Encyclopedia of Nanotechnology [2nd ed. 2016] 940179779X, 9789401797795

Table of contents :
Preface of Second Edition
Preface of First Edition
About the Editor
Section Editors
Contributors
A
Ab Initio DFT Simulations of Nanostructures
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction and DFT Foundations
Theoretical Background
Numerical Details
DFT Applications to Nanostructures
DFT Simulations of InN Nanowires
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ab Initio Modeling and Simulation of Metal Nanoparticles
Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics
AC Dielectrophoresis and Dipolar Interactions for Particle Manipulation
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Basic Methodology
Electrical Force Acting on an Individual Particle
Single-Particle Model of Dielectrophoresis
Structural Transitions in Suspension Subjected to Spatially Uniform Electrical Field
Key Research Findings
Synergism of AC Dielectrophoresis and Dipolar Interactions
Macroscopic Models
Microscopic Models
Future Direction for Research
Cross-References
References
AC Electrokinetic Manipulation
AC Electrokinetics
AC Electrokinetics of Colloidal Particles
AC Electrokinetics of Nanoparticles
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
AC Electric Field Interactions with Nanoparticle Suspensions
AC Electrokinetic Techniques
AC Electrokinetic Fluid Motion
Review of AC Electrokinetic Forces on Nanoparticles
Cross-References
References
AC Electrokinetics of Sub-micrometer Particles
AC Electroosmosis: Basics and Lab-on-a-Chip Applications
Synonyms
Definition
Basic Mechanism
Simple Model for Small Voltages
Limiting Effects
Applications for the Lab-on-a-Chip
ACEO Pumping and Mixing
Transport and Aggregation of Particles and Molecules
Cross-References
References
ac-Calorimetry
Accumulator
Acoustic Contrast Factor
Definition
Cross-References
References
Acoustic Enrichment
Acoustic Nanoparticle Synthesis for Applications in Nanomedicine
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Ultrasonic Atomization
Synthesis of Polymeric Microparticles and Nanoparticles
Drug Encapsulation
Multilayer Nanoparticle Synthesis and Encapsulation
Cross-References
References
Acoustic Particle Agglomeration
Acoustic Trapping
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Background
Theory
System Design
Designs Using Local Resonance Cavities
Designs Using a Localized Transducer
Cell Viability
Future Directions of the Field
Cross-References
References
Acoustic Tweezers
Acoustophoresis
Definition
Theory
Applications
Acoustophoretic Enrichment and Depletion of Cells and Particles
Acoustophoretic Cell Washing
Acoustophoretic Separation/Fractionation
Summary
Cross-References
References
Active Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composites
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Shape-Memory CNT-Polymer Composites
CNT-Polymer Composite Actuators
CNT-Polymer Composite IR Sensors
Acknowledgments
Cross-References
References
Active Nanoantenna System
Active Plasmonic Devices
Synonyms
Definition
Main Text
Surface Plasmons: Qualitative Description
Controlling Localized Surface Plasmons
Thermally Driven Active Plasmonic Devices
Mechanical Input
Chemically Driven Plasmonic Devices
Electrochemically Driven Active Plasmonic Devices
Electric Field-Driven Active Lasmonic Devices
Optically Driven Active Plasmonic Devices
Magnetic and Magneto-optic Driven Active Plasmonic Devices
Controlling Surface Plasmon Polaritons
Thermally Driven Active Plasmonic Devices
Electric Field-Driven Active SPP Devices
Optically Field-Driven Active SPP Devices
Spin Coupling SPP
Future Directions for Research
Cross-References
References
Adhesion
Adhesion in Insects
Synonyms
Definition
The Fascination of Insect Adhesion
Adhesive Organs in Insects
Hairy Versus Smooth Adhesive Pads
Insect Adhesive Fluid
Composition and Secretion of Adhesive Fluid
Biomechanical Function of the Adhesive Fluid: Self-Cleaning, Adhesion, and Friction
Adhesion Forces
Friction Forces
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Adsorbate Adhesion
Aerosol-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (AACVD)
AFM
AFM Force Sensors
AFM in Liquids
Synonyms
Definition
Overview and Definitions
Physical and Chemical Principles
Applications
Cross-References
References
AFM Probes
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Probe Design
Probe Fabrication
Future Directions for Research
Cross-References
References
AFM Tips
AFM, Noncontact Mode
Definition
Overview
Set-Up of FM-AFM
Origin of the Frequency Shift
Theory of FM-AFM
Applications of FM-AFM
Cross-References
References
AFM, Tapping Mode
Definition
Overview
Experimental Setup
Theory of Tapping-Mode AFM
Cross-References
References
Aging
ALD
Alteration
Alum
Aluminum Salts
Aluminum Vaccine Adjuvant
Aluminum-Based Nano-adjuvants
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Aluminum-Based Nano-adjuvants in Licensed Vaccines
Mechanisms of Aluminum-Based Nano-adjuvant-Induced Immune Responses
Engineered AlOOH Nanorods as Vaccine Adjuvants
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
Amphibian Larvae
Amplitude-Phase-Distance (APD) Curves
Anamorphic Particle Image Tracking
Anchor Loss in MEMS/NEMS
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Physical Mechanism
Theory
Analytical Model of Anchor Loss in a Cantilever Beam Resonator
Key Research Findings
Future Directions of the Field
References
Anderson Localization
Angiogenesis
Definition
Introduction
The Morpho-Functional Vascular Unit
The Morpho-Functional Vascular Unit in Pathological Settings
The Mechanisms of Angiogenesis
The Mechanisms of Pathological Angiogenesis
Acknowledgments
Cross-References
References
Animal Coloration
Anodic Arc Deposition
Antifogging Properties in Mosquito Eyes
Definition
Overview
Basic Principles
Key Research Findings
Future Directions for Research
Cross-References
References
Anti-icing
Anti-Stokes Luminescence
Aperture Trap
Applications of Nanofluidics
Definition
Overview
Chromatography
Single-Molecule Analysis
Nanofluidic Electronics
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
Arc Discharge
Arrays
Arthropod Strain Sensors
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Form and Function
Individual Sensors
Sensor Arrays
Naturally Occurring Loads and Strains
Physiological Properties
The Problem of Embedding Holes and Synthetic Sensors
Cross-References
References
Artificial Muscles
Artificial Retina: Focus on Clinical and Fabrication Considerations
Synonyms
Definition
Visual Prosthesis for Retinal Disorders
DOE Epiretinal Device Function
Main Components of the DOE Artificial Retina
External Components
Internal Components
Materials Used in the DOE Artificial Retina
Metals
Fabrication Process of the DOE Artificial Retina
Laboratory Studies for Assessing Retina Structure and Function
In Vitro and In Vivo Testing
Clinical and Surgical Considerations
Device Implantation
Clinical Assessment of a Patient with an Artificial Retina
Vision Before Surgery
Clinical Studies to Assess Retina Structure and Function
Fluorescein Angiogram
Clinical Performance After Artificial Retina Implantation
Cross-References
References
Artificial Synapse
Artificial Vision
Arts-Based Research
Astigmatic Microparticle Imaging
Synonyms
Definition
Optical Principle
Data Evaluation and Calibration
Applications
Conclusion and Future Aspects
Cross-References
References
Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition (APCVD)
Atomic Cluster
Atomic Force Microscopy
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Description of Various Measurement Techniques
Surface Roughness and Friction Force Measurements
Adhesion Measurements
Scratching, Wear, and Fabrication/Machining
Electrical Properties Measurements
In Situ Characterization of Local Deformation Studies
Nanoindentation Measurements
Localized Surface Elasticity and Viscoelasticity Mapping
Boundary Lubrication Measurements
Cross-References
References
Further Reading
Atomic Force Microscopy in Liquids
Atomic Layer Chemical Vapor Deposition
Atomic Layer Chemical Vapor Deposition (ALCVD)
Atomic Layer CVD (AL-CVD)
Atomic Layer Deposition
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Key Features of an ALD Process
Precursor Considerations
Precursor Types
Materials Grown by ALD
Molecular Layer Deposition
Plasma-Assisted ALD
Overview of Key Application Areas
Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
References
Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD)
Atomic Layer Epitaxial (ALE)
Atomic Layer Epitaxy (ALE)
Atomistic and Multiscale Modeling of Metal Nanoparticles
Atomistic Simulations
Attocalorimetry
Automatic Data Analysis Workflow for RNAi
B
Bacterial Electrical Conduction
Band Alignment
Band Pass Filters
Bandpass Tunable Filter
Basic MEMS Actuators
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Energy Conversion into Forces and Motion
Comb Capacitors
Spring Configurations for Basic MEMS Actuators
