Encyclopaedia Britannica [INDEX, 9 ed.]

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ENCYCLOPEDIA BBITANNICA NINTH EDITION

r THE

ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA DICTIONARY OF

ARTS, SCIENCES, AND GENERAL LITERATURE

NINTH EDITION

INDEX WITH

LIST

OF

EDINBURGH:

CONTRIBUTORS

ADAM

AND

KEY

AND

TO

THEIR

INITIALS

CHARLES

MDCCCLXXXIX

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BLACK

PREFACE. N index commonly needs no preface, but it seems not unreasonable to explain why an alphabetical Encyclopaedia is furnished with an alphabetical index. In smaller works of reference which partake of the nature of verbal lexicons no such thing is needed; but the plan of the Encyclopedia Britannica is to deal with subjects rather than words, and to discuss large subjects in a connected way, under general headings, so that the book may be used not only for occasional reference but for systematic study. Many things, therefore, which a reader may wish to understand are explained, not under their own names, but m the course of a larger discussion, and those who desire to learn about them will find the explanation in its proper place by the aid of this index volume. The index has been compiled by Mr William Cairns, and arranged and revised by the Rev. Geo. M‘Arthur, with the assistance of Miss Emily Stevenson and Mr J. T. Bealby. Besides the index, the present volume contains a complete list of those who have written articles for the ninth edition of the Encyclopedia, with a key to the initial letters affixed to the longer contributions. It is to be observed that the use of these initials was not designed to lighten the responsibility of the editors. No editor can possess the knowledge which would enable him to control the work of his contributors in all the subjects treated of in the Encyclopedia, but no effort has been spared on the part of the editorial staff to secure the accuracy and sufficiency of every contribution, and to prevent those repetitions and mconcmnities which necessarily occur where each contributor is absolutely and solely responsible for the articles that bear his name. In this endeavour the editors have been heartily supported by the contributors themselves: a large proportion of the unsigned articles have been written by scholars of the first name, who kindly undertook to do small things as well as large in order to secure the uniform treatment of a whole group of subjects, and in all departments leading authorities at home and abroad have been found ready to help, not merely by their direct contributions, but by valuable counsels as to the plan of articles and the choice of writers—often also by revising what others had written, and suggesting corrections and improvements.

PREFACE. VI The list of contributors, and the initials appended to the longer articles, are sufficient to show that the ninth edition Britanmca . . of the n Encyclopedia •fivcifViEinrl PnowledsTG, to rs tinno extent tn 5 7> Belemnite, fossil mollusc, xvi. 670. XIX town, in. 509; XVlli. 409. - 5., Belesme, Robert of, Norman noble, XL j Currer, Ellis, and Acton (the BEHBEHAN, town, Persia, in. 509. 656. sisters Bronte), iv. 365. BEHEM,or Behaim, Martin, cartographer Belfast, town, Ireland, in. 511; xin. George Joseph, Scottish jurist, ill. and navigator, in. 509; X. 680. 237; library, Xiv. 524; newspapers, 2 BEHISTUN, Persia, rock inscriptions a , 54 . . XVII. 423; Queen’s College at, XXIII. } Henry, Scottish mechanician, in. in. 509; xvni. 567. 855. Behmen, Jakob (Boehme, q.v.\ German 542Lough, Ireland, in. 512. Henry Glassford, Scottish writer, mystic, in. 852. Belfort, town, France, in. 513; xin. in. 542. Behn, Aphra, English dramatist, in. Sl 7 . , ) John, American politician, xxni. 509; vin. 424Belfry, in architecture, n. 401. 772, 788. BEHRING, Vitus, Danish Arctic explorer, BELG^E, or Belgians, Gallic tribe, IX John, Scottish anatomist and surin. 510; XIX. 318. 527; x- nI. . T geon, in. 543. Behring’s Island, North Pacific, in. BELGAM, or Belgaum, district, India, } John, Scottish traveller, in. 542. 509. m. 513. , , Behring’s Strait, hi. 509; xvin. Belgium, HI. 514; united 5 Patrick, inventor of reaping mato and separchine, I. 322. 116; whale fishery in, XXIV. 528. ated from Holland, XII. 83; its relations BEHRISCH, E. W., friend of Goethe, X. ) Robert, editor of British poets, HI. to the papacy, vi. 242; academy of, 722. . . 5431. 76; its army, n. 615; birds, xvni. Bella, suburb, Nicastro, Italy, xvn. Beibazaar (Begbazaar), town, Asiatic 17; coalfields, VI. 55; coins, XVII. Turkey, HI. 507. 480. 656; small farms, I. 412; forests, IX. _, Stefano de la, Italian engraver, in. Brighton, Henry, his steam-engine 400; foundling hospitals, IX. 483; improvement, XXII. 474543irrigation works, XIII. 370; libraries, Belladonna, plant, in. 543; xvn. Being, Science of, xvi. 79. mines XVL 4685 xiv. 531, 5495 ’ and Not Being, in Eleatic philo231; as poison, xix. 279. national debt, XVII. 246; newspapers, sophy, xvin. 315. Oil, xvn. 744xvn. 430; observatories, xvn. 7I5> Beira, province, Portugal, in. 510; Bellai, Guillaume du, French general oyster culture, XVin. 108; periodical xix. 537. . and writer, III. 543literature, XVin. 542; police system, BEIROUT, or Beyrout, town, Syria, ill. Bellamar, Caves of, Cuba, xv. 624. xix. 343; prison system, xix. 75^! 622; commerce of, xxni. 655. railways, XX. 250; Walloons, XXIV. Bellamy, Jacobus, Dutch poet, in. 543; Beit-el-Fakih, town, Arabia, in. 510. xn. 96. 332Beja, town, Portugal, III. 510. Bellarmine, Robert F. R., cardinal, BEJAPORE (Bijapur), state and town, Belgrade, town, Servia, in. 531; xxi. in. 544; his relations with Galileo, x. 688; battlexxm of (1717), vin. 661; treaty India, in. 669. 6 32. of (1739), - 47Bejar, town, Spain, in. 510; xxi. 203. Bell ary (Ballari), district and town, B^JARD, Armande, wife of Moliere, XV1. Belhaven, Lord, on farming in East India, in. 286. Lothian, Scotland, I. 301. 625. Bellay, or Bellai, Guillaume du, Belief, in. 532; psychology of, xx Beka, district, Asiatic Turkey, xxin. French general and writer, HI. 54383; in relation to theology, XXIIL 654. Joachim du, French poet, HI. $445 264; Jacobi’s theory of, xin. 537. BEKE, Charles T., English traveller, ill. xx. 841. Belinski, Russian critic, XXL 108. 510. BELISARIUS, Byzantine general, HI. Bell-Bird, of New Zealand, xn. 139 BEKES, town, Hungary, in. 511. , of Venezuela, xxiv. 139535; xin. 797; xvn. 233; xvin. 612; Bekker, Balthazar, Dutch theologian, Bell-Cot, in architecture, n. 461. xx. 782; African campaign of, XXIV. in. 511; xn. 95. French pastoral poet, 59; Procopius’s relations with, xix. Belleau, Remy, or Wolff, Elizabeth, Dutch xvin xx 841 in. 545; 3455 - ' , . 789. novelist, III. 511. Belle-Isle, Duke of, French marshal, Belius, Matthias, Hungarian historian, , Immanuel, German philologist, ix. 586. in. 511. ill. 511.

belle-Isle, Marquis of (Nicolas Bouquet, q.v.), French statesman, IX. 487. Belle-Isle-en-Mer, island, west of France, ill. 545. Bellenden, John, Scottish poet, III. 545; xxi. 541; his translation of Boece’s history, ill. 850. , William, French classical scholar, ill. 545. Bellenz (Bellinzona, q.v.), town, Switzerland, ill. 548. Bellerophon, in Greek legend, ill. 546; xviii. 468. Belles-Lettres, Academies of, 1. 73. Belleville, town, Ontario, Canada, xvii. 775. , town, Illinois, U.S.A., ill. 546. Belley, town, France, m. 546. Belligerents, in international law, xiii. 194. Bellinger, river, New South Wales, xvii. 408. Bellingham, Sir Edward, viceroy of Ireland, xm. 263. , John, assassin of Spencer Perceval, xviii. 521. Bellini, Gentile, Italian painter, m. 547; XXL 436; tutor of Titian, XXIII. 414. , Giovanni, Italian painter, ill. 547; xxi. 436; tutor of Titian, xxm. 414. , Jacopo, Italian painter, in. 546; xv. 501. , Lorenzo, Italian anatomist and physician, ill. 548. , Vincenzo, Italian musical composer, in. 548; xvii. 99. Bellinzona, town, Switzerland, in. 548; xxii. 778; xxiii. 351. Bellman, Carl Mikael, Swedish poet, in. 549; xxii. 755. Bell Metal, iv. 366. Bellomont, Lord, English governor of New York, xvn. 455. Bellona, in Roman mythology, m. 549Bellonius, Petrus (Belon, q.v.), French naturalist, in. 553; on birds, xvni. 4. Bellot, Joseph Ren6, French Arctic explorer, in. 549; xix. 321. Bellovacensis, Vincentius (Vincent of Beauvais), mediaeval encyclopaedist, vin. 192; xxiv. 235. Bellovaci, Gallic tribe, xvni. 286. Bellovesus, founder of Milan, xvi. 292. Bellows, in. 549; for organ, xvn. 836; for smelting ores, xvi. 60. Bell-Ringing, in. 538. Bell Rock Lighthouse, on Scottish coast, xiv. 616. Bell’s Palsy, disease, xvin. 257. Bellu/e, Linnaean order of Mammalia, xv. 421; xxiv. 805. Belluno, town, Italy, in. 553. ' > Duke of (C. P. Victor), French marshal, xxiv. 213.

B E L— B E N Belly-Fish, in Java, xin. 606. Belmonte, river, Brazil, iv. 222. Belon, Pierre, French naturalist, in. 553; on birds, XVNI. 4; on fishes, xn. 631. Belone, genus of fishes, x. 80. Beloochistan (Baluchistan), country, Asia, in. 299. Belpasso, town, Sicily, in. 553. Belper, town, England, in. 553. Belsham, Thomas, English Unitarian writer, in. 553. , William, English political writer, 553Belshazzar, of Scripture, in. 188, 553. Belt, mechanical connector, xv. 760. , Great and Little, straits, Denmark, in. 554. Beltane, or Beltein, Celtic festival, in. 554. Beltirs, race of people, Russia, XXL 251. Beluga, cetacean mammal, xv. 398; xxiv. 525; xix. 522. Belunum (Belluno), ancient town, Italy, in. 553. Belvacensis, Vincentius (Vincent of Beauvais), encyclopaedist, VNI. 192; xxiv. 235. Belvedere, town, Italy, in. 554. Statue, of Apollo, 11. 186. Belzoni, Giovanni Battista, explorer of Egypt, IN. 554. Bem, Joseph, Polish general, xn. 372. Bema, in architecture, N. 461. , Manichsean festival, xv. 485. Bemba, lake, Central Africa, xxiv. 763. Bembo, Pietro, cardinal, IN. 554. Bembridge, town, Isle of Wight, England, xxiv. 562. Benacus (Garda), lake, Italy, x. 75. Benares, division, district, and town, India, in. 554; xvn. 572; Ghoosla Ghat, landing place at, 11. 397. Ben Attow, mountain, Scotland, xx. 854. Benavente, town, Spain, in. 556. Benbecula, island, Scotland, XL 607. Benbow, John, English admiral, in. 556. Benbulbin, mountain, Ireland, xxn. 159Bench, legal term, IN. 556. Benchers, English lawyers, m. 556; xiii. 87. Bencoolen, town, Sumatra, in. 556; residency, xxil. 639. Bend, in heraldry, xi. 695, 706. , seaman’s knot, Xiv. 128; XXL 590. Bendall, Cecil, on Nepalese chronology, xvn. 344. Bender, town, Russia, in. 557; Charles XII.’s residence at, V. 421. Bender-Abbasi (Bandar Abbas), town, Persia, IN. 557; xvin. 620, 627. Bender Eregli, town, Asiatic Turkey, xi. 681. Bending Moment, in beams, iv. 290.

51 Bend-i-Nuh (Noah’s Hill), mountain, Kurdistan, xiv. 156. Benedek, Ludwig von, Austrian general, in. 140. Benedict, St, founder of order of monks, in. 557; 1. n; xvi. 7035 his monastic rule, xvi. 704. I.-IV., popes, IN. 558. V., pope, in. 558; XIX. 497; XX. 789. VI., pope, in. 558; xx. 789. VIL, pope, in. 558. VIIL, pope, in. 558; xx. 790. IX., pope, in. 558; state of Rome under, xx. 790. X., pope, in. 558; xvn. 484. XL, pope, in. 558. XIL, pope, in. 558; xx. 799. XIII., pope, in. 558; xx. 803. XIV., pope, in. 559; xix. 507; his opposition to the Jesuits, XIN. 654. Benedictine Monasteries, i. 11. Benedictines, or Benedictine order of monks, in. 558; xvi. 704; in England, vm. 372; their libraries, xiv. 513. Benedictional, church service book, xiv. 710. Benedictus Levita, his collection of church laws, v. 17. Benee - Hasan, Egypt, Sepulchral grottoes at, vn. 774. Benee-Suweyf, town, Egypt, vn. 774Benefice, Ecclesiastical, ill. 559; origin of the system, IX. 121; right of presentation to, 1. 179; xx. 158; simony in regard to, xxn. 85; vicarial, xxiv. 209; dilapidations of, vn. 239. Benefit of Clergy, in law, v. 827; viii. 372. Beneke, Friedrich Eduard, German philosopher, IN. 560. Benevento, town, Italy, in. 561. , Prince of (Talleyrand), French statesman, xxiil 29. Beneventum (Benevento), ancient town, Italy, IN. 561; xxi. 249; battle of (275), xx. 744. Benevolence, in phrenology, xvni. 845. , Universal, Cumberland’s theory of vi. 702. Benevolences, enforced loans, ix. 177. Benfey, Theodor, German philologist, xvni. 781; xiii. 682. Bengal, lieutenant-governorship, India, IN. 562; early British connexion with, XN. 799; army of, N. 590. Bengalee Era, v. 719. Bengali Language, Dictionaries of vn. 190. Bengal Light, in pyrotechny, xx. 136. Bengawan, river, Java, xm. 601.

52

B E N —B E R

Berber, town, Egypt, in. 584; xvii BENTENG, town, Indian Archipelago, 5°7Bengazi, town, North Africa, HI. 571 > XXL 210. Berbera, town, Eastern Africa, Hi. 584. xxm. 575, Bentham, George, on plant classifica- Berberines, people, Nubia, 1. 260. Bengel, John Albert, German Biblical tion, iv. 81. ,... Berber Language, xviii. 778; its scholar, III. 57, , Jeremy, English writer on politics relation to Semitic, XXL 643; dictionBen Gerson, Levi, Jewish philosopher, and jurisprudence, Hi. 575; on co 1aries of, vii. 192. X. 55°. . n • fication of law, VI. .06; his ettacal Berbers, people, North Africa, 1. 261; Benghazi, town, Tripoli, Africa, m. system, vm. 606; on prison discipline, xxi. 151; xiii. 814; xxii. 278; of 571; xxiii. 575. xix 748; promoter of savings banks, Algeria, I. 5^4 j of Morocco, xvi. 834? Benguela, country, West Africa, m. XXL 327; on Smith’sWealthof Nations, in Spain, XXII. 310; of Tunis, XXIII. 572. XIX. 370; his relations with Dumont, 62°. Benhadad, king of Damascus, xni. VI1 2 - 5 9, a -ra , Berbice, county, British Guiana, xi. 4°6. BENTINCK, William, first earl of For 249; river, xi. 250. Ben Hope, mountain, Scotland, xxn. land, English diplomatist, xix. 530. Gonzalo de, Spanish poet, x. 726. Lord William, governor-general ot Berceo, 773; xxii. 353Beni, department, Bolivia, iv. 10.2 India, XII. 806. ^ ^ w, r , BERCHEM, or Berghem, Nicholas, Benicarlo, town, Spain, m. 57 Lord William George F. C., English Dutch painter, HI. 584. Beni Israel, Jewish settlement, Bomstatesman, Hi. 577. „ . BERCHORIUS, Petrus, French Biblical bay, xiii. 685. William H. C., third duke of Portencyclopaedist, VIII. 193Benin, country, West Africa, in. 572land, English statesman, XIX. 530. BENINCASA, Catherine (St Catherine Bentivoglio, Giovanni, Bolognese BERCHTESGADEN, or Berchtolsgaden, town, Bavaria, HI. 584. of Siena), V. 229; XXII. 43. statesman, HI. 577. Berdiansk, town, Russia, m. 584; Benjamin, of Scripture, m. 573. _ ., Guido, cardinal, III. 577. xxiii. 83. of Tudela, Jewish rabbi, III. Bentley, Richard, English scholar, in. Berdicheff, town, Russian Poland, Hi. 573. 578; on the iEsopian fables, HI. 181; 585. ^ . Ben Klibreck, mountain, Scotland, his controversies with Conyers Mid- Berdyansk (Berdiansk), town, Russia, xxii. 726. dleton, xvi. 282; on the Letters of III. 584; XXIII. 83. BENKULEN (Bencoolen), town, Sumatra, Phalaris, XVin. 730. BERE, HI. 376; culture of, 1. 359in. 556; xxii. 639. Benton, Thomas Hart, American poli- BEREAcereal, (Berrhcea), ancient town, MaceBen Lawers, mountain, Scotland, tician, xxiii. 764, 788. donia, XV. 137. xviii. 666. Benua, race of people, Malay Peninsula, Bereans, or Barclayites, Scottish sect, Ben Lomond, mountain, Scotland, xv. 323. HI. 369. xxii. 553. . . Benue, river, Africa, 1. 253; xvii. 496, Ben Lomond, mountain, lasmania, Benvoglienti, Ulberto, Sienese his- BEREKE Khan, Mongol ruler, xvi. 746. Berengar L, III., IV., counts of Cataxxiii. 73. torian, xxii. 43. lonia, xxii. 311. Ben More, mountain, Scotland, xviii. Ben Voirlich, mountain, Scotland, II., king of Italy, X. 483; xin- 468; 666. • a 1 A xvni. 666. Benmore Assynt, mountain, Scotland, xx. 788. Ben Wyvis, mountain, Scotland, xx. BERENGARIA, wife of Richard Cceur de xxii. 726. 854Ben Muichdhui, mountain, Scotland, Ben Lion, king of XX. 540. y Gloe, mountain, Scotland, xvili. Berengarius, England, of Tours, theologian and 1. 43. 666. Bennet, Henry, earl of Arlington, scholastic philosopher, in. 585; XXIBenzene, in chemistry, xxiii. 59; v English statesman, Hi. 573421; his connexion with Lanfranc, 560. Bennet’s Electroscope, viii. 118. XIV. 283. Bennett, James Gordon, American Benzert (Bizerta), town, Tunis, Africa, Berengelite, mineral, xvi. 428. in. 794; xxiii. 620. journalist, III. 574; XVII. 434. Berenger, James, of Carpi, Italian , John Hughes, English physio- Benzoic Acid, in chemistry, in. 580. anatomist, 1. 806. Benzoin, gum, in. 581; xxii. 639; as logist, in. 574Berenice, daughter of Agrippa I. of incense, XII. 718. Sir William Sterndale, English Judsea, ill. 5865 lier relations with Benzol, in chemistry, xxin. 59; xvili. musical composer, Hi. 574> xvn. 97Titus, xxiii. 420. 237Benneville, George de, American jWife of Ptolemy Euergetes of Benzoyl, in chemistry, xxiv. 626. Universalist, xxili. 831. Egypt, hi. 586. Beowulf, Anglo-Saxon poem, vm. 403, Ben Nevis, mountain, Scotland, xiii. town, Red Sea, HI. 58^404; xx. 657. 199. BtiRlJNlCE, Racine’s drama, XX. 206. Bennington, town, Vermont, U.S.A., B&RANGER, Jean Pierre, Swiss historian, BERESFORD, Marshal, English envoy in XXII. 799. xxiv. 167. Portugal, XIX. 551. , Pierre Jean de, French poet, in. BENNU, Egyptian phoenix, xvni. 811. Berezina, river, Russia, in. 58^; xxiv. 581; ix. 675. _ Ben Nut, xvii. 664; oil of, xvn. 744. 233Benoit de Sainte-More, French Berapi, mountain, Sumatra, xxn. 638. Berezoff,town, Siberia, in. 587; xxiii. Berar, province, India, HI. 582. writer, XIII. 4995 XX. 638. 43°Benozzo Gozzoli, Italian painter, ix. BIlrard, Frederic, French physician, Berg, duchy, Germany, m. 587. HI. 584. 773; xi. 24; xxi. 435. Bergamo, town, Asia Minor, xviii. Berardi, Angelo, Italian musician, Benserade, Isaac de, French poet, in. 528. xvii. 87. 575, province, Italy, in. 587Berardius, genus of Cetacea, xv. 397. Ben Slioch, mountain, Scotland, xx. , town, Italy, m. 587; church of Berauna, tribe, Fezzan, Africa, ix. 854. . . Sta Maria Maggiore at, 11.456; pictures 130. Benson, George, English divine, m | in, XXL 447. Beraunite, mineral, xvi. 405. 575-

B E R—B E R Bergamot, Oil of, in. 587. Bergander, bird, xxi. 788. Bergedorf, town, Germany, XI. 404; xv. 33Bergen, town, Norway, ill. 588; xvn. 582. , town, Riigen, Germany, xxi. 57. , Charles Auguste de, anatomist, 1. 814. Bergen-OP-Zoom, town, Holland, ill. 588. Bergerac, town, France, m. 588. , Cyrano de, on travelling to the moon, I. 186. Bergerite, mineral, XVI. 391. Berghem, Nicholas, Dutch painter, m. 584. Bergholz, mineral, xvi. 425. Bergisch-Gladbach, town, Prussia, x. 631. Bergmann, or Bergman, Torhern Olof, Swedish chemist and naturalist, ill. 588; v. 463; xxii. 756; on alum, 1. 643; on crystals, VI. 673; on the transit of Yenus, II. 791. Bergomum (Bergamo), ancient town, Italy, in. 587. Bergues, town, France, xvn. 535. Bering, Vitus (Behring), Danish Arctic explorer, III. 510; xix. 318. Berkeley, town, England, 111. 589. , West Virginia, U.S.A., mineral water of, xvi. 436. , George, hishop of Cloyne, philosopher, ill. 589; on mental association, II. 731; on the existence of God, II. 192; his philosophy in relation to Collier’s, VI. 144; his view of psychology, xx. 38; as economist, xix. 364; his place in English literature, vm. 428. , Lord John, grantee of New Jersey, U.S.A., xvii. 398. Berkenhout, John, on British birds, xviii. 9. Berkhampstead, Great, town, England, in. 591. Berkshire, county, England, m. 592; ancient monuments of, xxi. 51; population and representation, xxill. 727. Hog, 1. 400. Berlin, capital of Prussia, in. 593; XX. 16; treaty of (1879), xxill. 652; academy of sciences, 1. 71; bourse, xxil. 557; libraries, xiv. 526, 546; newspapers, xvii. 428; observatory, xvii. 712; picture gallery, XXL 445; porcelain, xix. 640; sculptures, XXL 566; university, xxm. 848. NeedleAVork, viii. 162. Berliner, Emile, telephonic inventor, xxiii. 129. Berlioz, Hector, French musical composer, in. 598. Berm, in fortification, ix. 428, 429. Bermudas, islands, Atlantic Ocean, m. 599> 18; Berkeley’s proposed college

at, in. 590; birds of, ill. 753; floating dock in, VII. 318. Bermudez, state, Venezuela, xxiv. 140. Bermudo II., king of Leon, xxil. 311; xix. 539. III., of Leon, xxil 312. Bern, or Berne, canton, Switzerland, ill. 600; xxil 778, 784, 790; town, ill. 600; XXII. 778; university, XXlll. 851. Bernacle-Goose, x. 778. Bernadotte, Jean Baptiste Jules, French general and king of Sweden, ill. 601; xxii. 752; in coalition against Napoleon (1813), xvn. 220. Bernam, river, Malay Peninsula, xv. 321. Bernard, St, of Clairvaux, mediaeval philosopher and theologian, ill. 601; 1. 35; IX. 539; XIX. 500; XXL 425; hymns by, XII. 584; mystical teaching of, xvil. 131. of Chartres, scholastic philosopher, xxi. 423. of Saxe-Weimar, general, IX. 569. of Trevisa, his chemical experiments, 1. 465. , James, Dutch divine, III. 603. , Jeanne Frangoise Julie Adelaide (Madame Bficamier), xx. 309. , Simon, French general, ill. 603. BernaRDES, Diogo, Portuguese poet, xix. 556. Bernardin, St, of Siena, m. 603. de Saint-Pierre, French writer, xxi. 195; ix. 666. Bernardino di Betti (Pinturicchio), Italian painter, xix. 108; xxi. 436. Bernart, of Ventadour, Provengal poet, xix. 874. Bernat des Clot, Catalan chronicler, XXIL 363. Bernat des Coll, Catalan chronicler, xxil 364. Bernauer, Agnes, killed at Straubing, xxii. 591. Bernay, town, France, m. 603. Bernays, Jacob, classical scholar, xm. 682. Bernburg, town, Germany, m. 604. Bernec, Peter, Spanish metal-worker, XIX. 184; XXL 567. Berners, Lord (Bourchier), English writer, IV. 174. , Juliana, English writer on fieldsports, ill. 604. Bernese Alps, i. 625. Bernesque Poetry, in Italian literature, xiii. 510. Berni, Francesco, Italian poet, m. 604; xiii. 510. Bernicia, district, Celtic Britain, v. 301; kingdom of, VIII. 270; xvil 568. Bernina Pass, North Italy, xxiv. 45. Bernini, Giovanni Lorenzo, Italian architect and sculptor, in. 604; xx. 836; xxi. 570.

53 Bernis, Abbe, adviser of Madame de Pompadour, ix. 587, 589; xix. 443. Bernoulli (or Bernouilli), family of mathematicians and scientists, III. 604. , Daniel, his theory of the motion of fluids, in. 606; xii. 437, 466; his theory of musical pipes, I. 114; on tides, xxiii. 355. , James, mathematician (d. 1705), ill. 604; on probability, xix. 769, 772. , James (d. 1789), m. 607. , John (d. 1748), ill. 605; his hypothesis of perpetual motion, xvm. 555; his contributions to trigonometry, xxill. 562; his problems solved by Newton, xvil 446. , John (d. 1790), ill. 607. , John (d. 1807), in. 607. , Nicholas (d. 1726), ill. 606. , Nicholas (d. 1759), ill. 607. Bernoulli an Numbers, Tables of, xxiii. 14. Bernstorff, family of Danish statesmen, vii. 87. Bernward, bishop of Hildesheim, niello-worker, xvil 494. Bercea (Aleppo), ancient town, Syria, 1. 478. Beroid^e, family of Actinozoa, 1. 132. Berosus, Chaldgean historian and chronologist, in. 607; v. 710; xv. 144; XVIII. 561; on Babylonian cosmogony, VI. 446; on Deluge legends, VII. 54. Berozovka, town, Bussia, xxiii. 717. Berri, Due de, son of Charles X. of France, ill. 608; murder of, ix. 619. , Duchesse de, in. 608. Berridge, John, hymns by, xu. 594. Berrio, Spanish writer of comedias, xxil 356. Berruguete, Alonso, Spanish sculptor, xxi. 567. Berry, form of fruit, iv. 151. Berryer, Pierre Antoine, French advocate and orator, in. 608. Bertaut, Frangoise (Madame de Motteville), xvn. 4. Bertharius, abbot of Monte Cassino, xxin. 832. Berthelot, Pierre M., his researches on carbon, v. 86. Berthierine, mineral, XVI. 415. Berthierite, mineral, xvi. 394. Berthold, Arnold A., on the sternum of birds, xvin. 22. Berthollet, Claude Louis, French chemist, in. 609; v. 464. Berthoud (Burgdorf), town, Switzerland, IV. 532. , Ferdinand, Swiss chronometermaker, in. 609. Berlin, Louis F., French journalist, xvn. 425. , St, abbey of, St Omer, France, xxi. 188. Bertinoro, town, Italy, in. 610. Bertoldo, Italian jester, ix. 367.

54

B E R —B H A

Bevis of Hampton, Romance of, xx. town, Java, xm. 606. BERTRAND DE GOTH (Pope Clement Besuki, 653. Betchuana, tribe, South Africa, m. Bevoibetta, mountain, India, xvn. V.), V. 821; IX. 544; XIX- 501478; xvii. 319; xxiii. 468, 518. 509. BERTRAN de born, Provencal poet, Betel-Leaf, spice, India, xii. 748Bewdley, town, England, in. 621; XIX. 874. Betel Nut, hi. 616; xvii. 664. xxiv. 666. Berush (Dob Beer), Jewish sectarian Bethany, town, Palestine, Hi. 617. Bewick, Thomas, English woodleader, xm. 681. Bethel, town, Palestine, in. 617. engraver, HI. 621; VIII. 438; hi® Bervie, village, Scotland, xiv. 79. Bethell, Richard, Lord Westbury, History of British Birds, XVIIL 10, Berwick (Berwick-upon-Tweed, q-v.), lord chancellor of England, xxiv. 14, 18. town, England, Hi. 610. 5°6. . ? Duke of, marshal of France, Hi. BETHENCOURT, Jean de, his conquest Bex, France, mineral water of, xvi. 610; IX. 582. 434of the Canary Islands, IV. 795. Berwickshire, county, Scotland, in. Bethesda, pool near Jerusalem, m. Bey, sovereign of Tunis, XXIII. 621. Beybars, Mameluke sultan of Egypt, 612; area and population, xxi. 528, 617; xiii. 638. representation, xxm. 727* vii. 755; xvii. 301; xxiii. 162. Wisconsin, U.S.A., mineral water Berwick-upon-Tweed, town, EngBeyla, town, Baluchistan, Hi. 511. of, xvi. 436. _ land, in. 610; XVII. 567; in time of Bethlehem, town, Palestine, ill. 617; Beyle, Marie Henri (De Stendhal), Alexander III. of Scotland, XXI. 486. French writer, III. 621. Church of the Nativity at, HI. 4l8. Beryl, mineral and precious stone, Hi- Bethlen, Gabriel, governor of Transyl- Beynen, Koolemans, Dutch northern explorer, xix. 325. 613; xvi. 418. . . 1 vania, xii. 369. Beryllium, or Glucinum, chemical ele- B^THUNE, Beyrout, town, Syria, in. 622; comtown, France, HI. 617; merce of, xxiii. 655. ment, v. 526; x. 693; spectrum of, xvili. 340. xxii. 376. _ Beza, Theodore, French scholar, in. Maximilien de, duke of Sully, ? BERYTUS, town, Phoenicia, XVIIL 004. 623. French statesman, XXII. 633. Berzelinite, mineral, xvi. 392. Bez;e Codex, i. 123; xviii. 148. BETLIS, town, Armenia, HI. 617. Berzelite, mineral, xvi. 404. Betsiboka, river, Madagascar, XV. 169. Bezanozano, tribe, Madagascar, xv. Berzelius, Jons Jakob, Swedish chem- Betsileo, district and tribe, Mada17!. Bezetha, hill, Jerusalem, xiii. 638. ist, in. 614; xxil. 758; on atomic gascar, xv. 168, 171. weights, v. 465; on the blowpipe, ill. BETSIMISARAKA, tribe, Madagascar, XV. Beziers, town, France, Hi. 625. 837; on fermentation, IX. 94; on Bezique, game, 111. 625. 17!. uranium, xxiv. 7. Betterton, Thomas, English actor and BEZIRK, Prussian administrative diviBerzsenyi, Daniel, Hungarian poet, sion, xx. 18. dramatist, HI. 617. xii. 377. Betti, Bernardino di (Pinturicchio), Bezwara, town, India, xiv. 103. Bes, Egyptian god, Hi. 614. BHABAR, district, India, XL 824. Italian painter, XIX. 108. B^SALU, district, Roussillon, France, Bettinelli, Saverio, Italian writer, ill. Bhadar, river, India, xiv. 15. XXL 28. BHAGALPUR, district and town, India, 618. Besanqon, town, France, m. 614. HI. 626. Betting, hi. 618; law relating to, Besaya, pass of, Spain, xxil 293. Bhagats, in Hindi literature, XL x. 66; xxiv. 305. Beschi, Joseph, Italian Jesuit, East Bettongia, genus of marsupial mam844. Indian missionary, XXill. 44. Bhaktamala (Roll of the Bhagats), mals, XIII. 840. BESEKE, J. M. G., On birds, XVIIL 8. Hindu work, xi. 846. BESHT (Israel Baal Shem), Jewish sec- Betts Cove, copper mine, Newfound- BHAMO, town, Burmah, HI. 627. land, xvii. 384. tarian leader, XIII. 681. Bhandara, district and town, India, Besh-Taryk, town, Turkestan, xxiv. Betul, district, India, HI. 619. ill. 627. Betwa, river, India, III. 620; XVII. 728. Bhang, Indian hemp, and narcotic 572. Beshtau Mountains, Caucasia, drug from it, III. 627; XL 648; XVII. Beudanite, mineral, xvi. 408. Russia, xxil 472. 231. Beskow, Baron von, Swedish dramatist, Beudant, Francois Sulpice, French Bharaich, district, India, ill. 628. mineralogist, III. 620. 111.615. Bhars, non-Aryan race, India, XII. Bessarabia, government, Russia, m. Beule, Charles Ernest, French archaeo791. logist, HI. 620. 615; xxi. 69. BHARTPUR, or Bhurtpore, native state, BEURBACH, George, Austrian astroBessarion, Johannes, cardinal, Hi. 616. India, III. 628; xx. 260. nomer, 11. 751. BESSEGES, town, France, ill. 616. , town, ill. 629; siege of (1826), Beust, Baron, Saxon and Austrian Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm, Prussian ill. 628; XU. 805, 806. statesman, HI. 141; xxi. 356. astronomer, ill. 616; on measuring Bharuch (Broach), district and town, Beuthen, town, Germany, III. 621; arc of meridian, VII. 598. India, iv. 356. xxil 53. Bessel’s Functions, Table of,xxin. 14. Bhascara Acharya, Oriental alge, Nieder, town, Germany, ill. 621. Bessemer Metal, xiii. 284. braist, 1. 517. Bessemer Process, of steel-making, Bevel-Wheels, in mechanics, xv. Bhatgaon, town, Nepal, India, Hi. 759Xill. 332; spectrum of flame in, xxil 629; xvil. 342. Beverley, town, England, in. 621; 377Bhatiana, district, India, in. 629. xxiv. 748. Bessler, Orffyreus, on perpetual moBhatniar (Bhattis), people, India, ill. , town, Massachusetts, U.S.A., in. tion, xviii. 554. 629; xx. no. 621. BESSUS, satrap of Bactria, betrayer of Bhatta-Narayana, Hindu dramatist, —, town, Western Australia, xxiv. Darius III., xvin. 582; II. 641. xxi. 286. 508. Bestiary, book of allegories, xix. 6. —, John of, archbishop of York, III. Bhattis, people, India, in. 629; xx. Bestuzheff-Riumin, Prof., Russian no. 621. historian, XXL 108.

B H A —B I G Bhavabhuti, Hindu dramatist, xxi. 286. Bhawalpur, state, India, ill. 630. Bhayachara, land tenure, in North Western Provinces, India, XVII. 573. Bher, tree, xxn. 60. Bhera, town, India, XXI. 735. Bhil, British political agency, India, ill. 630. Bhi-Leng, river, Burmah, xxi. 239. Bhils, people, India, ill. 630; xn. 791; xv. 346. Bhilsa (Bilsa), town, India, ill. 678. Bhiwandi, town, India, xxm. 221. Bhogdabari, town, India, xx. 272. Bhonsla Rajahs, Mahratta rulers, India, XV. 292. Bhopal, state, India, m. 630. Bhot, district, Tibet, xxm. 338. Bhotan (Bhutan), state, India, ill. 631; xi. 822. Bhotia Kosi, district, Tibet, xxm. 341* Bhotiyas, Nepalese race, India, xvn. 34iBhuj, town, Cutch, India, VI. 731. Bhurtpore (Bhartpur, q.v.), state and town, India, III. 628. Bhutan, state, India, m. 631; xi. 822. Bhutias, people of Bhutan, India, m. 631. Bhutteeana (Bhatiana), district, India, in. 629. Biafares, people, Senegambia, West Africa, XXL 662. Biafra, country, West Africa, ill. 633. Biamrillahi, Hakim, founder of the sect of the Druses, vn. 484, 751; xi. 378. Bianca Cappello, wife of Francesco I. of Tuscany, XV. 791. Bianchi, political party, Florence, ix. 334Bianchini, Francis, Italian astronomer, in. 633. , Ludovico, Italian economist, xix. 387Bianchi’s Air-Pump, xix. 246. Biandrata, Giorgio, physician and Antitrinitarian, xxil. 230; xxm. 725. Bias, river, India, in. 633; xiv. 154; xx. 107. of Priene, one of the seven sages of Greece, m. 633. Biata, town, Russian Poland, xxn. 37. Bibars (Beybars), Mameluke sultan of Egypt, vii. 755; xxiii. 162; Nawawi resists him, xvn. 301. Biberach, town, Wurtemberg, 111. 633. Bibirine, vegetable alkaloid, m. 633. Bibiru, or Greenheart, tree, 111. 63v xi. 165. Bible, The, in. 634; inspiration of, xm. 154; interpretation of, XL 741; its relation to Christianity, v. 690; to the Koran, xvi. 600; circulation of, 111. 649; decrees respecting, at council of

Trent, xxm. 546; monopoly of printing of, ill. 650; Reimarus’s view of, xx - 353> American-Indian translation, viii. 137; Armenian version, 11. 550; English, vill. 381; the Bishops’, Vlll. 388; Coverdale’s English translation, vi. 531; Geneva version, vm. 387; Tyndale’s English version, xxm. 675; Wycliffe’s, xxiv. 710; Ethiopic version, viii. 613; Diodati’s Italian translation, vii. 245; Luther’s German, XV. 76; Ulfila’s Gothic, x. 852; Polish, xix. 301; Septuagint version, xxi. 667; Syriac versions, xxil 824; Polyglott versions, xix. 417; Antwerp Polyglott, 11. 501; Complutensian Polyglott, xm. 694; Plantin’s Polyglott, xix. 177; Walton’s Polyglott, xxiv. 341. Bible Christians, Methodist church, xvi. 192. Bible Christians, Temperance Society of, xxiii. 159. Bible Glosses, x. 687. Bible Societies, hi. 649. Biblia Pauperum, hi. 653; xxiil 682. Biblical Criticism, Baur’s contributions to, in. 448; Bleek’s, m. 824; De Wette’s, vii. 114; xviii. 505; Ewald’s, viii. 775; Hupfeld’s, xn. 399; xviii. 506; Morinus’s, xvi. 824; Origen’s, XVII. 840; R. Simon’s, XXII. 83; Spinoza on, xxil 402. Biblical Theology, xxiil 239, 264, 275Bibliography, hi. 651; De Morgan’s works on, VII. 67; Dibdin’s, VII. 172; of Shakespeare literature, XXL 768. Bibliomania, hi. 655. , Dibdin’s, m. 655; vii. 172. Bibliopegy, bookbinding, iv. 42. Biblioteca Vaticana, Rome, xiv. 528, 548. Bibliotheca, Apollodorus’s work, 1. 499; 11. 186. , Photius’s work, xvin. 819. Classica, series of works, xiv. 856. Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, xiv. 524. Bibron, G., on reptiles, xx. 437. Bibulus, Lucius Calpurnius, Roman general, m. 664. , Marcus Calpurnius, Roman consul, in. 664. Bicaneer (Bikanir), state, India, ill. 670; xx. 260. Bicarbonate of Soda, xxii. 241. Bichat, Marie Frangois Xavier, French anatomist, in. 664; xv. 815; his descriptive anatomy, 1. 816. Bicho de Pe, or Chigoe, insect, ix. 301. Bickford, on the construction of water meadows, xm. 365. Bicycle, hi. 665; records of its speed, xxiil 560. Bida, town, Soudan, Africa, m. 665; xxil 279.

55 Bidasoa, river, Spain, xvn. 249. Biddellians, English Unitarian sect, in. 666. Biddle, or Bidle, John, English Unitarian, ill. 665; xxiil 726. Bideford, town, England, m. 666. , Gerard de, grand-master of Knights Templars, xxiil 161. Bidle, John, English Unitarian, ill. 665; XXIII. 726. BiDONE, Giorgio, his experiments on waves and running water, xn. 438. Bidpai, Hindu fabulist, ill. 666. Bidri, ornamentation, xm. 81; xvn. 495Bieberite, mineral, xvi. 401. Biel (Bienne), town, Switzerland, m. 666; xxii. 779. , Gabriel, German scholastic philosopher, in. 666; xxi. 431. Biela’s Comet, vi. 192; xvi. in. Bielau, village, Prussia, m. 666. Bielaya Tserkov, town, Russia, ill. 667. Bielefeld, town, Westphalia, m. 667. Bieleff, or Byeleff, town, Russia, ill. 667; xxiil 605. Bielgorod, town, Russia, 111. 667. Bielitz, town, Austria, m. 667. Biella, town, Italy, ill. 667. Bielopoli, town, Russia, ill. 668. Bielorusses, or White Russians, XXL 79Bielostok, town, Russia, ill. 668. BlELSKl, Martin, Polish writer, XIX. 301. Bienhoa, town, Cochin China, in. 668. Bienne (Biel), lake, Switzerland, xiv. 218; xvii. 361; xxii. 777. , river, Jura, France, XIII. 782. (Biel), town, Switzerland, in. 666; xxii. 779. Bieques Island, West Indies, xxiv. 261. Bievre, stream, Paris, xviii. 274. Biezhetz, or Byezhetsk, town, Russia, in. 668; xxiil 672. Biga, Roman chariot, V. 401. , province, Asiatic Turkey, xxiii. 653Bigamy, hi. 668. Bigarade, bitter orange, xvn. 810. Big Ben, bell at Westminster, England, HI. 539. Bigg, cereal, m. 376; culture of, 1. 359; in malting, iv. 269. Biggar, town, Scotland, xiv. 251. Bighini, or Fratricelli, medigeval sect, ix. 725; in. 507. Bighorn, American mountain sheep, xxi. 785. Big Horn Mountains, Rocky Mountains, U.S.A., xxiii. 797; xxiv. 713. Bight of Benin, West Africa, m. 572Bight of Biafra, West Africa, ill. 623.

56

B I G —B I R

BlRARS, Tungus tribe, Siberia, XXIII. Billing, Hermann, duke of Saxony, 608. Bigio, Francia, Florentine artist, his XXL 352. BiRBHUM, district and town, India, IN. relations with Sarto, XXI. 315. Billingsgate Market, London, xiv. 6 Biglow Papers, by Lowell, 1. 728, 73497. , 0 Birca (Bjorko), ancient town, Sweden, BlGNON, Jerome, French lawyer, in. Billiton, island, Indian Archipelago, xxn. 558, 737in. 677. BIRCH, tree, IN. 697; in United States, Bigordi, Domenico (Ghirlandajo), Billon, base metal, xvn. 630. xxiii. 808; culture of, n. 317. Italian painter, x. 567; xxi. 435of Mortality, xxn. 462; ot J. W., British resident, Perak, BlGORRE, Bagneres de, town, France, Bills London, XIV. 820. _ xxn. 587. m. 235. oasis and town, Africa, Hi. 7 , ) Thomas, English writer, IN. 698. BiGOTiERE, Seigneur de la, French Bilma, xvn. 695. mathematician, xxiv. 224. Bird, island, Seychelles, Indian Ocean, BlLSA, town, India, in. 678. XXL 725. BIHARI Lae, Hindi writer, XI. 846. BlLSTON, or Bilsreton, town, England, 5 William, English musical comBlHSUTUN (Behistun), Persia, rock inHi. 678. poser, IN. 698. scriptions at, in. 509; xviii. 567. BlLUCHlS, race of people, Baluchistan, I Louse, insect, xv. 24. BlJAlNAGAR, ancient town, India, in. I. 235. . Birds, in. 699 (index, 777); xvin. 2; 669. BlMA, state, Sumbawa, Indian Architheir relations to reptiles, XXL 323; BlJAPUR, state and town, India, in. pelago, xxn. 641. fossil, IN. 728; mimicry in, xvi. 341; 669. Biman A, Cuvierian order of Mammalia, olfactory organs of, XXII. 166; organs Bijnaur, district and town, India, in xv. 444. of touch, xxiil. 479; reproduction, 670. Bimetallism, system of currency, xvi. XX. 409; skeleton, XXN. 106; their BlJNS, Anna, Dutch poetess, XII. 92 736; xxn. 73swimming and flying powers, IX. 308; Bikanir, state, India, in. 670; xx. BiNA, river, India, XXL 146. taxidermy, XXNL 90; parasites of, 26°. Binalund Mountains, Transcaspian XVNI. 260; geographical distribution BlLASPUR, district, India, HI. 670; Region, Russia, XXIN. 511. town, in. 671; Xin. 823. of, IN. 736; vil. 269; of America, 1. BlLAUR, tract of country, Afghanistan, BiNCK, Jacob, Danish wood-engraver, 684; of India, XII. 743; of the Himavin. 437. xni. 821. layas, XL 834; works on development Binding, of books, iv. 41; xiv. 538. Bilbao, town, Spain, in. 672. of, viii. 168. Bingemma Hills, Malta, xv. 340. Bilberry, plant, xxiv. 556. The, of Aristophanes, N. 509. of America, by Audubon, in. 70. Bilboa (Bilbao), town, Spain, HI. 672. Bingen, town, Germany, in. 678. Bingham, Joseph, English scholar, in. of Paradise, in. 778; xv. 504. Bilboes, The, torture, xxin. 465. 678. Bilderdijk, Willem, Dutch poet, XU. OF Passage, Longfellow’s poem, Bingley, town, England, ill. 678. 96. xiv. 861. B ini AN A (Baena), ancient town, Spain, Bile, in physiology, xvn. 674, 675 BlREJlK, town, Asiatic Turkey, IN. 697. ill. 229. DUCT, in anatomy, VII. 231. BlREME, Greek ship, XXL 805. Bilfinger, George Bernhard, German Binney, Thomas, English preacher, in. BlREN, E. J., favourite of Anna of 678. philosopher and administrator, 111.672 Russia, N. 60; XXL 98. Binnite, mineral, XVI. 394. Bilge-Keels, in ships, xxi. 813. Birger, king of Sweden, xxn. 745. Bilharzia H/EMATOBIA, human para- Binocular Microscope, xvl 272. BlRGlTTA, or Bridget, St, of Sweden, Binomial Theorem, in algebra, 1. 555; site, xxin. 540. XVI. 711, 7!6; XXN. 753. table of coefficients, XXin. 13. Bilikh, affluent of Euphrates, VUI BiRJAND, town, Persia, xvill. 627, 628. BlNTANG, island, Indian Archipelago, 669. Birkarlians, Swedish adventurers in in. 679; xv. 321. Biliktu Khan, Mongol ruler, xvi Lapland, XIV. 307. BiNTURONG, carnivorous mammal, XV. Birkbeck, George, English philanthrop7436 43 Bilin, Bohemia, mineral water ot, XVI. ist, IN. 779. v . 1 BiNUE, river, confluent of Niger, Africa, Birkebeinar, Norwegian political 4-35xvn. 497; xxn. 248, 277. Bilini, Russian popular tales, XXL party, xvn. 588. BlOBlO, river, Chili, v. 617. 102, 107, 109. BiRKENFELD, principality, Germany, Biogenesis, in biology, 1. 49; in. 689. Bilious Attack, gastric catarrh, xxn. xvn. 757. Biogenetic Law, Haeckel’s, xx. 422. 574Birkenhead, town, England, in. 779; Biology, in. 679; divisions of, xxiv. Bilious Fever, in the horse, xxiv xiv. 715. 799; evolution in, VIIL 744; in relation 203. , Sir John, early newspaper writer, to morphology, xvi. 841; to physiology, Bill, in parliament, in. 673; xvni. 313 xvn. 414. xix. 8; to zoology, xxiv. 799. in Chancery, hi. 674. BlRMENSTORF, Switzerland, mineral BiON, Greek poet, ill. 696. of Exchange, hi. 673; vm water of, XVL 436. Bionomics, in zoology, xxiv. 817. 784, 795; discounting of, III. 329 Birmingham, town, England, in. 780; BiOSCHl (Fratricelli), mediaeval sect, IX. of Lading, in. 674. libraries, XIV. 521, 542; newspapers, 725of Rights, English (1689), xx. XVN. 422; population and representaBiot, Jean Baptiste, French physicist, 555tion, XXIV. 379- , in. 696; I. 194; his investigations in of Sale, hi. 674; xxi. 207; Biron, Armand, duke of, marshal ot electricity, vin. 9. registration of, xx. 343. France, IN. 786. Biotite, mineral, XVI. 412. Bill-Cock, bird, xx. 223. j Charles, duke of, French admiral, BlR, town, Asiatic Turkey, IN. 697. Billeting, hi. 674. in. 786; ix. 565. ,. , , Biran, F. P. G. Maine de, French Billets d’ Etat, of Law’s Banque , Louis Antoine, Marshal, friend ot philosopher, XV. 302. General, XIV. 367. Admiral Rodney, XX. 618. Billiards, game, in. 674; balls for, BlRARA (New Britain), island, South BIRR, town, Ireland, XVIN. 328. Pacific, xvn. 372. xin. 524.

B I K —B L A BiRS Nimrud, part of Babylon, m. 183. BiRSK, town, Russia, xxm. 717. BIRTH, Ceremonies connected with, in relation to totemism, xxm. 469; law in regard to concealment of, XIII. 4; registration of, xx. 343. , in comparative physiology, XX. 410. Birth-Rate, its average in different countries, xix. 516. Birthright, xix. 733. Biryutch, town, Russia, xxiv. 298. Bisaccia, town, Italy, ill. 786. Bis Accusatus, Lucian’s dialogue, xv. 44. Bisanthe (Rodosto), ancient town, Turkey in Europe, xx. 618. Bisbal, La, Count of (Henry Joseph O’Donnell), Spanish marshal, xvn. 727. Biscay, province, Spain, m. 787; xxn. 298. , Bay of, in. 787. Bisceglia, town, Italy, m. 787. Bischweiler, town, Alsace, Germany, in. 787. BiSCOP, Benedict, English monk, ill. 481; xvi. 707. Biscuit, in pottery, xix. 601. Biscuits, Manufacture of, in. 252. , Concentrated meat, xix. 707. Bishari, tribes, Nubia, xvn. 610. Bishir, African fish, 1. 260; xix. 429. Bishop, hi. 787; v. 700; vm. 484; xix. 674; xx. 629; election of, VI. 265; position of, in British peerage, xvin. 459) 465, Apostolic, a title of the pope, xix. 498. , George, his observatory, Regent’s Park, London, xvn. 711. , Sir Henry Rowley, English musical composer, ill. 789. Bishop-Auckland, town, England, m. 790Bishop Rock Lighthouse, Scilly Islands, England, xiv. 616. Bishops, Roman (popes), List of, xix. 488, 509. and Regulars, Congregation of, Church of Rome, xx. 629. Bishop’s Hatfield, town, England, xi. 520. Bishop-Stortford, town, England, m. 790. Bishopwearmouth, suburb of Sunderland, England, m. 790; xxn. 657. Biskara, or Biskra, town, Algeria, ill. 790. Bismarck, Prince von, German statesman, ix. 625; x. 510; xx. 12; xxiv. 582. Bismite, mineral, xvi. 388. Bismuth, chemical element, in. 790; v - 539; xvi. 380, 395; magnetic properties of, xv. 267; in medicine, vn. 587; ores of, in. 790; XVI. 58; telluric, XVi. 380.

Bismuthine, mineral, m. 790; xvi. 394Bismuthite, mineral, xvi. 399. Bismutoferrite, mineral, xvi. 425. Bismuto-SPHvErite, mineral, xvi. 399. Bison, ungulate mammal, ill. 792; xv. 432; of India, xii. 742. Bissagos, islands, West Africa, xxi. 661. Bisschop, Simon (Episcopius), Dutch theologian, vm. 493. BiSSEN, W., Danish sculptor, XXL 570. Bistre, pigment, xix. 88. Bisutun (Behistun), Persia, rock inscriptions at, ill. 509; xviil. 567. Bit, boring tool, XL 438. Bithynia, province, Asia Minor, m. 792; coins of ancient, xvn. 645. , genus of snails, xxn. 188. Bitlis, town, Armenia, ill. 617. Bitolia, town, Turkish Roumelia, xvi. 719. Bitonto, town, Italy, ill. 793. Bitsch, town, Lorraine, Germany, in. 794Bitter-Almond Oil, its chemical relations, xxiv. 626. Bitter Apple, or Colocynth, plant, vi. 150. Bittern, bird, in. 794; xi. 761; xin. 576. , Sun, bird, xxn. 652. Bitter Root Mountains, Rocky Mountains, U.S.A., xxin. 797. Bitters, alcoholic beverage, in. 794; xiv. 686. Bittersweet, plant, xvn. 499. Bitter Waters, xxiv. 399. Bitumen, mineral, xvi. 428. Bituminous Coal, vi. 45. Bitzius, Albert, Swiss writer, xxn. 799Bivar, Rodrigo Diaz de (the Cid), Spanish hero, v. 773. Biwa, lake, Japan, xm. 572. Bixio, aeronaut, 1. 195. Biyerre, affluent of the Congo, Africa, xxiv. 764. Biysk, town, Siberia, xxn. 11; xxm. 439Bizerta, town, Tunis, North Africa, in. 794; xxin. 620. Bjarni, early Danish navigator, XL 171. Bjerregaard, Henrik Anker, Norwegian poet, xvn. 590. Bjoreia, river, Norway, xvn. 575. BjORKO, island and ancient town, Sweden, xxn. 558, 737. Bjorn, Greenland voyager, 1. 706. Bjornson, B., Norwegian poet and dramatist, xvn. 591; xvin. 348. Black, Adam, publisher of Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vin. 202. , Joseph, chemist, III. 794; on the properties of air, v. 462; his balloon experiments, I. 189.

57 Black, W. H., on ancient London, xiv. 841. , Aniline, from vanadium, xxiv. 54, Pigments of, xix. 88. , Platinum, xix. 191. Ash Making, in soda manufacture, xxii. 243. Blackball, wheat disease, 1. 354. Blackband Iron, xiii. 285. Blackbird, bird, m. 799; xviil 74; of America, XL 27. Black Book of the Admiralty, i. 157; xxi. 584. Black Book of the Exchequer, xxi. 36. Black Book of Wales, v. 318. Blackburn, town, England, m. 799. Black Canons, i. 19. Blackcap, bird, xxiv. 553. Black Cart, river, Scotland, xx. 395. Black Castle, Wicklow, Ireland, xxiv. 558. Blackcock, bird, m. 800; xi. 222; as game, xxi. 835. Black Colours, in dyeing, vn. 579. Black Death, plague, xix. 164; vn. 684; viii. 325; xiv. 122. Black Dome, mountain, Blue Ridge, U.S.A., xxiii. 794. Black Dome, mountain, Catskills, U.S.A., xxiii. 793. Blackdown, Somerset, England, xxn. 257Black Duck, xxi. 470. Black-Eyed Susan, song by Douglas Jerrold, xm. 632. Blackfaced Sheep, i. 392. Blackfish, American fish, xxiv. 686. Black Flags, in Tong-King, xxm. 441Black Forest, Germany, 111. 795; xxiv. 699. Blackfriars, London, accident at Vespers at (1623), xiv. 847. Black Gum, tree, U.S.A., xxin. 809. Blackhead, bird, xxi. 378. Blackheath Common, London, xiv. 824. Black Hills, Rocky Mountains, U.S.A., xxin. 797. Black Hole of Calcutta, iv. 656; xii. 801. Black Isle, Scotland, xx. 854. Black Jack, zinc ore, xxiv. 785. Black Lead, xix. 230. Blackleg, cattle disease, 1. 390. Black-Letter Type, xxiii. 694. Blacklock, Thomas, Scottish poet and divine, III. 800. Black-Mailing, crime, xxiii. 233. BLACKMORE, Sir Richard, English writer, III. 800. Black Mountains, North Carolina, U.S.A., xvii. 559. Blackness Castle, Linlithgow, Scotland, xiv. 670. XXV. — 8

58

B L A —B L O

Blende, or Zinc Blende, mineral, xvi. Blake, William, English poet and 392; xxiv. 785. Blackpool, town, England, m. 800. painter, HI. 804. ? Nickel, mineral, xvil 487. Black Prince, Edward, the, vil 686; Blanc, Louis, French socialist, xxil. 208, Blenheim, village, Bavaria, in. 825; viii. 319. on communism, vi. 213. battle of (1704), hi. 126; viii. 353; Black Quarter, cattle disease, xvil , Mont, Alps, Hi. 807; I. 625; xxi. ix. 581; xv. 5541 i c8 House, Oxford, England, ill. Black River, New York, U.S.A., xvil Blanca Peak, Rocky Mountains, 825; XXIV. 653; Vanbrugh’s design, 451. U.S.A., xxiii. 796. n xxiv. 55. Black Rod, Usher of the, xxi. 37Blanchard, Emile, on birds, xviii. 31. Blenny, fish, xii. 690; XXL 614. Black Rot, vine disease, xxiv. 240. . j p.5 French aeronaut, 1. 190. Black Sea, hi. 795; xv. 820; restric- Blanche of Castile, mother of Louis BLESBOK, kind of antelope, II. 101. BLESENSIS, Petrus (Peter of Blois), tions on its navigation, XXIH. 647, IX. of France, IX. 542. mediaeval writer, XVlli. 698. 650. Blanco, Guzman, president, Venezuela, BLESSINGTON, Countess of, English BLACKSTART, bird, XX. 318. xxiv. 141. , , . . writer, III. 825; her relation to Count BLACKSTONE, Sir William, Englis BLANE, Sir Gilbert, British physician, D’Orsay, vil 370. jurist, in. 800; his definition of law, HI. 807. BLICHER, Steen Steensen, Danish xiv. 355, 362. BLANES, town, Spain, in. 807. _ writer, HI. 825; VIL 92; xviii. 348. Black Town, part of Madras city, Blanford, W. J., on geology of Persia, Blidah, town, Algeria, ill. 825. India, XV. 187. XVIII. 621. BLACKWALL, John, on the reproduction Blankenburg, town, Germany, xxi. BLIGH, William, English admiral and explorer, HI. 825; x. 190; Xix. 132, of spiders, II. 294. 461. xxiii. 24. Black Ware, kind of pottery, xix. Blank Verse, Marlowe’s introduction Blind, The, ill. 826; printing types for, 618; Etruscan, vin. 641. of, xv. 556. xxiil. 696; associations and colleges Blackwater, river, Ireland, VI. 403; Blanpain’s Comet, vi. 191. for, ill. 816. xiv. 51; xxiv. 400. BLANQUEFORT, Bertrand de, Knight Fish, in caves, xii. 693; xv. Black Witch, bird, 687. Templar, xxiii. 161. Blackwood, Adam, early Scottish 45°Blarina, genus of shrews, XXL 844. Harry, Scottish minstrel and jurist, xxi. 543Henry, Scottish writer on medi- Blarney, village, Ireland, in. 807. writer, XL 496; XXL 541; XXIV. 326. Castle, Cork, Ireland, vi. 405. Man’s Buff, Wilkie’s picture, cine, XXL 543Blackwood’s Magazine, xviii. 537 > BLASIUS, Gerard, on birds, xvin. 7. xxiv. 568. , J. H., on birds, xvill. 9, 26. Blindness, xvil 784. Lockhart’s connexion with, xiv. 763; Wilson’s connexion with, XXIV. 592. Blasphemy, hi. 807. Blind Traveller, The (James HolBlast Engines, used in metallurgy, Bladder, Diseases of the, xxiv. 188. man), English traveller, XII. 103. in. 551; xvi. 60. Nut, tree, 11. 320; xvil 664. Blast Furnace, ix. 840; in. 550; Blistering Beetle, or Spanish Worms, xxiii. 49, 52. Fly, insect, vi. 133; v. 31. xiii. 297. BLADES, W., on the sizes of books, iv. Blasting, hi. 808; most extensive ever Blithe, or Blythe, Walter, writer on agriculture, I. 297, 329, 33 u 38. . attempted, XXIII. 622; in mines, XVI. Bladon, Alabama, U.S.A., mineral BLITONG (Billiton), island, Indian 445water of, xvi. 436. Archipelago, in. 677. Blastoccele, in animal development, Blaen AVON, town, Monmouth, England, Bloaters, Curing of, ix. 253. II. 51. XVI. 754,. Bloch, Mark Eliezer, German naturalI Blastoidea, order of Echinodermata, BlaeU, William Jansson, his geographiist, Hi. 833; on fishes, XII. 632. vil 638. cal globes, x. 683. Block, Maurice, on statistics, xxn. BLASTOMERES, in animal development, Blagovyeschensk, town, Siberia, xxn. 461. 11. 51. 11. Blockade, in war, m. 834; xm. 194; Blastospore, in animal development, , monastery, Nijni-Novgorod, Rusxxiv. 364. vill. 746. sia, xvii. 501. Blockade-Running, in American BlattiDjE, group of insects, XIH. 152. Blagrove, Henry, English musician, civil war, ill. 237; xxiil 775. Blaxton, William, early settler at xvil 93. Block-Books, hi. 652; xxiii. 683; Boston, U.S.A., iv. 73. Blainville, Henri Marie Ducrotay de, printing of, xxiil 682. French naturalist, ill. 802; on birds, Blazonry, in heraldry, xi. 684, 705. Block Machinery, hi. 833; invention Bleaching, hi. 81 i; of linen yarn, xviii. 20, 22, 29; on reptiles, xx. 435. of, iv. 398; xv. 152. xiv. 666. Blair, Hugh, Scottish 1preacher and Blocks, in mechanics, xv. 763. Powder, chloride of lime, v. 678. writer, ill. 802; XX. SU BLOCKSBERG, hill in Budapest, HunBled a, king of the Huns, xn. 381. , Robert, Scottish poet, in. 803. gary, xviii. 691. Bleeding, as disease, xviii. 375. ) Port, town, Andaman Islands, ill. Block System, Railway, xx. 238. Bleek, Friedrich, German Biblical 802; II. 13. scholar, in. 823; on the Pentateuch, Blodite, mineral, xvi. 402. Athol, English race-horse, PediBloemfontein, town, Orange River xviii. 506. gree of, xii. 186. Free State, South Africa, xvil 813. , Wilhelm Heinrich Immanuel, Castle, Perthshire, Scotland, Bloemhoff, district, Transvaal, South African traveller and scholar, HI. xviii. 667. Africa, XXIIL 518. 824. Blairgowrie, town, Scotland, xviii. BLOIS, town, France, HI. 835; treaties Bleiniere, mineral, xvi. 428. 66 j. of (1504), IX. 555. . , Blake, Francis, his telephone trans- Blekinge, province, Sweden, v. 112; , Peter of, mediaeval theologian and xxil 741. mitter, xxiii. 130, 132. moralist, XVlll. 698. , Robert, English admiral, HI. 803; Blemmyes, native tribes, Africa, xvil BLOMBERG, or Blumberger, Barbara, 612. xii. 80.

B L O— BOD mother of Don John of Austria, xm. 716; xx. 291. Blomfield, Charles James, bishop of London, III. 835. Blomstrandite, mineral, xvi. 426. Blondel, David, French Protestant clergyman, III. 836. Blonie, town, Russian Poland, xxiv. 375Blood, of mammals, xv. 364; human, I. 845; in relation to nutrition, xvil. 677; in relation to respiration, XX. 482; diseases of the, xvm. 376; as manure, 1. 349; ordeal by, xvil. 819; sacrifice of, XXL 136; in slaughterhouses, I. 7; John Hunter’s work on the, xil. 389. , Circulation of the, xxiv. 98; I. 899; XI. 503; xiv. 411; discovery of, xv. 810; demonstrated by Harvey, 1. 810; first seen by Malpighi, XV. 338; hinted at by Mondino, I. 806; partially announced by Servetus, I. 810; during sleep, xxii. 155; in crustaceans, vi. 640; in fishes, xn. 658. , Thomas (Colonel), Parliamentarian officer, in. 836. Blood-Bath of Stockholm, xi. 333. Blood-Covenant, xxi. 138. Blood-Feud, vi. 582; in relation to totemism, xxin. 472. Bloodhound, vie 328. Blood-Lymph, of molluscs, xvi. 634. Blood-Poisoning, xxi. 666. Blood-Rain, x. 266. Bloodstone, mineral, 1. 278; xi. 634; xvi. 389. Blood-Vessels, Diseases of, xxii. 683; granulations of, xvill. 364; influence of nerves on, xix. 30. Bloodwith and Fledwith, Cinque Port right, v. 787. Bloodwort, plant, vn. 310. Bloody Assize, Jeffreys’s, xm. 618. Bloody Flux, disease, vn. 584. Bloom, compacted mass of iron, xm. 327, in tanning, xiv. 384. Bloomery, iron forge, xm. 290. Bloomfield, Robert, English poet, m. 836. Blount, Charles, English writer, 111. 836; on deism, vn. 34. Blow, John, English musical composer, in. 836; xx. 112. Blowing Machines, hi. 549. Blowpipe, hi. 837; Plattner’s use of, Xix. 213; oxyhydrogen, xvill. 105. Blubber, Whale, xxiv. 523, 529; consumption of, by Eskimo, vm. 545. Blucher, Gebhard Leberecht von, Prussian field-marshal, m. 840; xvn. 220; at Waterloo (1815), xvn. 224. Bludenz, town, Vorarlberg, Austria, xxiv. 297. Blue, Pigments of, xix. 87; from cobalt, vi. 82.

Blue, Prussian, dye, xx. 24. Bluebeard, Legend of, xx. 258. Blue-Bell, plant, xi. 478. Blue Billy, variety of ferric oxide, xiii. 285. Bluecap, bird, xxm. 419. Blue Coat School, London, xiv. 835. Blue Colours, in dyeing, vn. 576. Bluefields, town, Nicaragua, xvn. 477Blue-Fish, fish-destroyer and food-fish, U.S.A., ix. 267. Blue Gum, tree, vm. 649. Blue Jay, bird, xm. 611. Blue Ointment, in pharmacy, xvi. 34Blue Ore, clay ironstone, XIII. 288. Blue Pill, in pharmacy, xvi. 34. Blue Ridge Mountains, North Carolina and Virginia, U.S.A., xvil. 559; xxiii. 794; xxiv. 256. Blue Stone, sulphate of copper, vi. 35iBluethroat, bird, XX. 318. Blue Vitriol, sulphate of copper, xxii. 637Blumberger, Barbara, mother of Don John of Austria, xiii. 716; xx. 291. Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich, German physiologist, III. 840. Blundeville, Thomas, English geographer, xvil 253. Blyth, Edward, on birds, xviii. 25. Blythe, or Blithe, Walter, writer on agriculture, I. 297, 329, 331. Bo, or Sacred Fig, tree, IX. 154. Boa, family of serpents, III. 841; XXII. 195BO A-CONSTRICTOR, snake, xxii. 195; xx. 144. Boades, Bernat, Catalan historian, xxii. 364. Boadicea, British queen, ill. 841; IV. 353Boanerges, the apostles James and John, xiii. 552. Boar, Wild, family of mammals, m. 841; xxii. 773. Board of Green Cloth, xxi. 37. Board of Trade, English, xvi. 474; xxiii. 497; American difficulties with, xxiii. 733, 736. Boat, xxi. 804, 825; for racing, xxi. 31; whale, xxiv. 526; of wicker-work, in. 421. Boatbill, bird, xi. 762. Boatbuilding, xxi. 825. Boat-Racing, xxi. 30. Boatswain, his duties, xvn. 293. Boatswain-Bird, xxii. 125; xxm. 588. Boat-Tail, bird, xi. 27. B5a Vista, one of the Cape Verd Islands, v. 52. , suburb of Pernambuco, Brazil, xviii. 551. Boaz, of Scripture, xxi. in.

59 Bobadilla, Francisco de, governor of Hispaniola, vi. 175. Bobbili, town, India, xxiv. 267. Bobolink, North-American bird, xviii. 53Bobroff, town, Russia, xxiv. 298. Bobruisk, town, Russia, in. 842. Bobrzynski, Michael, Polish historian, xix. 305. Bob-White, bird, xx. 147. Bocage, district, France, xv. 458. Bocasoti, mediaeval sect, ix. 725. Boccaccino, Boccaccio, Italian painter, XXL 437. Boccaccio, Giovanni, Italian writer, Hi. 842; Xiii. 504; Petrarch’s friendship with, xviii. 708; his place in the Renaissance, xx. 385. Boccalini, Trajano, Italian satirist, ill. 846. Boccardo, Girolamo, Italian economist, xix. 387. Bocchus, king of Mauretania, XIII. 766. Bocconio, Marino, Venetian conspirator, xxiv. 143. Bochart, Samuel, Oriental scholar, in. 847. Bochnia, town, Austria, in. 847. BOCHUM, town, Prussia, in. 847. Bockhold, Johann (John of Leyden), Anabaptist, 1. 787. Bocklet, Bavaria, mineral water of, xvi. 434. Boc-Land, or Bookland, in English law, ix. 357; vin. 275. Bocskay, Stephen, Transylvanian prince, xn. 369. Bod, Country of, native name of Tibet, xxin. 338. Boddaert, Petrus, on birds, xvin. 7. Bode, Johann Elert, German astronomer, in. 847; his law of planetary distances, n. 806. Bodenite, mineral, xvi. 410. Bodensee, or Lake of Constance, vi. 297. BODENSTEIN, Andreas Rudolf (Carlstadt), German Reformer, v. 113; on the canon of Scripture, v. 14. Bodh, Syriac writer, xxii. 837. Bodhnatha, town, Nepal, xvil 342. Bodies, Physical constitution of, vi. 310. Bodily Energy, its source, xix. 9. Bodin, Jean, French economist, in. 847; ix. 655; xix. 356. Bodisatship, in Buddhism, xiv. 226. Bodjo, town, Sumbaya, Indian Archipelago, xxii. 641. Bodleian Library, Oxford, m. 848; xiv. 519; xviii. 95. Bodley, Sir Thomas, founder of Bodleian library, ill. 848; xviii. 95. Bodmer, J. j., Swiss critic and poet, x. 533; xvil. 476; xxii. 797; his relations with Wieland, xxiv. 558. Bodmin, town, England, m. 848.

60

B 0 D —B O L

Bogomili, heretical sect, Greek Church, BoiNEBURG, Johann Christian von, his relations with Leibnitz, xiv. 418. Bodoni, Giambattista, Italian painter in. 858; xv. 487BoiS, John, translator of English Bible, in- 8490 BOGONG, mountain, Victoria, Australia, iv. 186. Bod-Pas, people of Tibet, xxm. 338 xxiv. 215. Bois-Brul£s, French-Indian halfBod-Skad, language of Tibet, xxm BOGORIS, king of Bulgaria, xvil. 483. breeds, xx. 315. 346. BOGORODITSK, town, Russia, XXiil. 605. BODTCHER, Ludwig Adolf, Danish poet, BOGOSLOVSKITE, mineral, XVI. 411. Bois de Boulogne, Paris, xviil 275. Bois de Vincennes, Paris, xviil 276. vil. 92. Bogota, capital of Colombia, ill. 858. BOISGUILLEBERT, Pierre, French econoBody, The human, Process of repair m BOGRA, district, India, HI. 859. mist, XIX. 359. xviil. 363; theories of its relations BOGS, Reclamation of, I. 403. to the soul, xviil. 843. Bogutchary, town, Russia, xxiv. 298. Bois-le-Duc, town, Holland, in. 864. Bod-YUL, district, Tibet, xxm. 338. Bohaddin, or Boha-Eddyn, Arabian BOISSARD, Jean Jacques, French scholar, BOE, Francis de le (Sylvius), Dutch HI. 864. writer and statesman, Hi. 859. physician, xv. 810. BOISSONADE, Jean Francois, French Bohaeddin, Moktana, Druse apostle, BOECE, Hector, Scottish historian, Hi. scholar, ill. 864. VIL 484. 849; XXI. 541. , . 1 + BoiSY, FranQois de (St Francis of Sales), Tea, v. 636; XXIIL 99. BOECK, C. W., Norwegian physiologist BOHEA IX. 695. BOHEIRA, lake, Tunis, xxiii. 621. XVII. 592. BOJA, mediaeval race, Africa, xxii. 615BOHEMIA, III. 860; its connexion with Boeckh, August, German scholar, in Organ of, in Mollusca, xvi. Silesia, xxn. 51; the Reformation in, BOJANUS, 6 2 6 850; on Greek inscriptions, XIH. 122. 9 , 95A . XX. 336; language, XXII. 151; dicBoehm, Martin, Mennonite preacher, Bojuk Mender, river, Asia Minor, 11. 2 tionaries of language, vil 188; literaPennsylvania, U.S.A., xxiii. 7 7708. ture, xxii. 151; xviil 543; Palacky’s Bokhara, , Theobald, his improvements m country and town, Central contributions to history of, XVHI. 142. flute construction, XVII. 98; xxiii Asia, IV. 1; xvill. 101; conquest of, Bohemian Brethren, xix. 697. 521. by Alexander, XV. 141. Boehme, Jakob, German mystic, m BOHEMIANISM, Literary, XVII. 54. Bokhari, Moslem jurist, xvi. 594. Bohemians, xxii. 145, 147852; x. 529; xvii. 134; xxm. 245 Bohemond, Marc, crusader, ill. 861; BOLAN, river, Baluchistan, Hi. 302. 278. Bolanos, Franciscan missionary to vi. 624; ix. 538. BOENDALE, Jan van, Dutch writer, XII. Paraguay, xviii. 245. Bohl von Faber, Cecilia, Spanish 9°Bolbec, town, France, iv. 4; xxi. 626. novelist, vm. 833. Boeotia, country, ancient Greece, HI BOLDENSELE, William of, German BOHME, or Boehme, Jakob, German 854; xxiii. 229; coins of, XVII. 642. mediaeval traveller, xv. 474. mystic, in. 852; x. 529? xvil 134 5 Boeotian, dialect of Greek, xi. 132. Bole, mineral, xvi. 425. xxiii. 245, 278. Boerhaave, Hermann, Dutch physiBoleslaw, or Boleslaus, L, king of ? Prof., Goethe’s relations with, X. cian, m. 854; xv. 812. Poland, xix. 286; x. 486. 722. BOERO (Bum), island, Indian Archi II., of Poland, xix. 286. BOHMEN (Bohemia, q.v.), ill. 860. pelago, IV. 572. IIL-V., of Poland, XIX. 287. BOHMERIA, plant, XX. 506. BOERS, in Cape Colony, V. 45; Orange Boleyn, Anne, wife of Henry VIII. of BOHOL, island, Philippines, XVIIL 752. Free State, XVII. 813; Transvaal, England, iv. 4; VIII. 336; XI. 664; BOHTAN Su, affluent of the Tigris, xxiii. 5;i8. Cranmer’s relations with, VI. 549xxm. 387. BofiTlE, Etienne de la, French writer, Boli, town, Asiatic Turkey, iv. 4. Boiardo, Matteo Maria, Italian poet, ix. 655. HI. 862; II. 503; VIL 418; XIII. 508; Bolide, meteor, xvi. 108. BOETIUS, Anicius Manlius Severinus, Panizzi’s editions of his Orlando, Bolingbroke, Viscount (Henry St Roman statesman and philosopher, ill. John), iv. 4; Burke’s satirical imitaXVIIL 212. 855; xxi. 420; on music, xvii. 80; on tion of, IV. 539; his deism, vn. 35; numerals, XVII. 626; King Alfred’s Boiars, class of Russian aristocracy, his relations with Harley, XVIIL 100; XXL 81, 92, 95; in Moldavia, XXL translation of his work, 1. 507. with Swift, xxii. 764. 20. Bogaers, Adrianus, Dutch poet, XII. 97. Bolivar, state, Venezuela, xxiv. 140. BoiDiE, family of snakes, xxii. 193, BOGBUTTER, mineral, xvi. 429; found ^ Simon, South-American liberator, 195. in peat, i. 154. iv. 7; in Peru, XVIIL 678. Bogdan, voivode of Moldavia, xxi. 19. Boieldieu, Francois Adrien, French Bolivia, country, South America, iv. musical composer, III. 862. Bogdanovich, Ippolyt F., Russian 10; I. 713; burial towers in, H. 452; Boil, ancient Celtic people, in. 863; xiii. poet, xxi. 106. Indian tribes, XII. 828. 6 Boghaz-Keuy, town, Asia Minor, Hi. 44 , . , BoiLEAU, Etienne, founder of industrial Bolivite, mineral, xvi. 396. 858; xvm. 850. Bolkhoff, town, Russia, xvil 826. guilds in Paris, xvm. 288. Boghead Mineral, source of paraffin, BOLLAND, John, Jesuit father, iv. 18. Boileau-Despreaux, Nicolas, French xvm. 240. writer, ill. 863; ix. 657; as satirist, Bollandist Fathers, authors of Acta Bog Iron Ore, xiii. 285, 287. Sanctorum, iv. 18. xxi. 319; his relations with Racine, Bogle, George, traveller in Tibet, xxiii. Bologna, province, Italy, iv. 19. xx. 204. 338, town, Italy, iv. 19; concordat of Boiler, for plant-houses, xn. 228; for Bog-Moss, plant, xvii. 65. (1516), xix. 503; sittings of council steam-engine, XXII. 496; improveBog-Oak, wood, xvii. 691. of Trent at (1547), XXI11- 546; early ments in, for smoke abatement, xxn. Bogodukhoff, town, Russia, III. 858. law school, iv. 517; library, XIv. 530, 181. Bog of Allen, Ireland, 1. 582. 548; museum, 1. 475 5 observatory, Bogoliubski, Andrew, prince of Suzdal, Boiling, of meat, vi. 332. XVII. 714; school of painting, xxi. Boiling-Point, viii. 728; of water at Russia, xxi. 89. different heights, HI. 387; measure437, 4435 pictures, XXL 4475 sculpBogomil, biographer of Justinian, xxm. ture, xix. 124; university, xxm. 832. ment of, XX. 130, 134. 276.

B O L —B 0 N Bologna, Giovanni da, sculptor, iv. 19; BONALD, Vicomte de, French philoxxi. 569. sopher, iv. 27; IX. 672. Phials, illustrative of annealing, Bonannus, Italian metal-worker, xvi. IL 63. 74> 760. Bologne, Jean (Giovanni da Bologna), Bonanza, rich mineral lode, xvi. 441; sculptor, iv. 19; xxi. 569. xvii. 368. Bolor (Kashkar), state, Central Asia, Bonaparte, Corsican family, iv. 27; ^xiv. 9. XXL 192. Bolsec, Jerome, his controversy with , Charles Lucien, naturalist, iv. 29; Calvin, iv. 718. on birds, xviii. 14, 16, 17, 31. Bolsena, town, Italy, iv. 20. , Frangois Charles Joseph (Napoleon Bolshoye, lake, Siberia, xxiv. 742. II.), xvii. 226. Bolshov Tokmak, town, Russia, xxm. , Jerome, king of Westphalia, iv. 30. , Joseph, king of Naples and Spain, 83Bolson de Mapimi, district, Mexico, iv. 27; ix. 616; xvii. 191; xxii. 344. xvi. 216. , Louis, king of Holland, iv. 29. Bolton, town, Lancashire, England, , Louis Lucien, philologist, iv. 29. iv. 20. , Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III., Abbey, Yorkshire, England, xxiv. q.v., emperor of the French), xvn. 226; iv. 29; ix. 622; his intervention 749Castle, Yorkshire, England, in Italy, xm. 490. xxiv. 749. , Lucien, prince of Canino, iv. 28; Boltonite, mineral, XVI. 410. ambassador to Spain, xix. 550. Bolts, law exercises, xm. 88. , Marie Anne Elisa, sister of Boltzmann, L., his electrical measureNapoleon I., iv. 29. ments, Yin. 37; on radiation, xx. 216; , Marie Annonciade Caroline, wife on strains in solids, VI. 312. of Murat, iv. 30. Bolzano, town, Austria, iv. 169. , Marie Pauline, sister of Napoleon , Bernhard, Catholic theologian, IV. L, iv. 29. 20. , Napoleon (Napoleon L, q.v., empeBomarsund, fortress, Aland Islands, ror of the French), xvii. 192; ix. 608; Russia, I. 441. his campaigns against Austria, ill. Bomba, harbour, Tripoli, North Africa, 130; his rule in Italy, xm. 485; bis xxiii. 575. invasion of Russia, XXL 100. , nickname of Ferdinand II., king , Pierre Napoleon, adventurer, iv. of Naples, ix. 79; xm. 489. 29. Bombardes, ancient cannon, 11. 557. Bona Sforza, queen of Poland, xix. Bombardier, beetle, vi. 129. 290. Bombardt, musical instrument, xvn. Bonaventura, St, theologian and 706. philosopher, iv. 30; xvi. 710; XXL Bombay, presidency, India, iv. 21; 427; his mystical teaching, xvii. 132. acquisition of, XII. 799; army, 11. 590. Bonaventure, island, Canada, xx. , town, India, iv. 25; Jewish settle165. ment in, xiii. 685; libraries, xiv. Bonavista Bay, Newfoundland, xvii. 533; newspapers, xvn. 432; Parsees 383in, xviii. 327; university, xxm. 856. Bond, Henry, his contributions to Bombelli, R., his work on algebra, 1. navigation, xvn. 255. 514. Bondar, Swedish landed freemen, Bomberg, Daniel, Venetian printer, xix. xxii. 744. 176; his Hebrew Bibles, in. 647. Bondmen, European peasants, 1. 294. BoMBON,lake, Philippine Islands, XVlii. Bondone, Giotto di (Giotto), Italian 749painter, x. 609; XXL 434. Bombus, genus of bees, xn. 342. Bondu, kingdom, West Africa, iv. 31. Bombyx Mori, silkworm, xxn. 57. Bonduc Nut, xvii. 664. Bomvaniland, territory, South Africa, Bone, xxii. 109; 1. 853; diseases of, Xlil. 817. XXII. 684; fracture of, xxn. 681, 684; Bon, Bartolomeo, Venetian sculptor, repair of broken, xvill. 366; tumours XXL 568. of, xviii. 370; of fishes, xii. 640; of Bona, town, Algeria, iv. 31. mammals, xv. 355; for gelatin Bonabe, island, Pacific Ocean, xvi. making, x. 132; coloured by madder257. feeding, xv. 176; Duhamel’s experiBonafede, Paganino, Italian poet, xm. ments on, vii. 518. See Bones. 506. , town, Algeria, iv. 31. Bonagratia, Franciscan, xvn. 717. , Henry, English enamel painter, iv. Bonai, tributary state, India, v. 769. 32; vili. 185. Bonaire, island, West Indies, xxiv. Bone-Black, v. 399. 510. Bone-Caves, v. 267.

61 Bone Naphtha, xvii. 175. Bone Phosphates, of Charleston, U.S.A., v. 428. Boner (Bonner), Edmund, bishop of London, iv. 34; vm. 338, 340. Bones, as manure, 1. 305, 347; xv. 512; as source of phosphorus, xvni. 815. Bo’ness (Borrowstounness), town, Scotland, iv. 65. Bonfigli, Benedetto, Italian painter, iv. 32; xxi. 436. Bonga, town, Central Africa, XIII. 816. BONGO, people, Central Africa, iv. 32. Boni, kingdom, Celebes, iv. 32; v. 288; bay of, v. 287. Boniface, St, apostle of Germany, iv. 33; x. 478. I., pope, iv. 33; xix. 491. II., pope, iv. 33; xix. 492. III., pope, iv. 33; xix. 494. IV.-VL, popes, iv. 33. VII., pope, iv. 33; xix. 497. VIII., pope, iv. 33; xiii. 476; xix. 501; xx. 798; his quarrel with Philip IV. of France, ix. 544. IX., pope, iv. 33; xx. 803. , prince of Savoy, XXL 339. , marquis of Tuscany, xxm. 671. Bonifacio, town, Corsica, iv. 33; strait of, XXL 307. Boni Mores, in Roman law, xx. 671. Bonin Islands, Japan, xm. 569, 570; xviii. 128. Bonito, fish, XXIII. 625. Bon-mots, ana, 1. 784. Bonn, town, Rhenish Prussia, iv. 33; observatory, xvn. 712; university, xxiii. 848. , Andrew, on the anatomy of membranes, I. 814. Bonnaterre, Pierre Jean, on birds, xviii. 7. Bonner, Edmund, bishop of London, IV. 34; viii. 338, 340. Bonnet, head-dress, vi. 476; strawplaiting for, xxil. 593. , Charles, Swiss naturalist and philosopher, iv. 35; xxil 799; xxiv. 806; on development of germs, vm. 745,760. Bonnette, in fortification, ix. 427. Bonneval, Comte de, French adventurer, iv. 36. Bonneville, town, France, xxi. 333. , Lake, Utah, U.S.A., xxiv. 19. Bonnivard, Frangois de (Prisoner of Chillon), Swiss writer, iv. 36; xxil 797Bono of Ferrara, Italian painter, xv. 501. Bononia (Widdin), Roman town, Bulgaria, xxiv. 558. Bonpa Religion, in Tibet, xxiii. 344. Bon Pays, district, France, xvn. 496. Bonpland, mountain, Nevada, U.S.A., xxiii. 798. , Aim4, French botanist and traveller, iv. 36.

62

B O N —B 0 R

BORGERHOUT, town, Belgium, IV. 53. BOOM, for harbours, XL 463. Bor-Ghat, pass, India, XIL 734. j for supporting sails, XXL 153BORGHESE, Italian family, iv. 53. , town, Belgium, IV. 48. , Camillo (Pope Paul V.), xviii. 431. Boomah Nut, xvii. 664. BORGHESI, Scipione, Italian historian, Boomerang, Australian missile, iv. 48, XXII. 43. in. 113. BORGHOLM, town, Gland, Sweden, xvn. BOONDEE (Bundi), state, India, IV. 521. 752. BOONE, Daniel, American pioneer, xxiil Borgia, Alphonso de (Pope Calixtus 739> 788. . III.), iv. 707. Nicholas, American journalist, } Csesar, son of Pope Alexander V1., xvh. 433. ,, xv. 53; I. 487? 4895 xiii. 481 > bis BOORDE, Andrew, jester, IX. 366. influence in France, IX. 554! MachiBOOT, The, torture, XXIIL 466. avelli’s idealization of him, xv. 147. BOOTH, Barton, English tragedian, iv. 4 St Francis, general of the J esuits, Felix, promoter of Arctic explora4 ? IX. 694; XIII. 653. ._ of Canons, Scottish liturgy, xxi. tion, XIX. 320. , Lucretia, daughter of Pope Alex511,, John Wilkes, assassin of President ander VI., iv. 53; 1. 487, 489of Changes, Chinese, v. 660. Lincoln, XIV. 662. } Rodrigo (Pope Alexander VI.), I. of Common Prayer,English, viii. Boothia Felix, peninsula, Nortii 379. 487. America, iv. 49. MAP, of 15th century, x. 180. of THE Covenant, in the PentaBootle, town, England, xiv. 715. BORGNE, lake, Louisiana, xv. 20. teuch, xviii. 509. Boot-Making, xxi. 830. of Days, by Chambers, v. 381. BORGO, town, Russian Finland, iv. 53. Booty, in war, xix. 766. BORGOGNONE, Ambrogio, Italian painOF deer, Celtic, xiv. 709. BOPP, Franz, German philologist, IV. 49; of Dimma, Irish MS., xviii. 158. ter, IX. 472; XXL 437. on Aryan philology, xviii. 781. of Discipline, Scottish, xxi. 503. BORGO San Donnino, town, Italy, iv. BOQUE, river, Canton, V. 37. of History, Chinese, v. 660. 54. of Husbandry, Fitzherbert’s, 1. Bora, Catherine von, wife of Luther, BORGS, ancient forts, Orkney and Shetxv. 79. land, XVII. 848. 295. of Invasions, Irish legends, xm. Bora-Bora, island, South Pacific, xxiil j BORGU, district, Central Africa, iv. 54. 22. j BORGUE, Scotland, ancient fort at, xiv. 243BORACITE, mineral, XVI. 396; XIX. 588; . of Kells, Irish MS., xviii. 158. 98. polarity of, xix. 313. of Leinster, Irish, xm. 246. BORIC Acid, v. 520. Borahs, class of Mohammedans, India, BORINAGE, district, Belgium, XVI. 761. of Lismore, xiv. 694. xii. 746. OF Martyrs, Foxe’s, ix. 503. in mining, xvi. 443; vi. 61. Boraitho, piece of Mishnic literature, Boring, of Mormon, xvi. 826. Machines, xv. 156; xvi. 443xvi. 508. of Odes, Chinese, v. 665. Borinquen (Porto Rico), island, West BORAN, queen of Persia, XVUI. 615. OF Rites, Chinese, v. 661. Indies, xix. 533. of Surveying, Fitzherbert’s, 1. Borates, group of minerals, xvi. 396. Boris Godunoff, czar of Russia, xxi. Borax, mineral, iv. 50; xvi. 396. 296. 93OF THE Thorn Rose, by Alm- Borbetomagus (Worms), Roman Borisoff, town, Russia, xvi. 479. town, Germany, XXIV. 685. qvist, I. 596. Borissogliebsk, town, Russia, iv. 54; BORCETTE (Burtscheid), town, Prussia, Bookbinding, iv. 41; xiv. 538. xxiil 41. IV. 572. Bookcases, xiv. 536. Borkhausen, M. B., on German birds, BORDA, Jean Charles, French matheBook Catalogues, xiv. 537, 539XVIII. 9. matician, IV. 51. Book-Keeping, iv. 44. BORKU, district, Central Africa, IV. 54BOOKLAND, in mediaeval England, VIII. Bordeaux, town, France, iv. 51; BORLASE, William, English naturalist, assembly of (1871), IX. 627; lib275; IX. 357. IV - 54, raries, xiv. 526, 545; university, Book-Louse, xiii. 152. BORLASIA, genus of worms, XVII. 320. xxiil. 842. Bookmaking, in betting, m. 618. Bormio, town, Valtellina, North Italy, Wine (Medoc), xxiv. 604. Book-Post, xix. 571. xxiv. 45; mineral water of, xvi. 433; Borderers, The, Wordsworth’s poem, BOOKS, Ancient forms of, xviii. 144; xxiv. 45. xxiv. 669. anonymous and pseudonymous, HI. born, Ignatius, Baron von, Austrian Bordoni, Faustina, Italian singer, XL 657; classification of, III. 661; cleaning mineralogist, iv. 55. 510. of, ill. 821; condemned and prohibited, Borne, H., French potter, xix. 630. in. 658; copyright in, VI. 357; famous, Bore, in rivers, xxiil 353. Borne, Ludwig, German satirist, iv. Boreas, in Greek mythology, iv. 53; included in chronological table, v. 720; in. 59. early printed, ill. 652; early printing BORNEO, island, Indian Archipelago, iv. of, XXIH. 686; prohibited, HI. 658; Borecole, vegetable, xil 279. 55; 11. 687; birds of, III. 763; coalxil. 730; rare and curious, III. 654; Boreida, town, Arabia, xvn. 774. fields, vi. 59; forests, ix. 405. Borel, count of Barcelona, XXII. 74. selection of, for libraries, XIV. 540. , British North, XXL 123. BORELLI, Giovanni Alfonso, Italian Bookselling, iv. 39. Coral Islands, Indian Ocean, physician, iv. 53; VII. 128; XV. 810; Book Trade, inEurope, x. 472; at Leipxiv. 26. on the circulation of the blood, XXIV. sic, xiv. 430. Bornhauser, T., Swiss poet, xxn. 96; on the principles of flight, 1. 186; Boolak (Bulak), town, Egypt, vil. 769; 799. ix. 317. museum at, XV. 543. Bornholm, island, Denmark, iv. 60. Borez, hag-fish, XL 370. BOOLE, George, English mathematician Bornite, mineral, xvi. 393. i Borga, town, Russian Finland, iv. 53. and logician, IV. 47.

BONSDORFITE, mineral, XVI. 418. Bonstetten, Cliarles Victor de, Swiss writer, IV. 36. BONTEBOK, kind of antelope, II. 101. BONTHAIN, Peak of, Celebes, V. 288. BONUS, in life assurance, XIII. 178Bonvecino of Biva, Italian poet, xm. 499. BONVICINO, Alessandro (II Moretto), Italian painter, XVI. 821; XXI. 436Booby, bird, x. 71. BOOK, iv. 37; HI. 651. See Books. of Armagh, Irish MS., xvm. 158,

B o R—B 0 u BORNU, or Bornou, kingdom, Central Africa, iv. 60; I. 271; xxil. 279. Borocalcite, mineral, xvi. 396.. Borodino, Russia, Battle of (1812), ix. 616; xvii. 217; XXL 101. Boron, chemical element, v. 520, 532; modifications of, xxiv. 627. Boronatrocalcite, mineral, iv. 50. BORO-POOLOO, silkworm of Bengal, xxil. 60. Borough, iv. 62; municipal, xvn. 27. , The, Crabbe’s poem, Vi. 540. Borough-English, succession custom, iv. 64; xix. 733. Borovichi, town, Russia, iv. 64. Borovsk, town, Russia, iv. 64. Borromean Islands, Lago Maggiore, Italy, iv. 64; xv. 198. BORROMEO, Carlo, saint and cardinal, iv. 65; xxil 791; his treatment of the Jesuits, xiii. 650. Borromini, Francesco, Italian architect, iv. 65. Borron, Helie de, French romancist, xx. 645. , Robert de, French romancist, XX. 644Borrowing, Ancient conditions of, xxiv. 18. Borrowstounness, or Bo’ness, town, Scotland, iv. 65. Borsippa, suburb of Babylon, m. 183. Borso, duke of Modena, patron of literature, VIII. 558; xvi. 542. Borulwaski, Polish dwarf, vn. 568. Borussians, tribes, Lithuania, xiv. 701. Bory de Saint - Vincent, French naturalist, iv. 66. Borysthenes (Dnieper), river, Russia, vii. 306. Borysthenis, Greek colony, Scythia, XVII. 753. Borzna, town, Russia, xxiii. 96. Bosa, town, Sardinia, iv. 66. Bose, Louis Augustine Guillaume, French naturalist, iv. 66. Boscan, Juan, Spanish poet, iv. 66; xxil 357, 363. Boscawen, Edward, British admiral, iv. 66. Bosch, Johannes van den, governor of Dutch East Indies, XII. 820; his culture system in Java, xm. 604. Boschetto, architect of Pisa cathedral, xix. 122. Bosch Veld, bush country, Transvaal, xxiii. 518. Boscovich, Roger Joseph, Italian mathematician, iv. 67; his theory of atoms, in. 37. Boselaphus, genus of antelopes, xvn. 688. Bos Grunniens, ruminant mammal, xxiv. 725. Bosheth, for Baal, in Hebrew proper names, in. 175.

Bos 10, Antonio, on the Catacombs of Rome, v. 207. , Joseph, French sculptor, XXL 564. Bosjesmans (Bushmen), African race, 1V - 575; I- 264. Bosna Serai, town, European Turkey, iv. 68. Bosnia, province, Turkey, iv. 68; acquired by Austria, XXlli. 652. Bosphorus, strait, iv. 68; in. 797; xv. 820. , Kingdom of the, xiv. 52; coins of, xvii. 645. BOSS, in architecture, II. 461. Bossi, Giuseppe, Italian painter and critic, iv. 69. , Giuseppe Carlo Aurelio, Baron de, Italian poet, IV. 69. BOSSU, Rene le, French critic, iv. 69. Bossuet, Jacques Benigne, French ecclesiastic and orator, iv. 70; IX. 662; his four propositions, IX. 578. Boston, town, England, iv. 72. , town, Massachusetts, U.S.A., iv. 72; XXlil. 822; revolutionary movement at (1768-70), viii. 358; xxiii. 738; institution for the blind, in. 830; libraries, xiv. 535, 550; newspapers, XVII. 433. , Thomas, Scottish divine, iv. 77. Bostrom, Kristofer Jakob, Swedish philosopher, xxil 757. Boswell, James, biographer of Johnson, iv. 77; xiii. 726; Croker’s edition of his life of Johnson, vi. 595. Boswellia, genus of gum-yielding trees, ix. 709. Boszormeny, Hajdu, town, Hungary, XI- 377Botanical Societies, xxil 225. Botanic Gardens, their institution, iv. 80; at Kew, England, xiv. 55. Botany, iv. 79 (index, 162); xix. 43; XX. 423; xxiv. 124; scope of the science, xxiv. 799; of America, 1. 684; European, vm. 690; of Himalayas, XL 831; Csesalpinus’s work on, iv. 633; Brown’s contributions to, iv. 386; De Candolle’s, vn. 18; Jussieu’s, xm. 788; Linnaeus’s, xiv. 673; Lindley’s, xiv. 663; Ray’s, xx. 301; Sprengel’s, xxil 432; Theophrastus’s, xxm. 277. Bay, settlement, New South Wales, iv. 164; xxil. 806. Botaurus, genus of birds, XL 761. Bot-Fly, vii. 256; its larva parasitic, xxiv. 205. Both, Pieter, governor of Dutch East Indies, XII. 820. Bothkamp, Germany, observatory at, xvii. 712. Bothnia, province, Sweden, iv. 164. , Gulf of, in. 294; xxil 738. Bothriocephalus, genus of tapeworms, xxiii. 54; spermatozoon of, XX. 411.

63 Bothwell, village, Scotland, iv. 164. , Earl of, iv. 164; xv. 595; his relations with Mary, queen of Scots, xxi. 504. Bridge, Scotland, Battle of (1679), xiv. 251; xxi. 516. Bothy System, in Scotland, 1. 409. Botta, Carlo Giuseppe Guglielmo, Italian historian, iv. 164; xm. 514. , Paul Emile, his Assyrian researches, iv. 165. Bottger, Frederick, discoverer of porcelain, xix. 639; xxi. 355. Botticelli, Sandro, Italian painter, iv. i6 5Bottiger, Karl August, German archaeologist, iv. 167. Bottle, iv. 167; manufacture, x. 664. Bottlenose, bird, xx. 101. , or True Dolphin, VII. 346; xv. 399Whale, xxiv. 525, 528. See also xv. 397. Bottom Fishing, in angling, 11. 32. Bottom-Ice, in the Baltic, in. 295. Bottomry, maritime contract, iv. 167; HI. 148. BotrylliDjE, family of Tunicata, xxin. 617. Botryogene, mineral, XVI. 402. Botryolite, mineral, xvi. 409. Boty’s Lamp, for coal-mines, vi. 73. Botzen, town, Austria, IV. 169. Bouali, town, Africa, iv. 178. Bouches - DU - Rh6ne, department, France, IV. 169. Bouchet, Jean, French poet, XX. 194. Boucnemia (Elephantiasis), disease, viii. 126. Boufarik, town, Algeria, iv. 169. Bouflers, Due de, marshal of France, iv. 169; ix. 581. Bougainville, Louis Antoine de, French circumnavigator, iv. 169; explorer of Tahiti, xxill. 24. Island, South Pacific, xxil 252. Bougie, town, Algeria, iv. 170. BOUGUER, Pierre, French mathematician, iv. 170; 11. 757; vii. 598; his wind-pressure guage, 11. 24. BOUHOURS, Dominique, French critic, iv. 170. Bouillon, Godfrey de, crusader, iv. 171; vi. 624. Boulainvilliers, Henri de, French writer, iv. 171; ix. 667. Boulangerite, mineral, xvi. 395. Boulder-Clay, geological formation, x. 367. Boulders, x. 368; in the Baltic, m. 295; x. 367. See also x. 281, 285. Boule, Andre Charles, inventor of buhlwork, iv. 446. Boulenger, G. A., his classification of reptiles, xx. 439. Bouleuterion, council-hall at Olympia, Greece, xvn. 767.

64

B O U —B O Y

Bower Anchors, ii. 5, 7. Bourne, Nicholas, publisher of early Bowes Castle, Yorkshire, England, BOULINIKON, floorcloth, IX. 330. English newspaper, XVII. 413. BOULOGNE-SUR-MER, town, France, IV. xxiv. 749. , Vincent, English writer of Latin Bow Fell, mountain, England, xxiv. 171; xviii. 339; Louis Napoleons verse, iv. 177. landing at (1840), xvn. 227. 513William, English writer on naviga- Bow-Fin, Boulogne-sur-Seine, town, France, fish, XII. 688. tion, xiv. 769. . BOWKING, in bleaching, HI. 815. XXL 624. Bournemouth, town, Hampshire, iv. Bow Leg, Surgical treatment of, xxn. Boulou, spa, France, xx. 128. J77692. BOULOUS, tribe, West Coast, Africa, X. 3. BOURNONITE, mineral, XIV. 375; XVI. Bowles, Caroline Ann (Mrs Southey), Boulton, Matthew, English engineer, 395. English poetess, XXII. 289. IV. 172; XXIV. 413Bouro, island, Indian Archipelago, iv. , William Lisle, English poet, iv. BOUNTY, Mutiny of the, ill. 826; xix. 572178. 132. Bouron, Robert of, French romancist, Bowline Knot, xiv. 128. BOURBON, island, Indian Ocean, XX. 491. xx. 644. . 0, Bowls, game, iv. 179. , House of, IV. 173; connexion with Bourou, Cape, New Guinea, xvn. 350. , ancient plate, XIX. 178. Capet family, V. 55; their rule m BOURRIENNE, Louis A. F. de,biographer BOWNESS, town, England, xxiv. 516. France, IX. 565; in Italy, XIH. 484; of Napoleon I., TV. 177Bowring, Sir John, English writer, iv. XVII. 191; their restoration (1815)) IX. Boursault, Edmund, French satirist, 181. 618; xvii. 223; the Family Compacts, iv. 178. Bows, river, Nebraska, U.S.A., xvn. v. 681; IX. 590; XXII. 338; princes of Bourse, stock exchange, xxii. 557. Cond6, VI. 244; princes of Conti, VI. BOURSEL, Charles, on telephony, XXIII. 3°71 Bowsprit, of ships, xxi. 153. V* 3I9128. Charles de, constable of France, IX. Boxing, in athletics, xxiv. 691; ancient BOURTREE (Elder), tree, vn. 828. x. 64. 556. Boushrevieh, Hussein, propagator of Boxwood, iv. 181; used for carving, 5 Louis August de, French savant, Babism, HI. 180. xxiv. 645. xviii. 539. Bourbon-Lancy, spa, France, XXL 302. BOUSSA, town, Africa, IV. 178, 54. Boyaca, town, Colombia, iv. 182. BOUTARGUE, French condiment, XV. Bourbon-l’Archambault, town, BOYCE, Hector, Scottish historian, HI. 58°. France, IV. 174. 849; XXL 541. BOUTERWEK, Friedrich, German philoBourbonne-les-Bains, town, France, ? William, English musical comsopher, IV. 178. poser, iv. 182. iv. 174; xv. 562; mineral water of, Bouthillier DE RancL, abbot of La xvi. 434. Boycott, The, in United States, xxm. Trappe, xxin. 523. Bourboule, La, spa, France, xx. 120, 786. Boutteville, Count de, French duelmineral water of, xvi. 435. Boyd, Scottish family, time of James list, vn. 513. BOURCHIER, John, English writer, IV. III., xxi. 495. Bouty, Edmond, his researches m , Zachary, Scottish clergyman, iv. !74magnetism, XV. 257. Bourdaloue, Louis, French preacher, 182. Bouvardia, stove plant, xn. 265. IV. 174; IX. 662. Boydell, John, English engraver, iv. BOURDEILLES, Pierre de (Brantome), Bouvines, Flanders, Battle of (1214), 182. ix. 542. French historian, iv. 216. 2 IX Boyer, Abel, English writer, iv. 182. Bouvray, France, Battle of (i4 9)> Bourdelot, his influence with Christina , Alexis, French surgeon, IV. 182. 549of Sweden, v. 703. , Jean Baptiste, French physician, Bovali, town, Loango, Africa, iv. 178. Bourdon, organ stop, xvn. 830. iv. 183. Boves, township, Italy, iv. 178. BOURDU, J., French potter, XIX. 630. , Jean Pierre, president of Hayti, Bovianum (Bojano), ancient town, BOURG, town, France, iv. 175. iv. 183. Italy, XXL 249. BOURGAS, town, Turkey, iv. 176. Boyle, town, Ireland, xx. 850. Bovidas, family of ungulate mammals, BOURGELAT, Claude, French veterin, Charles, earl of Orrery, iv. 183; HI. xv. 432. arian, iv. 176; XXIV. 198. 54Bovillaj, ancient town, Italy, XIV. Bourgery, Marc J., his treatise on , Elizabeth, wife of Spenser, xxn. 344anatomy, I. 817. 395BOURGES, town, France, IV. 176; uni- Bovino, town, Italy, iv. 178. , John, earl of Cork and Orrery, IV. Bow, form of salutation, XXL 236. versity of, xxiii. 842. 183. , London, Porcelain of, XIX. 641. Bourget, lake, France, XIv. 218. , Richard, earl of Cork, iv. 183. -, Violin, XXIV. 242, 246. Bourg-Lastic, coal-mines, France, xx. , Richard, earl of Cork and Burlingand Arrows, ii. 371; ancient, 11. 120. ton, IV. 184. 554; manufacture of, II. 376. Bourgogne (Burgundy, q.v.), province, , Robert, British physicist, iv. 184; Bowaib, Battle of (c. 635), xvill. 616. France, IV. 535. his contributions to chemistry, V. 460; Bowdich, Thomas Edward, English BOURGUET, Louis, Swiss writer, XXII. to electricity, vm. 3; his interest in traveller, iv. 178. 798. Christian missions, xvi. 514. Bowditch, Nathaniel, American matheBOURIGNIANISM, heresy, iv. 177. , Roger, earl of Orrery, soldier and matician, iv. 178. BOURIGNON, Antoinette, French enthustatesman, iv. 185. Bowdler, John, English hymn-writer, siast, iv. 176. Lectures, founded by Robert xii. 595. BOURMONT, Comte de, his expedition Boyle, iv. 184. , Thomas, editor of Shakespeare, against Algiers, I. 566. Boyle’s Law, of gases, xxn. 479; hi. xxi. 768. BOURNE, intermittent spring, Croydon, 35, 39; vii. 804; xvi. 611; xix. 241; Bowel, Anatomy of the, vn. 225. England, VI. 621. xxiii. 287. Bower, Walter, Scottish chronicler, Hugh, founder of Primitive Boyl-Ya, in Australian magic, xv. 199ix. 397; XXL 540. Methodism, xvi. 192.

B 0 Y —B R A Boyne, river, Ireland, iv. 185; xv. 668; battle of the (1690), xm. 268; xxi. 431Boyse, John, translator of English Bible, iv. 186. Boz, Sketches by, Dickens’s work, vn. 174. Bozeman, town, Montana, U.S.A., xvi. 774Bozen, town, Austria, iv. 169. Bozrah, Scripture cities, iv. 186. Bozzaris, Marcos, Greek patriot, iv. 186. Bra, town, Italy, iv. 186. Brabant, district, Netherlands, iv. 186. , North, province, Holland, iv. 187. , South, province, Belgium, iv. 187. Bracciolini, Francesco, Italian poet, iv. 187. , Gian Francesco Poggio, Italian humanist, xix. 274; author of Facetiae, I. 784. Brace, boring tool, xi. 438. Bracelet, iv. 187. Brachelytra, group of beetles, VI. 130. Brachiopoda, class of invertebrate animals, iv. 188; xix. 429, 440; in Lankester’s classification, xxiv. 813. Brachistochrone, curve of swiftest descent, xv. 643, 710. Brachium, upper arm, in man, 1. 826; in mammals, xv. 358. Brachycera, group of insects, xm. 150. Brachydome, crystal, xvi. 360. Brachylogus, book of Koman law, iv. 196. Brachylophus, genus of lizards, XII. 700. Brachymystax, genus of Salmonidse, xxi. 221. Brachypteracias, genus of birds, xx. 627. Brachytarsomys, genus of rodent mammals, xvn. 6. Brachyurus, genus of apes, 11. 154. Brackenridge, Hugh H., American author, 1. 722. Bracket, in architecture, 11. 461. Bracton, Henry de, English jurist, iv. 196; his connexion with the Britton, iv. 355Bracts, of plants, iv. 119. Bradanus, river, Lucania, Italy, xv. 37Bradawl, boring tool, xi. 438. Bradford, Wilts, England, Saxon church at, XXIV. 595. j town, Yorkshire, England, iv. 197; xxiv. 748; its silk manufacture, xxn. 63> John, English martyr, iv. 198. , William, colonial printer, Philadelphia, xviii. 740. Brading, Isle of Wight, England, Roman villa at, xxiv. 562.

Bradlaugh, Charles, English journalist and politician, xxm. 312. Bradley, James, British astronomer, IV. 198; II. 756; XVII. 260; his discovery of aberration of light, 1. 48. Bradshaw, Henry, English poet, iv. 198. , Henry, on Barbour’s poems, III. 364, John, judge of Charles I., IV. 198. Bradwardin, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, iv. 199. Brady, Nicholas, translator of the Psalms, iv. 199; his Psalms and Hymns, XII. 590. Bradypodidze, family of edentate mammals, xv. 384; xxu. 161. Braemar Forest, Scotland, 1. 44. Braga, town, Portugal, iv. 199; xix. 537; xxii. 307. Braganca, or Braganza, town, Portugal, iv. 199; xxiii. 525. Braganza, Ducal family of, xix. 545, 548. Bragg, Braxton, American general, xxiii. 778, 788. Bragi, Northern god, 1. 211. B rah AM, John, English vocalist and composer, iv. 199. Brahe, Tycho, Danish astronomer, iv. 200; II. 752; XIV, 46; on the lunar theory, xvi. 800; his patronage of Longomontanus, XIV. 866 ; his relations with Napier, xvn. 182; his observatory on Huen island, XVII 703Brahma, Hindu deity, iv. 207; xxiv. 118; figure of, viii. 126. Fowls, xix. 645. Brahmanas, Sanskrit theological writings, xxi. 273,276; mythic stories in them, xvil. 152. Brahmanbaria, town, India, xxiii. 405. Brahmani, river, India, v. 243. Brahmanical Law, xii. 782; xxi. 287. Brahmanism, iv. 201; xn. 782, 785; xx. 360; its relations to Lamaism, xiv. 227. Brahmans, Hindu caste, v. 188; among the Mahrattas, xv. 289. Brahmaputra, river, Tibet and India, iv. 211; 11. 718; xii. 732; xxiii. 341. Brahma Samaj, theistic church, India, iv. 200; xvi. 518; xxi. 35. Brahmegupta, Oriental algebraist, 1. 517Brahms, Johannes, musical composer, xvii. 97. Brahoes, race of people, Baluchistan, in. 300, 303. Braid, James, on neuro-hypnotism, xv. 278. Braidwood, Thomas, teacher of deafmutes, vii. 6. Braila, town, Roumania, xii. 610.

65 Brain, of apes, 11. 164; of birds, m. 724; of fishes, xii. 650; of mammals, xv. 366. , The human, anatomy of, 1. 869; Sir Charles Bell on anatomy of, m. 541; physiology of, XIX. 32; circulation in, xix. 42; diseases of, xx. 431; xill. 95; paralysis caused by disease of, XVIII. 255; membranes of, 1. 864; in relation to phrenology, xvin. 842; during sleep, XXII. 155; weight of, 11. 108. Brainerd, David, missionary to American Indians, iv. 211. Braintree, town, England, iv. 211. Braithwaite, Richard, pastoral poet, xviii. 347. Braj Bhasha, Indian dialect, xi. 840. Brake, iv. 211; xv. 770; railway, xx. 248. , town, Germany, iv. 211. Bramah, Joseph, English machinist, iv. 213. Bramah’s Lock, xiv. 744. B ram ANTE, Lazzari, Italian architect and painter, iv. 213; 11. 438; xx. 836. Bramantino (Bartolommeo Suardi), Italian painter, xxil. 615. Brambanan, Hindu ruins, Java, iv. 214. Bramber, town, England, xxil 724. Brambling, bird, ix. 193. Bramhall, John, bishop of Derry, his discussion with Hobbes, XII. 36; his oppression of Presbyterians, xm. 266. Branas, Alexis, Byzantine general, XIII. 374. Branca, Giovanni, designer of a steamengine, xxil 473. Brancacci Chapel, Florence, paintings in, xv. 606. Brancaleone degli Andalo, Roman senator, xx. 796. Branches, of plants, iv. 97. Branchiobdellid/E, family of leeches, xiv. 405. Branchiopoda, division of Crustacea, VI. 663. Branchiostoma, genus of fishes, xn. 695; xiv. 258. Brancovan, Constantine, voivode of Walachia, xxi. 17. Brande, William Thomas, English chemist, IV. 214. Brandenburg, province, Prussia, iv. 214; xx. 14, 16; mark of, xx. 2; royal house of, x. 495. , town, Prussia, iv. 214; terra-cotta work at, xxiii. 194. Brandes, Georg, Danish critic, vn. 93. Brandis, Christian August, German writer, IV. 215. Brandishing, in architecture, 11. 461. Brandisite, mineral, xvi. 413. Brandt, Count, Danish courtier, vu. 87XXV. — 9

66

B B A —B R E

iv. 243; population and represenBray, Sir Reginald, English architect, tation, XXlll. 727; town, IV. 244. Brandt, Geeraerdt, Dutch writer, xn. iv. 220. Breda, town, Holland, iv. 244. 95. ; X)r Thomas, missionary to Ameri, Jan van, Dutch painter, iv. 244. Johann Friedrich, on birds, xvin. can Indians, iv. 220. ) Surrender of, Velazquez’s picture, 25» 42, 45BRAYNFORD (Brentford), town, EngXXIV. 135. ) Sebastian, German satirist, iv. 215, land, iv. 258. Bredal, Niels Krog, Norse dramatist, x. 527Brazen Bull, of Phalaris, xvin. 730. xvii. 590. Brandy, spirituous liquor, iv. 210, Brazil, iv. 221; 1. 712; its connexion BREDEROO, Gerbrand Adriaanssen, distillation of, VII. 264. birds ot m with Portugal, I. 710; ’ Dutch writer, XII. 94. Brandywine, U.S.A., Battle of (i777)> 746; proportion of coloured race m, Bredow, suburb of Stettin, Prussia, xxiii. 744, G . xvii. 320; cotton supply, vi. 485; xxii. 543Brankovich, George, despot ot bervia, diamond mines, VII. 164; forests, IX. Gabriel Gottfried, German histoxxi. 689, 690. 406; Indian tribes, xil. 829; libraries, rian, iv. 244. BRANKS, disease, XVII. 22. Xiv. 536, 551; national debt, xvn. Breeches Bible, viii. 387. Brant, Isabella, wife of Rubens, xxi. 247; newspapers, XVII. 437; observa- Breech-Loader, gun, xi. 280. 42. tory at Rio, xvii. 716 ; prison system, Breeding of Animals, i. 389, 393; IVBrantas, river, Java, xm. 001. xix. 759; railways, xx. 252; slavery Brantford, town, Canada, iv. 216. 244; xxi. 722. in, XXII. 142. Breeds and Breeding, iv. 244; in BRANTOME, Seigneur de, French his, Island of, IV. 241. relation to natural selection, xxiv. 78. torian, IV. 216; IX. 654. Current, in Atlantic, in. 20. Branxholm Castle, Roxburgh, Scot- Brazilian Ruby, or Burnt Topaz, BREGENTZ, or Bregenz, town, Tyrol, Austria, iv. 251; xxiv. 297. land, xxi. 34. xxiii. 446Brehon Law, ancient Irish law, iv. Braschi, Giovanni Angelo (Pope Pius Brazil Nut, iv. 241. 252; landholding under it, XIII. 218. VI.), xix. 154_ _ . Brazil-Nut Oil, xvii. 744, 746Breidden Hills, England and Wales, Bras-de-Fer (Francois de la hioue), Brazil Wood, iv. 241; iv. 226. Huguenot captain, xiv. 289. xvi. 788; xxi. 847. Brazos, river, Texas, xxiii. 203. Breislackite, mineral, xvi. 416. Bras d’ Or, lake, Nova Scotia, xvn. Brazza, island, Adriatic Sea, iv. 241602. Brazzaville, town, on Congo, Africa, Breislak, Scipione, Italian geologist, Brasenose College, Oxford, xvin. iv. 255. xxiv. 765. Breithauptite, mineral, xvi. 393. 96. Breach of Promise of Marriage, Brasidas, Spartan general, iv. 216. I Breitinger, J. J., Swiss writer, x. 533; xxiv. 643. BRASS, alloy of copper and zinc, IV. xxii. 797. Manufacture of, HI. 250; adul- Brellington (Bridlington), town, 217; its composition, VI. 351; XXIV. Bread, terations of, 1. 17°784; strength of, XXII. 603. England, IV. 342. Breadalbane, district, Scotland, xvin. BRASSAC, France, coal-mines at, XX BREM ANGERLAND, island, Norway, XVII. 667. 119. 576. Bread and Salt, bond, xxi. 134. Brassage, cost of coming, xvi. 725. Bremen, free town, Germany, iv. 255. Bread Fruit, iv. 241; in Polynesia, Brasses, Monumental, iv. 219; vn Bremer, Fredrika, Swedish novelist, xix. 419. 694iv. 256; xxii. 757Bread Nut, xvii. 664. Brassey, Thomas, English railway conBeitrage, in German literature, x. Breakers, their formation, xxiv. 419. tractor, iv. 219. 533Brass-Horn, musical instrument, xvn. Breaking, of hunting horses, xil 188. BREMERHAVEN, town, Germany, iv. Breakspeare, Nicholas (Pope Adrian 778257. IV.), 1.165. Brassica, genus of plants, iv. 617; BREMETENRACUM (Penrith), Roman Breakwater, iv. 242; construction ot, xvii. 112; xx. 273. town, England, XVlil. 504. XL 459; at Cherbourg, V. 585; at Brass-Work, xvi. 71. Bremner Printing-Machine, xxiii. Holyhead, xil 105. Bratslaff, town, Russia, xix. 254 706. Bream, fish, xil 692; angling for, 11. Brattishing, in architecture, 11. 461. Brendan, St, early Irish navigator, xm. 42. Brattleboro, town, Vermont, U.S.A., 250. Breast, xvi. 302; cancer of the, xviii. xxiv. 167. Brennan Torpedo, xxiii. 451. 383Bratton, Wilts, England, British reBrenner Pass, Tyrolese Alps, 1. 629. Breast-Armour, vi. 693. mains at, xxiv. 594. BRENNUS, Celtic kings, iv. 257. Breastplate, Jewish high priest’s, x. Braulieve Mountains, Ireland, xx. BRENNY, district, Leitrim, Ireland, XIV. 138849433Breathing, or Respiration, xx. 474; Braunite, mineral, xv. 479; xvi movements of muscles in, I. 835; Brent, river, England, xvi. 279. 387disordered, II. 736; restoration of, in Brenta, river, Italy, xm. 436. Braunsberg, town, Prussia, iv. 220. Brentano, Clemens, German writer, apparently drowned, VII. 475. Braunschweig (Brunswick, q.v.), iv. 257; x. 542. Bre-bung, convent, Lhasa, xiv. 501. duchy, Germany, IV. 401. Brentford, town, England, iv. 255, Breccia, rock, x. 237. Brava, Cape Verd Islands, v. 52. xvi. 280. Breche, Charles de, betrayer of Bravaisite, mineral, xvi. 425. Brent-Goose, bird, x. 778. Pallavicino, XVIII. 189. Bravo del Norte, river, New Brenthida:, family of insects, xxiv. Brechin, town, Scotland, iv. 242 Mexico, U.S.A., xvn. 400. Breckinridge, John Cabell, American 477Bravos, town, Mexico, xvi. 214, Brent’s Hill, ancient fortress, Engpolitician, xxill. 772, 774, 788. Brawne, Fanny, Keats’s letters to, land, xvii. 598. Brecknock Peninsula, Tierra del xiv. 24. Brenz, John, his scheme of church Fuego, xxiii. 384. Bray, town, Ireland, iv. 220; xxiv. order, xix. 676. Brecon, or Brecknock, county, Wales, 557-

B R E—B R I Breogan, in Irish legend, Xin. 244. Brera, Picture Gallery of the, Milan, xvi. 291. Brescia, province, Italy, iv. 258. , town, Italy, IV. 258; its ancient college, xxiii. 834; pictures in, XXI. 447; its school of painting, XXI. 436, 443Breslau, town, Prussian Silesia, iv. 258; xx. 16; xxii. 53; libraries, xiv. 546; observatory, xvil. 712; university, XXIII. 846. Bresle, river, France, xxii. 261. Bressay, island, Shetland, Scotland, XVII. 846. Bressuire, town, France, XXI. 710. Brest, town, France, iv. 259. , old town, Labrador, iv. 177. Brest-Litovsk, town, Russia, iv. 260. Bretagne (Brittany, q.v.), province, France, iv. 354. Brethren, or Plymouth Brethren, religious sect, XIX. 238. of the Common Life, religious community, XI. 207; XVI. 711; XVII. 134; as educationists, vil. 672. Bretigny, Peace of (1360), ix. 547. Breton, Nicholas, pastoral poet, xvm. 347, P., on porisms, XIX. 520. de LOS Herreros, Manuel, Spanish dramatist, xxn. 361. Language, v. 298,327; dictionaries of, vil 188. Literature, v. 324. Bretonne, Restif de la, French writer, xx. 486. Bretons, people of Brittany, iv. 354. Bretschneider, Karl Gottlieb, German scholar, iv. 260. Bretwaldas, rulersof Britain, vm. 271. Breughel, Jan, Flemish painter, iv. 262. , Peeter, Flemish caricaturist, iv. 262; v. 104. Breuni, Rhsetian people, xx. 505. Breunnerite, mineral, xvi. 397. Breve de Recto, in English law, xxiv. 694. Breve Testatum, in English law, xxiv. 693. Breviarium Alaricanum, Roman law, iv. 262; 1. 443; xxi. 216. Breviary, church service book, iv. 263; English, viii. 378; Roman, XIV. 709. Brevoortia Tyrannus, species of fishes, xvi. 10. Breweries, of Burton, England, iv. 572. Brewing, iv. 264; xv. 308. Brewster, Sir David, Scottish physicist, IV. 276; inventor of kaleidoscope, Xili. 826; in relation to invention of stereoscope, xxii. 538; on the analysis of light, xvil 802; on polarization of light, xiv. 611.

Brewsterite, mineral, xvi. 422. Brian Boroimhe, legendary Irish king, v. 308; xiii. 253. Brianchon’s Theorem, in geometry, x. 397Brian^on, town, France, IV. 277. Briansk, town, Russia, iv. 277; xxi. 89. Briare, town, France, xiv. 809. Briareus, in Greek mythology, IV. 277. Briar-Root Pipe, for tobacco, xix. 112. Bribery, iv. 278; Greek proverb about, vi. 754. Brick, iv. 279; as building material, iv. 448; combination of, with stone, 11. 457; strength of, xxu. 603. See Bricks. , Fire, ix. 238. Architecture, in Germany, 11. 432. Facings, Roman, xx. 809 Bricklaying, iv. 460. Brickmaking, iv. 280. Bricks, iv. 279; ancient, xix. 604, 619; ancient enamelled, vm. 182; of Babylon, 111.18 5,189; glazed, in wall-linings, xvii. 35. Brick Tea, xxiii. 99. Brick Towers, in Spain, 11. 434. Brickwork, in building, iv. 457. Bridaine, Jacques, French preacher, iv. 284. Bride of Lammermoor (Janet Dalrymple), xxii. 444. Brides, Savoy, mineral water of, xvi. 434Bridge, iv. 284; at Brooklyn, U.S.A., xvii. 465; at Dirschau, Prussia, VIL 257; suspension, at Kieff, Russia, XIV. 69; suspension, ancient, in Peru, 1. 697; at St Louis, U.S.A., xxi. 185. Fortification, ix. 435. Bridgenorth (Bridgnorth), town, England, iv. 284 ; xxi. 648. Bridge of Allan, town, Scotland, xxii. 544. Bridgeport, town, Connecticut, U.S. A., iv. 284. Bridges, iv. 284 (index, 341); pontoon, xix. 456; railway, xx. 233; Roman, xx. 831; skewed, 11. 331; Venetian, xxiv. 148. See Bridge. Bridget, St, of Ireland, iv. 342. , St, of Sweden, iv. 342; xxn. 753; nuns of, XVI. 711. Bridgetown, town, Barbados, in. 359. Bridgewater (Bridgwater), town, England, iv. 342; xxii. 258. , Third Duke of, iv. 342. , Eighth Earl of, IV. 342. Canal, iv. 342, 783. Treatises, iv. 342. Bridgnorth, town, England, iv. 284; xxi. 648. Bridgwater, town, England, iv. 342; xxii. 258.

67 Bridle, Horse, xn. 198. Bridlington, town, England, iv. 342. Bridport, town, England, iv. 343. Brie, district, Seine-et-Marne, France, xxi. 625. Brief, papal letter, iv. 520. Brieg, town, Prussia, iv. 343. , town, Switzerland, xxiv. 31. Briel, or Brielle, town, Holland, iv. 343. Brienne, France, Battle of (1814), xvii. 221. , Jean de, crusader in Egypt, vn. 754Brienz, lake, Switzerland, xiv. 218; xxii. 777. Brier, plant, xx. 851. Briere de l’Isle, French general, xxiii. 441. Brigade, subdivision of an army, iv. 343Brigade-Major, iv. 343. Brigadier, iv. 343. Brig antes, British tribe, iv. 353. Brig anti A (Bregentz), ancient town, Tyrol, IV. 251. Brigantium (Briangon), ancient town, France, iv. 277. Briggs, Henry, English mathematician, !V. 343; xvii. 180; his logarithms, xiv. 773; xxiii. 9. Bright, Richard, English physician, xv. 816. Brighthelmstone (Brighton, q.v.\ town, England, IV. 345. Brightling Hill, Sussex, England, xxii. 723. Brightness, intensity of light, xxiv. 423, 429, 433, 437. Brighton, town, England, iv. 344; XXII. 725; aquarium at, II. 218. Bright’s Disease, iv. 345; xvin. 387, 388; diet in, VIL 206. Brignoles, town, France, iv. 346; xxiv. 69. Brihtnoth, East-Saxon earl, vm. 287. Bril (Briel), town, Holland, iv. 343. , Paul, Flemish painter, IV. 346. Brill, fish, xii. 692. Brilliants (Diamonds),Cutting of, vil 165; xiv. 299. Brimstone, sulphur of commerce, xxii. 634. Brindisi, town, Italy, iv. 346. Brindley, James, English engineer, iv. 346, 783. Brine-Shrimp, crustacean, vi. 663. Brine-Springs, x. 271. Briniates, Ligurian tribe, xiv. 640. Brinjaris, tribe, India, xv. 185. Brink, R. C. B. van den, Dutch critic, xii. 98. Brinkburn Priory, Northumberland, England, xvil. 568. Briocus, St, Welsh missionary, xxi. 159. Brion, Frederike, friend of Goethe, x. 724.

68

B R I —B B

0

Brodzinski, Casimir, Polish poet, xix. British Museum, London, xiv. 837; Brion, Simon de (Pope Martin rV.)> 3°4under Panizzi, xviii. 212; library oi, Broekhuizen, Jan, Dutch scholar, iv. xv 82 -5 xiv. 515. 382. Brionian Islands, Adriatic Sea, xix. British North Borneo, xxi. 123. Broghill, Lord (Roger Boyle), soldier 284. British Subjects, their privileges, l and statesman, iv. 185. Brionnais, district, France, xxi. 301. 575Broglie, Achille L. V. C., Due de, Briony, Black, plant, xxiv. 727. Brito, port, Nicaragua, xvn. 477French statesman, iv. 359. BRIOT, Francois, Swiss metal-worker, Bernardo de, Portuguese historian. —, Albert, Due de, iv. 360. xix. 184. xix. 557. ? Victor Francois, Due de, marshal Brioude, town, France, IV. 347; bridge Britons, Ancient, iv. 352; vm. 253; of France, iv. 359; IX. 590. at, iv. 332. XXL 472; ethnic character and dis- Broiling, of meat, vi. 332. Briovira (St L6), ancient town, France, tribution of, v. 301. Broken Heart, The, Ford’s tragedy, xxi. 182. Britonum Historia, Nennius s work, ix. 395. Brisbane, town, Queensland, iv. 347. xvii. 332. BROKER, intermediate agent, IV. 360; Sir Thomas M., astronomer, iv. Brittany, province, France, iv. 354> member of stock exchange, xxn. 557347; his observatory, at Paramatta, ancient stone monuments of, XXL 51; 6 , Nicolas, English sculptor, XXL New South Wales, XVII. 7i dukes of, xx. 401 • Brisson, Mathurin Jacques, French Brittle-Stars, order of Echmoder559Brokerage, Calculation of, II. 536. naturalist, iv. 347; on birds, XVlll. 5. mata, vn. 634. BRISSOT, Jean Pierre, Girondist, IV. Britton, summary of early English Bromberg, town, Prussia, iv. 360. B ROME, Alexander, English poet, 1V. 361. 347. law, iv. 355. Pierre, French physician, XV. 808 —, Richard, English dramatist, IV. 5 John, English antiquary, IV. 355. Bristles, Economic uses of, xi. 376; in 361BRIVA I sail® (Pontoise), ancient town, Bromides, in chemistry, iv. 361; of brush-making, IV. 403. France, XIX. 456. potassium, xix. 592; of silver, xxn. Bristol, town, England, iv. 348; Brives-la-Gaillarde, town, France, 72> siege of (1645), xxi. 62; St Augustine’s IV - 356BROMIDROSIS, skin disease, XXII. 120. abbey, I. 19; libraries, xiv. 521, 542; newspapers, xvn. 421; porcelain Brixen, town, Tyrol, iv. 356. Bromine, chemical element, iv. 361; Brixham, town, England, iv. 356; its works, XIX. 642. v. 490; as a poison, xix. 279. fisheries, IX. 249. , town, Rhode Island, U.S.A., IV. BROMITE, mineral, xvi. 384. Brixia (Brescia), ancient town, Italy, Bromley, town, England, iv. 362; xiv. 352. iv. 258. , Earl of, persecution of, by Charles 822. BROACH, district and town, India, iv. 356. BROMSGROVE, town, England, IV. 362; I., V. 404. , boring tool, XI. 438. Britain, Ancient, iv. 352; history of, xxiv. 666. Arrow, in heraldry, xi. 703 vill. 263; Caesar’s invasion of, iv. 636; Broad Administration, Bromwich, West, town, England, xxiv. under the Romans, xx. 775, 780; their Broad-Bottom 506. England, V. 441. influence on the language, v. SC* Bronchial Tubes, air-passages, xx. Broad Law, mountain, Scotland, xvin. coins of, XVII. 636; Celtic dialects of, 475451. v. 298. Bronchitis, disease, iv. 362. Broadside, or Broadsheet, pamphlet, Britannia, iv. 352. See Britain. Bronchocele (Goitre), disease, x. 739. xviii. 204. Broncho-Pneumonia, disease, xix. , Camden’s work, IV. 734. 2 0 Bridge, across Menai Straits, Broadstairs, town, England, iv. 357 5 Broadway, New York, xvn. 458. Wales, iv. 334; xx. 234. BRONDSTED, Peter Oluf, Danish archBroadwood, James, pianoforte maker, Metal, xviii. 725. aeologist, iv. 364. xix. 76. Romana, Horsley’s work, xn. BRONGNIART, Alexandre, French min—, John, pianoforte maker, XIX. 74. 200. eralogist, iv. 364; on reptiles, xx. BROCCHl, Giovanni Battista, Italian Britannicus, son of the Roman 434geologist, iv. 357. emperor Claudius, IV. 354; xvn. 348. Brongniartine, mineral, xvi. 400. Broccoli, vegetable, iv. 618; xn. 279 , Racine’s drama, XX. 206. Bronte, town, Sicily, iv. 364. Britanny (Brittany, q.v.), province, Brochantite, mineral, xvi. 401. , Anne, English writer, iv. 366. BROCKS, Scottish round towers, xvil. France, iv. 354. , Charlotte, English novelist, iv. 848; XXL 22. Britford, Wilts, England, Gothic arch364Brockedon’s Black-Lead Pencils, way in church, II. 425. , Emily, English writer, IV. 366. xviii. 490. British Almanac, i. 591. Bronze, alloy of copper and tin, iv. 366; British and Foreign Bible Brocken, mountain, Germany, XL 507; composition of, vi. 351; early Greek spectre of the, XL 399. Society, hi. 649. casting of, II. 348; strength of, XXH. British and Foreign School Brockes, Barthold H., German poet, 603; ancient weapons of, 11. 553. x. 532. Society, xiv. 258. , Manganese, xm. 352. British Army, Historical sketch of the, BROCKHAUS, Friedrich Arnold, German Age, 11. 122; existing remains of, publisher, iv. 357; publisher of 11. 568. II. 339. Conversations-Lexicon, VHI. 203. British Association, its origin, iv BROCKLESBV, Richard, English physi- BRONZES, ancient, IV. 367; Etruscan, 277. viii. 642. cian, iv. 357. British Columbia, North America, BRODERIP, William John, English natu- Bronze-Work, xvi. 71; Japanese, vi. 169. xiii. 591; Sicyonian, xxn. 32; Veneralist, IV. 358. British Guiana, xi. 249. tian, xxiv. 156. Brodie, Sir Benjamin Collins, English British Honduras, xh. 132. Bronzing, iv. 367. surgeon, IV. 358. British Kaffraria, South Africa, Bronzite, mineral, xvi. 415. Brody, town, Austria, iv. 359. xiii. 816.

B K 0 —B B U Brooch, ornamental pin, iv. 369. BROOKE, Frances, English novelist, IV. 369, Henry, English writer, iv. 369. , Sir James, rajah of Sarawak, iv. 369, 60; xxi. 306. Brookes, Joshua, English anatomist, iv. 370Brook Farm Association, United States, xx. 567. Brookite, mineral,xvi. 387; xxin.410. Brooklyn, town, New York, U.S.A., IV. 370; XVII. 457; XXIII. 822 ; libraries at, xiv. 550. Bridge, New York, xvn. 465. Brooks, Charles Shirley, English writer, iv. 371. , Maria, American poetess, 1. 731. Broom, for sweeping, iv. 403. Broome, William, English writer, iv. 372. Broomrapes, parasitic plants, xvm. 265. Brora, town, Scotland, xxn. 727. Brorsen’s Comets (1846, 1847), vi. 192, 193. Brorson, Hans Adol, Danish hymnwriter, vii. 90. Broschi, Carlo (Farinelli, q.v.\ Italian singer, IX. 34. Brosely, town, England, iv. 372; xxi. 848. Brosna, river, Ireland, xiv. 87. Brosses, Charles de, French writer, iv. 372Brotherhood’s Steam Engine, xxii. 514Brother Jonathan, origin of the epithet, VI. 289; xxm. 592. Brothers of Charity, Italian monks, xvi. 712. Brothers of the Sword, mediaeval order, Livonia, xiv. 724; XXIII. 201. Brotheryeeld (Brotherhood), Court of, Cinque Ports, England, V. 787. Brougham, Lord, lord chancellor of England, iv. 373; on instinct in bees, Hi. 488. Broughton, J. Cam Hothouse, Lord, English statesman, iv. 381. > Hugh, English divine, iv. 381. > Thomas, English divine, iv. 381. Broughty-Ferry, town, Scotland, vii. 536. Broukhusius, Jan, Dutch scholar, iv. 382. Broussa, town, Asiatic Turkey, Iv. 382; m - 793; province, xxm. 653. Broussais, Frangois Joseph Victor, French physician, iv. 383; XV. 815. Broussonet, Pierre Marie Auguste, French naturalist, iv. 383. Brouwer, Adrian, Dutch painter, iv. 383; XVlii. 58; his influence on Teniers, xxm. 173. Brow-Ague, disease, xvn. 364. Brown, Charles Brockden, American novelist, iv. 383; 1. 725.

Brown, Ford Madox, his influence on Eossetti, xx. 858. , John, English divine (d. 1766), iv. 384, John, of Haddington, Scottish divine (d. 1787), IV. 384. , John, Scottish physician (d. 1788), IV. 384; xv. 813. , John, Scottish divine (d. 1858), iv. 384, John, American abolitionist (d. 1859), iv. 385; xi. 490; xxii. 142; xxiii. 772. , or Browne, Robert, founder of the Brownist sect, iv. 385; XII. 723. , Robert, Scottish botanist, IV. 385; on the classification of plants, Iv. 81; xvi. 838. , Robert, his exploration of Greenland, xix. 324. , Samuel, chemist, poet, and essayist, iv. 386. , Thomas, English humorist, iv. 387, Thomas, Scottish psychologist, iv. 387; on mental suggestion, 11. 732. , Ulysses Maximilian, imperial general, IV. 388. , William Laurence, Scottish theologian, iv. 388. Coal, or Lignite, v. 46; xvi. 429. Colours, in dyeing, vii. 579. Browne, Charles Farrar (Artemus Ward), American humorist, iv. 389; 1. 727. , Felicia Dorothea (Mrs Hemans), English poetess, XI. 643. , Isaac Hawkins, English poet, IV. 389, James, Scottish litterateur, iv. 389, Peter, bishop of Cork, theologian, iv. 389. , or Brown, Robert, English Independent, iv. 385; xil. 723. , Sir Thomas, English moralist, iv. 389, William, English pastoral poet, iv. 390; xviii. 347. , William George, English traveller, IV. 390. Brownies, goblins, 11. 204. Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, English poetess, iv. 391. Brownists, religious sect, iv. 392. Brown Pigments, xix. 88. Brown-S£quard, C. E., on heredity in guinea-pigs, iv. 246. Brown Spar, mineral, xvi. 397. Brown University, Providence, U.S.A., xix. 884; xxiii. 857. Bruce, David, king of Scotland, xxi. 489; captive in England, vm. 319. , Edward, brother of King Robert of Scotland, xx. 594; his wars in Ireland, xiii. 260.

69 Bruce, James, African traveller, iv. 393; 1. 64; x. 188. , Michael, Scottish poet, iv. 393; hymns by, XI1. 593; his connexion with John Logan, xiv. 771. , Robert, lord of Annandale, Scottish baron, XXL 486. , Robert (The Bruce), king of Scotland, xx. 592; xxi. 488; in relation to Edward I., vm. 313. , The, Barbour’s poem, ill. 364. Family, earls of Elgin, vm. 131. Bruchidas, family of insects, xxiv. 477Bruchium Library, Alexandria, xiv. 510. Bruchsal, town, Germany, iv. 394. Brucia, poisonous alkaloid, XVII. 687. Brucite, mineral, xvi. 388. Bruck, two towns, Austria, iv. 394. BRUCKE, E., his theory of binocular vision, XXII. 538. Bruckenau, town, Bavaria, iv. 394; mineral water of, xvi. 436. BRUCKER, James, German philosophical writer, iv. 394. Brue, river, Somerset, England, xxii. 257. Brueys, Peter de, French preacher, xiv. 287. Bruges, or Brugge, town, Belgium, iv. 395; library of, xiv. 549; newspapers, xvii. 430; tapestry of, xxm. 212. Brugsch, Henri, on Egyptian history, vil. 728. Bruhl, Graf von, Saxon statesman, xxi. 355Brul£e Island, river Yonne, France, weir at, xx. 574. Brumaire 18-19, Revolution of (1799), ix. 612; XVII. 202. Brumath, or Brumpt, town, German Alsace, iv. 396. Brun, town, Moravia, iv. 399. Brun, Nordahl, Danish writer, VII. 91. , Rudolph, Swiss leader, xxn. 783. Brunanburgh, England, Battle of (937), viii. 285; xvii. 570; xxi. 479. Brunck, Richard Francois Philippe, French scholar, iv. 396. Brundisium, or Brundusium (Brindisi), ancient town, Italy, iv. 346. Brune, G. M. A., French marshal, in Switzerland, xxil. 793. Brunei, sultanate, Borneo, xxi. 123. Brunel, Isambard Kingdom, English engineer, iv. 396. , Sir Marc Isambard, engineer and architect, iv. 398. Brunelleschi, Filippo, Italian architect, iv. 399; 11. 436, 438. Brunet, Jacques Charles, French bibliographer, iv. 399. Brunetto Latini, Florentine encyclopaedist, VIII. 192; tutor of Dante, VI. 809; his Tesoretto, XIII. 501. Brunhild, queen of Austrasia, ix. 530.

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Buckeye, tree, xn. 206. Brunhild, heroine in the Nibelungen- BrUYERE, Jean de la, French moralist, Buckhurst, Lord, first earl of Dorset, xiv. 177; ix. 663. lied, XVII. 474vie 372. Bryanites, Methodist sect, xvi. 192. Buckingham, county, England, iv. Bruni, state, Borneo, Vi. 59. Bryansk, town, Russia, xvn. 826. 415; population and representation, } Leonardo, Italian scholar, iv. Bryant, Jacob, English writer, iv. 407, XXIIL 727; town, iv. 416. 399on mythology, xvii. 137George Villiers, first duke of, IV. Brunn, town, Moravia, IV. 399; xvi -, William Cullen, American poet, 1. 417; vill. 345; Bacon’s connexion 811. 732> BRUNNE, Robert of, English chronicler, with, in. 206. Bryaxis, Greek sculptor, iv. 407. XV. 494. 5 George Yilliers, second duke of, Brunnenberg, mountain, Germany, BRYDGES, Sir Samuel Egerton, English iv. 419. writer, iv. 408. William Alfred, governor of Conxx. 552. Brunner’s Process, for producing Bryher, island, Scilly Isles, England, necticut, U.S.A., xxiil 788. xxi. 465. potassium, XIX. 590. Palace, London, xiv. 838. BRYlNEiE, class of mosses, XVII. 73. Buckinghamshire, John Sheffield, Brunnich, Danish naturalist, on birds, BRYNEICH (Bernicia), English kingdom, xviii. 9. duke of, iv. 419. xvii. 568. BRUNO, St, founder of the Carthusians Bryophyta, Buckland, William, dean of Westgroup of plants, xxiv, IV. 400; I. 20; v. 163. minster, geologist, IV. 420; his investi128; in. 694. (Pope Leo IX.), XIV. 449gation of bone-caves, v. 267. , Giordano, Italian philosopher, IV. Bryozoa, group of animals, xix. 429. BUCKLE, Henry Thomas, English hisBrzesc (Brest Litovsk), town, Russia, 400; on evolution, vill. 758; his torian, iv. 421; as chess-player, V. iv. 260. influence on Spinoza, xxil. 401. 602. BRZEZANY, town, Austria, IV. 408. Brunonian System of Medicine, Buckley, Samuel, founder of first Bual Wine, Madeira, xv. 178. xv. 813; iv. 384. London daily newspaper, XVII. 415. Bubastis, Egyptian goddess, iv. 408 BRUNSMANN, J ohan, N or se hymn-writer ancient town, Egypt, iv. 408; vii Buckram, a rich woven cloth, xxiil xvii. 589. z 1 u. 769; festival at, xix. 90. Brunswick, duchy, Germany, iv. 401; BUCKS (Buckingham), county, England, Bubble Act (1719), vi. 221. town, iv. 402. iv. 415; population and representation, BUBENBERG, Adrian von, Swiss states, town, Maine, U.S.A., iv. 403 xxiil 727. man, xxil 787. Green, pigment, xix. 88. Buckwheat, edible plant, iv. 423. Bubo, genus of birds, xvin. 90. BRUNTON, Mrs Mary, Scottish novelist, BUCSESD, mountain, Hungary, xil. 361. Bubonic Plague, xix. 159. iv. 403. BUDA, town, Hungary, iv. 423. See also Brushes, iv. 403; painters’, xvm. 137, Buccaneers, piratical adventurers, iv. Budapest. 408; xix. 117. 140. BUD. 569xxiii. 728. BUONCOMPAGNO, Ugo . (Pope Gregory land, iv. 342. Burghley, Lord (William Cecil), minXIII.), xi. 178. , town, Iowa, U.S.A., iv. 551ister of Queen Elizabeth, v. 283. Buononcini, Giovanni Battista, Italian , town, New Jersey, U.S.A., iv. HOUSE, Northampton, England, musical composer, XI. 435; xvii. 92. 55°. xvii. 557BUONVICINI, Domenico, disciple of , town, Vermont, U.S.A., iv. 55°) Burgkmair, Hans, German engraver, Savonarola, xxi. 337. xxiv. 167, 168. iv. 534BUOY, floating signal, IV. 530; illu, First Earl of (Richard Boyle), iv. Burglary, crime, IV. 534. minated, xiv. 626. 184. BURGO, Lucas de, algebraist, I. 512. , Life, xiv. 573. ) Third Earl of, his architectural Buoyancy, Centre of, in ships, xxi. BURGONET, helmet, XL 637. works, II. 444. Burgos, province, Spain, xxn. 298. 812. BURMAH, empire, Asia, IV. 551; Shan —, town, Spain, iv. 5345 sculptures BUPALUS, Greek sculptor, iv. 531. states connected with, XXL 773; birds in cathedral, XXL 567. Buphonia, Greek religious festival, IV. of, III. 761; ruby mines, XXL 48; BURGOYNE, John, British general, iv. 1 53 . . weights and measures, xxiv. 490. 535; xxiii. 744BURAECH (Bharaich), district and town, , British, IV. 560; XII. 734, 806, Sir John Fox, British field-marshal, India, III. 628; xvill. 72. 808. !V. 535BURvEUS, Johannes, Swedish scholar, Burgundians, party, m Trance, ix. BURMANN, Pieter, Dutch scholar, IV. xxii. 754. 562. 548; xviii. 290. Burbage, James, theatre manager, xxi. BURMEISTER, Hermann C. C., on birds, BURGUNDIO, Italian jurist, IV. 535. 760; xxiii. 224. xviil. 26, 27. Burgundionum Lex, ancient law code, , Richard, actor, XXL 761. Burmese, race, iv. 552; their language XXL 215. BURCARDUS, Joannes, his diary, I. and literature, iv. 555. 49 Burgundy, duchy and province, °. o . France, iv. 535; under Charles the BURN, Dr Richard, on the poor laws, Burckhardt, John Ludwig, Swiss XIX. 470. Bold, v. 424; its connexion with Holtraveller, iv. 531. Burner, for lamps, xiv. 245. land, XII. 73; war with Switzerland, BurckhardFs Comet, vi. 191. BURNES, Sir Alexander, traveller, XXII. 786. Burdeana, Jacob (Baradseus), Syriac Central Asia, iv. 562; his visit to , House of, ix. 548; its connexion writer, VI. 354; XIII. 539; XXII. 833. Cabul, 1. 240. with the Capet family, V. 55. Burdekin, river, Queensland, XX. Burnet, forage plant, 1. 378. Pitch, ix. 223, 711. !7I. , Gilbert, bishop of Salisbury, hisBurder, George, author of Village —— Wine, xxiv. 606. torian, iv. 562; his estimate of LeighBURHANPUR, town, India, IV. 536; Sermons, iv. 531. ton, xiv. 428. xvii. 509. Burdett, Sir Francis, English poli, Thomas, English writer, IV. 564. BURIAL, iv. 537; IX. 824; in churchtician, iv. 532. yards and cemeteries, v. 329; regis- Burnett, James (Lord Monboddo), BURDIGALA (Bordeaux), ancient town, Scottish philosopher, xvi. 719. tration of, xx. 343. France, iv. 52. Acts, iv. 537; as affecting Noncon- Burnett-Salmon, Australian fish, Burdock, plant, xxm. 307. xii. 686. formists, xvii. 533; parishes formed BURDWAN (Bardwan), district and town, Burney, Charles, English writer on by them in England, XVIII. 296. India, HI. 371. music, iv. 564; on the organ, xvn. Customs, ix. 824; mummy-makBur£, state, Senegambia, xxi. 663. 837; on the pianoforte, XIX. 73. ing, xvii. 20; Phoenician, xviii. 810; BURG, town, Prussia, iv. 532. , Charles, English scholar, iv. Tibetan, XXIII. 344. Burgage, form of tenure, iv. 532. 565. of Sir John Moore, Wolfe’s Burgas, department, Roumelia, xxi. , Frances (Madame D’Arblay), poem, xxiv. 630. 22. English authoress, VI. 821. Vaults, ancient, v. 206. , Las, mineral springs, Spain, xvii. BURIAS, island, Philippines, XVIII. 752. Burning-Glasses, Invention of, n. 827. 103. BURGDORF, town, Switzerland, IV. 532; Buriats, Mongolian race, iv. 538; xvi. Burnley, town, England, iv. 565. 750; xxiii. 510. Froebel’s schools at, ix. 793.

B U R —B Y E Burnouf, Eugene, French Orientalist, iv. 566. , Jean Louis, French scholar, IV. 566. BURNS, in surgery, xxn. 681. , Robert, Scottish poet, IV. 566; his place in English literature, vm. 429. Burnside, Ambrose Everett, American general, xxm. 777, 788. Burnt Clay, as manure, 1. 351. Burntisland, town, Scotland, iv. 571. Burnt Umber, pigment, xix. 88. BURR, Aaron, vice-president of United States, xxiii. 756, 758, 788; his duel with Hamilton, XL 413. Burra, East and West, islands, Shetland, Scotland, xvil. 846. Burra-Burra, town and copper mine, South Australia, ill. 109; xxil. 284. Burray, island, Orkney, Scotland, xvil. 846. Bur-Reed, plant, xx. 319. Burrhel, Nepalese sheep, xxi. 785. Burring, in wool manufacture, xxiv. 657. Burrisal (Barisal), town, India, in. 248. Burrium, Roman station, Monmouth, England, xvi. 754. BURRO, mountain, Utah, U.S.A., XXIV. 19. BURROUGH, Edward, English Quaker, xx. 147. , Stephen, Arctic explorer, xix. 316. Burrow-Duck, bird, xxi. 788. BURRUS, Afranius, general of Nero, xvil 348. Bursee (Barsi), town, India, XXL 832. Burslem, town, England, iv. 571; xxn. 442. Burton, or Burton-on-Trent, town, England, iv. 571, 265; XXII. 442. , Sir Richard F., his African explorations, 1. 247; x. 194; xxii. 390. , Robert, English moralist, iv. 571; on tobacco, xxm. 427. Burton-on-Trent, town, England, iv. S7i; XXII. 442; its breweries, iv. 265. Burtscheid, town, Prussia, iv. 572. Buru, island, Indian Archipelago, iv. 572. Burut (Buriats, q.v.), Mongolian tribes, xiv. 94. Bury, town, England, iv. 573. St Edmunds, town, England, iv. 573; xxii. 622. Busbecq, Augier Ghislen de, Flemish traveller, iv. 574. Busby, Richard, headmaster of Westminster School, iv. 574. Busca, town, Italy, iv. 574. Busching, Anton Friedrich, German geographer, iv. 574. Bushahr (Bushire), town, Persia, iv. 574; xviii. 628.

Bush-Hawk, bird, xiv. 54. Bushire, or Bushahr, town, Persia, iv. 574; xviii. 628. Bushmen, African race, iv. 575 ; 1. 264. Bushnell, Horace, American theologian, iv. 576. Busiris, mythical Egyptian king, IV. 576; XIX. 559. , ancient town, Egypt, iv. 576. Bussa, town, on Niger, Africa, XVIL 497Bussaheer (Bassahir), state, India, in. 424. BUSSORAH, or Basra, town, Asiatic Turkey, iv. 577; vm. 671; XVI. 562, 59°, 592; gum of, xi. 276. Bussy-Rabutin, Comte de, French author, xx. 202; his relations with Madame de Sevigne, xxi. 704. Bustamite, mineral, xvi. 417. Bustar (Bastar), state, India, ill. 425. Bustard, bird, iv. 578. Busto Arsizio, town, Italy, iv. 579. Busuanga, island, Philippines, xvni. 752. Butades, Greek potter, iv. 579; 11. 347Butane, in chemistry, v. 557; xviii. 238. Butcher-Bird, iv. 579; xxi. 845. Bute, county, Scotland, iv. 579; area and population, XXL 528; representation, xxiii. 727. , Earl of (John Stuart), English statesman, iv. 581; vm. 357. Butea Kino, drug, xiv. 91. Buti, Lucrezia, reputed mistress of Lippi, xiv. 684. Butilin, leader of the Alemanni, xvil. 233Butler, Alban, author of Lives of the Saints, iv. 582. , Charles, English writer, iv. 582. , James, first earl of Ormonde, XIII. 260. , James, twelfth earl (first duke) of Ormonde, xvil 854. • , Joseph, bishop of Durham, iv. 582; his Analogy of Religion, 1. 792; II. 192; his ethical system, vm. 600; on scepticism, xxi. 384; his place in English literature, vm. 431. , Samuel, author of Hudibras, iv. 588; as satirist, XXL 319; his place in English literature, VIII. 424. , William Archer, Irish philosophical writer, iv. 590. Buto, Egyptian goddess, IV. 590. Butrinto, town, Albania, iv. 590. Butschetje, or Butshetsh, mountain, Transylvania, v. 127; xxm. 521. Buttauf, plain, Palestine, xviii. 171. Butte, town, Montana, U.S.A., xvi. 774Butte-aux-Cailles, heights, Paris, xviii. 274.

73 Butter, iv. 590; vi. 770; xvi. 304; adulteration of, 1. 171; Cork trade in, VI. 406; imitation, xvil 760. , Nathaniel, publisher of early English newspaper, xvil 413. Buttercup, plant, xx. 272. Butterflies, group of insects, iv. 592; xiii. 151; mimicry in, xvi. 343. Butterine, substitute for butter, iv. 592Buttermilk, xvi. 304. Butter Nut, xvii. 664. Butterwort, insectivorous plant, xm. 137Butterworth, town, Straits Settlements, xxil 587. Buttes-Chaumont, heights, Paris, xviii. 274. Buttmann, Philipp Karl, German philologist, iv. 598. Button, and button making, iv. 598. , Sir Thomas, Arctic explorer, xix. JWButtress, in architecture, 11. 461. Buturlinovka, town, Russia, xxiv. 298. Buxar (Baxar), town, India, in. 454. Buxtehude, Dietrich, musician, xvn. 90. Buxton, town, England, iv. 600; mineral water of, xvi. 433. , Jedidiah, arithmetical prodigy, iv. 601. , Sir Thomas Fowell, English philanthropist, IV. 601; slavery abolitionist, XXII. 141. Buxtorf, John (d. 1629), German Hebraist, iv. 601; XL 601. , John (d. 1664), Hebraist, iv. 602. Buyantu Khan, Mongol ruler, xvi. 742. Buyer, his legal position, xxi. 206. Buys-Ballot’s Law, of the winds, m. 29; xvi. 147. Buzghol-Khana, pass, Central Asia, xii. 3. Buzutuk, town, Russia, xxi. 243. Buzzard, bird, iv. 603; moor-buzzard, XL 491. Byblis, insectivorous plant, Xlll. 137. Byblus (Papyrus), Egyptian plant, vil. 7U. , town, Phoenicia, xm. 613; xviii. 804. Byelaya, river, Russia, xxiv. 279. Byeleff, or Bieleff, town, Russia, ill. 667; xxiii. 605. Byelo-Ozero, lake, Russia, xvn. 606. Byelovyesh Pushcha, forest, Lithuania, xiv. 701. Byelozersk, town, Russia, xvil 607. Byelyi, town, Russia, xxil 183. Byerly Turk, progenitor of racehorses, xii. 182, 184. Byezhetsk, or Biezhetz, town, Russia, in. 668; xxiii. 672. XXV. — 10

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Cachalot, sperm whale, xv. 396; xxiv. town, Philippine Islands, IV. Byllinge, Edward, American Quaker, Cabazera, 525. j 6 7. Cachao, town, Anam, iv. 624. xx. 152. Cabbage, vegetable, iv. 617; xn. 280; Cached, or Cachao, town, West Africa, BynG, George, Viscount Torrington, culture of, 1. 369; Kerguelen, xiv. 49admiral, iv. 603. iv. 624. John, British admiral, IV. 604; IX. Cabbala, or Kabbalah, Jewish theo- Cachexia, disease, xv. 317; xviii. 270, sophy, XIII. 810; xx. 490; its relation 395588to alchemy, 1. 461. Bynkershoek, Cornelius van, Dutch Cachoeira, town, Brazil, iv. 624. Cabenda, or Kabinda, town, West jurist, iv. 604. CACONGO, or Kakongo, kingdom, Africa, iv. 618; xiv. 743Byrd, William, English musical comWest Africa, iv. 625; xiv. 742. Cabet, istienne, French communist, iv. poser, xvii. 85; xxiii. 34CACOXENE, mineral, XVI. 405. 618. BYRGIUS, Justus, logarithmist, XIv. 775Cabeza del Buey, town, Spam, iv. Cactus, group of plants, iv. 625; in BYRICHRITE, mineral, xvi. 391. United States, xxiii. 810; culture of, 618. Byrne, Nicholas, English journalist, xii. 265. Cabeza de Vaca, Nunez Alvaro, xvii. 417. C ADAH ALSO, Jose de, Spanish poet, iv. Spanish explorer, XVII. 662. BYROM, John, English poet, iv. 604; his 626. hymns, XII. 5945 his system of short- Cabiadis, Dr, his observations on the Caddis-Flies, insects, xm. 151. plague, xix. 159. hand, xxi. 837. American-Indian tribe, XII. Cabinda, town, West Africa, iv. 618; CADDOS, Byron, Lord, English poet, IV. 604; his S32as xiv. 743. influence on the drama, VII. 438; CADE, Jack, Insurrection in England satirist, xxi. 320; his relations with Cabinet, The British, iv. 618; vm. under (1450), vill. 327; XL 661; XIII. 260; xvi. 472. Shelley, xxi. 791; his place in English 261; xxii. 725. , in United States, XXIII. 750. literature, Yin. 433. Cadency, in heraldry, xi. 704. Government, xi. 13; beginning , John, British admiral, iv. 612; X. Cader Idris, mountain, Wales, xvi. of, in England, VIII. 352. 189. 38. Cabinetmaking, iv. 499. Byrsa, citadel of Carthage, v. 162. Cadi, Moslem judge, xvi. 591; xxii. Cabinets, furniture, ix. 850. BYSSOLITE, mineral, xvi. 417. 664. Bystrom, Johann Nicolaus, Swedish Cabira, town, Asia Minor, xix. 459. Cadiz, province, Spain, xxn. 298. Cabiri, in mythology, iv. 620; xi. 679; sculptor, iv. 612; xxi. 570. , town, Spain, IV. 626; observatory xviii. 803; mysteries of the, xxi. Byzantine Architecture, ii. 422; at at, xvil 713. 250. Venice, XXIV. 148. Cadmea, citadel, Thebes, Greece, xxm. Cable, for ship, iv. 621; xxi. 597; as Byzantine Empire, xi. 106, 114. 229. kind of rope, xx. 843. Byzantine Glass-Making, x. 650. , Submarine telegraphic, XXIII. 114. Cadmium, chemical element, iv. 628; Byzantine Historians, iv. 612. v. 526. Cable-Holder, v. 78. Byzantine Literature, xi. 145. Cadmus, in Greek legend, iv. 629; xi. Cable Tramways, xxiii. 508. Byzantine Painting, xvii. 43. 480; traditional inventor of the Caboche, Jean, mob-leader in Paris, Byzantine Sculpture, xxi. 556. alphabet, xvin. 806. (1412-18), xviii. 290. Byzantium (Constantinople), ancient , Mount, Asia Minor, II. 706. Cabochians, party in Paris, ix. 549; Greek city, IV. 615; coins of, xvil. Cadolous (Honorius II., antipope), xviii. 290. 654; libraries, xiv. 512. xix. 498. Cabo Corso (Cape Coast Castle), town, Cadoor (Kadur), district, India, xm. West Africa, V. 41. SiSCthe third letter of the alphabet, IV. Cabot, John, navigator, iv. 622; x. 183. , Sebastian, English navigator, iv. Cadore, Tiziano Yicellio da (Titian), > 616. Italian painter, xxin. 413. 622; X. 183; XIX. 316; his discoveries Caaba (Kaba, q. v.), sacred stone, Mecca, Cadoudal, Georges, French royalist, v. in South America, II. 489. xv. 672. 687. Cabra, town, Spain, iv. 623. Cab, hackney carriage, v. 136. Cabagan, town, Luzon, Philippine Cabral, Pedro Alvarez, Portuguese Caduceus, Greek symbol of herald’s office, iv. 629. navigator, x. 181; his landing in Islands, IV. 616. Cadusians, Persian expedition against Brazil, iv. 228. Cabal, advisers of Charles II., iv. 619; them, XVIII. 578. xv. 308; the name an acrostic, 1. 121. Cabrera, one of the Balearic Islands, Cadzow Castle, Lanark, Scotland, XL in. 278. Cabale und Liebe, Schiller’s play, 411. , or Caprera, island, Italy, v. 77. xxi. 396. Caballerias, Spanish romances, xxn. Cabul, town and province, Afghanistan, Cadzow Forest, Scotland, Wild cattle of, v. 245. iv. 623; river, I. 228. 1 355Caballero, Fernan (Cecilia Bohl von Caburet, issue of Indian and Negress, CiECiLi^E, order of Amphibia, 1. 7 5 • CSicilian, bishop of Carthage, vn. xvil 319. Faber), Spanish novelist, vm. 833; Cacao (Cocoa), tree and fruit, Vi. 100. 359xxii. 362. Caedmon, Anglo-Saxon poet, iv. 629; Caballos, Puerto, town, Honduras, xn. Caccabis, genus of birds, xviii. 333. viii. 280, 405; xvii. 570. Caccia del Falcone, Lorenzo dei 13°. CiELius Antipater, Roman annalist, Medici’s work, xv. 786. Cabanis, Jean, on birds, xvni. 29. xiv. 729. , Pierre Jean George, French physio- Caccianimici, Gherardo de (Pope Caen, town, France, iv. 631; university Lucius II.), XV. 48. logist, iv. 616; ix. 673; xxiii. 497. of, xxiii. 841. Cabarrus, Frangois, Spanish financier, Caccini, Giulio, Italian musician, xvil CiERE, ancient town, Etruria, iv. 632; 86. iv. 617. VIII. 634. Caceres, province, Spain, vm. 564; Cabassou, kind of armadillo, xv. 387. Caereinion, Wales, remains of British xxii. 298. Cabatuan, town, Philippine Islands, camp at, xvi. 789. , town, Spain, iv. 624. iv. 617.

