Encyclopaedia Britannica [INDEX, 9 ed.]

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ENCYCLOPEDIA BBITANNICA NINTH EDITION

r THE

ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA DICTIONARY OF

ARTS, SCIENCES, AND GENERAL LITERATURE

NINTH EDITION

INDEX WITH

LIST

OF

EDINBURGH:

CONTRIBUTORS

ADAM

AND

KEY

AND

TO

THEIR

INITIALS

CHARLES

MDCCCLXXXIX

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BLACK

PREFACE. N index commonly needs no preface, but it seems not unreasonable to explain why an alphabetical Encyclopaedia is furnished with an alphabetical index. In smaller works of reference which partake of the nature of verbal lexicons no such thing is needed; but the plan of the Encyclopedia Britannica is to deal with subjects rather than words, and to discuss large subjects in a connected way, under general headings, so that the book may be used not only for occasional reference but for systematic study. Many things, therefore, which a reader may wish to understand are explained, not under their own names, but m the course of a larger discussion, and those who desire to learn about them will find the explanation in its proper place by the aid of this index volume. The index has been compiled by Mr William Cairns, and arranged and revised by the Rev. Geo. M‘Arthur, with the assistance of Miss Emily Stevenson and Mr J. T. Bealby. Besides the index, the present volume contains a complete list of those who have written articles for the ninth edition of the Encyclopedia, with a key to the initial letters affixed to the longer contributions. It is to be observed that the use of these initials was not designed to lighten the responsibility of the editors. No editor can possess the knowledge which would enable him to control the work of his contributors in all the subjects treated of in the Encyclopedia, but no effort has been spared on the part of the editorial staff to secure the accuracy and sufficiency of every contribution, and to prevent those repetitions and mconcmnities which necessarily occur where each contributor is absolutely and solely responsible for the articles that bear his name. In this endeavour the editors have been heartily supported by the contributors themselves: a large proportion of the unsigned articles have been written by scholars of the first name, who kindly undertook to do small things as well as large in order to secure the uniform treatment of a whole group of subjects, and in all departments leading authorities at home and abroad have been found ready to help, not merely by their direct contributions, but by valuable counsels as to the plan of articles and the choice of writers—often also by revising what others had written, and suggesting corrections and improvements.

PREFACE. VI The list of contributors, and the initials appended to the longer articles, are sufficient to show that the ninth edition Britanmca . . of the n Encyclopedia •fivcifViEinrl PnowledsTG, to rs tinno extent tn 5 7> Belemnite, fossil mollusc, xvi. 670. XIX town, in. 509; XVlli. 409. - 5., Belesme, Robert of, Norman noble, XL j Currer, Ellis, and Acton (the BEHBEHAN, town, Persia, in. 509. 656. sisters Bronte), iv. 365. BEHEM,or Behaim, Martin, cartographer Belfast, town, Ireland, in. 511; xin. George Joseph, Scottish jurist, ill. and navigator, in. 509; X. 680. 237; library, Xiv. 524; newspapers, 2 BEHISTUN, Persia, rock inscriptions a , 54 . . XVII. 423; Queen’s College at, XXIII. } Henry, Scottish mechanician, in. in. 509; xvni. 567. 855. Behmen, Jakob (Boehme, q.v.\ German 542Lough, Ireland, in. 512. Henry Glassford, Scottish writer, mystic, in. 852. Belfort, town, France, in. 513; xin. in. 542. Behn, Aphra, English dramatist, in. Sl 7 . , ) John, American politician, xxni. 509; vin. 424Belfry, in architecture, n. 401. 772, 788. BEHRING, Vitus, Danish Arctic explorer, BELG^E, or Belgians, Gallic tribe, IX John, Scottish anatomist and surin. 510; XIX. 318. 527; x- nI. . T geon, in. 543. Behring’s Island, North Pacific, in. BELGAM, or Belgaum, district, India, } John, Scottish traveller, in. 542. 509. m. 513. , , Behring’s Strait, hi. 509; xvin. Belgium, HI. 514; united 5 Patrick, inventor of reaping mato and separchine, I. 322. 116; whale fishery in, XXIV. 528. ated from Holland, XII. 83; its relations BEHRISCH, E. W., friend of Goethe, X. ) Robert, editor of British poets, HI. to the papacy, vi. 242; academy of, 722. . . 5431. 76; its army, n. 615; birds, xvni. Bella, suburb, Nicastro, Italy, xvn. Beibazaar (Begbazaar), town, Asiatic 17; coalfields, VI. 55; coins, XVII. Turkey, HI. 507. 480. 656; small farms, I. 412; forests, IX. _, Stefano de la, Italian engraver, in. Brighton, Henry, his steam-engine 400; foundling hospitals, IX. 483; improvement, XXII. 474543irrigation works, XIII. 370; libraries, Belladonna, plant, in. 543; xvn. Being, Science of, xvi. 79. mines XVL 4685 xiv. 531, 5495 ’ and Not Being, in Eleatic philo231; as poison, xix. 279. national debt, XVII. 246; newspapers, sophy, xvin. 315. Oil, xvn. 744xvn. 430; observatories, xvn. 7I5> Beira, province, Portugal, in. 510; Bellai, Guillaume du, French general oyster culture, XVin. 108; periodical xix. 537. . and writer, III. 543literature, XVin. 542; police system, BEIROUT, or Beyrout, town, Syria, ill. Bellamar, Caves of, Cuba, xv. 624. xix. 343; prison system, xix. 75^! 622; commerce of, xxni. 655. railways, XX. 250; Walloons, XXIV. Bellamy, Jacobus, Dutch poet, in. 543; Beit-el-Fakih, town, Arabia, in. 510. xn. 96. 332Beja, town, Portugal, III. 510. Bellarmine, Robert F. R., cardinal, BEJAPORE (Bijapur), state and town, Belgrade, town, Servia, in. 531; xxi. in. 544; his relations with Galileo, x. 688; battlexxm of (1717), vin. 661; treaty India, in. 669. 6 32. of (1739), - 47Bejar, town, Spain, in. 510; xxi. 203. Bell ary (Ballari), district and town, B^JARD, Armande, wife of Moliere, XV1. Belhaven, Lord, on farming in East India, in. 286. Lothian, Scotland, I. 301. 625. Bellay, or Bellai, Guillaume du, Belief, in. 532; psychology of, xx Beka, district, Asiatic Turkey, xxin. French general and writer, HI. 54383; in relation to theology, XXIIL 654. Joachim du, French poet, HI. $445 264; Jacobi’s theory of, xin. 537. BEKE, Charles T., English traveller, ill. xx. 841. Belinski, Russian critic, XXL 108. 510. BELISARIUS, Byzantine general, HI. Bell-Bird, of New Zealand, xn. 139 BEKES, town, Hungary, in. 511. , of Venezuela, xxiv. 139535; xin. 797; xvn. 233; xvin. 612; Bekker, Balthazar, Dutch theologian, Bell-Cot, in architecture, n. 461. xx. 782; African campaign of, XXIV. in. 511; xn. 95. French pastoral poet, 59; Procopius’s relations with, xix. Belleau, Remy, or Wolff, Elizabeth, Dutch xvin xx 841 in. 545; 3455 - ' , . 789. novelist, III. 511. Belle-Isle, Duke of, French marshal, Belius, Matthias, Hungarian historian, , Immanuel, German philologist, ix. 586. in. 511. ill. 511.

belle-Isle, Marquis of (Nicolas Bouquet, q.v.), French statesman, IX. 487. Belle-Isle-en-Mer, island, west of France, ill. 545. Bellenden, John, Scottish poet, III. 545; xxi. 541; his translation of Boece’s history, ill. 850. , William, French classical scholar, ill. 545. Bellenz (Bellinzona, q.v.), town, Switzerland, ill. 548. Bellerophon, in Greek legend, ill. 546; xviii. 468. Belles-Lettres, Academies of, 1. 73. Belleville, town, Ontario, Canada, xvii. 775. , town, Illinois, U.S.A., ill. 546. Belley, town, France, m. 546. Belligerents, in international law, xiii. 194. Bellinger, river, New South Wales, xvii. 408. Bellingham, Sir Edward, viceroy of Ireland, xm. 263. , John, assassin of Spencer Perceval, xviii. 521. Bellini, Gentile, Italian painter, m. 547; XXL 436; tutor of Titian, XXIII. 414. , Giovanni, Italian painter, ill. 547; xxi. 436; tutor of Titian, xxm. 414. , Jacopo, Italian painter, in. 546; xv. 501. , Lorenzo, Italian anatomist and physician, ill. 548. , Vincenzo, Italian musical composer, in. 548; xvii. 99. Bellinzona, town, Switzerland, in. 548; xxii. 778; xxiii. 351. Bellman, Carl Mikael, Swedish poet, in. 549; xxii. 755. Bell Metal, iv. 366. Bellomont, Lord, English governor of New York, xvn. 455. Bellona, in Roman mythology, m. 549Bellonius, Petrus (Belon, q.v.), French naturalist, in. 553; on birds, xvni. 4. Bellot, Joseph Ren6, French Arctic explorer, in. 549; xix. 321. Bellovacensis, Vincentius (Vincent of Beauvais), mediaeval encyclopaedist, vin. 192; xxiv. 235. Bellovaci, Gallic tribe, xvni. 286. Bellovesus, founder of Milan, xvi. 292. Bellows, in. 549; for organ, xvn. 836; for smelting ores, xvi. 60. Bell-Ringing, in. 538. Bell Rock Lighthouse, on Scottish coast, xiv. 616. Bell’s Palsy, disease, xvin. 257. Bellu/e, Linnaean order of Mammalia, xv. 421; xxiv. 805. Belluno, town, Italy, in. 553. ' > Duke of (C. P. Victor), French marshal, xxiv. 213.