Analysis of a Fixed-Guided Beam Flexure
Analysis of a Folded-Beam Flexure
Motion Quantification
Fabrication Methods
Summary
Cross-References
References
Batteries
Bendable Electronics
Bending Strength
Bilayer Graphene
Binary Systems
Bioaccessibility/Bioavailability
Bioactive Materials
Bioadhesion
Synonyms
Definition
Occurrence
Synthetic and Natural Biomaterial Interactions
Mucoadhesion
Medical Adhesives
Dental Prostheses
Key Research Findings
Bioadhesion Mechanisms
Interface Energetics
Chemical Interactions
Mechanical Effects
Interface Optimization
Physical Processes
Chemical Functionalization
Mechanical Texturing
Characterization Methods
Nanoscale
Macroscale
Cross-References
References
Bio-adhesion
Bioadhesives
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Applications and Clinical Problems
Recent Trends
Adhesives in Dentistry
Bone Cements
Surgical and Wound Healing Applications
Fibrin Glue
Polyethylene Glycol Adhesives
Polyurethane Adhesives
Bioadhesives Derived from Nanotechnology
Ophthalmological Applications
Nanostructured Biological Adhesives
Cross-References
References
Biocalorimetry
Biocharacterization
Bioderived Smart Materials
Definition
Cell Membrane Proteins: Transporter Macromolecules
Bilayer Lipid Membranes: A Breadboard for Bioderived Smart Material Concepts
Concepts for Ionic Active Materials Using Bioderived Membranes
Fabrication Methods and Recent Advances
Bioderived Microhydraulic Actuators
Hair Cell Sensors
Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
References
Biodistribution
Bio-FET
Biofilms in Microfluidic Devices
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Methodology
Microfluidics
Biofilms
Key Findings
Influence of Fluid Dynamics on Biofilms
Effect of Cell Phenotype on Attachment
Cellular-Communication Inside Microfluidic Systems
Mathematical Biofilm Modeling and Microfluidics
Other Uses of Lab-on-a-Chip Technologies
Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
Cross-References
References
Biognosis
Bioimpedance Sensing
Bio-inspiration
Bioinspired and Bacterial Nanorobotics
Bioinspired CMOS Cochlea
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Circuits
Pseudo-Differential Class-AB Log-Domain Biquads
The Input Signal Conditioner: The Geometric Mean Splitter (GMS)
The Automatic Gain-Control Circuits
AGC Stages 1 and 2: The GMS and Low-Frequency LPF
AGC Stages 3 and 4: The E-cell and Wide Linear-Range OTA
AGC Simulation and Measured Results
Active OZGF Channel-Measured Results
Summary, Discussion, and Conclusion
References
Bioinspired Microneedles
Bioinspired Synthesis of Nanomaterials
Synonyms
Definition
DNA
Peptides
Proteins
Cells
Mesocrystals
Conclusion and Outlook
Cross-References
References
Biological Breadboard Platform for Studies of Cellular Dynamics
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Structure and Working Principle
Materials and Methods
Microfabrication Process
PEG Treatment on Pyrex Surface
RTT Functionalization on Gold Surface
Contact Angle Measurement
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) Sample Preparation and Characterization
Potentiodynamic Electrochemical Characterization of Reductive Desorption of Gold-Thiol SAM
Cell Culture
AFM Indentation
Key Research Findings
Verification of Surface Modifications
Reductive Desorption of Gold-Thiol SAM
Cell Adhesion Manipulation
Cell Detachment Manipulation at a Cellular Level
Cell Detachment Manipulation at a Subcellular Level
Changes in Viscoelastic Properties During Subcellular Detachment
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
Biological Nano-crystallization
Biological Photonic Structures
Biological Platform
Biological Sensors
Biological Structural Color
Biologicalcell Manipulation
Biomedical Applications
BioMEMS/NEMS
Biomimetic
Biomimetic Energy Conversion Devices
Biomimetic Flow Sensors
Definition
Introduction
Inspiring Biological Systems
Arthropod Hairs
Fish Neuromasts
An Engineering Perspective on Biomimetic Hairs
Hair-Sensor Systems for Operation in Air: A Case Study
Biomimetic Hairs in Water
Perspectives
Acknowledgments
Cross-References
References
Biomimetic Infrared Detector
Biomimetic Mosquito-Like Microneedles
Synonyms
Definition
Microneedles
Bioinspiration and Biomimetics
Why Mosquito?
Mosquito Anatomy
Mosquito-Inspired Microneedles
Mosquito Fascicle Insertion Dynamics
Future Directions
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Biomimetic Muscles and Actuators
Biomimetic Muscles and Actuators Using Electroactive Polymers (EAP)
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Available EAP Materials
Applications of EAP
Addressing the Challenges to EAP
Challenges, Trend, and Potential Development
Acknowledgments
Cross-References
References
Biomimetic Synthesis
Biomimetic Synthesis of Nanomaterials
Biomimetics
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Lessons from Nature and Applications
Hierarchical Organization in Biomaterials
Outlook
Cross-References
References
Biomimetics of Marine Adhesives
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Mussels
Natural Adhesive
The Mussel Adhesive Proteins (MAPs)
MAP Extraction and Purification
Production of Mussel Mimetic Adhesives and Their Applications
Production of Recombinant MAPs
Production of MAP Mimetic Adhesive Polymers
Tubeworms
Brown Algae
Barnacles
Perspectives
Cross-References
References
Biomimetics of Optical Nanostructures
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Engineering of Antireflectors
Engineering of Iridescent Devices
Cell Culture
Diatoms and Coccolithophores
Iridoviruses
The Mechanisms of Natural Engineering and Future Research
Cross-References
References
Biomimicked Microneedles
Biomimicry
Biomolecular Mechanics
Biomolecules
Bionic Ear
Bionic Eye
Bionic Microneedles
Bionics
Bio-optics
Biopatterning
Bio-photonics
Biophysics
Bioprobes
Biornametics: Architecture Defined by Natural Patterns
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Summary
Background
Aims of Biornametics Research
Limitations
Effects of the Design Practice Outside the Core Field of Research
Research Areas
Surface Patterns, Nanotextured Surfaces, and Nanostructured Materials
Shape, Growth, and Deployable Structures
Adaptation and Reorganization
Role Model Research
Role Model Search
Role Model Data Sheets
Role Model 01: Jewel Beetle, Coleoptera
Role Model 02: Sarracenia flava, Pitcher Plant
Role Model 03: Morpho peleides, Blue Morpho Butterfly
Role Model 04: Victoria amazonica, Giant Water Lily
Role Model 05: Haliotis, Red Abalone Shell
Role Model 06: Pavo cristatus, Peacock
Role Model 23: Spider Silk
Role Model 34: Octopus vulgaris, Common Octopus
Role Model 36: Strelitzia reginae, Crane Flower or Bird of Paradise
Role Model 37: Insect Wings
Role Model Categories Diagram
Art Installation
Future Directions of the Field
Cross-References
References
Biosensing
Biosensors
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Classification of Bioreceptors
Enzymes and Antibodies
Nucleic Acids
Cells and Microorganisms
Artificial Bioreceptors
Immobilization Techniques
Detection Technologies for Nanobiosensors
Electrochemical-Based Detection
Carbon Nanotube Biosensors
Conducting Polymer Biosensors
Optical-Based Biosensors
Surface-Plasmon Resonance (SPR)
Molecular Beacons and Quantum Dots
Mass Sensitive Biosensors
Microarray Biosensors
Future Trends
Cross-References
References
Bond-Order Potential
Bone Remodeling
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Biological Principles
Bone Structure
The Remodeling Cells
The Remodeling Unit
The Remodeling Cycle
Cortical Versus Trabecular Remodeling
Key Research Findings
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Bone Remodeling
Mechanics in Bone Remodeling
Future Directions
References
Bone Turnover
Boron- and/or Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes
Boron Nitride Nanotubes (BNNTs)
Bottom-Up Fabrication of Plasmonic Materials
Bottom-Up Nanofabrication
Bottom-Up Processing
Boundary Lubrication
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Effect of Adsorbed Gases
Effect of Monolayers and Multilayers
Effect of Chemical Films
Effect of Chain Length (or Molecular Weight)
Principal Classes of Lubricants
Closure
Cross-References
References
Brain Implants
Brushes
Buckminsterfullerene
Bulk Acoustic Wave MEMS Resonators
Bundles
C
C60
Cancer
Cancer Modeling
Capacitive MEMS Switches
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Switch Structure and Actuation Mechanisms
RF Performance
Electromechanical Considerations: Static Behavior
Electromechanical Considerations: Dynamic Behavior
Fabrication Methods
Packaging
Circuits and Applications
Failure Mechanisms and Reliability
Cross-References
References
Capillarity Induced Folding
Capillary Flow
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Mathematical Modeling
Revisiting the Assumptions for Microscale Applications
Cross-References
References
Capillary Origami
Synonyms
Definition
Why Capillary Origami?