C A E —C A L Caer-Gwent, ancient British town, England, XVII. 595. Caerleon, town, Monmouth, England, iv. 632; xvi. 754. (Chester), England, Battle of (c. 613), xvii. 569. Caermarthen, county and town, Wales, v. 114, 115. Caernarvon, county and town, Wales, v. 118, 119. Caerwent, Monmouth, England, Roman station at, xvi. 754. Cajsalpinus, Andreas, Italian natural philosopher, IV. 633; his botanical work, IV. 79; his alleged discovery of the circulation of the blood, XI. 504; xxiv. 95. Caesar, Roman title, xx. 777. , Caius Julius, Roman dictator, IV. 633; xx. 763; his relations with M. Antony, II. 141; with Cleopatra, v. 826; with Pompey, XIX. 451; in Britain, 1 v. 352; place of his landing in England, xxii. 725; in Gaul, ix. 527; in Spain, xxii. 306; his adjustment of the calendar, IV. 666; XXII. 276; his Latin style, xiv. 333; his place in Roman literature, xx. 720. , Sir Julius, English scholar, iv. 639CiESARAUGUSTA (Zaragoza), ancient town, Spain, xxii. 307; xxiv. 770. Caesar Borgia, iv. 53; 1. 487,489; ix. 554; xiii. 481; xv. 147. Caesarea, town, Cappadocia, Asia Minor, IV. 640; V. 75. , town, Mauretania, Africa, xv. 637. Augusta (Zaragoza), ancient town, Spain, xxii. 307; xxiv. 770. Palestina, Roman metropolis of Palestine, iv. 639. Philippi, town, Palestine, iv. 640. CjESAREAN Era, V. 715. CjESARodunum (Tours), ancient town, Prance, xxm. 491. Caesars, Lives of the, Suetonius’s work, XXII. 619. C^esena, ancient town, Italy, v. 357. Caesium, chemical element, v. 524; xix. 592. Cafe Laurent, Paris literary club, xxi. 23. Caffeine, alkaloid, distinctive of coffee, vi. 112. Caffraria, Caffres, XIII. 816, 818. See also Kaffraria, Kaffres. Cafuso, issue of Negro and Indian, XVII. 319. Cage, as used in mining, vi. 74; xvi. 456, 462. Cagli, town, Italy, iv. 640. Cagliari, town, Sardinia, iv. 640; xxi. 309, Paolo (Veronese), Italian painter, xxiv. 173. Cagliostro, Alessandro, Count, charlatan, iv. 641; vii. 52.

Cagn, South-African god, xvii. 136. Cagniardelle, blasting machine, xvi. 60. Cagniard-Latour, Baron, on the temperature and pressure of gases, xix. 245. Cagnola, Luigi, Marquis, Italian architect, iv. 641. Cagnoli’s Formulae, in trigonometry, xxiii. 567. Cago (Oporto), ancient town, Portugal, xvii. 796. CAGOTS,race of people, France and Spain, iv. 641. Cagua, mountain, Philippine Islands, xviii. 749. Cahirciveen, stone fort, Ireland, xiv. 52. CAHORS, town, France, IV. 642; university of, xxiii. 839. Caiazzo, town, Italy, iv. 648. Caicos Islands, West Indies, m. 236; xiii. 549. Caicus, river, Mysia, Asia Minor, 11. 708; xvii. 122. Caieta (Gaeta), ancient town, Italy, x. 14. Cailcedra, tree, Senegambia, xxi. 662. Cailletet, his liquefaction of gases, xix. 245; his apparatus, XII. 433. Caillette, French jester, ix. 366. Caillie:, or Caille, Rene, French African traveller, iv. 642; 1. 246. Cain, of Scripture, iv. 642. Ca’ing Whale, cetacean, xxiv. 525. Cainites, Gnostic sect, iv. 642. Cainozoic Rocks, x. 360. Caird, James, on the growing of wheat, i- 357Cairn, pile of stones, iv. 642. Cairnes, John Elliot, political economist, iv. 643; xix. 380. Cairngorm, mountain, Scotland, xiii. 199. , precious stone, iv. 644; 1. 43; xvi. 389Cairo, town, Egypt, iv. 645; 1. 267; VII. 751, 769; library, XIV. 549; mosques, II. 446; XVI. 865. , town, Illinois, U.S.A., XII. 706. Caisson, in engineering, iv. 647; 11. 461; for harbours, XI. 471; in bridgebuilding, iv. 325; vi. 114. Caithness, county, Scotland, iv. 647; area and population, xxi. 528; representation, xxiii. 727; ancient remains in, XXL 51. Caius, Roman presbyter, on Cerinthus, v. 346. , John, founder of Caius College, Cambridge, iv. 648; xv. 808; on birds, xviii. 3; on the sweating sickness, xxii. 734. C^sar Caligula, Roman emperor, iv. 706; xx. 772, 775. College, Cambridge, iv. 731.

75 Cajamarca (Caxamarca), town, Peru, v. 279. Cajatambo, town, Peru, v. 279. Cajazzo, town, Italy, iv. 648. Cajeput Oil, iv. 648; from Burn, iv. 573Cajetan, Benedict (Pope Boniface VIII.), iv. 33. , Cardinal, papal legate to Germany, iv. 649; xv. 73. Cakuntala, Sanskrit drama, Xiii. 829. Calabar, country, West Africa, iv. 649; river, 1. 254. Bean, poisonous plant, iv. 650; in. 461. Calaber, Quintus, Greek poet, xx. 188. Calabozo, town, Venezuela, iv. 650; xxiv. 140. Calabria, district, Italy, iv. 650; xiii. 439; coins of, xvii. 637. Caladium, stove plant, xn. 266. Calafate, plant, Patagonia, xviii. 353. Calah, Ruins of, Nineveh, xvii. 512. Calahonda, village, Spain, xvii. 4. Calahorra, town, Spain, iv. 651. Calais, town, France, iv. 651; xviii. 339Calaite, mineral, xvi. 405; xxiii. 670. Calamariid/E, family of snakes, xxii. 192. Calamianes, islands, Philippines, xviii. 752. Calamine, mineral, xvi. 398; xxiv. 784; electric, polarity of, xix. 312. Calamis, Greek sculptor, 11. 354. Calamities of Authors, DTsraeli’s work, vii. 260. Calamus, genus of palms, xviii. 189. , incense, xn. 718. , ancient writing implement, XVIII. 483Draco, plant, vii. 389. Calamy, Edmund, Nonconformist divine (d. 1666), IV. 652. , Edmund, Nonconformist divine (d. 1732), iv. 652. Calandra Granaria, wheat pest, xxiv. 536. Calandrella, genus of birds, xiv. 315Calapan, town, Philippine Islands, xviii. 752. Calaphates, Michael V., Byzantine emperor, xvi. 226. Galas, Jean, French Protestant, iv. 652; Voltaire’s vindication of, xxiv. 290. Calasanza, Joseph, founder of the Piarists, XIX. 78. Calasio, Mario de, Italian Biblical scholar, iv. 653. Calatafimi, town, Sicily, iv. 653. Calatagirone, town, Sicily, iv. 712. Calatanisetta, town, Sicily, iv. 713; XXII. 31. Calatayud, town, Spain, iv. 653. Calatrava, Spanish crusading order, xxil. 316.

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Caligula, Caius Csesar, Roman emperor, Cale (Oporto), ancient seaport, Portugal, iv. 706; xx. 772, 775; as Antichrist, Calauria, island, Greece, xix. 521; xvn. 795. 11. 124. ampHctyony of, 1. 773Williams, Godwins novel, x , Palace of, at Rome, xx. 823. Calaveras, California, U.S.A., gigantic Caleb —TO Calinga, ancient kingdom, India, xm. trees of, xxi. 674; xxiii. 810. Calbe-on-the-Saale, town, Prussia, Caledonia, ancient Northern Britain 829. iv. 662; xxi. 471 Calingapatam, town, India, xm. 829. xm. 826. -, Chalmers’s work, v. 373 Caliph, Mohammedan sovereign, iv. Calcar, John de, German painter, iv Canada, mineral water of, XVI. 706; xvi. 589, 591; xxii. 661. 653436Caliphate, The Eastern, xvi. 565. Calcarea, class of sponges, xxn. 421 Caledonian Canal, iv. 787. of Cordova, xxii. 313. Calcareous Spar, iv. 653. CALEDONITE, mineral, XVI. 402 Caliphates, Coins of the, xvii. 659. Calcareous Springs, x. 270. Calenberg, principality, Hanover, iv Caliphs, Tombs of the, Cairo, xvi. Calcedon (Chalcedon), ancient town 664„ ,. 865. Asia Minor, V. 371. Calendar, iv. 664; v. 711; reformation Calippus, Greek astronomer, 11. 748. CALCEDONY, or Chalcedony, precious of, by Caesar and Sosigenes, IV. 638; CALISAYA, quinine, XX. 186. stone, I. 277; XVI. 389; XVII. 776; xxii. 276; by Gregory XIII., XL 178; Calisia (Kalish), ancient town, Poland, XXL 310. Accadian, in. 191; Burmese, IV. 555; xiii. 829. CALCEOLARIA, greenhouse plant, XII Egyptian, vil. 728; French Republican, Calisthenics, gymnastic exercises, XL 262. IX. 606; Gregorian, or New Style, IV. Calchas, Greek soothsayer, iv. 653. 35°671; ancient Mexican, I. 695; XVI. Calitri, Calchedon (Chalcedon), town, Asia town, Italy, iv. 707. 212; Nepalese, XVIL 343 5 Siamese, Calixtines, Christian sect, XVI. 811. Minor, V. 371. xxi. 853. . Calcisponges, xxii. 418. Calendario, Filippo, Venetian archi- Calixtus I., or Callistus, pope, iv. Calcite, mineral, x. 228; XVI. 396. 707; xix. 489; xxi. 127. tect and conspirator, XXIV. 153. Calcium, chemical element, v. 525; II., pope, iv. 707; xix. 499. Calender, machine for dressing cloth, III., pope, iv. 707. xiv. 647; as plant food, XIX. 49iv. 682; for glossing paper, xvili Fluoride (Fluor-spar), mineral, , Georgius, Lutheran divine, IV. 707. 224. Callainite, mineral, xxm. 670. ix. 349Calendering, in cloth bleaching, m. Calcophyllite, mineral, xvi. 407. Callais, or Callaina, ancient precious 8l 9Calc-Spar, mineral, iv. 653; xiv. 647; stone, xxiii. 670. Calends, first day of the Roman month, Callander, xvi. 396. town, Scotland, xviii. iv. 665. Calculating Machines, iv. 654; 667. Calendula, genus, of plants, xv. 544. Babbage’s, ill. 178CALEPINO, Ambrogio, Italian lexico- Callao, town, Peru, iv. 707; xiv. Calculation, Arithmetical, 11. 526. 644. grapher, iv. 683; his polyglott dicCalculus, concretion in the bladder, Callatis (Mangalia), ancient town, tionary, viii. 843. xxiv. 189. Thrace, XV. 479. Calf of Man, islet, Irish Sea, xv , Infinitesimal, XIII. 5; claims of Callcott, Sir Augustus Wall, English 450. Leibnitz and Newton to the discovery painter, IV. 708. Calf Skins, for tanning, xiv. 380, 386 of, xiv. 419; xvii. 446; differential, 5 John Wall, English composer, iv. Calhoun, John Caldwell, American XIII. 13; integral, XIII. 33. 708. politician and orator, IV. 683; 1.722; of Functions, ix. 823. , Mrs Maria Graham, English writer, xxiii. 762, 764, 770of Variations, xxiv. 85; due to iv. 708. Caliari, Carlo,. Italian painter, xxiv Callernish, Lagrange, xiv. 207. Druidical stones of, 174- ' Calcutta, capital of India, iv. 656; Lewis, Scotland, xiv. 492. -, Paolo (Veronese), Italian painter, rise of, XII. 800; jute trade of, xm. Calles (Cagli), ancient town, Italy, iv. XXIV. 173. 801; libraries, xiv. 533; newspapers, 640. Calibration, of thermometers, xxm. xvil. 432; university, xxiii. 856. Callichthys, genus of fishes, xxn. 289. Caldani, Leopold Marco Antonio, 69. Caliche, nitrate of soda, xvil 518. Italian anatomist, iv. 659. Calligraphy, xviii. 143; xxm. 682. Calico, cotton cloth, vi. 488,500 Caldas, Brazil, hot springs of, iv Callimachus, Greek architect and Calico-Printing, iv. 684. 223. statuary, IV. 709. de Mombuy, Spain, mineral Calicut, town, India, iv. 693. Greek poet and librarian of the California, State, U.S.A., iv. 694 water of, XVI. 434. Alexandrian library, iv. 708; L 498. topography of, XXIII. 801; population, Caldeiras, boiling fountains, Azores, Calliope, Muse of epic poetry, iv. 709; XXlll. 802; discovery of, by Hernan in. 171. xvil 74. Cortes, vi. 442; surveyed by Alarcon, Calder, Sir Robert, British admiral, Callipid^e, Grseco-Scythian race, xxi. I. 442; aborigines of, XII. 826; birds, iv. 659. 575. . • HI. 752; marine fishes, XII. 679; Calderon, Serafin Estebanez, Spanish forests, ix. 405; gold, x. 743; mines, Callipolis (Gallipoli), ancient town, satirist, XXII. 361. Italy, x. 43. xvi. 470; opium cultivation, xvil de la Barca, Pedro, Spanish Callipus, Period or Cycle of, iv. 668. 792; sulphur mines, xxii. 634; trees, dramatist, IV. 659; VII. 422; xxii XXIII. 809; wine industry, XXIV. Callirrhoe, in Greek legend, iv. 709. 359Callisthenes, Greek philosopher, iv. 611. C alderwood, David, Scottish historian, 709; his courage and his fate, 1. 484, Gulf of, xvill. 116; pearl fisheries, iv. 661. Pseudo-, romancing history of, XX. xviii. 447. Caldicot Castle, Monmouth, Eng640. , Lower, state, Mexico, XVI. 214. land, xvi. 754. Callisto, in Greek mythology, iv. 709, Caldiero, Italy, Battle of (1796)5 m- Californian Toad, lizard, xiv. 736. xviii. 208. Caligraphy, xviii. 143; xxiii. 682. 131-

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Callistratus, Athenian orator, iv. 709. Calvi, town, Corsica, iv. 713. Cambo, France, mineral springs of, xx. , Athenian poet, IV. 709. Calvin, Gerard, father of John Calvin, 127. Callistus, or Calixtus {q.v.), popes, iv. iv. 714. Cambodia, kingdom, south-eastern Asia, 707; xix. 489. , John, Reformer, iv. 714; x. 149; iv. 723; its relation to Siam, xxi. Callithrix, genus of apes, 11. 154. xx. 334; XXII. 791; his system of 854. Callitris, genus of trees, xvi. 833; church order, xix. 676; his doctrine , river, vi. 94. xxi. 256. of predestination, XIX. 670; his influ- Cambodunum, Roman town, England, Gallon, Greek sculptor, II. 350. ence on French prose, IX. 654; his rexii. 331. Callophis, genus of snakes, xxn. 196. lations with Beza, 111.625; with Farel, Cambogia (Gamboge), drug, x. 60. Callosities, in mammals, xv. 348. IX. 32; with Servetus, XXL 685; with Cambois Colliery, Northumberland, Callot, Jacques, French engraver and Socinus, XXII. 228. England, vi. 63. caricaturist, iv. 709; v. 104. Calvinistic Churches, their litur- Camboja (Cambodia, q.v.), kingdom, Callowhill, Hannah, wife of William gical service, xiv. 711. Asia, iv. 723. Penn, xvill. 497. Calvinistic Methodists, Welsh, xvi. Camborne, town, England, iv. 726. Calluna, genus of plants, XL 589. Cambray, or Cambrai, town, France, iv. i93Callyodon, genus of fishes, xvm. 324. Calvisius, Sethus, German astronomer, 726; league and treaty of (1508), IX. Calmar, county, Sweden, XXII. 741. iv. 721. 555, 556; xxiv. 144. , town, Sweden, iv. 710; treaty of Calvus, Licinius, Roman poet, v. 249. Cambrian Rocks, x. 329. union of (1397), VII. 85; XVII. 746. Calw, town, Wiirtemberg, xm. 830. Cambric, muslin, iv. 726. Calmet, Augustine, French Biblical Calycadnus, river, Asia Minor, 11. Cambridge, county, England, iv. 726; critic, IV. 710; IX. 671. 708. population and representation, xxiii. Calmeyer Island, Indian Archipelago, Calydon, ancient town, Greece, iv. 727. xxii. 653. 721. , town, England, iv. 728; univerCalmucks, or Kalmuks, people, Mon- Calymna, island, Asia Minor, coins of, sity, XXlll. 838, 848; Trinity College, golia, iv. 710; xvi. 745, 749; xxiii. 70. xvii. 647. in. 579; libraries, xiv. 520, 542; Calne, town, England, iv. 711; XXIV. Calypso, in Greek mythology, iv. 721. newspapers, xvn. 422; observatory, 594, Grotto of, Malta, xv. 341. XVII. 710; boat racing, XXL 31. Calcenas, genus of birds, xix. 8-, , town, Massachusetts, U.S.A., iv. Calyptoblastea-Leptomedus^e, orCalomel, in chemistry and pharmacy, der of Hydrozoa, XII. 561. 732; Harvard College at, xi. 500; iv. 711; xvi. 33, 35; as mineral, xvi. Calyptr^ea, genus of Mollusca, xvi. libraries, Xiv. 550; observatory, xvii. 384650. 7i5Calomp£, town, Cambodia, iv. 725. Calyx, of plants, iv. 131. , 0. P., on spiders, 11. 294. Calonne, Charles Alexandre de, Cam, in mechanics, xv. 759. Gulf, Western Australia, xxiv. French statesman, iv. 711; ix. 595. , Diogo, Portuguese discoverer, iv. 507. Caloprini, noble family, Venice, xvi. 721. Moralists, Ethics of the, vm. 836. Camahieu, Le, a sardonyx cameo, iv. 597Caloptenus, genus of locusts, xiv. 766. Platonists, XIX. 211. 739Calorimeter, xx. 132; Thompson’s, Camaldulians, Camaldoli, or Camal- Cambuskenneth Abbey, Scotland, for coal, vi. 80. dolites, religious order, iv. 721; xvi. xxii. 555. Calorimetry, measurement of quan708. Cambyses, king of Persia, father of tities of heat, xi. 555. Camaracum (Cambray), ancient town, Cyrus, IV. 732. Calotes, genus of lizards, xiv. 736. France, iv. 726. , king of Persia, son of Cyrus, Calotype, in photography, xviii. 824. Camargue, district, Bouches-du-Rhone, IV. 733; xvill. 567; in Egypt, VII. Calpe, the ancient Gibraltar, x. 585. France, iv. 169. 743Calprenede, Chevalier de la, French Camarina, ancient town, Sicily, iv. 721; Camden, town, New Jersey, U.S.A., iv. romancist, xx. 659. xxii. 814; coins of, xvii. 639. 734; xvii. 397. Calpurnius, father of St Patrick, xvin. Camaroon, river, West Africa, 1. 254. , town, South Carolina, H.S.A., iv. 411. Mountains, West Africa, 1. 251. 734; battle of (1780), xxiii. 744. , Titus, Roman poet, iv. 712. Cambaceres, Jean Jacques Regis de, , First Earl, lord chancellor of EngPiso, Lucius, Roman annalist, xiv. French statesman, iv. 722; IX. 613; land, iv. 735. 729. xvii. 203. , First Marquis, lord lieutenant of Caltagirone, town, Sicily, iv. 712. CAMBADENE, Parthian kingdom, xvin. Ireland, xiv. 853. Caltanisetta, town, Sicily, iv. 7x3; 592. , William, English antiquary, iv. XXII. 31. Cambaluc, or Cambalu, ancient capital 734; on anagrams, 1. 790. Caltha, genus of plants, xv. 544. of China, iv. 722. Camel, ungulate mammal, iv. 735; xv. Calthrop, in heraldry, xi. 703. Cambarus Pellucidus, blind cray430; its affinity to the llama, xiv. Caluire-et-Cuire, town, France, xx. fish, xv. 450. 738; of Arabia, H. 242; of Egypt, 529Cambay, town and gulf, India, iv. vii. 711; of Persia, xvni. 625; of Calumet, American-Indian pipe of 723Turkestan, xxm. 635, 638. peace, xix. in. Cambert, Robert, French musical Cameline Oil, xvii. 745. ■ Copper Mines, Michigan, U.S.A., composer, iv. 723. Camellia, genus of plants, iv. 737; its xvi. 239; xxiii. 816. Camberwell, district, London, xiv. culture as greenhouse plant, XII. 262; Calvados, department, France, iv. 713. 822. allied to tea, xxiii. 97. Calvart, Denis, painter, iv. 713; xx Cambiasi, Luca (Luchetto da Genova), Camelon Causeway, Roman road, 396. Italian painter, X. 158. Stirling, Scotland, xxii. 554. Calvert, George, Lord Baltimore, EngCambium, layer between stem and bark Camelopard, ungulate mammal, x. ish statesman, iv. 713; xvu. 385. in trees, iv. 101; XII. 15. 618; xv. 432.

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de, Spanish statesman and economist, Campanians, Italian people, xxi. 248. iv! 762; xix. 363; xxii. 342. Campanile, hell-tower, iv. 753; Giot- Campo Santo, cloister, Pisa, vi. 36; to’s, at Florence, II. 436; x. 611; camxix. 122. panile at Pisa, xix. 122; campaniles at CAMPSIE, Scotland, manufacture oi alum Rome, II. 436; xx. 835; campanile of at, 1. 646. St Mark, Venice, xxiv. 153. Fells, hills, Scotland, xxn. Campanus Ager, district, Italy, v. 79. 553. CAMpaspe, river, Victoria, Australia, CamUCCINI, Vincenzo, Italian painter, xxiv. 215. „ iv. 762. CAMPBELL, Lord, lord chancellor of Camul (Kami), town, Central Asia, XL England, IV. 757409. ? Sir Archibald, his expedition Camulodunum (Colchester), ancient against Burmah, IV. 557. town, England, VI. 124. Sir Colin, Lord Clyde, British Camulogenus, Gallic chief, xviii. general, VI. 43. 286. George, Scottish theologian and Camuni, Rhsetian people, xx. 505. on critic, IV. 754; rhetoric, XX. 515. Charles Etienne Louis, Frenc John, American journalist, XVIL Camus, mathematician, iv. 762. ^ Y. L., explorer of Central Africa, 433Cana, of Galilee, Palestine, iv. 762. 1. 249; x. 194John, Scottish historian, iv. 754 , Dahomey, Africa, VI. 765. CAMERONIANS, Scottish religious de’ John M‘Leod, of Row, Scottish Canaan, geographical name, iv. 762. nomination, IV. 742; XIX. 684; XXL divine, xxi. 538. , son of Ham, xvil 523. 5!6. .} Robert Macgregor (Rob Roy), xx. CANAANITES, people of Phoenicia and CAMERONITES, or Universalists, re608. Palestine, iv. 763; xm. 397, 4°G ligious sect, iv. 741. , Thomas, English poet, iv. 755. xvi. 533; xviii. 174, 803. CAMEROONS, mountains, Africa, iv. 742, Campbell’s Tomb, Egypt, vn. 772 Canada, The Dominion of, iv. 765; languages of the region, xxiv. 828. Campbeltown, town, Scotland, iv. L 711; early exploration of, X. 187; Camiguin, island, Philippines, XVIII. 759. Champlain’s settlements in, V. 387; 751; volcano, xvm. 749CAMPE, Joachim Heinrich, German eduCamillo, of Sicily, mystic, xxn. 228. as a French possession, IX. 587; cationist, IV. 760. Camillus, Marcus Furius, Roman grant of, to Sir William Alexander, 1. Campeche, or Campeachy, state, dictator, iv. 742; xx. 740. 493; in relation to the United States, wn Mexico, xvi. 214; xxiv. 757; t° J and Camilla, juvenile assistants xxiii. 733, 742, 759> 782; official iv. 760; xvi. 214; xxiv. 758. precedence in, XIX. 667; birds of, HL at Roman sacrifices, iv. 742. Caminha, Andrade de, Portuguese poet, CAMPEGGIO, Lorenzo, cardinal, IV. 760. 752; xviil. 16; coalfields, Vi. 60, Campellensis, Gulielmus (William of IV. 746, debt, XVIL 247; fisheries, IX. 266; n Champeaux), scholastic philosopher, V. Camirus, town, Rhodes, xx. 520, forests, ix. 405; immigration to, viii. 386; in. 602. gold ornaments from, II. 350. 177; Indian tribes, xii. 830; libraries, CamiSARDS, French insurgents, IV. Camper, Peter, Dutch anatomist, iv. XIV. 534, 550; militia, II. 593! mines, 760; 1. 815. 743; v. 260. xvi. 469; newspapers, xvil 437; post Holland, Naval battle Cammelli, Antonio, Italian poet, xm. Camperdown, office, xix. 578; railways, XX. 252; vn vin of (1797), 5335 362. 51°. universities, XXIII. 856. Camphor, aromatic substance, iv. 760; CAMMIN, town, Prussia, XIII. 833. , Upper, XVIL 774. chemistry of, v. 560; xvil 748; as CamOCA, Oriental cloth, xxm. 210. Balsam, iil 293; ix. 225; xxm. incense, XII. 718; from Formosa, V. CAMOENS, or Camoes, Luiz de, Portu636. guese poet, iv. 745; xix. 556. Canadian, river, New Mexico and Collection, of hooks and MSS., Camphuysen, Dirk Rafaelsz, Dutch Texas, U.S.A., xvil 400; xxiii. 203. painter, IV. 761. xiv. 533. Canaigre, plant, xvil 401. Camomile, or Chamomile, plant, xn. Campi, Bernardino, Italian painter, IV. Canal, iv. 782; flow of water m, xii. 761. 289; flowers, v. 384. 492; Grand, in China, v. 631; , Giulio, Italian painter, iv. 761. Camp, Intrenched, ix. 466. Panama, xviil 209; Suez, xxii. 620. Campian, Edmund, English Jesuit, iv. Roman, IV. 750. 5 or Canaletto, Antonio, Venetian 761. Camp.® (Kampen), town, Holland, xm. painter, IV. 795. Campidano, Plain of, Sardinia, XXL 833; xviii. 78. Canals, Egyptian, vn. 709; European, 307Campagna, town, Italy, iv. 751. viii. 710; of Holland, xi.63; m India, di Roma, district, Italy, iv. 751; Campli, town, Italy, iv. 762. for irrigation, xm. 369; aqueducts on, Campoamor, Ramon de, Spanish poet, xiv. 343. II. 229; Brindley’s construction of, IV. xxii. 362. Campaigns, Military, xxiv. 344. 347; Telford’s, XXlll. 155. Campobasso, town, Italy, iv. 762; proCampan, Jeanne Louise Henriette, Canandaigua,town, New York, U.S.A., vince, xvi. 631. French writer, iv. 751. iv. 795; lake, xvil 451* Campanella, Tomaso, Italian philo- Campobello, town, Sicily, iv. 762. Can ANUS, Joannes, Byzantine historian, Di Licata, town, Sicily, iv. 762. sopher, iv. 751. iv. 613. , Punta della, cape, Italy, xvil. 187. Campodunum (Kempten), Roman town, Canar, Ecuador, Inca remains at, vil. Bavaria, xiv. 33. Campania, ancient province, Italy, iv. 648. Campo Formio, Italy, Treaty of (i797)> 752; xiii. 439; coins of, xvil 637. Canara, North, district, India, xiil. III. 131; IX. 610; XIII. 485; XVII. 200. Felix, Italy, xvil 187. 834. Campani-Alimenis, Matteo, Italian Campololas, African race, V. 281. South, district, India, xm. 835. Campomanes, Pedro Rodriguez, Conde mechanician, IV. 753.

CAMENIATA, Joannes, Byzantine historian, iv. 613. Cameo, engraved relief work, iv. 73 > x. 136. Camera, Photographic, xvm. »39Lucida, iv. 740. Obscura, IV. 741; XVIII. 839. CAMERARIUS, Joachim, German scholar (d. 1574), iv. 741Joachim, German physician (cl. 1598), iv. 741Camerino, town, Italy, iv. 741. Cameron, Charles D., British consul m Abyssinia, I. 66. John, Scottish theologian, IV. 741Bichard, Scottish covenanter, IV.

c A N —C A N

79 Canarese Language, dictionaries of, Canina, Luigi, Italian archaeologist, iv. Canons, Book of, for Scottish Church, vie 191. 806. XXL 511. Canaris, Constantino, Greek leader, xi. Canini, Giovanni Agnolo, Italian en- Canons, of the Colorado river, U.S.A., 125. graver, iv. 806. vi. 163; xxiii. 799. Canarium, genus of trees, vm. 122. Canino, Prince of (Lucien Bonaparte), Canons Regular, order of monks, xvi. Canary, Grand, longitude reckoned iv. 28. 707; of the Holy Sepulchre, xxi. 670. from, x. 187. Canisp, mountain, Scotland, xxn. 726. Canopus, town, ancient Egypt, v. 23. Canary-Bird, iv. 795; ix. 192. Canitz, Baron von, German poet, iv. Canopy, in architecture, 11. 461. Canary Islands, North Atlantic, iv. 807; x. 531. Canosa, town, South Italy, v. 23. 795; 1. 272; xxii. 298. Canmore, Malcolm, king of Scotland, Canossa, North Italy, emperor Henry Canary Wine, xxiv. 607. xxi. 480. IV.’s penance at (1077), x. 488; XL Canas, Peruvian nation, xvni. 676. Cannabin, Cannabene, resin and oil 177; xiii. 471; xv. 632. Cancale, town, France, iv. 800. in Indian hemp, XL 649. Canova, Antonio, Italian sculptor, v. Cancao, or Cancar, town, Cambodia, iv. Cannae, ancient town, Italy, iv. 807; 24; xxi. 570. 800. battle of (216 B.c.), in. 444; xi. 443; Canovas del Castillo, Antonio, Canceau, Gut of, strait, Nova Scotia, v. xx. 749. Spanish historian, xxn. 362. 40. Cannanore (Kananur), town, India, Canso, Gut of, strait, Nova Scotia, v. 40; Cancer, disease, iv. 800; xvin. 380; of xiii. 834; xv. 312. xvii. 601. the breast, xvm. 383; of the stomach, Cannel Coal, vi. 46; xvi. 429. Canstatt, town, Wiirtemberg, v. 26; xxn. 575; of the throat, xxm. 321. Cannes, town, France, iv. 807; 1. xxii. 613; population, xxiv. 701. Cancioneros, Spanish collections of 599Canstein, Karl Hildebrand, count of, poems, xxii. 355. Cannibalism, iv. 807; evidences of, in German writer, v. 27. Cancrin, Franz Ludwig von, German bone-caves, v. 269; on the Congo, Cantabria, district, ancient Spain, v. mineralogist, iv. 801. xvii. 317; in Fiji, ix. 157; in 27. Cancrinite, mineral, xvi. 412. Polynesia, xix. 426. Cantabrian Mountains, Spain, xxn. Candahar, town, Afghanistan, xm. Cannidas, in Greek legend, xxm. 294. 294. 835Canning, Earl, governor-general of Cantacuzene, Serban, voivode of Candaules, Lydian king, xv. 100. India, iv. 810; xn. 809. Walachia, xxi. 17. Candeish, district, India, xiv. 56. , George, English statesman, iv. 809; Cantacuzenus, Johannes, emperor of Candelabrum, ancient lamp-stand, iv. VIII. 365; his duel with Castlethe East, v. 27; as Byzantine historian, 802. reagh, xiv. 8545 his relations with iv. 613; on Hesychasm, XL 782. Candia, or Crete (q.v.), island, European Palmerston, xvin. 193; with Peel, Cantagallo, town, Brazil, v. 27. Turkey, vi. 569; xxni. 653. xvili. 454. Cantal, department, France, v. 27. , town, Crete, iv. 802; capture of , Stratford (Viscount Stratford de Cantarina, Simone, Italian painter, v. by the Turks (1669), xxiv. 147. Redcliffe), English diplomatist, xxn. 28. Candiac, Jean Louis, precocious French 590. Cantata, musical composition, xvil child, iv. 802. CANNOBIO, town, Italy, xv. 198. 86, 88. Candide, Voltaire’s work, xxiv. 292. Cannon, ancient, 11. 557; construction Cantemir, Antiochus, Russian poet, v. Candle, and candle-making, iv. 802. of, xi. 286; naval, xvii. 286. 28. Candlemas, church festival, iv. 804. , George Q., Mormon delegate to , Demetrius, voivode of Moldavia, v. Candle-Nut Oil, xvii. 744. United States Congress, xvi. 827. 28; xxi. 19. Candlestick, iv. 804. Street Railway Station, Canterbury, town, England, v. 28; Candlish, RobertSmith, Scottish divine, London, xx. 235. xiv. 39; archbishop of, 11. 369; list of iv. 804. Cannstatt, or Canstatt, town, Wurtemarchbishops, v. 30; original Saxon Candolle, Augustin Pyramus de, vn. berg, v. 26; xxii. 613; population, cathedral, 1. 13; m. 419; architecture 18; his classification of plants, iv. 80; xxiv. 701. of cathedral, 11. 426; crypt of cathexvi. 838. Cano, Alonzo, Spanish painter and dral, vi. 668; library, xiv. 519; newsCandy, Sugar, confection, vi. 257. sculptor, iv. 811; xxi. 567. papers, xvii. 421. Cane, variety of plants, iv. 805. , Melchior, Spanish bishop, iv. 811; , province, New Zealand, v. 30. Canea, town, Crete, iv. 806; VI. 572. his opposition to the Jesuits, xm. 650. Tales, Chaucer’s, v. 452; vm. Canephori, in Greek festival proces- Canobus, or Canopus, town, ancient 412. sions, iv. 806. Egypt, v. 23. Cane-Sugar, xix. 54; xxn. 623, Canoe, kind of boat, iv. 811; xxi. 804. Cantharides, in pharmacy, V. 31; vi. 133; as poison, xix. 278. 625. Canon, of Scripture, v. 1; m. 644; of Cantharus, ancient Greek cup, xix. Canete, Mendoza, marquis of, Peruvian Hebrew Bible, in. 635. 180, 614. viceroy, xvni. 677. , ecclesiastical officer, v. 15, 228. Canticles, book of Scripture, v. 32. Canfinny, chief of Irish sept, xix. 735. , of hymns in Greek Church, xn. Cantillon, Napoleon’s bequest to, Canga-Arguelles, Jose, Spanish states580. xvii. 226. man, iv. 806. , in music, xvn. 82. Canting Arms, in heraldry, xi. 691. Cangiagio, Luca (Luchetto da Genova), Canonical Hours, v. 22; iv. 263. Canton, town, China, v. 37, 639. Italian painter, x. 158. , town, Ohio, U.S.A., v. 39; xvii. Can Grande, duke of Verona, xxiv. Canonization, v. 22. Canon Law, v. 15; growth of, xix. 737173499; its relations to heresy, XL 734; , administrative district in SwitzerCanicatti, town, Sicily, iv. 806. CranmePs revision of, Vi. 551. land, xxii. 793, 795. Canids, family of carnivorous mamCanon Mirificus, Napier’s work on ■' , John, English physicist, V. 39; his mals, VII. 324; xv. 437. logarithms, xvn. 178. electrical discoveries, vui. 7. Canigou, Mont, France, xx. 128. Canons, Apostolic, 11. 194, Cantor, M., on numerals, xvn. 627.

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Capo d’Istria, town, Austria, v. 74; Capet, Hugh, king of France, IX. 536> salt-works at, XXL 229. abbeys held by, 1. 24; Pans his or Capodistrias, John, Count, capital, xviii. 287. Russian diplomatist and president of Cape Town, South Africa, v. 49, • Greece, v. 74; XI. 125; xvn. 353270; libraries, XIV. 534, 55°! observa- Capolago, village, Switzerland, xv. 60. tories, XVII. 716. Caponniere, in fortification, ix. 439. Cape Verb Islands, v. 50; 1. 272; Capon Springs, West Virginia, U.S.A, Canute, or Cnut, king of Denmark and birds of, in. 759xxiv. 518. England, v. 39; vin. 287. Cape Wrath, Scotland, cliffs at, xxi. Caporcianite, mineral, xvi. 422. Canvas, cloth, v. 40; for painting, Cappadocia, province, Asia Minor, v. xviii. 137; for sails, xxi. 154Cape York Peninsula, Australia, xx. 74; XIX. 458; its relation to Phrygia, Canvas-Back Duck, bird, xix. 252. xviil. 850; coins of, xvii. 648. Canzoniere, Petrarch’s lyrics, xm. CAPGRAVE, John, English historian, v. Capped, Switzerland, Battle of (1531)) 504; xviii. 711. , xx. 334; xxii. 790; xxiv. 612, 833. CAOUANA, genus of chelonian reptiles, CAPHTOR, original home of the PhilisFrench family of distinguished XXIII. 458tines, xvm. 756. scholars, v. 77. Caoutchin, volatile hydrocarbon, XI . Capias, obsolete writs in English law, 5 Louis, French Protestant theo84°. xxiv. 695. logian, V. 77! IV- 6o3! 011 inspiration Caoutchouc (India-rubber, q-v.), xn. Capillaries, in blood system, 1. 905; of Scripture, XIII. 156. 835; iv. 88. xxiv. 105, 107. Cappellari, Bartolommeo Alberto Naphtha, xvii. i74Capillary Action, v. 56; dependent (Pope Gregory XVI.), XL 179. Tree, Brazil, iv. 226. on adhesion, I. 153; perpetual motion Cappello, Bianca, grand-duchess of Cape Breton, island, Nova Scotia, v. sought by means of, xviii. 554. Saxony, xv. 791. 40; xvii. 601. Capio Pignoris, in Roman law, xx. CAPPELLUS, Ludovicus (L. Cappel, q.v.), 68 Cape Coast Castle, town, West Africa, 5v. 77; iv. 603. , , . . v. 41. Capis, town, Philippine Islands, V. 71. Cape Colony, South Africa, v. 41; l Capistrano, Giovanni di, Franciscan Capperonier, Claude, French classical scholar, V. 77. 270; birds of, XVIH. 16; debt, XVII. monk, v. 71. CAPPONI, Gino, Florentine statesman 247; diamond mines, VH. 164; Capital, in architecture, II. 461. and historian, ix. 336; xiil. 488. marine fishes, XII. 681; mines, xvi. jin political economy, V. 71; na5 Neri, Florentine soldier, XV. 784. 469; Christian missions, xvi. 517; tional, xvii. 247; socialistic views of, ’ Piero, ally of Savonarola, XXL 335. newspapers, XVII. 433; railways, XX. xxii. 206, 211; taxes on, xxm. 88; J Raffaello (Del Garbo), Italian 252; university, XXIII. 857; wine intheories of, XIX. 374. painter, X. 73. dustry, XXIV. 611. and Labour, in economics, xxiv. Capra, genus of mammals, x. 7°8Capefigue, Battiste Honore Baymond, 48; Say’s theory of, XXL 361. Capraja, island, Italy, xiil 440. French writer, v. 53. Capitals, in Latin writing, xviii. 152. Caprete (Capri), island, Italy, v. 77. Cape Haytien, town, Hayti, v. 50. Capitanata, province, Italy, v. 73. Caprera, island, Italy, v. 77. Cape Horn, South America, xxin. Capitation Taxes, xxiii. 89. 383; rounded by Maire and Schouten, CAPITO, Ateius, Roman jurist, XIV. 164. Capri, island, Italy, v. 77; xiil 441. X. 186. Wolfgang Fabricius, German Capric Acid, xvii. 731. Capel, Lord, English Boyalist leader, V. theologian, V. 73; on church ordei, Caprices de Marianne, Musset splay, xvii. in. 53XIX. 676. Caprimulgus, genus of birds, x. 711. Capelin, fish, xxi. 221, 224. Capitol (Capitolium), at Rome, v. 73; CAPSICUM, cayenne pepper, V. 280; as Capell, Edward, Shakespearean critic, xx. 824. vegetable, xil. 280. v. 53. , at Washington, U.S.A., II. 454; Capstan, for raising weights, v. 78. Capella, Martianus Mineus Felix, xxiv. 384. scientific writer, V. 53; kis encyclo- Capitoline Hill, Rome, xx. 824. Capsule, of plants, iv. 152. pgedia, vm. 191; on mnemonics, xvi. Capitoline Jupiter, Temple of, at Captain, warship, Loss of the, xvn. 285. , Naval, his rank and duties, xvii. 532. Rome, xx. 824; xxiii. 193. Capellen, Admiral, his expedition Capitolini Fasti, ix. 43. ^ Carleton, work attributed to against Algiers, I. 566. Capitolinus, Julius, Augustan hisCape May, town, New Jersey, U.S.A., Defoe, vil. 29. torian, in. 74OF the Fleet, his rank and xvii. 397. , Jupiter, XIII. 780; temple of, xx. Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, duties, xvii. 292. 824; xxm. 193. Singleton, Defoe’s work, vn. 28. rounded by Bartolommeo Dias, v. 44; Marcus Manlius, Roman soldier, 5 vii. 169; x. 57! ky Vasco da Gama, Captivity of the Jews, Babylonian, XV. 492. x. 57, 181. xm. 417Capitularies, Frankish laws, v. 73. Cape-Pigeon, bird, xvni. 712. Capture, in war, XIX. 766. Capercally, or Capercailzie, bird, v. Capitulation, surrender, v. 74; autho- Capua, ancient town, Italy, v. 79, siege rity for, xxiii. 531. of (211 b.c.), xi. 443; xx-74953. , Capiz, town, Philippine Islands, v. 71 v Capernaum, Palestine, v. 54; site 01, Franciscan monks, v. 79, Capmany, Antonio de Montpalan y, Capuchins, ix. 699; xvi. 711. _ x. 29. Spanish historian, v. 74. Capers, pickle, v. 54. Capuzinerberg, mountain, Aus na, Cape St Roque Current, in Atlantic, Capnion (John Reuchlin, q.v.), German xxi. 239. Reformer, XX. 489. in. 19. Capvern, spa, France, xx. 127. Capobianco, leader of carbonari, v. Cape St Vincent, Portugal, Battle of Capoccio, Giovanni, senator, mediaeval Capybara, rodent mammal, v. 80, (1797), xvii. 322. ! 421Rome, xx. 795. Capet, royal family, France, v. 55.

Cantu, or Canturio, town, Italy, v. 39. Canuleian Law, in Borne, xx. 738. Canus, Melchior, Spanish bishop, iv. 811; xin. 650. _ C anusium (Canosa), ancient town, Ita y,

c a r —c a r 81 Car, Railroad, xx. 247. Carbolic Acid, v. 85; as antiseptic, Cardiograph, measurer of heart-beats, , Tramway, xxni. 507. xxii. 678; as poison, xix. 277. xxiv. 100. Carabineers, cavalry, v. 262. Carbolic Oil, xxiii. 59. Carabobo, state, Venezuela, xxiv. 140. Carbon, chemical element, v. 86, Carditis, disease, xi. 554. Cardium, genus of molluscs, vi. 100. Caracal, or Lynx, carnivorous mam520; determination of, v. 544; as Cardona, town, Spain, v. 98; salt hill mal, v. 80; xv. 109. plant food, xix. 48; spectrum of, of, XV. 497; xxi. 231. Caracalla, Roman emperor, xxi. 700; xxn - 37S> in charcoal, v. 398; in Cardoon, vegetable, xn. 280. his massacre of Alexandrians, 1. 494. steel, xiii. 281. Cardross Case, in Free Church of , Baths of, at Rome, in. 436. —’— Compounds, Nitrogenous, xvn. Scotland, ix. 745. Caracaron, ancient town, Central 519. Cards, Playing, v. 99; conjuring tricks Asia, xiv. 2. Prints, Photographic, xviii. 831. with, xv. 211. See also Card Games. Caracas, town, Venezuela, v. 81; Carbonari, Italian secret societies, v. Carducci, or Carducho, Bartolommeo, xxiv. 140. 88; xiii. 486. Italian painter, v. 100. Caracci, Agostino, Italian painter, v. Carbonate of Soda, as flux, xvi. 62. , Giosuk, Italian poet, xiii. 516. 81. Carbonates, v. 88; in metallurgy, xvi. , Vincenzo, Italian painter, v. 100. , Annibale, Italian painter, v. 81; 61; of soda, xxii. 241. Carduelis, genus of birds, x. 758; xx. 396. Carbondale, town, Pennsylvania, XXII. 99. , Lodovico, Italian painter, v. 81; U.S.A., v. 89. Carduus, genus of plants, xxiii. 307. XX. 396. Carbonic Acid, v. 88; expansion of, by Cardwell, Edward, English church Caracciolo, Giambattista, Neapolitan heat, xi. 574; liquefaction of, xix. 244; historian, v. 100. painter, xx. 532. oceanic, XXL 611; as poison, xix. 279. Caretta, genus of chelonian reptiles, Caraceni, Samnite tribe, Italy, xxi. Carboniferous Strata, x. 346; in xxiii. 458, 460. 248. Great Britain, vi. 48. Carettochelys, genus of chelonian Caractacus, or Caradoc, British chief, Carbuncle, precious stone, v. 89; x. reptiles, xxm. 459. iv. 353; xxi. 848. 82; xvi. 411. Carew, Geoi'ge, earl of Totness, writer , Mason’s tragedy, xv. 611. , skin affection, v. 89; xxil. 683 on Ireland, v. 101. Caraffa, Giovanni Pietro (Pope Paul Carcajente, town, Spain, v. 89. -, George, English diplomatist and IV), xviii. 431. Carcaso (Carcassonne), ancient town, historian, v. 101. Carahuairazo, mountain, Ecuador, France, v. 90. , Sir Peter, in Ireland, xm. 264. vii. 645. Carcassonne, town, France, v. 89. , Richard, author of Survey of Caraites, Jewish sect, xiv. 2. Carcharias, genus of sharks, xxi. 774, Cornwall, v. 101. Carales (Cagliari), ancient town, 776. , Thomas, English poet, v. 101. Sardinia, iv. 640. Carcharodon, genus of sharks, xxi. Carey, Henry, English humorist and Caralitis, lake, Asia Minor, xm. 777; their great length, XXL 609. musician, v. 101. 384Carchemish, town, on the Euphrates, , Henry Charles, American econoCarallia, district, Isauria, Asia Minor, viii. 669; xi. 791. mist, xix. 384. XIII. 384. Carcinoma (Cancer, q.v.), disease, iv. , William, Indian missionary and Caraman, or Karaman, town, Asiatic 800. Orientalist, v. 101. Turkey, v. 82; xv. 92. Carclazite, rock, xiv. 1. Caramania, district, Asiatic Turkev, Cardamom, aromatic fruit, v. 90; from Cargill, Donald, Scottish Covenanter, v. 102. v. 82. India, XII. 748. Caramuratades, Albanians, their con- Cardan, Girolamo, Italian mathe- Cargo, Damage of, in insurance, in. 146. version to Islam, XL 122. matician and physicist, v. 90; his Caria, province, Asia Minor, v. 102; Caramuru (D. A. Correa, m. 239), dispute with Tartaglia, 1. 513; xxiii. coins of, xvii. 647. Portuguese settler in Brazil, iv. 228. 68; his work on algebra, 1. 513; on Cariaco, town, Venezuela, v. 103. , Brazilian poem, by DurSo, vn astrology, 11. 742; on teaching of deaf- Cariama, bird, xxi. 676. 553mutes, vie 6. Carians, people of Asia Minor, 11. 711; Caranx, genus of fishes, xn. 206. Cardenas, town, Cuba, v. 92. in relation to the Leleges, xiv. 434. Carapa Oil, xvii. 746. Card Games, x. 67; cheating at, xiv. Caribbean Sea, v. 103; xxiv. 510. Carassius Auratus, gold-fish, x. 759. 415; bezique, III. 623; cribbage, vi. Caribbee Islands, West Indies, v. Carausius, ruler of Britain, iv. 353. 575; ecarte, vii. 620; euchre, vm. 654; 103. Caravaca, town, Spain, v. 82. loo, xv. 1; napoleon, XVII. 229; picquet, Caribe (Caripe), town, Venezuela, v. Caravaggio, Michelangelo Amerighi xix. 114; poker, xix. 282; whist, 106. da, Italian painter, v. 82; xx. 532. xxiv. 543. Polidoro Caldara da, Italian Cardiff, town, Wales, v. 92; University Cariboco, issue of Negro and Indian, xvii. 319. painter, v. 83. College at, xxiii. 856. Caribou, American reindeer, vii. 25; Caravan, company of travellers, v. 83. Cardigan, county, Wales, v. 94; popuin Newfoundland, xvn. 383. Caravanserai, for shelter of caravans, lation and representation, xxiii. 727; , island, Nova Scotia, xvii. 601. v. 84. town, v. 95. Caries, race of people, Central America, Caravellas, town, Brazil, v. 85. Seventh Earl of, British general, v. 103; xii. 131; xvii. 479. Caraway, culinary herb, v. 85; xn. " v. >95. J 289. Caricature, v. 103. in Roman Catholic Church, Caries, bone disease, v. 105. C XV^I?’ in chemistry, v. 575, 578; Cardinal, v. 96; xx. 629. Carignano, town, Italy, v. 105. Carileph, Bishop, builder of Durham Carbeas, leader of the Paulicians, Cardinals, College of, xix. 498. xvm. 434. ’ Carding, in wool manufacture, xxiv cathedral, vn. 562. 658. Carbide, Magnetic, as filter, ix. 168. Carillon Falls, Canada, xx. 165. Engines, for cotton, vi. 492. Carillons, of bells, in. 538. XXV. — II

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Carnivora, order of mammals, v. 124, CARLSRUHE, town, Baden, v. 112. xv. 432; sense of touch in, xxm. Carimata Islands, Indian Archi- CARLSTAD, province and town, Swe en, 479pelago, v. 105. Carina, Parthian kingdom, xvin. 592. Carlstadt, district and town, Bavaria Carnivorous Plants, xiii. 134. Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite, Carinaria, genus of Mollusca, xvi. v. 113. French minister of war, V. 124; IX. 654. , _ town, Croatia, Austria, v. 113 606, 609; organizer of Revolutionary CARiNATiE, division of birds, m. 099’ ’ (A. K. Bodenstein, q.v.), German army, IL 601; on fortification, IX. xviii. 19, Reformer, v. 113; XX. 333442) 463Carinella, genus of worms, xvn. 320, Carluke, town, Scotland, v. 114Ff. L. Sadi, French mathematician, Carlyle, Alex, Scottish clergyman, XXIII. 283; on radiation of heat, XX. Carine NOCTUA, owl of Pallas Athene, xx. 599^ . , -i. . 214; on the theory of steam-power, xviii. 91. , Joseph Dacre, English Orientalist, XXII. 478, 481, 485. Carini, town, Sicily, v. 106. Carnoustie, town, Scotland, ix. 411. Carinola, town, Italy, v. 106. _ 5 Thomas, his Letters and Speeches Carnovale, Fra, Italian painter, XXL Carinthia, crown-land, Austria, v. of Oliver Cromwell, vi. 604; his Life 442. xo6; xxii. 614. of John Sterling, XXII. 541. CARNTUAL, mountain, Ireland, XIII. 215. CARINUS, Roman emperor, XVII. 627. Carmagnola, town, Italy, v. 114CARNUNTUM, ancient town, Pannonia, Caripe, town, Venezuela, v. 106. 5 Francesco Bussone, count of, v. 125. Carisbrooke, village and castle, isle condottiere, V. 114. Caro, Annibale, Italian poet, v. 125. of Wight, V. 106; XXIV. 562. Carmania, Parthian satrapy, xiv. 99; Carob Tree, or Locust, xiv. 767; v. Carisiacum (Quiersy-sur-Oise), France, xviii. 586. 623; beans, Hi. 460. Diet of (877), ix. 534Carmarthen, county, Wales, v. 114; CAROLAN, Turlogh, Irish bard, V. 125. Carissimi, Giacomo, Italian composer, population and representation, XXIII Carolina, colony, U.S.A., xxiil 729. v. 106. 727; town, v. 115. North, State, U.S.A., xvii. 558. Carleton, Sir Dudley, English states- Carmathians, Moslem sect, 11. 259; South, State, U.S.A., xxn. 286. man, v. 107. xiv. 15; xvi. 586, 594Jasmine, plant, xm. 596. ? William, Irish novelist, V. 107. Carmel, mountain, Palestine, v. 115; Caroline, Amelia Augusta, wife of college Observatory, Northxviii. 172; Elijah at, vm. 135. George IV. of England, V. 125; VIII. field, Minnesota, XVII. 715. Carmelites, order of monks, v. 116; 365; x. 427; trial of, IV. 377. Carli, Giovanni Rinaldo, count of, xvi. 709. ., Maria, wife of Ferdinand IV. of Italian economist, V. 107; XIX. 362. Garment A, Roman goddess, xix. 654 Naples, ix. 79. Carlisle, town, England, v. 108; Carmichael, Gershom, Scottish metaIslands, Pacific Ocean, v. 125; parliament of, vill. 373. physician, v. 117. xvi. 256; xviii. 128. 5 town, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., V. 110. Carmina Nisibena, Syriac hymns, Manuscripts, xviii. 160. 5 Fifth Earl of, statesman, V. no. xxii. 828. Carolingians, French kings, ix. 530. ; Seventh Earl of, statesman, v. iio, Carmine, pigment, v. 117; xix Table, of mortality, xm. 169. Caron, Pierre Augustin (BeaumarCarminic Acid, vl 97. Carlist War, Spain, xxn. 346. chais), French dramatist, in. 467; ix. Carmona, town, Spain, v. 118; xxi. Carlo Alberto, king of Sardinia, 666. 708. xiii. 486. Caron 1, affluent of Orinoco river, South Carmoot, fish, xxii. 67. Carlo Emmanuele III., king ol America, XVII. 844. Carnac, town, France, V. 118; ancient Caronium Sardinia, XIII. 484. (Corunna), ancient town, remains at, II. 383; XXL 51. Carloman, son of Charles Martel, ix. Spain, vi. 443. Carnallite, mineral, xv. 217; xvi Carora, town, Venezuela, v. 126. 531384; xix. 588. Carlos, Don, son of Philip II. of Spam, CAROSOMO, Benedetto, senator, mediCarnan, Thomas, claimant of the right xviii. 744. seval Rome, xx. 795. to print almanacs, 1. 591. , Don, king of Naples (Charles III CAROUGE, town, Switzerland, V. 126. Carnarvon, county, Wales, v. 118; of Spain), XXII. 338, 340. population and representation, xxill. Carp, fish, xii. 692; xix. 127; xxm. , Don, brother of Ferdinand VII. 173; angling for, II. 43. 727; town, V. 119. of Spain, XXII. 345. Carpal Bones, Anatomy of, 1. 827. Carlovingian Kings, of France, ix Carnatic, district, India, v. 119 Carnation, flowering plant, xn. 254; Carpathian Mountains, v. 126; in. 53°, n 115; xii. 361; xxiil 521. xix. 106. Carlow, county, Ireland, v. no, in; CARPATHUS, island, Asia Minor, V. 127. Carnauba Wax, xxiv. 459. population and representation, XXIII. CARNEADES, Greek philosopher, v. 120; Carpeaux, J. B., French sculptor, xxi. 727; town, V. in. 564I. 69; XXL 380; opponent of the Carlowitz, town, Hungary, v. 112; Carpel, in plants, IV. 141; XX. 424. Stoic school, XXII. 570. peace of (1699), xiv. 466; XXIII. 646; Carpellini, C. F., Sienese librarian, Carneia, Spartan festival, IL 186. wine of, XXIV. 610. xxii. 43. Carlsbad, town, Bohemia, v. 112; CARN Eige, mountain, Scotland, xx. Carpentaria, Gulf of, Australia, v. 854. mineral water of, XVI. 435. 127; hi. 107; xx. 171. Carnelian, precious stone, 1. 277; Decrees (1819), x. 505. Carpenter, Naval, duties of, xvii. 293. xvi. 389; xxi. 310; gems of, x. 136. Carlsburg, town, Transylvania, v. ) w. B., on vertical oceanic circulaCarni, ancient Italian tribe, XIIL 447. 112. tion, in. 22, 24. Carlsen, Captain, Norwegian Arctic Garni A, province, Greece, 1. 79. Carpenteriana, ana of Charpentier, 1. Carnic Alps, i. 630. explorer, XIX. 323. 785CARNIOLA, province, Austria, V. 121. Carlshamn, town, Sweden, v. 112. Carpentras, town, France, v. 127, Carnival, season preceding Lenten Carlskrona, province and town, xxiv. 114. fast, V. 121. Sweden, V. 112.

C A R —C A R Carpentry, in building, iv. 476. Carpet, v. 127; East Indian, xn. 762; Kidderminster, xiv. 68; Oriental, xxm. 211; Persian, xviii. 626; Turkish, II. 708. Carpholite, mineral, xvi. 425. Carphosiderite, mineral, xvi. 401 Carpi, town, Italy, v. 131. , Girolamo da, Italian painter, v. 131, Ugo da, Italian painter, v. 131. Carpini, Joannes de Plano, mediaeval traveller, v. 132; X. 178; XV. 474; his account of Cathay, V. 628. Carpinus, genus of trees, xn. 168. Carpocrates, Gnostic, v. 132; x. 703. CarposporEjE, class of plants, m. 693. Carpus, Anatomy of the, 1. 827; in mammals, xv. 359. Carpzov, family of distinguished Germans, v. 133. Carquinez Straits, California, U.S.A., xxi. 262. Carr, Robert, earl of Somerset, xxn. 260. Carrageen, Irish moss, kind of seaweed, xiii. 276; 1. 508. Carrancha, Patagonian bird, xvm. 353Carranza, Bartoleme de, Spanish theologian, v. 133. Carrara, town, Italy, v. 133. Marble, xv. 528. Mountains, Italy, xm. 438. Carratraca, Baths of, Spain, xv. 315. Carrel, Armand, French publicist, v. 134Carrels, in architecture, II. 461. CARRHiE (Haran), Mesopotamia, XL 454; battle of (53 B.c.), xviii. 597; xx. 766, 774. Carriacou, island, West Indies, XL 184. Carriage, v. 134. , Gun, xi. 310. , Railway, xx. 247. Horse, xii. 191. Garrick, district, Ayrshire, Scotland, in. 163. , Earl of (Henry de Percy), xvi 11. 522. , Earl of (Robert The Bruce), xvni. 522; xx. 592. Carrickfergus, town, Ireland, v. 137. Carrickmacross, town, Ireland, xvi. 718. Carrick-on-Shannon, town, Ireland, xiv. 433Carrick-on-Suir, town, Ireland, v. 138; xxiii. 406. Carrier, conveyer of goods, v. 138. ' > Jean Baptiste, French Revolutionist, v. 139. Pigeon, vii. 379; xm. 159; postal, xix. 581. Carrington, R. C., his observations on sun-spots, 11. 784, 786; his obser-

vatory at Redhill, England, xvn. 711. Carrion-Crow, bird, vi. 618. Carroccio, Lombard war-carriage, XIII. 470. Carron, town, Scotland, v. 139; river, xxii. 553. Carronade, gun, 11. 557; xi. 306. Carrot, vegetable, 1. 369; xn. 280. Carse, alluvial plain, in Scotland, xxi. 524; of Gowrie, Perthshire, xvill. 666; of Stirling, xxn. 553. Carson, river and lake, Nevada, U.S.A., xvii. 367. City, Nevada, U.S.A., xvn. 368. Carstares, William, Scottish divine, v. 139; xxi. 518. Cart, White and Black, rivers, Scotland, xx. 395. Cartagena, town, Colombia, South America, V. 140; attack on, by Vernon, (1740), xxiv. 170. , town, Spain, v. 140. , Alphonso de, Spanish historian, 1. 619. Cartago, town, Colombia, South America, v. 141. , town, Costa-Rica, Central America, v. 141. Cartaphilus, the Wandering Jew, xiii. 673. Carte, Thomas, English historian, v. MiCarter, Elizabeth, English writer, v. 141. , Isaac, pianoforte maker, xix. 76. , John, his illustrations of British architecture, II. 445. Carteret, Sir George, grantee of New Jersey, U.S.A., xvn. 398. , John, Earl Granville, statesman, xi. 52. , Philip, governor of New Jersey, U.S.A., xvii. 398. Cartesianism, V. 142; VII. 115; VI. 250; xvi. 91; in relation to logic, Xiv. 792; theism of, xxm. 244. See also Descartes. Cartesian Philosophy, opposed by Condillac, VI. 250. Carthage, ancient town, Africa, v. 160; xxill. 620; coins of, xvii. 651; colonization of, x. 175; commerce, vi. 199; language, XXL 646; probably the Elishah of Scripture, xm. 593; its connexion with Phoenicia, xvni. 806; its invasion of Sicily, xxn. 18; its rivalry with Rome, xx. 746, 751, 767, 781; under Hannibal, XI. 441; its ascendency over Spain, XXII. 305; its power destroyed by Scipio Africanus, XXL 467; wars with Masinissa, xv. 608; in time of St Augustine, ill. 75; conquest of, by the Vandals, xxiv. 58; Turner’s pictures of, xxm. 666.

83 Carthagena, town, Colombia, South America, v. 140. , town, Spain, v. 140. Carthamine, dye, xxi. 145. Carthamus, genus of plants, XXL 145; xxiii. 307. Cart-Horse, xii. 192; breeding and rearing of, 1. 385. Carthusian Abbeys, i. 20. Carthusians, order of monks, v. 163; xvi. 708. Cartier, Jacques, French explorer, v. 165; x. 183; xvi. 795. Cartilage, in anatomy, 1. 851; xxn. 109. Cartography, map-making, xv. 515; x. 191; ancient, xx. 91, 94. Cartomancy, divining by playingcards, vie 293. Carton Pierre, paper pulp for mouldings, xviii. 228. Cartoon, in painting, v. 165. Cartridge Papers, Sizes of, xviil 226. Cartridges, i. 744. Cartwright, Edmund, inventor of power-loom, v. 166; vi. 500. , Major John, parliamentary reformer, v. 166. , Thomas, Puritan divine, v. 166; xix. 685. , William, English poet and dramatist, v. 167; vie 433. Carucci, Jacopo (Pontormo), Italian painter, xix. 458. Carupano, town, Venezuela, v. 167; xxiv. 140. Carus, Karl Gustav, German physiologist, v. 167. Carvahal, Tomas Jose Gonsalez, Spanish poet, v. 167. Carvalho e Mello, Sebastian Jose de, Marquis de Pombal, Portuguese statesman, xix. 441. Carved Work, for houses, iv. 508. Carvin, town, France, v. 167; xviil 340. Carving, in ivory, v. 167; Japanese, xiii. 591; in wood, v. 168; xxiv. 644. and Gilding, v. 169. Carwar, town, India, xiv. 7. Cary, Henry Francis, translator of Dante, v. 170. , Sir Lucius, Viscount Falkland, v. 170. Carva, genus of trees, XL 790. Caryatic Order, in architecture, 11. 407Caryatides, in architecture, II. 357, 407, 461. Caryl, Joseph, Nonconformist divine, v. 171. Caryocatactes, genus of birds, XVII. 665. Caryophyllzeidze, family of tapeworms, xxiii. 54.

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XXII. 238; on Boetius, III. 856; his Casimir IV., of Poland, xix. 289. Caryota, genus of palms, xvni. 190. History of the Goths, XIII. 748. , John, German Presbyterian, xix. Casa, Giovanni della, Italian poet, v. CASSIS, town, France, V. 185. 697171. CASSITERIDES, tin islands, off Cornwall, , Jose Iglesias de la, Spanisli writer, Casino, or Gassino, Monte, Italy, Benexviii. 806. dictine monastery of, XVI. 778, 703, xxii. 361. Cassiterite, mineral, xvi. 387; xxiil in. 557; library and archivio, xiv. C AS ABA, town, Asia Minor, V. 181. 400. 53G 548. Casa Blanca, town, Morocco, xvi. 831. Cassius, Avidius, Roman general, xvin. CasiQUIARE, branch of Orinoco river, Casa Calenda, town, Italy, v. 171. 604. South America, XVIL 843. C as ale, town, Italy, v. 171. Longinus, Gains, assassin of CASIRI, Michael, librarian of the Escorial, Casalmaggiore, town, Italy, v. 171. Julius Caesar, v. 185; iv. 639; associaV. 176. Casalpusterlengo, town, Italy, v. tions of the name, xiv. 864. Casius, Mons, Syria, xxii. 821. I I Cassivellaunus, British chief, iv. 352, 7* Casamicciolo, spa, Ischia, Italy, xni. Cask-Making, vi. 338. 637Caslau, town, Bohemia, VI. 754. CASSOON, or Casson, in architecture, II. 385Casanatense Library, Rome, xiv. Casluhim, of Scripture (Gen. x. 14), 461. xviii. 757. 529, 548. .' , Gasmens, Syracusan settlement, Sicily, Cassova, or Kosova, Battles of (1389, Casanova de Seingalt, Venetian ad1448), 1. 781, 782; XXL 689. xxil 814. venturer, v. 171. CASSOVIA (Kaschau), town, Hungary, Casoria, town, Italy, v. 176. Casas, Bartolome de las, apostle of the xiv. 7. Caspari, G. P., Norwegian theologian, Indies, XIV. 319; xxil. 138. Cassowary, bird, v. 185; vm. 171. xvil 592. Grandes, town, Mexico, v. 172. CASSYTHA, parasitic plant, xviii. 265. Casaubon, Isaac, Huguenot scholar, v. Caspe, town, Spain, v. 176. Cast, of gypsum, XL 353. Caspian Sea, v. 176; xiv. 217; level 172. of, as compared with Oxus and Sea of Castagna, Giovanni Battista (Pope Casauboniana, ana of Casaubon, 1. Urban VII.), xxiv. 9. Aral, XVIII. 104; Rubruquis’s descrip785. Castagno, Andrea del, Italian painter, tion of, XXL 47; seal fisheries of, XXL Casein, or Kashin, town, Persia, v. 174; v. 186. 582. xviii. 627, 628. Castalia, fountain, Delphi, Greece, v. Casque, helmet, xi. 637. Cascade, Electric, vm. 35. 186; vil. 52. CASQUETS, rocks, Channel Islands, I. —— Mountains, U.S.A., xxiil 800; Castamon (Kastamuni), town, Asia 474xxiv. 385. Minor, Xiv. 14. Cass, Lewis, American statesman, v. 181; Cascaroba, bird, xxil 732. CASTANOS, Francisco Xavier de, Spanish xxiil 768. Casciano DEI Bagni, town, Italy, v. general, V. 186. Cassaba, town, Asia Minor, v. 181. 175Caste, social distinction, v. 186; in Cassana, Niccolo, Italian painter, v. Casco, mulatto, xvii. 319. Ceylon, v. 367; in India, iv. 204; xn. 182. Case, Trespass on the, in law, xxm. 745, 781. Cassander, king of Macedonia, v. 182; 454, 552. Castel, suburb of Mainz, Germany, XV. xv. 142. Case-Hardening, in iron manufac, George, Flemish theologian, V. 3°5ture, xiii. 342. , Jean du, French poet, V. 704. 182. Casein, essential constituent of cheese, , Louis Bertrand, French matheiv. 591; v. 455; vi. 771; in milk, xvi. Cassandra, in Greek legend, v. 182. matician, V. 192. , Lycophron’s poem, xv. 94. 3°3Castel-a-Mare, town, Italy, v. 193; Casement, in architecture, II. 461; Cassano, town, Italy, v. 182. xvil 187. Cassava, farinaceous plant, V. 182; II. French, IV. 494. , town, Sicily, v. 193. 631; xxiii. 56. Caserta, town, Italy, V. 175. CASTELAR, Emilio, Spanish statesman, Cassegrain, N., his telescope, xxiii. Case Shot, i. 745. XXIL 346. 137, 145Cases of Conscience, v. 203. CASTELEYN, Matthijs de, Dutch writer, Cassel, town, France, V. 183. Cash, Chinese money, xvil. 661. xii. 92. , town, Germany, V. 182; picture C AS HAN, or Kashan, town, Persia, V. Castell, Edmund, English Orientalist, gallery of, XXL 445. 175; xviii. 626. V. 193. , Hesse, state, Germany, XL 779. Cash-Book, in book-keeping, iv. 46. Castellamare, town, Italy, V. 193; Yellow, pigment, xiv. 379. Cash Credits, in Scottish banks, ill. xvii. 187. Cassia, genus of plants, xxi. 664. 334CASTELLANE, Frangoise de, Marquise de Cashel, town, Ireland, v. 175; xxm. Bark, v. 184. Mirabeau, xvi. 493. 406; architecture of chapel at, II. 429; CASSIANUS, Joannes Eremita, monk, v. synod of (1172), XIII. 259. 184; xviii. 472; on monachism, xvi. Castellans, Polish senators, xix. 288. CaSTELLI, Benedetto, Italian mathe, Rock of, v. 175; xxiii. 406. 702. matician, x. 32; on the motion of Cashew Nut, v. 175; xvn. 664; oil Cassini, family of French astronomers, fluids, XU. 435. from, xvil 744. v. 184. Cashgar (Kashgar), town, Turkestan, , Ignaz Friedrich, Austrian dramatist, , Giovanni Domenico, astronomer, xiv. 7; xxiil 639. V. 193. V. 184; II. 755; his telescopic disCashmere (Kashmir), state, Asia, Xiv. coveries, xxiii. 136; his geodetic Gastello, Bernardo, Italian painter, 9; xi. 823. measurements, VII. 597. v. 193. Goat, x. 709. , Giovanni Battista, Italian painter, Cassino, Monte, Italy, Benedictine Shawls, xxi. 781. monastery of, xvi. 778, 703; III. 557; v. 193. Casimir I., king of Poland, xix. 286. library and archivio, xiv. 531, 548. , Guido di (Pope Celestine II.), v. II., of Poland, XIX. 287. CASSIODORUS, or Cassiodorius, Magnus 291. III., the Great, of Poland, xix. 288. , Valerio, Italian painter, v. 193. Aurelius, Roman historian, v. 185;

C A S —C A T Gastello Giubileo, town, Italy, ix. 141. Castellon de la Plana, town, Spain, v. 193; province, xxn. 298. Castel Melhor, Count of, Portuguese statesman, xix. 549 Castelnau, Michel de, French chronicler, v. 194; xviii. 291. Castelnaudary, town, France, v. 194. Castelo Branco, town, Portugal, v. 194. Castel Sarrasin, town, France, v. 193Castel Vetrano, town, Sicily, v. I 93* CASTERLY, Wilts, England, British remains at, xxiv. 594. Castes, of India, iv. 204; xn. 745, 781. Casti, Giovanni Battista, Italian poet, v. 195. Castiglione, Duke of (Augereau), French general, ill. 71. , Baldassare, Italian writer and diplomatist, v. 195; xiii. 510; his Cortigiano, vil. 672. , Carlo Ottavio, Count, Italian philologist, v. 195. , Giovanni Benedetto, Italian painter, v. 195. belle Stiviere, town, Italy, v. 195. Castiglioni, Francesco Xaviero (Pope Pius VIII.), xix. 156. , Godfrey (Pope Celestine IV.), v. 291. Castigneau, arsenal, Toulon, France, xxiii. 483. Castile, Kingdom of, Spain, v. 196; xxii. 312, 315, 318, 326; xviii. 450; language of, xxii. 349, 352. , New, province, Spain, v. 196; XXII. 298. , Old, province, Spain, v. 196; xxii. 298. Castilho, A. F. de, Portuguese poet, xix. 557. Castilian Language, xxii. 349, 352. Castilla, Kamon, president, Peru, xviii. 678. Castillejo, Cristobal de, Spanish poet, v. 196; xxii. 357. Castillejos, Marquis de los (Prim), Spanish statesman, xix. 732. Castillo, Juan del, Spanish painter, XVII. 55. Castilloa Elastica, india-rubber plant, xii. 837. Casting, Metal, ix. 479; xvi. 72. Cast Iron, xiii. 281, 318. Castle, v. 197. Acre Abbey, Norfolk, England, 1. 15. Castlebar, town, Ireland, v. 199; xv. 650. Castleblayney, town, Ireland, xvi. 718.

Castle-Douglas, town, Scotland, xiv. 98. Castle Garden, New York, immigrant depot, viii. 175; xvii. 462. Castle Howard, Yorkshire, Vanbrugh’s design, xxiv. 55. Castle of Indolence, Thomson’s poem, xxiii. 311. Castle of Otranto, Walpole’s romance, xxiv. 334. Castle Pilgrim, Acre, fortress of the Templars, xxiii. 162. Castle Rackrent, Miss Edgeworth’s novel, vil. 654. CASTLEREA, town, Ireland, XX. 850. Castlereagh, Viscount, second marquis of Londonderry, xiv. 853; vm. 365. Castletown, town, Isle of Man, v. 199; xv. 453. Castor, mineral, xvi. 416. , Roman station, England, xvn. 557, Temple of, at Rome, xx. 818. and Pollux, in Greek mythology, v. 199; electric glow, xiv. 633. Castoridas, family of rodent mammals, xv. 416, 418. Castor Oil, v. 200; xvii. 744. Castration, viii. 667; of horses, 1.386; of sheep, 1. 395. Castren, Matthias Alexander, Russian philologist, v. 200. Castrensis, Paulus, Italian jurist, v. 201. Castres, town, France, v. 201. Castries, town, St Lucia, West Indies, xxi. 186. Castriota, George (Scanderbeg), Albanian prince, xxi. 365; 1.447; XXIII. 642. Castro, town, Italy, v. 201. , Guillen de, Spanish dramatist, v. 202; VIL 421; XXII. 358. , Inez de, wife of Pedro I. of Portugal, v. 202; xix. 543. , Joao de, viceroy of Portuguese Indies, v. 203. , Vaca de, governor of Peru, xviii. 677. Castrocaro, Italy, mineral water of, xvi. 434. Castro del Rio, town, Spain, v. 201. Castrogiovanni, town, Sicily, v. 201; XXII. 31. Castro Nuovo, town, Sicily, v. 201. Castro Reale, town, Sicily, v. 201. Castro Urdiales, town, Spain, v. 201; xxi. 297. Castrovillari, town, Italy, v. 203. Castruccio Castracani, Ghibelline chief, v. 203; xiii. 477; xix. 121. Cast Steel, xiii. 341. Castulo, ancient village, Spain, xiv. 653Casuentus (Basiento), river, Lucania, Italy, xv. 37. Casuistry, v. 203; Escobar’s, viii. 539;

85 ethics of, viii. 595; Jesuit teachings on, xiii. 650; as developed in Liguorianism, xiv. 634. Caswall, Henry, American divine, v. 205. Cat, v. 205; xv. 434; Egyptian, vil 712; Manx, xv. 452; Persian, xvill. 625; skins of, ix. 838. Catabaptists, Christian sect, ill. 353. Catacecaumene, plateau, Asia Minor, xv. 99. Catacombs, v. 206; mural paintings in, xvii. 43. Catadioptric Lights, for lighthouses, xiv. 620. Catalan Forge, ix. 840; xiii. 290, 335Catalan Grand Company, adventurers, ix. 330. Catalan Language, xxii. 347. Catalan Literature, xxii. 362. Catalepsy, nervous affection, v. 216. Catalogues of Books, hi. 659; xiv. 537, 539Catalonia, province, Spain, v. 217; xxii. 298, 322; counts of, xxii. 311. Catalpa, ornamental tree, 11. 321. Catamarca, town, Argentine Republic, v. 217. Catamenia, xx. 408. Catana (Catania), ancient town, Sicily, v. 218. Catania, town, Sicily, v. 218; xxii. 31. Catanzaro, town, Italy, v. 218; province, iv. 651. Cataonia, table-land, Asia Minor, v. 75Catapan, Saracen ruler in Italy, xiii. 468. Catapleite, mineral, xvi. 426. Catapulta, ancient military engine, V. 218. Cataract, disease of the eye, xvii. 782. Catarractes, river, Asia Minor, xviii. 206. Catarrh, disease, v. 218; xviii. 377, 403; epidemic, XIII. 73; of the stomach, xxn. 574. Catarrhal Pneumonia, xix. 250. Catawbas, North-American tribe, v. 219; 1. 690. Catawba Wine, v. 219; xxiv. 611. C atbalong an, town, Philippine Islands, xviii. 752. Cat-Bird, xvi. 541. Catch, in music, x. 677; xvn. 82. Catchment Basin, of rivers, xn. 502. Catchwords, in MSS., xviii. 144. Cateau Cambresis, town, France, v. 219; treaty of (1559), ix. 559; xm. 483; xviii. 744. Catechism, v. 219; of Church of England, viii. 379. Catechisms, as creeds, vi. 564. Catechu, drug and dyestuff, v. 220; in. 617.

86

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Cattimandoo, juice-yielding tree, XL Catechumen, candidate for baptism, Catholic Church, Roman, xx. 628. 339Catholic Disabilities, in Ireland, Cattle, V. 244; XV. 432; breeding of, v. 220. xiii. 266, 269. 1. 387; diseases of, xvil 57; xxiv. Categories, in logic and philosophy, Catholic Emancipation, Irelanc, 204, 205; Podolian, XIIL 451; wild, of v. 221; of Aristotle, n. 5H; Gilbert de xiil. 271; Castlereagh’s advocacy of, Chillingham Park, England, XVIL 566; laPorree on the, x. 592; Kant on the, XIV. 853; O’Connell’s contention for, of Hamilton Park, Scotland, XL 411. xiii. 852; real, in psychology, xx. 79. XVII. 721; carried on motion of Sir R. Foods, Adulterations of, 1. 174; Catenae, hermeneutical epitomes, xi. Peel, xviil. 455; Wellington’s part in, apparatus for cooking, 1. 327. 746. ... XXIV. 498. Plague, i. 304; v. 589; xvil 59. Catenary, or Chain, Equilibrium 01, Catholic League,in France (i57i),ix. Quarantine, xx. 158. in mechanics, XV. 738; v. 68. 562; xviil 745. , 0N Catenoid, Stability of the, v. 68. Shows, their influences, I. 390. Spoil of Cooly, ancient Irish Caterpillar, larva stage of butterfly, Catholic League, in Germany (1608), iv. 593; silkworm, XXII. 57; ravages Catholics, German, dissentients from tale, v. 310. Cattolica, town, Sicily, v. 247. of, in Natal, XVII. 241; destroyed by Church of Rome, X. 444Catulliacum (St Denis), ancient town, wasps, XXIV. 393. , Old, religious party, xvil. 754. Catesby, Mark, on birds, XVilI. 5. France, xxi. 161. Catholic Socialism, xxil 215. Robert, conspirator in Gunpowder Catilina, Lucius Sergius, Roman con- Catullus, C. Valerius, Latin poet, v. Plot, IX. 57. 247; his language and style, xiv. 334; spirator, v. 238; xx. 764; Sallust’s Cat-Fishes, xii. 692; xxn. 68. his place in Roman literature, xx. 721. History of his Conspiracy, XXL 219. Catgut, string, v. 226. CATULUS, C. Lutatius, Roman general, Catiline, Jonson’s tragedy, xiil 744. CatHjEANS, tribe, India, xvi. 789. XX. 747. . Catinat, Nicolas, French general, IX. Caub, Johann Wonnecke von, on birds, ' Cathari, mediaeval sect, xvni. 354, 579> 58l 434; xx. 321; xxiv. 322. _ xviil 3. Island, Bahamas, m. 237. Cathartid^e, family of birds, xxiv. Cat Catlin, George, writer on the American CAUCA, river, Colombia, South America, 301. VI. 153. Indians, v. 239. Catharus, genus of birds, XXIH. 322. Catmandoo (Khatmandu), capital of Caucasia, government, Russia, V. 251. Cathay, China as known to mediaw al Caucasian Gates, mountain pass, v. Nepal, xiv. 59. 2 Europe, V. 627, 629. 55Catmoss, valley, Rutland, England, Cathcart, Sir George, British general, Caucasian Languages, xviil 780. xxi. 114. v. 226. Caucasian Race, of mankind, 11. 113; Cato, Addison’s tragedy, 1. 147, 149. Cathedral, principal church of a x. 433? Dionysius, Roman moralist, V. diocese, V. 226; office of dean in, VII. Caucasus, chain of mountains, v. 251; 241. 14. xxiii. 513. M. Porcius, the Elder, Roman Music, English, xxm. 33. CAUCHY, Augustin L., his demonstracensor, v. 239; in Spain, XXIL 306; Catherine, Saints, v. 229. tions in algebraical equations, 1. 515; as economist, XIX. 350; as historian, , St, of Siena, V. 229; XIII. 505; VIII. 502. xiv. 729; on surgery, XXIL 674; his xxil. 43; stigmatization of, XXII. 549Caucus, convention to select candidates, language, Xiv. 332; his place in I., empress of Russia, v. 232; XXL in United States, XXlll. 764. Roman literature, XX. 717. 98. Caudete, town, Spain, v. 259. , M. Porcius, Uticensis, V. 240. II., empress of Russia, v. 233; XXL Catoblepas, genus of ruminant mam- Caudine Forks, Italian valley, v. 259; 99; her favour for Potemkin, xix. 598. battle of (321 B.C.), xx. 742. mals, x. 705. of Aragon, wife of Henry VIII. of Caudle’s Curtain Lectures, DougEngland, V. 236; XL 662; divorce of, Catonius, Nikolaus, Swedish dramatist, las Jerrold’s work, XIIL 633. xxil 754. viii. 334. Cauliflower, vegetable, iv. 618; xii. of Braganza, wife of Charles II. of Catoptric Illumination, of light281. houses, xiv. 618. England, v. 237; XIX. 548. Caulking, of ships, xxi. 820. of Valois, wife of Henry V. of Eng- Cato Street Conspiracy (1820), CAURA, territory, Venezuela, XXIV. 140. London, XXIII. 307. land, V. 237. Catrail, British remains, Scotland, Caurale, bird, xxil 652. , Mount, Sinai, Arabia, XXII. 88. Causality, psychological analysis and xxi. 34, 638. Howard, wife of Henry VIII. origin of the conception, XX. 82, Catria, Monte, mountain, Italy, xiii of England, VIII. 337. Locke’s analysis, XIv. 760; as a logical 437de’ Medici, wife of Henry II. of category, v. 224; xiv. 789; principle Cats, Jacob, Dutch poet, v. 241; xii. 95. France, V. 235; XL 670; XV. 787; her of, in theistic argument, xxiil. 248. Cats-Eye, variety of quartz, XVI. 389. influence on France, ix. 556. CAUSATION, Divine, theory of, m Catskill Mountains, United States, PARR, wife of Henry VIII. of Arabian philosophy, II. 266; 1. 510., v. 242; xvil 450; xxiii. 793. England, vm. 337. Causeries DU Lundi, Sainte-Beuve’s, Catsup, or Ketchup, sauce, xiv. 54. Wheel, in pyrotechny, xx. 136. xxi. 164. CatheRWOOD, F., on ancient American Catt, Christopher, London club-house CausiDjE, family of snakes, xxil 193, keeper, xiv. 103. monuments, II. 45°197. CATTACK, district, India, V. 242; town, Cathetus, in architecture, 11. 461. Gausses, limestone plateaus, France, v. 244. Cathkin Peak, mountain, Cape Colony, xv. 8, 31. Cattaro, town, Austria, v. 244. v. 41. Caustic, of light, xiv. 589. Cattegat, strait, North Sea, xvil 563; Catholic, designation of the Christian Potash, xix. 589. xxil 737. Church, V. 237; xv. 482; first use of Soda, xxil 241. Cattermole, George, English painter, the name, v. 9. Cauterets, France, mineral water of, v. 244. Apostolic Church, v. 237; Henry xvi. 435; xx. 127. Drummond’s connexion with, VII. 480. Catti, ancient Germanic people, v. 244.

c A U — C E L Cautiousness, in phrenology, xvm. 845Cauvery, river, India, xiv. 19; xv. 184; xvii. 123; xxiii. 47. Cava, or La Cava, town, Italy, v. 259; library of, xiv. 530, 548. Cavaignac, Louis Eugene, French general, V. 259; I. 568; IX. 622. Cavaillon, town, France, v. 260; xxiv. 114. Cavalcanti, Guido, Italian poet, v. 260; xiii. 502. Cavalier, bird, xix. 228. , Jean, chief of the Camisards, France, v. 260; IV. 744. , Memoirs of a, by Defoe, VII. 28. Cavalieri, Bonaventura, on the geometry of indivisibles, xm. 5. , Emilio del, Italian musician, xvil. 85, 86. Cavaliers, or Royalists, in England, viii. 348. Cavallini, Pietro, Italian painter, v. 261. Cavallo, town, Turkey, xiv. 18. , Tiberius, Italian electrician, v. 261; his electroscope, Vlll. 118. Cavalry, v. 261; Austrian, 11. 605; British, II. 578; Prussian, II. 596; tactical management of, xxiv. 358; horses for, xn. 191. Cavan, county, Ireland, v. 263; population and representation, xxill. 727; town, v. 264. Cavanilles, Antonio Jose, Spanish botanist, V. 265. Cavcic, Yetranic, Ragusan dramatist, xxi. 690. Cave, or Cavern, v. 265; x. 271, 320, 369; at Adelsberg, 1. 151; in Hungary, xil. 362 ; Luray, Virginia, U.S.A., xv. 67; Mammoth, in Kentucky, U.S.A., xv. 448. , Edward, English publisher and editor, v. 271; xvm. 537. , William, English theologian, v. 271. Cavea, in the amphitheatre, 1. 775. Caveau, Society of the, in France, VI. 141. Cavedone, Jacopo, Italian painter, v. 271. Cave-Dwellers, Ancient, 11. 336; v. 267; xxiii. 583. Cavendish, Henry, English chemist and physicist, v. 271; his chemical discoveries, v. 462; his experiments on the density of the earth, 11. 793; his electrical experiments, VIII. 8. , Thomas, English navigator, V. 272; X. 185. , William, first duke of Devonshire, VII. 143. , William, first duke of Newcastle, xvil 380. -, Sir William, English courtier, v. 273Experiment, ii. 793; v. 272.

Cavern, or C&ve (q.v.), v. 265. Caves, v. 265; bone, with fossil remains, x. 320. See Cave. Caviare, preserved roe of sturgeon, xxii. 612. Cavicornia, hollow-horned ruminant mammals, II. 100. Compare XV. 431. Cavil, F., English swimmer, xxn. 771. Cavite, town, Philippine Islands, v. 273; xv. 487. Cavolini, Felippo, Italian naturalist, xxiv. 806. Cavolinia, genus of Mollusca, xvi. 666. Cavore, or Cavour, town, Italy, v. 273. Cavour, Count, Italian statesman, v. 273; xiii. 487, 489. Cavy, rodent mammal, V. 277; XV. 421. Cawdor Castle, Nairn, Scotland, xvii. 167. Cawnpur, or Cawnpore, district and town, India, v. 277; massacre at town (1857), xil. 810. Cawood Castle, Yorkshire, England, xxiv. 749. Caxamarca, town, Peru, v. 279; xvin. 675. Caxatambo, town, Peru, v. 279. Caxton, spa, Canada, xvi. 436. , William, first English printer, v. 279; XXIII. 694; books printed by, VIII. 413; English language in his time, viii. 398. Caxtons, The, Lytton’s novel, xv. 123. Cayambi, mountain, Ecuador, vil. 644. Cayenne, town, French Guiana, v. 280; xi. 254. Pepper, v. 280. Cayeux, district, Somme, France, xxii. 261. Cayley, Arthur, English mathematician, I. 516; on geometrical measurement, xv. 665. , Sir George, his air-engine, 1. 428; his flying model, IX. 320. Caylus, Comte de, French artist and writer, v. 281; his encaustic process, viii. 186. Cayman, South-American alligator, vi. 594Caymanas, islands, West Indies, xm. 548. Cayor, kingdom and lake, Senegal, Africa, xxi. 660. Cayster, river, Asia Minor, 11. 708. Cayuga, lake, New York, U.S.A., xvil 451. Cazalla de la Sierra, town, Spain, v. 281. Cazembe, chief and his territory, Africa, v. 281. Cazlona, mining village, Spain, xiv. 653Cazorla, town, Spain, v. 281. Cazotte, Jacques, French writer, V. 281. Ceadwalla, British king, xvil 569. Ceara, town, Brazil, v. 282. Ceawlin, early English king, vm. 271.

87 Cebes, of Thebes, Greek philosopher, v. 282. Cebid^e, family of apes, 11. 152; xv. 444. . Cebu, island, Philippines, v. 282; xvin. 752; town, v. 282; xviii. 750, 752. Cebus, genus of apes, 11. 153. Cecchi, Giovan Maria, Italian writer, xiii. 510. Cecco d’Ascoli, Francesco degli Stabili, Italian encyclopaedist and poet, v. 282. Cech, Svatopluk, Bohemian poet, xxii. 152. Cecidomyia, genus of insects, XL 781; xxiv. 535. Cecil, Robert, earl of Salisbury, lord high treasurer of England, v. 282. , William, Lord Burghley, minister of Queen Elizabeth, v. 283. Cecilia, St, v. 284. , Madame D’Arblay’s story, vi. 822.. Metella, Tomb of, at Rome, 11. 419. Cecrops, king of Attica, v. 285. Cedar, tree, v. 285; culture of, 11. 319; of Lebanon, xiv. 392; red, or American, xiii. 774; white, in United States, xxiii. 809; wood of, for carving, xxiv. 645Cedar-Bird, XXIV. 461. Cedaspe, Pablo de (Cespedes), Spanish painter and poet, v. 357. Cederborgh, Frederik, Swedish novelist, xxii. 757. Cedo Feita, chapel at Oporto, xvii. 795Cedron, brook, Jerusalem, xm. 636. CEELY, Robert, his experiments in vaccination, xxiv. 24. Cefalonia (Cephalonia), island, Greece, v. 343; xiii. 205. Cefalu, town, Sicily, v. 286. CEHEGIN, town, Spain, v. 286. Ceiling, in architecture, 11. 462; iv. 454Celadonite, mineral, xvi. 415. Celadon Ware, pottery, xix. 622. Celakovsky, Franz L., Bohemian poet, xxii. 152. Celan, fish, xix. 90. Celandine, plant, xx. 273. Celano, town and lake, Italy, v. 286; XIII. 440. Celebes, island, Indian Archipelago, V. 287; II. 687; birds of, ill. 739. Celer, Quintus Ceecilius Metellus, Roman general, XVI. 106. C^L^ren (Celan), fish, xix. 90. Celeriac, vegetable, xn. 281. Celery, vegetable, v. 290; xil 281. Celestina, musical instrument, xix. 72. , La, F. de Rojas’s novel, xxn. 356. Celestine, mineral, xvi. 400. L, pope, v. 291; xix. 491. II.-IV., popes, v. 291. V., pope, v. 291; xix. 501.

88

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Cemetery, Cemeteries, v. 328; Eng- Centumviral Court, in Roman law, Celestines, order of monks, v. 291. xx. 678. lish law in relation to, IV. 537 ) CELETRUM (Kastoria), ancient town, Centumviri, Roman judges, v. 343. Paris, xviii. 284; in ancient Rome, v. Macedonia, xiv. 14. CENTURIA, in the Roman army, xx. 208. Celibacy, v. 292; in early Church of 735Cenci, Beatrice, parricide, v. 332. England, VIII. 371. Centurion, Roman military officer, 5 Francesco, father of Beatrice Cenci, Cell, in biology, xn. 5; in. 682; evoluv. 343. v. 332. tion from the, VIII. 746; in human Centuripe (Centorbi), town, Sicily, v. j Giovanni, captain of the people, anatomy, 1. 843; vegetable, xn. 10, 341. Rome, XX. 802. 12; iv. 83; xix. 44; xx. 425, 427; CEOLFRID, abbot of Jarrow, England, —, The, Shelley’s drama, XXL 793. of spermatozoa, XX. 411; of Fungi, HI. 481. ix. 827; in Protozoa, xix. 832; of Cendal, silk stuff, xxiii. 210. CEOLWULF, king of Northumbria, EngCeneda, district, Italy, v. 333. sponges, xxii. 420. See also Cell land, xvil. 570. CENIS, Mont, Cottian Alps, pass across, Theory below. Ceorl, Saxon freeman, viii:274; xviii. I. 624; tunnel through, XXIII. 624. , in architecture, II. 462. 302. Cennick, John, English hymn-writer, , in honeycomb, ill. 490. Ceos, island, Greece, v. 343. xii. 594. , Monastic, I. 10, 22. Cenomani, Gallic tribe, Italy, xiii. Cepeda, Teresa de (St Theresa), Spanish Celle, town, Prussia, xxiv. 775. saint, xxiii. 281. 446. Cellini, Benvenuto, Italian sculptor Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, species of Censor, Roman magistrate, v. 334; xx. and metal-worker, V. 294; xix. 183; plants, xiii. 210. 738XXL 569. CEPHALAS, Constantinus, compiler of Censorship, of books, IV. 39; of the Cell Theory, in biology, xxi. 460; Greek Anthology, II. 103. press, xix. 710. XXIV. 816; in relation to protoplasm, Cephallenia (Cephalonia), island, CENSUS, enumeration of people, v. 334; XIX. 828; to embryology, XXIV. 810; Greece, v. 343 ; xiii. 205 ; coins of, of United States, XXIII. 818. to morphology, xvi. 840; to physioxvil 643. , register, in Roman law, XX. 676. logy, xix. 11. Cephalobranchs, group of Annelida, Celluloid, substitute for ivory, xm. Centaurs, in Greek mythology, v. 11. 66. 340; xiv. 300; xxiii. 295. 524. CEPHALOCHORDA, branch of Yertebrata, Celsius, Anders, Swedish astronomer, Centetidas, family of insectivorous XXIV. 184, 812. mammals, xv. 404. v. 294; his thermometric scale, XXIII. Cephalodiscus, genus of Polyzoa, xix. Centigrade Thermometric Scale, 289. 434) 435xxiii. 289. , Olaf, Swedish theologian, XIv. Centilogium Theologicum, Occam’s Cephalonia, island, Greece, v. 343; 672. XIII. 205. work, xvii. 718. CELSUS, anti-Christian writer, V. 295; Cephalopoda, class of Mollusca, vi. Centimetre Gramme Second xill. 658; Origen’s answer to, XVII. 735; XVI. 664; skeletal structure of, (C.G.S.) System, of measurement, 841. xxil 106; parasites of, xviii. 259; xv. 668. , A. Cornelius, Roman writer on in LankestePs classification, xxiv. medicine, XV. 803; on anatomy, I Centipedes, insects, v. 340; xvn. 115. 813. Centlivre, Susanna, British dramatist, 802; on surgery, xxil. 674. CEPHALOTES, genus of bats, xv. 410. v. 341. Celtiberi, early Spanish tribes, XI1. Cephalothrix, genus of nemertine Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles, early 604; xxil 305. worms, xvil 326. French tales, IX. 649. Celtiberia, ancient division of Spain Cento, composition made up of extracts, Cephalotus Follicularis, insectiv. 297. vorous plant, xiii. 139. v. 341. Celtic Academy, at Paris, 1. 77. Cephalus, of Greek mythology, xxm. , town, Italy, v. 341. Celtic Church, in Scotland, xxi 413. Novelle Antiche, Italian stories, 475> 48l , father of the orator Lysias, xv. xiii. 501. Celtic Languages, xviii. 785; dicU7Centorbi, town, Sicily, v. 341. tionaries of, vii. 188; Gaelic, X. 6 Celtic Literature, v. 297; xx. 642; Central America, v. 341; birds of, Cephas (Simon Peter), the apostle, xviii. 693. Hi. 748; climate, 1. 681; ancient civiliGaelic, x. 7. zation in, XVI. 213; ancient monu- CEPHISODOTUS, Athenian sculptor, 11. Celtic Monks, xvi. 706. 365ments in, II. 450; xxiv. 758. Celtis, genus of trees, XL 360; XVII Central India Political Agency, CEPHISSUS, river, Greece, HI. 60; XL 360. 82. v. 341. Celts, Race, language, and literature of the, v. 297; x. 6; xxi. 473, 480; their Central Park, New York city, xvn. Cephus Pygm^eus, wheat pest, xxiv. 536. 466. tribal system, v. 799; their attacks on Ceram, island, Indian Archipelago, v. Rome, XX. 740, 743; of Britain, VIII. Central Provinces, India, v. 342. 344263; in central England, XXI. 739; Centre of Gravity, in mechanics, CERAMICUS, part of ancient Athens, Hi. xi. 69; xv. 729. their first appearance in Ireland, xm. 2. Centre of Mass, in mechanics, xv. 244Ceramic Ware, or Pottery, xix. 600; Cementation Process, in steel-mak699in Italy, xiii. 454; Japanese, xm. Centrifugal Force, in mechanics, ing, xiii. 339. 59a xv. 682. Cements, v. 328; natural and artificial, IV. 458, 459; hydraulic, xiv. 647; Centripetal Force, in mechanics, Cerargyrite, mineral, xvi. 384. Cerasus, genus of plants, xiv. 348. xv. 682. Keene’s, XI. 351; Parian, XL 351; , town, Asia Minor, XIX. 459Centrolite, mineral, xvi. 411. Roman, xx. 808. Cement Stones, nodules of clay iron- Centrophorus, genus of sharks, XXL Ceratodus, genus of fishes, xiv. 468. 778. stone, xiii. 287.

C E R— C H A Ceratonia, genus of trees, xiv. 767. Ceratonota, suborderof Mollusca, xvi. 656. CERATOSA, order of sponges, XXII. 423. CERBALL, king of Ossory, Ireland, xm. 252. Cerberus, in Greek mythology, v. 345CERCAMON, Provengal poet, xix. 874. CERCIS, genus of trees, xm. 761. Cercopithecus, genus of apes, 11. 151. See also xv. 444. Cercospora Vitis, vine-fungus, xxiv. 240. Cerdagne, district, Roussillon, France, XXI.‘28. Cerdo, Syrian Gnostic v. 345; xv. 534Cerdonians, Gnostic sect, v. 345. CEREALIN, in chemistry, m. 254. Cerebellum, xix. 38; anatomy of, 1. 871. Cerebration, Unconscious, xxn. 406. Cerebratulus, genus of nemertine worms, xvii. 326. Cerebrum, xix. 38; anatomy of, 1. 872. Ceredo, Torre de, mountain, Spain, xxii. 294. Ceres, in Roman mythology (the Greek Demeter), v. 345; xiv. 508; mysteries in honour of, Vlll. 126. , asteroid, 11. 806. Ceresin, mineral wax, xvm. 113. Ceresio, Lago (Lake of Lugano), Switzerland and Italy, xv. 60. C^ret, town, France, xx. 128. Cereus, group of Cactacese, iv. 625. Cerignola, town, Italy, v. 345. Cerigo, island, Greece, v. 346; xm. 205. Cerigotto, island, Greece, v. 346. Cerine, mineral, xvi. 409, 410. Cerinthus, early heretic, v. 346; x. 702. , in Tibullus’s poems, xxm. 349. Cerisolles, Italy, Battle of (1544), ix. 557Cerite, mineral, xvi. 410; xiv. 291. Cerium, chemical element, v. 542; xiv. 291; spectrum of, xxn. 376. Ceroxylon, genus of palms, xviii. 191. Cerreto, town, Italy, v. 347. Cerro de Pasco, town, Peru, v. 347; xviii. 675. Cerro Hermoso, mountain, Ecuador, vii. 645. Certaldo, town, Italy, v. 347. Certhia, genus of birds, xxm. 534. Certhilauda, genus of birds, xiv. 315Certhiola, genus of birds, xxil. 628. Certiorari, in law, xxiv. 696. Certosa, Carthusian monastery, 1. 20; v -163; of Pavia, xviii. 438; xxi. 569; XXIII. 194.

Cerusite, or Cerussite, lead ore, xiv. 375; xvi. 398. Cervantes-Saavedra, Miguel de, author of Don Quixote, v. 347; xxii. 356; birthplace of, I. 458; his influence on Spanish drama, vil. 420; as pastoral poet, xviii. 346; as satirist, xxi. 319; his praise of Amadis of Gaul, 1. 650. Cervantite, mineral, xvi. 388. Cervela, musical instrument, xvii. 705. Cervetri, town, Italy, iv. 632; Etruscan tombs at, 11. 414; v. 216. Cervia, town, Italy, v. 356. CerviD/E, family of ungulate mammals, VIL 23; XV. 432. Cervini, Marcellus (Pope Marcellus II.), xv. 533Cervulus, genus of deer, xvn. 32. Ceryle, genus of birds, xiv. 82. Cesalpino, Andrea, Italian naturalist, iv. 633; xxiv. 95. See Csesalpinus. Cesarewich, Russian title, xix. 738. Cesari, Antonio, Italian writer, XIII. 514. , Giuseppe, Italian painter, v, 356. Cesarotti Melchiore, Italian poet, v. 356. Cessna, town, Italy, v. 357. Cesi, Federigo, Italian natural philosopher, 1. 70. Cespedes, Andres Garcia de, Spanish geographer, xvii. 253. , Pablo de, Spanish painter and poet, v. 357. Cess, origin of the term, v. 334. Cesspools, iv. 468. Cestoda, group of worms, XXIII. 49; their relation to Trematoda, xxiil 540; parasitic forms, xviii. 259; xxiv 205. Cestoidea, in Lankester’s classification, xxiv. 813. Cestoids, parasitic forms, xviii. 259; xxiv. 205. Cestona, Spain, mineral water of, xvi. 434Cestracion, genus of sharks, xxi. 775CESTRUS, river, Asia Minor, 11. 708; xix. 130. Cestui que Trust, in law, xxm. 597. Cetacea, order of Mammalia, v. 357; xv. 391; xxiv. 523; skeleton of, xxil 108; mammary glands of, xvi. 302; olfactory organs of, xxil 167; sense of touch in, xxill. 479; distribution of, vil. 280, 346. Cetina, Gutierre de, Spanish soldier and poet, v. 357. Cetshwayo, or Cetywayo, king of the Zulus, xvii. 242; xxiv. 829. Cette, town, France, v. 358. Cetti, F., Italian naturalist, on birds, xviii. 9. Cettinje, or Cettinye, town, Montenegro, v. 358; xvi. 780.

89 Cetywayo, king of the Zulus, xvii. 242; xxiv. 829. Ceuta, town, Morocco, v. 358; xvi. 830. Ceva, town, Italy, v. 358. Cevennes, mountains, France, v. 358; IX. 506; Camisards of the, IV. 743. Ceylon, v. 359; 11. 685; birds of, m. 763; XVlli. 16; cinnamon production, v. 785; forests, IX. 405; Pali language, xviii. 183; Paumben ship-canal, iv. 792; pearl fisheries, xvin. 446; railways, XX. 252; ruby mines, XXL 48; Yeddahs (primitive people), xxiv. 120; weights and measures, xxiv. 490. Ceyx, genus of birds, xiv. 82. C.G.S. (Centimetre - Gramme - Second), system of measurement, xv. 668. Chabasite, mineral, xvi. 421. Chablis, town, France, v. 370. , wine, xxiv. 606. Chaboras (Khabar), river, Mesopotamia, xvi. 47. Chabot, Gui, Baron de Jarnac, xm. 593Chabrias, Athenian general, v. 370; xviii. 579. Chad, or Tchad (q.v.), Lake, Soudan, Africa, 1. 255; xxil 277. Basin, Negroes of the, xvn. 319. Chaderton, Laurence, English Puritan divine, V. 371. Choreas and Callirrhoe, Greek romance, XX. 636. Ch^eroneia, or Chseronea, ancient town, Greece, v. 371; battle of (338 B.C.), I. 281, 480; XV. 139. Ch^ETODERMA, order of Mollusca, XVI. 641. Ch^etognatha, group of marine worms, xxi. 148; 11. 52. CHAiTOMYS, genus of rodent mammals, xix. 519. Ch/ETOPODA, group of worms, xxiv. 677 ; xvi. 652; spermatozoa of, XX. 411 ; parasites of, xvi 11. 259; in Lankester’s classification, xxiv. 813. CHjETURA, genus of birds, xxii. 760. Chaff-Cutter, agricultural implement, 1. 326. Chaffinch, bird, v. 371. Chaghanserai, in Kafiristan, Afghanistan, xiii. 820. Chagos, islands, Indian Ocean, xv. 642. Chagres, town, Panama, v. 371. Chaibasa, town, India, xxil 94. Chain, Kinetics of a, xv. 741; statics of, xv. 738. Balance, hi. 261. Cable, iv. 621; 11. 4; xxi. 597. Island, South Pacific, xxiil 602. Chairs, furniture, ix. 849. , Railway, xx. 241. Chaja, or Chaka, bird, xxi. 552. XXY. — 12

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Chambers of Rhetoric, Dutch, xn. Chaj Doab, district, Punjab, India, Challis, James, on attraction, m. 64. 91. CHALLONER, Richard, English Roman xx. 107. Chambers’s Cyclopaedia (1728), vm. Catholic bishop, v. 372. CHAKA, bird, XXI. 552. 196. Alexander, English writer, Chakhansur, district, Sistan, Persia, Chalmers, Chambers’s Encyclopaedia (1860v - 373,. . , xxn. 100. 68), viii. 204. George, Scottish historiographer Chakhars, Mongol tribe, xvi. 743. Chambers’s Journal, v. 380. and antiquary, v. 373. Chakir Beg, Seljuk ruler, xxi. 634. j James, inventor of adhesive post- C Hamberv, town, France, v. 381; XXL Chakrata, military station, India, vn. 332age stamp, XIX. 585. Chambesi, tributary of the Congo, 33Thomas, Scottish divine, V. 374; Chala, town, Peru, xviii. 674. Africa, xxiv. 763. his influence in the Scottish Church, Chambord, C KALAHARI, town, India, V. 625. chateau, Loire-et-Cher, XXL 538. Chalan, lake, India, xx. 261. France, V. 381. Chalarothoraca, order of Protozoa, Chaloner, Sir Thomas, English states, Henry, count of, French Legitimist, man and poet, v. 378. xix. 845. IX. 620. Chalonitis, Parthian kingdom, xvin. Chalcanthite, mineral, xvi. 401. Chameleon, kind of lizard, v. 381; 592. ChalcedON, ancient town, Asia Minor, xiv. 734, 737 ; skull of, xx. 451 ; v. 371; council of (45 0) 548; XIII. Chalonnais, district, France, XXL Aristotle on, xx. 432. 301. 796; decrees of, XL 155. Chamfer, in architecture, 11. 462. Chalons-SUR-Marne, town, France, Chalcedony, or Calcedony, mineral, 1. V. 378; battle of (451), HE 62; xx. Chamfort, Nicolas, French wit and 277; xvi. 389; xvii. 776; xxi. 310. writer, V. 382; XL 670. 7SlChalcidene, Coins of, xvn. 649. Chamisso, Adalbert von, German Chalon-sur-Saone, town, France, v. Chalcidian Alphabet, i. 610. writer, v. 383; x. 542. 378; xxi. 302. Chalcidice, district, Macedonia, xv. Chalosse, La, district, Landes, France, Chamois, kind of antelope, v. 384: 1371. 633; 11. 102; xv. 432. xiv. 272. Chalcis, town, Euboea, Greece, vm. Chamoisite, mineral, xvi. 415. Chalotais, Louis Rene de Caradeuc de 649. Chamomile, or Camomile, plant, xn. la, French politician, xiv. 191. Chalcocite, copper ore, vi. 347. 289; flowers, v. 384. Chalcocondyles, Laonicus, Byzantine Chalukyas, dynasty, Mysore, India, Chamond, St, archbishop of Lyons, XVIL 123. historian, IV. 614. XXL 159. CHALUMEAU, or Shawm, musical instruChalcolite, mineral, xvi. 407. CHAMOUNI, or Chamonix, village and ment, xvil 707. Chalcomenite, mineral, xvi. 396. valley, Savoy, v. 385. CHALUS, town, France, XXIV. 223. Chalcophanite, mineral, xvi. 388. Champagne, province, France, v. 385. ChalybaUS, Heinrich Moritz, German Chalcopsittacus, genus of birds, xv. , wine, xxiv. 603, 605; adulteration philosopher, v. 379. 7of, I. 173. Chalybeate Waters, x. 270; xm. Chalcopyrite, mineral, vi. 347; xvi. , Philippe de, Flemish painter, V. 360; xvi. 434. 393386. Chalybite, mineral, x. 228; xvi. 397. Chalcosiderite, mineral, xvi. 406. Chalcuapa, town, San Salvador, Chameleon, genus of lizards, v. 381; Champagne - Pouilleuse, district, France, xv. 561. xiv. 734, 737; skull of, xx. 451. Central America, XXL 268. Champagnole, town, Switzerland, xm. Cham^erops, genus of palms, xviii. Chaldea, or Chaldsea, ancient country, 782. 189. Asia, in. 184; architectural remains of, Champaran, district, India, v. 386. Chamalhari, mountain, Himalayas, 11. 398. Champaubert, France, Battle of (1814), xxii. 51. Chaldeans, Astronomy of the, 11. 744; xvil 221. zodiac of, xxiv. 791; their invasion of Chamars, race of people, India, ill. 671; Champeaux, William of, scholastic xv. 303. Judah, xill. 416; their contests with philosopher, V. 386; III. 602. Chamba, state, India, v. 379. the Phoenicians, XVlll. 808. Champfer, in architecture, 11. 462. , in the Koman Catholic Church, Chambal, river, India, xvil 572; xx. CHAMPFLEURY (Jules Fleury), French 260. xx. 631. writer, IX. 679. , Patriarch of the (Nestorian patri- Chamberlain, v. 379. , Lord, of the royal household, Cham PIER, Symphorien, French phyarch), XVII. 358. sician, XV. 808. England, XXL 37. Chaldee Language, xxi. 647; 11. Champignon, fungus, xvil 76. , Lord Great, XXII. 459. 307; XL 596; dictionaries of, VII. 189. Chaldiran, Asia Minor, Battle of Chamberlaine, Frances (Mrs Sheri- Champion, in judicial combat, xvil 820. dan), English novelist, XXL 796. (1514), xxiii. 643. , Richard, English potter, XIX. 642. Chaldon, Surrey, England, mural Chamberlain Lake, Maine, U.S.A., Champions, squatters, xiv. 264. xv. 298. decorations of church, xvil. 46. Champlain, Lake, New York and Chaleur, Bay of, New Brunswick, Chamber Music, xvil 88. Vermont, U.S.A., V. 387; XVIL 451; Chambers, Ephraim, English encycloxvil 373. xxiv. 166. paedist, v. 380; his Cyclopaedia, vm. Chalice, sacramental cup, xix. 185. , Samuel de, French explorer and CHALicoTHERUDiE, fossil ungulate 196. governor of Canada, v. 387; x. 187; , George, English painter, v. 380. mammals, xv. 429. XVI. 795; XVIL 454; founder of , Robert, English writer and Chalk, v. 372; x. 358; as fertilizer, 1. Quebec, xx. 167. publisher, V. 380. 351Deposits, in geology, x. 370. , Sir William, English architect, II. Challenger Expedition (1872), m. Champ-Leve, enamelling process, VIII. 444. 24; xviii. 115; xxiii. 311. 184; xiii. 679; Japanese work, XIII. Challes, Savoy, France, mineral water Chambersburg, town, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., v. 381. 591. of, XVI. 435; XXL 332.

0 H A —c h a Champmesl^, Mademoiselle de, French, actress, xx. 206. CHAMPOLLION, Jean Frangois, French Egyptologist, v. 387. Champollion-Figeac, Jean Jacques, French scholar, v. 387. Chancas, people of Peru, xvm. 676. Chance, Mathematical theory of, xix. 768. Chancel, in architecture, 11. 462. Chancellor, v. 387. , Lord High, of England, xxn. 458; list of lord chancellors, vm. 368. , Richard, English explorer, x. 183; xix. 316; xxi. 92. of the Exchequer, England, viii. 797; xvi. 474. Chancellors, Lives of the, Campbell’s work, iv. 759. Chancellorsville, U.S.A., Battle of (1863), xxiii. 778. Chancery, Court of, England, v. 389; hill in, ill. 674; guardianship of infants by, xm. 2 ; records of, XX. 311Chances, Mathematical theory of, XIX. 768; Demoivre’s treatise on, vil. 60. Chance’s Glasses, optical, xvn. 801. Chanchan, Peru, cyclopean wall at, 11. 452Chancroid, disease, xxn. 686. Chanctonbury Ring, hill, Sussex, England, xxil. 723. Chanda, district and town, India, v. 390Chandarnagar, or Chundernagore, French settlement, India, v. 391. Chand Bardai, Hindi writer, v. 758; xi. 841, 843. Chandieu, Antoine, leader of French Presbyterians, XIX. 693. Chandler, Richard, British antiquary, v. 391. , Samuel, English Presbyterian divine, v. 391. Chandra-Bardai, or Chand, Hindi writer, v. 758; XL 841, 843. Chandra Gupta, Hindu king, xn. 787. Chandrakona, town, India, xvi. 284. Chang Bhakar, state, India, v. 769. Chang-Chow, town, China, v. 391, 673Changhwa, town, Formosa, China, ix. 417. Chang-kea-Kow, town, China, xm. 828. Chang-Lam, road, Tibet, xxm. 342. Changos, Peruvian tribe, xvin. 676. Chang pih Shan, mountains, Manchuria, xv. 465. Chang-sha Foo, town, China, v. 637. Chang-Tang, mountain region, Tibet, xxiii- 339, 34I. Changwe, province, Uganda, Africa, XXIII. 717. Channel Islands, England, v. 391;

population, xxiii. 727; newspapers, xvii. 422; Alderney, 1. 473; Guernsey, xi. 247; Jersey, XIII. 634. Channing, William Ellery, American theological writer, v. 393; 1. 728; his influence on Unitarianism, xxm. 726. Chanson de Roland, early French poem, ix. 637; xx. 626. Chansons, early French poems, ix. 638. , in music, XVII. 84. de Geste, narrative poems, ix. 637; xix. 875; xx. 642. Chant, Plain, in music, xix. 168. Chantaburi, town, Siam, xxi. 852. ChANTAL, Baron de, father of Madame de Sevigne, xxi. 703. , Madame de, Sainte de Monthelon, IX. 696. Ghanteloup, Count of (J. A. Chaptal), French chemist and statesman, v. 397; I. 647. Chantiban, town, Siam, v. 395. Chantilly, town, France, v. 395. Chantrey, Sir Francis, English sculptor, v. 395; xxi. 561. Chantry, in architecture, 11. 462. Chao, island, Peru, xvni. 671. , Santiago de, town, Peru, XVUI. 674. Chaones, ancient Greek tribe, vm. 483Chapala, Lake, Mexico, xvi. 216. Chapapote, Mexican asphalt, 11. 715. Chap-Books, xviii. 204. Chapel, in architecture, 11. 462. Chapelain, Jean, French poet, v. 396; ix. 657; xx. 204. Chapel-Hill, town, North Carolina, U.S.A., v. 396. Chapelle de Fer, helmet, XL 637. Chaplains, in British army, 11. 584. Chaplet, Devotional, xx. 848. Chaplin’s Apparatus, for distilling sea-water, vn. 264. Chapman, George, English poet and dramatist, V. 396; VII. 432. Chapoo, or Chapu, town, China, V. 398. Chapparal-Cock, American bird, vi. 687. Chappe, Claude, French engineer, v. 397Chappell, William, Milton’s tutor, xvi. 324Chaptal, Jean Antoine, French chemist and statesman, v. 397; his methods of extracting alum from clay, I. 647. Chapter, of a cathedral, v. 398, 228; vii. 14. HOUSE, in architecture, II. 462. Chapu, town, China, v. 398. Characene, kingdom, Mesopotamia, xvi. 51; xviii. 590. Character, physiognomic expression of, xix. 3. Characteristics, Shaftesbury’s work, viii. 427; xxi. 732. Characterization, Dramatic, vn. 394.

91 Charade, v. 398. Charadrius, genus of birds, xiv. 76; xix. 227. Chara Punji, station, India, xiv. 58. Charas, hemp-resin, xi. 648. Charaxus, brother of Sappho, XXL 303Charbon, disease of the lemon tree, XIV. 437. , woolsorter’s disease, xxiv. 663. Charbonniere, spa, France, xx. 529. Charcoal, v. 398; its use for the blowpipe, in. 837 ; in filtration, ix. 167; as an ingredient of gunpowder, xi. 3!9> 323; in iron-smelting, xm. 292, 3WFinery, for cast-iron, xm. 319. Chard, town, England, v. 399; xxn. 258. , vegetable, XII. 280. Char-Dagh, mountain, Turkey, m. 282. Chardin, Sir John, traveller, v. 400. Charente, department, France, V. 400. , wine, xxiv. 606. Charente-Infisrieure, department, France, v. 400. Charenton-le-Pont, town, France, v. 400. Chares of Lindus, Greek sculptor, vi. 166; xx. 526. Charge d’ Affaires, i. 657; xm. 193-. Charger, war-horse, xn. 191. Charikar, town, Afghanistan, 1. 230. Chariot, v. 401 ; racing, in ancient games, x. 64. Charis, in Greek mythology, xi. 26. Charismata, in the early church, xix. 675. CHARITES, The, in Greek mythology, xi. 26. Charities, English, v. 401. Chariton, of Aphrodisias, Greek romancist, V. 402; xx. 636. Charivari, Le, French comic journal, v. 105. Charlcote Park, Warwickshire, England, XXL 738, 753. Charlemagne (Charles the Great), emperor, v. 402; ix. 531; x. 478; coronation of, VI. 429 ; the empire he created, xx. 382; academy he founded, I. 69; his friendship for Alcuin, I. 472; his influence in England, Vlll. 282; his conquests in Italy, xill. 468; xiv. 816; xx. 786; MSS. of his time, XVlll. 160; treaty with Nicephorus L, XVII. 481; popedom in his time, xix. 495; his subjugation of the Saxons, XXL 351; his expedition to Spain, xx. 626, 778; XXII. 310; his tomb, I. 432. , Jean Armand, French dramatist, v. 404. and his Twelve Peers, romances, xx. 649.

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Charlevoix, Pierre Fran§ois Xavier Charlemont, citadel of Givet, France, Charles III., of Navarre, xxil 324. de, French traveller, V. 429. IV., of Navarre, V. 423; XXIL 324. CHARLIER, John, of Gerson, chancellor x. 626. (of Hohenzollern), king of RouCharleroi, town, Belgium, v. 404. of Paris university, X. 549. mania, xxi. 21. Charlotte, town, North Carolina, Charles I., tlie Great, or Charlemagne I-III., dukes of Savoy, XXL 341U.S.A., xvii. 561. (q.v.), emperor, v. 402. I., king of Spain (emperor Charles Amalie, town, St Thomas, West II., the Bald, emperor (I. of France), V., q-v.), V. 413; XXIL 328. Indies, XXL 200. V. 409; IX. 534; X. 480. II., of Spain, V. 418; ix. 580; xxil Charlottenburg, town, Prussia, v. HI., the Fat, emperor (II. ot 333. France), V. 409; IX. 535; X. 481. 429. . HI., of Spain, V. 419; ix. 582; Charlottesville, town, Virginia, IV., emperor, V. 412; X. 494; XXIL 336, 340. U.S.A., v. 430. his interference with Sienese, XXII. 40. IV., of Spain, v. 419; xxn. 342. V., emperor (I. of Spain), v. 413; , Canada, mineral water of, xvi. 436. VIII., king of Sweden, XXIL 747. Charlottetown, town, Prince Edward X. 497; XIII. 716; xxil. 328; his IX., of Sweden, v. 419; XXIL 748. attitude towards the Reformation, XV. Island, North America, v. 43°> xix. X., of Sweden (Charles Gustavus), 74; XX. 328; towards the council of 740^ . . v. 419; xxil 749. Charlotteville, town, Dominica, Trent, xxm. 546; his treatment of XL, of Sweden, v. 420; xxil 749. Hernan Cortes, VI. 442; his relations West Indies, vn. 354. XII., of Sweden, V. 420; XXIL with Henry VIII. of England, XL 750; his conflict with Russia, XXL Charlton White, pigment, xix. 86. 663; his rivalry with Francis I. of 97; Voltaire’s History of his Life, Charmides, dialogue of Plato, xix. 196. France, IX. 556; as ruler of Holland, CHARMOISE, French breed of sheep, IV. xxiv. 292. XU. 73; his power in Italy, XIII. 482; 246. XIII., of Sweden, v. 422; xxil 752. his relations with Spain, xvill. 743. XIV., of Sweden (Bernadette), ill. Charms, Magical, xv. 202. VI., emperor, v. 418; X. 502. Charnel-House, in architecture, 11. 601; xvii. 220; xxil 752. VII., emperor, v. 418; X. 503. 462. XV., of Sweden, v. 422; xxil 753. , or Charles Louis, archduke of Charollais, district, France, xxi. 301. , duke of Guise, XL 267. Austria, V. 423. duke of Orleans (Charles d’ Charolles, town, France, v. 430; xxi. , the Bold, duke of Burgundy, v.424; 302. Orleans), early French writer, XVII. ix. 552; his invasion of Switzerland, Charon, in Greek mythology, v. 430; 851; ix. 647. xxil 786. terra-cotta group, XXHI. 192. , Jacques A. C., French aeronaut, 1. I., king of England, V. 404; VIII. Charondas, Greek lawgiver, v. 430. 188. 345; parliament under, XVIII. 307; , Thomas, Welsh Methodist preacher, CHARONNE, heights, Paris, xvill. 274. his policy in Ireland, xm. 266; in Charpentier, Francois, French archaeoxvi. 193. Scotland, XXL 511; his relations with logist, v. 430. Albert (of Savoy-Carignano), Buckingham, IV. 418; with Earl 2 , Jean de, on glaciers, X. 628. king of Sardinia, V. 4 S> XIII. 486; Strafford, XXIL 584; XXIV. 17; defence CHARR, fish, Xli. 693; xxi. 223, 225. XXL 342. of, by Salmasius, XXL 220. Augustus, grand-duke of Saxe- Charran (Haran), of Scripture, XL 454. II., of England, V. 408; VIII. 348; Charriere, Madame de, Swiss writer, Weimar, v. 425; xxi. 350. his relations with Monmouth, XVI. xxil 799. Edward Stuart, prince, v. 426; 755; with the Popish Plot, xvn. £97; CharrON, Pierre, French philosopher, viii. 355; xxi. 526. with Presbyterianism, xix. 690; his V. 430; IX. 655; on scepticism, XXL Emmanuel L, duke of Savoy, v. rule in Ireland, XIII. 267; his policy 382. 427; xxi. 341. in Scotland, XXL 514. Charrua, Indian tribe, South America, Emmanuel II.-IV., of Savoy, 1., the Bald, king of France (emperor xxiv. 16. xxi. 342. Charles II.), v. 409; IX. 534; x. 480. Charsadda, town, India, xviii. 684. et Georges, Affair of, Portugal, II., the Fat, of France (emperor Charta Bombycina, cotton paper, xix. 553. Charles III.), v. 409; ix. 535; x. xviii. 217. Island, Galapagos, Pacific, x. 17. 481. Charter, v. 431. Louis Mountains, New Guinea, III., the Simple, of France, V. 409; Chartergus, genus of wasps, xxiv. xvii. 386. ix. 535392Martel, mayor of the palace, IV., the Fair, of France, v. 409; ix. Charter House, Carthusian monasFrance, v. 427; ix. 531. 545tery, 1. 20; v. 163. O’Malley, Lever’s novel, xiv. V., the Wise, of France, V. 409; IX. Charterhouse School, London, xiv. 485. 547Charles’s Law, of gases, xvi. 611; xix. VI., of France, V. 410; ix. 548. Charteris, Henry, early Scottish 243; xxil 479. VII., of France, V. 410; ix. 549. printer, XXL 541. Charleston, town, South Carolina, VIII., of France, V. 411; IX. 553; Charter-Party, shipping contract, v. U.S.A., v. 428; xxil 288. in Italy, ix. 335; xm. 481. 433, town, West Virginia, U.S.A., xxiv. IX., of France, V. 412; IX. 560. Charters, English, Early forms of, vil. 519. X., of France, V. 412; IX. 619. 2 55, (count of Anjou and Provence), Charlestown, town, Massachusetts, Charter Writing, xviii. 161. U.S.A., v. 429. king of Naples, V. 422; his relations , town, Nevis, West Indies, xvn. Chartier, Alain, French writer, V. 433; with Pope Martin IV., XV. 582; as 6 ix. 647. 3 9senator of Rome, XX. 797; his rule in Chartism, movement for political reCharlet, Nicolas Toussaint, French Sicily, xxil 27; as lord of Tuscany, form, V. 433; VIII. 366; in relation painter, V. 429. XIII. 475. to socialism, XXIL 210. Charleton, Walter, on birds, xvm. 4. II., the Bad, king of Navarre, V. Chartres, town, France, v. 434; catheCharleville, town, France, v. 429. 423; XXII. 324.

C H A —C H E dral, architecture of, II. 430; sculptures in cathedral, xxi. 562. Chartres, Humanist school of, xxi. 421. , William de, grand-master of the Templars, xxm. 162. Chartreuse, liqueur, v. 435; xiv. 687. , La Grande, monastery, France, v. 434, 163Charts, Marine, xvn. 263; xv. 518; their early use in navigation, xvn. 253Charvakhas, Hindu materialistic sect, xxi. 291. Charybdis, whirlpool, xxiv. 541. , Scylla and, legend of, XXL 574. Chase, The, hunting, xn. 393; Norman laws of, ix. 409. , Salmon Portland, American statesman, v. 435; xxiii. 770. Chasidim (Asidaeans), ancient Jewish party, II. 729. , modern Jewish sect, xm. 681. Chasing, ornamentation of metals, vm. 189. Chasseron, mountain, Switzerland, xiii. 781. Chastaigner, Louis de, patron of Scaliger, XXL 363. Chastelain, Georges, Burgundian chronicler, v. 435. Chastelard, Pierre Boscobel de, French poet, V. 436; his relations with Mary, queen of Scots, xv. 595. Chastenoy, France, Peace of (1576), ix. 562. Chasuble, ecclesiastical vestment, vi. 462. Chat, bird, xxiv. 537. Chateau Barriere, ruin, Perigueux, France, xviii. 534. Chateaubriand, Francois Rene, Vicomte de, French essayist, v. 436; ix. 672, 674. Chateaubriant, town, France, v. 438Chateau - Chinon, town, Nievre, France, xvn. 496. Chateau d’ Oleron, town, France, xvii. 761. Chateaudun, town, France, v. 438. Chateau-Gontier, town, France, v. 438; xv. 648. Chateauneuf, spa, France,' xx. 120. Chateauroux, town, France, v. 438. Chateau-Thierry, town, France, v. 4395 battle of (1814), xvii. 221. Chateldon, France, mineral water of, xvi. 436; xx. 120. Chatelet, Madame du, Voltaire’s association with, xxiv. 287. Chatelguyon, spa, France, xx. 120. Chatellerault, town, France, v. 439; xxiv. 222. Chater, river, England, xxi. 114. Chatham, town, England, v. 439; dock-

yard, vii. 311, 318; school of military engineering, 11. 586. Chatham, town, Ontario, Canada, xvn. 775, town, New Brunswick, xvn. 375. First Earl of, (William Pitt), English statesman, v. 440; vm. 356; x. 423; xix. 134. Islands, Pacific Ocean, v. 444; xvii. 466. Isle, Galapagos, Pacific, x. 17. Chatillon, Gaultier de, author of the romance Alexandreis, xx. 641. Chatillon-SUR-Seine, town, France, v. 444. Chatisgarh (Chhatisgarh), district, India, v. 608. Chat Moss, England, Reclamation of, 1. 404; railway works at, xx. 233. Chatsworth, seat of duke of Devonshire, Derby, England, v. 445. Chattahoochee, river, Georgia,U.S. A., x. 434. C H ATT an OOG A, town, Tennessee, U. S. A., v. 445; xxiii. 178. Chatterton, Thomas, English poet, V. 445Chatti, ancient German people, v. 244. Chaturanga, Hindu game, v. 598. Chaubisi, district, Nepal, xvn. 340. Chaucer, Geoffrey, English poet, v. 449; his connexion with London, Xiv. 845; English language in time of, vm. 397; his place in English literature, VIII. 411. Chauci, ancient German tribe, x. 473; xiii. 758. Chaudes-Aigues, town, France, v. 454Chaudet, Antoine, French sculptor, xxi. 564. Chaudiere, river and falls, Canada, xviii. 68; xx. 165. Chauhans, clan of Rajputs, India, xv. 303Chauliac, Guy de, French surgeon, xxii. 675. Chaumont, town, France, v. 454; district, xv. 562. Chauna, genus of birds, XXL 552. Chauncy, Charles, American Universalist, xxiii. 831. Chauny, town, France, v. 454. Chauvin, Etienne, French Reformed divine, v. 454; his Lexicon Rationale, VIII. 194. Chaux de Fonds, town, Switzerland, v. 454; xvii. 361; xxii. 779. Chaves, town, Portugal, v. 454. Chay-Root, dye, XV. 177. Cha-Yul, district, Tibet, XXIII. 341. Chazelles, Jean Matthieu de, French mathematician, v. 454. Cheating, in law, ix. 726; xxm. 233. Check, or Cheque, v. 583; m. 315. Checquy, in heraldry, XL 698. Cheddar Cheese, v. 456; in. 163.

93 Cheduba, island, Bay of Bengal, v. 454Chee, or Tshi, tribe and language, Gold Coast, Africa, x. 756. Cheek, Anatomy of the, 1. 825. Cheer-Pine, tree, xix. 105. Cheese, v. 455; xvi. 304; Cheddar, v. 456; 111.163; Dunlop,in. 163; Glarus, X. 636; Milanese, xvi. 292; Stilton, Xiv. 424; Italian varieties, XIIL 452; Swiss, xxii. 779. Cheese-Making, in England, v. 589; vi. 771. Cheese-Mite, xvi. 529. Cheetah, or Hunting Leopard, v. 456; xii. 396; xiv. 463; xv. 435. Che-Foo, town, China, v. 455, 634. Chefren, Chephren, or Khafra, Egyptian king, V. 582; VII. 733; pyramid of, 11. 386; xx. 123. Che Hwang-te, emperor of China, v. 643CHEKE, Sir John, English scholar, v. 457Che-Keang, province, China, v. 636. Chekhs (Czechs, q.v.), Slav race, xxii. I 45, 147Chelcicky, Peter, leader of a Moravian sect, xvi. 811; xxn. 151. Chelebi, Ali and Katib, Ottoman writers, xxm. 657. Chelidon, genus of birds, XV. 581. Chelidonian Islands, Asia Minor, xv. 93. Chelidoptera, genus of birds, xx. 101. Chellia, Jebel, mountain, Numidia, xvii. 628. Chelmsford, town, England, v. 457. Chelonia, group of reptiles, xx. 440, 445; xxiii. 455; in Lankester’s classification, xxiv. 812. , genus of reptiles, xxm. 458. Chelsea, borough, London, v. 457; Xiv. 821; porcelain works at, xix. 640; Royal Military Asylum at, II. 586. , town, Massachusetts, U.S.A., v. 458. Cheltenham, town, England, v. 458. Chelydid^e, family of chelonian reptiles, xxiii. 457. Chelydridve, family of chelonian reptiles, XXIH. 457. Chelys, Greek lyre, xv. 114. , genus of chelonian reptiles, XX. 452; xxiii. 459. Chemical Medicine, Schools of, xv. 808, 810. Chemicals, Magnetism of, xv. 264. Chemicking, in bleaching, ill. 817. Chemistry, v. 459 (index, 579); inorganic, v. 467; organic, V. 544; origin of, in alchemy, 1. 459; analysis and synthesis in, I. 795; Dalton’s atomic theory, VI. 785; molecules in, xvi. 620; in relation to minerals, xvi. 379; to physiology, xix. 9; to zoo-

V

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Chesuncook, lake, Maine, U.S.A., xv. logical study, xxiv. 815; of iron, xm. Cheribon, town, Java, v. 585; xiii. 298. 606; residency, xiii. 606. 279; of lichens, XIV. 558; of rubies, Cheta, district, ancient Syria, xxn. Cherkassk, or Tcherkassk, district, xxi. 48; thermometers used in, XXIII. 822. Russia, vil. 356; xvii. 609. 290; contributions to the science by Chetham Library, Manchester, xv. CHEROKEES, American-Indian tribe, V. Gay Lussac, x. 122; by Liebig, xiv. 463585; X. 437; xil. 828, 834. 566; by Newton, xvn. 448; by Chetlat, island, Laccadives, Indian Priestley, xix. 732; by Regnault, xx. Cheroot, variety of cigar, v. 776; Ocean, xiv. 183. xxiii. 426. 347; by Ste-Claire Deville, xxi. 166; Chettle, Henry, English poet, VI. 296. Cherra Poonjee, station, India, xiv. by Scheele, xxi. 388; by Wohler, Chevalier, Michel, French economist, 58. xxiv. 626; by Wurtz, xxiv. 703; xix. 395. Cherry, tree and fruit, v. 586; xn. 270. societies for promotion of, xxn. 225. , Sulpice Guillaume, French cariCherry-Kernel Oil, xvii. 744. Chemmis, ancient town, Egypt, vn. caturist, x. 118. Cherry-Laurel, tree, xiv. 348. 794, Sulpice Paul, French caricaturist, Cherso, island, Illyria, V. 586. Chemnitz, town, Saxony, v. 580; xxi. v. 105. Chersonese, peninsula, v. 586. 358. de St George (James Stuart, the . j Demosthenes’s oration on the, VIL , Martin, German Lutheran divine, Pretender), XIII. 560. 1 7v. 580. in fortification, ix. , Heracleotic, part of Crimea, XXL Chevaux-de-Frise, , Philipp Bogislaw von, German 2 4 3, 616. publicist, XX. 100. , Tauric, Crimea, VI. 585; coins of, Cheve, Emile, French musician, XVII. Chemosh, god of the Moabites, xvi. 100. xvii. 640. 534Chevets, in architecture, 11. 430. CHERSONESUS, ancient town, Russia, Chemy, or Alchemy, 1. 459. Cheviot Hills, Great Britain, v. 608; vi. 587; xxi. 616. Chen, genus of birds, x. 777. xvii. 564; xxi. 34. Aurea, or Malay Peninsula, XV. ChenchUS, tribe, Karnul, Indian ArchiCheviot Sheep, i. 392. 21 3 pelago, xiv. 6. Chevr/eana, ana of Chevreau, 1. 785. Chendwara (Chhindwara), district and Chert, siliceous rock, x. 239; xvi. Chevron, in heraldry, XI. 694. 389town, India, V. 608. Chevrotain, ungulate mammal, xv. Chenedolle, C. J. Pioult de, French CHERTSEY, town, England, v. 586. 43°Cherubim, of Scripture, v. 587. poet, ix. 672. Cheyenne, town, Wyoming, U.S.A., Chenghiz Khan (Jenghiz Khan), Mon- Cherubini, M. L. Z. C. Salvatore, xxiv. 713. Italian musical composer, V. 587; as gol ruler, xm. 620; II. 699; xvi. Cheyennes, American-Indian tribe, symphonist, XVII. 97. 740. xil 831, 834. Cheng-te Fu (Jehol), town, China, CHERUSCi, ancient German tribe, v. Cheyletid^e, family of Arachnida, XVI. 588. xiii. 619. 528. Chenier, Andre Marie de, French poet, Cherwell, river, England, xvn. 555; Cheyne, George, English physician, xv. xviii. 93; xxiii. 220. v. 581; ix. 665. 811. Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, U.S.A., , Marie Joseph de, French poet and Chezy, Antoine Leonard, French Orienxv. 602. dramatist, v. 581. talist, v. 608. ChenomorpHjE, group of birds, m. Cheselden, William, English surgeon, Chhapra, town, India, XXL 304. 1. 815; xxiv. 189. 712. CHHATISGARH, district, India, V. 608. Cheops, Egyptian king, v. 582; vil. Cheshire, county, England, v. 588; Chhindwara, district and town, India, population and representation, xxiii. 732; pyramid of, xx. 123. v. 608. 727; salt mines of, xxi. 231. Chepangs, tribe, Nepal, xvn. 341. Chhuikhadan, state, India, xx. 257. CHESIL, raised beach, Dorset, England, Chephren, or Khafra, Egyptian king, Chiabrera, Gabriello, Italian lyric vil 371. v. 582; vil. 733; pyramid of, II. 386; poet, v. 609; xiii. 511. Chesney, Charles Cornwallis, English xx. 123. Chiamdo, town, Tibet, xxm. 342; river, military writer, V. 591. Cheping Walden (Saffron Walden), xxiii. 339. Chess, game, v. 592. town, England, xxi. 146. Chiapas, state, Mexico, xvi. 214. Chess-Playing Automatons, xv. Chepstow, town, Monmouth, England, Chiaramonte, town, Sicily, V. 609. 210. v. 583; castle, xvi. 754. Chiaramonti, Gregorio Luigi Barnaba CHESSYLITE, mineral, VI. 347; XV. 315. Cheque, in banking, v. 583; ill. 315. (Pope Pius VII.), xix. 155. Cher, department, France, V. 584; CHEST, Anatomy of the, I. 822; XX. 476; Chiari, town, Italy, v. 609. inflammation of, XIX. 222. river, xiv. 806. , for clothes, in furniture, IX. 848. Chiaroscuro, in drawing, vil 449. Cheras, dynasty, Mysore, India, XVII. Chester, or Cheshire (q.v.), county, Chiastolite, mineral, xvi. 408. 123. Chiavari, town, Italy, v. 610. England, V. 588. Cherasco, tqwn, Italy, v. 584. Chiavenna, town, Italy, v. 610. , town, England, V. 604. Cherbourg, town, France, v. 584; , town, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., V. 606. Chiazza, town, Sicily, xix. 79. xv. 459. Cherbuliez, Swiss family of writers, Chesterfield, town, England, v. 606. Chibchas, Indians, Colombia, VI. 156. Chicago, town, Illinois, U.S.A., v. 710; , Fourth Earl of, V. 606. xxii. 799. XXL 178; XXIII. 822; libraries of, Chester-le-Street, town, England, , Victor, Swiss novelist, XXII. 799. xiv. 535, 550; newspapers, xvn. 435. v. 608. CHERCHELL, town, North-West Africa, Chester Plays, English miracle-plays, CHICARA, kind of antelope, II. 102. xv. 637. Chichele, or Chichely, Henry, archvil 414. Cheremiss, or Tcheremissian, Uralbishop of Canterbury, v. 613. Altaic language, ix. 219; xxiv. I; Chestnut, tree and fruit, v. 608; xvii. 664; in United States, xxm. 808; Chichen-Itza, ancient town, Yucatan, dictionary of, VII. 188. 1. 694; XXIV. 43, 759culture of, II. 317. Cherethites, of Scripture, xvm. 757.

C H I —C H I Chicheree, bird, xiv. 81. Chichester, town, England, v. 613; XXII. 724; sculptures in cathedral, xxi. 557. Chichimecs, people, ancient Mexico, xvi. 209. Chick, in various stages, 11. 700. Chickamauga, U.S.A., Battle of (1863), xxiii. 778. Chickasaws, American-Indian tribe, v. 614; xii. 828, 835. Chickering, Jonas, pianoforte maker, xix. 77. Chick-Pea, plant, xi. 36. Chiclana, town, Spain, v. 614. Chiclayo, town, Peru, xvm. 674. Chicopee, town, Massachusetts, U.S.A., v. 614. Chicory, plant, v. 614; culture of, 1. 383; xii. 281; as forage, 1. 378; root mixed with coffee, I. 169; VI. 114. Chicova, town, on Zambesi river, Africa, xxiv. 765. Chief, in heraldry, xi. 694. , of Scottish clans and Irish septs, xxiii. 418. Justice, legal title, xm. 788. Chieftainship, Celtic, v. 800. Chieng Mai, Shan state and town, Eastern Asia, xxi. 773, 853. Chieri, town, Italy, V. 615. Chieti, town, Italy, v. 615. Chiffchaff, bird, xxiv. 688. Chigi, Agostino, Italian patron of art, xx. 279. , Fabio (Pope Alexander VII.), I. 490. Frescos, Raphael’s, xx. 279. Chignecto Bay, New Brunswick, xvn. 373Chigoe, insect, IX. 301; XIII. 150. Chihil Menare, ruins of Persepolis, Persia, xvm. 558. Chihil Sutun, palace, Ispahan, xm. 394Chih-li, province, China, v. 633. Chihuahua, town, Mexico, v. 615; xvi. 214; province, xvi. 214. , town, Texas, U.S.A., xxi. 254. Chilblain, form of frost-bite, xvi. 849Child, its position in law, XIII. 1. ■ , Sir Josiah, English economist, XIX. 357, Lydia American authoress, I. 727. Child-Crowing, false croup, vi. 617; xxiii. 320. Childe Harold, Byron’s poem, iv. 606. Childeric I., king of the Franks, x. 476. Childers, Robert Caesar, English Orientalist, v. 615. Childhood, Period of, xv. 778. Child Murder, xiii. 3. Children, Diet for, vn. 201; law relating to, xiii. 1.

CHILDRENITE, mineral, XVI. 407. Children’s Crusade, vi. 627. Chile (Chili, q.v.), country, South America, v. 616. Chilenite, mineral, xvi. 393. Chiles, mountain, Ecuador, vil. 645. Chili, country, South America, v. 616; I. 713; new northern boundary, xvill. 669; revolt against Spain, 1. 709; Lord Cochrane’s naval exploits in, vil. 540; war with Peru (1879), xvni. 679; marine fishes of, XII. 681; forests, IX. 406; Indian tribes, xn. 829; newspapers, xvii. 437; observatory at Santiago, xvn. 716; railways, xx. 252. , vegetable, xn. 280. Chilians, Ancient, 1. 700. Chilianwala, India, Battle of (1849), v. 624; xii. 808. Chiliasm, or Millenarianism, in Christian eschatology, vm. 534; xvi. 315; xviii. 427; xx. 497. Chillan, town, Chili, v. 624; mineral spring at, v. 617. Chillianwalla, town, India, v. 624; battle of (1849), xil. 808. Chillicothe, town, Ohio, U.S.A., v. 624. Chillingham Park, Northumberland, England, xvn. 566; wild cattle of, v. 245. Chillingworth, William, English divine, V. 624. Chillon, Castle of, Switzerland, xxiv. 115; Prisoner of (Bonnivard), IV. 36. Chilly, pickle, v. 280. Chilmaree, town, India, v. 625. Chiloanga, river, West Africa, xiv. 742. Chiloe, island and province, Chili, v. 617, 625. Chilognatha, order of Myriapoda, XVII. 118. Chilon, Greek sage, v. 626. Chilopoda, order of Myriapoda, xvn. 119. Chiloscyllium, genus of sharks, xxi. 774Chiloscyphus, genus of liverworts, xvii. 68. Chilostoma, suborder of Polyzoa, xix. 437Chilostomellidea, order of Protozoa, xix. 847. Chiltern Hills, England, v. 626; xviii. 93. Chiltern Hundreds, Bucks,England, iv. 416; stewardship of, v. 626. Chilunga, district, West Africa, Xiv. 742. Chuvlera, in Greek mythology, v. 626; XV. 94; in heraldry, XL 701. Chimay, town, Belgium, v. 626. Chimborazo, mountain, Ecuador, vil 645. Chimbote, town, Peru, xviii. 674. Chime, of bells, in. 539.

95 Chimney, in building, iv. 466; ventilation by, xxiv. 159. Chimpanzee, ape, 11. 149. China, v. 626 (index, 672); 11. 684; in Ptolemy’s geography, xx. 95; early history of, II. 117, 700; its conquests in Turkestan, xxm. 639; invasion of, by the Bactrians, xvin. 590, 592, 599; by Jenghiz Khan, xm. 621; conquest of by the Mongols, xiv. 151; xvi. 742; its rule in Tibet, xxm. 343; in time of Marco Polo, xix. 406; architecture, 11. 448; birds, ill. 762; coalfields, VI. 59; coins, xvil. 661; cotton supply, vi. 484; emigration from, vm. 175; forests, ix. 405 ; glass-making, x. 651 ; libraries, xiv. 534, 549; Confucian literature, vi. 263; mines, xvi. 469; Christian missions, xvi. 517; Jesuit missions, XIIL 652; xx. 536; newspapers, XVII. 432; observatories, XVII. 716; opium cultivation and trade, XVIL 788, 791; pearl oysters, xvni. 448; porcelain, xix. 633; railways, xx. 252 ; religion, xx. 363 ; ancient religion, xxm. 236; Taoist religion, Xiv. 296; Roman Catholic Church in, XIX. 810; silk industry in, xxn. 56; tea culture, xxm. 98; weights and measures, xxiv. 490; survey of, by Jesuit missionaries, x. 188. Aster, plant, 11. 736; xil 249. CHINAB, river, Punjab, India, XX. 107. China Blue, for calico printing, iv. 690. China Clay, xiv. i. China Grass, xx. 506. China Ink, xiii. 80. Chinali Mountains, Texas, U.S.A., xxiii. 204. Chinandega, town, Nicaragua, xvil 477China Sea, xviii. 116. Chincha, town, Peru, XVIII. 674. Islands, Peru, v. 673; xviil 671; guano of, XL 233. Chinchay-Cocha, lake, Peru, xviil 673Chinchew, town, China, v. 673. Chinchilla, rodent mammal, v. 673; iv. 13; XV. 420; skins of, IX. 838. , town, Spain, v. 673. Chinchon, Countess of, her connexion with cinchona, v. 781. Chinchona (Cinchona, q-v.), tree, v. 780; xviil 673. Chinchu, town, China, v. 673. Chin-Cough, or Hooping-Cough, xil 154. Chinese, people of China, 11. 697; their relations to American Indians, xn. 823; compared to the Peruvians, 1. 698; in California, iv. 706; their use of explosives in war, 11. 655. Astronomy, ii. 745. Chronology, v. 717. Coolies, vi. 334.

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Chlorite, mineral, x. 228; xvi. 413. Chiroxiphia, genus of birds, xv. 455. CHLORITOID, mineral, XVI. 413. Chinese Drama, vie 400Chiru, antelope, 11. 102. Chlorocalcite, mineral, xvi. 384. Chinese Hog, i. 4o°Chinese Language, v.653; xvni. 774; Chisel, cutting tool, xi. 437. Chloroform, in chemistry, v. 679; as alphabetism of, I. 602; its relation to Chiswick, village, England, v. 675. anaesthetic, I. 790 ; its use first adJapanese, xm. 585; Julien’s works on, Chitarrone, Roman lute, xv. 70. vocated by Simpson, xxil 86. Chiton, Greek article of dress, vi. 453. CHLOROMELANITE, mineral, XIII. 541. xiii. 770; dictionaries, VIE 191. Chitons, order of Mollusca, xvi. 641. CHLOROPAL, mineral, XVI. 425. Chinese Literature, v. 653. Chinese Pink, garden annual, xn. 249. Chitral, state and town, Hindu Kush, Chloroph/eite, mineral, xvi. 415. Asia, xi. 838; xiv. 9. Chinese Tallow, vegetable fat, xvie Chittagong, district and town, India, Chlorophyll, green-producing colouring matter in plants, xix. 48, 52> 57? 744, 746. v. 675. Ching-hai, or Chin-hae, town, China, v. 831; in. 690; iv. 87; xil. 12.' Hill Tracts, district, India, v. Chlorophyllite, mineral, xvi. 418. 674; xvie 513. 675. CHINGLEPUT, town, India, v. 674. Chloroplatinic Acid, xix. 191. CHING-SZE, Jenghiz Khan (q.v.), XIII. CHIUS, or Chios (q-v.), island, II. 349. Chlorops, wheat pests, xxiv. 535. Chiusa, town, Italy, v. 676. 620. Chiushingura, Japanese tale, vie Chlorosis, disease, xm. 360; xviii. Ching-too Foo, town, China, v. 638. 375. 402. Chlorospermeze, suborder of Algae, Chin-hae, town, China, v. 674; xvie Chiusi, town, Italy, v. 676; vm. 635. 513. 1. 508. Chivalry, xiv. i 10; in England, vm. Chin-keang Foo, town, China, v. Chlorospinel, mineral, xvi. 386. 299; in German literature, X. 523; Chloroxylon, genus of trees, XXL 674romances of, xx. 632; Spanish books Chinnereth, Sea of, .or Sea of Galilee, 31?of, xxii. 354; treatment of, in YillePalestine, X. 29. Chlorus, Constantius, Roman emperor, hardouin’s Chronicle, XXIV. 230. Chino, Negro and Indian half-caste, Chivasso, town, Italy, v. 676. at Paris, xviii. 287. xvie 317. Chnuphis, Egyptian divinity, vn. 718. vegetable, xn. 281. Chinon, town, France, V. 674; peace of Chives, CHOANOFLAGELLATA, subclass of ProChiviatite, mineral, xvi. 396. (1214), XIII. 714. tozoa, XIX. 858. Cheadni’s Figures, in acoustics, 1. Chinsurah, town, India, v. 674. Choarene, Parthian kingdom, xvin. ii3Chintamani, Tamil poem, xxm. 43. 592Chioggia, town, Italy, v. 674; war of Chladnite, mineral, xvi. 415. Chobe, town, Zanzibar, Africa, xxiv. CHLAJNACEiE, order of plants, Madagas(1379), xiii. 480; xxiv. 144. 768. car, xv. 170. Chiolite, mineral, XVI. 384. Chocolate, preparation from Cocoa Cheamydophora, order of Protozoa, Chionis, genus of birds, xxi. 782. (q.v.), v. 680; VI. 101. xix. 845. Chios (Scio), Greek island, XXL 465; Chlamydophore, edentate mammal, v. Choctaws, North-American Indians, coins of, xvie 647; school of sculpture v. 680. 676; xv. 386. at, IE 349Choczim (Khotin), town, Russia, xiv. Chlamydosaurus, genus of lizards, Chiozza (Chioggia), town, Italy, v. 674; 67. xiv. 736; xx. 457, 458xxiv. 144. Chodneffite, mineral, xvi. 384. Chlamydoselachus, genus of sharks, ChiplUN, town, India, XX. 292. Chodowiecki, Daniel Nicolas, Polish xxi. 778. Chipmunk, American squirrel, xxn. painter, v. 681. Chlamys, Greek article of dress, VI. 438 Chceronycteris, genus of bats, xv. 453Chippenham, town, England, v. 674; 4I4CHLOANTITE, mineral, xvi. 390. xxiv. 594. Chceropsis, genus of ungulate mamChippeways, American Indians, xn. Chloasma, skin disease, xxn. 122. mals, xxil 772. Cheodwig (Clovis, q.v.), Frankish king, 827, 831. Chceropus, genus of marsupial mamX. 476. Chipping Barnet, town, England, in. mals, xv. 381; xxil 285. Cheoeia, genus of Annelida, 11. 68. 379Choir, in architecture, 11. 462. Chipping Wycombe, town, England, Chlopicki, Joseph, Polish insurgent, , Musical, xvil 84, 85. xix. 298. xxiv. 712. Choiseul, island, South Pacific, xxil Chiputneticook, lakes, New Bruns- Chloral, in chemistry, v. 676; hydrate 252. of, v. 677; xvie 232. wick, xvie 373. , Cesar, Due de, French general, V. Chlorate of Potash, xix. 591; as CHIQUITOS, American Indians, XII. 68l< explosive, VIII. 807. 829. , Claude Antoine Gabriel, Due de, Chlorate of Soda, xxii. 241. Chira, town, Turkestan, xiv. 67. French royalist, V. 681. Chirimoya, Peruvian fruit, xvill. 673. Chlorhydrate of Amylene, Wurtz’s Etienne Francois, Due de, French investigation of, xxiv. 703. Chirk, Wales, Aqueduct of, 11. 229. statesman, V. 681; IX. 590, 593. Chirogaleus, genus of lemurs, xiv. Chloride of iron, xm. 280; of lime, Choisy-le-ROI, town, France, XXL V. 678 ; of mercury, XVI. 33 ; of 442. 624. methyl, xvi. 196; of potash, XIX. 591; ChiromacHjERIS, genus of birds, xv. of silver, XXII. 72; of sulphur, xxil. Choke-Bore Gun, xi. 281; xxi. 833. 455Cholera, v. 682; quarantine for, xx. 635; of titanium, XXIIL 410. Chiromancy, palmistry, XV. 206; XIX. 157, . , Ferric, magnetism of, XV. 267. 4Chlorine, chemical element, v. 678, Cholesterin, chemical compound m Chiromys, genus of lemurs, xiv. 443. nerves, xix. 24. 490; xvil. 62; discovery of, by BerChiron, in Greek mythology, v. 675. Cholet, town, France, V. 685. thollet, ill. 609; its action on metals, Chironectes, genus of marsupial Cholm, town, Russia, xx. 36. xvi. 71 ; as plant food, xix. 49; as mammals, xvie 796. Cholo, issue of Negro and Indian, xvn. poison, xix. 279; use of, in bleaching, Chiroptera, order of Mammalia, xv. in. 812. 319405.

C H O —C H R Cholcepus, genus of edentate mammals, xxn. 162. CHOLON, town, Cochin-China, xxi. 152. CHOLULA, town, Mexico, v. 685. CHOLUM, Indian grain, xvi. 321. Cholutec, language, Nicaragua, xvn. 479Choluteca, department, Honduras, Xil. 132. Chomto Dong, lake, Tibet, xxm. 341. Chondrarsenite, mineral, xvi. 405. Chondrin, substance akin to gelatin, x. 130. Chondrite, meteoric stone, xvi. 112. Chondrodite, mineral, xvi. 410. Chondropterygii, order of fishes, xn. 685. Chondrosina, order of sponges, xxn. 422. Chondrostei, suborder of fishes, xn. 687. Chondrosteus, genus of fossil fishes, xxii. 612. Chondrus Crispus, species of Algse, xiii. 276. Chonicrite, mineral, xvi. 414. Chonos Archipelago, Patagonia, xviii. 352. Chons, or Khuns, Egyptian deity, v. 685; vie 718. Chontal, language, Nicaragua, xvn. 479Chontales, gold mines, Nicaragua, xvii. 478. Choo Yuen-Chang, founder of Ming dynasty, China, v. 648; xvi. 743. Chopin, Frederic Frangois, Polish musical composer, v. 685. Choragic Monuments, ii. 41 i. Chorals, hymn-tunes, xvil. 85. Chorasmia, ancient kingdom, Turkestan, xiv. 62; xviii. 101. Chorazin, Palestine, Site of, x. 29. Chorda Filum, species of Algae, 1. 509. Chordata, group of animals, xxm. 614, 618; xxiv. 179. Chords, Ptolemy’s table of, xx. 88. Chorea, disease, v. 686; xviii. 391, 398; xx. 517; XXL 201. Chorene, Moses of, Armenian historian, xvi. 861. Chorepiscopus, ecclesiastical dignitary, vie 14. Chorin, Cistercian monastery, Prussia, xvii. 366. Choristida, order of sponges, xxn. 423. Chorizontes, advocates of dual authorship of Homeric poems, XII. 119. Chorley, town, England, v. 686. Chorography, notation for dancing, vi. 800. Choroid Coat, of the eye, 1. 887; diseases of, xvil 783. Choroiditis, eye disease, xvil 782, 783. Chorotegan, language, Nicaragua, xvii. 479.

Chorrillos, town, Peru, xiv. 644. Chorus, in the Greek drama, xvil 79; vill. 674. Choses in Action, Choses in Possession, in law, xviii. 665. Chosroene, district, Mesopotamia, xviii. 57. CHOSROES I. (Khosrau I.), king of Persia, xvin. 612; xm. 797. II., xviii. 614; palace of, at Mashita in Moab, xvil 35. Chota Nagpur, or Chutia Nagpur, British division, and tributary states, India, V. 767, 768; population of, III. 567. Chotchim (Khotin), town, Russia, xiv. 67. Choti, kind of cloth, xi. 315. Chotts, or Shotts, lakes, Algeria, 1. 563; XXL 151; XXIII. 620. Chotzemitz, Bohemia, Battle of (1757), xiv. 137. Chouans, royalist insurgents, France, v. 686; ix. 607. Chough, bird, vi. 618. Choumara, F. M. T., on fortification, ix. 464. Chouth, Mahratta impost, India, xv. 291. Chow, Dynasty of, China, v. 643. Chowbent, or Atherton, town, England, in. 11. Chozars (Khazars), ancient people, Caucasus, xiv. 59; xxi. 78. Chrestiani, Chrestus, for Christians, Christ, XIII. 657. Chrestien, Florent, French satirist and Latin poet, v. 687. de Troyes, early French romancist, v. 687; xx. 649; xxiv. 632. Chrestus, Chrestiani, for Christ, Christians, Xlll. 657. Chrissie, lake, Transvaal, South Africa, xxiii. 517. Christ, Jesus, v. 687; xm. 656; the Messiah, xvi. 54. Christabel, Coleridge’s poem, vi. 137. Christchurch, town, England, v. 687. , town, New Zealand, v. 688. Christ Church, college, Oxford, xviii. 96. Christian, origin of name, xm. 657. I.-IL, electors of Saxony, XXL 354II., king of Sweden, xxn. 747. , Fletcher, Bounty mutineer, ill. 826; xix. 132. Brethren, religious sect, xix. 238. Era, v. 712. Hero, The, by Steele, xxn. 527. Christiania, town, Norway, v. 688; XVII. 582; library, xiv. 532; observatory, xvil 714; university, xxm. 850.