B E L— B E N Belly-Fish, in Java, xin. 606. Belmonte, river, Brazil, iv. 222. Belon, Pierre, French naturalist, in. 553; on birds, XVNI. 4; on fishes, xn. 631. Belone, genus of fishes, x. 80. Beloochistan (Baluchistan), country, Asia, in. 299. Belpasso, town, Sicily, in. 553. Belper, town, England, in. 553. Belsham, Thomas, English Unitarian writer, in. 553. , William, English political writer, 553Belshazzar, of Scripture, in. 188, 553. Belt, mechanical connector, xv. 760. , Great and Little, straits, Denmark, in. 554. Beltane, or Beltein, Celtic festival, in. 554. Beltirs, race of people, Russia, XXL 251. Beluga, cetacean mammal, xv. 398; xxiv. 525; xix. 522. Belunum (Belluno), ancient town, Italy, in. 553. Belvacensis, Vincentius (Vincent of Beauvais), encyclopaedist, VNI. 192; xxiv. 235. Belvedere, town, Italy, in. 554. Statue, of Apollo, 11. 186. Belzoni, Giovanni Battista, explorer of Egypt, IN. 554. Bem, Joseph, Polish general, xn. 372. Bema, in architecture, N. 461. , Manichsean festival, xv. 485. Bemba, lake, Central Africa, xxiv. 763. Bembo, Pietro, cardinal, IN. 554. Bembridge, town, Isle of Wight, England, xxiv. 562. Benacus (Garda), lake, Italy, x. 75. Benares, division, district, and town, India, in. 554; xvn. 572; Ghoosla Ghat, landing place at, 11. 397. Ben Attow, mountain, Scotland, xx. 854. Benavente, town, Spain, in. 556. Benbecula, island, Scotland, XL 607. Benbow, John, English admiral, in. 556. Benbulbin, mountain, Ireland, xxn. 159Bench, legal term, IN. 556. Benchers, English lawyers, m. 556; xiii. 87. Bencoolen, town, Sumatra, in. 556; residency, xxil. 639. Bend, in heraldry, xi. 695, 706. , seaman’s knot, Xiv. 128; XXL 590. Bendall, Cecil, on Nepalese chronology, xvn. 344. Bender, town, Russia, in. 557; Charles XII.’s residence at, V. 421. Bender-Abbasi (Bandar Abbas), town, Persia, IN. 557; xvin. 620, 627. Bender Eregli, town, Asiatic Turkey, xi. 681. Bending Moment, in beams, iv. 290.

51 Bend-i-Nuh (Noah’s Hill), mountain, Kurdistan, xiv. 156. Benedek, Ludwig von, Austrian general, in. 140. Benedict, St, founder of order of monks, in. 557; 1. n; xvi. 7035 his monastic rule, xvi. 704. I.-IV., popes, IN. 558. V., pope, in. 558; XIX. 497; XX. 789. VI., pope, in. 558; xx. 789. VIL, pope, in. 558. VIIL, pope, in. 558; xx. 790. IX., pope, in. 558; state of Rome under, xx. 790. X., pope, in. 558; xvn. 484. XL, pope, in. 558. XIL, pope, in. 558; xx. 799. XIII., pope, in. 558; xx. 803. XIV., pope, in. 559; xix. 507; his opposition to the Jesuits, XIN. 654. Benedictine Monasteries, i. 11. Benedictines, or Benedictine order of monks, in. 558; xvi. 704; in England, vm. 372; their libraries, xiv. 513. Benedictional, church service book, xiv. 710. Benedictus Levita, his collection of church laws, v. 17. Benee - Hasan, Egypt, Sepulchral grottoes at, vn. 774. Benee-Suweyf, town, Egypt, vn. 774Benefice, Ecclesiastical, ill. 559; origin of the system, IX. 121; right of presentation to, 1. 179; xx. 158; simony in regard to, xxn. 85; vicarial, xxiv. 209; dilapidations of, vn. 239. Benefit of Clergy, in law, v. 827; viii. 372. Beneke, Friedrich Eduard, German philosopher, IN. 560. Benevento, town, Italy, in. 561. , Prince of (Talleyrand), French statesman, xxiil 29. Beneventum (Benevento), ancient town, Italy, IN. 561; xxi. 249; battle of (275), xx. 744. Benevolence, in phrenology, xvni. 845. , Universal, Cumberland’s theory of vi. 702. Benevolences, enforced loans, ix. 177. Benfey, Theodor, German philologist, xvni. 781; xiii. 682. Bengal, lieutenant-governorship, India, IN. 562; early British connexion with, XN. 799; army of, N. 590. Bengalee Era, v. 719. Bengali Language, Dictionaries of vn. 190. Bengal Light, in pyrotechny, xx. 136. Bengawan, river, Java, xm. 601.