History
Principles
Applications
Cross-References
References
Carbon MEMS
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Historical Background
Material Properties of Carbon MEMS
Photolithography as Toolbox for Carbon MEMS
Shrinkage
Applications
Future Directions of the Field
References
Carbon Microelectromechanical Systems
Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Arrays
Carbon Nanotube Materials
Carbon Nanotube NEMS
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Geometries/Structures
Making Carbon Nanotube NEMS
Actuation of Device Motion
Readout of Device Motion
Frequency Tuning
Device Performances
Applications
Cross-References
References
Carbon Nanotube-Metal Contact
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
CNT-Metal Contact Geometry
Bonding and Wetting Properties of Metals on CNTs
Electronic Structures of CNT-Metal Contacts
Cross-References
References
Carbon Nanotube-Metal Interface
Carbon Nanotubes
Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
Carbon Nanotubes for Chip Interconnections
Synonyms
Definition
Motivation
Background on Copper Interconnects and Dual-Damascene Process
Limitations of Copper Interconnections
The Case for Carbon Nanotube Interconnects
Models of CNTs as Interconnects
Practical Implementation: Fabrication State of the Art and Outstanding Issues
Conclusions and Outlook for CNTs as Chip Interconnections
Cross-References
References
Carbon Nanotubes for Interconnects in Integrated Circuits
Carbon Nanotubes for Interconnects in Microprocessors
Carbon Nanowalls
Carbon-Nanotubes
Car-Parrinello Molecular Dynamics
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
A Brief Overview of Density Functional Theory: The CPMD Potential
The Basis Set Issue
First Principles Molecular Dynamics
Car-Parrinello Molecular Dynamics
Numerical Details
Second-Generation Car-Parrinello Molecular Dynamics
Cross-References
References
Carrier-Free Electrophoresis
Catalyst
Catalytic Bimetallic Nanorods
Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition (CCVD)
Catalytic Janus Particle
Cathodic Arc Deposition
Cavity Optomechanics
Cell Adhesion
Cell Adhesion and Detachment
Cell Micro-patterning
Cell Migration
Cell Patterning
Cellular and Molecular Toxicity of Nanoparticles
Cellular Dynamics
Cellular Electronic Energy Transfer
Cellular Imaging
Cellular Mechanisms of Nanoparticle Toxicity
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Cellular Uptake of Nanoparticles and Their Fate at Cellular Level
The Cellular Stress Induced by Nanoparticles and Its Biological Consequences
Nanoparticles and Cell Death
Future Directions of Research
Cross-References
References
Cellular Toxicity
Chaos
Characterizations of Zinc Oxide Nanowires for Nanoelectronic Applications
Charge Transfer
Charge Transfer on Self-Assembled Monolayer Molecules
Charge Transport in Carbon-Based Nanoscaled Materials
Charge Transport in Self-Assembled Monolayers
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Charge Transport Through Organic Molecules
Charge Transport Mechanism
Two Pathway Models
Decay Constant upon Shortening and Tilting of Molecules
Basic Methodology
Preparation of Self-Assembled Monolayer
Techniques to Measure Charge Transport in Self-Assembled Monolayers
Key Research Findings
Future Directions for Research
Cross-References
References
Chem-FET
Chemical Beam Epitaxial (CBE)
Chemical Blankening
Chemical Dry Etching
Chemical Milling and Photochemical Milling
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Basic Methodology
Photolithography
Wet Etching
Key Research Findings for Nanotechnology
Edge Lithography
Wet Etching for Maskless Patterning
Future Directions for Research
Cross-References
References
Chemical Modification
Chemical Solution Deposition
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
Synonyms
Definition
Classification
Classification by Operating Pressures
Classification by Excitation Techniques
Classification by the Precursor Type and Feeding Procedure
Examples of CVD Approaches for Nanotechnology
Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition (CCVD)
Synthesis of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes by CCVD
Synthesis of Graphene by CCVD
Synthesis of ZnO Nanostructures by CCVD
Synthesis of Boron Nitride Nanotubes by CCVD
Acknowledgments
Cross-References
References
Chemical Vapor Machining (CVM)
Chemical-Assisted Ion Beam Etching (CAIBE)
Chemistry of Carbon Nanotubes
Chemotherapeutic
Chitosan
Chitosan Nanoparticles
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Characteristics of Chitosan
Chemical Modification of Chitosan
Key Research Findings
Preparation of Chitosan Nanoparticles
Drug Delivery
Gene Delivery
Targeted Delivery
Chitosan-Based Environmental-Responsive Particles
Chitosan-Based Magnetic Nanoparticles
Application of Chitosan Nanoparticles for SiRNA Delivery
Future Directions for Research
Acknowledgments
Cross-References
References
Clamping Loss
Clinical Adhesives
Cluster
C-MEMS
CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor)
CMOS MEMS Biosensors
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Sensing Principles and Key Research Findings
Electrochemical Biosensors
Impedimetric Biosensors
Ion-Sensitive Field Effect Transistors (ISFET)
Magnetic Biosensors
Optical Biosensors
Micromechanical Cantilevers
Summary
Cross-References
References
CMOS MEMS Fabrication Technologies
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Classification of CMOS-MEMS Technologies
Pre-CMOS
Inter-CMOS
Limitations of Pre- and Inter-CMOS-MEMS
Post-CMOS
Additive MEMS Structures on CMOS Substrate
Subtractive Post-CMOS-MEMS
Subtractive CMOS-MEMS by Wet Etching
Subtractive Post-CMOS-MEMS by Dry Etching
Thin-Film Post-CMOS-MEMS Dry Processes
Bulk CMOS-MEMS Dry Process
An Improved Bulk CMOS-MEMS Process
Combined Wet/Dry Processes
Summary
Cross-References
References
CMOS-CNT Integration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
CNT Synthesis
CMOS-CNT Integration
Intra-CMOS CNT Integration
Intra-CMOS (High Temperature CNTs)
Intra-CMOS (Low Temperature CNTs)
Intra-CMOS (Localized Heating)
Post-CMOS CNT Integration
Post-CMOS (CNT Transfer and Assembly)
Post-CMOS (Localized Heating)
Summary
Cross-References
References
CMOS-MEMS
CMOS-MEMS Resonators
Synonyms
Definition
Principle of Operation
Resonator Structure
Resonance Frequency
Transduction and Overall Transfer Function
Thermal Stability
Methods of Fabrication
Oxide Removal Release Process in a 0.35mum CMOS
Oxide Removal Release Process in a 0.18mum CMOS
Metal Removal Release Process in a 0.35mum CMOS
Metal Removal Release Process in a 0.18mum CMOS
Main Research Accomplishment
Motional Impedance Rm Reduction
Quality Factor Q Improvement
Power Handling Po Enhancement
Temperature Compensation
Examples of Application
Oscillator Implementation
Filter Implementation
Cross-references
References
CNT Biosensor
CNT Handling and Integration
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
CNT Handling
Measurement of van der Waals Force Between a CNT Tip and Gold Surface
3D CNT Handling
CNT Integration
Fabrication of a pH Sensor Nanoprobe with Tungsten Oxide and Platinum Nanowires Based on Nanorobotic Manipulation
CNT Probe Thermal Sensor Based on Nanorobotic Manipulation
Cross-References
References
CNT NEMS
CNT Resonator
CNT-FET
Coarse-Grained and Hybrid Simulations of Nanostructures
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Procedures
Structural Based Model
Thermodynamic Models
Force Matching
Excess Entropy Model
Dissipative Particle Dynamics
Mean Field Theory
Applications in Materials Science
Predicting Self-Assembly Properties for Amphiphilic Copolymers
Predicting the Long-Time Dynamics of Ionic Liquids
Calculating Interphase Thickness of Polymer Films on Solid Surfaces
Future Directions
Hybrid Atomistic/Coarse-Grained Models
Adaptive Resolution Models
Hybrid Particle Field Models
Cross-References
References
Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics
Cochlea Implant
Cold Field Electron Emission from Nanostructured Materials
Cold-Wall Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition
Compliant Mechanisms
Synonyms
Definition
Main Text
Advantages of Compliant Mechanisms
Challenges of Compliant Mechanisms
Example Applications of Compliant Mechanisms
Analysis and Design of Compliant Mechanisms
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Compliant Systems
Composite Materials
Computational Chemistry for Drug Discovery
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Computational Methods for SBDD
Force Field-Based Approaches for SBDD
Virtual Screening and Molecular Docking for Drug Discovery
Computational De Novo Design of Drug-Like Molecules
Molecular Dynamics for SBDD
Quantum Mechanics for SBDD
Ligand-Based Drug Design Approaches
Conclusions and Perspective
References
Computational Micro-/Nanofluidics: Unifier of Physical and Natural Sciences and Engineering
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Surface-to-Volume Ratio
Fluid Mechanics
Mass Transfer
The Electric Field
Electrochemistry
Molecular Biology
Electrokinetic Phenomena
Dimensional Analysis
Closure
Cross-References
References
Computational Studies
Computational Study of Nanomaterials: From Large-Scale Atomistic Simulations to Mesoscopic Modeling
Synonyms
Definitions
Computer Modeling of Nanomaterials
Atomistic Modeling
Molecular Dynamics Technique
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Nanomaterials
Mesoscopic Modeling
Discrete Dislocation Dynamics
Mesoscopic Model for Nanofibrous Materials
Future Research Directions
Cross-References
References
Computational Systems Bioinformatics for RNAi
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
RNAi-Based Therapeutics: How-to and What-to Deliver
Chemoinformatics Solutions
Data Analysis for RNAi HCS: Challenge from Millions of Cells
Image Processing: Cell Segmentation and Quantification
Phenotype Identification, Validation, and Classification
Statistical Analysis and Gene Function Annotation
G-CellIQ: An Integrated Automated Data Analysis Tool for RNAi High-Content Screening
Computational Architecture of G-CellIQ
Image Processing and Cell Morphology Quantification
Online Phenotype Discovery, Phenotype Modeling, and Cell Classification
Annotation of Gene Function
RNAi HCS Applying G-CellIQ
Cross-References
References
Computer Modeling and Simulation of Materials
Computer Modeling of Electrochemical Systems
Concentration Polarization
Concentration Polarization at Micro-/Nanofluidic Interfaces