97 Christianity, v. 688; xx. 360; creeds of, VI. 558; doctrines of, VII. 332; xxiii. 275; doctrine of sacrifice, XXL 138; ethics of, viil. 588; ethical connexion with socialism, xxil. 206; in relation to inspiration, XIII. 155; theology of, xxm. 239; attacks on, 11. 191; Celsus’s attack on, v. 296; in the 2nd century, xvi. 774; Constantine’s relations to, vi. 300; early, in Persia, xviii. 609; in Spain, xxil 311; prophets in the early church, xix. 822; its economic effects, xix. 352 ; its influence on classical art, II. 344; on Roman law, XX. 710; on slavery, xxil. 134; as influenced by Gnosticism, x. 705; by Neoplatonism, xvil 338; its introduction into England, vm. 277; into Ireland, xm. 247; into Japan, xiii. 584; into Russia, XXL 89; into Scotland, XXL 474; inrelation to Manichseism, XV. 485; Pliny’s references to, xix. 226; recognized as the religion of the Roman empire, xx. 778; Clement’s views of, v. 820; Irenseus’s, xiii. 274; Lessing’s, xiv. 482 ; Locke’s, xiv. 756; Origen’s, xvil 841. as Old as the Creation, Tindal’s work, xxill. 404. Not Mysterious, Poland’s work, xxiii. 434. Christian Philosopher, Dick’s work, VIL 173. Christian Republic, of France, ix. 565. Christian Socialism, xxil 210. Christiansand, town, Norway, v. 702; xvii. 582. Christianshaab, trading district, Greenland, XL 170. Christians of St Thomas, sect in India, xxin. 308. Christianstad, town, Sweden, v. 702; county, xxil. 741. Christiansund, town, Norway, v. 702; xvii. 582. Christianus Democritus (J. C. Dippel), German theologian and alchemist, vie 255. Christian Year, Keble’s, xiv. 26. Christina, regent of Savoy, xxi. 342, queen regent of Spain, xxil 345. , queen of Sweden, v. 702; xxn. 749; her correspondence with Descartes, VII. 120. Christine de Pisan, early French writer, V. 703. Christis Kirk on the Grene, poem by James I. of Scotland, xm. 556. Christmas Day, v. 704; xm. 659. Christodulus, St, of Patmos, xviii. 408. Christofle, C., his method of working nickel, xvil 487. Christophe, Negro chief, Hayti, xi. 545XX Y. — 13

C H R— C H w Chulpas, burial towers, Peru, 11. 451. Christopher, St, v. 704; wall paint- Chronicon Edessenum, Syriac work, CHUMBE, mineral, xxiv. 785. xxil 835. ings of, xvii. 44CHUNAR, or Chunarghur, town, India, of Bavaria, king of Sweden, XXII. Chronicon Helveticum, Tschudi’s, v. 757xxiii. 601. 746. CHUND, or Chand, Hindi writer, V. Chronicon Paschale, Byzantine his, duke of Wiirtemberg, XXIV. 702. 758; XL 841, 843. tory, iv. 614. North, assumed name of John CHUNDERNAGORE, French settlement, 1 Chronograph, electric velocity inWilson, Scottish writer, xxiv. 59 India, V. 391. strument, xi. 298; xxiii. 395Christopoulous, Athanasias, modern Chundrakona (Chandrakona), town, Watch, xxiv. 398. Greek poet, V. 704; XI. 151India, xvi. 284. from earliest Christ’s College, Cambridge, iv. Chronologicalv Table, Chunnia, bird, xxi. 677. 2 times to 1875, - 7 °CHUPRAH, town, India, V. 758. 731Chronology, v. 709; archaeological, Christ’s Hospital, school, London, 11. 334; Egyptian, vn. 728; Scaliger’s Chuquisaca, department, Bolivia, iv. xiv. 835. 10; town, xxil. 618. contributions to, XXL 363. Christ’s Victory, poem by Giles Chuquito, lake, Bolivia, iv. n. Chronometer, timepiece,v. 755;xxiii. Fletcher, IX. 305. CHUR, or Coire, town, Switzerland, VI. 392, 395; xxiv. 394; Berthoud’s, 111. Christ’s Wounds, marks of stigmatiz117; xxil 778. 610; Harrison’s, XL 494; navigating, ation, xxii. 548. Church, The, v. 758,9; clergy of the, v. XVII. 259, 263, 273. Chrodegang, bishop of Metz, xvi. 827; discipline of the, Viii. 800; offices CHRONOSCOPE, electric velocity instru707in, XIX. 674; organization of, V. 698; ment, XL 298. Chromates, chemical salts, v. 705; m in time of St Paul, xvill. 428; views photographic printing, xvill. 831; as Chrudim, town, Bohemia, V. 755. of Irenseus on, XIII. 274. Chrysalis, pupa stage of butterflies, iv. poisons, XIX. 278. , Catholic, V. 9. 594Chromatic Aberration, in lenses, , Greek, XL 154. Chrysanthemum, plant, xii. 254; xv. xvi. 259; xvii. 803; xxiii. 141. , Lutheran, xv. 84. 544Chromatic Chords, in music, Purcell’s and State, Relations of, v. 758; Chrysippus, Greek philosopher, V. 755; use of, xvii. 90. XL 16, 18; Calvin on, XIX. 677; xxil 562. Chromatic Scale, in music, 1. 108; Erastus on, VIII. 518. Chrysoberyl, mineral, xvi. 386. xvii. 79, 91. Clocks, vi. 27. CHRYSOCHEIR, leader of the Paulicians, Chromatophores, organs of molluscs, Fathers, ix. 49. xviil. 434. xvi. 665, 681. Government, Erastus on, vm. ChrysochloriDjE, family of insectiChromatrope, slide for magic lantern, 518. vorous mammals, xv. 405. xv. 213. History, v. 760. Chrysocolla, mineral, VI. 347; xvi. Chrome, Pigments of, xix. 87. Churchill, Charles, English satirist, 411Black, for calico printing, iv. V. 766; his place in English literature, Chrysolite, precious stone, XVI. 410; 690. viil. 429. xviil 534. ChrOMEISEN, or Chromium-Steel, alloy , John, duke of Marlborough, CHRYSOLORAS, Manuel, Greek gramof chromium and iron, V. 706; XIII. English general, XV. 553. marian, v. 75$; xi. 149. 352Chrysophan, constituent of rhubarb, Church Music, xvii. 80, 84, 88. Chrome Tanning, xiv. 389. Church of England, viil 370; the xx. 530. Chromic Acid, v. 705. king the head of, XIX. 674; order of Chrysopolis (Ingolstadt), ancient town, Chromite, mineral, xvi. 386. precedence in, xix. 667. Bavaria, xm. 74. Chromium, chemical element, v. 705, Church of Rome, xx. 628. (Parma), mediaeval town, Italy, 534 ; discovery of, by Vauquelin, Church of Scotland, xxi. 536. XVIIL 314. xxiv. 116; combined with iron, xin. (Scutari), ancient town, Turkey in Church Patronage, in Scotland, xxi. 284; spectrum of, xxil. 377. 5!9Asia, XXL 573. Chromium-Steel, xiii. 352. Chromo-Lithography, xiv. 700; CHRYSOPRASE, mineral, 1.278; XVI. 389. Churchwardens, English, xviil 290. CHRYSOSTOM, Dion, Greek rhetorician, Churchyard, Thomas, English soldier xxiii. 708. and writer, V. 767. vil. 247; on Indian epic poems, XXL Chromosphere, envelope of the sun, 281; his romance, The Hunter, XX. Churchyards, Right of burial in, iv. 11. 788; vi. 429; xxil 645. 537 ; effects of overcrowding, V. Chromo-Typography, xxiii. 708. 634329, John, St, archbishop of ConstantiChronica Majora, of Matthew of nople, v. 755; against monasteries, Churls, social class in early England, Paris, xv. 634. viil 274. xvi. 703. Chronicle, of Villehardouin, xxiv. Churriguerra, Joseph, Spanish archiChrysothrix, genus of apes, 11. 154. 229. tect, 11. 442. Chrysotile, mineral, xvi. 414. , of Villani, xxiv. 227. Churrus, or Charas, hemp-resin, HiChu, the rhea plant, xx. 506. , Saxon, viii. 406, 408. 627; xi. 648. Histories, in English drama, vn. Chubb, or Chub, fish, 11. 42; xil. 692; Chusan, island, China, v. 767. xx. 582. 428. , Thomas, English deist, V. 757; on Chutia Nagpur, district, India, v. 767; Chronicles, Books of, v. 706; m. 636. division, XIV. 806. natural religion, VIL 35. , mediaeval records, their historical Chutia Nagpur Tributary States, value, xii. 20; Latinity of, xiv. 341; Chubb’s Locks, xiv. 746. India, V. 768. English, Stow’s editions of, xxil 580; Chubb’s Safes, xxi. 144. Chutisgurh (Chhatisgarh), division, early French, IX. 645; German, x. Chubut, river, Patagonia, XVIII. 353. India, V. 608. 527; Italian, xm. 505; Judaean, XIV. Chukchees, or Tchuktchis, Land of the, Eastern Siberia, xv. 547; xxil Chutterpur, town, India, v. 769. 85; Polish, xix. 299; Russian, xxi. Chwanchow, town, China, v. 673. 9; xxiv. 726. 103; Spanish, XXIL 354, 363.

C H W— C I R

99 Chwen-Chang (Kirin), town, Man- Cimbri, ancient Germanic tribe, v. 780; Cinquefoil, in architecture, 11. 462. churia, xiv. 96. x. 474. Cinque Ports, England, v. 786; vm. Chyle, secretion in digestion, 1. 846; Cimbric Alps, i. 630. 218; their establishment, XVII. 279. vie 226; xvii. 678. Cimento, Accademia del, of Florence, Cinque Ports, Barons of the, m. 388. Chyluria, disease, xvm. 270. 1. 70. Cinthio, or Cintio (Giovanni Battista Chyme, digested contents of the stomach, Cimmerii, or Cimmerians, ancient ScyGiraldi), Italian novelist, x. 620. vii. 225; xvii. 670. thian race, v. 780; XXL 577; in Lydia, ClNTO, Mont, Corsica, vi. 439. ChytridiEjE, parasitic fungi, xvm. XV. 100. Cintra, town, Portugal, v. 787. 267. , mythical people, v. 780; supposed Cinyxis, genus of chelonian reptiles, Cibber, or Cibert, Cains Gabriel, locality of, III. 149. xxiii. 457. Danish sculptor, v. 769. Cimolite, mineral, xvi. 424. ClOLEK, Stanislaus, Polish statesman, , Colley, English dramatist and Cimolos, island, rEgean Sea, xv. 841. xix. 453. laureate, v. 769; vn. 436. ClMON, Athenian statesman and general, ClOMPl, Rebellion of the, Florence, ix. Cibert, Gains Gabriel, Danish sculptor, v. 780; xi. 101; xviii. 529, 573. 334v. 769. Cimone, Monte, mountain, Italy, xm. ClONE, Andrea di (Orcagna), Italian ClBO, Giovanni Battista (Pope Innocent painter and scuiptor, xvii. 814. 437VIII.), xm. 85. Ceslethus, poet of Chios, xxi. 466. , Jacopo, Italian painter, xvii. 814. ClBORlUM, in architecture, II. 462. Cinchona, tree and bark, v. 780; xx. , Lionardo, Italian painter, xvii. Cibrario, Luigi, Italian economist, 184; cultivation of, in India, ill. 568; 814. XIX. 387. XII. 751; on the Himalayas, XI. 833; , Matteo, Italian sculptor and ClCACOLE, town, India, v. 770. in Peru, xviii. 673. mosaicist, xvii. 814. Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Roman orator Cinchonidine, alkaloid in cinchona, Cionocrania, suborder of lizards, Xiv. and writer, v. 770; xx. 764; as xx. 185. 733Academician, 1. 69 ; his knowledge Cincinnati, town, Ohio, U.S.A., v. 780; Cipher-Writing, vi. 669. of anatomy, 1. 802; his economic xvii. 737; population, xxm. 822; Cipollino, mineral, xvi. 397. theories, XIX. 350; his Latinity, libraries, xiv. 535, 550; observatory, Cipriani, Giovanni Battista, Italian XIV xvii. 715. - 3335 his rhetorical works, xx. painter, v. 787. 514; his opposition to Catiline, v. 238; Cincinnatus, Lucius Quinctius, Roman Circar, province, India, v. 787. his relations with Hortensius, XII. 210; hero, v. 784. Circassia, region of the Caucasus, v. his connexion with Tusculum, xxm. ClNCLUS, genus of birds, xviii. 75. 787. 671; his place in Roman literature, Cinctus Gabinus, in Roman costume, Circassian Language, Dictionary of xx. 719. x. 2. the, vii. 190. ClCl, Vlach colony in Istria, xxiv. Cinder, in iron smelting, xm. 296, Circassians, race of people, v. 257; 270. 306. Kuban tribes of, Xiv. 150. Ciclatoun, variety of gold cloth, xxm. ClNEAS, adviser of Pyrrhus, v. 785; xx. Circe, in Greek mythology, v. 789; 210. 136xv. 202. Cicognara, Leopoldo, Count, Italian Cineraria, greenhouse plant, xn. 262. ClRCEll, ancient town, Italy, v. 789. archaeologist, v. 772. Cinerary Urns, xix. 602, 623. Circesium, town, Mesopotamia, xvi. Ciconia, genus of birds, XXII. 577. ClNNA, Lucius Cornelius, Roman consul, 48. Cid, The (RuyDiaz Campeador), Spanish v. 785; xx. 760. Circle, in geometry, x. 380 ; mensurahero, v. 773; xxil. 315; literature , Corneille’s play, VI. 420. tion of the, XVI. 17; Archimedes on, relating to, xxn. 353. Cinnabar, mineral, v. 785; xvi. 32, II. 380; ratio of circumference to ——, Le, Corneille’s play, vi. 420. diameter, xxn. 434 ; xxm. 563; 393Cider, beverage, v. 775; 11. 212. , of Pliny, resin, vii. 389. squaring of the, xxn. 433. Ciechanow, town, Russian Poland, Red, pigment, xix. 87. , Transit, astronomical instrument, xix. 227. Cinnamon, spice, v. 785; cultivation of, xxiii. 515. Cienfuegos, Nicasio Alvarez de, Spanin Ceylon, v. 369; as incense, xn. 718. Circles, Stone, ancient, xxi. 51 ; in ish poet, v. 775; xxil. 361. Stone, mineral, xm. 532; xvi. Peru, 11. 451. Cigar, v. 775; xxm. 426; Cuban, vi. 411. Circuit, in law, v. 789. 681; manufacture of, in Philippine ClNNAMUS, Joannes, Byzantine historian, Circuits, Telegraphic, xxiii. 122. Islands, xvm. 751. IV. 613. , Telephonic, xxiii. 132. Cigarettes, v. 776; xxm. 426. Cinnyris, genus of birds, XXII. 652. Circulation, Capillary, of the blood, Cignani, Carlo, Italian painter, v. 776. Cino DA Pistoia (Guittoncino de’ xxiv. 105; Malpighi’s discovery of, Cigoli, Luigi Cardi da, Italian painter, Sinibuldi), Italian poet and jurist, V. xv. 338. v. 776. 786; xiii. 502. , Osmotic, in plants, XI x. 46. Cl li at a, class of Protozoa, xix. 861. CinosterniDjE, family of chelonian of the Blood, i. 899; xxiv. 98; Cilicia, ancient province, Asia Minor, reptiles, xxm. 457. Harvey’s discovery of, XL 503; xv. v - 776, 75; coins of, xvii. 648. Cinq-Mars, Vigny’s romance, xxiv. 810; in mammals, xv. 364. Cilician Gates, pass, Asia Minor, 11. 226. Circumcelliones, Eastern ascetics, 705. Cinq-Mars, Marquis de, French xvi. 701. Cimabue, Giovanni, Italian painter, v. courtier, v. 786 ; conspiracy of, IX. Circumcision, v. 789; among the 778; XXL 434; his method of fresco570. Bechuanas, ill. 478; among the Malapainting, ix. 770. Cinqua Miglia, plain, Italy, xm. 438. gasy, xv. 173. Cima del Mercedario, mountain, Cinquecento, Period of the, in archi- Circus, Roman, v. 791; x. 65; xx. Chili, v. 616. tecture, II. 436, 438 ; Arabesque of 829. Cimarosa, Domenico, Italian musical the, 11. 234. , genus of birds, XL 491. composer, v. 779; xvii. 99. Work, in cameos, iv. 739. Cirencester, town, England, v. 792 :

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Clan, v. 799; marriage relationships in, agricultural college at, i. 4°8; x- City of God, Augustine’s work, in. 78XXIII. 472 ; relationships of, among Ciudad Bolivar, town, Venezuela, 11. the Sawaioris, xix. 4245 totems of, 688. . 45; xxiv. 140. Cirencester, Richard of, English hisxxiii. 467. Ciudad del Principe, town, Cuba, Clangula, genus of birds, xvi. 824. torian, xx. 542. . , xx. 99. Clanny’s Lamp, for mines, vi. 73. Cirey, Haute-Marne, France, Voltaire s Ciudad de Victoria, town, Mexico, Clans Kay and Chattan, Fight residence, XXIV. 287. _ _ VII. 553; XVI. 214. between, at Perth, XXL 491. Cirillo, Domenico, Italian physician Ciudadela, town, Minorca, v. 796. 2 Clan Tartans, xxiii. 68. and patriot, V. 79 Ciudad Real, town, Spain, v. 796; Claparede, J. L. It. A. Edouard, Swiss CiRPHiS, mountain, Greece, xvm. 801. province, xv. 458; xxn. 298. naturalist, V. 801; on Annelida, II. 69. ClRRHA, ancient town, Greece, VI. 590. Ciudad Real, town, Mexico, xxi. 255. CIRRHIPEDIA, or Cirripedia, VI. 632, district, London, xiv. 822. Ciudad Rodrigo, town, Spain, v. 796; Clapham, Clapperton, Hugh, African traveller, 653, 664; distribution of, vil. 279, xxi. 203. V. 801; I. 246; X. 192. 283; in Lankester’s classification, ClULLO d’ Alcamo, Italian poet, XIII. XXIV. 813. Claras, Poor, religious sisterhood, ix. 499Cirrhosis of the Lung, disease, xix. Civet, 693, 699; xvi. 711. carnivorous mammal, V. 7965 Clare, county, Ireland, v. 802; popu251. xv. 436. Cirrus, cloud, xvi. 127. lation and representation, xxili. 727; ., perfume, V. 796; xvni. 526. transferred to Munster, xm. 246. ClRTA (Constantine), ancient town, Cividale, town, Italy, v. 797. Africa, V. 793; VI. 298; XV. 609; Civil Courts, in England, vi. 516. , John, English poet, V. 804. xvii. 628. Clare Constat, writ, in Scots law, ClSMONTANE Principles, of Roman Civilis, Claudius, Germanic leader, x. xxiv. 697. 475Catholicism, VI. 241. Civilization, its earliest seats, 11. 342, Clare Island, Ireland, xv. 650. CiSSA, island, Adriatic, XXL 29. development of, II. 120; in relation to Clarence, river, New South Wales, Cis-Sutlej States, India, v. 793. xvil 408. ethnology, vin. 614, 624. CiSTEAUX (Citeaux, g.v.), village, France, } Lionel, duke of, son of Edward , History of, Buckle’s, IV. 421. v. 794III. of England, XXIV. 752. , History of, Condorcet’s, VI. 255. Cistercian Abbeys, i. 15George, duke of, brother of Cistercians, order of monks, v. 793; Civil Law, v. 797; xx. 678. Edward IV., VIL 685. Civil Laws of the Emperors, Syriac XVI. 709; in England, VIII. 372William, duke of (William IV. of versions, XXII. 834. Cisterns, in houses, iv. 503; xxi. 715. England), xxiv. 580. Civita Castellana, town, Italy, v. Cisticola, genus of birds, xxiv. 367. Clarendon, First Earl of (Edward 797ClSTUDO, genus of chelonian reptiles, Hyde), English statesman and hisCivita di Chieti, town, Italy, v. 615. xxiii. 457. torian, v. 804. Civita di Penne, town, Italy, v. 797. Citation, in law, xxn. 642. Fourth Earl of (G. W. F. Villiers), 1 Civet as Cadurcorum (Gahors), ancient Citeaux, village, France, v. 794; 1. 5? English statesman, v. 807. town, France, IV. 642. 17; monastery of, 1. 17; HI. 601; V. , Constitutions of, I. 32; viil. 372; Civita Vecchia, town, Italy, v. 797. 793; xvi. 709. xi. 657, 658. Civoli, or Cigoli, Luigi Cardi da, CitHjERON, mountain, Greece, v. 794; Press, Oxford, xviii. 96. Italian painter, V. 776. in. 58. Clares, or Claras, Poor, religious sisterClackmannan, county, Scotland, v. Cithara, Greek lyre, xv. 114. hood, ix. 693,699; xvi. 711. 798; area and population, XXL 528 j Cities, English, growth of, VUI. 276, 2 Claret, wine, xxiv. 604. representation, xxm. 7 7303; European, population of, vm. Clarges, Anne, wife of General Monk, Claddagh, village, Ireland, x. 57. 7°5. . . xvi. 752. Cladobates, mammal, mimicry in, Citizenship, i. 57S 5 municipal, xvn. Clari, Giovanni Carlo Maria, Italian xvi. 341. 27; Roman, xx. 687, 704, 736. musical composer, V. 809. Citlaltepetl, mountain, Mexico, xvn. Cladodactyla Rosea, sea cucumber, Clarias, genus of fishes, xxn. 67. xx. 411. 845Cladorhynchus, genus of birds, xxn. Clarinet, musical instrument, xvii. Citrate of Magnesia, xv. 218. 707, 708. 552Citrates, chemical salts, v. 795. Glaring Part, trumpet music, xxiii. Cladotrichfve, group of SchizomyCitric Acid, v. 794; xiv. 438. 593. cetes, XXL 405. Citrine Ointment, xvl 34. Clafen (Chiavenna), town, Italy, v. Clarissa Harlowe, Richardson’s Citron, tree and fruit, v. 795. novel, viil 430; xx. 544. 610. Citrus, genus of fruit trees, xiv. 437; CLARISSES, religious sisterhood, IX. 693, Clairault, Alexis Claude, French xvii. 810. 699. mathematician, v. 798; II. 759; on Citta DELLA Pieve, town, Italy, v. Clarite, mineral, xvl 396. the ellipticity of the earth, VIL 600. 795n Clark, B. J., American temperance reCitta di Gastello, town, Italy, v. Clairmont, Claire, her relations with former, xxiii. 158. Shelley and Byron, xxi. 791. 795; xx. 275. _ _ . , George Rogers, American revoluCittadini, Celso, Sienese historian, Clair-ON-Epte, France, Treaty of (912), tionary officer, xxm. 745. xvii. 539. xxii. 43. , Sir James, English physician, V. Citta Vecchia, town, Malta, v. 796; Clairvaux, France, Monastery of, 1.15; 809. in. 602; v. 793. xv. 340. Thomas, Scottish chemist, v. 809. City, v. 796; county of a, vi. 513; in- Clairvoyance, xv. 277; xxn. 405; in Clarke, Adam, Wesleyan divine, v. conjuring, xv. 208. corporated, in United States, xxm. 8o Clam, Soft, mussel, xvii. no. 9. 827; municipal, xvil. 27, 31. , Edward Daniel, English traveliei, of Dreadful Night, Thomson’s Clamecy, town, France, v. 798; xvii. v. 810. 496poem, xxiii. 312

0 L A —C L E Clarke, Samuel, English philosopher and theologian, v. 810; Butler’s correspondence with, IV. 582; on deism, xxiii. 234; his conception of ethics, VIII. 598. , Captain William, American explorer, xiv. 494. , W. B., on the geology of Australia, ill. 108. Clarke’s Fork, river, Montana, U.S.A., xvi. 772; xxiii. 797. Clark’s Filar Micrometer, xvi. 245, 247. Clarkson, Thomas, English philanthropist, V. 813; xxii. 139; his relations with Wilberforce, XXIV. 565. Clarus, Julius, on the infliction of torture, xxiii. 466. Class Distinctions, v. 186. Classics, Early editions of the, 111. 655. Classification, Botanical, m. 683; xvi. 845; xx. 421; xxii. 372. , Zoological, 11. 49; in. 683; xvi. 845; xxii. 372; xxiv. 805. Clauberg, John, German philosopher, v. 814; vii. 126. Clauda, island, Crete, vi. 570. Claude of France, daughter of Louis XII., ix. 555. of Lorraine (Claude Gelee), French painter, v. 814; Turner’s rivalry of, XXIII. 664. of Lorraine, founder of the Guise family, XL 265. , Jean, French Protestant writer, v. 814. Claudet, Antoine Frangois, French photographer, v. 815. Claudianus, Claudius, Roman poet, v. 815; his place in Roman literature, XX. 727. Claudia Procula, wife of Pontius Pilate, xix. 89. Claudiopolis (Klausenburg), ancient town, Hungary, xiv. 107. Claudius, Appius Caecus, Roman patrician, v. 816. , Appius Crassus, Roman decemvir, v. 816. , Marcus Aurelius, Roman emperor, v. 817. -—, Matthias, German poet, v. 817; x. 541. ■ ) Tiberius, Roman emperor, v. 816; XVII. 348; XX. 772, 773. Quadrigarius, Q., Roman historian, xiv. 729. Claughton - cum - Grange, part of Birkenhead, England, in. 780. Claused, Bertrand, French general, 1. 567. Clausenburg, town, Hungary, XIV. 107. Clausius, Rudolf J, E., his theorem in dynamics, m. 39. Claussen, or Clausson, Peder, Norse writer, vn. 90; xvn. 589.

Clausthal, town, Prussia, xiv. 108. Clausthalite, mineral, xvi. 391. Clausthal Turn-Table, ore-dressing machine, xvi. 59. Clavelinid^e, family of Tunicata, xxiii. 609. Claverhouse, John Graham of, Viscount Dundee, vii. 536; xxi. 516. Clavering, Captain, Arctic explorer, xix. 319. Clavichord, musical instrument, xix. 65. Clavicimbalum, musical instrument, xix. 67. Claviciterium, musical instrument, xix. 70. Clavicle, or Collar-bone, anatomy of, 1. 826. Clavicornes, group of beetles, vi. 131. Clavieres, Etienne, Mirabeau’s collaborator, xvi. 497. Clavigo, Goethe’s play, x. 726. Clavijo, Ruy Gonzalez de, Spanish traveller, v. 817; X. 179; xxn. 354. Clavis Universalis, Arthur Collier’s work, vi. 143. Clavius, Christopher, his calculations for the Gregorian calendar, IV. 671; on prosthaphseresis, xvn. 183. Claws, of animals, xxn. 107; xv. 348. Clay, x. 237; xvi. 424; for brick-making, IV. 280; for pottery and porcelain, xix. 600; used as food, by Indians, I. 703; burnt, used as manure, I. 351; in England, vm. 229; red, deposits of, in Pacific, xvin. 123. , Cornish, or China, xiv. 1. , Fire, IX. 238. , London, geological formation, x. 361; XVI. 279. , Henry, American politician, v. 817; xxiii. 762, 764, 770. Clayeaters, tribe of Indians, 1. 703. Clay Ironstone, xiii. 287. Claymore, weapon, xxn. 801. Clayton’s Brick-Making Machines, iv. 282. Clazomen^e, ancient town, Asia Minor, v. 818. Cleanliness, in relation to health, xn. 568. Cleanthes, Greek philosopher, v. 818; xxii. 562. Clearchus, Spartan general, v. 818; xviii. 576. of Rhegium, bronze sculpture by, n. 348. Clearing-House, for banks, in. 328. Clearing Nut, xvii. 664. Cleavage, in crystals, vi. 672; in rocks, x. 261, 306, 372; xvi. 378. Cleddy, river, Wales, xviii. 481. Cleirac, on the sea laws, xxi. 583. Cleitophon, Leucippe and, classical romance, xx. 636. Clemenges, Nicholas de, on corruptions in the church, xx. 320.

101 Clemens Alexandrines, theologian, v. 819; as Biblical interpreter, xi. 745; on the canon of Scripture, v. 8; on the Mysteries, xvn. 128. Clemens Romanes, early Christian writer, 11. 195; xix. 489; on the Gospels, x. 814. Clement I., pope, v. 821. II., pope, v. 821; xix. 498; xx. 790. III., pope, v. 821; xx. 794. III., antipope, XL 255. IV., pope, v. 821; xiii. 475; xx. 797V., pope, v. 821; xix. 501; xx. 798; his subjection to Philip IV. of France, ix. 544; suppression of the Templars under, xxm. 164. VI., pope, v. 822. VII., pope, v. 822; xiii. 482; xv. 787; XIX. 502 ; his attitude towards the Reformation, xx. 328. VII., antipope, xx. 803. VIII., pope, v. 822; xix. 505; his opposition to Father Sarpi, xxi. 311. IX., X., popes, v. 822. XL, pope, v. 822; xix. 507. XII., pope, v. 823. XIII., pope, v. 823; xix. 507; his relations to the Jesuits, xiii. 654. XIV., pope, v. 823; xix. 507; his measures against the Jesuits, xiii. 655. of Alexandria, V. 819, 8; XI. 745; xvii. 128. of Rome, 11. 195; x. 814; xix. 489. , Frangois, French historian, v. 823. Clementi, Muzio, Italian musical composer, v. 823. Clementine League, xx. 328. Clementines, The, early work on the church, 11. 196. Clemmys, genus of chelonian reptiles, xxiii. 457. Cleobulus, Greek sage, v. 824. Cleomenes I., king of Sparta, V. 824. III., of Sparta, v. 825; xviii. 790. Cleon, Athenian leader, v. 825. Cleopatra I.-VL, queens of Egypt, vie 746, 747. VI., queen of Egypt, v. 826; vii. 747! xx. 769; her relations with Mark Antony, 11. 141. Cleopatra’s Needles, i. 495; 11. 390; vii. 768; xvii. 703. Cleopatris, ancient town, Egypt, xxn. 620. Cleophas, or Clopas, of Scripture, xiii. 552Cleph, king of the Lombards, xiv. 814. Clepsinidze, subfamily of leeches, xiv. 404Clepsydra, hydraulic clock, v. 826. Clerc, Jean 1'e, or Clericus, xiv. 397; his Parrhasiana, 1. 785. Clerestory, in architecture, 11. 462.

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Clot, Antoine, French physician, vi. Clergy, v. 826; an estate of the realm Clinton, Sir Henry, British general, 37 -, Bernat des, Catalan chronicler, xxiii. 744, , . n of England, vill. 557Henry Fynes, English scholar, , Benefit of, in law, V. 827. xxii. 363. vi. 7. Clergyman’s Sore Throat, xxiii. Cloth, dressed by calendering, iv. 682; Clintonite, mineral, xvi. 413. 320. painted, in wall decoration, XVII. 37; Clio, Muse of history, xvn. 74. Clericis Laicos, papal bull, ix. 544. printing on, IV. 684; trade in, at CLERICUS (Jean le Clerc), Protestant Clione, genus of Mollusca, xvi. 667. Leeds, xiv. 407; weaving of, xxiv. theologian and writer, XIV. 397; L Clipping, of coins, xvi. 482. 463, 466; ancient weaving of, xxill. CLISSON, Oliver, constable of France, 206; woollen, xxiv. 661. 785, ix. 548. Clerkenwell Prison, London, xiv. CLISTENTERATA, group of Brachiopoda, Clothing, in relation to health, xn. 834568; of British army, II. 588. iv. 189, 194Clerk’s Gas-Engine, xxii. 524. Clotilda, St, wife of Clovis, vi. 37; Clisthenes, tyrant of Sicyon, xxn. 32. Clermont, Count of, French general, ix. 529. Clitandre, Corneille’s play, VI. 420. ix. 589. Clotted Cream, vi. 771. Clitarchus, on the taking of PerseEN BEAUVOISIS, town, France, V. CLOUDS, XVI. 126, 138; their connexion polis, xviii. 559. 828; xvii. 749. with the aurora, III. 91. CLITHEROE, town, England, VI. 7. Clermont-Ferrand, town, France, v. , The, of Aristophanes, II. 508. 828; church of Notre-Dame-du-Port, Clito, William of, son of Robert of Clough, Arthur Hugh, English poet, Normandy, IX. 539. II. 456; monastery, 1. 20; opium cultivi. 37. Clitomachus, Greek philosopher, Vi. 8. vation, XVII. 792. Clover, first introduced by Weston, 1. CLITOR, ancient town, Greece, VI. 8. Clermont-l’Her AULT, town, France, 297; culture of, I. 375. ClitUS, killed by Alexander, I. 483. v. 828. Seed, i. 383. Clive, Lord, of Plassy, vi. 8; in India, Clermont Manuscript, of the Scrip1 IICloves, tree and fruit, VI. 38; xn. 817; XII. 800; at siege of Arcot (I75 )) tures, v. 9. yield of, in Amboyna, I. 661. 8 47 Clevedon, town, England, xxn. 258. CLOVESHOE (Abingdon), England, Synod Cleveland, town, Ohio, U.S.A., v. Cloacae, sewers, Roman, xx. 014. of (747), VIII. 371. 828; xvii. 737; population, xxm. Clobbergoll, social institution, Pelew Clovio, Giulio, Italian painter, VI. 38. Islands, V. 126. 822. Clovis, king of the Franks, ix. 528; x. , Duchess of, her relations with Clock, vi. 13; xxiii. 392; driving, for 476; XVlll. 287; conversion of, XX. telescope, xxill. 154; hydraulic, V. Wycherley, XXIV. 706. 378826. , Grover, president of the United CLOWES, John, Swedenborgian clergyClock-Making, in Switzerland, xxn. States, xxiii. 785. man, xxii. 760. 779, John, English poet, V. 829. ,William, Methodist preacher, XVI. Clodion, Claude Michel, French sculpBays, breed of horses, 1. 385. 192. tor, XXL 563. Monuments, at Bhagalpur, India, CLODIUS, Christian August, his relations Clown, jester, ix. 366. hi. 626. CLOYNE, town, Ireland, VI. 38. with Goethe, X. 722. Cleves, town, Prussia, V. 829. , Publius, Roman tribune and dem- Club, Clubs, early types, vi. 38; xi. Clichy, town, France, VI. 1; XXL 624. 259; modern, VI. 41; the Kit-Cat, agogue, XVI. 323; XX. 765; his oppoClient, Patron and, Roman relationship XIV. 103; rowing, XXL 31; scientific sition to Cicero, V. 771. of, xviii. 412; xx. 669, 736. and literary, XXII. 221; social, VI. 38. Clodoald, or Cloud, founder of St Clifden, village, Ireland, x. 56. Club-Foot, vi. 42. Cloud, France, XXL 160. Cliff, hills, Lincolnshire, England, xiv. Club-Hauling, of ships, xxi. 600. CloEon, insect, larval stage of, vm. 653Club-Mosses, xv. 95. 457Clifford, Rosamond (Fair Rosamond), Cluff, English Plymouthist, XIX. 239. Clogg Almanacs, i. 590. mistress of Henry II., XX. 848. Clugia (Chioggia), town, Italy, V. 674. Clog-Shoes, xxi. 830. , W. K., on evolution, vui. 765. Clugni, or Cluny (q.v.), town and abbey, ClOISONNEE, partitioned artistic work, Clifford, George, friend of Linnaeus, France, I. 14; V. 794; VI. 43. in enamelling, vin. 183; xili.679; in xiv. 673. mosaics, xvi. 850; Japanese, XIIL 591. Cluniac Monasteries, i. 14. Clifton, town, England, vi. 1. Cluniac Monks, v. 793. Climate, vi. i; science of, xvi. 114; Cloister, vi. 35; 1. 12. town, France, 1. 14; vi. 43; adaptation of animals and plants to, Cloncurry, district, Queensland, xx. Cluny, monastery of, V. 794; XVI. 708; library 172. I. 84; affected by cosmical causes, x. in, xiv. 513. Clones, town, Ireland, xvi. 718. 218; James Croll on, x. 218. Museum, Paris, xvni. 282. Clonmacnoise, Ireland, its seven Climax, mountain pass, Asia Minor, Clupea, genus of fishes, XL 764; xvi. churches, xiv. 87. xv. 93. 10; xix. 90, 275; xxi. 726; xxii. Climberrum (Auch), ancient town, Clonmel, town, Ireland, vi. 36; xxiii. 432406. France, Hi. 67. Clusium (Chiusi), ancient town, Italy, Cline, Henry, his experiments in vac- Clontarf, Ireland, Battle of (1014), v. 676; viii. 635. xiil 254; xxi. 479. cination, xiil. 623. Clinical Thermometer, xxiii. 292. Cloonfinlough, Ireland, Crannog of, Clusius (Charles de 1’Escluse), on the potato plant, xix. 59. . vi. 552. Clinkstone, rock, x. 234. Clootz, Jean Baptiste, Baron, French Clutha, river, New Zealand, xvii. Clinochlore, mineral, xvi. 414. Revolutionist, Vi. 37. 467, Clinoclase, mineral, xvi. 406. CLUVER, Philip, German geographer, Clopas, or Cleophas, of Scripture, XIIL Clinton, town, Iowa, U.S.A., vi. 7. vl 43. 552. , town, Massachusetts, U.S.A., VI. 7. , De Witt, American statesman, Closter Seven, Prussia, Capitulation Clyde, river, Scotland, Vi. 43; xiv. 250; xx. 395; dredging of, VII. 466; of (1757), v- 745 vi. 706; ix. 588. vi. 7.

C L Y—0 O 0 improvement works, xx. 579; navigation, X. 640. Clyde, Lord, British general, vi. 43. Clydesdale Horses, i. 385. Clymene Amphistoma, species of Annelida, II. 67. Clyttemnestra, wife of Agamemnon, VI. 44; XVII. 827. Cnicnode, Cnictrope, in geometry, xxii. 669. Cnidus (Tekir), ancient town, Asia Minor, VI. 44; battle of (394 B.C.), XL 103; xviii. 578; Greek school of medicine at, xv. 800; lion-tomb at, II. 412. Cnossus, town, Crete, vi. 44. Cnut, or Canute, Danish and English king, v. 39; viii. 287. Coach, and coach-making, v. 135, 137. Coahuila, state, Mexico, xvi. 214. Coal, vi. 45; x. 238; xvi. 429; anthracite, in United States, xxm. 811; combustion of, and its products, xxii. 180; for gas-making, x. 88; production of, XVI. 467; for steam-boilers, xxil. 500, 519; in Australia, ill. 109; in Brazil, iv. 224; in China, v. 633, 634, 63?) 639; in England and Wales, vm. 226; in India, XII. 737, 764; industry, in United States, xxm. 812. See also Coalfields, below. Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, England, xxi. 847. Coal Cutting, Machines for, vi. 67. Coal-Dust Furnace, ix. 844. Coalfields and Coal-Mines, of Belgium, in. 523 ; of Bengal, m. 568; British, vi. 49; of British Columbia, VI. 169; in Formosa, China, IX. 416; of Derbyshire, England, vn. 107; of Lancashire, England, xiv. 252; of Northumberland, England, xvn. 566; of Staffordshire, England, xxii. 442; of France, IX. 522; of Germany, x. 453; of India, ill. 371; of Ireland, 11. 142; xiii. 217; of Labuan, Indian Archipelago, xiv. 178; of New South Wales, xvii. 409; of Prussia, xx. 15; of Queensland, xx. 173; of Russia, xxi. 85; of Fifeshire, Scotland, ix. 150; of Lanarkshire, Scotland, xiv. 250; of Linlithgowshire, Scotland, xiv. 669; of Silesia, xxn. 53; of the United States, 1. 680; of Colorado, U.S.A., vi. 161; of Kentucky, U.S.A., xiv. 42; of Missouri, U.S.A., xvi. 525; of Pennsylvania, U.S.A., xviii. 501; of West Virginia, U.S.A., xxiv. 518. Coal-Measures, in geology, x. 349. Coal-Mining, vi. 61; xxiii. 811. See also article Mining, xvi. 440. Coal-Tar, xxiii. 57; aniline from, 11. 47; as fuel in iron-smelting, xm. 293; naphtha from, xvn. 174. Coanza, river, Africa, Vi. 81; 1. 254. Coapim, kind of grain, xvi. 321. Coast Surveys, xvii. 262.

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Coatbridge, town, Scotland, vi. 81. Coccygomorph^e, group of birds, III. Coati, or Coati-mundi, carnivorous 715mammal, xv. 441. Coccyx, Anatomy of the, 1. 821. Coat of Arms, xi. 683. Coch, Johann (Cocceius), Dutch theoCoat of Mail, ii. 556. logian, vi. 91. Coats, Captain, Arctic explorer, xix. Cochabamba, town, Bolivia, vi. 91; 318. department, iv. 10. Cob, horse, xn. 190. Cochin, state, India, vi. 91; town, vi. Cobalt, chemical element, vi. 81; v. 92. 5355 cyanide of, XX. 23; magnetization China, country, Asia, vi. 92; 11. of, xv. 256, 261; mines of, in Chili, 685. V. 622; ores of, xvi. 58. Cochin-China Fowls, i. 401; xix. Blue, pigment, vi. 82; xix. 87. 645Green, pigment, vi. 82; xix. 88. Cochineal, dyestuff, vi. 97; vn. 574. Cobaltite, mineral, xvi. 390. Insect, iv. 626; xm. 153. Cobaltspath, mineral, xvi. 398. Cochlea, of the ear, 1. 893. Coban, town, Central America, vi. 83. Cochlearia, genus of plants, xil. 207. Cobbett, William, English political Cochrane, Robert, favourite of James writer, VI. 83; his Weekly Register, III. of Scotland, xxi. 495. XVII. 419. , Thomas, tenth earl of Dundonald, Cobden, Richard, English politician, vii. 539. VI. 85; VIII. 366. Cockamaroo, Russian bagatelle, hi. Cobequid Mountains, Nova Scotia, 230. xvii. 601. Cock and Hen Paddle, fish, xv. 65. Cobh am, Lord (Sir John Oldcastle), Cockatoo, bird, vi. 98; xviii. 322. Lollard martyr, xiv. 812; xvii. 753. Cockatrice, fabulous animal, vi. 98. Cobija, town, Bolivia, vi. 89. Cockburn, Lord, Scottish judge, vi. Cobitidina, genus of fishes, xiv. 741. 99. Coblentz, town, Prussia, VI. 89; XX. , Mrs Alison, Scottish ballad-writer, 21; bridge at, iv. 339. vi. 98. Cob Nut, xvii. 664. , Sir George, British admiral, vi. Cobourg, town, Ontario, Canada, xvii. 99775Cockchafer, beetle, vi. 131; as vine Cobra, genus of snakes, vi. 90; xn. 743; pest, xxiv. 238; as wheat pest, xxiv. xxii. 196. 536. Coburg, town, Germany, vi. 91; xxi. Cocker, Edward, English arithmetician, 347; duchy, xxi. 347. vi. 99; 11. 527. Coca, or Cuca, plant, vi. 684; xviii. Cockerell, Charles Robert, English 673architect, VI. 99; his excavations at , river, South America, vn. 646. Bassae, xviii. 735. Cocaine, vegetable alkaloid, vi. 685. Cockerill, John, his machine works Cocajo, Merlino (T. Folengo), Italian at Seraing, Belgium, xxi. 674. poet, ix. 355. Cockermouth, town, England, vi. 99. CoccacEjE, class of Schizomycetes, xxi. Cocking’s Parachute, i. 201. 405. Cockle, mollusc, vi. 100; xvi. 688. Coccajo, Merlino (T. Folengo), Italian Cock-of-the-Wood, bird, v. 54. poet, ix. 355. Cockroach, insect, vi. 100; xiii. 152. Cocceius, Joannes, Dutch theologian, Cockscomb Mountains, British Vi. 91. Honduras, xn. 133. Cocci, cells in Schizomycetes, XXL Cocles, Horatius, Roman hero, vi. 402. 100. Coccidiidea, subclass of Protozoa, XIX. Cocoa, or Cacao, tree and fruit, vi. 100; 854. adulterations of, 1. 170; culture of, in Coccinite, mineral, xvi. 384. Philippines, xviii. 751; in Venezuela, Coccolite, mineral, xvi. 416. xxiv. 140. Coccothraustes, genus of birds, XL Butter, vegetable fat, xvii. 744. 533Cocoa-Nut, vi. 103; xvn. 664. Cocculus Indicus, adulterant for Cocoa-Nut Oil, xvii. 744. beer, 1. 172. Cocoa-Nut Palm, vi. 103; xviii. 190; Coccus Cacti, cochineal insect, vi. 97. of Ceylon, v. 363. Coccus Ceriferus, wax-bearing in- Coco de Mer, tree and fruit, Seychelles sect, xxiv. 459. Islands, xviii. 191; xxi. 726. Coccus Lacca, lac-yielding insect, xiv. Cocoon, of bees, m. 492; of moths, iv. 181. 594; of the silkworm, xxil. 58. Coccus Vermilio, kermes-yielding in- Cocos, genus of palms, xviii. 190. sect, xiv. 49. Islands, Indian Ocean, xiv. 26; Coccus Vitis, vine pest, xxiv. 238. xxii. 586.

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537; observatory at, XVII. 713; uniCOELHO, Estevan, Portuguese poet, versity, xxiii. 839, 851. Cocx, or Coques, Gonzalez, Flemish XIX. 5550 0 Coin, town, Spain, vi. 117. painter, VI. 368. Ccelian Hill, Rome, xx. 828. Coinage, xvi. 723; xvii. 628; counterCOCYTUS, river, Greece, VI. 103. Ccelius Aurelianus, Roman medical feit, I. 176; of gold and silver, IV. 518; legendary river, VI. 103; XXII. writer, III. 86; XV. 804. . depreciation of, XVI. 726; relations to 614. , COELLO, Alonso Sanchez, Spanish units of weight, xxiv. 482; British, Cod, fish, VI. 103; XII. 691; organs oi painter, VI. 108. m J xvi. 480; French, ix. 525> ancient touch in the, xxm. 478; fishery, oft Ccelocormid^e, family of Tumcata, Lydian, XV. 100; in Tibet, XIV. 498. Newfoundland, xvii. 384; North Sea xxiii. 617. , Decimal, Vli. 20. fishery, IX. 255. Coen, Jan Pieterszoon, founder oi Coining, xvi. 480; Boulton’s apparatus Code, body of laws, Vi. 104. Batavia, Java, VI. 108; XII. 820. for, iv. 173. Codeia, alkaloid in opium, xvn. 793Ccenina, ancient town, Italy, xiv. Coins, xvii. 628; Etruscan, vm. 641; Code Napoleon, ix. 614; xvii. 205. 344. . Greek and Roman bronze, iv. 367; Codes, of Roman law, xx. 710. Ccenobia, monastic communities, 1. 10, I Tibetan, XIV. 498. Codex, writing tablets, xvni- 43 > n; vi. 109; xvi. 700. Coir, fibre, vi. 103. ancient manuscript, xvin. 144Alexandrines, MS. of the Scrip- COENRED, Northumbrian king, XVII. Coire, town, Switzerland, vi. 117; 57°. t xxil 778. tures, 1. 496. AUREUS, MS. of the Gospels, xxin. CCENURUS CEREBRALIS, animal para- Goiter, Volcher, on birds, xviil 4. site, xxiv. 206. Coix Lachryma, species of grasses, 553. CCERULEOLACTIN, mineral, xvi. 405. xiii. 703. BeZjE, MS. of Gospels and the 1CceSYRA, wife of Pisistratus, XIX. I3 Acts, 1. 123; in- 646; in university COETLOGON, Denis cle, his Universal COJUTEPEC, town, San Salvador, VI. 118. Coke, fuel, vi. 46, 118; use of, for library, Cambridge, IV. 73°* _ t History of Arts and Sciences, vm. 197smoke abatement, XXIL 182. Ephraemi, MS. of New TestaCceur, Jacques, early French trader and , Sir Edward, English lawyer, VI. ment, in. 646. economist, VI. 109; v. 411. 1x9; rival of Bacon, III. 202. juris Ecclesiastici Anglicani, de Lion, Richard I. of England, Thomas, American Methodist, XVI. of Bishop Gibson, x. 586. xx. 539. . | 192. of Justinian, xiii. 794! xx. 712. Sinaiticus, MS. of the Scriptures; Coffee, vi. ho; adulterations oi, 1. COKUM Butter, vegetable fat, xvii. 169; use of chicory in, V. 615; culti744, 746. in. 646; xiv. 533; xxiii. 409. vation of, in Arabia, II. 237 ; in Brazil, Colac, lake, Victoria, Australia, xxiv. Vaticanus, MS. of New TestaIV. 227; in Cuba, VI. 681; in Celebes, v. 216. ment, in. 646. 289; in Ceylon, V. 369; in India, XI1. COL^EUS, Samian navigator, XXL 249. CODICANAL (Kodaikanal), town, India, 750; in Java, XIII. 603; in the Philip- I Cola Nut, xvii. 664. XV. 192. pines, xviii. 7515 in Sumatra, XXII. COLAPTES, genus of birds, xxiv. 652. Codicil, to a will, xxiv. 571. 639; in Venezuela, xxiv. 140. Codification, of law, vi. 106. COLAR, district, India, XIV. 136. Houses, origination of, vr. 110. Colaxais, Scythian hero, XXL 576. CODILLA, of flax, IX. 298. Rat, in Sumatra, xxil 639. lake, Ecuador, vn. 646. Cod-Liver Oil, vi. 104; xvn. 744. Coffer-Dams, in engineering, vi. 114; Colay, Colbath, Jeremiah J. (Henry Wilson), CODOGNO, town, Italy, Vi. 107. iv. 325. .. vice-president of United States, XXIV. CODOMANNUS (Darius III.), king of Coffin, ix. 824; of clay, xix. 605; oi Persia, vi. 826; xviii. 581. 59°wicker work, V. 330. CODRINGTON, Sir Edward, British Colberg, town, Prussia, VI. 121. Coggia’s Comet, ii. 815. Colbert, Jean Baptiste, French statesadmiral, VI. 107. Cogidubnus, British king, XXIL 725. CODRUS, king of Athens, VI. 107; IL man, vi. 121; ix. 574; his economic Cogito ERGO SUM, Descartes’s proposi476. policy, xix. 356. tion, v. 142. Coefficient, in algebra, 1. 519. COLCHAGUA, province, Chili, v. 617. Cognac, town, France, vi. 116. Coefficients, Laplace’s, xiv. 303. Colchester, town, England, vi. 123; , brandy, IV. 216. COEHORN, Menno, Baron van, Dutch house of Austin Canons at, 1. I9Lord, English statesman, VI. 124. military engineer, VI. 107; on forti- COGNI, Konia, or Koniyeh, town, Asiatic Turkey, XII. 696. fication, ix. 441, 462. Colchicine, vegetable alkaloid, vi. Ccela, Pass of, Thessaly, Greece, xxm. Cognition, xx. 40; in relation to logic, 125. xiv. 797; Fichte’s theory of, ix. 137; Colchicum, plant, vi. 124. 299. Hume’s, XII. 353; Kant on, xm. 851. CCELEBS IN SEARCH OF A WIFE, by Cognizance, or Badge, in heraldry, XL COLCHIS, ancient country, Caucasus, VI. Hannah More, xvi. 814. 125; XVI. 437; coins of, xvii. 645. 709. Ccelentera, or Coelenterata, group of COLD, Death from, XV. 781. Coheleth, Book of Ecclesiastes, vie animals, VI. 107, 369; I. 129; xn. , catarrh, V. 218. 624. 547; xviii. 259; embryology of, xx. Blast Furnace, xiii. 317. 419; histology of, XII.7; reproduction Cohen, Francis (Sir Francis Palgrave), Coldstream, town, Scotland, vi. 125. English historian, xviil 182. of, xx. 408; skeletal structures of, Cold-Water Cure, hydropathy, xn. xxii. 106; in LankestePs classifica- COHESION, in capillary action, V. 56. COHN, F., his researches on protoplasm, tion, xxiv. 812. xix. 829; on Schizomycetes, XXL 399. Cold Waves, of air, in United States, Coelestine, mineral, XXII. 607. xxiii. 805. T Cohoes, town, New York, U.S.A., vi. CCELESTINUS L, pope, V. 291; XIX. 491. Cole, W., English physician, xv. 811. 116. See Celestine. COLEBROOKE, Henry Thomas, Engm CCELESTIUS, Pelagian teacher, ill. 77; CoiGNET, Michael, Flemish cartograOrientalist, VI. 125; L 517pher, xvii. 253. xviil. 471. Coleman, Edward, English veterinary Coimbatore, district, India, vi. 116. Ccelesyria, Roman province, Asia teacher, XXIV. 199. Minor, xiv. 393; xxil. 822; xxni.654. Coimbra, town, Portugal, vi. 117; xix.

C O L—C O L Colenso, J. W., bishop of Natal, xvn. 242; on the Pentateuch, xvm. 512. Coleoptera, order of insects, VI. 126, xili. 148; mimicry in, xvi. 343. Coleraine, town, Ireland, vi. 134. Coleridge, Hartley, English writer, vi. 135. Sir John Taylor, English lawyer and critic, vi. 135. , Samuel Taylor, English poet, VI. 135; as dramatist, vn. 438; as journalist, XVII. 417; his sonnets, XXII. 262; his place in English literature, viil. 433; his relations with Southey, xxii. 290; with Wordsworth, xxiv. 669. , Sara, English writer, VI. 138 ; translator, VII. 308. COLEROON, branch from the Kaveri, India, xiv. 19; xxm. 47. COLERUS, Johannes, biographer of Spinoza, xxn. 402. Coleshill, town, England, xxiv. 379. COLET, John, dean of St Paul’s, London, vi. 139; viil 414. , Louise Eevoil, French poetess and novelist, VI. 139. Coleus, stove plant, xn. 266. Colfax, Schuyler, vice-president of United States, xxm. 788. Colic, disease, vi. 140. Coligni, or Coligny, Gaspard de, admiral of France, vi. 140; IX. 559. Coligny, House of, ix. 559. Colima,town,Mexico,vi. 141; xvi. 214; state, xvi. 214; mountain, XVI. 215. Colin, bird, xx. 147. , Alexander, Flemish sculptor, vi 141. • Clout, Skelton’s song, XXII. 120. Clout's come Home again, Spenser’s poem, xxii. 394. Colius, genus of birds, xvn. 6. Coll, Bernat des, Catalan chronicler, xxii. 364. Collaert, Hans, Flemish engraver, vi MiCollar-Bone, Anatomy of the, 1. 826. Collard, W. F., pianoforte maker, xix. 75Collas, Peruvian tribe, xvni. 676. Colle, Charles, French dramatist, vi. 141. Colle, Rafaelle del, Italian painter, vi. 142. Collectarium, liturgical service book, xiv. 710. Collectivism, economic basis of socialism, xxii. 207. College, vi. 142; xxm. 834, 837. College de France, xxiii. 851. Colleges de Rhetorique, in Dutch literature, XII. 91. Collegia, Roman guilds, vi. 432; xi 260. Collegiant Brotherhood, Dutch religious sect, xxn. 400.

Collegium Curiosum, academy, in Germany, 1. 71. Collembola, group of insects, xm. 153Collenchyma, tissue in plants, XII. 18. Colleoni, Bartolomeo, Statue of, at Yenice, xxi. 568; xxiv. 156, 176. Collet, John, English caricaturist, v. 104. Collett, J. Camilla, Norwegian novelist, xvii. 592. Colletta, Pietro, Italian historian, xiii. 514. Colliberts, or Cagots, race of people, France, iv. 641. Collie, dog, vn. 326. Collier, Arthur, English metaphysician, vi. 143. , Jeremy, English divine, VI. 145; on the English stage, VII. 436. Collieries, in England and Wales, viil 226; modes of working, vi. 64. See Coal, Coalfields, and Coal-Mining. Collimator, optical instrument, xvii. 800; in spectroscopy, XXII. 373. Magnet, xv. 238. Colling, Messrs, breeders of shorthorn cattle, I. 303. Collingwood, suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, XV. 836. , Lord, English admiral, VI. 145. Collins, Anthony, English philosopher, vi. 146; xxiv. 644; his Discourse of Freethinking, vn. 35. , Mortimer, English poet and novelist, VI. 147. , Samuel, English anatomist, 1. 813. , William, English painter, VI. 148. , William, English poet, VI. 148. Collinson, Captain, Arctic explorer, xix. 321. Collision, at sea, xxi. 601. Collocalia, genus of birds, xxii. 760. Collodion, its composition and uses, vi. 149. Process, in photography, xvin. 824. COLLOQUE, French presbytery, xix. 693. Colloquia, of Erasmus, vm. 512. Mensalia, of Luther, 1. 785. COLLOREDO, Lazarus Johannes Baptista, parasite-bearing monster, XVI. 766. Collot d’ Herbois, Jean Marie, French Revolutionist, vi. 149. Colman, George, the Elder, English dramatist, VI. 149; VII. 438. , George, the Younger, English dramatist, VI. 150. Colmar, town, German Alsace, vi. 150. Colmata, or Warping, method of reclaiming land, 1. 406; XIII. 367. C6ln (Cologne, q.v.), town, Germany, vi. 151. Colne, river, Herts, England, xi. 771; xvi. 279; xxiii. 220. , river, Essex, England, vm. 552.

105 Colne, town, England, vi. 150. Coloboma of the Iris, eye disease, xvii. 782. Colobus, genus of apes, 11. 151. Colocynth, plant and drug, vi. 150. Cologna, town, Italy, VI. 151. COLOGNE, town, Rhenish Prussia, vi. IS1; xx- 16, 21; architecture of churches, II. 431; sculptures in cathedral, XXL 565; university of, xxm. 840, 848; Wallraf-Richartz museum, XXL 445; congress of Old Catholics at (1872), XVII. 755. Colombia, United States of, South America, VI. 152; I. 712; xxiv. 141; under Bolivar, iv. 9; Indian tribes, xii. 828; mines, xvi. 471; railways, XX. 252. Colombini, Giovanni, Italian writer, XIII. 505. Colombo, town, Ceylon, vi. 157. Colon, territory, Venezuela, xxiv. 140. (Aspinwall), town, Panama, II. 716; xviii. 209. Colonel Jack, Defoe’s work, vn. 29. COLONEUS, Oedipus, Sophocles’s drama, xxii. 272. Colonia, town, Uruguay, xxiv. 15. Colonial Government, xi. 20. Colonies, vi. 158; growth of and commerce with, VI. 202; their legal relations to aboriginal tribes, xm. 196; British, in America, their relations to the crown, xxm. 730, 736; Roman, xx. 745. Colonization, Wakefield’s theories of, xxiv. 319. Colonna, Giacomo, bishop of Lombez, France, xvm. 707. , Giovanni Paolo, Italian composer, vi. 157. , Otto di (Pope Martin V.), xv. 582. , Sciarra, mediaeval Roman senator, xx. 798. , Vittoria, Neapolitan princess and poetess, vi. 157; friend of Michelangelo, xvi. 234. Family, Rome, xx. 796, 804, 806. Colonne, Guido delle, Italian writer, xm. 499; xx. 639. Colonus, Roman cultivator, xxn. 135. Colony, vi. 158. See Colonies. Colophon, ancient town, Asia Minor, vi. 161. , in bibliography, vi. 161. Colophonite, mineral, xvi. 411. Colophonius, Nicander, Greek poet, xvii. 476. Colophony, rosin, vi. 161; xx. 852; xxiv. 242. COLOQUINTIDA (Colocynth), plant, vi. 150. Colorado, State, U.S.A., vi. 161; population, xxm. 802; mines of, XVI. 470; xxiii. 815. Beetle, vi. 134, 163. Coloradoite, mineral, xvi. 394. XXV. — 14

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Combo, British colony, West Africa, x. Colorado Mountains, U.S.A., xxin. j COLUMBITE, mineral, XVI. 427. 59COLUMBO, Matthieu R., on the vasCombustion-Heat, of oil, as compared 796. cular system, 1. 809; XXIV. 95. Colorado River, U.S.A., vi. 163; with coal, xviii. 239. xvii. 367; xviii. 116; xxiii. 203; Columbus, town, Georgia, U.S.A., vi. Comedie Humaine, Balzac’s, m. 304. canons of, XXIII. 799. Comedones, skin disease, xxii. 121. COLOSSI, ancient town, Asia Minor, vi. —^’town, Ohio, U.S.A., vi. 170; XVIL Comedy, vil 395; Greek, 11. 508. 737. 164. OF ERRORS, Shakespeare’s play, ) Christopher, discoverer of America, Colosseum, amphitheatre at Rome, 1. xxi. 763. vi. 171; 1. 707; ix. 82; x. 180; XIII. COMENIUS, or Komensky, Johann Amos, 774; II. 419; dedication of, xxill. 420. 375COLOSSIANS, Epistle to the, VI. 164; its Moravian educationist, VI. 182; VIL , Johan, Swedish poet, XXII. 755. relation to the Epistle to Ephesians, 673; xxii. 152. . M. R., Italian anatomist, 1. 809; VIII. 463. Comet, The, H. Bell’s steamboat, in. xxiv. 95. Colossus, statue at Rhodes, vi. 166; u. 542. , Samuel, Swedish poet, xxn. 755365; xx. 526. Comets, vi. 182; 11. 813; m relation to Colot, Laurence, French surgeon, xxn. Columcille, or Columba (q.v.), Celtic meteors, xvi. no; excluded from saint, VI. 167; XIII. 249. 676. nebular theory, xvil 310; spectra of, Columella, Lucius Junius Moderatus, Colour, Sensations of, vm. 823; ideas XXII. 651 ; Kepler’s observations on, Roman writer on agriculture, VI. 176; of the ancients about, xiv. 577; its xiv. 47; Leverrier’s, xiv. 486; Gibers’s, xix. 350. application to architecture, 11. 454! inxvil 752. crystals, xvi. 372; of metals, xvi. 68; COLUMN, in architecture, 11. 462; Cary- Comfits, confections, Vi. 257. atic, II. 407; Corinthian, II. 407; Doric, animal mimicry of, XVI. 343; photoII. 403; Egyptian, II. 391; Persian, II. Comfrey, Prickly, forage plant, I. graphy of, xviii. 8345 Goethes 378. 400; Roman, xx. 831; Roman Corininvestigations on, x. 734! Newtons, Comical Revenge,Etheridge’s comedy, thian, II. 416; Roman Doric, II. 418; xvil. 440; Schopenhauer’s, XXL 450. viii. 573. Roman Ionic, II. 417. , Acoustic, timbre, 1. 118. Comic Opera, xvil 99. , strength of, XXII. 606. Blindness, viii. 824; xiv. 579; Comillah, town, India, XXIll. 405. affected by magnetism, XV. 282; Dal- Colvill, Surgeon-Major, his observa- Comines, town, France, vi. 194. tions on the plague, xix. 159. ton’s exposition of, VI. 784. , Philippe de, French historian, VI. Correction, of object glasses, Colville Reservation, Washington 194; IX. 648. Territory, U.S.A., xxiv. 386. xxiii. 141. Coming Race, The, Lytton’s tale, xv. Coloured Race, in United States, Colymbid/e, family of birds, VII. 292; 123. xv. 2. xxiii. 821. Coming, island, Mediterranean Sea, xv. Colza, plant, 1. 383; vi. 176. Colour Printing, xxiii. 708. 339Oil, vi. 176; xvil 744; xx. Colours, used by artists, xviii. 138; COMINOTTO, islet, Mediterranean Sea, 273xix. 85; in dyeing, vn. 574; steam, xv. 339. Comacchio, town, Italy, vi. 177 ; in calico printing, IV. 690; vegetable, COMISENE, Parthian kingdom, XVIII. eel beds of, vil. 693; lagoons of, xix. xix. 52. 2 I 5925 Colston, Edward, English merchant, Comitan, or Comitlan, town, Mexico, Coman, Turkish tribe, xxiii. 660. vi. 166. VI. 194. Colston’s Hospital, Bristol, England, Comana, ancient town, Pontus, Asia ComitiaCenturiata, of ancient Rome, Minor, VI. 177; xix. 459. v. 446. VI. 195; XX. 679, 735. (Chryse), ancient town, Cappadocia, Colt, Samuel, inventor of the revolver, Comitia CURIATA, of ancient Rome, VI. Asia Minor, vi. 177; temple of Bellona vi. 166. 194; XX. 733. at, v. 75. Colta, lake, Ecuador, VII. 646. Comitia Tributa, of ancient Rome, vi. COMANCHES, North-American Indians, Coluber, genus of snakes, xxn. 194. 195; xx. 679, 737, 77iVI. 177. Coluccio Salutati, Italian scholar, Comitium, at Rome, xx. 816. COMAYAGUA, town, Honduras, XII. 131; xx. 802. Comitlan, town, Mexico, vi. 194. department,VI. 177. Columba, Celtic saint, VI. 167; XIII. Commagene, Syria, Coins of, xvil 649. Comb, vi. 177 ; manufacture of, at 204, 249; his mission in Scotland, XXL Command, distinguished from law, xiv. Aberdeen, 1. 42. 474; monastic rule of, xvi. 706. , of bees, ill. 489. 355i . COLUMB^E, group of birds, VII. 379; Combaconum, town, India, VI. 178; Commander, Naval, duties of, xvii. xviii. 46. 292. xxiii. 47. Columbanus, Irish monk, VI. 167; Commander-in-Chief, of British Combat, Judicial, vn. 511; xvil 820. monastic rule of, xvi. 707. army, 11. 572. Columbella (Dyveke), mistress of Combativeness, in phrenology, xviii. Commandments, The Ten, vil 15. 844Christian II. of Denmark, VII. 587. COMMEDIA DELL’ Arte, improvised Columbia, town, South Carolina, Combe, Abram, disciple of Robert comedy, in Italy, vil 418. Owen, xviii. 88. U.S.A., vi. 168; xxii. 288. , Andrew, Scottish physiologist, VL Commemoration of Saints, xxi. 155, British, North America, VI. 169. COMMENDAMS, Bacon versus Coke on, 179. , District of, U.S.A., VI. 168; XXIV. in. 206. , George, Scottish physiologist, VI. 382; population, xxm. 802. Commensalism, Parasitic, xviii. 261; 179; xviii. 844. College, New York, U.S.A., 11. 67. , William, English writer, VI. 180. xvil 456, 461; xxiii. 857. River, U.S.A., xvil 822; xviii. Combermere, Viscount, English gene- Commerce, vi. 196; beginnings of, viii. 617; economic extension of, XIX. 354> ral, Vi. 181. 116; xxiii. 798; xxiv. 386. European, VIII. 706; commercial Columbine, of the pantomime, xvin. Combinations, among workmen, Vi. societies, XXII. 227. 181; xxiii. 499. 216.

0 O M —0 0 N Commercial Agents, in the United States, vi. 317. Commercy, town, France, VI. 207. Commission, Calculation of, 11. 536. Committee of Public Safety, in France, IX. 605. Committees, Parliamentary, xviii. 312. Commius, British king, xxn. 725. Commodore, naval officer, xvn. 292. Commodus, Lucius Aurelius, Roman emperor, Vi. 207. Common, Rights of, in law, vi. 209. , A. A., his observatory at Ealing, London, xvil. 711; his reflecting telescope, xxin. 152. Law, vi. 208. Life, or Common Lot, Brethren of the, mediaeval religious society, vii. 672; ix. 725; xvil 134. PLEAS, Court of, England, VI. 208; Records of, xx. 312. Prayer, Book of, Church of England, vill. 379; xiv. 710; revision of, vi. 328. Commons, waste lands, vi. 208. , estate of the realm, British, vm. 557, House of, xviii. 304, 307, 311. Common Sense, Hamilton’s theory of, XL 418; Reid’s philosophy of, xx. 350. Commonwealth, The English, under Cromwell, vi. 602; vm. 348; parliament in time of, xviil 307. Commune, administrative division, in France, VI. 211; ix. 509; XVII. 28; in Italy, XIII. 464, 471; Polish, XIX. 311; Roman, xx. 783; Russian, xxi. 83. of Paris (1792), ix. 603; (1872), ix. 627. Communion, or Holy Communion, vm. 651; xxi. 131, 139; order for administration of, xiv. 706; given to the dying (Viaticum), xxiv. 208; Luther’s doctrine of, xv. 81; St Paul’s, xviil 428; Zwingli’s, xxiv. 833. Office, Roman, xvi. 509; Anglican, viii. 379. See also article Liturgy. Communism, vi. 211; xxn. 207; applied to land, xiv. 265; exemplified in Oneida Community, U.S.A., xvil 773! Fourier’s system, ix. 489; Owen’s promotion of, xviil 87. Commutation Tables, 11. 81. Commutator, Electric, xiv. 630. Comnena, Anna, princess and authoress, 11. 59. Comneni, dynasty, Byzantine empire, XL 117. Comnenus, Alexius, Byzantine emperor, L 501; xi. 117; his relations with the crusaders, vi. 625. , Alexius, emperor of Trebizond, xxm. 533. Andronicus I., Byzantine emperor, II. 22. , Isaac L, Byzantine emperor, xm. 374-

COMNENUS, John II., Byzantine emperor, xiii. 713. , Manuel I., Byzantine emperor, xv. 505. Como, town, Italy, vi. 219. , Lake of, Italy, vi. 220; xiv. 217. Comonfort, Ignacio, Mexican soldier and politician, vi. 220. Comores, or Comoro Islands, East Africa, VI. 220. Comorn, or Komorn, town, Hungary, xiv. 138. Comoro Islands, East Africa, vi. 220. Compagnacci, Florentine faction, XXL 337Compagni, Dino, Italian writer, xm. 505. Compagnia della Morte, in Naples, xx. 847. Companies, Registration of, xx. 344. , Livery, of London, VI. 223 ; xiv. 819. Company, corporate association, vi. 221, 434; xviil 330. of Jesus, xiii. 645. Comparative Anatomy, vi. 225; xxiv. 800; advance of, 1.813; investigators in, 1. 818. Comparative Grammar, xi. 38; Bopp’s work on, iv. 49. Comparative Philology, of Aryan languages, XVIIL 781. Compass, Azimuth, xvi. 160. , Mariner’s, VI. 225; xv. 219, 518; discovery of, x. 179; as known to early navigators, xvil 250; deviation or variation of, x. 187; XV. 250; xvi. 163; xvil 274. , Surveying, xxn. 718. Compasses, mathematical instrument, xxii. 721. Compensation Balance, for watches, xxiv. 395. Competition Values, in economics, xxiv. 48. Competitive Examinations, viii. 781. Compiegne, town, France, vi. 228 ; xvil 749. Compitalia, Roman festival, xiv. 313. Complaynt of Scotland, early Scottish work, xxi. 541. Compleat Angler, Walton’s work, xxiv. 342. Complex, system of lines, in geometry, xxii. 670. Complexity, in psychology, xx. 56. Complex Variable, xxiv. 69. Compline, canonical hour, iv. 263. COMPLUTENSIAN POLYGLOTT, I. 458; xiii. 694; xix. 417. Composing, in printing, xxiii. 700; machines for, xxiil 700. Compostella (Santiago), town, Spain, vi. 229; pilgrimages to, xix. 94. Compound Rules, in arithmetic, 11. 534-

107 Compress, Hydropathic, XII. 544. Compressed Air, Force of, vm. 209. Compressed Fuel, ix. 808. Compressibility, of materials, vn. 815; xxii. 595, 601. Compression, in steam-engine, xxn. 486, 487; in air and gas engines, XXII. 523COMPSA, Samnite town, Italy, xxi. 249. Compton, Henry, bishop of London, vi. 229. , Spencer, earl of Northampton, XVII. 558. Compurgation, ancient mode of trial, xiii. 785. Computation, Arithmetical, 11. 526. Comstock Mines, Nevada, U.S.A., xvi. 441, 470; xvil 368; xxiil 815. Comte, Auguste, French philosopher, VI. 229; ix. 674; his ethical system, viii. 609; on evolution, vm. 763 ; his metaphysic, xvi. 101; on philosophy, xviil 794; on sociology and political economy, xix. 390; the Three Ages of his scheme, I. 279; Littre’s relations to, XIV. 706. COMUM (Como), ancient town, Italy, vi. 220. COMUS, in Greek mythology, VI. 238. , Milton’s poem, xvi. 326. , French conjurer, xv. 210. Comyn, John, the Red, slain by Bruce, xx. 593; xxi. 488. Con, George, papal agent in England, XL 655. Conation, Psychology of, xx. 40, 42, 72. Conca, Sebastiano, Italian painter, VI. 238. Concan, district, India, VI. 238. Concealment of Birth, in law, xm. 4. Concentrativeness, in phrenology, xviil 844. Concepcion, town, Chili, vi. 239; province, v. 617. , town, Paraguay, xviil 244. Conception, in physiology, xx. 407. , in psychology, xx. 57, 76. , Feast of the, xn. 715; xv. 592. Bay, Newfoundland, xvil 383. Conceptualism, in scholastic philosophy) I- 355 XXL 424. Conchifera, class of Mollusca, xvi. 684. Concilium Plebis, of Rome, xx. 678. Concini, Concino, French courtier, ix. 566. Conclave, meeting for election of a pope, vi. 239. Conclusion, in logic, xiv. 788. Conclusions, The Lollard, xiv. 811. Concord, town, Massachusetts, U.S.A., vi. 240; battle of (1775), xxiil 740. , town, New Hampshire, U.S.A., VI. 240; xvil 392. , Temple of, at Rome, II. 417; xx. 820.

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CONGO, country, West Africa, VI. 266. Concordance, verbal index, vi. 240; Condottieri, Italian mercenary troops, I , or Zaire, river, Africa, xxiv. 763; vi. 256; xiii. 477. of the Bible, by Calasio, IV. 653; by I. 254; exploration of, x. 192. Conduction, Electric, vm. 4, 41, 106. Cruden, VI. 621. Free State, Central Africa, xxn. , Electrolytic, vil. 219; VIII. 106. Concordat, papal agreement, vi. 241; 144; xxiv. 765. of Heat, xi. 577; xx. 212. xxiii. 531; Austrian, abolished, m. Conductivity, Languages, group of Bantu diaElectric, vm. 52. 141; with Napoleon, xvn. 205; of lects, xxiv. 828. , Thermal, XL 578, 586. Worms (1122), xix. 500. Congou Tea, xxiii. 99. Boxes, Electric, vm. 45. CONCORDIA, Roman goddess, vi. 243. CONGREGATIO DE PROPAGANDA FlDE, Conductor, Lightning, xiv. 633. , Lombard league, XIII. 473. xvi. 514. Conduit, in water-works, xxiv. 408. , town, Italy, VI. 243. Congregation, Christian, early organiCONDURRITE, mineral, XVI. 393. , town, Namaqualand, Africa, XVII. zation of, xix. 675. Condylopoda, or Arthropoda, II. 271, 168. , Lords of the, Scotland, XXL 501. • 647Concords, Musical, xvn. 82. , University, XXIII. 835. Cone, m geometry, VI. 282; X. 417; Concrete, substitute for stone, vi. 243; of the Oratory, Rome, xvii. XXII. 668; mensuration of, xvi. 25. in building, IV. 453, 456; Roman, XX. , On the Section of the, Serenus’s 808. Congregation alists, religious dework, XXL 675. Concubinage, vi. 243; xv. 569. nomination, vi. 268; xii. 722; CONECTE, Thomas, French monk and Cond, Irish king, Xlil. 245. American, in relation to Unitarianism, preacher, VI. 256. Condamine, Charles Marie de la, xxiii. 726. CONEGLIANO, town, Italy, vi. 256. French geographer and mathematician, Congregations, administrative burxiv. 193; his South-American ex- CONEN de Pr£pean, French stenoeaus of Roman Catholic Church, XX. grapher, xxi. 841. plorations, X. 189; measuring arc of 629. Conepatl, skunk of Central America, meridian, vn. 598. Congress, in diplomacy, vi. 269; of XXII. 126. Condate (Libourne), ancient town, Munster or Westphalia (1643-1648), CONEY, islet, Sligo, Ireland, xxn. 159. France, xiv. 509. in. 268; of Vienna (1815), m. 135, Island, village, Long Island, New (Rennes), ancient town, France, 270. York, U.S.A., xiv. 866. xx. 401. ? of the United States, its constituConfarreatio, form of Roman marCond6, town, France, vi. 244. tion, xxiii. 749; first meeting of, riage, vi. 256; xx. 671. , Princes of, France, VI. 244. xviii. 741. , Louis, Prince of (Conde the Great), Confectionery, vi. 256. , American Continental, XXIH. 737) Confederate States, of America, vi. 245; ix. 571; his relations with 74°, 743... xxiii. 773. Turenne, xxm. 626. Congreve, Sir William, inventor ot Confederation, German, in. 135; x. , Louis de Bourbon, Prince of, VI. the rocket, VI. 272. 5°S, 245. William, English dramatist, VI. of the Rhine, hi. 133; vm. 363; , Louis Henry Joseph, duke of 271; vil 436; viii. 424. xvii. 210; its dissolution, xvn. 220. Bourbon, VI. 248. Congruence, in geometry, xxii. 670. Conde, Jose Antonio, Spanish Orien- Confederations, Political, ix. 62. Coni, town, Italy, vi. 272. Conference, in diplomacy, vi. 269. talist, vi. 248. Sections, or Conics, vi. 273; x. Condensation, of gaseous bodies, vi. CONFESSIO, in early Christian archi- Conic 395; projection of, XIX. 798. tecture, VI. 667; XX. 834. 311; vii. 217; viii. 727; of steam, Confession, of sin, vi. 257; its place Conidia, reproductive organs in plants, xxii. 487. ix. 829; xx. 424. in the Eastern, Latin, and Lutheran Condensed Milk, xvi. 304. Conifers, order of trees, 11. 315) 32I> Churches, XVIIL 487. Condenser, in distillation, vn. 261. IX. 222; XIX. 102; XXIV. 131. Confessional, vi. 258. , Electric, vm. 34. Conine, vegetable alkaloid, XL 647. Confession of Faith, Westminster, , Steam-engine, xxii. 513, 518. CONINGTON, John, English scholar, VI. VI. 558; XXL 503. CONDER, Josiah, English writer, VI. 249. 284. Condescendence, in Scots law, xix. Confessions, Rousseau’s, xxi. 16. Conisbrough Castle, Yorkshire, of an English Opium-Eater, 220. England, XXIV. 749. De Quincey’s work, VIL 102. Cond£-sur-Noireau, town, France, CONISTON Old Man, mountain, EngOF Faith, or Creeds, VI. 558. vi. 244. land, xiv. 252. Confessor, vi. 258. CONDICTION, in Roman law, xx. 683. Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de, French Confirmation, ecclesiastical rite, vi. ConiUM, genus of plants, XI. 646; XVII. 232. 258. philosopher, VI. 249; IX. 669; on the Conjeveram, town, India, vi. 285. association of ideas, II. 732; his logic, Conflagrations, ix. 233. CONFLANS, France, Treaty of (1465), IX. Conjunctions, in grammar, xi. 41. xiv. 794; on logical analysis, 1. 797. Conjunctivitis, eye disease, xvn. 780. Conditioned, Hamilton’s philosophy S52o Confucius, Chinese sage, vi. 258; his Conjuring, by tricks and illusions, xiv. of the, xi. 418. 414; xv. 207. doctrines, v. 662, 671; XX. 363; his Condivicenum (Nantes), ancient town, relation to Mencius, xvi. 3; temple of, Connaught, province, Ireland, vi. 285; France, xvn. 173. area and population of, XIII. 215; first at Shanghai, 11. 448. Condolmieri, Gabriel (Pope Eugenius mention of, XIII. 246. Cong£ d’£lire, mandate for election IV.), vill. 663. Connecticut, State, U.S.A., vi. 285; of a bishop, VI. 265. Condom, town, France, vi. 253. xxiii. 748; population, xxm. 802, Condor, bird, vi. 253; xxiv. 302; in Conger-Eel, fish, vil 693. original colony of, XXHI. 73°) 731Congleton, town, England, vi. 265. Chili, v. 623. Connellite, mineral, xvi. 385. , Lord, chancellor of Irish exCONDORCET, Marquis de, French philo- , Connemara, district, Ireland, vi. 289; chequer, VI. 265. sopher and politician, Vi. 254; ix. 667. x. 55. Conglomerate, rock, x. 237. Condore, India, Battle of, vi. n.

c O N—C O N CONNOR, Bernard, English physiologist, vi. 289. Connubium, or Conubium, form of Roman marriage, XV. 568; xx. 671. Conoids, Archimedes on, 11. 380. CONOLLY, John, English physician, VI. 289. CONOMEDUS^E, order of Hydrozoa, XII. 559CONON, Athenian general, VI. 289; as ally of the Persians, XVIII. 577. , (Leo III.), emperor of the East, XIV. 452. of Samos, his record of eclipses, 11. 748. Conoteuthis, genus of Mollusca, xvi. 671. Conquest, in Scots law, xm. 77. OF Mexico, History of the, by Prescott, xix. 703. of Trebizond, romance, xx. 653. CONQUETE DE CONSTANTINOPLE, Villehardouin’s, xxiv. 229. Conrad I., king of Germany, x. 482. II., emperor, x. 486; his influence in Rome, xx. 790. III., emperor, x. 489. IV., emperor, x. 492. of Montferrat, crusader, xx. 540; XXlll. 161. of Wurzburg, German poet, x. 524. Conradin, king of Sicily, vi. 289; XXII. 27. Conrart, Valentin, first secretary of the French Academy, vi. 290. Consalvi, Ercole, Italian cardinal and statesman, vi. 290. Consanguinity, or Kindred, vi. 291; systems of reckoning it, IX. 22; closeness of, in relation to deaf-muteism, vil. 4. Conscience, or Moral Sense, Butler’s doctrine of, IV. 587; Hutcheson’s, XII. 409; Shaftesbury’s, xxi. 733. See also article Ethics. , Hendrik, Flemish writer, XII. 98. Conscientiousness, in phrenology, xviii. 845. Consciousness, in metaphysics, xvi. 92; states of, xx. 38; physiology of, Xix. 20, 41 ; Christian, vil. 336; Cousins’s theory of, vi. 525 ; Descartes’s, v. 142; Hamilton’s, xi. 417; Locke’s, xiv. 758. Conscription, Military, 11. 565, 566; its effect on emigration, vm. 175. Consecration, vi. 291. Conseil de Prud’hommes, tribunal of employers and employed, xiv. 173; at Paris, xviii. 286. Consensus Sandomiriensis, church congress (1570), xxi. 259. Conservation of Energy, viii. 208; xviii. 553. Conservatism, as influenced by the Renaissance, xx. 394. Conservative Party, British, xxiv. 54o.

Conservatoire des Arts et des Metiers, Paris, xviii. 281. Conservatory, Garden, xn. 222. , or Conservatoire, Musical, vi. 291; xvii. 83. Consideration, in legal contracts, vi. 322. Consistoire, French Presbyterian court, xix. 693. CONSISTORIAL CONGREGATION, of Church of Rome, xx. 629. CONSISTORIAUX, section of French Presbyterians, xix. 694. Consistory, ecclesiastical council, vi. 292. Court, Canterbury, 11. 370. Consiva, or Ops, Roman goddess, xxi. 321. Consolation of Philosophy, Boetius’s work, in. 857. Consolations against the Fear of Death, Drelincourt’s work, vil 468. Console, in architecture, 11. 462. Consolidation Acts, English, vi. 292. Consols, British Government annuities, vi. 293; xvii. 245. Consonance, Musical, xvn. 105. Consonants, Pronunciation of, xxn. 385Conspiracy, in law, VI. 293; in relation to trade unions, xxili. 500. Constable, officer of the peace, vi. 294. , Lord High, of England, xxn. 459; xxi. 36. , Archibald, Scottish publisher, VI. 295; VIII. 201. , Henry, English poet, VI. 295. , John, English painter, Vi. 296. Constabulary, police force, xix. 332; in Ireland, xm. 239. Constance, town, Baden, Germany, vi. 297; congress of Old Catholics at (i873)) xvii. 755; council of (1414-18), x. 550; xii. 405; xiii. 712; xix. 502; xx. 320, 805; peace of (1183), xm. 474, Lake of, Switzerland, vi. 297; xiv. 217; xx. 519; xxii. 776. of Aquitaine, wife of Robert I. of France, ix. 536. Constant de Rebecque, Henri Benjamin, French philosopher and economist, vi. 297; ix. 673; xviii. 223; XXII. 799; on the philosophy of caste, V. 187, 189. Constantiana (Kustendje), ancient town, Roumania, xiv. 162. Constantina, town, Spain, XXL 708. Constantine, town, Algeria, vi. 298. I., the Great, Roman emperor, Vi. 298; XL no; xx. 778; cross in the sky, seen by, XL 399. V. (Copronymus), Byzantine emperor, xil. 713. VI., Byzantine emperor, xm. 274. VII. (Porphyrogenitus), Byzantine

109 emperor, vi. 301; his encouragement of literature, iv. 613; xi. 145. Constantine XIII. (Palseologus), Byzantine emperor, xvni. 166. , emperor of Gaul, Spain, and Britain, VI. 301. I-IL, kings of Scotland, XXL 478. , missionary to the Slavs, xvi. 194. , bishop of Harran, Syriac writer, xxii. 841. , Basilica of, at Rome, 111. 414; xx. 826. Brancovan, voivode of Walachia, XXL 17. Pavlovich, Russian prince, vi. 302; xvii. 485. Sylvanus, founder of the Paulicians, xviii. 433. Constantinople, capital of Turkey, Vi. 302; founding of, XL in; xx. 778; council of (381), xxiii. 259; repulse of Moslems at (717), XVI. 574; taken by the Crusaders (1204), vi. 629, 803; by the Turks (1453), xvn- 484; XXlll. 642; Renaissance dates from its capture, xx. 381 ; aqueducts, II. 221; cemeteries, v. 331; ancient libraries, xiv. 512; newspapers, xvn. 432; plague in, xix. 166; its suburb, Scutari, XXL 573. , province, Turkey in Europe, xxm. 653——, Era of, v. 714. Constantinus Cephalas, compiler of an anthology, 11. 103. Constantius I., Flavius Valerius, Roman emperor, vi. 309; xx. 777; in Scotland, XXL 472. II., Flavius Julius, Roman emperor, xiii. 768; xx. 778. Constants, Mathematical, Tables of, xxiii. 13. , Tidal, XXlll. 366. Constellations, groups of stars, 11. 816; xxiv. 791. Constituent Assembly, of France, ix. 598. Constitution, and Constitutional Law, vi. 309. Constitutional History of England, Hallam’s, XI. 393. Constitutionalism, Metternich’s opposition to, xvi. 201. Constitutionnel, Le, Paris newspaper, xvii. 426. Constitution of Bodies, vi. 310. Constitution 'of England, Delolme’s work, vil 51. Constitution of Man, Combe’s work, vi. 180. Constitutions, Apostolic, early Christian work, 11. 195, 196. , of Justinian, xm. 793; XX. 712. of Clarendon, viii. 372. Constraint, in mechanics, xv. 678. Construction, Principles of, in building, iv. 447.

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discoveries in Australasia, III. 104; his Constructiveness, in phrenology, Contrast, in mental association, n. Arctic and Antarctic explorations, 733. xvin. 845. xix. 319, 329; his exploration of New Contrasto, love-song, by Cmllo Consubstantiation, Euchanstical Zealand, xvn. 471; of Tahiti, xxm. d’Alcamo, XIII. 499. doctrine, VIII. 653; XV. 85; taught by 24. Contrexeville, spa, France, xvi. 433. Occam, XVII. 718. Cook, Prof., meteorological spectroContributory Negligence, in law, Consuegra, town, Spain, VI. 313. scopist, XX. 256. xvii. 316; xxiii. 455. Consuetude, in Roman law, xx. 698. , Mount, New Zealand, XVII. 466. Consul, commercial and legal officer Control Department, British army, Cooke, Thomas, telescope-maker, xxhi. 11.581. in foreign country, VI. 315; British, 149; his micrometers, XVI. 244. CONTUBERNIUM, in Roman marriage precedence of, XIX. 667. 5 Sir W. F., his contributions to law, xv. 568. , Roman magistrate, VI. 313; xx. telegraphy, XXIII. 113. CONTUCCi, Andrea, Florentine sculptor, Cookery, vi. 331. 735, 738, 77B 785; in the provinces, XXL 295. xix. 885. Cooking Stoves, xxii. 579. Contusion, in surgery, xxii. 681, 686. Consulate, French, ix. 612; xvn. Conubium, form of Roman marriage, Cook’s Islands, or Harvey Archi203. pelago, South Pacific, vi. 331. XV. 568; xx. 671. OF the Sea, Book of the, vi. 317; COOKSTOWN, town, Ireland, xxill. 713. Conundrum, interrogative pun, xx. XXL 584. Cook Strait, New Zealand, xvii. 467. 549. , Consuls, The Three, in France Cooktown, town, Queensland, xx. 172. CONURUS, genus of birds, XVIH. 322. (i799-i8oo), ix. 612; xvii. 203. Cookworthy, William, English potter, Convection, mode of transference of Consumption, pulmonary disease, xix. 642. heat, xx. 212. xviii. 405, 855. Coolie, or Cooly, Asiatic labourer, vi. Convent, or Conventual EstablishContades, Louis G. E., French marshal, 333; coolie emigration, VIII. 175. ment, 1. 10; xvi. 700; Lamaist, in ix. 589. Cooling, Newton’s law of, xx. 129. Tibet, xiv. 499. Contagion, or Infectiveness, in COOEY (Coolie), Asiatic labourer, vi. pathology, XVIII. 401; in case of the Conventicle Act, of 1664, in England, 332; viil. 175. viii. 348; xix. 690; of 1670, xix. plague, XIX. 161. Coomassie, capital of Ashantee, West 690; xx. 149. Contagious Diseases (Animals) Africa, VI. 336; II. 681. Convention, French National (1792), Acts, British, xx. 158. COOMPTAH, or Kumpta, town, India, ix. 604. Contango, stock exchange term, 1. 92; xiv. 155. , International, defined, xxiii. 530. xxii. 557. of Philadelphia (1787), xxm. COOPER, Abraham, English painter, VI. Contarini, Ambrogio, Venetian envoy 336. 748to Persia, XVIII. 633. , Anthony Ashley, three earls of Conventuals, order of monks, IX. 699. , Andrea, doge of Venice, xxiv. 144. Shaftesbury, XXL 727, 731, 734CONTE, Nicolas Jacques, French pencil- CONVERSANO, town, Italy, vi. 324. , Sir Astley Paston, English surgeon, Conversations-Lexicon, of Brockmaker, xviii. 490. VL 336. haus, viii. 203. Contempt of Court, offence, vi. 318. , Charles Henry, English historioConversion and Trover, in law, Contes, La Fontaine’s, xiv. 205. grapher, VI. 337. xxiii. 589. Drolatiques, Balzac’s, 111. 305. , James Fenimore, American novelConveyancing, in law, vi. 324. Conti, Prince of (Armand de Bourbon), ist, vi. 337; I. 72 5Convicts, Treatment of, xix. 747; on vi. 319. , John, English musician, XVII. 87. ticket of leave, VI. 590; agitation , Gregorio (Victor IV., antipope), Cooperage, handicraft, vi. 338. against, in Cape Colony, v. 45. xxiv. 213. Co-operation, vi. 338, 218; xiv. 321; , Lothario (Pope Innocent III.), Convito, Dante’s work, VI. 814; Xiii. productive and distributive, XXII. 5°2. xiii. 82. 210; agricultural, its results, I. 4I6j , Michael Angelo (Pope Innocent Convivium seu Lapith/e, Lucian’s Fourier’s system, ix. 489. dialogue, XV. 44. XIII.), xiii. 86. Co-operative Societies, in Russia, Convocation, of Church of England, , Nicolo, Italian traveller, X. 179. xxi. 84. vi. 325; viii. 380. Contiguity, in mental association, 11. CONVOLVULIN, vegetable resin, XIII. Cooper Institute, New York, xvii. 733- 466. Continental Congress, of American 547Cooper’s Hill, Denham’s poem, vn. 79. Convolvulus Batatas, vegetable, colonies, XXIII. 737, 740, 743. Cooper’s Observatory, Markree xix. 596; xxiv. 727. Continental System, of Napoleon, Castle, Ireland, XVII. 711. Convulsions, in pathology, xviii. XVII. 212. Cooper’s Well, spa, Mississippi, Continuity, Temporal, in psychology, 39iU.S.A., xvi. 436. Conway, town, Wales, vi. 330; river, xx. 56. Coordinates, in geometry, x. 408; v. 119. Contours, in mapping, x. 210; xxn. polar, x. 414; transformation of, in , Lady, friend of Henry More, XVI. 709, 711surveying, XXII. 706. _ 815. Contraband, vi. 320; xxii. 185. Contrabassoon, musical instrument, Conway’s Cabal, against George Coords, or Kurds (q.v.), tribes, Asia, xiv. 156. Washington, xxiv. 389. xvii. 707. COORG, province, India, VI. 341. Contract, in law, vi. 322; xxi. 205; Cony, of Scripture, xn. 599. under Brehon law, IV. 253; in Roman Conybeare, John, English divine, VI. COORNHERT, Dirck Volckersten, Dutch writer, XII. 93. law, xx. 675, 677, 692, 699; freedom 330Coorong, lake, South Australia, xxii. , William Daniel, English geologist, of, economic aspects of, XIX. 360; of 284. vi. 330. partnership, xviii. 330. Contractions, in ancient MSS., Cook, Captain James, English navigator Coos Bay, town, Oregon, U.S.A., xvii. 824. I and explorer, VI. 330; x. 189; his xviii. 164.

C O O —C 0 K Coosh Behar, or Kuch Behar, state, India, xiv. 152. Coot, water-fowl, vi. 341. COOTE, Sir Eyre, British general, VI. 342. Copaiba, Balsam of, m. 293. Copal, resin, vi. 342. Copaline, mineral, xvi. 428. Copan, town, Honduras, vi. 343; ruins of, 1. 693; xxiv. 758. Coparceners, in English law of inheritance, xiii. 77. Cope, ecclesiastical vestment, vi. 463. , E. D., on the classification of reptiles, xx. 438. , Sir John, English general, v. 426. Copenhagen, capital of Denmark, vi. 343; population, xxiv. 771; ix. 614; battle of (1801), xvil. 323; academy, I. 73; libraries, XIV. 532, 549; newspapers, xvil. 430; observatory, xvn. 715; university, xxm. 842. Fields, London, xiv. 828. Copepoda, group of crustaceans, vi. 664; in Lank ester’s classification, xxiv. 813Copernican System, ii. 778. Copernicia Cerifera, wax-yielding palm, xviii. 191. Copernicus, Nicolaus, German astronomer, VI. 346; his astronomical system, II. 752, 778; his theory of the earth’s rotation anticipated, VI. 729; on the lunar theory, xvi. 800; his treatise on money, xix. 356; on trigonometry, XXIII. 562. Copho, mediaeval writer on medicine, xv. 806. Copiapite, mineral, xvi. 401. Copiapo, town, Chili, vi. 346. Coping, in architecture, 11. 462; iv. 464. Copley, John Singleton, historical painter, VI. 347. , John Singleton (Lord Lyndhurst), lord chancellor of England, xv. 106. Copnick, town, Prussia, xiv. 139. Copper, metal, chemical element, vi. 347; xvi. 382; chemistry of, v. 528; cyanide of, xx. 23; sulphate of, XXII. 637 ; sulphate in electrotyping, vill. _ 115; spectrum of, xxii. 376; strength of, xxii. 603; as a poison, xix. 278; constituent of brass, iv. 217 ; of bronze, iv. 366; as alloy of silver, xxii. 71; in pig iron, xm. 284; ores of, xvi. 58; dressing of ores, xvi. 466; deposits or mines in Australia, ill. 109 ; in Bolivia, iv. 14; in Brazil, iv. 224; California, iv. 702; in Chili, v. 622; in China, v. 639; in Cuba, vi. 680 ; in Cyprus, VI. 747; in Cornwall, England, vi. 425; in India, xil. 765; in Ireland, xm. 218; in Japan, xm. 572; in Newfoundland, xvil 384; in New South Wales, xvil 409; in Philippine Islands, xvni. 749; in Queensland, xx. 173; in Russia, xxi. 85;

xxiv. 5; in Michigan, U.S.A., xvi. 239; in Missouri, U.S.A., xvi. 525; production of, xvi. 467; production in England, Vlll. 229; production in United States, xxm. 816. Copperas, mineral, vi. 352; xvi. 401. Copper-Glance, mineral, xvi. 391. Copper Mining, xvi. 452. Coppernin, English dwarf, VII. 568. Copperplate Engraving, viil 439. Copper Pyrites, mineral, xx. 129. Copper Smelting, at Swansea, xxii. 733Copper Wire, xxiv. 615. Coppet, Switzerland, Madame de Stael’s residence, xxn. 439. Coppice, or Copse, Culture of, 11. 319. Coprolites, Fossil, VI. 353; as manure, I. 348; XVlll. 818. COPRONYMUS (Constantine V.), Byzantine emperor, xn. 713. Coptic Church, Egypt, xx. 631. Coptic Language, vie 721; xviii. 778; dictionaries of, vil. 192. Coptic Monastery, Plan of a, 1. 11. COPTOS, ancient town, Egypt, VI. 355. Copts, Egyptian people, vi. 354; 1. 260; vii. 728. Copulation, of animals, xx. 410. Copyhold, land tenure, vi. 355; xiv. 264; xx. 307; its relation to feudalism, IX. 122; surrender of, XXII. 692; copyhold rents, xx. 402. Copyright, vi. 356; xix. 710; international, I. 720; English Acts relating to, xiv. 541. COQUEREL, Athanase Josu4, French Protestant theologian, VI. 367. , Athanase Laurent Charles, French Protestant theologian, vi. 368. COQUES, Gonzalez, Flemish painter, VI. 368. Coquet, river, Northumberland, England, xvil 565. Coquilla Nut, xvil 665. Coquillart, Guillaume, early French writer, IX. 648. Coquimbite, mineral, xvi. 401. Coquimbo, province, Chili, v. 617. CORA, Greek myth of, xvil 127. (Cori), ancient town, Italy, vi. 368; temple at, 11. 418. Coracias, genus of birds, xx. 627. CORAIS, Adamantios, Greek scholar, XL iSiCoral Islands and Reefs, xix. 420, 421; theories of their formation, VI. 377; xviii. 128. Coralligena, subdivision of Actinozoa, I. 129. Coralline, dye, v. 86. Coral Rock, x. 238; in Kentucky, U.S.A., xiv. 42. Corals, or Coral Animals, vi. 369; 1. 129; fisheries, Vi. 387; Italian fisheries, xm. 455.

Ill Coram, Thomas, English philanthropist, vi. 388. Corangamite, lake, Victoria, Australia, xxiv. 216. Cor Anglais, musical instrument, xvii. 706. Corantyn, river, Guiana, XL 250. Corario, Angelo (Pope Gregory XII.), XL 178. Corax, of Syracuse, rhetorician, xx. 508. Coray, Adamantius, Greek scholar, vi. 388. CORAZON, mountain, Ecuador, vii. 645. Corbeil, town, France, VI. 388; xxi. 625. , Gilles de, mediaeval writer on medicine, XV. 806. Corbel, in architecture, 11. 462. Corbie Monastery, Picardy, Library of, xiv. 513. Corbieres, mountains, France, xx. 125. Corbilo (St Nazaire), ancient town, France, xxi. 187. Corbueil (Francis Villon), French poet, xxiv. 232; ix. 647. Corbulo, Domitius, Roman commissioner to the Parthians, xviii. 602. Corchorus, genus of plants, xm. 798. CORCOBADO, island, Peru, xviii. 671. Corcyra (Corfu), island, Greece, VI. 395; xiii. 205; coins of, xvil 641. Cord, Manufacture of, xx. 845. Corday d’ Armans, Marie Anne Charlotte, assassin of Marat, VI. 388; ix. 606; xv. 527. Cordelier, rope-spinning machine, xx. 844Cordeliers, Franciscan monks, VI. 389; ix. 698. , French Revolutionists, VI. 389. Corderius (Mathurin Cordier), French writer, vi. 389; his Colloquies as a school book, XXL 751. Cordials, liqueurs, xiv. 686. Cordier, Mathurin, French writer, vi. 389; his Colloquies, XXL 751. Cordiere, La Belle (Louise Labe), French poetess, ix. 651. Cordierite, mineral, xvi. 418. Cordilleran System, North America, XXlll. 796. Cordilleras, of the Andes, 1. 670; 11. 15; in Ecuador, vil. 644. Cordoba, town, Argentine Republic, vi. 390. Cordova, province, Spain, xxn. 298. , town, Spain, VI. 389; mosque at, xvi. 864; xxii. 310. , or Cordoba, town, Argentine Republic, vi. 390; observatory at, xvn. 716. , town, Mexico, vi. 390. CORDUBA (Cordova), ancient town, Spain, vi. 390.

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Cormontaigne, Louis de, French mill- Corno di Bassetto, musical instrument, xvii. 708. Core, Magnetic, xv. 252. tary engineer, VI. 407. Cornouailles, Counts of, France, xx. Corea, kingdom, Asia, vi. 390; language Cormophyta, division of vegetable of, xvm. 779; xxiv. 3; dictionaries 181. kingdom, HI. 694. of language, vil. 192. Corn-Salad, vegetable, xn. 281. COREGGIO, or Correggio, Antonio Al- Cormorant, bird, vi. 407. CORMORNE, musical instrument, XVII. Corn Thrips, insect, xxiv. 534. legri, Italian painter, VI. 437; XXL Corn Trade, British, vi. 413; early 7°5, . laws regarding, I. 298. 437, 443, CORN, British trade m, VI. 413. COREGONUS, genus of fishes, xi. 340, j local thickening of the skin, XXII. Cornu, Roman trumpet, xxiii. 592. XIX. 402, 650; XXI. 221, 223; XXIV. 5 A., his simplification of diffraction 121. problems, xxiv. 444. 137,552. . , T , Indian (Maize), XV. 309. Corelli, Arcangelo, Italian musical Corn alia, Corpuscles of, parasites in Cornus, genus of plants, vn. 342. composer, VI. 394; XVII. 93. CORNUTUS, L. Annaeus, Roman Stoic silkworms, xxii. 59. Corentin, St, bishop of Cornouailles, philosopher, VI. 423; XVIII. 662. Cornarius, Janus, German physician, France, xx. 181. Cornwall, county, England, vi. 424; xv. 808. Corenzio, Belisario, Greek Neapolitan population and representation, XXIII. Cornaro, Luigi, Italian writer, VI. painter, VI. 395; xx- 532727; ancient remains, XXL 51; Celtic 4!7Corfu, island, Greece, vi. 395; xni. 205; language of, V. 298; Celtic literature, CORNAVII, ancient British tribe, XXL town, vi. 396. v. 323; fisheries, ix. 253; miracle plays 648. Gori, town, Italy, VI. 368. in, vii. 414; serpentine rocks of, xxi. Coriander, plant and fruit, vi. 396; CORNAY, Joseph Emile, on classification 683. of birds, XVIII. 29, 35. xii. 289. Cornwallis, First Marquis, British Corn-Bruiser,agricultural implement, CORIANDOLI, in Roman carnival, V. general, vi. 428; in American War, 1. 326. 124. XXlll. 744; governor-general of India, CORNBURY, Lord, governor of New CORIGLIANO, town, Italy, VI. 396. xii. 803, 805. Jersey, U.S.A., xvn. 398. Coringa, town, India, VI. 396. Cornwallite, mineral, XVI. 405. Corn Crake, bird, vi. 543; xx. 222. Corinna, Greek poetess, vi. 397. Corn Weevil, wheat pest, xxiv. CORINNE, Madame de Stael’s novel, Corn-Crusher, agricultural imple536. ment, I. 326; primitive, IX. 343. xxii. 441. Coro, town, Venezuela, vi. 428. Cornea, of the eye, vm. 817; 1. 886; Corinth, town, ancient Greece, Vi. 397; CORODY, Right of, obsolete prerogative diseases of the, xvii. 781. coins of, xvii. 642; slaves in, xxii of English crown, xix. 672. Corneille, Mont, France, xx. 118. 130; St Paul at, xviii. 420. 1 Corolla, of plants, iv. 132. , Pierre, French dramatist, VI. 4 7 i Corinthian Architecture, Greek Coromandel Coast, India, vi. 428. vii. 424; ix. 658; xx. 206. order, II. 407; Roman order, II. 415; Corona, envelope of the sun, Vi. 428; Thomas, French dramatist, VI. 421; inventor of the column in, IV. 709• xxii. 645, 647; 11. 789; xi. 398; XIV. IX. 658; his Dictionnaire des Arts et Corinthians, Epistles to the, vi. 597; xxiv. 435. des Sciences, VIII. 194. 399; xviii. 421. Coronado, F. Vasquez de, Spanish exCornelia, mother of the Gracchi, VI. , Third Epistle to the, apocryphal plorer, xvii. 309, 401. 421. hook, xviii. 423. Coronation, vi. 429. Cornelius, Peter von, German painter, CORIOLANUS, Gains Marcius, Roman Island, Antarctic Ocean, xvii. vi. 421; xiv. 16. patrician, VI. 401. 407. O’Dowd (Charles Lever), Papers , Shakespeare’s play, XXL 764. Oath, England, xvn. 701. by, xiv. 486. CORIOLI, ancient town, Italy, vi. 402. Coronea, Greece, Battle of (394 B.C.), CORNELLl, Vincenzo Maria, his BiblioCoritani, early British tribe, xiv. 655; xxiii. 229. teca Universale, vin. 195. xvii. 556. Coronelli, Vincenzio, Italian geograCornell University, at Ithaca, New Cork, hark of tree, VI. 402; formation pher, vi. 430. York, U.S.A., xxm. 857. of, Xii. 17; the tree, XVII. 694; in Coroner, officer of the law, vi. 430. Cornet, musical instrument, xxiv. Portugal, xix. 538; in Tunis, xxm. Coroner’s Jury, xiii. 786. 787; ix. 351. 620. Coronet, in heraldry, XL 711; ducal, , county, Ireland, VI. 402; popula- Corneto, town, Italy, VI. 423; vm. vn. 519. 634tion and representation, xxm. 727. Corot, Jean Baptiste Camille, I rench , town, Ireland, VI. 405; library, Corn Flour, xv. 310. painter, VI. 431. xiv. 524; observatory, XVII. 711; Cornhert, Theodore, Dutch writer, VI. Corozo Nut, or Vegetable Ivory, xiii. Queen’s College at, xxm. 855. 423525; xvii. 664. Cornice, in architecture, II. 462. , Earl of (Richard Boyle), English Cornish Dialect, v. 298; dictionaries Corpancho, Manuel Nicolas, Peruvian statesman, IV. 183. poet, xviii. 676. of, vii. 188. and Orrery, Earl of (John Boyle), Corpi Santi, suburb of Milan, Italy, Cornish Literature, ancient, v. English writer, iv. 183. xvi. 290. Corkwing, fish, xxiv. 686. 323Corlear, early Dutch settler, New Corn-Law Rhymes, by Elliott, vm. Corporal Punishment, Law of,xxiii465York, xvii. 454. 149Corn Laws, English, vi. 408; ix. 754; Corpora Quadrigemina, Corpora Corleone, town, Italy, VI. 406. Striata, in the brain, 1. 872; xix. their effect on agriculture, 1. 304; Corliss Steam - Engine, xx. 507, agitation against, vm. 366; repeal of, 37* 514. Corporation, vi. 432; in United vi. 84; xviii. 457. CORM, of plants, IV. 98; xx. 423. States, xxiii. 785. Corn-Mildew, xvi. 293. CORMAC, Irish king, XIII. 246. Cormenin, Vicomte de, French jurist, Corno, Monte, Italy, 11. 170; xm. Corporation-Sole, xviii. 296. Corpulence, vi. 435; in pathology, 437VI. 406.

c O K —C O S xvni. 389; diet for reduction of, vn. CORTES, Spanish legislature, xxn. 303. 647; Greek school of medicine at, xv. 204. , Hernan, conqueror of Mexico, Vi. 800. Corpus Christi, church festival, vi. 441; 1. 707; x. 182. Coscaroba, bird, xxii. 732. 436. , Martin, his Art of Navigation, Coscinomancy, divining with a sieve, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, xvii. 252. vil 293; xvil 818. iv. 731. Corthol, musical instrument, xvn. Cosecant, in trigonometry, xxiii. 563. Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 705. CoSEGUINA, volcano, Nicaragua, xvil xviii. 96. Corti, Rods of, in the ear, 1. 894; vil. 477Corpuscles, Blood, 1. 845. 593Cosenza, town, Italy, vi. 445; province, , Ultramundane, in Le Sage's atomic Corticata, division of Protozoa, xix. iv. 651. theory, III. 46. 852. Cosimo I. (dei Medici), grand-duke of Corpuscular Theory, of light, xiv. Corticine, floorcloth, xiv. 676. Tuscany, xv. 789. 580, 598. Corticium Candelabrum, species of II., of Tuscany, xv. 792. Corpus Inscriptionum Gr^ecarum, sponge, xxii. 414. III., of Tuscany, xv. 793. xiii. 122. Cortona, town, Italy, vi. 442; vm. DEI Medici (the Elder), ruler of Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, 635Florence, xv. 784; IX. 138. xiii. 127. , Luca da, Italian painter, xxn. COSIN, John, bishop of Durham, vi. 445; Corpus Juris, of Justinian, xm. 794. 50. as hymn-writer, xn. 592. Corpus Juris Canonici, v. 18. Cortoreal, Caspar, explorer of New- Cosine, in trigonometry, xxiii. 563. Correa, greenhouse plant, xn. 263. foundland, xvii. 385. Coslin, town, Prussia, XIV. 143. DA Serra, Jose Francisco, Portu- Coruisk, Loch, Skye, Scotland, xxii. COSMAS, Byzantine hymn-writer, XI. 146. guese politician and scientist, vi. 436. 127. , surnamed Indicopleustes, ancient Correction, Houses of, xix. 748. Coruna, province, Spain, xxn. 298; geographer, VI. 445; x. 177. Correggio, Antonio Allegri, Italian town, vi. 443. of Prague, Bohemian historian, vi. painter, VI. 437; XXL 437, 443. Corundophyllite, mineral, xvi. 414. 446. Correspondence, in geometry, x. Corundum, mineral, xvi. 385; xxi. Cosmati, family of architects and 392. 47; deposits of, in North Carolina, sculptors, Rome, xx. 834. Correze, department, France, vi. 438. U.S.A., xvii. 560. Cosmo de’ Medici. See Cosimo. Corrib, Lough, Ireland, x. 55; xm. Corunna, or Coruna, town, Spain, vi. Cosmogony, vi. 446; Chaldean, m. 216; xv. 650. 443; battle of (1809), xvi. 805; Lord 193; myths of, 1. 460; XVIL 143, 156; Corrichie, Scotland, Battle 01(1562), Paget at, 11. 31. of the Stoics, xxii. 564. XV. 595. Corvara, Pietro di (Nicholas V., anti- Cosmography, Heylin’s, xi. 785. Corrie, mountain recess, XXL 525. pope), xvii. 484. CORRIENTES, town, Argentine Republic, Corvey, Benedictine abbey, Saxony, vi. Cosmological Theism, xxiii. 248. Cosmology, Parmenides’s, xvi 11. 315; vi. 439. 443; library of, xiv. 513. Philo’s, xviii. 762; Pythagorean, xx. Corrievreckan, whirlpool, Scotland, Corvidae, family of birds, vi. 617; 139xxiv. 542. xviii. 48. Corrosive Sublimate, a chloride of CORVINUS, John Hunyady, king of Cosmos, Humboldt’s work, xil. 345. , Anaxagoras’s theory of the, II. 1; mercury, xvi. 33; as poison, xix. Hungary, XIL 367, 368; xxm. 642. Kepler’s, xiv. 47. 277, Marcus Valerius Messala, friend Cosne, town, France, vi. 448; xvil Corrupt Practices Prevention and patron of Tibullus, xxm. 348. 496. Act (1854), iv. 278. , Matthias, of Hungary, xn. 367, Cossa, Balthasar (Pope John XXIII.), Corry, town, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., vi. 368; xv. 634; library of, xiv. 515. xiii. 712. 439Corvisart-Desmarets, Baron de, , Luigi, Italian economist, xix. 394. Corsica, island, Mediterranean, vi. French physician, vi. 443; xv. 816. Cossacks, Russian tribes, vi. 448; v. 4395 xiii. 440; xv. 820; dialect of, Corvo, island, Azores, ill. 172. 263; XXL 79; origin of the name, xiv. xiii. 494; ceded to ancient Rome, xx. CORVUS, genus of birds, VI. 617; xm. 95; in Russian army, 11. 610. 748; its connexion with France, xvn. 532; XX. 295, 842. Cossimbazar, town, India, xiv. 14. 193; under Theodore L, xvn. 362. , M. Valerius, Roman general, vi. Cossya Hills (Khasi Hills), district, Corsini, Lorenzo (Pope Clement XII.), 444. India, xiv. 58. v. 823. Cory, Giles, executed for witchcraft, in COSSYRA, island, Mediterranean, xviii. " > Marietta, wife of Machiavelli, xv U.S.A., xxiv. 622. 214. 147. Coryatt, Thomas, English writer, vi. COSTA, Lorenzo, Italian painter, xxi. Corsinie.e, class of liverworts, xvn 444. 69. 437, 443Corybantes, in Greek mythology, vi. Costae, or Ribs, Anatomy of, 1. 822. Corslet, defensive armour, vi. 692. 444Costal Joints, Anatomy of, 1. 835. Corsothe, town, Mesopotamia, xvi. Corylus, genus of trees, xi. 548. CoSTAMBONE(Kastamuni), town, Asiatic 48. leader of chorus, in Greek Turkey, xiv. 14. Corssen, Wilhelm Paul, German philo- Coryphaeus, tragedy, VI. 444. COSTANZO, Angelo di, Italian historian, logist, vi. 440. vi. 451. Cort, Cornelius, Dutch engraver vi CORYPHODON, fossil ungulate mammal, xv. 426. Costa Rica, republic, Central America, 441. genus of birds, xxm. VI. 449; Indian tribes in, XIL 828; Cortaillod, town, Switzerland, XVII. Corythaeola, 487. newspapers, xvil 437. 362. Corythus, or Cortona, ancient town, Coste, Jean J. C. V., on embryology, Corte Nova, town, Italy, xvn. 608. Italy, vi. 443. Vlli. 166, 167. orte-Real, family of Portuguese Cos, island, Asia Minor, vi. 444; ancient Costello, Dudley, English journalist, navigators, vi. 441. aqueduct at, 11. 219; coins of, xvil vi. 451. XXV. — 15

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Coumarin, perfume, xvin. 526. Costello, Louisa Stuart, English writer, 1 Cotton, vi. 482; of Brazil, iv. 227; Council, Ecclesiastical, vi. 510; list of of Egypt, vil 708, 786; of India, xii. oecumenical councils, VI. 511. vi. 451. 748; bleaching of, HI. 812; growth ot , Municipal, xvn. 27. Coster, Laurens, Dutch printer, xiv. in Bombay, iv. 23; in the United , Vatican (1869-70), xxiv. no. 143; xxiii. 689, 691. States, xxiii. 824; in Georgia, U.S.A., Bluffs, town, Iowa, U.S.A., vi. , Samuel, Dutch writer, XII. 94x. 435; manufacture of, VI. 487; Costermongers, in London, xiv. 829. 512. manufacture in England, VIII. 230; of Basel (1431-43), hi. 409. Costilla, mountain, New Mexico, in India, XIL 761, 763; in Russia, of Constance (1414-18), vi. U.S.A., xvii. 399. xxi. 849; at Lowell, U.S.A., xv. Costnitz, or Constance (q-v.) town, 297. 29; dyeing of red colours on, VII. of Ten, Venetian, xxiv. 143. Baden, VI. 297. 576Q of Trent (1545-63); XXIIL 543; Costs, Legal, vi. 451. Charles, English writer, VI. 50b; Costume, vi. 453; Celtic, v. 801; Sarpi’s History of, XXL 312. his share in the Compleat Angler, Count, title, vi. 512; xxiii. 418; Egyptian, vil. 723; early Irish, xm. xxiv. 342. , ,• t German, xvill. 461. 254; Persian, XVill. 630. 5 George Edward Lynch, bishop ot Counterpoint, in music, xvn. 82. COSTUS, incense, XII. 718. Calcutta, vi. 508. Cota, Rodrigo, Spanish poet, VI. 479; „ John, New England Puritan, xn. Counterscarp, in fortification, ix. vil 420. 422. 726. Cotan (Khotan), district and town, Sir Robert Bruce, political writer Countess, title, vi. 512; vn. 595. Turkestan, XIV. 67. Count Julian, Landor’s tragedy, xiv. and founder of Cottonian library, VI. Cotangent, in trigonometry, xxiii. 278. 509. Country Wife, The, Wycherley’s play, 5635 Stapleton, Viscount Comhermere, Cote d’ Or, department, France, vi. 479. xxiv. 706. vi. 181. Cotentin, district, Normandy, France, County, administrative area, vi. 512; Fibre, ix. 133. xv. 458; XVII. 540. origin of, in England, VIII. 273 J Cotes, Roger, English mathematician, Cottonian Library, in British American, XXIIL 731, 827. Museum, VI. 509. vi. 479; his Logometria, XVII. 256; COURT, Jurisdiction of, VI. 513. Cottonian MSS., British Museum, Newton’s correspondence with, XVII. Coup d’ Etat, of Louis Napoleon(1851), xiv. 515. 447xvii. 228. Cotton Paper, xviii. 218. COTES-DU-NORD, department, Trance, Coup de Soleil, or Sunstroke, xxii. Cotton-Seed Cake, xvii. 739. vi. 479666. Cotton-Seed Oil, xvii. 745. Coteswold Hills, Gloucestershire, Cotton-Spinning, Robert Owens im- COURAYER, Pierre Frangois le, French England, x. 687. theologian, VI. 514. provements in, xviii. 87. Gotham Stone, or Landscape Marble, COURBARIL, tree, II. 55. Cotton-Spinning Frame, Invention xv. 529. Courier, of ambassador, 1. 658; of, 11. 541. Cothen, town, Germany, xiv. 144. Government, XIX. 562. Cottonstone, mineral, xvi. 423. Cotile, genus of birds, xv. 581. Paul Louis, French writer, VI. 514; Cotocachi, mountain, Ecuador, VIL Cotton-Wood, tree, xix. 512. IX. 673. Cotton Yarns, xxiv. 731. 645. Courlan, bird, XX. 223. Cotopaxi, volcano, Ecuador, vi. 480; COTTUS, genus of fishes, XVI. 320. Courland, province, Russia, VI. 515; Cotunnite, mineral, xvi. 384. vil 644. XXL 69. COTURNix, genus of birds, xx. 146. Cotrone, town, Italy, vi. 616. Cournot, Augustin, French economist, Cotyle, Greek measure, XXIV. 485. Cotswold Sheep, i. 392. xix. 386. Cotta, Johann Friedrich, German theo- Cotyledons, in plants, iv. 92, 156. Courons, tribe, Lithuania, xiv. 702. COTYLOPHORA, group of ungulate logian, vi. 480. COURS, town, France, XX. 529. mammals, XV. 430. , Johann Georg, German publisher, Courser, bird, xix. 228. Cotyora, town, Asia Minor, xix. vi. 480. Coursing, with greyhounds, vi. 515. VON Cottendorf, Georg, German 459Court, Courts, Judicial, vi. 516; of COTYS, Thracian kings, VI. 509. publisher, VI. 481. appeal, 11. 209; of summary jurisdicCouagga (Quagga), ungulate mammal, von Cottendorf, Johann Friedtion, xxii. 641; English, vm. 261; xx. 146. rich, German publisher, VI. 480; XVII. records of English, xx. 311; Federal, Couch, fish, xxi. 223. 428. United States, XXIIL 750; Moslem, Cottabato, volcano, Philippines, xviii. Couches, furniture, ix. 850. xvi. 591. Coughing, abnormal respiration, xx. 749,-Contempt of, VI. 318. COTTABUS, Greek game, VI. 481. 479? Antoine, French Protestant, VI. Cougouar, carnivorous mammal, xv. Cottagers of Glenburnie, Mrs 519; xix. 695; missionary of the 435; xx. 104. Hamilton’s story, XL 415. Camisards, iv. 744. Coulanges, Christophe de, Abbe de Cottage System, for farm labourers, de Gebelin, Antoine, French Livry, XXL 703. in Scotland, I. 409. scholar, VI. 520. Coulomb, Charles Augustin, French Cottbus, town, Prussia, xiv. 144. Courtesy Titles, British, xix. 665. physicist, VL. 509; his contributions to Cottendorf, Cotta von, German pub• the science of electricity, vm. 9, 18; to Court Fools, ix. 366. lishers, vi. 480. See Cotta. Courthose, Robert, founder of Row science of magnetism, XV. 237, 249. COTTEREAU, Jean, French royalist, V. castle-on-Tyne, xvn. 379. , electrical unit of measurement, 686. Court Martial, vi. 517; xvi- 297- 0 xxiii. 116. Cottian Alps, i. 623. COTTIN, Sophie, French novelist, VI. 481. Coulter, Loch, Stirlingshire, Scotland, Courtney, William, archbishop Canterbury, XXIV. 711. xxii. 553. Cottius, chief of Segusio (Susa), Italy, t T /WL. n PnriT bird. xxii. 722.

C 0 U —C R A Court of Session, in Scotland, xxi. 535COURTOIS, Jaques and Guillaume, French painters, VI. 520. COURTRAI, town, Belgium, VI. 520; battle of (1302), ix. 544. Courts. See Court. Courtship of Miles Standish, Longfellow’s poem, XIV. 861. COUSA, or Phalanger, marsupial mammal, xviii. 727. Cousin, Victor, French philosopher, Vi. 521; ix. 674. COUSTOU, Nicholas and Guillaume, French sculptors, VI. 528. Coutances, town, France, VI. 529; district, xvn. 539. Couthon, Georges, French Revolutionist, vi. 529; xx. 604. COUTTS, Thomas, English banker, VI. 529. Covelline, mineral, XVI. 393. Covenant, Book of the, Pentateuchal, xviii. 509. , National (1638), in Scotland, XI. 651; xxi. 512. -—, Solemn League and, in Scotland (1643), vi. 530; xxi. 513. Covenanters, in Scottish history, vi. 529; xix. 682; xxi. 515; persecution of, by Claverhouse, vii. 537. Covent Garden Market, London, xiv. 829, 847. Coventry, town, England, vi. 530; population, xxiv. 379; ribbons of, xx. 532. Chair, driven as tricycle, xxni. 560. Plays, English miracle-plays, vii. 414Cove of CORK (Queenstown), town, Ireland, xx. 175. Coverdale, Miles, translator of English Bible, vi. 531; his version, viii. 385. Covered Way, in engineering, xxin. 622; in fortification, ix. 445. Covilha, town, Portugal, vi. 531; xix. 537Covilham, Pedro de, Portuguese traveller, 1. 65; x. 180. Covington, town, Kentucky, U.S.A., vi. 531; xvii. 406. Cow, Milch, management of, 1. 390; vi. 768; diseases of, xxiv. 204; milk of, XVi. 303; respect paid to, by Hindus, IV. 211; by Zoroastrians, xxiv. 822. ' > The, statue by Myron, xvil. 120. Cowell, John, English jurist, VI. 531. Cowes, West and East, towns, Isle of ♦ Wight, vi. 531. Cowey Stakes, in Thames, Middlesex, England, xvi. 281. Cowley, Abraham, English poet, vi. 532; viii. 418. Cow-Parsnip, as forage plant, 1. 378. Cowper, William, English poet, vi. 533;

his friendship with John Newton, xvil. 449; hymns by, xn. 594; his place in English literature, vm. 429. Cowper, William, anatomist, 1. 813. Cowper’s Writing - Telegraph, xxiii. 121. Cow-Pox, xiii. 623; xxiv. 25, 204. Cowry, shell and money, vi. 535, 766. Cowslip, plant, xix. 737. Cows of Athor, in Egyptian mythology, ill. 14. Cox, David, English painter, VI. 535. , Richard, bishop of Ely, vi. 537. Coxcie, Michael, Flemish painter, vi. 537Coxcox, the Mexican Noah, xvi. 209. Coxe, William, archdeacon, English writer, VI. 537. Coxon, John, buccaneer, IV. 410. COXWELL, Henry T., aeronaut, 1. 193. Coyne and Livery, right of free quarters, in Ireland, xm. 262. Coypel, family of French painters, Vi. 537Coypu, rodent mammal, xv. 420; xvi. 301. Coysevox, or Coyzevox, Charles Antoine, French sculptor, Vi. 537; XXL 563Crab, crustacean, VI. 538, 655; spermatozoon of, xx. 411; fisheries, ix. 265. Crabbe, George, English poet, vi. 539. Crab Island, West Indies, xxiv. 261. Crab Orchard, spa, Kentucky, U.S.A., xvi. 436. Cracin^e, group of birds, vi. 709. Cracker, in pyrotechny, xx. 136. Cracknels, biscuits, 111. 252. Cracow, town, Austrian Poland, vi. 540; university of, xix. 300, 306; xxiii. 840, 851. Cradle Mountain, Tasmania, xxiil 72Craft-Guilds, vi. 39; xi.'26i. Craftsman, The, Amhurst’s newspaper, 1. 738; xx. 104. Craftsmen, as distinct from labourers, xiv. 166. Craig, John, Scottish Reformer, vi. 541. -, Dr John, friend of Napier, xvil 182. , Sir Thomas, Scottish jurist and poet, vi. 541; xvil 177; xxi. 543. Craigentinny Meadows, Edinburgh, Sewage irrigation of, 1. 374. Craignethan Castle, Lanark, Scotland, xiv. 251. Craik, George Lillie, English writer, vi. 542. Crail, town, Scotland, VI. 542. Crajova, town, Roumania, XIV. 146. Crake, bird, vi. 542; xx. 224. Cramalt Craig, mountain, Scotland, xviii. 451. Cramer, Gabriel, his method of determinants, 1. 516. Cramming, for examinations, vm. 779.

115 Cramp, muscular disease, vi. 543; rings worn as preservative against, xx. 561. Cran, river, England, xvi. 279. Cranach, Lucas, German painter and caricaturist, VI. 543; v. 104; XXL 438, 443Cranberry, plant and fruit, vi. 545 ; XII. 270. Cranborne Chase, Wilts, England, xxiv. 593. Cranbrook, town, England, vi. 546. Crane, bird, vi. 546. , hoisting machine, VI. 547. , Francis, English tapestry designer, XXIII. 213. Dance, in Greece and Siberia, xxiil 294. Crane-Fly, insect, vn. 256. Cranesbill, plant, x. 439. CRANGANORE, town, India, XIV. 135. Crangon, genus of Crustacea, xxi. 846. Craniad^e, family of Brachiopoda, iv. 194. Cranial Nerves, i. 880; xix. 42. Craniata, division of vertebrate animals, xxiv. 181, 812. Cranium, or Skull, 1. 822; xxn. 113; of American Indians, xil. 824; surgery of, xxii. 688; successive stages of, in the fowl, III. 700. Crank-Shaft, of steam-engine, xxn. 509. C RAN MER, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, VI. 548; vili. 333, 340; XL 664; leader of the Beformation in England, XX. 330; his influence on the English Church, vill. 376. Crannogs, Celtic lake dwellings, vi. 552; 11. 384; xiv. 223. Grantor, Greek philosopher, vi. 552. Crantz, Albert, German historian, xiv. 146. Craon, Robert de, grand-master of Knights Templars, xxiil 160. Crape, silk fabric, vi. 553. Crashaw, Richard, English poet, VI. 553Crassapuill Trout, fish, xxi. 223. CRASSUS, L. Calpurnius, conspirator against the emperor Nerva, xvil 353. , Lucius Licinius, Roman orator, Y1- 553, Marcus Licinius, Roman triumvir, vi. 554; xix. 451; xx. 763, 765; his invasion of Mesopotamia, xviii. 596. Crataegus, genus of plants, xi. 536. Crater, ancient cup, xix. 180, 614. Crates of Athens, actor and writer of comedies, vi. 554. of Mallus, grammarian and Stoic philosopher, vi. 554; xi. 43; xv. 516. of Thebes, Cynic philosopher, vi. 554. Crathis, river, Lucania, Italy, xv. 37. Cratinus, Greek comedian, VI. 554. Cratippus, Greek historian, vi. 554.

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Creek Indians, North America, x. Creswick, Thomas, English painter, vi. 568. 437; xii. 828, 835. Creek Town, Calabar, West Africa, Cretaceous Rocks, x. 357. Cret de la Neige, mountain, Switzeriv. 649. land, xiii. 781. Crefeld, town, Germany, VI. 565; silk Crete, or Candia, island, Mediterranean, manufacture of, xxil 65. vi. 569; xv. 820; xxiii. 653; its conCreil, town, France, xvn. 749. nexion with Phoenicia, XVlll. 805; Crema, town, Italy, VI. 565. cession of, to the Turks (1669), XL Cr£maillere Lines, in fortification, 121; xxiv. 147; coins of, xvn. 635, ix. 435)437„ . £ 643; Greek dialect of, XL 133; weights Cremation, method of disposing ot and measures, xxiv. 490. human corpses, VI. 565. Cretin, Guillaume, early French writer, Cremna, town, Asia Minor, xix. 130. ix. 647. Cremona, province, Italy, vi. 567. , town, Italy, VI. 567; its school of Cretinism, disease, vi. 572; xm. 98; xviii. 375, 385. painting, xxi. 437, 443; violin makers Creuse, department, France, vi. 574. of, xvii. 98. Cremorne, musical instrument, xxiii. Creusot, or Creuzot, town, France, VL 575; xxi. 302. 489. Company, France, their iron Crenelle, in architecture, 11. 463. works, xxi. 332. Crenides (Philippi), ancient town, Creutz, Gustav Philip, Count, Swedish Macedonia, xviii. 746. poet, VI. 574; xxil 756. Crenilabrus, genus of fishes, xxiv. Crazy Mountains, U.S.A., xxiii. Creuzer, Georg Friedrich, German 686. 797philologist, vi. 574; on mythology, Creole, vl 567; xvn. 319. Cream, of milk, xvi. 303, 305; clotted, xvii. 137. Creon, king of Corinth, in Greek fable, vi. 771. Creuznach, town, Prussia, xiv. 148. vi. 567; xiii. 596. of Tartar, chemical salt, vi. Creusot, Le, town, France, king of Thebes, in Greek fable, Vi. Creuzot, or XXI 556; xxiii. 69. vi. 575; - 302. 6 5 7Creamometer, xvi. 305. Crevasses, in glaciers, x. 627. Creasote, or Creosote, antiseptic, drug, Creosol, product of wood-tar distilla- Crevaux, Jules, explorer of Pilcomayo tion, xxiii. 57. and poison, VI. 556; XXIII. 57. river, XIX. 188. Creatin, or Creatine, nitrogenous car- Creosote, or Creasote, antiseptic, drug, Creve-Cceur, fowl, xix. 645. and poison, VI. 556; XXHI. 57. bon compound, xvn. 519; xix. 24. Crevier, Jean Baptiste Louis, French Oil, xxiii. 59; as fuel, ix. 809. Creation, in Arabian philosophy, 11. writer, VL 575. Crescent, The, its adoption by the 266; evolutionist view of, vm. 752; Crewe, town, England, vi. 575. Turks as their symbol, iv. 615. myths of, xvn. 146, 156; theories of, Crewels, worsteds, xiv. 127. and the Cross, Warburton’s vi. 446. CREX, genus of birds, XX. 222. work, xxiv. 367. , The, Haydn’s oratorio, XI. 539. Cribbage, game, vi. 575. of Man, The, early traditions Crescentia, Roman martyr, xxiv. Crible, method of engraving, vm. 437. 266. regarding, I. 136, 137 ; myths of, Crescentius, or Crescenzio, Roman Cricetus, genus of rodent mammals, xvii. 157. XL 433; xv. 419. patrician, XIII. 711; XX. 789. of the World, Era of the, v. Crichton, James, The Admirable Crescenzio, Cardinal, president of 7i3Crichton, VL 577. council of Trent, xxiii. 546. Crebillon, Claude Prosper Jolyote, Sir William, Scottish chancellor, Crescimbeni, Giovanni Mario, Italian French novelist, VL 556; IX. 666. XXL 493. poet, vi. 568; XV. 145. , Prosper Jolyote de, French poet, Cricket, game, vi. 578. Cresol, product of wood-tar distillaVI. 557; VII. 425; IX. 665. , insect, vi. 578; Xlll. 152; mole tion, xxiii. 57. Crecy, or Cressy, town, France, vi. cricket, as wheat pest, XXIV. 534. 557; battle of (1346), vil. 686; vm. Cresphontes, king of Messenia, CRICKLADE, town, England, VI. 582; Greece, xvi. 53. 318; ix. 546. representation, xxiv. 594. Credi, Lorenzo di, Italian painter, vi. Crespi, Daniele, Italian painter, vi. Crieff, town, Scotland, vi. 582; xvm. 568. 557; xxi. 435, 442. 667. , Giovanni Battista, Italian sculptor, Credit Banks, in Germany, Schulze Crime, vi, 582; in primitive communivi. 568. Delitzsch’s, VI. 214, 339. ties, viii. 624; in British army, xvi. , Giuseppe Maria, Italian painter, Credit Companies, hi. 328. 299; juvenile, xx. 338; police action vi. 568. Credit Foncier, Credit Mobilier, in regard to, xix. 334; punishment Crespy, France, Peace of (1544), ix. 557. credit banks, VI. 557. of, xix. 747; Roman law in relation Cress, vegetable, xn. 281, 289. Crediton, town, England, VL 558. to, xx. 675. , Water, plant, xvn. 239. Creditor and Debtor, xviii. 440 ; Crimea, peninsula, Russia, vi. 585; ill. Cress-Seed Oil, xvii. 744. in Roman law, xx. 685. 796; population of, XXIII. 70; conquest Cresswell, Sir Cresswell, English Crednerite, mineral, XVI. 387. of, by Russia(1771), XXL 100; annexed judge, vi. 568. Credos, Sierra de, mountains, Spain, by Russia (1783), XXIII. 647; ancient Cressy, or Crecy, town, France, vi. 557; xxil. 294. plate found in, xix. 182. battle of (1346), vil. 686; vm. 318; Creech, Thomas, English translator, Crimean War (1854), xxiii. 651; iix. 546. vi. 558. 46; viii. 366; ix. 623; xvii. 228, 486; Creeds, authorized formularies of CREST, in heraldry, XL 709. xx. 220; XXL 102; its influence on , town, France, vi. 568. doctrine, vi. 558.

CRATIPPUS, Peripatetic philosopher, vi. 554Cratylus, Plato’s dialogue, xix. 202. Crau, district, France, iv. 169. CRAUFORD, Quentin, English antiquary, vi. 554. . , Crawford, Earl of, his observatory, Dun Echt, Scotland, XVII. 711. , Thomas, American sculptor, vi. 554, William Harris, American statesman, xxiii. 759, 761, 788. Island, Sierra Leone, Africa, xxil. 45. Crawfurd, John, English political writer, VI. 555. Grayer, Gaspard de, Flemish painter, vl 555^ o , Cray-Fish, crustacean, vi. 643, 658; ol Mammoth Cave, U.S.A., xv. 450. Crayon, material for drawing, vi.

C R I —c R 0 117 xx Germany, x. 509; siege of Sebastopol, - 439, 444; olfactory organs of, Crops, Agricultural, 1. 354; in Middle xxi. 616. xxii. 166; in Lankester’s classification, Ages, L 294 ; rotation of, 1. 340; Criminal Courts, England, vi. 516. XXIV. 812. See Crocodile. Liebig’s chemical analysis of, xiv. Criminalis, Antonio, Jesuit missionary, CROCOISITE, mineral, XVI. 403. 567xvi. 513. Crocus, plant, xn. 255. Croquet, out-door game, vi. 608. Criminal Law, vi. 587; Feuerbach on, , Autumn, plant, vi. 124. Croquis, Alfred (Daniel Maclise), ix. 124. Crcesus, king of Lydia, vi. 594; 11. 712; Scottish painter, xv. 165. Crimmitzschau, town, Saxony, vi. XV. 99; overthrown by Cyrus, vi. Crosbie, aeronaut, 1. 191. 590753 5 XVIII. 565. Crimson Dyes, vii. 575; cochineal, vi. Croft, William, English musical com- Crosby’s Steam Indicator, xxii. 49097; kermes, xiv. 49. poser, vi. 594. Crim (or Krim) Tatars, xvi. 748; Crofters, Scottish, xxi. 531; xxn. Crosier, or Crozier, archbishop’s staff, VI. 463, 614. xxii. 174. 127; in Orkney and Shetland, xviii. Cross, instrument for inflicting capital Crinan Canal, Scotland, 11. 500. 847. punishment, vi. 610 ; sacred symbol, Crinoidea, order of Echinodermata, Crofting, in bleaching, m. 820. vi. 612; supposed relics of Christ’s, VI. vii. 635. Crofton, Sir Walter, his system of 611; stigmatization of, xxii. 549. Crisa, or Orissa, ancient town, Greece, prison discipline, xix. 754. , in architecture, 11.463. vi. 590; xviii. 801. Crogan Palace, Roscommon, Ireland, , in heraldry, XI. 695. Crisia Eburnea, species of Polvzoa, xx. 850. Cross-Bearings, of the sun, in navigaxix. 438. Croghan Kinshela, mountain, Iretion, xvii. 271. Crispin, Le Sage’s drama, xiv. 472. land, xxiv. 521. Crossbill, bird, vi. 614; migrations of, AND CRISPINIAN, Sts, VI. 590. Croix-de-Rau (Rocroi), town, France, in. 769. Crispinus, satirized by Juvenal, xm. xx. 616. Cross-Bred Sheep, i. 393. 805. Croke, Richard, early English scholar, Crosses, Sculptured, English, xxi. 557, Crissa, ancient town, Greece, vi. 590; Vlii. 414. Crossing of Breeds, of animals, iv. xviii. 801. Croker, John Wilson, English critic, 246, 250. Cristatella Mucedo, species of vi. 595. Crossing the Brook, Turner’s Polyzoa, XIX. 432. , Thomas Crofton, Irish antiquary, picture, xxiii. 666. Cristofano, Francesco di, Italian vi. 595. Crossley’s Observatory, Bermerside, painter, ix. 689. Croll, James, on climate, x. 218. England, xvil 71 i. Cristofori, Bartolomeo, inventor of Croly, George, English divine and poet, Crossopus, genus of insectivorous pianoforte, xvn. 94; xix. 70. vi. 595. mammals, xv. 403; xxi. 844. Critias, Greek orator and poet, vi. 591; Cromarty, county, Scotland, vi. 596; CROSSORHINUS, genus of sharks, XXL on the development of man, vm. 756. xx. 853; xxi. 528; town, vi. 596; xx. 775, Plato’s dialogue, xix. 209. 854. Critic, The, Sheridan’s play, xxi. 799. Crome, John, English painter, vi. 596; Crossragwell, Abbot of, his disputation with Knox, xiv. 132. Criticism, relation of Italian humanism xxi. 441, 444. Cross - Staff, astronomical and to, xx. 386. Cromlech, monumental stone or circle nautical instrument, xvil 251, 254, Critique of Pure Reason, Kant’s of stones, vi. 597; 11. 383; in. 397; use of, in finding latitude, x. 187. work, xiii. 850. XXL 5U Li Cornwall, England, vi. Crotalid^e, family of snakes, xxn. Crito, Plato’s dialogue, xix. 199. 427; in Wiltshire, England, ill. 144; 193, 198. Crivelli, Carlo, Venetian painter, vi. in Ireland, vn. 383; in Peru, 11. 451. Crotalus, genus of snakes, xx. 293; 591; XXL 436. Crommyonian Sow, of Greek legend, xxii. 198. , Uberto (Pope Urban III.), xxiv xxiii. 294. Crotch, William, English musical com8. Crompton, Samuel, inventor of the poser, vi. 615; xvil 97. Crivets, north-east wind, in Roumania, spinning mule, VI. 597, 496. Crotona, or Croton, ancient town, Italy, xxi. 15. Cromwell, Oliver, Lord Protector of the vi. 615; Pythagoras at, xx. 138. Croagh Patrick, mountain, Ireland, British Commonwealth, vi. 597; vm. Croton Aqueduct, New York, U.S.A., xv. 650. 3475 348; his rule in Ireland, xm. 11. 223; xvil 465; tunnel, xxm. Croatia and Slavonia, crown-land, 267; his invasion of Scotland, XXL 624. Hungary, vi. 591. 514; his relations with Presbyterian- Croton Oil, vi. 615; xvii. 744. Croats, race of people, xxi. 688; xxii ism, xix. 689; Milton’s relations with, Crouchback, Edmund, earl of LanMSxvi. 332. caster, xiv. 255. Crobo, tribe and language, Gold Coast, , Thomas, earl of Essex, vi. 604; Croup, disease, vi. 616; spasmodic, Africa, x. 756. viii. 334; xi. 664. xxiii. 320. Croce, Pania della, mountain, Italv, Cronion, sacred hill, Olympia, Greece, CROUSAZ, Jean Pierre de, Swiss philoxiii. 438. xvil. 768. sopher, vi. 617; xxii. 798. Crochet, looped thread work, xiv. 127. Cronstadt, town, Austria, vi. 608. Crow, bird, vi. 617; xx. 842. Crocin, red-colouring matter, xxi. , town, Russia, vi. 607. Crowborough Beacon, Sussex, Eng146. Cronstedtite, mineral, xvi. 414. land, xxii. 723. Crocket, in architecture, 11. 463. Cronus, of Greek legend, xxi. 320. Crowd, musical instrument, xxiv. 242. Crocodile, reptile, vi. 592; in Africa, Crooked Lake, New York, U.S.A., Crowe, Eyre Evans, English historian, L 260 in E > gypb Vii. 713; Aristotle xvil 451. vi. 619. on, xx. 432. Crookesite, mineral, xvi. 392; xxm. Crowland, town, England, vi. 619; ' (Limpopo), river, South Africa, 1. 219. abbey of, XIV. 656; bridge at, IV. 331. 250; xxiii. 517. CROOMEN, or Croos, Negro race, West Crown, of king or emperor, vi. 619. Crocodilia, order of reptiles, vi. 592; Africa, xiv. 149. , in heraldry, XL 710,

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Ctesias, Greek physician and historian, Crown, Demosthenes’s oration on the, Crustacea, class of animals, vi. 632, vi. 677 ; on the topography of xvii. 116; embryology of, xx. 419* Babylon, Hi. 182 ; on the Medovii. 71. organs of touch in, xxili. 478 ; disThe British, prerogatives of, xvm. Persian empire, xviil. 561 ; on tribution of, vil. 278, 283; parasites Semiramis, XXL 639. 310; xix. 672. of, xviii. 259; in Lankester’s classi- Ctesibius, inventor of forcing pump, Imperial, plant, xn. 255. fication, xxiv. 813. Lands, in England, vm. 298. xil. 435. Cruveilhier, Jean, French anatomist, Ctesiphon, ancient town, Assyria, vi. Crows, American-Indian tribe, xn vi. 667; 1. 816. 832. 677; xvi. 51; siege of (199)* xviil Crowther, Samuel, Negro bishop, Cruz, Juan de la, Spanish mystic, vi. 605. 667; xxil 359. ? friend of Demosthenes, 1. 208; xvii. 498; xxiv. 754. Ramon de la, Spanish dramatist, vil 71. Croydon, town, England, vi. 621; xxn. vi. 667. Cuba, island, West Indies, VI. 678; 694. Croyland, or Crowland (g.v.), town, Crying, abnormal form of respiration, XXIL 298; XXIV. 510; freshwater xx. 479. fishes of, xil. 674; forests, ix. 406; England, VI. 619; bridge at, IV. 331. Cryolite, mineral, vi. 667; xvi. 384; slavery in, xxii. 142. CROZAT, Antoine, settler in Louisiana, xxil 240. , Johannes de, on birds, xviil 3. U.S.A., xv. 22. Soda, xxil 244. Crozier, archbishop’s staff, VI. 463, Cryophorus, mineral, xvi. 393. freezing apparatus, vm Cuban, CUBATURE OF Solids, in calculus, XIII. 614. 73iCruchade, kind of porridge, used in Cryophyllite, 53mineral, xvi. 413. Gascony, France, xvm. 476. Cube, in geometry, x. 388. Crypt, in architecture, vi. 667 j U4^3Crucible Melting Furnace, ix. 843. Cryptobranchus, genus of Amphibia, Cubebs, in pharmacy, Vi. 683. Crucible Steel, xiii. 342. Cube Root, in algebra, 1. 528; in 1. 759. arithmetic, 11. 533. Crucifix, vi. 612. Cryptodira, group of chelonian Crucifixion, vi. 610; of Jesus Christ, Cubes, Tables of, xxm. 8. reptiles, XXIII. 457. xiii. 660, 669. Cryptogamous Plants, iv. 92, 140, Cub Hunting, xil 396. Cruden, Alexander, author of ConcordCUBICS, Twisted, in geometry, X. 407. 157ance to Bible, Vi. 621. Cubic Surfaces, in geometry, xxn. Cryptogams, Cellular, xiv. 552; vasCruikshank, George, English carica670. cular, xx. 426. turist, v. 105. Cubicula, in the Catacombs, v. 210. Cryptography, writing in cipher, vi. , William, on the anatomy of the Cubit, measure of length, xxiv. 483. 669; Wheatstone’s contributions to, Cubitt, Thomas, London builder, vi. lymphatic system, I. 815. xxiv. 538. Cruisers, Iron-clad, xvn. 286. 683. CRUM, Walter, of Thornliebank, on the Cryptolite, mineral, xvi. 403. , Sir William, English engineer Vi. Cryptopia, vegetable alkaloid, xvn. chemistry of dyeing, VII. 580. 683. 232. Crumen Gland, of antelopes and deer, Cryptoprocta, genus of carnivorous Cubranovic, Andrew, Ragusan poet, xv. 348. XXL 690. mammals, xv. 170, 435* Crumlin Viaduct, Wales, iv. 338. Cuca, plant, vi. 684; xviil 673. Crypturi, group of birds, xvin. 45; Crumn, king of Bulgaria, xvii. 481. Cucking Stool, for punishment, xix. xxiii. 403. Crumwell, or Cromwell (q.v.), Thomas, 96. Crystal, or Flint Glass, Manufacture earl of Essex, vi. 604. CUCKMERE, river, England, XXIL 723. of, x. 663. CRUNODE, in geometry, XXII. 669. Cuckoo, or Cuckow, bird, vi, 685; m CRUONINGA (Groningen), ancient town, Crystalline Plates, Colours of, 769. xxiv. 450. Holland, XL 207. , Ode to the, its authorship, iv. Crystallization, of rocks, x. 259. Crusaders, Coins of the, xvn. 658. Crystallography, vi. 671; xvi. 346; 393Crusades, vi. 622; xvi. 588; their Hatty’s contributions to, xi. 523 > Cuckoo-Spit, insect, xm, 153. economic effects, XIX. 352; England’s Cuckow, bird, vi. 685; m. 769Mitscherlich’s, xvi. 531. share in them, VIII. 296; their CUCULLANUS, genus of nematode worms, Crystal Palace, London, vm. 803; influence on Egypt, VIE 752; on xvii. 325. xiv. 836; architecture of, 11. 453. France, IX. 537; on the Greek empire, Cucumber, vegetable, vi. 687; xu. 282. Crystals, vi. 671; xiv. 613; xvi. 346; XL 118; on the military system of , Squirting, plant, VI. 688; vil 825. magnetism of, xv. 265; uniaxal and Europe, II. 564; connexion of knights Tree, xv. 283. biaxal, xiv. 613; xxiv. 449. with, XIV. 115; XXIII. 160; in relaCUCUMIS, genus of plants, v. 687; XV. Csokonai, Mihaly Vitez, Hungarian tion to geographical knowledge, X. 841. poet, vi. 677; xii. 377. 178; to the popedom, xix. 499; Cucurbit a, genus of plants, xi. 4; xii. CSOMA DE Koros, Alexander, Huneffects of the first in Asia Minor, II. 283. garian philologist, VI. 677; XXIII. 346. 713; St Bernard’s preaching of the Cudbear, dyestuff, 11. 379; xiv. 559. Ctenidiobranchia, suborder of Molsecond, III. 603; under Richard I. of CUDDALOR, town, India, Vi. 688; H. lusca, xvi. 645, 655. England, XX. 540; Joinville’s History 478. Ctenodrilus, genus of worms, xxiv. of, xiii. 734; Villehardouin’s chronicle CUDDAPAH, district, India, VI. 689. 678. of the fifth, XXIV. 229. Cudworth, Ralph, English philoCrusading Orders, of knighthood, in CTENOLABRUS, genus of fishes, XXIV. sopher, vi. 689; his ethical system, 686. Spain, xxil. 316. VIII. 597; anti-evolutionist, VIII. 759Ctenophora, group of animals, 1. 131; Crusca, Accademia della, 1. 73. xii. 547, 565 ; in Lankester’s classi- Cuelen, Ludolph van, German matheCrusenstolpe, Magnus Jakob, Swedish matician, xxil. 434 fication, xxiv. 812. historian, VI. 632; XXIL 758. Cuenca, province, Spain, vi. 692; XXIL Ctenostoma, group of Polyzoa, xix. Crusius, Christian August, German 298; town, vi. 692. 437theologian, VI. 632.

C U E—C U B.

119 Cuenca, town, Ecuador, vi. 692. Cumberland, Richard, bishop of Peter- Curassow, bird, vi. 709. Cuernavaca, town, Mexico, xvi. 214. borough, vi. 700; ethics of, vm. 598. Curate, vi. 709; perpetual, xxiv. 209. Cueva, Juan de la, Spanish dramatist, , Richard, English dramatist, vi. Curator, in law, xm. 1. xxii. 356. 702; vii. 438. Curcas Purgans, species of plants, Cufa, town, Persia, XVI. 564, 570. Presbyterian Church, U.S.A., xvii. 665. Cuiaba, or Cuyaba, town, Brazil, vi. xix. 700; xxiv. 829. Curchod, Suzanne, Madame Necker, 742. Cumbraes, islands, Scotland, iv. 579. x. 574; xvii. 312. Cuija, lake, San Salvador, xxi. 268. Cumbria, ancient district, England, Curculionidas, family of insects, xxiv. Cuillins, mountains, Skye, Scotland, xxi. 479. 477xxii. 127. Cumin, or Cummin, plant, vi. 706. Curcumin, colouring matter of turmeric, Cuirass, defensive armour, vi. 692. Gumming, Roualeyn Gordon, African xxiii. 662. Cuirassiers, cavalry, v. 263. traveller and hunter, vi. 706. Curcunno, France, Cromlech at, xxi. CuiSINlER, bird, xvill. 106. Cummings, of malt, iv. 269. SiCujas, or Cujacius, Jacques de, French Cunapiru, town, Uruguay, xxiv. 15. Curd, of milk, xvi. 304. jurisconsult, VI. 693. Cunard, Sir Samuel, founder of line of Cur Deus Homo, work by Anselm, 11. Culdees, order of ecclesiastics, vi. 693; steamships, vi. 706. 92. in Scotland, 1. 46; xvm. 667; xxi. Cunaxa, Babylonia, Battle of (401 B.c.), Cure, river, France, xvn. 495. 477VI. 753; XVIII. 577. Culebra Island, West Indies, xxiv. Cunctator (Fabius Maximus), Roman Curepipe, town, Mauritius, xv. 640. Cures, ancient town, Italy, vi. 710. 261. general, vm. 836; XL 442. Cureton, William, English Orientalist, Culex, poem, attributed to Virgil, xxiv. Cundwah (Khandwa), town, India, xiv. vi. 710. 251. 57, genus of insects, x. 700; xvi. 866. Cuneator, officer of the mint, xvi. Curetonian Gospels, Syriac recension, xxii. 824. Culiacan, town, Mexico, xvi. 214. 480. Curfew, bell, vi. 710; m. 538. Culinary Appliances, vi. 332. Cuneiform Writing, vi. 707; 1. 604; CURIA, ancient Roman tribal division, Cullen, William, Scottish pathologist, Xiii. 114; inventors of, m. 184; vi. 710; xvii. 527; xx. 732. vi. 694; xv. 813. Grotefend’s decipherment of, xi. 217. , Roman senate-house, xix. 815. Cullender, Rose, Suffolk witch, xxiv. Cunene, river, Africa, I. 254. Curialis, Roman official, vi. 710. 621. CUNEO, or Coni, town, Italy, VI. 272. Curia Regis, English court, vi. 517. Cullera, town, Spain, vi. 696. Cuningham, William, English carto- Curia Roman a, papal court, vi. 711; Culley, Messrs, their improvements in grapher, xvii. 253. xix. 497. agriculture, 1. 303, Cunitz, Maria, German astronomer, Curiatii, Alban brothers, opponents of Culloden, Scotland, Battle of (1746), VI. 707. the Horatii, xn. 166. vi. 696, 705; v. 427; viii. 355; XXL Cunningham, district, Ayrshire, ScotCURICO, province, Chili, v. 617. 526. land, in. 163. Curing, mode of preserving food, xix. Culm, or Anthracite (q.v.), coal, 11. 106. , Allan, Australian botanist and 708; of bloaters, IX. 253; of herrings, Culmbach, town, Bavaria, xiv. 154. explorer, m. 104, no. ix. 259; of pilchards, ix. 254. Culna (Kalna), town, Bardwan district, , Allan, Scottish writer, vi. 707. Curiosities of Literature, Isaac India, xm. 829. , J. T., his observations on Mollusca, DTsraeli’s work, vn. 260. • (Khulna), town, Jessor district, xvi. 658. Curlew, bird, vi. 711. India, xiv. 67. , Peter, English miscellaneous Curling, game, vi. 712. Culpable Homicide, crime, xvn. 53. writer, vi. 707. Curragh, plain, with military camp, Culpee (Kalpi), town, India, xm. 830. , William, Scottish theologian and Kildare, Ireland, vi. 714. Culross, village, Scotland, xvni. 667. ecclesiastic, vi. 708, Curran, John Philpot, Irish orator, vi. Cultivator, Steam, agricultural imple- Cupar-Fife, town, Scotland, vi. 708. 714ment, 1. 315. Cupellation, method of separating Currants, fruit, vi. 715; xi. 88; red, Culture, its influence on language, 11. metals, 11. 725; xiv. 376. white, and black, xn. 270; culture of, 120; xviii. 769. Cupel Mould, in assaying, 11. 726. in Zante, xxiv. 767. Culvert, wide and short drain, iv. Cupel-Silver, xxii. 70. Currency, or Current Money, its early 284. Cupid, Roman god (the Greek Eros), Vi. forms, xvi. 722; depreciation of, CUM/E, or Cuma, ancient Greek colony, 708; viii. 527. ix. 178; in relation to exchange, viii. Italy, vi. 696; coins of, XVII. 637. Cupola, or Dome, in architecture, vn. 788; bank notes as, ill. 320; paper Cumana, town, Venezuela, VI. 696. 3475 n. 463. (greenbacks), in U.S.A. (1862), xxm. Cumani, or Comans, Turkish tribes, Cupping, surgical operation, vi. 709. 775; Locke’s observations on, xiv. XXL 16; XXIII. 660. Cupreine, vegetable alkaloid, xx. 185. 754; Ricardo’s, xx. 534. Cumara Nut, xvii. 664. Cupressus, genus of trees, vi. 745. Currents, as distinguished from waves, Cumberland, county, England, vi. Cuprite, mineral, vi. 347; xvi. 385. xxiv. 416; hydraulic theory of, XII. 696; population and representation, Cuproplumbite, mineral, xvi. 391. 468; of the ocean, x. 283; in navigaxxiii. 727; the ancient Cumbria, xxi. Cups, Ancient Greek and Roman, xix. tion, xvii. 275; of the Atlantic, in. 479; coalfield of, vi. 52; plumbago 180, 614, 618. 18; of the Dardanelles and Bosphorus, mines, xix. 231. Curaca, Peruvian chief, xvni. 678. ill. 798; of the Indian Ocean, XII. 821; , town, Maryland, U.S.A., vi. 700; Cura^oa, or Curagao, island, West of the Pacific, xviii. 117. xv. 603. Indies, VI. 709; population, xxiv. Currer Bell (Charlotte Bronte), , river, Tennessee, U.S.A., xxm. 510. English novelist, iv. 365. 177, liqueur, Xiv. 687. Currie, James, Scottish physician and , William Augustus, duke of, Curaray, river, South America, vn. critic, vi. 715. English general, vi. 705; xxi. 520. 646. Curry, condiment, vi. 715.