52

B E N —B E R

Berber, town, Egypt, in. 584; xvii BENTENG, town, Indian Archipelago, 5°7Bengazi, town, North Africa, HI. 571 > XXL 210. Berbera, town, Eastern Africa, Hi. 584. xxm. 575, Bentham, George, on plant classifica- Berberines, people, Nubia, 1. 260. Bengel, John Albert, German Biblical tion, iv. 81. ,... Berber Language, xviii. 778; its scholar, III. 57, , Jeremy, English writer on politics relation to Semitic, XXL 643; dictionBen Gerson, Levi, Jewish philosopher, and jurisprudence, Hi. 575; on co 1aries of, vii. 192. X. 55°. . n • fication of law, VI. .06; his ettacal Berbers, people, North Africa, 1. 261; Benghazi, town, Tripoli, Africa, m. system, vm. 606; on prison discipline, xxi. 151; xiii. 814; xxii. 278; of 571; xxiii. 575. xix 748; promoter of savings banks, Algeria, I. 5^4 j of Morocco, xvi. 834? Benguela, country, West Africa, m. XXL 327; on Smith’sWealthof Nations, in Spain, XXII. 310; of Tunis, XXIII. 572. XIX. 370; his relations with Dumont, 62°. Benhadad, king of Damascus, xni. VI1 2 - 5 9, a -ra , Berbice, county, British Guiana, xi. 4°6. BENTINCK, William, first earl of For 249; river, xi. 250. Ben Hope, mountain, Scotland, xxn. land, English diplomatist, xix. 530. Gonzalo de, Spanish poet, x. 726. Lord William, governor-general ot Berceo, 773; xxii. 353Beni, department, Bolivia, iv. 10.2 India, XII. 806. ^ ^ w, r , BERCHEM, or Berghem, Nicholas, Benicarlo, town, Spain, m. 57 Lord William George F. C., English Dutch painter, HI. 584. Beni Israel, Jewish settlement, Bomstatesman, Hi. 577. „ . BERCHORIUS, Petrus, French Biblical bay, xiii. 685. William H. C., third duke of Portencyclopaedist, VIII. 193Benin, country, West Africa, in. 572land, English statesman, XIX. 530. BENINCASA, Catherine (St Catherine Bentivoglio, Giovanni, Bolognese BERCHTESGADEN, or Berchtolsgaden, town, Bavaria, HI. 584. of Siena), V. 229; XXII. 43. statesman, HI. 577. Berdiansk, town, Russia, m. 584; Benjamin, of Scripture, m. 573. _ ., Guido, cardinal, III. 577. xxiii. 83. of Tudela, Jewish rabbi, III. Bentley, Richard, English scholar, in. Berdicheff, town, Russian Poland, Hi. 573. 578; on the iEsopian fables, HI. 181; 585. ^ . Ben Klibreck, mountain, Scotland, his controversies with Conyers Mid- Berdyansk (Berdiansk), town, Russia, xxii. 726. dleton, xvi. 282; on the Letters of III. 584; XXIII. 83. BENKULEN (Bencoolen), town, Sumatra, Phalaris, XVin. 730. BERE, HI. 376; culture of, 1. 359in. 556; xxii. 639. Benton, Thomas Hart, American poli- BEREAcereal, (Berrhcea), ancient town, MaceBen Lawers, mountain, Scotland, tician, xxiii. 764, 788. donia, XV. 137. xviii. 666. Benua, race of people, Malay Peninsula, Bereans, or Barclayites, Scottish sect, Ben Lomond, mountain, Scotland, xv. 323. HI. 369. xxii. 553. . . Benue, river, Africa, 1. 253; xvii. 496, Ben Lomond, mountain, lasmania, Benvoglienti, Ulberto, Sienese his- BEREKE Khan, Mongol ruler, xvi. 746. Berengar L, III., IV., counts of Cataxxiii. 73. torian, xxii. 43. lonia, xxii. 311. Ben More, mountain, Scotland, xviii. Ben Voirlich, mountain, Scotland, II., king of Italy, X. 483; xin- 468; 666. • a 1 A xvni. 666. Benmore Assynt, mountain, Scotland, xx. 788. Ben Wyvis, mountain, Scotland, xx. BERENGARIA, wife of Richard Cceur de xxii. 726. 854Ben Muichdhui, mountain, Scotland, Ben Lion, king of XX. 540. y Gloe, mountain, Scotland, xvili. Berengarius, England, of Tours, theologian and 1. 43. 666. Bennet, Henry, earl of Arlington, scholastic philosopher, in. 585; XXIBenzene, in chemistry, xxiii. 59; v English statesman, Hi. 573421; his connexion with Lanfranc, 560. Bennet’s Electroscope, viii. 118. XIV. 283. Bennett, James Gordon, American Benzert (Bizerta), town, Tunis, Africa, Berengelite, mineral, xvi. 428. in. 794; xxiii. 620. journalist, III. 574; XVII. 434. Berenger, James, of Carpi, Italian , John Hughes, English physio- Benzoic Acid, in chemistry, in. 580. anatomist, 1. 806. Benzoin, gum, in. 581; xxii. 639; as logist, in. 574Berenice, daughter of Agrippa I. of incense, XII. 718. Sir William Sterndale, English Judsea, ill. 5865 lier relations with Benzol, in chemistry, xxin. 59; xvili. musical composer, Hi. 574> xvn. 97Titus, xxiii. 420. 237Benneville, George de, American jWife of Ptolemy Euergetes of Benzoyl, in chemistry, xxiv. 626. Universalist, xxili. 831. Egypt, hi. 586. Beowulf, Anglo-Saxon poem, vm. 403, Ben Nevis, mountain, Scotland, xiii. town, Red Sea, HI. 58^404; xx. 657. 199. BtiRlJNlCE, Racine’s drama, XX. 206. Bennington, town, Vermont, U.S.A., B&RANGER, Jean Pierre, Swiss historian, BERESFORD, Marshal, English envoy in XXII. 799. xxiv. 167. Portugal, XIX. 551. , Pierre Jean de, French poet, in. BENNU, Egyptian phoenix, xvni. 811. Berezina, river, Russia, in. 58^; xxiv. 581; ix. 675. _ Ben Nut, xvii. 664; oil of, xvn. 744. 233Benoit de Sainte-More, French Berapi, mountain, Sumatra, xxn. 638. Berezoff,town, Siberia, in. 587; xxiii. Berar, province, India, HI. 582. writer, XIII. 4995 XX. 638. 43°Benozzo Gozzoli, Italian painter, ix. BIlrard, Frederic, French physician, Berg, duchy, Germany, m. 587. HI. 584. 773; xi. 24; xxi. 435. Bergamo, town, Asia Minor, xviii. Berardi, Angelo, Italian musician, Benserade, Isaac de, French poet, in. 528. xvii. 87. 575, province, Italy, in. 587Berardius, genus of Cetacea, xv. 397. Ben Slioch, mountain, Scotland, xx. , town, Italy, m. 587; church of Berauna, tribe, Fezzan, Africa, ix. 854. . . Sta Maria Maggiore at, 11.456; pictures 130. Benson, George, English divine, m | in, XXL 447. Beraunite, mineral, xvi. 405. 575-

B E R—B E R Bergamot, Oil of, in. 587. Bergander, bird, xxi. 788. Bergedorf, town, Germany, XI. 404; xv. 33Bergen, town, Norway, ill. 588; xvn. 582. , town, Riigen, Germany, xxi. 57. , Charles Auguste de, anatomist, 1. 814. Bergen-OP-Zoom, town, Holland, ill. 588. Bergerac, town, France, m. 588. , Cyrano de, on travelling to the moon, I. 186. Bergerite, mineral, XVI. 391. Berghem, Nicholas, Dutch painter, m. 584. Bergholz, mineral, xvi. 425. Bergisch-Gladbach, town, Prussia, x. 631. Bergmann, or Bergman, Torhern Olof, Swedish chemist and naturalist, ill. 588; v. 463; xxii. 756; on alum, 1. 643; on crystals, VI. 673; on the transit of Yenus, II. 791. Bergomum (Bergamo), ancient town, Italy, in. 587. Bergues, town, France, xvn. 535. Bering, Vitus (Behring), Danish Arctic explorer, III. 510; xix. 318. Berkeley, town, England, 111. 589. , West Virginia, U.S.A., mineral water of, xvi. 436. , George, hishop of Cloyne, philosopher, ill. 589; on mental association, II. 731; on the existence of God, II. 192; his philosophy in relation to Collier’s, VI. 144; his view of psychology, xx. 38; as economist, xix. 364; his place in English literature, vm. 428. , Lord John, grantee of New Jersey, U.S.A., xvii. 398. Berkenhout, John, on British birds, xviii. 9. Berkhampstead, Great, town, England, in. 591. Berkshire, county, England, m. 592; ancient monuments of, xxi. 51; population and representation, xxill. 727. Hog, 1. 400. Berlin, capital of Prussia, in. 593; XX. 16; treaty of (1879), xxill. 652; academy of sciences, 1. 71; bourse, xxil. 557; libraries, xiv. 526, 546; newspapers, xvii. 428; observatory, xvii. 712; picture gallery, XXL 445; porcelain, xix. 640; sculptures, XXL 566; university, xxm. 848. NeedleAVork, viii. 162. Berliner, Emile, telephonic inventor, xxiii. 129. Berlioz, Hector, French musical composer, in. 598. Berm, in fortification, ix. 428, 429. Bermudas, islands, Atlantic Ocean, m. 599> 18; Berkeley’s proposed college

at, in. 590; birds of, ill. 753; floating dock in, VII. 318. Bermudez, state, Venezuela, xxiv. 140. Bermudo II., king of Leon, xxil. 311; xix. 539. III., of Leon, xxil 312. Bern, or Berne, canton, Switzerland, ill. 600; xxil 778, 784, 790; town, ill. 600; XXII. 778; university, XXlll. 851. Bernacle-Goose, x. 778. Bernadotte, Jean Baptiste Jules, French general and king of Sweden, ill. 601; xxii. 752; in coalition against Napoleon (1813), xvn. 220. Bernam, river, Malay Peninsula, xv. 321. Bernard, St, of Clairvaux, mediaeval philosopher and theologian, ill. 601; 1. 35; IX. 539; XIX. 500; XXL 425; hymns by, XII. 584; mystical teaching of, xvil. 131. of Chartres, scholastic philosopher, xxi. 423. of Saxe-Weimar, general, IX. 569. of Trevisa, his chemical experiments, 1. 465. , James, Dutch divine, III. 603. , Jeanne Frangoise Julie Adelaide (Madame Bficamier), xx. 309. , Simon, French general, ill. 603. BernaRDES, Diogo, Portuguese poet, xix. 556. Bernardin, St, of Siena, m. 603. de Saint-Pierre, French writer, xxi. 195; ix. 666. Bernardino di Betti (Pinturicchio), Italian painter, xix. 108; xxi. 436. Bernart, of Ventadour, Provengal poet, xix. 874. Bernat des Clot, Catalan chronicler, XXIL 363. Bernat des Coll, Catalan chronicler, xxil 364. Bernauer, Agnes, killed at Straubing, xxii. 591. Bernay, town, France, m. 603. Bernays, Jacob, classical scholar, xm. 682. Bernburg, town, Germany, m. 604. Bernec, Peter, Spanish metal-worker, XIX. 184; XXL 567. Berners, Lord (Bourchier), English writer, IV. 174. , Juliana, English writer on fieldsports, ill. 604. Bernese Alps, i. 625. Bernesque Poetry, in Italian literature, xiii. 510. Berni, Francesco, Italian poet, m. 604; xiii. 510. Bernicia, district, Celtic Britain, v. 301; kingdom of, VIII. 270; xvil 568. Bernina Pass, North Italy, xxiv. 45. Bernini, Giovanni Lorenzo, Italian architect and sculptor, in. 604; xx. 836; xxi. 570.