Synonyms
Definition
Electrical Double Layer (EDL) and Electroosmotic Flow
Electrokinetic Theory for Micro/Nanochannels
Concentration Polarization
Enrichment/Depletion Effects
Nonlinear Electroosmosis
Nonlinear Current-Voltage Characteristics
Propagation of Concentration Polarization
Applications
Preconcentration
Seawater Desalination
Mixing, Pumping, and Other Applications
Summary
Cross-References
References
Conductance Injection
Conduction Mechanisms in Organic Semiconductors
Definition
Overview
Basic Methodology
Time-of-Flight (TOF) Experiment
Space Charge Limited Current (SCLC) Measurement
Measurement Based on the Organic Field-Effect Transistor (OFET)
Key Research Findings
Band-Like Transport
Polaron Transport
Variable Range Hopping (VRH) Transport
Multiple Trap and Release (MTR) Transport
Devices
Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED)
Organic Light-Emitting Field-Effect Transistor (OLEFET)
Cross-References
References
Conductivity of Metal Nanowires Studied by Infrared Plasmon-Polariton Spectroscopy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Infrared Conductivity of Metals
Electron Scattering
Granular Metal
Infrared Plasmonic Resonances
Infrared Spectroscopy of Metallic Nanowires
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy
Synonyms
Definition
Operating Principle
Basic Theory of the Confocal Microscope
Point Spread Function of the Confocal Microscope
Single-Point Resolution in the Focal Plane
Single-Point Resolution on the Axis: Depth Response
V(z)
Two-Point Resolution: Rayleigh and Sparrow Criteria
Coherence in Brightfield and Fluorescence Microscopy
Fluorescence Confocal Microscopy
Effects of Finite Pinhole Size
Apodization
Deconvolution
Deficiencies of the Scalar and Paraxial Approximation: Effects of the Vector Character of Light
Instrumental Details
Scanning Techniques
Excitation Sources and Beam Delivery
Detection
Fluorescent Probes
Variants of Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy
Confocal Microscopy Involving Modified Illumination
Slit-Scanning Confocal Microscopes
Spinning Disk Confocal Microscopes
Chromatic Brightfield Confocal Microscopy
Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM)
Confocal Microscopy Beyond Brightfield and Standard Fluorescence
Confocal Raman Microscopy
Multiphoton Microscopy
Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (FLIM)
Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)
Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP)
Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS)
Confocal Microscopy Sensitive to Phase
Superresolution
Superresolution by Prior Knowledge (Profilometry, PALM/STORM)
Superresolution Due to Nonlinearity (SSIM, STED)
Cross-References
References
Confocal Scanning Optical Microscopy (CSOM)
Conformal Electronics
Contact Angle
Contour-Mode Resonators
Contraception
Contrast Enhancement
Cooling of Electronic Components
Core/Shell Nanostructures
Coupled Mode Theory
Coupling
Coupling Clamp
CPMD
Creep
Crystallite
Cuticle
Cylindrical Gold Nanoparticles
D
Decoherence and Dissipation in Nanoelectronic Devices
Decoration of Carbon Nanotubes
Defects
Deicing
Densification
Density
Density-Matrix Theory
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Deposited Metal Nanostructures
Dermal and Transdermal Delivery
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
History of Therapeutic Systems Applied on the Skin
Skin Barrier
Percutaneous Absorption
Nano- and Microtechnologies in Dermal and Transdermal Delivery
Nano- and Micro-vectors
Vesicles
Microemulsions
Solid Nano- and Microparticles
Microinvasive Techniques for Enhanced Skin Absorption
Ballistic Needle-Free High-Velocity Particle System
Microneedles (MN)
Radiofrequency or Electroporation
Summary
Cross-References
References
Detection of Nanoparticle Biomarkers in Blood
Detection of Nanoparticulate Biomarkers in Blood
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Challenges with Isolating and Detecting Nanoparticles in Blood
Dielectrophoresis as an Isolation Method
Basic Methodology
Microelectrode Array Device Used for Dielectrophoresis
Preparation of Buffy Coat Blood and Whole Blood Experiments
Key Research Findings
Future Directions for Research
Cross-References
References
Device Modeling
DFT-Based Molecular Dynamics
DFT-Based Simulations of Electrified Interfaces
Diamond Formation in Graphene Nanoplatelets, Carbon Nanotubes, and Fullerenes Under Spark Plasma Sintering
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Innovative Spark Plasma Sintering Technology
Nanocarbons
Stability of Nanocarbon Under SPS
Stability of Graphite Under SPS
Diamond Formation from Graphite with Various Catalysts Under SPS
Diamond Synthesis from Carbon Nanotubes with Solvent Catalysts
The Role of SPS in the Transformation from Carbon to Diamond
References
Diamond Synthesis
Dielectric Force
Dielectrophoresis
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Interfacial Polarization of Dielectric Materials
Polarization
Charge Movement in Materials
Frequency-Dependent Charge Processes
Interfacial Polarization
Dielectrophoresis
Interfacial Polarization of Particles
Translational Force on a Dipole in a Nonuniform Field
Dielectrophoretic Force
Dielectrophoresis in an AC Field
Dielectrophoresis in a Field with a Spatially Dependent Phase
Applications of Dielectrophoresis
Cross-References
References
Dielectrophoresis Directed Nanocolloidal and Supramolecular Assembly
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Theory
Examples and Key Findings
DEP Manipulation and Assembly of Nanoparticles and Janus Nanoparticles
DEP Manipulation and Assembly of Surfactant Micelles and Lipid Vesicles
DEP Manipulation of Synthetic Polyelectrolytes
Perspectives
Cross-References
References
Dielectrophoresis of Nucleic Acids
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Fundamentals
Nucleic Acids
Electrical Properties of Nucleic Acids
Dielectric Polarization Parameters
Counterion Fluctuation Polarization for DNA
Maxwell-Wagner Polarization for DNA
Other Polarization Mechanisms
Dielectrophoresis
Dielectrophoretic Transport
Applications
Positive Dielectrophoresis of DNA: An Introductory Example
Dielectrophoresis of DNA: General
Dielectrophoresis of RNA
Outlook and Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
References
Dielectrophoretic Assembly
Dielectrophoretic Nanoassembly of Nanotubes onto Nanoelectrodes
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Basic Methodology
DEP Assembly Technique
Current-Induced Shell Engineering of MWNT
Key Research Findings
Nanotube Bearings
Nanotube Switch
Future Directions for Research
Cross-References
References
Dielectrophoretic Phenomena
Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Digital Microfluidics
Dipolar Particle Chaining
Dipole-Dipole Particle Interaction
Dip-Pen Nanolithography
Synonyms
Definition
The History of DPN
Description of the Method
Applications of DPN
Variants of DPN
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
Direct Laser Writing
Directed Assembly
Directed Self-Assembly
Disjoining Pressure and Capillary Adhesion
Synonyms
Definition
Occurrence
Key Research Findings
Disjoining Pressure
Young-Laplace Equation
Liquid Meniscus Formation Due to Vapor Adsorption
Capillary Force Calculation
Simple Approximation
More Accurate Calculations
Meniscus Stretch and Liquid Film on Solid
Cross-References
References
Dislocation Dynamics
Disordered Plasmonics
Dispersion
Dissipative Cavity
Dissipative Particle Dynamics, Overview
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Formulation
Extensions of DPD
Energy-Conserving DPD
Many-Body DPD
Fluid Particle Model
Smoothed DPD
Applications in Different Fields
Polymer Solution
Amphiphilic Systems
Blood Flow
Outlook
Cross-References
References
Dissociated Adsorption
DNA Computing
DNA FET
DNA from First Principles
Synonyms
Definition
First-Principle Methods that Have Been Used to Study DNA
Wavefunction-Based Methods
Density-Based Methods
Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics
Electronic Structure Calculations of DNA Fragments
Structure, Electronic Structure, and Optical Properties of Bases and Base Pairs
Structure, Electronic Structure, and Optical Properties of Stacked Base-Pair Dimers
Electronic Coupling Parameters Between Stacked Bases and Base Pairs
Larger Fragments
Exotic Helical Conformations and Modified Bases
Relation Between Atomic and Electronic Structure
Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Combined Multistep Procedure
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
DNA Manipulation
DNA Manipulation Based on Nanotweezers
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Working Principle
Microfabrication of the Nanotweezers
Trapping of DNA Molecules
Biocharacterization on DNA Molecules
Outlook
Cross-References
References
DNA Origami as Programmable Nanofabrication Tools
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Design Strategies for DNA Origami of Versatile Geometric Shapes
DNA Origami as Nanobreadboards
DNA Origami as Nanostencils for Fabricating Inorganic Materials
Scaling Up DNA Origami Structures
DNA Origami for Constructing Dynamic and Tunable Structures
Outlooks
Cross-References
References
DOLLOP (Dynamically Ordered Liquid-Like Oxyanion Polymer)
Doping in Organic Semiconductors
Synonyms
Definition
Operation Principles
Basic Methodology and Key Research Findings
Future Directions for Research
Cross-References
References
Doping of Organic Semiconductors
Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (DWCNTs)
Droplet Microfluidics
Drug Delivery
Drug Delivery and Encapsulation
Drug Delivery System
Drug Design
Drug Targeting
Dry Adhesion
Dry Etching Processes
Synonyms
Definition
Physical Dry Etching
Chemical Dry Etching
Reactive Ion Etching
Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE)
Process Issues
Inductively Coupled Plasma: Reactive Ion Etching (ICP-RIE)
Applications
References
Dual-Beam Piezoelectric Switches
Duffing
DUV Lithography
DUV Photolithography and Materials
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
History
DUV Processing
Wafer Preparation
Wafer Flatness
Photoresist Coating and Development
DUV Exposure
Light Sources
Immersion Systems
Mask Making
Computer Modeling
Inspection
Future Issues
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
Dye-Doped Nanoparticles in Biomedical Diagnostics
Synonyms
Definition
Overview and General Concept
How to Select Appropriate Dye-Doped NPs for Your Application?