120

OUR — GYM

CvBULSKl, Prof., Polish writer, xix. CURRYING, in leather manufacture, XIV. Cuticle, or Epidermis, Anatomy of 3o5 the, 1. 897. ‘ , 386. CvCADACEAS, order of„ plants, xxiv. 131. Cutlery, vi. 733; English, xxi. 787; Curse-Oath, xvii. 698. Cyclades, group of islands, Greece, vi. Indian, XII. 762. Cursing, Laws against, m. 807. 744; coins of the, XVII. 644. Cuttack, district and town, India, v. Cursive Writing, xviii. 149; xxm, Cyclamen, greenhouse plant, xn. 263. 242; xvii. 845. 682; Latin, xviii. 154. Cyclas, genus of Mollusca, xvi. 695. Cutter, boat, xxi. 825. Curtis, Mrs, wife of George Washington, Cycle, Metonic, in astronomy, 11. 747; Cutthroat, bird, xxiv. 463. xxiv. 388. IV. 668; other cycles, iv. 669, 670. Cuttings, Railway, xx. 232.. Curtius, Mettus, Roman legendary Cyclic Poems, Greek, xi. 137. XXL Cuttle-Bone, for polishing, hero, VI. 716. Cycling, velocipede riding, in. 665; 666. , Rufus, Quintus, biographer of xxiii. 559. Cuttle-Fish, vi. 735; xvi. 670. Alexander the Great, VI. 716. Cycloid, Quadrature of the, Pascal’s, Cutwa (Katwa), town, Bengal, India, Curubas, fruit of passion-flower, xviii. xviii. 338. xiv. 15. Cyclomyaria, suborder of Tunicata, 343, . Cut-Water, bird, xxn. 120. Curvature, in geometry, xm. 26; m xxiii. 615. conic sections, VI. 283; of spherical Cuvier, Georges (Baron Cuvier), French Cyclones, areas of low atmospheric naturalist, VI. 740; on birds, xvin. 7; surfaces, xv. 659. pressure, III. 33; VI. 7; XVI. 129, 154; on Buffon’s theories of the universe, Curve, Curves, vi. 716; x. 395, 419; at sea, xvn. 276; of Asia, 11. 690; IV. 445; on classification and morphoxv. 630; xxiv. 86; in integral calxv. 189; in Polynesia, xix. 421; in logy, XVI. 83S ; his classification of culus, xiii. 50; in relation to surface, the West Indies, xxiv. 511. animals, xxiv. 806; of reptiles, XX. XXII. 668; Plucker on intersections 435 ; on evolution, VIII. 749; on Cyclopaedia, or Encyclopaedia (q_.v.), of, his six equations, XIX. 229; Desviii. 190. ichthyology, xil. 633. cartes’s application of algebra to, xiii. , American, vm. 204; xx. 568. Cuxhaven, town, Germany, VI. 742 ; 6; tidal, xxm. 366, 370. -, Chambers’s (1728), vm. 196. XL 404. Curvilinear Coordinates, xxii. -, English, VIII. 204. CUYABA, town, Brazil, VI. 742. 671. -, Penny, VIII. 204; XIV. 856. Cuy-Cocha, lake, Ecuador, VII. 646. CURWEN, John, promoter of the tonic 2 Cyclopean Masonry, in archaeology, Cuyp, Albert, Dutch painter, VI. 74 ‘> sol-fa musical notation, xvii. 100. 11. 346, 401 ; remains of, in Ithaca, his connexion with Van der Neer, Curzola, town, Austrian Dalmatia, vi. xiii. 517. xvii. 314. 728; battle of (1298), xix. 406. Cyclopes, in Greek mythology, vi. 744; , Jacob Gerritsz, Dutch painter, VI. Cusa, Nicolas de (Cusanus), cardinal and 11. 346. 742. Reformer, VI. 728; XX. 323. Cyclops, Euripides’s satync drama, Cuyuni, river, British Guiana, xi. 250. Cuscus, genus of marsupial mammals, viii. 678. Cuza, Alexander John, prince of xviii. 728. -, monster, XVI. 764. Roumania, XXL 21. Cuscuta, genus of plants, vn. 320. Cyclopterus, genus of fishes, xv. 65. Cuscutace2E, parasitic plants, xviii CUZCO, town, Peru, VI. 744; XVIII. 675; Cyclorhapha, group of insects, vn. ancient fortresses at, 11. 452; pilgrim264. 256. age to temple at, xix. 92. Cush, of Scripture, vi. 729; xvii Cyclostoma, suborder of Polyzoa, xix. ■ C wm-Hir, abbey, Wales, xx. 217 511437Cyanates, in chemistry, XX. 25 ; of Cushat, ring-dove, VII. 379. , genus of snails, xxn. 187. ammonia, xxiv. 11. Cushites, of Scripture, xxiv. 738; xvii Cyclostomata, subclass of fishes, xn. Cyanecula, genus of birds, xx. 318 5u. 694. Cyanic Acid, xx. 25; Wohler’s dis Cusp, in architecture, 11. 463. CYCLOTURUS, genus of edentate mamcovery of, xxiv. 626. , of a curve, xxii. 669. mals, xv. 386. Cyanide of Hydrogen (Prussic Acid), Cusso, or Kousso, drug, xiv. 145. Cycnus, of Greek legend, xix. 559. v. 554; xx. 23. Custard Apple, vi. 729. Cydnus, river, Asia Minor, 11. 709; v. Cyanides, Analysis of, xx. 24; metallic, Custom, in law, xiv. 362; xix. 705. 777v. 554; methyl, xvi. 197. Houses, vi. 729. Cydonia, genus of trees, xx. 182. Cyanite, mineral, XVI. 408. Customs Duties, vi. 729. CYDONIUM Eosaster, species of Customs of the Sea, book of mari- Cyanogen, in chemistry, v. 554; xx sponges, xxii. 414. 22; Gay-Lussac’s experiments on, x time ordinances, VI. 318. Cygnet, young of the swan, xxn. 731. 123. Gustos Rotulorum, keeper of records, Cygnus, genus of birds, xxn. 731. Cvanometer, Saussure’s invention of vi. 730. Cylinder, in geometry, x. 417 ; the, XXL 324. Custrin, town, Prussia, xiv. 162. mensuration of, xvi. 25; Archimedes Cusumano, Vito, Italian economist, Cyanosis, facial deformity, xvi. 765. on, II. 380; Serenus on, XXI. 675. CvANOSPIZA, genus of birds, XVII. 534. xix. 395. of steam-engine, behaviour of Cutch, state, India, VI. 730; Ran, Runn, CYANURUS, genus of birds, XIII. 611. steam in, xxii. 487; strength of, xxii. Cyathea, genus of tree-ferns, xxm. or Lake of, iv. 22; Vi. 730. 606. , or Catechu, vegetable extract, v. 534 Printing Presses, xxiii. 706. Cyaxares, Median king, xvin. 563; 220; xiv. 382. Cylix, ancient Greek vase, xix. 614. XXL 577. , Goldbeater’s, x. 753. Gundava, district, Baluchistan, Cybele, in Greek mythology, VI. 744; Cylon, Athenian insurgent, m. 2; XI. 96. xv. 99, 294; xviii. 853; worship of, vi. 732. Cymbalum Mundi, of Bonaventure xvili. 691; statue of, at Rome, xx. Cuthbert, St, bishop of Lindisfarne, des Periers, IX. 654. 821. England, VI. 732; xvn. 570; his labours in Lothian, xv. 10; XXL Cybo, Innocent, Florentine cardinal, xv. Cymbulia, genus of Mollusca, xvi. 665, 666. 789. 475; his tomb at Durham, vn. 562.

C Y M —D M D Cymene, hydrocarbon found in oils, xvii. 748. CYMOPHANE, mineral, XVI. 386. Cymri, or Cymry (q.v.), IV. 352. Cymric Language and Literature, xx. 642. Cymry, branch of the Celtic family, 11. 651; iv. 352; v. 300. Cynanche ParotiDjEA, disease, xvii. 22. Cynegetica, Oppian’s poem, xn. 393; xvii. 797. Cynewulf, Anglo-Saxon writer, vm. 403Cynics, school of Greek philosophy, vi. 745; 11. 137; xxi. 379; xxii. 562; ethics of, VIII. 578. Cynocephalus, genus of apes, 11. 152; xv. 476. Cynogale, species of carnivorous mammals, xv. 436. Cynoidea, section of Carnivora, xv. 437. Cynomys, genus of rodent mammals, xv, 418, 560. Cynophontis, Greek festival, xiv. 678. Cynopterus, genus of hats, xv. 409. CynoscephaL/E, Greece, Battle of (197 B.C.), IX. 288; XX. 752; XXIII. 222 ,299. Cynthia, mistress of Propertius, xix. 812. CynthiiDtE, family of Tunicata, xxm. 617. Cynthius (Giovanni Battista Giraldi), Italian novelist, x. 620. Cyperus Babylonicus, aromatic drug, x. 17. Cyperus Papyrus, paper reed, xvm. 231. Cyperus-Root Oil, xvii. 744. Cyphophthalmides, family of Arachnida, II. 279. Cyprala Moneta, cowry-shell mollusc, VL 5 5, ? . Cy-Pres, in law, VI. 745. Cypress, tree, vi. 745; culture of, 11. 320; in United States, xxm. 809. Cypresse Grove, Drummond’s work, vii. 481. Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, vi. 746; his conception of the episcopate, v. 701; viii. 487. , bishop of Nisibis, Syriac writer, XXII. 844. Dialect, of Greek, xi. 133. Cyprine, mineral, xvi. 410. Cypripedium, genus of orchids, xvn. 818. Cyprus, island, Mediterranean, vi. 747; XV. 820; xxill. 653; its connexion with Phoenicia, XVlii. 805; coins of, xvii. 648; captured by the Turks (1570-71), xxiii. 644; ceded to England, xxiii. 652; Cyprian dialect, XL I 33Cypselus, genus of birds, xxn. 760. -, Chest of, early Greek sculpture, 11. 347; VI. 397,

Cyrano de Bergerac, on travelling to the moon, 1. 186. Cyrenaica, district, Africa, vi. 750. Cyrenaics, school of Greek philosophers, vi. 750; II. 506; their philosophical system, XXL 379; its relation to Epicureanism, viii. 475. Cyrene, ancient town, Africa, vi. 750; xxiii. 280; coins of, xvii. 651. Cyriacus, patriarch of the Jacobites, Syriac writer, xxn. 842. Cyril, St, bishop of Jerusalem, vi. 751; his canon, v. 10. , St, early missionary to the Slavs, XVI. 194. , bishop of Turoff, Russian sermonwriter, XXL 103. of Alexandria, VI. 751; opponent of Nestorius, xvii. 353. of Berytus, Byzantine jurist, vi. 752. Lucaris, patriarch of Constantinople and reformer of the Greek Church, XL 158; I. 496. Cyrillic Alphabet, i. 613. Cyrillona, Syriac writer, xxii. 828. Cyrillus. See Cyril. Cyril Thornton, novel by Thomas Hamilton, xi. 416. Cyrop^edia, Xenophon’s work, xxiv. 721; vi. 752. Cyrrhestica, Syria, coins of, xvii. 649. Cyrus, the Elder, founder of the Persian empire, VI. 752; XVlll. 564; his conquest of Babylonia, in. 188; his relations to the Jews, Xlli. 417; his religious policy, xiii. 384; his tomb, at Murgab, 11. 399; xvni. 558, 567. , the Younger, Persian satrap, vi. 753; xviii. 576. Cyst Formations, in human body, xviii. 365. Cysticercus Bovis, beef measle, xxiii. 52; xxiv. 206. Cystic Sarcoma, disease, xviii. 369. Cystidea, order of Echinodermata, vii. 638. Cystitis, disease, xxiv. 188. Cystophora, genus of seals, xv. 444; XXL 581. Cythera (Cerigo), island, Greece, v. 346; xiii. 205. Cytherea; genus of Mollusca, xvi. 686. Cytinace^e, order of parasitic plants, xviii. 265. Cytisus, genus of trees, xiv. 179. Cytode, mass of protoplasm, 1. 843. Cytogenesis, in plants, xn. 13. CvziCUS, ancient town, Asia Minor, VI. 753; XVII. 122; coins of, xvii. 645; siege of, by Mithradates (74 B.C.), xv. 56. Czacki, Tadeusz, Polish statesman and writer, vi. 754. Czar, title of emperor of Russia, xxi. 92.

121 Czartoryski, Adam George, Polish prince and patriot, vi. 754; xix. 298. Czaslau, town, Bohemia, vi. 754; battle of (1742), in. 127. Czechs, Slavonic people, vi. 754; in. 86i; XVI. 811 ; XIX. 285; XXII. 145, i 475 I51; their language and literature, in. 861; xxii. 151; dictionaries of language, vii. 188. Czegled, town, Hungary, vi. 754. Czenstochova, Old and New, towns, Poland, vi. 754. Czerna, river, Macedonia, xv. 136. Czernowitz, town, Austria, vi. 755; university of, xxm. 852. Czerny, Karl, Austrian musical composer and pianist, vi. 755. George, Tsrni George, or Karageorgevich, Servian leader, vi. 755; XXL 689. Czerski, Johann, leader of the Catholic Apostolic Christians, x. 444. Czolbe, Heinrich C., on evolution, viii. 767. TY the fourth letter of the alphabet, vi. 756. Dabchick, bird, XL 80. Da C adore (Titian, g.'r.), Italian painter, xxiii. 413. Da Capo, musical term, xvn. 87, 93. DACCA, district and town, India, Vi. 756. Dace, fish, vi. 758; xn. 692; xx, 582; angling for, II. 42. Dacelo, genus of birds, xiv. 82. Dach, Simon, German hymn-writer, XII. 587. Dachstein, mountain, Austria, 1. 628; XXL 241; XXII. 614. Dacia, ancient country, Europe, Vi. 758; xxiv. 269; conquest of, by Trajan (105), xxiii. 504. DACIER, Andre, French scholar, VI. 759. , Anne Lefevre, French scholar, vi. 759Da Costa, Isaak, Dutch poet and theologian, vi. 759. Dactylopsila, genus of marsupial mammals, xvin. 729. Dactylopterus, fish, IX. 352. D’Adam, L’Isle, grand-master of Knights Hospitallers, xxi. 174. Daddy Long Legs, insect, xm. 150; as wheat pest, xxiv. 535. Dadha, Syriac monk and writer, xxn. 830. Dadh-isho, abbot of Mount Izla, Syriac writer, XXII. 838. Dadh-isho, of Seleucia, Syriac writer, xxii. 830. Dado, in architecture, 11. 463. D/EDALA, Mount, Asia Minor, xv. 93. Daedalus, in Greek legend, vi. 760; 1. 185; 11. 347. , reef, Red Sea, xx. 316. XX Y. — 16

122

D M M —D A M

Dalmatia, crown land, Austria, vi D^mon, VII. 6o; in Greek mythology, Dainihonshi, Japanese history, Xin. 783; wine industry of, XXIv. 610. 587XV. 477; of Socrates, XXII. 233. , Duke of (Soult), French general, Dair al-Bahari, Egypt, Mummy vault Daffodil, plant, vi. 760. xxil 279. at, xvil 22. Da Gama, Vasco, Portuguese navigator, Dalmatian Dog, vii. 330. Dairy, vi. 768; treatment of milk in, x. 57, 181; his expedition to India, Dalmatic, ecclesiastical vestment, vi xvi. 304. xii. 796. 462. Breeds, of cattle, 1. 388. Dagana, town, Senegal, Africa, XXL Dalmau, town, India, xx. 222. Dais, in architecture, 11. 463. 660. Dalmeny Park, Linlithgow, Scotland, Daisy, plant, vi. 773. Dagger, weapon, vi. 760; xxn. 800; xiv. 670. ancient, II. 553; of Albacete, Spain, 1. Dajjal, Masih al, Mohammedan Anti- Dalriads, Celtic race, in Ireland, xm. christ, 11. 126. 446. 247; in Scotland, XXL 473, 477Daghestan, government, Asiatic Russia, Dakar, town, Senegal, Africa, XXL 660. DALRYMPLE, Sir David (Lord Hailes), Daker-Hen, bird, XX. 222. vi. 760. Scottish lawyer and historian, XL 374; D’Agincourt, Jean Baptiste, French Dakhel, or Dakhila, oasis, Africa, xvil xxil 446. 695. archaeologist, vi. 760. 5 G. E., explorer of Australian coast, Dakiki, Persian poet, ix. 225; xviii. Dagmar Cross, vi. 614. in. 107. 656. Dago, island, Russia, Baltic Sea, xvn. Sir Hew, Scottish lawyer, xxil Da-Kio (Mekong), river, Asia, xv. 832. IV446. Dagobert, king of France, ix. 530; Dakota, Territory, U.S.A., vi. 773; , James, first Viscount Stair, Scotpopulation, XXllI. 802. tomb of, at St Denis, xxi. 161. tish jurist, XXIL 444. Dakotas, American Indians, xil. 827, Dagon, Philistine deity, vi. 761; xvm. , Sir James, Scottish antiquary, xxil 831. 756. 446. Dakshin (Deccan, g.v.), India, vn. 18. Daguerre, Louis Jacques Maude, , Janet, Bride of Lammermoor, xxn Shahbazpur, delta island, India, French painter and physicist, VI. 761; 444. xv. 830. his contributions to photography, , Thomas, Scottish physician, xxn. Dakshiputra (Panini), Sanskrit gramxviii. 822. 446. marian, XXL 292. Daguerreotype, vi. 761; xvm. Dalai-Lama, of Tibet, xiv. 230, 502; Dalsgaard, Danish painter, vil. 94. 823. Dalton, John, English physicist, vi. xxiii. 343. D’Aguesseau, Henri Frangois, chan784; his atomic theory, V. 465; on the Dalbeattie, town, Scotland, xiv. 98. cellor of France, VI. 761. specific gravity of air, HI. 386. Dalberg, Prince of, patron of German Daht:, ancient Iranian nomads, xviii. Daltonism, or Colour Blindness, vi. literature, VI. 774. 588. 784; viii. 824. Dahhak b. Kais, governor of Damascus, Dalbergia, genus of trees, xx. 851. Dalton’s Law, of gases, vi. 785, xvl DALBURG, John of, bishop of Worms, xvi? 569. 611. xx. 490. Dahirah, province, Arabia, 11. 255. Daly, Robert, bishop of Kildare, xm. Dal-Cais, dynasty of Irish kings, xm. Dahl, Johann Christian, Norwegian 265. 253painter, VI. 762. Dalyell, Sir John Graham, his Dale, or Dahl, Vladimir Ivanovitch, , Michael, Swedish painter, VI. 762. aquarium, II. 217. Russian writer, Vi. 762. Ivanovitch, Russian 5 Vladimir Dam, reservoir, xxiv. 406. D’Alembert, Jean le Rond, French writer, VI. 762. mathematician and philosopher, VI. Damad Ali, Turkish vizier, XXIII. 646. Dahlak, island, Red Sea, xx. 316. 774; ix. 671; his connexion with the Damages, in law, vi. 787. Dahlgren, Karl Fredrik, Swedish poet Encyclopedic, VIII. 197; on astro- Daman, Syrian hyrax, mammal, xii, and humorist, VI. 763; xxil. 757. 598. nomy, 11. 7595 on the motion of fluids, Dahlia, plant, vi. 763; xn. 255. Damaraland, district, South Africa, XU. 437Dahlmann, Friedrich Christian, GerXL 731; languages of, xxiv. 828. Dalgarno, George, Scottish educational man historian, VI. 763. writer, vi. 776; on teaching deaf- DAMARAS, race. South Africa, their Dahlstjerna, GunnoEurelius, Swedish totems, xxiii. 468. mutes, vii. 6. poet, vi. 764; xxil 755. Dalhousie, town, New Brunswick, Damarmenus, fisherman, in Greek Dahna, desert, Arabia, 11. 240. mythology, XVUI. 480. xvii. 375. Dahomey, kingdom, West Africa, VI. , Marquis of, governor-general of DAMAS (Damask, q.v.\ cloth, XXIII. 210. 764. Damascening, or Damaskeening, in India, vi. 776; xn. 808. Dahshoor, or Dahshur, Egypt, metal work, vi. 793; Xlil. 81; xvi. Pyramids of, II. 386; VII. 773; xx- Dali, Cyprus, Tablet of, vi. 750. 78; of sword blades, VI. 733; XXIL 803. Dalimil, Chronicle of, Bohemian work, 124. Damascenus, Johannes, theologian, XXIL I 51. Dai Butsu, colossal statue, Japan, early Greek Church, vi. 789. Dalin, Olof von, Swedish poet, VI. 780; xvii. 229. , Nicolaus, Greek historian, vi. 790. xxil 755. Daille, Jean, French Protestant divine, Damascius, Neoplatonic philosopher, Dalkeith, town, Scotland, vi. 780. vi. 767: VI. 790; XVIL 338. D’Ailly, Pierre, French cardinal, x. Dalkey Island, Ireland, vn. 494. Dalla Bella, his magnetic researches, Damascus, ancient kingdom, xm. 406. 549; xvii. 132; xx. 320; XXL 431. , province, Asiatic Turkey, xxiii. xv. 237. Daily News, London newspaper, xvil. 6 Dall/eus (Jean Daille), French Pro53419, town, Syria, vi. 790; xxil 822; testant theologian, Vi. 767. Daily Telegraph, London newspaper, taken by the Arabs (635), H. 257, Dallas, town, Texas, U.S.A., xxm. xvil 419. xvi. 562; as capital of Demetrius HI. 205. Daimiel, town, Spain, VI. 767. of Syria, xviii. 595; mosque of, xvi. Daimio, territorial nobles of Japan, Dalling and Bulwer, Lord, British 865. diplomatist, vi. 780. XHL 578, 583-

D A M —D A R

123 Damascus Steel, vi. 793. Danby, Earl of, minister of Charles II., Danilovgrad, town, Montenegro, xvi. Damascus Ware, xix. 620. viii. 349. 781. Damask, cloth, vi. 792; xxiv. 464; , Francis, English painter, VI. 797. Danish Drama, vil 444. Persian, xxm. 208, 210; manufacture Dance, vl 798. Danish Language, vil 89; xxi. 373; of, at Dunfermline, Scotland, vil. 542. , George (d. 1768), English architect, dictionaries of, vil 186. Damaskeening, or Damascening (q.v.), vi. 801. Danish Leather, xiv. 389. vi. 793. , George (d. 1825), English architect Danish Literature, vil 89. Damask Steel, vl 793. and painter, vi. 801, Danishmand, Seljuk dynasty, xxi. 636. Damasus I., pope, vi. 793 ; xiii. 630; , Nathaniel, English painter, VI. 801. Dankoff, town, Russia, xxi. 116. xix. 490. of Death, v. 104; xn. 55. Dannecker, Johann Heinrich von, II., pope, vi. 793. Dancing, as branch of education, vi. German sculptor, vi. 809. Damaun, town, India, vi. 793. 801. Dannewerk, entrenchments, Schleswig, Damavand, mountain, Persia, xv. 651; Master, English ballad collection, VIL 89; XXL 414. xviii. 619. xvii. 88. Danse Macabre, v. 104. D’Amboise, George, French cardinal, Dancourt, Florent Carton, French Dante (Dante Alighieri), Italian poet, VL 793. dramatist, VI. 802. vi. 809; xiii. 5°2j his influence on Dambonite, volatile body in caoutchouc, Dandelion, plant, vi. 802; xxiii. 61. the Renaissance, xx. 384; Cary’s xii. 840. Dandhu Panth (Nana Sahib), xu. 810; translation of the Divina Commedia, Dambovitza, river, Roumania, XXL xvii. 170, 345. v. 170. 14. Dandolo, patrician family of Venice, Danton, George Jacques, French Re■ Damdama (Dumdum), town, India, vil. vi. 802. volutionist, vi. 815; ix. 602, 603; xx. 525; xxiii. 673. , Andrea, Venetian admiral, vi. 803; 603. Dami, Giuliano, Florentine courtier, xv. xix. 406. Dantonists, French Revolutionary 793, Enrico, doge of Venice, vi. 802; party, ix. 606. DAMiAT(Damietta), town, Egypt, vi. 794. xxiv. 143; his relations with the Dantzic, or Danzig, town, Germany, vi. Damiens, Robert Frangois, assailant of crusaders, vi. 629. 818; xx. 16; siege of (1807), ix. 459. Louis XY. of France, vi. 794. , Vincenzo, Count, Italian scientist, Deal, timber, ix. 223. Damietta, town, Egypt, VI. 794; vil vi. 803. Danube, river, Europe, vi. 819; m. 768; siege of (1219), xxiii. 162. Danegeld, English land tax, vm. 294, 116; xii. 362; xxi. 14; delta of, xx. DAmiri, Arabian naturalist, vi. 794; 567. 580; mouths of, in. 795. xvi. 597. Danelage, district, England, xiv. 656. Danum (Doncaster), ancient town, Damiron, Jean Philibert, French philo- Danes, The, VIL 84; their invasions of England, vn. 361. sophical writer, vi. 795. England, 1. 506; vm. 283, 568; xvn. Danvers, town, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Dammar, or Dammer, resin, vi. 795. 570; invasions of Ireland, xiii. 252; in vi. 820. . Damme, Thomas, Longevity of, xiv. Lincolnshire, xiv. 656; their influ- Danville, town, Illinois, U.S.A., vi. 858. ence on English literature, vm. 404. 820. Damnum absque Injuria, in law, vi. Danewerk, or Dannewerk, entrench, town, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., vi. 789. ments, Schleswig, vn. 89; xxi. 414. 820. Damocles, courtier of Dionysius, vi. Danewort, or dwarf elder tree, vil , town, Virginia, U.S.A., xxiv. 259. 795828. D’Anville, Jean Baptiste, French geoDamodar, coal and ironstone fields, Danichich, Dyuro, Servian philologist, grapher, VI. 820; his map of India, x. India, xn. 737. XXL 691. 188. Damon, friend of Pythias, VI. 795. Daniel, of Scripture, vi. 803. Danzig (Dantzic, q.v.), town, Germany, Dampier, William, English navigator, , Apocalypse of, 11. 180. vi. 818; ix. 459; xx. 16. vl 795; his discoveries in Australasia, , Book of, vi. 803; in. 640. Daphnaida, SpensePs poem, xxil 395. in. 103. of Salah, Syriac writer, xxil. 841. Daphne, in Greek mythology, vi. 821; Dampness, Measure of, xn. 569. of Tahal, Syriac writer, xxil 849. grove of, II. 131. Damson, variety of plum, xix. 230. , Arnaud, troubadour, XX. 649. , genus of plants, xiv. 349. Dan, town, Judsea, Vi. 796. , Gabriel, French Jesuit historian, and Apollo, Max Muller’s theory , Tribe of, xiu. 401. VI. 807. of, xvii. 138. Dana, river, Africa, 1. 255. , Samuel, English poet, VI. 807; Daphnephoria, Greek festival, vi. 821. , family of eminent Americans, vi. xviii. 346. Daphnis and Chloe, Longus’s Greek 796. bar Khattab, Syriac writer, xxil romance, xiv. 868; xx. 635. , James Dwight, on amber in 855. Darabjird, or Darab-Gherd, town, America, 1. 659; on the Atlantic basin, bar Moses, Syriac writer, xxil Persia, VI. 821. in. 16. 841. D’Aranda, Count, Spanish minister, > Richard Henry, American author, Nevski, prince of Moscow, XXL 11. 308; xxil. 341. vi. 796; 1. 723. 90. D’Aranthon, Bishop, his relations with Danae, mother of Perseus, VI. 797; xviii. Daniele da Volterra (Ricciarelli), Madame Guyon, XL 342. 560. Italian painter and sculptor, xx. 537. Darasun, spa, East Siberia, xxm. 510. Danalite, mineral, XVI. 411. Daniell, John Frederick, English Darazi, Ismael, leader of the Druses, Danapris (Dnieper), river, Russia, vil chemist, VI. 808; his electric cell, vm. vie 484. 306; xxi. 73. 93; his hygrometer, XII. 570; his Dar-Banda,group of Negroes, XVII. 319. Danaus, in Greek legend, vi. 797. pyrometer, xx. 133. Darbhangah, district, India, xvii. Danburite, mineral, xvi. 411. , Samuel, Thomas, and William, 114; xxiii. 407. Danbury, town, Connecticut, U.S.A., English painters, VI. 808. D’Arblay, Madame (Frances Burney), vl 797. Daniloff, town, Russia, xxiv. 731. English novelist, VI. 821.

124

D a r —d a V

Das YU, Punjab tribe, India, xx. 110. Darboy, Georges, archbishop of Paris, Daro, mountain, Senegambia, xxi. DASYURID^E, family of marsupial mam661. vi. 822. mals, xv. 379, 380. Darby, J. N., founder of community of Darode, Somali tribes, Central Africa, Datames, satrap of Cappadocia, xviii. xxil 256. Plymouth Brethren, XIX. 238. 579D’Arc, Jeanne (Joan of Arc), Maid of Darosha Pharsaya, Syriac writer, Date, fruit, VI. 831. xxil 832. Orleans, xm. 695; ix. 550. Palm, vi. 831; 1.258; xviii. 190; Darchiendo, town, Tibet, xxm. 342. D’Arrest’s Comet, vi. 192. of Arabia, 11. 237; of Eezzan, Tunis, Dart (Dace, q.v.), fish, vi. 758. Darcy Water Gauge, xii. 508. ix. 129. Darter, bird, xxn. 188. Dardanelles, Strait of, vi. 823; m. Dates, of principal events from earliest Dartford, town, England, VI. 829. 7975 xi. 636. times to 1875, V. 720-754. Dartmoor, Devonshire, England, vn. Dardania (Dacia), ancient district, Datholite, mineral, xvi. 409. 139. Europe, VL 758. Datum Levels, Tidal, xxiil 369. Dardanus, in Greek mythology, Vi. Dartmouth, town, England, vi. 829. College Case (1818), xxiv. 471. Datura Stramonium, poisonous 823; xxiil 583. plant, xvil 231. College Observatory, New Dards, people, India and Tibet, x. 598, Daubenton, Louis Jean Marie, French Hampshire, U.S.A., XVII. 715xiv. 198; dictionaries of their language, naturalist, VI. 832; on birds, xvin. 6; Darts, Ancient, 11. 555. vii. 191. his connexion with Buffon’s natural D ARU, Pierre Antoine, Comte de, 1 rencn Dare (Dace, q.v.), fish, vi. 758. history, IV. 444. writer and statesman, vi. 829. DARENT, river, England, Xiv. 37. Daubeny, Charles Giles Bridle, English DARES of Phrygia, on the legends of Darwaz, state, Central Asia, xvin. 104. man of science, Vi. 832. Darwen, Over, town, England, xviii. Troy, vi. 823; xm. 499; XX. 637. D’Aubigne, FranQoise, Madame de 77. Darfeld, Westphalia, Abbey of, xxm. Maintenon, xv. 304; IX. 578; XXL Darwin, Charles, his doctrine of organic XXIV 801; 524378evolution, vm. 764, 769; Darfur, country, Central Africa, vi. Jean Henri Merle, historian of the on adaptation of animals, I. 86; on 823; 1. 271; xxil. 278. Reformation, VI. 833. birds, XVIII. 32; on the descent of Dar-Ge, district, Tibet, xxiil 342. , Theodore Agrippa, French hisman, II. 110; on the expression of Darginians, Caucasian tribe, xiv. 475. torian and poet, VL 833; ix. 651. emotions, xix. 5; geological researches Dargle, glen, Wicklow, Ireland, xxiv. in the Argentine Republic, II. 488; on D’AUBUSSON, Pierre, grand-master of 557. , Knights of St John, VI. 834; his hybridism, xil. 423; on morphology, Daric, ancient Persian com, xvn. 059. defence of Rhodes (1480), xxi. 174XVI. 840; on the origin of species, DARIEL, Pass of, Caucasus, v. 255. Daudin, F. M., on reptiles, xx. 434. in. 689 ; his work, The Origin of DARIEN, isthmus and district, South Species, Vlil. 749, 7645 XXIV- 77> 815 Dauglish Apparatus, for manuAmerica, vi. 824; crossed by Balbao, facture of aerated bread, in. 255on the curvature of rootlets of plants, in. 274; proposed canal at, IV. 793; Daulias Luscinia, species of birds, XIX. 60. Scottish settlement of, XXL 518. xvil 499. , Erasmus, English poet and Scheme, Paterson’s, xviii. 360. scientist, VI. 830; xv. 816; on evolu- Daumat, Jean, French jurisconsult, vil. Daringambadi, town, India, XXL 210. 346tion, viil. 748. Dariorigum (Yannes), ancient town, Daun, Count von, Austrian general, vi. , Mount, Tierra del Fuego, xxiil France, XXIV. 68. 834; ill. 128. 384Darius I., king of Persia, vi. 825; xviii. Daunians, ancient Italian tribe, xm. , Port, town, South Australia, xxil 568; xi. 98; in Egypt, Vli. 744; tomb 446. 284. of, xviii. 558. Dauphin, French title, ix. 546; xix. II., Ochus or Nothus, of Persia, VI. Darwinism, viil 769; in relation to 8 73 socialism, XXIL 219. 826; xviii. 575. Dauphin^;, old province, France, Vi. III., Codomannus, of Persia, xviii. Darwinite, mineral, xvi. 393. 8 35D asa, tribe, North Central Africa, xxiil 581; defeat of, by Alexander, 1. 481; Alps, i. 624. 334. xv. 140. Daurat, Jean, French poet, VI. 835; Dase, Zacharias, German logarithmist, Darjiling, or Darjeeling, district and xx. 84. xiv. 777. town, India, vi. 827; its trade with Daurians, Tungus tribe, Siberia, xxin. Dashkoff, Catherina R. W., Russian Tibet, xxiil 343. 608. princess, VI. 830; v. 233. Darley Arabian, progenitor of raceD’Auvergne, Henri de la Tour Dashour, Egypt, Pyramids of, II. 386; horses, xii. 183, 184. (Turenne),French marshal, xxiil 626; vie 773; xx. 124. Darling, river, Australia, xvn. 62; ix. 571. Dash-Wheel, bleaching apparatus, in. xvii. 408. Dauw, BurcheU’s zebra, xil 175. 813. Mountains, Western Australia, Dass, Petter or Peder, Norwegian poet, Davao, town, Philippine Islands, xviii. xxiv. 507. vi. 831; xvil. 589. 75°f Darlington, town, England, vi. 828. Davenant, Charles, on the balance 01 Darlingtonia, genus of insectivorous Dassee Silkworm, xxil 60. trade, xix. 357. Dasserah, Hindu festival, xv. 290. plants, xiii. 138. , Sir William, English poet and Darmstadt, town, Germany, vi. 828; Dasypeltis, genus of snakes, xxil dramatist, VI. 835; vil 434. 194. libraries of, XIV. 527, 546. , Hesse-, grand-duchy, Germany, XI. Dasypodidal, family of Edentata, xv. Davenport, town, Iowa, U.S.A., vi. 836. 386. 780. 5 Horace, English amateur champion Dasyproctid^e, family of Rodentia, DARNETAL, town, France, VL 829. swimmer, xxil 771. xv. 420. Darnley, Lord, husband of Mary, queen , John, founder of New Haven, Dasypus, genus of edentate mammals, of Scots, xv. 595; XXL 504; murder Conn., U.S.A., xvii. 395. I xv. 387. of, IV. 164.

D A V —D E 0 Daventry, town, England, xvn. 556. Davey’s Safety Motor, xxii. 516. David, king of Israel, VI. 836; xm. 404; xxi. 253. , City of (Jerusalem), xm. 639. , Psalms of, xx. 32; ill. 638; VI. 841. , St, patron saint of Wales, vi. 842. I., king of Scotland, xxi. 482. II., of Scotland, vm. 319; xxi. 489. —, Jewish pretender, XX. 269. of Beth Babban, Syriac writer, xxii. 844. of Dinant, French scholastic philosopher, vi. 844; xxi. 426. , Christian, leader of Moravian Brethren, xvi. 812. , Felicien Cesar, French musical composer, vi. 842. , Francis, Transylvanian bishop, xxii. 230; xxiii. 725. , Jacques Louis, French painter, vi. 842. , Jean Pierre (David d’Angers), French sculptor, VI. 843; XXL 564. BAR PAUL, Syriac writer, xxu. 852. Copperfield, Dickens’s novel, vii. 177. Ha-Cohen, Spanish rabbi, vi. 843. Davidists, Christian sects, vi. 844. Davie, James, inventor of ballot machine, ill. 291. Davies, Edward, on Neo-Druidism, v. 318. , Griffith, on annuities, II. 81. , Howell, Welsh preacher, xvi. 193. , Sir John, English poet and statesman, vi. 844; XIII. 265. , John, of Hereford, English poet, VI. 844. Davila, Gil Gonzalez, explorer, Nicaragua, xvii. 479. , Henrico Caterino, Italian historian, vi. 844. Da Vinci, Leonardo, Italian painter, author, and man of science, xiv. 455 ; XXL 435; his influence on Raphael, xx. 275; on binocular vision, xxii. 537Davine, mineral, xvi. 412. Davis, Andrew Jackson, American spiritualist, xxii. 405. ■ 5 Edward, buccaneer, iv. 410. , Jefferson, president, Confederate States, North America, xxm. 773. ' > John, English navigator, vi. 845; X. 184; xvii. 254; his Arctic explorations, xix. 317. Strait Whale Fishery, xxiv. 527. Davos, district, Switzerland, xi. 205. Davy, Sir Humphrey, English man of science, vi. 845; on electro-chemical science, v. 466; Gay-Lussac’s relations with, x. 122.

Davy Lamp, for mining, vi. 72. Daw, bird, xm. 532. Dawes, W. R., his observatory, England, xvii. 711. Dawley, town, England, xxi. 848. DAWLISH, town, England, VI. 848. Dawn, morning twilight, xxiii. 674. Dawson, William, on the use of lime as manure, 1. 350. Salmon, fish, xn. 686. Dax, town, France, Vi. 848; mineral water of, xvi. 433. Day, in the calendar, IV. 664; sidereal, IL 765; solar, 11. 771; iv. 664; proposal of a universal, xxiii. 392, 394, Alfred, English writer on harmony, XVII. 100. , Benjamin Franklin, American journalist, xvn. 434. , Francis, founder of Madras citv, xv. 189. , J ohn, English dramatist, vi. 848. , Thomas, English tale writer, vu. 655. Book, in book-keeping, iv. 46. of the Fosse, massacre (807), Toledo, Spain, xxn. 310. of the Spurs, battle at Courtrai, Flanders (1302), vi. 521; ix. 544. Days, of the week, 11. 740; iv. 664; xxi. 125. Dayton, town, Ohio, U.S.A., vi. 848; xvii. 737. Daza (Maximinus), Roman emperor, xv. 645. D’Azeglio, Massimo, Italian writer and statesman, m. 167; xm. 487, 489. Deacon, Office of, in the church, vil. 1; in primitive church, VIII. 484; xix. 674; in Presbyterian churches, xix. 677Deaconess, vil 1. Deaconesses’ Homes, at Kaiserswerth, Germany, ix. 307. Dead, Resurrection of the, vm. 535. Dead-Houses, v. 331. Dea Dia, Roman goddess, 11. 671. Deadly Nightshade, plant, m. 543. Deadly Sins, The seven, vm. 592. Dead March in Saul, Handel’s, xi. 435Dead-Reckoning, in navigation, xvn. 264. Dead Sea, Palestine, vn. 1; xiv. 217; xviii. 171, 173. Deadwood, mining settlement, Wyoming, U.S.A., xxiii. 797. Deaf and Dumb, or Deaf-Mutes, vil 3; schools for, 11. 722; Amman’s method of training, 1. 739; Abbe de 1’Epee’s, labours on behalf of, Vlll. 457. Deaf and Dumb Man’s Tutor, by Dalgarno, Vi. 776. Deafness, vil 594. Deak, Franz, Hungarian statesman, vu. 12; xii. 374.

125 Deal, town, England, vil 13; xiv. 39Dean, ecclesiastical dignitary, vn. 13; v. 228. Deane, Sir Anthony, English shipbuilder, xvii. 283. Dean’s Islands, South Pacific, xxiii. 602. Dearborn Observatory, Chicago, U.S.A., xvii. 715. Dearg, Loughs, Ireland, xm. 217. Death, Causes of, xvil 686; of Enterozoa as compared with Protozoa, xix. 837; ceremonies connected with, ix. 824; xxiii. 470; myths of, xvil 158; Sisyphus myth, xxii. 102. Adder, xxii. 198. Duties, xxiii. 88. Death-Rate, Average, in different countries, xix. 517. Deaths, Registration of, xx. 343. , by suicide, xxn. 629. Deauville, town, France, xxm. 589. Debasement of Coinage, xvi. 726; xvil 653. De Beaumarchais, Pierre A. C., French dramatist, ill. 467. Deben, river, Suffolk, England, XXII. 621. De Benneville, George, American Universalist, xxm. 831. Debenture, vil 15. De Blainville, H. M. D., on birds, xviii. 20. DIlbonnaire, Le, Louis (Louis the Pious, q.v.), emperor, xv. 15. Deb Raja, ruler of Bhutan, India, in. 632. Debra Tabor, town, Abyssinia, 1. 64. Debreczyn, or Debretzn, town, Hungary, vil. 15; university of, xxm. 852. De Brosses, Charles, on mythology, xvil 137. Debt, Law of, vil 15. See also Bankruptcy, in. 341. , National, xvil 243. Debtor and Creditor, xviii. 440; in Roman law, xx. 685. Debts, Attachment of, ill. 51. , Preferred, xix. 764. Decalogue, vil 15; xm. 399. Decameron, Boccaccio’s work, 111. 845; xiii. 504. Decamps, Alexander Gabriel, French painter, vil 17. De Candolle, Augustin Pyramus, Swiss botanist, vil 18; his classification of plants, iv. 80; xvi. 838. DECANUS, French and Lombard magistrate, vil 14; xv. 217. Dec apod A, suborder of Mollusca, xvi. 669. Decapolis, district, Palestine, vil 18; xviii. 177. Decarbonization, of iron, xm. 318.

126

D E C —D E L

Dei Filius, constitution passed by Decatur, town, Illinois, U.S.A., vn. Decurio, Roman cavalry officer, vil. 22. Vatican council, xxiv. 112. Dedan, of Scripture, xxiv. 738. Deifr (Deira, q-v.), Celtic kingdom, Deduction, in logic, 1. 797; xiv. 785, ? Stephen, American naval officer, England, XVIL 568. 790. xxin. 760. DEIOCES, Median king, XVIIL 562. De Caus, Solomon, inventor of a steam- Dee, river, England and Wales, V. 589; Deipnosophist/E, Athenseus’s work, 11. vil 76; xvi. 38. engine, xxii. 473. 831. , rivers, Scotland, 1. 44! xiv. 97. Decay, Animal, xvn. 686; xix. 9. Deira, Celtic kingdom, England, V. 5 John, English mathematician and Decazes, Duke, favourite minister of 301; viii. 270; xvii. 568. astrologer, VIL 22. Louis XVIIL, IX. 619. Deir-el-Kamar, town of the Druses, Deed, in law, vii. 23. Deccan, territory, India, vil. 18; xn. vil 483. 733; birds of, III. 7^35 connexion Deeds, Registration of, xx. 342. Diermen Tepe, hill, near Smyrna, Deemla (Dimlah), town, India, xx. with Berar, ill. 583. Asia Minor, xxn. 186. 272. Decebalus, Dacian prince, xxm. 503. Deism, vil 33; xxm. 244; Lord Deemster, judge, Isle of Man, xv. 452. December, month, vu. 19. Herbert’s, XL 722; Shaftesbury’s, Decemviri, Roman magistrates, Vil. DEEPING Fen, England, Draining of, XXL 734; Tindal’s, xxm. 404; 1. 405. 19; xx. 737. . ^ Chubb’s writings on, V. 757. Deception Island, Antarctic Ucean, Deep-Sea Thermometer, xxiii. 291. Deists, English, their writings, vm. Deer, ungulate mammal, vil 23 ; xv. xvii. 407. 427; Bishop Butler’s opposition to, 431, 432; of India, xn. 742. De Charpentier, Jean, on glaciers, x. iv. 583. Forests, Scotland, xxi. 532. 628. ? Short and Easy Method with Defecation, xvii. 670. DECHENITE, mineral, XVI. 404. the, Leslie’s work, xiv. 476. Defamation, inlaw, vil 25; xiv. 505. DECIATES, Ligurian tribe, XIV. 639. Deity, Idea of the, xxm. 235. See Decimal Coinage, vil 20; xvi. 732. Defender of the Faith, vil 25. also God. DEFFAND, Marquise du, leader in Decimal Fractions, in arithmetic, De Jussieu, French family of botanists, French literary society, VII. 25. IL 531 ; methods of marking, by xiii. 788. Defilading, in fortification, ix. 425. Napier, XVII. 185; Stevinus’s use of, Definition, in logic, xiv. 785, 790; Dekabrists, Rebellion of, in Russia, IL 526; XXII. 546. XXL 101. Socratic use of, xxn. 236. DeCIUS, Roman emperor, XX. 773, 776. Deken, Aagjen, Dutch writer, xn. 96. Defloration, in medical jurispruMus, Publius, Roman consul, xvn. Dekker, Jeremias de, Dutch poet, vil dence, xv. 780. 64. 37Defoe, Daniel, English writer, vil 26; Decize, town, France, xvii. 490. , Thomas, English dramatist, vil his connexion with newspapers, XVII. Deck, of ship, xxi. 820. 415; pamphlets of, xvin. 205; his 37> 432, ^ Decken, Baron von der, African explace in English literature, vm. 425, De la Badie, Jean, French Pietist, xiv. plorer, I. 247. 163. 428; projector of savings’ banks, xxi. Deckendorf, or Deggendorf, town, De la Bastie, Sieur, French envoy in 327Bavaria, vn. 32. Scotland, xxi. 497. Deformities, Surgical treatment of, Declamations, Scholastic, xx. 515. De la Beche, Henry Thomas, English xxii. 691. Declaration, in law, vn. 21; xix, geologist, vil 38. Degaid, Irish clan, xm. 245. 218. De la Condamine, Charles Marie, , De Geer, Charles, Swedish entomoof Independence, American French savant, x. 189 ; xiv. 193; logist, xxiv. 806. xiii. 614; xxiii. 743, 754; xviii. 741 measuring arc of meridian, vil 598. De Ge:rando, Marie Joseph, French of Paris (1856), vn. 21; xvn. Delacroix, Ferdinand Victor Eugene, metaphysician, VIL 31. 290. French painter, VII. 39. of Rights, English (1689), xx. Deggendorf, town, Bavaria, vn. 32. De laGardie, Count, Swedish general DEGH, river, India, XXL 850. 555; accepted by William III., xxiv. and chancellor, XXII. 748. D’Eglantine, P. F. N. Fabre, French 579Delagoa Bay, South-East Africa, vii. dramatist and Revolutionist, vm. 840. of Sports, of James L, xxii. 431. 4°. Deglutition, Process of, 1. 838; xvn. Declarator, in Scots law, vil 22. De la Live d’ Epinay, Madame, French 670. Declination, in astronomy, 11. 765. authoress, VIII. 482. , or Variation, Magnetic, XV. 220, Degradation, from knighthood, xiv. Delambre, Jean Baptiste Joseph, 125. 238; xvi. 163; table of values of, xvi. French mathematician and astronomer, Degree, angular magnitude, xxm. 9, 166. vil 40; 11.758; his logarithmic tables, 563; of the meridian, length of, x. Decline and Fall of the Roman xxiii. 10; his formulae in spherical 198. Empire, Gibbon’s work, x. 578. trigonometry, XXIII. 566. Degrees, Academical, vm. 777; origin Declinograph, astronomical instruDelane, John Thaddeus, English of, xxiii. 835; Scottish, xxiii. 855. ment, xvi. 256. journalist, XVIL 418. De-Gue, district, Tibet, xxm. 342. Declinometer, Bond’s, astronomical De Langle, P. A. M. Fleuriot, French instrument, XVI. 255; magnetic, XVI. De Heem, Johannes, Dutch painter, XL navigator, xiv. 298. 611. 159, 162. De Herberay, Nicolas, French trans- De Lannoy, Baroness, Dutch poetess, Decoration, Mural, xvn. 34. xii. 96. . lator of Amadis, xx. 654. Decree, in law, VIL 22; Roman, xm. De la Rive, Auguste, Swiss physicist, Dehli (Delhi, q.v.), India, VIL 45. 132; imperial Roman, XX. 705. VIL 41. Dehra, town, India, vil 33. Decreet, in law, vil 22. DELAROCHE, Hippolyte, French painter, DUN, district, India, VII. 32. Decretals, in canon law, vil 22; v. vii. 41. 16, 17, 19; xix. 491 ; the false, Dehri Shahan, village, Punjab, India, Delarue, Gervais, French historian, xx. 298. (c. 850), v. 17; xvii. 483; xix. 496. vii. 42. Decretum, Papal, of Gratian, xix. 499. Deification, ii. 199.

D E L —D E M

127 De La Rue, W., on sun spots, n. 786; Della Valle, Pietro, Italian traveller, (Thesmophoria), xxm. 295; mysteries his observatory, at Cranford, England, xxiv. 43. of, vm. 126. xvii. 711. Dellman’s Electrometer, viii. 119. Demetria, Greek festival, vii. 57. Delaunay, Charles, on the lunar Del Monte, Gian Maria (Pope Julius Demetrias, ancient town, Thessaly, theory, xvi. 801. HI.), xiii. 772. Greece, xxm. 299; xxiv. 282. , Charles, assumed name of Madame Delolme, Jean Louis, Swiss jurist, vii Demetrius, Bactrian king, xvin. 590. Girardin, French writer, x. 621. SiI., Poliorcetes, king of Macedonia, , Marguerite Jeanne Cordier, Baronne de Long, Lieut., Arctic explorer, xix. vii. 57. de Staal, xxil. 439. 326. II., of Macedonia, vii. 58. Delavigne, Jean Frangois Casimir, Delos, island, Greece, vn. 51; 11. 185; I., Soter, king of Persia and Syria, French poet and dramatist, vn. 43, amphictyony of, 1. 773; xi. 100; vii. 58; xiii. 422; xviii. 590. 427; ix. 672. worship of Latona in, xiv. 345. — II., Nicator, of Persia and Syria, Delaware, river, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., De Loutherbourg, Philip James, vii. 58; xiii. 423; xviii. 591. vii. 44; xviii. 500, 736. painter, vii. 52. — III., Euergetes, of Syria, vii. 58; , State, U.S.A., vii. 44; population, Delphi, town, Greece, vii. 52; 11. 185; xviii. 595. XXIII. 802; colony of, xxm. 730. amphictyony of, 1. 772; oracle and —, bishop of Alexandria, his relations , town, Ohio, U.S.A., vii. 45. temple at, xvii. 808; vii. 53; xi. 98; with Origen, xvii. 840. Delawares, American-Indian tribe, xiv. 345. —, Greek Cynic philosopher, vii. 58. xil 831. , Mount, Euboea, Greece, vm. 647. — (Dmitri, q.v.), Russian pretender, De la Warr, Peter, speaker of House Delphinapterus, genus of cetacean XXL 108. of Commons, xviii. 306. mammals, xv. 398; xxiv. 525. — of Scepsis, ancient writer on the Del Chiaro, on Walachia, xxi. 17. Delphin Editions, of the classics, m. Trojans, xxm. 581. Del Cimento, Florentine academy, 1. 657. — Phalereus, Greek Peripatetic 70; xv. 793. Delphinia, Greek festival, vii. 53 philosopher, vn. 58. Delcourt, Dupuis, aeronaut, 1. 193. DelphiniDjE, family of Cetacea, xv. Demidoff, Russian noble family, vii. Del Credere Agent, in commerce, 398. 59vii. 45.' Delphinium, Greek harbour, xviii. Demidowite, mineral, xvi. 411. De l’ Ilpee, Abbe, vm. 457; his labours 50. Demise, in law, xiv. 273. on behalf of deaf-mutes, vii. 7. ——, plant, xii. 255. Demiurge, in Gnosticism, x. 704; DELESSITE, mineral, x. 228; XVI. 414. Del Rio, Ercole, Italian chessplayer, v. Mar cion’s doctrine of the, xv. 534. Delfico, Melchiorre, Italian jurist, vii. 601. Demmin, town, Prussia, vn. 59. 45Delrio, Martin, on demoniacal posses- Democracy, Government by, xi. n; Delft, town, Holland, vii. 45. sion, vii. 62. in France (1789)) IX. 597; in relation Ware, xix. 631. Delta, at mouth of a river, x. 278, 319; to socialism, xxii. 221. Delhi, district, India, vii. 45; xx. 109. xx. 580; formation of, xii. 504; of Democratic Party, United States, , or Dehli, town, India, vii. 46; the Nile, vii. 768. xxm. 755, 764, 771. siege of (1857), xn. 810; school of , territory, Venezuela, xxiv. 140. Democritus, Greek philosopher, vii. poets at, xi. 848. , assumed name of David Macbeth 59Deli, district, Sumatra, xxn. 639. Moir, Scottish poet, xvi. 608. •, Christianus, assumed name of J. C. , island, Java, xm. 600. Deluc, Jean Andre, Swiss geologist, Dippel, German theologian and al, town, Timor, Indian Archipelago, vii. 53; xxii. 799. chemist, vii. 255. XXIII. 398. Deluge, in primitive cosmogonies, vn Demography, or Statistics, xxii. 463. Delia, Greek festival, vii. 49. 54; xvii. 143. Demoivre, Abraham, mathematician, , Tibullus’s love, xxm. 349. Delusion, in insanity, xm. 105. Vii. 60; his law of mortality, II. 76; Delict, in law, xxm. 454. Demades, Greek orator, vn. 57. on probability, XIX. 769. Delille, Jacques, French poet, vn. 49; Demagnetization, xv. 254. Demoivre’s Theorem, in analytical ix. 665. De Maillet, Benoit, his evolutionist trigonometry, xxm. 568. Delineation, in drawing, vn. 447. views, viii. 748. Demon, vii. 60. See Daemon. Delirium, mental disorder, vn. 50; De Maistre, Joseph, French dip Demonesi, or Demonnesi, islands, Sea XIII. 106. lomatist and polemical writer, xv. of Marmora, xix. 742. Tremens, vii. 50. 3°6. Demoniacal Possession, Theories of. Delisle, Guillaume, his map of the De Maistre, Xavier, French writer, 11. 56; vii. 61. Old World, x. 188. xv. 307; ix. 672. Demonology, vii. 60; xv. 199. - , Joseph Nicolas, on astronomy, 11. Demak, town, Java, Xlll. 606. De Montcorbier (F. Villon), French 7575 bis thermometer, xxm. 289. Demand and Supply, in economics, poet, xxiv. 232. , Rome, on crystals, Vi. 672. xxiv. 47. De Monte, G. B. (Montanus), Italian Delitzsch, town, Prussia, vii. 51. Dematophora Necatrix, vine fungus, physician, XV. 809. Della Chiaje, Italian naturalist, xxiv. 240. De Monts, French settler, Maine, xxiv. 806. Dembinski, Henry, Hungarian general, U.S.A., xv. 300. Della Porta, Giacomo, Italian archixii. 372. De Morgan, Augustus, English mathetect, 11. 439. Dembowski, Baron, his observatory matician and logician, vii. 64. Della Porta, Giovanni Battista, at Gallarate, Italy, xvii. 714. Demos, Athenian, compared with Roman Italian natural philosopher, xix. 525; Dementia, mental disease, xm. 107 plebs, xvii. 526. his steam-engine, xxn. 473; his conDemerara, county, British Guiana, xi Demospongize, subclass of sponges, nexion with the telescope, xxm. 135. 249; river, XL 250. xxii. 421, 425. ella Robbia, Florentine family of Demeter, Greek goddess (the Roman Demosthenes, Athenian general in artists, xx. 588. Ceres), v. 345; xvii. 127; festival of Syracusan war, xxii. 815.

128

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Depots, Military, XXIV. 353. 532, 5495 literature, vn. 89; national , Railway, xx. 234. DEMOSTHENES, Greek orator, VII. 67; debt, xvii. 246; newspapers,ster xvii. 430; DEPRES, Josquin, Flemish musical comXI. 103, 142 ; his ridicule of Alexobservatories, xvii. 714; °y culture, poser, vii. 101; xvil 83; xviii. 180. ander, I. 481; his connexion with XVIII. 108; periodical literature, XVIII. Depression, in insanity, xm. 105. Isseus, Kill. 376543; prison system, xix. 7595 railways, Deptford, town, England, vil 101; Demotica, town, European Turkey, vn. XX. 251; Reformation in, xx. 33 ’ dockyard, vil 310; Trinity House at, 74weights and measures, xxiv. 490. xxiii. 574. _ Demotic Writing, in Egypt, xi. 794- Dennewitz, Prussia, Battle of (1813), Depulsor, epithet of Jupiter, xin. 780. Dempo, mountain, Sumatra, xxil. 638. xvii. 220. Dempster, Thomas, Scottish scholar, Dennis, John, English critic and poet, De Quatrefages, J. L. A., on silkworm disease, XXIL 59; on Teredo, vie 74. vie 94. xxiii. 185. ^ , Demter (Deventer), town, Holland, vil. Denny, town, Scotland, xxn. 554De Quincey, Thomas, English writer, !35. Denon, Baron de, French artist and vil 101. Demurrage, in maritime law, vn. 75. archaeologist, vil. 95. DERA, river, Morocco, XVI. 832. Demurrer, in law, vn. 75* Density, of bodies, defined, xv. 9 , Ghazi Khan, district, India, vii. Denain, town, France, vn. 75; xvn. unit of, vii. 241; determination of, xn. 104; xx. 109. of water ot 535536; tables of, XII. 54U Ismail Khan, district, India, vil Den air, town, Asia Minor, 11. 147Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, xviii. 105; xx. 109. Denarius, Roman coin, xvii. 652, 655. Denbigh, county, Wales, vn. 76; popu- Dent, Alfred, English settler, North Derajat, division, India, vil 105; xx. 109. lation and representation, XXIII. 727; Borneo, XXI. 124. De Ranc£, Armand J. B., abbot of La coalfield, VI. 52e. J., English watchmaker, xxiv. ? Trappe, xxiii. 523. DENDERAH, or Dendarah, village, Upper 396. Deraya, or Dereyeh, town, Arabia, vil Egypt, vie 77; temple of, vil. 776Dentalium, genus of Mollusca, xvi. Dendermonde, town, Belgium, vn 113663. Derbe, town, Asia Minor, xv. 92. 8 Dentifrices, xviii. 526. 7 Dendrocopus, genus of birds, xxiv. Dentine, or Ivory, vn. 233; xm. 520, DERBEND, town, Hissar, Central Asia, XII. 3. 652. /■ xv. 349. ? or Derbent, town, Russia, VIL 105. DENDRCECA, genus of birds, XXIV. 307. Dentistry, vii. 95; artificial teeth, xm. Derby, county, England, VII. 106; popuDENDROHYRAX, genus of ungulate 523; in relation to medicine, xv. lation and representation, XXIH. 727; mammals, XII. 599; xv- 423. 797* coalfield, vi. 51. Dendrolagus, genus of marsupial Dentition, of man, vii. 96, 232; of town, England, VIL 108; porcelain mammals, xm. 840. fishes, xii. 654; of mammals, xv. 349 factory at, xix. 641. Dendrophid^, family of snakes, xxn. (and article Mammalia throughout); •, horse race, England, XII. 201. 192, 195of the horse, XII. 178; of the vole, ? Earls of, their connexion with Isle Deneshkin (or Denezhkin) Kamen, xxiv. 2775 of tli6 walrus, xxiv. 337* of’ Man, XV. 454; fourteenth earl, mountain, Russia, XVIH. 549; xxiv. 4. D’Entrecasteaux, J. A. Bruni, French English statesman, vii. 109; viii. D’Enghien, Due, French Royalist, vm. navigator, vm. 454; X. 190. 366. 214; his execution, xvii. 207. Islands, New Guinea, xvii. 386. Derbyshire Neck, disease, x. 739Denghiz (Balkash, q-'o.), lake, Central Denudation, in geology, x. 372. Dereham, town, England, xvil 536. Asia, xxi. 640. DEOBAND, town, India, XXL 152. DE Retz, Cardinal, leader of Fronde, Den ha, Syriac writer, xxn. 848. DEODAND, in English law, VII. 100 XX. 488; IX. 572. Denham, Dixon, African traveller, 1 Deodar, tree, v. 286; ix. 405; culture Dereveragh, Lough, Ireland, xxiv. 246; v. 801. of, 11. 319. Sir John, English poet, VII. 78; 512. Deodatus, St, of Nevers, xxi. 161 Dereyeh, town, Arabia, vil 113. VHi. 424. Deogan, chief god of the Kafirs, Asia, DERG, Lough, Ireland, VII. 362. Denier, mediaeval coin, xvii. 654 xiii. 822. Derham, William, English divine and Denina, Carlo Giovanni Maria, Italian Deoghar, town, India, XXL 297. historian, VII. 79. man of science, vn. 113. Deogurh (Dowletabad), fortress, India, D’ERLON, Count Drouet, French Denis, St, patron saint of France, vn. vil. 382. general, Vii. 473. 79; xviii. 286. 2 Deor’s Complaint, Anglo-Saxon poem, Dermatemys, genus of cheloman 5 king of Portugal, XIX. S4 ) 555VHI - 403,. + r. reptiles, xxiii. 457, island, Seychelles, XXI. 725. DLparcieux, Antoine, his mortality Dermatine, mineral, xvi. 415. Denison, town, Texas, U.S.A., xxm. tables, 11. 76. Dermatochelys, genus of cheloman 205. Department, French administrative Deniz, Ak, lake, Syria, xxn. 821. reptiles, XXIII. 457_ . , division, ix. 509, 600. Dermatogen, primary epidermis 0 Denizen, in law, vn. 79. Departure, in navigation, xvn. 264. plants, xil. 15. Denman, Lord, chief-justice of England, D’EpinAY, Madame, French authoress, Dermatology, in relation to medicine, viii. 482; as patroness of Rousseau, Denmark, vil. 80; union with Norxv. 797. ,, XXL 25. Dermatophyta, group of vegetabe way, XVII. 589; union with Sweden Deployment, of an army, xxiv. 352. (1397), xxil. 746; seizure of fleet by parasites, xxiv. 206. England (1807), xvii. 212; Prussian Deposits, geological, x. 276; in North Dermatozoa, group of animal parasites, Sea, xvil. 563; in Norwegian Sea, and Austrian invasion (1864), HI. 139! xxiv. 206. . f xvii. 593; in Pacific Ocean, xviii. ix. 625; academy, 1. 73; army, 11.615; Dermod MacMurrough, king 01 121. birds,xviii. 17; church, viil. 491; coins, Leinster, Ireland, XIII. 258. , in savings banks, xix. 573; XXL Dermoid Cyst, disease, xviii. 372. xvii. 658; drama, vn. 444; forests, ix. 329400; language, xxi. 373; libraries, XIv.

D E R—D E U Dermoptera, suborder of insectivorous mammals, xv. 401. Bern A (Darnis), seaport, Tripoli, North Africa, xxm. 575. Be’ Rossi, Gian Battista, on the Catacombs, v. 207. Be Rossi, J. B., his edition of the Hebrew Bible, ill. 647. Berry, or Londonderry (q.v.), town, Ireland, xiv. 853. Bertona (Tortona), ancient town, Italy, xxiii. 460. Bertosa (Tortosa), ancient town, Spain, xxiii. 460. Bervish, Bervishes, VII. 113; XXII. 662,665; Egyptian, vn. 726; dancing (Maulawi), xxi. 59. Berwent, river, Berbyshire, England, vii. 106. , river, Northumberland, England, xvii. 565. , river, Tasmania, xxiii. 72. Berwentwater, lake, England, vi. 699. Berzhavin, Gabriel, Russian poet, XXL 106. Be Sacy, Antoine Isaac, Baron Silvestre, French Orientalist, xxi. 140. , Isaac Louis Le Maitre, Port Royalist, xxi. 141. Besaguliers, Jean Thdophile, his electrical experiments, vm. 4. Besaix de Voygoux, Louis C. A., French general, VII. 114. Be Sallo, Benis, French man of letters, xvm. 539. Besargue’s Theorem, of projections, xix. 794. Besaugiers, Marc Antoine Madeleine, French dramatist, vn. 114. Besault, Pierre Joseph, French anatomist, vn. 115; Bichat’s connexion with, in. 664. Be Saussure, Horace Benedict, xxi. 323; on glaciers, x. 629. Be Saussure, Nicolas T., xxi. 324. Be Sauty, his electric telegraph test, xxiii. 118. Bescant, musical, xvn. 81. Bescartes, Rene, French philosopher, vii. 115; his application of algebra to geometry, 1. 514; xill. 6; on axioms, HI. 159; on evolution, vili. 747,759; on the extension of matter, in. 37; his logic, xiv. 791; his metaphysic, XVI. 91; on squaring the circle, XXII. 435; his influence on French literature, IX. 660; his connexion with Pascal, xvm. 334; Leibnitz’s criticism of, xiv. 421. Descent, in law, xm. 77; rules of, in aboriginal tribes, xxiii. 473. Deschamps, Eustache, French poet, vii. 128; ix. 644. Deschappelles, A. L. H. L., French chessplayer, v. 601. Des Chutes, river, Oregon, U.S.A., xvii. 822. Descloizite, mineral, xvi. 406.

Bes Clot, Bernat, Catalan chronicler, xxii. 363. Beseado, river, Patagonia, xvin. 353. Besert, Beserts, Oases in, xvn. 695; of Arabia, II. 239; Gobi, Central Asia, x. 712; Sahara, Africa, xxi. 149. Besert as, islands, Madeira, xv. 181. Beserted Village, Goldsmith’s poem, x. 762. Besertion, in military law, XVI. 298. of a wife, vn. 301; xxiv. 643. Besfontaines, Rene Louiche, French botanist, vn. 129. Besful (Bizful), town, Persia, vil. 305; xviii. 627. Beshoulieres, Antoinette, French poetess, Vii. 129. Besideri, P. Ipolito, traveller in Tibet, xiv. 503. Besiderio da Settignano, Italian sculptor, vil 129. Besign, Artistic, VIL 446; copyright in, VI. 364. , Doctrine of (Teleology), xvin. 182; xx. 301; xxili. 248; xxiv. 802. Designations, Abbreviations of, 1. 28. Desima, island, Japan, xvn. 164. Desire, Psychological analysis of, xx. 74Des Loges (F. Villon), French poet, xxiv. 232. Desmarest, Anselme, on birds, xvin. 11. Desmidieze, division of Algae, 1. 508; VIL 170. Desmodus Rufus, blood-sucking bat, xv. 415; xxiv. 52. Desmognathous Type, of birds, m. 711. Des Moines, town, Iowa, U.S.A., vil 130. Desmond, Earls of, Ireland, vi. 404; xiv. 52; their rebellions, xm. 264, 265; first earl (Maurice Fitzgerald), xiil. 260. Desmothoraca, order of Protozoa, xix. 845. Desmoulins, Camille, French journalist and Revolutionist, vil 130; ix. 673, Roger, grand-master of Knights of St John, xxi. 174. Des Murs, M. A. P. (E., on birds, xviii. 13, 32. Desolation Island, Southern Ocean, xiv. 48. Desolation Land, Tierra del Fuego, South America, XXIII. 384. Be Soto, Ferdinando, Spanish explorer, vil 131. Despenaperros, pass, Spain, xxn. 294. Despenser, Hugh, minister of Edward II. of England, vn. 683. Des Periers, Bonaventure, French writer, ix. 653. Desportes, Abbe, French poet, XX. 347-

129 Desprez (Depres, q.v.), Josquin, Flemish composer, vil 101. Dessaix, Joseph Maria, Count, French general, vil 132. Dessalines, Negro chief, Hayti, XL 545Dessau, town, Germany, vil 132. Dessauer, Der Alte, Leopold, duke of Anhalt-Dessau, xiv. 467. Dessler, Wolfgang C., German hymnwriter, xii. 587. Be Stael, Madame, French writer, xxii. 439; ix. 672. D’Este, princely house, Italy, vm. 558; ix. 108; xvi. 542; xx. 341. , Leonora, friend of Tasso, xxm. 76. Be Stendhal (M. H. Beyle), French writer, m. 621. Desterro, town, Brazil, vu. 132. Destiny, Oriental ideas of, 1. 464. , novel, by Miss Ferrier, ix. in. Destruction of the Philosophers, Al-Gazali’s treatise, 1. 510. Destructiveness, in phrenology, xviii. 845. Destutt de Tracy, A. L. C., French philosopher, xxm. 497. Detectives, Police, xix. 337. Determinants, in algebra, 1. 516; vm. 497; Spottiswoode on, xxn. 432. Determinism, in philosophy, xxiii. 234Be Thou, Jacques A., French historian, xxiii. 315; ix. 659. Detmold, town, Germany, vn. 133; xiv. 683. Be Tocqueville, A. H. C. Cherel, Comte, French writer, xxm. 430; ix. 675. Detonation, of explosives, vm. 809. Detroit, town, Michigan, U.S.A., vil 133; population, xxin. 822. Dettingen, Bavaria, Battle of (1743), ix. 586. Deucalion, in Greek legend, vii. 134. Deulwara, India, Temples of, 1. 59. D’Euse, Jacques (Pope John XXII.), xiil 712. Deuteronomy, Book of, in. 637; xiil 415; xviii. 505. Deutsch, use of the word, x. 473; as applied to language, x. 514. , Emanuel Oscar Menahem, German Orientalist, vil 134. Deutsche Theologie, mystical book of devotion, xvn. 133. Deutschkatholiken, or German Catholics, x. 444. Deutschkrone, town, Prussia, vn. 134Deutz, town, Rhenish Prussia, vn. 134. Deux Fonts (Zweibriicken), town, Bavarian Palatinate, vil. 134. Deux Sevres, department, France, xxi. 710. XXV. — 17

130

D E V —D I A

D’Ewes, Sir Simonds, English chronic- Diadochite, mineral, xvi. 408. Deva, in Hindu theology, xxiv. 821. Diagoras, Greek poet, vil 148. ler, vil 143. Devanagari, the current Sanskrit Diagrams, geometrical figures, vil 149. character, XXI. 272; numerals in, De Wette, Wilhelm Martin Leberecht, 011 Dial,or Gnomon, sun-dial, vil 153; first German theologian, vn. I44> xvii. 626. construction of, 11. 746. Pentateuch, xviii. 505; on German Devaprayaga, town, India, vil. 135. , of a clock, vi. 31. rationalism, xx. 290. Devastavit, in law, xxiv. 394. , American magazine, I. 729. Development, Animal, Doctrine of, De Winter, Jan Willem, Dutch Dialectic, in logic, xiv. 785, 786; admiral, vil 144. viii. 745; xx. 420; xxiv. 815, 801; Zeno’s invention of, xxiv. 778; in in relation to ethnology, VIII. 616, De Witt, Cornelius, Dutch burgomaster, ancient Greece, 11. 5 ^ > Socrates s vii. 145. 618; Lamarck’s theory of, XIV. 232. use of, xxii. 236. John, Dutch statesman, VIL 145; , Embryonic, viii. 163; in human Dialecticians, school of Greek philoXU. 80. anatomy, 1. 830, 842, 850, 853, 855, sophy, xxii. 562. 858, 863, 908; of Mollusca, xvi. 637, Dew-Point, viii. 727; xn. 570. Dialects, xviii. 776. Dewsbury, town, England, vil 146; 682; of tapeworms, xxm. 52; of population and representation, xxiv. Diallage, mineral, x. 235; xvi. 416. trematode worms, XXIII. 537. Dialling, vil 153. 748. Deventer, town, Holland, vn. 135; Dialogite, mineral, XVI. 398. Dextrin, or British gum, vil 146; xv. xviii. 78; educationists of, vn. 672; Dialogue on Orators, by Tacitus, 338mediaeval college of, XIv. 31. xxiii. 20. Dextroglucose, in honey, xn. 136. Devereux, Walter and Robert, earls of Dialogues, Plato’s, xix. 195. Dextrose, or Grape Sugar, ix. 96; xv. Essex, viii. 555, 556. on Natural Religion, Hume’s, 338; xxii. 623. De Vico’s Comet, vi. 192, 193. xii. 355. De Vigny, Alfred Victor, Comte, French Dev, governor of Algiers, I. 566; of Dialysis, in physics, vn. 217. Tunis, xxiii. 621. poet and novelist, VII. 135Diamagnetic Bodies, xv. 244, 262. Devil, vil 136, 60; in miracle plays, Deyrsimlis, Kurdish tribe, xiv. 157. Diamagnetism, of flames, ix. 285. Dhaka (Dacca), district and town, VIL 415. Diamante, Fra, Italian painter, vil India, VI. 756. Fish, vil 138; xn. 686; xx. 300. 162. Dhammasat, Burmese code of law, iv. De Ville, Antoine, French military Diamantina, district, Queensland, xx. 553engineer, IX. 441. I I 7Deville, Etienne Henri Sainte-Claire, Dhamra, river, India, V. 243. , or Tejuco, town, Brazil, vil 162. French chemist, XXL 165; on alu- Dhar, native state, India, vil 146. Diamantino, town, Brazil, vn. 162. D harm A, doctrine or laws, in Tibet and minium, I. 647; on chemical dissociaDIAMASTIGOSIS, flogging of youths, India, xxi. 287; Xiv. 227. tion, v. 475; on platinum, xix. 190; Spartan custom, ix. 280. Dharmasutras, Sanskrit laws, XXL his pyrometer, XX. 131. Diameter, of circle, ratio of circum288. De Villiers, John, grand-master of ference to, xxiii. 563. Dharmnath, India, Temple at, 1. 423. Knights of St John, xxi. 174. Diamond, precious stone, vil 162; Devil’s Darning Needle, insect, Dharm Raja, spiritual ruler of Bhutan, xvi. 381; as carbon, v. 86; cutting of, in. 632. vil 385. XIV. 298; I. 780; mining, XVI. 455; DHARNA, Hindu custom, XIV. 360. Devil’s Dust, adulterant of cloth, 1.176. of Brazil, iv. 224; of India, xn. 766; Dharwar, district, India, vil 146. Devil’s Dyke, Sussex, England, xxn. of South Africa, V. 42, 46; XL 204; Dhawalagiri, or Diwalgiri, mountain, 723xxiii. 518; tools, XI. 439; xvi. 443Himalayas, XL 825. Devil’s Sonata, Tartini’s, xxiii. 71. Beetle, vl 133. Dhebar, artificial lake, India, xxin. Devil’s Tower, natural pillar, Rocky — Drill, in mining, XVI. 443. 716. Mountains, U.S.A., xxin. 797. — Necklace, Intrigue of the, xx. Devil-Worship, by Rais (or Retz), xx. Dholiba, name of the Niger, river, 623. Africa, XVII. 496. 258. — Peak, mountain, Oregon, U.S.A.. Dholpur, native state, India, vn. 147; De Vise, Donneau, French journalist, xvil 822. xx. 260. xvil. 424. Diana, Roman goddess (the Greek D’Hozier, Pierre, French genealogist Devizes, town, England, vn. 138; Artemis), vii. 167; 11. 643; xm. 568; and journalist, XVII. 424. population, XXIV. 594. her association with Apollo, II. 186; Dhu Heartach Rock Lighthouse, Devolution War, between England temple of, at Ephesus, II. 4°6, 4I0> Scotland, XIV. 616. and the Netherlands, ix. 575. vill. 468. Devon (Devonshire, q.v.), county, Eng- Dhulip Sink, or Dhalip Singh, Sikh Diana’s Peak, St Helena, xxi. 170. ruler, India, xn. 808; xx. 112. land, vil 139; xxiii. 727. DlANO, town, Italy, vn. 167. Dhupan, river, India, XXL 146. , river, Scotland, v. 798. Dianthus, genus of plants, xix. 106. Diabase, rock, x. 235. Devonian Rocks, x. 340. Diapason, organ pipe, xvil 830. Diabetes, disease, vil 147; xvil 681; Devonport, town, England, vil 138; Diaper, in architecture, II. 463. XVIII. 386; diet in, VIL 207. xix. 236; dockyard, vil 318. , kind of cloth, XXlil. 210; Japanese, DlABLE Boiteux, Le Sage’s work, xiv. Devons, North, breed of cattle, 1. 388. xiii. 590. 472. Devonshire, county, England, vil 139; population and representation, Diablerets, mountain, Yaud, Switzer- Diaphaneity, transparency, in minerals, xvi. 373. land, xxiv. 115. xxiii. 727; fisheries of, ix. 253. Diaphonometer, Saussure’s invention, Diablo, Monte, California, U.S.A., , First Duke of, vn. 143. xxi. 324. xxili. 801. Devr, dance of the dervishes, vil. 114. DIAPHONY, in music, XVIL 81. Diacrioi, Athenian political party, xix. Dew, xvi. 120. Diaphoretics, in medicine, vil 167. 130De War ville, Jean Pierre Brissot, Diaphragm, of mammals, xv. 365; in Diadem, crown, VI. 619; ancient, xm. French Revolutionist, IV. 347. human anatomy, xx. 476. 676. Dewberry, plant, vn. 143.

D I A —D I G Diarbekir, or Diarbekr, town, Asiatic Turkey, VII. 168; province, xxm. 653. Diarmait, Irish king, XIII. 250. Diarrhcea, disease, vn. 168. Diarthrodial Joints, i. 833. Diary of a Late Physician, by S. Warren, xxiv. 373. Dias, Antonio Gonsalves, Brazilian poet and historian, vn. 168. , Bartolommeo, Portuguese navigator, vii. 169; x. 180. Diaspora, the Jewish dispersion, xm. 429. Diaspore, mineral, xvi. 387. Diastaltic Spinal System, of Marshall Hall, xi. 390. Diastase, nitrogenous ferment, IX. 96; iv. 267; xv. 338. Diatessaron, Tatian’s, xxn. 824; xxiii. 81. Diathermancy, of air, m. 33. DiatomacEyE, subdivision of Algae, vn. 169; 1. 508; haematite deposits formed by, xiii. 286. Diatom Ooze, of North Sea, xvn. 563; of Norwegian Sea, XVll. 593 ; of Pacific Ocean, xvm. 123. Diatonic Scale, in music, 1. 108; xvii. 79, 91. Diaz, Rodrigo, The Cid (q.v.), v. 773. DE la Pena, Narcisse Virgile, French painter, vii. 171. Diazo-Bodies, nitrogenous carhon compounds, xvii. 519. Dibdin, Charles, English song-writer and composer, vii. 171. , Thomas, English dramatist, vn. 172. , Thomas Frognall, English bibliographer, vii. 172. Dibranchiata, order of Mollusca, xvi. 669. Dibrugarh, station, Assam, India, xiv. 225. Dibutades (Butades), Greek modeller in clay, iv. 579. DiC/Earchia (Pozzuoli), ancient town, Italy, xix. 651. Dic/earchus, Greek philosopher and geographer, vn. 172; XVlll. 545;xxil. 20. Dichopsis Gutta, species of trees, xi. 337Dichotomy, Law of, in psychology, xx. 79Dichroism, in mineralogy, xvi. 375. Dichroite, mineral, xvi. 418. Di-Chu, river, Tibet, xxm. 339. Dick, Thomas, Scottish writer, vii. 173. ' > William, Scottish veterinarian, XXIV. 199. ' Bequest, for schools in North of Scotland, 1. 45. Dickens, Charles, English novelist, vn. 173Dickenson, John, English pastoral poet, xviii. 346.

Dickinsonite, mineral, xvi. 405. Dickson, David, Scottish hymn-writer, xii. 591. Dicksonia, genus of tree-ferns, xxm. 534Dickson’s Glacier, Spitzhergen, xxn. 408. Dicotyledonous Plants, iv. 92. Dicotyledons, subclass of plants, xxiv. 131Dicotyles, genus of ungulate mammals, xviii. 449; xxii. 775. Dictator, in the Roman republic, vn. 179Dictionary, Dictionaries, vii. 179; bibliographical, ill. 659 ; historical and critical (Bayle’s), 111.458; Arabic, XVI. 595; English (Johnson’s), XIII. 723; English (Webster’s), xxiv. 474; French (Furetik-e’s), IX. 839; French (Littrks), xiv. 706; Sanskrit, xxi. 293Dictyonina, order of sponges, xxii. 422. Dictyoptera, order of insects, xm. 152. Dictys Cretensis, early Greek historian, vii. 193; on the legends of Troy, xx. 637. Dicyemida, group of parasites, xviii. 259; embryology of, xx. 419. Didascalocophus, Dalgarno’s work, vi. 776. Didelphia, subclass of Mammalia, xv. 37L 378. Didelphys, genus of marsupial mammals, xv. 380; xvil. 796. Didemnid^e, family of Tunicata, xxm. 617. Diderot, Denis, French Encyclopedist, vii. 193; viii. 197; ix. 666, 668; his connexion with Raynal, xx. 302; his relations with Rousseau, xxi. 25. Didian Law, Roman, xxn. 644. Didius Julianus, Roman emperor, XXL 699Dido, legendary founder of Carthage, vii. 196. , Caucasian tribe, xiv. 475. and ASneas, Purcell’s opera, XX. 113Didot, family of French printers and publishers, VII. 196. Didron, Adolphe Napoleon, French archaeologist, vn. 196. Didunculus, genus of birds, xix. 420. Didymium, chemical element, v. 542; Xiv. 291; spectrum of, XXII. 376. Didymus, of Alexandria, ecclesiastical writer, vil. 196. Die, in architecture, II. 463. , for stamping medals, vil 197. , town, France, vn. 197. DlEBITSCH-SABALKANSKI,IvanK.F.A., Count, Russian general, vil 197. Dieci di LibertA. e Pace, state officers, Florence, xv. 146.

131 Diedrich of Bern, Legend of, xm. 674; xvil 475. Diego Garcia, island, Indian Ocean, xv. 642. Diego Ruy’s Island (Rodriguez), Indian Ocean, XX. 619. Diego Suarez, bay, Madagascar, xv. 168. Diekirch, town, Luxemburg, xv. 87. Dielectric, Faraday’s theory of the, viii. 36. Diepenbeck, Abraham van, Flemish painter, vn. 197. Dieppe, town, France, vn. 198; xxi. 626. Dies, Christoph Albert, German painter, vil 199. Festi, in ancient Rome, ix. 114. Geniales, Alessandri’s work, 1. 479Die Sinking, ii. 64; vil 197; Greek, 11. 362. Dies Ir^e, hymn, xn. 583; xxm. 308; xxiv. 781. Diespiter (Jupiter), Roman god, xm. 780. Diest, town, Belgium, vil 199. Diet, German state assembly, vil 199; X. 463; history of, X. 501, 505, 508, 513; of Augsburg, q.v. (1530), V. 414; of Roncaglia (1154), xm. 472; (1158), xiii. 473; of Worms (1521), v. 414. Dietetics, vii. 200; Lord Comhermere’s rules of, VI. 181; Plutarch on, xix. 234; water in, xxiv. 399. Dietrich, Christian Wilhelm Ernst, German painter, VII. 213. Dietrichite, mineral, xvi. 402. Diez, Friedrich Christian, German philologist, vil 214; xx. 668. Difference, Mental perception of, xx. 49, 80. Differential Calculus, xiii. ii, 13. Differentiation, in biology, xvi. 79. , in psychology, XX. 45. Diffraction, of light, xxiv. 430, 442, 454Diffusion, in physics, vn. 214; of gases, xvi. 617. , Psychological, XX. 46. Diffusivity, Thermal, XL 581, 586. Digambaras, division of the Jains, India, XIII. 544. Digarchi, town, Tibet, xxm. 340. Dig BY, Sir Kenelm, English physicist, VIL 221. Digenea, group of trematode worms, xxill. 539. Digenis Acritas, Exploits of, modern Greek poem, xi. 148, 150. Digest, of Justinian, xiii. 793; xx. 712. Digester, Steam, Papin’s, xviii. 228. Digestion, vii. 207; xvii. 667. Digestive Organs, vii. 221; of Amphibia, I. 762; of birds, III. 725; of fishes, xii. 654; of mammals, xv. 361;

132

DIG—DIO

DionjEA Muscipula, insectivorous of reptiles, XX. 457; of trematode Dindings, territory and islands, Straits j plant, xili. 136. Settlements, Asia, xxn. 586, 587. worms, xxm. 536. Dion Cassius Cocceianus, historian DiGGES, Leonard, his connexion with Ding A an, or Dingane, Zulu chief, of Rome, VIL 246. xxiii. 518; xxiv. 828. invention of the telescope, xxm. 135. Dion Chrysostom, Greek writer, vil Dingiswayo, Zulu chief, xxiv. 828. Digit, measure of length, xxiv. 483. 247; xx. 634; on Indian epic poetry, Dingo, wild dog of Australia, in. 112; Digitalis, genus of plants, vn. 237. xxi. 281. vil 325; xv. 438. Dig it at A, group of chelonian reptiles, DIONIS, Peter, his lectures on anatomy, Dingwall, town, Scotland, vn. 243; xxiil. 457I. 811. xx. 854. Digits, in the skeleton, 1. 828; xxn. Dionysia, Greek festivals, VIL 247. Dingy, kind of boat, xxi. 825. 118; of mammals, xv. 359. Dinifera, order of Protozoa, xix. 859- Dionysiaca, poemof Nonnus, xvn. 533. DlGNE, town, France, vie 238. Dionysiac Rites, Phrygia, xvn. 839; , La, island, Seychelles, Indian Diniz, king of Portugal, xix. 542, xviii. 853. 555Ocean, XXL 725. Dionysian Period, in the calendar, Din kel, delineator of Agassiz’s fossils, Dignity, or Precedence, Order of, xix. iv. 670. I. 275. 66°. , DiNKELSBUHL, Dionysius, St (Denis), patron saint of town, Bavaria, vn. 243. Dihang, or Dihong, river, India and France, vil 79; xviii. 286. Dinocrates, or Dinochares, Greek Tibet, II. 718; xxiii. 341, the Areopagite, vii. 248; his work architect, vii. 243. Dihyrite, mineral, xvi. 406. on mysticism, xvn. 131 ; on the Dinoflagellata, class of Protozoa, Diipolia, Greek festival, iv. 531; XXL heavenly hierarchy, XL 792. xix. 859. I , the Elder, tyrant of Syracuse, vii. 37DinomyiDjE, family of rodent mamDijon, town, France, vn. 230. 247; xxii. 18, 815; coins of, xvii. mals, xv. 420. Dika Butter, vegetable fat, xvn. 744, 638. Dinophhue, family of snakes, xxn. 746. , the Younger, tyrant of Syracuse, 193, I97Dika Nut, xvii. 664. vil 247; xxii. 19, 816. Dinornis, genus of extinct birds, vil Dikran (Tigranes), Armenian kings, of Halicarnassus, Greek writer, 243; ni. 731xviii. 595, 600, 602; xxiii. 386. vil 247; XL 144. Dinosauria, order of fossil reptiles, Dilapidations, in English law, vn. of Tell-Mahre, Syriac writer, xxii. xx. 442. 239. 845. Dinotherium, extinct ungulate mamDili, Megali and Mikri (Delos), islands, BAR Salibi, Syriac writer, xxu. mal, vil 244; xv. 425. Greece, vii. 51. 851Din-Tir, name for Babylon, ill. 182. Diligence, in law, vu. 239; in Scots ExiGUUS, chronologist, vii. 248; Diocese, vii. 244; in. 787. law, xxiv. 697. xix. 492; his collection of the canons, DlOCLES, of Carystus, on anatomy, 1. DlLKE, Sir Charles Wentworth, English v. 16. 801. art organizer, VII. 240. Periegetes, Greek geographical , Syracusan demagogue, xxn. 815. Dill, plant, vn. 240; 11. 57; xn. 289. writer, vil 248. Dillen, or Dillenius, Johann Jakob, Diocletian, Roman emperor, vn. 244; Thrax, Roman grammarian, XL xx. 777; baths of, at Rome, in. 43^’> German botanist, VIL 240. 37palace of, at Spalato, Dalmatia, xxn. DlLLINGEN, town, Bavaria, VII. 240. Dionysus, Greek divinity (the Roman 366. Dillon, Wentworth, earl of Roscommon, Bacchus), vii. 248; xvii. 128; orgies , Era of, v. 716. xx. 850. of, xvii. 839. Diodati, Charles, friend of Milton, Diluvian Epoch, il 335. Diophantus, Greek writer on algebra, xvi. 324. Diluvium,distinguished from alluvium, I. 511; on porisms, xix. 520. , Giovanni, Swiss Reformed theo1. 589. Diopside, mineral, xvi. 416. logian, vil 245. Dimensions, in geometry, vn. 240. DlOPTASE, mineral, XVI. 411. DiODON, genus of fishes, x. 685. Dimethyl, in chemistry, xvi. 194. Diodorus Siculus, Greek historian, Dioptric, unit for measurement of DlMLAH, town, India, XX. 272. lenses, xxii. 373. vii. 245. Dimma, Book of, Irish MS., xvni. 158. Dioptrics, Descartes’s treatise on, vn. Dicecism, in plants, xx. 428. Dimorphism, sexual specialization, xxi. 125. Diogenes, Greek Cynic philosopher, 721. Dioptric System, for lighthouses, xiv. vii. 245. Dimorphite, mineral, XVI. 394. 619. (Romanus IV.), Roman emperor, Dimorphodon, genus of fossil reptiles, Diorite, rock, x. 235. xx. 730. xx. 87. DiOSCOREA, genus of plants, xxiv. 727. of Apollonia, Greek physicist, vil Dina Chariyawa, manual of Buddhism, DIOSCORIDES, Greek writer on materia 245. of iv. 436. medica, II. 79 5 ^ work’ of Seleucia, Stoic philosopher, Dinajpur, district and town, India, vn. xviii. 147. xxii. 570. 241. , island, Indian Ocean, xxil. 231. , Antonins, Greek novelist, xx. Dinan, town, France, vil. 242. Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux), in Greek 634DlNANDERlE, copper wares of Dinant, legend, v. 199. _ Laertius, Greek writer, vil 246; Belgium, VIL 242. Dioscuri as (Iskuriah), ancient Greek on Aristotle’s works, 11. 513. Dinant, town, Belgium, vii. 242; colony, Caucasus, xvi. 437. destruction of, by Charles the Bold Diolas, people, Senegambia, West Dioscurides, Greek gem-engraver, X. Africa, XXL 662. (1466), v. 424. 140. Dinapur, town, India, vil 242; xviii. Diomedea, genus of birds, 1. 449; xv. Diospolis, Palestine, Synod of, on 334409. Pelagianism, xviii. 472. Diomedes, of Greek legend, vil 246. Dinarchus, Greek orator, vil 242. Magna (Thebes), ancient town, Dion, tyrant of Syracuse, vii. 246; Dinawari, Arab historian, xxiil 3. Egypt, vii. 776. xxii. 19, 816. Dindigal, town, India, xv. 192.

D I 0—D I V Diospyros, genus of trees, vn. 619; xvm. 661. Dip, of rocks, x. 298. , Magnetic, xv. 221, 227. Circle, magnetic instrument, xvi. 159. Diphanite, mineral, xvi. 413. Diphtheria, disease, vn. 249. Diphthongs, Pronunciation of, xxn. 382. Diphylla Ecaudata, blood-sucking bat, xxiv. 52. Diphyllid^e, family of tapeworms, xxiii. 54. Diploma, Ancient forms of, vii. 254Diplomacy, vii. 251; 1. 658. Diplomatic Precedence, xiii. 193; xix. 667. Diplomatics, science dealing with ancient documents, VII. 253. DlPLOPODA, order of Myriapoda, XVII. 118. Diploptera, group of insects, xxiv. 39iDiplosomid^e, family of Tunicata, xxiii. 617. Diplozoon Paradoxum, species of trematode worms, XXlli. 539. Dipnoi, suborder of fishes, xil. 686; xiv. 468; in Lankester’s classification, xxiv. 812. DipodiDjE, subfamily of rodent mammals, xv. 419. Dippel, Johann Conrad, German theologian and alchemist, vn. 255. Dippel’s Animal Oil, or Bone Naphtha, xvu. 175. Dipper, bird, xvin. 75. Diprotodon, fossil marsupial mammal, xv. 383; xx. 172. Dipsadidze, family of snakes, xxn. 193Dipsomania, alcoholic insanity, xm. 102, 109. Diptera, order of insects, vn. 255 ; xiii. 150; mimicry in, xvi. 343. Dipterix, genus of trees, xxm. 443. Dipteros, in architecture, II. 463. Diptych, Roman writing tablet, vu. 257; xviii. 143. Dipus, genus of rodent mammals, xm. 626; xv. 419. Dira:, the Furies, in Roman mythology, IX. 840. Dirce, in Greek legend, vn. 257. Dirceu (T. A. Gonzaga), Portuguese poet, x. 772. Dircks, Henry, on perpetual motion, xviii. 554. Dircks’s Ghost, optical illusion, xiv. 587. Direct-Acting Engines, xxii. 512, 514Directory, The French, ix. 608. of Public Worship, Scottish, xiv. 711; ix. 746.

Dirhem, Arab coin, xvn. 654. Dirk I.-VII., counts of Holland, xn. 7iDirschau, town, Prussia, vn. 257. Dis, Roman god (the Greek Pluto), xix. 236. Disabilities, Roman Catholic, in England, xx. 632. Disappointment, Psychological analysis of, xx. 70. Discharge, Soldier’s, in British army, 11. 575. DisciniDjE, family of Brachiopoda, iv. 194Discipline, Church, vm. 800; xvm. 485. , First Book of, in Scottish Church, xix. 681; xiv. 132; xxi. 503; Second Book of, xix. 681; xxi. 503. , Military, xxiv. 353. Discobolus, statue by Myron, xvn. 120. Discomedusa:, order of Hydrozoa, xn. 556. Discomycetes, suborder of Fungi, ix. 833 ; xxiv. 127; parasitic forms, xviii. 267. Discophora, order of Annelida, 11. 69. Discordia, in Greek mythology, vill. 524Discords, Musical, xvii. 82. Discorsi, Machiavelli’s treatise, xv. 149Discount, in commerce, calculation of, H. 536; rates of, from 1694 to 1845, ill. 330. Agencies, hi. 328. Discourse of Method, Descartes’s, vii. 119. Discourses upon Trade, by Sir Dudley North, xvn. 554. Discoveries, Remarkable, in chronological table, v. 720. Discovery, Geographical, x. 175. Discrasite, mineral, xvi. 392. Discus, Greek quoit, vn. 258. Disease, defined, xv. 794; science of (pathology), xvill. 361; germ theory of, XXL 400, 407; homoeopathic theory of, xil. 126; as attributed to demons, vii. 61; due to parasites, xviii. 269; prevention of, XII. 568. Diseased Meat, xv. 782. Disgrazia, Monte della, North Italy, xxiv. 45. Disinfectants, vie 258; 11. 136; iv. 361; xil 569. Dislocation, in surgery, vn. 258. Dismal Swamp, United States, vn. 259. Disna, town, Russia, xxiv. 234. Dispensaries, Provident, xn. 305. Dispensation, relaxation of law, vn. 259Dispersion, The, of the Jews, xm. 420, 429. of Light, xiv. 592, 601.

133 Displacement, Dynamical, vn. 581; law of, in ships, XXL 812. Disputations, Academic, vm. 777. Disraeli, Benjamin (Lord Beaconsfield), English statesman, vm. 367. DTsraeli, Isaac, English writer, vn. 259Disruption, The, of the Church of Scotland, v. 377; ix. 742; xxi. 538. Diss, town, England, xvil. 536. Dissociation, Chemical, Deville’s work on, v. 475; xxi. 166. Dissolving Views, with magic lanterns, xv. 213. Dissonance, Intervals of, in music, xvil 105. Distaff, for spinning, xiv. 664. Distearin, in chemistry, x. 697. Distemper, disease in dogs, xxiv. 205. , or Tempera, method of painting, xxiii. 157; xvil 39. Disthene, mineral, xvi. 408. Distillation, vii. 260; of spirits, vn. 264; of spirits, in Ireland, xm. 233; of sulphur, XXII. 635; of wood and coal, xxiii. 57. Distoechurus, genus of marsupial mammals, xvin. 729. Distoma Haematobium, trematode worm, XVIII. 271. DistomiDaE, family of trematodes, xxiii. 539. , family of Tunicata, xxm. 617. Distraint, Law of, vn. 266; its effects on agriculture, 1. 407. Distress, Law of, vn. 266; xiv. 274, 276; xx. 402. Distributing, of types, xxiii. 701. Distribution, of animals, vn. 267; in. 684; of fishes, XIL 668; of mammals, xv - 3735 of reptiles, xx. 465; of sponges, XXII. 427; of plants, VII. 286; in. 684. Distributions, Statute of, xm. 197. Distributor, Manure, agricultural implement, 1. 321. District of Columbia, U.S.A., vi. 168 ; xxiv. 382 ; population, xxm. 802. Ditchling Beacon, Sussex, England, xxii. 723. Dithionic Acid, v. 507. Dithmarschen, or Ditmarsh, district, Holstein, vn. 291; xxi. 415. Dithyrambic Verse, Invention of, 11. 502. Ditmarsh, district, Holstein, vn. 291; xxi. 415. Ditton, Humphry, English mathematician, vii. 291. Diu, island and seaport, India, vil. 291. Diuretics, in medicine, vn. 291. Diurnation, day-sleep, of bats, xi. 788. Divan, or Diwan, Eastern Government office, vii. 292; xvi. 589, 591. , The, Hafiz’s poem, xi. 367.

134

D I V —D 0 L

Doctrinaires, French political party, Dmitri (Demetrius), The False, Russian Diver, bird, vn. 292. vil 319; xi. 269. pretender, xix. 294; XXL 94, 108. Diversions of Purley, Horne Tooke’s DODABETTA, mountain, India, XV. 184; : DONSKOi, prince of Moscow, XXL treatise, xxili. 445. XVIL 509. 91. Dives, river, France, xvill. 1. DODD, Dr William, English divine, vii. Ivanovich, prince of Russia, Dividivi, astringent pods, vn. 292; XIV. 319assassination of, XXL 93. 382. Dodder, parasitic plant, vn. 319; Dmitrieff, Ivan Ivanovitch, Russian DIVINA Commedia, Dante’s, VI. 815; xviii. 264. statesman and poet, vil 305; XXL 106. xiii. 503. Doddridge, Philip, English NonconDmitroff, town, Russia, vii. 305. Divination, revelation by omens, vie formist divine, VIL 320; hymns by, 293; 11. 204; xv. 199; its connexion Dmitrovsk, town, Russia, vil 306; XII. 593. xvii. 826. with ordeals, xvii. 819; in relation to Dodecahedron, in geometry, x. 388; 2 priesthood, xix. 7 5> Stoic doctrine Dnieper, river, Russia, vil 306; xxi. crystals, xvi. 348, 351. 73, 575; xxii. 183; its mouth, xvil. of, xxii. 570; ancient Roman, III. 72> Dodecastyle, in architecture, II. 463. 724. xi. 500; in Lapland, xiv. 307. DODERLEIN, Johann Christoph, GerDivine, The, Names expressive of,xxiii. Dniester, river, Russia, vii. 306; m. man philologist, VIE 320. 615; xix. 254; XXL 73; its mouth, 2 DODO, extinct bird, VIL 321; in. 732; 35xvil 724; in Austria, in. 116. Dialogues, Henry More’s, xvi. xv. 641. DoAB, Indian geographical term, VIL 815. Dodona, Temple of, Greece, vii. 322. 307; XX. 107; of Jalandhar, XIII. 545- DODSLEY, Robert, English writer and Right, of kings, xix. 672; Filmer’s Doane, Bishop G. W., American hymntheory of, ix. 166. bookseller, vii. 323. writer, xii. 596. Diving, vie 294; xxii. 771. Dodwell, Edward, English antiquary, Dobberan, or Doberan, town, Germany, Bell, vii. 294. vil. 323. vii. 308. Divining Rod, vii. 293; xi. 549. , Henry, English controversialist, 2 n ar Dobbo, town, Aru Islands, Indian Division, in algebra, 1. 5 4> i ^' vil 323; on deism, VIL 35. Archipelago, II. 670. metic, 11. 528DOE, John, and Richard Roe, in law, Dobell, Sydney, English poet, vil. 307; , in logic, xiv. 785. vil 792. his relations with Alexander Smith, Divisors, Tables of, xxm. 7. DOES, Jan van der (Dousa), Dutch xxii. 172. Divodurum (Metz), ancient town, statesman and poet, vil 378. Dobeln, town, Saxony, vil. 308. France, xvi. 204. Dog, Dogs, vii. 324; xv. 355, 437; Doberan, town, Germany, vil 308. DI von A (Cahors), ancient town, France, Arabian, 11. 243; Egyptian, vil 712; Dobler, Louis, German conjuror, xv. iv. 642. tailless breeds, Iv. 248; wild, of India, 2 °9Divorce, Law of, vn. 300; in New Xii. 741; diseases of, xxiv. 205, 206; Hampshire, U.S.A., xvii. 392; Milton DOBRENTEI, Gabor, Hungarian philorabies in, XII. 546; XX. 199. logist, vil. 308. on, xvi. 329. Doge, ruler of Venice, vil 331; xiii. Divus Julius, Temple of, at Rome, Dobrizhoffer, Martin, Roman Catholic 479; xxiv. 141. missionary, VII. 308; his history of xx. 818. , ruler of Genoa, VIL 332. the Abipones, 1. S°> VI- I38; 011 Diwalgiri, or Dhawalagiri, mountain, Dog-Fish, species of sharks, vii. 332; mythology, xvil 145. Himalayas, xvii. 340. XII. 685; XXL 774; organs of touch Diwan, or Divan, vil. 292; xvi. 589; Dobrowsky, or Dobrovsky, Joseph, in, XXIII. 478; of British Columbia, Slavonic philologist, VIL 308; xxii. 591VI. 170. I 2 5 Dixcove, settlement, West Africa, x. Dogger Bank, North Sea, xvil 563; Dobrudja, or Dobrudscha, district and 755 fisheries of, ix. 249. , ^ . , , province, Roumania, VIL 309; XXL Dixmerie, Nicolas Bncaxre de la, Dogmatic, in theology, vn. 332; of 14, 21; xxiii. 653. French writer, xiv. 198. Origen, xvil. 841; of Theodoret, xxiii. Dixon, George, English navigator, vil Dobschau, or Dobsina, town, Hungary, 256. vil. 309. 3o5DOGRA, Punjab tribe, India, xx. no. , Jeremiah, English astronomer, XV. Dobson, William, English painter, vil Dog’s Grotto, Naples, Italy, xxiv. 309. 611. 399Diz, or Dizful, river, Persia, XV. 68; Dobuni, ancient people, England, xvill. Dog Tick, arachnid, xvi. 529. 94. xvill. 620. Dog-Tooth, in architecture, 11. 463. DOCETAS, heretics in early church, VIL Dizful, town, Persia, vn. 305; xviii. Dogwood, plant, vii. 342. 3°9627. DOHNA, Christoph von, his letters on Dochmius, genus of nematode worms, Djebail (Jebeil), ancient town, Syria, Sarpi, XXL 312. xvii. 325. xiii. 613. Dohrn, Anton, German naturalist, Docimia, Turkey in Asia, Marble quarDjeddah (Jiddah), town, Arabia, Xlil. xxiv. 183; his doctrine of animal ries of, xiv. 2. 691; xx. 316. degeneration, xxiv. 811. Dock, plant, vii. 309. DjERNANG, resin, VIL 389. DOKTHOL, region, Tibet, XXIII. 340. Docks, for ships, xi. 465; of London, DJIDDAH (Jiddah), town, Arabia, xiii. Dol, town, France, vil. 342. xiv. 831. 691; xx. 316. D glabella, Publius Cornelius, Roman Dockwra, William, founder of London DJILOLO (Jilolo), island, Indian Archigeneral, vn. 343. penny post, XIX. 565. pelago, xiii. 692. Dolanor, town, Mongolia, xiv. 230. Dockyards, Naval, vn. 310; at PortsDjOUN, Syria, Lady Hester Stanhope’s DOLBEAR, Prof.,his condenser telephone, mouth, xix. 535. villa at, xxii. 450. xxiii. 129. Djustendil (Kostendil), town, Bul- Docmac, fish, xxii. 68. Dolce, Luigi, Italian writer, vil 343Doctor, title, vii. 319. garia, Turkey, xiv. 143. Dolci, Carlo, Italian painter, vil. Faustus, Marlowe’s, xv. 556. Dlugosz, Jan, Polish historian, xix. 343Doctors’ Commons, vil 319. 3°°.

D O L —D O R

135 Dolcinists, or Apostolici, Christian xxiv. 78; its influence on breeding, Doncaster, town, England, vn. 361; sect, li. 198. iv. 248; on instinct, xm. 159; of population, xxiv. 748; horse-racing at, Dolcino, Fra, leader of the Dolcinists, plants, iv. 248; xxiv. 78. XII. 201. 11. 198. Domestic Servants, in United States, Don Cossack Country, Russia, vn. Dolcoath Mine, Cornwall, England, xxiii. 822. 356; vi. 449; xxi. 69. xvi. 452. Domett, variety of flannel, ix. 292. Donduk Ombo, Mongol ruler, xvi. 745. D6le, town, France, vn. 344. Domeykite, mineral, xvi. 393. Donegal, county, Ireland, vn. 361; , mountain, Switzerland, XIII. 781. Domicile, in law, vn. 351; xm. 191; population and representation, xxiii. Dolet, Etienne, French scholar and as affecting marriage, vn. 305. 727; town, vii. 361. printer, vil. 344. Dominic, St, founder of Dominican Donetz, river, Russia, vii. 356; xxi. Dolgelly, town, Wales, vn. 345. order, vil. 353; xvi. 710; as inquisitor, 74Dolgoruki, Alexis, Russian prince, XIII. 92. Dongala, district, Celebes, v. 290. xxi. 98. Dominica, island, West Indies, vn. 354; Dongan, Thomas, governor, New York, , George, prince of Suzdal, Russia, population, xxiv. 510. xvii. 455. xxi. 89. Dominical Letter, in the calendar, iv. Don Giovanni, Mozart’s opera, vii. Doliolum, genus of Tunicata, xxm. 669. 357; XVII. II. 609, 615. Dominican Republic, West Indies, Dongo (Angola), district, West Africa, Dollar Law, mountain, Scotland, 11. 546. II. 45. xviii. 451. Dominicans, mendicant order of monks, Dongola, town, Egypt, vii. 363. vn Dollart Zee, North Sea, xvn. 563. - 354; xvi. 710; their connexion Dongolawi, people, Nubia, xvii. 612. Dollinger, Johann J. L, leader of the with the Inquisition, XIII. 93. Donizetti, Gaetano, Italian musical Old Catholics, xvii. 754. Dominion, Arms of, in heraldry, xi. composer, VII. 363; XVII. 99. Dollond, John, English optician, vil. 688. Donjon, in architecture, 11. 464, 466. 345; his double-image micrometer, of Canada, iv. 765. Don Juan, of European legend, vn. xvi. 250; his object-glasses for tele- Dominique (Dominica), island, West 357scopes, xxiii. 138, 142. Indies, VIL 354. Don Juan, Moliere’s play, xvi. 628. Dolmens, stone monuments, 11. 383; Dominis, Marc Antonio de, Italian DONKOLA (Dongola), town, Egypt, VII. xxi. 52; at Carnac, France, v. 118. theologian and man of science, vil. 363Dolomieu, Deodat G. S. T. Gratet de, 355Donne, John, English poet and divine, French mineralogist, VII. 345.Dominus ac Redemptor, brief supvii. 364. Dolomite, mineral, x. 228, 232; xv. pressing the Jesuits, xm. 655. Donner, Lake, Nevada, U.S.A., xvii. 217; xvi. 397; in the Alps, 1. 630. Domitian, Roman emperor, vn. 355; 367Dolores, ancient inhabitants of Scyros, xx. 773; Statius’s praise of, xxn. 467. Donnier, Colonel, French officer in Greece, xxi. 574. Domostroi, early Russian work, xxi. Tong-King, xxiii. 442. Dolorida, De Vigny’s poem, xxiv. 104. Donniges, Helene von, her relations 226. Dompo, state, Sumbawa, Indian Archiwith Lassalle, xiv. 321. Dolphin (Delphinus, etc.), cetacean pelago, xxii. 641. Donnybrook, village, Ireland, vii. 495. mammal, VII. 346; XV. 352, 392, 3995 Don, river, Russia, vil. 356; xxi. 74; Donovan, Edward, English naturalist, xix. 521; distribution of, vn. 280. mouth of, xx. 862; Cossacks of the, Vil. 365; on British birds, XVlli. 9. (Coryphsena), fish, vn. 346; XII. VI. 449. Don Pasquale, Donizetti’s opera, vn. 690. Donaghadee, town, Ireland, vn. 357. 364, in Greek mythology, 11. 502. Donald I.-IL, kings of Scotland, xxi. Don Quixote, of Cervantes, v. 352; Rise, elevation in Atlantic, 111. 17. 478. xxii. 358. Dom, mountain, Switzerland, xxiv. 31. Bain, king of Scotland, xxi. 481. Doolin of Mayence, romance, xx. , or Domberg, part of Reval, Russia, Donaldson, James, on husbandry, 1. 652. XX. 495. 300. Doom (or Doum) Palm, of Arabia, 11. Domairi (Damiri), Arabian naturalist, , John William, English philologist, 237; xviii. 190. vi. 794; xvi. 597. vie 357. Doondiah, Indian chieftain, xxiv. 494. Domat, Jean, French jurisconsult, vil. Donatello, Italian sculptor and painter, Doon of Mayence, romance, xx. 346. vie 358; xxi. 568. 652. Dombrowski, Jan Henryk, Polish Donati, Giovanni Battista, Italian astro- Doopsgezinden (Mennonites), Dutch general, vn. 347. nomer, vil. 359; his comet, 11. 815. religious sect, XVI. 12. Dome, in architecture, vil. 347; intro- Donatio Mortis Causa, in law, xxiv. Door, in joinery, iv. 491. duction of, into Italy, 11. 435. Doorkeepers (Ostiarii), in orders of 573Dome-Bog, King Alfred’s register, vn. Donatists, early Christian sect, vil. Roman Catholic Church, xvn. 820. 35°359; Augustine’s relations with, ill. 77. Dopplerite, mineral, xvi. 429. Dome Mountains, France, xx. 119. Donatus, bishop of Casae Nigree, vn. Doppler’s Principle, of wave-moveDomenichino, or Domenico, Zampieri, ments, xiv. 614; as applied to radi359Italian painter, vn. 348; xx. 396. , ZElius, Roman grammarian and ation, xx. 216. OMENico Bigordi, Italian painter, rhetorician, vn. 360; xx. 726. Dora Baltea, river, Italy, xm. 435. X. 567. Magnus, bishop of Carthage, vn. Dora Riparia, river, Italy, xm. 435. Domenico Buonvicini, Fra, disciple Doras, genus of fishes, xxii. 68. 359of Savonarola, xxi. 337. Donau (Danube, Ecclesiastical Commission, Engxv. 372, 383. Jouffroy’s, XIII. 754. lish, vii. 627. Eder, J. M., on photography, xviiL Eclectic Philosophy, vil 643. Ecclesiastical Law, vii. 627; v. 16. 822. _ Ecclesiastical Polity, Laws of, ECLECTUS, genus of birds, xv. 7. Edessa, town, Macedonia, vil 652, X Eclipse, Eclipses, of the sun, 11. 788, Hooker’s work, XII. 151. 137. 802; XIV. 581; XXII. 650; records of, Ecclesiasticus, Book of, in Apocrypha, (Orfa), town, Turkey in Asia, VIL by the Assyrians, in. 191; by the II. 181.

E D E —E G G 652; xvi. 47; language of, xxi. 649; massacre of (1144), xv. 18; schools and writers of, xxil. 830. Edessa, Latin principality of, vi. 625. Edeyen, sand-dunes, Sahara, Africa, xxi. 149. Edfu, or Edfoo, town, Upper Egypt, VII. 653? 783; temple at, 11. 389. Edgar, king of Northumbria, vm. 286; xvii. 571. , king of Scotland, xxi. 481. Edgehill, England, Battle of (1642), vm. 347. Edge Tools, xi. 437. Edgeworth, Maria, novelist, vn. 653. , Richard Lovell, writer and mechanician, Vli. 655. Edgyth, wife of Harold II. of England, xi. 487. Edible Birds’ Nests, xxil 760. Edict of Nantes (1598), ix. 564; xix. 695; revocation of (1685), iv. 743; ix. 579. Edict of Restitution, of the emperor Ferdinand (1629), HI. 125. Edicts, in Roman law, xx. 697, 704. Edinburgh, county, Scotland, vn. 656; area and population, xxi. 528; representation, xxiii. 727; coalfield, vi. 54, metropolis of Scotland, vn. 659; population, xxi. 528; origin of the name, vn. 691; xv. 10; treaty of (1560), xxi. 502; abattoirs, 1. 7; libraries, xiv. 522, 542; newspapers, xvii. 422; observatory, xvn. 710; university, xxm. 846, 854. Review,“its history, xm. 617; its influence in English literature, viii. 434; Macaulay’s contributions to, xv. 126; Brougham’s connexion with, iv. 375; Sydney Smith’s, xxil 177; John Wilson’s, xxiv. 592. Edingtonite, mineral, xvi. 423. Edirneh (Adrianople), province, Turkey in Europe, xxm. 653. Edison, Thomas Alva, his contributions to telephony, xxin. 129, 132. Edisto Inlet, South Carolina, U.S.A xxil 287. Edmer (Eadmer), English ecclesiastic and historian, vn. 589. Edmondson, William, Irish Quaker, xx. 152. Edmonton, Fort, Canada, xv. 490. Edmund, St, archbishop of Canterbury, vii. 668. ' > king of East Anglia, vn. 669. ~~~ hj II., kings of the West Saxons, England, vn. 669. — , Swedish king, xxil 745. Crouchback, earl of Lancaster, XIV. 255. Edom, or Esau, son of the patriarch mac, viii. 533. —> or Idumea, district south of Palestine, xii. 699.

Edomites, of Scripture, xm. 397; xvi. Edward, the Black Prince, vil 686; 533; xvii. 702; xviii. 175. vm. 319; in France, ix. 547. Edreneh (Adrianople, q.v.), town, Tur- Edwardes, Sir Herbert Benjamin, key in Europe, 1. 166. English general and administrator, Edrioasterida, order of Echinodervil 687. mata, vn. 638. Edwards, Bryan, English historian, Edriophthalmia, division of Crusvil 688. tacea, vi. 658. , George, English antiquary and Edris, town, Morocco, xvi. 834. ornithologist, vil 688; on birds, Edrisi, or Idrisi, Arabian geographer, xviii. 5. vii. 669; x. 177. , Jonathan, American theologian, Education, History of, vn. 670; phyvil 688; 1. 720. sical, XL 348; technical, xxm. 105; , Richard, English musician and laws relating to, vn. 679; in relation dramatist, vii. 691. to the poor laws, xix. 476; in the Edwin, king of Northumbria, vil 691; Middle Ages, xxm. 831; effects of the xvii. 569. Renaissance on, xx. 386; Bell and Edwy, Eadwig, or Edwin, the Fair, king Lankester’s system of, m. 540; xiv. of the West-Saxons, England, vii. 692; 257; communistic theories of, vi. 213; viii. 286. Condillac’s theory of, vi. 253; Froe- Eeckhout, Gerbrand van den, Dutch bel’s advancement of, ix. 792; Locke’s painter, vn. 692. views on, xiv. 757; Plutarch's, xix. Eecloo, town, Belgium, vil 692. 233; Socrates’s theory of, xxil 236; Eel, fish, vn. 692; xn. 694; angling for, TrotzendorfFs system, xxm. 589; in 11. 43. Belgium, m. 518; at Berlin, in. 596; , Sand, fish, xxi. 257. of British army, 11. 584; in Canada, Pie Island, Twickenham, Engiv. 780; in European countries, vm. land, xxiii. 673. 710; in France, ix. 512; in Germany, Effen, Justus van, Dutch writer, xn. 96. x. 470; in India, xn. 774; in Italy, Effigies, Monumental, vn. 694; in xiii. 460; at London, xiv. 834; at Temple Church, London, xxi. 558. Paris, xviii. 280; in Prussia, xx. 17; Efik, African tribe and language, iv. in Russia, xxi. 71; in United States, 649. xxiii. 828; Cousin’s reports on, vi. Efremoff, town, Russia, xxm. 605. 523; Locke’s works on, xiv. 756; Egbaland, state, West Africa, 1. 9. Milton on, xvi. 330; societies for Egbert, king of the West-Saxons, Engpromotion of, xxil 226. land, vil 695; viii. 282. Edward, or Eadward, I., early English Egbo, African secret society, iv. 649. king, vii. 681; viii. 284. Egede, Hans, Norse missionary to IT, early English king, vii. 681; Greenland, vil 695; xvii. 590. vili. 286. , Paul, missionary in Greenland, vil III., the Confessor, early English 696. king, vil. 681; Vlli. 289. Egedesminde, district, Greenland, xi L, king of England, vii. 682; 170. Vin. 311; his power in Ireland, xm. Eger, river, Bohemia, vil 825. 260; parliament under, xvni. 304; , town, Bohemia, VII. 696. his claims to the Scottish crown, xx. (Erlau), town, Hungary, vm. 525. 592; xxi. 486. Egerbrunnen (Franzensbad), waterII., of England, vn. 683; Vlll. 313; ing-place, Bohemia, ix. 724. state of Ireland under, xm. 260; his Egerdin (or Egerdir) Gol, lake, Asia relations with Scotland, xx. 594; Minor, II. 709; XIX. 130. xxi. 488. Egerton, Francis, third duke of BridgeIII., of England, vil 683; viii. 314, water, iv. 342; his canals, iv. 783. 318; xiv. 255; his connexion with , Francis, first earl of Ellesmere, institution of the Order of the Garter, viii. 148. Xiv. 122; Ireland under, xm. 260; Egesta (Segesta), ancient town, Sicily, parliament in time of, xvill. 305; his XXL 622. relations with Scotland, xxi. 489; Egfrid, king of Northumberland, xvii. with William of Wykeham, xxiv. 570. 585. Egg, Eggs, vil 696; as an article of diet, IV., of England, vii. 684; vm. 327; VIL 201; of birds, ill. 772; of bees, in. xv. 536; xxiv. 381, 752. 494; of fishes, xii. 660; of reptiles, V., of England, vil 685; VIII. 328. xx. 463; xxil 192; xxiii. 456. VI., of England, vil 685; vm. , or Germ-Cell, in embryology, VIII. 338. 163. , the Elder, king of Northumbria, , Augustus Leopold, English painter, XVII. 570. vii. 697. , king of Portugal, xix. 544. I Egga, town, Soudan, Africa, xxil 279.

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Ehrenbreitstein, town, Rhenish Ekaterinoslaff, government, Russia, Egg-Bird, xxiii. 189. vil 793; XXL 69; town, vil 794. Prussia, VIL 788. Egg-Eater, snake, xxn. 194. Ekaterinstadt, village, Russia, xvil Ehrensvard, Karl August, Swedish EGGERTZ, on iron and steel, XIII. 282. 5°4x + critic, xxil. 757. Egg Oil, xvii. 744, 747EKBATANA (Ecbatana, q.v.), ancient EHSTS (Esthonians, q.v.), people, Russia, Egg Plant, xil 282. town, Media, VII. 621. XIV. 724. Eggs, vil 696. See Egg. Ekdalah, town, India, x. 112, 115. Eibenstock, town, Saxony, vil 788. Egidio (Giles), St, x. 595. ElCHENDORFF, Joseph, Freiherr von, EKERSBERG, Danish painter, VIL 93. Egina, or iEgina (q-v.), island, Greece, Ekhmin, town, Upper Egypt, vil 794. German poet, VIL 788; X. 542. I. 180. Eichholzheim, Castle of, Mannheim, Ekrem Bey, Turkish poet, xxm. 657. Eginhard, biographer of Charlemagne, EKRON, town of the Philistines, vil. Germany, xv. 494. vil 697. 794; xviii. 755. Eichhorn, Johann Gottfried, German Eglantine, sweet brier, vil 698. El, Phoenician deity, xvin. 803. Biblical critic, vn. 788; xx. 290. EGLINTON, Thirteenth Earl of, VIL 699. Elabuga, town, Russia, xxiv. 303. , Karl Friedrich, German jurist, VIL Castle, Ayrshire, Scotland, xiv. El^eolite, mineral, xvi. 412. 789; his relations with Savigny, XXI. ELiEOPTENE Oil, xvil 747. 77326. Egmont, or Egmond, Lamoral, Count Elagabalus (Heliogabalus), Roman Eichstadt, town, Bavaria, vil 789. of, vil 699. emperor, XL 632. 8 Eider, marine duck, vil 7 9 5 xix. , Goethe’s play, X. 730. Elais Guineensis, source of palm oil, 252. Mount, New Zealand, xvn. 466. xviii. 190. ) river, Schleswig-Holstein, XXL 414. Egmore, suburb of Madras, India, xv. Eidograph, instrument for surveying, El Aksa, mosque, Jerusalem, xm. 642. 188. El-Aksur, town, Egypt, xv. 89. xxil. 721. Ego, in psychology, xx. 39, 7°, 83; m ElDOPHUSICON, mountain, Ecuador, vil panoramic invention ot El-Altar, 6 Schleiermacher’s system, XXL 412. 45. ^ . De Loutherbourg, VIL 52. Egorievsk, town, Kussia, XXL 116. Elam, province, ancient Persia, vil Eifel, plateau, Rhenish Prussia, xx. Egret, bird, xi. 761. 794; in. 185; xiv. 68. 20. Egypt, country, Africa, vn. 700 (index, Eland, antelope, vil 796; 11. 101; xv. Eikon BASILIKE, controversy as to its 788); I. 266; antiquity of the dynas432authorship, v. 407; x. 109. ties, 11. 117; contests with Assyria, Eikonoklastes, Milton’s pamphlet, Elanus, genus of birds, xiv. 104. ,III. 187; relations with ancient Persia, Elaps, genus of snakes, xxil 193, xvi. 332. xviii. 571, 574> 579) 58°5 with t^ie 196. Philistines, XVilI. 757; conquest of, by Eildon Hills, Scotland, xxi. 34. EL-ARAISH, town, Morocco, VII. 796. Eilenburg, town, Prussia, vil 790. Cambyses (525 B.C.), iv. 733; xviii. Eilethyia, ruined town, Egypt, vil El Arish, town, Syria, capitulation of 567; by Alexander (332 B.C.), I. 4825 (1800), v. 74; taken by Napoleon 736, 782. , xv. 140; Hellenism in, xv. 143; ac(1799), xvil 201. knowledges suzerainty of Rome (168 Eilsen, Germany, mineral water ot, El-Asee (Amr b. al-As, q.v.), Arab xvi. 435. B.C.), xx. 751, 7545 conquest of, conqueror of Egypt, VII. 749. tribe, Afghanistan, 1. 235. by the Arabs (640), L 778; II. 257; Eimak, El-Asmai, Arabic writer, II. 713. Eimbeck, or Einbeck, town, Prussia, by the Turks (1517)) xxiii. 643; Elasmodon, genus of ungulate mamvil. 790. French expedition to (1798), ix. 611; mals, xv. 425. Napoleon I. in, xvil. 200; plague in, Eimeo, island, Tahiti Archipelago, ELASMOGNATHUS, genus of ungulate Pacific, xxiii. 22. XIX. 166; agriculture of, I. 291; archimammals, xv. 428; xxm. 56. Einbeck, town, Prussia, vn. 790. tecture, II. 384; armies, II. 5595 birds, ElNHARDUS (Eginhard), biographer of ELASMOSAURUS, fossil reptile, XIX. 220. in. 758; caste in, v. 192; coins of, Elasticity, vii. 796; xxil 595,^ 598) Charlemagne, vil 697. xvii. 650; Copts of, VI. 354; cosmo- Einsiedeln, town, Switzerland, vil 603; of metals, xvi. 65, 378; coefficient gonies, VI. 447 5 methods of embalmof, vi. 311; modulus of, iv. 287; xxil 8 790; XXL 465. ing the dead, VIII. 15 ) glass-making, 595; in relation to sound, I. 101. ElON, port, Macedonia, XV. 137. x. 647; hieroglyphics, 1. 605; XL 794 5 Eisenach, town, Germany, vn. 790; Elastic Solid, Dynamics of, xv. 743. 8 language, XL 7945 XVIII. 77 ; XXL El ate A (Cithseron), mountain, Greece, xxi. 349. 642; libraries, xiv. 509, 5495 monach- Eisenberg, v. 794. town, Germany, vn. 790; ism in, I. 23; XVI. 698, 699; mumElaterite, mineral, xvi. 428. xxi. 347. mies, xvil 20; mythology, xvil 150; Elater Lineatus, wheat pest, xxiv. pottery, xix. 603; pyramids, xx. 122; Ei SEN BURG, county, Hungary, vil 790. 536Eisennickelkies, mineral, xvi. 392. religions, xxm. 236; ships and vessels, Elaterum, drug, vil 825; vi. 688. xxi. 805; wall-paintings, xvil 39; EiSENSTADT, town, Hungary, vil 790. Elath, of Scripture, I. 434. Eisfeld, town, Germany, XXL 348. weights and measures, XXIV. 490; Elatma, town, Russia, xxm. 41. cotton supply, vi. 484; opium culti- Eisleben, town, Prussia, vil 791. Elato, mountain, Cephalonia, Greece, Eisteddfod, Welsh bardic congress, vation, xvil 792; railways, xx. 252. v. 344vil. 791; in. 370. Egyptian Astronomy, ii. 744. Elatobranchia, group of Mollusca, Eisthaler Thurm, mountain, Austria, Egyptian Drama, vil 403. xvi. 684. in. 116. Egyptian Language, vil 721; xi. ELAVER (Allier), river, France, 1. 585. Ejectment, in English law, vil 792. 794; XVIII. 778; its relation to Semitic Elba, island, Mediterranean, vil 825; languages, XXI. 642; dictionaries of, EjiGBO, town, West Africa, xxiv. 754. xill. 440; Napoleon at (1^14)) XVIL Ekaterinburg, town, Asiatic Russia, vil. 192. 222. vil 793; xviii. 550; xxil 11; xxiv. Egyptian Literature, vil 721. Elbe, river, Germany, vn. 825; x- 449> 6; thunderstorms at, xvi. 128. Eh LITE, mineral, xvi. 406. in Austria, III. 116. Ehrenberg, C. G., on the Rotifera, Ekaterinodar, town, Russia, vn. 793; Elbe-Dues, of Stade, xxil 439xiv. 150. xxi. 4.

E L B —E L I 145 Elberfeld, town, Rhenish Prussia, vn. Electric Lamps, vi. 73; xiv. 632. Elephanta Isle, India, vm. 126. 826; xx. 16. Electric Light, viii. 58; xiv. 630; Elephantiasis, disease, viii. 126; xiv. Elbeuf, town, France, vii. 826; xxi. 626. discovery of, viii. 4; use of, in light468; in Polynesia, xix. 422. Elbing, town, Prussia, vn. 826. houses, xiv. 627; in mines, xvi. 461. Elephant’s Island, West Africa, x. Elbodus, or Elbotus, bishop of North Electric Lighting, xiv. 630. 59Wales, xvii. 332. Electric Machines, for traction, Elephas Primigenius, fossil mammal, Elbow Joint, Anatomy of the, 1. 838. xxiii. 494. xv. 447. Elbruz, or Elburz, mountain, Caucasus, Electric Peak, Wyoming, U.S.A., Elets, town, Russia, xvn. 826. v. 252; xxiii. 186. xxiv. 737. Eleusinia, Greek festival, vm. 126; El-Burullus, lake, Egypt, vn. 709. Electric Railways, xx. 249. celebration of mysteries at, xvii. 124; Elburz, mountain range, Persia, xv. Electric Telegraph, xxiii. 112; pilgrimages to, xix. 91. 651; xiii. 395. anticipation of, by Ampere, 1. 749. El Carmen, town, Mexico, xxiv. 758. Electric Traction, xxiii. 495, 508. Eleusis, town, Attica, viii. 128; plain of, in. 59. Elche, town, Spain, vn. 827. Electric Tramway, xxiii. 495, 508. Eleuthera Island, West Indies, in. Elchingen, Duke of (Ney), French Electro-Biology, xv. 277. 236. general, xvu. 472. Electro-Chemical Equivalents, Eleutheropolis, ancient town, PalesEldad ben Malchi, Jewish traveller, viii. 13, 112. tine, viii. 128. vii. 827. Electro-Chemistry, Davy’s contribu- Eleutherus, river, Syria, XXli. 821. Elder, ecclesiastical officer, vii. 827; tions to, vi. 846. Eleuths, Mongol tribes, xvi. 744. xix. 674, 724; Jewish, xxii. 812. Electrodynamics, viii. 105. Elevated Railroad, New York, , tree, VII. 828. Electrogilding, viii. 116; De La xvii. 465; xx. 240. Eldon, Earl of, lord chancellor of Rive’s discovery of, vii. 41. Elevator, lifting apparatus, xiv. 573; England, vu. 828. Electrolysis, viii. 106; as related to for blast furnaces, xm. 301; hydrauEl Dorado, mythical country, South diffusion, vn. 219; theories of, vm. 13. lic, xii. 520. America, Vii. 830; Raleigh’s expedi- Electrolyte, viii. 46, 107. Elfrida, Mason’s tragedy, xv. 611. tion to, xx. 262. Electromagnet, xiv. 631; xv. 226, Elfsborg, county, Sweden, xxn. 741. Elean Dialect, of Greek, xi. 132. 240, 246; power of, XV. 274. Eleanor, wife of Henry II. of England, Electromagnetic Engines, viii. 10. El-Fustat, ruined town, Egypt, vii. 770. viii. 1; ix. 539. Electromagnetic Theory of Light, El-Geezeh, or Ghizeh, Pyramids of, Eleatic School, of philosophy, vm. xxiv. 422, 450. 11. 385; vii. 770; xx. 123. 1; logic of, xiv. 784; philosophy of, Electro-Magnetism, viii. 66; FaraElgin, county, Scotland, vm. 129; area xvi. 80; xviii. 315; xxiv. 719, 779. day’s discoveries in, ix. 30; functions and population, xxi. 528; represenElecampane, plant, vm. 2. of aether in, vm. 571. tation, xxili. 727; town, vill. 130. Elections, Parliamentary and munici- Electro-Metallurgy, viii. 114. , town, Illinois, U.S.A., xn. 706. pal, vm. 2; British, XVIII. 313; corrupt Electrometer, viii. 117; xxiii. 117; , Seventh Earl of, collector of Elgin practices at, iv. 279; voting by ballot, Volta’s, xxiv. 284. Marbles, vm. 131. in. 289; petitions against returns, Electromotive Force, viii. 83. and Kincardine, Earl of, goverxviii. 705. Electrophorus, Volta’s instrument, • nor-general of India, vm. 131; his Elector, The Great (Frederick William), viii. 101; xxiv. 284. treaty with China (1858), v. 652. of Brandenburg, ix. 733; xx. 6. Electroplating, viii. 116; nickel, Marbles, British Museum, 11. Electors, Parliamentary, Registration xvii. 488. 356; viii. 131. of, xx. 344. Electroscope, viii. 118; dry pile, Elgiva, wife of Edwy, king of the Electra, of Greek legend, xvii. 827. viii. 121. West Saxons, England, vn. 692. • > Euripides’s play, vm. 677. Electrostatics, viii. 24; history of, EL-GOLEA,'town, Algeria, viii. 133. Electric Clocks, vi. 25. viii. 14. El Grao, town, Valencia, Spain, xxiv. Electric Earth Currents, xvi. 178, Electrostatic Unit, viii. 22. 34183. Electrotypes, viii. 115. Electric Fishes, vii. 694; xn. 649, Electrotyping, Process of, xxiii. 703; El Greco (Domenico Theotocopuli), painter, XL 80. 694; xx. 299; xxii. 68. of maps, xxii. 715. El-Haddad, chief of the Kabyles, 1. Electricity, viii. 3 (index, 105); Electrum, mineral, xvi. 383; in coins, 569. as a physical science, xix. 3; atmoxvii. 630. El-Hamra, town, Egypt, vii. 775. spheric, xxiii. 329; its connexion Elegit, in law, xxiv. 696. with the aurora, ill. 96; blasting by, Elegy, form of poetry, xix. 273; Greek, El-Hasa, province, Asiatic Turkey, xxiii. 653. III. 810; xvi. 446; mechanical power xi. 138. El-Hasan (Alhazen), Arab mathemaof, XV. 773; in minerals, xvi. 376; its , Gray’s poem, XL 77. tician, 1. 572; on optics, xiv. 578. effect on the motor nerve, xix. 24; Eleia (Elis, q.v.), country, ancient Eli, priest and judge of Israel, viii. Ohm’s law, xvii. 738; Peltier effect’ Greece, viii. 139. 133xviii. 481; propulsive force of, on El-Elfee (Mohammed Bey), Egyptian Elia, Essays of, by C. Lamb, xiv. railways, xx. 249; contributions to leader, vn. 761. 235the science by iEpinus, 1. 183; by Elem£, Smyrna raisins, xx. 258. Ampere, 1. 749; by Canton, v. 39; Elements, Chemical, with list, v. 467. Elias (Elijah, q.v.), Hebrew prophet, viii. 134. by De La Rive, vii. 41; by Franklin, Elemi, resin, vm. 122; as incense, xn. , patriarch of Antioch, Syriac writer, IX. 712; by Sir Wm. Harris, XL 494; 718. xxii. 841. by Henry, xi. 675; by Clark Max- Eleonorite, mineral, xvi. 405. , bishop of Merv, Syriac writer, well, XV. 647; by Pliicker, xix. 229; Elephant, ungulate mammal, viii. xxii. 843. by Siemens, xxii. 38; by Volta, xxiv. 122; xv. 350, 423; of Ceylon, v. 363; , Nestorian patriarch, Syriac writer, 284; electrical societies, xxii. 225. of India, xn. 741; tusks of, xm. 520. xxii. 849. XXV. — 19

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Ellis, William, English missionary, vm. Elias of Al-Anbar, Syriac writer, El-Kahireh, or Cairo, town, Egypt, IV. 150. 645; vil 751, 769xxii. 849. Island, New York, U.S.A., xvil El-Kamil, sultan of Egypt, vil 754. ; Ney, on tlie Grand Canal, Cliina, 459El-Karn, lake, Egypt, vil 709, 774v. 631. Ellman, John, improver of Southdown BAR Shin ay a, Syriac writer, El-Karnak, Egypt, Temple at, vil sheep, I. 392. 777xxii. 850. Ellor, town, India, VIII. 151. El-Katif, town, Arabia, XIV. 15. Levita, Jewish, rabbi, vm. 133. Ellora, town, India, vm. 151; cave , Mount, Thera, Greece, xxm. 280. El-Keff, or Kef, town, Tunis, xiv. 27; temple at, 11. 394, 395. xxiii. 620. Eliasite, mineral, xvi. 388. Ellrig, Loch, Scotland, XXII. 553. Elkesaites, eastern sect, xxi. 128. Eliberitanus (Johannes Leo), Moorish town, Maine, U.S.A., vm. El-Khalil, or Hebron, town, Palestine, Ellsworth, geographer, XIv. 453. l iS . . . XL 608. Elicius, epithet of Jupiter, xm. 780. ? Oliver, American chief justice, Elkhorn, river, Nebraska, U.S.A., Elie de Beaumont, J. B. A. L. L., xxiii. 748. xvil 307. French geologist, VIII. 134Ellur (Ellor), town, India, vm. 151. El-Kindi, Arab Christian apologist, Elijah, Hebrew prophet, vm. 134; Ellwood, Thomas, English theological xxii. 848. xiii. 407; xix. 816. writer, VIII. 151; XVI. 335. Elkington, his plan of draining, 1. Elimination, in equations, vm. 497 ELM, tree, VIII. 151; culture of, II. 317; 33Eliot, Sir John, English statesman, in United States, XXHI. 808. Elk-Mountains, Colorado, U.S.A., vi. viii. 138. El-Maasarah, quarries, Egypt, vil 161; xxiii. 796. John, apostle of the Indians, vm. 773ElkOSH, birthplace of Nahum, XVII. 136; xvi. 514; xvii. 243. Elmacin, or Elmakyn, George, Egyp!65. Elis, country, ancient Greece, vm. 139; tian historian, VIII. 152. xvil. 766; coins of, xvil. 643! town, El-Kuds, Arabic name of Jerusalem, Elm City (New Haven), Connecticut, xiii. 636. viii. 140. U.S.A., xvil 394. Elisa (Dido), queen of Carthage, vil. El-Kurneh, ruined village, Egypt, El-Mecheref (Berber), town, Egypt, vil 779. 196. in. 584. Elisabethenkirche, church at Mar- EllenborOUGH, Earl of, governor- El-Medeeneh, town, Egypt, vil 774. general of India, VIII. 146; XII. 807. burg, Prussia, XV. 530. ■, Lord, chief justice of England, VIII. El-Menzeleh, lake, Egypt, vn. 709. Elisabethpol, government, TransElmes, Harvey Lonsdale, English archi146. caucasia, Russia, xxiii. 513. tect, viii. 152; xiv. 714. Elisabethstadt, part of Pesth, Ellen’s Peak, Western Australia, , James, English architect, viii. xxiv. 507. Hungary, xvin. 691. 1 2 5 Elisha, Hebrew prophet, vin. 140; Ellesmere, lake, England, xxi. 847; Elmina, town, West Africa, vm. 152; town, xxi. 848. xiii. 407; xix. 816. x. 755. -, Earl of, English litterateur, VIII. Elizabeth, queen of England, vm. 142 El-Minyeh, town, Egypt, vil 774. 148. 340; her relations with the earl of Essex, Elmira, town, New York, U.S.A., viii. viii. 556; withtheearlof Leicester,xiv Ellice Islands, Polynesia, xix. 420. 153; xvil 457. Ellichpur, district, India, vm. 148. 425; with Raleigh, XX. 262; her treatEl-Moizz, Fatimite caliph, Egypt, vil ment of Mary, queen of Scots, xv. 599; Elliot, D. G., on North-American birds, 750; xvi. 588. XVIII. 11. excommunication of, by Pius V., XIX. , Sir Gilbert, earl of Minto, British El Mudo (J. F. Navarrete), Spanish 154; state of Ireland under, XIII. 263; painter, XVIL 250. statesman, xvi. 492. parliament under, XVIII. 307; her Elnbogen, mountain, Germany, xxi. embassy to Russia, XXL 93 ; her ElliOTSON, John, English physician, 349viii. 148. interference in Scottish affairs, XXL Elliott, Ebenezer, corn-law rhymer, Elnya, town, Russia, xxii. 183. 502, 507. El-Obeid, town, Kordofan, Africa, viii. viii. 149. , St, of Hungary, VIII. 145; founder 153Ellipse, in geometry, vi. 275; x. 398 of convents, xvil 132; her tomb, xv. Elohist, of the Old Testament, I. 54» mensuration of, xvi. 19. 530in. 637; xviii. 506. of Schonau, mediseval mystic, Ellipsoids of Revolution, Legendre Elohistic Psalms, xx. 30. on attractions of, XIV. 414; MacLaurin xvil 132; xxiv. 13. on, XV. 162; magnetic experiments Eloi, St, bishop of Noyon, vm. 153. , or the Exiles of Siberia, Cottin’s Elopura, town, North Borneo, XXL on, XV. 255. work, VI. 481. 12358; , town, New Jersey, U.S.A., viii Elliptic Functions, xiii. Eloquence, iv. 542. See also article Landen’s theorem, xiv. 271; tables 145; xvil 397. Rhetoric, xx. 508. connected with, XXIII. 14. Farnese, wife of Philip Y. of El Paso del Norte, town, Mexico, Ellipticity of the Earth, vil 600 Spain, ix. 36; xxii. 337. viii. 153. Petrovna, empress of Russia, Elliptic Motion, in mechanics, xv. Elphinstone, Mountstuart, Indian 685. viii. 145; xxi. 98. statesman, vm. 153; envoy to AfghanElizabethgrad, town, Russia, vm Ellis, Alexander J., his palseotype istan, 1. 240. alphabet, 1. 608. See also xxn. 381. 146. , William, Scottish bishop and states—, George, English writer, VIII. 150. Elizabethpol, town, Russia, vm. 146 man, viii. 154. —, G. J. Welbore Agar, Lord Dover, El-Jezireh, plain, Mesopotamia, in. El Rancho, mineral spring, New vil 381. 183. Mexico, U.S.A., xvil 400. , G. V., his Demonstrations of El-Jib (Gibeon), town, Palestine, x. 583. El Rosario, town, Mexico, vm. 155Anatomy, 1. 817. Elk, or Moose Deer, vil 24, 25; Irish, , Sir Henry, English antiquary Elsass (Alsace, q.v.), province, Gerextinction of, II. 336; of Norway, many, 1. 636. vill. 150. xvil 581.

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147 Elsinore, town, Denmark, vin. 155; Emblems, Quarles’s book, xx. 159. Emmet, Thomas Addis, Irish lawyer population, xxiv. 771. Embolite, mineral, xvi. 384. and revolutionist, vm. 178. Elster, Saxony, mineral water of, xvi. Embossing, viii. 160. Emmius, Ubbo, Dutch historian, viii. 434, 435Embrasure, in fortification, ix. 432. 178. Eltavona (Newark), ancient town, Embroidery, pictorial needlework, Emmonite, mineral, xvi. 398. England, xvil. 370. viii. 160; lace, xiv. 184; Japanese, Emodin, constituent of rhubarb, xx. Eltham, Statutes of, xxi. 36. xiii. 591. 530Palace, Kent, England, xiv. 40. Embrun, town, France, viii. 162. Emona (Laibach), ancient town, Austria, Elton, John, English trader in Persia, Embryo, of plants, iv. 155. xiv. 215. xviii. 643. Embryology, viii. 163; rise of the Emotional Expression, pleasurable El-Uksur (Luxor), Egypt, Temple at, science, xvi. 839; cellular, xxiv. 810; and painful, in psychology, xx. 43, 72. xiii. 89; vii. 776. in relation to evolution, viii. 745; Emotions, Muscular expression of, EluLjEUS, king of Tyre, xviii. 808. animal, xx. 418; of ascidians, xxm. XIX. 5. ELVANS, veins of quartz-porphyry, x. 613; of Crustacea, VI. 648; ofMollusca, , Stoic theory of the, xxii. 567. 312; XL 49. xvi. 637; of nemertine worms, xvn. Empedocles, Greek philosopher, viii. Elvas, town, Portugal, vm. 155; xix. 330; of reptiles, xx. 463; of sponges, 178; xxii. 16; on evolution, viii. 756. 537xxii. 425; of plants, iv. 82. Emperor, sovereign title, viii. 179; Elvers, young eels, vn. 693. Embryo-Sacs, in plants, xx. 424. xxiii. 417. Elves, fairies, vm. 854. Emden, town, Prussia, viii. 169. , Roman, in Augustan age, m. 80; Elvodugus, Welsh ecclesiastic, xvn. Emeer, or Emir, Oriental title, 1. 154; xx. 769. 33211. 249; xvi. 587. Emperors, Roman, Chronological table Ely, town, England, vm. 155. Emerald, precious stone, viii. 170; m. of, xx. 781. , Isle of, district, England, iv. 727. 613; xvi. 418; mines, Colombia, vi. Emphysema, affection of the lungs, Elymais, district, Persia, vii. 794; xiii. 154. viii. 180. 395; xviii. 592. Hill, suburb of Melbourne, Vic- Emphyteusis, in Roman law, xx. 713. Elymoi, tribe, Sicily, xxn. 15. toria, xv. 836. Empire, viii. 181; the first French, Elyot, Sir Thomas, English scholar, Emerald-Nickel, mineral, xvi. 399. XVII. 208; the Holy Roman, x. 484. viii. 156. Emerald Table, in alchemy, 1. 462. State (New York), United States, Elysium, of Greek mythology, viii. 156. Emeric - David, Toussaint - Bernard, xvii. 455. Elytra, wings of beetles, vi. 126. French archaeologist, viii. 170. Empiricism, Greek, in medicine, xv. El Yunque, mountain, Porto Rico, Emerson, Ralph Waldo, American 802. xix. 532. writer, 1. 729, 733. Emplectite, mineral, xvi. 394. Elzevir, family of Dutch printers, viii. , William, English mathematician, Employers and Workmen, Laws re156; their editions of the classics, m. Viii. 170. lating to, xiv. 170. 657Emery, mineral, viii. 171. Employer’s Insurance, xiii. 161. Emanation, Theory of, in philosophy, Emesa (Hems), ancient town, Syria, xi. Employer’s Liability, xxiii. 455. viii. 752. 649; xxii. 823. Empoli, town, Italy, viii. 182. Emanations, World of, Kabbalistic, Emetics, in medicine, viii. 171. Empyema, or Empyauna, medical term, xiii. 811. Emetine, vegetable alkaloid, xiii. 210. viii. 182; xix. 222. Emancipation, in Roman law, xx. 687. Emeu, bird, viii. 171; m. 112; xx. 505. Ems, town, Prussia, Viii. 182; mineral , of slaves, in Jamaica, xiii. 551; in Emigration, viii. 173; from England, water of, xvi. 435. United States, xxm. 777. See also / Viii. 222; from Ireland, xiii. 238. Emu, or Emeu (g-.i;.), bird, VIII. 171; m. article Slavery. Emigres, French, ix. 600; return of, 112. Emanuel, or Emmanuel, king of Porix. 614. Emulsine, constituent of almonds, ix. tugal, viii. 157; xix. 545, 547. Emile, Rousseau’s work, xxi. 26. 96. b. Salomon, Hebrew poet, viii. 157. Emilia, Italian dialect of, xiii. 493. Emys, genus of chelonian reptiles, xxiii. EMBALLONURIDyE, family of bats, xv. Galotti, Lessing’s tragedy, xiv. 457412. 481. Enamel, glaze on metal, viii. 182; in Embalming, of dead bodies, viii. 158; Emilian Way, Italy, xiii. 435; xx. 555. jewellery, xiii. 679; niello work, xvii. in Egypt, xvil. 20; use of myrrh in, Emilio, Paolo, historian, 1. 182. 494; in pottery, xix. 601. xvil 121. Emir, Oriental title, 1. 154; 11. 249; Enantiomorphism, xix. 313. Embankment, in engineering, viii. 158; xvi. 587. Enare, Lake, Russian Lapland, xiv. railway, xx. 232; of rivers, xx. 572; Emma Mine, Utah, U.S.A., xxiii. 815. 305of the Mississippi, xvi. 519; for water- Emmanuel, king of Portugal, xix. 545, Enargite, mineral, xvi. 395. works, xxiv. 406. 547Enarians, Scythian priests, xxi. 576. Embargo, in international law, xm. 194. bar Shahhare, Syriac writer, Encaustic Painting, viii. 185. Embassies, Resident, 1. 657. xxii. 849. Encaustic Tiles, viii. 187; iv. 283. Embden, or Emden, town, Prussia, College, Cambridge, iv. 731. Encephalon, Anatomy of the, 1. 869. viii. 169. Philibert, prince of Savoy, xxi. Enchantment, magic, xv. 199. Ember Days and Weeks, viii. 159. 34iEnchasing, or Chasing, industrial art, Emberiza, genus of birds, xvn. 534. Emmaus, village near Jerusalem, viii. viii. 189. Embezzlement, in English law, viii. 177. Enchiridion Ethicum, Henry More’s I 59; xxiii. 232. Emmerich, town, Prussia, vm. 177. work, viii. 597. Em bid a:, group of insects, XIII. 152. , Anna Katharina, stigmata of, xxii. Enchondroma, disease, xviii. 370. Emblements, in English law, viii. 160; Encina, or Enzina, Juan del, Spanish SSoxiv. 274. Emmet, Robert, Irish revolutionist, dramatist, Viii. 189; vii. 420; xxii. Emblems, of the Physiologus, xix. 7. viii. 178; xiii. 271. 356.

148

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Engineer and Railway Transport Encke, Johann Franz, German astrono- Endotrichea, suborder of Protozoa, Corps, xxiv. 295. xix. 841. mer, Yin. 190. Engineering, viil 215; military, ix. Endowed Schools Acts, viil 205. Encke’s Comet, vi. 191. 421. Encolpius, hero of Petronius’s Satirae, Endowments, Charitable and educaSocieties, xxii. 226. tional, v. 402. xviii. 722. Engineers, Amalgamated Society of, Encoubert, edentate mammal, xv. Endrick, river, Scotland, xxn. 553. xxiii. 500. Endymion, of Greek mythology, viii. , Naval, duties of, xvil 294. 387. . 205. Encratites, early Christian sect, 11. , Royal, in British army, 11. 579. , Keats’s poem, xiv. 23. 217. Engine Houses, Railway, xx. 237. Encumbered Estates Court, Ire- Eneas, The, romance, xx. 639. Engines, Air, 1. 428; xxn. 522. ENEIT, H. von Veldeke’s poem, X. 523. land, xiii. 229. , Gas, xxii. 523. Encyclopaedia, viii. 190; Americana, Energetics, branch of dynamical , Locomotive, xx. 225, 244; xxii. science, XIX. 2; applied, in mechanics, xiv. 564; American Cyclopaedia, xx. 520. XV. 772. 568; of Antiquities, Fosbroke’s, IX. , Marine, xxi. 824; xxn. 517. 470; Arabic, of Hajji Khalfa, XI. 376; Energy, in physics, viil 205; xv. 676, , Steam and other Heat, XXII. 473. 746; kinetic, xv. 698; potential, xv. Britannica, history of, viii. 199; England, Geography and statistics of, 700, 748; conservation of, XVIII. 553; Metropolitana, viii. 204; Penny Cyviil 215 (index, 262); the name, viii. conservation and transformation of, clopaedia, xiv. 856; Vincent of Beau263, 283; origin of name, XXL 476; xxiii. 283; conservation of, in relavais’s, xxiv. 235. academies of science, 1. 73; of art, tion to radiation of heat, XX. 213; of Theology, theological disciI. 78; progress of agriculture, 1. 299; Mohr’s enunciation of conservation of, pline, xxiii. 272. architecture, II. 425, 442; army, II. xvi. 607; dissipation of, xxiii. 285; Encyclopaedias, Chinese, v. 663. 568; artillery service, II. 659; hankdifferential equation of, vii. 822; ENCYCLOP&DIE, The French, VIII. 197; ing, Hi. 316; birds, xviii. 17; census transformation of, in nutrition, xvil. IX. 671; its influence, IX. 593; Didereturns, V. 335; coalfields, VI. 49; 68 5; transmissibility of, through ether, rot’s and D’Alembert’s contributions coins, XVII. 656; colonies, VI. 159; viii. 570; in applied mechanics, XV. to, vii. 194; Voltaire’s, xxiv. 292. American colonies, I. 708 > cotton 764; of moving molecules, XVI. 612; Mfhhodique, of Panckoucke, viii. manufacture, vi. 489; drama, vii. in liquids, XIL 466; in a wave, XXIV. 202. 427; fisheries, IX. 249; marine fishes, 415. Ende, Franz van den, Dutch physician XIL 678; forests, ix. 399; government, , Bodily, its sources, xix. 9. and teacher, XXII. 400. XL 12; Jews in, Xlll. 684; land tenure , Vegetable, xix. 55. Endeh (Flores), island, Indian Archiin, Xiv. 263; language,2 VIII.. 390; Enfans sans Souci, French actors, pelago, IX. 337. legitimacy laws in, ill. 4 6> libraries, ix. 645. Enderby Land, South Polar regions, xiv. 513, 515, 542; mines, xvi. 467; Enfantin, Barthelemy Prosper, French xix. 330. national debt, xvil 245; navy, xvil socialist, viii. 211; xxi. 198; his Enderi (Andreeva), town, Russia, 11. 287; newspapers, XVIL 413; nobility, connexion with Bazard, HI. 459. 20. xvii. 529; observatories, xvil 710; Enfield, town, England, viil 212; ENDERLEIN, Caspar, Swiss metalparliament, xviil. 302; parliamentary small-arms factory at, II. 633. worker, xix. 184. representation, XXIII. 727; population, , town, Connecticut, U.S.A., VIII. Endicott, John, governor of New Engxxiii. 727 ; post office, xix. 571; 212. land, XX. 152. railway system, xx. 226; settlements William, English miscellaneous 5 Endive, esculent plant, vm. 205; v. in Asia, II. 701; technical schools, writer, VIII. 212. 615; xii. 282. XXIII. 109; shipping trade, XXI. 826; Enfilade, in fortification, ix. 426. Endocarditis, disease, ix. 554; xx. weights and measures, XXIV. 489. ENFLEURAGE, method of extracting 51/. 1 ^ , History of, VIII. 263 (index, perfumes, XIII. 5955 xvil. 748; xviii. Endoderm, layer of animal tissue, II. 367); Anglo-Saxons in, xvii. 568; 526. 51; cells, XIX. 14. Anglo-Saxon law code, xxi. 215; Engadine, valley, Switzerland, vm. Endodermis, layer of cells in plants, Danish invasion of, I. 506; its con213; xi. 205. xil. 18. nexion with Normandy, xvii. 539; Engagers, in Scottish history, xxi. Endogamy, marrying within the comNorman settlement in, XVIL 548> 5I4munity, VIII. 619; classes among genealogical table of the Norman whom it prevails, V. 187. See also Engel, Johann Jakob, German writer, kings, xxiv. 576; Reformation in, xx. viil 214; x. 535. xxiii. 472. 327, 337; Cranmer’s part in the ReforEngelbrechtsdatter, Dorthe, NorEndoparasites, in Leuckart’s classimation, VI. 550; Renaissance period, wegian poetess, VIIL 214; XVII. 589. fication, xviii. 261. XX. 392; sweating-sickness in, XXII. Engelbrechtsson, Engelbrecht, SwedEndoplasm, internal protoplasm, xii. 4. 734; taxation and finance, history of, ish patriot, xxii. 746. Endoplastica, group of Protozoa, 11. IX. 174; Templars in, XXIII. 163; Engelhardt, Baron von, his obser5°. under coalition ministry (1783), XIX. vatory at Dresden, Germany, xvil. 712. Endor, ancient town, Palestine, viii. 139; under Cromwell, VI. 598; in Engelmann, Dr, his refractor telescope, 205. time of Ethelred, viii. 567; of Fox, xxiii. 149. Endoskeleton, 1. 820; xxii. 106,109. ix. 496; of Pitt, xix. 139; under Engels, Friedrich, German socialist, Endosperm, reproductive tissue in Walpole, XXIV. 335; union of English XXII. 210. plants, xx. 430. and Scottish crowns (1603), XXL 509; Endosporea, order of Protozoa, xix. Enghien, France, mineral water of, union of parliaments (1707), XXL 518; xvi. 435. 840. Macaulay’s History of, xv. I28 > , Ducd’, French prince, VIIL 214; VI. Endospore/e, group of Schizomycetes, Pauli’s, xviii. 433; Polydore Virgil’s, 245; execution of, XVIL 207; XXL 325. xxi. 405. xxiv. 255. Endothelium, in anatomy, 1. 846, 848. Eng I A, island, Greece, 1. 180.

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149 England, Church of, vm. 370; Thirty- Enniscorthy, town, Ireland, viii. 447; Enzeli, or Enzelli, town, Persia, v. 177; Nine Articles of, 11. 653; form of bappopulation, xxiv. 521. xx. 285. tism in, in. 352; benefices, ill. 560; Enniskillen, town, Ireland, viii. 447. Gulf, Caspian Sea, v. 177. bishops, ill. 788; Broad Churchism in, Ennius, Q., Roman poet and dramatist, Enzianbranntwein, spirituous liquor, xxii. 453; Convocation, vi. 325; Ecclevm. 447; vii. 410; xviii. 129; xix. x. 160. siastical Commission, vn. 627; govern215; his place in Roman literature, Enzina, or Encina, Juan del, Spanish ment of, viii. 247; the king the head xx. 717; language of, xiv. 332. dramatist, vii. 420; viii. 189; xxii. of, XIX. 674; liturgy, XIV. 710; music Enns, river, Styria, Austria, xxii. 614. 356. of, xvii. 88; order of precedence in, ENOCH, of Scripture, VIII. 449. Enzio, king of Sardinia, vm. 454; xiii. xix. 667; Tractarian and Gorham con, Book of, 11. 175. 475troversies, xxii. 451. Enopla, division of nemertine worms, Enzymes, ferments in alimentary juices, , Presbyterian Church of, XIX. 685. xvii. 326. xvii. 671. in Time of War, Dobell’s poem, Enos, town, Turkey in Europe, vm. Eoa, island, South Pacific, ix. 779. vii. 307. 449. Eobanus, Helius (Hessus), German English Architecture, ii. 425, 442. Enrique (Henry), Don, brother of humanist, xi. 781. English Bards and Scotch RePedro I. of Castile, xvni. 450. Eocene Rocks, x. 360. viewers, Byron’s, IV. 606. Enriquez Gomez, Antonio, Spanish Eolis, genus of Mollusca, xvi. 656, 657. English Bible, viii. 381. See Bible. dramatist, viii. 449. Eon de Beaumont (Chevalier D’Eon), English Church, Early, its national •Enschede, town, Holland, viii. 450. French adventurer, vm. 455. character, viii. 279. Ensigns, Military, ix. 276. Eonycteris, genus of bats, xv. 410. English Cyclopaedia, viii. 204. Ensilage, method of preserving fodder, Eord^ea, district, Macedonia, xv. 137. English Drama, vii. 427. xxii. 67. Eorls, nobility of early England, vill. English Grammar, xi. 42. En Soph, the Deity in the Kabbalah, 274; XVII. 529; xviii. 302. English Language, viii. 390; xvm. xiii. 811. Eos, genus of birds, xv. 7. 782,787; origin of, vm. 272; accentu- Enstatite, mineral, xvi. 415. , Myth of, viii. 205; xxiii. 413. ation of, 1. 81, 82; dialects of, viii. Ent, of Eleatic philosophy, xviii. 315. 400; dictionaries of, vii. 187; infusion Entablature, in architecture, 11. 464; Eosine, potassium salt, iv. 361. Eosite, mineral, xvi. 403. of Norman words in, viii. 299. Egyptian, 11. 391; Greek, II. 403. English Law, Codification of, vi. Entail, in law, viii. 450; xm. 77; of Eosphorite, mineral, xvi. 407. Eotvos, Jozsef, Baron, Hungarian states106. land, xiv. 264; settlement in, xxi. man and poet, viii. 455; xn. 371, 379. English Literature, viii. 403 (index, 694Eozoon, fossil or mineral, x. 328. 435). See also index, viii. 367. Entasis, in architecture, 11. 464. Canadense, supposed fossil foraEnglish Mediaeval MSS., xviii. 159. Enteric Fever, or Typhoid Fever, minifer, 1. 679; ix. 384. English People, Origin of, viii. 266, xxiii. 678. Epact, in the calendar, iv. 672. 268. Enterozoa, division of the animal king- Epakto (Lepanto), town, Greece, xiv. Engraved Plates, Invention of printdom, xix. 830; in Lankester’s classi467. ing from, ix. 215. fication, xxiv. 812. Engraving, viii. 435; of gems, x. 137; Entfuhrung aus DEM Serail, Moz- Epaminondas, Theban general, viii. 456; XL 103; xvi. 52; his friendship of maps, xxii. 715; photo-engraving, art’s opera, xvn. 10. with Pelopidas, xviii. 479; his invaxviii. 834; wood, early, v. 99; xxm. Enthymeme, in rhetoric, xx. 510. sion of Sparta, xxn. 371. 683; substitutes for, xxm. 704; in Entlebuch, valley, Switzerland, xv. Eparch, ecclesiastical title, xviii. 410. time of Albrecht Diirer, vii. 554; in 40. Florence in 15 th century, iv. 166; Entomology, the science of insects, Epaulement, in fortification, ix. 424. Epe, town, West Africa, xxiv. 754. Marcantonio’s improvements in, xv. xiii. 141; Swammerdam’s entomo- Epee, Charles-Michel, Abbe de 1’, teacher 531; Turner’s influence on, xxm. 666. logical collection, xxii. 730. of deaf-mutes, viii. 457; vii. 7. Engrossing Grain, Laws against, vi. Entomophaga, group of insects, xiii. Eperies, town, Hungary, vm. 457. 412. 148. Epernay, town, France, viii. 457. Enguera, town, Spain, viii. 446. Entomophthore^e, parasitic fungi, Epha, Syrian measure, xxiv. 485. Enguri (Angora), town, Turkey in xviii. 267. Ephemeridze, family of insects, vm. Asia, 11. 45. Entoprocta, subclass of Polyzoa, xix. 457; xm. 152. Enharmonics, in music, xvn. 79, 91. 438. Enhydra, genus of carnivorous mam- Entoptic Phenomena, in the eye, viii. Ephesiaca, Greek novel, xx. 635. Ephesians, Epistle to the, viii. 458; mals, xviii. 69. 819. xviii. 422. Enkhuizen, town, Holland, viii. 446. Entozoa, internal parasites, xvin. 258; Ephesus, ancient town, Asia Minor, Enlistment, in British army, viii. 446. xxiii. 49. viii. 466; coins of, xvii. 646; council Act, British, 11. 574. Entrecasteaux, Joseph Antoine Bruni (43O* xvn- 356; St Paul at, xviii. ' Acts, Foreign, xm. 196. d’, French navigator, viii. 454. 420; temple of Diana at, 11. 406, 410. Enna (Castro Giovanni), ancient town, Entrenchments, in fortification, ix. , The Seven Sleepers of, legend, xxi. Sicily, v. 201. 43i. 697. En-Nasir Mohammed, sultan of Egypt, Entropy, in thermodynamics, xxiii. Ephet^e, Court of the, at Athens, 11. 482. VII. 756. ’ 285. Ephippiorhynchus, genus of birds, Enneads, of Plotinus, xvn. 335 Envelopes, in geometry, xm. 27. xiii. 529. Ennemond, St, archbishop of’Lyons, , Paper, Manufacture of, xxii. 461. Ephori, Greek magistrates, viii. 469; XXI. 159. of Sparta, xv. 96. Enneper Strasse, valley, Westphalia, Environment, Effect of, on plants and animals, xxiv. 82. Ephorus, Greek historian, viii. 469; XXIV. 517. ’ Envoys, Diplomatic, 1. 657; xiii. 193. v. 710. Ennis, town, Ireland, viii. 446. Enyo (Bellona), Greek divinity, in. 549. Ephraemi Codex, xviii. 147.