53 Bernis, Abbe, adviser of Madame de Pompadour, ix. 587, 589; xix. 443. Bernoulli (or Bernouilli), family of mathematicians and scientists, III. 604. , Daniel, his theory of the motion of fluids, in. 606; xii. 437, 466; his theory of musical pipes, I. 114; on tides, xxiii. 355. , James, mathematician (d. 1705), ill. 604; on probability, xix. 769, 772. , James (d. 1789), m. 607. , John (d. 1748), ill. 605; his hypothesis of perpetual motion, xvm. 555; his contributions to trigonometry, xxill. 562; his problems solved by Newton, xvil 446. , John (d. 1790), ill. 607. , John (d. 1807), in. 607. , Nicholas (d. 1726), ill. 606. , Nicholas (d. 1759), ill. 607. Bernoulli an Numbers, Tables of, xxiii. 14. Bernstorff, family of Danish statesmen, vii. 87. Bernward, bishop of Hildesheim, niello-worker, xvil 494. Bercea (Aleppo), ancient town, Syria, 1. 478. Beroid^e, family of Actinozoa, 1. 132. Berosus, Chaldgean historian and chronologist, in. 607; v. 710; xv. 144; XVIII. 561; on Babylonian cosmogony, VI. 446; on Deluge legends, VII. 54. Berozovka, town, Bussia, xxiii. 717. Berri, Due de, son of Charles X. of France, ill. 608; murder of, ix. 619. , Duchesse de, in. 608. Berridge, John, hymns by, xu. 594. Berrio, Spanish writer of comedias, xxil 356. Berruguete, Alonso, Spanish sculptor, xxi. 567. Berry, form of fruit, iv. 151. Berryer, Pierre Antoine, French advocate and orator, in. 608. Bertaut, Frangoise (Madame de Motteville), xvn. 4. Bertharius, abbot of Monte Cassino, xxin. 832. Berthelot, Pierre M., his researches on carbon, v. 86. Berthierine, mineral, XVI. 415. Berthierite, mineral, xvi. 394. Berthold, Arnold A., on the sternum of birds, xvin. 22. Berthollet, Claude Louis, French chemist, in. 609; v. 464. Berthoud (Burgdorf), town, Switzerland, IV. 532. , Ferdinand, Swiss chronometermaker, in. 609. Berlin, Louis F., French journalist, xvn. 425. , St, abbey of, St Omer, France, xxi. 188. Bertinoro, town, Italy, in. 610. Bertoldo, Italian jester, ix. 367.

54

B E R —B H A

Bevis of Hampton, Romance of, xx. town, Java, xm. 606. BERTRAND DE GOTH (Pope Clement Besuki, 653. Betchuana, tribe, South Africa, m. Bevoibetta, mountain, India, xvn. V.), V. 821; IX. 544; XIX- 501478; xvii. 319; xxiii. 468, 518. 509. BERTRAN de born, Provencal poet, Betel-Leaf, spice, India, xii. 748Bewdley, town, England, in. 621; XIX. 874. Betel Nut, hi. 616; xvii. 664. xxiv. 666. Berush (Dob Beer), Jewish sectarian Bethany, town, Palestine, Hi. 617. Bewick, Thomas, English woodleader, xm. 681. Bethel, town, Palestine, in. 617. engraver, HI. 621; VIII. 438; hi® Bervie, village, Scotland, xiv. 79. Bethell, Richard, Lord Westbury, History of British Birds, XVIIL 10, Berwick (Berwick-upon-Tweed, q-v.), lord chancellor of England, xxiv. 14, 18. town, England, Hi. 610. 5°6. . ? Duke of, marshal of France, Hi. BETHENCOURT, Jean de, his conquest Bex, France, mineral water of, xvi. 610; IX. 582. 434of the Canary Islands, IV. 795. Berwickshire, county, Scotland, in. Bethesda, pool near Jerusalem, m. Bey, sovereign of Tunis, XXIII. 621. Beybars, Mameluke sultan of Egypt, 612; area and population, xxi. 528, 617; xiii. 638. representation, xxm. 727* vii. 755; xvii. 301; xxiii. 162. Wisconsin, U.S.A., mineral water Berwick-upon-Tweed, town, EngBeyla, town, Baluchistan, Hi. 511. of, xvi. 436. _ land, in. 610; XVII. 567; in time of Bethlehem, town, Palestine, ill. 617; Beyle, Marie Henri (De Stendhal), Alexander III. of Scotland, XXI. 486. French writer, III. 621. Church of the Nativity at, HI. 4l8. Beryl, mineral and precious stone, Hi- Bethlen, Gabriel, governor of Transyl- Beynen, Koolemans, Dutch northern explorer, xix. 325. 613; xvi. 418. . . 1 vania, xii. 369. Beryllium, or Glucinum, chemical ele- B^THUNE, Beyrout, town, Syria, in. 622; comtown, France, HI. 617; merce of, xxiii. 655. ment, v. 526; x. 693; spectrum of, xvili. 340. xxii. 376. _ Beza, Theodore, French scholar, in. Maximilien de, duke of Sully, ? BERYTUS, town, Phoenicia, XVIIL 004. 623. French statesman, XXII. 633. Berzelinite, mineral, xvi. 392. Bez;e Codex, i. 123; xviii. 148. BETLIS, town, Armenia, HI. 617. Berzelite, mineral, xvi. 404. Betsiboka, river, Madagascar, XV. 169. Bezanozano, tribe, Madagascar, xv. Berzelius, Jons Jakob, Swedish chem- Betsileo, district and tribe, Mada17!. Bezetha, hill, Jerusalem, xiii. 638. ist, in. 614; xxil. 758; on atomic gascar, xv. 168, 171. weights, v. 465; on the blowpipe, ill. BETSIMISARAKA, tribe, Madagascar, XV. Beziers, town, France, Hi. 625. 837; on fermentation, IX. 94; on Bezique, game, 111. 625. 17!. uranium, xxiv. 7. Betterton, Thomas, English actor and BEZIRK, Prussian administrative diviBerzsenyi, Daniel, Hungarian poet, sion, xx. 18. dramatist, HI. 617. xii. 377. Betti, Bernardino di (Pinturicchio), Bezwara, town, India, xiv. 103. Bes, Egyptian god, Hi. 614. BHABAR, district, India, XL 824. Italian painter, XIX. 108. B^SALU, district, Roussillon, France, Bettinelli, Saverio, Italian writer, ill. Bhadar, river, India, xiv. 15. XXL 28. BHAGALPUR, district and town, India, 618. Besanqon, town, France, m. 614. HI. 626. Betting, hi. 618; law relating to, Besaya, pass of, Spain, xxil 293. Bhagats, in Hindi literature, XL x. 66; xxiv. 305. Beschi, Joseph, Italian Jesuit, East Bettongia, genus of marsupial mam844. Indian missionary, XXill. 44. Bhaktamala (Roll of the Bhagats), mals, XIII. 840. BESEKE, J. M. G., On birds, XVIIL 8. Hindu work, xi. 846. BESHT (Israel Baal Shem), Jewish sec- Betts Cove, copper mine, Newfound- BHAMO, town, Burmah, HI. 627. land, xvii. 384. tarian leader, XIII. 681. Bhandara, district and town, India, Besh-Taryk, town, Turkestan, xxiv. Betul, district, India, HI. 619. ill. 627. Betwa, river, India, III. 620; XVII. 728. Bhang, Indian hemp, and narcotic 572. Beshtau Mountains, Caucasia, drug from it, III. 627; XL 648; XVII. Beudanite, mineral, xvi. 408. Russia, xxil 472. 231. Beskow, Baron von, Swedish dramatist, Beudant, Francois Sulpice, French Bharaich, district, India, ill. 628. mineralogist, III. 620. 111.615. Bhars, non-Aryan race, India, XII. Bessarabia, government, Russia, m. Beule, Charles Ernest, French archaeo791. logist, HI. 620. 615; xxi. 69. BHARTPUR, or Bhurtpore, native state, BEURBACH, George, Austrian astroBessarion, Johannes, cardinal, Hi. 616. India, III. 628; xx. 260. nomer, 11. 751. BESSEGES, town, France, ill. 616. , town, ill. 629; siege of (1826), Beust, Baron, Saxon and Austrian Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm, Prussian ill. 628; XU. 805, 806. statesman, HI. 141; xxi. 356. astronomer, ill. 616; on measuring Bharuch (Broach), district and town, Beuthen, town, Germany, III. 621; arc of meridian, VII. 598. India, iv. 356. xxil 53. Bessel’s Functions, Table of,xxin. 14. Bhascara Acharya, Oriental alge, Nieder, town, Germany, ill. 621. Bessemer Metal, xiii. 284. braist, 1. 517. Bessemer Process, of steel-making, Bevel-Wheels, in mechanics, xv. Bhatgaon, town, Nepal, India, Hi. 759Xill. 332; spectrum of flame in, xxil 629; xvil. 342. Beverley, town, England, in. 621; 377Bhatiana, district, India, in. 629. xxiv. 748. Bessler, Orffyreus, on perpetual moBhatniar (Bhattis), people, India, ill. , town, Massachusetts, U.S.A., in. tion, xviii. 554. 629; xx. no. 621. BESSUS, satrap of Bactria, betrayer of Bhatta-Narayana, Hindu dramatist, —, town, Western Australia, xxiv. Darius III., xvin. 582; II. 641. xxi. 286. 508. Bestiary, book of allegories, xix. 6. —, John of, archbishop of York, III. Bhattis, people, India, in. 629; xx. Bestuzheff-Riumin, Prof., Russian no. 621. historian, XXL 108.