Basic Methodology
Synthesis of Dye-Doped Silica Nanoparticles
Surface Functionalization of Dye-Doped NPs
Bioconjugation Strategies
Dye-Doped Nanoparticles and the Implications on Assay Kinetics
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
Dye-Doped Nanospheres in Biomedical Diagnostics
Dynamic Clamp
Synonyms
Definition
The Dynamic Clamp Concept
History of Dynamic Clamp
Dynamic Clamp Applications/Configurations
Simulated Chemical Synapses
Simulating Electrotonic Connections (Gap Junctions)
Simulating Voltage-Dependent Ion Channels (Hodgkin-Huxley Conductances)
Pattern Clamp
Hybrid Circuits of Real and Artificial Neurons
Examples of Dynamic Clamp Results
Limitations
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
Dynamic Force Measurements on Modified Surfaces with AFM
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction to Force Spectroscopy
Dynamic Force Measurement
Dynamic Model for Small-Amplitude Dynamic Force Measurement in Liquids
Applications of Dynamic Force Measurement on Modified Surfaces in Liquid
Cross-References
References
Dynamic Force Spectroscopy
E
E-Beam Lithography (EBL)
ECM
Ecotoxicity
Ecotoxicity of Inorganic Nanoparticles: From Unicellular Organisms to Invertebrates
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Key Principles
Key Research Findings
Photocatalytic NPs: The Example of TiO2
Bacteria
Algae
Invertebrates
Terrestrial Invertebrates
Freshwater Invertebrates
Marine Invertebrates
Chemically Unstable NPs
Bacteria
Algae
Protozoa
Invertebrates
Terrestrial Invertebrates
Freshwater Invertebrates
Marine Invertebrates
Chemically Stable NPs: The Example of Gold
Bacteria
Algae
Invertebrates
Terrestrial Invertebrates
Freshwater Invertebrates
Marine Invertebrates
Interspecies Relationships
Effects on Biofilms and Bacterial Communities
Effects of Invertebrate Assemblages
Conclusion: Future Directions
Acknowledgments
Cross-References
References
Ecotoxicity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in the Marine Environment
Synonyms
Definition
Fate and Behavior of ZnO-NPs in the Marine Environment
Persistence
Particle Aggregation
Adsorption
Transformation
Toxic Effects of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Marine Organisms
Microalgae
Molluscs
Crustaceans
Fish
Toxic Mechanisms of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
Dissolved Ionic Zinc
Direct Cellular Interaction and Bioaccumulation in Organisms
The Generation of ROS
Influences of Environmental Factors on Toxicity of ZnO-NPs in the Marine Environment
Temperature
Salinity
pH
Conclusions and Future Research Directions
Cross-References
References
Ecotoxicology of Carbon Nanotubes Toward Amphibian Larvae
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
References
Ecotribology
EC-STM
Effect of Surface Modification on Toxicity of Nanoparticles
Synonyms
Definitions
Cross-References
References
Effective Media
Elastic and Plastic Behavior of Materials with Nanometric Dimensions
Elastic Modulus Tester
Elasto-capillary Folding
Electric Cell-Substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS)
Electric Double Layer Capacitor
Electric Field-Directed Assembly of Bioderivatized Nanoparticles
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Nanotechnology Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processes
Electric Field-Directed Nanofabrication
Future Work
Cross-References
References
Electrical Conductivity
Electrical Impedance Cytometry
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Theoretical Background
Maxwell Mixture Theory
Equivalent Circuit Model
Simplified Circuit Model
Complete Circuit Model
Coulter Counter
Basic Methodology
Key Research Findings
Single Cell Impedance Cytometer for Blood Analysis
Impedance Labeling for Impedance Discrimination Based on Antigenic Expression
Future Directions of Research
Cross-References
References
Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy
Electrical Impedance Tomography for Single-Cell Imaging
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Electrical Impedance Tomography
EIT for Single Cell Imaging
EIT Chip Fabrication
System Instrumentation
EIT Measurement Scheme
Physarum polycephalum in Culture
Results and Discussions
Conclusion and Outlook
Cross-References
References
Electric-Field-Assisted Deterministic Nanowire Assembly
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Basic Methodology
Key Research Findings
Assembly Electrodes and Electric-Field Profiles
Programmed Assembly of Different Nanowire Populations
Examples of Applications
Future Directions for Research
Cross-References
References
Electrocapillarity
Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion
Electrochemical Interfaces for Energy Storage and Conversion
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Surface Science Approaches
Modeling the Effect of the Variation of the Electrode Potential: Conceptual Overview and Applications
Single Energy Level Alignment and DFT
Electrochemical Systems: Batteries and Fuel Cells
Applications: Modeling Fuel Oxidation in Commercial Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Cluster Models
Applications: Modeling Electrode Surfaces in Batteries
Summary and Future Perspectives
Cross-References
References
Electrochemical Machining (ECM)
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Process Mechanism
Machining Force and Electrolyte Flow
Tool Design
Electrolytes
ECM Unit
References
Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Overview and Key Principles
Fundamentals of Electrochemistry
Basics of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Electrochemical (In Situ) Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Key Research Findings and Selected Applications
Structure of Single-Crystalline Surfaces
Surface Reconstruction
Adsorption of Anions
Adsorption and Self-Assembly of Organic Molecules
Metal UPD and OPD
Current-Distance Spectroscopy: Measurements of the Tunneling Barrier
Single-Molecule Charge Transport and Switching
EC-STM-Based Nanostructuring
Cross-References
References
Electrode-Organic Interface Physics
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Energy-Level Alignment
Work Function
Schottky Contacts
Interface Dipole Theory
Interface Slope Parameter
Metal-Dielectric-Organic Interfaces
Charge Injection and Transport
Space Charge Limited Current
Injection-Limited Current
Quasi-Ohmic Contact
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
Electrodics from First Principles
Electrohydrodynamic Forming
Electrokinetic Fluid Flow in Nanostructures
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Applications
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Cross-References
References
Electrokinetic Manipulation
Electrokinetics
Electron Beam Evaporation
Electron Beam Lithography (EBL)
Synonyms
Definition
Principles of Electron Beam Lithography
Electron Optics
Equipment
Electron Sources
Electron Lenses
Beam Deflectors
Apertures
Beam Blankers
Stigmators
Stage
Limitations of the Equipment
Resists for Electron Beam Lithography
Positive Resists
Negative Resists
Electron-Substrate Interactions
Proximity Effects
Electron Beam Lithography Systems
Gaussian Beam EBL Systems
Variable-Shaped Beam and Mask Projection EBL Systems
Multi-beam EBL Systems
Examples of Application
Transistors for High-Frequency Applications
Surface Plasmonic Devices
Light Trapping for Solar Cells
Micro and Nano Electromechanical Systems (MEMS and NEMS)
Cross-References
References
Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EBPVD)
Electron Microscopy of Interactions Between Engineered Nanomaterials and Cells
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Sample Preparation
Staining
Section Thickness
Rapid Freezing Techniques
Bright-Field TEM Imaging and Mass-Thickness Contrast
Analytical Transmission Electron Microscopy
Electron Tomography
Ion Beam Milling
Electron Beam Damage
Future Research Directions
Acknowledgments
Cross-References
References
Electron Transfer
Electron Transport in Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Nanoribbons
Electron-Beam-Induced Chemical Vapor Deposition
Electron-Beam-Induced Decomposition and Growth
Electron-Beam-Induced Deposition
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Physics of Material Supply and Deposition
Key Research Findings
Future Directions for Research
Cross-References
References
Electronic and Optical Properties Calculations
Electronic and Optical Properties of Oxides Nanostructures by First-Principles Approaches
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Foundation
The Kohn-Sham Formulation of the Density Functional Theory
Electronic Properties Within the Quasi-Particle Formulation of the Green´s Functions Theory
Optical Properties By the Solution of the Bethe-Salpeter Equation
Applications
Numerical Details
TiO2-Based Atomic Clusters
TiO2-Based Nanosheets
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Electronic Contact Testing Cards
Electronic Expression
Electronic Pharmacology
Electronic Properties
Electronic Quantum Transport
Electronic Structure Calculations
Electronic Structure of Nucleic Acids
Electronic Transport in Carbon Nanomaterials