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Equation, Equations, Algebraic, viil Ephraem Syrus, early Christian writer, Epinay, Madame d’, French authoress, 4975 i- 5i5) 538; xv. 630; of curves, viii. 482; her patronage of Rousseau, vm. 470; xxii. 827; as hymn-writer, VI. 717; functional, IX. 823. XXL 25. xii. 579of Time, ii. 772; xxm. 392. A ., Ephraim, of Scripture, vm. 471; tnbe Epinicia, odes by Pindar, xix. 100. Equations of Motion, in tides, xxiii Epiphanes, Antiochus IV., king of of, xiii. 749358Syria, II. 133; Xlll. 421; xvin. 589. } the Syrian, early Christian writer, Epiphanius, St, early Christian writer, Equator, x. 198. Equatorial Current, in Atlantic, viii. 470; xii. 579; xxii. 827. viii. 482; xvi. 503. Ephthalites, or Hephthalites (White in. 19. Epiphany, church festival, vm. 483; Huns), ancient people of Europe and Equatorial Dial, vii. 157. xiii. 660. Equatorial Telescopes, ii. 768; Asia, xiv. 59; xviii. 610, 613; xxiii. Epiphyllum, group of Cactacese, iv. xxiii. 146. 639) 659. . . , 626. Epiblast, layer of tissue m animal Equid^e, family of ungulate mammals, Epiphytes, plants growing on others, embryo, II. 51; VIII. 746; XXII. 106. xv. 429. iv. 94; xviii. 264. Epiboulangerite, mineral, xvi. 396. Equilibrium, in mechanics, xv. 722; Epirus, district, Greece, vm. 483; l Epicharmus, Greek poet, vm. 471; 747; of rotating fluid mass, Laplace’s 446; coins of, xvil. 641. investigations of, xiv. 303; of tides, xxii. 16. Episcopacy, viil 484; in the early Epichlorite, mineral, xvi. 414. xxiii. 357, 363church, v. 700; in Scotland, xix. 683; Equinia, Epic Poetry, xix. 264; of the Alexandisease, x. 634. XXL 507, 510, 515, 780; Miltons drine school, 1. 4995 Greece, XI. 137> Equinox, mountain, Vermont, U.S.A., writings against, XVI. 329. Sanskrit, xxi. 280, 283. xxiii. 792. Episcopal Church, of Ireland, viil Epicrium Glutinosum, species of Equinoxes, Precession of the, 11. 794; 490; of Scotland, viil 490; its Amphibia, I. 761. x. 216; its discovery, 11. 749. liturgy, xiv. 711 ; Protestant, of Epictetus, Greek philosopher, vm. Equisetin^e, class of plants, ix. 106; United States, VIIL 493 5 its liturgy, 471; Stoic teaching of, xxii. 573> XXIV. 129. xiv. 711. discourses and manual published by EQUISETUM, genus of plants, xn. 207. Episcopal Methodism, American, Arrian, II. 630. Equitable Society, insurance comxvi. 191. Epicureanism, viii. 473; xvm. 685; pany, xiii. 180. Episcopi, hill, Greece, xxiv. 282. xxi. 379; ethics of, viii. 586. Equites, Roman order, viil 509. EPISCOPIUS, Simon, Dutch theologian, Epicurus, Greek philosopher, viii. 472; viil 493; ut synod of Dort, vn. 374* Equity, inlaw, viil 510; xiv. 365. ethics of, viii. 586. , Court of, in England, V. 389. Epistemology, or Theory of KnowEpidamnus (Durazzo), ancient town, Equivocation, Liguorian doctrine of, ledge, xviil. 793; Perrier’s, IX. no. Illyricum, VIII. 476; VII. 553xiv. 638. EPIDAURUS, ancient town, Argolis, Epistilbite, mineral, xvi. 422. Era, Eras, Chronological, iv. 681; v. Epistles of Phalaris, hi. 53> 579 > Greece, viii. 476. 711. xviil 730. ) ancient town, Laconia, Greece, viii. Epistola ad Dorpium, Sir Thomas Eranoi, Greek guilds, XL 260. 477 Erard, Sebastien, French musical in' s • . More’s, xvi. 819. + (Yecchia Ragusa), ancient town, strument-maker, viil 512; xix. 74. Epitaph, viil 493. Illyricum, VIII. 477. Erasistratus, Alexandrian physician, Epidermis, or Cuticle, xxii. 107; Epithalamion, Spenser’s poem, xxn. xv. 801; on anatomy, 1. 801; on brain 395anatomy of, 1. 897; of plants, IV. 89; and mind, XVIIL 842. Epithalamium, nuptial song, viil xii. 17. Erasmus, Desiderius, Dutch scholar, 496Epidote, mineral, x. 228; xvi. 409. VIIL 512; on education, VII. 672; his Epithelioma, cancer of skin, xviil Epifan, town, Russia, xxiii. 605. influence on Biblical interpretation, 382. Epigenesis, biological theory, in. 682; XL 747; his Latin style, xiv. 342; his Epithelium, Epithelium Cells, in viii. 744! Wolff’s demonstration of, connexion with Thomas More, XVI. anatomy, 1. 847; xn. 4; xvil. 673. VIII. 165; XXIV. 631. 816; his relation to the Reformation, Epitrapezius, Greek statuette of EPIGENITE, mineral, xvi. 396. xx. 325; to the Renaissance, xx. 388; Hercules, xv. 120. Epigoni, in Greek mythology, viii as satirist, XXL 319. Epizooty, cattle disease, xvil 57. Erasti anism, Erastus’s theory of church MlEpochs, or Eras, iv. 681. , school of economists, XIX. 376. government, VIIL 518. Epigrammata, John Owen’s, xviii. 85 Epomeo, Monte, Ischia, Italy, XIII. 385. Erastus, Thomas, Swiss theologian, IL io of the Epomophorus, genus of bats, xv. 408, Epigrams, viii. 477; 3; viil 518. 409. Alexandrian school, 1. 499. Erato, Muse of erotic poetry, xvil 74. Epigraphy, the science of inscriptions, Eponymos, first archon at Athens, XL Eratosthenes, Greek astronomer and 96. xm. 114; xviii. 143geographer, viil 519; H- 748; as Epilepsy, disease, vm. 479; xm. 100; Eporedia (Ivrea), ancient town, Italy, chronologist, v. 710; on geography, xiii. 525. xviii. 391 ; its connexion with deI. 499; x. 176; xx. 92; Strabo on, moniacal possession, VII. 61; hystero- Epping Forest, England, viil 553; xxii. 582. xiv. 824. epilepsy, XII. 601. , tyrant of Athens, Lysias’s speech Epremenil, or Espremesnil, J. J. Epilogues, Dramatic, vn. 392. against, xv. 118. Duval d’, French politician, VIIL 548. Epimanes, or Epiphanes, Antiochus Erbach, town, Germany, viil 519. IV., king of Syria, 11. 133; xni. 421; Epsom, town, England, viil 496; xxn. Erben, Karel, Bohemian poet, XXII. 694; horse-racing at, XII. 201. XVIII. 589. !52..ml EPSOMITE, mineral, viil 496; XVI. 401 Epimenides, Greek poet, vm. 481. Erbil (Arbela), town, Asiatic Turkey, Epsom Salts, in pharmacy, viil 496; Epimetheus, of Greek legend, xxiv II. 311. xv. 218; xvi. 401. 782. Erbium, chemical element, v. 543> Epte, river, Erance, XVIL 538EPINAL, town, Erance, VIII. 482.

E R C —E R Y

151 XIV. 292; spectrum of its salts, xxn. Eric, or Heiricus, scholastic philosopher, Ermine, in heraldry, xi. 692. 376. xxi. 420. Street, Roman road, LincolnErceldoune, Thomas of, early Scottish Erica, genus of plants, xi. 589; xn. shire, England, xiv. 656. poet, xxiii. 308. 263. Ercilla y Zuniga, Alonso de, Ericht, Loch, Scotland, xiv. 217; Erne, loughs, Ireland, v. 263; ix. 90; Xlii. 216; river, v. 263. Spanish poet, vm. 519; xxn. 357. xviii. 666. , sea-eagle, vn. 589. Erdelyi, Janos, Hungarian poet, vm. Erichthonius, or Erechtheus, in Greek Ernest, count of Mansfeld, German 519; xii. 378. legend, viii. 520. general, xv. 498. Erdeven, France, Alignments of, xxi. Ericsson, John, inventor of an airErnesti, Johann August, German 5iengine, 1. 428; his air-engine, xxn. philologist and theologian, viii. 526. Erdjish-Dagh, or Erjish-Dagh, moun523; his torpedo, xxiii. 451. , Johann Christian Gottlieb, German tain, Asia Minor, 11. 705; v. 75 ; Eridanus (Po), river, Italy, xix. 251. scholar, VIII. 527. xxiii. 654. Erie, Lake, North America, xiv. 217; Ernest Maltravers, Lytton’s novel, Erdmann, Otto Linn4, German chemist, xvii. 451; xxi. 179, 182. xv. 122. viii. 520. , town, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., viii. Ernst, Heinrich Wilhelm, German Erebus, in Greek mythology, viii. 520. 522. composer and violinist, viii. 527. and Terror, Expedition of, ix. Erieux, river, France, xx. 528. Erophile, Greek drama, xi. 150. 720. Erigena, Johannes Scotus, mediaeval Eros, Greek god (the Roman Cupid), Erech, Necropolis of, Babylonia, in. philosopher, viii. 522, 371; on evoluviii. 527; vi. 708; statue of,at Thespiae, 189. tion, viii. 758; on the nature of God, XXIII. 297. Erechtheum, or Erechtheium, temple, xxiii. 241; mystical teaching of, xvii. Erotic Romances, Greek and Roman, Athens, in. 6; 11. 357, 412; building 131J scholastic system of, xxi. 419. xx. 635. of, xviii. 529. Erigon (Czerna), river, Macedonia, Erotocritos, Greek epic poem, xi. Erechtheus, in Greek legend, vm. xv. 136. 150. 520. Erigone, in Greek mythology, viii. Erpe, Thomas von, or Erpenius, Dutch Erekli, town, Turkey in Asia, xi. 524. Orientalist, viii. 527. 681. Erik, Blood-Axe, king of Norway, xvii. Errard, Jean, French military engineer, Eremacausis, chemical process, ix. 585. See also Eric. ix. 441. 98. , king of Norway, xvii. 588. Erriboll, Loch, Scotland, xxn. 726. Eremites of St Francis, order of Erimon, of Irish legend, xm. 244. Erromango, island, New Hebrides, monks, ix. 695. Erinaceidze, family of Insect!vora, xv. x 11 ^ - 395> scene of Williams’s murder, Eremites of St Jerome, order of 402. xxiv. 586. monks, XI. 809; xvi. 711, 716. Erinaceus, genus of insectivorous Errors, Theory of, in probability, xix. Eresus, town, Lesbos, Asia Minor, xiv. mammals, xi. 610. 780. 474Erinite, mineral, xvi. 406. Ersch, Johann Samuel, German biblioErethizon, genus of rodent mammals, Erinna, Greek poetess, viii. 524. grapher, viii. 528. xix. 518. Erinyes, or Erinnyes, in Greek myand Gruber’s Allgemeine Eretria, town, Eubcea, Greece, viii. thology, viii. 524; ix. 840; xvii. 827; Encyklopadie, viii. 204; xi. 224. 649. temple of, at Athens, 11. 482. Erse, or Irish, language, v. 298. Erewash, river, England, xvn. 598. Eriodes, genus of apes, 11. 153. Erskine, Lord, lord chancellor of Erft, river, Germany, xx. 519. Eriphyle, in Greek mythology, viii. England, viii. 529. Erfurt, town, Prussia, viii. 520; 524. , Ebenezer, founder of Secession electoral academy at, 1. 72; university Eris, in Greek mythology, vm. 524. Church, Scotland, vm. 528; xxiii. of, xxiii. 840. 728. Erg, plateaus, Sahara, Africa, xxi. 149. Erithacus, genus of birds, xx. 315. Erithrosiderite, mineral, xvi. 384. , John, earl of Mar, xv. 525. , unit of energy or work, vm. 206- Erivan, town, Transcaucasia, Russia, —-, John (d. 1768), of Carnock, Scotxv. 668. Viii. 524; xxiii. 515; government, tish law writer, vm. 528. Ergane, epithet of Athena, Greek godxxiii. 513. , John (d. 1803), minister of Church dess, 11. 830. Erjish-Dagh, mountain, Asia Minor, of Scotland, Viii. 529. Erghik-Shan, mountains, Siberia, 11. 7°5; v. 75; xxiii. 654. , Ralph, Scottish divine, viii. 529; xxm. 437. Erlangen, town, Bavaria, viii. 525; hymns by, xii. 593. Ergir Castri, town, Albania, 11. 501. university of, xxiii. 848. , Thomas, of Linlathen, Scottish Ergot, drug, viii. 521. Erlau, town, Hungary, viii. 525. theological writer, VIII. 530. Ergotism, disease, viii. 521; xvm Erlendsson, Haukr, Icelandic writer, Er-Toghrul, early Turkish chief, 407. xxi. 368. xxiii. 640. Eric, or Erik, Menved, king of DenErling Shakke, Norwegian chief, Erubescite, mineral, vi. 347. mark, his contest with the Hanse xvii. 588. Eruli, ancient German tribe, xi. 774. towns, xi. 450. Erl-King, or Erlkonig, mythical char- Erycidze, family of snakes, xxn. the Yictory-Blest, Swedish king, 65 acter, viii. 525. xxn. 744. 193Erman, Paul, German physicist, viii. Erycina, epithet of Venus, viii. 532; IX., Edwardson, Swedish king 526. xvi. 782. XXII. 745. XI., the Halt, Swedish king, xx Ermanaric, king of the Goths, x. 848. Erymanthus, river, Greece, xvii. 765. Erment, or Arment, village, Egypt, VII. Erysipelas, disease, viii. 531; xviii. 745782. 398; resulting from vaccination, xxiv. ——-XIII., of Pomerania, king of Ermine, carnivorous mammal, viii. 26. Sweden, xxn. 746. 526; xv. 440; fur of, viii. 526: ix. ErysiphEjE, group of Fungi, ix. 833; ' XIV,, of Sweden, xxn. 747. 838. xvi. 294.

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Johann Heinrich van, German Eselsfleth (Itzehoe), ancient town, Ess, theologian, VIII. 549. Erysiphe TUCKERI, parasitic fungus, Holstein, xm. 518. ESSAIS DE THEODICEE, Leibnitz’s work, xviii. 267. Esher, town, England, viii. 543xiv. 420. Erythema, skin disease, xxn. 122. ESHMUNAZAR I.-IL, kings of Sidon, Essar-Haddon, or Esarhaddon, king Erythr.®, ancient Greek town, Asia xviii. 809. of Assyria, viil 533; in. 187; vii. Minor, vm. 532; coins of, xvn. 647. Erythraean Sea, Periplus of the, xx. Eshref, or Ashraf, town, Persia, VIII. 742; his palace, xvn. 512. 543; xv. 651. Essay on the Human Understand94. Esk, rivers, Scotland, vii. 526, 656; ix. ing, Locke’s, xiv. 756, 757. Erythrite, mineral, xvi. 404. 41°. Erythrozyne, vegetable ferment, ix. Eski-DJUMA, town, Bulgaria, viii. 543. Essay on Man, Pope’s, xix. 486. Essek, town, Hungary, viii. 549. 96. . Eski Kara - Hissar, town, Asiatic Essen, town, Prussia, viil 550; xx. Eryx (Monte San Giuliano), ancient Turkey, xiv. 2. 21. town and mountain, Sicily, VIII. 532; Eskilstuna, town, Sweden, viii. 543Essenes, Jewish sect, viii. 550; xvi. xvi. 782. 698. Erzeroum, town, Turkish Armenia, Eskilup (Iskelib), town, Asiatic Turkey, xiii. 387. viil. 532; xviii. 617; province, xxill. Eskimo, race of people, viii. 543; i- Essential Oils, with list, xvii. 749. Essequibo, river, Guiana, XI. 250. 653690; XIX. 329; their origin, V. 268; Esseveldoburg (Itzehoe), ancient Erzgebirge, mountains, Germany, vm. their relations to American Indians, town, Holstein, XIII. 518533; xxi. 357. XII. 822; their religions, XX. 364; of Essex, county, England, viii. 552; Erzkasten, mountain, Black Forest, Labrador, Xiv. 176. population and representation, xxiii. Germany, xxiv. 700. Eski-Sagra, town, European Turkey, 727. Erzrum (Erzeroum), town, Turkish vm. 547_ . , Thomas CromweR (q.v.), earl of, vi. Armenia, vm. 532; xviii. 617. Eski-Shehr, town, Asiatic Turkey, 604. Erzya (Aorsi, q.v.), race of people, viii. 547-, Walter Devereux, first earl of Russia, xvi. 813. Eski-Zagra, or Eski-Sagra, depart(Devereux line), viii. 555. Esarhaddon, Assyrian king, viil. 533; ment, Roumelia, XXI. 22; town,/Fill. ; Robert Devereux, second earl of, hi. 187; vii. 742; palace of, at Nineveh, 547viii. 555> his friendship for Bacon, xvii. 512. Eskuara, or Basque language, in. 424? in. 202; relations with Raleigh, XX. Esau, of Scripture, vm. 533. xviii. 780. Escaldas, spa, France, xx. 128. 263. Esmarkite, mineral, xvi. 418. Escapement, of clocks, vi. 17; of Esmeralda, settlement on Orinoco Robert Devereux, third earl of, watches, xxiv. 396. viil 556. river, South America, xvn. 843Escaut (Scheldt), river, France, xxi. ESMERALDAS, river, Ecuador, VII. 646. Es-Siout, or Asioot, town, Egypt, vii. 775; xxii. 103. 389. Esmond, Thackeray’s novel, xxiii. 216. Eschatology, doctrine of last things, Essling, Austria, Battle of (1809), ix. Esneh, or Isne, town, Upper Egypt, viii. 534; xvi. 315; in St Paul’s 616; xvii. 214. viii. 547; vii. 782. teaching, xviii. 426; Polynesian, xix. Prince of (Massena, q.v.), French Esoteric Discourses, of Aristotle, 11 426; Zoroastrian, XXIV. 823. marshal, xv. 617. 514. Escheat, inlaw, vm. 538; xm. 77Esslingen, town, Wfirtemberg, viii. Eschenburg, Johann Joachim, German ESOX, genus of fishes, XIX. 88. 5575 population, xxiv. 701. Espartero, Baldomero, Spanish regent, writer, VIII. 538. Essone, affluent of Seine, France, XXL xxii. 346. . Eschenmayer, Karl von, German 624. Esparto, grass fibre, viii. 5475 usec^111 philosopher and physicist, VIII. 539. Essonite, precious stone, x. 82; xiii. paper-making, XVIII. 225. Eschscholtz, Johann Friedrich, Ger532Espinel, Yicente, Spanish poet, viii man naturalist, viii. 539Essonne, town, France, XXL 625. 548; xxii. 358. Eschwege, town, Germany, VIII. 539. Es-SOUAN, or Aswan, town, Egypt, vii. ESCHWEILER, town, Prussia, VIII. 539. Espinhaco, Sierra do, Brazil, IV. 222 783. . . Escobar y Mendoza, Antonio, Espiritu Santo, town, Brazil, xxiv. Estaing, Comte d’, French admiral, 2! 9. VIIL Spanish casuist, viii. 539. 557Escorial, palace, Spain, viii. 539; Espiritu Santo, island, New Hebrides, Estampes, or Etampes, town, Trance, xvii. 395. xviii. 746; library of, xiv. 532. viii. 565; xxi. 625. ESPLANDIAN, romance, XX. 655. ESCORPION, Mexican lizard, Xiv. 735. Estate, in English law, viii. 5575 Espremesnil, Jean Jacques Duval d’, ESCOVEDO, Juan de, secretary to Philip personal, xvill. 664; real, XX. 304; French politician, VIII. 548. II. of Spain, xviii. 525. escheat of, viil 538. ESCUAGE, or Scutage, in law, XXI. 572. Esprit des Lois, Montesquieu’s work, Estates of the Realm, viii. 5575 ix. 667; xvi. 784. ESCURIAL (Escorial, q.v.), palace, Spain, xviii. 306. Espronceda, Jose de, Spanish poet and viii. 539Estavayer, town, Neuchatel, Switzerpolitician, viii. 548; xxii. 36,1. . Escutcheon, in architecture, 11. 464. land, xvii. 361-. Esquimault, town, Vancouver Island, , in heraldry, XI. 686, 692, 711. Este, town, Italy, VIIL 558. xxiv. 57. Esdraelon, Plain of, Palestine, xviii. Italian princely family, VIIL 558Esquimaux, or Eskimo (q.v.), race of I?I -, Leonora d’, friend of Tasso, XXIIL people, viii. 543; I. 690. Esdras, Apocalypse of, 11. 179. 76. Dog, vii. 326. , Books of, in Apocrypha, VIII. 541, Estella, town, Spam, viii. 559. Esquire, title, viil 549; xix. 664. 831; 11. 181. Estep a, town, Spain, viil 559. , Fourth Book of, apocalyptic work, ESQUIROL, Jean Etienne Dominique, Estepona, town, Spain, viii. 559. French physician, vm. 549. n. 175Esterel Mountains, France, xxiv. Eseger See, lake, Transylvania, xxm. ESQUIROS, Henri Alphonse, French 68. writer, VIIL 549. 522.

E S T —E U B Esterhazy, or Eszterhazy, Hungarian family, vm. 564. , Prince Paul, his patronage of Haydn, XL 539. Estfendys (Aspendus), town, Pamphylia, II. 715. Esther, of Scripture, vm. 560; parallel of her story in Arabian Nights, xxm. 316. , Racine’s drama, xx. 208. , Book of, in Scripture, vm. 560; HI. 639; additions to, in Apocrypha, II. 181. Esthonia, province, Russia, vm. 561; xxi. 69. Esthonian Language, Dictionaries of, vii. 188. Esthonians, people, Livonia, Russia, viii. 562; xiv. 724. Estienne, or Stephens, family of French printers, xxil. 534. Estlin, Dr, of Bristol, propagator of vaccination, xxiv. 24. Estoc, weapon of war, xxil 802. Estoppel, in law, vm. 563. Estovers, Common of, legal right, Vi. 209. Estrada, La, town, Spain, xix. 455. Estrella, mountains, Portugal, xix. 536. Estremadura, province, Portugal, vin. 563; xix. 537. , old province, Spain, vm. 563; xxil 298. Estremoz, town, Portugal, vm. 564. Estrepement, Writ of, xxiv. 393. Estuary, of river, xx. 576; xxi. 579. Eszek, or Essek, town, Hungary, vm. 549Eszterhazy, Hungarian family, vm. 564. Etah, district and town, India, vm. £tampes, or Estampes, town, France, / vm. 565; xxi. 625. Etaples, Lefevre d’ (Faber Stapulensis), French Reformer,vm. 835; xx. 334Etawah, district and town, India, viil 565Etching, viii. 443; Meryon as etcher, xvi. 45; Rembrandt as, xx. 377. Etchmiadzin, town and monastery, Transcaucasia, Russia, viil 566; xxiii. 515. Eten, town, Peru, xviii. 674. Eteocles, mythical king of Thebes, viil 567; XL 26. Ethane, a gaseous paraffin, v. 557 ; xviii. 238. Ethbaal, or Ithobal, king of Tyre, xvm. 807. Ethelbald, Anglo-Saxon prince, viil 568. ' > king of Mercia, xvn. 570. Ethelberga, wife of Edwin of Deira, England, xvn. 569.

Ethelbert, king of Kent, England, viil 278, 567. Ethelfrith, king of Northumberland, viil 271, 278; xvii. 569. Ethelnoth, or Agelnoth, archbishop of Canterbury, 1. 279. Ethelred, early English king, viil 286, 567. , two kings of Northumbria, xvn. 570. Ethelredus, or Ailred, English ecclesiastic and historian, 1. 425. Ethelwald, Northumbrian king, xvn. 570. Ethelwulf, Saxon king of England, viil 568. Ether, in chemistry, vm. 568 ; cenanthic, xvn. 731 ; sulphuric, as anaesthetic, I. 789; Liebig’s investigations on, xiv. 566. , in interstellar space, viil 568. Ethereal Salts, v. 572. Etheredge, Sir George, English dramatist, viil 572; xxiv. 56. , John Wesley, Biblical writer, viil 573Ethers, Haloid, v. 564. Ethical Religions, xx. 368. Ethics, viil 574 (table of contents, 611); xviii. 796; in relation to evolution, viil 766; Aristotle’s, 11. 517; Butler’s sermons on, iv. 586; Cudworth’s, vi. 691; Descartes’s system, v. 148; Hutclijj|on’s theory, xn. 409; Kant on, xm. 853 ; Malebranche’s system, v. 151; Manichaean, xv. 484; of Neoplatonism, xvn. 336; Price’s theories, xix. 722; Pythagorean, xx. 139; Schleiermacher’s, xxi. 412; Schopenhauer’s, XXL 454; Shaftesbury’s, XXI - 733 > Adam Smith’s, xxil 171; Socratic, xxn. 237; Spinoza’s system, v. 157; xxil 402; Stoic doctrine of, xxil 566; theological, xxm. 270, 275; TuckeFs contributions to, xxm. 603; Whewell’s, xxiv. 539; Wollaston’s theory, xxiv. 633; Xenocrates’s system, xxiv. 719. Ethiopia, viil 611; Arabian settlements in, xxiv. 739; conquest of, by Egypt) vii. 736; relations of, with Egypt) I- 65; language, xvni. 778; XXL 654; dictionaries of language, vii. 192. Ethiopian Region, in zoology, vii. 270. Ethiopians, in Arabia, 1. 65. Ethiopic Race, i. 263. Ethnography and Ethnology, viil 613 (index, 626); of Africa, xvn. 316, 611; xxiv. 828; of American Indians, xii.822; of Europe, viil 697; of India, xn - 745) 7775 of Polynesia, xix. 422; of Russia, XXL 78; Ural-Altaic, xxiv. 1; xvi. 740, 749; xxiii. 608, 658. Ethnology, viii. 613; Prichard’s contributions to, XI x. 72 3. See Ethnography.

153 Ethology (Folk-Lore), Comparative, , IX- 358Etienne, Charles, French anatomist, 1. 807. , or Estienne, family of French printers, xxil 534. Etiolin, yellow-colouring matter, in plants, xix. 52. Etna, volcano, Sicily, vm. 6275 obser^ vatory on, xvn. 714. Etoiles, Madame le Normant d’ (Madame de Pompadour), ix. 586 • xix. 443. Eton, town and college, England, vm. 632. Etruria, Italy, viil 633; xx. 731, 734, 739) 742; XXlii. 671 ; coins of, xvil. 637) glass-making, x. 648; language, XVIII. 780; XX. 661; pottery, xix. 614; influence from, on Roman worship, xiii. 780; terra-cotta art, xxiii. 193. , England, Wedgwood’s potteries at, xxiv. 476. Etruscan Alphabet, i. 610. Etruscan Architecture, ii. 414. Etruscan Art, viil 639; xvil 40. Etruscan Language, viil 636; xviii. 780; xx. 661; xxiv. 3. Etruscans, ancient Italian race, viil 636; xili. 446; xx. 669; their contests with Umbrians, xxm. 723; their relations with ancient Rome, xx. 731) 734) 739) 742; astrology of, 11. 739Etruscan Tombs, Remains of, vi. 423Etruscan Vases, ii. 353; xix. 614. Ettersburg, mountain, Germany, xxi. 349Ettingshausen, A. von, his researches in magnetism, XV. 268. Ettlingen, town, Germany, viil 645. Ettmuller, Ernst Moriz Ludwig, German philologist, viil 645. , Michael, German physician, viil 646. Ettrick, river, Scotland, xxi. 638 ; xxiii. 673. Shepherd (James Hogg), Scottish poet, xii. 50. Etty, William, English painter, viil 646. Etymologies, Isidore of Seville’s work, xiii. 386. Etymology, xi. 37 ; xviii. 768; of Aryan languages, xviii. 789. Etzel (Attila), leader of the Huns, m. 61; xii. 381; xx. 781. , hero of the Nibelungenlied, xvil 475Eu, town, France, VIIL 647; XVIL 538; XXL 626; river, xvil 538. Eubcea, island, Greece, VIIL 647; coins of, xvil 644. Eubonia, ancient name of Isle of Man, xv. 453. XXV. — 20

154

E U B —E U R

Eunuch, viil 667; voice of, xxiv. 275; EUBULIDES, Greek philosopher, VIII. EUDYPTES, genus of birds, XVIII. 492. in harems, XL 478. Eudytes, genus of birds, xv. 2. 6 Eunuchus, Terence’s play, xxm. 187. 49„ , Euemerism, theory of mythology, vm. Eucalyptus, germs of trees, vm. 649; EupalinUS, Greek engineer, II. 219. 735; xvii. 136. . Xiii. 593; in Victoria, Australia, xxiv. Eupator, Antiochus Y., king of Syria, 216; in Western Australia, xxiv. 508. Euergetes, Ptolemy HL, king ol xviil. 590. Egypt, vil. 745. . Kino, drug, xiv. 91. , Mithradates VI. (q.v.), king of 5 Demetrius III., king of Syria, vil EUCERUS (Demetrius III.), king of Pontus, xvi. 530. 58. Syria, vil. 58. Eupatoria, town, Russia, VIIL 667; vi. Euganeans, ancient Italian tribe, xin. Eucharis, stove plant, XII. 266. 587; xxiii. 83. 447. Eucharist, or Lord’s Supper, vui. Eupatrids, noble families of Athens, Eugene, Francois, prince of Savoy, 650; XXL 131,139; XXIV.208; instituxxil. 254. Austrian general, VIH. 659; IX. 581; tion of, xiii. 668; controversy of ReEupen, town, Rhenish Prussia, viii. xxiii. 646; in war of succession, in. formers on, XX. 332; decrees respect668. 126. ing, at council of Trent, xxm. 546, Euphemia, St, of Chalcedon, XXL 29. Aram, Hood’s poem of, xn. 145. 550; Berengar’s theory, Hi. 586; CalEuphemius, ruler of Syracuse, xxil 23. Eugenie, wife of Napoleon III., ix. vin’s views, IV. 719; Luther’s views, Euphony, of speech, xviii. 773. 623; xvii. 228. xv. 81; Occam’s theory, xvn. 718; Euphorbium, resin, viil 668. Eugenius I., pope, VIII. 662. Quaker doctrine, xx. 150; Zwingli’s Euphorion, Greek poet and gramIL, pope, VIII. 662; xx. 787. views, xxiv. 833. marian, viil 668. III., pope, viii. 662; xx. 792. Eucher, St, bishop of Lyons, xxi. Euphranor, Greek painter and sculptor, IV., pope, viil. 663; xix. 152, 502; 238. viil 668; 11. 361. xx. 323, 805. Euchites, sect, Greek Church, XL Euphrates, river, Syria, viil 668; 1. , emperor of the West, xx. 779 > 782; xvi. 701. 135; xvi. 47xxiv. 37. Euchologium, of the Oriental Church, , Turtle of the, XXIII. 459. Eugenol, constituent of oil of cloves, xx. 630. Euphrosynus Ulpius, his globe of xxrv. 66. Euchre, card game, vm, 654. 1542, x. 682. Euglenoidea, order of Protozoa, xix. Euchroite, mineral, xvi. 406. EUPHUES, Lyly’s work, xv. 104; xx. 857Euclase, mineral, xvi. 409. 660. EUCLERIA, Schiirman’s exposition of Eugubine Tables, with Umbrian in- Euphuism, in English literature, viii. scriptions, viii. 663. Lahadism, xiv. 163. 421. Euclid, Greek mathematician, vm. Eugubium (Gubbio), ancient town, Euphyllite, mineral, xvi. 413. Italy, XL 243. 655; on axioms, HI. 159; on the or Euemerus, Greek Eupion, paraffin hydrocarbon, vm. 672; geometry of the sphere, H. 74^5 on Euhemerus, xviil 237. mythographer, vm. 735; his theory, mathematical analysis and synthesis, Eupleres, subfamily of carnivorous xvii. 136. 1. 793; anticipated by Pythagoras, xx. Eukairite, mammals, xv. 437. mineral, xvi. 392. 141; his Elements, X. 376. Eupolis, Greek poet and dramatist, vm. of Megara, Greek philosopher, vm. Eukolite, mineral, xvi. 426. 672. I Eulalia, St, Song of, early French 658. Eupolyzoa, class of Polyzoa, xix. 430. poem, ix. 637. Euclid’s Elements, geometrical work, Eulenspiegel, German chaphook, viil EUPOMPUS, Greek painter, viil 672. x. 376. EUPTILOTIS, genus of birds, XXlll. 584. 664; x. 527. EuCRASITE, mineral, XVI. 424. Eure, department, France, viil 672. Euler, Leonard, Swiss mathematician, Eucratides, ruler of Bactria, XVlil. river, France, xviil i ; XXL 624. viil 665; his contributions to algebra, 590. Eure-et-Loir, department, France, 1. 515; to trigonometry, xxiii. 562; on Euctemon, Greek astronomer, II. 747* viii. 673. theory of the balloon, I. 204; on planeEucyrtidium, genus of Protozoa, xix. tary perturbations, 11. 760; on tele- Eureka, town, Nevada, U.S.A., xvii. 850. 368. scopic lenses, xxm. 138. Eudemus, Greek astronomer, on the Mines, Nevada, U.S.A., xxm. EULYTINE, mineral, XVI. 411. obliquity of the ecliptic, II. 747. 81 ^ Eumathius, Greek romancist, XX. of Rhodes, Peripatetic philosopher, Eurelius (Gunno Dahlstjerna), Swedish 636. xviii. 545. poet, VI. 764; xxil 755. Eumenes L, IL, kings of Pergamum, Eudes, early French king, ix. 535. EURIALUS AND LUCRETIA, PlUS U-S xviii. 527. , Eudon, or Odo, duke of Aquitania, work, XIX. 153. , general of Alexander of Macedon, 11. 233; ix. 531. Euric, chief of the West Goths, xxn. viil 666; 1. 485; xvili. 586. Eudialite, mineral, xvi. 426. 3°8EumeniDjE, family of insects, xxiv. Eudiometer, for analysis of gases, Euripides, Greek dramatist, viii. 673, 392, Saussure’s invention of, XXL 324. v vii. 405; xi. 140. Eumenides, or Erinyes (q.v.), the Eudnophite, mineral, xvi. 421. Eurokylon, wind, Mediterranean bea, Furies, in mythology, VIII. 524. Eudocia, wife of Theodosius II., vm xv. 340. , of iEschylus, I. 209. 6 59Augusta, wife of Constantine XI., EUMEROGENESIS, in growth of com- Europa, in Greek mythology, viil. 680. Europe, viii. 680 (index, 720); preposite organisms, XII. 554. viii. 659; xx. 730. historic geography of, V. 268; invasion Eudoxia, wife of Arcadius, her persecu- Eumolpi A (Philippopolis), ancient town, of, by Turks (i453), xxm. 642; ReTurkey in Europe, xvill. 753. tion of Chrysostom, V. 756. naissance in, xx. 381; armies of, HEUNAPIUS, Greek sophist and historian, Eudoxus of Cnidus, Greek philosopher, 568; birds, XVIIL 17; coalfields, VI. viil 666. viii. 659; 11. 747. 55; marine fishes, XII. 678; flora, VII. Eunetta, genus of birds, xxm. 105. ^ of Cyzicus, Greek navigator, vm. 289; forests, IX. 398; gold, x. 742! Eunomius, Arian heretic, viil 667. 659.

E U K —E W A

155 early military institutions, n. 563; Eutyches, founder of Eutychian sect, and geographer, viii. 736; his rainfall, xvi. 152. viii. 724; Eutychianism, xvii. 356. measurement of arc of meridian, vn. Europeans, in the tropics, 1. 90. Euxenite, or Euxinite, mineral, xiv. 599European Turkey, xxiii. 653. 292; xvi. 427. Everest, Mount, Himalayas, xi. 825; Eurotas, river, Greece, xiv. 193. Euxine, or Black Sea, m. 795. xvii. 340. Eurybiades, Spartan general, xxm. Euxitheus, Greek artist, xix. 612. Everett, Alexander Hill, American 250. Euyuk, village and ruins, Turkey in writer and diplomatist, vm. 736. Eurymedon, Athenian general, vm. Asia, viii. 724. , Edward, American politician and 721. Evagoras, king of Salamis, viii. 724; orator, vm. 736; 1. 723. , river, Asia Minor, II. 708; xix. xviii. 578. , James, Wesleyan seceder, xvi. 130. Evagrius, ecclesiastical historian, viii. 190. Eurypterida, order of Crustacea, VI. 725. , J. D., his system of shorthand, 662. Evander, in Roman legend, viii. 725. xxi. 840. Eurypyga, genus of birds, xxn. 652. Evanescent Quantity, in mathe- Everett’s Salt, in chemistry, xx. 24. Eurystomata, group of Actinozoa, 1. matics, XIII. 14. Everglades, marsh, Florida, U.S.A., 132. Evangelical Alliance, viii. 725. ix. 338. Eurystomus, genus of birds, xx. 627. Evangelical Association, Ameri- Evergreen Shrubs and Trees, ii. EUSE, Jacques d’ (Pope John XXII.), can, viii. 725; xvi. 192. 319XIII. 712. Evangelical Union, Scottish reli- Everlasting, plant, xii. 716. Eusebius of Caesarea, ecclesiastical gious denomination, vm. 725. Everts, Johann, Dutch poet, xxi. 618. historian, VIII. 721; v. 764; canon of, Evangelical Union, of Gustavus Every-Day Book, Hone’s, xn. 135. V. 9; early Christian legends preserved Adolphus, XL 335. Every Man in his Humour, Ben by, XIII. 658; on Origen, xvn. 840. Evangeline, Longfellow’s poem, xiv. Jonson’s play, xm. 741. of Emesa, ecclesiastic, Greek Church, 861. Evesham, town, England, vm. 738; VIII. 722. Evans, Sir De Lacy, British general, population, xxiv. 666; battle of of Nicomedia, defender of Arius, viii. 726. (1265), xvi. 788; xxiv. 666. viii. 723. , Edmund, English wood engraver, Evian, spa, France, xvi. 433; xxi. Pamphili, friend and pupil of viii. 439. 332. Pamphilus, xvm. 204. , F. W., Shaker elder, xxi. 737. Eviction, of tenants, xiv. 275; xx. 403. EuSPONGIA, Turkey sponge, XXII. 423, , Oliver, American mechanician, Evidence, in law, vm. 738; xxiv. 623; 428. viii. 726; improver of the steamprobability of, xix. 777; obtained by Eustachio, Bartolomeo, or Barthoengine, xxii. 476. torture, xxm. 462. lomeus Eustachius, Italian anatomist Evansite, mineral, xvi. 405. Evigtokite, mineral, xvi. 384. and physician, 1. 808; xxiv. 96. Evanson, Edward, theological writer, Evil, its existence, xxm. 278 ; preEustathius, St, bishop of Bercea, vm. viii. 726. valence of, xviii. 685 ; Leibnitz’s 723Evanston, town, Wyoming, U.S.A., theory of, XIV. 423; St Paul’s doctrine, , archbishop of Myra, Byzantine xxiv. 713. xvill. 424; Pelagian doctrine, xviii. scholar, xi. 146. Evansville, town, Indiana, U.S.A., 472; Stoic theory, xxn. 568; Zoroas, archbishop of Thessalonica, vm. viii. 727. trian doctrine, xxiv. 822. 723Evaporation, viii. 727; vi. 311; of Eye, The, xv. 205. , Greek romancist, xx. 636. liquids, VII. 217; in steam-engine, Evoli, orEboli, town, Italy, VII. 619. Eustyle, in architecture, 11. 464. XXII. 487; in relation to water-supply, Evolute, in geometry, XIII. 26. Euterpe, Muse of lyric poetry, xvn. xxiv. 402; effects of, on Mediterranean Evolution, in algebra, 1. 528; in 74Sea, xv. 820. arithmetic, II. 532. Eutheria, subclass of Mammalia, xv. Evaporometer, Saussure’s use of , in biology, vm. 744 (index, 773); 372, 383thermometer as, XXL 324. organic, Darwin’s doctrine of, xxiv. Euthycrates, sculptor of Sicyon, 11. Eve, of Scripture, viii. 733; 1. 137; 76, 801 ; development of the idea, 365Manichsean views of, xv. 483. XXIV. 819; in relation to animal disEuthydemia, Graeco-Indian capital, EVECTION, of the moon, II. 750, 799; tribution, VII. 284 ; bearing of, on XVIII. 599. xvi. 799. animal mimicry, xvi. 343; of birds, Euthydemus, king of Bactria, xvm. Evelina, Madame D’Arblay’s novel, vi. xviii. 32; of man, 11. no; of Tunicata, 589. 822. XXlll. 618; in Brahman philosophy, , dialogue of Plato, xix. 205. Evelyn, John, English diarist, viii. XXIV. 119; in relation to the history Euthymius, or Euphemius, ruler of 734; his Sylva, its service to arboriof the fine arts, ix. 212; in relation to Syracuse, xxn. 23. culture, 11. 314. socialism, xxn. 219; Herder on, xi. Euthyneura, branch of Mollusca, xvi. Evemerus, Greek mythographer, VIII. 729; Lamarck’s theory, xiv. 232; 655. 735; his theory, XVli. 136. Treviranus’s theory, xxm. 553 ; Euthyphro, dialogue of Plato, xix. Evening Walk, Wordsworth’s poem, Wolff’s researches in, xxiv. 631. 197. xxiv. 668. Evora, town, Portugal, vm. 773; xix. Eutin, town, Germany, xvn. 757. Evenlode, river, England, xviii. 93. , 537Eutracheata, group of Myriapoda, Events, Principal, Chronological table Evremond, Sieur de St, French writer, xvii. 116, 117. of, v. 720. ix. 663; 1. 785; his relations with Eutropius, St, bishop of Saintes, xxi. Eve of St Agnes, Keats’s poem, xiv. Ninon de Lenclos, xiv. 445. 167. Evreux, town, France, vm. 773. 23Roman historian, vm. 723; Paul Everdingen, Allart von, Dutch painter, Ewald, Heinrich Georg August von, the Deacon’s continuation of his hisviii. 735. German theologian, vm. 773; on the tol 7> xvm. 436. Everest, Sir George, British surveyor Pentateuch, xviii. 506.

156

e w A —F A B

Extradition, in law, vm. 813. tional, viii. 803; origination of that Ewald, Johannes, Danish poet, vm. Treaties, xxiii. 532. 2 VIL 2 of 1851 at London, 1. 45 ; 4°Extraordinary Tithe, Law relating 775; VIL 91Eximeniz, Francesch, Catalan writer, Ewe Group, of Negroes, xvn. 319. to, xxiil 413. xxii. 364. Ewes, Breeding and management of, 1. Extravagantes, collections of decreExmouth, town, England, vm. 805. 393; milk of, xvi. 303. tals, v. 19. , Viscount, English admiral, vin. Ewing, Alexander, Scottish bishop, vm. Extreme Unction, sacrament, Church 805'; his expeditions against Algiers, 1. of Rome, VIII. 813. 776566. Examinations, viii. 777; competitive, Exuviation, in Crustacea, vi. 652. Exner, Johann J., Danish painter, vii. in China, V. 669. Eyas, falconer’s hawk, IX. 7, 9. 94. Examiner, London newspaper, ix. EYCK, Hubert van, Flemish painter, Exoccetus, genus of fishes, ix. 352. 360. viii. 814. Exanthemata, class of diseases, xvm. Exodus, Book of, xvni. 505. —, Jan van, Flemish painter, vm. , of Hebrews from Egypt, vil. 740. 815; XXL 438. 404Exarch, title, viii. 783; xviii. 410; m Exogamy, marriage outside the com- Eye, viii. 816; anatomy of the, 1. 885; munity, v. 187; viii. 619; xxiil 472. the Greek Church, XI. 154in relation to light, xiv. 578; periExogonium, genus of plants, xm. 546. Excambion, in Scots law, viii. 783. pheral impressions from, xix. 39; its Exon Domesday, ancient record, vii. Excavations, in mining, xvi. 459. normal length of vision, XVI. 258; its 349Excellency, title, xxiii. 418. vision affected by the imagination, II. Exchange, in commerce, vm. 784; of Exorcism, casting out evil spirits, vm. 206; diseases of, xvil 780; xxiil 53; 806; vil 61; xv. 203. commodities, VI. 196; money the in birds, in. 725; in reptiles, xx. 461; medium of, xvi. 720; rates of, xxiv. Exoskeleton, or External Skeleton, L representations of, in ancient art, 820; xxii. 106. 52. xix. 612. EXOSPOREA, order of Protozoa, XIX. , in law, viii. 783. —, The Evil, XV. 205. 841. , Royal, London, xiv. 832, 846. , town, England, XXII. 622. Exostosis, bone disease, xvni. 371. Telephonic, xxiii. 133. Eyeball, Anatomy of the, 1. 885; , in laburnum, XIV. 179. Value, in economics, xxiv. 46. movements of, vm. 825* Exchequer, The English, its history, Exoteric Discourses, of Aristotle, Eye-Glass, in the microscope, xvi. 258. 11. 514ix. 174; origin of, VIII. 297. Eye-Glasses, spectacles, xxn. 372. Expansion, in algebra, 1. 555. -, Barons of the, III. 388. Eyelids, Anatomy of the, 1. 890; disin steam and heat engines, XXII. 5 , Chancellor of the, British minister, eases of, xvil 786. 480, 485, 494^ , i v. 389; viii. 797. Eye-Piece, of telescope, xxiil 139, of solids and liquids by heat, 1 , Court of, England, vui. 796; its 43Table of, XL 582; xvi. 66. rolls, XX. 312. Eye-Sight, Preservation of, xxn. 372. Expectation, or Expectancy, PsychoBills, ix. 182; first issue of, xi. Eylau, Prussia, Battle of (1807), ix. logical analysis of, xx. 63. 386. 616; XVIL 211. , mathematical probability, XIX. Domesday, ancient record, vn. Eymerich, N., his Directory of the In775349quisition, xiii. 92. Experience, Kant on the philosophy Excise, form of taxation, VIII. 797; IX. Eyquem, Pierre, Montaigne’s father, of, XIII. 850; Locke on, Xiv. 758, 759180. xvi. 767. Expiation, among the Greeks and Excitability, of nerves, xix. 24, 28. EYRE, Edward J., his explorations in Romans, xv. 69. Excommunication, viii. 798; xviii. Australia, Hi. 105; his suppression of , Day of, Jewish, vm. 806. 485; law of, XL 737; Erastus on, viii. revolt in Jamaica, xm. 551. Expiration, of the breath, in respira518. Eystein, Norwegian king, xvil 588. tion, xx. 477. Excretion, Physiological processes of, Eytelwein, Johann A., his Compendium Exploitation, in mining, xvi. 451. xvii. 682. of Hydraulics, xn. 437. Exploits, river, Newfoundland, xvil Excretions, Vegetable, xix. 53. Eyton, T. C., on birds, xviii. 32. 382. Excursion, The, Wordsworth’s poem, Ezeho (Itzehoe), ancient town, Holstein, Exploration, geographical, x. 175. xxiv. 674. xiii. 518. Explosion Waves, xxiv. 418. Exe, river, England, XXII. 257. Ezekiel, Old Testament prophet, viii. Executors, in English law, vm. Explosives, viii. 806; xvi. 445; 828. dynamite, VIL 583; gunpowder, XL 800. Ezra, or Esdras, of Scripture, vin. 830; 322; Nobel’s, xvil 521. Exedra, of Herodes Atticus, ancient xiii. 418; xviii. 512; reformation and Exports, National, Table of, per head, Olympia, Greece, xvn. 769. law-book of, III. 635. xvil 247; taxes on, xxiii. 89. Exegesis, Biblical, xi. 741. , Book of, viii. 831. Expression, in physiognomy, v. 19; Exegetical Theology, xxiil 274. , Books of, in Apocrypha, viii. 541anatomy of muscles of, I. 836. Exelmans, Remy J oseph Isidore, , Prophecy of, apocalyptic book, 11. , of ideas and feelings, by voice and French general, Viii. 801. I 75otherwise, XVIII. 767; music as meExemption, in law, xix. 764. Ezzelino da Romano, Ghibelhne dium of, xvil 77. Exergue, numismatical term, xvil. chief, vil 622; vicar of Frederick II. , Anatomy of, Sir C. Bell’s work, HI. 630. in Italy, xm. 475. 540. Exeter, town, England, vm. 801; Expurgatorius Index Librorum, newspapers of, xvil 422. xii. 730. Codex, early collection of English Extensibility, of materials, xxii. T7 the sixth letter of the alphabet, poetry, viii. 406. > viii. 833. 599, • . College, Oxford, xviii. 96. Faber, family of pencil-makers m Extinct Animals, m relation to archExhalation, of plants, iv. 119. Nuremberg, xvi 11. 490. aeology, 11. 336. Exhibitions, National and Interna-

F A B —F A L

157 Faber, Basil, German schoolmaster and 884; racial diversities of type, 11. 112; Fairy-Ring Champignon, fungus, theologian, VIII. 833. in physiognomy, xix. 3. xvil 761. , Cecilia Bohl von (Fernan Cabal- Facing-Points, Railway, xx. 238. Faisans, lie de, France, xx. 126; xxiv. lero), Spanish novelist, vm. 833. Factor, in mercantile law, vm. 843. 136. , Frederick William, English hymn- Factorials, Tables of, xxm. 14. Faith, as a species of belief, m. 534; in writer, viii. 834. Factor Tables, xxiii. 7. relation to ethics, vm. 589; to theo, George Stanley, English divine, Factory Acts, viii. 844; their effect logy, xxiil 264; St Paul’s doctrine of, viii. 834. on wages, xxiv. 311. xviii. 426. , Jacobus, early French Protestant Factory Island, Sierra Leone, xxn. Faithorne, William, English painter writer, vm. 835. 45and engraver, viii. 855. , Johann, anti-Protestant writer, Faculty, in law, viii. 846. , William, English mezzotint enviii. 835. , in universities, vm. 846; xxiil graver, viii. 855. , or Le Fevre, Peter, an original 835member of the Company of Jesus, Fad asi, station, East Central Africa, Faizabad, division, district, and town, India, vm. 855; xviii. 72. xiii. 652. xxi. 657. Fakarava, island, Tuamotu, South Fabian Gens, Roman clan, viii. 835. Fadrique, Don, of Castile, brother of Pacific, xxiil 602. Fabiani, ancient Roman college of Pedro L, XVlli. 450. Fakihi, Arab historian, xxm. 3. Luperci, xv. 66. Faeces, xvii. 670. Fakir, member of Mohammedan Fabian Tactics, viii. 836. F^emundso, lake, Norway, xvil. 576. religious order, vn. 113; xxn. 662, Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, Quin- Faenza, town, Italy, viii. 846; majolica 665. tus, surnamed Cunctator, Roman geneware of (Faience), xix. 627. Falaba, town, West Africa, ix. 1; xxii. ral, yin. 836; xi. 442; xx. 749. F^ereyinga, Icelandic book, xn. 625. 45Fabius Pictor, Quintus, Roman his- Faery Queen, The, Spenser’s poem, Falaise, town, France, ix. 1; treaty of torian, viii. 836; xiv. 728. xxii. 394. (1189), XXL 484. Fable, Fables, viii. 837; ix. 358; FjEsul^e, ancient town, Etruria, ix. 148. Falashas, Jews of Abyssinia, ix. 1; of /Esop, 1. 212; of Babrius, m. 181; Faggiuola, podesta of Pisa, xix. 120. 1. 63. La Fontaine’s, xiv. 204, 206; early Fagott, musical instrument, xvn. 707. Falcidian Law, Roman, 11. 79. French, ix. 640; Sanskrit, xxi. 287. Fahlberg, his experiments on sugar, Falco, genus of birds, ix. 2; Xiv. 53; of the Bees, Mandeville’s, xv. xxii. 623. xviii. 56. 472. Fahlcrantz, Christian Erik, Swedish Falcon, bird, ix. 2. Fabliaux, Romantic, xx. 633. poet, Viii. 846; xxii. 757. , state, Venezuela, xxiv. 140. Fabre, Jayme, architect, his place in Fahlerz, mineral, xvi. 395. Falcone, Aniello, Italian painter, Spanish Gothic, 11. 433. Fahlun, town, Sweden, ix. 17. ix. 4. d’ Eglantine, French dramatist Fahlunite, mineral, xvi. 418. Falconer, Hugh, English naturalist, and Revolutionist, VIII. 840. Fahrenheit, Gabriel Daniel, German ix. 4. Fabretti, Raphael, Italian antiquary, physicist, Viii. 847; his thermometric , William, English poet, IX. 4. viii. 840. scale, xxiil 288. Falconet, Etienne Maurice, French Fabriano, town, Italy, viii. 840. Faidherbe, Louis L. C., governor of sculptor, ix. 5. , Gentile Da, Italian painter, viii. Senegal, xxi. 661. Falconry, ix. 5; kite for, xiv. 103. 841. Fainting, failure of heart’s action, XL Falerii, ancient town, Etruria, ix. 12; Fabricius, Caius Luscinus, Roman 554viii. 635. general and consul, VIII. 841. Fair, Fairs, viii. 847; Russian, xxi. Falernus Acer, district, ancient Italy, , George, German poet and archeo86; of Nijni-Novgorod, Russia, xvil ix. 12. logist, viii. 841. 502. , Hieronymus, Italian anatomist, Fairbairn, Sir William, engineer, Falico, affluent of Niger, Africa, xvil 496. Vlll. 841; I. 809; on the blood organs, viii. 849. XXIV. 96; his observations on embryo- Fair Eckbert, Tieck’s tale, xxiil 381. Faliero, Marino, doge of Venice, ix. 12; xxiv. 144. logy, viii. 164. Fairfax, Lord, Parliamentary general, , Vitale, doge of Venice, xxiv. 150. , Joannes Albertus, German bibliovm. 851. Falk, Johann Daniel, German writer grapher, VIII. 841. , Edward, English poet, vm. 851. and philanthropist, ix. 13. , Johann Christian, Danish natural, Mary (Mrs Somerville), scientific Falke, Johann Friedrich Gottlieb, Gerist, viii. 842. writer, xxn. 260. man historian, ix. 13. Fabriz von Hilden, Wilhelm (FabriFairfield, town, Connecticut, U.S.A., Falkirk, town, Scotland, ix. 13; xxii. cius Hildanus), his contributions to viii. 853. 554; battle of (1298), xxi. 487; battle surgery, xxn. 676. Fairfieldite, mineral, xvi. 405. of (1746), xxi. 526. Fabroni, Angelo, Italian biographer, Fair Havens, Crete, vi. 570. Falkland, town, Scotland, ix. 13. VIII. 842. Fairholt, Frederick William, English , Second Viscount (Sir Lucius Cary), Fabrot, Charles Annibal, French jurisantiquary, vm. 853. v. 170. consult, viii. 843. Fair Island, Shetland, Scotland, xvii. Islands, South Atlantic, ix. 14; Fabul^e Atellan^e, Roman comedies, 848. birds of, ill. 745. 11. 827. Fairlight Down, Sussex, England, Falk Laws, Germany, x. 513; xvil Faburden, in music, xvn. 81. xxii. 723. 755Fabyan, Robert, English chronic Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Falkner, Thomas, Patagonian explorer, vill. 843. U.S.A., xviii. 737. xviii. 354. Facciolati, Jacopo, Italian philolo^ Fairy, Fairies, viii. 854; 11. 203. Fal-la, musical composition, xvii. 84. vm. 843; bis Latin lexicon, ix. 39 Mythology, in Celtic literature, v. Fallersleben, Hoffman von, German Human, Anatomy of the, 1. £ 325. writer, xn. 44; x. 546.

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Faraday, Michael, English physicist, Farnese, Alessandro (Pope Paul HI.), Falling Sickness, disease, vm. 479. xviii. 430; xix. 504. IX. 29; his contributions to chemistry, Fallmerayer, Jakob Philipp, German , Alessandro, of Parma, governor of v. 467; to electrical science, vm. n, ethnologist and historian, ix. 16. Low Countries, ix. 37; xil. 77. 36, 61, 107, in.; to magnetism, in. Fall of Princes, Lydgate’s poem, xv. , Elizabeth, wife of Philip V. of 64; xv. 244; his law of electrolytes, 98. Spain, ix. 38; xvin. 746; xxil 337. viii. 107. Fallopius, or Fallopio, Gabriello, , Ottavio, duke of Parma, ix. 36; Farafreh, oasis, Africa, xvn. 695. Italian anatomist, IX. 16; I. 809. xv. 537. Faraj, Mohammed ibn, Moslem imFallow Deer, vil 24. Pierluigi, duke of Parma and Piapostor, xvi. 585. Fallowing, in agriculture, 1. 337. cenza, ix. 36. Fall River, town, Massachusetts, Faraladi, Mohammed, Persian min, Ranuccio, duke of Parma, ix. 36. strel, xvill. 656. U.S.A., ix. 16. Palace, Rome, 11. 438, 441; xvi. Farbenlehre, Goethe’s work, x. 734. Falmouth, town, England, ix. 17. 235; xxi. 265. False Point, harbour, Orissa, India, Farcy, horse disease, x. 634; xxiv. Tazza, onyx vessel, xvii. 777. 202. ix. 17. Farnham, town, England, ix. 39; xxii. False Prophet, Lucian’s dialogue, xv. Fareham, town, England, ix. 32 694Farel, Guillaume, French Reformer, ix. 4S Faro, town, Portugal, IX. 39. 32; xx. 332; xxil. 790; his relations Falster, island, Denmark, ix. 17. Faroe Islands, North Sea, ix. 39; vn. I with Calvin, iv. 716. Falterona, Monte, mountain, Italy, 83; XVII. 592; whirlpools of, XXIV. Fargite, mineral, xvi. 423. xiii. 437. 542. Faria y Sousa, Manoel de, Portuguese Faludi, Francis, Hungarian writer, xii. historian and poet, IX. 32; XIX. 557. • Faroelite, mineral, xvi. 424. 376. Farid-eddin Abdallah (Rudagi), Farquhar, George, English dramatist, Falun, town, Sweden, ix. 17. ix. 40; vil 436. Persian poet, xxi. 49; xvni. 658. Famagosta, town, Cyprus, VI. 748. , Sir Robert, English governor, Faridkot, state, North-Western India, Famaka, town, East Central Africa, XXL Mauritius, xv. 641. !X. 33. 658. Farragut, David Glascoe, American Faridpur, district, British India, ix. Famatinite, mineral, XVI. 396. admiral, ix. 41. 33Familists, Christian sect, VI. 844. Farid-UDDIN-Attar, Persian mystic Farrah, town, Afghanistan, 1. 230; Family, ix. 17; development of, vm. river, I. 229. poet, ix. 89; xviii. 658. 618; legal theories of, XIV. 364; in Farina, Farrakhabad, district and town, India, town, Tunis, ix. 34. Roman law, XX. 671, 674, 688, 706, ix. 42. } Giovanni Maria, first manufacturer 712. Farrant, Richard, English musical of eau de Cologne, vil. 616. Compact, of House of Bourbon composer, ix. 43. , Giuseppe la, Italian writer and (1733), XXII. 338; renewal of (1743)5 Fars, or Farsistan, province, Persia, ix. politician, XIV. 201. xxii. 339; third compact (1761), v. 43Farinaccius, on the infliction of 681; ix. 590; XXII. 340; renewed Farthingale, in costume, vi. 472. torture, xxiii. 466. (1796), xxii. 343Farthings, Queen Anne’s, xvn. 656. Farinato, Paolo, Italian painter and Famine Fever, xxiii. 680. FAS, in Roman law, xx. 670. architect, ix. 34. Famines, ix. 24; in Cape Yerd Islands, Fasani, Raniero, Italian writer, xin. Farinelli (Carlo Broschi), Italian v. 51; in India, XU. 766, 811; in Ire500. singer, ix. 34; influence of, at Spanish land, XIII. 269, 270, 272; emigration Fasano, town, Italy, ix. 43. court, ix. 83; friend of Metastasio, xvi. affected by, vm. 173; how affected by Fascination, Magical, xv. 202. 104; his range of voice, xxiv. 275. the corn-laws, vi. 413. Fasciola Hepatica, liver-fluke, xxiii. Farinerius, William, general of FranFan, ix. 27; Chinese, v. 639. 535; xxiv. 205. ciscans, xvii. 717. Fanal SiDERAL Light, for lighthouses, Fashodo, town, on the Nile, Africa, Farini, Luigi Carlo, Italian physician, xiv. 619. xvii. 507. statesman, and historian, ix. 34. Fanariote Princes, of Walachia, xxi. Fassaite, mineral, xvi. 416. Farisan Archipelago, Red Sea, xx. 18, 20. Fasti, Roman calendars and chronicles, 316. Fandango, bird, xv. 455. ix. 43Farm Buildings, i. 308. Faneuil Hall, Boston, Massachusetts, , Ovid’s, xviii. 81. Farmer, Hugh, English theologian, ix. U.S.A., iv. 76. Fasting, religious discipline, ix. 44; 35Fannian Law, Roman, xxii. 644. xviii. 484. , Richard, Shakespearean commenFANO, town, Italy, IX. 28. , Claus, Danish poet, IX. 49. tator, ix. 35. Fans, tribe, West Coast, Africa, x. 3; Fastnet Rock, Ireland, xm. 216. Farmers, Education of, 1. 408. xvii. 473. Fat, in anatomy, 1. 851; in pathology, Fanshawe, Sir Richard, English poet Farming, Large and Small, 1. 411. xviii. 389. See Fats. Implements, i. 31 i. and statesman, ix. 28. Fate, in philosophy and theology, XIX. Farm Labourers, i. 408. Fanti, Italian article of food, xv. 125. 668. (or Fantee) Tribe and Lan- Farm Management, of cattle, 1. 389; Fates, in classical mythology, ix. 49of horses, I. 386; of sheep, I. 391. guage, Gold Coast, Africa, 11. 681; x. Fath Ali, shah of Persia, xvin. 647Farms, Extent of, 1. 406. 756Father and Child, in law, 1. 13, Small, Advantages of, xiv. 268. Fantoccini, or Marionettes, xv. 546. Fathers, Apostolic, 11. 195. Farnabie, or Farnaby, Thomas, English Fanum Fortune, ancient town, Italy, of Christian Doctrine, monschoolmaster, IX. 34. ix. 28. astic order, XVI. 712. Farne Islands, off Northumberland, Farabi, Al, Arab writer on music, XVI. of the Church, ix. 49. England, xvii. 565. 596Fathi Muhammad, ruler of Cutch, vi. Farnese, noble Italian family, ix. 36; Farad, electrical unit of measurement, 731xiii. 482. xxiii. 116.

F A T —F E L

159 Fathipur, district and town, India, IX. Favre, his researches in law of energy Feddersen, on electrical discharges, 50. in electricity, vm. 89. viii. 65. Sikri, town, India, ix. 51. Favus, disease, xvm. 269; Schonlein’s Federal Government, ix. 61; xi. Fatiha, Lord’s Prayer of the Koran, discovery in relation to, xv. 817. 20; in Switzerland, xxii. 795; in xvi. 603. Fawcett, Henry, English economist, United States, xxin. 749. Fatima, daughter of Mohammed, ix. his postal reforms, xix. 570; hismanual Federici, Camillo, Italian dramatist, of political economy, xix. 399. 51; XVI. 546. ix. 63. Fatimites, Moslem dynasty, xvi. 587, Fawkes, Francis, English poet, ix. 57. Fedkovich, Yuri, Russian poet, xxi. 594; II. 259, 722; vii. 750; xxm. 620. , Guy, Gunpowder Plot conspirator, no. Fatio de Duillier, on the invention ix. 57. Fedlimid, king of Munster, xm. 252. of the calculus, xm. 9. , of Farnley Hall, friend of Turner, Fee, in English law, ix. 63. FATLINGS, Offerings of, XVIII. 343. xxiii. 664. Feeding Stuffs, their value as Fatouhiva, island, Marquesas, Pacific, Fawkner, John Pascoe, colonizer of manure, xv. 511. xv. 564. Victoria, Australia, xxiv. 218. Feejee (or Fiji) Islands, Pacific, ix. Fatra, Mohammedan doctrine of, xvi. Fay, Andras, Hungarian poet, ix. 59; 155; xv. 835. 548. XII. 377. Feeling, in psychology, xx. 40, 66, 74. Fats, oils, xvn. 739, 743; vegetable, Fayal, island, Azores, m. 172. , Sense of, xxm. 478; in mammals, xvii. 744, 746; xix. 53. xv Fayalite, mineral, xvi. 410. - 367; nerves of, 1. 897. FATSISIO, island, Japan, XIII. 569. Faye’s Comet, vi. 192. Feet, of mammals, xv. 360. Fatteh Khan, Afghan king, 1. 239. Fayetteville, town, North Carolina, Washing, Maundy Thursday rite, Fattore, II (Gianfrancesco Penni), . U.S.A., ix. 59. xv. 635. Italian painter, xvm. 498. Fayoum, district and lake, Egypt, vii. Fegatella, genus of liverworts, xvii. Fatty Degeneration, disease, xvin. 774; labyrinth of, II. 387; Vii. 774. 67. 390; of the heart, XI. 554. Fays, or Fairies, vm. 854. Fehling, H., his tests of sugar, xxii. Fatwa, town, India, xvm. 409. Fazil Ahmed, Turkish vizier, xxm. 624. Faucher, L4on, French political econo645. Fehmarn, island, Schleswig-Holstein, mist, ix. 51. Fazio degli Uberti, mediaeval Italian xxi. 414. Fauchet, Claude, historian and antipoet, xiii. 505. Fehmic COURTS (Fehmgerichte), Gerquary (1530-1601), ix. 52. Fazoklo, town, East Central Africa, many, ix. 63; x. 495. , Claude, Abbe, Girondist (1744xxi. 658. Fehrbellin, Prussia, Battle of (1675), 1793), ix. 52. Fea, Carlo, Italian archaeologist, ix. xx. 7. Faujas de Saint-Fond, Barthelemi, 59Feinaigle, Gregoire de, his system of French naturalist, IX. 52. Fealty, Oath of, in feudal system, xiv. mnemonics, xvi. 533. Faujasite, mineral, xvi. 421. 114; ix. 121; xii. 107. Feiran, wady, Sinai, Arabia, XXII. 89. Faulen, mountain, Switzerland, xxi. Fearne, Charles, English jurist, ix. 59. Feitama, Sybrand, Dutch writer, ix. 465.' Feast-Days, ix. 113. 64; xii. 96. Faults, in rocks, x. 261, 301, 372; xvi. Feast of the Learned (Deipnoso- Feith, Rhijnvis, Dutch poet, ix. 64; 442. phistae), Athenaeus’s work, 11. 831. xii. 97. Faun, in classical mythology, ix. 53. Feasts, Jewish, xviii. 511; feast of the Feiyoom, district and lake, Egypt, Vii. Fauresmith, village, Orange River passover, xviii. 343, 511; 0f taber774; labyrinth of, II. 387; Vii. 774. Free State, Africa, xvii. 813. nacles, xxili. 6 ; XViii. 511; of un- Fejer, Gyorgy, Hungarian writer, ix. Fauriel, Charles Claude, French hisleavened bread, xviii. 343, 511; 0f 64. torian and critic, ix. 53. weeks, XVIII. 511, 514. Feldberg, mountain, Black Forest, Faust, in mediaeval legend, ix. 54. , Sacrificial, xxi. 134. Germany, xxiv. 700. , Goethe’s, x. 539, 733, 735. Feathers, ix. 59; of birds, m. 727, Feldkirch, town, Vorarlberg, Austria, , Spohr’s opera, xxn. 411. 776; xviii. 26; xxii. 107, 108. ix. 65; xxiv. 297. Fausta, Roman princess, VI. 300. Feather-Stars, crinoid Echinoder- Feldon, district, Warwickshire, EngFaustina, Annia, wife of Marcus mata, vii. 635. land, xxi. 739. Aurelius, iv. 54. Febrile Diseases, xviii. 394. Felegyhaza, town, Hungary, ix. 65. , Temple of, at Rome, 11. 416; xx. Febronius, Justinus (Hontheim), Felibien, Andr4, French architect and 820. writer on Gallican liberties, xn. 143; historiographer, ix. 65. Faustus, in mediaeval legend, ix. 54. xix. 507. , Dom Michel, French historian, ix. , Doctor, Marlowe’s drama, XV. 556. February, month, ix. 61; xv. 66. 65. , Johannes, German printer, xxm. Fecamp, town, France, ix. 61; xxi. FeliDjE, family of Carnivora, xv. 434. 684. 626. Felinite, mineral, xvi. 425. Favara, town, Sicily, ix. 56. Fechner, G. T., on aesthetics, 1. 220; his Felinski, Aloysius, Polish dramatist, Favart, Charles Simon, French dramametaphysical system, vm. 767. xix. 303. tist, ix. 56. Fechner’s Law, in psycho-physics, Felix I., pope, ix. 65. Faventia (Faenza), ancient town, Italy, xxiv. 470; xvii. 104. II., pope, ix. 66. VIII. 846. Feckenham, or Fecknam, John de, III. (or II.), pope, ix. 66; xix. (Barcelona), ancient town, Spain, abbot of Westminster, ix. 61. 492. Hi. 368. Fecundation, in biology, m. 686; IV. (or III.), pope, ix. 66. Faversham, town, England, ix. 56; of animal ovum, xx. 417; of plants, V. (or IV.), pope, 1. 650; xix. 503; XIV. 39. xx. 425. xxi. 341. Favorinus, Greek sophist, ix. 56. Fedais, or Assassins {q.v.), II. 723. of Urgel, Adoptianist, 1. 163; xiv. Favorita, La, Donizetti’s opera, vn. Fedchenko, Alexis Paulowitch, Rus449. 364. sian naturalist, ix. 6r. of Valois, founder of order of

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Ferguson, Adam, Scottish philosopher Trinitarians, IX. 66; xvi. 7°9i xxni. Fenugreek, herb, ix. 76. and historian, IX. 86. Fenwick, John, Quaker settler in New ^ James, English mechanist and 574. Jersey, xx, 152; his relations with astronomer, ix. 87. Felix, Antonins, procurator of Judaea, Penn, XVIII. 494Fergusonite, mineral, xvi. 427; ix. 66; xiil. 427Elizabeth, French actress, xx. 203. Feodor I., czar of Russia, xxi. 93. polarity of, xix. 313. IL, czar of Russia, xxi. 95. ’and Regula, Sts, Abbey of, Fergusson, James, on the Holy HI., czar of Russia, XXL 96. Zurich, Switzerland, xxil. 781; xxiv. Sepulchre, XXL 671. Feoffee, in English law, xxm. 596. Robert, Scottish poet, ix. 87. 830. Marte de Hyrcania, romance, Feoffment, in English law, ix. 77. Sir William, surgeon, ix. 88. Ferberite, mineral, xvi. 403. xx. 659. Ferine, Roman festivals, ix. 114; Ferdinand, the name, ix. 77. Latinse, xiil 781. Fell, John, bishop of Oxford, ix. 66. x L, emperor, ix. 775 - 4995 be- Ferid-eddin-Athar, Persian mystic , Margaret, English Quakeress, ix. comes king of Hungary, Hi. 124; xn. poet, ix. 89; xvm. 658. 501; xx. 148. 369. Ferishta, Mohammed Kasim, Persian Fellahs, or Fellaheen, Moslem EgypIL, emperor, ix. 77; x. 500; nis historian, IX. 89. tians, 1. 266; vii. 723. relations with Wallenstein, XXIV. 328. Fermanagh, county, Ireland, ix. 90; Fellatahs, or Foulahs (q-v.), people, HI., emperor, ix. 78; X. 502. population and representation, xxiii. Africa, I. 263. I.5 Ling of Aragon and Sicily, ix. Fellenberg, Philipp Emanuel von, 727. , 80; II. 324. Swiss educationist, IX. 67H.5 of Aragon (V. of Castile), ix. Fermat, Pierre de, French mathematician, ix. 91; on maxima and minima, Feller, Francois Xavier de, Belgian 81; XXII. 325. _ writer, ix. 67. xiii. 7; on porisms, xix. 520. 1.^ emperor of Austria, ix. 78; Hi. Fermentation, ix. 91; in animal Fellows, Sir Charles, English traveller 136; xil. 371. ,, tissues, xxil 680; in plants, xix. 51 > and antiquary, ix. 67. 5 duke of Brunswick, ix. 84; m the due to minute organisms, XXL 407; Felo de Se, in law, ix. 68. See also Seven Years’ War, ix. 589. in brewing, IV. 275; minor, in winexxii. 629. L, the Great, king of Castile, IX. Felon-Grass, hellebore, xi. 635. making, xxiv. 602; Schwann’s obser80; xxil 315. Felony, in law, ix. 68; vi. 588. vations on, xxi. 460. IL, of Leon, ix. 80; xxii. 317. Felspar, mineral, x. 227; xi. 48; xvi. HI., St, of Castile and Leon, ix. FERMO, town, Italy, IX. 98. 418. FERMOR, Russian general, XXL 99. 81; xxii. 317. Felstone, rock, xi. 49. IV., of Castile and Leon, IX. 81; Fermoy, town, Ireland, ix. 99. Felt, fabric of matted fibres, ix. 68; Fern, plant, IX. 100. See Ferns. XXIL 319. xxiv. 658; in hat industry, XL 518. V., of Castile, ix. 81; xxil 325; Fernan Caballero (Cecilia Bohl von Feltham, Owen, English moralist, Faber), Spanish novelist, vm. 833. his conquest of Naples, xiil 481; Fernandez, Alvaro, Portuguese exix. 69. Prescott’s History of, XIX. 702. Felton, John, assassin of Buckingham, plorer, ix. 99. VI., king of Spain, ix. 82; xxii. Diego, Spanish adventurer and iv. 419. 339Feltre, town, Italy, ix. 69. historian, ix. 99. VIL, of Spain, ix. 83; xxil 345. , Morto da, Italian painter, ix. 69. Joam, Portuguese traveller, ix. L, king of Naples, ix. 78. Feltria, ancient town, Italy, ix. 69. 99. IL, of Naples, ix. 78; xiil 488. Felup Group, of Negroes, xvn. 319. , Juan, Spanish adventurer, ix. 99. III., of Naples (V. of Castile), IX. FelworT, plant, x. 160. , Juan, Spanish navigator, ix. 99. 81; xxii. 325. Femmes Savantes, Les, Moliere’s play, IV., of Naples (I. of Two Sicilies), Fernando de Noronha, islands, xvi. 629. South Atlantic, ix. 99. ix. 78; xiil 485; xxil 29. Femur, or Thigh-bone, Anatomy of the, , king of Portugal, IX. 79; XIX- Fernando Po, island, West Africa, ix. 1. 829; of birds, ill. 722. 100; 1. 272; xxil 298. 543. Fences, in agriculture, 1. 309. VI., VIL, kings of Spain. See Fernel, Jean Fran§ois, French phyFencing, in gymnastics, ix. 69. sician, IX. IOO. • V TT 1 under Ferdinands of Castile. F£nelon, Bertrand de Salignac, French 1, Ferney, near Geneva (dep. Ain), VolL, grand-duke of Tuscany, XV. 79 diplomatist, ix. 72. taire’s residence, XXIV. 290. IL, of Tuscany, xv. 792. Francois de Salignac, archbishop Fernow, Karl Ludwig, German art III., of Tuscany, ix. 84. of Cambray, IX. 72, 662; his economic critic and archaeologist, ix. 100. I., king of the Two Sicilies (IV. teaching, XIX. 359. Ferns, group of plants, ix. 100; xxiv. XX11 of Naples), IX. 78; xni. 485; Fenians, in early Irish history, ix. 74; 129; reproduction of, IV. 160; XX. 29. in recent history, XIII. 271. 423; stem in, IV. 106; as garden and IL, of the Two Sicilies, IX. 79; Fen Land, Reclamation of, 1. 404. hot-house plants, XII. 267. xiii. 488. Fenn, Sir John, English antiquary, and Isabella, Prescott’s History Fern-Tree, xxiii. 534xviii. 344. Feroe Islands, or Faroe Islands (q.v.), of, xix. 702. Fennel, plant, ix. 76; xn. 289. Norwegian Sea, ix. 39. 5 Count Fathom, Smollett’s novel, Fennians, or Fenians, ix. 74; Eennian Ferozepore, district, India, IX. 241; xxil 184. tales, v. 311. xx. 109; town, ix. 241. Fereira, Antonio de, Portuguese poet, Fens, Reclamation of, 1. 404; Bedford Ferozeshahr (Firoz-shahr), India, xix. 556. xx II2 level, England, III. 482; in CamBattle of (1845), * bridgeshire, IV. 727; in Lincolnshire, FERENTINO (the ancient Eerentinum), Ferrand, Comte, French statesman an town, Italy, ix. 84. XIV. 653; in Holland, XII. 62. writer, IX. 107. , FERENTO, town, Italy, IX. 85. Fenton, Elijah, English poet, ix. 76. Ferrara, town, Italy, ix. 107; schoo Sir Geoffrey, English statesman Ferghana, province, Russian Turkeof painting of, XXL 437, 4435 sWorcl stan, ix. 85; xxii. 818; xxiii. 632. and writer, ix. 76.

F E R —F I E

161 blades of, XXII. 803; university, xxm. Festus, Sextus Pompeius, Latin gramAlgeria, 1. 565; used in paper-making, 837marian, ix. 118. xviii. 225. Ferrara, Francesco, Italian economist, Fetbol, mineral, xvi. 425. Fibrin, albuminoid substance, ix. xix. 387. Fetichism, ix. 118; xv. 20; xx. 367. xx. 483. Ferrari, Lewis, Italian algebraist, 1. FfiTls, Frangois Joseph, Belgian writer Fibroferrite, mineral, xvi. 401. 513and musical composer, ix. 119. Gaudenzio, Italian painter, ix. Fetlar, island, Shetland, Scotland, Fibroin, core of silk fibre, xxil 61. Fibrolite, mineral, xm. 541; xvi. 108. xvii. 846. 408. Ferreira, Antonio, Portuguese poet, Fetohougo, island, Marquesas, Pacific, Fibroma, disease, xviii. 368. ix. 109. xv. 564. Fibrous Tissue, in man, 1. 849; Ferret, albino variety of the polecat, Feu, in Scots law, ix. 119. xii. 6. ix. 109; xv. 440; xix. 331. Feuchtersleben, Edouard, Freiherr Fibula, bone of leg, 1. 829; in birds, m. Ferretti, Giovanni Maria Mastai von, Austrian medical writer, ix. 119. 723(Pope Pius IX.), xix. 156. Feudalism, Feudal System, ix. 119; Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, German metaFerreus, Scipio, Italian algebraist, 1. XL II; XVIII. 303; Celtic, v. 799; physician, ix. 134; his five ages, 1. 5i3Chinese, Vi. 259; Frankish, ix. 529; 2795 his criticism of Kant’s categories, Ferrex and Porrex, earl of Dorset’s German, x. 479, 481; under the NorV. 224; metaphysics of, xvi. 87; his tragedy, VII. 373, 428. mans in England, vm. 296; in Scotinfluence on German rationalism, xx. Ferri, Giro, Italian painter, ix. 109. land, xxi. 483, 486; its influence on 290; his relations with Schelling, xxi. Ferricyanides, xx. 24. constitution of armies, 11. 563; its 39°Ferrier, David, on motor areas in man, economic effects, xix. 351; in relation Fichtelberg, mountain, Germany, xix. 41. to knighthood and chivalry, xiv. 112. VIII. 533; XXL 357. , James Frederick, Scottish meta- Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas, German FichTelgebirge, mountain range, physician, ix. 109. philosopher, ix. 123. Bavaria, ix. 138. , Susan Edmonston, Scottish novel, Paul Johann Anselm von, German Fichtelite, mineral, xvi. 429. ist, ix. no. jurist, ix. 124. Ferro, island, Canaries, iv. 800; longi- Feuillants Club, France (1791), ix. Ficino, Marsilio, Italian philosojjher, ix. 138. tude measured from it, xxm. 394. 602. Fiction, in English literature, vm. 421, Ferrocyanides of Iron, xx. 24. Feuilleton, of French newspaper, ix. 428,429, 430. See also Romance, xx. Ferrol, town, Spain, ix. in. 125. 632. Ferrolito, castle, Nicastro, Italy, xvn. Fever, ix. 125; xviii. 394; diet in, Fictions, inlaw, ix. 140; xiv. 365. 480. vie 206; malarious,xv. 316; relapsing, Ficus, genus of plants, ix. 153. Ferro-Manganese, metal, xm. 350. XXlll. 680; scarlet, XXL 376; typhoid, Fidanza, John of (St Bonaventura), Ferrotitanite, mineral, xvi. 426. XXlli. 678; typhus, xxm. 676; scholastic philosopher, iv. 30; xxi. Ferru, Monte, Sardinia, xxi. 307. yellow, xxiv. 734. 427Ferry, Law relating to, ix. in. Thermometer, xxiii. 292. Fiddle, musical instrument, xxiv. , Nicholas (Bebe), dwarf, vn. 567. Feydeau, Ernest-Aime, French writer, 242. Ferrybank, town, Kilkenny, Ireland, ix. 126, 679. Fiddlers’ Muscles, i. 840. xxiv. 401. Feyjoo, Benito, Spanish writer, xxii. Fideicommissum, in Roman law, Fers'en, Axel, Count, Swedish general, 360. xxiii. 595. ix. 112. Fez, town, Morocco, ix. 126; xvi. 831; Fidelity Guarantee, in insurance, Fert£ Mac£, La, town, France, mosque at, xvi. 865. xiii. 161. XVIII. 2. Fezara, lake, Algeria, 1. 563. FiDENAi (Castello Giubileo), ancient Fertilization, of animal ovum, xx. Fezzan, country, Africa, ix. 128; xvn. town, Italy, ix. 141; wooden amphi417; xxi. 721; of plants, iv. 147; xx. 695; xxiii. 574. theatre at, 1. 775. 425; of soil, 1. 342; XL 234; xv. 505. Fiacre, coach, origin of name, ix. 130. Fidicula, ancient musical instrument, Ferto, lake, Hungary, xil. 362. , St, French hermit, ix. 130. xxiv. 242. Fesca, Frederic Ernest, German musical Fialin, Jean Gilbert Victor, Due de Field, John, English musical composer composer, ix. 112. Persigny, French general, XVIII. 661. and pianist, ix. 141. Fesch, Joseph, French cardinal, ix. Fiamingo, II (Frangois Duquesnoy), , Nathan, English dramatist, ix. 112. Flemish sculptor, xxi. 563. 141; vie 433. Fess, in heraldry, xi. 694. Fiammetta, Boccaccio’s, m. 843. Artillery, ii. 661, 663. Fessler, Ignaz Aurelius, Hungarian Fianarantsoa, town, Madagascar, xv. Fieldfare, bird, ix. 142. I ecclesiastic and writer, ix. 113. 75* ■ Field Guns, xi. 306, 313. Festal Epistles, giving dates of Fiar, river, France, xx. 528. Field Hospitals, i. 667. movable feasts, vm. 483. Fiars Prices, in Scots law, ix. 130. Festin de Pierre, Moliere’s play, xvi. Fiber, genus of rodent mammals, xv. Fielding, Copley, English painter, ix. 142. 628. 418, 419; xvii. 108. , Henry, English novelist, ix. 142; Festing, Colonel, his spectroscopic ob- Fibonacci, Leonardo, of Pisa, matheas satirist, xxi. 320; his place in servations, xxii. 380. matician, xix. 125. English literature, Vlli. 430. Festiniog, town, Wales, xvi. 39. Fibres, Textile, ix. 131; alpaca, 1. 597; Field-Marshal, military title, xv. Festivals, ix. 113; ancient Greek, llama, xiv. 738; mohair, xvi. 544; 574xvii. 124; Jewish, xviii. 511; xxiii. silk, xxil. 56; wool, xxiv. 653; coir, Field of the Cloth of Gold, France, 6, Mexican, xvi. 212; pilgrimages in vi. 103; cotton, vi. 483; flax, ix. 11. 480; xxiv. 635. connexion with, xix. 90. 296; hemp, xi. 647; Manila hemp, Field of Woodcocks, Russia, Battle Festus, Porcius, Roman procurator, xv. 488; jute, xiii. 800; phormium, of the (1380), xxi. 91. XIII. 427. xviii. 812; rhea, xx. 506; from Fierabras, romance, xx. 651. XXV. — 21

162

FIE—FIR

212; application of, in numismatics, Fieri Facias, in English law, ix. 147; Fili, Irish bards, V. 303. xvil 629, 633 ; position of poetry Filibuster, buccaneer, ix. 162; iv. xxiv. 696. among, XIX. 260,262; how affected by 408. Fieschi, Counts of, Italy, xiv. 350. the Renaissance, xx. 385,390; Japanese, Filicaia, Vincenzo da, Italian poet, ix. Giovanni Luigi de’, Genoese conxiii. 588; Winckelmann’s studies in, 162; xiii. 511. spirator, IX. 147. xxiv. 597; academies of, I. 77, 78FlLlCES, or Ferns, IX. 101. Joseph Marie, French conspirator, Finfoot, bird, xx. 223. FiLiciNiE, class of plants, xxiv. 129. IX. 147. FlNGAL, Celtic hero, IX. 215. , Sinihaldo de (Pope Innocent IV.), FlLICUDl, Lipari Islands, Mediterranean Fingal’s Cave, Staffa, Scotland, v. Sea, xiv. 683. xm. 84. 265. FlESCO, or Fieschi, Giovanni Luigi de, Filigree, jewel work of threads and Finger Rings, xx. 560. beads, ix. 163. Genoese conspirator, IX. 147. Fingers, Anatomy of the, 1. 828; Filing of Documents, in law, xx. ex ress , Schiller’s play, xxi. 396. joints of, I. 8395 use P 342. FiESOLE, town, Italy, ix. 148. numbers, XVIL 625; redundancy of, , Fra Giovanni Angelico da (Fra Filinto Elysio (F. M. do Nascimento), xvi. 762; whitlow on, xxiv. 555. Portuguese writer, XIX. 557. Angelico), Italian painter, ix. 148, and Toes, in turnips, 1. 367. Filippino Lippi, Italian painter, xiv. Fingoland, South Africa, xm. 817. 772; xxi. 434, 435685; ix. 773; xv. 606; xxi. 435. Mino di Giovanni da, Italian Tommaso (Masolino), Italian Filippo Ottonieri, Leopardi’s imagi- Fini, sculptor, XVI. 477; XXI. 568. . painter, xv. 610; xxi. 435. nary biography, XIV. 464. Fiev£e, Joseph, French journalist, xvil Filippopel (Philippopolis), town, Rou- Finial, in architecture, 11. 464. 426; xvill. 540. Finiguerra, Maso, Italian engraver, melia, Turkey, xviii. 753. Fife, county, Scotland, ix. 150; area IX. 215. and population, xxi. 528; coalfields, FlLLAN, St, Scottish saint, IX. 164. Finistere, department, France, ix. 2 FlLLE DU REGIMENT, by Donizetti, VII. VI. 54; representation, XXin. 7 7215. 363. , musical instrument, ix. 351. Finland, province, Russia, ix. 216; FiLLES 1 LA CASSETTE, French emiFifth Monarchy Men, Puritan sect, XXL 69; acquisition of, by Russia grant girls at New Orleans, xvil ix. 153(1809), XXL 100; XXII. 752; climate 4°3Fig, tree and fruit, ix. 153; iv. 121; of, XXII. 738; newspapers, XVIL 430; Fillet, in architecture, H. 464. xii. 271. periodical literature, XVIII. 543. Fillmore, Millard, president of United Figaro, dramatic character, ix. 155, Gulf of, Russia, ill. 294. States, ix. 165; xxiii. 770. , Paris newspaper, ix. 155; xvil.427. Finlay, George, English historian of FlLLOWlTE, mineral, XVI. 404. ) comedy by Beaumarchais, ill. 468. Greece, ix. 220. FlLMER, Sir Robert, English political , opera by Mozart, xvn. n. Finnans, smoked haddocks, 1. 44. writer, IX. 166. ? Jose de Larra, Spanish satirist, Films, Liquid, in capillary action, v. F inner, cetacean mammal, xv. 395xxii. 361. Finnish Language, xxiv. i; diction58, 59> 65Figbury Ring, Wilts, England, xxiv. aries of, vii. 188. Sensitive, in photography, xviii. 594Finns, race of people, ix. 219; xxi. 79; 836. Fig e ac, town, France, ix. 155. religion of, XX. 363. Filocopo, tale by Boccaccio, HI. 843; Figig, town, Sahara, Africa, xxi. 149Finsbury, borough, London, xiv. 821. xiii. 504. FlGUERAS, town, Spain, IX. 155. Fintry Hills, Scotland, xxn. 553. Figure, Rigid, Kinematics of a, xv. 691. Filostrato, poem by Boccaccio, m. FlOGO, town, Japan, xi. 851. 844of the Earth, vii. 597. Fioraventi, Aristotle, Italian architect, Figures, Lully’s logical system of, xv. Filter, apparatus for purifying liquids, xxi. 91. ix. 166. 64. Fiorentino, Giovanni, mediaeval Filter-Beds, in water-works, xxiv. , Mathematical, xv. 268. Italian writer, XIII. 505. 408. Figure Stone, mineral, xvi. 425. Fiorenzuola, town, Italy, ix. 221. Fin, of fish, xii. 637; xxii. 119. Fihr, tribe, Arabia, 11. 256. Fiorillo, Johann Dominicus, German Fihrist, work on Arabic literature, Finale dell’ Emilia, town, Italy, ix. painter and historian of art, IX. 221. Uixvii. 160; xv. 482, 484. FlORlTE, mineral, XVI. 390. Fiji Islands, South Pacific, ix. 155; Finance, ix. 171; Law’s system 01, xiv. Fiote, language, Congo, Africa, vi. 369xv. 835. FilangieRI, Carlo, Italian general, IX. Finch, bird, IX. 191. Daniel, earl of Nottingham, English Fir, coniferous tree, IX. 222; culture of, 158. 11. 316,319; Riga, strength of its wood, secretary of state, XVIL 600. , Gaetano, Italian publicist, ix. 159; XXII. 603; Scotch, XIX. 103; of United , Heneage, earl of Nottingham, lord xix. 362. States, xxiii. 808; of California, iv. chancellor of England, xvil 600. FlLARETE, Antonio, Florentine sculptor, 7°4, , Margaret, long-liver, XVIL 596. xxi. 568. Firando, island, Japan, xiil. 509. Filaria, genus of nematode worms, FlNCK, Heinrich, German composer, IX. FIRBOLGS, Irish legendary people, V. xvil. 325; xxiv. 206. 299; XIIL 243; xv. 650. -, Hermann, German musical writer, Filature, reeling of silk, xxii. 61. Firdousi, or Firdausi, Persian poet, ix. 193. Filbert, tree and nut, xi. 548; planix. 225; xviii. 656; patronage of, by Find, Celtic hero, ix. 215. tations of, I. 384. Mahmud, xv. 287; his place as epic Finden, William, English engraver, ix. File, steel tool, ix. 160; XL 438. poet, xix. 267. _ . 193File-Fish, ix. 161. Fire, element, ix. 227; acquaintance ot Findhorn, river, Scotland, vm. 129; Filelfo, Francesco, Italian scholar, ix. early man with, vm. 617; in myd10' xvil 166. 161. logy, xvii. 158; xix. 807; sacred, 0 Filfla, islet, Mediterranean Sea, xv Fine, in law, ix. 193. Zoroastrians, xxiv. 193; traditions Arts, The, ix. 194; theory of, 1. 339-

F I R — F L A

163 concerning, XI. 679; Kant’s Thoughts Fish, Fishes, xii. 630; xix. 126; hypoFistulariid^;, group of fishes, xxi. on, xiii. 847. thetical primitive form, xxiv. 181; 548. Fire, Fires, Destructive (with list of blind, of Mammoth Cave, U.S.A., xv. Fitch, skin of polecat, ix. 838. fires), IX. 233; in coal mines, vi. 74; 450; works on development of, vm. , John, American steamboat inconstruction of houses for protection 168; electric, vn. 694; vm. 8; xn. ventor, ix. 270. against, IV. 453; extinction of, IX. 235; 649, 694; xx. 299; xxil 68; fossil, , Ralph, English traveller, ix. 270. in Chicago (1871), V. 611; in London, Agassiz’s researches on, 1. 275; marine, Fitchburg, town, Massachusetts, XIV. 826, 848. distribution of, vn. 280, 282; mimicry U.S.A., ix. 270. Fireball, Meteoric, xvi. 108; xxm. in, xvi. 343; olfactory organs of, xxil Fitchet, or Polecat, xix. 332. 330. 166; poisonous, xv. 782; reproduction Fithcheal, Irish game, v. 597. Fire-Balloons, i. 206. of, xx. 409; skeleton of, xxil 106; Fitness, Stoic doctrine of, xxil 568. Fire-Bricks, ix. 238. spawning of, ix. 244; taxidermy of, Fits, Epileptic, vm. 479. Fire Brigades, ix. 237. xxiii. 90; organs of touch in, xxm. Fitton, Irish chancellor, xm. 268. Fire-Clay, ix. 238. 478 ; transport of, ix. 243 ; of Amer- Fitz Alwin, Henry, first mayor of Fire-Damp, in mines, xvi. 194, 459. ica, I. 684; of Himalayas, XL 834; London, xiv. 844. Fire-Engines, ix. 235. of India, xn. 743; in Lankester’s Fitzgerald, Lord Edward, leader of Fire-Escapes, ix. 236. classification, xxiv. 812. United Irishmen, ix. 270. Fire-Fly, xviii. 814. Fish-Crow, bird, xm. 533. , Maurice, first earl of Desmond, Fire Insurance, xiii. 161. Fish-Culture, xix. 126; xxi. 226. xiii. 260. Fire Marble, mineral, xvi. 397. Fisher, or Fisher Marten, xv. 577; , Lord Thomas, Irish leader, ix. 271. Firenze (Florence, q.v.), town, Italy, skins of, ix. 838. Fitzgeralds, of Desmond, noble Irish ix. 330. , James, Scottish divine, xxm. 728. family, vi. 404. Firenzuola, Agnolo, Italian poet, ix. , John, bishop of Rochester, ix. 242; Fitzherbert, Sir Anthony, English 240. VIII. 414; beheaded, vm. 335. judge, ix. 271; his Book of Husbandry5 Fireplace, xxii. 579; in relation to , Mary, English Quakeress, xx. 148, I. 295. smoke abatement, XXli. 181; ventila152. , Maria, her marriage with George tion by, xxiv. 159. Fisheries, Sea, ix. 243; mackerel, xv. IV., x. 427. Fireproof Cloth, ii. 675. 160; mussel, xvii. no; oyster, xvin. Fitzinger, L., on reptiles, xx. 436. Fireproof Safes, xxi. 144. 107; pearloyster, xviii. 446; pilchard, Fitzmaurice, Henry Petty, third marFire-Raising, crime, 11. 635. Cornwall, VI. 426; seal, xxi. 581; quis of Lansdowne, xix. 148. Fire-Stealing, in mythology, xvn. sponge, XXII. 428; sword-fish, xxil , William Petty, first marquis of 158; xix. 807. 804; whale, xxiv. 526; whitebait, Lansdowne, English statesman, xiv. Firetail, bird, xx. 317. xxiv. 550; of Canada, iv. 774; xx. 289. Fire Tricks, in magic, xv. 208. 166; of England, viii. 233; of Holland, Fitz Osbert, William, Sedition of, in Fireworks, xx. 134. XII. 67; of Kinsale, Ireland, vi. 403; London, VIII. 305. Firle Beacon, Sussex, England, xxil of Labrador, xiv. 176; of Maine, Fitz Ralph, Richard, bishop of Armagh, 723. U.S.A., xv. 300; of Newfoundland, Ireland, xv. 543; xxiv. 709. Firmianus, Lucius Caelius, early xvii. 384; of Queensland, xx. 174; of Fitzroy, river, Queensland, xx. 171. Christian writer, xiv. 195. Russia, xxi. 85; of the Volga, xxiv. , suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Firmicus, Maternus Julius, Latin writer, 280. xv. 836. ix. 241; xv. 489. Fishermen, Laws relating to, xxi. , Henry, natural son of Henry VIII. Firmness, in phrenology, xvni. 607. of England, xxii. 694. 845. Fishery Boards and Commissions, , Robert, English admiral, hydroFirmum Picenum (Fermo), ancient xix. 129. grapher, and meteorologist, ix. 271. town, Italy, ix. 98. Fishery Laws, ix. 268; as affecting Fitzstephen, William, English hisFirozpur, district, India, ix. 241; xx. rivers, xx. 565; with reference to torian, ix. 273; his description of 109; town, ix. 241. salmon, xxi. 225. London (1184), xiv. 844. Firoz Shah, Monument of, at Gaur, Fishes, xii. 630. See under Fish, above. F itzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, Bengal, x. 115. Fish-Eye Problem, in optics, xiv. 599. England, IV. 729. Firoz-Shahr, India, Battle of (1845), Fishguard, town, Wales, xviii. 482. FlUME, town, Hungary, ix. 273; m. xx. 112. Fish-Hawk, bird, xviii. 56. 121; xii. 363. First Impressions of England and Fishing Boats, ix. 246. Fiumicino, town, Italy, xviii. 61. her People, Hugh Miller’s work, Fishing-Frog, fish, ix. 269; xn. 690. Five Mile Act (1665), England, viii. xvi. 319. Fishing Hooks and Tackle, for 348; xix. 690. Firstlings, Sacrificial offerings of, angling, 11. 32, 33, 38. Five Nations, American-Indian conxvni. 343. Fishing Nets, xvii. 358. federacy, xvii. 454. Firth, or Estuary, xxi. 579; formation Fish Moth, destructive insect, in Natal, Fives, game, ix. 273. of, x. 257. xvii. 241. , town, France, ix. 273. Firuz-Koh, ancient town, Afghanistan, Fish Oil, xvii. 744, 747. Fix, Theodore, French political econox. 570. Fish-Plates, Railway, xx. 242. mist, ix. 273. Fisa, or Visions, in Irish literature, v. Fisk University, Nashville, Tennessee, Fixed Oils, xvii. 739. 310; in Welsh, v. 326. U.S.A., xvii. 236. Fischart, Johannes, German satirist, Fissipedia, suborder of carnivorous Fixed Stars, ii. 816. IX Fixtures, in law, ix. 274; in land - 242; x. 528. mammals, xv. 433. tenure, xiv. 274. Fischerite, mineral, xvi. 405. 1 genus of Mollusca, xvi. Fjords, of Scandinavia, xvn. 576; sc her von Erlach, Viennese archi- Fissurella, 645. xxii. 737; formation of, X. 257. tect, xxiv. 220. Fistula, in surgery, ix. 270. Flaccus, Caius Valerius, Roman poet,

1(54

FLA — FLO

FLEURANGES, Robert de la Marck, IX. 274; his place in Roman literature, Flavian, patriarch of Constantinople, Seigneur de, French marshal and hisix. 293. xx. 726. torian, IX. 305. — Palace, at Rome, xx. 823. Flacius, Matthias, German theologian, Fleur-de-Lis, heraldic device, ix. 306. Flavigny, Valerien, French Hebraist, IX. 275; on church history, V. 765; on FLEURY, France, Library of monastery ix. 293. Lutheran theology, xv. 85. at, xiv. 513. Flacourt, Etienne de, French governor Flavin, dyestuff, ix. 293; xx. 175Andre Hercule de, French carFlavionavia (Aviles), ancient town, of Madagascar, IX. 275. dinal and statesman, ix. 306, 585. Spain, in. 157. /T Flag, or Iris, genus of plants, IX. 279 5 Claude, French ecclesiastical his, Flags, Military and naval, ix. Flavius, the Armenian (Leo v.;, torian, IX. 306. emperor of the East, xiv. 453276; knight’s, xiv. 117; of United •, the Isaurian (Leo HI-), emperor Flexure, of a beam or rod, vii. 808. States, xxiii. 742; signals by means Fleyder, on flying, 1. 186. of the East, xiv. 452. of, xxii. 49. ., Magnus (Leo I.), emperor of the Fliedner, Theodore, German philanFlagellants, self-chastising fraterthropist, ix. 307; his institution of East, xiv. 452. nities, ix. 280. Sisters of Charity, xm. 825. (Constantine 5 Porphyrogenitus Flagellata, class of Protozoa, xix. Fliegende Hollander, Der, Wagner’s VIL), emperor of the East, vi. 301. 856. opera, xxiv. 314. -, Sapiens (Leo VI.), emperor of the Flageolet, musical instrument, ix. Flies, class of insects, vii. 255; xn. East, xiv. 453. 317; mimicry in, xvi. 343. 351Vopiscus, Augustan historian, HI. Flagstaff Mine, Utah, U.S.A., xxm , Artificial, for angling, II. 4474815. , House, xiii. 150. Flahaut de la Billarderie, Auguste Flax, plant and fibre, ix. 293, I33> Flight, Laws of, ix. 308. culture of, I. 38° 5 manufacture of, xiv. C. J., Comte de, French general and 663; of New Zealand (Phormium), Flinck, Govert, Dutch painter, ix. diplomatist, ix. 281; xvi. 829. 324. xviii. 812. Flakstado, island, Norway, xiv. 769 Flinders, Matthew, English navigator, Flambard, Ranulph or Ralph, bishop Flaxman, John, English sculptor, IX, ix. 324; his explorations in Austral298; xxi. 560. of Durham, ix. 281; vm. 303; xvn. 548; asia, in. 104; x. 190. minister of William Rufus, xxiv. 577- Flax Spinning, Girard’s machines for, Flint, mineral, ix. 325; x. 239; xvi. x. 620.' Flamberg, German sword, xxii. 803. 389Flamboyant, in architecture, 11. 431, Flea, insect, ix. 300; xm. 15°; , county, Wales, ix. 326; population Leeuwenhoek’s study of, xiv. 411. 464and representation, xxiii. 727 5 coal' Flechier, Esprit, bishop of Nlmes, poet Flame, ix. 282. field, vi. 52; town, ix. 327. and preacher, IX. 301. , Singing, 1. 115. ? Timothy, American divine and Flamel, Nicolas, French alchemist, IX Flecknoe, Richard, English poet and writer, IX. 327. ' dramatist, ix. 302. 285. Glass, Manufacture of, x. 663. Fleece, of wool, 1. 399; xxiv. 656. Flame Manometer, i. 115, u7Weapons, ii. 337* 553Fleet, river and ditch, London, Xiv. FLAMEN, Roman priest, IX. 285; XIX. Flocculi, of spider’s silk, 11. 296. 818, 850; xvi. 279. 455Flodden, England, Battle of (1513)> —, British, Officers of the, xvil. 291. Dialis, priest of Jupiter, xm. 780; XIII. 557; XXL 497. Street, London, xiv. 848. xxiii. 18. Flodoard, French chronicler, ix. 328. Fleetwood, town, England, ix. 302. Flamingo, bird, ix. 286. Flood, The, of Scripture, vii. 55. -, Charles, lord deputy of Ireland, Flaminian Way, Roman road, Italy, ? Henry, Irish orator and politician, ix. 302. xx. 555. ix. 328. —, William, bishop of Ely, ix. 303. Flamininus, Titus Quinctius, Roman Rock,New York Harbour, Blasting Fleitmann, his method of working general and statesman, IX. 287; XX. of, xxiii. 622. nickel, xvil. 488. 752. Floods, in rivers, xii. 502; xx. 571. Fleming, John, on animal classification, Flaminius, Cains, Roman consul Floor Cloth, ix. 329; xiv. 676. xviii. 15, 18. (223 B.C.), ix. 288; xx. 749. Flooring, in building, iv. 452, 455, , Paul, German poet, ix. 303; x. , Gains, Roman consul (187 B.C.), 482, 493; tiles for, XXIII. 389. 530. ix. 289. Flor, Roger di, military adventurer, Flemish Language, xii. 85; dictionFlamsteed, John, English astronomer, ix. 330. aries of, VII. 187. ix. 289; 11. 756; xvil. 257. Flora, in Roman mythology, ix. 330. Flanders, countship, Netherlands, ix. Flemming, Richard, bishop of Lincoln, 5 of different countries, Grouping ix. 303. 290; provinces, Belgium, ill. 515and distribution of, VII. 286. Flandrin, Jean Hippolyte, French Flensburg, town, Prussia, ix. 304; Floral Games, Academy of, Toulouse, XXL 415. painter, IX. 291. 1. 69. Flers, town, France, xviii. 2. Flannel, woollen stuff, ix. 292 Floralia, Roman festival, ix. 330. Fletcher, Andrew, of Saltoun, Scottish Flasque, in heraldry, XL 697. Florence, town, Italy, ix. 330; xx. politician, ix. 304; xxi. 519. Flatbush, town, Long Island, New 275; as a republic, xm. 4795 councl1 , Giles (1548-1610), English poet, York, U.S.A., ix. 292; xiv. 866. of (1439), xix. 503; in time of Dante, ix. 304. Flat-Fish, ix. 292. vi. 810; Medici family, XV. 783; lt;® , Giles (1584-1623), English writer, Flat Head, fish, xn. 686. rivalry with Pisa, xix. 120; in time of ix. 304. Flatlands, town, Long Island, New Savonarola, xxi. 334; its wars with , Isaac, his observatory, Tarnbank, York, U.S.A., xiv. 866. Siena, xxii. 39, 4U academy of, IEngland, xvn. 711. Flavel, John, English theologian, ix. 74; Accademia del Cimento, 1. 7°> , John, English dramatist, III. 469; 292. banking in, in. 316; baptistery, XiX. vil. 432; xviii. 347. Flavian I.-IL, patriarchs of Antioch, 122; bridge, iv. 332; cathedral, n, Phineas, English poet, ix. 305. ix. 293.

F L O —F 0 N 436; campanile of cathedral, 11. 456; coins, XVII. 656; cupola of church of S. Maria del Fiore, IV. 399; dialect of, XIII. 497; libraries, xiv. 530, 548; majolica ware, xix. 628; nobility of, XVII. 528; observatory at, xvn. 714; its school of painting, xxi. 434, 442; picture galleries, XXI. 446; porcelain, xix. 636; sculptures, xx. 589; xxi. 567; terra-cotta art, XXIII. 194; university, xxill. 837. Florence, town, Massachusetts, U.S.A., xvii. 558. of Worcester, English chronicler, ix. 337. Florentia (Florence), ancient town, Italy, ix. 333. Florentine Diamond, vii. 166. Flores, island, Indian Archipelago, IX. 337, island, Azores, Atlantic, ill. 172. , town, Guatemala, XL 239. Florez, Enrique, Spanish historian, IX. 337Florian, patron saint of Poland, ix. 337, Jean Pierre Claris de, French poet and romancist, ix. 337; xvill. 348. Florida, State, U.S.A., ix. 338; population, xxili. 802; orange culture in, xvii. 811. Florida-Blanca, Count of, Spanish statesman, ix. 341; xxn. 340. Florideal, order of plants, xxiv. 127. Florido, Venetian algebraist, 1. 513. Florinus, Polycarp’s letter to, xix. 414. Florio, Giovanni, English lexicographer and translator, ix. 341; teacher and friend of Shakespeare, XXL 756. Floris I.-V., counts of Holland, xn. 7i, Frans, Flemish sculptor and painter, ix. 342. Florus, Roman historian, ix. 342. , Gessius, Roman procurator in Judaea, xm. 427. Floscularia, genus of Rotifera, xxi. 4. Flotation, Position of animals in, ix. 309. Flotsam, in English law, ix. 342; v. 787. Flotta, island, Orkney, Scotland, xvii. 846. Flounder, fish, ix. 342. Flour, Manufacture of, ix. 343; in. 251; xv. 310; adulteration of, 1. 171. Flourens, Gustave, French communist and writer, ix. 347. ~ > Marie Jean Pierre, French physiologist, IX. 347. Flower, of plants, defined and described, iv. 126; xii. 215; xx. 424. Flower-de-Luce, genus of plants, ix. 279Flower Garden, xii. 247. Flowering, of plants, iv. 121.

Flowers, Artificial, ix. 348. of the Forest, Scottish ballad, vi. 98. Floyd-Carroll-Grayson Plateau, Virginia, U.S.A., xxiv. 256. Floyer, Sir John, English physician and writer, ix. 349. Fludd, Robert, English physician and mystic, IX. 349. Fluellite, mineral, xvi. 384. FLUGEL, Gustav Lehrecht, German Orientalist, ix. 349. , Johann Gottfried, German lexicographer, ix. 349. Fluid, Fluids, xii. 435; definition and physical properties of, VI. 310; XIX. 240; friction of, xix. 247; motion of surface of, xv. 753; theory of motion of, in. 43; resistance of, xxi. 810; surface-tension of, v. 56. Fluke, parasitic worm, xxm. 535; xxiv. 205. Fluocerite, mineral, XVI. 383. Fluorescence, source of light, xiv. 579, 602; ix. 350; in crystals, xvi. 376. Fluorescin, chemical compound, xvin. 855Fluorine, chemical element, ix. 349; v. 490. Fluor Spar, or Fluorite, mineral, ix. 349; x. 228; xvi. 383; as a flux, xvi. 62. Flushing, town, Holland, ix. 350; population, xxiv. 772. , town, Long Island, New York, U.S.A., ix. 350; xiv. 866. Flute, musical instrument, ix. 350; xxiii. 519. Flute-Mouth, fish, xxn. 548. Fluxes, in smelting ores, XVI. 62; in iron smelting, xm. 295. Fluxions, in mathematics, xm. 8, 10; Newton’s invention of, xvn. 446; Maclaurin’s discussion of, xv. 161. Fly, insect, vii. 255; xn. 317; xm. 150; proboscis of, xxm. 478. , river, New Guinea, xvii. 386. Flycatcher, bird, ix. 351. Fly-Fishing, ii. 36; hooks for, 11. 33, 38. Flying, ix. 310; attempts at, 1. 186. Dove, of Archytas, 1. 185. Dutchman, legend, xm. 674. Dutchman, Wagner’s opera, xxiv. 314Flying-Fish, ix. 352; xii. 693. Flying-Fox, bat, ix. 352, 310. Flying Gurnard, fish, xii. 690. Flying Lemur, insectivorous mammal, xv. 401. Flying Machines, ix. 308, 317; 1. 186, 202. Fly-Wheel, xv. 769; of steam-engine, xxii. 509, 511. Foca, island, Peru, xvill. 671. Focal Lines, in optics, xvn. 799.

165 Fcedera, Rymer’s historical collection, XXL 119. Fceniculum, genus of plants, ix. 76. Fcetus, Circulation of the blood in, xxiv. 108; syphilis in, xxii. 687. in Fcetu, monstrosity, xvi. 766. Fog, London, xiv. 827; causes of, xxn. 180. FOGARAS, town, Hungary, ix. 353. Fog-Bow, or Fog-Eater, halo, xi. 399. Fogelberg, Benedict Erland, Swedish sculptor, ix. 353. Foggia, town, Italy, ix. 353; province (Capitanata), v. 73. FOGO, one of Cape Verd Islands, V. 52. Fog Signals, xxii. 49. Fohn, local wind, Switzerland, xxii. 777Fohr, island, Schleswig-Holstein, xxi. 414Foil, thin sheet-copper, ix. 353. , Fencing, ix. 69. Foix, town, France, ix. 353. , Counts of, ix. 354; 11. 18. , Paul de, French prelate and diplomatist, ix. 354. Fokshan, town, Roumania, ix. 354. Folard, Jean Charles de, French writer on tactics, ix. 355. Folc-Land, or Folk-Land (q.v.), in English law, ix. 357. Foldvar, town, Hungary, ix. 355. Folengo, Teofilo, Italian poet, ix. 355. Foley, John Henry, British sculptor, ix. 355Foligno, town, Italy, ix. 356. Folk-Books, xviii. 204. Folkes, Martin, English antiquary, ix. 356. Folkestone, town, England, ix. 356; xiv. 39. Folk-Land, in English law, ix. 357, 305; viii. 275; Saxon, xviii. 302. Folk-Lore, ix. 357 ; in relation to mythology, XVII. 144; magical survivals in, XV. 204; totemism in, XXIII. 467; Indian, XVIII. 660. Folk-Songs, hi. 283. Follen, August Ludwig, German poet, ix. 359. , Charles, German poet and theologian, ix. 359. Follett, Sir William Webb, English lawyer, ix. 359. Follicle, form of fruit, iv. 151. Follower, in applied mechanics, xv. 755Folquet, of Marseilles, Provengal poet, xix. 874. Fomorians, of Irish legend, v. 300; xiii. 243. Fonblanque, Albany William, English political writer, ix. 360. Fondants, French comfit, vi. 257. Fond du Lac, town, Wisconsin, U.S.A., ix. 361; population, xxiv. 617. Fondi, town, Italy, ix. 361.

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vi. 4; submerged, x. 256; American, Foraminifera, ix. 371; distribution Fons Castalius (Castalia), fountain, distribution of, I. 676; of Africa, 1. 2 of, vil 277, 283. Parnassus, Greece, v. 186; VII. 5 252; European, VIIL 692; of India, Fons Ebraldi (Fontevrault), ancient Forbach, town, German Lorraine, ix. xii. 753; of Kentucky, xiv. 43; of 387. town, France, IX. 365. the United States, xxm. 807. Forbes, Alexander Penrose, bishop of Fonseca, Bay of, Honduras, xn. 130. Forez, mountains, France, xx. 119; Brechin, ix. 387. Font, Baptismal, ix. 361 ; in archiplain, xiv. 807. , David, English chemist and geotecture, 11. 464. Forfar, county, Scotland, ix. 410; logist, IX. 388. Fontaine, Jean de la (La Fontaine, area and population, XXL 528; repreDuncan, of Culloden, Scottish q.v.), French poet, XIV. 203. sentation, xxiil 727; town, ix. 412. lawyer and statesman, ix. 388. , Pierre Francois Leonard, French Forficula, genus of insects, vil 612. ., Edward, English naturalist, ix. architect, ix. 362. ForficuliDjE, order of insects, vil 389. Fontainebleau, town, France, ix. 613; xiil 152. —, James David, Scottish natural 363; xxi. 625. FORGE, for iron, IX. 412; its history, philosopher, IX. 390; on the motion of Fontana, Carlo, Italian architect, xx. XIIL 290. glaciers, x. 629. 836. Forgery, in English law, ix. 413. -, Sir John, physician and writer, IX, , Domenico, Italian architect, ix. , Literary, in ancient times, I. 461. 393; xv. 816. 363; II. 439. Forges, Evariste Desire de, Vicomte de William Alexander,on birds, XVIII. , Lavinia, Italian painter, ix. 363. Parny, French poet, XVIII. 318. 39, Niccolo Tartaglia, Italian matheForges-les-Eaux, spa, France, xvi. Forbidden Fruit (Shaddock), xxi matician, xxiii. 68. 434727, Prospero, Italian painter, IX. 364 Forget-Me-Not, plant, ix. 414; xn. Forbin, Claude de, French naval comFontanes, Louis, Marquis de, French 252. mander, ix. 393. poet, IX. 364. Forging Machines, ix. 413. ., Comte de, French painter, XL 48. Fontanet, or Fontenay, France, Battle Force, in dynamics, vil 581; xv. 676, FORKEL, Johann Nikolaus, German of (841), ix. 533; xv. 9. musician, IX. 414. 746, 764; electric, vm. 20; its equivalFontarabia, town, Spain, ix. 810. FORLi, town, Italy, IX. 414; district, ent of heat, XL 558; as the product of Fontenay, France, Battle of (841), ix. xx. 560. heat, xxiil. 283; measure of, vn. 584; 533; xv. 9. -, Melozzo da, Italian painter, ix. 414. xv. 698; Kant on the theories of, xiil. , Lefkvre de, French journalist, xvil Forlimpopoli, town, Italy, ix. 415. 847; Leibnitz’s doctrine of, XIV. 421. 424. Form, Abstract idea of, xv. 629. Forcellini, Egidio, Italian philologist, , Theresa, Comtesse de, xxm. 33. Forman, Simon, English physician ix. 393. Fontenay-le-Comte, town, France, and astrologer, IX. 415. Forchhammer, Johan Georg, Danish ix. 364. Formartin, district, Scotland, I. 43. mineralogist, IX. 393. Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de, Forme, Printer’s, xxiil 700. FORCHHAMMERITE, mineral, XVI. 415. French writer, IX. 364, 664. Formentara, one of the Balearic Fontenoy, Belgium, Battle of (i745)> Forchheim, town, Bavaria, ix. 394. Islands, Spain, ill. 278. Forcible Entry, Law of, vi. 583 vi. 705; ix. 586; xxi. 346. Formey, Johann Heinrich Samuel, Fontevraud, Order of, monks and Ford, Horace A., archer, 11. 373. German writer, IX. 415. , John, English dramatist, ix. 394; nuns, xvi. 709. Formia, town, Italy, ix. 415. vil 432. Fontevrault, town, France, ix. 365. Formica, genus of insects, 11. 94. •, Richard, English writer on Spain, Foo-Chow, town, China, ix. 812. Formosa, island, China, ix. 415; n. ix. 396. Food, viii. 616; dietetics, vil. 200; 687; v. 636; birds of, in. 762; cam, Thomas, English musician, ix. cookery of, VI. 331; digestion of, XVII phor production, iv. 761; Psalman396, 669; gelatinous, x. 132; laws against ., ,. . azar’s work on, xx. 28. Fordun, John of, Scottish historian, IX. luxurious, xxii. 644; milk as, xvi. Formosus, Pope, ix. 418. 397303; poisonous, xv. 781; preserved, Formular System, in Roman law, xix. 707; supply of, in Great Britain, Forehead, Bone of the, I. 824. xix. 707. vi. 415; tabooed, xxm. 16, 468; of Foreign Enlistment Acts, xiil Forojulium (Friuli), ancient town, 196. plants, xix. 48. Italy, ix. 790. Foreigners, in Roman law, xx. 695. Fool, jester, ix. 366. Forres, town, Scotland, viil 130. Forensic Costume, vi. 476. Foot, Anatomy of the human, I. 830; Fors, constitution of Bearn, France, joints and muscles of, 1. 841; club-foot, Forensic Medicine, xv. 778. III. 465. Forensic Rhetoric, xx. 51 i. VI. 42; redundant or defective toes on, Forskal, Peter, Swedish naturalist and Foreordination, in theology, xix. XVI. 762; of mammals, XV. 360. philosopher, IX. 418. 668. , measure of length, xxiv. 483. FORST, town, Prussia, IX. 418. Foresite, mineral, xvi. 423. Foot-and-Mouth Disease, xvil 60. Forster, Frangois, French engraver, Forest Administration, ix. 397 Football, game, ix. 367. ix. 418. Forestalling, of corn, Laws against, 1. Foote, Samuel, English dramatist and , G. S., on birds, xviii. 8. 298; vi. 412. actor, ix. 368; vil. 438. •, Johann Georg Adam, German Forest Districts, Switzerland, xxn. Foot-Pound, unit for measurement of naturalist, IX. 418. 782. work, viil. 206; xv. 700. , John, English historian and critic, Foresters, Ancient Order of, ix. 782. Footsteps of the Creator, Hugh ix. 419. Forest Law, English, ix. 409. Miller’s work, xvi. 320. —, John R., on birds, xvill. 8. Forest of Dean, district, Gloucester, Footways, in streets, xx. 588. Forster, Friedrich, German historian, England, X. 687, 689; coalfield of, VI. Foppa, Vincenzo, Italian painter, ix. ix. 418. 5°371; XXL 437. Forsterite, mineral, XVI. 410. Forests, ix. 397; their effect on climate, Forage Crops, Culture of, 1. 370.

F O R —F O W Forsyth, William, on the origin of trial by jury, xm. 784. Fort, Construction of a, ix. 433, 434. Fortaleza (Ceara), town, Brazil, v. 282. Fort Carillon, New York, U.S.A., xxiii. 352. Fort de France, town, Martinique, West Indies, IX. 420; XV. 586. Fort de Kock, Sumatra, xxn. 639. Fortebraccio, Nicola, Roman captain, xx. 805. Fort Edmonton, Canada, xv. 490. Fortescue, Sir John, English lawyer, ix. 420; VIII. 416. Forth, river, Scotland, ix. 420; xxn. 553Bridge, Scotland, xx. 234. Fortification, ix. 421 (index, 468); of ancient Rome, XX. 812. Fort Naryn, Syr-Daria, Central Asia, xxii. 818. Fortress, Armament of a, ix. 454. Fortrose, town, Scotland, ix. 468. Fort Scott, town, Kansas, U.S.A., xiii. 844. Fort Sumter, South Carolina, U.S.A., Surrender of (1861), xxm. 774. Fortuna, Roman goddess, ix. 468; temple of, at Prseneste, xix. 654; at Rome, II. 417; xx. 827. Fortunatus, legendary hero, ix. 468. , Yenantius H. C., bishop of Poitiers, Latin poet, ix. 469; as hymnwriter, xii. 582. Fortune Bay, Newfoundland, xvn. 382. Fortune-Telling, Laws against, xv. 204; xxiv. 622. Fortuny, Mariano, Spanish painter, XXL 440, 443. Fort Wayne, town, Indiana, U.S.A., ix. 469. Fort Worth, town, Texas, U.S.A., xxiii. 205. Forum, at Pompeii, xix. 446. , at Rome, ix. 469; xx. 813, 815, 825; architecture of, II. 419. Cornelii (Imola), ancient town, Italy, xii. 717. Julii (Cividale), ancient town, Raly, v. 797. Julii (Frejus), ancient town, France, ix. 767. Julii (Friuli), ancient town, Italy, ix. 790. Livn (Forli), ancient town, Italy, ix. 414. Fosbroke, Thomas Dudley, English antiquary, ix. 469. Foscari, Francesco, doge of Venice, ix. 47o; Xlli. 480. Foscarini, Antonio, Venetian conspirator, xxiv. 147. , Giacomo, Venetian statesman, xi. 121.

167

Foscarini, Marco, doge of Venice, his- Foundling Hospitals, ix. 481. torian, ix. 471. Foundling Wheel, in Italy, xiii. , Michele, Venetian historian, ix. 471. 449Foscolo, Ugo, Italian writer, ix. 471; Foundry Operations, ix. 479; xiii. vii. 417; xiii. 513. 355Foss, Edward, English legal writer, ix. Fountain, spring of water, ix. 484. 472. Fountaine, Sir Andrew, collector of , H. H., Norwegian poet, xvn. 591. majolica ware, xix. 628. Fossano, town, Italy, ix. 472. Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire, Eng, Ambrogio Stefani da (II Borland, 1. 18, 19; xxiv. 749. gognone), Italian painter, ix. 472; Fountains of Moses, hot wells, Sinai, XXL 437. Arabia, II. 236. Foss Dyke, the oldest British canal, FOUQUE, Friedrich Heinrich Karl, iv. 783. Baron de la Motte, German writer, Fosse, in fortification, ix. 444. IX. 486; x. 542; hymns by, xn. 588. , War of the, Arabia (627), xvi. 556. Fouquet, Nicolas, French financier Fossils, in geology, x. 319; the oldest and statesman, ix. 487, 574; patron known, ix. 384; birds, III. 728; fishes, of La Fontaine, xiv. 204. Xii. 666 ; mammals, xv. 375 (and Fouquier-Tinville, Antoine Quentin, article Mammalia throughout); of French Revolutionist, ix. 488. America, 1. 682. Fourah Bay College, Sierra Leone, Fossombrone, town, Italy, ix. 473. West Africa, xxn. 45. Fossombroni, Vittorio, Italian states- Four Books, of China, v. 661. man and mathematician, ix. 473. Fourchambault, town, France, ix. Fossores, or Grave-Diggers, of the Cata488; xvii. 496. combs, v. 214. Fourcroy, Antoine Fran§ois, Comte Fossway, Roman remains, Lincolnshire, de, French chemist, ix. 488. England, xiv. 656. Four Georges, The, by Thackeray, Foster, John, English essayist, ix. xxiii. 216. Fourier, Frangois Charles Marie, 473, Stephen Collins, American songFrench socialist writer, ix. 489; xxn. writer, ix. 475. 208. Fosterage, under Brehon Law, in Ire, Jean Baptiste Joseph, French land, iv. 253. mathematician and physicist, ix. 490; Fothergill, John, English physician, I. 516; his theorem of simple harmonic ix. 475; xv. 815. analysis, xv. 689; xvn. 105; on the Fotheringay Castle, Northampton, conduction of heat, XL 578, 587; xvn. England, XVII. 557; confinement of 738. Mary, queen of Scots, at, xv. 601. Four Masters, Annals of the, v. 307, FOUCAULT, Jean Bernard Leon, French 326. physicist, IX. 475; his experiment Fourment, Helena, Rubens’s second showing the earth’s rotation, x. 197; wife, xxi. 45. on radiation, xx. 215. FOURMONT, Etienne, French Orientalist, Fouch£, Joseph, French minister of ix. 491. police, IX. 476; his relations with , Michel, French Syriac scholar, ix. Wellington, xxiv. 497. 491. Foucher, Simon, French sceptic, ix. FOURNEYRON, Benoit, inventor of tur478. bine water-wheel, XII. 438. FOUGASSE, in military mining, ix. 464. Fournier, Pierre Simon, French prinFOUGERES, town, France, IX. 478. ter, ix. 491. Foula, island, Shetland, Scotland, xvn. Fourre, Marie, heroine at siege of 846. Peronne, France, xviii. 552. Foulahs, or Fulahs, Negro race, Africa, Four Sons of Aymon, romance, xx. xvii. 319; 1. 263; xxii. 248, 278, 279. 652. Fould, Achille, French financier, ix. Fourvieres, ancient building, Lyons, 478. France, xv. m. Fouldrey Castle, Lancashire, Eng- Foussa, Malagasy cat, xv. 435. land, xiv. 254. Foveaux Strait, New Zealand, xvii. Foulis, Andrew and Robert, Scottish 467. printers and publishers, ix. 479; their Fowl, Fowls, poultry, ix. 491; xix. editions of the classics, III. 657. 644; successive stages of cranium of, Foulques, Gui (Pope Clement IV.), v. ill. 700; management of, I. 401. 821. Fowler, Charles, English architect, ix. Foumart, or Polecat, xix. 332. 492. Foundations, in building, iv. 452, , John, inventor of steam plough, 456; under water, iv. 326. IX. 492; I. 314. Founding, casting metal, ix. 479. , William, Scottish poet, IX. 492.

im

F O W - FRA

Templars in, xxm. 164; government Fra Giocondo, Veronese architect, Fowlerite, mineral, xvi. 417. of Louis Philippe, XL 269; in xxiv. 154, 172. Fowling-Piece, gun, xi. 279; xxi. time of Mazarin, XV. 652; under Fragmens Philosophiques, Cousin’s 832. Napoleon L, xvil 192; under Napowork, vi. 522. Fownes, George, English chemist, IX. leon III., xvil 228; relations to Frahn, Christian Martin, German nu493Normandy, xvii. 539; to the papacy, mismatist and Orientalist, ix. 504. Fox, carnivorous mammal, IX. 493; xv. vi. 241; Reformation in, xx. 334; Fra Luca (Marco della Robbia), Floren438; Arctic, colour of, xvi. 343; skins Renaissance period, xx. 390; wars tine sculptor, xx. 591. of, ix. 838. with Russia, XXL 100, 102; connexion Frambcesia, disease, xxiv. 732. , Charles James, English statesman, with Tong-King, XXHI. 440; relations IX. 494; vill. 358; Burke’s dissension Frames, for bridges, iv. 315. with the United States, xxiii. 733, Framing, in joinery, iv. 490, 493. with, IV. 548; his relations with Pitt, 742, 744, 755> 782. FRAMLINGHAM, town, England, ix. xix. 137. France, Institute of, xm. 160. 505; castle, xxii. 622. , George, founder of the Quakers, , Isle of, or Mauritius, xv. 639. ix. 500; xvii. 135; xx. 147, 152; F ran (j A is, of Nantes, Count, French , The twelve peers of, xviii. 468. politician and writer, IX. 505. friend of Penn, xvm. 496. Francesca, Piero de’, Italian painter, , Henry Kichard Vassall, Lord Francavilla, town, Italy, ix. 505. xix. 82; xxi. 435. France, IX. 505 (including geography Holland, XII. 99. da Rimini, daughter of Malatesta, and statistics, 505; history, 527, see , Kate, American spiritualist, xxn. xx. 556. below; language, 629; literature, 657; 405. index, 687); academies in, 1. 70, 71, Franceschi, or Francesca, Piero de’, , Luke, Arctic explorer, xix. 318. Italian painter, xix. 82; XXL 435. 77; architecture, 11. 429,441; army, 11. , Kichard, bishop of Winchester, IX. 600; arsenals, 11. 634; artillery, II. 658, Franceschini, Baldassare, Italian 502. painter, IX. 687. 660, 665; Bank of, ill. 337; institution , Robert Were, his dip circle, xvi. Francesco I., grand-duke of Tuscany, of banks in, iv. 367; birds, xviii. 17; 161. xv. 791. citizenship in, I. 576; coalfields, VI. , Sir Stephen, English Royalist, ix. — da Barberino, mediaeval Italian 55; Code Napoleon, vi. 105; coins, 494. poet, xiii. 501. xvil 655; colonies, vi. 159; drama, Bat, or Flying Fox, hat, ix. 352. di Puglia, Fra, his challenge to vii. 423; drama in time of Corneille, VI. Foxdale Mines, silver and lead, Isle Savonarola, XXL 337. 420; fisheries, IX. 268; forests, IX. 402; of Man, XV. 451. foundling hospitals, ix. 482; govern- Franceville, station, West Africa, FOXE, John, English martyrologist, IX. XVIL 733. ment, XL 14; history, ix. 527, see 502. Franche Comte;, province, France, ix. below; irrigation works, XIII. 369; Foxglove, plant, vn. 237. 687. Jansenist controversies in, xill. 566; Foxhounds, vii. 329; xn. 314. Jews in, xm. 682; language, ix. 629; Franchina, Descartes’s automaton, xv. Fox Islands, Aleutian Islands, North 208. land laws, xiv. 262; form of land Pacific, 1. 480. tenure, 1. 415; libraries, xiv. 513 Franchise, in law, ix. 688; parliamenFox-Shark, fish, xxi. 777. tary, British, XX. 344. 524, 545; literature, ix. 637; mines, Fox-Tallot, William H., photographic Francia (Francesco Raibolini), Italian xvi. 467; national debt, xvn. 246; discoverer, xxm. 27; xviii. 824. painter, ix. 688; XXL 437. navy, xvil 298; newspapers, xvii Fov, Maximilien Sebastien, French , Jose Gaspar Rodriguez, dictator of 423; nobility, xvil 530; xvili. 468; general and politician, IX. 503. Paraguay, ix. 688. observatories, xvil 712; opium cultiFoyle, river, Ireland, vn. 361. vation, xvil 792; oyster culture, xvin. Franciabigio (Francesco di Cristofano), Fra Ambrogio (Paolo della Robbia), Italian painter, IX. 689. 107; periodicals, xvi 11. 539; police Florentine sculptor, XX. 591. system, xix. 342; post office, xix. 580; Francis, St, of Assisi, founder of FranFra Angelico (Fiesole, or Guido di ciscan order, ix. 692; xiil. 500; xvi. Presbyterian Church, XIX. 693; prison Vicchio), Italian painter, ix. 148, 772; 710; stigmatization of, xxn. 549. system, xix. 759; railways, xx. 250; xxi. 434, 435, 442. , St, of Paola, founder of order of settlements in India, II. 702; XII. 799, Fra AS, Karl Nikolas, German botanist, Minims, IX. 695; xvi. 711. 800, 804; settlement at New Orleans, ix. 504. , St, of Sales, devotional writer, ix. U.S.A., xvil 403; technical schools, Fra Bartolommeo (Baccio della 695, 654. xxiii. 108; university of, xxm. 851; Porta), Italian painter, ill. 194; XXL I., emperor, ix. 691; x. 503. wine industry, XXIV. 604, 442. II. (Francis I. of Austria), emperor, , History of, IX. 527; conquest of Fracastorio, Hieronymo, Italian phyix. 691; his character, Hi. 136. Algeria by, 1. 566; colonization of sician and poet, IX. 504. I., emperor of Austria, IX. 691; Hi. North America, iv. 766; protectorship Fractions, in algebra, 1. 529, 558; in 136. arithmetic, II. 529; decimal, use of, by of Annam, xxm. 440; war with I., king of France, ix. 689, 555; his Napier, xvil. 185; by Stevinus, XXII. Austria, ill. 130; the Carbonari in, v. relations with Henry YIII. of England, 546; vulgar, tables of, xxiii. 8, 13. 89 ; Colbert’s financial reforms, VI. XL 663; his rule in Italy, xiii. 482; Fracture, in surgery, xxn. 681. 121; war in the East (1799), xxm. his attitude towards the Reformation, , of materials, by tension or com648; Hundred Years’ war with Engxx. 328, 334. pression, xxii. 601. land, vill. 318; Fouche’s police adII., of France, ix. 691, 559. ministration, ix. 476; Huguenots, xn. , in minerals, its varieties, xvi. , duke of Guise, XL 266. 337; invasion of Italy by (1492), xm 379, Alban, English Benedictine monk, Fra Diamante, Italian painter, vn. 481; of Prussia (1806), xx. 11; invaxvil 444. sion of, by the Arabs, xvi. 576; II. 162. , Francis, on fly fishing, 11. 37. Fra Diavolo, Italian brigand, ix. 504. 258; by William I. of Prussia (1870), , Sir Philip, English politician and Fragaria, genus of plants, xn. 276; xxiv. 582; Inquisition established writer, ix. 696; his alleged identity xxii. 592. in 1. 487; suppression of Knights

F R A—F R E with Junius, xm. 776; his relations Frankfort - on - the - Oder, town, with Burke, IV. 547. Prussia, ix. 708; university, xxiii. Francis-Armand, abbot of La Trappe, 843, 848. xxiii. 524. Frankincense, gum-resin, ix. 709; Francis Borgia, St, general of the xii. 718. Jesuits, IX. 694. Frankland, or Land of the Franks, its Francisca, Frankish battle-axe, 11. relations to the popedom, xix. 494. Franklin, State of (now part of Ten555Franciscans, monastic order, ix. 698; nessee), U.S.A., xxiii. 178. xvi. 710; their revolt against Pope , Benjamin, American statesman and John XXII., xvii. 717. philosopher, ix. 711; ambassador to Francisque (Jean Francois Millet), France, xxiii. 743; his connexion with French painter, ix. 700. American journalism, xvn. 433; with Franck, Gabriel, Flemish painter, ix. Philadelphia, XVIII. 740; his electrical 701. researches, vm. 6; his postal improve, Johann, German hymn-writer, xn. ments, xix. 566; as political economist, 587. xix. 384; as writer, 1. 720; Wedder, Sebastian, German writer, ix. 701; burn’s charge against him, xxiv. 475. xvii. 134. , Sir John, Arctic explorer, ix. 719; Francke, August Hermann, German X. 195; xix. 319; his observations philanthropist and theologian, ix. 701; on the aurora, ill. 95; search for, by vil. 675; x. 532; XIX. 83; his influence Kane, xm. 837. on the university of Halle, xxm. Franklinite, mineral, xvi. 386; xm. 847. 287; xxiv. 784. Francken, family of Flemish painters, Frankmarriage, in English law, xxi. ix. 702. 694 Franco of Cologne, musical writer, Franks, Germanic people, ix. 722; xx. xvii. 81. 776, 785; empire of the, V. 402; their Franco-Gallia, Hotman’s treatise, xn. laws, v. 73; xxi. 212; in Gaul, ix. 528; in Germany, x. 476; in Italy, XIII. 3°9Franco-German War (1870), x. 512; 468; in Roman empire, xx. 776, 780; xx. 13. their invasion of Spain, xxn. 307; Franqois de Neufchateau, Nicolas their weapons, 11. 555. Louis, Count, French statesman and Franktenement, land tenure, xx. poet, ix. 703. 305Francois de Paris, Jansenist, xm. Franz, Robert, his edition of Bach’s 567. works, ill. 195 Francolin, bird, xvm. 333. Franz£n, Frans Michael, Swedish poet, Franconia, territorial division, Gerix. 724; xxii. 757. many, ix. 703; in. 453; xxiii. 331. Franzensbad, watering-place, BoheFrancos, or Franck, Sebastian, German mia, ix. 724; mineral water of, XVI. writer, ix. 701; XVII. 134. 434, 435Franeker, town, Holland, ix. 704; Franzensfeste, fort, Tyrol, Austria, university of, xxiii. 850. iv. 356. Frank, Jacob, leader of Jewish sect, Franz-Josef Land, Arctic Regions, its xiii. 681. discovery, xix. 324. , John Peter, German physician, Franzstadt, part of Budapest, Hunxv. 815. gary, xviii. 691. , Joseph, German physician, xv. Frascati, town, Italy, ix. 724. 814. Fraser, or Frazer, river, British Col, or Franck, Sebastian, German umbia, vi. 169; xviii. 116. writer, ix. 701; xvii. 134. , Alexander, his composing and disFrankalmoign, feudal tenure of land, tributing type-machines, xxiii. 701, England, xx. 305, 307. 702. Frankenberg, town, Saxony, ix. 704. , James Baillie, Scottish traveller Frankenhausen, town, Germany, ix. and writer, ix. 725. 704; XXL 461. , Louis, on birds, XVin. 12. Frankenstein, town, Prussia, ix. 704. , Simon, Lord Lovat, Scottish Frankenthal, town, Bavaria, ix. 704. Jacobite, xv. 27. Frankfort, town, Kentucky, U.S.A., Fraserburgh, town, Scotland, ix. ix. 704. 725. Frankfort-ON-the-Main, town, Ger- Fratercula, genus of birds, xx. 101. many, ix. 704; xx. 16; cathedral Fratricelli, or Fraticelli, mediaeval sculptures, xxi. 565; libraries, xiv. sects, ix. 725; ill. 507; XVI. 711; xx. 546; newspapers, xvii. 428; assembly 322. (1848), X. 506; treaty of (1871), ix. Fraud, in law, ix. 726. 627. Frauenburg, town, Prussia, IX. 727.

169 Frauenfeld, town, Switzerland, ix. 727; xxii. 778; xxiii. 331. Frauenlob (Heinrich von Meissen), German poet, ix. 727. Frauenstadt, C. M. J., friend and expositor of Schopenhauer, xxi. 454. Fraunhofer, Joseph von, German optician, ix. 727; xvii. 26; his filar micrometer, XVI. 245; on radiation, XX. 215; his telescopes, xxiii. 139, 141. Fraustadt, town, Prussia, ix. 728. Fray Bentos, town, Urugtiay, xxiv. 15Fray Gerundio, Isla’s book, xm. 387. Frayssinous, Denis Antoine Luc, Comte de, French ecclesiastic and politician, ix. 728. Frazer, or Fraser, river, British Columbia, VI. 169; xviii. 116. Fredegond, early French queen, ix. 53°Frederici, German pianoforte maker, xix. 71. , Cesare de, Venetian traveller, xvn. 857. Fredericia, town, Denmark, ix. 728. Frederick, the name, ix. 729. I., Barbarossa, emperor and German king, ix. 729; x. 489; xx. 793; his homage to Pope Alexander III., 1. 486; in Italy, xm. 472; his patronage of Bologna university, xxm. 833. II., emperor and German king, ix. 73G x. 491; xx. 795; his attitude towards the crusades, vi. 630; as king of Italy, XIII. 474; his relations to the popedom, xix. 500; to Sicily, xxn. 27; his quarrels with the Templars, XXIII. 162. III., emperor (IV. of Germany), ix. 733J x. 496. , prince of Augustenburg, vil 88. , king of Bohemia (V. as elector palatine), ix. 742; x. 500. I., elector of Brandenburg, xx. 4. II., of Brandenburg, XX. 4. III., German king, ix. 733; x. 494. IV., German king (emperor Frederick III.), ix. 733; x. 496. I., king of Prussia, ix. 734; xx. 8. II., the Great, of Prussia, ix. 735; x. 503; xx. 9; his army, II. 593; his battles, in. 444; his influence on France, IX. 585; influence on German literature, x. 532; his contest with Russia, xxi. 99; Rauch’s statue of, xx. 294; Voltaire at court of, xxiv. 288. I., elector and duke of Saxony, ix. 740; xxi. 353. II., of Saxony, ix. 741. III., of Saxony, IX. 741; XXL 353; Spalatin’s relations with, XXII. 366. , king of Sicily, xxii. 28. I., king of Sweden, xxii. 751. I., king of Wiirtemberg, xxiv. 702. XXV. — 22

170

F K E— F R E

French, Nicholas, Irish pamphleteer, Frederick I.-II., electors palatine, ix Freeman’s Journal, Dublin newsix. 768. paper, xvii. 423. 741. Academy, i. 74, 75; dictionary of, III.-IV., electors palatine, IX. Freeman’s Well, Alnwick, England, viii. 194. 1. 596. 742. Bean, vegetable, xn. 283. V., elector palatine and king ot Freemantle, town, Western Australia, Drama, vil 423. xxiv. 508. Bohemia, IX. 742; X. 500. Guiana, South America, XL 253. Freemasonry, ix. 747; condemned by , town, Maryland, U.S.A., xv. 603 HORN, musical instrument, XII. Pope Clement XII., v. 823. Augustus I. (Augustus II. of 167. Freeport, town, Illinois, U.S.A., ix. Poland), elector of Saxony, ill. 84. — Language, ix. 629; xiv. 340; 752. Augustus II. (Augustus III. of dictionaries of, vil 184. Poland), elector of Saxony, III. 85; Free-Soil Partv, United States, xxm. Literature, ix. 637; Renaissance 768. . . xix. 297; xxi. 355. period, XX. 391; early romances, XX. Augustus III., elector (I. asking) Free Spirit, Brethren of the, mediseval 659; Rabelais’s influence on, xx. 197; sect, in. 507; xvii. 132. of Saxony, ix. 741; xxi. 355. Rousseau’s, XXL 27. Augustus I., king of Saxony, ix. Freethinking, Anthony Collins on, — Revolution (1789), ix. 596; xx. vi. 147. 741; xxi. 355. 602; views of, in England, xix. 143; Freetown, town, Sierra Leone, West Augustus II., king of Saxony, ix its influence on the popedom, xix. 508; Africa, ix. 752; I. 269; xxil. 44. 741; xxi. 356. on Spain, XXIL 342; in Switzerland, Free Trade, ix. 752 ; its effect on Henry, of Orange-Nassau, stadt xxil 793. commerce, vi. 205 j List’s theory of, holder of Holland, xn. 79. Revolution, Reflections on the, xix. 389; Paterson’s advocacy of, William, elector of Brandenburg, Burke’s, iv. 546. xvill. 360; Sir Robert Peel’s measures, ix. 733; xx. 6. Frentani, ancient Italian people, XXL viii. 366; xviii. 456. William I., king of Prussia, ix 128, 248. Free-Will, in ethics, vm. 608; in re735; xx. 8. lation to predestination, XIX. 670; Frenzelite, mineral, xvi. 394. William II., of Prussia, ix. 739; Cudworth’s theory, VI. 691; St Paul’s Frequente Communion, De la, xx. 11. Arnauld’s work, 11. 620. doctrine, XVIII. 427. William III., of Prussia, ix. 739; Frere, John Hookham, English diploFreewill Baptists, ix. 762. xx. 11; his relations with Stein, xxn. Freezing-Point, viii. 731; xn. 611. matist and writer, IX. 768. 530. Freres de Saint-Yon, religious William IV., of Prussia, ix. 740; FREGATA, genus of birds, ix. 786. brotherhood, XII. 700. Fregell/e (Pontecorvo), ancient town, xx. 12. FRERET, Nicolas, French scholar, IX.768. Italy, xix. 454. City, town, Maryland, U.S.A., ix Fregga, Frigg, or Freya, in Teutonic Freron, Elie Catherine, French critic 742. . and controversialist, ix. 769. mythology, ix. 777; 1. 209, 211. Fredericksburg, town, Virginia, , Louis Stanislas, French RevoluFreiberg, town, Saxony, ix. 763; min U.S.A., ix. 742; battle of (1862), ill. tionist, ix. 769. ing school of, xxiv. 5°2. 444; XXIII. 777. Frerots, or Fratricelli, mediseval sect, Freiburg (Freiburg in the Breisgau), Frederickshald, town, Norway, ix. ix. 725. town, Baden, Germany, ix. 764; 742 Fresco, ix. 769; xvn. 42; xxm. 158; cathedral sculptures, XXL 564; uniFrederickstad, town, Norway, ix. a secco, xxiil 157; ceilings, in ancient versity, xxiil. 842. burial-chapels, v. 214; Raphael’s 742—, town, Prussian Silesia, ix. 765. Fredericton, town, New Brunswick, frescos, xx. 279. , canton, Switzerland, IX. 763; XXIL ix. 742; xvii. 375. Frescobaldi, Girolamo, Italian musi778; town, IX. 764; XXIL 778, 788. Frederikshaab, district, Greenland cal composer, ix. 776; xvn. 90. Freidank, or Freigedank, German poet, XL 170. Frese, Jacob, Swedish poet, xxil 755. ix. 765. Fredrikshall, Norway, Charles XII. Freiligrath, Ferdinand, German poet, Freshwater, town, Isle of Wight, killed at, V. 422. England, xxiv. 562. ix. 766; x. 546. Fredro, Count Alexander, Polish comHerring, fish, xxi. 224. Freind, John, English physician and edian, xix. 303. FRESNEL, Augustin Jean, French author, ix. 767; xv. 811. Free Church of Scotland, ix. 742; physicist, IX. 776; his improvements XXL 538; Chalmers’s relations to, v. Freire, Francisco Joze, Portuguese in lighting apparatus, Xiv. 619, 620. historian and philologist, IX. 767. 377Fresnillo, town, Mexico, ix. 776; Freischutz, in German folklore, ix. Freedman, Roman, xxn. 133. xxiv. 761. 767. Freedom of Contract, xix. 360 Fresnoy, Charles Alphonse du, French -, Weber’s opera, xxiv. 468. Freedom of the Will, Jonathan painter and writer, IX. 776. Freising, town, Bavaria, ix. 767. Edwards’s work on the, vil. 690. See Freiwaldau, town, Austrian Silesia, Fresny, Riviere du, French journalist, also Free-Will below. xvil. 424. ix. 767. Free Grace, Melanchthon’s doctrine FRET, in heraldry, XL 697. Frejus, town, France, ix. 767. of, xv. 834. Patterns, in Japanese art, xin. Freehold, in English law, ix. 746; VI. Fremont, town, Ohio, U.S.A., ix. 767. 59°. , John Charles, his operations in 355; xiv. 264; xx. 305. California, IV. 695 ; candidate for Freudenstadt, town, Wiirtemberg, Free Imperial Cities, of Germany, Germany, ix. 776. presidency of United States, xxm. ix. 747. Freudenthal, town, Austrian Silesia, 771. Free Libraries, in England, xiv. 520, ix. 777. Fremont’s Peak, Wyoming, U.S.A., 542Frey, in northern mythology, L 210. xxiv. 712. Freeman, Edward Augustus, on cnivFreya, or Fregga, in Teutonic mythoalry, xiv. 126; on the origin of trial Freneau, Philip, American writer, 1. logy, ix. 777; I. 209, 211. 722. by jury, xm. 784.

F R E —F R Y

Freyberg, or Freiberg, town, Saxony, ix. 763. Freyburg, or Freiburg, town, Baden, Germany, ix. 764. Freycinet, Louis Claude Desaules de, French navigator, ix. 777. Freysing, or Freising, town, Bavaria, ix. 767. Freytag, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, German Orientalist, ix. 777. , Gustav, German novelist, x. 545. Frezzi, Federigo, Italian writer, xm. 505Friar, member of mendicant order, ix. 777 5 V. 116; vil. 354; ix. 698; XVI. 710; in England, 13th century, vill. 316. Friar-Bird, xii. 139. Friar’s Cap, plant, 1. 98. Friar William (Rubruquis), Oriental traveller, xxi. 46. FRIBOURG (Freiburg), canton, Switzerland, ix. 763; xxii. 778; town, ix. 764; xxii. 778, 788. Frichot, Alexandre, French musical instrument maker, xvn. 778. Fricker, Edith, first wife of Robert Southey, xxil. 290. Friction, in physics, ix. 777; xv. 702, 73i>765; expenditureof energy on, vm. 208; of gases, XVI. 618; of liquids, XII. 482 ; xix. 247; influence of lubricants on, XV. 35 ; stability of, xv. 751; tidal, xxiii. 360, 374. Frictional Electricity, viii. 99. Frida, Emil Bohns, Bohemian poet, xxil 152. Fridericia, or Fredericia, town, Denmark, ix. 728. Friedelite, mineral, xvi. 424. Fried land, town, Bohemia, ix. 778. , town, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Germany, ix. 778. , town, Prussia, ix. 779 ; battle of (1807), XVII. 210. , Duke of (Wallenstein), general, xxiv. 328. , Valentin (Trotzendorf), German educationist, xxm. 588. Friedrich (Frederick, q.v.), German name, ix. 729. Ludwig, prince of Hohenlohe, Prussian general, XI1. 51. Friedrichshall, spa, Saxe-Meiningen, Germany, xvi. 436. Friendly Islands, South Pacific, ix. 779Friendly Societies, ix. 780; registration of, xx. 344. Friends, Society of (Quakers), xx. 147; founder of, ix. 500. in Council, Helps’s work, xi. 6390F ‘ God, mystic sect, xvn. 486; XXIII. 82. — OF the People, Society of, English political party, xi. 190.

171 Fries, Elias Magnus, Swedish botanist, L 75G egg of, xx. 418; hibernation ix. 785. of, xi. 789; parasites of, xviii. 259; , Jacob Friedrich, German philoxxiii. 539. sopher, ix. 785; his relations to Frog-Fish, ix. 269. rationalism, xx. 290. Frogmore, Berkshire, England, MauFrieseite, mineral, xvi. 393. soleum at, 1. 453. Friesland, province, Holland, ix. 785; Frogs, The, Aristophanes’s comedy, 11. xii. 98. 509. Frieslebenite, mineral, xvi. 394. Frohlich, Abraham Emanuel, GermanFrieze, in architecture, II. 464. Swiss poet, ix. 797. Frigate-Bird, ix. 786. Froissart, Jean, French chronicler, ix. Frikell, Wiljalba, conjurer, xiv. 415. 797, 646. Fringilla, genus of birds, xiv. 675; Frome, town, England, ix. 802; xxil xxii. 369. 258. Friniates, Ligurian tribe, Italy, xm. Fromentin, Eugene, French painter, 447; xiv. 640. IX. 802. Frisch, J. L., on birds, xvni. 8. Fromme, C., his experiments in Frische Haff, lagoon, Prussia, xx. magnetism, xv. 258. 20. Fronde, War of the, in France, ix. Frischlin, Nicodemus, German scholar 572; Xiv. 867; Condo’s connexion and poet, ix. 786. with, vi. 246; Mazarin’s, xv. 652; Frisi, Paolo, Italian mathematician and Louise d’Orleans’s, xvi. 793; Betz’s, astronomer, ix. 787. xx. 488. Frisia, ancient region of Europe, ix. Fronsac, town, France, xiv. 509. 787; ancient law code of, xxi. 215. Front, St, early French missionary, Frisian Language, ix. 788; xn. 84; xviii. 535. dictionaries of, VII. 187. Frontinus, Justinus (Justin), Latin Frisian Literature, ix. 788. historian, xm. 791. Frisians, ancient Teutonic people, ix. , Sextus Julius, Roman soldier and 787; St Willibrord’s mission to, xxiv. writer, ix. 803; inspector of Roman 587. aqueducts, XII. 435; his language Frisius, Gemma, on navigation, xvn. and style, xiv. 337. 251. Fronto, Marcus Cornelius, Roman Frit Fly, wheat pest, xxiv. 535. grammarian, ix. 803; his language Frith, John, early English Reformer, and style, xiv. 338. ix. 789. Frosinone, town, Italy, ix. 803. Frith-Guilds, associations for mutual Frost, Geological action of, x. 265, 280. defence, XL 260. , William Edward, English painter, Frithigern, Gothic chief, x. 848, 849; ix. 803. xxiii. 258, 720. Frost-Bite, xvi. 849; xxii. 683. Frithiofs Saga, TegnePs poem, xxm. Frotte, Louis de, French royalist, XVII. no. 203. Fritillaria, genus of Tunicata, xxm. Froude, William, English naval archi615; xxiv. 186. tect, xxi. 809. Fritslar, Herbert von, romancist, xx. Frowle, bird, XL 262. 639Fructidor 18, Coup d’etat of (1797), Fritzlar, town, Prussia, ix. 790. France, xvn. 199. , Hermann von, German mystic, Fruela I., king of Leon, xxil 311. XVII. 133. Frue-Vanner, mining apparatus, xvi. Friuli, district, Austria and Italy, ix. 465. 790. Frugality Banks, xxi. 327. Frizon (Gemma Frisius), on naviga- FRUGONI, Carlo Innocenzo, Italian poet, tion, xvii. 251. ix. 804; xiii. 511. Froben, or Frobenius, Joannes, German Fruit, of plants, iv. 148; formation printer and scholar, ix. 791; his reof, xx. 429; culture of, 1. 384; 11. 322; lations with Erasmus, Vin. 514. dried, xix. 707; garden, Xii. 268. Froberger, Johann Jacob German Frumentius, early Christian missionary musician, xvn. 90. and first bishop of Abyssinia, ix. 804; Frobisher, Sir Martin, English naviI. 65. gator, ix. 791; x. 184; his Arctic Frusinum, or Frusino (Frosinone), explorations, xix. 316. ancient town, Italy, ix. 803. Frodoart (Flodoard), French chro- Fruytiers, Philip, Flemish painter, ix. nicler, ix. 328. 804. Froebel, Friedrich Wilhelm August, Fry, of fish, as article of food, xxiv. German educationist, ix. 792; xiv. 550. , Elizabeth, English philanthropist, 79Frog, amphibian, ix. 795; anatomy of, ix. 804; on prison discipline, XIX. 749.

172

P r Y —f u s

reproduction of, iv. 162; xx. 423,430; Fulford, England, Battle of (1066), XL Frying, of meat, vi. 333. vegetative organs of, IV. 107; edible 8 4 5, Fryth, or Frith, John, early English species, xvil 74 5 parasitic species, Fulgentius, Gottschalk, German theoReformer, IX. 789. xviii. 266; for the herbarium, XL 718; logian, x. 855. Fryxell, Anders, Swedish historian, phosphorescence in, XVIII. 813; in Fulginium (Foligno), ancient town, xxil. 758. vine diseases, xxiv. 240. Italy, ix. 356. F’S, The Three, in Irish land tenure, Fur, ix. 836; of ermine, vm. 526; of FULGORA, genus of insects, XIV. 290. xiv. 277. seals, xxi. 583; Canadian, iv. 775; Fulham, suburb of London, ix. 813; Fuad Pasha, Mehmed, Turkish statesyield in Siberia, XXIL 9. xiv. 822. man and author, ix. 805. , in heraldry, XL 691. Fuligno, or Foligno, town, Italy, ix. FUCHITE, mineral, XVI. 413. 6 , group of Negroes, Africa, VI. 825; 35 FUCHS (Fux), Johann Joseph, Austrian xvil 319. Fuligula, genus of birds, xix. 252; musical composer, IX. 855; xvil. 90. FURETIERE, Antoine, French lexicoXXL 378. , Johann Nepomuk von, German grapher, IX. 839; his French dictionary, Fulk, count of Anjou, Knight Templar, chemist and mineralogist, IX. 805. VII. 185; his dispute with La Fontaine, xxiii. 160. , Leonhard, German physician and xiv. 205; ana of, 1. 784. Fitzwarin, romance, xx. 658. botanist, ix. 806. Furies (the Greek Erinyes), in Latin Fuller, Andrew, English Baptist Fuchsia, plant, ix. 806; xn. 263. mythology, ix. 840; vin. 524. divine, IX. 813. Fucinus (Fucino), lake, Italy, v. 286; , Sarah Margaret, Marchioness Ossoli, Furlanians, ancient people of Friuli, xiii. 440; drainage tunnel at, xxm. Italy, ix. 790. American writer, xvill. 57. 623. Furnace, ix.840; method of measuring Thomas, English divine and hisFuegia, islands, Tierra del Fuego, temperature of, xx. 132; for assaying, torian, ix. 814. South America, xxm. 384. II. 725; for the garden, XII. 228; for Fuller’s Earth, ix. 816; xvi. 424. FUEGIANS, races of Indians, XII. 829. glass-making, X. 657; for iron and Fulling, in wool manufacture, xxiv. Fuel, IX. 807; composition of various steel making, xni. 293, 349; for lead 661. kinds of, VI. 47; for blast furnaces, smelting, Xiv. 375; for minting operaXIII. 292, 315; gas as, Siemens’s experi- Fullonica, fuller’s shop, at Pompeii, tions, XVI. 486; Siemens’s regenerate e, xix. 449. ments with, XXII. 37; petroleum as, XXIL 37; for smelting ores, XVI. 60; xviii. 720; for smelting ores, xvi. 60; Fulmar, bird, ix. 817. for steam-boilers, XXII. 496. Fulminates, explosives, vm. 808. in relation to smoke abatement, xxil. Furneaux, Captain, his explorations 182 ; for steam boilers, XXII. 500, FULTON, Robert, American engineer, of Australian coasts, III. 104. IX. 817; his invention of a steamboat, Furness Abbey, Lancashire, England, 519ill. 542. Fuente de Cantos, town, Spain, ix. HI. 396; XIV. 254. Fumaria, genus of plants, IX. 817. 810. Furniture, ix. 847. Fuente del Maestre, town, Spain, Fumigation, Religious, with incense, Furreedkote (Faridkot), state, India, xii. 718, 721. ix. 810. !X. 33. . Fuenterrabia (Fontarabia), town, Fumitory, plant, ix. 817. FURREEDPORE (Faridpur), district, Fun aria Hygrometrica, species of Spain, ix. 810. British India, IX. 33. mosses, xvil 71, 72. Fuentes, Manuel A., Peruvian writer, Furruckabad (Farrakhabad), district, Funchal, town, Madeira, xv. 179. xviii. 676. India, IX. 42. FUERO, Spanish legal charter and code, Function, in mathematical analysis, ix. Fursey, abbot of Lagny, Celtic re818; xiii. 13; xv. 630; xxiv. 71. IX. 810. former, xvi. 707. FuerteventuRA, island, Canaries, iv. Functions, Analytical, Theory of, La- FURST, German title, XIX. 739. grange’s work, xiv. 209. 800. , Julius, German Orientalist, IX. ; Elliptic, Legendre’s researches on, Fugger, Swabian family, Germany, ix. 850. xiv. 413; Henry J. S. Smith’s papers 8n. FURSTENBERG, two noble German on, xxil 173. Fugitive Slave Laws, in United families, IX. 851. Fundi (Fondi), ancient town, Italy, ix. States, ix. 165; xxiii. 768. Furstenbund, league of German prin361. Fugue, in music, xvn. 82. ces, XX. 11. Funds, national debt, xvil 245. Fuh-Chow, or Fuh-Chow Foo (Foo Fundy, Bay of, North America, xvil Furstenwalde, town, Prussia, IX. Chow), town, China, ix. 812; V. 636. 85I ‘ 373, 601. Fuh-Keen, province, China, v. 636. Furth, town, Bavaria, ix. 851. Fuhrich, Joseph von, Austrian painter, Funen, island, Denmark, vn. 80, 83. FURTUM, or Theft, Law of, xxiii. Funeral Rites, ix. 824; m. 398; ix. 812. 231their origin and meaning, II. 56; Fuji-san, or Fuji, volcano, Japan, xm. Furze, shrub, IX. 851. dances, VI. 799; feasts, ix. 113; in 571; pilgrimages to, XIX. 92. primitive church, V. 211; xxi. 155; FUSANUS, genus of trees, XXI. 255. FULAHS, or Foulahs, Negro race, Africa, in relation to totemism, XXHI. 470; Fuse, in pyrotechny, xx. 135; safety, 1. 263; xvil 319; xxil 248, 278, 279. for mining, XVI. 445; for ammunition Egyptian, vn. 722, 728; xvil 20; FULBERT, Canon, uncle of Heloise, 1. 34. shells, I. 745; XL 305. ancient Mexican, xvi. 213; Parsee, , scholastic philosopher, XXL 421. Fusee, match, xv. 626. XVlll.326; Phoenician,XVlil.810; ScyFulbroke Park, Warwickshire, Eng, of a watch, xxiv. 394. thian, XXL 576; Tibetan, xxm. 344. land, XXL 753. Fuseli, Henry, Swiss painter and writei, FUNFHAUS, suburb of Vienna, IX. 827. Fulcher, Geoffrey, Knight Templar, ix. 852. Funfkirchen, town, Hungary, ix. xxiii. 161. Fusel Oil, ix. 853. 827; university of, xxiii. 840. Fulda, monastery and town, Germany, Fusibility of Metals, Table showing Fungus, Fungi, division of vegetable ix. 812; monastic library of, xiv. the, xvi. 66. kingdom, ix. 827; xxiv. 127 ; rela513; philosophical school, XXL 420. Fusil, in heraldry, xi. 697. tions to Algae, in. 692; xxiv. 128; , river, Germany, xxiv. 503.