B H A —B I G Bhavabhuti, Hindu dramatist, xxi. 286. Bhawalpur, state, India, ill. 630. Bhayachara, land tenure, in North Western Provinces, India, XVII. 573. Bher, tree, xxn. 60. Bhera, town, India, XXI. 735. Bhil, British political agency, India, ill. 630. Bhi-Leng, river, Burmah, xxi. 239. Bhils, people, India, ill. 630; xn. 791; xv. 346. Bhilsa (Bilsa), town, India, ill. 678. Bhiwandi, town, India, xxm. 221. Bhogdabari, town, India, xx. 272. Bhonsla Rajahs, Mahratta rulers, India, XV. 292. Bhopal, state, India, m. 630. Bhot, district, Tibet, xxm. 338. Bhotan (Bhutan), state, India, ill. 631; xi. 822. Bhotia Kosi, district, Tibet, xxm. 341* Bhotiyas, Nepalese race, India, xvn. 34iBhuj, town, Cutch, India, VI. 731. Bhurtpore (Bhartpur, q.v.), state and town, India, III. 628. Bhutan, state, India, m. 631; xi. 822. Bhutias, people of Bhutan, India, m. 631. Bhutteeana (Bhatiana), district, India, in. 629. Biafares, people, Senegambia, West Africa, XXL 662. Biafra, country, West Africa, ill. 633. Biamrillahi, Hakim, founder of the sect of the Druses, vn. 484, 751; xi. 378. Bianca Cappello, wife of Francesco I. of Tuscany, XV. 791. Bianchi, political party, Florence, ix. 334Bianchini, Francis, Italian astronomer, in. 633. , Ludovico, Italian economist, xix. 387Bianchi’s Air-Pump, xix. 246. Biandrata, Giorgio, physician and Antitrinitarian, xxil. 230; xxm. 725. Bias, river, India, in. 633; xiv. 154; xx. 107. of Priene, one of the seven sages of Greece, m. 633. Biata, town, Russian Poland, xxn. 37. Bibars (Beybars), Mameluke sultan of Egypt, vii. 755; xxiii. 162; Nawawi resists him, xvn. 301. Biberach, town, Wurtemberg, 111. 633. Bibirine, vegetable alkaloid, m. 633. Bibiru, or Greenheart, tree, 111. 63v xi. 165. Bible, The, in. 634; inspiration of, xm. 154; interpretation of, XL 741; its relation to Christianity, v. 690; to the Koran, xvi. 600; circulation of, 111. 649; decrees respecting, at council of

Trent, xxm. 546; monopoly of printing of, ill. 650; Reimarus’s view of, xx - 353> American-Indian translation, viii. 137; Armenian version, 11. 550; English, vill. 381; the Bishops’, Vlll. 388; Coverdale’s English translation, vi. 531; Geneva version, vm. 387; Tyndale’s English version, xxm. 675; Wycliffe’s, xxiv. 710; Ethiopic version, viii. 613; Diodati’s Italian translation, vii. 245; Luther’s German, XV. 76; Ulfila’s Gothic, x. 852; Polish, xix. 301; Septuagint version, xxi. 667; Syriac versions, xxil 824; Polyglott versions, xix. 417; Antwerp Polyglott, 11. 501; Complutensian Polyglott, xm. 694; Plantin’s Polyglott, xix. 177; Walton’s Polyglott, xxiv. 341. Bible Christians, Methodist church, xvi. 192. Bible Christians, Temperance Society of, xxiii. 159. Bible Glosses, x. 687. Bible Societies, hi. 649. Biblia Pauperum, hi. 653; xxiil 682. Biblical Criticism, Baur’s contributions to, in. 448; Bleek’s, m. 824; De Wette’s, vii. 114; xviii. 505; Ewald’s, viii. 775; Hupfeld’s, xn. 399; xviii. 506; Morinus’s, xvi. 824; Origen’s, XVII. 840; R. Simon’s, XXII. 83; Spinoza on, xxil 402. Biblical Theology, xxiil 239, 264, 275Bibliography, hi. 651; De Morgan’s works on, VII. 67; Dibdin’s, VII. 172; of Shakespeare literature, XXL 768. Bibliomania, hi. 655. , Dibdin’s, m. 655; vii. 172. Bibliopegy, bookbinding, iv. 42. Biblioteca Vaticana, Rome, xiv. 528, 548. Bibliotheca, Apollodorus’s work, 1. 499; 11. 186. , Photius’s work, xvin. 819. Classica, series of works, xiv. 856. Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, xiv. 524. Bibron, G., on reptiles, xx. 437. Bibulus, Lucius Calpurnius, Roman general, m. 664. , Marcus Calpurnius, Roman consul, in. 664. Bicaneer (Bikanir), state, India, ill. 670; xx. 260. Bicarbonate of Soda, xxii. 241. Bichat, Marie Frangois Xavier, French anatomist, in. 664; xv. 815; his descriptive anatomy, 1. 816. Bicho de Pe, or Chigoe, insect, ix. 301. Bickford, on the construction of water meadows, xm. 365. Bicycle, hi. 665; records of its speed, xxiil 560. Bida, town, Soudan, Africa, m. 665; xxil 279.

55 Bidasoa, river, Spain, xvn. 249. Biddellians, English Unitarian sect, in. 666. Biddle, or Bidle, John, English Unitarian, ill. 665; xxiil 726. Bideford, town, England, m. 666. , Gerard de, grand-master of Knights Templars, xxiil 161. Bidle, John, English Unitarian, ill. 665; XXIII. 726. BiDONE, Giorgio, his experiments on waves and running water, xn. 438. Bidpai, Hindu fabulist, ill. 666. Bidri, ornamentation, xm. 81; xvn. 495Bieberite, mineral, xvi. 401. Biel (Bienne), town, Switzerland, m. 666; xxii. 779. , Gabriel, German scholastic philosopher, in. 666; xxi. 431. Biela’s Comet, vi. 192; xvi. in. Bielau, village, Prussia, m. 666. Bielaya Tserkov, town, Russia, ill. 667. Bielefeld, town, Westphalia, m. 667. Bieleff, or Byeleff, town, Russia, ill. 667; xxiil 605. Bielgorod, town, Russia, 111. 667. Bielitz, town, Austria, m. 667. Biella, town, Italy, ill. 667. Bielopoli, town, Russia, ill. 668. Bielorusses, or White Russians, XXL 79Bielostok, town, Russia, ill. 668. BlELSKl, Martin, Polish writer, XIX. 301. Bienhoa, town, Cochin China, in. 668. Bienne (Biel), lake, Switzerland, xiv. 218; xvii. 361; xxii. 777. , river, Jura, France, XIII. 782. (Biel), town, Switzerland, in. 666; xxii. 779. Bieques Island, West Indies, xxiv. 261. Bievre, stream, Paris, xviii. 274. Biezhetz, or Byezhetsk, town, Russia, in. 668; xxiil 672. Biga, Roman chariot, V. 401. , province, Asiatic Turkey, xxiii. 653Bigamy, hi. 668. Bigarade, bitter orange, xvn. 810. Big Ben, bell at Westminster, England, HI. 539. Bigg, cereal, m. 376; culture of, 1. 359; in malting, iv. 269. Biggar, town, Scotland, xiv. 251. Bighini, or Fratricelli, medigeval sect, ix. 725; in. 507. Bighorn, American mountain sheep, xxi. 785. Big Horn Mountains, Rocky Mountains, U.S.A., xxiii. 797; xxiv. 713. Bight of Benin, West Africa, m. 572Bight of Biafra, West Africa, ill. 623.