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Landauer-Büttiker Quantum Transport Theory
Green Function
Quantum Transport in Nanostructured Carbon Materials
Chemical Functionalization of Graphene Nanoribbons
Chemical Functionalization in Carbon Nanotubes
Summary and Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Electronic Visual Prosthesis
Electroplating
Electroresponsive Polymers
Electrospinning
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Historical Developments in the Electrospinning Process
Electrospinning Setup
Morphology of Electrospun Fibers
Electrospun Materials
Analytical Models for Fiber Diameter
Properties of Electrospun Fibers
Applications and Publication Trends
Outlook
Acknowledgments
Cross-References
References
Electrostatic Actuation of Droplets
Electrostatic MEMS Microphones
Synonyms
Definition
Applications and Background
Operation and Construction
Transduction Principle
Microfabrication of Sensing Structure
Dynamic Model of Package
Dominant Noise Sources, dB(A) Weighting, SNR Definition
Scaling Challenges for Small-Scale Electrostatic Microphones
Other Techniques and Future Directions
Cross-References
References
Electrostatic RF MEMS Switches
Electrothermal Actuators
Electrothermomechanical Actuators
Electrowetting
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Electrocapillarity and Electrowetting
Electrowetting and Electrowetting-On-Dielectric (EWOD)
Theories and Equations
Electrowetting Curve
Summary
Cross-References
References
Electrowetting-on-Dielectric (EWOD)
Embryotoxic
Emission Enhancement
Energy-Level Alignment
Engineered Nanoparticles
Environmental Impact
Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Toxicology
Epiretinal Implant
Epiretinal Prosthesis
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Introduction to Retina
Main Causes of Blindness
Types of Visual Prostheses
Principles of Epiretinal Prosthesis
Image Capture
Wireless Telemetry
Stimulating the Retina
Current Research Progress
Future Direction for Research
Cross-References
References
EUV Lithography
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
EUV Light Sources
EUV Multilayer Optics
EUV Masks
EUV Photoresists
EUV Research Status
Cross-References
References
Evanescent-Wave Particle Visualization in Nano- and Microchannels
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Key Concepts
Evanescent Waves
Particle-Wall Interactions in a Dilute Colloidal Suspension at Rest
Hindered Brownian Diffusion
Evanescent-Wave Particle Visualization
Examples
Cross-References
References
Excitonic Solar Cell
Exoskeleton
Exposure and Toxicity of Metal and Oxide Nanoparticles to Earthworms
Synonyms
Definition
Background
Exposure
Experimental Evidence
Ag
Au
Co
Cu
Fe
Ni
Al2O3
TiO2
ZnO
SiO2 and ZrO2
Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
References
Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (EUVL)
F
Fabrication of Graphene or Graphene Fabrication
Fate of Manufactured Nanoparticles in Aqueous Environment
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Nano-TiO2, from Bare Nanoparticles to Sunscreen Formulation
Dispersion in Pure Water
Pure TiO2
TiO2 Nanomaterial
Sunscreen Nanoproduct
Effect of pH on Nanoparticle Dispersion Stability
Effect of Salinity on Nanoparticles´ Dispersion
Effect of Natural Organic Matter on Nanoparticle Dispersion
Pure Nano-TiO2
TiO2 Nanomaterial
Mobility Within Porous Media
Evaluation of the Nanoparticle Photoactivity
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Fatigue Strength
FDTD
Femtocalorimetry
Fetus
Fiber Reinforced Composite
Fibrillar Adhesion
FIB-SEM
Field Electron Emission from Nanomaterials
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Cold Field Electron Emission
Emergence of Nanomaterials
Basic Production and Testing Methodologies
Elements of Emission Theory
Introduction
Basic Equations of Cold Field Electron Emission
Auxiliary Parameters
Parameters of Merit for Large-Area Field Emitters
Conceptual-Level Theory of Local Emission Current Density (ECD)
Tunneling Probability Formulae for the CFE Regime
Emission-Value-Based Fowler-Nordheim-Type Current-Voltage Equations
Measured-Value-Based Fowler-Nordheim-Type Current-Voltage Equations
Interpretation of Experimental Current-Voltage Characteristics
Introduction
The Orthodox Emission Situation
Orthodox Data Analysis Using Fowler-Nordheim Plots
A Quantitative Test for Lack of Orthodoxy
Field Electron Emission from Planar Emitters
Field Electron Emission from Cadmium Sulfide: A Case Study
Appendix
Technical Conventions
Cross-References
References
Field-Driven Particle Assembly
Filling of Carbon Nanotubes
Finite Element Methods for Computational Nano-optics
Synonyms
Definition
Mathematical Background
General
Weak Formulation of Maxwell´s Equations
Finite-Element Discretization
Application Example
Background: Photonic Microcavities
Investigated Setup
Numerical Approach
Validation of Numerical Results
Numerical Results
Conclusion
References
Finite-Difference Frequency-Domain Technique
Definition
Introduction to the Simulation of Plasmonic Devices
Introduction to Finite-Difference Methods
The FDFD Method in One Dimension
The FDFD Method in Two and Three Dimensions
Numerical Dispersion of the FDFD Algorithm
Waveguiding Structures
Quasistatic Approximation
Comparison to Other Numerical Techniques
Future Research Directions
Cross-References
References
Finite-Difference Time-Domain Technique
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Basic Concepts
Applications
Up-Down Subwavelength Diffraction Gratings
Optical Properties of L-Shaped Nanoparticles
Classical Electrodynamics of Quantum Systems
Cross-References
References
Finite-Element Analysis (FEA)
First Principles Calculations
First Principles Molecular Dynamics
First-Principle Calculations
First-Principles Approaches
First-Principles Quantum Monte Carlo
Definition
Overview
Concept: Sampling
Concept: Monte Carlo Integration
Concept: Importance Sampling
Flavors of Quantum Monte Carlo
Variational Monte Carlo (VMC)
Projector Monte Carlo
Path Integral Monte Carlo
Practical Calculations on First-Principles Models
Approximations in Diffusion Monte Carlo
What Can Be Calculated Using Quantum Monte Carlo Techniques
Implementations
Notable Applications
Homogeneous Electron Gas
High Accuracy Thermodynamics
Strongly Correlated Systems
Cross-References
References
Flapping-Wing Flight
Flash Evaporation Liquid Atomization
Flexible Electronics
Synonyms
Definition of Flexible Electronics
History
Mechanical Properties of Flexible Electronics
Active Layer of Flexible Electronics
Materials and Devices in the Active Layer
Fabrication of Active Layer
Electrical Transport of Active Layer
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Flexible Sensors
Flexure Mechanisms
Flexures
Floccules
Fluctuating Hydrodynamics
Foams
Focused-Ion-Beam Chemical-Vapor-Deposition (FIB-CVD)
Synonyms
Definition
FIB-CVD Process
Three-Dimensional Nanostructure Fabrication
Characteristics of Materials Formed by FIB-CVD
Young´s Modulus
Electrical Resistivity
Examples of Applications
Electron Biprism
Brilliant Blue Observation from a Morpho-Butterfly-Scale Quasi-Structure
Cross-References
References
Focused-Ion-Beam-Induced Deposition (FIB-ID)
Force Measurement
Force Modulation in Atomic Force Microscopy
Definition
Overview
Force Modulation Technique
Local-Acceleration Microscopy
Pulsed Force Microscopy
Ultrasound and Atomic Force Microscopy
Indentation Modulus
Subsurface Imaging
Cross-References
References
Force Spectroscopy
Force-Detected Magnetic Resonance
Forests
Fracture Toughness
Friction
Friction Force Microscopy
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Technical Setup of a Friction Force Microscope
Atomic-Scale Friction and the Prandtl-Tomlinson Model
Thermal Activation and the Velocity Dependence of Friction
Future Research Directions
Cross-References
References
Friction-Reducing Sandfish Skin
Synonyms
Definition
Biological Background
Low Friction and Abrasion of Sandfish Scales
Structural Properties of Sandfish Scales
Mechanical Properties of Sandfish Scales
Chemical Properties of Sandfish Scales
Future Directions for Research
Cross-References
References
Fuel Cell
Fullerenes for Drug Delivery
Synonyms
Definition
Brief Introduction to Fullerenes and Endohedral Fullerenes
Fullerene Derivatives
Drug Delivery with Nanomaterials and Fullerenes
Exohedral Fullerene Derivatives for Biomedicine and Drug Delivery
Surface-Derivatized Fullerenes with Drug Applications
Fullerene Derivatives with Non-covalent Drugs and Interactions
Fullerene Derivatives with Covalently Attached Drugs and Bioactive Moieties
Endohedral Fullerene Derivatives for Drug Delivery
Metallofullerene Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Contrast Agents
Metallofullerene Radiopharmaceuticals
Other Biomedical Applications of Endohedral Fullerenes
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
Functionalization
Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Covalent Functionalization
Defect Group Functionalization
Direct Sidewall Functionalization
Noncovalent Functionalization
Surfactants