F U S — Gr A L

Fusing-Points, of alloys, xx. 132. Fusiyama, Fuji, or Fujisan, volcano, Japan, xm. 571; xix. 92. Fuslee Era, Mohammedan, in India, v. 719. Fust, Sir H. Jenner, his decision on church altars, 1. 641. , Johann, early German printer, IX. 853; xxiii. 684, 687; his Psalter, m. 653Fustian, cloth, ix. 855; xxiii. 210. Fustic, dyestuff, ix. 855. Futa - Jallon, district, Senegamhia, West Africa, XXL 661. Futak, father of Mani, xv. 482. Futtehpoor (Fathipur), district and town, India, IX. 50. Sikri, town, India, ix. 51. Future, Psychological presentation of the, xx. 64. Events, Mathematical probability of, xix. 773. State, in eschatology, vm. 537Fux, Johann Joseph, Austrian musical composer, ix. 855; xvn. 90. Fuxum (Foix), ancient town, France, ix. 353Fuze, or Fuse {q.v.). Percussion, xi. 305. Fuzes-Gyarmat, town, Hungary, xi. 346. Fuzuli, Ottoman poet, xxiii. 656. Fylki, Norwegian division of land, xvii. 584. Fyne, Loch, Scotland, its herring fishery, ix. 260. Fyrd, early English militia, II. 568. Fyt, Johannes, Flemish painter, ix. 856. Fyzabad (Faizabad), division and district, India, VIII. 855; town, VIII. 855 ; xviii. 72. ("I the seventh letter of the alphabet, ^ x. 1. Ga, language and tribe, Gold Coast, Africa, x. 756. GaB/E (Ispahan), ancient town, Persia, xm. 395. Gabao, river, West Coast, Africa, x. 3. Gabelentz, Hans Conon von der, German philologist, x. 1. Gabelsberger, F. X., German stenographer, xxi. 841. Gabes, town, Tunis, xxm. 620. Gabet, J., French traveller in Tibet, XIV - 503; XXIII. 338. Gabii, ancient town, Italy, x. 2; xiv. 344Gabion, in fortification, ix. 424. Gable, in architecture, 11. 465. Gabler, Georg Andreas, German philosopher, x. 2. , Johann Philipp, German theologian, X. 2. Gablonz, town, Bohemia, x. 3.

173 Gaboon, river, West Coast, Africa, x. Gaicyn, town, Russia, x. 16. 3; I. 254. Gaikwar, ruler of Baroda, India, in. Gabrias, or Babrius, Greek fabulist, 381; xv. 290. in. 181. Gailenreuth Cave, Germany, v. 267. Gabriel, of Scripture, x. 3. Gaillac, town, France, x. 15. , bishop of Hormizdsher, Syriac Gaillard, Ferdinand, French engraver, writer, XXII. 837. vm. 443. BAR Bokht-isho, Syrian physi, Gabriel Henri, French historian, x. cian, xxii. 847. i5Kamsa, Syriac writer, xxn. 855. Gainsborough, town, England, x. 15. TAURETHA, Syriac writer, xxn. , Thomas, English painter, x. 15; 843xxi. 441. Gabrielli, Pirro Maria, Italian man of Gaion, or Gaia, village, Paxo, Greece, science, xxn. 43. XVIII. 439. Gabrig, river, Persia, xviii. 620. Gair-Fowl, or Gare-Fowl, x. 78; m. 85, Gad, prophet, in Scripture, x. 4. 734, Tribe of, x. 4. Gaiseric, or Genseric (q.v.), king of the Gadames, or Ghadames (q.v.), town, Vandals, x. 159; xx. 781; xxiv. 58. Sahara, Africa, x. 4. Gaissin, town, Russia, x. 16. Gadara, ancient town, Syria, x. 4. Gaius, Roman jurist, x. 16; xm. 794; Gaddesden, John, English writer on his diction and style, xiv. 338; Inmedicine, xv. 807. stitutes of, discovered by Niebuhr, Gaddi, family of Italian painters, x. 5 xvii. 492. , Agnolo, X. 5; his glass paintings Gaj, Ljudevit, Croatian writer, xxi. 691. X. 669. Gala, river, Scotland, xxm. 673. Gades (Cadiz), ancient town, Spain, iv. Galaad, or Galahad, hero of Arthurian 626; xviii. 806; xxii. 305. romance, xx. 646, 647. Gad-Fly, vil 256. Galabat, town, Upper Egypt, X. 17. Gadiatch, town, Russia, x. 6. Galactin, constituent of milk, xvi. 303. Gadolinite, mineral, xiv. 292; xvi. Galactite, mineral, xvi. 423. 409. Galactometer, for indicating specific Gadshill Place, Kent, Dickens’s regravity of milk, 1. 168. sidence, vil 178. Galacz (Galatz), town, Roumania, x. Gadus, genus of fishes, xi. 363; xn. 21. 691; xix. 402, 650; xxiv. 554. Galagin^e, subfamily of lemurs, xiv. Gadwall, bird, x. 6. 442. ■ G/ea, Oracle of, at Olympia, xvn. 808. Galahad, or Galaad, hero of Arthurian Gaekwar, or Gaikwar, Mahratta ruler, romance, xx. 646, 647. in. 381; xv. 290. Galam, of Irish legend, xm. 244. Gaelic Language, x. 6; v. 298; xiv. Galangal, aromatic drug, x. 17. 694; dictionaries of, vil 188. Galanthus, genus of plants, xxn. 201. Gaelic Literature, x. 6; of Scotland, Galaor, brother of Amadis of Gaul, v xx. 654. - 313, 327Gaels, v. 297; in Ireland, xm. 244, 246; Galapagos Islands, Pacific Ocean, x. in Scotland, xxi. 473; in Wales, xvni. 17; birds of, ill. 747. 482. Galashiels, town, Scotland, x. 18; Gaeta, town, Italy, x. 13. xxi. 638. , Giovanni da (Pope Gelasius II.), x. Galata, part of Constantinople, vi. 306. 130. Galatea, of Greek legend, xvn. 346. G aet an o, Giovanni (Pope N icholas HI.), , pastoral by Cervantes, v. 351. xvii. 484. Galati, ancient Gallic tribe, x. 111. G/etulia, ancient district, North Africa, Galatia, division, Asia Minor, x. 18; x. 14. coins of, xvii. 648; St Paul in, xvin. Gzetulians, people, Mauretania, Africa, 419. xv. 637; xvii. 628. Galatians, Epistle to the, x. 19. Gaff, kind of sail, xxi. 153. Galatina, town, Italy, x. 21. Gagates, mineral, xm. 672. Galatz, town, Roumania, x. 21; xxi. Gage, Thomas, English governor of 16. Massachusetts, x. 14; xxiii. 739. Galaup, Jean Francois, French naviGagern, Hans Christoph Ernst, Baron gator, xiv. 298. von, German statesman, x. 14. Galba, Servius Sulpicius, Roman Gahlah, edentate mammal, xvin. 211. emperor, x. 21; xvn. 351; xx. 773; Gahnite, mineral, xvi. 386. his contest with Otho, XVIII. 65. Gahn’s Blowpipe, hi. 837. Galbanum, gum-resin, x. 22. Gaia (Oporto), ancient town, Portugal, Galbula, genus of birds, xm. 531. xvii. 796. Galchas, race of people, Asia, xxm. , village, Paxo, Greece, xvin. 439. 25, 636,

174

G A L —G A M

Galluppi, Pasquale, Italian philosoGallabat, or Galabat, town, Upper pher, x. 46. GALDAN, convent, Tibet, Xiv. 501. Egypt, x. 17. , Kalmuk kban, xvi. 745Gallus, genus of birds, ix. 491; xix. Galland, Antoine, French Orientalist, Gale, Theophilus, English theologian, 644. x. 37; translator of Arabian Nights, ) brother of the emperor Julian, xm. x. 23. xxiii. 318. , Thomas, English scholar, x. 23. 768. C. Cornelius, Roman poet and Galeazzo, Gian, count of Pavia, xiil. Gallarate, town, Italy, x. 38. Gallas, or Galla, African race, X. 38, orator, x. 47; reference to, in Virgil’s 478I. 63, 263. . Georgies, xxiv. 253. Galela, town, Jilolo, Indian ArchiGallatin, Albert, American politician, Martin, Polish chronicler, XIX. pelago, XIIL 692. x. 38. Galen, Christoph Bernhard van, prince299. Mountains, Wyoming, U.S.A., bishop of Munster, x. 23. Galmei, mineral, xvi. 410. xxiv. 737. Claudius, ancient medical writer, Gall-Bladder, in anatomy, vn. 231; Galois, Evariste, French mathematician, x. 48. x. 23; xv. 803; as anatomist, 1. 803; surgical removal of, xxn. 691Galoubet, musical pipe, xix. no. on arteries and veins, xxiv. 95; on Galle, J. G., on parallax, xviii. 249. Galt, town, Ontario, Canada, xvil. 775the brain as the seat of intellect, xvill. , Point de, town, Ceylon, X. 40. , John, Scottish novelist, X. 47. 842; his surgery, XXII. 675. Gallego, dialect of Galicia, Spain, Galtcha, or Galchas, people, Turkestan, Galena, mineral, xiv. 375; xvi. 391 xxii. 352. xxiii. 25, 636. , town, Illinois, U.S.A., x. 24. Gallegos, river, Patagonia, xvin. Galtymore, mountain, Ireland, xm. GALENSTOCK, mountain, Switzerland, 353215; xxiii. 405. XXIV. II. -, Spanish people, x. 26. Galeocerdo, genus of sharks, XXL Galuppi, Baldassare, Italian composer, Gallery, in architecture, H. 465; in 776. x. 48. . tunnelling, xxiii. 622. Galeodes, genus of Arachnida, 11. 280 Galvani, Luigi, Italian physiologist, Galleys, Egyptian and Phoenician, xxi. Galeopithecid/e, family of insectivorX. 48; his electrical discoveries, vm. 805. ous mammals, xv. 401. 9Gall-Fly, xil 576. Galerius Maximianus, Roman emGalvanic Batteries, viii. 92. Gallia, or Gaul (q.v.), x. in; coins of, peror, XV. 644. Galvanism, applied to blasting, m. XVII. 635; libraries, XIV. 512. Galesburg, town, Illinois, U.S.A., x. 808 ; Nobili’s discoveries in, xvii. Narbonensis, xiv. 287. 24. 524. Gallic Acid, x. 41; xiv. 381. Galvanized Iron, xiil 357. Galeus, genus of sharks, XXL 774. GALGACUS, ancient British chief, IV. Gallican Church, Liberties of the, Galvanometer, for measuring electric ix. 543, 550, 578; xix. 506, 507. 353, 663; I. 290. currents, X. 49; construction of, VIII. Gallicanus, Vulcatius, Augustan hisGalgulus, genus of birds, xil. 696, 13; differential, vm. 43; its use in torian, in. 74. Galiani, Ferdinando, Italian political telegraphy, xxiii. 116. Gallien, Johanna, wife of Wyttenbach, Galvanotropism, in vegetable physioeconomist, X. 24; XIX. 362. xxiv. 715. GALICIA, province, Austria, X. 25; inlogy, xix. 60. Gallienus, P. Licinius, Roman Galveston, surrection in (1846), HI. 13^town, Texas, U.S.A., x. emperor, x. 42; xx. 776. , province, Spain, X. 26; XXII. 298; 53; xxiii. 205. _ Gallin/e, group of birds, xvin. 46. dialect of, xxn. 352. Galvez, Bernard, Spanish governor 01 genus of birds, xxn. 200. Galien, Joseph, his aeronautic chimera Gallinago, New Orleans, xvil. 404. Gallinula, genus of birds, xvi. 808. 1. 187. Gallio, Junius Annceus, Roman pro- Galway, county, Ireland, x. 55; popule Rhetore, romance, xx. 652. lation and representation, XXIII. 727; consul of Achaia, x. 42. Galilee, province, Palestine, x. 27; town, x. 56; Queen’s College at, xxiii. Gallipoli, town, Italy, x. 42. xviii. 171, 177855• , ■, town, Turkey, X. 42. , Sea of, Palestine, x. 29. Gama, Vasco da, Portuguese navigator, Gallirallus, genus of birds, xvn. Galilei, Vincenzo, father of Galileo, X. 57 ; his discoveries, X. 181; 722. X. 30; on music, XVII. 86. doubling of Cape of Good Hope by, Galileo (Galileo Galilei), Italian man of Gallirex, genus of birds, XXIII. 487. v. 44; his expedition to India, XU. science, X. 30; anagram of one of his Gallium, chemical element, x. 43. 7961 Gall Nuts, x. 45. discoveries, I. 79 5 astronomical Gamaliel, Jewish rabbis, x. 58. 011 ie r n s Gallo-G-R/ECIA, or Galatia, Asia Minor, discoveries, II. 753 5 ^ ^ § Gamarra, General, ruler in Peru, xviii. x. 18. Saturn, 11. 811; his telescopes, xxiii. 678. . , Gallon, standard of measure, xxiv. 136; his thermometer, xxm. 288; as Gamasides, family of acarids, 11. 270. 480. a writer, XIII. 511. Gamba, organ pipe, xvil 830. Galind/e, ancient tribes, Lithuania, Gallotannic Acid, xxiii. 48. Galloway, district, Scotland, xiv. 98; Gambassi, or Ghambasso, F. D. L., nis • xiv. 701. glass paintings, x. 670. xvii. 571; xxiv. 563. Galingale, or Galangal, aromatic dru; Gambetta, Leon, French politician, IX. Thomas, Scottish mathematician, x. 17. 626. .. x. 43. Galin-Paris-Chev£, system of musical Gambia, colony and river, West Atrica, — Horse, xil 190. notation, XVII. 100. x. 59; 1. 253; xxi. 661; birds of, H • Galls, Animal and vegetable, x. 43; Galitch, town, Russia, x. 37. 759• 1 formation of, XIIL 143; use of, in tanGall, Franz Joseph, Swiss anatomist Gambier, Lord, English admira, ning, xiv. 382. and phrenologist, X. 37; XVIII. 842. x. 60. , „ , Theodore, on the brain, xviii Gall’s Process, in wine-making, Islands, South Pacific, xxiil 60 • xxiv. 603. 843Gambir, dyestuff, v. 220; xiv. 382. Galla, race of people, Africa, x. 38; 1. Gall Stones, use of silicylate of Gambit, in chess, v. 593. sodium in their treatment, XXL 217 63, 263.

G A M —G A R

175 Gambling, Law in relation to, x. 67. Gan-Hwuy, province, China, v. 635. Gardelegen, or Gardeleben, town, Gamboa, Sarmiento de, Patagonian Gani, islands, Ladrones, South Pacific, Prussia, x. 76. explorer, XVin. 353. xiv. 199. Garden Calendar, xii. 290. Gamboge, gum-resin, x. 60; iv. 725; Ganilh, Charles, French political Garden City, Long Island, New York, xix. 87. economist, x. 69. U.S.A., xiv. 866. Game, Preservation of, its influence on Ganja, or Bhang, plant, m. 627; xi. Gardening, Science and practice of, agriculture, 1. 410; on land tenure, 648. xii. 211. xiv. 270, 276. Ganjam, district, India, x. 69. Gardie, Count de la, Swedish general Fowls, xix. 644. Gan-King, town, China, V. 635. and chancellor, xxii. 748. Laws, x. 61; in relation to Sabbath Gannal, Jean Nicolas, French chemist, Gardiner, town, Maine, U.S.A., x. observance, xxii. 655; in Switzerland, x. 70. 76. xxii. 777. Gannat, town, France, x. 70. , Colonel James, Scottish soldier, x. Games, Ancient, x. 63; gladiatorial, x. Gannet, bird, x. 70. 76. 632; Olympic, xvn. 766; secular, at Ganoidei, or Ganoids, group of fishes, , Stephen, bishop of Winchester, Kome, XXL 618. 1. 275; xii. 686; in LankestePs classilord chancellor, x. 76; VIII. 333, 339. • , Modern, their legal aspects, x. 66; fication, xxiv. 812. Gare-Fowl, or Great Auk, x. 78; 111. XXIV. 305. Cans, Edward, German j urist, x. 71. 85, 734Gametes, reproductive cells of plants, Gansbacher, Johann Baptist, Tyrolese Garessio, Garesso, or Garezzo, town, xx. 425. musical composer, x. 72. Italy, x. 80. Gaming, its legal aspects, x. 66; xxiv. Gansha, town, Bussia, vm. 146. Garfield, James Abram, president of Ganymede, in Greek mythology, x. 72. 3°5United States, xxm. 785, 788. Gamliel, or Gamaliel, Jewish rabbis, , Bape of, sculpture by Leochares, Gar-Fish, x. 80. x. 58. xiv. 454. Gar-Fowl, or Gare-Fowl (q.v.), x. 78. Gamma Function, Tables of, xxm. 14. Gaols, prisons, xix. 747; discipline of, Garganey, bird, x. 80. Gammer Gurton’s Needle, Still’s xix. 747; Mrs Fry’s reforms, IX. 805; Gargano, Monte, mountain, Italy, xm. comedy, vie 428; xxii. 550; Skelton’s Howard’s, xii. 320. 439song in, XXli. 120. Gap, town, France, x. 72. Gargantua, Babelais’s work, ix. 652; Gamogenesis, sexual generation, in. Gara, Lough, Ireland, xx. 850; xxii. xx. 194, 196. 686. 159. Gargarus, Mount, Asia Minor, 11. 706. Gampo, Srong Tsan, Tibetan king, xiv. Garama (Germa), ancient town, Africa, Gargoyle, in architecture, 11. 465. 228. ix. 130. Gargunnock Hills, Scotland, xxii. Gamut, in music, xvn. 80. Garasse, Frangois, French Jesuit, ix. 553Gand (Ghent, q.v.), town, Belgium, x. 661. Garhakota, town, India, xxi. 146. 562. Garat, Dominique Joseph, French Garhwal, district, India, x. 80; xvii. Gandak, river, Nepal, xvn. 340. writer, x. 73. 572. Gander, river, Newfoundland, xvn. , Pierre Jean, French composer and Garibaldi, Giuseppe, Italian liberator, 382. singer, x. 73. XIII. 487, 489; his defence of Borne, Gandersheim, town and abbey, Ger- Garay, Janos, Hungarian poet and hisXX. 807; his expedition to Sicily and many, x. 67; the nun of (Hrostorian, x. 73; xii. 378. Naples, ix. 625. vitha), writer, XII. 326. Gara ye, La, chateau at Dinan, France, Garin de Montglane, romance, xx. Gandia, town, Spain, x. 67. vn 242. 651. , Duke of (Francis Borgia), ix. 694. Garbo, Baffaellino del, Italian painter, Garioch, district of Scotland, 1. 44. Gando, kingdom, Soudan, Africa, x. x. 73Gariopontus, mediaeval writer on 67; xxii. 279. GaR£ao, Pedro Antonio Correa, Portumedicine, XV. 806. Gandy, William, English painter, xx. guese poet, x. 74. Garlande, Mathilde de, founder of 502. Garcia, town, Mexico, xxiv. 761. Port Boyal abbey, XIX. 533. Ganelon, of the Boland legends, xx. , king of Galicia, Spain, 1. 615. Garlic, plant, x. 81; xii. 283. 626. , Adolfo, Peruvian poet, xvill. 676. Garliestown, town, Scotland, xxiv. Ganganelli, Giovanni Y. A. (Pope , Andres de Cespedes, Spanish 562. Clement XIV.), v. 823. geographer, XVII. 253. Garments, vi. 453. Ganges, river, India, x. 68; XII. 732; , Manoel, Spanish composer and Garnerin, Jacques, French aeronaut, 1. xvii. 572; canal, 11. 222; valley, in. singer, X. 74. 200. 562. , Yicens, Catalan writer, xxn. 364. Garnet, precious stone, x. 81, 228; Gangi, town, Italy, x. 68. de Silva, Don, Spanish envoy to xvi. 411. Ganglia, nerve centres, I. 858; xix. Persia, XVIII. 638. Garnier, Germain, French political 37; in sympathetic nervous system, Garcilaso de la Vega, Spanish economist, X. 82; xix. 395. 1. 883; in Mollusca, xvi. 637, 643. soldier and poet, x. 74. See Vega. , J. J., his method of working nickel, Gangoh, town, India, xxi. 152. Garcilaso Inca de la Vega, Spanish xvii. 487. Gangotri, place of pilgrimage, India, historian, x. 74. , Marie Joseph Frangois, French x. 69. Garcinia, genus of trees, x. 60; xv. officer and explorer, x. 82; iv. 624; Gangpur, state, India, x. 69; v. 768. 481. xxiv. 441. Gangra, town, Asia Minor, xvni. Garczynski, Stephen, poet of the , Bobert, French dramatist, vn. 423; 228. Ukraine, xix. 305. ix. 652. Gangrene, disease, xvi. 849; treatment Card, department, France, x. 75. Garnierite, mineral, xvn. 487. of, xxii. 683. Garda, Lake of, Italy, x. 75; xm. Garnishee, in law, in. 51. Gang-Saws, xxi. 344. 440. Garofalo, II (Benvenuto Tisio), Gangue, matrix of ores, xvi. 59. Gardaia, town, North Africa, X. 76. Italian painter, xxiii. 409.

176

G A r—G A v

Gatling Gun, xi. 285; xvii. 286. Gasfitting, iv. 510. Gatty, Mrs Alfred (Aunt Judy), EngGas Furnace, ix. 844. lish tale-writer, X. 109. Gas Harmonicon, i. 115. Gauchos, class of people, Argentine Gas kell, Mrs, English novelist, X. Republic, 11. 493. 103. Gas-Lighting, x. 87; introduced by Gauden, John, bishop of Exeter, x. 109. Accum, 1. 92. Gaudichaud - Beaupr£, Charles, Gasolene, or Gasoline, paraffin and I French botanist, x. 109. petroleum product, xviii. 242, 7 9GASPARIN, Count Agenor de, French Gaudus (Gozo), island, Mediterranean, xv. 341. spiritualist, xxil 407. Gauermann, Friedrich, Austrian paintGasparino, of Barziza, Italian Latin er, x. 109. writer, XIV. 342. Gaugain, J. M., his electrical researches, Gas-Poisoning, xv. 781. viii. 37; his discharging electroscope, Gas-Pyrometry, xx. 129. viii. 118. Gassendi, Pierre, French philosopher, Gaugamela, Mesopotamia, Battle of x. 105; IX. 660; on evolution, vm. 39> (331 B.C.), I. 482; XV. 140; XVIII. 758GarrULUS, genus of birds, XIII. 610. 582. Garsauritis, region, Asia Minor, v. 75. Gassner, Joseph, German magnetizer, Gauge, for comparative measurement, xv. 277. Garter, principal king at arms, XL 687. X. no. Cast, Luc de, trouvere of English birth, , Order of the, Xiv. 122. ——, Pressure, xv. 494. xx. 644. Garth, Sir Samuel, English poet, X. , Railway, xx. 241, 253. Gastein, valley, Salzburg, Austria, X. 87. con Gauges, Battle of the, for English rail107; mineral springs of, XVI. 433> " Garua, mists, Peru, xviii. 670. ways, iv. 397. vention of (1865), x. 511. GARUDA, fabulous Indian bird, XX. Gasteromycetes, suborder of Fungi, Gauging, of casks, xvi. 28. 611. Gauhati, town, Assam, India, X. in. ix. 833. Garumna (Garonne), ancient river, GAUL, ancient country from Rhine to Gasteropods, group of Mollusca, xxil France, x. 83. Pyrenees, x. in; Caesar’s invasion of, 187.Garvie, fish, xxil. 432; fisheries, ix. iv. 636; under Rome, xx. 774, 776, Gasterostomid^e, family of trematode 262. 778, 781; coins of, xvii. 635; inhabitworms, xxiii. 539. Garvogue, river, Ireland, XXII. 159. ants, ix. 527; language, v. 297; libraGas-Thermometer, xx. 130. Garvolin, town, Russian Poland, xxn. ries, xiv. 512. Gaston I.-IV., counts of Foix, ix. 354. 37Gaulonitis, province, Bashan, III. 410. , Jean Baptiste, duke of Orleans, Garz, town, Rtigen, Prussia, xxi. 57. Gauls, their attacks on Rome, xx. 740, xvii. 852. Gas, or Coal Gas, for lighting, X. 87; 743; of Northern Italy, xin. 446; Gastric Catarrh, disease, xxii. 574. Murdock’s discovery of the applicaunder Brennus, iv. 257; in Asia Gastric Fever, xxiii. 678; in the tion of, xvii. 53; as fuel, xxil 182; Minor, x. 19. horse, xxiv. 203. fuel for iron smelting, XIII. 293; for Gaulus (Gozo), island, Mediterranean Gastric Juice, xvii. 673, 675. lighthouses, XIV. 627; vitiation of air Sea, xv. 341. by the burning of, xxiv. 158; natural, Gastropoda, class of Mollusca, xvi. Gaumata, the False Smerdis, Persian 641; in Lankester’s classification, in United States, xxiii. 813. usurper, XVIII. 568. xxiv. 813. Gasaland, Africa, Languages of, xxiv. Gaunt, John of, duke of Lancaster, Gastrosteus, genus of fishes, xxii. 828. viii. 319, 327, 328; xiv. 255; his 548. , , Gas-Burners, x. 97. patronage of Wycliffe, xxiv. 709. Gastrula, stage of animal embryo, II. Gas-Carbon, v. 399. Gauntlet, armoured glove, x. 692. 51; viii. 747. Gascoigne, George, English poet, x. 103. Gaur, mediaeval town, Bengal, India, Gastrus Equi, animal parasite, xxiv. , Sir William, English chief justice, x. 112. 205. x. 103. Gauss, Carl Friedrich, German mathe, William, inventor of the micro- Gaszynski, C., Polish poet, xix. 304. matician, X. 116; on determinants, I. Gataker, Thomas, English divine, X. meter, xvi. 242; xxiii. 136. 516; his force function, v. 57; on the 107. Gascony, province, France, X. 103. distribution of magnetism, XV. 228, Gatchina, town, Russia, x. 108; xxi. Gas-Engines, xxii. 523. 237, 249; on map projection, X. 207; 190. Gases, defined, vi. 310; absorption on the theory of parallels, xviii. 255of, in plants, XIX. 45; in coal-mines, Gate-House, in architecture, 11. 465. Gaussen, F. S. R. Louis, Swiss theoGatehouse, town, Scotland, xiv. 98. vi. 72; xvi. 459; density of, xn. logian, x. 116. Gates, Horatio, American general, x. 460; diffusion of, VII. 215; diffusion Gaussian Logarithms, xiv. 777; 108; xxiii. 744. rate of, XL 33; dilatation of, III. 35; tables of, xxiii. 12. Gateshead, town, England, x. 108. Gay-Lussac on dilatation of, x. 122; elasticity of, VII. 801; Regnault on Gates of Light, Kabbalistic work, Gautama, Siddhartha, the Buddha, iv. 426. xiii. 813. expansibility of, xx. 347; expansion of, by heat, XI. 574; laws of, v. 468; Gath, town of the Philistines, x. 108; Gautier, Theophile, French writer, x. 117; ix. 677xviii. 755. XXIL 479; liquefaction of, VIII. 732; magnetism of, xv. 263; molecular Gathas, Zoroastrian hymns, xxiv. 775, Gauze, woven fabric, x. 118. Gavarni (S. G. Chevalier), French cari777laws of, xvi. 611; molecular theory, caturist, X. 118; v. 105. in. 38; physical properties of, xix. Gatinais, district, France, xiv. 809. Gavarnie, district, France, XX. 12S, Gatine, part of Deux-Sevres, France, 240; poisonous, xix. 279; volcanic, x. 127. XXL 710. 241; waste, from furnaces, xm. 307.

Garonne, river, France, x. 83; ix. 506; I at Toulouse, xxm. 484. , Haute, department, France, x. 83. Gar-Pike, fish, xn. 687. Garrett, J. B. de Almeida, Portuguese poet, xix. 557. Garrick, David, English actor, x. 83; his influence on English drama, VI1. 437, . Garrison, William Lloyd, American abolitionist, x. 85; xvn. 433; xxn. 142; xxiii. 767. Artillery, ii. 664, 668. Libraries, of British army, 11. 586. Garrod, Alfred Henry, on birds, xviii.

(t A V — GEN 177 Gave de Pau, river, France, xvin. 414; Geddes, Alexander, Scottish Biblical Cell, Sir William, English scholar and xx. 126. critic, x. 127. antiquary, x. 134. Gavelkind, system of land tenure, , Jenny, originator of uproar against Gellert, Christian Fiirchtegott, GerEngland, x. 119; v. 800; xix. 733; Scottish liturgy, xxi. 512. man writer, x. 134, 533; as hymnxx - 3°5> 3°7'> in Ireland, XIII. 218. Gedrosia, Parthian satrapy, xviii. 586. writer, xii. 588. Gaveston, Piers, earl of Cornwall, vn. Gedymin, king of Lithuania, xiv. Gellius, Aulus, author of the Noctes 683; vm. 313. 702. Attic*, x. 135; his diction and style, Gavle, grouj) of birds, xvm. 45. Geel, or Gheel, town, Belgium, x. XIV. 338. Gavial, Indian crocodile, vi. 593. 562. Gelon, tyrant of Syracuse, x. 135; Gavre, Prince of (Lamoral Egmont), Geelong, town, Victoria, Australia, x. xxii. 16, 814; coins of, xvii. 638. vii. 699. 128. Gavrilovsk, town, Russia, xxiv. 271. Geelvink Bay, New Guinea, xvn. 386. Gelonus, Grecian settlement, Russia, xxi. 575. Gawler, town, South Australia, xxn. Geese, poultry, x. 777; xix. 647. Gelsemium, plant and drug, x. 135; 284. Geest, district, Oldenburg, Germany, xiii. 596. Gay, Delphine (Madame E. de Girardin), xvii. 757. Gem, x. 136. French writer, x. 621. Geestemunde, town, Germany, x. 128. Gematria, in Mishnah and Kabbalah, , John, English poet, X. 119; xvm. Geez, language of Abyssinia, 1. 64; vm. xvii. 626. 347612; XXL 654. Belgium, Battle of (1578), , Marie Frangoise, French authoress, Geezeh, Ghizeh, or Gizeh, Egypt, Gemblours, ix. 37; xiii. 718. x. 120. Pyramids of, 11. 385; vn. 771; xx. Gemeinde, Prussian administrative Gaya, district and town, India, x. 120. 123. division, xx. 18. Harbour, British North Borneo, Gefle, town, Sweden, x. 128; xxn. Gemel Rings, xx. 561. xxi. 123. 742. Gemen, Godfrey de, on Gothland sea Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis, French Gefleborg, county, Sweden, xxn. 741. laws, xxi. 585. physicist and chemist, x. 121; his Gegen Khan, Mongol ruler, xvi. 742. Gemeticum (Jumieges), France, Abbey balloon experiments, 1. 194; on fer- Gehenna, in eschatology, vm. 536. of, xiii. 772. mentation, ix. 93; on the combinations Gehlenite, mineral, xvi. 412. Geminiani, Francesco, Italian violinist, of gases, v. 465; his experiments on Geib, John, pianoforte maker, xix. 74. x. 136. prussic acid, xx. 22; his process of Geibel, Emmanuel, German lyrist, x. Gemistus, or Pletho, Georgius, Byzansilver assaying, 11. 727. 546. tine scholar, x. 136. Gaylussite, mineral, xvi. 399; xxn. Geige, musical instrument, xxiv. 242. Gemmae, of plants, xx. 423. 240. Geiger, Abraham, Jewish scholar and Gemma Frisius, on navigation, xvn. Gaysin, town, Russia, xix. 254. theologian, x. 128. 251. Gaza, town of the Philistines, Palestine, Geijer, Erik Gustav, Swedish historian, Gemmation, Reproduction by, in x. 124; xviii. 755; battle of (1244), x. 129; xxii. 757. ascidians, xxiii. 617; in corals, vi. xxiii. 161. Geikie, "Walter, Scottish subject painter, 373, Theodoras, Greek scholar, x. 125. x. 129. Gemot, assembly of the township, in Gazelle, antelope, 11. 101. Geiler, or Geyler, Johann, of Kaisersearly England, IV. 62. Gazette, London, official newspaper, x. berg, German preacher, x. 129. Gems, Engraved, x. 136; engraving of, 125; establishment of, xvn. 415. GEISERS (Geysers, q.v.), X. 556. xiv. 298; in rings, xx. 560; Etruscan, de France, newspaper, xvn. 423. Geisshausler, Oswald, Swiss Reformer, viii. 640; Greek, 11. 353, 358, 363; Gazul, Clara, her alleged dramatic XX. 331. Roman, 11. 366. works (Merimee’s), XVI. 37. Geissler, Heinrich, German physicist, Gemsbok, antelope, x. 141. Gcalekaland, district of Kaffraria, X. 130; his mercurial air-pump, xvi. Genauni, Rhsetian people, xx. 505. South Africa, xm. 817. 30Gendarmerie, French police, x. 142. Gdoff, town, Russia, xxi. 190. Tube, viii. 64; xix. 229. Genealogy, x. 142. Gean Tree, wild cherry, v. 586. Geist der Zeit, by Arndt, II. 622. Genelli, Giovanni Buonaventura, GerGearksutite, mineral, xvi. 384. Gela (Terranuova), ancient town, Sicily, man artist, x. 145. Gebal (Jebeil), ancient town, Syria, x. 130; xxii. 16; coins of, xvii. 639. General Average, xiil 187; in XIII. 613. Gelasius L, pope, x. 130; xix. 492; maritime insurance, ill. 145. Barkal, Ethiopia, Pyramids of, as hymn-writer, XII. 582. General Bounce, Whyte Melville’s xx. 124. II., pope, x. 130. novel, xv. 844. Geber (Abu Musa Dschabir), early Gelatin, x. 130; v. 579; use of, in Generation, in biology, x. 146; in. chemist, x. 125; his discoveries, 1. 464. photography, xvin. 828. 687; xx. 407; of molluscs, xvi. 637, —- al-Batani (Al-Battani, q.v.\ Ara, Blasting, or Nitroglycerin, xvii. 682; of mosses, xvil. 70; of tapebian astronomer, 11. 751. 520. worms, XXlll. 52; Harvey’s work on, b. Aflah, Arabian astronomer, Gelatinigera, order of Protozoa, xix. XL 505; Oken’s theory of, xvil. 750. xxiii. 562. 859. , Spontaneous, 1. 49; Lamarck on, Gebir, Landor’s poem, xiv. 278. Gelbeisenerz, mineral, xvi. 402. xiv. 232 ; Leeuwenhoek’s refutation Gebirol, Ibn (Avicebron, q.v.), Jewish Gelderland, ancient duchy, Germany, of, xiv. 411. writer, m. 152; xm. 814; XXL 426. XL 243. Genes (Genoa, q.v.), town, Italy, x. 154. Gebweiler, town, Alsace, Germany, x. Geldern, or Guelders, town, Rhenish Genesee, river, New York, U.S.A., 126. Prussia, XL 244. xvil 451 ; xx. 614; Portage bridge Gecinus, genus of birds, xxiv. 651. Gelee, Claude (Claude of Lorraine, q.v.), across, iv. 328. Geckos, Geckotida5, family of lizards, French painter, v. 814. Genesis, Book of, xviii. 505; the idea x- 126; xiv. 734,. 737. Gelel^, chief of Dahomey, vi. 766. of God in, xxiii. 236; Philo’s comGed, William, printer, x. 127. Gelimer, Vandal king, xxiv. 59. mentary on, xviii. 762. XXV. — 23

178

G E N —G E O

xvi. 440; of ocean formations, xviii. Gentiopicrin, hitter principle of genGenesis, Little, Jewish apocalyptic 127; of petroleum, XVIII. 714; Bucktian, x. 160. book, ii. 176. land’s researches in, iv. 420; De la Gentium, Jus, in Roman law, xx. 695. of Man, ii. no. Beche’s contributions to, Vii. 39; GENESIUS, Byzantine historian, IV. 613. Gentius, Illyrian king, xn. 710. Deluc’s, vii. 53; Lyell’s, xv. 101; Genestet, Pieter Augustus de, Dutch Gentleman, use of the title, xvn. 524; Macculloch’s, xv. 134; Mantell’s, xv. xix. 664; in chivalry, xiv. 117, 119writer, XII. 98. 503; Hugh Miller’s, xvi. 319; MurchiGenet, or Genette, carnivorous mammal, Gentleman’s Magazine, xiii. 721; son’s, xvil 50; Phillips’s, xviii. 758; xviii. 537; originated by Edward x. 146; xv. 436. Saussure’s, XXL 324; William Smith’s, Cave, v. 271; under Nichols, xvil. 486. Geneva, canton, Switzerland, x. 146 ; xxil 178; Werner’s, xxiv. 502; geoGentle Shepherd, Allan Ramsay’s xxil. 778, 794. logical societies, XXIL 225. poem, vii. 437; xviii. 347; xx. 266. , town, Switzerland, x. 147; xxn. Geometric Series, xxi. 678. Gentry, social class, xvil 524, 529.. 778; observatory, xvn. 713; univerGeometry, x. 376; pure, x. 376; analysity, XXIII. 851; Calvin’s settlement Gentz, Friedrich von, German writer tical, x. 408; application of the caland statesman, x. 161; on the balance at, iv. 717 ; his church organization culus to, xiii. 5; of curves, vi. 716; of power in Europe, ill. 268. at, xix. 678; Voltaire’s residence at, dimensions in, VII. 240; drawings and Genuates, Ligurian tribe, xiv. 640. xxiv. 290. models for, xv. 628; application of Genucian Law, Roman, xx. 681. , town, New York, U.S.A., x. 152. functions in, IX. 818; its place in , Lake of, Switzerland, x. 151; xiv. Genus, in classification, xxil 372; mathematics, xv. 629; as applied to xxiv. 78. 217; xxii. 776. measurement, XV. 659; theory of Geocichla, genus of birds, XXIII. 322. Bible, viii. 387. parallels in, XVIII. 254; as known to Convention, of 1864 and 1868, x. Geocronite, mineral, XVI. 395. Ptolemy, XX. 88; use of, in surveying, Geodephaga, group of beetles, VI. 152; 1. 666; xiii. 195; of 1872, 11. XXIL 696; of Apollonius of Perga, II. 129. 3!3. 188; Euclid’s, viii. 655; Pythagorean, Geodesic Lines, in geometry, xxil Genevieve, St, patroness of Paris, x. xx. 139; Boetius on, in. 857; Gerbert’s 671. 152; church of, XVIII. 276. contributions to, XXII. 76; Leonardo Geodesy, x. 163; vn. 597; xv. 522,659; de Brabant, romance, xx. 659. of Pisa’s, xix. 125; Pappus of Alexxxil 696, 701; Legendre’s papers and Gene (Geneva, q-v.), town, Switzerland, andria’s, xviii. 230; Pliicker’s, xix. theorem, XIV. 414. x. 147. 228; Poncelot’s, XIX. 452; Henry J. Genoa, Annibale della (Pope Leo. NIL), Geodetic Surveys, xv. 522. S. Smith’s, xxil 173; Steiner’s, xxil Geoffrey, count of Anjou, the first xiv. 452. 531; Thales’s, xxm. 218; TheodoPlantagenet, xix. 175. , Bernardin, on surgical anatomy, I. sius’s, xxiii. 260. M alaterra, early chronicler, xvil 8l , Descriptive, xix. 800. 5. , 547. Girolamo, Italian painter and , Elements of, by Legendre, XIV. of Monmouth, English chronicler, architect, x. 152. 414. X. 172; vill. 407; XX. 643; his chro- GeomyiDjE, family of rodent mammals, Genius, in Greek mythology, xv. 478. nicle of Arthur, II. 651; his writings, of Christianity, by Chateauxv. 419. V I5 briand, v. 437. -3 ‘ • ^ x. • Geonoma, genus of palms, xviii. 189, GEOFFROY, Julien Louis, French journaGenlis, Comtesse de, French authoress, 190. list, xvil 426. x. 153. Georama Globes, x. 683. Saint-Hilaire, Etienne, French Gennadius, Byzantine patriarch and Geordie Lamp, for mines, VI. 72. naturalist, x. 173; xvi. 839. scholar, X. 153. GEORGE, St, patron saint of England, Saint-Hilaire, Isidore, French Gennargentu, mountain, Sardinia, x. 429. zoologist, x. 174. xxi. 307. (of Podiebrad), king of Bohemia, Geogale, genus of insectivorous mamGennaro, San (St Januarius), xm. 568. xix. 253. mals, xv. 404. GENNESARET, Lake of, Palestine, X. 29. I., king of Great Britain and IreGeognosy, x. 220. Genoa, town, Italy, x. 154; Doria’s land, x. 420; viii. 354. deliverance of, VII. 366 ; its struggles Geographical Distribution, of aniII., x. 421; vm. 355. mals, in. 684; vii. 267; of plants, vie with Pisa, XIX. 119; contests with III., x. 423; viii. 356; his dislike 286. Venice, XIIL 479; XXIV. 144; coins of Fox, ix. 497; his favour for Lord Geography, x. 175; ancient, xv. 516; of, xvii. 657; doge of, vn. 332; North, XVIL 554; parliament under, of Mela, xv. 832; of Ptolemy, xx. libraries, XIV. 548> Voragine’s chronicle XVlll. 308; his support of Pitt, XIX. 91; of Strabo, xxil 581; relation of of, xxiv. 297. 140. geodesy to, x. 163; relation of numisGenova, Luchetto da, Italian painter, IV., x. 427; viii. 365. matics to, XVIL 629; D’Anville’s conx. 158. V., king of Hanover, XL 448. tributions to, vi. 821; Marco Polo’s, Genovefa, St (St Genevieve), patroness 1 prince of Denmark, husband of XIX. 408; Pytheas’s, XX. 143; Rennelbs, of Paris, X. 152. Queen Anne, 11. 62. xx. 399; Ritter’s, xx. 570; Yarenius’s, Genovesi, Antonio, Italian philosopher of Amboise, archbishop of Rouen, XXIV. 69; Edrisi’s work on, VII. 670; and economist, x. 158; xix. 362. ix. 554. geographical societies, XXIL 228. GENSERIC, or Gaiseric, king of the , bishop of the Arab tribes, Syriac Geoid, deformed surface, in surveying, Vandals, x. 159; xx. 781; xxiv. 58; writer, xxil 841. xxil 708. his defeat of Leo III., xiv. 452; of Beelthan, Syriac writer, XXII. Geok-Tepe, town, Transcaspian Region, opposed by Majorianus, XV. 311. 842. Russia, xxill. 512. Gentian, plant, x. 159. of Cappadocia, Arian archbishop Geological Distribution, of animals, Gentileschi, Artemisia and Orazio de, of Alexandria, x. 429. vii. 281. Italian painters, x. 160. of Kaphra, Syriac writer, xxii. Geology, x. 212 (index, 375); relation Gentili, Alberico, Italian jurist, x. 160. 843of archaeology to, 11. 3335 of mining, Gentilly, town, France, X. 161.

G E O —G E R

179 George of Martyropolis, Syriac writer, Gerard, founder of Knights HospitalGerman Emperors, in Italy, xm. xxii. 841. lers, x. 439; xxi. 174. 469. of Mosul and Arbel, Syriac writer, °f Cremona, Italian writer, x. 439. German Flute, xxiii. 519. XXII. 849. , John, English herbalist and sur- Germania, Tacitus’s work, xxiii. of Pisidia, Byzantine writer, x. geon, x. 441; on the potato, xix. 594. 20. 429; xi. 145. • of Roussillon, Provengal poem, Germanicopolis, town, Paphlagonia, of Trebizond, Aristotelian writer, xix. 875. Asia Minor, xvin. 228. x. 430. Gerard, Etienne Maurice, Count, French Germanicus, Caesar, Roman general, x. , J. F. L., on the Pentateuch, xviii. general, x. 440. 4455 I- 419; triumphal arch of, at 505, 508. , Frangois, Baron, French painter, x. Saintes, xxi. 167. George, Kara, (Czerny George), liber440. German Language, x. 514; dictionator of Servia, VI. 755; xxi. 689. , Jean Ignace Isidore, French cariaries of, VIL 187; Grimm’s works on, , Lake, New York, U.S.A.,xvn. 451. caturist, x. 440. XL 200. Dandin, Molikre’s play, xvi. 629. de N erval, French writer, x. 441. German Literature, x. 522. Georgenama, Persian book, xviii. de Riderfort, grand-master of German Measles, disease, xv. 658. 657. Knights Templars, xxm. 161. German Ocean, xvii. 563. George Sand (Madame Dudevant), —— d'Euphrate, romance, xx. 653. German Reformed Church, AmeFrench novelist, vn. 507. GLrardmer, town, France, xxiv. 299. rica, xix. 701. Georgetown, town, Prince Edward Gerardus Magnus (Gerhard Groot), German Silver, x. 446; xvii. 488. Island, Canada, xix. 740. founder of Brethren of the Common Germans, The, in Gaul, ix. 528. , town, British Guiana, x. 430. Life, xi. 207; xvi. 711; xvii. 134. , town, Penang, Malay Peninsula, Gerasa (Gerash), ancient town, Pales- Germany, x. 447 (index, 546); Caesar’s invasion of, iv. 636; its extent under xix. 741. tine, x. 441. Charlemagne, v. 403; under the Ferdi, town, District of Columbia, U.S.A., Gerba, island, North Africa, x. 442. nands, ix. 77; war with France (1870), X. 430; observatory, xvn. 715. Gerbe, in pyrotechny, xx. 136. IX. 627; wrar of liberation (1809), xvii. , town, South Carolina, U.S.A., Gerber, Ernst Ludwig, German musi214; Metternich’s policy towards, xvi. xxii. 288. cian, x. 442. 200; relations with the popedom, 16th George William, elector of Branden- Gerberon, Gabriel, Jansenist monk, x. century, xx. 324; the Renaissance in, burg, xx. 6. 442. XX. 388; Stein’s policy, xxn. 531; Georgia, country of Transcaucasia, Gerbert (Pope Silvester II.), xxn. 74; under William L, emperor, xxiv. 582; Russia, x. 431; xxiii. 514; war with archbishop of Rheims, ix. 536; as academies of science in, 1. 71; Gothic Persia (1783), xviii. 646. scholastic philosopher, XXL 421; on architecture, 11. 431; army, 11. 593; —, State, U.S.A., x. 434; populanumerals, xvn. 627. arsenals, 11. 634; revival of art in, vi. tion, xxiii. 802; colony of, xxm. , Martin, German writer on music, 422; artillery service, 11. 658, 660, 665; 729. x. 442. banking, in. 341; credit banks, vi. , Gulf of, North America, xvin. Gerenis Tchai, river, Asia Minor, 11 214, 3395 birds, xviii. 17; coalfields, 116. 708. vi. 56; coins, xvii. 658; diet, vil 199; Georgian Islands, Tahiti Archipelago, Gerez, mountains, Portugal, xix. 536. drama, vn. 440; Fehmgerichte, ix. xxiii. 22. Gerhard L-IIL, dukes of Guelderland, 63; forests, ix. 400; history, x. 473; Georgian Language, or Karthli, x. xi. 243. Jews in, XIII. 680; language, x. 514; 433; dictionaries of, vn. 190. , Friedrich Wilhelm Eduard, Gerxviii. 785; libraries, xiv. 513, 526, Georgians, race of people, Transcauman archaeologist, x. 442. 546; literature, X. 522; mineral procasia, v. 257; x. 433. , Hubert, German sculptor, xxi. ducts, XVI. 468; national debt, xvn. Georgics, of Virgil, xxiv. 252. 566. 246; navy, XVII. 299; newspapers, Georgievsk, town, Russia, xxm. 186. , Johann, Lutheran theologian, x. xvii. 428; observatories, xvn. 712; Georgina, district, Queensland, xx. 443opium cultivation, xvii. 792; oyster 172. Gerhardt, Charles Frederic, French culture, xviii. 108; periodical literaGeorgius of Pisidia, Greek writer, x. chemist, x. 443; on atomic notation, ture, xviii. 540; police system, xix. 429; xi. 145. v. 466. 343; post office, xix. 5835 Presbyterian Georgswalde, town, Bohemia, x. 438. , Paul, German hymn-writer, x. Church, xix. 697; prison system, xix. Geortcha, or Koritsa, town, Turkey, 443> 53o; xii. 587. 760; railways, xx. 251; Reichstag, xiv. 141. Gericault, Jean Louis, French painter, vil 199; technical schools, xxm. 108; Geotropism, in vegetable physiology, x. 444. ancient tenure of land, xiv. 261, xix. 59. Gerizim, Mount, Palestine, x. 444; xxi. 263; university statistics, xxm. 849; Gephyrea, order of Annelida, 11. 70. 244. weights and measures, xxiv. 490; wine Gepidaj, ancient Germanic tribe, xiv Gerlsdorfer Spitze, Carpathian 8 industry, xxiv. 610. i3Mountains, v. 126. , Tacitus’s, xxiii. 20. Gera, town, Germany, x. 438; xx. 494. Germ, in biology, defined, vm. 746; its Germ-Cell, in embryology, vm. 163. Gerace, town, Italy, x. 439. capability of development, in. 42; Germersheim, town, Rhenish Bavaria, Geraldines, noble family of Ireland, xxiv. 815. See Germ Theory, below. x. 548: ix. 271. , magazine of the Pre-Raphaelites, Germination, of spores, in plants, xx. Geraldton, town, Western Australia, xx. 858. 429xxiv. 507. German Catholics, x. 444. Gerando, Marie Joseph de, French German Dictionary, Adelung’s, 1. Germ Theory of Disease, xxi. 400, 407; its importance in surgery, xxn. philosopher, vn. 31. 152. 678. Geranium, plant, x. 439; xn. 251. German Diet (Reichstag), vn. 199. Gero, margrave of Brandenburg, x. 483. erard (Pope Nicholas II.), xvn. 483. German Drama, vil 440. Gerona, province, Spain, xxil. 298.

180

G E R —G H U

Gheneh, or Kine, town, Egypt, vii. Gerona, town, Spain, X. 548; cathedral Gesta Romanorum, collection of Latin 776. tales, x. 555. at, 11. 433Ghent, town, Belgium, x. 562; pacifiGestation, Animal, xx. 410; period , San, mountain, Spain, XVI. 797. cation of (1576), xii. 76; library, xiv. of, in mammals, XIV. 858; of sheep, GERONTIUS, Roman general, XV. 645. 531; pictures in, XXL 446; university, 1 Gerousia, Spartan senate, xv. 95. ‘ 394. . in. 519; xxiii. 850. Gerrha, ancient town, Arabia Felix, Geta, Publius Septimus Antoninus, son Jodocus, or Justus, of, Flemish of the emperor Severus, X. 555. x. 548. painter, x. 565. Gerritz, Dirk, Antarctic explorer, xix. GET.E, or Goths, ancient people, VI. 758; Gherardesca, Ugolino della, Italian X. 847. count, x. 565; xix. 120. 329Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, u .b. a., GERRUS, district, Persia, XVIII. 627. GHERIAH, or Viziadrug, town and forBattle of (1863), in. 444; xxiii. 778; Gerry, Elbridge, vice-president, United tress, India, X. 566; xxiv. 267. mineral water of, xvi. 436. States, xxiii. 748. Gheyns, Matthias van den, bell-founder, Geulincx, Arnold, Flemish philosopher, Gersdorffite, mineral, xvi. 391. in. 538. x. 556; vii. 126. GERSEN, John, abbot of Vercelli, XIV. 33. Ghiaggiuolo, plant, xviii. 52. GERSON, John Charlier de, French Gevelsberg, town, Germany, xxiv. GHIBELLINES, Italian party, XL 244; 5I7 ecclesiastic and scholar, x. 549! xiv. xiil. 472, 475! in timn of Dante, VI. Gex, town, France, x. 556. 32; on reform of church discipline, 810; in Florence, IX. 333; in Rome, Geyler, Johann, of Kaisersberg, Gerxx. 320; as mystic, xvil. 132;1 as xx. 796; in Siena, xx. 40. as man preacher, x. 129. nominalist philosopher, XXL 43 > Ghiberti, Lorenzo, Italian sculptor, x. Geysers, volcanic fountains, x. 5 56,2 51; sermon-writer, IX. 648. 566; XXL 568; his painted-glass in Celebes, V. 289; in Yellowstone Gersonides, Levi, Jewish philosopher designs, x. 669. National Park, U.S.A., xxiv. 737. and commentator, X. 550. Ghika, Gregory, voivode of Moldavia, Gersoppa, Falls of, Shimoga, India, GEZER, ruined town, Palestine, X. 558. XXL 20. GEZO, chief of Dahomey, VI. 766. xxi. 803. , Scarlatu, hospodar of Walachia, GERSTACKER, Friedrich, German writer Gfrorer, August Friedrich, German XXL 18. historian, X. 558. and traveller, X. 550. Ghilan, or Gilan, province, Persia, X. Ghadames, oasis, Sahara, Africa, xvil Gertrude of Wyoming, Campbell’s 566; xviii. 627. 695; xxiii. 574; town, X. 4. poem, iv. 756. Ghilgit, district, India, x. 596. Ghaggar, river, India, 1. 656; xxn. Gerunda (Gerona), ancient town, Spain, Ghilyaks, race of people, Eastern yo. x. 548. Siberia, xv. 548. GHAKKARS, Indian race, xn. 791. Gerundio de Campazas, Isla’s history Ghilzais, Afghan clan, I. 234. Ghalib, Moorish general, xv. 500. of, xiil 387. , Sheykh, Ottoman poet, xxm. 656, Ghiorghia (Koritsa), town, Turkey, Gerusalemme Liberata, Tasso s xiv. 141. 657poem, xiil 510; xxiii. 76. Ghirlandajo, Domenico del, Italian Ghambasso, F. D. L., his glass paintG£ruzez, Eugene, French critic, IX. painter, x. 567; xvi. 229. ings, x. 670. 680. , Ridolfo, Italian painter, x. 568. Ghardaya, town, North Africa, x. 76. Gervais, Paul, French palaeontologist Ghislieri, Michele (Pope Pius Y.), xix. and naturalist, X. 551; on birds, XVIII. Gharipur, island, India, vm. 126. 153Gharm, or Harm, town, Central Asia, 31. GHIZEH, or Gizeh (q.v.), Egypt, VII. 770; xiv. 4. Gervaise of Canterbury, chronicler, X. pyramid of, 11. 385. Ghasi Das, Hindu religious reformer, Ghizhiga Bay, Eastern Siberia, xv. 551in. 671. Gervase, or Gervaise, of Tilbury, EngGhassan, or the Ghassanids, Kingdom lish Latin writer, X. 552. Ghizni, or Ghazni, town, Afghanistan, of, Arabia, 11. 255; xvi. 545. Gervinus, Georg Gottfried, German x. 559. GHATAL, town, India, XVI. 284. historian, X. 552. Ghobar Numerals, xvii. 626. Ghats, or Ghauts, mountains, India, GESENIUS, Friedrich Heinrich Wilhelm, Ghogha (Gogo), town, India, x. 738. x. 559; xii. 733; xv. 184. German Orientalist, X. 553. GHOMDAN, town, Arabia, XXL 253. Gesi, Giovanni Battista, Italian musical Ghawazee, Egyptian dancing-girls, vn. Ghoorkhas, or Goorkhas, Nepalese 727composer, xvil. 93. race, xn. 805; xvil 341. Gesith, Anglo-Saxon officer of state, Ghazal, Bahr al, affluent of the Nile, Ghoosla Ghat, landing place at BenAfrica, xvil 506, 508. xviii. 302. ares, India, II. 397GESNER, Johann Matthias, German Ghazel, or Ghazal, variety of Persian GHOR, or Ghur, territory, Afghanistan, and Ottoman poetry, XL 367; XVIII. scholar, X. 554; his co-operation with X. 569. 656, 659; XXIII. 656. Ernesti, VIII. 526. Ghori, or Ghuri, Indian dynasty, X. Ghaziabad, town, Meerut, India, x. , Konrad, Swiss naturalist, x. 554; 569; xv. 346. 559xxiv. 804; on birds, xviii. 3; on Ghost Micrometer, xvi. 256. Ghazipur, district and town, India, x. morphology, XVI. 837. Ghosts, ii. 205; xv. 199; in demonoGessler, Austrian bailiff of Uri, xxm. logy, vii. 61. Ghaznavids, or Gbaznevids, dynasty of I 55Ghrennah, district, North Africa, VI. x 0 . Ghazni, xxil. 101. Gessner, Konrad (Gesner, q.v.), Swiss 751. Ghazni, town, Afghanistan, x. 559. naturalist, x. 554. Ghulab Singh, ruler of Kashmir, xiv. , Mahmud of, x. 559; xv. 286. , Salomon, Swiss painter and poet, r Ghediz Tchai, river, Asia Minor, 11. 3• A x. 555; XVIII. 348; XXII. 797. Ghur, territory, Afghanistan, x. 5 9708. Gesso Work, in wall decorations, xvil Ghee, Indian butter, x. 562; xvil 744, Ghutul (Ghatal), town, India, xvi. 2 447Ghuznee,or Ghazni,town, Afghanistan, 747Gesta Regum, William of MalmesI x. 559. | Gheel, town, Belgium, x. 562. bury’s work, xv. 336.

G H U —G I N Ghuzz, Turkish tribe, XXI. 634; xxni. Gideon, of Scripture, x. 588; xm. 401. Gilchrist, John, Hindi and Urdu 660. Gidi, plateau, Sahara, Africa, xxi. 149. scholar, XI. 849. Giacomino of Verona, early Italian Giebel, C. G., on ornithology, xvin. Gild, or Guild (q.v.), XL 259; vi. poet, xin. 499. 14, 21. 39Giafar, or Jaafar, vizier to Haroun Gien, town, France, x. 589. Gildas, early British historian, x. 593; al-Rashid, ill. 377. Gieraci, or Gerace, town, Italy, x. 439. v. 315; xx. 643. Giallo Antico, yellow marble, xv. Gieseckite, mineral, xvi. 418, 425. , missionary to Ireland, xm. 249. 529. Gieseler, Johann Karl Ludwig, Ger- Gildebert, bishop of Tours, xi. 814. Gia Long, Annamese king, xxm. 440. man church historian, x. 589; his Gilding, x. 593; v. 169; for house Giama-nu-Chu, river, Tibet, xxm. History, v. 765. decoration, iv. 508; electro, vm. 116. Gieshubel, spa, Bohemia, xvi. 436. 339) 34iGilead, of Scripture, x. 594; xvi. 534; Giambelli, Federigo, Italian military Giesing, suburb of Munich, Bavaria, xviii. 176. engineer, X. 570. xvii. 24. Giles, St, x. 595. Gianetto da Palestina (Palestrina), Giessen, town, Germany, x. 589; Gilfillan, George, Scottish man of Italian composer, xvm. 178 ; xvn. academy of sciences at, 1. 72; univerletters, x. 595. 84. sity, XXlll. 845. Gilgal, of Scripture, x. 596. Gianibelli, Federigo (Giambelli), Gifford, George, writer on witchcraft, Gilgit, district, India, x. 596. Italian military engineer, x. 570. xxiv. 621. Gill, Alexander, Milton’s schoolmaster, Gianni, Lapo, Italian writer, xm. 502. , William, English writer, x. 590. xvi. 324. Giannone, Pietro, Italian historian, x. Giffordgate, Haddington, Scotland, , David, his micrometer, xvi. 246. 570; xxiv. 212. birthplace of John Knox, xi. 363; , John, English Rabbinical scholar, Giannuzzi, Giulio (Pippi), Italian xiv. 130. x. 599. painter, xix. 112. Gift, in law, x. 590. , Lough, Ireland, xxn. 159. Giant, x. 571; xvi. 762. Gig, boat, xxi. 31, 825. Gillaroo, fish, xxi. 223. Giant-Cells, in repair of animal Gigantomachia, on altar at Per- Gillespie, George, Scottish divine, x. tissue, xvi 11. 366. gamum, xv. 143. 599Giants and Dwarfs, Stories of, vn. Gigia (Gijon), ancient town, Spain, x. , Thomas, founder of Scottish Relief 567590. Church, x. 599; xix. 685; XXiil. 728. Giant’s Causeway, Ireland, x. 572. Gigli, Girolamo, Sienese scholar and Gillies, John, Scottish historian, x. Giants’ Staircase, Venice, xxiv. 153. philologist, xxil. 43. 599Giarre, town, Sicily, x. 572. Giglio, island, Italy, xm. 440. Gillis’s Land, island, Spitzbergen, Giaveno, town, Italy, x. 572. Gihon, river, Central Asia, xvin. 101. xxil 408. Gib, Adam, Scottish divine, x. 572; , Well of, Jerusalem, xm. 639. Gillman, James, friend of Coleridge, xxiii. 728. Gijon, town, Spain, x. 590. vi. 136. Gibbon, ape, 11. 150. Gilan, or Ghilan, province, Persia, x. Gillolo, or Jilolo, island, Indian Archi, Edward, English historian, x. 572; 566; xviii. 627. pelago, xiii. 692. on the progress of Christianity, v. Gilbart, John William, English writer Gillray, James, English caricaturist, 696; his place in English literature, on banking, x. 591. x. 600; v. 104. viii. 431. Gilbert, St, of Sempringham, English Gills, of fishes, xn. 636, 656; xx. 475. Gibbons, Grinling, English wood-carver monk, x. 593. Gilly, William Stephen, writer on the and decorator, x. 582; v. 169; xxi. (Gilbertus Anglicus), English writer Waldensian Church, xxiv. 325. 560. on medicine, xv. 807. Gillyflower, plant, x. 601; xix. 107. , Orlando, English musical com, Frangois Hilaire, French veteri- GlLOLO, or Jilolo, island, Indian Archiposer, x. 582; xvii. 85. nary surgeon, xxiv. 198. pelago, xiii. 692. Gibbs, James, architect, 11. 444. , Sir Humphrey, English navigator, Gilpin, Bernard, English clergyman, x. ■ » James A. E., improver of sewing x. 591; governor of Newfoundland, 601. machine, xxi. 719. xvii. 385. , William, English writer, x. 602. Gibbsite, mineral, xvi. 388. , Nicolas Joseph Laurent, French Gilyaks, race of people, Saghalin, Asia, Gibeon, town, Palestine, x. 583. poet, x. 591; ix. 665. xxi. 147. Gibraltar, town and fortress, Spain, , William, English scientist, x. 592; GimirRjE, the Cimmerians, xv. 100. X. 583; origin of the name, xvi. 573; on electricity, viii. 3; on magnetism, Gimlet, boring tool, xi. 438. acquisition of, by Great Britain (1704), xv. 221. Gimmel Rings, xx. 561. ix. 582; xxii. 336; French attack on de la Porree, French philosopher, Gimso, island, Norway, XIV. 769. (1779), ix. 594. x. 592; xxi. 423. Gin, spirituous liquor, x. 602. > Straits of, Currents in, in. 20; xv. Gilbertines, order of monks, xiv. Ginckell, Godart van, earl of Ath820. 656. lone, x. 602. Gibson, Edmund, bishop of London, x Gilbert Islands, Pacific Ocean, xvi. Gindarus, Syria, Battle of (38 b.c.), 586. 256; xviii. 128; xix. 426. xviii. 597. , John, bookbinder to James I., iv. Gilbertite, mineral, xvi. 413. Gindely, Antonine, Bohemian his42. Gilbert’s Act, English poor law, xix. torian, xxil 153. , John, English sculptor, x. 586; 467Ginestra, La, Leopardi’s lyric, xiv. XXL 561. Gilbert’s Peak, Uintah Range, U.S.A., 465. , Richard, English dwarf, vn. 568. xxiii. 796; xxiv. 19. Gichtel, Johann Georg, German Gil Blas, Le Sage’s romance, xiv. 472. Gingelly Oil, xvii. 746; xxi. 693. Ginger, plant and spice, x. 603. mystic, x. 588 ; editor of Boehme’s Gilboa, Palestine, Battle of, xm. 404. Gingham, textile fabric, x. 604. works, in. 854; xvii. 135. Gilchrist, Harold, Norwegian chief, Gingko Nut, xvii. 664. Giddiness, Epileptic, disease, vm. 480. xvii. 588. Gingst, town, Rfigen, Prussia, XXL 57.

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257; of the Himalayas, XL 831; of Ginguene, Pierre Louis, French writer, Girardow, town, Russian Poland, x. Norway, xvil 578 ; of Spitzbergen, 620. x. 604. XXII. 408; J. D. Forbes’s observations Girart de Roussillon, Provengal Ginseng, plant and drug, x. 605. on, IX. 391. poem, XIX. 875. Gioberti, Vincenzo, Italian philosoGlacis, in fortification, ix. 429, 445. GiRASOL, mineral, xvi. 390. phical writer, X. 605; XIII. 487, 489, G LADBACH, or Bergisch - Gladbacb, Girders, in bridges, iv. 297. town, Prussia, x. 631. 5l6. . Girdle, article of dress, x. 622. Gioconda, La, Leonardo’s painting, Monchen-Gladbach, town, 5 or GiRGEH, town, Upper Egypt, x. 623; XIV. 460. Prussia, X. 631. vn. 775. Giocondo, Fra, Veronese architect, plant, ix. 279. Girgenti, town, Sicily, x. 623; xxn. Gladdon, xxiv. 172. Gladiators, of the Roman arena, x. 31Gioja, Melchior, Italian philosophical 631, 66. Girin, or Kirin, town, Manchuria, xiv. Gladiolus, garden plant, x. 632; xn. writer, x. 606; xix. 387. 96. 2 GlORDANl, Pietro, Italian writer, XIII. 55GlRlSHK, fort, Afghanistan, I. 230. Gladstone, William Ewart, British 5i5Girling, Mary Ann, leader of English Giordano, Luca, Italian painter, x. statesman, vm. 367. Shakers, xxi. 737. 606. GLAGERITE, mineral, XVI. 424. Giorgio of Gubbio, Italian majolica GiRODET DE ROUSSV, Anne Louis, Glaisher, J., his balloon ascents, 1. French painter, X. 623. worker, xix. 626. 195. Giron, Francisco Hernandez, Peruvian Glamorgan, Giorgione, Italian painter, x. 607; his county, Wales, x. 633; rebel, XVIII. 677. relations with Titian, XXIII. 414population and representation, XXlll. ^ Pedro Tellez, duke of Osuna, XX. GiOTTiNO, Italian painter, x. 608. 727178. Giotto, Italian painter, x. 609; ix. 771; Glance, arsenical nickel, xvil 487. XXI. 434; his glass paintings, X. Gironde, department, France, x. 624. , Silver, xxn. 69. Girondists, French Revolutionary 669. Coal, or Anthracite (q.v.), xvi. party, ix. 602, 605; xx. 602, 624, 625, Giovan Gastone, grand-duke of Tus2 429. their contest with Marat, XV. 5 7 > Vercany, xv. 793. Glanders, disease, x. 634; xviii. 406; gniaud’s connexion with, XXIV. 165. Giovanni da Bologna, Italian sculpxxiv. 202. GlRVAN, town, Scotland, x. 624. tor, xxi. 569. Glands, of mammals, xv. 348; influence Giovanni da Gaeta (Pope Gelasius Giscala, John of, Jewish party leader, of nervous action on, XIX. 3°i secretxiii. 427. II.), x. 130. ing, in man, I. 848; XVIL 671; tumGismondine, mineral, XVI. 423. GIOVINAZZO, town, Italy, x. 611. ours of the, XVIII. 379; of reptiles, XX. Gisors, town, France, x. 624. GlOVlO, Paolo, Italian historian, XIII. 459; of plants, iv. 91. GlTAGOVlNDA, Brahman drama, XXL 756Glanis, fish, xxii. 67. 285. Gipsies, X. 611; in India, III. 460; of Glanvil, or Glanvill, Ranulph de, Transylvania, XXlll. 522; dictionaries Gitschin, town, Bohemia, x. 624. early English jurist, x. 635. Giunta, family of Italian printers, xv. of their language, vn. 189. Glanvill, Joseph, English philoso5HGipsy Hill, Norwood, London, xvn. phical writer, x. 635; on scepticism, Pisano, Italian painter, x. 624; 596xxi. 382. his method of fresco-painting, IX. Giraffe, ungulate mammal, x. 618; Glanvilla, Bartholomew de, his De 77°xv. 432. Proprietatibus Rerum, VIIL 193. Giralda, bell-tower, Seville, Spain, Giurgevo, town, Roumania, x. 624. GLAREOLA, genus of birds, XIX. 659. Giustendil, or Kostendil, town, Bulxxi. 709. GLARUS, or Glaris, canton, Switzerland, garia, xiv. 143. Giraldes, Affonso, Portuguese poet, X. 636; XXII. 778, 783; town, X. 636; Giusti, Giuseppe, Italian satirist, x, xix. 556. xxii. 778. 625; xiii. 516. Giraldi, Giglio Gregorio, Italian schoGlas, John, founder of Glassite sect, x. GiUSTlNlANl, prominent Italian family, lar, x. 620. 637x. 625; xxiv. 635. ; Giovanni Battista, Italian novelist, Glaser, Christopher, Swiss chemist, x. , Agostino, x. 626; on Henry VIII.’s x. 620. 637character, XI. 663. Giraldus Cambrensis, historian and Glaserberg, mountain, Germany, xxi. GIUSTO da Guanto (Justus of Ghent), ecclesiastic, ill. 392. 349Flemish painter, x. 565. GIRANDOLE, in pyrotechny, xx. 136. Glaserite, mineral, x. 637; xvi. 400. GlVET, town, France, X. 626. Girard, Albert, Dutch mathematician, Glasgow, town, Scotland, x. 638; xxill. 562; on imaginary quantities in GlVORS, town, France, X. 626; XX. population, XXL 528; origin of the 529algebra, I. 514; on porisms, XIX. 520. name, xiv. 41 ; cathedral crypt, VI. Philippe Henri de, French mechani- Gizeh, town, Egypt, vn. 770; mummies 668 ; libraries, xiv. 523, 5435 news‘ of, xvil. 21; pyramids at, v. 582; vn. cian, X. 620; inventor of flax-spinning papers, xvil 423; observatory, xvii. 770; xx. 123. apparatus, xiv. 664. 710; railways, xx. 240; university, Gjende, lake, Norway, xvil 576. ? Stephen, American philanthropist, xxiii. 843, 854; waterworks, 11. 224. Glacial Action, Agassiz’s researches x. 621. Glass, history and manufacture, x. 6471 on, 1. 276. College, Philadelphia, U.S.A., x. absorption of light by, Xiv. 601, 607; Glacial Period, in geology, 11. 335; 621; xviii. 740. colours of ancient, XXIV. 427; cutting x. 365. GiRARDiN, Madame Emile de, French of, with diamond, vii. 167; manuGlaciarium, artificial ice for skating, authoress, X. 621. facture of, in Bohemia, m. 120; xxii. 105. , Saint-Marc, French politician and mirrors, ix. 849; xvi. 500 > Pa'u^in^ Glacier, Glaciers, mountain ice, x. critic, x. 621. on, x. 667; used by Romans, U. 421, 626; geological action of, x. 281; 2 Girardon, Francois, French sculptor, of the Alps, 1. 632; of the Caucasus, v. Glasses, Eye, xxii. 37 x. 622.

G L A —G N E

183 Glass ites, Scottish religious denomina- Glinka, Michael Ivanovich, Russian Glover, Richard, English writer, x. tion, x. 637. composer, x. 679. 693Glassius, Solomon, German Biblical , Sergy Nikolaevich, Russian writer, Glow-Worm, beetle, vi. 132; xviii. critic, x. 674. x. 680. 814. GlassophaGjE, group of bats, xv. 414; Glisson, Francois, French anatomist, Gloxinia, stove plant, xn. 266. xxiv. 52. I. 811; XVI. 822. Gluchow, or Glukhoff, town, Russia, Glass-Snake, lizard, xiv. 735. Globe, shape of the earth, 11. 766. x. 695; XXIII. 96. Glass Tears, philosophical toy, 11. 63. , Geographical, x. 680; xv. 516. Glucinum, chemical element, x. 693; Glass-Works, Venetian, xvn. 48; Globe-Fish, x. 685; xn. 694. v. 526. xxiv. 156. Globe Theatre, London, in time of Gluck, Christopher Willibald, German Glastonbury, town and abbey, EngShakespeare, XXL 761. musical composer, x. 693; xvn. 94; land, x. 674; xxii. 258; legend of, Globicephalus, genus of cetacean xix. 79; contrasted with Mozart, xvii. v. 325. mammals, xv. 399. 10. Glatz, town, Prussia, x. 675. Globigerina, genus of Foraminifera, Gluckstadt, town, Prussia, x. 695. Glauber, Johann Rudolph, German ix. 378. Glucose, in chemistry, x. 695; v. 564, chemist and alchemist, x. 675; v. 460. Ooze, in Norwegian Sea, xvn. 572; vii. 146, 147; ix. 93; x. 41; Glauberite, mineral, xvi. 400. 593; in Pacific Ocean, xviii. 123. xix. 54; xxii. 623. Glauber’s Salt, mineral and drug, Globigerinidea, order of Protozoa, Glucosides, substances containing glux. 675; v. 505; xvi. 401, xix. 847. cose, ix. 96; v. 572. Glauce, of Greek legend, xv. 777. Glochidium, phase of development of Glue, form of gelatin, x. 133; use of, G LAUGHAU, town, Saxony, x. 676. molluscs, xvi. 693. in joinery, iv. 489. Glaucias, of Tarentum, Alexandrian GLOCKNER, mountain, Eisenach, GerGlukhoff, town, Russia, x. 695; xxm. physician, XV. 801. many, xxi. 349. 96. Glaucodote, mineral, xvi. 390. Glockner, Gross, mountain, Carin- Gluten, or Glutin, albuminous subGlaucoma, eye disease, xvn. 783. thia, Austria, 1. 629. stance, x. 130, 695. Glauconite, mineral, xvi. 415. Glogau, town, Prussia, x. 685; xxii. Glutton, carnivorous mammal, x. 696; Glaucophane, mineral, xvi. 418. 53xv. 440. Glaucopis, epithet of Athene, 11. 831. Gloger, C. W. L., on birds, xviii. 23. Glycas, Michael, Byzantine historian, GLAUCUS, in Greek mythology, x. 676. Glommen, river, Norway, xvn. 575. x. 697. , reputed discoverer of iron-welding, Glonoin, or Nitroglycerin, xvn. 520. Glycerin, or Glycerine, in chemistry, n. 348. Gloria in Excelsis, doxology, vil x. 697; v. 564; xvii. 740; XXII. 202. Sinus, gulf, Asia Minor, xv. 93. 384Glycogen, starch in nutrition, xvii. Glaze, viii. 182; in pottery, xix. Gloria Patri, doxology, vil 384. 680. 601. Glory, or Corona, optical phenomenon, Glycols, in chemistry, v. 564; Wurtz’s Glazier’s Diamond, vii. 167. xxiv. 435. See also xiv. 597. discovery of, XXIV. 703. Glazier Work, iv. 509. Gloss, x. 686; on the canon law, v. Glycyrrhiza, genus of plants, xiv. Glazing, in painting, xvni. 138. 20. 687. Glazoff, town, Russia, xxiv. 303. , Biblical, x. 687; XL 746. Glyndwr, Owen (Glendower, q.v.), Glebe, in ecclesiastical law, x. 676. Glossa Ordinaria, Walafrid’s work, Welsh prince, X. 678. Glede, bird, xiv. 103. xxiv. 320; x. 687. Glyoxylin, form of dynamite, xvii. Glee, in music, x. 677. Glossary, Glossator, x. 686. 521. Gleek, card game, xix. 282. Glossic Spelling, xviii. 812. Glyptodon, fossil armadillo, 11. 545; Gleeman, ancient minstrel, xvi. 479. Glossina, genus of insects, xxm. 601. xv. 388. Gleig, George, bishop of Brechin, x. Glossographer, x. 686. 677; editor of Encyclopaedia Britan- Glossology, science of language, xviii. Glyptothek, art gallery at Munich, Bavaria, xvn. 25. nica, 3d edition, vill. 200. 765. Gmelin, Johann F., on birds, xviii. 7. Gleim, Johann Wilhelm Ludwig, Ger- Glossop, town, England, x. 687. , Johann Georg, German naturalist, man poet, x. 677, 534. Glossophaga, genus of bats, xv. 414. x. 699. Gleiwitz, town, Prussia, x. 677. Glossophora, branch of Mollusca, xvi. , Leopold, German chemist, x. 699. Glen, valley, xxi. 524. 641. , Samuel Gottlieb, German naturalGlencoe, valley, Scotland, 11. 499; Gloster, town, Sierra Leone, West ist, x. 700; as traveller in Persia, xx. massacre of (1692), xxi. 518; xxn. Africa, xxn. 45. 286. 445; William III.’s connexion with Glottis, in relation to the voice, xxiv. Gmelinite, mineral, xvi. 421. the massacre, xxiv. 580. 273; spasm of the, VI. 617. Glendalough, valley, Wicklow, Ire- Gloucester, county, England, x. 687; Gmelin’s Blue, xx. 24. Gmina, Polish commune, XIX. 311. land, xxiv. 557, 558. population and representation, xxm. Gmund, town, Germany, x. 700; populaGlendower, Owen, Welsh prince, x. 727. tion, xxiv. 701. 678; xi. 660; revolt of, viii. 320. , town, England, x. 690; effigy of Gmunder See, lake, Switzerland, xiv. Glenelg, river, Australia, in. 107; Robert of Normandy in cathedral, 218. xxiv. 216. XXL 558; friary at, I. 21. Gnat, insect, x. 700; xm. 150; xvi. Glenluce, town, Scotland, xxiv. 563. , town, Massachusetts, U.S.A., x. 866. Glen of the Downs, Wicklow, Ire691. Gnathobdellidze, family of leeches, land, xxiv. 557. , Robert of, English chronicler, xx. xiv. 404. Gleyre, Marc Charles Gabriel, French 596. Gnedich, N. I., Russian poet, xxi. 107. painter, x. 678. , Duke of (Thomas of Woodstock), Gneisenau, August W.A., Count von, Glinka, Fedor Nikolaevich, Russian xiv. 256. Prussian general, xvii. 220. Poet, x. 679. Glove, x. 692; xiv. 389. Gneiss, rock, x. 236.

184

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the idea of, v. 144; vn- I23! Eckart’s Goes, Benedict, Eastern traveller, x. Gnesen, town, Prussia, x. 700. 183; xxiv. 728. theory, VIL 642; Erigena’s theory, Gnomon, various meanings of the term, ; Hugo van der, Flemish painter, VIII. 523; Eusebius’s views, VIII. xx. 140; of dial, vil. i53> Pytheass x. 721. 722; Fichte’s theory, IX. 138; m use of, x. 176. , Jan van der, Dutch poet, II. 138; Kabbalistic theosophy, XHL 811; GNOMONICS, or dialling, VII. 153. XU. 95. Leibnitz on the being of, XIV. 422; GNOSSUS, or Cnossus, town, Crete, VI. GOETHALS, Henry (Henry of Ghent), Locke on the existence of, xiv. 761; scholastic writer, XL 674. 44Malebranche on the idea of, V. 148, Gnostic Antinomians, 11. 129. Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, GerManichsean theory, xv. 483; NeoplaGnosticism, x. 700; xi. 736; xxm. man poet and dramatist, X. J2i', his tonic idea, xvii. 335; Philo’s theory, birthplace in Frankfort, ix. yoy; on 278; its influence on Neoplatonism, xviii. 761; Schleiermacher’s theory, education, vil. 677 ; on embryology xvil. 335 5 in relation to Christianity, XXL 411, 413; Spinoza on the idea of, v. 694 ; to Epistle to the Ephesians, and morphology, XVI. 839; his inv. 153! T&oist teaching, xiv. 297; viii. 464 ; to Manichseism, xv. 484 ; fluence on the German drama, VIL theosophic knowledge of, xxiii. 278; to Marcionitism, xv. 535; ofSt Paul’s 442; influence on German literature, Vico’s idea, XXIV. 212; Xenophanes’s relations to, xvm. 423; Carpox. 537; Eckermann’s relations with, theory, xxiv. 719. crates, v. 133; Mandsean, xv. 468; of vil. 641; his controversy with Oken, Origen, XVII. 8415 Baur on, HI. 44 xxiii. 785, 789, 620. XVII. 775. Hand, Human, I. 827; joints of, L »39> Hammamet, town, Tunis, xxm. 620. , town, New York, U.S.A., XI. sense of touch in, XXIII. 480. Hammarskold, Lorenzo, Swedish 411. , of mammals, xv. 359. writer, XL 424; XXII. 757. , town, Ohio, U.S.A., XI. 411. Handeck, waterfall, Switzerland, XXIIHamme, town, Belgium, XL 424. , town, Victoria, XI. 411. 777Hammer, xi. 425. , river, Labrador, xiv. 175. Handel, George Frederick, German , Steam, ix. 413; xm. 328. , Mount, California, XXIII. 801;

H A N —h A R 199 musical composer, xi. 433; character Hanse, association of free burghs, ScotHaram, sanctuary, Jerusalem, xm. of his music, xvn. 90. land, iv. 64. 637Hand-Grasping, form of salutation, Hanseatic League, Germany, xi. 449; Haran, district, Mesopotamia, xi. xxi. 237. x - 493j 495> 5°G XV. 32; early com454Handicapping, in horse racing, xn. merce of, vi. 200 Harant, Christopher, Bohemian 202. Hanse Merchants, in London, xxil traveller and writer, xxil 152. Handsel Monday, xvii. 450. 528. Hand Tools, xi. 436; for mining, xvi. Hansen, Mauritz Christopher, Nor- Harappa, town, India, xvi. 789. Harar, town, North-East Africa, xi. 444wegian poet, xvil 590. 454; language of, xxi. 656. Handwriting, xviii. 143; different , Peter Andreas, Danish astronomer, Harbours, xi. 455. kinds of, xxm. 682. XL 451; on the lunar theory, xvi. Harburg, town, Hanover, Germany, Handy Andy, Lover’s novel, xv. 29. 801; his formula for meridian transits, XL 472. Hang-Chow-Foo, or Hang-Chow, town, xxiii. 516. Harclay, Sir Andrew, degraded from China, XL 439; v. 636; xxiv. 728. Hanse Towns, Germany, xi. 450; xv. knighthood, xiv. 125. Hangendenlissen (Fiinfhaus), suburb 32. Harcourt, Marquis d’, French diploof Vienna, ix. 827. Han-Siro, Japanese Roman Catholic matist, ix. 580. Hangest, Helene de, French potter, missionary, xxiv. 717. Hardanger Fjord, Norway, xvil xix. 629. Hansteen, Christopher, Norwegian 576. Hanging, Death from, xv. 781. astronomer and physicist, XL 452; Hard Cash, Reade’s novel, xx. 303. Hills, Connecticut, xxm. 795. XVIL 592; his researches in magnetism, Hardenberg, Friedrich von (Novalis), Hangings, Ancient textile, xxiii. 208; XV. 237, 249. German poet and philosopher, xi. for wall decoration, xvil. 38. Hans Wurst, of the German drama, 472; X. 542; hymns by, xn. 588. Hang-Shan, mountain, China, v. 637. vii. 440. , Karl August, Prussian statesman, Han-hai (Gobi), desert, Central Asia, Hanthawadv, district, Burmah, xx. XL 472; XX. II. x. 713. 271. Hardening, of metals, xxil 599. Haniang, town, Corea, VI. 391. Hants, or Hampshire, county, England, Harderwijk, town, Holland, xi. 473; Hanifs, Arab sect, xvi. 546, 548. xi. 430; xxiii. 727. university of, xxm. 850. Hanka, Wenceslaus, Bohemian philo- Hanuman-Nataka, Sanskrit drama, Hardhon, African lizard, xiv. 737. logist, xi. 440; xxii. 151. XXL 286. Hardicanute, or Hardiknut, Danish Han-Keang, river, China, v. 632. Hanusch, Ignaz Johann, Bohemian king of England, XL 473; vm. 289. Hankow, town, China, xi. 440; v. philosopher, XL 452. Harding, James Duffield, English 637Hanway, Jonas, English traveller and painter, XL 473; xiv. 701. Hanley, town, England, xi. 440; xxn. philanthropist, XL 452; in Persia, , or Hardyng, John, early English 442. xviii. 643; XX. 286; his umbrella, chronicler, xi. 475; xiv. 256. Hanna, plain, Moravia, xvi. 810. XXIII. 723. , Stephen, Benedictine monk, 111. Hannana, Syriac writer, XXII. 837. Hao, islets, Tuamotu, South Pacific, 601. Hannasi, Rabbi Yehudah, editor of xxiii. 602. Hardinge, Viscount, English general, the Mishnah, XX. 190. Hapale, genus of apes, 11. 155. XL 474. Hannay, James, Scottish critic and Hapalemur, genus of lemurs, xiv. Hardingstone, town, England, xvn. novelist, XL 441. 442. 556. , Patrick, Scottish poet, XXL 543. HapalintE, Hapalidas, group of ajjes, Hardness, of minerals, xvi. 378. Hannibal, Carthaginian general, XL 11. 154; xv. 444. , of water, xxiv. 399, 409. 441! v. 161; his contests with Rome, Hapaloderma, genus of birds, xxiil Hardoi, district, India, xi. 474. xx. 749; his destruction of Selinus, 584. XXI Hardouin, Jean, French scholar, xi. - 633; in Spain, xxil. 305. Hapaloptila, genus of birds, xx. 101. 474, town, Missouri, U.S.A., XL 445; Hapalotis, genus of rodent mammals, Hardrada, Harold, Norse king, xi. xvi. 526. xvil 6. 484; xvil 587. Hannington, Bishop, place of his Haparanda, town, Sweden, XL 453. Hardt, Hermann von der, German murder, xxm. 718. Hapi (Apis), Egyptian divinity, 11. 173; Orientalist, xi. 475. Hanno, Carthaginian general, XL 445. vil. 717. king of Carthage, XL 445; v. 160; Haplocyta, order of Protozoa, xix. Hardwar, town, India, XI. 475; xxi. 152. his voyage of discovery, x. 175. 853Hardy, Alexandre, French dramatist, — , Periplus of, I. 245; x. 175; XL 445. XL 475; ix. 657. Ha-noi, town, Tong-King, vi. 96; Haplodontidas, family of rodent mammals, xv. 418. Hardyng, John, early English chronixxiii. 440. suborder of Mollusca, cler, XL 475; on the claim of Henry Hanover, province, Germany, xi. 446: Haplomorpha, xvi. 656. IV. of England, xiv. 256. xx. 14, 16. Hapoor, or Hapur, town, India, XL Hare, rodent mammal, xi. 476; xv. ——, town, Germany, xi. 448; xx. 16; 454421; coursing of the, VI. 515; hunting, libraries, xiv. 546; newspapers, xvil Happiness, in ethics, VIII. 582, 585. XII. 396; shooting of, XXL 834; Arctic, 429. Hapsburg, German family and Austrian colour of, XVI. 343; Belgian, XX. 193; , House of, succeeds to the English dynasty, XL 453; in. 124; x. 496; in Sumatran, xxil 640. throne, vm. 354. Spain, xxil 327; its connexion with , Jumping, of South Africa, xm. i — Island, Patagonia, xviii. 352. Switzerland, xxil 781. 626. Hansa, or Hanseatic League (q.v.), GerHapur, town, India, xi. 454. , Alexander, English adventurer, many, xi. 449. Har, Egyptian divinity, vil. 717. xiv. 27. Hansard, Luke, English printer, xi. Haram, sacred territory, Arabia, 11. 236; , Augustus William, English divine, 449xv. 669, 670. XL 477.

H A R —H A R H ARRAN, or Haran, ancient town, MesoHare, Julius Charles, English theologi- Harmonium, musical instrument, xi. potamia, xi. 454; xvi. 48; bilingual 483. cal writer, XI. 477. inscription of, XXL 651. Harmony, of colours, Psychological Harebell, plant, xi. 478. Harranians, sect of Mesopotamia, xxi. analysis of, xx. 69. Hareek, mountains and oasis, Arabia, 128. , Musical, VIL 593; xvii. 77; prin11. 240, 254. ciples of, 1. 107; Greek notions of, Harrier, bird, xi. 491. Hareeree, or Hariri, Arabic writer, XL , dog, vie 329; XIL 316. II. 524; psychological analysis of per479; 11. 265. Harrington, James, English political ception of, XX. 69; treatise on, by H arefoot (Harold I.), king of England, writer, XL 492. Alfred Day, XVII. 100. xi. 485. , Pre-established, Leibnitz’s doctrine Harriot, Thomas, English mathematiHarem, or Seraglio, xi. 478. cian, xi. 493; his discoveries in of, XIV. 421. Haren, Onno Zwier van, Dutch poet, algebra, 1. 514. Harmosia (Ormus), ancient town, xii. 96. Harris, part of island, Hebrides, ScotPersia, xvii. 856. , Willem van, Dutch poet, xn. 96. land, xiv. 492. Harewood Castle, Yorkshire, Eng- Harmotome, mineral, xvi. 423. Howell, Welsh Methodist preacher, Harness, saddlery, xxi. 142. land, xxiv. 749. xvi. 193. Horse, xil 191. HarfleUR, town, France, XL 478. 5 James, earl of Malmesbury, xv. Harney, Mount, Rocky Mountains, Har Govind, Sikh ruler, India, xx. 336U.S.A., xxiii. 797. in. , James, English grammarian, XL Haro, town, Spain, XI. 484. Hargraves, E., discoverer of gold in 493, Luis de, Spanish minister, XXII. Australia, ill. 114. , John(c. 1667-1719), English writer, 332, James, inventor of spinning jenny, XL 493; editor of the Lexicon TechniIslands, Washington Territory, II. 541; VI. 490; XVII. 600. cum, Vlil. 195. U.S.A., xxi. 266. Hariana, district, India, XL 479; xx. , John (1802-1856), English divine Harold L, king of England, XL 485; 624. and writer, XL 493. VIII. 290; his relations with William Haricot Beans, hi. 460. , Thomas and Rene, French organ of Normandy, xxiv. 575. Haring, Wilhelm, German novelist, XL builders, XVII. 837. II., of England, XL 485. 479, William C., traveller in Abyssinia, L, Fairhair, king of Norway, XL HARINGTON, Sir John, English writer, 1. 66. 484; xvii. 585. XL 479. , Sir William Snow, English electriII., Greyfell, of Norway, XL 484; Hariri, Arabic writer, XL 479; II. 265. cian, XL 493; his electrometer, VIII. xvii. 586. Hari-RUD, river, Afghanistan, I. 229. 119; on dielectric strength of gases, III., Hardrada, of Norway, XL 484; Harith, Arabic poet, xvi. 537. VIII. 61. xvii. 587. HARKNESS, W., his correction for chroHarrisburg, town, Pennsylvania, IV., Gilchrist, of Norway, XL 485; matic aberration, xxm. 141. U.S.A., xi. 494. xvii. 588. Harlaw, Scotland, Battle of (1411)) Harrison, Frederic, on law, xiv. 357, Harosh, or Rosh (Rabbenu Asher), xv. 525. 361. German rabbi, xx. 852. Harleian Library, xviii. ioi. j John, English mechanician, XL Haroun al Raschid, caliph of BaghHarleian MSS., in British Museum, 494; inventor of sea-chronometers, dad, xi. 487 ; 1. 9; xvi. 581; his xiv. 515; xviii. 100. xvil. 259. buildings in Baghdad, in. 234; tribute Harlem River, New York, U.S.A., , William Henry, president of paid to, by Nicephorus I., xvn. 481. xvii. 457. United States, XL 495. Harp, musical instrument, XI. 488; Harlequin, in Italian drama, vn. 418; Harrodsburg, town, Kentucky, Erard’s, VIII. 512. of the pantomime, XVill. 215. U.S.A., xiv. 44. Harpactes, genus of birds, XXIII. 584. Harley, Robert, first earl of Oxford, Harpa-Khruti (Harpocrates), Egyp- Harrogate, town, England, xi. 495; xviii. 99. population, xxiv. 748; mineral water tian deity, VIL 717; XL 491. Harlingen, town, Holland, xi. 480. of, xvi. 434, 435Harp ALUS, of Macedonia, his relations Harlot’s Progress, Hogarth’s engravHarrow, agricultural implement, 1. with Demosthenes, vn. 71. ings, xii. 48. 318, 337Harpe, F. C. de la, Swiss revolutionist, Harm, town, Central Asia, xiv. 4. Harrow-on-the-Hill, town, Engxxiv. 115. Harmattan, wind, West Africa, vi. land, xi. 495. Harper’s Ferry, town, Virginia, 766; xxii. 44. Harrow School, England, xi. 495. U.S.A., XL 490; insurrection at (1859), Harmodius, Athenian popular hero, Harry, Blind, Scottish minstrel, xi. iv. 385xi. 480. 496; xxiv. 326. Harpies, in Greek mythology, XL 490; Harmonia, in Greek legend, xi. 480. Lorrequer, Lever’s novel, Xiv. m. 431. Harmonica, musical instrument, xi. 485. Harpocrates, Greek deity, xi. 491; 481. Harsha-Deva, Sri, Hindu dramatist, vii. 717. Harmonic Analysis, in physics, xi. XXL 285. Harpoon, whaling spear, xxiv. 526. 481. Harspranget, waterfall, Sweden, XXH. Harporhynchus, genus of birds, XVI. Harmonic Motion, in mechanics, xi. 737541482; xv. 685. Hart, Emma (Lady Hamilton, q.v.), Harpsichord, musical instrument, Harmonics, in acoustics, 1. in; xvn. xx. 839. XIX. 69. 88; beats of, xvn. 105. Harte-Beest, antelope, xi. 496; xv. Harpy, bird, xi. 491. Harmonic Series, xxi. 678. Harpyia, genus of bats, xv. 409. 432Harmonies, Celestial, Kepler’s system Hartford, town, Connecticut, U.S.A., HARPYliE, or Harpies, in Greek mythoof, xiv. 47. XL 496; convention at (1814), XXlH. logy, xi. 490. Harmoniphone, musical instrument, 760; libraries, XIV. 550. Harquebus, weapon, 11. 558. xvii. 106.

H A R—H A U Harthacnut, or Hardicanute, Danish king of England, XL 473; vm. 289. Hartig, Georg Ludwig, German writer on forestry, XI. 497. Hartine, mineral, xvi. 429. Hartite, mineral, xvi. 429. Hartlepool, town, England, xi. 497. Hartley, David, English philosopher, xi. 498; on mental association, 11. 731; his ethical system, vill. 607. Hartlib, Samuel, educationist and agriculturist, XL 499; on agriculture, I. 297. Hartlieb, Johann H., on chiromancy, xix. 4. Hartmann, Eduard von, on evolution, VIII. 769; his metaphysics of pessimism, xvni. 689. , Georg, first observer of magnetic dip, xv. 221. , Moritz, German poet and novelist, xi. 499. von Aue, German poet, XL 499. Hartog, Dirk, his exploration of the Australian coast, m. 103. Hartshead Pike, hill, England, xvi. 867. Hartshorn, Spirits of, xi. 500. Hartz, or Harz, mountains, Germany, xi. 507; x. 448. Harun er-Rashid, or Haroun alRaschid, caliph of Baghdad, XL 487; 1. 9; xvi. 581; xvil 481. Haruspication, divination by entrails, vii. 293. Haruspices, Roman soothsayers, xi. 500; vie 293. Harut, river, Afghanistan, 1. 229. Harvard, Mount, Rocky Mountains, U.S.A., xxiii. 796. College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A., xi. 500; xv. 614; XXlli. 857; library, xiv. 534; observatory, xvil 715. Harvest-Bug, arachnid, xi. 500 ; 11. 275; xvi. 529. Harvesting, of grain crops, 1. 362. Harvest-Men, arachnids, 11. 278, 279Harvest Moon, ii. 798. Harvey, Gabriel, English writer, xi. 501! his friendship with Spenser, xxii. 393. , Sir George, Scottish painter, xi. 501. , Mr, his dairy farm, 1. 345, 346. , William, discoverer of circulation of the blood, xi. 502; 1. 810; xv. 809; XXiv. 96; on embryology, vm. 164; on epigenesis, vm. 744, 747. Harwich, town, England, xi. 507. Harzburg, town, Prussia, XL 508. Harz Mountains, or Harzgebirge, Germany, xi. 507; x. 448. Hasa, province, Arabia, 11. 254. Hasan of Basra, Arab historian, xxiii. 2,

I Hasan, Uzun, sovereign of Persia, xvin. 633B. Ali, caliph, XVI. 566; 11. 258; hero of a Moslem passion play, xi. 508; xviii. 660. B. Sabbah, founder of the sect of Assassins, 11. 723; xvil 771. Hasbeya, town, Syria, XL 509. Hasdrubal, Carthaginian general, XL 509. , son of Hamilcar, Carthaginian general, XL 509; in Spain, xxn. 305. Hase, Karl August, on the life of Jesus, XIII. 672; his summary of German rationalism, xx. 291. Hasebroek, Johannes Pieter, Dutch writer, XII. 98. Hasenmatte, mountain, Switzerland, xxii. 250. Hashashins, or Assassins (q.v.), Mohammedan sect, vie 113. Hashimites, Arabian family, xvi. 545. Hashish, drug, m. 628; vn. 711; xi. 648. Hasht-Bihisht, palace, Ispahan, Persia, xiii. 394. Haslar Hospital, Gosport, England, vii. 315. Haslingden, town, England, xi. 510. HASMON^EANS, or Asmoneans, Jewish family, xm. 421; xv. 131; xvi. 55; xxii. 812. Haspe, town, Prussia, XL 510; xxiv. Si?Hassan, district, India, XL 510. and Hussein, heroes of a Mohammedan passion play, xi. 508; xvni. 660. See Hasan b. Ali. b. Noman, Moslem general, xvi. 572. B. Sabbah, founder of the Assassins, 11. 723; xvil 771. Pasha, Captivity of Cervantes under, v. 350. Hasse, Faustina, Italian singer, XL 510. , Johann Adolph, musical composer, XL 510; XVIL 93. Hasselquist, Frederick, Swedish naturalist, XL 511. Hasselt, town, Belgium, XL 511. Hassenpflug, Hans Daniel Ludwig Friedrich, German politician, XL 511. Hassephardi (Maimonides, q-v.), Jewish writer, xv. 295. Hasskoi, department, Roumelia, xxi. 22. Hassler, Ferdinand R., his logarithmic tables, xxiii. 12. Hastinapur, town, India, XL 511. Hastings, town, England, xi. 511; xxii. 725; battle of Senlac Hill, near (1066), viil 291; xxii. 725; xxiv. 575, town, Nebraska, U.S.A., xvn. 309, First Marquis of, governor-general of India, XL 516; XII. 805.

201 Hastings, C. S., on object-glasses for telescopes, XXIII. 142. , David de, competitor for the Scottish crown, XXL 486. , Thomas, American hymn-writer, XII. 596. , Warren, governor-general of India, XL 512; xii. 802; Burke’s impeachment of, iv. 545; Sheridan’s speeches on the impeachment, iv. 545; xxi. 799Hat, Hats, xi. 518; straw, xxn. 593; Greek, VI. 454. Hatchettine, mineral, xvi. 429. Hatchettolite, mineral, xvi. 428. Hatchments, in heraldry, xi. 711. Hatfield, town, England, xi. 520. Hat-HAR, or Hathor, Egyptian divinity, in. 13; vii. 717. Hathaway, Anne, wife of Shakespeare, xxi. 754, 766. Hathor, or Athor, Egyptian divinity, in. 13; vii. 717. Hathras, town, India, XL 520. Hatia, island, India, xv. 830. Hatifi, Persian writer, xviii. 657, 659. Hatra, or Atrse, town, Mesopotamia, xvi. 48; xviii. 605. Hatras, or Hathras, town, India, xi. 520. Hats and Caps, Swedish factions, xxii. 751. Hatshepsu, Queen, Temple of, Egypt, xvil 22. H ATTALA, Martin, Bohemian philologist, xxii. 153. Hatteria, genus of reptiles, xx. 417, 444, 448, 45°Hattersley, Robert, his type-setting machine, xxm. 701. Hatti Humaium, Turkish firman (1855), xxiii. 651. Hattingen, town, Prussia, XL 520. Hatto I., archbishop of Mainz, XL 520. , bishop of Yich, xxil. 74. Hatvan, town, Hungary, XL 520. Hatzfeld, town, Hungary, xi. 520. Hatzfeldt, Countess Sophie, her relations with Lassalle, xiv. 320. Hauberk, defensive armour, 11. 556. Hauch, Johannes Carsten, Danish poet, XL 521; vii. 92; xvil 590. Hauerite, mineral, xvi. 391. Hauff, Wilhelm, German novelist, XL 521; X. 543. Haug, Johann Christoph Friedrich, German epigrammatist, XL 521. , Martin, German Orientalist, XL 521. Hauge, Hans Nielsen, founder of a Norwegian sect, XL 522. Haughtonite, mineral, XVI. 413. Haulbowline, dockyard, Ireland, vn. 315, 318. Haultbols, musical instrument, xvn. 706. Haunch-Bone, Anatomy of the, 1. 828. XXV. — 26

202

H A U —H E A

Haverhill, town, England, xxn. 622. Haydn, John Michael, Austrian musical Haunted Houses, ii. 206. composer, XL 541. , town, Massachusetts, U.S.A., XL Haupt, Moritz, German philologist, xi. , Joseph, Austrian musical composer, 526. 522. XL 538; as symphonist, xvn. 96. Hauptmann, Moritz, German musical Haversian Canals, in bone, 1. 854. Haydon, Benjamin Robert, English Haversines, Tables of, xxiii. 9. composer, xi. 522. painter and critic, XI. 541. Hauran, district, Syria, xxn. 821; its Havre, Le, town, France, XL 527; xxi. Haye, La, or The Hague (q.v.), XI. 371. 626. architectural monuments, II. 42I5 —, Louis Marie de la (Viscount de Hawaiian Islands (Sandwich Islands), in. 411. Cormenin), French jurist, VI. 406. XVIIL North Pacific, XL 528, 5315 Hauranne, Duvergier de, Abbe St Hayes, Isaac Israel, American Arctic 127; taboo system in, xxm. 16. Cyran, Port-Royalist, vn. 567; xix. explorer, xix. 322. Hawarden, town, Wales, XL 532. _, Rutherford B., president of the 533Hausa, or Haussa, people, Africa, xn. HAWES, Stephen, English poet, XL 533; United States, xxm. 784. viii. 415. 318; xxii. 248. William, English musician, XL Hay-Fever, disease, xi. 542. Hausen, fish, xxn. 612. HAYLEY, William, English poet and 533Hauser, Kaspar, mysterious German critic, XL 542. Water, lake, England, xxiv. 513. youth, XI. 523. Haymaking, i. 378; machine for, 1. H AUSMANNITE, or Hausmanite, mineral, Hawfinch, bird, xi. 533. 323Hawick, town, Scotland, XL 533; xxi xv. 479; xvi. 387. Haymarket Theatre, London, xiv. 34Haussa, race of people, Sokoto, Africa, 836. Hawiya, people, Central Africa, xxn. XII. 318; XXII. 248. Haynau, town, Prussia, XI. 375. 256. HAUSSCHEIN, Johann ((Ecolampadius), , Julius Jakob, Austrian general, Hawk, bird, xi. 534German Reformer, xvn. 729. xii. 372. Haustoria, organs of parasitic fungi, Hawke, Lord, English admiral, XL Hayne, Robert Young, American states534IX. 828; XVili. 264. man, XL 543; xxiii. 764. Hautboy, or Oboe, musical instrument, Hawkesworth, John, English writer, Hayraddin, or Khair al-Din (BarbaXL 535. xvii. 705. rossa), Turkish corsair, L 565; m. 362; Haute-Garonne, department, France, Hawking, sport, ix. 5. XXlll. 621, 643. , clearing the throat, XX. 479. x. 83. Hayter, Sir George, English painter, Haute-Loire, department, France, Hawkins, Sir John (c. 1532-1595)5 XL 543. English navigator, XL 535. xiv. 807. , Sir John (1719-1789), English Hayti, island, West Indies, XL 543; 1. Haute-Marne, department, France, 714; xxiv. 511; Negroes of, xvii. writer on music, XL 535xv. 561. 320; abolition of slavery in, xxn. ? John Isaac, pianoforte maker, xix. Hautes-Alpes, department, France, 140. 75Haytian Republic, West Indies, xi. !• 599, Sir Richard, English navigator, x. Haute-Sa&ne, department, Trance, 546. 185. xxi. 301. Hayton, Armenian monk and traveller, Haute-Savoie, department, France, Hawk-Moth, insect, xn. 359. xv. 474Hawksbee, Francis, his experiments in xxi. 332. Haytorite, mineral, xvi. 371, 409. electricity, viil. 4; in magnetism, Hautes - Pyr£n£es, department, Hayward, Sir John, early English xv. 236. France, xx. 127. historian, XL 546. Haute-Vienne, department, France, Hawksbill Turtle, xxiii. 458, 459. Hayyad Hahazakah, Maimonides’s Hawksmoor, Nicholas, English archixxiv. 223. work, XV. 296. tect, 11. 444. Hauteville, Norman family, xm. Hazara, district, India, XL 546; xx. Hawkwood, Sir John, English adven471; xxii. 25. 109. turer, XL 535. Haut-Limousin, district, France, xxiv. Hawser, or Hawse, ship’s cable, 11. Hazaras, tribe, Afghanistan, 1. 235. 223. Hazard, game played with dice, XL 4; xx. 843; xxi. 597. Hauy, Rene Just, French mineralogist, 547xi. 523; on crystals, VI. 673; his Hawthorn, plant, xi. 536. Hazaribagh, district, India, XL 547; Hawthornden, Midlothian, Scotland, electrical researches, VIII. 8. town, XL 548. vii. 658. Hauyne, mineral, x. 228; xvi. 412. Hazar-Masjid, mountain, Persia, xiv. Hawthorne, Nathaniel, American Havana, town, Cuba, West Indies, xi. 66. writer, XL 536; I. 726. 524; VI. 678. Haze, Thoreau’s poem, xxm. 313. Haxo, Francois N. Benoit, Baron, his HAZEBROUCK, Cigars, xxiii. 426. town, France, XL 548. system of fortification, IX. 463Havannah, or Havana, town, Cuba, xi. Hazel, tree, xi. 548. Haxthausen, Baron von, German 524; vi. 678. Nut, xvii. 664. political writer, XL 538. Have, La, river, Nova Scotia, xvii. 601. Hazel-Nut Oil, xvii. 744. Hay, Culture of, 1. 378. Havelberg, town, Prussia, xi. 525. , Sir Gilbert, early Scottish writer, Hazleton, town, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., Havelock, Sir Henry, British genXL 549. XXL 541. eral, xi. 525. Hazlitt, William, English critic, xi. Havelok the Dane, romance, vm. Hayasdani, or Armenia, II. 546. 549Hayden, Mount, Wyoming, U.S.A., 410; xx. 657. Hazovo, race of people, Russia, xxi. xxiv. 712. Havercamp, Sigebert, Dutch scholar Mrs, American spiritualist, XXII. and numismatist, XI. 526. Hazrat AFUK, Shrine of, Kashgar, 405. Haverford College, Pennsylvania, xnv. 7. , Haydenite, mineral, xvi. 421. U.S.A., xxiii. 857. Head, Anatomy of the, 1. 822, 836, 45 Haverfordwest, town, Wales, xi. Haydn, Johann, Austrian musician, XL 869. 541. 526; xviii. 482.

H E A —H E G Head, Water in the, disease, xn. 431. , Sir Edmund Walker, English art critic, XI. 551. , Sir Francis Bond, English traveller and author, xi. 551. , Sir George, English writer, xi. 551Headache, Sick, disease, xvn. 364. Head-Dress, in Middle Ages, vi. 469. Heading, in tunnelling, xxm. 622. Healfdene, Danish leader, his conquest of Northumbria, xvn. 570. Healing Springs, spa, Virginia, U.S.A., xvi. 436. Health, its preservation, xn. 566; its restoration, xv. 794; xvill. 362; effects of baths on, III. 441; influence of diet on, vil. 200; influence of weather on, in. 35; Plutarch on, XIX. 234. , Public, its legal aspects, xx. 96. Heanor, town, England, xvn. 598. Hearing, Sense of, in man, vn. 591; nerve of, in man, 1. 895; sense of, in bees, in. 488; organs of, in birds, ill. 725; in crustaceans, vi. 638; in fishes, xil. 652; in mammals, XV. 367; in reptiles, xx. 461; Weber’s law in relation to, xxiv. 471. Trumpet, xxiii. 594. Hearn, W. E., his Plutology, xix. 399Hearne, Samuel, English Arctic explorer, xi. 551; xix. 318. , Thomas, English antiquary, XL 551Heart, Diseases of the, xi. 552; anatomy of, 1. 899; xxiv. 98; beating of, xix. 29; of birds, III. 726; of mammals, xv. 364; of reptiles, xx. 459. Heartsease, plant, xxiv. 241. Heat, xi. 554; theory of action of, xix. 2) of coal as compared with that of oil, xviii. 240; conduction of, xx. 212; convection of, xx. 212; in relation to crystals, xvi. 377; development of, in blast furnaces, XIII. 293, 311; diffusion of, VII. 217; in electric circuit, viii. 54; as energy, vm. 207, 208; as the equivalent of force, Mayer on, xv. 649; latent, law of, vm. 731; latent, Black’s theory of, III. 795; latent, of steam, xxn. 484; its effect on magnetism, XV. 272; mechanical equivalent of, vili. 209; in fusing metals, xvi. 66; of oxyhydrogen flame, xviii. 105; power of, in mechanics, xv. 773; production of, by different fuels, IX. 807; radiant, Melloni’s discoveries in, xv. 840; radiation of, xx. 212; maximum resistance to, in living matter, in. 680, 688; its effect on rocks, x. 258; specific, of a fluid, xxm. 286; its transformation into force, xxm. 283 ; waste, utilization of, in iron smelting, xm. 331 ; Siemens’s researches in, xxii. 37 ; in Africa, 1. 256; death from, XV. 781; of the

globe, x. 224; of the human body, XVIII. 393 ; source of plant energy, xix. 56. Heat-Engines, xxii. 473 (index, 526). Heath, plant, xi. 589; xn. 263; in South Africa, I. 258. Heathcoat, John, inventor of lacemaking machines, XL 590; XVII. 600. Heather, plant, xi. 589. Heather-Bleater, bird, xxii. 200. Heating, Apparatus for, xi. 590; of hospitals, xil 305 ; in relation to ventilation, xxiv. 161. Heaton’s Process, of steel-making, xiii. 335. Heatstroke, xxii. 666. Heautefeuille, Jean, his suggestions for heat-engine, XXII. 474. Heauton - Timoroumenos, Terence’s play, xxiii. 187. Heaven, in eschatology, vm. 537; xviii. 236; of Buddhism, iv. 433; of Zoroastrianism, xxiv. 823. Heaving to, of a ship, xxi. 601. Hebbel, Friedrich, German poet and dramatist, XL 593. Hebdomad, Gnostic ethereal region, in. 421. Hebe, of Greek mythology, xi. 593. Heber, Reginald, bishop of Calcutta, XI. 5935 hymns by, XII. 595. Heberden, William, English physician, XL 594; XV. 815. Hebert, Jacques Rend, French Revolutionist, xi. 594. Hebertists, French Revolutionary party, ix. 606; xx. 604. Hebon, in Italian mythology, vn. 249. Hebrew Ancestry, asserted of the Afghans, I. 238. Hebrew Calendar, iv. 677. Hebrew Chronology, v. 713. Hebrew Coins, xvii. 650. Hebrew Inscriptions, xiil 117. Hebrew Language, xi 594; xxi.645; dictionaries of, vn. 189. Hebrew Literature, xi. 597; xiil 408; the Midrash, xvi. 285; theMishnah, xvi. 502; the Talmud, xxiii. 35Hebrew MSS., Kennicott’s collection of, xiv. 36. Hebrew People, their history, xm. 396; history as viewed by the Chronicler, v. 707; religion of, xx. 361. Hebrew Poetry, hi. 638; Lowth’s Prselectiones on, xv. 30. Hebrews, Epistle to the, xi. 602. , Gospel of the, X. 818. Hebrides, islands, Scotland, xi. 607; xiv. 492. , Journey to the, Johnson’s work, xiii. 727. Hebron, of Scripture, xi. 608. , Mount, Palestine, xviii. 172. .HEBRUS, river, Thrace, xxiil. 318.

203 Hecatzeus of Abdera, Greek historian and philosopher, XI. 608. of Miletus, Greek geographer, xi. 608. Hecate, Greek goddess, xi. 608; worship of, xv. 202. Hecho (Cachao), town, Anam, iv. 624. Heckling, in flax manufacture, xiv. 664; of rope, xx, 844. Heckmondwyke, town, England, xi. 609. Hecla, volcano, Iceland, xn. 617. Hectocotylized Arm, in reproduction of molluscs, xvi. 675. Hector, Trojan hero, xi. 609. , Dr, on the climate of New Zealand, xvii. 467. Hecuba, wife of Priam of Troy, xi. 609. , Euripides’s play, VIII. 675. Hecyra, Terence’s play, XXIII. 187. Heda, Willem Claasz, Dutch painter, xi. 610. Hedas, river, France, xvill. 414. Heddle, weaving apparatus, xxiv. 464. Hedenstrom, Arctic explorer, xix. 319Hedera, genus of plants, XIIL 526. Hedgehog, insectivorous mammal, xi. 610; XV. 402; hibernation of, XL 788. , Sea, fish, x. 685. Hedges, on farms, 1. 310. Hedge-Sparrow, bird, xxn. 369. Hedge Trees, Culture of, 11. 319. Hedging, in betting, 111. 619. Hedjaz, or Hejaz {([.v.), district, Arabia, 11. 236, 253. Hedonism, in ethics, vm. 582, 585. Hedonville, Sieur d’ (Denis de Sallo), French journalist, xviii. 539. Hedyotis, genus of plants, xv. 177. Hedysarum Gyrans, plant, its movements, xix. 61. Heelu, Jan van, Dutch writer, xn. 90. Heem, Cornelius, David, and Johannes, Dutch painters, XL 611. Heemskerk, Johan van, Dutch poet, xi. 611; xil 95; xviii. 347. , Martin Jacobsz, Dutch painter, XL 611. Heeren, Arnold Hermann Ludwig, German historian, xi. 612. Heermann, Johann H., German hymnwriter, xil 586. Hegekopf, mountain, Waldeck, Germany, xxiv. 321. Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, German philosopher, XL 612; on the beautiful, 1. 218; his ethical system, VIII. 610; on evolution, vm. 762; on the fine arts, IX. 212; his testimony to Jesus Christ, XIIL 669; on Kant’s system of the categories, v. 225; his logic, xiv. 798; his metaphysics, XVI. 86; his ideal optimism, xvill. 687; on philosophy, xvill. 794; his influence

204 on German rationalism, xx. 290; his relations with Schelling, XXL 390; Schopenhauer’s opposition to, xxi.452. Hegelianism, in philosophy, xi. 618; Yera’s, xxiv. 162. Hegemann, Captain, German Arctic explorer, xix. 323. HEGESIAS, Cyrenaic philosopher, vm. 586. Hegira, or Hijra, Era of the, iv. 679; v. 717; xvi. 545, 551. Heiberg, Johan Ludvig, Danish poet, XL 621; VII. 92. Heide, town, Prussia, xi. 622. Heidegger, John Henry, Swiss theologian, xi. 622. Heidelberg, town, Germany, xi. 622; library, XIV. 527, 546; university, xxiii. 840. Heideloff, Karl Alexander von, German architect, xi. 624. Heidenhain, Rudolf, on animal magnetism, xv. 278. H El land, or Heliand, old Saxon poem, XL 630; X. 522. Heilbronn, town, Wurtemberg, Germany, XL 624; population, XXIV. 701. Heiligenblut, town, Tyrol, Organ of church at, xvn. 836. Heiligenstadt, town, Prussia, xi. 624. Heiligmann, Andreas, German Reformer, xvill. 55. Heilsberg, town, Prussia, XL 624. Heilsbronn, town, Bavaria, XL 624. Heim, Francois Joseph, French painter, XL 624. HEimbach, Karl Wilhelm Ernst, his edition of the Basilica, III. 420. Heimdal, Norse deity, 1. 211. Heine, Heinrich, German poet and journalist, XL 625; x. 545. Heineccius, Johann Gottlieb, German jurist, XL 628. Heinecken, Christian Heinrich, precocious German child, XI. 628. Heinhardus (Eginhard), biographer of Charlemagne, VII. 697. Heinrichshall, Reuss, Germany, its brine springs, xx. 494. Heins, Daniel, Dutch scholar, XL 628. Heinse, Johann Jacob Wilhelm, German romancist, XL 628. Heinsius, Daniel, Dutch scholar, XL 628. , Nikolaes, Dutch scholar, XL 628; XU. 95. , Nikolaes, Dutch romancist, XL 629. Heinzerling, C., his chromo-tanned leather, xiv. 389. Heir-at-Law, xiii. 77, 197; in Roman law, xx. 674, 692, 706, 713. Heiricus, or Eric, scholastic philosopher, xxi. 420. Heirloom, xix. 733; law relating to, xviii. 665. Heitsi-Eibib, Hottentot deity, xn. 311; xvii. 147.

H E G —H E I Hejaz, district, Arabia, II. 236, 253; XV. | 669; xxill. 653; conquest of, by the Turks, xxiii. 643. Hekabe, or Hecuba, wife of Priam of Troy, XL 609. Hektograph Method, of writing, xxiv. 697. Hektorevic, Peter, Ragusan poet, xxi. 690. Helags Fjell, mountain, Sweden, xxii. 736. Heldenbuch, collection of German tales, x. 525; xx. 657. Helder, township, Holland, XL 629. Helen, of Greek legend, xi. 629. Helena, of Greek legend, XL 629; xviii. 295; Zeuxis’s picture of, xxiv. 783, companion of Simon Magus, xxn. 80. , St, mother of Constantine the Great, XL 630; legend of her invention of the cross, Vi. 610. , Euripides’s play, vm. 677. , town, Montana, U.S.A., xvi. 774. , Mount, California, xxm. 801. Helensburgh, town, Scotland, xi. 630. Helgoland, or Heligoland, island, North Sea, XL 630. HELIA2A, body of Athenians acting as jurors, XXII. 254. Heliand, old Saxon poem, xi. 630; x. 522. Helianthemum, garden perennial, xii. 251. Helianthus, garden perennial, xn. 251; xxii. 659. Helichrysum, genus of plants, xn. 716. Helicoidal Asymmetry, in crystallography, xix. 313. Helicon, mountain, Greece, XL 630; as seat of the Muses, xvn. 74. of Cyzicus, on eclipses, II. 747. Helicoptere, Penaud’s flying machine, ix. 321. Heligoland, island, North Sea, xi. 630. Heliodilus, genus of owls, xviii. 89. Heliodorus, Greek romance-writer, xi. 632; xx. 635. , Roman surgeon, xxn. 675. Heliogabalus, Roman emperor, XL 632. Heliography, signalling by mirrors, XL 632. Heliogravure, photographic engraving, viii. 440. Heliometer, astronomical instrument, XVI. 250, 252; at Oxford, xxm. 149. Heliopolis, ancient town, Egypt, vn. 769. (Baalbec), ancient town, Syria, ill. 176. Heliornis, genus of birds, XX. 223. Helios, sun-god, tutelary deity of Rhodes, xx. 526.

Heliostat, signalling instrument,' x. 165; xi. 633; improved by Drummond, vii. 480. Heliotrope, mineral, xi. 634; xvi. 389, plant, xi. 633. Heliotropion, Syros, cave showing turning-point of the sun, xvni. 733. Heliotropism, turning to the light, of plants, XIX. 58. Heliotropium, genus of plants, XL 633; xii. 263. Heliotype, method of photographic printing, xvill. 832. Heliozoa, class of Protozoa, XIX. 844. Helix, genus of Mollusca, xvi. 661; xxii. 187. Hell, in eschatology, vm. 536; xiv. 646; of Buddhism, IV. 433; Mandsean, xv. 469; Zoroastrian, xxiv. 823. HELLANICUS, Greek logographer and historian, XL 634. Hellas, ancient Greece, xi. 80. Hellebore, plant, XL 635; as garden perennial, XII. 251. Hellebrand, or Hildebrand (Pope Gregory VII.), xi. 176. Hellenes, ancient Greeks, xi. 90, 93. Hellenica, Xenophon’s work, xxiv. 721. Hellenicus, Greek chronologist, v. 710. Hellenism, its influence at the Christian era, HI. 642 ; in Egypt, xv. 144; among the Jews, XIII. 421; xvill. 760; literature of, XL 143; spread of, in Asia, xv. 141; Isocrates on, xiil. 390. Hellenists, Greek-speaking people, XL 636. , English school of, III. 580. Hellespont, strait, Turkey, xi. 636; in. 797; vi. 823; xv. 820. Hellevoetsluis, or Helvoetsluys, town, Holland, XL 643; XXL 9. HELLIN, town, Spain, XL 637. Hellville, town, Madagascar, xvii. 596. Helm, or Helmet, headpiece, xi. 637. , of ships, xxi. 602. Helm and, river, Afghanistan and Persia, 1. 229; xxn. 100. Helmers, Jan Frederik, Dutch poet, xi. 637; xii. 97. Helmet, headpiece, xi. 637. , in heraldry, XL 711. Beetle, insect, vi. 134. Helmholtz, Hermann L. F. von, on acoustics, 1. 118; xxiv. 273, 275; his theorem of vortex atoms, ill. 44; on resonant mechanism in the ear, VII. 593; xvil. 103; experiments in optics, xvii. 802 ; on measurement of space, xv. 664; his double syren, 1. 109, iWHelminthology. Rise of, as a special study, xviil. 256.

H E L —H E N Helmond, town, Holland, xi. 637. Hemiptera, order of insects, xi. 646; Helmont, Jean Baptiste van, mystic xiii. 153. and alchemist, XI. 638; v. 460; xv. Hemitelia, genus of tree-ferns, xxm. 810; his influence on physical science, 534I. 467. Hemitrope Crystals, xvi. 364. Helmsdale, town, Scotland, xxn. Hemiurus, subgenus of marsupial 727. mammals, xvii. 796. Helmsley Castle, Yorkshire, Eng- Hemlock, plant, xi. 646; xvii. 232. land, xxiv. 749. Spruce, tree, 11. 320; ix. 224; in Helmstadt, or Helmstedt, town," United States, xxm. 809; the bark Germany, xi. 638; university, xxm. used for tanning, xiv. 382. 845, 848. Hemmingford, Walter, English chroniHeloderma, genus of lizards, xiv. cler, xi. 645. 7355 xvi. 218; xx. 451. Hemony, F., Dutch bell-founder, 111. Helodromas, genus of birds, xxi. 260. 538. H£loise, Abelard’s wife, 1. 34. Hemp, xi. 647; drug made from, in. , La Nouvelle, Rousseau’s novel, xxi. 627; XL 648; factories, in England, 26. vm. 233; use of, in rope-making, XX. Helots, Spartan bondmen, xi. 638; xv. 843; Indian, xvu. 231. 96; xxii. 131, 370. , Manila, xv. 488. Helps, Sir Arthur, English writer, xi. Cake, xvii. 739. 638. Hemp-Seed Oil, xvii. 744. Helsingborg, town, Sweden, xi. 640. Hempstead, town, Long Island, New Helsingfors, town, Finland, Russia, York, U.S.A., xiv. 866. XL 640; library of, xiv. 549; observa- Hems, town, Syria, xi. 649. tory, xvn. 714; university, xxm. Hemsterhuis, Frangois, Dutch philo852. sopher, XL 649; on aesthetics, 1. 221. Helsingor (Elsinore), town, Denmark, , Tiberius, Dutch philologist, XL viii. 155. 650; his relations with Ruhnken, XXL Helst, Bartholomseus van der, Dutch 57painter, xi. 641. Henan-isho, Syriac writer, xxn. 843. Helston, town, England, xi. 641. Henault, Charles Jean Frangois, Helvellyn, mountain, England, vi. French historian, XI. 650. 697; xxiv. 513. Henbane, plant, xi. 650; xvii. 231. Helvetic Republic, The, xxn. 793. Henderson, Alexander, Scottish eccleHelvetius, Claude Adrien, French siastic, xi. 651; xxi. 512. philosopher, XI. 642; IX. 670; ethics , Ebenezer, Scottish missionary and of, viii. 608. writer, xi. 652. Helvidius Priscus, Roman senator, , Norman M., his shale retorts, XL 643. xviii. 241. Helvine, mineral, xvi. 411. Hendricks, Thomas A., vice-president Helvoetsluys, town, Holland, xi. 643. of the United States, xxiii. 789. Helyot, Pierre, French monastic his- Henequen, plant fibre, its production torian, xi. 643. in Yucatan, xxiv. 758. Hemans, Felicia Dorothea, English Hengelo, town, Holland, xviii. 78. poetess, XL 643. Hengest and Horsa, Invasion of Hemel-Hempstead, town, England, England by, VIII. 269. XL 645. Hengstenberg, Ernst Wilhelm, GerHemerobaptists, ancient Jewish sect, man theologian, XL 652. XL 645. Hengwrt Collection, Welsh literaHemes A (Hems), ancient town, Syria, ture, v. 314. XL 649. Hen-Harrier, bird, xi. 491. Hemianopsia, eye disease, xvn. 785. Henke, Heinrich Philipp Konrad, GerHemiaster Cavernosus, sea-urchin, man theologian, XL 653; xx. 290. XX. 411. Henle, Friedrich G. J., writer on Hemichorda, branch of Yertebrata, anatomy, 1. 816, 817. xxiv. 187. Henley, John (Orator Henley), English Hemicrania, disease, xvn. 364. writer, xi. 653. Hemihedral Crystals, xvi. 354. IN Arden, town, England, xxiv. Hemlmorphism, in polarity of crystals, 379XIX. 312. Henley-on-Thames, town, England, Hemimyaria, suborder of Tunicata, xi. 653. xxiii. 615. Henley’s Electrometer, viii. 118. Hemingford, Walter, English chroni- Henna, plant, xi. 654. Her, xi. 645. Henne, J. A., Swiss writer, xxn. 799. Hemiplegia, disease, xvni. 255. town, France, xi. 6s4; EMipode, Andalucian, bird, xx. 147. Hennebont, xvi. 813.

205 Hennepin, Louis, early explorer of America, xiv. 318. Hennequin, Philippe Auguste, French painter, XL 654. Hennersdorf, town, Saxony, xi. 655. Henotheism, form of religion, xx. 367; xxiii. 235. Henoticon, of Eastern Church, instrument of union, ix. 66; xxiv. 778. Henriade, Voltaire’s poem, xxiv. 292. Henricians, religious sect of France, XL 674; XXIV. 323. Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I. of England, XL 655. Henry I., German king, xi. 666; x. 482; xxi. 352. — II., emperor, XL 666; x. 486; his influence in Rome, xx. 790. — III., emperor, XL 667; x. 487; his influence in Rome, xx. 790. IV., emperor, XL 667; x. 487; his contest with the papacy, xm. 471; xx. 791; his submission to Pope Gregory VII., xi. 177. —— V., emperor, xi. 668; x. 489; his investiture dispute with the pope, xviii. 339; xx. 792. VI., emperor, XL 669; X. 490; xx. 794VII., emperor, XL 669; x. 493; xx. 798; in Italy, XIII. 477. I., emperor of the East, VI. 630. I., king of Castile, XL 671. II., of Castile, xi. 671; xxn. 320. III.-IV., of Castile, xi. 672; xxn. 321. L, king of England, XL 655; vm. 301, 303. II., of England, XL 657; vm. 302, 307; ix. 540; xix. 175; his struggle with Becket, 1. 32; his invasion of Ireland, xm. 259; his submission to Pope Alexander III., 1. 487; his relations with Fair Rosamond, xx. 848. III., of England, xi. 658; vm. 306, 310; his rule in Ireland, xm. 259; his relations with Simon de Montfort, xvi. 787. —- IV., of England, xi. 659; vm. 320; his claim to the throne, Xiv. 256; his coronation, vi. 429. V., of England, XL 660; vm. 320; in France, ix. 549. — VI., of England, xi. 660; vn. 684; viil. 320; xv. 536; xxiv. 381. — VII., of England, xi. 662; vm. 328. — VIII., of England, xi. 662; vm. 331; XV. 593; his Six Articles, II. 654; his pillage of Becket’s shrine, 1. 32; Ireland in time of, xm. 262; his treatment of Thomas More, xvi. 817; his attitude towards the Reformation, XX. 328; his relations with Cranmer, vi. 548; with Thomas Cromwell, VI. 606; with Cardinal Pole, XIX. 331; with Woisey, XXIV. 633.

206

H E N —H E R

Heracles, or Hercules, of Greek legend, Henry I., king of France, xi. 669; ix. Hepatica, garden perennial, xn. 249. xi. 725; xvil 346; xx. 639. HEPATIOE, group of plants, Xiv. 718; 537; his wars with William of NorMainomenos, Euripides’s play, XVII. 66. mandy, xxiv. 575. viii. 676. Hepatic Colic, passing of gall-stone, HeracliDaE, II., of France, XI. 670; IX. 558. Dorian race, Greece, vm. vi. 140. HI., of France, XI. 670; ix. 561, 477; XL 92. . 562; his flight from Poland, XIX. Hepatic Vein, xxiv. 108. Heraclides Ponticus, Greek miscelHepatite, mineral, xvi. 400. 292. laneous writer, XL 681. IV., of France (III. of Navarre), Hepatization, Bed and grey, diseases, Heraclids, in the Peloponnesus, vm. xix. 249, 250. XI. 671; IX. 562; his relation to the 477; XL 92. popedom, xix. 505; toleration of the Hepburn, James, earl of Bothwell, iv. Heraclitus of Ephesus, Greek meta164; xv. 595; xxi. 504. Huguenots by, XII. 338physician, xi. 681; on evolution, vm. HephalSTIA, town, Lemnos, Xiv. 437. I.-IL, kings of Navarre, XL 672. 755; his logic, XIV. 784; on scepticism, HEPHZESTIADES (Lipari Islands), MediHI., of Navarre (Henry IV. of XXL 379; his influence on Stoicism, terranean Sea, xiv, 682. France, q.v.), XL 671. xxii. 564. HEPH^ESTION, friend of Alexander the (of Burgundy), count of Portugal, Heraclius, emperor of the East, xi. Great, XL 678; 1. 484; xviii. 585. XIX. 539. 682; originator of monothelite congrammarian of Alexandria, XL 5 I., king of Portugal, XL 671; XIX. troversy, XVI. 758; his expedition into 678. 546. Persia, XVIH. 614. , Prince, the Navigator, of Portugal, Hephaestus, Greek god (the Latin , czar of Georgia, XVIII. 646. Vulcan), XL 679; xxiv. 301. XL 672; XIII. 714; XIX. 544; his disHER AD, Norwegian land division, XVIL (Ptah), Egyptian divinity, VII. coveries, X. 179. 584. 1 . 717. , the Lion, duke of Saxony and HERAEUS of Hanau, his platinum proHephthalites, or White Huns, xiv. Bavaria, XL 673; x. 490; xxi. 352. cess, XIX. 190. 59; xviii. 610,613; xxiii. 639. , duke of Guise (d. 1588), xi.«67; Heraion, temple of Hera, at Olympia, HEPPINGEN, spa, Prussia, XVI. 436. ix. 562. Greece, xvil 769. Heptaglott Lexicon, xix. 417. , duke of Guise (d. 1664), XL 267. Herald, messenger between sovereigns Heptameron, tales by Queen Margaret 5 Wryneck, duke of Lancaster, XIV. or armies, XL 687; in feudal times, of Navarre, ix. 653; xv. 539. 255. xiv. 117. Heptanesian Islands, Greece, xm. of Castile, senator of Borne, xx. Heraldry, xi. 683; its value in 205. archaeology, 11. 343; crosses in, vi. 613; 797, the Deacon, monk of Cluny, XL Heptaplus, Pico’s work, XIX. 81. connexion of flags with, IX. 278; its Heptarchy, in England, vm. 269. 674; xiv. 288. influence on mediaeval dress, XL 464Heptateuch, iElfric’s, vm. 382. of Ghent, scholastic writer, XL HERAPATHITE, quinine compound, XX. Hera, Greek goddess (the Latin Juno), l8 674. 5. ., XL 679; xiii. 778; xviii. 295; temple of Huntingdon, English chronicler, Herat, town, Afghanistan, xi. 713; its of, at Olympia, 11. 347; xvil. 766, 769; xi. 674. relations with Persia, xvill. 649, 650. temple of, at Samos, XXL 250. , Fort, United States, taking of Herault, department, France, XL 715. HERACLAS, bishop of Alexandria, his (1862), xxiii. 776. Herbaceous Plants, iv. 95. relations with Origen, xvil. 840, , Joseph, American physicist, XL Heraclea, town, Caria, Asia Minor, XI. Herbage Crops, Culture of, 1. 370. 675. Herball, Gerard’s work, x. 441. 681. , Matthew, English Biblical comHerbals, Early, xv. 805. (Trachis), ancient town, Greece, mentator, XL 676. Herbarium, xi. 715; Hooker’s, xn. xxiii. 494. , Patrick, American statesman, XL 152. (Policoro), ancient town, South 676; 1. 721. Herbart, Johann Friedrich, German Italy, xi. 681; xv. 37. , Paul and Prosper, their telescope philosopher, XL 718; his logic, xiv. (Platani), ancient town, Sicily, XL at Paris, xxm. 148, 153. 794. 681. , Bobert, Scottish historian, XL 677. Herbelot, Barthelemy d’, French Perinthus, town, Thrace, xvili. , William, English chemist, XL Orientalist, XL 720. 535677. Herberay, Nicolas de, French transPONTICA (Bender Eregli), ancient IV., V. and VI., Shakespeare’s lator of Amadis, xx. 654. town, Phrygia, Asia Minor, XL plays, XXL 761, 763, 764Herbert, bishop of Glasgow, xiv. 41. 681. Grace de Dieu, warship, xvn. , Lord, of Cherbury, English philoSlNTlCA (Zervokhori), ancient 281. sopher, XL 722; on deism, vil. 34. town, Macedonia, XL 681. Gun Barrel, xi. 283. George, English religious poet, XL Raspe, landgrave of Thuringia, HERACLEAN Stone, magnetic iron ore, 721. xv. 219. x. 491. ? Henry William, English novelist Henryson, Bohert, early Scottish poet, HERACLEIA, or Heraclea (q.v.), ancient and writer on sports, XL 721. towns of Greece, Italy, and Sicily, XL XL 677. , Sir Thomas, English traveller and 681. HENSLOW, Prof., on fossil animal rewriter, XL 721. HeracleiDaE, Euripides’s play, vm. mains as manure, 1. 348; vi. 353. Herbs, Kitchen, xn. 289. 676. HENSLOWE, Philip, English dramatist, Herculaneum, ancient town, Italy, Heracleion (Candia), ancient town, XL 678. XL 723; xix. 444 5 xxiv. 196; street Crete, iv. 802. Henson Pavement, xx. 586. architecture of, 11. 421; ancient Mbb. Heracleon, Italian Gnostic, XL 681; Henson’s Flying Machine, i. 202; found in, XVUI. 145. xxiv. 38. ix. 322. Herculano, Alexandre, Portuguese Heracleotic Chersonese, Crimea, Henzada, district, British Burmah, XL novelist, XIX. 557xxi. 616. 678; xxiii. 330.

H E R —H E R Hercules, of Greek mythology, xi. 725; XVII. 346; romances relating to, xx. 639. I.-II., princes of Este, VIII. 559. Baths, Banat, Hungary, xv. 830; xvi. 435. Herculius, surname of Maximianus, Roman emperor, XV. 644. Hercynian Mountains, Austria, m. 116. Hercynite, mineral, xvi. 386. Herder, Johann Gottfried von, German writer, XL 727; x. 537; his estimate of Kant, xm. 846; on the Song of Solomon, v. 33. Herderite, mineral, xvi. 408. Hereditaments, Corporeal and incorporeal, xx. 306. Heredity, in biology, 1. 87; m. 687; iv. 245 ; xx. 421 ; xxiv. 818 ; deafmuteism arising from, vn. 5; its bearing upon ethics, VIII. 608; its ethnological aspects, vill. 615; of instinct, xiii. 159; of mental diseases, xm. 96; in plants, I. 87; IV. 245. Hereford, county, England, xi. 729; population and representation, XXIil. 727. , town, England, xi. 730; newspapers of, xvii. 421. , Henry, Duke of, XIV. 256. , Nicolas, English Lollard, xiv. 811; his translation of the Bible, vm. 383; xxiv. 710. Herefords, breed of cattle, 1. 388. Herencia, town, Spain, xi. 731. Kerenv, Hungary, Observatory at, xvii. 713. Herer, or Harar, town, North-East Africa, XL 454. Herero, African race, XL 732. Hereroland, district, South - West Africa, XL 731. Heresies, Hippolytus’s refutation of, XI. 854; Iremeus’s treatise on, xm. 273Heresy, xi. 732; first English statute against, vm. 325; treatment of, by the Roman Church, xm. 91; application of torture in trials for, xxm. 463; witchcraft as, xxiv. 620. Hereward, English chief, vm. 292. Herford, town, Prussia, xi. 738. Heribert, archbishop of Milan, xm. 470. Hericart, Marie, wife of La Fontaine, xiv. 204. Hering, Ewald, his speculations in physiology, xix. 22. Heriot, obligation attaching to copyhold tenure, VI. 356. , George, founder of Heriot’s Hospital, Edinburgh, XL 738. Heriot’s Hospital, Edinburgh, vn. 666. Heri-rud, river, Transcaspian region, Russia, xvi. 41; xxm. 512.

Herisau, town, Switzerland, xi. 739; xxii. 778. Heritable Jurisdictions, in Scots law, xi. 739. Heritable Property, in Scots law, xviii. 665. Heritage, in Scots law, xm. 77. Herlen, Fritz, German painter, XI. 739Herleva, mother of William the Conqueror, xvii. 542. Hermagoras, of Temnos, rhetorician, xx. 514. Hermandad, Santa, Spanish confederation, xxii. 326. Hermanfried, Frankish king, x. 476. Hermann, German chronicler, xi. 739. , Friedrich Benedict Wilhelm von, German political economist, XL 739; xix. 388. , Johann Gottfried Jakob, German philologist, XI. 741; on the Homeric poems, XII. 117. , Karl Friedrich, German scholar, xi. 741. JOSEPH, his contributions to the Ursula legend, xxiv. 13. Hermannite, mineral, xvi. 418. Hermanns, James (Arminius), Dutch theologian, II. 551; XII. 78. Hermannstadt, town, Hungary, xi. 741. Hermann und Dorothea, Goethe’s idyl, x. 732. Hermannus Contractus, German chronicler, XL 739. Hermanric, Gothic king, x. 848. Hermansen, James (Arminius), Dutch theologian, 11. 551; xn. 78. Hermanubis, Roman diety, II. 146. Hermaphroditism, xv. 779; xvi. 764; xxi. 720. H ERMAS, Pastor or Shepherd of, early Christian work, II. 180, 197; the Gospels not quoted in, X. 815. Hermeneutics, Biblical, xi. 741; Ernesti’s works on, vill. 527. Hermes, Greek god (the Roman Mercury), xi. 749; xvi. 31; statue of, at Pharee, XIV. 248; statuette group including, XXlli. 192. , Harris’s work on grammar, XL 493. , Georg, German Catholic theologian, XL 750. Hermesianax, Greek poet, xi. 751. Hermes Trismegistus, of Egyptian mythology, XI. 750; I. 462. HERMETICS, or Alchemy, 1. 459. Hermias, Tomb of, at Cyprus, x. 648. Herminones, ancient Germans, X. 473. Hermit, The, poem by Thomas Parnell, xviii. 318. Hermitage Castle, Roxburgh, Scotland, xxi. 34. Hermitage Wine, xxiv. 606. Hermit Crab, vi. 642, 656; parasite of, xviii. 260, 261.

207 Hermits, Charles, on squaring the circle, xxn. 436. Hermits, Monastic, xvi. 698. Hermocrates, of Plato, xix. 209. , Syracusan ruler, xxn. 814. HERMOGENES, of Tarsus, Greek rhetorician, XI. 751; his rhetoric, xx. 514. Hermogenian Code, in Roman law, xx. 711. Hermon, mountain, Syria, XL 751. Hermonthis (Arment), ancient town, Egypt, VII. 782. Hermopolis, town, Syra, Greece, xxii. 813Magna (El-Ashmooneyn), ancient town, Egypt, VII. 775. Hermosillo, town, Mexico, XI. 752. Hermotimus, Lucian’s dialogue, xv. 45Hermsdorf, town, Prussia, xi. 752. Hermunduri, ancient Germanic tribe, XXIII. 331. Hermus (Gedisz Tchai), river, Asia Minor, II. 708. Hernia, disease, xi. 752. Hernicans, or Hernici, ancient Italian race, xiii. 445; xiv. 344; xx. 739. Hernosand, town, Sweden, XI. 754. Hernser, bird, XL 760. Hero, or Heron, mathematician of Alexandria, XL 760; inventor of heatengine, xxii. 473. and Leander, of Greek legend, xi. 754. and Leander, Marlowe’s lyric, xv. 558. Herod, the Great, king of the Jews, xi. 754; xiii. 425; Jerusalem in time of, xill. 641; temple of, at Jerusalem, 11. 393; xxiii. 168. Agrippa, tetrarch, xiii. 426. Antipas, tetrarch of Galilee, XI. 755; xiii. 426. Philip, tetrarch of Itureea, xi. 755H ERODES Atticus, benefactor of Athens, III. 9, 61 ; exedra of,, at Olympia, xvii. 769. Herodian Numerals, xvii. 625. Herodians, Jewish sect, xi. 755. Herodianus, Greek historian, XL 756. , iElius, Roman grammarian, xi. 756; Greek notation of numerals named after him, xvii. 625. Herodias, wife of Herod Antipas, xi. 755Herodiones, group of birds, xvni. 47. Herodotus, Greek historian, xi. 756, 141 ; on the Medo-Persian empire, xvill. 561 ; on the topography of Babylon, III. 182. , Rennell’s Geographical System of, xx. 400. Heroes, Mythical, xvii. 158. Heroicon, Philostratus’s work, xviii. 797-

208

H E K —H E W

Harold, Louis Joseph Ferdinand, Hersent, Louis, French painter, XL HESSIA, old country of Germany, XL 779770. French musician, XL 759. Hessian Fly, insect, xi. 781; vn. 256; Heron, bird, xi. 760; xviii.811; hawk- Hersfeld, town, Prussia, XL 770. as wheat pest, xxiv. 535. Hersleb, Peder, Norwegian theological ing of, ix. 9. Hessite, mineral, xvi. 392. writer, XVII. 590. , mathematician of Alexandria, XL Hessus, Helius Eobanus, German Herstal, town, Belgium, XL 770. 760. Humanist, XL 781. , the Younger, Byzantine scientist, Hertford, county, England, xi. 771; HESTIA, Greek goddess (the Roman population and representation, xxm. XL 760. Vesta), xi. 782; xxiv. 193. 727; town, XL 772. Heroon, ruined structure at Olympia, Hestiteotis, district, Thessaly, xxm. College, Oxford, xviii. 96. Greece, xvii. 767. 299. Heroopolis, ancient town, Egypt, xx. Hertogenbosch,’s (Bois-le-Duc), town, Hesus, Druidic god, VII. 478. Holland, ill. 864. 265. Herophilus, Alexandrian physician, HERTS, or Hertford, county, England, Hesychasts, sect, Greek Church, XL 782. XL 771; xxiii. 727. xv. 801; on anatomy, 1. 802; on the Hesychius, Alexandrian grammarian, Hertz, Henrik, Danish poet, XL 773; brain, XVIII. 842; as surgeon, XXil. XL 782. vii. 93. 674. , Byzantine church historian, xxn. Herostratus, incendiary of temple of Hertzen, Alexander, Russian writer, 238. XL 773; XXL 108. Artemis at Ephesus, VIII. 466. , reviser of the Septuagint, XXL Herpes, disease, xvni. 398; xxn. 123. Heruli, or Herulians, ancient Germanic 669. tribe, XL 774; xiv. 813; xvii. 726; Herpestes, genus of carnivorous Het^erists, in Moldavia (1821), xxi. invasion of Italy by, XIII. 467. mammals, xil. 629; xv. 436. 20. Hervey, Lord, English politician and Herpetology, science dealing with HETERAUXESIS, unequal growth in writer, xi. 774. reptiles, XX. 432, 433. plants, xix. 58, 63. , James, English religious writer, Herpeton Tentaculatus, species of Heterobranchus, genus of fishes, XL 774. snakes, XXII. 194. xxii. 67. Archipelago, South Pacific, vi. Herrengrundite, mineral, xvi. 402. 331; Williams’s mission to, xxiv. 586. Heterocera, group of insects, xni. Herrenhaus, Prussian legislative 151. Herwart ab Hohenburg, German chamber, XX. 18. Heteroccela, order of sponges, xxn. mathematician, xvn. 183. HERRERA, Fernando de, Spanish poet, 422. Herwegh, Georg, German poet, x. 546. xi. 762; xxii. 357. , Francisco, the Elder, Spanish Herzegovina, province, Austria-Hun- Heteromastigoda, order of Protozoa, xix. 857. gary, XL 775; acquired by Austria painter, XL 763 ; his relations with Heteromera, group of insects, vi. (1878), xxiii. 652. Velazquez, xxiv. 132. 133; xiii. 149. , Francisco, the Younger, Spanish Herzen, or Hertzen, Alexander, Russian Heteromya, order of Mollusca, xvi. writer, XL 773; xxi. 108. painter, xi. 763. 685. , Juan, Spanish architect, 11. 442; Herzog, German title, xix. 739. Heteropegma Nodus - Gordii, Hes, Egyptian divinity, VI1. 717. viii. 540. sponge, xxii. 413. Hesargrad (Rasgrad), town, Bulgaria, v Tordesillas, Antonio de, Heterophasia, medical term, 11. xx. 283. Spanish historian, XL 763. 171. Hesekiel, George Louis, German HERREROS, Breton de los, Spanish Heteroptera, group of insects, XL author, XL 777. dramatist, XXII. 361. 646; xiii. 153. Herrick, Robert, English poet, XL Hesiod, Greek poet, xi. 777, 138; his Heterotricha, order of Protozoa, Five Ages, 1. 278. 763; xviii. 347. xix. 863. Herring, fish, xi. 764; xn. 694; fry Hesione Splendida, species of AnneHeterozite, mineral, xvi. 405. lida, 11. 68. of (whitebait), XXIV. 550; fisheries, Hesiri (Osiris), Egyptian deity, vn. Hettstadt, town, Prussia, xi. 783. ix. 251, 257. Heuen-Chow, town, China, xxm. 716. Herrnhut, town, Saxony, seat of the 607. Moravian Brethren, XL 765; XVI. 812; Hesperides, of Greek legend, xi. 778. Hesperidine, bitter principle in lemon- Heuglin, Theodor von, German xxiv. 789. traveller, XL 783. peel, xiv. 438. Herschel, Caroline Lucretia, astroHesperomys, genus of rodent mammals, Heulandite, mineral, xvi. 422. nomer, XL 765. HEUNG-NOO,or Hiong-nu {q.v.\ Turkish xvii. 6. , Sir Frederick William, astronomer, people, V. 644. Hess, Heinrich Maria von, German XL 765; his discoveries, 11. 758; his Heusch, Jacob de, Dutch painter, XL painter, XL 778. improvements of the micrometer, xvi. , Karl, German painter, XL 779. 783243; on the nebular theory, xvn. 311; , Willem, Dutch painter, XL 783. , Peter von, German painter, XL on radiation of heat, xx. 213; on the Hevea, india-rubber plant, XIL 836. magnitude of stars, xvill. 840; on 779sun-spots, II. 786; his improvements Hesse, old country of Germany, XL 779. Heveene, hydrocarbon oil, XIL 840. , La, mineral spring, France, xvin. HEVELIUS, Johann, German astronomer, of the telescope, xxm. 138, 145; his XL 784; II. 754; on sun-spots, II. 1. discovery of Uranus, II. 812; his ob785; his controversy with Hooke, XII. Hesse-Cassel, state, Germany, XL 779. servatory at Slough, England, xvn. 149; his observatory at Dantzic, xvii. Hesse-Darmstadt, grand-duchy, Ger711. 709. many, XL 780. , Sir John F. W., English astronomer, XL 768; on the Orion nebulae, HESSE-HOMBURG, province, Germany, Hever Castle, Kent, England, xiv. 40. XL 781. II. 820; on stellar photometry, xvill. Hesse-Nassau, province, Prussia, XL Hewson, William, his anatomical dis840; on sun-spots, II. 786. coveries, I. 815. 779; XX. 14, 16. Herschelite, mineral, xvi. 422.

H E X —H I L Hexacoralla, group of Actinozoa, I. 130. Hexactinellida, subclass of sponges, xxii. 421. Hexaemeron, The, Basil’s work, xix. 7Hexagonal System, of crystals, xvi. 358Hexagram, Mystic, Pascal’s, xviii. 338HEXAPLA, Origen’s work, ill. 646; xvii. 840; xix. 417. Hexapolis, Doric league, xx. 526. Hexaprotodon, fossil ungulate mammal, xxii. 772. Hexateuch, Pentateuch and Joshua, xviii. 505. Hexham, town, England, xi. 784; xvii. 567, 568. Heyden, Jan van der, Dutch painter, XL 784. Heyduk, Adolf, Bohemian poet, xxn. 152. Heyduke, or Hajduk, district, Hungary, XL 377. Heylin, Peter, English writer, XL 784; xviii. 205. Heyne, Christian Gottlob, German critic and archaeologist, XL 785. Heyse, Paul, German tale-writer, x. 545Heywood, town, England, XL 786. , Jasper, English dramatist, vii. 428. , John, English epigrammatist, XL 786; ix. 366; his interludes, vii. 415. , Thomas, English dramatist, xi. 786; vii. 432. Hezar Afsane, Persian tales, xxiii. 317Hezekiah, king of Judah, XL 787; xiii. 413. Hiakuninshiu, Japanese poems, xm. 587. •Hiang-Kiang (Hong-Kong), island and town, China, XII. 141; xvii. 716. Hiaou, island, Marquesas, Pacific, xv. 564. Hiawatha, Longfellow’s poem, 1. 731; xiv. 861. Hibernation, of animals, xi. 787; of fishes, xii. 665; of plants, XL 789. Hibiscus, genus of plants, xi. 276. Hiccough, abnormal respiration, xx. 480. Hicetas, Carthaginian general, xxili. 397Hickes, George, English non-juring divine, XL 789. Hickory, tree, xi. 790; in United States, xxiii. 808. '— Nut, xvii. 664. Hicks, Elias, founder of a Quaker sect, xi- 79U xx. 149. Hidalgo, state, Mexico, xvi. 214. , Miguel, Mexican leader, xvi. 219.

Hiddekel, river of Scripture, xxiii. 386. Hide of Land, in early England, vm. 272. Hides, for tanning, xiv. 380, 384. Hideyoshi, Japanese dynasty, xm. 583Hiempsal, Numidian prince, xm. 766. Hiera, island, Mediterranean, xiv. 682. Hieracas, or Hierax, Greek ascetic, xi. 792. Hieracites, ascetic sect, XL 792. Hierapolis, ancient town, Phrygia, Asia Minor, XL 791. , ancient town, Syria, XL 791; viii. 669; xxii. 822. Hierarchy, xi. 792. Hieratic Numerals, xvii. 625. Hieratic Writing, Egyptian, xi. 794. Hierax, Greek ascetic, xi. 792. Hiero I., tyrant of Syracuse, xi. 793; xxii. 16, 814; coins of, xvii. 638. II., of Syracuse, XL 793; xxn. 21, 816; opposes Rome, xx. 747; ship of, n. 367. Hierocles, Roman proconsul, xi. 793. , Neoplatonic writer, XL 793. Hieroglyphics, xi. 794; origin of alphabets in, 1. 601; XL 807; of numerical symbols in, xvii. 625. Hieroglyphic Writing, Egyptian, xi. 7945 Mexican, 1. 695; XVI. 212; Tibetan, xxiii. 348. Hieromnemones, officials of Greek amphictyony, 1. 772. Hieron, or Hiero (q.v.), I., tyrant of Syracuse, XL 793; xxn. 16. II., of Syracuse, XL 793; XXII. 21. Hieronymites, order of monks, xi. 809; xvi. 711. Hieronymus (St Jerome, q.v.), xm. 630. , archbishop of Salzburg, his treatment of Mozart, xvn. 9. of Syracuse, xxii. 817. , Girolamo Aleandro, cardinal, 1. 476. Hierotheus, Book of, Syriac work, xxii. 832. Hierro (Ferro, q.v.), island, Canaries, iv. 800. Higdon, or Higden, Ranulf, English chronicler, XL 809. Higham-Ferrers, town, England, xvii. 556. High Court of Justice, England, 11. 209; xiii. 788. High Court of Justiciary, Scotland, xiii. 790. Highgate, suburb of London, XL 809. Resin, mineral, xvi. 428. High-Holder, or Highhole, bird, xxiv. 651. Highland and Agricultural Society, Scotland, 1. 305. Highland Cattle, i. 389. Highland Costume, vi. 478; clan tartans, xxiil 68.