56

B I G —B I R

BlRARS, Tungus tribe, Siberia, XXIII. Billing, Hermann, duke of Saxony, 608. Bigio, Francia, Florentine artist, his XXL 352. BiRBHUM, district and town, India, IN. relations with Sarto, XXI. 315. Billingsgate Market, London, xiv. 6 Biglow Papers, by Lowell, 1. 728, 73497. , 0 Birca (Bjorko), ancient town, Sweden, BlGNON, Jerome, French lawyer, in. Billiton, island, Indian Archipelago, xxn. 558, 737in. 677. BIRCH, tree, IN. 697; in United States, Bigordi, Domenico (Ghirlandajo), Billon, base metal, xvn. 630. xxiii. 808; culture of, n. 317. Italian painter, x. 567; xxi. 435of Mortality, xxn. 462; ot J. W., British resident, Perak, BlGORRE, Bagneres de, town, France, Bills London, XIV. 820. _ xxn. 587. m. 235. oasis and town, Africa, Hi. 7 , ) Thomas, English writer, IN. 698. BiGOTiERE, Seigneur de la, French Bilma, xvn. 695. mathematician, xxiv. 224. Bird, island, Seychelles, Indian Ocean, BlLSA, town, India, in. 678. XXL 725. BIHARI Lae, Hindi writer, XI. 846. BlLSTON, or Bilsreton, town, England, 5 William, English musical comBlHSUTUN (Behistun), Persia, rock inHi. 678. poser, IN. 698. scriptions at, in. 509; xviii. 567. BlLUCHlS, race of people, Baluchistan, I Louse, insect, xv. 24. BlJAlNAGAR, ancient town, India, in. I. 235. . Birds, in. 699 (index, 777); xvin. 2; 669. BlMA, state, Sumbawa, Indian Architheir relations to reptiles, XXL 323; BlJAPUR, state and town, India, in. pelago, xxn. 641. fossil, IN. 728; mimicry in, xvi. 341; 669. Biman A, Cuvierian order of Mammalia, olfactory organs of, XXII. 166; organs Bijnaur, district and town, India, in xv. 444. of touch, xxiil. 479; reproduction, 670. Bimetallism, system of currency, xvi. XX. 409; skeleton, XXN. 106; their BlJNS, Anna, Dutch poetess, XII. 92 736; xxn. 73swimming and flying powers, IX. 308; Bikanir, state, India, in. 670; xx. BiNA, river, India, XXL 146. taxidermy, XXNL 90; parasites of, 26°. Binalund Mountains, Transcaspian XVNI. 260; geographical distribution BlLASPUR, district, India, HI. 670; Region, Russia, XXIN. 511. town, in. 671; Xin. 823. of, IN. 736; vil. 269; of America, 1. BlLAUR, tract of country, Afghanistan, BiNCK, Jacob, Danish wood-engraver, 684; of India, XII. 743; of the Himavin. 437. xni. 821. layas, XL 834; works on development Binding, of books, iv. 41; xiv. 538. Bilbao, town, Spain, in. 672. of, viii. 168. Bingemma Hills, Malta, xv. 340. Bilberry, plant, xxiv. 556. The, of Aristophanes, N. 509. of America, by Audubon, in. 70. Bilboa (Bilbao), town, Spain, HI. 672. Bingen, town, Germany, in. 678. Bingham, Joseph, English scholar, in. of Paradise, in. 778; xv. 504. Bilboes, The, torture, xxin. 465. 678. Bilderdijk, Willem, Dutch poet, XU. OF Passage, Longfellow’s poem, Bingley, town, England, ill. 678. 96. xiv. 861. B ini AN A (Baena), ancient town, Spain, Bile, in physiology, xvn. 674, 675 BlREJlK, town, Asiatic Turkey, IN. 697. ill. 229. DUCT, in anatomy, VII. 231. BlREME, Greek ship, XXL 805. Bilfinger, George Bernhard, German Binney, Thomas, English preacher, in. BlREN, E. J., favourite of Anna of 678. philosopher and administrator, 111.672 Russia, N. 60; XXL 98. Binnite, mineral, XVI. 394. Bilge-Keels, in ships, xxi. 813. Birger, king of Sweden, xxn. 745. Bilharzia H/EMATOBIA, human para- Binocular Microscope, xvl 272. BlRGlTTA, or Bridget, St, of Sweden, Binomial Theorem, in algebra, 1. 555; site, xxin. 540. XVI. 711, 7!6; XXN. 753. table of coefficients, XXin. 13. Bilikh, affluent of Euphrates, VUI BiRJAND, town, Persia, xvill. 627, 628. BlNTANG, island, Indian Archipelago, 669. Birkarlians, Swedish adventurers in in. 679; xv. 321. Biliktu Khan, Mongol ruler, xvi Lapland, XIV. 307. BiNTURONG, carnivorous mammal, XV. Birkbeck, George, English philanthrop7436 43 Bilin, Bohemia, mineral water ot, XVI. ist, IN. 779. v . 1 BiNUE, river, confluent of Niger, Africa, Birkebeinar, Norwegian political 4-35xvn. 497; xxn. 248, 277. Bilini, Russian popular tales, XXL party, xvn. 588. BlOBlO, river, Chili, v. 617. 102, 107, 109. BiRKENFELD, principality, Germany, Biogenesis, in biology, 1. 49; in. 689. Bilious Attack, gastric catarrh, xxn. xvn. 757. Biogenetic Law, Haeckel’s, xx. 422. 574Birkenhead, town, England, in. 779; Biology, in. 679; divisions of, xxiv. Bilious Fever, in the horse, xxiv xiv. 715. 799; evolution in, VIIL 744; in relation 203. , Sir John, early newspaper writer, to morphology, xvi. 841; to physiology, Bill, in parliament, in. 673; xvni. 313 xvn. 414. xix. 8; to zoology, xxiv. 799. in Chancery, hi. 674. BlRMENSTORF, Switzerland, mineral BiON, Greek poet, ill. 696. of Exchange, hi. 673; vm water of, XVL 436. Bionomics, in zoology, xxiv. 817. 784, 795; discounting of, III. 329 Birmingham, town, England, in. 780; BiOSCHl (Fratricelli), mediaeval sect, IX. of Lading, in. 674. libraries, XIV. 521, 542; newspapers, 725of Rights, English (1689), xx. XVN. 422; population and representaBiot, Jean Baptiste, French physicist, 555tion, XXIV. 379- , in. 696; I. 194; his investigations in of Sale, hi. 674; xxi. 207; Biron, Armand, duke of, marshal ot electricity, vin. 9. registration of, xx. 343. France, IN. 786. Biotite, mineral, XVI. 412. Bill-Cock, bird, xx. 223. j Charles, duke of, French admiral, BlR, town, Asiatic Turkey, IN. 697. Billeting, hi. 674. in. 786; ix. 565. ,. , , Biran, F. P. G. Maine de, French Billets d’ Etat, of Law’s Banque , Louis Antoine, Marshal, friend ot philosopher, XV. 302. General, XIV. 367. Admiral Rodney, XX. 618. Billiards, game, in. 674; balls for, BlRARA (New Britain), island, South BIRR, town, Ireland, XVIN. 328. Pacific, xvn. 372. xin. 524.

B I K —B L A BiRS Nimrud, part of Babylon, m. 183. BiRSK, town, Russia, xxm. 717. BIRTH, Ceremonies connected with, in relation to totemism, xxm. 469; law in regard to concealment of, XIII. 4; registration of, xx. 343. , in comparative physiology, XX. 410. Birth-Rate, its average in different countries, xix. 516. Birthright, xix. 733. Biryutch, town, Russia, xxiv. 298. Bisaccia, town, Italy, ill. 786. Bis Accusatus, Lucian’s dialogue, xv. 44. Bisanthe (Rodosto), ancient town, Turkey in Europe, xx. 618. Bisbal, La, Count of (Henry Joseph O’Donnell), Spanish marshal, xvn. 727. Biscay, province, Spain, m. 787; xxn. 298. , Bay of, in. 787. Bisceglia, town, Italy, m. 787. Bischweiler, town, Alsace, Germany, in. 787. BiSCOP, Benedict, English monk, ill. 481; xvi. 707. Biscuit, in pottery, xix. 601. Biscuits, Manufacture of, in. 252. , Concentrated meat, xix. 707. Bishari, tribes, Nubia, xvn. 610. Bishir, African fish, 1. 260; xix. 429. Bishop, hi. 787; v. 700; vm. 484; xix. 674; xx. 629; election of, VI. 265; position of, in British peerage, xvin. 459) 465, Apostolic, a title of the pope, xix. 498. , George, his observatory, Regent’s Park, London, xvn. 711. , Sir Henry Rowley, English musical composer, ill. 789. Bishop-Auckland, town, England, m. 790Bishop Rock Lighthouse, Scilly Islands, England, xiv. 616. Bishops, Roman (popes), List of, xix. 488, 509. and Regulars, Congregation of, Church of Rome, xx. 629. Bishop’s Hatfield, town, England, xi. 520. Bishop-Stortford, town, England, m. 790. Bishopwearmouth, suburb of Sunderland, England, m. 790; xxn. 657. Biskara, or Biskra, town, Algeria, ill. 790. Bismarck, Prince von, German statesman, ix. 625; x. 510; xx. 12; xxiv. 582. Bismite, mineral, xvi. 388. Bismuth, chemical element, in. 790; v - 539; xvi. 380, 395; magnetic properties of, xv. 267; in medicine, vn. 587; ores of, in. 790; XVI. 58; telluric, XVi. 380.