Polymers
Biomolecules
Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds
External Decoration of Carbon Nanotubes with Inorganic Nanomaterials
Ex Situ Approach: Decoration of CNTs with Pre-synthesized NPs
In Situ Approach: Direct Formation of NPs onto the CNT Surface
Endohedral Functionalization: Encapsulation of Materials Inside Carbon Nanotubes
Cross-References
References
Functionalized Nanomaterials
Fundamental Properties of Zinc Oxide Nanowires
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Synthesis of Single Crystalline ZnO Nanowires
Material Properties of Undoped ZnO Nanowires
Photoluminescence Property
Electrical Properties
Photoconductance Properties
Material Properties of Extrinsic Doped ZnO Nanowires
Electrical Properties
Photoconductance and Photoluminescence Properties
Future Outlook
Cross-References
References
G
Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)
Gamma-Butyrolactone (GBL)
Gammatone Filters
Gas Etching
Gas-Phase Molecular Beam Epitaxy (Gas-Phase MBE)
Gas-Phase Nanoparticle Formation
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Specific Synthesis Methodologies
Gas Phase Condensation (for Metal Nanoparticles)
Nanoparticle Formation in Flames
Furnace Flow (Hot-Wall) Reactor
Plasma Reactor
Ion Sputtering
Spark Discharge
Laser Ablation
Nanoparticle Collection
Limitation of Gas Phase Process
Engineering Applications
Future Research
Cross-References
References
Gecko Adhesion
Synonyms
Definition
Conventional Adhesives and the Gecko Adhesion System
History of Gecko Adhesion Research
Contact Mechanics of Patterned Surfaces
Size Matters: The Principle of ``Contact Splitting´´
Role of Hierarchical Geometry for Gecko Adhesion Systems
Anisotropic Adhesion
Artificial Gecko Adhesives
Applications
Cross-References
References
Gecko Effect
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Tokay Gecko
Attachment Mechanisms
Multilevel Hierarchy for Adaptability to Rough Surfaces
Peeling
Self-Cleaning
Fabrication of Biomimetic Gecko Skin
Closure
References
Gecko Feet
Gel Chemical Synthesis
Genotoxicity of Nanoparticles
Definition
Context of the Genotoxicity Assessment of Nanomaterials
Test Systems
Endpoints
Results
In Vitro Positive While In Vivo Negative
In Vitro Negative While In Vivo Positive
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Gold Nanorods
Synonyms
Definition
Key Research Findings
Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)
Photoluminescence Properties
Photothermal Properties
Synthesis and Surface Modifications
Seed-Mediated Growth
Electrochemical Synthesis
Photochemical Reduction
Lithographic Methods
Template-Assisted Growth
Surface Modifications
Examples of Applications
Drug/Gene Delivery and Selective Release
Molecular Imaging
Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensing
Plasmonic Nanoantenna
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)
Photothermal Therapy
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
Graphene
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Crystal Structure of Graphene
Electronic Properties of Graphene
Carrier Statistics in Graphene
Carrier Transport in Graphene
Bilayer Graphene
Graphene Nanostructures
Optical Properties of Graphene
Methods of Fabrication
Other Applications
Other 2D Crystals and Future Directions
Cross-References
References
Graphene Laser Writing
Graphene Nanostructures for Memristive Devices
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Classification of Graphene and Graphene Oxide
Background of Memristors
Memristive Devices Based on Graphene Nanostructures
Switching Mechanisms
Characteristics of Devices
Graphene Oxide Composite Devices
Other Graphene-Based Structures
Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
References
Graphene NEMS
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Graphene Mechanics
Fabrication of Graphene NEMS
Static Graphene NEMS
Dynamic Graphene NEMS
Applications
Cross-References
References
Graphene Synthesis
Graphite
Greases
Green Tribology and Nanoscience
Synonyms
Definition
Research Areas
Biomimetic and Self-Lubricating Materials/Surfaces
Biodegradable Lubrication
Tribology of Renewable Energy Sources
Principles
Cross-References
References
Green´s Function Integral Equation Method
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Scalar Green´s Function Integral Equation Method for One-Dimensional Scattering Problems
Scalar Green´s Function Integral Equation Method for Two-Dimensional Scattering Problems
Dyadic Green´s Function Integral Equation Method for Three-Dimensional Problems
Further Reading
Cross-References
References
Growth of 1-D Oxide Nanostructures
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Catalytic Growth of Nanowires: Vapor-Liquid-Solid (VLS) and Solution-Liquid-Solid (SLS) Methods
Chemical Solution Synthesis
Solution-Phase Decomposition Synthesis
Hydrothermal Synthesis
Molten-Salt Synthesis
Electrospinning Synthesis
Template-Assisted Synthesis
Direct Template Filling
Anodic Aluminum Oxide Membrane Templates
Track-Etched Polymer Templates
Epitaxially Stabilized Metastable Phases of 1D Oxide Nanostructures
The Template-Assisted U-Tube Method
Template-Assisted Electrophoretic Deposition
Acknowledgments
Cross-References
References
Growth of Carbon Nanotubes
Growth of CNTs
Growth of Oxide Nanowires
Growth of Silica Nanowires
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Nanowire Nucleation Techniques
Nucleation Techniques: Top Down and Bottom Up
Top Down: Templated Method
Bottom Up: Self-assembly Process
BU: Solution-Grown Method
BU: Carbothermal Reduction Technique
BU: Oxide-Assisted Growth (OAG) Mechanism
BU: Vapor Phase Techniques
Vapor Liquid Solid (VLS) Mechanism
VLS Kinetics
Silica Nanowires: A Review of Growth Investigations
Selective Growth of Silica Nanowires: New Approaches
Ion Implantation-Based Seeding Approach
Methodology
Discussion
Metal Thin Film-Based Catalysis
Methodology
Discussions
Manufacturing Aspects of Silica Nanowire Growth
Overview
Methodology
Discussions
Conclusions
Summary
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
Growth of Silicon Dioxide Nanowires
GW and BSE Approaches
Gyroscopes
Synonyms
Definition
Historical Overview of Vibratory Gyroscope Technologies
Coriolis Vibratory Gyroscope Dynamics
Rate Gyroscope Operation
Angle Gyroscope Operation
Historical Milestones of MEMS Gyroscopes
Systematic Performance Parameters
Random Noise Performance Parameters
Cross-References
References
H
Hardbake (HB)
Hardness
Hard-Tip Soft-Spring Lithography
Harnessing Disorder at the Nanoscale
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Coupled Mode Theory of a One-Dimensional Chain of Disordered Cavities
Random Matrix Theory: Analytic Estimation of the Localization Length
Nanoplasmonic Localization: Results from FDTD Simulations
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Heat
Heat Capacity
Heat Conduction
Heat Conductivity
Heat Removal
Heat Transfer Enhancement
Heat Transfer in Semiconductor Nanostructures
Synonyms
Definition
Overview (Physical Principles)
Thermal Conductivity Derivation Using Kinetic Theory
Thermal Conductivity Derivation Using Boltzmann Transport Equation
Phonon Mean Free Path Modeling for Silicon Nanostructures
Phonon Mean Free Path Spectrum in Silicon
Quantum Effects and Future Directions for Research
References
Heatuators
Helical Nanobelt
Heterogeneous Catalysts
Heterogeneous Integration
HGN
Hierarchical Mechanics
High Energy Synchrotron Radiation and Its Impact on Characterizing Nanoparticles
Synonyms
Definition
Technical Peculiarities of High-Energy Synchrotron Radiation
Structural Characterization In Situ
High-Energy Surface X-ray Diffraction
High-Energy Small-Angle X-ray Scattering
Imaging Techniques with High-Energy X-rays
Medicine and Life Sciences
Cross-References
References
High Index Fluid Immersion
High-Density Testing Cards
High-Energy X-Rays
Higher-Order Plasticity Theory
High-Pressure Carbon Monoxide (HiPCO)
HIV Quantification
Viruses
Definition
Overview
Structure
Genome
Viruses and Human Disease
Prevention and Treatment
HIV
Overview
Phylogenetics
Genome and Structure
Life Cycle
How HIV Causes Disease
Prevention and Treatment
Nanotechnological Methodologies for HIV Detection/Quantification
Cross-References
References
Hollow Gold Nanoshells
Hollow Gold Nanospheres
Synonyms
Definition
Key Principles
Synthesis and Characterization
Applications
Targeted Photothermal Ablation Therapy
Drug Delivery
Photoacoustic Imaging
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
Hot Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition (HFCVD)
Hot-Wall Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition
How to Synthesize/Make/Manufacture/Fabricate/Produce Graphene
Hybrid Network Method
Hybrid Optoelectric Manipulation
Hybrid Opto-electric Technique
Hybrid Photovoltaics
Hybrid Solar Cells
Synonyms
Definition
Principles of Operation
Materials
Planar, Bulk Heterojunction, and Nanostructured Architectures
Advantages of Hybrid Technology
Challenges and Future Research Directions
Cross-References
References
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
Hyperelasticity