209 Highlands, of Scotland, xxi. 522. Highness, title, xxiil 418. High Places, of Scripture, xi. 810; of Judah, xill. 413 ; worship on, m. 635High Priest, Jewish, xviii. 510; xxii. 812; breastplate of, x. 138. Highs, or Hayes, his claim to Arkwright’s inventions, II. 542. High Steward, of England, xxn. 458. High Street, mountain, England, xxiv. 513. High Treason, Law of, xxiii. 527. High Water, tide, xxiil 369. Highway Parish, in England, xviii. 296. Highways, Law of, xi. 811; toll on, xxiil 436. High Wycombe, town, England, xxiv. 712. Hijaz, or Hejaz (q.v.), district, Arabia, xv. 669. Hijra, Hejira, or Hegira, Moslem era, iv. 679; v. 717; xvi. 545, 551. Hikayat, in Malay literature, xv. 326. Hikena, mountain, Sahara, Africa, xxi. 149. Hilarion, St, Palestinian ascetic, xi. 812; xvi. 700; xxii. 291. Hilarius, or Hilary, St, bishop of Arles, XL 812; xix. 492. , St, bishop of Poitiers, XL 812; as hymn-writer, XII. 581. , or Hilarus, bishop of Rome, xi. 812. Hilary. See Hilarius. Hilda, St, abbess of Hartlepool and Whitby, England, XL 813; iv. 630. Hildburghausen, town, Germany, xi. 814; XXL 348. Hildebert, bishop of Tours, xi. 814. Hildebrand (Pope Gregory VII., q.v.), x. 488; xi. 176; xiii. 470; xix. 498, 499; xx. 791. , Bruno, German economist, xix. 39iHildebrandism, VI. 241. Hildebrandslied, old German poem, xi. 814; x. 522. Hildebrandt, Edward, German painter, XL 814. , Theodor, German painter, XI. 815. Hildegard, German abbess and mystic, xi. 815; xvii. 132. Hilden, town, Prussia, xi. 816. , Fabriz von, German surgeon, XXII. 676. Hilderic, Vandal king, xxiv. 59. Hildesheim, town, Hanover, Prussia, xi. 816; baptismal font at, ix. 362; ancient plate found at, xi. 816; xix. 181. Hildreth, Richard, American writer, xi. 817; 1. 723. Hill, Viscount, English general, xi. 819. XXV. — 27

210

H I L—H I S

Hippocrates, tyrant of Gela, Sicily, H ill, Aaron, English poet and dramatist, Hindu Kush, mountains, Afghanistan, xxil 814. xi. 837; 1. 227; 11. 685; xviii. 102; XL 817. Hippocrene, fountain, in Greek mythoxxiii. 633. 5 Abigail, lady-in-waiting to Queen logy, xviii. 468. Hindu Law Codes, xii. 782. Anne, xv. 553, 5555 XVIII. 100. Hippodamia, in Greek mythology, , John, English postal reformer, XIX. Hindu Philosophy, iv. 427; philosoxvil 731; xviii. 480. phy of the categories, v. 222; logical 6 5 4, n Hippodrome, at Olympia, Greece, xvil systems, xiv. 802. , Joshua, Pitcairn Islander, XIX. 132. 768. Hindur, hill state, India, XL 840. , Matthew Davenport, English Hindus, their origin, xn. 779; il. 672; Hippoglossus, genus of fishes, xii. 58. criminal law reformer, XL 817. institution of caste among, XII. 781; HlPPOLYTUS,of Greek legend, XXill. 294. , Rowland, English preacher, XL , St, martyr, XL 855. ancient literary language of, XXL 269; 8i 7, ecclesiastical writer, xi. 854; xxi. modern language of, XL 840; religion , Sir Rowland, originator of penny 127; on Basilides, ill. 420; on magic, of, IV. 201; xii. 780; of Bengal, Hi. postal system, XL 818; xix. 567. xv. 207. 563; sacred city of (Benares), ill. 555. , Thomas, writer on physiognomy, , Euripides’s play, VIII. 675. Hindustan, or India, xn. 731. xix. 5. Hipponax of Ephesus, Greek poet, XL Hindustani Language, xi. 840. Hillah, town, Asiatic Turkey, XI. 819; 855; xxi. 318. Hindustani Literature, xi. 843. ill. 182. HlPPONlUM (Monteleone), ancient town, HlNGANGHAT, town, India, XL 850. Hillard, George Stillman, American Italy, xiv. 779. Hing-King, town, Manchuria, xv. writer, XL 819; I. 724. Hippopotamus, ungulate mammal, xi. 466. Hillel, Jewish rabbi, XI. 819. 855; xv. 430; xxil. 772; teeth and Hiller, Johann Adam, German musical Hinlopen Strait, Spitzbergen, xxn. tusk of, xiii. 523. 408. composer, XL 820; as hymn-writer, Hinnom, Valley of, Jerusalem, xm. Hippo Regius (Bona), ancient town, xii. 587. Numidia, iv. 32; xvil 628; seat of 640. Hill Fever, of India, xv. 319. Augustine’s bishopric, III. 76. Hinny, variety of mule, xvil 13. Hilliard, Nicholas, English painter, HlPPOSPONGIA, horse sponge, XXIL 423, Hinojosa del Duque, town, Spain, xi. xxi. 441, 444428. 851. Hill TlPPERAH, state, India, XL 820. Hippo Zarytus (Bizerta), ancient town, Hinrichs, Hermann F. W., German Hilt, of sword, xxn. 803. Africa, xxm. 620. philosophical writer, XI. 616. Hilton, Walter, English devotional HlRA, old kingdom, Arabia, II. 255. Hinton, James, English surgeon and writer, XIV. 32. HlRADO, island, Japan, Xlll. 569. writer, XL 851. , William, English painter, XL 820. HlOGO, town, Japan, XL 851; xill. 578; Hiram, king of Tyre, xviii. 807. Hilversum, town, Holland, XL 821. Hiring, in law, xn. 1. XVIII. in. Himalaya, mountains, India, XL 821; HlRMUS, in Greek hymnody, XII. 580. 11. 684; xii. 732, 735; xvii. 340; HlONG-NU, or Hiung-nu, ancient Hirnerius (Irnerius), Italian jurist, Turkish race, V. 644; xvill. 592; XXIII. 339; birds of, III. 761; exploraxiil. 277. xxiii. 659. tions of, x. 193. Hirpini, ancient Italian tribes, XXL Hiorleifsson, Aaron, Icelandic chief, Himantopus, genus of birds, xxn. 551. 128, 248. xii. 625. Himation, Greek article of dress, VI. HIOUEN Thsang, or Hwen T’sang Hirschau, or Hirsau, village, Wiirtem453berg, Germany, XII. 1. (q.v.), Chinese traveller and writer, Himera, town, Sicily, XL 836; xxn. HlRSCHBERG, town, Prussia, XII. 1. xii. 418. 18; coins of, XVII. 639. HlRTIUS, Aulus, friend of Caesar, XII. 2. Himmel, Frederick Henry, German Hip-Joint, Muscles of, in man, I. 840; HlRUDO Medicinalis, the leech, IL 69, anchylosis of, xxn. 686. musical composer, XL 836. 70; xiv. 400. Hipparchus, Greek astronomer, xi. Hims, district of Syria, xxn. 823. HiRUNDiNiD.®, family of birds, xxii. 851; 11. 749; xvil 709; xx. 87; his Himyaritic Language, xxi. 653. 73°application of astronomy to geography, Hinckley, town, England, xi. 836. HlRUNDO, genus of birds, XV. 581; x. 177; as geographer, xv. 516; xx.91; H INGMAR, archbishop of Rheims, xxil 730. on the motions of the moon, XVI. 799; theologian, xi. 836; ix. 534; xix. Hirzel, Hans Kaspar, Swiss moralist, Strabo on, xxn. 582. 496; his contest with Pope Nicholas XXIL 798. of Athens, patron of Anacreon, I. I., xvii. 483; his notices of Remigius, 788; preserver of the Homeric poems, Hisham, Ommayad caliph, xvi. 575. xx. 378. , L, Ommayad emir of Cordova, XII. 116. Hind and Panther, Dryden’s poem, xxil 310. Hippel, Theodor Gottlieb von, German VIL 492. IL, caliph of Cordova, xv. 500; humorist, XL 852. Hindhead Hill, Surrey, England, xxil 314. Hippia, epithet of Athena, Greek xxii. 693. HI., caliph of Cordova, xxil 315. goddess, 11. 831. Hindi Language, xi. 840; dictionaries B. al-Kalbi, Arab historian, xxiii. Hippias of Elis, Greek sophist, XXII. of, vie 191. 2. 265. Hindkis, people, Afghanistan, 1. 235. Hippo, or Hippo Regius, ancient town, Hisingerite, mineral, xvi. 425. Hindley, town, England, XL 837. Hislopite, mineral, xvi. 397. Numidia, ill. 76; iv. 32; xvil 628. Hindo, island, Norway, xiv. 769; xvil. Hippocampus, genus of fishes, xi. 852; Hispania, or Spain, xxil 304; coins of, 577xvil 635. xxi. 579. Hindol, state, India, xi. 837. Hispaniola (Hayti, q.v.), island, West Hippocrates, the so-called Father of Hindu Algebra, i. 517. Indies, XL 543; under Columbus, VI. Medicine, XL 852; his knowledge of Hindu Chronology, ii. 698; v. 718. !74, , anatomy, I. 799; on the four elements, Hindu Drama, vie 396. Hispano, Pedro, Portuguese scholar, I. 461; his system of medicine, XV. Hindu Festivals, ix. 117. xix. 556. 800; surgery of, xxil. 674. Hinduism, xii. 779; xx. 360.

H I S—H O F Hissar, district and town, India, xn. 2; xx. 109. , state, Central Asia, xn. 2. Hissarlik, Turkey in Asia, Trojan remains at, xxm. 581. Histi^eus, tyrant of Miletus, xi. 98; xviii. 570. Histiophorus, genus of fishes, xxn. 804. Histogenetic Bodies, in chemistry, 1. 456. Histoire Eccl£siastique, Fleury’s, IX. 307. Histology, xii. 4; m. 681; xvi. 840; in relation to medicine, xv. 795; early contributions to, XXIV. 816; Malpighi’s discoveries in, XV. 338; of sponges, xxii. 418; vegetable, xu. 10. Histonium (Vasto), ancient town, Italy, xxiv. no. Historia Anglica, by Polydore Virgil, xxiv. 255. Historia Britonum, Geoffrey of Monmouth’s, X. 172 ; Nennius’s, XVII. 332. Historic, of Tacitus, xxm. 20. Adversum Paganos, of Orosius, xviii. 50. Historia Ecclesiastica, of Bede, ill. 481; of Orderic, XVII. 821. Historia Major, of Matthew of Paris, xv. 634. Historic Doubts Relative to Napoleon Bonaparte, Whately’s work, xxiv. 529. History, xii. 19; by Arab writers, xxill. 1; archaeological, II. 334, 342; chronological table of principal events of, v. 720; church, v. 760; its teaching as to the development of culture, 11. 121; early, v. 711; European, VIII. 713; in relation to evolution, vm. 759; military, xxiv. 345; in relation to numismatics, xvn. 628; philosophy of, xvill. 796; distinguished from prophecy, xxiv. 781; Roman literature of, xx. 719; Hallam’s contributions to, xi. 393; Herodotus’s, xi. 758; Livy’s, xiv. 726; Polybius’s, XIX. 412; Procopius’s, XIX. 790; W. Robertson’s, xx. 599; Sallust’s, xxi. 219; Scaliger’s, xxi. 363; Tacitus’s, xxm. 20; Thucydides’s, xxiii. 325; William of Tyre’s, xxiv. 584; Varro’s, xxiv. 93; Vico’s, xxiv. 212; Villani’s, xxiv. 227; Villehardouin’s, xxiv. 229; academies of, L 76; historical societies, xxii. 227. of England, Hume’s, xii. 349; Macaulay’s,xv. 128; Pauli’s,xviii. 433. of Europe, Alison’s, 1. 577. of the Human Race, by Abulfeda, 1. 61. of the Jewish Church, by Stanley, xxn. 451. 0F ' John Bull, by Arbuthnot, 11. 325■ OF Rome, Arnold’s, XX. 807; Niebuhr’s, xvn. 492.

History of the United Netherlands, Motley’s, xvn. 3. of the World, by Bar Hebrseus, xxii. 854. Histria (Istria), district, Austria, xm. 433Histrio-Mastix, Prynne’s work, vn. 434; xx. 25. Histrionic Art, vii. 396, 391; ix. 209. Hit, town, Asiatic Turkey, xii. 24; vm. 670; xvi. 48. Hita, Gines Perez de, Spanish writer, xx. 659; xxii. 358. Hitch, seaman’s knot, xiv. 128; XXL 590. Hitchcock, Edward, American geologist, xii. 24. Hitchin, town, England, xii. 25. Hiteren, island, Norway, xvn. 576. Hitopadesa, Hindu fables, m. 666; viii. 837; xxi. 287. Hitshiriki, Japanese musical instrument, xvii. 705. Hittite Monuments, of Phrygia, xviii. 849. Hittites, of Scripture, xii. 25; xxii. 822; their supposed connexion with Lydia, xv. 99. Hittorff, Jacques Ignace, French architect, xn. 27. Hittorf’s Theory, in electrolysis, vnr. 113. Hitzig, Ferdinand, German Biblical critic, xii. 27. HlUNG-NU, ancient Turkish people, xviii. 592; v. 644; xxiii. 659. Hivaoa, island, Marquesas, Pacific, xv. 564Hives, for bees, in. 499. Hiwen T’sang (Hwen T’sang, q.v.), Chinese traveller, xii. 418. Hixa, plant, xiv. 348'. Hjarne, Urban, Swedish poet, xxii. 755Hjelmite, mineral, xvi. 427. Hlaing, river, Burmah, xxill. 221. Hlodowig (Clovis, q.v.), chief of the Franks, IX. 528. (Louis the Pious), emperor, IX. 533. Hlotehild, wife of Clovis, ix. 529. Hlothar (Lothair, q.v.), emperor, ix. 533; x. 480. , or Lothair, king of the Franks, ix. 530HOACTZIN, bird, XII. 28. Hoadly, Benjamin, bishop of Winchester, xii. 29. Hoang-ho, river, China, v. 630; xviii. 117; in Tibet, xxiii. 339. Ho are, Sir Richard Cobb, English antiquary, xii. 29. Hoar-Frost, xvi. 120. Hoarstone, cromlech, Oxfordshire, England, xvill. 94. Hoatzin, or Hoactzin, bird, XII. 28. Hobart Town (now Hobart), town, Tasmania, xn. 29; xxiii. 73.

211 Hobbema, Meyndert, Dutch painter, xii. 30; xxi. 439. Hobbes, Thomas, English philosopher, xii. 31; on mental association, 11. 730; on economic science, xix. 358; his ethics, viii. 596; on evolution, VIII. 758; his influence on Spinoza, xxii. 401; Cumberland’s opposition to his views, vi. 701; his place in English literature, viii. 422. Hobbs’s Locks, xiv. 747. Hobby, bird, ix. 3. Hobhouse, Sir John Cam (Lord Broughton), English statesman, iv. 381. Hoboken, town, New Jersey, U.S.A., xii. 40; xvii. 397. Hobson’s Bay, Victoria, Australia, xv. 835. Hoche, Lazare, French general, xn. 40; ix. 606, 608, 610; his expedition to Ireland, vm. 362; his rivalry with Napoleon, xvii. 199. Hochelaga, Indian settlement, Montreal, Canada, xvi. 795. Hochgolling, mountain, Styria, Austria, xxn. 614. Hochkirchen, Prussian Silesia, Battle of (1758), in. 128. Hochkopf, mountain, Black Forest, Germany, xxiv. 700. Hochst, Prussia, Battle of (1795), In130. Ho-Chu Fu, town, China, xn. 144. Hock, wine, xxiv. 602, 610. Hodaibiya, Arabia, Treaty of (628), xvi. 557. Hodge, Charles, American theologian, xil. 40; on theology as the science of religion, xxm. 262. Hodge-Podge, in law, xn. 308. Hodgkinson, Eaton, English engineer, xil 41. Hodierna, Giovanni Battista, Italian mathematician, xviii. 191. Hodjent (Khojend, q.v.), town, Turkestan, XIV. 65. Hodmezo-Vasarhely, town, Hungary, xii. 41. Hodograph, geometrical construction, xii. 41; XL 71; xv. 682. Hodoser See, lake, Transylvania, xxiii. 522. Hody, Humphrey, English divine, XI1. 43Hoe, agricultural implement, 1. 321. Hoefer, Ferdinand, on alchemy, 1. 462. HOEY (Huy), town, Belgium, XII. 415. Hof, town, Bavaria, xii. 43. Hofer, Andreas, Tyrolese patriot, xii. 44; xvii. 214; xxiii. 712. Hoffmann, August Heinrich, German writer, xii. 44. , Carl K., on reptiles, XX. 438. , Charles F., American writer, I. 725.

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Holland, Third Lord, English politiHoffmann, Ernst Theodor Wilhelm, Hoj6, Japanese dynasty, xm. 583. cian and writer, XII. 99. Hokchin (Fuh-Chow), town, China, ix. German romancist, xil. 45; X. 542. , Sir Henry, English physician and 812. , Friedrich, German physician, XI1. writer, XIL 98. 46; xv. 812; his contributions to Hokmah, or Chokma {i.e., wisdom), in , Philemon, English translator, XIL Hebrew literature, XI. 599; XIII. 420. chemistry, V. 461. 99; IV. 734. See also xm. 702; xix. 879. , Johann Joseph, German Chinese , Sir Richard, early Scottish writer, Holbach, Baron d’, French philosopher, and Japanese scholar, XII. 46. xxi. 540. xii. 52; ix. 669; on evolution, vm. , Klementina, Polish novelist, XIX. House, London, xil 100. 760. 306. Hollands, gin, x. 602. Holbein, Hans, the Elder, German Hofmann, August Wilhelm, his HOLLAR, Wenzel, German etcher, XIL painter, xii. 53. investigations on dyestuffs, II. 48. 100. , Hans, the Younger, German , Johann Christian Konrad von, painter, XII. 54; XXL 438; as draughts- Holles, John, duke of Newcastle, xvil Lutheran theologian, XII. 46; on 380. man, vil. 449. speculative theology, xxm. 270. , Thomas Pelham, duke of New, Johann Jacob, his Lexicon Univer- Holberg, Baron Ludwig, Scandinavian castle, English statesman, xvil 381. writer, xil. 56; vil. 90, 444; xvii. sale, vili. 194. Holleschau, or Holeschau, town, 59°. Hofmannswaldau, Christian HofMoravia, Austria, XIL 58. Holcroft, Thomas, English dramatist mann von, German writer, x. 531. Hollinshed, or Holinshead, Raphael, and writer, Xii. 57. Hofwyl, Switzerland, Fellenberg’s English chronicler, XIL 58. Holdenby Manor House, Northschool at, IX. 67. Holly, tree, xil 101. ampton, England, xvii. 557. Hog, Domestic, xxn. 773; breeding H OLDERLIN, Johann Christian Friedrich, Hollyhock, hardy garden plant, xii. and management of, I. 400. 102, 256. German poet, xil. 58. , Wild, of India, XII. 742; hunting Holeschau, or Holesov, town, Moravia, Holman, James, the Blind Traveller, of, xil. 396. XIL 103. Austria, xii. 58. Hogarth, William, English painter and caricaturist, XII. 47; V. 104; his Holibut, or Halibut, fish, xn. 58, Holmbury Hill, Surrey, England, xxii. 693. 692. analysis of beauty, I. 222. Holinshed, Raphael, English chron- Holme, Thomas, colonial surveyor of HOGG, James, Scottish poet, XII. 50. Philadelphia, XVIIL 740. icler, xii. 58. , John, on birds, xvill. 31. , Thomas Jefferson, friend of P. B. Holkar, Indian title, xii. 58, 804, 845; Holmes, Oliver Wendell, American author, 1. 727, 728. xv. 290. Shelley, XXL 790. Hoggar (Ahaggar), plateau, Sahara, Holland, xil 59; Alva’s atrocities in, Holmium, Spectrum of, xxn. 377. I. 648; union with Belgium (1815), Holnek, mountain, South Africa, Africa, xxi. 149. xxiii. 517. III. 527; separation from Belgium Hoggets, sheep, their management, 1. Holocephala, suborder of fishes, xil (1830), ill. 528; war with France 395686. (1672), IX. 576; annexation of, to Hogging, in ships, xxi. 818. France (1810), XVII. 215; relations Holocheilus, genus of rodent mamHog Nut, xvii. 644. mals, xvil 6. with Spain, XXII. 328, 332; struggle Hog Packing Trade, of Chicago, v. with Philip II. of Spain, XVIIL 744; Holochlamyda, suborder of Mollusca, 611. xvi. 648. under De Witt, VIL 145; under Hog’s-Bean, plant, xi. 650. Farnese, IX. 37; under Don John of Holofernes, slain by Judith, xm. Hogue, La, France, Battle of (1692), 765; perhaps the Orofernes of history, Austria, XIII. 718; under William of ix. 579; xxiv. 580. xviii. 580. Orange, xxiv. 578; under William Hohenelbe, town, Bohemia, xn. 51. the Silent, xxiv. 582; academy of Holophotal Illumination, of lightHohenheim, Theophrastus Bombast houses, xiv. 621. sciences, 1. 73; army, II. 614; birds, von (Paracelsus, q.v.), xvm. 234. xviii. 17; canals, iv. 788; church, Holostomid/e, family of trematode Hohenlinden, Bavaria, Battle of worms, xxill. 539. viii. 492; Presbyterian Church, xix. (1800), in. 132; ix. 613; xviii. 204. 696; coins, xvil. 656; colonies, VI. Holothuridea, order of EchinoderHohenlohe, Princes of, xn. 51. mata, vn. 639. 159; colonization of Cape of Good Hohenmauth, town, Bohemia, XII. 52. Hope, v. 44 ; drama, VIL 443; Holotricha, order of Protozoa, xix. Hohenstaufen, Dynasty of, Germany, fisheries, ix. 268; Jews in, xin. 686; 863. x. 489, 492; ix. 731. libraries, xiv. 531, 549; national Holstein, duchy, Germany, XXL 415; Hohenstein, town, Saxony, xn. 52. its relations with Denmark, VIL 88. debt, XVIL 246; navy, xvil. 300; Hohenzollern, province, Prussia, xx. , Schleswig-, province, Prussia, XXL newspapers, XVIL 430; observatories, 14, 16. 414. XVIL 715; oyster culture, xviii. 108; , Princes of, xil. 52; xx. 4; Prince periodical literature, xvill. 542; police HOLSTENBORG, district, Greenland, XI. Leopold nominated to Spanish throne, 170. system, xix. 344; prison system, xix. IX. 626. Hohlflote, organ pipe, xvn. 830. 761; railways, xx. 251; Reformation Holt, Sir John, English lord chiefjustice, xil 103. in, XX. 336; in Renaissance period, Hohloh, mountain, Black Forest, xx. 392; settlements in Indian Archi- Holtstaten, or Holstein {q-v.), xxi. Germany, xxiv. 700. pelago, xil 818; trees, ix. 400; weights Hoi-he, people, Turkestan, XXIH. 639. 4I5. x Holty, Ludwig Heinrich Christoph, and measures, XXIV. 490. Hoijer, Benjamin, Swedish philosopher, German poet, xil 104. , district, Lincolnshire, England, xxii. 757. Holtzendorff, Ernst K. H., German xvi. 655. Hoi ran G6l (Egerdir), lake, Asia surgeon, xxn. 677. , North and South, provinces, HolMinor, II. 709. Holtzmann, Adolf, on the NibelungenHoist, lifting apparatus, xiv. 573; j land, xil 98. , First Lord (Henry Fox), IX. 494. lied, XVIL 476. for blast furnaces, xm. 301.

H O L —H O O Holtzmann, Heinrich J., on Josephus and the Acts of the Apostles, I. 126. Holumo (Gharma), country, Central Asia, xiv. 4. Holy Alliance (1815), m. 135; ix. 619. Holy Brotherhood, Spanish confederation, xxii. 326. Holy Communion, viii. 651. See Communion. Holy Cross, mountain, Colorado, United States, vi. 161; xxin. 796. Holy Grail, The, in mediaeval legend, xi. 34; xx. 645; xxiv. 632; inChrestien de Troyes’s poem, v. 687. Holyhead, town, Wales, xn. 104. Holy House, cathedral of Loreto, Italy, xv. 4. Holy Island, Northumberland, England, xii. 105; xvii. 565. Holy Junta, of Avila, xxii. 328. Holy Lance, Discovery of the, vi. 626. Holy Land, The, xviii. 170. Holy Maid, of Kent, in. 404. Holy Office, name for the Inquisition, xiii. 91. Holyoke, town, Massachusetts, U.S.A., xii. 105. Holy Places, Pilgrimages to, xix. 93Holy Roman Empire, viii. 181; x. 484; xx. 787; popedom at creation of, xix. 496. Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh, vn. 663. Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem, xxi. 670; pilgrimages to, xix. 94. Holy State, Fuller’s work, ix. 816. Holy Virgins, companions of St Ursula, xxiv. 13. Holy War, Bunyan’s work, iv. 529. Holy War, Fuller’s work, ix. 814. Holy Water, in Roman Catholic ritual, xii. 105. Holy Week, in ecclesiastical calendar, xii. 106. Holywell, town, Wales, xn. 106; ix. 327Holywood, John (Sacro Bosco), Scottish mathematician and astronomer, XXL 140, 543Holzminden, town, Germany, xil. 106. Homage, in feudal times, xn. 107; salutations as signs of, xxi. 236. HomalopsiDtE, family of snakes, xxn. 192. Homaxonia, term in morphology, XVI. 844. Homberg, Wilhelm, Dutch natural philosopher, xn. 107. Homburg, town, Germany, xn. 107; mineral water of, xvi. 434. , Hesse-, landgraviate, Germany, xi. 781.

213

Home, David D., American spiritualist, Honain ibn Ishak, Syrian physician, xxii. 405. xxii. 847. , Henry (Lord Karnes), Scottish Honan, island, at Canton, China, v. judge and philosopher, Xlll. 833. 37, John, Scottish dramatic poet, xil Ho-nan, province, China, v. 634. 107.Foo, town, China, v. 634. Homel, town, Russia, xil 108. Honda, town, Colombia, South America, Homer, Greek poet, xil 108; language xii. 129. of, XL 134; his place in Greek liter- Hondecoeter, Melchior d’, Dutch ature, xi. 137; his place in epic painter, xii. 129. poetry, xix. 267; references to Phoe- Honduras, republic, Central America, nicia in, xviii. 805; question of the xil 129; antiquities of, 1. 693. site of his Troy, xxm. 582; recension , British, xil 132. of, by Aristarchus, II. 504; Chapman’s Hone, whetstone, xil 134. translations of, v. 396; French transla, William, English satirist and tions, VI. 759; Pope’s translation, antiquary, xii. 135. XIX. 485. Honecourt, Wilars de, French inHomeridze, poets of Chios, xil no; ventor, xviii. 554. xxi. 466. Honey, xil 136; 111. 502; Isevulose in, Home Rule, in Ireland, xm. 272. xxil. 624; of Hymettus, XL 88. Homestead, Law relating to, in Honey-Badger, carnivorous mammal, United States, xil 122; xx. 308; in xx. 288. Iceland, XII. 620. Honey Bear, carnivorous mammal, m. Homesteads, Erection of, 1. 308. 462. Homeyer, Karl Gustav, German his- Honey-Comb, hi. 489. torical writer, xii. 124. Honey-Eater, bird, xil 139. Homicide, in law, xil 124; xv. 780; Honey-Guide, bird, xil 139. xvii. 52. Honey-Sucker, or Honey-Eater, bird, Homildon Hill, England, Battle of xii. 139. (1402), xviii. 523. Honeysuckle, plant, xil 140. Homiliarium, book of homilies, xil Honfleur, town, France, XIL 140. 125. Hong-Kiang, river, Cochin China, vi. Homilies, Books of, xn. 125; in Church 93of England, vm. 379. Hong-Kong, island and town, China, Homilite, mineral, xvi. 409. xil 141; observatory at, XVII. 716. Homily, xil 125. Hong Merchants, Canton, v. 38. HominiDjE, zoological group containing HONITON, town, England, XII. 142. man alone, xv. 444. Honolulu, town, Hawaiian Islands, Homoccela, order of sponges, XXII. XL 531. 422. Honorarium, Jus, in Roman law, xx. Homoderma, genus of sponges, xxn. 695. 4i3Honoratus, St, of Lerins, xxi. 238. Homoeopathy, system of medicine, xil Honorific Sacrifices, xxi. 132. 126; xv. 814; Hahnemann’s relations Honorius L, pope, xil 143; on Monoto, XL 373. thelitism, xvi. 758. Homogeneousness, in matter, defined, II., pope, xil 143; xx. 791. vii. 804. II., antipope, xil 143, xix. 498. HOMOLOGOUMENA, universally acknowIII., pope, xil 143; xiii. 474; xx. ledged books of Scripture, 11. 128. 795Homology, in biology, XVI. 839; disIV., pope, xil 143. tinguished from analogy, xxiv. 807. , Flavius Augustus, emperor of the Homoousion, Doctrine of the, II. 830. West, xil 143; xx. 779; his relations Homoplasy, in biology, xxiv. 808; of with Alaric, 1. 442. sponges, xxii. 426. Honour, Order of the Legion of, xiv. Homoptera (Hemiptera), suborder of 417. insects, XL 646; xm. 153. , Titles of, xxiii. 417. Homo-Pyrocatechine, product of Honourable, title, xxni. 418. wood distillation, xxm. 57. Hontheim, Johann Nikolaus von, Homoquinine, in chemistry, xx. 185. opponent of Ultramontanism, xil Homotaxis, identity of order of types, 143; his treatise Febronius, xix. 507. in geology, x. 322. Honthorst, Gerard van, Dutch Hompesch, Ferdinand, grand-master, painter, XII. 143. Knights of St John, xxi. 175. HONVED, Hungarian army of defence, Homra, plateau, Sahara, Africa, xxi. xil 374. 149. Hoobly (Hubli), town, India, Xil. 328. Homs, or Hems, town, Syria, XL 649. Hooch, Pieter de, Dutch painter, XII, Hon, Egyptian measure, xxiv. 485. 144-

214

h 0 o —h o R

HORN, musical instrument, xil. 67; Hoo-Chow Foo, town, China, xn. 144. HoosacTunnel, Massachusetts, U.S. A., xxiii. 592. xv. 613. Hood, in academic costume, vi. 464. , Cape, South America, xxm. 383; HOP, plant, XIL 156; culture of, 1. 381; , Viscount, English admiral, xii. rounded by Le Maire and Schouten, iv. 272; mildew of, xvi. 294; use of 146. x. 186. hops in brewing, IV. 272. ) John Bell, American general, and Rimenhild, Stories of, xx. Hope, in phrenology, xvni. 845. xxiii. 779, 789657. , Thomas, English writer and , Thomas, English humorist and Hornbeam, tree, xn. 168; culture of, antiquary, XII. 158. poet, xii. 145. 11. 317. HOPEITE, mineral, XVI. 405. j Tom, English humorist and poet, Hopetoun House, Linlithgow, Scot- Hornbill, bird, xu. 169. xii. 146. Hornblende, mineral, x. 228; xv. land, xiv. 670. Mount, Cascade Mountains,U.S.A., 217; xvi. 417. HOPKEN, Anders Johan von, Swedish Hornblende-Andesite, mineral, x. XVII. 822; XXIII. 800. rhetorician, XXII. 755. Hooded Crows, of Europe and India, Hopkins, river, Victoria, Australia, 235vi. 618. Hornblower, Jonathan, improver of xxiv. 216. Hooded Snake, or Cobra, vi. 90. steam-engine, xxil. 477; xxiv. 414. ? Ezekiel, bishop of Londonderry, Hood-Mould, in architecture, 11. 466. Horn-Book, xil 170. XIL 158. Hoofs, of mammals, xv. 348; of the , John, his psalms and hymns, XII. Horncastle, town, England, xn. 170. horse, XII. 178, 195. Horne, George, bishop of Norwich, xil 589Hooft, Pieter Cornelissen, Dutch poet 171; opponent of Adam Smith, xxii. ? Samuel, American theologian, xil and historian, XII. 146, 93. ijo. 158. Hoogeveen, village, Netherlands, xii. Hopkinson, ? Thomas Hartwell, English Biblical Francis, American satirist, writer, XIL 171. 147, xil 159; 1. 722. Hooge Veld, district of Transvaal, Horned Pout, fish, xxil 68. , Joseph, American poet, I. 722. South Africa, xxm. 518. Hoplonemertea, suborder of nemer- Hornellsville, town, New York, Hooghe, Romain de, Dutch caricaturist, U.S.A., xii. 171tine worms, XVII. 326, 330. v. 104. Hoplophorid/e, family of fossil Hornemann, Friedrich K., traveller in Hooghly, or Hugli, district, India, XII. Africa, I. 246. edentate mammals, xv. 388. 147; town, xii. 148. Horner, Francis, English political Hop-Mildew, xvi. 294. , river, India, XII. 147* economist, XII. 171. Hopoterodontes, suborder of snakes, HOOGSTRATEN, Samuel Dirksz van, ,} W. G., his method of solving equaxxii. 192. Dutch painter, XII. 148. tions, I. 516; viii. 500. Hoppner, John, English portrait Hook, Fishing, 11. 33, 38. Hornesite, mineral, xvi. 404. painter, xil 159. , Reaping, XXL 574Hornet, insect, xxiv. 392. HOR, district, Tibet, XXIII. 341. Theodore Edward, English novelist Hornisgrinde, mountain, Black , Mount, of Scripture, XIL 159. and dramatist, xn. 148. Forest, Germany, xxiv. 700. Horace, Latin poet, xil 159; repre, Walter Earquhar, dean of Westsentative of the Augustan age, m. 82; HORNLI, mountain, Switzerland, XXIII. minster, xii. 149. 33°. as satirist, XXL 318; his language and Hookah, tobacco pipe, xix. in. Hornpie, bird, xiv. 308. style, xiv. 334; his place in Roman Hooke, Robert, English man of science, Hornpipe, dance and tune, xii. 171. literature, XX. 723. XII. 149; his theories of the composiHorn Silver, xxil 69. tion of air, V. 4615 011 attraction, HI. HORATll, three brothers, champions of Hornsilver Mine, Utah, U.S.A., Rome, XIL 166. 64; on the laws of magnetism, XV. Horatius, or Horace (q.v.), (Quintus XXIII. 815. 236; his sextant, XXL 724; his law of Hornstone, mineral, xvi. 389, 419. Horatius Flaccus), Latin poet, XIL 159strains, XXII. 595; law of tension and Horn Work, in fortification, ix. 439. force, vie 803; his controversy with Horbachite, mineral, XVI. 391. Horologium of Andronicus, monuHORDE, town, Prussia, XIL 166. Newton, xvn. 442. ment, Athens, III. 8. Hooker, Joseph, American general, Hordes, ethnological groups, vm. 619. Horopter, in optics, vm. 826; xxii. Horeb, Mount, Arabia, xxn. 88; xm. xii. 150; xxiii. 777. 538, 396; Elijah on, vm. 135. • , xv. 206. A Mrs, her process of encaustic Horoscope, Magicians, Horehound, plant, XIL 166, 289. painting, vm. 187. HORROCKS, or Horrox, Jeremiah, HORGEN, town, Switzerland, XII. 166. ? Richard, English ecclesiastical English astronomer, xii. 172; his Horim, Idumean cave-dwellers, xil writer, XII. 150; VIII. 421. observation of the transit of Venus, 11. 699; xxiii. 583. , Thomas, New England Puritan, 754Horitz, town, Bohemia, xil 167. xii. 726. Horizon, Artificial, its use in navi- HORSA, Invasion of England by, viii. ? Sir William Jackson, English 269. gation, xvii. 273. botanist, XII. 152. Horse, xil 172; xv. 429; breeding Hormayr, Joseph, Baron von, German Hooks and Cods, Dutch political and rearing of, I. 384; pairing with statesman and historian, XIL 167. parties, xil. 72. ass, xvii. 13; diseases of, xxiv. 201, Hormigas, islets, Peru, xviii. 671. Hoole, John, English translator and 204; hair of, for manufacture, XI. HORMISDAS, Pope, XIL 167. dramatist, Xii. 153376; hides of, for tanning, XIV. 380, Hormizd L, king of Persia, xvill. 608. Hoo-nan, province, China, V. 637. 386; of Arabia, II. 240; in AustriaII., of Persia, XVIII. 609. Hooper, John, English bishop and Hungary, Hi. 119; Bhutan, India, IV., of Persia, xvni. 613. martyr, xn. 153. III. 632; Clydesdales, xiv. 251; PerHORMUZ (Ormus),town, Persia, XVII. 856. Hoo-pih, province, China, v. 637. sian, xvill. 625; wild, of Turkestan, Horn, Horns, xil 167; of animals, Hooping-Cough, xil 154. xxiii. 635, 638; yabuof Afghanistan, xv. 348, 431; xxii. 108; use of, for Hoopoe, bird, xn. 154; xiv. 315. I. 233. comb-making, VI. 178. Hoorn, town, Holland, xn. 155.

H 0 R —H 0 W Horse Artillery, ii. 662, 667. Horse-Chestnut tree, xn. 205; culture of, 11. 319. Horse-Chestnut Oil, xvii. 744. Horse-Grease, as source of vaccine matter, xxiv. 24. Horse Guards, Government office, London, xiv. 839. Horse Latitudes, The, in the North Atlantic, xvi. 144. Horse-Leech, xiv. 404. Horse-Mackerel, fish, xn. 206. Horsemanship, xii. 195. Horsens, town, Denmark, xn. 206. Horse Oil, xvii. 744. Horse-Power, engineers’ unit of energy, XII. 207; xv. 715; in mechanics, xv. 772, 773; of steam-engines, xxii. 476, 491. Horse-Pox, xxiv. 204. Horse-Racing, xii. 199; book-making at, Hi. 618; at Doncaster, vil. 361; the Derby and Oaks, at Epsom, VIII. 496; at Newmarket, XVll. 399. Horseradish, plant, xn. 207, 283. Horse Shoes, Making of, xxi. 831; nails for, xvii. 166. Horse-Stinger, dragon-fly, vn. 385. Horsetail, plant, xn. 207; xxi. 62; stem of, iv. 106. Horsford, his measurement of electrolytic resistance, vm. 48. Horsham, town, England, xn. 208; xxii. 724. Horsley, John, English antiquary, xn. 208. -, Samuel, English bishop and controversialist, xii. 209; his contention with the Royal Society, XXL 39. , William, English musical composer, xii. 209. Horta, Villa de, town, Azores, ill. 172. Horten, town, Norway, xn. 209. Hortense, mother of Napoleon III., emperor of the French, XII. 209; xvii. 226. Hortensian Law, of Rome, xx. 738. Hortensius, Quintus, Roman orator, XII. 210. Horticulture, Science and practice of, xii. 211 (index, 295); societies for promotion of, xxil. 225. Hortulus, Walafrid’s poem, xxiv. 320. Hortus Kewensis, Aiton’s catalogue, L 43iHortus Siccus, or Herbarium, xi. 715. Horus, Egyptian divinity, vn. 717. Horvath, Andreas, Hungarian poet, XI1 - 377Hos, people, India, xxn. 94. Hosain b. Ali, Husein, or Hoseyn, Moslem leader, xvi. 567, 568; il 258; tomb of, at Kerhela, Asiatic Turkey, xiv. 48; hero of passion play, xi. 508; xviii. 660. Hosea, Old Testament prophet, xn. 2 95; xiii. 411.

HOSEMANN, Andreas (Osiander), German Reformer, xvi 11. 55. Hoshangabad, district and town, India, xii. 298. Hosiery, xii. 299; factories in England, viii. 233. Hosius, bishop of Cordova, xn. 300. Hoskyn, Chandos Wren, History of Agriculture by, I. 291. Hospital, Hospitals, xii. 301 ; of British army, 11. 583; foundling, IX. 481; seamen’s, xxi. 607; in England, viii. 253; at Paris, xvin. 282. Ambulances, i. 665. Hospitalism, in surgery, xxil 678. Hospitality, among the Greeks, xn. 307. Hospitallers, Knights, Order of, xxi. I 73) 174; XVI. 709; their rivalry with the Templars, xxm. 163. Hospitium, Greek institution, xn. 307Hospodars, rulers of Walachia, xxi. 18. Hoste, island, Tierra del Fuego, xxm. 384Hoste-Piar, mountain, Russia, xxiv. 282. Hostia, Roman courtezan, xix. 812. Hot-Air Furnace, ix. 846. Hot-Blast Stove, xiii. 302. Hotchkiss Gun, xi. 285. Hotch-Pot, in law, xn. 308. H6tel des Invalides, Paris, xviii. 283, 292. Hotel de Ville, in architecture, 11. 466. H6tel Dieu, in architecture, II. 466. Hotels, Law relating to, xm. 81. Hotham, suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, xv. 8, 366. Hotho, Heinrich Gustav, German art critic, xii. 308. Hothouse, for plants, xn. 221. Hotman, Frangois, French publicist, xii. 308. Hot-Springs, town, Arkansas, U.S.A., xii. 309; xvi. 436. HOTSPUR (Henry Percy), English warrior, xviii. 523. Hottentots, South-African race, xn. 309; 1. 264; v. 45, 47; language of, xviii. 779; myths of, xvn. 147; religion of, xx. 362. Hottinger, Johann Heinrich, Swiss theologian and philologist, xii. 313. Hottoman, or Hotman, Frangois, French publicist, XII. 308. Hot Waves, of air, in United States, xxiii. 805. Houahouna, island, Marquesas, Pacific, xv. 564. Houbraken, Jacobus, Dutch engraver, xii. 314. Houdan Fowls, xix. 645. Houdin, J. E. Robert, French conjurer, xiv. 415; xv. 209.

215 Houdon, Jean Antoine, French sculptor, xii. 314; xxi. 563. Houghton, John, his work on Husbandry and Trade, 1. 299. Hound, dog, xn. 314; vn. 328. , fish, xxi. 774. Hounslow, town, England, xii. 316; military school of music at, 11. 586. Heath, England, xn. 316. Hour-Angle, in tides, xxiii. 357, 367Hours of Idleness, Byron’s work, iv. 605. Housa, or Houssa, people, Africa, xn. 318; 1. 271. Housatonic, river, Massachusetts, U.S.A., xv. 611. House, Building of, iv. 447; architecture of, 11. 392, 413, 419, 449, 453 ; XX. 828; sanitation of, xn. 567; early Irish, xill. 256. , Royal E., American telegraphist, xxiii. 113. Housebreaking, iv. 534. House-Fly, insect, xn. 317; proboscis of, xxiii. 478. Household, Royal, of England, xxi. 35Houseleek, plant, xn. 317, 252. House of Commons, England, vm. 260; xviii. 311. House of Lords, England, vm. 259; xviii. 310, 461 ; as court of appeal, 11. 209. House of Representatives, United States, xxiii. 749. House-Painting, iv. 510; xvn. 39. Houses of Parliament, at London, xiv. 839. Houssa, people, Africa, xn. 318; 1. 271. Houssaye, Abraham N. Amelot de la, French historian, 1. 668. Houston, town, Texas, U.S.A., xn. 318; xxiii. 205. , Samuel, American general and statesman, xn. 318. HOUTOU, bird, XVII. 3. Houwaert, Jean Baptista, Flemish poet, xii. 319, 92. Hovaks, tribe, Moravia, xvi. 811. Hovas, people of Madagascar, xv. 171, 324Hovedon, Roger of, English chronicler, xii. 319. Howard, Lord, of Effingham, high admiral of England, 11. 544. , Catherine, wife of Henry VIII., viii. 2,3,7’, XL 665. , Frederick, fifth earl of Carlisle, v. no. , George W. F., seventh earl of Carlisle, v. no. , Henry, earl of Northampton, xvii. 558. , Henry, earl of Surrey, English poet, xxil. 694.

21(5

H 0 W —H U L

Huesca, town, Spain, XIL 334; univerHoward, John, English philanthropist, HUASCAN, mountain, Peru, XVlll. 672. sity of, xxiil 839. xil. 319; 011 prison discipline, XIX, Huaura, islets, Peru, xvni. 671. Huaylas, Callejon de, ravine, Peru, Huescar, town, Spain, XIL 335. 747, . , HUET, Pierre Daniel, French bishop xviii. 672, , Messrs, agricultural implement and scholar, XIL 335; his Huetiana, Huayna Ccapac, the Great Ynca, Peru, makers, England, 1. 318. I. 785. xviii. 677. } Sir R, English dramatist, VII. Huaynaputina, volcano, Peru, xviii. HUFELAND, Christoph Wilhelm, Ger435man physician, XIL 335. 672. Howe, low ground, in Scotland, xxi , Gottlieb, German jurist, XIL 336. HUBALDUS (Hucbald, q.v.), mediaeval HUG, Johann Leonhard, Swiss theo524, n musician, XIL 329. , Earl, English admiral, xn. 323; logian and Biblical critic, XIL 336. Huber, Frangois, Swiss naturalist, xil xxiii. 743HUGBALDUS (Hucbald), mediaeval 327; on bees, ill. 486, 491, 493> 497, Elias, inventor of sewing machine, musician, XIL 329; xvil 80. , Jean, Swiss writer, Xil. 327. xxi. 718. Huggens College, Northfleet, Eng, Johann, German theologian and , John, English Puritan divine, XII. land, xvil 563. philosopher, xil 328. 322. Huggins, W., his observatory near , Marie, Swiss writer, XIL 327. , Sir William, British general in London, XVIL 711. Pierre, Swiss naturalist, XIL 328; ? America, xxiii. 742, 743HUGH, St, of Avalon, bishop of Lincoln, on ants, II. 94. Howell, James, English writer and xii. 336. Hubert, St, bishop of Liege, xil 328. politican, XII. 324. , the Great, duke of France, ix. 536; Ho WITT, Mary, English writer, XIL 324. Hubertsburg, Saxony, Peace of (1763)? x. 483; xvil 541. !X. 591. , William, English writer, xil 324. } count of Vermandois, crusader, Hubli, town, India, xil 328. Howitzer, gun, xi. 306, 310. VI. 624. of Paris, scholastic theologian, Howleglas (Eulenspiegel), chap-hook, HUBNER, Johann, his dictionaries, VIII. 195. viii. 664. xii. 337. HUBNERITE, mineral, XVI. 403. of St Cher, French cardinal and Howlet, bird, xvin. 88. Howling Dervishes, vii. 114; xxn. Hue, Evariste Regis, French missionary scholar, XIL 337. and traveller, xil 328; in Tibet, xiv. of St Victor, scholastic theologian, 663. 503; xxili. 338. Howman, John (John de Feckenham), XIL 337; XVIL 132; XXL 425. Hucbald, mediaeval musical composer, English ecclesiastic, IX. 61. — Capet, king of France, ix. 536. XIL 329; on musical scales, XVIL 80. Howrah, town, India, xil 325. HUGHENDEN, district, Queensland, XX. Huchtenburg, Jacob and John van, Howth, Hill of, Ireland, vn. 494. 172. Dutch painters, XIL 329. Hoxter, town, Prussia, XIL 325. Hucknall-Torkard, town, England, Hughes, David Edwin, his type-printHoy, island, Orkney, Scotland, xvn. ing telegraph, xxiil 120; his microxvil. 598. 846. phone, xxiil 129, 132. Huddersfield, town, England, xil Hoyle, Edmund, English writer on Hugh Town, Scilly Isles, England, 330; population, xxiv. 748. games, xil 326. xxi. 465. Hozier, Pierre d’, French genealogist Hudibras, Samuel Butler’s poem, iv. HUG LI (Hooghly), river, district, and 589; viii. 424. and journalist, xvil. 424. town, India, XII. 147town, New York, U.S.A., xil Hrabanus Maurus Magnentius, Hudson, HUGO, or Hugh, count of Provence, 1 33 archbishop of Mainz, XIL 326; XXL xix. 877; xx. 787. , mineral spring, New Mexico, of St Victor, scholastic theologian, 420; his encyclopaedia, vm. 191 ; U.S.A., xvil 400. school of, X. 522. xil 337; xvil 132; xxi. 425. George, English railway promoter, Hradschin, part of Prague, Bohemia, , Victor, French poet, ix. 676. XII. 332. xix. 658. Hugolin, Cardinal, his rule of Francis} Henry, English navigator and Hrodbert (Rupert), St, of Bavaria, can nuns, ix. 699. explorer, XIL 332; XVIL 4545 XXIII. XXL 61. HUGUBERT (Hubert), St, bishop of 730; his Arctic explorations, XIX. 317. Hrolf (Duke Robert), Norman leader, Liege, xil 328. , Jeffery, English dwarf, VIL 568. xx. 627; ix. 535; xvil 540. Huguenots, French Protestants, xn. Hrosvitha, mediaeval authoress, XIL Hudsonite, mineral, xvi. 416. 337; IX. 559, 560; in the Cevennes, Hudson River, United States, xil 326; vil. 412. 2 iv. 743; under Henry IV., XL 671; 331; xvil 451; xxiii. 761, 79 ; Hu AC AS, ruined structures in Peru, II. organization of, at La Rochelle,. IX. tunnel under, at New York, xvil 452. 567; in relation to Presbyterianism, 465; xxiil. 623. Huaco (Guaco), plant, xi. 227. xix. 693. Hudson’s Bay, Whale fishery of, xxiv. Huahine, island, Tahiti Archipelago, ; Les, Meyerbeer’s opera, xvi. 222. 527. XXIII. 22. Hui Neill, dynasty of Irish kings, XIIL Hualcan, mountain, Peru, XVIII. 672. Hudson’s Bay Company, xil 333; x. 250. 190; xix. 318; xxi. 827. Huallaga, river, Peru, xvin. 673. Huisne, river, France, xviii. 1. Hu AN ago (Guanaco), ungulate mammal, Hut, town, Anam, Asia, XIL 333; vi HuiTZlLOPOCHTLl, war-god of Aztecs, 96. xiv. 739. xvi. 211; xvil 150; temple of, at HUANCAS, Peruvian nation, XVUI. 676. Huelva, province, Spam, xil 334; Mexico, xvi. 221. xxii. 298; town, xil 334. Huancavelica, town, Peru, Xil. 327; Hulagu, Mongol prince, xvi. 588, 742Huen, Denmark, Tycho Brahe’s obserxvili. 675. Huleh, lake, Palestine, xiil 746. vatory at, xvil 709. Huandoy, mountain, Peru, XVIII. 672. HULKS, The, for convicts, xix. 75xirrigated plains, Spain, xxii. Huanuco, town, Peru, xil 327; xvni. Huertas, Hull, town, England, xil 340; xiv. 90, 2 99. o . population and representation, xxiv. 675Huaraz, town, Peru, xil 327; xvin. Huesca, province, Spam, xil 334; 748; fisheries, IX. 249. xxii. 298. 675.

H U L —H U R Hull, town, Quebec, Canada, xx. 167. , Isaac, American naval officer, xxiii. 789. Hulne Abbey, Northumberland, England, 1. 21; xvii. 568. Hues, town, Prussia, xn. 342. HULSE, John, English divine, XII. 342. Hulsean Lectureship, Cambridge university, England, XII. 342. Hulver, or Holly, tree, XII. 101. Humaita, town, Paraguay, xvin. 244. Human Body, Anatomy of the, 1. 819. Humanism, Petrarch as founder of, XYlii. 709; in relation to the Renaissance, xx. 381, 384, 391. Humanitarianism, viii. 720; of Leroux, xiv. 471. Humanity, Comte’s religion of, vi. 237. Human Nature, Butler’s Sermons on, iv. 587; Hume’s Treatise of, xn. 351. Human-Power, in mechanics, xv. 772. Human Sacrifices, xxi. 136; in Dahomey, VI. 767; in India, ill. 564; Phoenician, xvili. 803; in Polynesia, xix. 426. Human Understanding, Hume on the, XII. 348; Locke on, vm. 425; xiv. 756, 757. Humayun Mausoleum, Delhi, India, vii. 47. Humber, river, England, vm. 216; xiv. 654; xxiv. 747. , river, Newfoundland, XVII. 382. Humbert I.-IIL, princes of Savoy, xxi. 339Humble-Bee, insect, xn. 342. Humboldt, F. H. Alexander, Baron von, German naturalist and traveller, xn - 3435 his explorations in South America, X. 192. , Karl Wilhelm von, German statesman and writer, XI1. 346. , mountain ranges, U.S.A., xxm. 798. , river and lake, Nevada, U.S.A., xvii. 367. Humboldtilite, mineral, xvi. 412. Hume, David, Scottish philosopher and historian, xn. 346; on mental association, 11. 730; as economist, xix. 364; his ethics, VIII. 602; on evolution, viii. 760; his logic, xiv. 793; his metaphysics, XVI. 97; his view of psychology, xx. 38; his relations with Principal Robertson, xx. 600; with Rousseau, xxi. 26; with Adam Smith, xxii. 170; on scepticism, xxi. 381, 383; his relation to theism, xxm. 246; his place in English literature, vm. 43 L 432; Kant’s criticism of his philos °phy, Xlli. 848; Reid’s criticism, xx. 35i, Joseph, English political reformer, xn - 355Humeerpoor, district and town, India, XL 423. Humerus, Anatomy of the, 1. 827.

Humerus, Lars Johansson, Swedish poet, xii. 356. Humidity, of the atmosphere, m. 33; xvi. 119; measure of, xn. 569. Humiliati, religious order, xn. 356. Humite, mineral, XVI. 410. Hummel, Johann Nepomuk, Hungarian musical composer, XII. 356. Humming-Bird, xii. 357; m. 745. Hummuns, baths, in England, m. 437. Humphrey, Miss, Gillray’s printseller, x. 600. Clinker, by Smollett, xxn. 185. Hums (Hems), town, Syria, xi. 649. Humulus, genus of plants, xii. 156. Humus, as manure, xv. 509. Hundred, territorial division, England, xii. 360; vi. 513; viii. 273. Days, The (1815), ix. 618; xvn. 223. Hundred-Handers, of ancient legend, xxi. 321. Hundred Plays, of the Yuen dynasty, China, v. 666. Hundred Years’ War, between France and England, ix. 545. Hunea, island, New Caledonia, xvn. 376. Huneric, Vandal king, xxiv. 58. Hungarian Language, xii. 374; xviii. 779; xxiv. 2; dictionaries of, vii. 188. Hungarian Leather, xiv. 389. Hungarian Literature, xii. 375. Hungarians, xii. 365; in Transylvania, XXlll. 522; in Walachia, XXL 16. Hungarian Sisters, twin monsters, xvi. 766. Hungary, xii. 361 (index, 380); in. 115; early connexion of Moldavia with, XXL 18; under Deak, VII. 12; invasions of, by the Turks, xxm. 642, 643; revolution in (1848), ill. 137; coins of, xvii. 658; language, xxiv. 2 ; libraries, xiv. 527, 547; mines, xvi. 468; periodical literature, XVlii. 543 ; Presbyterianism in, xix. 697; Kouman population of, xxiv. 270; wine industry, xxiv. 610. See also Austria-Hungary. Hunger, xvii. 667. Hung Sew-Tseuen, emperor of China, v. 651. Hung-Woo, emperor of China, v. 648. Hunnebedden, Dutch dolmens, xxi. 52. Huns, xii. 381; origin of, xxm. 659; early home of, xxm. 639; under Attila, in. 61; their invasion of the Gothic dominions, x. 849; of Greece, xi. 112; of the Eoman empire, xx. 781; in Italy, Xlll. 468; in time of Theodosius I., xxiii. 257. , White, or Khazars, xiv. 59; xvni. 610, 613; xxiii. 639. Hunt, J. H. Leigh, English essayist, XII. 382; his relations with Shelley, XXL 792.

217 ! Hunt, Walter, inventor of a sewing machine, XXL 718. , William Henry, English painter, xii. 384. Hunter, horse, xn. 187, 194. , river, New South Wales, xvn. 408. , John, English physiologist and surgeon, XII. 385; 1. 815; XV. 816; his discoveries in anatomy and surgery, xxii. 676; his contributions to zoological science, xxiv. 815; his anatomical museum, 1. 819; xn. 390. , William, English physiologist and physician, XII. 391; 1. 814; xv. 816; his contributions to embryology, vm. 165; to zoological science, xxiv. 815. Hunterian Museum, London, 1. 819; xii. 390. Hunter Mountain, Catskills, U.S.A., xxiii. 793. Hunting, xii. 392; with the cheetah, v. 457. Huntingdon, county, England, xii. 397; population and representation, XXlll. 727; town, XII. 398. , Earldom of, xxi. 482, 484; xxiii. 476. , Selina, Countess of, Calvinistic Methodist, Xll. 399; her support of Whitefield, xxiv. 551. Huntington, Joseph, American Universalist, xxiii. 831. Hunts (Huntingdon), county, England, xii. 397; xxiii. 727. Hunyady, John, governor of Hungary, xii. 367, 368; xxiii. 642. , Matthias, king of Hungary, xu. 367, 368; xv. 634. Hunza, state, on the upper Indus, x. 597Huon, river, Tasmania, xxm. 72. de Bordeaux, early French epic, ix. 638; xx. 653. Islands, New Caledonia, Pacific, xvii. 376. Hupfeld, Hermann, German Orientalist, xii. 399; on the Pentateuch, xviii. 506. Hurd, Richard, English bishop, xii. 399. Hurdwar, town, India, XL 475. Hureaulite, mineral, XVI. 404. Hurka, river, Manchuria, xv. 466. Hurmuz (Ormus), town, on Persian Gulf, XVII. 856. Hurn, William, English hymn-writer, xii. 595. Huron, Lake, North America, xxi. 178, 182. HURONITE, mineral, XVI. 418. HURONS, American Indians, -Xll. 827, 831. Hurreeanah, district, India, xi. 479. Hurricane-Bird, ix. 786. Hurricanes, xvi. 154; in West Indies, xxiv. 511. Hurrur (Harar), town, North-East Africa, xi. 454. KXV, — 28

218

H U R —H Y D

Hyde, Edward, first earl of Clarendon, Hurtado, Luis, Spanish poet, xx. 656. | HUY, town, Belgium, XII. 415. v. 804. Huygens, Christiaan, Dutch matheHURUL, Chronicleof, Roumania, XXI. 16. , Thomas, English Orientalist, XIL matician and physicist, XII. 415; his HUS, or Huss (q-v.), John, XII. 404. 426. air-pump improvements, XIX. 246; as Husain, shah of Persia, xvm. 639. Park, London, xiv. 824. astronomer, II. 755 ! Lis controversy Mirza, shah of Persia, xviu. 632. HYDER, or Haidar, Sheikh, ruler of with Hooke, xn. 149; on the law of Husband and Wife, Law relating to, Persia, xviii. 634. magnetic action, xv. 236; his microxii. 400; xv. 565; divorce of, vii. 300; Hyderabad, territory, Central India, meter, xvi. 242; his telescopes, xxm. xxiv. 637; as witnesses, xxiv. 624. xii. 428; town, xil 429. 136; on the undulatory theory of light, Husbandmen, xiv. 166. , district, Sind, India, XIL 429; xiv. 604, 610; on the plurality of Husbandry, Book of, Fitzherbert’s, 1. town, XIL 430. worlds, 11. 740. 295. Hyder Ali, Mohammedan leader in , Sir Constantijn, Dutch poet and Husch, town, Moldavia, xii. 402. India, XIL 427, 803; XVIL 124. diplomatist, xil. 417, 95. HUSEIN, or Hosain (q.v.), hero of a Hydra, island and town, Greece, xii. Huysmann Roelof (Agricola), scholar, Moslem passion play, xi. 508; xvm. 4301. 290. 660. , genus of Hydrozoa, xn. 547. Huysmans, family of Flemish painters, Huseyn Pasha, Turkish vizier, xxm. Hydrachnides, family of Arachnida, xil 417. 646. 11. 276. HUYSUM, Jan van, Dutch painter, XIL HushiarpuR, district, India, xii. 402; Hydracrylic Acid, xiv. 197. 418. xx. 109; town, xii. 403. Hydradephaga, group of beetles, vi. Huzara, district, India, XL 546; xx. Husi (Husch), town, Moldavia, XII. 402. 1 30109. Huskisson, William, English statesman Hydrangea, greenhouse plant, XIL Huzaya, Joseph, Syriac writer, xxn. and financier, XII. 403. 43L 262836. HUSS, or Hus, John, Bohemian Reformer, Hydrargillite, mineral, xvi. 388. xii. 404; xx. 322; his association Hvaloer, islands, Norway, xvil. 576. Hydrargyrum (Mercury), metal and HWANG-HO, or Hoang-ho, river, China, with Jerome of Prague, xm. 631. chemical element, XVI. 31. V. 630; XVIII. 117; XXIII. 339. Hussars, cavalry, v. 262. Hydrate of Chloral, xvii. 232. Hwen T’sang, Chinese traveller and Hussein Boushrevieh, Persian Babwriter, xil 418; xvili. 101; in India, Hydrates, in metallurgy, xvi. 61. ist, in. 180. Hydraulic Lift, xil 520; xiv. xil 785. Hussey, T. J., his observatory at 574Hwiccas, ancient tribe, England, xxiv. Hayes, England, xvn. 711. Hydraulic Press, xv. 753; invention 666. Husshiel, Rabbi, Talmudist, xxm. 39. of, iv. 213. Hyacinth, garden plant, xil 419, 256. HUSSINECZ, town, Bohemia, XII. 404. Hydraulic Ram, Montgolfier’s, iv. , precious stone, XIII. 532. Hussites, religious Reformers, xii. 1 73. , . Hyacinthe, Father (Hyacinthe Loyn 407; xx. 321. Hydraulics, practical hydrodynamics, son), theologian, XVIL 754. Hussite War, hi. 860; x. 495; xii. 407. xil 435, 459 5 Papin’s inventions in, Rene Thiophile, French physician, HUSUM, town, Schleswig-Holstein, XII. xvill. 229; Torricelli’s discoveries in, xv. 816. 408. xxiii. 453. Hyacinthia, festival, at Sparta, 11. Huszt, town, Hungary, xii. 408. Hydrazines, nitrogenous carbon com186. HUTCHESON, Francis, Irish philopounds, xvii. 519. sopher, Xii. 408; on the sense of Hyacinthus, of Greek mythology, xn. Hydria, ancient Greek vase, xix. 614. 420; 11. 186. beauty, I. 221; his ethical system, Hydrides, in chemistry, v. 476, 544. vill. 601; his place in English litera- Hyades, in mythology, xil 420. Hydroboracite, mineral, xvi. 396. Hyaena, carnivorous mammal, XIL ture, VIII. 431. Hydrocarbons, in chemistry, v. 5565 420; xv. 437. Hutchinson, John, English physicist, xviii. 237. HYjENODON, fossil carnivorous mamxii. 411. Hydrocephalus, disease, xil 431; mal, xv. 442. , Colonel John, Puritan soldier, XII. xvi. 763. Hyalincecia Tubicola, species of 411. Hydrochelidon, genus of birds, xxiii. Annelida, 11. 67. , Thomas, governor of Massachusetts, 189. Hyalite, mineral, xvi. 390. U.S.A., xii. 412. Hydrochloric Acid,v. 678; as poison, Hyalophane, mineral, XVI. 420. Hut Dwellings, Cornwall, England, xix. 279. Hyalosiderite, mineral, xvi. 410. vi. 427. Hydrocorallinal, order of Hydrozoa, Hyamia, town, Messenia, Greece, xvi. Hutia, rat-like animal, Cuba, VI. 680. xil 563. 53 Hutten, Ulrich von, German humanist, , , Hydrocyanic Acid, xx. 22; from the Hybernation, or Hibernation (q.v.), xii. 412; x. 498, 528; his visit to cherry laurel, xiv. 348; as poison, xi. 787. Rome, xx. 325. xix. 278. Hybla, ancient towns, Sicily, XIL 421. Hutton, Charles, English mathemaHydrodynamics, xil 435, 445; XIXtician, XII. 414; on the invention of Hybrid Animals, xil 425. 241; place of, among the sciences, XIX. logarithms, xvn. 181; his mathe- Hybridism, xil 422. 2; D. Bernoulli’s work on, ill. 606; Hybrid Plants, xil 216, 423. matical tables, xxiii. 11. Pascal’s discoveries in, XVIII. 338. Hydah, people, North America, XII. , James, geologist, xn. 414. Hydrodynamometer, for measuring 826. Huxham, John, English physician, xv. velocity of liquids, XIL 508. 8l Hydaspes (Jhelum), river, India, xiv. 5Hydrogen, chemical element, xil 433; 10; reached by Alexander, I. 484. HUXLEY, Thomas Henry, on birds, v. 478; used for balloons, 1. 188; deterXVlll. 34; his types of mankind, II. Hyde, town, England, xil 426. mination of, v. 544 5 i11 iroIb XI11, Anne, wife of James, duke of York 113; on natural selection, xxiv. 79; on 284; peroxide of, discovered by (James II. of England), V. 806; xm. the classification of reptiles, XX. 437; i Thenard, xxiii. 252 ; as plant food, 559his zoological classification, xxiv. 809.

H Y D —H Y T xix. 48; spectrum of, xxn. 375 ; thermometric properties of, xi. 574. Hydrogens, Phosphuretted, xviii.817. Hydrographic Department, of the British Admiralty, xvn. 262. Hydrokineter, for steam boilers, xxn. 500. Hydromagnesite, mineral, xvi. 399. Hydromechanics, Science of, xn. 435Hydromedus^e, subclass of Hydrozoa, xii. 559. Hydromel, fermented drink from honey, xii. 137. Hydrometer, for determining densities, xii. 536. Hydroparastatas, or Aquarians, early Christian sect, II. 217. Hydropathy, system of medical treatment, xii. 542; in. 438, 440. Hydrophane, mineral, xvi. 390. Hydrophidas, family of snakes, xxn. 193, 197Hydrophite, mineral, xvi. 415. Hydrophobia, disease, xii. 545; xx. 199. Hydrophyta, order of plants, 1. 507. Hydrorhachis, bodily deformity, xvi. 763Hydrostatic Paradox, as basis for perpetual motion, xvill. 554. Hydrostatics, xii. 435, 440; place of, among the sciences, xix. 2; figure of the earth as a problem in, vii. 600. Hydrotalcite, mineral, xvi. 388. Hydrotropism, in plants, xix. 60. Hydroxides, in chemistry, v. 485. Hydrozincite, mineral, xvi. 399. Hydrozoa, division of animal kingdom, xii. 547. Hydruntum, or Hydrus (Otranto), ancient Greek town, Italy, xvin. 68. Hyeres, town, France, xii. 565; population, xxiv. 69. Hyetometer, rain gauge, xx. 256. Hyetometrograph, Hermann’s, xx. 257Hygiene, xii. 566; naval, xvn. 297. Hyginus, Cains Julius, Roman author, xii. 569. Gromaticus, writer on surveying, xii. 569. Hygrometer, Amonton’s, 1. 746; Deluc’s, vii. 54; Saussure’s, vn. 54; xxi. 324. Hygrometry, measurement of humidity, xii. 569; of atmosphere, m. 32. Hygrophilite, mineral, xvi. 425. Hyksos, shepherd kings, Egypt, Vii. 735Hylactes, genus of birds, xxm. 49. Hylobates, genus of apes, 11. 150. Hylozoism, Stoic doctrine of, xxn. 563Hymen, in Greek legend, xii. 571. Hymen^eus, in Greek legend, xn. 571.

Hymenium, in reproductive system of lichens, XIv. 554. Hymenomycetes, suborder of Fungi, ix. 832; xxiv. 127; as parasites, xviii. 267. Hymenoptera, order of insects, xii. 571; 11. 94; xiii. 148. Hymettus, mountain, Greece, ill. 58; honey of, Xii. 138. Hymns, xii. 577; musical history of, xvil. 85; Assyrian, ill. 191. Hy Neill, early Irish dynasty, xm. 250. Hyoid Bone, Anatomy of the, 1. 825. Hyoscyamine, vegetable alkaloid, xi. 651. Hyoscyamus, genus of plants, XL 650; xvil 231. Hyp^ethros, in architecture, 11. 466. Hypatia of Alexandria, Pagan martyr, xil. 596; xvil 337; her scientific treatises, 1. 511; her death attributed to Cyril, vi. 751. , C. Kingsley’s novel, XIV. 89. Hyperzemia, disease, xm. 100. Hyperbola, in geometry, vi. 278; x. 398; mensuration of, xvi. 20. Hyperbolic Antilogarithms, Tables of, xxiii. 14. Hyperbolic Logarithms, Tables of, XXIII. 12. Hyperbolic Trigonometry, xxiii. 570. Hyperboloid, Mensuration of the, xvi. 27. Hypergeusia, disease, xxiii. 80. Hyperides, Attic orator, XII. 596; ancient MS. of, xvill. 146. Hyperidrosis, skin disease, xxn. 120. Hyperion, Holderlin’s work, xn. 58. , Keats’s poem, xiv. 23. , Longfellow’s work, xiv. 860. Hypermetropia, defect of the eye, viii. 820; xvii. 785; spectacles for, xxii. 372. Hyperoodon, genus of Cetacea, xv. 396; xxiv. 525. Hyperparasitism, xviii. 261. Hyperpyrexia, disease, xx. 517. Hypersthene, mineral, xvi. 415. Hypertrophy, abnormal increase of bodily organs, xn. 597; xxn. 687. HypHjE, cells of Fungi, ix. 827. HypH/ENE, genus of palms, xvin. 190. Hyphasis (Sutlej), eastern limit reached by Alexander, 1. 484. Hyphear, parasitic plant, xvi. 527. Hypnosia, disease, xxn. 157. Hypnotics, narcotic drugs, xvil 230. Hypnotism, ii. 205; xv. 277; among the Greeks, II. 505. Hypoblast, in animal development, 11. 51; viii. 746; xxii. 106. Hypocaust, Roman stove, xxii. 579.

219 Hypochondriasis, disease, xil 598. Hypoderma, in vegetable histology, xil 18. Hypodermize, order of Fungi, ix. 831. Hypogene Action, in geology, x. 240. Hypogeomys, genus of rodent mammals, xvil 6. Hypogeusia, disease, xxm. 80. Hypolais, genus of birds, XXIV. 553. Hypomesus, genus of fishes, xxi. 221, 224. Hyponitrous Acid, v. 514. Hypostasianism, early Christian dogma, xvi. 719. Hypostilbite, mineral, xvi. 422. Hypothec, in law, xn. 598; xx. 403; its effects on agriculture, 1. 407. Hypothecium, in reproductive system of lichens, xiv. 554. Hypotricha, order of Protozoa, xix. 863. Hypotyposes, Clement of Alexandria’s work, v. 820. Hypoxanthite, mineral, xvi. 425. Hypozoa, or Protozoa (q.v.), Skeletal structures of, xxil. 106. H ypsilantes, or Hypsilanti, Alexander, modern Greek leader, XL 125; xxm. 649. Hypsiprymnodon, genus of marsupial mammals, Xlll. 841. Hypsiprymnus, genus of marsupial mammals, xm. 840. Hypsipyle, of Greek legend, xiv. 437Hypsometer, boiling-point thermometer, xxiii. 292. Hypsometry, determinations of height, in surveying, xxil. 713. Hyracodon, extinct ungulate mammal, xv. 428; xx. 523. H yracoidea, suborder of ungulate mammals, xv. 422. Hyrax, genus of ungulate mammals, xil 598; xv. 423. Hyrcania, province, Western Asia, xil 599; xviii. 586, 588, 592, 603. Hyrcanus, John, I.-IL, Jewish high priests, XIL 599; Xlll. 423. Hysmine and Hysminias, Greek romance, XX. 636. Hyson, variety of tea, xxiii. 99. Hyssop, plant, xn. 599, 289. Hysterectomy, in surgery, xxil 691. Hysteria, disease, xil 600; xm. 101, 108. Hystero-Epilepsy, disease, xil 601. Hystricomorpha, Hystricidze, section and family of rodent mammals, xv. 420. Hystrix, genus of rodent mammals, xil 416; xix. 518. Hythe, town, England, xil 601; xiv. 39; school of musketry at, 11. 586.

220 T the ninth letter of the alphabet, xn. > 602. Ialysus, hero of Rhodes, Protogenes’s picture of, xix. 828. , town, Rhodes, XX. 526. Iambic Verse, Greek, xi. 139. Iamblichus, Syrian Neoplatonist, xn. 602; xvil. 337. , Greek novelist, xx. 634. Iapygian Language, xiv. 327. IAPYGIANS, early Italian race, Xlll. 443. Iasitheus (Raphael Fabretti), Italian antiquary, vm. 840. Iatro-Physical Schools, of medicine, xv. 810. Iavohaika, mountain, Madagascar, xv. 168. Ibadan, town, West Africa, XII. 604; xxiv. 754. Ibarra, town, Ecuador, xn. 604. I BAS, Syriac writer, xxn. 829. Iberia, ancient Spain, xxn. 304. Iberians, race of people, Spain, xn. 604; ix. 527. Iberus (Ebro), river, Spain, VII. 619. Ibex, ungulate mammal, xn. 605; 1. 633; xv. 432. I biripitangA, Brazil wood, iv. 226. Ibis, bird, xn. 606. I bn Abdalhakam, Arab historian, xxiii. 3, 5. I bn Abdallah, founder of the Almohades, I. 593. Ibn Abd Rabbihi, Arab historical writer, xxin. 4. Ibn Abi Amir (Almanzor), sovereign of Cordova, xv. 500; xxn. 314. Ibn Abi Osaibiya, xvi. 596; xxiii. 5. Ibn Adhari, Arab historian, xxiii. 5. Ibn al-Arabi, Arab philologist and historian, XXIIL 3. Ibn al-Ashath, pretender to the caliphate, xvi. 572. Ibn al-Athir, Arab historian, xxiii. 4. Ibn al-Jauzi, Arab historical writer, XXIIL 4. Ibn al-Wardi, Arab historian, xxiii. 5Ibn AMiD(Elmacin), Egyptian historian, viii. 152; xxiii. 5. Ibn Arabshah, Arab historian, xxin. 5Ibn Asakir, Arab historian, xxni. 4. Ibn Badja (Avempace, q.v.), Spanish Moslem philosopher, II. 269. Ibn Batuta, Moorish traveller and writer, XII. 607; x. 179. Ibn Ezra (Abenezra), 1. 36. Ibn Gebirol (Avicebron, q.v.), Jewish mystic, III. 152. Ibn Habib, Arab historian, xxiii. 3, 5. Ibn Hajar, Arab writer, XXIIL 5. Ibn Hisham, editor of Ibn Ishak, xxiii. 2. Ibn Ishak,' biographer of Mohammed, xvi. 596; XXIIL 2. IBN Iyas, Arab historian, xxm. 5.

I —I D E Ibn Junis (Ibn Yunus), Arabian astronomer, II. 751. Ibn Juzai, Mohammed, editor of Ibn Batuta’s travels, xii. 608. Ibn Kemal, Turkish writer, xxiii. 656. Ibn Khaldoun, Arab historian and poet, xii. 609; XXIIL 5. Ibn Khallikan, Arab writer, xn. 609; XXIII. 5. Ibn Khidash, Arab historian, xxin. 3. Ibn Khordadhbeh, author of Arabic itinerary, xvi. 596. Ibn Kotaiba, Arab historian, xvi. 596; XXIIL 3. Ibn Masud, editor of the Koran, xvi. 605. Ibn Mokaffa, translator of Kalilah and Dimnah, III. 666; XVlli. 134. Ibn Nishati, Urdu writer, XI. 848. Ibn Roshd (Averroes, q.v.), Arab philosopher and physician, III. 149. Ibn Saud, Wahhabite prince of Arabia, xvil 774. Ibn Shihna, Arab historian, xxin. 5. Ibn Sina (Avicenna, q.v.), Arab philosopher and physician, III. 152. Ibn Sjeddad (Bohaddin), Arabian writer and statesman, ill. 859. Ibn ToFAiL(Abubacer),Spanish Moslem philosopher, II. 269. Ibn Wadih, or Yakubi, Arab historian, XXIIL 3. Ibn Zobair, Abdallah, pseudo-caliph, xvi. 568, 570. Ibn Zohr (Avenzoar), Arab physician, in. 145; xv. 805. Ibo, district, West Africa, XII. 610. , town, Mozambique, Africa, xvil 7. Group, of Negroes, Africa, xvil 319Ibrahim, caliph, xvi. 576. , Turkish sultan, xxm. 645. Niyal, Seljuk ruler, xxi. 634. Pasha, viceroy of Egypt, xn. 610; vil. 764; XXIIL 650; his conquest of the Arabs, II. 261. Ibraila, town, Roumania, xn. 610. Ibsen, Henrik, Norwegian dramatist and poet, xvil 591. Ibu (Ibo), district, West Africa, xn. 610. Ibycus, Greek poet, xn. 611. Ica, town, Peru, XII. 611. l£A, river, South America, VI. 153. Icaria, genus of insects, XXIV. 392. ICCIODURUM (Issoire), ancient town, France, xm. 432. Ice, xii. 611; geological action of, x. 280, 281, 366; strength of, Vil. 816; formation of, in Baltic Sea, III. 295; in Polar Regions, XIX. 328, 330; used for preserving provisions, IX. 244; XIX. 709. Iceberg, xii. 614; in Polar Regions, xix. 328, 330. Ice-House, xii. 615. Iceland, xii. 616; vil 83; discovery of, xxiii. 328; birds of, xviii. 17;

church, viii. 491; geysers, x. 557; language, XII. 627; XXL 368; libraries, xiv. 549; literature, xn. 621; vil 649; xxii. 201; newspapers, xvil 430; periodical literature, xvill. 543. Icelandic Language, xii. 627; xxi. 368; dictionaries of, vil 186. Icelandic Literature, xii. 621; vil 649; XXII. 201. Iceland Moss, lichen, xn. 628; xiv. 560. Iceland Spar, mineral, iv. 653; xv. 217; XVI. 397, 419; refraction of light by, xiv. 609. I-Chang, town, China, xn. 628. Ich Dien, motto, its origin, VI. 557. Ichneumon, carnivorous mammal, xu. 629; xv. 436. Ichneumon-Fly, parasitic insect, xu. 629, 576. Ichthyology, xii. 630; palaeontological, Agassiz’s researches in, 1. 275. I chthyopterygi A, order of fossil reptiles, xx. 442. Ichthyosaurus, extinct reptile, xn. 695Ichthyosis, skin disease, XXII. 121. I Cl LIUS, Karl G. G. von Quintus, his magnetic experiments, xv. 254. Icknield Street (Yia Iceniana), Roman road, England, vil.372; Roman remains on, xvni. 94. I COD DE LOS Vinos, town, Canary Islands, iv. 799. Icolmkill (Iona), island, Scotland, xiii. 203. Iconium (Konieh), ancient town, Asia Minor, XV. 12. Iconoclasm, Iconoclasts, xii. 71 i; xi. 114; xiv. 453. Iconography,classification of engraved prints, viil. 445. Icosahedron, in geometry, x. 388. ICOSIUM (Algiers), ancient town, North Africa, xv. 637. Icterus, genus of birds, xn. 696. , disease, xm. 598. Ictinus, Greek architect, 11. 359. ICULISMA (Angouleme), ancient town, France, II. 46. Ida, king of Bernicia, England, xvil 569. , mountain, Crete, VI. 569. , mountains, Asia Minor, XXIIL 578. Idaho, Territory, U.S.A., xn. 697; population, XXIIL 802. Idalium, Cyprus, Antiquities at, VI. 750. Idanthyrsus, Scythian king, XXL 576, 577Iddah, town, West Africa, xvil 497. Idea, The World as Will and, Schopenhauer’s work, xxi. 450. Idealism, Berkeley’s, ill. 591; Hegel’s, XL 618; Kant’s, Xlll. 850; Schopenhauer’s, xxi. 457; Spinoza’s, v. 152.

I D E —I L Z Ideality, in phrenology, xvm. 845. Idealization, in the fine arts, ix. 210. Ideas, Plato’s doctrine of, xiv. 785; xix. 205; Philo’s, xviii. 761; Xenocrates’s, xxiv. 718. , Association of, II. 730; vn. 458; viii. 607; xx. 60; Thomas Brown on, IV. 388; Hartley on, XL 498. , Innate, xvi. 91; Descartes on, v. 146; Leibnitz on, xiv. 422; Locke on, xiv. 758. Ideation, in psychology, xx. 58, 69, 76. I DEES Napoleoniennes, treatise by Louis Napoleon, xvn. 227. Idensalmi, town, Finland, xxiv. 209. Identity, Mental perception of, xx. 80; idea of, in metaphysic, xvi. 83; principle of, Condillac on the, VI. 250 Ideograms, or Ideographs, hieroglyphics, I. 603; Xlil. 114. Ideology, De Tracy’s, xxm. 497. Idero (Hydra), island, Greece, xn. 430Ides, in Roman calendar, iv. 665. Idiocy, form of insanity, xm. 97. Idiot Bov, The, Wordsworth’s ballad, xxiv. 670. Idiots, Weights of brain of, 1. 880. Idle, town, England, xn. 698. , river, England, xvil. 598. Idler, The, by Johnson, xm. 724. Idocrase, mineral, xvi. 410. Idola, or Classes of Error, enumerated by Bacon, m. 212. Idolatry, xii. 698, 710; condemned in the Koran, xvi. 599. Idomeneo, Re di Greta, opera by Mozart, xvn. 10. Idria, town, Austria, XII. 699; quicksilver mines of, ill. 120. Idrialine, mineral wax, xvin. 113. Idrialite, mineral, xvi. 429. Idrisi (Edrisi), Arabian geographer, vil. 669; x. 177. Idumea, district, south of Palestine, xn. 699. Idutwya Reserve, South Africa, xm. 817. Idyl, in literature, xvin. 345. Ierapetra, town, Crete, vi. 572. Iffland, August Wilhelm, German dramatist, XII. 699. Iffley, Oxfordshire, England, Church at, xviii. 94. Igbo (Ibo), district, West Africa, xn. 610. Igidi, plateau, Sahara, Africa, xxi. 149. Iglau, town, Moravia, XII. 700. Iglesias, town, Sardinia, XII. 700; XXL 309. Iglo, town, Hungary, xil. 700. Ignatius, early Christian writer, II. 196; on the Gospels, x. 815, 822; his letters, xix. 489; Cureton’s edition of them, vi. 710; his relations with Polycarp, xix. 414.

IGNATIUS, patriarch of Constantinople, xvill. 819 ; supported by Pope Nicholas I., xvil 483. Igneous Rocks, m geology, x. 307. Ignis Fatuus, or Will-o’-the-Wisp, xviii. 813. IGNORANTINES, French religious brotherhood, XII. 700. Igolotes, or Igorrotes, race, Philippine Islands, xviii. 753. Igor, Russian chief, xxi. 87, 104. Igorrotes, or Igolotes, race, Philippine Islands, XVlll. 753. IGUALADA, town, Spain, xn. 700. Iguana, lizard, xn. 700; xiv. 735. Iguanodon, fossil reptile, XII. 701; xx. 442. Iguvine (or Eugubine) Tables, viii. 663. Iguvium (Gubbio), ancient town, Italy, xi. 243; xxiii. 724. Ihibha, or Denha, Syriac writer, XXII. 848. Ihre, Johan, Swedish philologist, XL 200; xxii. 755. Iran Prut, fish, Java, xm. 606. Iki, island, Japan, xm. 569. Ikirun, town, West Africa, xxiv. 754Ikuvio (Gubbio), ancient town, Italy, xi. 243. I la (New Kuldja), town, Central Asia, xiv. 154. Ilats, or Iliyats, Turcoman tribes in Persia, xviii. 627; xxm. 661. Ilchester, town, England, xil 702. Ile-de-France, district, France, xil 702. Ilerda (Lerida), Roman town, Spain, xiv. 470. I LESHA, town, West Africa, xxiv. 754Ileum, or Small Intestine, Anatomy of the, VIL 226; XVIL 668. Ilex, genus of trees, xil 101; xv. 627; xvil 694. Ilfracombe, town, England, xil 702. Ilhavo, town, Portugal, xn. 702. I Li, river, Central Asia, XIL 702; XXL 640. Iliad, Homeric poem, xi. 137; xil 117; Quintus Smyrnseus’s continuation, xx. 188; ancient MSS. of, xvni. 146; Earl Derby’s translation of, vn. 112. Ilici (Elche), ancient town, Spain, vn. 827. Iligh, town, Morocco, xvi. 834. Iliniza, mountain, Ecuador, vil 645. I LION, or Troy, ancient town, Asia Minor, xxin. 579. Ilipula (Loja), ancient town, Spain, xiv. 810. ILISSUS, river, Greece, ill. 60; XL 82. Ilium, or Troy, ancient town, Asia Minor, xxm. 579; coins of, xvil 646. , or Haunch-Bone, Anatomy of the, 1. 828.

221 Iliyats, Turcoman tribes in Persia, xviii. 627; xxiii. 661. Ilkeston, town, England, xn. 703; xvil 598. Ilkhans, Mongol empire of the, xvi. 742. Ilkhany, Tables of the, Mongol astronomical work, x. 178. ILL, river, Germany, xx. 519. Illawarra, lake, New South Wales, xvil 408. Ille-et-Vilaine, department, France, xil 703. Illegitimacy, in law, m. 426; statistics of, in. 427. ILLIGER, Johann K. W., on birds, xvni. 14, 22. Illinois, State, U.S.A., xil 703; population, xxiii. 802. Illoricata, division of Rotifera, xxi. 8. Illuminants, for lighthouses, xiv. 626. Illuminated Borders, of books, xxiii. 696. Illuminated Manuscripts, vi. 451; XIL 707. Illuminati, mystic sects, xil 706. Illumination, by flame, ix. 282; intensity of, xiv. 582; of lighthouses, xiv. 618. , of written or printed texts, XI1. 707; xvi. 437; xxiii. 682. , The, or Aufklarung, in Germany, xx. 289. Illuminator, St Gregory, xi. 179. Illumines, French mystic sect, xn. 706. Illunum (Hellin), ancient town, Spain, XL 637. Illusions, in magic, xv. 207; optical, 11. 205. Illustrated Newspapers, xvil 419. Illyria, or Illyricum, country, Eastern Europe, XII. 709; invasion of, by Rome, xx. 748; coins of, xvil 641. Illyricum, country, Eastern Europe, xil 709. Ilmen, Lake, Russia, xvil 606; xx. 35; xxi. 73. Ilmenau, town, Germany, xxi. 349. Ilmenite, mineral, xvi. 386; polarity of, xix. 313. Ilobu, town, West Africa, xxiv. 754. Iloilo, town, Philippine Islands, xvni. 752. Ilopango, lake, Central America, xxi. 268. Ilori, or Ilorin, town, West Africa, XII. 710; xxiv. 754. Ilovla, river, Russia, XXL 304. Iltchi, town, Turkestan, xxiii. 639. Iluro (Oloron), ancient town, France, xvii. 765. Ilzstadt, suburb of Passau, Bavaria, xviii. 344.

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Increment, The Unearned, in econoImola, town, Italy, xn. 717. Image, on the retina, vm. 817. mics, xiv. 267. Impact, in mechanics, xv. 719. BOOKS, or Block Books, ill. 652; Incubation, of birds, m. 775; variaImpasting, in painting, xvni. 138. xxiii. 682. bility of instinct illustrated from, Impeachment, in law, xii. 717; by Images, Mental, xx. 58. XIII. 158. English parliament, vm. 319; of Image Worship, xii. 710. Incubus, dream demon, vn. 62. peers, xviii. 313. IMaginaries, Theory of, in equations, Impenetrability, Perception of, in Incunabula, early specimens of typoYin. 501. graphy, in. 653. psychology, xx. 56. Imagination, in psychology, xx. 57; Indemnity, Acts of, xviii. 272. in the fine arts, IX. 210; poetic, XIX. IMPENNES, group of birds, XVIII. 45. Independency, Milton’s relation to, IMPERATOR, Roman title, III. 80; vui. 263; productive, Kant on, Xlll. 852; xvi. 330. 179; XX. 769. Gassendi’s theory of, x. 106; Spinoza Independents, religious denomination, Imperforata, subclass of Protozoa, on, v. 153; Wordsworth’s theory, XXIV. Xii. 722; VI. 268; rise of the, viil. 347; xix. 845. 672. English, their relation to PresbyterianImperial, Francisco, Spanish poet, Imagines, work by Philostratus, xvm. ism, xix. 686. xxii. 355. 797Index, xii. 729. Cities, of Germany, ix. 747. , work by Yarro, XXIV. 93. Expurgatorius, of Roman CathoImago, fully developed butterfly, IV. Impetigo, skin disease, xxn. 123. lic Church, xii. 730; of the Inquisition, Implements, of husbandry, 1. 311. 594xix. 714. Imam, Mohammedan priest, XII. 714; Imports, National, Table of, per head, LlBRORUM PROHIBITORUM, of XVII. 247; taxes on, XXIII. 89. xvi. 592; xix. 730; xxii. 662. Roman Catholic Church, xn. 730; in. Impost, in architecture, 11. 466. Imamba, snake, in Natal, xvn. 241. 659; xx. 630. Impotence, in man, xv. 778; xxi. 576. Imandra, lake, Russian Lapland, xiv. Numbers, in statistics, xxn. Impregnation, of ovum, xx. 417. 3°5466. Impressions, Mental, xx. 57 ; Hume Imaus, Northern, of Ptolemy, Pamir India, country, Asia, xn. 731 (index, on, xii. 352. plateau, xvni. 102. 812); II. 685; antiquity and persistImpressment, of English labourers, IMBABURA, mountain, Ecuador, VII. 644. ency of its civilization, II. 700; under xiv. 167; for the navy, xvn. 295; Imbecility, modification of idiocy, xm. Clive, VI. 9; under the marquis of XXL 605. 97Dalhousie, VI. 777; English measures Imprisonment, xix. 747. Imbra, deity of Afghan Kafirs, xm. 822. for, VIIL 342, 356, 359, 367; Fox’s Improvements of Land, Law relating Imbros, island, iEgean Sea, xii. 714. policy for (1783), XIX. 139; invasion to, xiv. 275, 277. Imerina, district, Madagascar, xv. 168. of, by Alexander, XII. 786; XVIII. Imvro (Imbros), island, iEgean Sea, XII. Imeritia, district, Transcaucasia, Russia, 583; by Darius 1., XVIII. 569; by 714. xii. 715; xxiii. 513. Nadir Shah, XVUI. 642; by Timur, Imeritians, race of people, Caucasus, Inaccessible Island, South Atlantic, xxiii. 399; Mahrattas in, xv. 288; as xxiii. 576. v. 257. a Parthian satrapy, xviii. 586, 592; Inara, lake, Russian Lapland, xiv. 305. Imhotep, Egyptian divinity, vn. 718. Sikh war (1846), xiv. 371; Wellesley’s Inarime (Ischia), island, Italy, xm. 385. IMITATIO CHRISTI, the question of its policy in, xxiv. 492 ; Wellington’s Inarus, Egyptian prince, XVlli. 574. authorship, XIV. 32. operations in, xxiv. 494; architecture Incamminati, Italian academy of Imitation, in fine art, ix. 202. of, II. 394; army, II. 589; ancient astropainting, v. 81. , a basis of language, xvm. 767. nomy, II. 746; XXL 294; birds, ill. 761; Incandescence, as a source of light, Imitativeness, in phrenology, xvm. xvill. 16; carpet manufacture, V. 129; xiv. 579. 845. caste, v. 187; coalfields, VI. 58; coins, Incandescent Electric Lamp, xiv. Imlay, Captain Gilbert, his relations xvil. 660; cotton supply and manu632. with Mary Wollstonecraft, x. 716. facture, vi. 483, 487; debt, xvil 247; Incantations, Magical, xv. 199; vn. 63. Imma, wife of Eginhard, VII. 698. diamond mines, vii. 164; freshwater Immaculate Conception of B. V. Inca Remains, Ecuador, vn. 648. fishes, xil. 671; forests, IX. 404; glassIncarnation, Doctrine of the, xm. Mary, Roman Catholic dogma, xn. making, X. 651; infanticide in, Xlll. 3; 670; Athanasius on, II. 828; Nestorius 715; xv. 590; xvii. 754; at the council irrigation works, XIII. 369; jute culture, on, XVII. 356; Theodore on, xxm. 255. of Trent, xxin. 546; declaration of, xiii. 800; land laws and customs, xiv. as article of faith, xix. 159; Duns INCAS, or Yncas, Empire of the, Peru, 1. 262; languages, XVIII. 784; libraries, 697, 698; IV. 17; xviii. 677. Scotus’s defence of, VII. 545. Xiv. 533, 549; mines, XVI. 469; Incense, burnt perfume, xii. 718; ix. IMMANES, order of birds, xvill. 44. Christian missions, XVI. 513, 517; 709. IMMERMANN, Karl Leberecht, German Jesuit missions, XIII. 651; mosques, Cups, so-called, xix. 602. dramatist, XII. 716; x. 543. xvi. 866; mythology, xvil 152; Incest, xii. 722. Immersions, Long, by swimmers, newspapers, XVIL 432; observatories, Inch bald, Elizabeth, English dramaxxii. 771. XVIL 716; official rank in, XIX. tist, xii. 722. Immigration, at New York, xvn. 667 ; opium cultivation, xvil. 789; Incidence of Taxation, xxiii. 87. 460. pearl fisheries, XVIII. 447; periodical Immortality of the Soul, viii. 535; Incident, The, in Scottish history literature, xvni. 539 ; pilgrimages, (1641), XXL 513. Aristotle on, II. 522; Butler on, IV. XIX. 92 ; plague in, XIX. 168; police Inclosure Commission, England, 584; Plato on, xix. 199; Augustine’s system, xix. 341 ; post office, xix. xiv. 266. work on, III. 77. 578; prison system, xix. 757; railways, Inclosure of Commons, vi. 210. Immortelle, plant, xn. 716. xx. 252; rainfall, xvi. 151; rajas, IMMRAMS, class of Irish legends, V. 310. Income, National, xvn. 247. xx. 259; early religion, xxiv. 821; Tax, XXIII. 88; Pitt’s, ix. 187. Immunities, Ecclesiastical, Church of reptiles, XX. 467; routes to, affecting Incopresentability, in psychology, Rome, xx. 630. commerce, vi. 201; tea culture, xxiil xx. 46. Immunity, in laiv, xix. 764.

I N D —I N G 99; European travellers in, x. 188; trigonometrical survey of, XXII. 696; x. 191 ; universities, xxm. 856; weights and measures, xxiv. 490. India, History of, James Mill’s, xvi. 307. Indiana, State, U.S.A., xn. 813; population, xxm. 802. novel by George Sand, VII. 509. Indianapolis, town, Indiana, U.S.A., xii. 814. Indian Archipelago, xii. 815; dictionaries of languages, VII. 191; rainfall of, xvi. 151. Indian Badger, carnivorous mammal, xx. 288. Indian Chronology, v. 718. Indian Corn, or Maize, xv. 309. Indian Cress, plant, xn. 285. Indian Empire, Order of the, xiv. 124. Indian Ink, xiii. 80; xix. 88. Indian Inscriptions, xiii. 118. Indian Millet, cereal plant, vn. 564. Indian Mutiny (1857), 11.591; xii.809. Indian Ocean, xii. 820. Indian Pink, plant, xix. 107. Indian Queen, Dryden and Howard’s tragedy, vil. 489. Indians, American, xn. 822, 830; 1. 685; displacement of, xxill. 819; languages of, XVlll. 780; dictionaries of languages, vil. 192 ; mythology, xvii. 148; religions, XX. 364; totems, xxill. 467; Eliot’s work among, VIII. 137; Penn’s influence over, xvin. 496; of Costa Rica, Vi. 450; of South America, 1. 89; of Colombia, VI. 155; of Peru, xviil. 677. Indian Steel, xiii. 342. Indian Territory, United States, xn. 833; population, xxin. 802. India-Rubber, xii. 835; elasticity of, vil 801,813; trees, ix. 154; xviil 673. Indicator, genus of birds, xn. 140. , in steam-engine, XXII. 476, 487, 490, 495. Indicolite, mineral, xvi. 409. Indicopleustes (Cosmas), cosmographer, vi. 445; x. 177. Indiction, Cycle of, iv. 670; v. 716. Indictment, in law, xn. 842. Indifference, Theory of, in scholastic philosophy, xxi. 423. Indices, epithet of Jupiter, xm. 780. Indigestion, vil 586. Indigo, dyeing material, XII. 843; VIL 576; colours from, iv. 689; XIX. 87; cultivation of, in India, ill. 508, 568; xii. 749. Indigo-Bird, xvii. 534. Indigotin, pure indigo blue, xn. 843, 844Indium, chemical element, xn. 844; v. 533Individuality, in living organisms, III. 688. Individuation, Principle of, in scholasticism, xxi. 428.

Indo-Arabic Numerals, xvii. 627. Indo-Chinese Languages, Dictionaries of, vil 191. Indo-Chinese Race, ii. 697. Indo-European Languages, xviil 778, 784; Semitic character of their alphabets, 1. 608. Indo-Germanic Languages, xviil 778, 784Indo-Homeric Group, of alphabets, Lenormant’s, I. 608. I ndo-I ran ians, of the Parthian empire, XVIIL 606. Indonesians, Malay people, xv. 324. Indore, state, India, xn. 845. INDO-SCYTHIA, XVIIL 599. Indra, ancient Hindu divinity, iv. 202; xv. 90; xvii. 153. Indragiri, kingdom, Sumatra, xxii. 639Indramavu, town, Java, xiii. 606. Indrapura, mountain, Sumatra, xxn. 638. Indre, department, France, XII. 846. , river, France, xiv. 806. Indre-et-Loire, department, France, xii. 846. Indris, genus of lemurs, xiv. 441. Induction, in algebra, 1. 523. , in philosophy, 1. 797; xiv. 785, 789; Aristotle on, 11. 516; Baconian method of, m. 215; Socratic use of, xxii. 236. , Magnetic, xv. 224, 243, 250. Indulgence, Indulgences, of Roman Catholic Church, XII. 846; xviil 487; decree respecting, in council of Trent, xxiii. 550; Luther’s opposition to, xv. 72; sale of, xx. 326; Nicholas Y.’s, early printed books, xxm. 684. Indulph, or Indulf, king of Piets and Scots, xvii. 570; xxi. 479. Indus, river, India, xii. 847, 732; iv. 21; xx. 107; xxii. 90; Alexander’s voyage down, I. 484. Industrial Reformatory Schools, xx. 338. Inedia, or Starvation, vil 208. Inermia, suborder of sponges, xxn. 423Inertia, of matter, xv. 676; moment of, iv. 288; XV. 732; in steam-engine, xxil. 510; Clerk Maxwell on, xv. 748. Infallibility, Papal, Dogma of (1870), xxiv. no; xix. 158; xvii. 754; Leo II. on, xiv. 449. Infancy, Diet in, vn. 200; period of, xv. 778. Infant, in law, xiii. i; 1. 279; guardianship of, by the mother, xxiv. 641. , Condition of, in limbo, xiv. 646. , of Spain, title, xix. 738. Infanticide, xiii. 3; ix. 481; xv. 780; in China, v. 670; in India, iv. 211; xii. 745; xv. 303; in Madagascar, xv. 173Infantry, of British army, 11. 580 (see

223 also article Army throughout); tactical management of, xxiv. 353. Infection, in diseases, xv. 796; xviil 401; organisms causing, XXL 407; xxil 680; in the plague, xix. 162. Inferno, Dante’s, vi. 815. Infinite, Infinitesimal, in mathematics, xiii. 13, 14. , The, as an implicit condition of thought, xxiii. 246; as an object of religious thought, xxm. 246; idea of, in Cousin’s philosophy, vi. 526; in Descartes’s, v. 144; in Hamilton’s, xi. 418; in Locke’s, xiv. 759; in Malebranche’s, V. 150; in Spinoza’s, V. 155. Infinitesimal Calculus, xiii. 5; xv. 630; xvi. 19; Kepler on, xiv. 47. Infinity, in Zeno’s paradoxes, xxiv. 778. Infirmary, hospital, xn. 301. Inflammation, diseases, xviii. 398; bronchitis, iv. 362; cystitis, xxiv. 188; erysipelas, vm. 531; XVIIL 398; meningitis, xvi. 11; ostitis, xxil 685; otitis, vil. 594; peritonitis, XVIIL 547; phlebitis, xxil 684; pneumonia, xix. 249. See also xi. 554, and articles Ophthalmology and Throat Diseases. Inflexible, British Avarship, xvii. 286. Inflexion, of Aryan words, xviil 789. Inflorescence, in plants, iv. 121. Influenza, disease, xm. 73; in Polynesia, xix. 422; of the horse, xxiv. 203. Information, in law, xm. 73. Infusoria, or Protozoa, xix. 830; skeletal structures of, xxil 106. InGtEVONES, ancient Germanic tribe, x. 473Ingauni, Ligurian tribe, Italy, xiii. 446; xiv. 640. Inge, Swedish king, xxil 745. Ingeborg, wife of Philip II. of France, ix. 541. Ingelheim, Ober- and Nieder-, towns, Germany, xm. 73. INGEM ANN, Bernhard Severin, Danish poet and novelist, xm. 73; vil 92. Ingena (Avranches), ancient town, France, III. 157. Ingfangtheof, Cinque Port privilege, v. 787. Ingleborough, mountain, England, xxiv. 746. INGLEFIELD, Sir Edward A., Arctic explorer, xix. 322. Ingoldsby Legends, by Barham, in. 374Ingolstadt, town, Bavaria, XIII. 74; university of, XXIII. 842. Ingrassias, John Philip, Sicilian anatomist, 1. 809. Ingres, Jean Auguste Dominique, French painter, xiii. 74. Ingulphus, or Ingulf, English abbot, XIII. 76. INGUR, river, Caucasus, v. 253.

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xxiv. 819; of ants, 11. 95; of bees, ill. Inheritance, in law, xm. 77; in Inoculation, of cowpox, xxiv. 23; of 488; Stoic doctrine of, xxil. 567. smallpox, xxii. 164. relation to intestacy, xm. 197; to Instinctive Appetites, in psychoprimogeniture, XIX. 733; Indian caste Inorganic Chemistry, v. 467. logy, xx. 73. law of, v. 191; in Eoman law, xx. Inowrazlaw, town, Prussia, XIII. 91. Institute of France, xiii. 160; ix. Inquest, by recognition, in Anglo674, 692, 706, 713; rules of, among 514Norman law, xiii. 784; coroner’s, VI. aboriginal tribes, xxm. 473. Institute of the Law of Scotland, , in animal-breeding, iv. 245. See 431Erskine’s, VIII. 529. Inquiry, judicial writ, xxiv. 696. also Heredity. Inquisition, of Roman Catholic Church, Institutes, scientific and literary , novel by Miss Ferrier, ix. in. societies, XXII. 221. xiii. 91; XL 736; xx. 629; establishInia, genus of cetacean mammals, xv. , of Gains, x. 16. ment of, XYlll. 430; establishment in 398, of Justinian, Xlll. 794. France, I. 487; relation of the Jesuits 1 nish MURRAY, islet, Sligo, Ireland, xxn. of the Christian Religion, to, XIII. 650; application of torture 159. Calvin’s, iv. 716. by, XXIII. 463; in time of Philip II., Inishturk, island, Ireland, xv. 650. of Metaphysics, Ferrier’s, ix. xvni. 744; under Pope Pius V., xix. Inispatrick, island, Ireland, vn. HO. 154; in Italy, xm. 482; in Portugal, 495of Theology, by Chalmers, v. xix. 546; in Spain, IX. 82; xxn. 326, Initials, Book, xxiii. 686, 696. 377Injectio, Manus, in Roman law, xx. 329Insane, Conolly’s treatment of the, Vi. Institution of a Christian Man, 684. 11. 654. 289; treatment of, at Gheel, Belgium, Injector, for steam boilers, xxn. x. 562; Tuke’s treatment of, xxm. Institution of Naval Architects, 500. London, XXL 809. 604; weight of brain in the, I. 879. Injunction, in law, xm. 78; in Roman Insanity, xiii. 95; Warren’s definition Institutions, Divine, Lactantius’s, law, xx. 709. xiv. 195. of, xxiv. 373; law relating to, Xlli. Injuries, Bodily, xxn. 680; physioof the Law of Scotland, hi; in medical jurisprudence, XV. logical repair of, xvm. 363. Stair’s, xxil 446. 780; in relation to crime, VI. 584. Ink, xiii. 79; lithographic, xiv. 698; Institutio Oratoria, of Quintilian, Insar, town, Russia, xvni. 515. printing, xxiii. 708. xx. 187. Inscriptions, Ancient, xm. 114; on Inkpen Beacon, xxiv. 593. coins, xvil. 633; Indian (numerals), Instituzioni Analitiche, by Madame Ink-Sac, of cuttlefish, vi. 736. Agnesi, I. 284. xvii. 626; Javanese, xm. 609; Latin, Inlaying, method of ornamentation, xiv. 328; Ogam, v. 306; at Behistun, Instrumentation, in music, xvil 98. xiii. 81. Persia, ill. 509; xvni. 567; at Pompeii, Instruments, Musical, their origin, Inn, river, tributary of Danube, vm. xvil 77. xix. 450; on pottery, xix. 610, 616, 213; xxii. 776. Insubres, Gallic tribe, Italy, xiii. 619; Roman, abbreviations in, 1. 26; Innerleithen, town, Scotland, xvin. 446 Runic, xxi. 366, 370; Sabsean, xxiv. „ , 452. 739; in Yucatan, Central America, Insula Batavorum, ancient Holland, Inner Temple, legal society, London, xii. 69. XXIV. 759. xiii. 87, 89. Insulator, Telegraphic, xxiii. 113. , Academy of, France, 1. 76. Innisfallen, island and monastery, Insurance, xiii. 161; implied warranty INSECTA, or Insects (q.v.), XIII. 141. Ireland, XIV. 52, 76. in contract of, xxiv. 373; life, Sarah, John Milton’s mother, xvi. 324. Jeffreys, Lord, English judge, xm. 618 j his bloody assize at Taunton,

xxiii. 83; Baxter’s encounter with, HI. 456. Jehol, town, China, xm. 619. Jehovah, divine name, xm. 619, 397, 409; I. 53; xix. 815; in the Psalms, xx. 30; worship of, ill. 634. , Servant of, in Isaiah, xm. 382. Jehovistic Narrative, in the Pentateuch, 1. 53; in. 637; xviii. 506. Jehu, king of Israel, xm. 407. Jejeebhoy, Sir Jamsetjee, Indian Parsee, xm. 619; xvin. 326. Jejunum, Anatomy of the, vn. 226; xvii. 668. Jelal-ed-din Rumi, Persian poet, xm. 619; xxi. 59. Jellachich, Joseph, governor or ban of Croatia, .111. 137; xn. 371. Jellinge, Jutland, Barrow at, in. 398. Jelly, Elasticity of, vn. 801. ; as conserve of fruit, XIIL 564. Jelly-Fish, Phosphorescence of, xviii. 814. Jeloen, island, Norway, xvn. 576. Jem, mythical Persian king, XIIL 395. , Turkish pretender, xxm. 642. Jemez, hot springs, New Mexico, U.S.A., xvii. 400. Jemgala, tribe, Lithuania, xiv. 702. Jemmapes, town, Belgium, xm. 620; xvi. 761; battle of (1792), ix. 605. Jemtland, district, Sweden, xxn. 741. Jena, town, Germany, xm. 620; xxi. 349; battle of (1806), xvii. 210; university of, xxiii. 845. Jenatsch, Georg, Swiss leader, xxiv. 45Jenghiz Khan, Mongol emperor, xm. 620; II. 699; XVI. 740; his conquest of China, v. 627, 647; of Tibet, xiv. 503. Jenkinson, Anthony, English envoy to Persia, xviii. 636; resident in Russia, XXL 93. , Charles, first earl of Liverpool, Xiv. 717. , Robert Banks, second earl of Liverpool, xiv. 718. Jenkins’s Ear, War of, between England and Spain, xxii. 339. Jennah, village, Arabia, xvn. 773. Jenner, Edward, English physician, XIIL 622; xv. 815; his experiments in vaccination, xxiv. 23. Jennings, Sarah, duchess of Marlborough, xv. 553. Jensen, Christen, Norse writer, xvii. 589. , Peter Andreas, Norwegian poet and dramatist, xvn. 591. Jenson, Nicolas, early German printer, xxiii. 689. Jenyns, Soame, English writer, XIIL 625. Jephthah, judge of Israel, xm. 625. Jerabub, headquarters of Mohammedan sect, Sahara, xxi. 151; xxiii. 575. Jerash (Gerasa), town, Palestine, X. 441.

231 Jerba, island, North Africa, x. 442; xxiii. 620. Jerboa, rodent mammal, xm. 625; xv. 419; of Arabia, II. 243. Jerdan, William, journalist, xm. 626. Jeremiah, Old Testament prophet, xiii. 626, 415; xix. 819. , Lamentations of, xiv. 240. Jeremy, Epistle of, in Apocrypha, 111. 405. Jerez de la Frontera, town, Spain, XIIL 629; wine of, xxiv. 607. Jerez de los Caballeros, town, Spain, xiii. 629. Jerfalcon, bird, ix. 3. Jerichau, Jens Adolf, Danish sculptor, xxi. 570. Jericho, town, Palestine, xm. 629. Jernang, resin, vn. 389. Jeroboam L, king of Israel, xm. 406. II., of Israel, xiii. 408. Jerome, St, early Christian writer, xm. 630; on the canon of Scripture, v. 11; on the Catacombs, v. 207; his connexion with monachism, xvi. 702. of Prague, Reformer and martyr, XIIL 631; XX. 322. Jerrold, Douglas William, English humorist, XIII. 632. Jersey, Channel Islands, England, xiii. 634; newspapers of, xvn. 423. Cattle, i. 389. City, town, New Jersey, U.S.A., XIIL 635; xvil. 397; population, xxiii. 822. Jerubbaal (Gideon), of Scripture, x. 589. Jerun, island, Persian Gulf, xvil 856. Jerusalem, town, Palestine, xiii. 636; under David, xm. 404; siege and destruction of, by Titus, xm. 428; xxiii. 420; capture of, by the crusaders, VI. 626; Knights of St John in, XXI. 174; Knights Templars driven out of, XXIII. 161; establishment of bishopric of, iv. 523; Holy Sepulchre at, xxi. 670; mosques, xvi. 865; Christian pilgrimages to, vi. 622; xix. 93; temple of, xxm. 166; Nehemiah’s walls, xiii. 640. , province, Asiatic Turkey, xxm, 653Artichoke, vegetable, xn. 283; culture of, 1. 369. Delivered, Tasso’s poem, xxiii. 76. Jervaulx Abbey, Yorkshire, England, xxiv. 749. Jervis, John, Earl St Vincent, English admiral, XXL 201. JESI, town, Italy, XIIL 644. Jessamine, or Jasmine, plant, xm. 594. Jesse, of Scripture, vi. 837. , Edward, English naturalist, XIIL 644. , John Heneage, English writer, xiii. 645.

232

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Rome, xix. 488; xx. 727; their archi- Jizak, town, Syr-Daria, Asia, xxn. 821. Jesselmere (Jaisalmir), state, India, J MUD, tribe, Lithuania, xiv. 702. tecture, 11. 392; coins, xvii. 650. xm. 545; xx. 260. Jesse Tree, wood-carving, xxiv. 646. Jews, Modern, xm. 679; acclimatization Jo, image of Buddha, Tibet, xiv. 499. of, I. 88; casuistry among, V. 203; their Joachim, abbot of Floris, mystic, xiii. JESSOR, or Jessore, district, India, xm. 694; xvi. 317; xvil 132. cosmogonies, VI. 447; fasting among, 645I. and II., electors of Brandenburg, ix. 45; feasts of, ix. 115; Mahzor of, Jesters, ix. 366. xx. 4. XV. 292; Mohammed’s hostility to, xvi. J ESUITESSES, order of nuns, XVI. , George, Tyrolese scholar, xx. 508 712. 55°> 557; their relations with MohamFrederick, elector of Brandenmedanism, xvi. 547, 550, 552, 555? Jesuits, or Company of Jesus, xm. 645; burg, xx. 5. 558; religion of, III. 634; XX. 361; institution of the order, xvm. 430; of Abyssinia, I. 63; ix. 1; in Afghani- JOACHIMSTHAL, town, Bohemia, XIII. casuistry of the, v. 204; VIII. 595; 695; bismuth ores of, III. 792. stan, I. 238; in Africa, 1. 262; first xiii. 651; as educationists, vu. 674; settlement in China, XIII. 823; Khaza- Joal, town, Senegal, Africa, XXL 660. in relation to Jansenism, XIII. 566; rian, xiv. 60; in Russia, XXL 79; Joan, legendary female pope, xm. 695. contests with La Chalotais, xiv. 192; of Arc, maid of Orleans, XIII. 695; in Russian Poland, xix. 309; in Spain, their influence on the popedom, XIX. VIII. 321; IX. 550; her connexion with xxii. 308, 326; expulsion from Spain, 504; interference in Tong-King, xxiil. Orleans, xvil 849; at the siege of ix. 82. 440; colleges of, in France, xxm. Paris (1429), XVIII. 290; tried for 846; missions of, XVI. 513; XIX. 811; Jew’s Harp, or Jew’s Trump, musical witchcraft, xxiv. 623. instrument, xm. 688. missions to China, XX. 536; under of Naples and Provence, xix. 878. Jeypore, state, India, xm. 688; xx. Pope Pius VI., xix. 154; in Asia, 11. JOANES, or Juanes, Vicente, Spanish 260; town, Xiii. 688. 701; in Ireland, Xiii. 263; in Spain, painter, XIII. 757. XXII. 341, 345; suppression of, by Jeysulmere, state, India, xx. 260. Joanna II., queen of Naples, xx. 805. Pope Clement XIV., V. 823; XIX. Jezebel, of Scripture, 1. 420. , wife of Philip I. of Spain, xviii. 507; suppression of, in France, IX. Jezira, or Jeziret Akur, Mesopotamia, 743; xxii. 327. xvi. 48. 593Henriquez, wife of John II. of Jesuits’ Bark, or Cinchona Bark (q.v.), Jezreel, town, Palestine, xm. 689; Aragon, xxn. 324. plain, xviii. 171. v. 781. la Beltraneja, daughter of Jesuits’ Tea, or Mate, xv. 627; iv. 227. jHAJJAR, town, India, XX. 623. Henry IV. of Castile, xxn. 321, 325. Jesus, son of Sirach, xiii. 672; Book of Jhalawar, state, India, XIII. 689; XX. JOANNES, Presbyter, or Prester John, 260; district, xiv. 15. Wisdom of, in Apocrypha, II. 181. xix. 714; 1. 65; xvi. 745. —-—, Company of, or Jesuits (q-v.), XIII. JHANG, district, India, Xlll. 689; XX. of Epiphaneia, Byzantine historian, 109; town, XIII. 690. 645. IV. 613. Jesus Christ, xiii. 656; relation of JHANSI, district and division, India, Massiliensis, monk, v. 182. xiii. 690; xvil. 572; town, xiii. 690. Christianity to, v. 689; St Paul’s conJOANNINA (Janina), town, Albania, 1. ception of, XVIII. 425; Hegel’s view of, Jharijas, tribe of Rajputs, India, vi. 448; xiii. 565. xi. 613; Strauss’s Life of, xxn. 592. 731Joannitius, Arabian physician, xv. Jhelum, or Jhilam, district, India, xm. Jesus College, Cambridge, iv. 731. 805. 690; town, xiii. 691. Jesus College, Oxford, xviii. 97. , river, India, xiv. 10; xx. 107; xxi. Joao, or John (q.v.), kings of Portugal, Jet, mineral, XIII. 672; XVI. 429. XHI. 714. Jethart Justice, of Scottish proverb, 735JOASH, king of Judah, XIII. 412. Jhind, state, India, xm. 691. xiii. 613. Jhung, or Jhang, district, India, XIII. Job, Book of, xiii. 697, 420; in. 639. Jetsam, in English law, ix. 342. JOBISTES, in French literature, ix. 657. 689; XX. 109; town, XIII. 690. Jetties, River, xx. 577, 580; of the Jobst, elector of Brandenburg, xx. 3; Jib, of lifting crane, vi. 547. Mississippi, XVI. 521. xxii. 48; xxiv. 501. JlBOA, river, Central America, XXL 268. Jettison, maritime term, ill. 146. Tears, plant and seeds, xm. 703. Jevons, William Stanley, English econo- JlDDAH, town, Arabia, XIII. 691; xx. Job’s Joceline, bishop of Wells, xxiv. 500. l6 mist, xix. 398. 3 Jigat (Dwaraka), town, India, vn. 567. Jockeys, in horse-races, xn. 198. Jew, The Wandering, XIII. 673. JOCULATORES, mediaeval minstrels, vil. Jewel, or Jewell, John, bishop of Salis- Jigger, insect, ix. 301; xm. 150. 413; xvi. 479. , mining machine, XVI. 464. bury, XIII. 675. JODELLE, Stephen, French dramatist, Jihlava (Iglau), town, Moravia, xn. 700. Jewellery, xiii. 675; filigree work, ix. vil 423; ix. 651; xx. 841. 163; rings, xx. 560; terra-cotta, xxiil JlHUN, river, Asia Minor, II. 708; V. 777. 193; Etruscan, VIIL 642; Indian, XII. Jilolo, island, Indian Archipelago, xm. Jodhpur, state and town, India, xiii. 703; xx. 260; town, xiii. 704. 692. 762. Joel, Book of, xm. 704. JlMAMAYLAN, town, Philippine Islands, Jewish Church, History of, by Stanley, JOGLAR, mediaeval minstrel, XVI. 479. xviii. 752. xxii. 451. Jewish Law, Mishnah, xvi. 502; Tal- J imenes, or Ximenes, Francisco, Spanish Johanna, island, Comores, Africa, VL. 220. cardinal and statesman, xm. 693. mud, xxiii. 35; Mishneh Torah of Johannesburg, town, Transvaal, South JlNAS, prophets of the Jains, India, XIII. Maimonides, xv. 295. Africa, xxiil 518. Jewish Literature, hi. 635; xi. 597; 543JOHANNISBERG WlNE, XXIV. 6ll. xiii. 408; apocalyptic, 11. 174; poet- JlND (Jhind), state, India, xill. 691. JlRECEK, Hermenegild and Joseph, Johannite, mineral, xvi. 402. ical, in. 638. Johansson, Lars, Swedish poet, xxii. Bohemian writers, XXII. 153. Jewish Philosophy, in the Alex755JlRJEH (Girgeh), town, Upper Egypt, x. andrian school, 1. 500; xviii. 759. John, the apostle, xm. 706; his con623. Jewish Year, v. 713. nexion with the Fourth Gospel, X. 818; Jews, Ancient, their history, xm. 396; Jitomir (Zhitomir), town, Russia, xxiv. with the Apocalypse, xx. 500. 784. dispersion of, XIII. 420, 429; in ancient

j o H —J O H

233 JOHN, the Baptist, XIII. 709; hisministry, John V., of Portugal, xiii. 715; xix. JOHN bar Cursus, Syriac writer, xxii. xiii. 662. 549833—St, of Nepomuk, patron saint of VI., of Portugal, xiii. 715; xix. bar Zobi, Syriac writer, xxii. Bohemia, xm. 718. 552; his regency in Brazil, IV. 231. 852. I., pope, xiii. 709. , king of Saxony, xiii. 715; xxi. Bull, History of, by Arbuthnot, II.-V., popes, xiii. 710. 356. 11. 325. VI., pope, xiii. 710; xx. 783. III., king of Sweden, xxii. 748. de Brienne, king of Jerusalem, VII., pope, xiii. 710. , Don, of Austria, xiii. 716; xviii. xxiii. 162. VIII., pope, xiii. 710; xviii. 820; 745; xxii. 329, 332; his mother, xx. de Cella, abbot of St Albans, xix. 497. 291; his intrigue to marry Mary, England, xx. 620. IX., pope, xiii. 710. queen of Scots, xviii. 525. Dory, fish, vn. 374. X.-XI., popes, xiii. 710; xx. , the Eunuch, Byzantine officer, XVI. Frederick, the Magnanimous, 787. 226. elector of Saxony, xxi. 353. XII., pope, xiii. 711; xix. 497; , Friar (Joannes de Plano Carpini), George, elector of Brandenburg, xx. 788. his mission to China, v. 132, 628. xx. 5. —— XIII., pope, xiii. 711; xx. 789. , Prester, of mediaeval writers, XIX. George I., elector of Saxony, xxi. XIV., pope, xiii. 711. 714; I- 65; xvi. 745. 354XV., pope, xiii. 711; XX. 789. of Antioch, at the council of SABHA, Syriac writer, xxii. 835. XVI.-XVIII., popes, Xiii. 711. Ephesus (431), xvii. 356. SlGISMUND, elector of BrandenXIX., pope, xiii. 711; xx. 790. of Asia, Syriac writer, XXII. 835. burg, xx. 5. XXL, pope, Xiii. 711; xix. 556. of Beth Garmai, Syriac writer, Swerkerson, Swedish king, xxii. XXII., pope, xiii. 712; xix. 501; XXII. 843. 745xx. 799; his contest with the Francisof Damascus (Joannes Damascenus), Johnny Ludlow, tales by Mrs Henry cans, xvii. 717. Byzantine theologian, VI. 789; XI. 147. Wood, xxiv. 644. XXIII., pope, Xiii. 712; xix. 502; of Dara, Syriac writer, xxii. 846. Johnshaven, village, Scotland, xiv. XX. 804. of Douay, Italian sculptor, xxi. 79I. (Juan), king of Aragon, xiii. 715; 569. Johns Hopkins University and xxii. 323. of Dunstable, English musician, Hospital, Baltimore, U.S.A., xv. II., of Aragon, xm. 716; xxii. xvii. 82. 604; xxiii. 857. of Ephesus, Syriac writer, xxii. Johnson, Andrew, president of the 324(of Luxemburg), king of Bohemia, United States, xiii. 719 ; xxiii. 835in. 860; in Italy, xiii. 477. of Florence (Giovanni de Marig781. I., duke of Brabant, xn. 90. nolli), Italian missionary, xv. 543; v. (Janssen), Cornelius, Dutch painter, , elector of Brandenburg, xx. 4. 628. Xiii. 567. I., king of Castile and Leon, xiii. of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, vm. , Esther, Dean Swift’s Stella, xxii. 716; x in. 321. 3i9> 327, 328; xiv. 255; xx. 541; 763. II., of Castile and Leon, xiii. 716; xxii. 320; his patronage of Wycliffe, , Francis, English Independent, xn. xxii. 321. xxiv. 709. 724. , king of England, xiii. 713; vm. of Giscala, Jewish party leader, , Robert, English musician, xvii. 306; IX. 541; his proceedings in xiii. 427, 428. 87. Ireland, XIII. 259; his contest with the of Harran, Syriac writer, xxii. 851. , Samuel, English essayist and pope, xiv. 286. of Leyden (Bockhold), Dutch Analexicographer, XIII. 719; his interI., king of France, xiii. 714. baptist, I. 787. course with Boswell, his biographer, II., of France, xiii. 714; ix. 546. of Maron, founder of the MaronIV. 77; his relations with Burke, IV. —— I., Greek emperor, XIII. 712. ites, xv. 562; as Syriac writer, xxii. 542; his dispute with Lord ChesterII.-V., Greek emperors, xiii. 848. field, v. 607; on epitaphs, VIII. 495; 7i3of Montecorvino, archbishop of on newspapers, xvii. 416; his influence VI., Greek emperor, xiii. 713; Peking, v. 628; xvi. 742. on English literature, VIII. 428; xviii. 166. of Mosul, Syriac writer, xxii. 855. Boswell’s ana of, 1. 786. VII., Greek emperor, xm. 713; of Nisibis, Syriac writer, xxii. 836. Johnston, Albert Sidney, American xviii. 165. of Procida, Sicilian liberator, v. general, XIII. 730; xxiii. 776. (of Avennes), count of Holland, xii. 423, Alexander Keith, Scottish geo72. of Ravenna, his contest with Pope grapher, xiii. 730. I., Albert, king of Poland, xix. Nicholas L, xvii. 483. , Cuthbert W., on goats, 1. 399. 290. of Rochelle, scholastic philosopher, , John, naturalist, XX. 433; on II., Casimir, of Poland, xiii. 714; xxi. 427. birds, xviii. 4, 9. xix. 294. of Salisbury, early English writer, , Joseph Eccleston, American ConIII., Sobieski, of Poland, xiii. 714; xiii. 718; xxi. 425. federate general, xxiii. 777, 780. xix. 295. of the Sedras, Syriac writer, xxii. Johnstone, river, Queensland, xx. (Joao) L, king of Portugal, XIII. 839172. 714; xix. 544. , Apocalypse of, 11. 179; xvi. 315. , town, Scotland, xiii. 730. IL, of Portugal, xiii. 714; xix. , Epistles of, xiii. 707; relation of JOHNSTONUS, Johannes, on birds, xviii. 545First Epistle to the Gospel, X. 828. 4, 9“ of Portugal, xiii. 715; xix. , Gospel of, x. 818; in. 643; Johnstown, town,Pennsylvania,U.S. A., 545Bretschneider’s views on, IV. 262. xiii. 730. IV., of Portugal, xiii. 715; xix. BAR Aphtonya, Syriac writer, • Johore, state, Malay Peninsula, xm. 548. xxii. 833. 730; xv. 322. XXV. - 30

234

J O I —J O V

JOSEPHUS, Flavius, Jewish historian, JoiGNY, town, France, xm. 731; popu- JONES, William, English divine, XIII. Xiii. 751, 427 5 his allusions to 74°. . . lation, xxiv. 746. x Jesus Christ, xiil. 658; on Phoenician Jongleurs, mediaeval minstrels, vn Joinery, in building, iv. 485. history, xviii. 807; on the topography 413; xix. 873. Joint, in law, xm. 731. of Jerusalem, xxiil 169. Joints, in anatomy, I. 832; diseases of JONKOPING, town, Sweden, XIII. 740; Joshua, of Scripture, xiil 752. county, xxii. 741. xxii. 685 ; injuries to, xxn. 682, 685. , Jewish high priest, xxiv. 773. , in building, iv. 462, 477, 479> 488. JONSON, Ben, English dramatist, Xiii , the Stylite, Syriac writer, xxii. 741; VIII. 421; his relation to Beau, in mechanics, XIII. 731. 832. mont and Fletcher, ill. 47°> influ, in rocks, x. 297. 2 s —, Book of, xviii. 505. ence on English comedy, vil. 43 > Ai Joint Stock Banks, hi. 322. Josiah, king of Judah, xiii. 753, contention with Dekker, Vil. 38; at Joint Stock Companies, vi. 221. 415. Hawthornden, VIL 480; the London of, Joinville, Jean de, French historian, Josika, Miklos or Nicholas, Baron, IX XIV. 848; as writer of masques, XXIIL xiii. 733; - ^46Hungarian novelist, xiil 753; xn. 225; as pastoral poet, xvni. 347; Joists, in carpentry, IV. 482. 379on Shakespeare, XXL 767. Jokai, Maurice, Hungarian novelist, Jonsson, Bo, Swedish noble, xxii. 746 Josselin, town, France, xvi. 813. xn. 379Joplin, town, Missouri, U.S.A., xm. Jost, Isaak Markus, German historical Jokjokarta, town, Java, xiii. 606. writer, XIII. 754746. , Jokull, mountains, Iceland, xn. 616. van Dyke, island, West Indies, Joliba, river, Africa, 1. 253 ; xvn. 496. Joppa, town, Palestine, xin. 740. xxiv. 261. JORDAENS, Jacob, Flemish painter, XIII. Joliet, town, Illinois, U.S.A., xiii. Joubert, Joseph, French writer, ix. 746. . , 735672. Jordan, river, Palestine, xiii. 740; Jolly’s Pyrometer, xx. 131. Jouffroy, Theodore Simon, French xviii. 171. Jolo Archipelago, Philippine Islands, philosopher, XIII. 754. , Camille, French politician, xm. xviii. 752. Joule, James Prescott, his experiments 747Jolof, state, Senegambia, West Africa, on heat, XL 557; in magnetism, XV. , Mrs, mistress of duke of Clarence XXL 663. 253; on the molecules of gases, m. 39; (William IV.), xxiv. 581. Jomelli, Niccolb, Italian musician, XIII. his law of the connexion of heat and Jordanes, historian of the Goths, xm. 736; XVII. 93. work, VIII. 14, 56, 208; XXII. 478, 480. 747; x. 847Jomfruland, island, Norway, xvn Jourdain, Alfonse, count of Toulouse, JORDANITE, mineral, XVI. 395. 576. XIIL 755. English organ builders, xvn. Jomini, Baron, French military tactician, Jordans, de Slaves, romance, xx. 652. 8 37, .^ xiii. 736. Journal, in book-keeping, iv. 46. Jommelli, Niccolo, Italian musical Joris, David, French Anabaptist, Vi. DE Paris, newspaper, xvn. 425. 844. composer, XHL 736; xvn. 93. DES Debats, Paris newspaper, J on, Francois du (Junius), Huguenot JORNANDES (Jordanes), historian of the xvii. 425. Goths, xiii. 747; x. 847. divine, XIII. 778. des Savants, French periodical, Jonah, Book of, xm. 736; m. 639; J ORTIN, John, English theological writer, xviii. 539. XIII. 749. Greek allusions to Jonah’s story, xvill. des Trevoux, French journal, Jorullo, volcano, Mexico, 1. 674 560. xviii. 539. JOSAPHAT AND Barlaam, Sts, Legen- , Rabbi, of Cordova, Jewish philoJournalism, xvii. 412. dary history of, m. 375; xx. 636. logist, xiii. 737. Journal to Stella, by Dean Swift, Josceline, duke of Louvain, xvin. Jonas, Justus, German Reformer, xin. xxii. 763. 522. 738Journeyman Handicrafts, xiv. 172. Joseite, mineral, xvi. 381. , Runolphus, Icelandic grammarian, Journey to the Hebrides, by JohnJoseph, tribe of Israel, xiii. 749 XXL 368. son, xiil 727. —, husband of the Virgin Mary, XIII. Jonathan, Targum of, xxiil 64. JOURT, Kirghiz tent, xxiil. 183. 749; XV. 590; genealogy of, XIII. 660 , Brother, nickname for people of Jousts, single combats, xxiil 489. — I., emperor, XIII. 750. United States, VI. 289; XXIIL 592Jouvenet, Jean, French painter, xiii. II., emperor, xiii. 750; x. 504; Apphus (Maccabseus), Jewish high 755his reforms in Austria, ill. 129. priest, xiii. 422. Joux, Fort de, in the Jura, France, xiii. , king of Portugal, xix. 550. Wild, novel by Fielding, ix. 145. 782. of Arimathea,in mediaeval romance, Jones, Inigo, English architect, xm. Jove (Jupiter, q.v.), Koman god, xm. XL 34; xx. 644. 738; 11. 442. 779. of Exeter, romancist, XX. 638. , Sir John, on sapping and mining, Jovellanos, or Jove Llanos, Caspar of Hazza, Syriac writer, XXII. 838. IX. 456. Melchor de, Spanish statesman and of Seleucia, Syriac writer, xxn. , John Paul (Paul Jones), naval adwriter, XIIL 755; XIX. 387; XXII. 8 37venturer, xiii. 738; xxiil 744. 343) 361Andrews, novel by Fielding, ix. , Owen (1/41-1814), Welsh anti-, Salvador, president of Paraguay, 145. quary, xiii. 739; as patron of Welsh xviii. 245. Bonaparte, king of Spam, xxii literature, v. 314. Jovianus (Jovinianus), Koman monx 344 , Owen (1809-1874), English art ’ and heretic, xiil 756; xvi. 703. Delorme (Sainte-Beuve, q.v.), decorator, xm. 739; on carpet-designs, ) Flavius Claudius, or Jovian, Roman French critic, XXL 162. v. 131. emperor, XIIL 755; XX. 7795 mPersia> , Richard, English economist, xix. Josephine, wife of Napoleon I., xiii XVIII. 609. 751; her divorce, XVII. 215. 377Joviniacum (Joigny), ancient town, , Sir William, English Orientalist, Josephstadt, part of Pesth, Hungary, France, xiil 731. xviii. 691. xiii. 739.

J O V —J U N Jovinianus, Roman monk and heretic, XIII. 756; his warning against monachism, xvi. 703. Jovius, Paulus, Italian historian, xm. 756. Jowari (Sorghum), Indian grain, xvi. 321. Jowf, or Jauf, district, Arabia, 11. 239, 254; xxiv. 740. Joyce’s Country, district, Galway, Ireland, x. 55. Juan (John) I., king of Aragon, xm. 715II., of Aragon, XIII. 716. I.-II., kings of Castile and Leon, xiii. 716. , Jorge, his Compendio de Navegacion, xvn. 258. Juanes, Vicente, Spanish painter, xm. 757Juan Fernandez, island, South Pacific, xiii. 757; V. 617; IX. 99; humming birds of, III. 745. Juarez, Benito Pablo, president of Mexico, xiii. 758. Juba, river, Africa, 1. 255. I.-II., kings of Numidia, xm. 759; XVII. 627. Jubal, of Scripture, XIV. 238. JUBBULPORE, district, India, XIII. 528; town, Xiii. 529. Jube, in architecture, II. 466. Jubeil (Jebeil), ancient town, Syria, xiii. 613. Jubilate, Purcell’s, xx. 113. Jubilee, or Jubile, Year of, m Israel, xiii. 759. Jubilees, Book of the, apocalyptic work, 11. 176. Jubilee Year, in Roman Catholic Church, xiii. 760. JUCAR, river, Spain, XXIV. 33. Judah, tribe of Israel, xm. 760, 400, 404; kingdom of, XIII. 412; territory of, xviii. 175. Judaism, religion of the Jews, xx. 361; its influence on Christianity, V. 693; Hellenistic, XVIII. 760; theism of, xxili. 243; in Abyssinia, I. 262. Judas, or Jude, St, xm. 761. Iscariot, apostle, xiii. 760; legend of, XIII. 674. Maccabeus, Jewish leader, xv. 130; xiii. 421. Maccabeus, Handel’s oratorio, xi. 436. Tree, plant, xm. 761. Judd, Sylvester, American writer, I. 727. J UDDAH (J iddah), town, Arabia, Xlll. 691. Jude, St, of Scripture, XIII. 761. , Epistle of, xiii. 761; its correspondence with 2 Peter, xviii. 698. Judge, Judges, xiii. 762; position and functions of, xiv. 365; XV. 216; English, as peers; xviii. 460, 467; precedence of, xix. 662; prerogatives of, xix. 673.

Judge Advocate General, of British army, II. 587. Judges, Book of, xm. 763; its narrative, xiii. 400. Judgment, in law, xm. 764. , in logic, xiv. 788; analytic, 1. 797; Kant on, XIII. 854; Locke on, xiv. 760. Judgments of the Sea, xxi. 583. Judicature, xi. 15. Acts, xiil 764; of 1873, IL 2°9JUDICES Dativi, Roman, xx. 789. Judices de Clero, Roman, xx. 785. Judicial Costume, vi. 476. Judicial Notice, xvii. 597. Judicial Procedure, in Roman law, xx. 707, 711. Judicial Tribunals, vl 516. Judiciary, of United States, xxiii. 751. Judith, wife of the emperor Louis L, xv. 16. , Book of, in Apocrypha, xm. 765; 11. 181. JUDSON, Adoniram, American missionary, XIII. 766. Juel, Jens, Danish painter, vii. 93. JUF, valley, Sahara, Africa, xxi. 150. Juggernaut, or Jugannath, Indian god and temple, xvn. 845; 11. 397; xx. iiSJugglery, conjuring, xiv. 414. JUGLANS, genus of trees, xxiv. 333. Jugra, town, Straits Settlements, Asia, xxii. 587. Jugurtha, Numidian prince, Xlll. 766; xvii. 627; his contest with Rome, xx. 758. Jujube, tree and fruit, xiii. 767; xv. 12. Jukes, Joseph Beete, English geologist, xiil 768. Family, example of atavism, vm. 615. Julaver, Persian usurper, xvin. 633. Jule, son of Jenghiz Khan, xm. 622. Julek, town, Syr-Daria, Central Asia, xxii. 819. Julfa, suburb of Ispahan, Persia, xiii. 394Julia, wife of Pompey, xix. 451. Domna, wife of emperor Severus, xxi. 699. Julian, the Apostate, Roman emperor, xiii. 768; xx. 779; as Neoplatonist, xvii. 337; in Persia, xviii. 609; his works at Paris, xviii. 287. , Cardinal, crusader, xxiii. 642. Alps, i. 630. Calendar, iv. 667, 670. Julianehaab, district, Greenland, XI. 170. Juliani, Pedro (Pope John XXI.), XIIL 711. Julianite, mineral, xvi. 395. Julian Period, in chronology, v. 711. Julian’s Edict, in Roman law, xx. 704.

235 Juliao, Portuguese chancellor, xix. 541Julich, town, Prussia, xiil 770. Julich-Berg, German duchies of, xx. 9Julien, Noel (Stanislas Aignen Julien), French Orientalist, xm. 770. Juliers (Jiilich), town, Prussia, XIII. 770. Juliobona (Lillebonne), ancient town, France, Xiv. 642. Julisco, state, Mexico, xvi. 214. Julius I., pope, xiil 771; xix. 490. II., pope, xiil 771, 481; xx. 323; his patronage of Michelangelo, xvi. 231. III., pope, xiil 772; xix. 504; his relation to the council of Trent, xxiii. 547, duke of Brunswick, x. 529. Caesar, Roman dictator, iv. 633. See Caesar. Capitolinus, Augustan historian, in. 74. C£sar, romance, xx. 639. Jullundur (Jalandhar), district, India, XIIL 545; town, xiil 546. JULPIGOREE (Jalpaiguri), district and town, India, xiil 548. Julus, genus of Myriapoda, XVli. 118. July, month, xiil 772. , Revolution of (1830), France, IX. 619. Jume, plant, Patagonia, xviii. 353. JUMET, town, Belgium, xm. 772. Jumieges, town, France, xiil 772. JUMILLA, town, Spain, XIIL 772. Jummoo (Jamu), town, India, xiii. 564. Jumna, river, India, xiil 773; xvn. 572. Jumper, mining implement, xvi. 444. Jumping Hare, of South Africa, xiii. 626; xv. 415, 420. Jumping Mouse, of Labrador, xiil 626. JUNAGARH, state and town, India, XIIL 773June, month, xiil 773. Jung, Joachim, German naturalist, xx. 301. , Johann Heinrich (Heinrich Stilling), German mystic, xiil 774. Jungars, or Sungars, tribe of Kalmuk Tartars, iv. 710; xvi. 746. Jung-Breslau (Inowrazlaw), town, Prussia, xiii. 91. JUNGERMANNlEvE, class of Liverworts, xvii. 68, 69. JUNGLACHE, town, Tibet, xxm. 340. JUNG-LAM, road, Tibet, xxiii. 342. Jungle-Almond Oil, xvii. 744. Jungle-Fowl, bird, ix. 492. Jungmann, Joseph, Bohemian writer, xxii. 152. Juniper, tree, xiii. 774; in U.S.A., xxiii. 810.

236

j u N —K A H

Junius, Franciscus (1545-1602), Hugue- Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de, French botanist, xm. 788; his classification, not divine, xm. 778. iv. 80; xvi. 838. , Franciscus (1589-1677),philologist, JUSTI, Johann H. G., German economist, xiii. 778. xix. 363. , Hadrianus, on the invention of Justice, its administration in primitive printing, XXIII. 689. communities, VIII. 624; the king the , Letters of, xm. 775; IX. 697; xvn. fountain of, xix. 673; Plato on, xix. 203. Junkerthum, Prussian squirearchy, , judicial title, XIII. 788. XX. 12. of the Peace, magistrate, xm. Junnar, town, India, xix. 461. 789; court of, xxii. 641. Juno, Roman goddess (the Greek Hera), Justiciary, High Court of, in Scotland, xiii. 778; xi. 679. xiii. 790. , asteroid, 11. 807. Junot, Andoche, duke of Abrantes, Justification, Doctrine of, at the council of Trent, XXIII. 546. French general, XIII. 779; XIX. 551. , Laure Permon, duchess of Justin (Justin Martyr), apologist and martyr, Xlil. 790; his canon of ScripAhrantes, XIII. 779. ture, v. 7; on the Gospels, x. 816, 821, J unta, The Holy, of Avila, Spain, xxn. 822; on Neoplatonism, XVII. 335. 328. , Latin historian, XIII. 791. Jupiter, Roman god (the Greek Zeus), , Gnostic leader, X. 702. xiii. 779. I., emperor of the East, XIII. 791. —planet, II. 776, 782, 808; measureII., emperor of the East, XIII. 792. ments of, xvi. 250; parallax of, xviii. 246; eclipses of the satellites J USTINA, mother of Theodosius, I. 663. of, x. 35; xiv. 584; as affected by Justinian I. (Flavius Anicius Justinianus), emperor of the East, XIII. 792; tidal friction, xxm. 379. XL 112; legislation of, VI. 105; XIII. Capitolinus, Temple of, at Rome, 792; xx. 712; Theophilus’s Life of, xx. 824. xxiil. 253, 276. Panhellenius, Temple of, in II., emperor of the East, XIII. iEgina, I. 181. 798. Stator, Temple of, at Rome, 11. , Aqueduct of, Turkey, II. 221. 416; xx. 821. , Code of, vi. 105; xx. 712. JURA, department, France, XIII. 783. , mountain range, France and Switz- JUSTINIANUS, Laurentius, St, X. 625. Jute, vegetable fibre, xm. 798; cultivaerland, xiii. 781; ix. 506. tion of, III. 568; in India, XII. 749; island, Scotland, XIII. 783. factories in England, VIII. 233; manuJurassic Rocks, geological system, x. facture in India, XII. 763. 354Jurieu, Pierre, French Protestant JUTERBOGK, town, Prussia, XIII. 803. Jutes, ancient Teutonic people, II. 30; theologian, XIII. 783. in England, vm. 268. Jurisdictions, Heritable, in Scots law, Jutia, animal, Cuba, VI. 680. xi. 739. Jurisprudence, xiv. 354; in Roman Jutland, peninsula, Denmark, vn. 80. law, XX. 698, 703; contributions to, by Savigny, XXL 326; by Thibaut, Juvenal (Decimus Junius Juvenalis), Latin poet and satirist, xili. 804; xxi. xxiii. 301; by Zachariae, xxiv. 762; 319; language and style of, xiv. 337; Grotius’s works on, xi. 220. his place in Roman literature, XX. , Medical, xv. 778. 725. Jurjani, Fakhr-uddin Asad, Persian Juxon, William, archbishop of Canterpoet, xviii. 657. bury, xiii. 809. Jury, Trial by, xiii. 783; xxm. 555; origin of, vill. 298; in cases of libel, xiv. 507; venue of, xxiv. 162. TT" the eleventh letter of the alphabet, JUS, in Roman law, XX. 670. xiii. 810. Civile, in Roman law, xx. 678. Devolutionis, old feudal custom, Kaaba, or Kaba, sacred shrine, at Mecca, xiii. 810; 11. 262; xv. 672; xvi. 545, in the Netherlands, IX. 575. 559, 580; pilgrimage to, XIX. 93. —— Gentium, in Roman law, xx. 695. Honorarium, in Roman law, xx. Kaaden, town, Bohemia, XIII. 810. Kaah, district, Sinai, Arabia, XXII. 695. 88. INTER Gentes, or International Kaat, shrub, in Arabia, II. 238. Law, xiii. 190. Naturale, in Roman law, xx. Kaba, or Kaaba (q.v.), sacred shrine at Mecca, xm. 810. 703Jussieu, De, family of French botanists Kabah, ancient town, Central America, XXIV. 759. and naturalists, XIII. 788.

Kabalaki, mountain, Timor, Indian Archipelago, xxm. 397. Kabara, town, West Africa, XVII. 497. Kabardans, race of people, Caucasus, v. 257. Kabardine, perfume, xvn. 107. Kabbalah, Jewish theosophy, xm. 810; xx. 490. Kabinda, or Cabenda, town, Loango, Africa, iv. 618; xiv. 743. Kabir, Hindi writer, XL 844. Kabis, town, Tunis, XXIIL 620. Kabul, or Cabul, town and province, Afghanistan, iv. 623. Kabushan (Kuchan), town and district, Persia, xiv. 152. Kabyles, North-African tribes, xiii. 814; 1. 564; xvii. 628; xxiil 620. Kachh (Cutch), state, India, VL 730. , Lake (Rann or Runn) of, iv. 22. Kacho (Cachao), town, Anam, iv. 624. Kaczkowski, Polish novelist, xix. 305. Kadamat, island, Laccadives, Indian Ocean, xiv. 183. Kadamba, dynasty, Mysore, India, xvn. 123. Kadapa (Cuddapah), district, India, VI. 689. Kadesh, Hittite town, Syria, xxn. 821. Kadi (Cadi), Moslem magistrate, xvi. 591; xxii. 624. Kadin, wife of the Turkish sultan, XL 478. Kadir billah, caliph, xvi. 588. Kadisiya, Persia, Battle of (637), xvi. 562; xviii. 616. Kadlubek, Vincent, Polish chronicler, xix. 299. Kadmees, Parsee sect, India, xviii. 326. Kadnikoff, town, Russia, xxiv. 283. Kadom, town, Russia, xiii. 815. KADUR, district, India, xin. 815. Kae-fung Fog, town, China, xm. 823. KAEMPFER, Engelbrecht, German traveller, xiii. 816; on Japan, xm. 584. Kaffa, district, Abyssinia, xm. 816. , town, Crimea, Russia, XXIIL 257. Kaffraria, South Africa, xm. 816. Kaffres, race of people, South Africa, XIII. 818; I. 263; v. 47; suicidal delusion among (1857), v. 46; wars of, xm. 817; v. 45; languages of, xxiv. 828. Kafiristan, country, Asia, xm. 820. Kafirs, or Kaffres, race of people, South , Africa, xm. 818. , people of Kafiristan, Asia, xm. 821. Kaftu, district, ancient Syria, xxii. 822. Kagera, river, Africa, xvn. 505. Kaghaa, bird, xvn. 354. Kaghyzman, town, Transcaucasia, xxiii. 515. Kagu, bird, xvn. 376; xx. 223; xxn. 653Kahir billah, caliph, xvi. 587.

K A H—K A N

Kahla, town, Germany, xxi. 347. Kahlur, or Bilaspur, hill state, Punjab, India, XIII. 823; ill. 670. Kahulawi, island, Hawaiian group, XI. 532Kaibals, people, Bussia, xxi. 251. Kaid Bay Mosque, Cairo, 11. 446. Kaieteur, waterfall, Guiana, xi. 250. K’ai-fung Foo, town, China, xm. 823. Kaikavus, Seljuk ruler, xxi. 637. Kaikhosrau I., Seljuk ruler, xxi. 636. II., Seljuk ruler, XXI. 637. Kaikobad, Seljuk prince, xxi. 637. Kail as a, or Kylas, Cave-chambers of, Ellora, India, 11. 395. Kailas Gangri, mountain, Tibet, xxm. 340. Kaim bi-amr-illah, caliph, xvi. 588. Kainite, mineral, xv. 217; xvi. 402; xix. 588. Kainsk, town, Asiatic Bussia, xxn. 11; xxiii. 439. Kaira, district and town, India, xm. 824. Kairana, town, India, xvn. 114. Kairwan, or Kairawan, town, Tunis, XIII. 824; xxiii. 620; mosque at, xvi. 865. Kais (Kish), island, Persian Gulf, xiv. 101. Kaisarieh (Caesarea), town, Asia Minor, iv. 640; v. 75. Kaisaryah (Caesarea Palestina), town, Palestine, iv. 639. Kaiser, title, xxiii. 418. Franzensbad, watering-place, Bohemia, ix. 724. Karlsbad (Carlsbad), town, Bohemia, v. 112; xvi. 435. Kaiserslautern, town, Bavaria, xm. 825. Kaiserswerth, town, Prussia, xm. 825; deaconesses of, xvi. 715; deaconesses’ home at, IX. 307. Kaisow Teas, v. 635. Kaithal, town, India, xm. 825. Kaiyan, town, Persia, xvin. 627. Kajar Dynasty, of Persia, xviii. 645. Kajars, Turkish tribe, xxill. 661. Kara, New Zealand bird, xvn. 354. Kakapo, New Zealand bird, XIII. 825. Kakars, Afghan clan, 1. 235. Kakodyle Compounds, in chemistrv, xvi. 197. Kakongo, district, West Africa, xiv. 742. See also iv. 625. Kalabagh, town, India, xm. 826. Kalahari Desert, South Africa, xvn. 168. Kalah Sherghat, town, Mesopotamia, in. 183. Kalamata, town, Greece, xm. 826; xvi. 53. Kalamazoo, town, Michigan, U.S.A., XIII. 826. Kalang, district, Malay Peninsula, xv. 322.

237 Kalatch, town, Bussia, xm. 826; Kamachia (Shemaha), ancient town, xxiv. 298. Persia, xxi. 794. Kalat-i-Ghilzai, fortress, Afghanistan, Kamakhya, Temple of, at Now-gong, 1. 230. India, xvii. 609. Kalbe, town, Prussia, xm. 826. Kamal, town, Madura, Indian ArchiKalcker, John de (Calcar), German pelago, xv. 193. painter, iv. 653. Kamala, drug, xiii. 831. Kalda, district, Mesopotamia, xvi. Kamalia, town, India, xvi. 789. Kamasins, people, Bussia, xxi. 251. SiKale, Scotch, vegetable, iv. 617; XII. Kambangan, Nusa, island, Java, xiii. 279. 600. Kaleege, Indian pheasant, xviii. Kambay (Cambay), town and gulf, India, iv. 723. 733Kaleidoscope, optical instrument, Kamboja (Cambodia), kingdom, Indoxiii. 826; xiv. 587; Brewster’s inChinese Peninsula, iv. 723; xxi. vention of, iv. 276. 854. Kalenberg (Calenberg), principality, Hamburg, town, Germany, xxi. 348. Hanover, iv. 664. Kamchadales, people of Kamchatka, Kalends, first day of Boman month, xiii. 832. iv. 665. Kamchatka, peninsula, Siberia, xiii. Kalewala, Finnish epic poem, ix. 219; 831. xvii. 158. , Sea of, xviii. 116. Kalgan, town, China, xm. 828. Kameel, or Kamil, sovereign of Egypt, Kalhat, coast region, Arabia, 11. 255. vi. 630; vii. 754. Kalhora Dynasty, Sind, India, xxn. Kamenets, town, Podolia, Eussia, xiii. 92. 832; xix. 254. Kalidasa, Sanskrit writer, xm. 828; Kamenz, town, Saxony, xiii. 832. vii. 397; xxi. 285. Kames, Lord, Scottish philosopher and Kalilah and Dimnah, Book of, m. judge, xiii. 833; on beauty, I. 222; 666; ancient Syriac version, xxn. his method of improving moss land, 850. I. 404. Kalinga, ancient kingdom, India, xm. Kamichi, bird, xxi. 552. 829. Kamil (Kami), town, Central Asia, xi. Kalingapatam, town, India, xm. 829. 409. Kalish, town, Bussian Poland, xm. , El, sovereign of Egypt, vi. 630; 829; treaty of (1813), xxn. 531; vii. 754. government, xix. 309. Kammeralists, German economists, Kalitvenskaya, Don Cossack village, xix. 363. Bussia, xiii. 829. Kammererite, mineral, xvi. 414. Kali-Yug, Hindu chronology, v. 719. Kammersee, lake, Austria, xxi. 241. Kalladakurchi, town, India, xxm. Kammin, town, Prussia, xm. 833. 405. Kamoz, tribe, Kafiristan, XIII. 822. Kalligeneia, Greek festival, xxm. 295. Kampen, town, Holland, xiii. 833; Kalmar (Calmar, q.v.), town, Sweden, xviii. 78. iv. 710. Kampongs, village groups, Sumatra, 1. Kalmuks, Kalmucks, or Calmucks, 96. Mongol tribes, iv. 710; xvi. 745, 749; Kampot, seaport, Cambodia, iv. 725. xxiii. 70. Kamptee (Kamthi), town, India, xiii. Kal Mura, river, Persia, xviii. 626. 834; xvii. 164. Kalmykoff, town, Bussia, vi. 24. Kamptulicon, floor-cloth, vi. 402; xiv. Kalna, town, India, xiii. 829. 676. Kalocsa, or Kalocza, town, Hungary, Kamrup, district, India, xiii. 833. xiii. 829; observatory at, xvii. 713. Kamsa, Gabriel, Syriac hymn-writer, Kalong, bat, in Java, ix. 352. xxii. 855. Kalpeni, island, Laccadives, Indian Kamtchatka, or Kamchatka, peninOcean, xiv. 183. sula, Siberia, Xlll. 831. Kalpi, town, India, xm. 830. Kamthi, town, India, xiii. 834; xvii. Kaluga, government, Bussia, XIII. 830; 164. xxi. 69; town, xiii. 830. Kamuishin, town, Bussia, xm. 834; Kalvariya, town, Bussia, xiii. 830. XXL 305. Kalw, town, Wiirtemberg, xm. 830. Kamurgi, Ali, Ottoman general, xi. Kalwarya, town, Bussian Poland, xxil. 121. 728. Kamyshin (Kamuishin), town, Bussia, Kalyan, town, India, xxm. 221. xiii. 834; xxi. 305. Kalyazin, town, Bussia, xxm. 672. Kanada, Hindu philosopher, his cateKama, river, Bussia, xiv. 20; xvin. gories, v. 222. 549; xxiv. 279. Kanagawa, town, Japan, xxiv. 745.

238

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Karakol, town, Russia in Asia, xxi. Kanala, New Caledonia, Nickel-mines Kant, Immanuel, German philosopher, 641. Xiii. 844; X. 540; his doctrine of of, xvn. 376. Karakorum, town, Central Asia, xiv. antinomies, II. 130; on mental assoKananur, town, India, xm. 834; xv. 2; Mongol palace at, xvi. 742. ciation, II. 7325 on axiomatic prin312, mountain range, xiv. 2; II. 684; ciples, ill. 159; on the beautiful, 1. Kanara, North, district, India, xm. xxiii. 340; pass, xiv. 2, 153; xxiii. 217; his doctrine of the categories, V. 834340224; on deism and theism, XXIII. 235, South, district, India, XIII. 835. lake, Central Asia, xvni. 246; his ethics, vm. 609; on evolu- Karakul, Kanaster Tobacco, xxiii. 425. io 3tion, VIII. 761; on induction and Kanauj, town, India, XIII. 835; ix. 42. v ew analogy, 1. 7915 ^ Jesus Kara-kum, desert, Transcaspian Region, Kanawha, river, West Virginia, U.S.A., Russia, xxii. 820; xxiii. 51 i. Christ, Xiii. 669; his influence on xxiv. 518. Karaman (Caraman), town, Asiatic English literature, viii. 432; his logic, Kanbil (Kamala), drug, xm. 831. Turkey, V. 82; xv. 92. Xiv. 795, 799; his metaphysics, XVI. Kandahar, town, Afghanistan, xm. , Turkish principality, Asia Minor, 82; on optimism and pessimism, xvill. 835, xxiii. 640. • /• 687; on philosophy, XVIII. 794; his Kandavu, island, Fiji group, ix. 156. influence on German rationalism, XX. Karamania (Caramania), district, * Kandelberg, mountain, Black Forest, Asiatic Turkey, v. 82. 290; his attitude towards scepticism, Germany, xxiv. 700. Karamita, Moslem sect, xvi. 586, XXI. 383; Jacobi’s criticism of, XIII. Kandhs, tribe, India, xv. 185. 594538; his reply to Hume compared Kandi, town, India, xm. 837. Kara Mustapha, Turkish vizier and with Reid’s, xx. 351. Kandjur, Tibetan Buddhist books, general, XIX. 296; XXIII. 645. KANTELETAR, Finnish lyric poetry, IX. xiv. 229. Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovich, 220. Kandukur, town, India, xvn. 321. Russian writer, xiv. 3; xxi. 106. Kantemir, Antiokh, Russian satirist, Kandy, town, Ceylon, xm. 837. Kara Sea, Arctic Ocean, xvn. 604. XXI. 105. Kane, Elisha Kent, American explorer, Kantysee, mountain, Tibet, XXIII. 340. Karashar, town, Turkestan, xxiii. xiii. 837; xix. 322. 639Kanuri, Negro tribe, Bornu, IV. 61. Kaneff, town, Bussia, xm. 838. Kara Strait, Arctic Ocean, xvn. 604. Kanzego, town, Tibet, xxiii. 342. Kanemi, Mahomet el-Amin el, sheikh Karasu-Bazar, town, Russia, xiv. 3. Kao, island, South Pacific, ix. 779. of Bornu, Central Africa, IV. 62. Kara-tau, mountains, Syr-Daria, Asia, Kaolin, porcelain clay, xiv. 1,90; xvi. Kangaroo, marsupial mammal, xm. xxil 820. 424; XIX. 600, 633; of St Yrieix, 838; in. in; xv. 382. Karatays, race of people, Russia, xvi. France, xiv. 651. Island, South Australia, xxn. 813. Kapila, Hindu sage, iv. 209; xxi. 291. 286. Karatchai, tribe of Tartars, Russia, (Hardwar), town, India, XL 475. Leather, xiv. 389. xiv. 150; xxiii. 70. Kapilavastu, origin of Buddhism at, Kang-he, emperor of China, v. 650. Karatcheff, town, Russia, xiv. 4; iv. 425. Kang-Kao (Cancao), town, Cambodia, 1 xvii. 826. Kappel, Switzerland, Battle of (153 )) iv. 800. Karategin, country, Central Asia, xx. 334; xxii. 790; xxiv. 612. Kangra, district, India, xiii. 841; xx. xiv. 4. KAPUAS, river, Borneo, iv. 56. 109; town, xiii. 841. Karauli, state, India, xiv. 4; xx. 260; Kapunda, town, South Australia, xxil. Kanhwara, town, India, xxi. 665. town, xiv. 4. 284. Kaniapuscaw, lake, Labrador, xiv. KAR AW AN KEN, mountains, Styria, Kapurthala, state, India, xiv. 2. I75> Austria, xxii. 614. ^ • Kara, river, Russia, XXL 73. Kanieff, or Kaneff, town, Russia, xiii. Karczag, town, Hungary, XIV. 5. Karabagh, khanate, Caucasia, xxi. 838. Kardec, Allan, French spiritualist, 849. Kanishka, Buddhist king, North-West xxil 407. Karaboghaz, gulf, Caspian Sea, v. 178. India, xn. 784; xvm. 606. Kardjordje (Czerny George), Servian Kara-Butak, town, Siberia, XXIII. 627. Kanizsa-Nagy, town, Hungary, xiii. leader, VI. 755; xxi. 689. Karachi (Kurrachee), district, India, 842. Kardszag (Karczag), town, Hungary, Xiv. 160; town, xiv. 161. Kankakee, town, Illinois, U.S.A., xiii. Xiv. 5. Karad, town, India, xxi. 317. 842. Karelians, race of people, Russia, xiv. Kara-Dagh, mountain, Persia, xiv. Kanker, state, India, xx. 257. 307; xvii. 764. 66. Kano, or Kino, drug, xiv. 90. Karelinite, mineral, xvi. 396. Kara-Daria, river, Central Asia, xxii. , town, Central Africa, XIII. 842; Karema, town, Tanganyika, Africa, 8l8 XXII. 248, 279. xxiv. 763. Karaftu, or Karafuto (Saghalm), island, Kanoje (Kanauj), town, India, XIII. Karens, race of people, Siam and North Pacific, XXL 147. 835; ix. 42. Burmah, xxi. 852. Kansas, State, U.S.A., xm. 842; popu- Kar AG ASSES, or Karagases, Ural-Altaic Kargalyk, town, Turkestan, xxiii. people, Siberia, xxi. 251; xxii. 8; lation, xxiii. 802. 639; xxiv. 728. xxiii. 70. City, town, Kansas, U.S.A., xxiv. Karharbari, coalfield, India, XII. KARAGEORGEVICH (Czerny George), 704. 737 Servian leader, VI. 755; XXL 689. City, town, Missouri, U.S.A., xiii. Kara-Hissar, three towns, Asiatic Karikal, town, India, xiv. 5. 844; xvi. 526; xxiv. 704. Karim Khan, Persian ruler, xvill. Turkey, xiv. 2. Kansas-Nebraska Act, U.S.A., xxiii. 644. Karaites, Jewish sect, xiv. 2; in 770. Karimon Djawa, islands, Java, xiii. Russia, XXL 79. Kansk, town, Siberia, xxiv. 743. 600. Kanstatt (Canstatt), town, Wtirtem- Karakalpaks, Tartar tribe, xiv. 64. Karkar (Curzola), town, Dalmatia, VI. Karakash, town, Turkestan, XIV. 67. berg, v. 26; xxii. 613; xxiv. 701. 728. Kara-Kirghiz, Tartar tribe, xiv. 94. Kan-Suh, province, China, v. 638.

K A E —K A Y Karkaralinsk, town, Asiatic Russia, xxi. 639. Karl, Teutonic freeman, xvn. 529. , or Carl, name. See Charles. Friedrich, margrave of Baden, German economist, xix. 363. Karli, India, Cave temples of, II. 394. KarljohansWjERN (Horten), town, Norway, XII. 209. Karlshaven (Carlshamn), town, Sweden, V. 112. Karlsruhe (Carlsruhe), town, Baden, v. 112. KARLSTADT(Carlstadt), district, Bavaria, v. 113. Karluks, Turkish tribe, xxm. 659. Karman, or Kirman, town, Persia, xviii. 627, 628. Karmania (Kirman), province, Persia, xiv. 99. Karmanshah, or Kirmanshahan, town, Persia, xiv. 100; xvin. 628. Karmathians, or Karmathites, Mohammedan people, Arabia, 11. 259, 722; xiv. 15; xvi. 586, 594. Karnac, Egypt, Temple of, II. 390; vn. 777Karnal, district, India, xiv. 5; xx. 109; town, xiv. 5. Karnten, or Carinthia, crown-land, Austria, v. 106; xxn. 614. Karnul, district and town, Madras, India, xiv. 5, 6. Karolostadt, or Carlstadt (A. R. Bodenstein), German Reformer, V. 113. Karons, Papuan tribe, New Guinea, xvii. 388. Karpinski, Franciszek, Polish poet, xix. 303. Karroo, plateau, Cape Colony, v. 42. Kars, town, Transcaucasia, Russia, xiv. 6; xxill. 515; government, xxm. 513. Karsch, Anna Louisa, German poetess, x. 534Karshi, town, Central Asia, Xiv. 6. Karsten, Karl J. B., on iron and steel, xiii. 282; his process of lead-smelting, xiv. 377. Karstenite, mineral, xvi. 400. Kartchum, town, Turkestan, xxiv. 728. Karthli Language, Georgia, x. 433Kartum (Khartum), town, Egypt, xiv. 58; 1. 267; xvii. 507, 610. Karun, river, Persia, xv. 68; xviii. 620; xxi. 849. Karwar, town, India, xiv. 7. Karwars, Papuan idols, New Guinea, xvii. 388. Karyokinesis, process in animal tissuecells, xix. 833. Kasakstadt, town, Russia, xix. 284. Kasan, or Kazan (q.v.), Russia, XIV. 20; observatory at, xvii. 714. Kasanlik, town, Roumelia, Turkey, Xiv. 7.