Bismuthine, mineral, m. 790; xvi. 394Bismuthite, mineral, xvi. 399. Bismutoferrite, mineral, xvi. 425. Bismuto-SPHvErite, mineral, xvi. 399. Bison, ungulate mammal, ill. 792; xv. 432; of India, xii. 742. Bissagos, islands, West Africa, xxi. 661. Bisschop, Simon (Episcopius), Dutch theologian, vm. 493. BiSSEN, W., Danish sculptor, XXL 570. Bistre, pigment, xix. 88. Bisutun (Behistun), Persia, rock inscriptions at, ill. 509; xviil. 567. Bit, boring tool, XL 438. Bithynia, province, Asia Minor, m. 792; coins of ancient, xvn. 645. , genus of snails, xxn. 188. Bitlis, town, Armenia, ill. 617. Bitolia, town, Turkish Roumelia, xvi. 719. Bitonto, town, Italy, ill. 793. Bitsch, town, Lorraine, Germany, in. 794Bitter-Almond Oil, its chemical relations, xxiv. 626. Bitter Apple, or Colocynth, plant, vi. 150. Bittern, bird, in. 794; xi. 761; xin. 576. , Sun, bird, xxn. 652. Bitter Root Mountains, Rocky Mountains, U.S.A., xxin. 797. Bitters, alcoholic beverage, in. 794; xiv. 686. Bittersweet, plant, xvn. 499. Bitter Waters, xxiv. 399. Bitumen, mineral, xvi. 428. Bituminous Coal, vi. 45. Bitzius, Albert, Swiss writer, xxn. 799Bivar, Rodrigo Diaz de (the Cid), Spanish hero, v. 773. Biwa, lake, Japan, xm. 572. Bixio, aeronaut, 1. 195. Biyerre, affluent of the Congo, Africa, xxiv. 764. Biysk, town, Siberia, xxn. 11; xxm. 439Bizerta, town, Tunis, North Africa, in. 794; xxin. 620. Bjarni, early Danish navigator, XL 171. Bjerregaard, Henrik Anker, Norwegian poet, xvn. 590. Bjoreia, river, Norway, xvn. 575. BjORKO, island and ancient town, Sweden, xxn. 558, 737. Bjorn, Greenland voyager, 1. 706. Bjornson, B., Norwegian poet and dramatist, xvn. 591; xvin. 348. Black, Adam, publisher of Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vin. 202. , Joseph, chemist, III. 794; on the properties of air, v. 462; his balloon experiments, I. 189.

57 Black, W. H., on ancient London, xiv. 841. , Aniline, from vanadium, xxiv. 54, Pigments of, xix. 88. , Platinum, xix. 191. Ash Making, in soda manufacture, xxii. 243. Blackball, wheat disease, 1. 354. Blackband Iron, xiii. 285. Blackbird, bird, m. 799; xviil 74; of America, XL 27. Black Book of the Admiralty, i. 157; xxi. 584. Black Book of the Exchequer, xxi. 36. Black Book of Wales, v. 318. Blackburn, town, England, m. 799. Black Canons, i. 19. Blackcap, bird, xxiv. 553. Black Cart, river, Scotland, xx. 395. Black Castle, Wicklow, Ireland, xxiv. 558. Blackcock, bird, m. 800; xi. 222; as game, xxi. 835. Black Colours, in dyeing, vn. 579. Black Death, plague, xix. 164; vn. 684; viii. 325; xiv. 122. Black Dome, mountain, Blue Ridge, U.S.A., xxiii. 794. Black Dome, mountain, Catskills, U.S.A., xxiii. 793. Blackdown, Somerset, England, xxn. 257Black Duck, xxi. 470. Black-Eyed Susan, song by Douglas Jerrold, xm. 632. Blackfaced Sheep, i. 392. Blackfish, American fish, xxiv. 686. Black Flags, in Tong-King, xxm. 441Black Forest, Germany, 111. 795; xxiv. 699. Blackfriars, London, accident at Vespers at (1623), xiv. 847. Black Gum, tree, U.S.A., xxin. 809. Blackhead, bird, xxi. 378. Blackheath Common, London, xiv. 824. Black Hills, Rocky Mountains, U.S.A., xxin. 797. Black Hole of Calcutta, iv. 656; xii. 801. Black Isle, Scotland, xx. 854. Black Jack, zinc ore, xxiv. 785. Black Lead, xix. 230. Blackleg, cattle disease, 1. 390. Black-Letter Type, xxiii. 694. Blacklock, Thomas, Scottish poet and divine, III. 800. Black-Mailing, crime, xxiii. 233. BLACKMORE, Sir Richard, English writer, III. 800. Black Mountains, North Carolina, U.S.A., xvii. 559. Blackness Castle, Linlithgow, Scotland, xiv. 670. XXV. — 8

58

B L A —B L O

Blende, or Zinc Blende, mineral, xvi. Blake, William, English poet and 392; xxiv. 785. Blackpool, town, England, m. 800. painter, HI. 804. ? Nickel, mineral, xvil 487. Black Prince, Edward, the, vil 686; Blanc, Louis, French socialist, xxil. 208, Blenheim, village, Bavaria, in. 825; viii. 319. on communism, vi. 213. battle of (1704), hi. 126; viii. 353; Black Quarter, cattle disease, xvil , Mont, Alps, Hi. 807; I. 625; xxi. ix. 581; xv. 5541 i c8 House, Oxford, England, ill. Black River, New York, U.S.A., xvil Blanca Peak, Rocky Mountains, 825; XXIV. 653; Vanbrugh’s design, 451. U.S.A., xxiii. 796. n xxiv. 55. Black Rod, Usher of the, xxi. 37Blanchard, Emile, on birds, xviii. 31. Blenny, fish, xii. 690; XXL 614. Black Rot, vine disease, xxiv. 240. . j p.5 French aeronaut, 1. 190. Black Sea, hi. 795; xv. 820; restric- Blanche of Castile, mother of Louis BLESBOK, kind of antelope, II. 101. BLESENSIS, Petrus (Peter of Blois), tions on its navigation, XXIH. 647, IX. of France, IX. 542. mediaeval writer, XVlli. 698. 650. Blanco, Guzman, president, Venezuela, BLESSINGTON, Countess of, English BLACKSTART, bird, XX. 318. xxiv. 141. , , . . writer, III. 825; her relation to Count BLACKSTONE, Sir William, Englis BLANE, Sir Gilbert, British physician, D’Orsay, vil 370. jurist, in. 800; his definition of law, HI. 807. BLICHER, Steen Steensen, Danish xiv. 355, 362. BLANES, town, Spain, in. 807. _ writer, HI. 825; VIL 92; xviii. 348. Black Town, part of Madras city, Blanford, W. J., on geology of Persia, Blidah, town, Algeria, ill. 825. India, XV. 187. XVIII. 621. BLACKWALL, John, on the reproduction Blankenburg, town, Germany, xxi. BLIGH, William, English admiral and explorer, HI. 825; x. 190; Xix. 132, of spiders, II. 294. 461. xxiii. 24. Black Ware, kind of pottery, xix. Blank Verse, Marlowe’s introduction Blind, The, ill. 826; printing types for, 618; Etruscan, vin. 641. of, xv. 556. xxiil. 696; associations and colleges Blackwater, river, Ireland, VI. 403; Blanpain’s Comet, vi. 191. for, ill. 816. xiv. 51; xxiv. 400. BLANQUEFORT, Bertrand de, Knight Fish, in caves, xii. 693; xv. Black Witch, bird, 687. Templar, xxiii. 161. Blackwood, Adam, early Scottish 45°Blarina, genus of shrews, XXL 844. Harry, Scottish minstrel and jurist, xxi. 543Henry, Scottish writer on medi- Blarney, village, Ireland, in. 807. writer, XL 496; XXL 541; XXIV. 326. Castle, Cork, Ireland, vi. 405. Man’s Buff, Wilkie’s picture, cine, XXL 543Blackwood’s Magazine, xviii. 537 > BLASIUS, Gerard, on birds, xvin. 7. xxiv. 568. , J. H., on birds, xvill. 9, 26. Blindness, xvil 784. Lockhart’s connexion with, xiv. 763; Wilson’s connexion with, XXIV. 592. Blasphemy, hi. 807. Blind Traveller, The (James HolBlast Engines, used in metallurgy, Bladder, Diseases of the, xxiv. 188. man), English traveller, XII. 103. in. 551; xvi. 60. Nut, tree, 11. 320; xvil 664. Blast Furnace, ix. 840; in. 550; Blistering Beetle, or Spanish Worms, xxiii. 49, 52. Fly, insect, vi. 133; v. 31. xiii. 297. BLADES, W., on the sizes of books, iv. Blasting, hi. 808; most extensive ever Blithe, or Blythe, Walter, writer on agriculture, I. 297, 329, 33 u 38. . attempted, XXIII. 622; in mines, XVI. Bladon, Alabama, U.S.A., mineral BLITONG (Billiton), island, Indian 445water of, xvi. 436. Archipelago, in. 677. Blastoccele, in animal development, Blaen AVON, town, Monmouth, England, Bloaters, Curing of, ix. 253. II. 51. XVI. 754,. Bloch, Mark Eliezer, German naturalI Blastoidea, order of Echinodermata, BlaeU, William Jansson, his geographiist, Hi. 833; on fishes, XII. 632. vil 638. cal globes, x. 683. Block, Maurice, on statistics, xxn. BLASTOMERES, in animal development, Blagovyeschensk, town, Siberia, xxn. 461. 11. 51. 11. Blockade, in war, m. 834; xm. 194; Blastospore, in animal development, , monastery, Nijni-Novgorod, Rusxxiv. 364. vill. 746. sia, xvii. 501. Blockade-Running, in American BlattiDjE, group of insects, XIH. 152. Blagrove, Henry, English musician, civil war, ill. 237; xxiil 775. Blaxton, William, early settler at xvil 93. Block-Books, hi. 652; xxiii. 683; Boston, U.S.A., iv. 73. Blainville, Henri Marie Ducrotay de, printing of, xxiil 682. French naturalist, ill. 802; on birds, Blazonry, in heraldry, xi. 684, 705. Block Machinery, hi. 833; invention Bleaching, hi. 81 i; of linen yarn, xviii. 20, 22, 29; on reptiles, xx. 435. of, iv. 398; xv. 152. xiv. 666. Blair, Hugh, Scottish 1preacher and Blocks, in mechanics, xv. 763. Powder, chloride of lime, v. 678. writer, ill. 802; XX. SU BLOCKSBERG, hill in Budapest, HunBled a, king of the Huns, xn. 381. , Robert, Scottish poet, in. 803. gary, xviii. 691. Bleeding, as disease, xviii. 375. ) Port, town, Andaman Islands, ill. Block System, Railway, xx. 238. Bleek, Friedrich, German Biblical 802; II. 13. scholar, in. 823; on the Pentateuch, Blodite, mineral, xvi. 402. Athol, English race-horse, PediBloemfontein, town, Orange River xviii. 506. gree of, xii. 186. Free State, South Africa, xvil 813. , Wilhelm Heinrich Immanuel, Castle, Perthshire, Scotland, Bloemhoff, district, Transvaal, South African traveller and scholar, HI. xviii. 667. Africa, XXIIL 518. 824. Blairgowrie, town, Scotland, xviii. BLOIS, town, France, HI. 835; treaties Bleiniere, mineral, xvi. 428. 66 j. of (1504), IX. 555. . , Blake, Francis, his telephone trans- Blekinge, province, Sweden, v. 112; , Peter of, mediaeval theologian and xxil 741. mitter, xxiii. 130, 132. moralist, XVlll. 698. , Robert, English admiral, HI. 803; Blemmyes, native tribes, Africa, xvil BLOMBERG, or Blumberger, Barbara, 612. xii. 80.