Hyperthermia Treatment
I
Icephobicity
Imaging the Human Body Down to the Molecular Level
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Basics
Key Research Findings
Future Research Directions
Cross-References
References
Immersion Lithography
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Basic Methodology
Microfabrication and Immersion Lithography
Key Research Findings or Key Attributes and Advantages
Phase Shift Photomasks
Pellicles: Dust Protectors for Photomasks
Development and Performance of Immersion Lithography
Double Exposure Immersion Lithography
Future Directions Beyond Optical Lithography
Nanofabrication
Soft Lithography
EUV Lithography
Cross-References
References
Immersion Lithography Materials
Definition
Overview
Types of Materials Used
Key Attributes and Advantages
Attenuating Phase Shift Photomasks
Polymers for Photomask Pellicles
Materials in the Lithographic Imaging Stack
Immersion Fluids
Immersion Fluid-Resist Interactions
Immersion Topcoats and Topcoatless Photoresists
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
Impedance Cytometry
Impedance Measurement of Single Cells
Impedance Sensing Techniques for Biomedical Microdevices
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Electric Cell-Substrate Impedance Sensing
Impedance Cytometry
Electrochemical Sensors
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Impedance Spectroscopy for Single-Cell Analysis
Implementing Alternating Nanolaminates in Trenched Energy Storage Systems
Synonyms
Overview
Theory
Key Processes
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
Imprint Lithography
In Situ STM
In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy: Mechanical Testing
Definition
Introduction
In Situ Mechanical Testing Devices and Techniques
Simultaneous TEM Characterization Tools
Tensile Testing Applications
Indentation/Compression Testing Applications
Friction/Wear Testing Applications
Future Directions for Research
Cross-References
References
In Vitro and In Vivo Toxicity and Pharmacokinetics of Silver Nanoparticles
Synonyms
Definition
Evolution of Silver Use
Silver Nanoparticles
Antimicrobial Activity
In Vitro Toxicity
In Vivo Toxicity
Pharmacokinetics
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models
Cross-References
References
In Vitro Toxicity
In Vivo Microscopy Analysis
In Vivo Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes
Definition
Introduction
General Overview of CNT Toxicity In Vivo
Determinants of CNT Biological Effects In Vivo
Remaining Issues Regarding CNT Toxicity
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
In Vivo Toxicity of Titanium Dioxide and Gold Nanoparticles
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
In Vivo Effects of TiO2 NPs
Introduction
Systemic Effects
Skin Penetration
Central Nervous System Accumulation and Effects
Effects on Liver
Pulmonary Exposure to TiO2 NPs
Lung Inflammatory Responses to TiO2 NPs
Lung Carcinogenic Effects of TiO2 NPs
Mechanisms of Action of TiO2
Conclusion
In Vivo Effects of Gold NPs
Introduction
Gold Distribution After Intravenous Administration
Gold Distribution After Intratracheal Administration
Conclusion
General Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Indentation
Induced Charge Electroosmosis
Inductively Coupled-Plasma Chemical Vapor deposition (ICP-CVD)
Inertial Sensors
Influence of Defects in Photocatalysis
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Technology of Nanomaterials and Catalysis
Surface Science and Photocatalysis
Experimental Results on Oxygen Vacancies
Theoretical (Numerical) Approaches on Reduced Systems
Reduced TiO2 Rutile (110) Surface
Reduced TiO2 Anatase Surfaces
Surface Chemistry of TiO2
Metal and Metal Oxide Overlayers on TiO2
Inorganic Molecules
Hydrogen
Water
Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide
Heterogeneous Photocatalysis on TiO2 Surface
General Considerations
Dynamics of Photocatalytic Processes
Photocatalysis on Single-Crystalline TiO2
Nanostructured TiO2 Materials
Nanopowders
Modified Nanopowders
Conclusion
References
Influence of Surface Engineering on Toxicity of Nanoparticles
Influence of Surface Functionalization on Toxicity of Nanoparticles
Infrared Plasmonics Beyond Noble Metals
Injectable Hydrogel
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Key Principles
Basic Methodology
Types of Injectable Hydrogels in Synthetic Polymers
Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide)
Poloxamers
PEG-Polyesters
PEG-Sebacic Acid Polyester (SA)
Polyphosphazenes
Types of Injectable Hydrogels in Natural Polymers
Polysaccharides
Artificial Polypeptides
Key Research Findings
Injectable Hydrogels as Drug Carriers
Injectable Hydrogels as Transplants in Regenerative Medicine
Future Directions of Injectable Hydrogels
Cross-References
References
Injectable In Situ Forming Gel
Inorganic Nanoparticle Radioenhancers for Oncology
Inorganic Nanoparticle Radiosensitizers for Cancer Therapies
Synonyms
Definitions
Radiation Therapy
Radiosensitizers
Nanosized Metal-Based Molecules
Inorganic Nanoparticle-Enhanced X-ray Therapy
Radiotherapy Enhancement with GNPs
Basic Physics of Metal-Enhanced Radiotherapy
Optimal Beam Energy in Radiotherapy
Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species
Effect of Irradiation on Cell Cycle
Summary of In Vitro Studies on GNPs
Summary of In Vivo Studies on GNPs
Designing the Most Effective GNP Radiosensitizer
Gadolinium Nanoparticles as Theranostic Agents
Rare Earth Elements
RE-Doped Titania Nanoparticles as Radioenhancers
Nanoparticle-Augmented Radiotherapy
Other Inorganic Radiosensitizers
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Inorganic Nanoparticle Radiosensitizers for Oncology
Insect Adhesion
Insect Flight and Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs)
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Overview of a Robotic Insect: ``RoboBees´´
Aeromechanical Components of a RoboBee
Aerodynamics of Flapping-Wings at Low Reynolds Numbers
Toward Autonomy
Biomimetic Flexible Wings
Actuators and Thoracic Mechanics
Altitude Control
Passive Balancing Transmission
Power Considerations
Energy Source
Power Electronics
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Cross-References
References
Insect Infrared Sensors
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Biology and Behavior of Pyrophilous Insects
The Photomechanic IR Receptors in Pyrophilous Beetles and Bugs
Structure of Photomechanic IR Receptors
Receptor Function
Biomimetic Approach
Golay Sensor
Sensor Model of the IR Receptor
Sensor Without Compensation Leak
Sensor with Compensation Leak
Energy Balance and Pressures for the Adiabatic Cavity
Compensation of Ambient Temperature Changes
Future Directions of Research
Cross-References
References
Insect-Inspired Visual Systems and Visually Guided Behavior
Definition
Introduction
The Insect Visual Pathway
Artificial Compound Eyes
Using Motion Information
Flight Control
Flight Control for UAVs
Collision Avoidance
Economical Visual Navigation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Insects
Integrated Approach for the Rational Design of Nanoparticles
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
In Silico Mathematical Modeling
Microfluidic Chips and Intravital Microscopy
Future Directions
Acknowledgments
Cross-References
References
Integrated Biosensors
Integrated Micro-acoustic Devices
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Capacitive Micro-Acoustic Devices
Capacitive MEMS Microphones
Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers
Piezoelectric Micro-acoustic Devices
d33 Mode
d31 Mode
Piezoresistive Micro-Acoustic Sensors
Summary
Cross-References
References
Integration
Integration of Nanostructures Within Microfluidic Devices
Synonyms
Definition
Concepts
Methodology
Applications
Nanostructure Arrays as Sensing Elements
Nanostructures as Passive Elements
Nanostructures as Actuators
A Developing Field
Acknowledgments
Cross-References
References
Intelligent Drug Delivery Microchips
Interaction of the Immune System with Nanoparticles
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Immune System
Immunotoxicity
Immunomodulation as Treatment
Tests
Conclusions
References
Interface Excess Free Energy
Interfacial Charging Effect
Interfacial Energy and Chemical Potential at Nanoscale
Interfacial Investigation of Protein Films Using Acoustic Waves
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Principle of Operation
Elastic Loading
Viscous Loading
Viscoelastic Loading in Liquid Ambient
Basic Methodology
Micromachined Quartz Resonator Arrays
Key Research Findings
Impedance Characteristics in Air and Liquid Loading Conditions
Investigation of Interfacial Layer: Protein Adsorption Studies
Future Directions for Research
Cross-References
References
Interference Modulator (IMOD) Technology
Intravital Microscopy Analysis
Synonyms
Definition
Overview
Principles
Fluorescence
Fluorophores
Sectioning
Confocal Microscopy
Two-Photon Microscopy
Laser Scanning
Applications
Perspectives
Cross-References
References
Ion Beam
Ion Beam Etching (IBE)
Ion Beam Figuring (IBF)
Ion Beam Smoothing (IBS)
Iridescent Colors