Page 285
Addition polyimides.......Page 290
Quinoxaline Polymers......Page 293
Ladder/Highly Fused Ring Polymers......Page 294
Poly(benzimidazopyrrolones)—Pyrrones......Page 295
Poly(bisbenzimidazo-benzophenanthrolines)......Page 296
See also the Following Arcticles......Page 297
References......Page 298
Classification of Polymeric Liquids......Page 299
Unusual Characteristics of Polymeric Liquid Flow......Page 300
Definitions of Material Functions for Polymeric Liquids......Page 301
Methods for Determining Rheological Properties of Polymeric Liquids......Page 303
Continuum Approach to Constitutive Equations......Page 307
Molecular Approach to Constitutive Equations......Page 308
References......Page 313
Glossary......Page 315
Botanical Studies......Page 316
Tree Tapping and Collection......Page 317
Yield Stimulation......Page 318
Standard Grades......Page 319
Skim Rubber......Page 320
New Rubber Processes......Page 321
Chlorinated Rubber......Page 322
Physical Properties......Page 323
Product Usages......Page 324
Tire Products......Page 325
Future Market......Page 326
References......Page 327
Historical Background......Page 329
Polyisoprene......Page 330
Poly(ethylene-propylene) and Terpolymers......Page 331
Production by Types......Page 332
Poly(isobutylene-isoprene)......Page 333
Polychloroprene......Page 334
Fluorocarbon Elastomers......Page 335
Polysulfide Rubbers......Page 336
Economics and Future Outlook......Page 337
References......Page 339

Encyclopedia of physical science and technology: polymers [3 ed.]
 0122274105,  9780122274107

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