B L O— BOD mother of Don John of Austria, xm. 716; xx. 291. Blomfield, Charles James, bishop of London, III. 835. Blomstrandite, mineral, xvi. 426. Blondel, David, French Protestant clergyman, III. 836. Blonie, town, Russian Poland, xxiv. 375Blood, of mammals, xv. 364; human, I. 845; in relation to nutrition, xvil. 677; in relation to respiration, XX. 482; diseases of the, xvm. 376; as manure, 1. 349; ordeal by, xvil. 819; sacrifice of, XXL 136; in slaughterhouses, I. 7; John Hunter’s work on the, xil. 389. , Circulation of the, xxiv. 98; I. 899; XI. 503; xiv. 411; discovery of, xv. 810; demonstrated by Harvey, 1. 810; first seen by Malpighi, XV. 338; hinted at by Mondino, I. 806; partially announced by Servetus, I. 810; during sleep, xxii. 155; in crustaceans, vi. 640; in fishes, xn. 658. , Thomas (Colonel), Parliamentarian officer, in. 836. Blood-Bath of Stockholm, xi. 333. Blood-Covenant, xxi. 138. Blood-Feud, vi. 582; in relation to totemism, xxin. 472. Bloodhound, vie 328. Blood-Lymph, of molluscs, xvi. 634. Blood-Poisoning, xxi. 666. Blood-Rain, x. 266. Bloodstone, mineral, 1. 278; xi. 634; xvi. 389. Blood-Vessels, Diseases of, xxii. 683; granulations of, xvill. 364; influence of nerves on, xix. 30. Bloodwith and Fledwith, Cinque Port right, v. 787. Bloodwort, plant, vn. 310. Bloody Assize, Jeffreys’s, xm. 618. Bloody Flux, disease, vn. 584. Bloom, compacted mass of iron, xm. 327, in tanning, xiv. 384. Bloomery, iron forge, xm. 290. Bloomfield, Robert, English poet, m. 836. Blount, Charles, English writer, 111. 836; on deism, vn. 34. Blow, John, English musical composer, in. 836; xx. 112. Blowing Machines, hi. 549. Blowpipe, hi. 837; Plattner’s use of, Xix. 213; oxyhydrogen, xvill. 105. Blubber, Whale, xxiv. 523, 529; consumption of, by Eskimo, vm. 545. Blucher, Gebhard Leberecht von, Prussian field-marshal, m. 840; xvn. 220; at Waterloo (1815), xvn. 224. Bludenz, town, Vorarlberg, Austria, xxiv. 297. Blue, Pigments of, xix. 87; from cobalt, vi. 82.

Blue, Prussian, dye, xx. 24. Bluebeard, Legend of, xx. 258. Blue-Bell, plant, xi. 478. Blue Billy, variety of ferric oxide, xiii. 285. Bluecap, bird, xxm. 419. Blue Coat School, London, xiv. 835. Blue Colours, in dyeing, vn. 576. Bluefields, town, Nicaragua, xvn. 477Blue-Fish, fish-destroyer and food-fish, U.S.A., ix. 267. Blue Gum, tree, vm. 649. Blue Jay, bird, xm. 611. Blue Ointment, in pharmacy, xvi. 34Blue Ore, clay ironstone, XIII. 288. Blue Pill, in pharmacy, xvi. 34. Blue Ridge Mountains, North Carolina and Virginia, U.S.A., xvil. 559; xxiii. 794; xxiv. 256. Blue Stone, sulphate of copper, vi. 35iBluethroat, bird, XX. 318. Blue Vitriol, sulphate of copper, xxii. 637Blumberger, Barbara, mother of Don John of Austria, xiii. 716; xx. 291. Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich, German physiologist, III. 840. Blundeville, Thomas, English geographer, xvil 253. Blyth, Edward, on birds, xviii. 25. Blythe, or Blithe, Walter, writer on agriculture, I. 297, 329, 331. Bo, or Sacred Fig, tree, IX. 154. Boa, family of serpents, III. 841; XXII. 195BO A-CONSTRICTOR, snake, xxii. 195; xx. 144. Boades, Bernat, Catalan historian, xxii. 364. Boadicea, British queen, ill. 841; IV. 353Boanerges, the apostles James and John, xiii. 552. Boar, Wild, family of mammals, m. 841; xxii. 773. Board of Green Cloth, xxi. 37. Board of Trade, English, xvi. 474; xxiii. 497; American difficulties with, xxiii. 733, 736. Boat, xxi. 804, 825; for racing, xxi. 31; whale, xxiv. 526; of wicker-work, in. 421. Boatbill, bird, xi. 762. Boatbuilding, xxi. 825. Boat-Racing, xxi. 30. Boatswain, his duties, xvn. 293. Boatswain-Bird, xxii. 125; xxm. 588. Boat-Tail, bird, xi. 27. B5a Vista, one of the Cape Verd Islands, v. 52. , suburb of Pernambuco, Brazil, xviii. 551. Boaz, of Scripture, xxi. in.

59 Bobadilla, Francisco de, governor of Hispaniola, vi. 175. Bobbili, town, India, xxiv. 267. Bobolink, North-American bird, xviii. 53Bobroff, town, Russia, xxiv. 298. Bobruisk, town, Russia, in. 842. Bobrzynski, Michael, Polish historian, xix. 305. Bob-White, bird, xx. 147. Bocage, district, France, xv. 458. Bocasoti, mediaeval sect, ix. 725. Boccaccino, Boccaccio, Italian painter, XXL 437. Boccaccio, Giovanni, Italian writer, Hi. 842; Xiii. 504; Petrarch’s friendship with, xviii. 708; his place in the Renaissance, xx. 385. Boccalini, Trajano, Italian satirist, ill. 846. Boccardo, Girolamo, Italian economist, xix. 387. Bocchus, king of Mauretania, XIII. 766. Bocconio, Marino, Venetian conspirator, xxiv. 143. Bochart, S