Kasbin, or Casbin, town, Persia, v. 174; xviii. 627, 628. KASCHAU, town, Hungary, XIV. 7. Kaseem, valley, Arabia, 11. 239. Kashan (Cashan), town, Persia, v. 175; xviii. 626. Kashba Baniachang, town, India, xxii. 810. Kashgar, town, Turkestan, xiv. 7; xxiii. 639. Kashi, glazed ornamentation of Oriental buildings, xiv. 8. Kashin, town, Russia, xiv. 9; xxm. 672. Kashira, town, Russia, xxm. 605. Kashkar, state, Hindu Kush, xiv. 9; XL 838. Kashmir, or Cashmere, Central Asia, valley and state, xiv. 9; xi. 823; dictionaries of language of, vil. 191; shawls of, XXL 781. Kashna (Katsena), town, Central Africa, xiv. 15; xxii. 279. Kashoubish Language, Slav dialect, xxii. 151, 154. Kasida, variety of Persian poetry, xviii. 656; xxiil. 656. Kasika Vritti, Sanskrit commentaries, XXL 292. Kasimbazar, town, India, xiv. 14. Kasimi, Persian writer, xviii. 657. Kasimoff, town, Russia, xiv. 14; XXL 116. Kasimukhians, Caucasian tribe, xiv. 475Kasipur, town, India, xxm. 59. Kasmark, town, Hungary, xiv. 53. Kasplya, river, Russia, xxn. 183. Kasr, part of remains of Babylon, ill. 182. al-Kebir, town, Morocco, xvi. 834Kassai, affluent of the Congo, Africa, xxiv. 764. Kassina (Katsena), town, Central Africa, xiv. 15; xxii. 279. Kassowitz, M., his researches on rickets, xvni. 374. Kastamuni, town, Asia Minor, xiv. 14; province, XXIIL 653. Kastenbein, Charles, his type-setting machine, xxiil 701. Kastoria, town, European Turkey, xiv. 14. Kastro, town, Imbros, /Egean Archipelago, xil. 715. , town, Lemnos, Turkey, xiv. 436. , town, Siphanto, Greek Archipelago, xxii. 95. Kasvin (Casbin), town, Persia, v. 174; xviii. 627, 628. Kaszubes, race, Russian Poland, xix. 3°9Kat, Egyptian weight, xxiv. 486. Katabolism, destructive processes in physiology, xix. 13, 19, 22, 50; xxi. 724.

239 Katahdin, mountain, Maine, U.S.A., xv. 298; xxiil 792. Kataphrygians, early Christian sect, xvi. 775. Kataplous, Lucian’s dialogue, xv. 45. Katar, pearl-fishery coast, Arabia, II. 254. Katastates, in physiology, xix. 19. Katav-Ivanovsk, town, Russia, xxiil 717. Katchup (Ketchup), sauce, xiv. 54. Kater, Henry, English physicist, xiv. 14. Katharine. See Catherine. Kathiawar, district, India, xiv. 14. Kathmandu (Khatmandu),town, Nepal, xiv. 59; xvii. 342. Katif, town, Arabia, xiv. 15. Kators, people, Kafiristan, Asia, xm. 821. Katrine, Loch, Scotland, xiv. 217; xviii. 666; xxii. 553; aqueduct from, 11. 224; water-works of, x. 642. Katsena, town, Central Africa, xiv. 15; xxii. 279. Kattowitz, town, Prussia, xiv. 15. Katty-Kurgan, town, Russian Turkestan, xxiv. 782. Kattywar (Kathiawar), district, India, xiv. 14. KATUNSKIYE Byelki, mountains, Siberia, xxiil 438. Katwa, town, Bengal, India, xiv. 15. Katyayana, Sanskrit grammarian, xxi. 292. Katzbach, river, Prussian Silesia, xxn. 52; battle of the (1813), xvn. 220. Katzenkopf, mountain, Wurtemberg, xxiv. 699. Kauai, island, Hawaiian group, XL 532Kaufbeuren, town, Bavaria, xiv. 16. KAUFFMAN, Angelica, Swiss artist, xiv. 16. Kaufmann Peak, mountain, Turkestan, xxiil 633. Kaulbach, Wilhelm von, German painter, xiv. 16. Kau-LUNG, suburb of Hong Kong, China, XIL 141. Kaumenes, islets, Thera, Greece, xxiil 280. Kaune (Kovno), town, Russia, xiv. 146. Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton, Austrian statesman, xiv. 1.8; ix. 587. Kaup, Johann J., on birds, xvin. 14, 15. Kauri, tree, of New Zealand, IX. 407; gum of, Hi. 67; xvii. 469. Kava, intoxicating drink, of South Sea Islands, xiv. 18. Kavadh L, ruler of Persia, xviii. 611. II., of Persia, XVill. 615. Kavahine, crystalline principle in kava, xiv. 18. Kavala, town, European Turkey, xiv. 18.

240

K A V —K E N

KAVANAGH, Julia, Irish novelist, XIv. Kean, Charles John, English actor, xiv. Keith, George, Quaker, friend of Penn, xviii. 496. 21. ig. , Edmund, English actor, xiv. 21; Keitum, town, Schleswig, xxii. 810. Kavele (Ujiji), town, Central Africa, Kej, town, Baluchistan, XIV. 28. his cottage in Bute, iv. 580. xxin. 719. , Moses, English pantomimist, xiv. Kelani-Ganga, river, Ceylon, v. 360. Kavelin, Constantine, Russian jurist, Kelantan, district, Malay Peninsula, 22. xxi. 108. xv. 322. Keang-nan (Nanking), ancient town, Kaveri, or Cauvery, river, India, xiv. Kelif-Usboi, valley, Transcaspian China, xvil. 172. 19; xv. 184; xvil. 123; xxiii. 47. Region, Russia, xxiii. 512. Keang-ning, town, China, xvil 171. Kavir, salt deserts, Persia, xiv. 66; Kelisman, town, Asia Minor, v. 818. Keang-se, province, China, v. 635. xviii. 621. Keller, Gottfried, Swiss writer, xxii. Keang-SOO, province, China, V. 635. Kawar (Bilma), town, Central Africa, 800. KEATS, John, English poet, Xiv. 22. in. 678. KELLERMANN, Frangois Christophe, Kawi, Java, Language and inscriptions Kebars, Papuan tribe, New Guinea, French marshal, xiv. 29. xvil 388. of, xill. 608. Kellett, Sir Henry, Arctic explorer, Keble, John, English poet, xiv. 24; Kawin, balsamic resin, xiv. 18. xix. 322. hymns by, XII. 595. Kawrati, island, Laccadives, Indian Kellgren, Johan Henrik, Swedish College, Oxford, xviii. 97. Ocean, xiv. 183. poet and critic, xiv. 29; XXII. 756. Kecho, town, Tong-King, IV. 624; VI. Kaws, American-Indian tribe, XII. 832. Kellie, Earl of, claimant of earldom of 96. Kay, John, Scottish caricaturist, xiv. Mar, xv. 525. Kecskemet, town, Hungary, xiv. 26. 19. , John, English watchmaker, asso- Kedabek, Transcaucasia, Russia, Copper Kells, town, Ireland, xiv. 29. , Book of, Irish MS., xviii. 158. works at, xxiii. 514. ciate of Arkwright, II. 541. Kedah, district, Malay Peninsula, xv. Kelly, Edward, astrologer, vn. 22. Kayak, Eskimo canoe, vm. 545. , Thomas, Irish hymn-writer, XII. 322. Kayalpatnam, town, India, xxm. Kedarnath, Temple of, Himalayas, 595405. , William, his improvements in the xi. 835. Kayasths, race of people, India, xviii. cotton-spinning mule, VI. 497. Keel, of a ship, xxi. 819. 72. , William, Plymouthist, xix. 239. Kaye (Cains), John, English physician, Keeling Islands, Indian Ocean, xiv. Kelp, source of iodine, xiv. 29; 1. 508. 26; xxii. 586. xv. 808; founder of Caius College, Keene, town, New Hampshire, U.S.A., Kelp-Pigeon, bird, xxi. 782. Cambridge, iv. 648. Kelso, town, Scotland, xiv. 30; xxi. xvii. 392. , Sir John William, historian of 34Keen-Lung, emperor of China, v. 650. India, Xiv. 19. Keep, or Donjon, in architecture, 11. Kelt, salmon, xxi. 225. Kayeli, kingdom, Celebes, v. 290. Keltai, or Celts, (q.v.), V. 297. 466. Kaza, Turkish administrative division, Kelvin, river, Scotland, xxii. 553. Keeve, mining tub, xvi. 465. xxiii. 654. Kem, name for Egypt, vil. 700. Keewatin, or Kewatin, district, NorthKazaks, Mongol tribes, xiv. 95; xvi. ' Kemal Bey, Ottoman writer, xxiii. West Territory, British America, xvil 749657. Kazala, town, Central Asia, xiv. 20. 573Kazalinsk (Kazala), town, Central Keep, or Kef, town, Tunis, xiv. 27, Kemal Pasha-zada, Turkish writer, xxiii. 656. xxiii. 620. Asia, xiv. 20; xxii. 820, 821. Kazan, government, Russia, xiv. 20; Keffi Abd es-Senga, town, Sokoto, Kem am an, district, Malay Archipelago, xv. 322. Africa, xxii 279. XXL 69. , town, Russia, xiv. 20; xxi. 70; Kefnekaise, mountain, Sweden, xxn. Kemble, Charles, English actor, xiv. 30. , John Mitchell, English scholar and observatory at, XVII. 714; university, 736historian, XIV. 30. Kehl, suburb of Strasburg, Germany, xxiii. 852. , John Philip, English actor, xiv. xxii. 589. Kazanlik, department, Roumelia, xxi. Keighley, town, England, xiv. 27; 3122. , Sarah (Mrs Siddons), English population, xxiv 748. Kazan Tartars, xxiii. 70. actress, XIV. 31; XXII. 32. Kei Islands, Indian Archipelago, xiv Kazbek, mountain, Caucasus, v. 252. Kempelen, Baron, his chess-playing 27 Kazbin (Casbin), town, Persia, V. 174. automaton, XV. 210. Kaz-Dagh, mountains, Asia Minor, II. Keilberg, mountain, Germany, vm Kempis, Thomas a, mediaeval writer, 706. 533XIV 31; XL 208; XVII. 134. Kazim, Mohammed, his description of Keilhau, Germany, Educational esKempley, Gloucestershire, England, tablishment at, ix. 793. Assam, 11. 719. Church at, XVIL 45. Kazimierz (Casimir) I., king of Poland, Keilhauite, mineral, XVI. 426. Keill, James, Scottish physician, xv. Kempten, town, Bavaria, xiv. 33. xix. 286. Ken, Thomas, English non-juring 812; xxiv. 97. II., of Poland, XIX. 287. bishop, Xiv. 33; hymns by, XII. 592. , John, on the invention of the calIII., of Poland, XIX. 288. Kendal, town, England, xiv. 34; xxiv. culus, xill. 9. IV., of Poland, xix. 289. 515, 516. Kazinczy, Ferencz, Hungarian writer, Keim, Theodor, German theologian, xiv. Kendi, Arab Christian apologist, xxii. 28; his Jesu von Nazara, xm. 672. xiv. 21; xii. 377. 848. Kazvin (Casbin), town, Persia, v. 174; Keiser, Reinhard, German musician, Kendrapara, town, India, xvii. 845. xvil 92, xviii. 627, 628. Kazwini, Zachariah b. Mohammed al, Keith, Scottish family, earls marischal Kendrew, John, inventor of flaxspinning apparatus, xiv. 664. of Scotland, xiv. 28. Arabian geographer, x. 178. , Erancis Edward James, Prussian Keneh, or Kine, town, Egypt, VIL Kea, New Zealand parrot, xvn. 354. 776. marshal, xiv. 28. Kea-King, emperor of China, v. 651.

K E N—K H A Kenelm Chillingly, Lytton’s novel, xv. 123. Kenia, mountain, Africa, 1. 250; discovered by Krapf, 1. 246, 250. Kenilworth, town, England, xiv. 35Kenites, people, south of Palestine, xviii. 175. Kenmare, river, Ireland, xiv. 51. Kennebec, river, Maine, U.S.A., xv. 298. Kennedie, "Walter, early Scottish writer, XXL 541. Kennedy, James, Scottish bishop and statesman, xxi. 494. , John Pendleton, American essayist, 1. 723. , Quintine, Knox’s dispute with, xiv. 132. , Thomas Francis, Scottish politician, xiv. 35. , William, Arctic explorer, xix. 321. Kennet, river, England, xxm. 220; xxiv. 594. , White, bishop of Peterborough, xiv. 35. Avenue, Avebury, Wilts, England, HI. 144. Kenneth I., Macalpine, king of Scotland, xxi. 477. II., of Scotland, xxi, 479. Kennicott, Benjamin, English Hebraist, xiv. 36. Kenosha, town, Wisconsin, U.S.A., xiv. 36. Kensington, part of London, xiv. 36, 822. Gardens, London, xiv. 824. Kent, county, England, xiv. 36; population and representation, xxm. 727; dialect of, vm. 391; hop-growing in, IV. 272; breed of sheep, 1. 392. , James, American jurist, xiv. 40. , William, English artist and landscape gardener, xiv. 40. Kentigern, St, Celtic missionary, xiv. 40; xxi. 474. Kentish Dialect, viii. 391. Kentish Plover, bird, xiv. 76. Kents, breed of sheep, 1. 392. Kent’s Hole, cave, Devonshire, England, 11. 115; v. 267; vii. 140. Kentucky, State, U.S.A., xiv. 41; population, xxm. 802; caves of, v. 266; xv. 448; mule-breeding in, XVII. 14. Kenyon, Lord, English chief-justice, xiv. 45. Keokuk, town, Iowa, U.S.A., xiv. 45. Kephalos, villages, Paros, Greece, xviii. 319. Kepler, Johann, German astronomer, XPV. 45; 11. 752; on astrology, 11. 743; on infinites in geometry, xm. 5; his laws of planetary motion, 11. 779; xv. 708; xvii, 441; on Napier’s logar-

ithms, XVII. 182; on the lunar theory, xvi. 800; his telescope, xxm. 136; on the tides, XXIII. 355. Keppel, province, North Borneo, XXL 123. Keraits, Mongol tribe, xvi. 743, 744. Kerak, town, Syria, xiv. 48; site of, X. 30. Keras, Greek trumpet, xxm. 593. Keratitis, eye disease, xvil 780. Keraulophon, organ pipe, xvii. 832. Kerbela, town, Asiatic Turkey, XIV. 48; pilgrimages to, xix. 93; battle of (680), xvi. 568; district, xvi. 52. Kerbing, of footways, xx. 588. Kerboga, prince of Mosul, Vi. 626. Kereli Gol, lake, Asia Minor, 11. 709; XIII. 384. Kerensk, town, Russia, xviil 515. Keresztes, Hungary, Battle of (1596), xxiii. 644. Kergonan, France, Cromlech at, XXL S1Kerguelen’s Land, island, Southern Ocean, xiv. 48; discovery of, xix. 329Kerivoula, genus of bats, xv. 411. Kerkhah, river, Persia, xv. 68. Kerkuk, or Kerkook, town, Asiatic Turkey, xiv. 49. Kerkyra (Corcyra), ancient town, Greece, Vi. 396. Kerl, Johann Caspar, German musician, xvil 90. Kerlescant, ancient monuments, Carnac, France, v. 118; xxi. 51. Kerman (Kirman), province, Persia, xiv. 99; xxi. 635. Kermanji, Kurdish language, xiv. 157. Kermanshah, town and district, Persia, xiv. 100; xviil 628. Kermario, ancient monuments, Carnac, France, v. 118; XXL 51. Kermes, insect and crimson dye from it, xiv. 49. Kermesite, mineral, xvi. 396. Keener, Anton, on Alpine plants, 1. 634, Justinus Andreas, German writer, xiv. 50. Kerns, town, Switzerland, xxin. 858. Kerouan (Kairwan), town, Tunis, xm. 824. Kerowly (Karauli), state, India, xiv. 4; xx. 260; town, xiv. 4. Kerry, county, Ireland, xiv. 50; population and representation, xxm. 727. Kersal Moor, near Manchester, England, xv. 459. Kertch, town, Russia, xiv. 52; vi 586. Kesab Chandra Sen, Brahman reformer, iv. 201. Kesav-Das, Hindi -writer, XL 846. Kesmark, town, Hungary, xiv. 53. Kesselkoppe, mountain, Germany, xx. 552.

241 Kessler, K., on birds, xviil 27. Kesteven, division of Lincolnshire, England, xiv. 655. Kestrel, bird, xiv. 53. Keswick, town, England, xiv. 54. Keszthely, town, Hungary, xiv. 54. Ketans, Manchu tribe, xv. 467. Ketchup, sauce, xiv. 54. Keti, town, India, xiv. 54. Ketilmundsson, Mats, Swedish regent, xxii. 746. Ketmia (Gumbo), plant, xi. 276. Ketones, organic compounds, in chemistry, v. 568. Kettering, town, England, xiv. 54; xvil 556. Kettledrum, musical instrument, vii. 479Kettle Falls, Columbia river, U.S.A., xxiv. 386. Ketubim, part of the Hebrew canon, in. 635. Keturah, of Scripture, xxiv. 738. Keunjhar, or Keunjur, state, India, xiv. 54. Keunthal, state, India, xiv. 54. Kew, town, England, xiv. 55; herbarium at, XL 716; observatory at, XVII. 710. Gardens, near London, xi. 716; under Aiton’s superintendence, 1. 431; under Hooker’s, xn. 153. Kew-Keang Foo, town, China, xiv. 55; v. 636. Key, for lock, xiv. 744. , Francis Scott, American poet, 1. 722. , Lough, Ireland, xx. 850. Keya Paha, river, Nebraska, U.S.A., XVIL 307. Keyboard, of musical instrument, xix. 65. Keye, John, founder of Caius College, Cambridge, iv. 648; xv. 808. Keyham, Dockyard at, England, vii. 315, 3i8. Keys, rocky islets, Florida, U.S.A., ix. 338. , for fastening rails, xx. 241. , House of, Isle of Man, xv. 452. Keyser, J. R., Norwegian historian, xvil 592. , Thomas de, Dutch painter, xx. 374Keyserling, Alexander, on birds, xviii. 26. Key-Stone, in architecture, 11. 466. Key West, island and town, Florida, U.S.A., xiv. 55. Kezanlyk (Kasanlik), town, Roumelia, Turkey, XIV. 7. Khabarovka, town, Siberia, Russia, xiv. 56; xv. 548, 549. Khabur (Chaboras), affluent of Euphrates, viii. 669; xvi. 47. Khadar, district, India, XXII. 98. Khadija, wife of Mohammed, XVI. 546. XXV. - 31

K H A —K H u Khmer, people, Cambodia, iv. 725. Khafra, or Chephren, king of Egypt, Khargeh, or Kharija, oasis, Africa, Khnum, Egyptian deity, 1. 740; VII. xvil 695. v. 582; vii. 733; pyramid of, xx. 718. Kharijites, Moslem dissenters, xvi. 123. Kho, tribe, Hindu Kush, xiv. 9. 560, 564, 569, 571, 592. Khagasses, people, Siberia, XXII. 11. Kharimkotan, island, Kuriles, Asia, Khoi, town and district, Persia, xiv. Khagaul, town, India, xviii. 409. 65; xviii. 626. xiv. 160. Khaibar, Arabia, Mohammed’s attack Khoi-Khoin, South-African race, XII. Kharizmi, Al, on numerals, xvil 626. upon (628), xvi. 557. 3°9Khairabad, town, India, xiv. 56; Kharizmians, their invasion of the Khojah Dynasty, Kashgar, Central Holy Land, xxm. 162. xviii. 72; XXII. 102. Asia, xiv. 8. Kharizm Shahs, Empire of the, xxm. Khairagarh, state, Central Provinces, Khojend, town, Turkestan, xiv. 65; 660. See Khwarizm. India, xx. 257. xxil 821. Khairigarh, district, Oudh, India, Kharkoff, government, Russia, xiv. Khokand, town, Turkestan, xiv. 65; 57; xxi. 69. xviii. 71. ix. 85; XVIII. 101. , town, Russia, xiv. 57; XXL 70; Khairpur, town, India, xiv. 56. Kholui, village, Russia, xxiv. 271. university of, xxin. 852. Khaizoran, mother of Haroun al RasKhongs, race of people, Siam, xxi. 852. Kharput, town, Armenia, xiv. 57. chid, xvi. 581. Khoni, town, Transcaucasia, Russia, Khajuna Language, on upper Indus, Khartum, or Khartoum, town, Egypt, xxiii. 514. xiv. 58; 1. 267; xvil 507, 610. x. 598. Khas, aboriginal race, Indo-Chinese Khons (Chons), Egyptian deity, v. 685. Khakani, Persian writer, xviii. 658. Khonsar, town, Persia, xiv. 66. Peninsula, xiv. 294. Khaldoun,. Ibn, Arabic writer, xn. KHASH-RUD, river, Afghanistan, I. 229. Khoper, river, Russia, xxi. 74. 609; xxiii. 5. Khasi and Jaintia Hills, district, Khoraiza, Arab tribe, xvi. 556. Khalid, Bani, Arab tribes, xvn. 773. India, xiv. 58; heavy rainfall in, 11. Khoramabad, town, Persia, xiv. 66. ben al-Walid, Moslem leader, Khorasan, or Khorassan, province, 691. xvi. 562. Persia, xiv. 66; 1. 228; xvi. 44; xviii. Khassia Language, Dictionary of, Khalifa (Caliph), Mohammedan sove626; insurrection in, xvill. 651; great vii. 191. reign, iv. 706; xvi. 589, 591; XXII. salt desert of, xvin. 621. Khatib, Mohammedan preacher, xxil 661. , Veiled Prophet of (Al-Mokanna), 662. Khalifah, Hajji, Arabic writer, XI. xvi. 44, 580, 608. Khatmandu, town, Nepal, xiv. 59; 377Khor Nowarat, bay, Red Sea, xx xvil 342. Khali fate (Caliphate), The Eastern, 316. Khausar, river, Nineveh, xvn. 512. xvi. 565. Khayal, Mohammed Taki, Persian Khorol, town, Russia, xix. 410. Khalil, shah of Persia, xviii. 632. Khorsabad, ruins of Nineveh, II. 398; writer, xvm. 657. , El, or Hebron, Palestine, XL 608. XVIL 512. Khalkhas, Mongol tribes, xvi. 744, Khayyam, Omar b. Ibrahim al, Persian mathematician, xvil 771; xviii, 658. Khorsum, region, Tibet, xxm. 340. 749Khalki, one of Princes Islands, Sea of Khazael, tribe, Mesopotamia, xvi. 52. Khoshots, or Khoshod, tribe of Mongols, iv. 710; xvi. 744, 749Khazarasp, town, Khiva oasis, Asia, Marmora, xix. 742. Khosrau, or Chosroes, L, king of xiv. 64. Khallikan, Ibn, Arabic writer, XII. Persia, xvili. 612. Khazaria, ancient territory, south609; xxiii. 5. II., of Persia, xviii. 614; capture eastern Russia, xiv. 59. Kham, region, Tibet, xxm. 339. of Jerusalem by, Vi. 622. Khazars, ancient people, Caucasus, Khamar-Daban, mountain, Siberia, , Amir, Persian poet, xvni. 659. xiv. 59; xxi. 78. xxii. 3; xxiii. 509. , Nasir b., Persian poet, xvn. 237; Khazna, ruin, at Petra, Syria, xvin. Khamgaon, town, India, xiv. 56. xviii. 658. 705. Khamis bar Kardahe, Syriac hymnand Shirin, poem of Nizami, Khedive, title of sovereign of Egypt, writer, xxil. 855. xvil 522. vii. 766, 784. Khammuragas, dynasty of Babylon, Khelat, town, Baluchistan, xiv. 61; Khotan, town and district, Turkestan, Hi. 185. xiv. 67; xxiii. 639; xxiv. 728. in. 302. Khamsah, district, Persia, xvin. 627. Khemnitzer, Ivan, Russian fabulist, Khoteen (Khotin), town, Russia, xiv. Khamti, Shan language, XXL 774. 67. xxi. 106. Khan, Eastern inn, V. 85. • , or Kaan, title, its application, Xiv. Kheraskoff, Michael, Russian poet, Khotes, Mahratta landed proprietors, India, xv. 290. XXL 106. 150. Khotin, town, Russia, xiv. 67. Kheri, district, India, XIV. 61. Khandesh, district, India, xiv. 56. Kherson, government, Russia, xiv. 61; Khowarij, Arab sect, 11. 250. Khandla, town, India, xvn. 114. Khri-srong ldeu-btsan, Tibetan xxi. 69; town, xiv. 62. Khandpara, state, India, xiv. 57; king, xiv. 229; xxiii. 345. KHERWA, town, Bornu, Africa, XIV. 153. town, xvil. 845. Khiao, chief ruler of the Laos, Indo- Khuarezm (Khwarizm, q.v.), kingdom, Khands, race, India, xv. 185. xiii. 621. Chinese Peninsula, xiv. 294. Khandwa, town, India, xiv. 57; xvn. Khudabanda, Muhammad, shah of KHIMARA, mountains, Albania, I. 447. 509. Persia, xviii. 637. Khinalugh, Caucasian tribe, xiv. 475. Khangka, lake, Siberia, xxil 5. Khania (Canea), town, Crete, iv. 806; Khing-ab, affluent of the Oxus, Central Khufu (Cheops), king of Egypt, v. 582; VII. 732; pyramid of, XX. 123. Asia, xviii. 103. vi. 572. Khan-Tengri, mountain, Turkestan, Khingan Mountains, Siberia, xxil Khulm, province and river, Afghanistan, I. 242. 3; xxiii. 510. xxiii. 633, Khiva, khanate, Turkestan, xiv. 62; Khulna, town, India, xiv. 67. Kharayok, river, Siam, XXL 850. Khuns (Chons), Egyptian divinity, v. town, xiv. 65; xviii. 101. Kharezm (Khwarizm, q.v.), ancient 685; Vii. 718. Khmelnik, town, Russia, xix. 254. kingdom, Turkestan, xiv. 62.

K H U—K I N Khurasan (Khorasan, q.v.), province, Persia, xiv. 66; xvm. 621, 626, 651. Khurja, town, India, xiv. 68. Khursheed, pasha, Egypt, vn. 761. Khurustabad, ruins of Nineveh, xvn. 512. Khushab, town, India, xiv. 68. Khuzistan, province, Persia, xiv. 68. Khvatynsk, town, Russia, xxi. 305. Khwaja Kidhr, island, Sind, India, xxii. 90. Khwalisses, or Khazars, xiv. 59. Khwarizm, ancient kingdom (empire of the Khwarizm shahs), Asia, XIV. 62; xiii. 621; xvi. 740; xviii. 101; xxiii. 162, 660. Khwasa, town, India, xxi. 665. Khybar Pass, Afghanistan, 1. 240; district of Punjab, XX. 109. KHYRABAD (Khairabad), town, India, xiv. 56; xviii. 72; XXII. 102. Khyrpoor (Khairpur), town, India, xiv. 56. Kiachta, or Kiakhta, town, Siberia, XIV. 68; XXIII. 511; xxiv. 11. Kiang-hai, town, Siam, xxi. 853. Kiang Hung, Shan state, Burmah, xxi. 773Kiang Tung, Shan state, Burmah, xxi. 773Kiaring, lake, Tibet, xxiii. 339. Kiat, town, Khiva oasis, Asia, xiv. 64. Kickelhahn, mountain, Germany, xxi. 349Kid, Skins of, for tanning, xiv. 380, 389; for gloves, x. 692. Kidd, Captain William, English adventurer, xxii. 257. Kiddaw, bird, xi. 262. Kidderminster, town, England, xiv. 68; Baxter’s work of reformation in, ill. 455; carpets of, v. 129. Kidjang, or Kidang, deer, xvn. 32; xiii. 602. Kidnapping, in law, xiv. 69. Kidney-Bean, vegetable, xn. 283. Kidneys, their functions, xvii. 683; diseases of, xvm. 386; Bright’s disease, IV. 345; surgery of, xxii. 691; of mammals, xv. 366. Kidron, brook, Jerusalem, xiii. 636. Kiefer, tree, xix. 103. Kieff, government, Russia, xiv. 69; xxi. 69; principality, xxi. 89. , town, Russia, xiv. 69; xxi. 70; observatory at, xvn. 714; pilgrimages to, xix. 95; university of, xxiii. 852. Kieft, William, director, New Netherland, America, xvii. 454. Kiel, town, Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, Xiv. 71; xxi. 415; observatory at, xvii. 712; university, xxiii. 850. Kielce, town, Russian Poland, xiv. 71; government, xix. 309. Kielland, Alexander, Norwegian novelist, XVII. 592. Kier, bleaching apparatus, m. 813.

Kierkegaard, Soren, Danish philosopher, xiv. 72; vie 93. KlESELGUHR, absorbent of nitroglycerin, vii. 583; xvii. 521. Kieserite, mineral, xv. 217; xvi. 401; xix. 588. Kieserle, mountain, Germany, xxi. 348. Kiev (Kieff, q.v.), town, Russia, xiv. 69. Kilauea, volcano, Hawaii, x. 243; xi. 53iKilbrickenite, mineral, xvi. 395. Kilcrea Abbey, Cork, Ireland, vi. 405. Kilcullen, Ireland, Round tower of, XXL 22. Kildare, county, Ireland, xiv. 72; population and representation, xxm. 727; town, xiv. 73. , Earls of, Xlll. 260, 261. Kildrummy Castle, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, 1. 45; defence of (1335), xv. 524. Kilham, Alexander, Wesleyan sectary, xvi. 189. Kilia, town, Roumania, xiv. 73. Kilian, St, apostle of Franconia, xiv. 73Kilig Arslan, Seljuk prince, xxi. 636. Kilimane (Quilimane), town, East Africa, xx. 180; xvir. 7. Kilimanjaro, mountain, East Africa, xiv. 73; 1. 250. KlLIS (Killiz), town, Syria, Xiv. 76. Kilkenny, county, Ireland, xiv. 74; population and representation, xxiii. 727; coal, 11. 106. , town, Ireland, xiv. 75; statute of (1366), xiii. 259. Killarney, town, Ireland, xiv. 75. , Lakes of, Ireland, xiii. 216; xiv. 51, 76. Killdeer, bird, xiv. 76; xix. 228. Killiecrankie, Scotland, Battle of (1689), vii. 539; xxi. 517. Killing Times, Scotland, xxi. 517. KlLLlNGTON, mountain, Vermont, U.S.A., xxiii. 792. Killingworth, George, his beard, m. 464. Railway, England, xx. 224. Killin Hill, cromlech, Ireland, xv. 25. Killinite, mineral, xvi. 416, 425. Killiz, town, Syria, xiv. 76. Kilmarnock, town, Scotland, xiv. 76. Kilmeny, Hogg’s fairy tale, XII. 51. Kilns, ix. 840; for brickmaking, iv. 283; for smelting iron ores, Xiii. 291; maltsters’, IV. 269; for baking pottery, xix. 602, 619, 638, 643. Kilogramme, standard of weight, xxiv. 480, 490. Kilsyth, town, Scotland, xiv. 77; xxn. 554; battle of (1645), xvi. 796. Kilt, part of dress, of Scottish High-

243 landers, v. 801; vi. 478; of early Irish, xiii. 257. Kiltan, island, Laccadives, Indian Ocean, xiv. 183. Kilwinning, town, Scotland, xiv. 77. Kima, New Guinea mussel, xvii. 389. Kimberley, town, South Africa, xiv. 77i xi. 204. , district, Western Australia, xxiv. 507. Kimeridge Clay, in geology, iv. 728; x. 356. Kimhi, or Kimchi, Rabbi David, Jewish grammarian, xiv. 77. Kimpulung, town, Roumania, xiv. 78. Ki-Mvita, language, East Africa, xxii. 729Kin, Next of, in law, xiii. 198. , dynasty of China, v. 647. Kinabalu, mountain, North Borneo, iv. 56; xxi. 123. Kinabatangan, river, North Borneo, XXL 123. Kincardine, county, Scotland, xiv. 78; area and population, xxi. 528; representation, XXIII. 727. Kinchinjinga, or Kinchinjunga, mountain, Himalayas, xi. 825; xvii. 340. Kin-chow Foo, town, China, v. 641. Kindeh, kingdom, Arabia, 11. 255. Kindergarten, educational institution, xiv. 79; vii. 678; ix. 793. Kindred, or Consanguinity, vi. 291; ix. 18; personal names based on, xvii. 169; in totem tribes, xxiii. 472. Kine, town, Egypt, vn. 776. Kinematics, branch of dynamics, vii. 582; xv. 678; xix. 2; of fluids, xii. 461; diagrams in, VII. 149. Kinetic Energy, viii. 206. Kinetics, branch of dynamics, xix. 2. Kinetic Theory, of diffusion of gases, vii. 215. Kineton, town, England, xxiv. 379, King, title, xxiii. 417; relations of, to nobility, xvii. 530; prerogatives of, XIX. 673; ancient Roman, XX. 732. , Edward, friend of Milton, xvi. 326. , Philip Parker, Australian explorer, in. 104; xxiv. 509. , Rufus, United States politician, xxiii. 748. , W., on brachiopods, iv. 189. , William, archbishop of Dublin, xiv. 80. Arthur’s Round Table, Westmorland, England, xxiv. 516. King-Bird, xiv. 80. King Charles Land, island, Spitzbergen, xxii. 408. King Charles’s South Land, island, Tierra del Fuego, XXIII. 384. King-chow Foo, town, Manchuria, xv. 466. King-Crab, crustacean, vi. 662.

244

K I N—K I S

KlN-LING (Nanking), ancient town, KiRKE, Edward, friend of Edmund King-Fish, xxiv. 738. Spenser, xxii. 393. China, xvil. 171. Kingfisher, bird, xiv. 81. King George’s Sound, Western Kinmont Willie, his rescue from Kirki, or Kirkee, town, India, xiv. 99. Carlisle Castle, v. 109. Australia, xxiv. 507. Linlithgowshire, Kirkintilloch, town, Scotland, xiv. King Hart, Gawain Douglas’s poem, Kinneil House, 99. Scotland, xiv. 670. vie 377. Kinghorn, town, Scotland, 1. 491; ix. Kino, drug, xiv. 90, 382; tree, viii. 650. Kirk-Kilissia, town, European Turkey, xiv. 99. KINROSS, county, Scotland, XIV. 91; area 152. and population, XXL 528; representa- Kirk Lar, monument, Daghestan, CauKing Horn, early English romance, casus, vii. 105. tion, xxiil 727; town, xiv. 92. viii. 410; xx. 658. King Lear, Shakespeare’s play, xxi. Kinsale, town, Ireland, xiv. 92; Kirkstall Abbey, Yorkshire, England, 1. 18; xxiv. 749. fisheries at, VI. 403; IX. 264. 764Kin-sha-Kiang (Di-chu), river, Tibet, Kirkwall, town, Orkney, Scotland, Kinglet, bird, XIV. 82. xiv. 99; xvii. 848. xxiil 339. Kingo, Thomas, Danish poet and hymnKiobenhavn (Copenhagen, q.v.), capital Kirman, province, Persia, xiv. 99; xxi. writer, VII. 90. 635; town, xviii. 627, 628. of Denmark, VI. 343. Ki-Ngozi, language, Africa, xxn. 729. Shah (Bahram IV.), king of Persia, Kings, First and Second Books of, xiv. Kioto, town, Japan, xiv. 92; xm. xviii. 610. 8 5773Kingsborough, Lord, on Mexican anti- Kiowas, American-Indian tribe, xii. Kirmanshahan, Kermanshah, or Karmanshah, town and district, Persia, 832. quities, 11. 450; xvi. 206. xiv. 100; xviii. 628. Kingsbridge, suburb of New York, Kipchaks, Mongol tribes, xvi. 746, KlR-MOAB, town, Syria, XIV. 48. 747; xxiii. 660, 661. xvil. 458. King’s College, Aberdeen, Scotland, Kippis, Andrew, English writer, xiv. 93. Kirriemuir, town, Scotland, xiv. 100. KlPPURE, mountains, Ireland, VII. 495; Kirsanoff, town, Russia, xiv. 100; i- 43xxiil 41. xxiv. 557. King’s College, Cambridge, iv. 730. Kirschwasser, liqueur, v. 586. Kips, skins for tanning, xiv. 380, 386. King’s College, London, xxiil 854. King’s County, Ireland, xiv. 86; Kir, branch of Nile, Africa, xvii. 506, Kir Song de Tsan (Khri-srong Ideubtsan), king of Tibet, xiv. 229; xxiv. 508. population and representation, XXIII. Kiratis, country, Nepal, xvil 340. 345727. Kirby, William, English entomologist, Kirtland, Ohio, U.S.A., first Mormon King’s Evil, disease, xxi. 554. settlement, xvi. 826. xiv. 93. Kingship, in early England, vm. 273, Kircher, Athanasius, German scholar Kirwan (Kairwan), town, Tunis, xm. 281. 824; xvi. 865; xxiii. 620. and mathematician, Xiv. 93; inventor Kings’ Hows, barrow, Upsala, Sweden, of magic lantern, xv. 211; on whirl- Kirwanite, mineral, xvi. 415. in. 398. Kirzhatch, town, Russia, xxiv. 271. pools, xxiv. 541. King’s Inns, legal school, Dublin, xm. KlRCHHEIM - UNTER - TECK, town, KlS, John, Hungarian writer, XII. 377. 9°. Kisfaludy, Karoly, Hungarian poet, Wiirtemberg, Xiv. 94. KINGSLEY, Charles, English poet and xiv. 100; xii. 377. novelist, xiv. 88; on Christian social- Kirchhoff, Gustav R., on radiation, , Sandor, Hungarian poet, Xiv. 101; xx. 215. ism, XXII. 210. xii. 377. , Johann W. A., on the Greek King’s Lynn, town, England, xv. 109; Kish, of Scripture, xxi. 322. alphabet, I. 610. xvil 536. , island, Persian Gulf, xiv. 101. King’s Mountain, Sligo, Ireland, xxn. Kirghiz, Tartar tribes, xiv. 94 ; xxn. Kishanganga, river, India, xiv. 10. 819, 820; xxiii. 636. 159. King’s Quhair (or Quair), poem by Kir-Hareseth (Kerak), town, Syria, KlSHANGARH, Kishengurh, or Krishnagarh, state, India, Xiv. 101; xx. xiv. 48. James I. of Scotland, viii. 413; xm. 260. Kiria, town, Turkestan, xiv. 67; xxiii. 566; XXL 540. Kishicoquilis, valley, Pennsylvania, Kingston, town, Ontario, Canada, xiv. 639U.S.A., xviii. 499. Kirigalpota, mountain, Ceylon, v. 89; xvii. 775. Kishi-Kashi, town, Zanzibar, Africa, , town, Jamaica, xm. 550. 359xxiv. 768. , town, New York, U.S.A., xiv. 89. Kirin, town, Manchuria, xiv. 96 ; xv. Kishineff, or Kishlanow', town, Mol466; province, XV. 466. , W. H. Giles, English writer of davia, xiv. 101; xxi. 70. Kirjath Area, or Hebron, town, Palesboys’ stories, xiv 90. Kishm, island, Persian Gulf, xiv. 102. tine, XL 608. Kingston-on-Thames, town, England, Kirk, Prof., on New Zealand timbers, Kishr, husk of coffee berry, 11. 238. xiv. 89; xxii. 694. Kis-Marton (Eisenstadt), town, Hunxvil. 469. Kingston-UPON-Hull, town, England, gary, vii. 790. Kirkaldy, of Grange, Scottish statesxii. 340. Kiso-GAWA, river, Japan, xm. 572. man, xxi. 502. Kingstown, town, Ireland, xiv. 90; Kiss, form of greeting, xxi. 236. Kirkby, John, Gibbon’s tutor, x. 573. vii. 494. , Augustus, German sculptor, xxi. Kendal, or Kendal, town, Eng, town, St Vincent, West Indies, 566. land, xiv. 34; xxiv. 515, 516. XXL 201. Lonsdale, town, England, xxiv. Kissingen, town, Bavaria, xiv. 102; King-Tih Chin, town, China, xiv. 90. artesian well at, 11. 645 ; mineral 5!5, 516. King William’s Town, Cape Colony, water of, xvi. 434. Kirkcaldy, town, Scotland, xiv. 96. xiii. 817. Kini-balu, or Kinabalu, mountain and Kirkcudbright, county, Scotland, xiv. Kissy, town, Sierra Leone, West Africa, xxii. 45. 97; area and population, xxi. 528; lake, Borneo, iv. 56; xxi. 123. Kistna, district, India, xiv. 102. representation, xxiii. 727. Kinkajou, carnivorous mammal, xv. , river, India, xiv. 103; xv. 184. , town, Scotland, xiv. 98. 441.

K I T —K N U

245 Kitay-Gorod, quarter of Moscow, Kl^ber, Jean Baptiste, French general, Knight, Charles, English author and Russia, xvi. 867. xiv. 108. publisher, xiv. no; xviii. 538; his Kit-Cat Club, London, xiv. 103. Klein, Jakob T., on birds, xviii. 5; his Cyclopaedia, vm. 204. Kitchen-Middens, prehistoric shellcontributions to zoology, xxiv. 804. Fee, or Knight’s Fee, Holder of, heaps, 11. 116. , Julius Leopold, German dramatist, 11. 568; xiv. 112. Kite, bird, xiv. 103. xiv. 108. Kit’s Coity (or Cotty) House, crom- Kleinseite, part of Prague, Bohemia, Knighthood, xiv. no; distraint of, xxiv. 695; precedence in, xix. 664; lech, Kent, England, m. 162; xxi. xix. 658. romances of, xx. 633; scutage of, xxi. 52. Kleist, Ewald Christian von, German 572. Kittatinny Mountains, New Jersey, writer, x. 534. Knight of the Shire, xviii. 305. U.S.A., XVII. 396; valley, xxm. 793, , Heinrich von, German dramatist, Knights, The, of Aristophanes, 11. 508. 794x. 543, Teutonic, military order, XXiil. Kittigalis, tribe, Kafiristan, Asia, Klettenberg, Susanna K. von, friend 201. xiii. 822. of Goethe, x. 723. of the Holy Sepulchre, miliKittitass, district, Washington Ter- Klettgau, district, Switzerland, xxi. tary order, xxi. 670. ritory, U.S.A., xxiv. 386. 386. of Labour, political society, Kittiwake, bird, xi. 274. Kleve (Cleves), town, Prussia, v. 829. U.S.A., xxiii. 786. Kittlitz, Friedrich H., on birds, xvni. Klias, river, North Borneo, xxi. 123. of St John, Malta, xv. 343; xxi. 13Klingenstierna, Samuel, on telescope 173Kitto, John, English Biblical writer, construction, xxm. 138. of the Sword, at Riga, xx. xiv. 104. Klinger, Friedrich Maximilian von, 554Kitzingen, town, Bavaria, xiv. 104. German writer, x. 540. Templars, xvi. 709; xxiii. 160. Kiung-chow Foo (Hainan), island, Klings, people, Malacca, xv. 323. Kniprode, Weinrich von, grand-master China, XI. 374; town, xi. 375. Klintzy, town, Russia, xiv. 108. of Teutonic Knights, xxiii. 201. Kiuprili (Koprili), town, Turkey in Klippspringer, antelope, 11. 101. Knitting, manufacture, xiv. 127; xn. Europe, xiv. 140. Klipstad, mountain, South Africa, 299. Kiushiu, island, Japan, xm. 569. xxiii. 517. Knockanarian, mountain, Ireland, Kiutahia, town, Asia Minor, xiv. Klipsteinite, mineral, xvi. 425. xxiv. 400. 162. a Klonowicz, Sebastian F., Polish poet, Knock-Knee, Surgical treatment of, Kiwi, bird, xiv. 104; xvn. 469. 1. 93; xix. 301. xxii. 692. Ki-yuen, town, Manchuria, xv. 466. Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb, German Knockmealdown, mountain, Ireland, Kizil Agatch, gulf, Caspian Sea, v. poet, Xiv. 108; X. 535; hymns by, xxiv. 400. 177XII. 588. Knole House, Kent, England, xiv. 40. Kizil Arslan, Persian prince, xvn. Kloster-Heilsbronn, town, Bavaria, Knolles, Richard, English historian, 522. xi. 624. xiv. 127. Kizil Arvat, town, Transcaspian Klosterneuburg, town, Austria, xiv. Knot, Knots, Theories of, xiv. 127; Region, Russia, xvi. 42; xxiii. 512. 109. sailors’, xiv. 128; xxi. 590. Kizilbashes, Persianized Turks, in Kloster-Zeven (Closter-Seven), Prus, bird, xiv. 129. Afghanistan, 1. 235; in Khiva, xiv. sia, Convention of (1757), v. 74 ; vi. Knott’s Observatory, Cuckfield, 64; in Central Asia, xxm. 661. 706; ix. 588. England, xvn. 711. Kizil Irmak, river, Asia Minor, 11. Klyazma, river, Russia, xxiv. 279. Knout, Introduction of, in Russia, xxi. 707. Knaresborough, town, England, xiv. 91Kizil-Kum, district, Syr-Daria, Asia, 109. Knowledge, different meanings of the xxii. 820. Knebellite, mineral, xvi. 410. word, XX. 49; in metaphysics, XVI. 80; Kizil-su, river, Turkestan, xxm. 633. Knebworth House, Herts, England, xviii. 793; relation of, to belief, 111. Kizil Uezen (or Uzain), river, Persia, xi. 772. 533; to logic, xiv. 782, 797; CondilXIII. 213; XVIIJ. 620. Knee-Breeches, Introduction of, vi. lac’s theory of, vi. 251; Fichte’s, ix. Kizil-Yart, mountains, Central Asia, 474137; Hume’s, xii. 352; in Kant’s xviii. 103. Knee-Joint, Muscles of the, 1. 840. philosophy, xiii. 850; Locke’s views Kizliar, or Kizlar, town, Russia, xiv. Knee-Pan, Anatomy of the, 1. 829. on, xiv. 758, 761; Platonic, xix. 205; 106; xxiii. 186. Kneller, Sir Godfrey, painter, xiv. Socratic, xxii. 237j 266; Stoic theory Kpempeviser, Danish ballads, vn. 90. 109. of, xxii. 565, 566; Xenophanes’s, Kjolen Mountains, Norway, xvn Kniazhnin, Russian dramatist, xxi. xxiv. 719. 575106. Knowles, James Sheridan, English Kladno, town, Bohemia, xiv. 106. , Franciszek D., Polish court-poet, dramatist, xiv. 129. Klagenfurt, town, Austria, xiv. 106. xix. 303. Know-Nothing Party, in United Klamath, river, Oregon, U.S.A., xvn. Knickerbocker’s History of New States, xxiii. 770. 822. York, Irving’s work, xm. 372. Knox, Henry, American Revolutionary Klang, town, Malay Peninsula, xxn. Kniebishohen, mountain, Black Forest, general, xxiii. 789. 587; river, xv. 321. Germany, xxiv. 700. , John, Scottish Reformer, xiv. 130; Klaproth, Heinrich Julius von, Knies, Karl, German economist, xix. xxi. 500; his attitude towards Queen German Orientalist, xiv. 107. 391Mary, xv. 595; on the church and Klaprothite, mineral, xvi. 394. Knife, its manufacture, vi. 734. education in Scotland, xix. 680. Klattau, town, Bohemia, xiv. 107. Knigge, Baron Adolf von, German Knoxville, town, Tennessee, U.S.A., Klausenburg, town, Hungary, xiv. mystic, xn. 706. xiv. 134. ^ 107; university of, xxm. 852. Knight, Knights, of chivalry, xiv. Knutsson, Charles, viceroy, Sweden, Klausthal, town, Prussia, xiv. 108. no; military service by, 11. 568. xxii. 746.

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Knutsson, Torkel, regent of Sweden, Kolcsev, Ferencz, Hungarian poet and Konieh, province, Asiatic Turkey, XII. 696; xxiii. 653; town, xv. 92. orator, xiv. 137; xn. 377. xxii. 745. Koniggratz, town, Bohemia, xiv. Koldewey, Captain Karl, German Koala, Australian bear, XV. 379, 382, 138; battle of (1866), in. 140; x. Arctic explorer, xix. 323. 383Su. Kolding, town, Denmark, XIV. 137. Kobe, town, Japan, xi. 851; xm. 578; Konigine, mineral, xvi. 402. Kolen (Kjolen), mountains, Sweden, XVIII. in. Koniginhof, town, Bohemia, xiv. xxii. 736. Kobellite, mineral, xvi. 395. 138. Kobelyaki, town, Russia, xiv. 134; Kolhapur, state and town, India, xiv. Konigsberg, town, Prussia, xiv. 138; 137xix. 410. xx. 16; library of, xiv. 546; observKolikod (Calicut), town, India, iv. Kobrin, town, Russia, xiv. 134. atory, xvii. 712; university, 1. 451; 693Kobt (Coptos), ancient town, Egypt, VI. xxiii. 844. Kolin, town, Bohemia, xiv. 137; battle 355Konigshutte, town, Prussia, xiv. 139; of (1757), ni. 127. Koburg (Coburg), town, Germany, VI. xxii. 53. Kolinsky, Skins of, ix. 838. 91. Konigsmark, »Hans Christoph von, Kollar, Jan, Bohemian poet, xxil. Koburger, Antony, early German his siege of Athens (1687), in. 10. 152. bookseller, iv. 39. —, Philipp Christoph von, lover of Kollataj, Polish statesman and writer, Koch, race, India, xn. 791. Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, x. 420; xix. 304. Kochanowski, Jan, Polish poet, xix. xxii. 263. Kolliker, Rudolf Albert, naturalist 300. Konigsspitze, peak, Rhsetian Alps, 1. and anatomist, 1. 131, 132; vm. 166, Kochowski, Vespasian, Polish writer, 627; xxiv. 45. 168. xix. 302. Konigstein, mountain, Transylvania, Kock, Charles Paul de, French novel- Kollyrite, mineral, xvi. 424. xxiii. 521. Kolmar (Colmar), town, German Alsace, ist, xiv. 134. Konitz, town, Russia, xiv. 139. vi. 150. , Port de, town, Sumatra, xxii. 639. Koniyeh (Konieh), town, Turkey in Koln (Cologne, q.v.), town, Germany, Kodaikanal, town, India, xv. 192. Asia, xil. 696. vi. 151. Kodas, town, South Africa, xvn. 168. Konjakoff Kamen, mountain, Russia, Kolno, town, Russia, xiv. 817. Kodor, river, Caucasus, v. 253. xxiv. 4. KODOSHIM, part of the Mishnah, XVI. KOLOKOL, Russian periodical, XI. 774 Konlite, mineral, xvi. 429. xxi. 108. 5°5Kolomea, or Kolomyia, town and Konoshioni, American-Indian tribes, Kodungalur, town, India, xiv, 135. xvii. 454. district, Austria, xiv. 137. Koeme Oil, xvii. 744. Konotop, town, Russia, xiv. 139; Kolomenskoye, village, Russia, xvi. Koenig, Rudolphe, on acoustics, 1. no, xxiil 96. 859. 115, II7. n8. Konsbergite, mineral, xvi. 382. Kolomna, town, Russia, xiv. 138. Koepflin, Wolfgang Fabricius (Capito), KONSK, town, Poland, XX. 218. Ko-LOS, Chinese tribe, xvi. 224. German divine, v. 73. Konstantinograd, town, Russia, Kolougis, people of Algeria, 1. 564. Kogia, genus of cetacean mammals, XV. xix. 410. Kolozsvar, Hungary, University of, 396Koodoo, antelope, 11. 101. xxiil. 852. Kohat, district, India, XIV. 135; XX. Koom (Kum), town, Persia, xiv. 1555 Kols, people, India, xxii. 94. 109; town, Xiv. 135. xviii. 626, 628. Koltzoff, Russian poet, xxi. 107. Koh-i-noor, diamond, vn. 166. KOOSEN, Johann Heinrich, his experiKohistan (Irak Adjemi), province, KOLUCHIN Bay, Eastern Siberia, xv. ment in magnetization, XV. 253. 547Persia, xm. 213. Kootub, or Kutab, minaret, Delhi, xxi. Kohl, Johann Georg, German traveller Kolyma, river, Siberia, xxiv. 726. 22; vil. 47. Kolyvan, town, Asiatic Russia, xxii. and writer, xiv. 136. Kopal, town, Russia in Asia, XXL 641. n; xxiii. 439. Kohl-Rabi, vegetable, iv. 618; xn. Kopaonik, mountain, Servia, xxi. Kolzum, town, Egypt, xxii. 620. 283; culture of, 1. 370. 686. Kohlrausch, Rudolf H. A., his elec- Komarit, mineral, xvi. 425. Kopczynski, Onufry, Polish gramKomeh, lake island, Central Africa, trical investigations, VIII. 39, 42; on marian, xix. 303. xvii. 504. electrolysis, vn. 219; vm. 48. Kopenick, town, Prussia, xiv. 139. Komensky, Johann Amos (Comenius), Kohluga Pass, Central Asia, xn. 3. Bohemian educationist and writer, VI. Kopepet-Dagh, or Kopet-Dagh, mounKoiSSU, rivers, Caucasus, v. 255. tains, Transcaspian Region, Russia, 182; vil. 673; xxii. 152. KojiKl, Japanese chronicle, XIII. 587. xxiii. 511, 631. Kokbekty, town, Russia in Asia, XXL Kom Kutchi, mountain, Montenegro, Kopparberg, county, Sweden, xxii. xvi. 780. 639741Komorn, town, Hungary, xiv. 138. Kokhma, town, Russia, XXL 849. Koppernigk (Copernicus, q.v.), NicoKOMOTAU, town, Bohemia, XIV. 138. Kokonor, lake, Asia, xiv. 217. laus, German astronomer, vi. 346. Komul (Kami), town, Central Asia, XL KOKOON, or Gnu, antelope, X. 705. Koppite, mineral, xvi. 426. 4°9Koksoak, river, Labrador, xiv. 175. Kopreinitz, town, Hungary, xiv. 140. Konatha, or Konasir, Temple of, KOKSTADT, town, Cape Colony, XIII. 817. Koprili, town, European Turkey, xiv. Ceylon, xxm. 573. Kolaba, district, India, xiv. 136. 140. KONCAN (Concan), district, India, VI. Kola-Nut, xvii. 664; tree, xxi. 662. Koprili, Turkish viziers, xxiii. 645, 238. Kolapoor (Kolhapur), state and town, 646. Kondratowicz, Ludwik W., Polish India, xiv. 137. Kopurthella, state, India, xiv. 2. poet, xix. 305. Kolar, district, India, xiv. 136. KORAISH, Arab tribe, II. 256; XVI. 545' Kongone, river, Africa, xxiv. 765. Kolarians, race, India, xn. 777. 559, 563; language of, xxi. 652. Kongsberg, town, Norway, xiv. Kolberg (Colberg), town, Prussia, VI. Koran, The, sacred book of Islam, 138. 121.

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247 xvi. 597; theology of, xxm. 242; Kostendil, town, Bulgaria, Turkey, Kozloff, town, Russia, xiv. 143; xxm. Tabari’s commentary on, xxm. 3. xiv. 143. 41. Korat, territory, Siam, XIV. 140; XXL Koster, or Coster, Laurens, Dutch , Ivan, Russian poet, xxi. 107. 853; town, xiv. 140. printer, XIV. 143; xxm. 689, 691. Kozmodemyansk, town, Russia, xiv. Kordofan, province, Soudan, Africa, , Samuel, Dutch dramatist, vu. 444; 20. xiv. 140; I. 267; xxii. 278. xii. 94. Kra, isthmus, Malay Peninsula, xv. 320; Korea, state, India, xiv. 141; v. 769. Islands, Sweden, xxn. 737. XXL 851. Koreysh (Koraish), tribe, Arabia, 11. Kostomaroff, Nikolaus, Russian his- Krafft, or Kraft, Adam, German sculp256; xvi. 545, 559, 563; xxi. 652. torian, XXL 108. tor, xiv. 146; xxi. 565; carvings of, Koria, state, India, v. 769. Kostroma, government, Russia, xiv. at Nuremberg, xvn. 663. Korintji, lake, Sumatra, xxn. 638. 143; xxi. 69; town, xiv. 143. Kragushevatz, town, Servia, xxi. Koritsa, town, Albania, Turkey, xiv. Kosva, river, Russia, xxiv. 279. 688. I41 Kotah, state, India, xiv. 143; xx. Krain (Carniola), Austria, v. 121. Korner, Karl Theodor, German poet, 260. Krait, Indian snake, xxn. 196. xiv. 141. Kotaiba, Ibn, Arab historian, xvi. Krajova, town, Roumania, xiv. 146. Korosko, desert, Nubia, xvn. 610. 596; xxiii. 3. Krakatoa, volcano, Indian Archipelago, Korotcha, town, Russia, xiv. 142. Kotas, hill tribe, India, xvn. 509. xxii. 653. Korotoyak, town, Russia, xiv. 142; Kotelnitch, town, Russia, xxiv. 303. Krakov (Cracow, q.v.), town, Austrian xxiv. 298. Kothe, H., German writer on mnePoland, vi. 540. Kors, tribe, Lithuania, Russia, xiv. monics, xvi. 533. Krama, Javanese language, xm. 608. 702. Kothen, town, Germany, xiv. 144. Kramer, Gerhard, Belgian cartographer, Korsakoff, town, Saghalin, Asia, xxi. Kot Kamalia, town, India, XVI. 789. xv. 520; xvi. 30. I47 Kotliarevski, Ivan, Russian poet, xxi. Kramer, on birds, xvm. 8. \. Korsor, town, Denmark, xxiv. 771. no. Kranichfeld, district, Germany, xxi. Kortcheva, town, Russia, xxm. 672. Kotoshikhin, Gregory Karpoif, Russian 348. Kortryk (Courtrai), town, Belgium, writer, xxi. 105. Krankenheil, spa, Bavaria, xvi. 434. vi. 520. Kotri, town, India, xiv. 144. Krantz, Albert, German historian, xiv. Koryaks, race of people, Eastern Si- Kotschubeyite, mineral, XVI. 414. 146. beria, xv. 548. Kottbus, town, Prussia, xiv. 144. Krantzite, mineral, xvi. 428. Korzeniowski, Joseph, Polish novelist, Kottigite, mineral, xvi. 404. Krapacks, or Carpathian Mountains xix. 305. Kotzebue, August Friedrich Ferdinand (q.v.), v. 126. Kos (Cos), island, Asia Minor, vi. 444. von, German dramatist, xiv. 144; his Krapivna, town, Russia, xxm. 605. Kosa-Dagh, mountains, Transcaucasia, influence on German drama, vii. 443. Krapp, Catherine, wife of Melanchthon, Russia, xxiii. 514. , Otto von, Russian navigator, xiv. xv. 833. Koschtan Tau, mountain, Caucasus, 145; x. 193. Krasicki, Ignatius, Polish bishop and v. 252. Koubr, mausoleum, in Algeria, II. 419. poet, xix. 303. Kosciusko, Mount, New South Wales, Kouen-Lun (Kuen-Lun, q.v.), moun- Krasinski, Sigismund, Polish poet, XVII. 408. tains, Tibet, 11. 684; xiv. 152. xix. 304. , Thaddeus, Polish patriot, xiv. 142; Kouis, tribes, Siam, xxi. 852. Krasnoslobodsk, town, Russia, xvm. xix. 298. Koulan, wild ass, 11. 717. 5i5Kosen, spa, Germany, xvn. 249. Koumiss, fermented mare’s milk, iv. Krasnovodsk, town, Transcaspian Koshaub (Khushab), town, India, xiv. 264; XVI. 305; distillation of, vil. 264. Region, Russia, xvi. 42; xxiii. 513. 68. Kourbski, Andrew, Russian prince, Krasnoyarsk, town, Siberia, xiv. 147; Koshkar, river, Syr-Daria, Asia, xxn. xxi. 92, 104. xxii. n; xxiv. 743. 819. Koushid Khan Kala, town, Merv Krasnyi Kholm, town, Russia, xxiii. Koshod, or Khoshod, Mongol tribes, IV. oasis, Asia, xvi. 42. 672. 710; xvi. 744) 749Kousso, drug, xiv. 145. Kraszewski, Joseph Ignaz, Polish Kosi, town, India, xiv. 143. Kouyunjik, or Kuyunjik, remains of novelist, XIX. 305. Kosin, active principle of kousso, xiv. Nineveh, 11. 397; xvn. 512. Kraurite, mineral, xvi. 405. *45Kovalevski, Michael, Russian jurist, Krawang, town, Java, xm. 606. Koslin, town, Prussia, xiv. 143. XXL 108. Kreasote (Creasote), antiseptic, drug, Kosloff, or Kozloff, town, Russia, xiv. Kovel, town, Russia, xxiv. 282. and poison, vi. 556; xxiii. 57. 143; xxiii. 41. Kovno, government, Russia, xiv. 145; Krefeld (Crefeld), town, Germany, vi. Kosmos, Humboldt’s work, XII. 345. XXL 69; town, xiv. 146. 565; xxii. 65. Kosovo, province, Turkey in Europe, Kovroff, town, Russia, xiv. 146; Kreis, Prussian administrative division, xxiii. 653; battle of (1389), 1. 781; population, xxiv. 271. xx. 18. xxi. 689; xxiii. 641; battle of (1448), Kowalewsky, A., Russian naturalist, Kreli’s Country, Cape Colony, xm. 1. 782. xxiv. 178; on cellular embryology, 817. Kosslowski, author of Greek Orthodox xxiv. 810. Kremenetz, town, Russia, xiv. 147; Confession, xvi. 544. Kowloon, suburb of Hong Kong, China, population, XXIV. 282. Kossmann, R., on classification of paraxii. 141. Krementchug, town, Russia, xiv. sites, xviii. 261. Koyunjik, remains of Nineveh, 11. 397; 147; xix. 410. Kosso, or Kousso, drug, xiv. 145. xvii. 512. Kremersite, mineral, xvi. 384. Kossogol, lake, Siberia, xxn. 5; xxin. Kozelets, town, Russia, xxm. 96. Kremlin, citadel of Moscow, Russia, 509. Kozelsk, town, Russia, xiv. 146. xvi. 856. Kossuth, Louis, Hungarian leader, xn. Kozienice, town, Russian Poland, xx. Kremnitz, town, Hungary, xiv. 147. 37G in. 137. 218. Kremsier, town, Austria, xiv. 147.

248

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KUHNA Shahr (Kashgar), town, TurkeKremsmunster, Austria, Observatory Krummholz, tree, xix. 104. stan, xiv. 7; xxiii. 639. Krunen (Cronstadt), town, Austria, vi. at, xvii. 713. Kuhnite, mineral, xvi. 404. 608. Krestowaja, pass, Caucasus, v. 255. Kuhorn, Martin (Bucer), German ReKrung-Krao (Ayuthia), town, Siam, Krestsy, town, Eussia, xvii. 607. former, iv. 411. XXL 852. Kreutzer, Conradin, German musical Krupp, Friedrich, his cannon foundries, KuilU, river, West Africa, XIV. 742. composer, XIV. 147. VIII. 550; his cannon, II. 557; XL 290. Kuka, or Kukawa, town, Bornu, Africa, KREUZNACH, town, Prussia, XIV. 148; Xiv. 153; 1. 271; iv. 61; xxil. 279. KrUS (Krumen), Negro people, West mineral water of, xvi. 434. Kukaya, Simeon, Syriac hymn-writer, Africa, XIV. 149. Kriemhild, heroine of the Nibelungxxil 832. Krusenstern, Adam John, Russian enlied, XVII. 475. Kuki Hills, district, India, xv. 69. navigator, xiv. 149. Kries, G., German economist, xix. Ku-Klux-Klan, secret society, United Kryloff (Kriloff), Ivan A., Russian 392. States, xxiii. 784. fabulist, xiv. 148. Kriloff, town, Russia, xvii. 608. Kukri, Nepalese weapon, xxil 802. Krym, or Crimea (^.r.), peninsula, , Ivan Andreevitch, Russian fabulKuku Khoto, town, China, xiv. 153. Russia, vi. 585. ist, XIV. 148; XXL 106. Kulab, district, Central Asia, xil. 3. Krimmitzschau, or Crimmitzschau, Kryukoff, town, Russia, xiv. 147. Krzezowice, village, Austrian Poland, Kulabagh (Kalabagh), town, India, town, Saxony, vi. 590. xill. 826. VI. 541. Krim Tatars, people, Russia, xvi. Kulase Kharapatnam, town, India, Kshattriyas, Hindu caste, iv. 203, 748. xxiii. 405. 204; v. 188; xii. 781; xviii. 72. Krimtchaks, community of Russian Kuldja, Old and New, towns, Central Kshemankara, Sanskrit writer, xxi. Jews, xiv. 4. Asia, xiv. 154. 287. Krinitz, Madame, Heine’s “Mouche,” Kulikovo, Russia, Battle of (1380), Ktaadn, mountain, New England, XL 627. xxi. 91. U.S.A., xxill. 792. Kris, Javanese weapon, xm. 604. Kullu, district, India, xiv. 154. Kto Vinovat? Hertzen’s story, XL 773. Krishna (Kistna), district, India, xiv. Kuango, affluent of the Congo, Africa, Kulm, town, Prussia, xiv. 154; battle 102, 103; river, xiv. 103; xvii. 123 of (1813), XVIL 220. xxiv. 765. Krishnagar, town, India, xiv. 148; Kuba, town, Caucasus, Russia, xiv. 150. Kulmas, Louise Adelgunde Yictorie, xvii. 161. . German authoress, x. 856. Krishnagarh (Kishangarh), state, Kuban, district and government, Russia, Kulmbach, town, Bavaria, xiv. 154. XIV. 150; river, V. 254; XXL 74. India, xiv. 101. Kubasoff, Sergius, Russian chronicler, KULUK Khan, Mongol ruler, XVI. 742. Krisuvigite, mineral, xvi. 402. Kum, town, Persia, Xiv. 155; xvin. XXL I05. Kritik der reinen Vernunft, 626, 628. Kublai, ancient town, China, iv. 722. Kant’s work, xm. 850. Khan, Mongol ruler, Xiv. 150; Kuma, river, Caucasus, v. 254; XXL 74; Krive-Kriveyto, Lithuanian chief xxil 472. xvi. 742; emperor of China, v. 648; priest, xiv. 701. xix. 405; his conversion to Buddhism, Kum AON (Kumaun), province, India, Krivitchi, tribe, Lithuania, xiv. 702. xi. 823. Xiv. 229. Krizhanich, Yuri, Russian writer, xxi. Kumassi (Coomassie), town, West Kubrat, Hunnic chief, xn. 382. 105. Africa, VI. 336. Krkonose, mountain, Bohemia, xx. KUBUS, race of people, Sumatra, XXII. Kumaun, district and division, India, 640. 552xiv. 155; xi. 823; xvil 572. Kuchan, town and district, Persia, Krobat (Kubrat), Hunnic chief, xn. K'umbh-Mela, Indian festival, XL 475. xiv. 152. 382. Kumbur, Baluchi chief, III. 300. Kuch Behar, state, India, xiv. 152. Krokidolite, mineral, xvi. 418. Kummel, liqueur, xiv. 687. Kuchenmeister, Friedrich, on tapeKrolevetz, town, Russia, xiv. 148. Kumpta, town, India, Xiv. 155. worms, xxiii. 50. Kromer, Martin, Polish historian,. XIX. Kudat Harbour, North Borneo, xxi. Kumsa, river, Russia, xvil 772. 301. Kunashir, one of the Kurile Islands, 123. Kronberg Castle, Elsinore, Denmark, Asia, xiv. 160. Kudiakad, mountain, India, xvil. viii. 155. Kunch, town, India, xiv. 155. 509. Kronoberg, county, Sweden, xxn. Kunckel, Johann, his researches in Kudial-Kala (Kuba), town, Caucasus, 741. chemistry, V. 460. Russia, xiv. 150. Kronstadt (Cronstadt), town, Austria, Kundt, August, his experiments on Kudriavtzoff, Peter N., Russian hisvi. 608. sound, I. 116. torian, xxi. 108. (Cronstadt), town, Russia, VI. 607. Kunduz, river and province, AfghaniKudus, town, Java, xm. 606. Krotoschin, town, Prussia, xiv. 148. stan, 1. 241, 242. Kuen-Lun, mountains, Tibet, xiv. 152; Krovelets, town, Russia, xxm. 96. Kunersdorf, Prussia, Battle of (i759)> 11. 684; v. 630; xxiii. 339, 341, 637. Krudener, Baroness von, Russian III. 128; XXL 99. Kufa, district, Mesopotamia, xvi. 51; pietist, xiv. 149. Kungur, town, Russia, xiv. 155; town, xvi. 564, 570. Kruiloff, or Kriloff, Ivan A., Russian xviii. 550. Kufra, oasis, Africa, xvil. 695. fabulist, xiv. 148; xxi. 106. Kuntampoh, town, West Africa, XX. Kuh Ala Dagh, mountain, Persia, xiv. Krumen, Negro race, West Africa, XIV. I5366. 149. Kuopio, province, Finland, IX. 217; Kuh Dinar, mountains, Persia, xvm K RUM MACH ER, Friedrich Adolf, German town, XXIV. 209. 619. religious writer, xiv. 149. , Friedrich Wilhelm, German pietist, Kuh Khorkud, mountain, Persia, xiv. Kupang, town, Timor, Indian Archipelago, xxiii. 398. 66. xiv. 149. Kuparento, Jordaki, Polish aeronaut, Kuhlau, Frederik, Danish musical com, Gottfried Daniel, German pietist, 1. 201. poser, VII, 94. xiv. 149.

K U P —L A B

Kupferblau, mineral, xvi. 411. Kura, river, Transcaucasia, Russia, xxi. 74; xxm. 513. Kural, Tamil poem, xxm. 43. Kuran, or Koran {q.v.\ xvi. 597. Kurbski, Prince Andrew, Russian writer, xxi. 92, 104. Kurdistan, country, Western Asia, xiv. 155; xxiii. 653; Nestorians of, xvii. 357. Kurd Language, Dictionaries of, vn. 190. Kurds, race of people, Western Asia, 11. 712; xiv. 156. Kuren (Old Kuldja), town, Central Asia, xiv. 154. Kurenberg, Yon, Austrian poet, xvii. 476. Kurgan, town, Siberia, xiv. 160; xxn. 11; xxiii. 430. Kurgans, sepulchral mounds, Kertch, Russia, xiv. 53. Kurile Islands, North-Eastern Asia, xiv. 160; xiii. 569, 570. Kurinians, Caucasian tribe, xiv. 475. Kurische Haff, lagoon, Prussia, xx. 20. Kurla, town, Turkestan, xxm. 639. Kurland (Courland), province, Russia, vi. 515; xxi. 69. Kurmis, class of society, India, xviii. 72. KuRNAL, district, India, XX. 109. Kurneh, Egypt, Temple of, vn. 779. Kurrachee, district, India, xiv. 160; town, xiv. 161. Kurram, river, Afghanistan, 1. 230. Kursk, government, Russia, xiv. 161; XXL 69; town, xiv. 161. Kursner, Conrad (Pellicanus), German theologian, xvm. 477. Kuru, mountains, Persia, xvi 11. 619. Kuruassa, town, Niger, Africa, xvii. 496. KURUMBAS, hill tribe, India, xvu. 509; XXIII. 42. Kurush (Cyrus), Persian king, xviii. 564. Kuryanin-Kara, mountain chain, Transcaspian Region, Russia, xxiii. 5n. Kushadassi, town, Asia Minor, xxi. 361. Kushlek, Mongol chief, xm. 621. Kushtia, town, India, xvn. 161. Kusi, river, India, ill. 626; XVII. 340. Kusimanse, carnivorous mammal, xv. r437Kussnacht, Bay of, Lake of Lucerne, Switzerland, xv. 41. Kustendje, town, Roumania, xiv. 161. Kustrin, town, Prussia, xiv. 162. Ku-su (Su-Chow), town, China, xxu. 617. Kusuga, Shinto temple of, Nara, Japan, ' xvii. 229.

249 Kusundas, Nepalese race, xvn. 341. T the twelfth letter of the alphabet, Kutaiah, town, Asia Minor, xiv. 162. xiv. 163. Kutais, town, Caucasus, Russia, xiv. Laacher See, lake, Rhenish Prussia, 162; xxiii. 514; government, xxm. xx. 20. Laar, or Laer, Pieter van, Dutch ,513Kutaya (Kutaiah), town, Asia Minor, painter, xiv. 200. xiv. 162. La Badie, Jean de, French Pietist, xiv. Kutchuk-Kainardji, Walachia, Peace 163. of (1774), xxi. 18; xxiii. 647. Labadists, religious sect, xiv. 163. Kutchuk-Mender, river, Asia Minor, Labarum, sacred standard, xiv. 164. 11. 708. Labbays, Indian race, xil. 746; xv. 185. Kutchum, fort, Siberia, xxiii. 430. Lab£, Louise, French poetess, ix. 651. Kutno, town, Russian Poland, xxiv. Label Moulding, in architecture, 11. 466. 375Kutshuk-Kainardji, Walachia, Treaty Labem (Aussig), town, Bohemia, ill. 101. of (1774), xxi. 18; xxiii. 647. Labeo, Marcus Antistius, Roman jurist, Kuttenberg, town, Bohemia, xiv. Xiv. 164. 162. , Notker, monk of St Gall, xvn. Kutusoff, Mikhail J. G., Russian 597general, xvii. 217. Laber, Dypold, German transcriber, Kuty, town, Austria, xiv. 162. xxiii. 682. Kuxhafen (Cuxhaven), town, Ger- Laberinto, El, Juan de Mena’s poem, many, vi. 742. xvi. 1. Kuyunjik, ruins of Nineveh, xvii. 512; Laber 1 us, Decimus, Latin farceur, xiv. n- 397164. Kuznetsk, town, Siberia, xiv. 162; Labicum, ancient town, Italy, xiv. XXL 305; XXII. Ii; XXIII. 439. 344Kvass, Russian beer, iv. 264. Labid, Arabic poet, xvi. 537. Kwala Kungsa, town, Straits Settle- Labienus, Titus, Roman general, xiv. ments, Asia, XXII. 587. 165; xviii. 286. Kwala Lumpur, town, Straits Settle- Labour, xiv. 165; xix. 463; in early ments, Asia, xxii. 587. times, 1. 294; in relation to capital, Kwang-Chow Foo, or Canton (j.r.), xxiv. 48; influence of communism on, China, v. 37. vi. 217; diet suitable for, vn. 202; Kwang-se, province, China, v. 640. free trade in, ix. 761; legislation with Kwang-tung, province, China, v. respect to, xiv. 166; in mining, xvi. 639. 449; rents paid in, xx. 403; socialist Kwannon, Japanese goddess, Temple views of, xxii. 206, 211; in relation ^ of, xxiii. 433. to wages, XXIV. 306; in relation to Kwantze, Chinese musical instrument, wealth, xxiv. 461; Lassalle’s views xvii. 705. on capital and, xiv. 321; Ricardo’s, Kwei-chow, province, China, v. 640. xix. 374; Rodbertus’s, xx. 616; Adam Kwei-ling Foo, town, China, v. 640. Smith’s, XIX. 367. Kwei-yang Foo, town, China, v. 640. Labourdonnais, B. F. Mahe de(i699Kwon-za-Leng, river, British Burmah, 1753)) French governor, Mauritius, xxi. 239. XV. 641. Kworra (Niger), river, Africa, xvii. , F. B. Mah4 de (1795-1840), French 496. chess-player, v. 601. Kyan, or Kaiyan, town, Persia, xviii. Labourers, Farm, 1. 408. 627. Labour Laws, xiv. 165. Kyd, Thomas, English dramatist, vn. Labours, The Twelve, of Hercules, xi. 429; xxi. 763. 726. Kylas, Cave-chambers of, Ellora, India, Labrador, territory, North America, n - 395; XIV. 175; Eskimos of, vm. 544. Kyle, district, Ayrshire, Scotland, m. Labrador-Duck, bird, m. 735. 163. Labradorite, mineral, xvi. 420. Kyloes, breed of cattle, 1. 389. Labrang, Buddhist temple, Lhasa, Kynetoskias Cyathus, species of Tibet, xiv. 228, 499. Polyzoa, xix. 438. La Brea, pitch lake, Trinidad, West Kyouk-Hpyu, district, Burmah, xiv. Indies, xxm. 573. 162. La Brede, Baron de (Montesquieu, q.v.), Kyrosite, mineral, xvi. 390. XVI. 782. Kyrre, Olaf, Norwegian king, xvn. Labrunie, Gerard (G. de Nerval), 587. French writer, x. 441. Kyshtym, town, Russia, xviii. 550. Labrus, genus of fishes, xxiv. 686. Kythal (Kaithal), town, Punjab, La Bruyere, Jean de, French moralist, India, Xin. 825. xiv. 177; ix. 663. XXY. — 32

250

L A B —LA H

Lady-Bird, beetle, vi. 134; xm. 150; Labuan, island, Indian Archipelago, Lacker, or Lacquer, varnish, xiv. 194; destroyer of wheat-pests, xxiv. 535. xiii. 590, 592; xxiv. 92. xiv. 178; coal of, vi. 59. Lady of the Lake, Scott’s poem, xxi. Labuk, river, North Borneo, XXI. 123. La Combe, Francis de, Madame Guyon’s 548. director, XL 342. Laburnum, tree, xiv. 179; 11. 318. LalmARGUS, genus of sharks, xxi. 777. Labyrinth, in mythology, xiv. 179; La Condamine, Charles Marie de, LAENNEC, Bene Theodore Hyacinthe, French geographer and mathematician, of Fayoum, Egypt, 11. 387; vn. 774. inventor of stethoscope, xiv. 200; III. XIV. 193; his explorations in South , in gardening, XIV. 180. 100; xv. 816; xx. 181. America, X. 189. Labyrinthodonta, order of Amphibia, Laconia, state,ancient Greece, xiv. 193; Laer, Pieter van, Dutch painter, xiv. 1. 751. 200. xxii. 369. Labyrinthulidea, class of Protozoa, Laconian Dialect, of Greek, xi. LjESTRYGONES, mythic race of giants, xix. 843. xiv. 200; xix. 559. 133Lac, resinous incrustation, xiv. 181; LiEVi, Ligurian tribe, Italy, xin. 446; Laconicum, ancient hath, III. 434Indian, xn. 752; dye, vn. 575. xiv. 639. Lacordaire, Jean Baptiste Henri, La Caille, spa, France, xxi. 332. Lasvoglucose, or Lsevulose, constituent French orator, xiv. 193. Lacaille, Nicolas Louis de, French of honey, ix. 96; xn. 136; xxii. 624. Lacquer, varnish, xiv. 194; Japanese, astronomer, xiv. 182; 11. 7575 hi® La Farina, Giuseppe, Italian writer xiii. 592; xxiv. 92. measurement of arc of meridian, vn. and politician, xiv. 201. Ware, Japanese, xiii. 590, 592. 598La Fayette, town, Indiana, U.S.A., La Cable, or La Gala, town, Algeria, LACRETELLE, Charles de, French hisxiv. 201. torian and journalist, XIV. 194. xiv. 182. La Fayette, Marie Jean Paul, Marquis Lacrosse, game, xiv. 195. La Calprenede, Gautier de Costes de, de, French general and statesman, La Crosse, town, Wisconsin, U.S.A., French romancist, XX. 659. xiv. 201; IX. 594, 603; in America, XIV. 195; population, xxiv. 617. La Cava, town, Italy, v. 259; library, xxiii. 743, 745. Lacrymal Apparatus, of the human xiv. 530, 548. Lafayette, Marie M. P., Comtesse de, eye, 1. 891. Laccadives, islands, Indian Ocean, French writer, ix. 659. Lacrymal Gland, Diseases of, xvil xiv. 182. College, at Easton, Pennsylvania, 786. Lacco, spa, Ischia, Italy, xm. 385. U.S.A., xxiii. 857. Lacrymatory, ancient utensil, xiv. Lace, xiv. 183; gold and silver, X. Lafitau, Joseph Francois, Jesuit mis195. 753; point d’Alengon, I. 477; factories sionary, North America, xvil 137. Lactantius Firmianus, early Christian in England, VIII. 233 ; in France, IX. La Fleche, town, France, xiv. 203; writer, XIV. 195. 521; Heathcoat’s machines for making, xxi. 314. Lactation, Diet during, vn. 205. XL 590. La Fontaine, Jean de, French poet Lactic Acid, xiv. 196. Lacedaemon, state, Greece, xiv. 193; and fabulist, xiv. 203; vm. 839; ix. Lactic Organs, of Mammalia, xv. 368; xxii. 369. 657; his relations with Bacine, xx. xvi. 301. Lacepede, Bernard G. E. de la Ville, 204. Lactometer, dairy instrument, 1. 168; Comte de, French naturalist, xiv. Lafosse, Charles de, French painter, xii. 542; xvi. 305. 191; on fishes, XII. 633; on reptiles, xiv. 207. Lactose, variety of sugar in milk, xvi. XX. 434Lafuente, Modesto, Spanish historian, 3°3Lacerda, Francisco Jose, African exxxii. 362. Lactucarium, narcotic substance, xvil plorer, x. 189; 1. 246. Lagenidea, order of Protozoa, xix. 231. Lacertilia, order of reptiles, xiv. 847. Lacy, Hugo de, his power in Ireland, 732; classification of, xx. 439, 444. Laghouat, town, Sahara, Africa, xxi. xiii. 259. La Chalosse, district, Landes, France, 149. Ladak, district, Tibet, xiv. 197; xxm. xiv. 272. Lagomorpha, section of rodent mam339La Chalotais, Louis Bene de Caramals, xv. 421. Lad as, statue by Myron, xvil 120. deuc de, French politician, xiv. 191. Lagomyid^e, family of rodent mammals, Ladder Hill, St Helena, Atlantic, xxi. La Chapelle, artesian wells, in Paris, xv. 421. Wi11. 645. Lagopus, genus of birds, XL 222. Ladders, in mines, xvi. 461. La Charit£, town, France, xvil. 496. Ladik, or Ladikiyeh, town, Asia Minor, Lagos, town, Portugal, xiv. 207. Laches, dialogue of Plato, xix. 196. , British settlement, West Africa, xiv. 293, 323; xv. 92. Lachine Canal, St Lawrence, Canada, Xiv. 207; xxiv. 754. XXL 181; rapids, XVI. 794; XX. 165; Ladin (or Lading) Language, Ko- Lagothrix, genus of apes, 11. 153. mance dialect, xm. 492; xx. 668. XXL 181. Lagrange, Joseph Louis, mathemaLadislaus, king of Naples, xx. 803. Lachish, town, Palestine, xiv. 192. tician, Xiv. 207; xix. 281; his conL, king of Poland, xix. 287. La Chiusa, town, Italy, v. 676. tributions to algebra, 1. 515; vin. , czar of Bussia, xxi. 95. Lachlan, river, Australia, xvil 62, 408. 500; on the infinitesimal calculus, Lachmann, Karl Konrad Friedrich La Dixmerie, Nicolas Bricaire de, Xlii. 12 ; on lunar and planetary French writer, xiv. 198. Wilhelm, German philologist, xiv. perturbations, II. 761; on the lunar 192; on the Homeric poems, XI1. 117; Lado, town, on Nile, Africa, xvil 506. theory, XVI. 801; on the theory of Ladoga, Lake, Bussia, xiv. 199; xvn. on the Nihelungenlied, XVII. 467. parallels, xvni. 255. 764. Lachryma Christi, wine, xxiv. 610. Lagrenee, Louis Jean Frangois, French , New, town, Bussia, xiv. 199. Lacibi (Loja), ancient town, Spain, xiv. painter, Xiv. 211. Ladon, river, Greece, xvil 765. 810. Lacidulermium (Grazalema), ancient Ladrone Islands, North Pacific Laguna, town, Teneriffe, iv. 799. Ocean, xiv. 199; xvi. 256; xviii. Laharpur, town, India, xxii. 102. town, Spain, XL 78. Lahire, Laurent de, French painter, 128. Lackenby Iron-Works, England, xiv. 211. Lady, title, xxm. 417. Blowing engines at, III. 551.

L A H —L A M 251 Lahn, river, Germany, xvn. 238; XX. and festivals of, at Lhasa, xiv. 499, Lambton, John George, earl of Dur501. 519ham, vii. 563. La Hogue, France, Battle of (1692), Lamachus, Athenian leader in Syra- Lamech, of Scripture, xiv. 238. ix. 579; xxiv. 580. cusan war, xxii. 814. Lamego, town, Portugal, xiv. 238. Lahore, division and district, India, Lamaism, xiv. 226; among the Mon- Lamellar Magnetization, xv. 232. xiv. 211; xx. 109; conquest of, by gols, XVI. 744; xxiv. 11; in Tibet, Lamellibranchia, class of Mollusca, Mahmud, XV. 286. xiv. 151; xxiii. 343, 346; temples xvi. 684. , town, India, xiv. 212; Punjab and festivals at Lhasa, xiv. 499, 501. Lamellicornes, group of beetles, vi. University at, xxm. 856. Lama-Miau, town, Mongolia, xiv. 230. 131Lahr, town, Baden, Germany, xiv. 215. La Mancha, district, Spain, xv. 458. Lamennais, Hugues Felicity Robert de, Lai, or Lay, in French literature, xv. La Manche, department, France, xv. French theologian and philosopher, 541. 458. xiv. 239; ix. 675; xvii. 426; XXL Laibach, town, Austria, xiv. 215; con- Lamarck, Jean Baptiste P. A. de Monet, 382. gress of (1821), xiii. 486; xvi. 201. Chevalier de, French naturalist, Lamentations, Book of, xiv. 240. Laigle, town, France, xvm. 2. XIV. 231; on evolution, vill. 748; on La Merveille, abbey, Mont St Michel, Laila and Majnun, poem of Nizami, morphology, xvi. 839; his zoological France, xvi. 797. xvii. 522. classification, xxiv. 806. Lamettrie, or La Mettrie, Julien Offray Laing, Alexander Gordon, African ex- La Marck, Comte de, Mirabeau’s letters de, French philosopher, xiv. 243; ix. plorer, xiv. 216. to, xvi. 496. 668. , David, Scottish antiquary, xiv. Lamarre, William, scholastic philo- Lameyyah, Arabic poem, 11. 263. 216. sopher, xxi. 429. Lamgalis, tribe, Kafiristan, Asia, xiii. , Malcolm, Scottish historian, xiv. Lamartine, Alphonse Maria Louis de 822. 216. Prat de, French writer and statesman, Lamia, of Greek legend, xiv. 243. Laisheff, town, Russia, xiv. 20. xiv. 232; ix. 622, 675. , Keats’s poem, xiv. 23. Laissez Faire, economic doctrine, xix. Lamb, Charles, English essayist, xiv. Lamian War, Greece, xi. 107. 360. Lammergeyer, bird, xiv. 243; 1. 633. 234Laissez Faire, theory of government, , Mary, English writer, xiv. 234. Lammermuir, district, Scotland, in. xi. 17. , William, Viscount Melbourne, xv. 612. Lai-yang, town, China, xiv. 216. 838. Hills, Scotland, xi. 361. Laka, Tibetan tribe, xxm. 344. Lambadis, tribe, India, xv. 185. Lamna, genus of sharks, xix. 518; xxi. Lake, Lakes, xiv. 216; as reservoirs, Lambaesa (Lambese), ancient town, 776. xxiv. 405; temperature of, vi. 4; Algeria, xiv. 237; xvii. 628. Lamont, Johann von, German astronowater of, xxiv. 398; of Central Lamballe, Marie T. L., Princesse de, mer, xiv. 244. Africa, xvn. 505; of the St Lawrence, Xiv. 235. La Motte, Antoine Houdart de, his xxi. 177. Lambayeque, town, Peru, xviil 674. controversy with Madame Dacier, vi. Dwellings, xiv. 222; 11. 116, Lambay Island, Ireland, vn. 494; 759384; crannogs, VI. 552; xxiv. 563. xiii. 216. Lamourette, Adrien, collaborator Lake-Fishing, angling, 11. 39. Lam be, Dr, Murder of, IV. 419. with Mirabeau, xvi. 497. Lake Iron Ores, xiii. 287. Lambert of Ostia (Pope Honorius II.), Lamp, Lamps, xiv. 244; ancient, xiv. Lakena, atoll, Polynesia, xix. 420. xil 143. 247; of Damascus ware, xix. 621; Lake of the Woods, Minnesota, , the Porcupine man, iv. 245. electric, XIV. 632; for magic lantern, U.S.A., xvi. 476. , Daniel, his great size and weight, xv. 212; safety, for mines, vi. 72; Lake Pigments, xix. 87. VI. 435xvi. 461. Lakhimpur, district, Assam, India, , Franz, on church order, xix. 676. Lamp-Black, pigment, xiv. 248; v. 87, xiv. 224. , Johann Heinrich, German physi399; xix. 88; xxiii. 58. Lakhmids, Kingdom of the, Arabia, cist, Xiv. 236; on squaring the circle, Lampedusa, island, Mediterranean, xiv. xvi. 545. xxii. 436; his contributions to mag249. Lakhnadon, plateau, India, xxi. 665. netism, xv. 236. Lampern (Lamprey), fish, xil. 694; Lakhnaoti, town, India, x. 112. , John, English Parliamentary xiv. 249. Lakoja, station, on the Niger, Africa, general, xiv. 236. Lampertico, Fedele, Italian economist, XVII. 498. , John, English martyr, VIII. 335. xix. 394. Laksana Phra, Siamese law treatises, Lambertiana, tree, xix. 105. Lampeter, Wales, St David’s College at, xxi. 856. Lamberty, Guillaume de, Swiss writer, xxiii. 856. Lakshmanasena, dynasty of Bengal, xxii. 799. Lampetra (Lamprey), genus of fishes, India, x. 112. Lambese, or Lambessa, town, Algeria, xii. 694; xiv. 249. Lalande, Joseph Jerome Lefrangais de’, xiv. 237. Lampong, residency, Sumatra, XXII. French astronomer, xiv. 225. Lambespring, Bartholomew, English 639La-lin, town, Manchuria, xv. 466. sculptor, xxi. 560. Lampoon, personal satire, xvill. 341. Lalin, town, Spain, xix. 455. Lambeth, part of London, xiv. 821; Lamprey, fish, xiv. 249; xii. 694. Lalitpur, district, India, xiv. 225. potteries in, XIX. 632. Lampridius, iElius, Augustan historian, Lalla Rookh, Moore’s poem, XVI. 807. Articles, The, of 1595, 11. 654. in. 74. Lally, Thomas Arthur, Comte de, Degrees, archbishop of Canter- Lampsacus, Greek colony, Asia Minor, French general, xiv. 226; in India, bury’s, 11. 369. xiv. 249; xvii. 122; coins of, xvii. IX. 589; xil. 800. Palace, London, xiv. 838. 645. Lama, genus of ungulate mammals, xiv. Lambs, Management of, 1. 394; skins of, Lamu, island, East Africa, xxiv. 768. 738. ix. 838; xiv. 380. Lamus, Greek mythic city, xiv. 200, , Great, of Tibet, xiv. 230; temples Lamb’s Lettuce, vegetable, xn. 281. 243-

252

L A M— L A N

Landes, department, France, xiv. 272; Landwehr, German militia, 11. 595. Lamuts, Siberian people, xxm. 608. Lane, Edward William, English Orienx. 624. Lan, Swedish administrative division, talist, xiv. 282; on Egyptian baths, Landjuweelen, rhetorical tournaxxii. 741. ill. 437. ments, Holland, xn. 91. Lana, Francis, his aeronautical machine, Lane’s Electric Jar, viii. 117. Land Laws, Brehon, iv. 252; xm. 1. 187. LANFRANC, archbishop of Canterbury, 254; in relation to feudalism, ix. 122; Lanai, island, Hawaiian group, XL 532. xiv. 282; 11. 91; viii. 372; XVII. Roman, XX. 673, 689, 713; Spartan, Lanark, county, Scotland, xiv. 250; 543; his influence on the Normans, XV. 97; of the homestead, United area and population, XXL 528; reprexvil 548. States, Xil. 122. sentation, xxiii. 727; coalfield, vi. Lanfranchi of Milan, Italian surgeon, Land League, Ireland, xm. 272. 53; town, xiv. 252. xxil. 675. Landlord, in relation to rent, xx. Lanarkite, mineral, xvi. 400. LAN FREY, Pierre, French historian, 402. Lancashire, or Lancaster, county, xiv. 284. and Tenant, Law of, xiv. 272, England, xiv. 252; population and Langdale Pike, mountain, England, 268; in Ireland, xm. 228. representation, xxm. 727; coalfield, xxiv. 513. Landmann, Georg (Agricola), mineravi. 51; cotton manufactures, VI. 489. Lang Darma, or Langdharma, Tibetan logist, I. 290. Lancaster, town, England, xiv. 254. king, xiv. 229, 502. Lando, Michele di, popular leader, , town, Ohio, U.S.A., xiv. 255. Lange, Friedrich Albert, on evolution, Florence, xv. 783. , town, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., Xiv. viii. 768. Landon, Charles Paul, French painter, 255. Langen Bielau, village, Germany, ill. xiv. 278. , Royal House of, xiv. 255; VIII. 666. , Letitia Elisabeth, English poetess, 327; xix. 175. Langensalza, town, Prussia, xiv. 285. xiv. 278. , Duke of (John of Gaunt), VIII. 319, Landor, Walter Savage, English writer, Langenschwalbach, spa, Germany, 327, 328; xxii. 320. xxi. 460. Xiv. 278; as dramatist, vil 439. , Sir James, English navigator, xiv. Langenthal, district, Prussian Silesia, Landora, town, Sweden, xiv. 282. 257. xxil 52. , Joseph, English educationist, xiv. Landowners, in the United Kingdom, Langethal, German educationist, ix. xxi. 530. 257; vil. 678. 793. J f Lancasterian Institution, educa- Land-Ownership, Celtic, v. 800. Landowning, in the United Kingdom, Langey, Guillaume du Bellai, Lord of, tional, xiv. 258. French writer, III. 543. viii. 223. Lance, weapon, 11. 555. Langiewicz, Marian, Polish patriot, Landport, Portsmouth, England, xix. , in pyrotechny, xx. 136. xix. 299. Lancelet, fish, xiv. 258; xxiv. 178. 534Langite, mineral, xvi. 402. Land-Rail, bird, VI. 543; xx. 222. Lancelot, romance, xx. 644, 647. Land-Roller, agricultural implement, Langkawi, island, Malay Peninsula, Lancers, cavalry, v. 263. xv. 321. i- 319Lancewood, xiv. 259. Langland, or Langley, William, early Lan-chow Foo, town, China, xiv. Lands, Moor, Reclamation of, I. 402. English poet, xiv. 285. Landsberg-an-der-Warthe, town, 259. Langley, Batty, on pointed architecPrussia, xiv. 280. Lanciano, town, Italy, xiv. 259. ture, 11. 445. Lancisi, Giovanni Maria, Italian Landscape Drawing, vil 450. Landseer, Charles, English painter, Lango, island, Norway, xiv. 769. physician, XV. 815. Langobardi (Lombards, q.v.), people, xiv. 280. Lancret, Nicolas, French painter, xiv. Italy, xiv. 813. , Sir Edwin Henry, English paint259Langobardorum Leges, ancient law er, xiv. 280. Land, its possession and tenure, Xiv. code, xxi. 216. , John, English painter, XIV. 280. 259; agrarian laws, 1. 287; cleaning Langres, town, France, xiv. 286. , Thomas, English engraver, XIV. of, in agriculture, I. 335; free trade Langshans, fowls, xix. 645. 280. in, IX. 761; property in, in Roman Langside, Scotland, Battle of (1568), law, xx. 673, 689, 713; real estate in, Landshut, town, Bavaria, Xiv. 281. xv. 599; xxi. 505. xx. 304; registration of, XX. 342; Landskro, spa, Germany, XVI. 436. Langton, Stephen, archbishop of Landskrona, town, Sweden, xiv. rent of, in relation to value, xxiv. 50; Canterbury, XIV. 286; vm. 306; his 282. socialist views of, xxn. 206; taxes on, quarrel with King John, xill. 713. ix. 181 ; tenure of, see Land Tenure Landstad, M. B., Norwegian hymnLanguage, Languages, the science, writer, xvil. 591. below; Ricardo’s theory of, XIX. 374; xviii. 765; alphabets of, 1. 601; evoluLandsting, Swedish county board, Adam Smith’s, xix. 367. tion theories of, vm. 769; grammar of, xxii. 743. , in physical geography, x. 211; XL 37; in relation to anthropology, II. temperature of, xvi. 134; upheaval Land Surveying, xxii. 695. 117; to ethnology, vm. 621; to mythoLand-Tax Parish, English, xviii. and subsidence of, x. 255. logy, xvil 137; to thought, XX. 75; 296. Landana, town, Loango, Africa, xiv. expressed by speech sounds, xxil 381; Land Tenure, i. 294, 406; vi. 209; 743African Negro, xvn. 318; of American xix. 735; copyhold, VI. 355; early Landau, town, Bavaria, xiv. 271. races, 1. 688; American-Indian, XII. English, vili. 275; knight’s fee, xiv. Landelle, De la, his flying machine, 824; Bantu-Kaffre, xm. 820; XXIV. 112; manorial rights connected with, ix. 320. 827; Celtic, v. 297; Chinese, V. 653; xv. 496; seignory, XXL 623; in India, Landen, John, English mathematician, Dutch, XIL 84; Egyptian, vil 721; XL XIL 769; XV. 289; in Ireland, XIII. xiv. 271. 794; English, viil. 390; Ethiopian, 218; in Isle of Man, XV. 452; in Lander, John, African explorer, xiv. Viii. 612; Etruscan, vm. 638; EuroItaly, xiii. 452; in Russia, xxi. 83; 271; 1. 246. pean, vill. 699; French, IX. 629; in United States, xil 122; xxm. 763; , Richard, African explorer, Xiv. Frisian, IX. 788; German, X. 5J4> Littleton on, xiv. 704. 271; I. 246; v. 802.

L A N —L A R Gothic, X. 852; Greek, XI. 126; Hebrew, XI. 594; Hindustani, XI. 840; Hottentot, XII. 312; Icelandic, xil. 627; Iranian, xvm. 653; Italian, xill. 491; Japanese, xm. 585; Javanese, xiii. 606; Lapp, xiv. 306; Latin, XIV. 327; Magyar, xil. 374; Malagasy, xv. 171, 175; Malayan, xv. 325; Manx, xv. 453; Mongol, xvi. 749; Nepalese, xvn. 341; Pahlavi, xvm. 134; Pali, xviii. 183; Papuan, xvm. 231; Persian, xvm. 653; Phoenician, XVIII. 802; Polynesian, XIX. 423; Provencal, xix. 867; Romance, xx. 661; Romani, x. 613; Sabsean, xxiv. 740; Sanskrit, XXL 269; Scandinavian, XXL 366; Semitic, XXI. 641; Siamese, XXL 855; Slavonic, xxn. 147; Spanish, xxil. 346; Tamil, xxm. 42; Tibetan, xxm. 346; Turkish, xxill. 661 ; Urdu, XL 840; Zulu, XXIV. 827; Plato on, XIX. 202; list of dictionaries, vil. 183. Languedoc, province, France, xiv. 287; Reformation in, iv. 743. Canal, iv. 783. Langue d’Oc, xix. 868; poems in, ix. 646. Langue d’Oil, or Langue d’Oui, xix. 868; Wallon, a dialect of, xxiv. 332; satirical poems in, ix. 646. Languet, Hubert, French diplomatist, xiv. 288. LANGY, bird, XL 262. Laniere, Nicholas, English musician, xvii. 87. La Nil da:, family of birds, xiv. 81. LANIUS, genus of birds, XXL 845. Lankester, E. Ray, on Mollusca, xvi. 632, 639, 645, 672; on Protozoa, xix. 839> 852, 855, 856; his zoological classification, xxiv. 812. Lannemezan, plateau, France, xx. 127. Lanner, bird, ix. 3. Lannes, Jean, French marshal, xiv. 289. Lannoy, Baroness de, Dutch writer, xil 96. La Noue, Francois de, Huguenot captain, xiv. 289. Lansdell, H., on Siberian penal institutions, xix. 762. Lansdowne, First Marquis of, English statesman, xiv. 289. , Third Marquis of, xix. 148. Lansing, town, Michigan, U.S.A., xiv. 290. Lansingburgh, town, New York, U.S.A., xiv. 290. Lantara, Simon Mathurin, French painter, xiv. 290. Lanterloo, card game, xv. 1. Lantern, in architecture, 11. 467. , Lighthouse, xiv. 618, 629. , Magic, xv. 211. Lantern-Fly, insect, xiv. 290; xm. 153; xviil 814.

Lanthanite, mineral, xvi. 399. Lanthanum, chemical element, xiv. 291; V. 542; spectrum of, XXIL 376. Lantsang-Kiang (Mekong), river, Asia, xv. 832; xxiii. 339. Lanuvium, ancient town, Italy, xiv. 344Lanvaux, Landes of, district, France, xvi. 813. Lanyards, of ships, xxi. 596. Lanzarote, island, Canaries, iv. 800. Lanzi, Luigi, Italian antiquary, xiv. 292. Laocoon, in Greek legend, xiv. 292; sculptured group of, 11. 365. , Lessing’s work, x. 536; xiv. 480. Laodice, princess of Cappadocia, V. 76. Laodicea, Greek towns, Asia Minor, xiv. 293. , The Epistle from, vm. 461. AD Lycum, town, Asia Minor, xiv. 293; council of (363), on the canon, v. 10. ad Mare, town, Asia Minor, xiv. 293, 323Combusta, town, Asia Minor, xiv. 293; xv. 92. Laodiceans, Epistle to the, xviil 423Laodonia (Lothian), ancient district, Scotland, xv. 9. Laomedon, of Greek legend, xxm. 583Laon, town, France, xiv. 293; capital of an early kingdom, xvii. 541. Globe, x. 680. Laos, Indo-Chinese people, xiv. 294; their relations with Siam, XXL 854; their language, XXL 774. Lao-tsze, or Laou-tze, Chinese author and founder of Taoism, xiv. 295; v. 664. Laparotomy, in surgery, xxil 691. La Paz, town, Bolivia, xiv. 298. La Paz, town, Mexico, xvi. 214. La P£rouse, Jean Francois, French navigator, xiv. 298; x. 190. Lapidary, gem worker, xiv. 298. Lapide, John a, Paris realist, xx. 489Lapis Judaicus, stone, xi. 49. Lapis Laced^emonius, stone, xix. 521. Lapis Lazuli, mineral, xiv. 300; xvi. 412; xxiii. 721. LapitHjE, or Lapiths, in Greek mythology, xiv. 300; xxiii. 295. Laplace, Pierre Simon, Marquis de, French mathematician and astronomer, xiv. 301; his contributions to astronomical science, II. 761; on the use of balloons, L 194; on capillary action, V. 57; on the lunar theory, xvi. 801; on probability, xix. 769; on tides, xxiil. 355; on the undulatory theory of light, xiv. 605; his relations with Lagrange, xiv. 210.

253 Lapland, country, Northern Europe, xiv. 304; xxil 736. La Plata, mountain, Colorado, U.S.A., vi. 161. La Plata, river, South America, 11. 489; xix. 187. Lapong, town, Siam, xxi. 853. Laporte, Camisard leader, iv. 744. La Porte, town, Indiana, U.S.A., xiv. 308. Lappenberg, Johann Martin, German historian, XIV. 308. Lapp Language, xiv. 306; dictionaries of, vil 188. Lapps, race of people, Northern Europe, xiv. 305; ix. 219; xix. 329. La Puebla, town, Mexico, xx. 98. Lapwing, bird, xiv. 308; xix. 228. Lar, Roman household god, xiv. 313; xviil 489. , town, Persia, xiv. 309. Lara, state, Venezuela, xxiv. 140. Laramie City, Wyoming, U.S.A., xxiv. 713. Laranda (Karaman), town, Asia Minor, xv. 92. Larash, or El-Araish, town, Morocco, vil 796; xvi. 831. Larat, island, Timor Laut, Indian Archipelago, xxiil 398. Larceny, or Theft, xxiil 232. Larch, tree, xiv. 309; in United States, xxiil 809; culture of, 11. 315. Lard, hog-fat, xiv. 312; xvn. 744; adulteration of, 1. 171. Lardner, Dionysius, scientific writer, xiv. 313. , Nathaniel, English theological writer, xiv. 313. Laredo, town, Spain, xxi. 297. La Renaudie, Godefroi de Barri, Seigneur de, French conspirator, ix. 560. Larentalia, Roman festival, xiv. 313. Lares, Roman household gods, xiv. 313; xviil 489. Largilli^re, Nicolas, French painter, xiv. 314. Largs, Scotland, Battle of (1261), xvn. 588; xxi. 485. Larichus, brother of Sappho, XXL 303. Larissa, town, Greece, xiv. 314. Laristan, province, Persia, Xiv. 314. Larivey, Pierre, French dramatist, ix. 652. Larivi£re, Mercier, French physiocrat, xix. 361. Larix, genus of trees, xiv. 309. Lark, bird, xiv. 314; Mongolian, xv. 467. Larkhana, town, India, XXL 803. Larkspur, garden annual, xn. 249. Larnaca, town, Cyprus, Vi. 748. La Roche Bernard, town, France, xvi. 813. La Rochefoucauld, Franjois de,

254 French moralist, xiv. 317, 867; ix. 663. La Rochelle, town, France, xx. 612; siege of (1628), IX. 568; synod of (1571), xix. 694La Roche-sur-Yon, town, France, xx. 615; xxiv. 138. La Rothiere, France, Battle of (1814), XVII. 221. Larra, Jose de, Spanish humorist, xxii. 361. Larunda, in Roman legend, xiv. 313. Larus, genus of birds, XL 274. Larva, of insects, xn. 574; xm. 147; of bees, ill. 494; of beetles, VI. 127. , embryo of Polyzoa, xix. 433, 440. Larvacea, order of Tunicata, xxm. 614. Larvae, in Roman mythology, xiv. 3!3. Laryngismus Stridulus, disease, xxiii. 320. Laryngitis, throat disease, xxiii. 319. Laryngology, department of medicine, xv. 797. Laryngoscope, surgical instrument, xxiii. 319. Larynx, of mammals, xv. 365; organ of the voice, xxiv. 273. La Salle, town, Illinois, U.S.A., xiv. 318La Salle, Antoine de, French writer, ix. 649. La Salle, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de, French explorer, xiv. 318. Las Burgas, mineral springs, Spain, xvii. 827. La Scala, town, Patmos, iEgean Sea, xviii. 408. La Scala Family, Scaliger’s supposed connexion with, XXL 364. Lascar, Oriental sailor, xiv. 319. Lascaris, John IV., Greek emperor, xiii. 713; xvi. 227. , Constantine, Greek scholar, Xiv. 319; xi. 149. , Joannes, Greek scholar, Xiv. 319. , Paul, grand-master of the Hospitallers, xxi. 175. , Theodore, emperor of Nicsea, XL 119. Las Casas, Bartolome de, Apostle of the Indies, xiv. 319. Las Casas de Tolosa, captain-general of Cuba, vi. 678. La Seyne, town, France, xxi. 726; xxiii. 483. Lashbuna, Moslem name of Lisbon, xiv. 693. La Sila, mountains, Italy, xm. 439. Lasionite, mineral, xvi. 405. Laski, Albert, Polish astrologer, vn. 22. Lasky, or Laski, John (Alasco), Polish Reformer, 1. 443; xix. 679. Las Navas, Spain, Battle of (1212), xxn. 317.

L A R —L A U XX. 514; romances, XX. 633; in time Las Palmas, town, Canary Islands, iv. of Virgil, xxiv. 248. 799Lass a (Lhasa), town, Tibet, xiv. 496; Latins, ancient Italian people, xm. 445; xiv. 343; xx. 669, 731, 739» xxiii. 344. 745Lassalle, Ferdinand, German socialist, xiv. 320; x. 513; xxil. 210, 214; Latin Writing, xviii. 151. Latitat, English writ, xxiv. 695. on co-operation, VI. 214. Lassell, W., English astronomer, 11. Latitude, in astronomy, 11. 771, 793; geographical, x. 198; early methods 811, 812, 813; his observatory at of finding, X. 187; in navigation, XVII. Starfield, England, xvn. 711; his 251, 268, 272; of observatories, xvil reflecting telescope, XXlll. 152. 710; as known to Ptolemy, XX. 88; Lassen, Christian, Norwegian Oriencalculation of, in surveying, x. 166, talist, xiv. 322. 169; xxii. 700, 712; highest latitudes Lassen’s Peak, Sierra Nevada, U.S.A., ever reached, x. 196; xix. 324, 326. xxiii. 800. Lasso, Orlando di, Flemish musician, Latium, ancient division, Italy, xiv. 343; coins of, xvil 637. xvii. 84. Latona, in Roman mythology (the Last Chronicle of Barset, TrolGreek Leto), xiv. 345; 11. 185. lope’s novel, xxiii. 585. Last Days of Pompeii, Lytton’s novel, Latopolis (Esneh), ancient town, Egypt, vil 782; viii. 547. xv. 122. La Trappe, Monastery of, France, Lastingham, England, Crypt in church xxiii. 523; xvi. 713. at, vi. 668. Eastman, Pieter, Dutch painter, XX. Latreille, Pierre Andr4, French naturalist, XIV. 345; on reptiles, xx. 373436Last of the Barons, Lytton’s novel, Latrobite, mineral, xvi. 420. xv. 123. Latter Day Saints, or Mormons, xvi. L’ASTREE, French romance, XX. 659. 825. Last Supper, of Jesus Christ, xm. Latvis, or Letts, tribe, Lithuania, Russia, 668; Leonardo da Vinci’s painting of, xiv. 702. xiv. 458. Las Vegas, hot springs, New Mexico, Lauban, town, Prussia, xiv. 346. Laube, Heinrich, German writer, x. U.S.A., xvii. 400. 545Latakia, town, Syria, xiv. 323. Lauber (Dypold), German transcriber, H—Tobacco, xxiii. 425. xxni. 682. Latania, genus of palms, xvill. 190. Laud, William, archbishop of CanterLatch Lock, xiv. 748. bury, XIV. 346; VIII. 346; his church Lateau, Louise, of Hainault, Stigmata measures, Vlll. 377; XIX. 687; his inof, xxil 550. fluence on Scottish affairs, XXL 51 l Latent Heat, xi. 555. Lateran Council, Decrees of the Laudanum, drug, xvil 793. second, xvil. 484; the fourth, XIII. Lauder, town, Scotland, in. 613. , Sir Thomas Dick, Scottish writer, 84. xiv. 347. Lateran Palace, Rome, xx. 835. Lauderdale, district, Scotland, m. Laterite, rock, India, xn. 737. 612. Latham, John, on birds, xvni. 6. , Earl and duke of, Scottish statesLathe, machine for turning, xiv. 323; man, xv. 308; xxi. 515; his relations xv. 153. with archbishop Sharp, XXL 780. Lathing, for plaster work, iv. 505. , Eighth Earl of, on Smith’s Wealth Lathyrus, genus of plants, xviii. 441. of Nations, xix. 370. Latiaris, epithet of Jupiter, xm. 780. Laticiferous Tissue, in plants, xix. Laudi, Italian dialogue poems, xin. 500. 48. Latimer, Hugh, English Reformer and Laudonniere, Rene Goulaine de, French settler, Florida, xx. 531. martyr, xiv. 325. Latini, or Latins (q.v.), ancient people, Lauds, canonical hour, iv. 263. Lauenburg, duchy, Germany, xiv. 347; Italy, xiv. 343. xxi. 414. , Brunette, Italian poet, xm. 501. Laughing, xx. 480. Latin Inscriptions, xiii. 124. Gas, v. 512. Latin Language, xiv. 327; accent in, Jackass, bird, xiv. 82. I. 80; alphabetism in, 1. 610; in relation to Romance languages, xx. LAUGIER, Meiffren, on birds, XVIII. 12. 661; dictionaries of, Vil. 184; Varro’s Laumontite, mineral, xvi. 422. Launce, Sand, fish, XXL 257. treatise on, xxiv. 93. 347Latin League, of thirty cities, Italy, Launceston, town, England, xiv.XXIIL , town, Tasmania, xiv. 347; xiv. 343. Latin Literature, xx. 715; rhetoric, | 73-

L A U —L E A

255 Launching, of a ship, xxi. 820. La Vela, town, Venezuela, xxiv. 140. Laupen, Switzerland, Battle of (1339), Laveleye, Emile de, economist, xix. Lawrence, Sir Thomas, English painter, xiv. 373. xxii. 784. 395Laura, in Eastern monachism, 1. 10; La Vendee, France, Insurrection in, Laws of Labour, xiv. 165. Lawsonia, genus of plants, xi. 654. xvi. 700. ix. 605. Lawyers, English, their training, xiii. , of Petrarch’s Canzoniere, xvm. Lavender, plant, xiv. 352; xn. 289. 88; costume, vi. 476; order of preced707. Lavendulan, mineral, xvi. 404. ence, xix. 667. Laureium, Silver mines of, ancient Lavenham, England, Beet-sugar factory Lay, H. N., administrator at Shanghai, Greece, in. 59. at, 1. 382. xxi. 772. Laurel, tree, xiv. 348; in California, Laveno, town, Italy, xv. 198. Layamon, Saxon chronicler, xiv. 374; xxiii. 810. Lavey, spa, France, xvi. 435. vm. 394, 408; xxi. 739. Laurencekirk, town, Scotland, xiv. Lavinium, ancient town, Italy, xiv. 344. Laybach (Laibach), town, Austria, xiv. 79Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, French 215; congress of (1821), xiii. 486; Laurens, Henry, American statesman, chemist, xiv. 352; v. 463; on fermenXVI. 201. xiv. 349. tation, ix. 93. , John, American general, xiv. 349. Lavrientski, Russian chronicle, xvn. Layer Marney, Essex, England, Terracotta decorations at, xxiii. 195. Laurenti, Joseph N., on reptiles, xx. 354Lay-Figure, Painter’s, xviii. 137. 434Law, bird, xi. 262. Laurentian Rocks, in geology, x. Law, xiv. 354; origin of, vm. 624; Laynez, Diego, general of the Jesuits, xiii. 653. 327; their thickness, 1. 679; in CanBrahmanical, XU. 782; common, vi. Lay of the Last Minstrel, Scott’s ada, xx. 166. 208; constitutional, vi. 309; ecclesiaspoem, xxi. 547. Laurentius (Lawrence), St, martyr, tical, Vli. 627; early English, vm. Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers, XIV. 370. 276; of equity, vm. 510; international, by Aytoun, m. 166. JUSTINIANUS, St, X. 625. xiii. 190; Jewish sacred, m. 634; Lay Torpedo, xxiii. 451. Laurentum, ancient town, Italy, xiv. martial, vi. 517; military, xvi. 295; Laxey, Isle of Man, Mines at, xv. 451. 344Mohammedan, xvi. 591, 594; Roman, Laxists, in casuistry, xiv. 636. Lauria, town, Italy, xiv. 349. xx. 669; Salic and other barbarian Lazaretto, quarantine establishment, Laurie Island, Antarctic Ocean, xvn. laws, xxi. 212; statute, xxii. 468; adxx. 154, 157. 407. ministration of, in England, vm. 261; Lazar Greblianovich, king of Laurite, mineral, xvi. 394. codes of, vi. 104; Justinian’s codificaServia, xxi. 689. Laurus, genus of plants, xiv. 348. tion of, xiii. 792; costs in, vi. 452; Lazarillo de Tormes, Mendoza’s Laurvik, or Laurvig, town, Norway, Roman schools of, xiv. 164; Gentili novel, xvi. 10. xiv. 350. on international, x. 161; Hooker’s Lazarites, Lazarists, or Lazarians, Lausanne, town, Switzerland, xiv. 350; description of, xn. 152; Plato on, order of priests, xiv. 374; xvi. 713. population, xxiv. 115. xix. 210; Vico’s idea of, xxiv. 212; Lazarus, St, Order of, xiv. 374. , or Geneva (q,v.), Lake of, SwitzerZachariae on, xxiv. 762; legal socieof Beth Kandasa, Syriac writer, land, x. 151. ties, xxii. 226. xxii. 841. Lausitz (Lusatia), district, Germany, , St Paul’s conception of the, in BAR SABHETHA, Syriac writer, xv. 69. theology, xvm. 424. XXII. 846. Lausonium (Lausanne), ancient town, , Edward, Lord Ellenborough, vill. Lazhechnikoff, Ivan Ivanovitch, RusSwitzerland, xiv. 350. 146. sian novelist, xxi. 107. Laus Pompeia (Lodi Vecchio), ancient , John, promoter of the Mississippi Lazuli-Finch, bird, xvn. 534. town, Italy, xiv. 768. scheme, xiv. 367; ix. 584; xv. 22; Lazulite, mineral, xvi. 406. Lautite, mineral, xvi. 392. opposed by D’Aguesseau, vi. 762. Lazy-Tongs, Mechanism of, xv. 697. Lauzun, Due de, husband of Louise , William, English mystic, xiv. 369. Lazzari, Bramante, Italian architect, d’Orhans, xvi. 793. Lawa (Laos), Indo-Chinese people, xiv. IV. 213. Lava, Volcanic, x. 242, 246. 294. , Maria Dominica, Stigmata of, xxii. Lavabo, in architecture, 11. 467. , state, India, xx. 260. 55°. Lavadores, town, Spain, xix. 455. Laweman (Layamon), Saxon chronicler, L£, town, Tibet, xiv. 197. Lavagna, town, Italy, xiv. 350; river, xiv. 374; VIII. 394, 408; xxi. 739. Lea, standard measure of flax yarn, xiv. xiii. 437. La WES, Henry, English composer, xiv. 666. , Count of (Fiesco), Genoese conspira370; friend of Milton, xvi. 326. , river, England, xi. 771; xvi. 279. tor, ix. 147. , Sir John, his system of cropping, , Matthew Carey, his contributions Laval, town, France, xiv. 350. L 342 ; his experiments with manures, to photography, xvin. 828. Lavalette, Antoine de, Jesuit adminisxv. 507. Lead, metal, xiv. 374; xvi. 58, 382, trator, xiii. 654. Lawn, Formation of a, xn. 248. 465; as chemical element, v. 531; La Vallette, John, grand-master of Lawn-Tennis, game, xxiii. 181. cyanide of, xx. 23; as a poison, vi. the Knights Hospitallers, xxi. 174. Lawrence, St, martyr, xiv. 370. 140; xix. 278; alloy in gold assayLaval University, Quebec, Canada, , town, Kansas, U.S.A., xiv. 370. ing) n- 725; spectrum of, xxii. 376; xx. 168. , town, Massachusetts, U.S.A., xiv. strength of, xxii. 603; deposits or Lavandula, genus of plants, xiv. 352. 370. mines, in Ireland, xiii. 218; in Spain, Lavanna, town, Sierra Leone, xxn. 45. , Lord, governor-general, India, xiv. 1.593; XIV. 653; XXII. 301; in Missouri, Lavant, river, England, xxii. 723. 371; xii. 811. U.S.A., XVI. 525; production of, xvi. Lavater, Johann Kaspar, Swiss physio- ■ —, Sir Henry Montgomery, governor467; production in England, vm. 228; gnomist, xiv. 351; x. 540; xix. 5: general, India, xiv. 372. production in United States, xxiii. XXII. 798. —, James, American naval officer, 817. Lavaur, town, France, xiv. 351. xxiii. 760, 789. , Black, xix. 230.

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Lebedyan, town, Russia, xiv. 396; Leeambye, river, Central Africa, xxiv. Lead, White, xix. 86. 765xxiii. 41. Lead-Colic, disease, xvin. 407. Leech, annelid, xiv. 400; II. 69; touch Leben Jesu, Strauss’s, xxn. 591. Leadenhall Market, London, xiv. organs in, xxm. 478. Leberberg, or Jura, mountain range, 829. , John, English caricaturist, xiv. France, XIII. 782. Leadhillite, mineral, xvi. 399. 405; v. 105. Lead, kindly Light, Cardinal New- LEBES, in ancient pottery, XIX. 614. Leechdoms, Anglo-Saxon, mediaeval Lebreton, Andrd Francois, printer of man’s hymn, XII. 595. chronicle, XV. 806. the French Encyclopedic, vm. 197. Lead Palsy, disease, xviil 257. Leeds, town, England, xiv. 406; LEBRIJA, or Lebrixa, town, Spain, XIV. Lead Pencils, xviil 490; xix. 231. libraries of, xiv. 521, 543; news396; XXI. 708. Lead-Spar, mineral, xvi. 398. papers, xvii. 421 ; representation, Lebron, French missionary in ParaLeadville, town, Colorado, U.S.A., xxiv. 748; Yorkshire College at, guay, xviil 245. xiv. 379; xvi. 470; xxiii. 815. xxili. 854. Le Brun, Charles, French painter, Leaf Buds, in plants, iv. 96. Castle, Kent, England, xiv. 40. xiv. 396. League, measure of distance, xxiv. 485. Leek, vegetable, xiv. 409; xn. 284. Lebrun, Charles Frangois, third , the Catholic, of France, IX. 562; , town, England, XIV. 409. consul, France, IX. 613; xvn. 203. xviil 745; the Holy, against the Turks Leelite, mineral, xvi. 419. Le Cateau, town, France, v. 219. (1571), xiii. 717; xix. 154; xxiii. Leem, Knud, Norse missionary and 644; the Swabian, XXII. 789; xxiv. Lecce, town, Italy, xiv. 396. philologist, xvil. 590. Lecco, town, Italy, Xiv. 397. 702; Swiss leagues, XXII. 781, 783. Leer, town, Germany, xiv. 410. , Lake of, VI. 220. Leak, in a vessel, xxi. 601. Lee’s Observatory, Hartwell, EngLecher, E., on radiation, xx. 217. Leake, William Martin, English antiland, xvil 711. Lechlade, town, England, xxm. 220. quarian topographer, xiv. 379. Leeuwarden, town, Holland, xiv. 410. Lechmere, Sir Edmund, restorer of Leamington, town, England, xiv. 380. Leeuwenhoek, Anthony van, Dutch St John’s Hospice, xxi. 175. Leander, of Greek legend, XL 754. microscopist, Xiv. 410; his contribu(J. H. van Ess), German theologian, Lechs, or Lekhs, ancient people, Poland, tions to microscopical anatomy, xxiv. xix. 285. viii. 549. 815; on crystals, VI. 672; his use of Lecithin, fatty substance in nerves, Leane, Lough, Killarney, Ireland, xiv. the microscope, 1. 812; his discovery xix. 24. 76of Rotifera, XXL 4. Le Clerc, Jean, Swiss theologian and Leaou-Tung, province, Manchuria, xv. Leeward Islands, West Indies, xxiv. writer, Xiv. 397. 466. 510; in. 749Leaou-Yang, town, Manchuria, xiv. Le Conte, Joseph, on the stereoscope, Leeway, in navigation, XVIL 264. xxil 539. 504; xv. 466. Lefevre, Anne (Madame Dacier), Leaping, in ancient games, x. 64; in Lecouvreur, Adrienne, French actress, French scholar, VI. 759. XXL 346. modern gymnastics, XL 350. (Faber), Jacobus, theologian, vm. Lection, Lectionarium, LectionLeap Year, of the calendar, iv. 666. 835ary, xiv. 397; xvi. 508. Lear, Edward, illustrator of birds, (Faber), Johann, Malleus HseretiLectisternia, Roman religious feast, xviil 12. corum, viii. 835. XXL 133. Lease, in law, xiv. 273; agricultural, , Raoul, French romancist, xx. Lectors, minor order of Roman Catho1. 294, 407, 4ix640. lic Church, Xiv. 397; XVII. 820. Leasehold, in England, xiv. 264. Lefkosia, town, Cyprus, vi. 748; xvii. Leasing-Making, in Scots law, xxiii. Lectures, Copyright in, vi. 360. 49xLECYTHUS, in ancient pottery, XIX. 614. 529. Lefort, French astronomer, xiv. 776; Leasowe Castle, Cheshire, England, Leczinski, or Leszcynski, Stanislas, xxiii. 10. prince of Lorraine and king of Poland, xxiv. 328. IX. 585; xvii. 171; xix. 297; xxil 450. Lefuka, island, South Pacific, IX. 779. Leather, xiv. 380; stamped, for wall Leg, of birds, in. 720; of mammals, xv. Led a, in Greek legend, v. 199. decoration, XVIL 37. 360. Ledermuller, Martin F., German , Artificial, xiv. 391. Legacy Duties, ix. 186; xxn. 616. zoologist, xxiv. 806. Leaven, ferment in dough, ill. 254. Legal Fictions, ix. 140. Leavenworth, town, Kansas, U.S.A., Ledger, in book-keeping, iv. 46. LEGARiJ, H. Swinton, American critic, Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Auguste, xiv. 391. 1. 723. French politician, xiv. 398. Leaves, of plants, iv. 108. Legate, Papal, xiv. 412. Led YARD, John, American traveller, Lebanon, mountains, Syria, xiv. 392. Legazpi, Miguel Lopez de, Spanish xiv. 399. j province, Asiatic Turkey, xxil. navigator, xviil 753. Lee, river, Ireland, vi. 403. 821; xxiii. 653. Legenda, church service book, xiv. 710. , Ann, foundress of Shaker sect, } town, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., xiv. Legendre, Adrien Marie, French xxi. 736. 395mathematician, xiv. 413; on the cal, Charles, American general, xxm. , Cedar of, tree, v. 285. culus, XIII. 62; his mathematical 741, 742Springs, New York, U.S.A., xvi. tables, xxiii. 14. , Nathaniel, English dramatist, xiv. 436Legends, in folklore, ix. 358; their 399; vii. 435. Lebar Gabhala, Irish legends, xm. place in ethnology, VIII. 623; Irish, , Richard Henry, American states243. xill. 243. man, xiv. 399; xxiii. 743. Lebbin, town, Prussia, xxiv. 633. of Saints, Barbour’s poem, m, Robert, Scottish divine, XXL 539. Lebda (ancient Leptis), town, Tripoli, 365. Robert Edward, American Confed} Africa, xiv. 470. erate general, xiv. 399; xxiii. 777, 780. Linger, Jean, Waldensian pastor, xxiv. Le Beau, Charles, French historian, 325, William, inventor of the stockingxiv. 395. | Leger Burner, for lamp, xiv. 245. frame, xii. 299. Lebedin, town, Russia, xiv. 396.

L E G —L E N Legerdemain, sleight of hand, xiv. 414; xv. 207. Leghorn, town, Italy, xiv. 416; under the Medici, xv. 791; hat trade of, xxii. 593. Legion, division of Roman army, 11. 562; xx. 735. Legionaries, Roman soldiers, xix. ^56. legion of Honour, Order of the, xiv. 417; ix. 517, 615. Legislation, xiv. 354, 359, 366; in relation to government, XI. 16; British parliamentary, xvm. 311; Roman, XX. 697; of United States, xxm. 749. , Science of, Filangieri’s work, IX. 159Legitim, in Scots law, xn. 402. Legitimacy, in law, m. 426. Legnago, town, Italy, xx. 145. Leguan, lizard, xiv. 735. Legume, or Pod, form of fruit, IV. 151. Leguminous Crops, Culture of, 1.360. Lehigh, river, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., xviii. 500. University, U.S.A., xxm. 857. Lei ah, town, India, xiv. 417. Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm, German mathematician and philosopher, xiv. 417; on axioms, ill. 160; on evolution, vili. 748, 760; on infinitesimal calculus, xili. 8; his influence on German writers, X. 532; his logic, xiv. 794; his metaphysics, XVI. 91; his optimism, xviii. 686; his influence on Kant, xiii. 848; his relations with Newton, xvn. 445; his criticism of Pufendorf, xx. 100. Leibzoll, German tax on Jews, xm. 682. Leicester, county, England, xiv. 423; population and representation, xxm. 727; coalfield, vi. 50; sheep, 1. 391. , town, England, xiv. 424. , Robert Dudley, earl of, xiv. 425; in Holland, xn. 77. , Simon de Montfort, earl of, xvi. 787; xi. 658; xviii. 304. Leicester’s Commonwealth, pamphlet by Parsons, xiv. 426. Leicester Sheep, i. 391 ; improved by Bakewell, 1. 302. Leichardt, Ludwig, Australian explorer, hi. 105. Leiden (Leyden, q.v.), town, Holland, xiv. 494. Leif, or Lief, early Greenland voyager, L 706; xi. 171. Leigh, town, England, xiv. 426. , Edward, Puritan Biblical critic, xiv. 426. Leighton, Sir Frederick, as sculptor, xxi. 561. , Robert, bishop of Dunblane, xiv. 427. Leighton-Buzzard, town, England, XIV. 429.

Leinster, early Irish kingdom, xm. 245. , province, Ireland, XIII. 215. , Book of, Irish MS., v. 307, 326. Leipsic, or Leipzig, town, Germany, xiv. 429; xxi. 358; book trade at, IV. 40; conservatorium of music at, vi. 292; library, xiv. 527, 546; newspapers, xvii. 428; observatory, xvn. 713; university, xxin. 841, 843, 849; battle of (1813), III. 135, 444; ix. 617; xvii. 221; disputation between Luther and Eck at, xv. 73. Leisler, Jacob, insurgent leader, New York, xvii. 455. Leith, town, Scotland, xiv. 431; population, xxi. 528. Hill, Surrey, England, XXII. 693. Leitmeritz, town, Bohemia, xiv. 432. Leitrim, county, Ireland, xiv. 432; population and representation, xxm. 727. Lek, river, Holland, xn. 63; xx. 519. Lekah Tob, Midrash, xvi. 287. Lekhs, ancient people, Poland, xix. 285. Leki, Caucasian tribes, xiv. 474. L.E.L. (Letitia Elisabeth Landon), English poetess, xiv. 278. Leland, John (c. 1506-1552), English antiquary, xiv. 433. , John (1691-1766), English theologian, XIV. 433. Leleges, Greek race of people, xiv. 434; xvi. 53. Lelewel, Joachim, Polish historian, xiv. 434; xix. 304. Lelie, George Sand’s novel, vn. 509. Lelli, Camillo de’, founder of monastic order, xvi. 712, 716. Le Locle, town, Neuchatel, Switzerland, xiv. 764; xvii. 361. Lely, Sir Peter, English painter, xiv. 434Leman, Lake (Geneva, q.v.), Switzerland, x. 151. Lemanic Republic, The, xxii. 793. Le Mans, town, France, xv. 497. Lemberg, town, Austria, xiv. 435; libraries of, XIV. 547; university, xxiii. 851. , mountain, Wiirtemberg, xxiv. 699. Le Mercier, Jean, French Hebraist, xi. 601. Lemming, rodent mammal, xiv. 435; xv. 419. Lemnos, island, iEgean Sea, Turkey, xiv. 436; fire festival of, iv. 621. Lemon, tree and fruit, xiv. 437. Lemonade, aerated water, 1. 184. Lemonnier, Pierre Charles, French astronomer, xiv. 439. Lemon Peel, Candied, xiv. 438. Lemosi, Provengal and Catalan language, xxii. 347, 363. Lemoyne de Bienville, Jean Baptiste, founder of New Orleans, xvii. 403.

257 Lempa, river, San Salvador, Central America, xxi. 268. Lemur, Lemurs, group of mammals, xiv. 440; xv. 444. , Flying, insectivorous mammal, XV. 401. Lemuralia, in Roman festival, xiv. 313Lemures, in Roman legend, xiv. 313. Lemurid^e, family of mammals, xiv. 440; XV. 170. Lemurine Night Ape, ii. 154. Lena, river, Siberia, xxii. 5; xxm. 510; xxiv. 726. Le Nain, Antoine, Louis, and Mathieu, French painters, xvii. 166. Lenau (Nicholas Strehlenau), Austrian poet, x. 546. Lenclos, Ninon de, Frenchwoman of society, xiv. 445. Lendermenn, Norse rulers, xvii. 585, 589. Lenfant, Jacques, French ecclesiastical historian, xiv. 445. Length, Mensuration of, xvi. 13; standards of, xxiv. 483. Lenkoran, town, Transcaucasia, Russia, xiv. 446. Lennep, town, Germany, xiv. 446. , Jacob van, Dutch poet and novelist, xiv. 446; xii. 98. Lenngren, Anna Maria, Swedish poetess, xxii. 756. LennoacE/E, parasitic plants, xviii. 264. Lennox, Earls of, regents of Scotland, xiii. 558; xxi. 506, 507. Hills, Scotland, xxii. 553. LENNOXTOWN, town, Scotland, xxii. 554Lennoxville, Canada, University at, xxiii. 857. Leno, textile fabric, x. 118. Lenoir Gas-Engine, xxii. 523. Lenore, Burger’s poem, x. 540; iv. 533Le Normant d’Etoiles, French financier, xix. 443. Lenox Globe, x. 680. Lenox Library, New York, xiv. 536. Lens, town, France, xviii. 340; battle of (1648), ix. 571. Lenses, in optics, xiv. 593; xvii. 802; xxiv. 436; convex and concave, xxiii. 139; microscopic, xvi. 258; spectacles, xxii. 372. Lent, church festival, xiv. 446; observance of, ix. 47. Lenticels, structures in plants, xn. 18. Lentil, seed and plant, xiv. 447. Lentini (Leontini), ancient town, Sicily, xiv. 463. Lentisk, tree, xv. 621. LENTlUM(Linz), Roman station, Austria, xiv. 679. Lenz, Heinrich F. E., his theory of oceanic circulation, ill. 22; his law of XXV. - 33

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electric induction, vm. n, 76; his Leonists, Reformers of 12th century, Lepolite, mineral, xvi. 420. Lepontii, Rhsetian people, xx. 505. xx. 321. magnetic experiments, xv. 253. Leonora, regent of Portugal, xix. Lepontine Alps, i. 626. Lenzinite, mineral, xvi. 424. LEPORID/E, family of rodent mammals, Leo I., pope, xiv. 448; xix. 491. 543xv. 421. d’Este, friend of Tasso, xxm. 76. II., pope, xiv. 448. Le Prese, spa, North Italy, xxiv. 45. III., pope, xiv. 449; xix. 496; xx. LEONORE, Burger’s poem, IV. 533; X. Leprosy, disease, xiv. 468; xvni. 406; 540. 786. XXIL 122. Leontini, town, Sicily, xiv. 463; xxil IV.-VIL, popes, xiv. 449. Leptines, Demosthenes’s oration against, —— VIII., pope, xiv. 449; xx. 789. i5> 17VII. 69; Wolf’s commentary on it, Leontius, emperor of the East, xm. IX., pope, xiv. 449; xix. 498. xxiv. 630. 798. X., pope, xiv. 450; xiii. 481; xv. LEPTIS (Lebda), ancient town, Tripolis, 787; xx. 324; Michelangelo’s works Leontodonium, principle in taraxaAfrica, xiv. 470. cum, xxiii. 61. for, xvi. 233. Leptocardii, subclass of fishes, xil Leopard, carnivorous mammal, xiv. XL, pope, xiv. 452; xix. 505. 695. 463; xv. 435; of India, xil 741; of XIL, pope, xiv. 452; xix. 508. Leptoptilus, genus of birds, xin. 529. Java, Xiii. 603. L, the Great, emperor of the East, LEPTOSOMUS, genus of birds, XX. 627. , Hunting, or Cheetah, V. 456. xiv. 452. Leopardi, Alessandro, Italian sculptor, Leptothrix, genus of Schizomycetes, II., emperor, xiv. 452. XXL 399. xxi. 568; xxiv. 176. III., the Isaurian, emperor, xiv. Lepus, genus of rodent mammals, XL , Giacomo, Italian poet, xiv. 464; 452; XL 114; as iconoclast, xil. 712. 476; XX. 192. XIII. 515; his pessimism, XVlll. 689. V., the Armenian, emperor, xiv. Le Puy, town, France, xx. 118. Leopold L, emperor, xiv. 466; x. 502. 453Lerbachite, mineral, xvi. 393. II., emperor, xiv. 467. VI., the Philosopher, emperor, Xiv. Lerida, province, Spain, xiv. 470. L, duke of Anhalt-Dessau, xiv. 453; ill. 419. , town, Spain, XIV. 470; university 6 Johannes (Leo Africanus), Moorish 4 75 of, XXIII. 839. HI., duke of Austria, his war with writer, XIV. 453. Lerins, islands, France, iv. 807. Switzerland, XXIL 783, 784. , Leonardo, Italian musician, xvn. L, king of the Belgians, xiv. 467; Lerma, Duke of, Spanish statesman, 93* xviii. 746; xxil 330. in. 528, 530. Diaconus, Byzantine historian, Lermontoff, Mikhail Yurevitch, Rus, Prince, of Hohenzollern, IX. 626; iv. 613. sian poet and novelist, xiv. 471; xxi. xxil 346. Leo ben, Austria, Preliminaries of 96, 107. , Karl Gustaf, Swedish poet, xxil (1797), ix. 610; xvii. 198. Le Romain, Pierre Mignard, French 756. Leobschutz, town, Prussia, xiv. 453. painter, xvi. 289. Leopoldine Academy, Vienna, 1. 77. Leochares, Greek sculptor, xiv. 453. Leocorium, sacred shrine, Athens, ill. 2. Leopoldstadt, part of Pesth, Hun- LEROUX, Pierre, French philosopher and politician, xiv. 471. gary, xviii. 691. Leodium (Li6ge), ancient town, Belgium, Le Roy, Julien David, on the monu, suburb of Vienna, xxiv. 219. xiv. 568. ments of Athens, II. 444. Leominster, town, England, xiv. 454. Leopoldville, town, on Congo river, Le Roy’s Electrical Machine, viii. Africa, XXIV. 765. Leon, Kingdom of, Spain, xxn. 311. ioi. , province, Spain, xiv. 454; XXII. Leopolis (Lemberg), ancient town, Lerwick, town, Shetland, Scotland, Austria, xiv. 435. 298; dialect of, xxn. 351. xvii. 848. Le Palais, town, France, xvi. 813. ■, town, Spain, xiv. 454. Lepanto, town, Greece, Xiv. 467; Le Sage, Alain Rene, French novelist , town, Mexico, XIV. 455. and dramatist, xiv. 472; ix. 666. battle of (1571), v. 348; XL 121; XIII. , town, Nicaragua, xiv. 455; xvii. Le Sage, Georges Louis, on the cause 717; xxiii. 644; xxiv. 145. 477of gravitation, ill. 46. , Gulf of, Greece, XL 82. , Luis Ponce de, or Fray Luis de, Les Andelys, town, France, 11. 13. Spanish poet and religious writer, Lepchas, Nepalese race, xvi. 341. L’Epee, Abbe de, on teaching deaf- Lesbia, of Catullus, v. 248. xiv. 455; xxii. 357, 360. Lesbio-HLolic Dialect, of Greek, xi. mutes, vil. 7. , Moses de, writer of Book of Zohar, J 32. Lepel, town, Russia, xxiv. 262. xiii. 814. Lesbos, island, iEgean Sea, Asia Minor, Leonardo of Pisa, Italian mathe- Leper-Houses, xiv. 469. Xiv. 474; coins of, xvii. 646. Lepers, Order for the Succour of, xiv. matician, xix. 124; xvii. 626 ; Lesghians, or Lesghis, Caucasian tribes, introducer of algebra into Europe, 1. 374xiv. 474; v. 258. Lepidolite, mineral, xiv. 697; xvi. 512. Leshkoff, Russian historian, xxi. 108. DA Vinci, Italian artist and man 4i3Lesley, or Leslie, Charles, Irish nonof science and letters, xiv. 455; XIII. Lepidomelane, mineral, xvi. 413. juror, xiv. 476. Lepidoptera, order of insects, iv. 592; 508; xxi. 437, 569. , John, bishop of Ross, Scottish hisXIII. 150; mimicry in, xvi. 343. Leonhardite, mineral, XVI. 422. torian and statesman, xiv. 475; xxi. Leonidaion, building at Olympia, Lepidosiren, genus of fishes, xiv. 2 54 468. Greece, XVII. 768. Lepidostoidei, suborder of fishes, XII. Leslie, Alexander, earl of Leven, ScotLeonidas, king of Sparta, xiv. 462. tish general, xiv. 485; XXL 512. 687. of Alexandria, Greek poet, xiv. , Charles, Irish non-juror, xiv. 476. LEPIDUS, M. TEmilius, Roman trium462. , Charles Robert, English painter, vir, xiv. 468; xx. 768. of Tarentum, Greek poet, Xiv. xiv. 476. , M. iEmilius, Roman consuls, xiv. 462. , David, Lord Newark, Scottish 468; xix. 451. Leonides, Roman surgeon, xxil 675. general, xvn. 371; XXL 514Leonids, November meteors, xvi. 110. Lepilemur, genus of lemurs, xiv. 442.

L E S —L E Y Leslie, Sir John, Scottish scientist, xiv. 476; on radiation of heat, xx. 213; his explanation of capillary action, v. 57, Thomas Edward Cliffe, political economist, xiv. 477; xix. 397. L’Espagnols-sur-Mer, Battle of (1350), xvii. 280. L’Espinasse, Claire Frangoise de, friend of D’Alembert, VI. 775; ix. 668. Les Rochers, Madame de Sevigne’s country seat, France, XXL 705; XXIV. 263. Les Rousses, fort, France, xm. 782. Lesseps, Ferdinand, promoter of Suez Canal, IV. 790. Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, German philosopher, xiv. 478; X. 536; on the theory of art, 1. 219; his influence on the German drama, vn. 441; his fables, viii. 839; as satirist, xxi. 320. Lesson, Rene Primevere, on birds, xviii. 13. Lessonia, genus of Algae, 1. 509. L’Estrange, Louis Henri, abbot of La Trappe, xxm. 524. Sir Roger, English pamphleteer, xiv. 482; xviii. 205; surveyor of the English press, XVII. 414. Le Sueur, Eustache, French painter, xxii. 619. Lesueur, Jean Frangois, French musical composer, xiv. 483. Leszczynski, or Leczynski, Stanislaw, king of Poland, IX. 585; XVII. 171; xix. 297; xxii. 450. Le Tai-pih, Chinese poet, v. 666. Le Tellier, Michel, French minister under Louis XIV., ix. 574. Lethe, in Greek mythology, xiv. 483Lethendy Case, in Church of Scotland, v. 377Lethington, Lord, Scottish lawyer and poet, xv. 308. Letitcheff, town, Russia, xix. 254. Leto, in Greek mythology (the Roman Latona), 11. 185; xiv. 345. , Pomponio, Roman scholar, xx. 806. Letronne, Jean Antoine, French archaeologist, xiv. 483. Letter-Copying Press, xxiv. 414. Letterkenny, town, Ireland, vn. 362. Letters, Conveyance of, xix. 562; copyright in, VI. 360. of Junius, xiii. 775. T0 ' His Son, Chesterfield’s, v. 607. Lettish Language, Dictionaries of, vii. 188. Lettres de Cachet, xiv. 484; Mirabeau’s, xvi. 493. Lettres de la Montagne, by Rousseau, xxi. 16. Lettres Persanes, Montesquieu’s, xvi. 782.

Letts, tribes, Lithuania, xiv. 701, 724; xxii. 148. Lettsomite, mineral, xvi. 402. Lettuce, garden vegetable, xn. 284. Leucadia, one of the Ionian Islands, Greece, xiv. 205; xxi. 297. Leucate, lagoon, France, xx. 128. Leuchtenbergite, mineral, xvi. 414. Leucippe and Cleitophon, Greek romance, xx. 636. Leucippus, Greek philosopher, xiv. 484. Leuciscus, genus of fishes, xx. 582; xxi. 49; xxiv. 552. Leucite, mineral, x. 228; xvi. 412. Leuckart, Karl G. F. Rudolf, on classification of parasites, xviii. 261; on the tapeworm, xxm. 50; his zoological classification, xxiv. 809. Leucocyth^emia, disease, xviii. 376. Leucocytosis, disease, xviii. 376. Leucoderma, skin disease, xxii. 122. Leuconaria, tribe of sponges, xxii. 422. Leucopathia, or Albinism, skin affection, I. 455. Leucophane, mineral, xvi. 418. Leucopyrite, mineral, xvi. 390. Leucosticte, genus of birds, xiv. 675. Leuctra, Greece, Battle of (371), vm. 456; xi. 103. Leuk, village, Switzerland, xiv. 484; mineral water of, xvi. 433, 435. Leukaemia, disease, xviii. 376. Leukophibia (Whithorn), Roman station, Scotland, xviii. 411; xxiv. 563. Leupichis, ancestor of Paulus Diaconus, xviii. 436. Leupold, Jacob, inventor of non-condensing steam-engine, xxii. 476. Leuthar, leader of the Alemanni, xvii. 233Leuthen, Prussian Silesia, Battle of (1757), III. 128. Leutholf, or Ludolf, Hiob, German Orientalist, xv. 59. LEUTSCHAU, town, Hungary, xiv. 485. Leuwarden, or Leeuwarden, town, Holland, xiv. 410. Leuwenhoek, or Leeuwenhoek (q.v.), Anthony van, Dutch microscopist, xiv. 410. Levadias, disease, in Cape Verd Islands, v. 51. Le Vaillant, Frangois, on birds, xviii. 8, 11. Levant, countries bordering on Eastern Mediterranean, 11. 703. Company, xxi. 827. Sponge, xxii. 423. Levees, of Mississippi river, xvi. 520. Levelling, in surveying, xxii. 707; instrument for, xxii. 720. Levels, in mining, xvi. 448. Leven, Earl of (Alexander Leslie), Scottish general, xiv. 485.

259 Leventina, valley, Switzerland, xxii. 785; xxiii. 351. Leveque, Charles, on the beautiful, 1. 213, 220. Lever, Charles, Irish novelist, xiv. 485. Balance, hi. 262. Escapement, of watch, xxiv. 396. Leverrier, Urbain Jean Joseph, French astronomer, xiv. 486; his share in the discovery of the planet Nepture, 11. 813; on the solar parallax, XVIII. 246. Levi, of Scripture, son of Jacob, xiv. 487; tribe of, xm. 400. Leviathan, Hobbes’s work, vm. 422; xii. 35. Levin, Rahel Antonie, wife of Varnhagen von Ense, xxiv. 91. Levis, town, Canada, xiv. 487; xx. 167. Levites, of Scripture, xiv. 487; xm. 418; xix. 728. Levitical Cities, of Israel, xiv. 489. Leviticus, Book of, xviii. 505. Levulose, or Lsevulose, in chemistry, ix. 96; xii. 136; xxii. 624. Levy, Armand, on crystallographic symbols, VI. 675. Levyne, mineral, xvi. 422. Lew-Chew Islands, North Pacific Ocean, xiv. 489; xm. 570. Lewes, town, England, xiv. 490; xxii. 725. , George Henry, English writer, xiv. 491; on evolution, vm. 765. Lewin, Harriet, wife of George Grote, XI. 213, 216. Lewis, kings of France. See Louis. , or The Lews, part of island, Hebrides, Scotland, xiv. 492; xx. 854. , Sir George Cornewall,- English writer and statesman, xiv. 492. , Matthew Gregory, English writer, xiv. 493. , Meriwether, American explorer, xiv. 494. , William, English chess-player, v. 601. Lewiston, town, Maine, U.S.A., xiv. 494Lex, in Roman law, XX. 670 Lexell’s Comet, ii. 814. Lexias, variety of Spanish raisins, xx. 258. Lexicon, Lexicography, vii. 180. Technicum, Harris’s, XL 493. Lexington, town, Kentucky, U.S.A., xiv. 494; battle of (1775), xxiii. 740. , town, Missouri, U.S.A., xiv. 494. , town, Virginia, U.S.A., xiv. 494. Lexiphanes, Lucian’s dialogue, xv. 43. Lexovii, tribe, ancient Gaul, xiv. 693. Lex Rex, Rutherfurd’s work, xxi. 112. Leyden, town, Holland, xiv. 494; in

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time of Scaliger, XXL 364; libraries, Liberum Veto, Polish statute, xix. Liddesdale, district, Scotland, xxi. 34. Lidner, Bengt, Swedish writer, xxil 290, 294. XIV. 531; medical school, XV. 812; 757Libethenite, mineral, xvi. 405. observatory, xvn. 715; university, Lidy, or Lida, town, Russia, xxiv. 234. Libici, Ligurian tribe, Italy, xiv. 639. xxiii. 850. Lie, Sophistical problem of the, xviii. Leyden, John, Scottish poet, xiv. 495. LlBOURNE, town, France, XIV. 509. 742. Jar, electrical apparatus, vm. 5, 6, Libra, ancient Roman coin, xvn. 655. , Jonas, Norwegian novelist, xvn. , Roman weight, xxiv. 488. 7, 34; explained by Allamand, 1. 579. 592. Leyland, John, English antiquary, Librarian, Office and duties of, xiv. Liebenerite, mineral, xvi. 425. xiv. 433. 536, 540Libraries, xiv. 509 (with lists, 542); Liebenstein, spa, Germany, xvi. 434. Leyte, island, Philippines, xvill. 752. classification of books in, III. 661; Lieber, Francis, American publicist, Lhasa, town, Tibet, xiv. 496; populaxiv. 564. garrison, of British army, II. 586. tion, xxiii. 344. Lieberkuhn, Glands or crypts of, in Library Management, xiv. 536. L’HerMinier, Felix Louis, on birds, anatomy, vn. 227; xvil. 669. Libration, Lunar, II. 800. xviii. 21. Lieberkuhnia, genus of Foraminifera, LlBRl, on artistic bookbinding, IV. 41. Lherzolite, mineral, xvi. 416. ix. 373LlBURNlANS, ancient people, on Adriatic Lhobra, district, Tibet, xxiii. 341. Liebig, Justus, German chemist, xiv. coasts, xiv. 551. L’Hopital, or L’Hospital, Michel de, 565; his condenser, VII. 261; his exchancellor of France, xiv. 503; ix. Libya, ancient territory, North Africa, tract of meat, xix. 707; xxiv. 15; on xiv. 551. 560. fermentation, IX. 94; on fossil manures, Lhota, Bohemia, Synod of (1467), XVI. Libyan Desert, North Africa, xxi. L 348. 150; xxiii. 575; oases of, xvn. 695. 811. Liebig ite, mineral, xvi. 399. Libyan Language, xviii. 778. Lhoyul, district, Tibet, xxiii. 340. Lhuyd, Edward, on Celtic philology, v. Licata, or Alicata, seaport, Sicily, I. Liechtenstein, principality, Germany, xiv. 568. 574; xxil. 31. 299. Lief, or Leif, early Greenland voyager, Lice, human parasites, xv. 24; xxil Li, Chinese books of rites and cere1. 706; XL 171. 123. monies, VI. 263. Liability, Limited and Unlimited, VI. Licensing Act (1872), on adulterations, Li^GE, town, Belgium, xiv. 568; destruction of, by Burgundians, V. 424; 1. 167. 222; in partnership, xviii. 330. sculptures in cathedral, XXL 564; Licensing Laws, xiv. 688; xxm. 159; Lia Fail, coronation stone, Scotland, library, XIV. 531; university, III. 519; in relation to Sabbath observance, XXL 51. xxiii. 850. xxii. 656. Liakhoff, Russian Arctic explorer, xix. Liche (Latakia), town, Syria, xiv. 323. Liegnitz, town, Prussia, xiv. 569; 318. xxil 53; battle of (1241), xxil 52. Lichen, xiv. 552. See Lichens. Liard, Canadian tree, xix. 512. Liemba, lake, Africa, 1. 248. , skin disease, xxil 122. Lias, geological system, x. 354. LlCHENES, or Lichens (g.v.), suborder of Lien, in law, xiv. 569. Liau-Yang, town, China, XIV. 504. Lierre, or Lier, town, Belgium, xiv. Fungi, ix. 834. Libanius, Greek sophist, xiv. 504. 570; normal school at, III. 520. LlBANUS, Libanos, or Lebanon, moun- Lichenine, gelatin in lichens, xiv. 558. tains, Syria, xiv. 392; xxn. 821; Lichens, group of plants, xiv. 552; Liesthal, town, Switzerland, m. 409; xxil 778. xxiv. 128; vegetative organs of, iv. xxiii. 654. 107; parasitic forms, XVIll. 266; re- Lieutaud, Joseph, anatomist, 1. 814. Libations, Religious, xxi. 133. production in, IV. 162; XX. 423; her- Lieutenant, Naval, his duties, xvil Libau, town, Russia, xiv. 504. barium for, XL 718. 293Libavius, Andreas, on chemistry, V. 460. Lievin, town, France, xviii. 340. Lichfield, town, England, xiv. 563. Libel, in law, xiv. 505. Lievrite, mineral, xvi. 410. Libellulid/e, family of insects, vn. Lich-Gate, in architecture, 11. 467. LlCHTENBERG, principality, Germany, Life, its distinctive properties, m. 679; 386. protoplasmic, XIX. 828; of man, I. xiv. 563. Liber, Roman deity, xiv. 507. 843; human, legal divisions of, I. 279; , Georg Christoph, German physicist Libera, Roman deity, xiv. 507. human, expectation of, xiv. 859; of and satirist, xiv. 563; his dust figures, Liber Albus, of Edward L, 1. 167. animals, XIX. 10; distribution of, VII. in electricity, vill. 66. Liberalia, Roman festival, xiv. 508. 267; x. 212; duration of, xiv. 857; Liberalism, in relation to the Renais- Lichtenstein, Ulrich von, early Gertheories of, xvin. 843; evolution of the man writer, x. 525. sance, xx. 394. sum of, VIII. 747; geological action of, Liberal Party, English political party, LlCHTERFELDE, Prussia, Electric tramx. 289; vegetable, distribution of, VII. way at, xxiii. 495. xxiv. 540. 286; X. 212; attributed to fire, IX. 231; Licinian Law, Roman, xx. 738. Liber de Wintonia, or Domesday pleasures and pains of, in philosophy, Licinio, Giovanni Antonio, Italian Book, vii. 349. xviii. 690. painter, xix. 519. Liberia, republic, West Africa, xiv. 508; Annuities, ii. 72. LlClNlUS, Roman emperor, XIV. 564; VI. 1. 269. Assurance, xiii. 168; post-office, 299. Liberian Group, of Negroes, xvn. 319. XIX. 574; tontine system, XXHI. 444. MaCER, Roman annalist, XIV. 729. LlBERIUS, pope, XIV. 509; XIX. 490. Lifebelt, xiv. 571. Lick Observatory, Mount Hamilton, Liber Regalis, English book, vi. 430. California, U.S.A., xvn. 715; telescope Lifeboat, xiv. 570; xxi. 803; conLiber Studiorum, Turner’s work, struction of, xxi. 825. in, XXlll. 151. xxiii. 664. Libertad, town, Nicaragua, Central Liczcowice, town, Russian Poland, xv. Life Insurance, xiii. 168. Life-Preserving Dress, for diving, 30. America, xvn. 477, 479. vii. 297. LIBERTY, Natural,doctrine of the physio- Lida, town, Russia, xxiv. 234. Life-Saving Apparatus, on water, Liddell, Duncan, Scottish writer on crats, xix. 360. xiv. 570. medicine, XXI. 543. of the Press, xix. 710.

LIF—LIN Liffey, river, Ireland, vil. 495. Lifts, elevating apparatus, xiv. 573; for blast furnaces, XIII. 301; hydraulic, XII. 520. Lifu, island, South Pacific, xv. 30. Ligamentum Denticulatum, in anatomy, 1. 865. Ligan, in English law, IX. 342. LlGER (Loire), river, France, xiv. 806. Light, xiv. 577; xvn. 798; aberration of, I. 47; in relation to crystals, xvi. 372; electric, Vlll. 58; in relation to ether, VIII. 569; produced by gas, x. 87; identical with radiant heat, XI. 577; its relation to magnetism, xv. 273; phosphorescent, xvm. 813; action of, in photography, xvm. 821, 835, 837; its influence on plants, xix. 55, 58, 62; radiation of, in relation to heat, XX. 213; reflexion of, by metals, XVI. 64; its action on the retina, vm. 821; velocity of, 11. 797; xxiv. 458; parallax determined from its velocity, xviii. 246; wave theory of, xxiv. 421; zodiacal, xxiv. 796; Newton’s investigations on, xvii. 440; Roemer’s discovery of its velocity, xx. 620; worship of, by Persians, XVI. 529. Lightfoot, John, English rabbinical scholar, XIV. 614. Lighthouse, xiv. 615. Lighting, Electric, xiv. 630. , Gas, x. 87. , of mines, xvi. 461. , of railway carriages, XX. 248, 250. Lightning, its origin, xxm. 330; its connexion with the aurora, ill. 92; its relation to electricity, vm. 6; death by, xv. 781. Conductor, xiv. 633; for lighthouses, xiv. 629; Harris’s discoveries, xi. 494. Light of Nature, Tucker’s work, xxiii. 603. Lign Aloes, of Scripture, 1. 597. Lignano, Italy, Battle of (1176), ix. 73o. Lignin-Dynamite, explosive, xvii. 521. Lignite, mineral, vi. 46; x. 238, 365; xvi. 429; as fuel, ix. 808. Lignon du Nord, river, France, xiv. 807. Lignum Vit^e, tree, xi. 230. Ligny, Belgium, Battle of (1815), xvii. 224. Ligor, district, Malay Peninsula, xv. 322. Liguest, Pierre Laclede, French settler in Missouri, U.S.A., XXL 185. Ligulat^:, subclass of ferns, ix. 107. Liguori, Alfonso Maria de’, Roman theologian, xiv. 634; on the infliction of torture, xxiii. 464. Liguorianism, theological school, xiv. 634Liguria, ancient district,Italy, xiv.639.

Ligurian Bees, hi. 497. Ligurian Dialect, xiii. 493. Ligurians, ancient Italian people, x. 111; xiii. 446; xiv. 639. Ligustrum, genus of plants, xix. 764. Ligyes, or Ligyans (Ligurians), ancient Italian race, xm. 446; xiv. 639. Lilac, tree, xiv. 640; 11. 320. Lilburne, John, English sectary and pamphleteer, xiv. 640; xvin. 205. Lilienfeld, P. von, German economist, xix. 394. Lilienthal, Germany, Observatory at, xvii. 713. Lili Schonemann, friend of Goethe, x. 727. Lilium, genus of plants, xiv. 643, Lilius, Aloysius, author of the new style in the calendar, iv. 671. Lilja, Goran, Swedish poet, xxn. 754. Lille, town, France, xiv. 641; university of, xxiii. 851. Lillebonne, town, France, XIV. 642. Lilliburlero, English political ballad, xxiv. 529. Lilljeborg, Wilhelm, on birds, xviii. 34Lilly, or Lyly, John, English writer, xv. 103. , William, English astrologer, xiv, 642. Lily, plant, xiv. 643; xn. 257. , Nile, greenhouse plant, xn. 264. Lilyb^eum (Marsala), ancient town, Sicily, xv. 571; xxil. 16. Lilye, William, English grammarian, xiv. 643; viii. 414. Lima, town, Peru, xiv. 644; xviii. 674; library of, xiv. 536, 551; observatory, xvii. 716. , town, Ohio, U.S.A., xiv. 645. Limagne, plain, France, xx. 119. LlMASOL, town, Cyprus, VI. 748. Li-ma-teu (Matteo Ricci), Jesuit missionary in China, XX. 537. Limax, genus of Mollusca, xvi. 662; xxil 187. Limbird, John, promoter of cheap literature, xviii. 538. LlMBORCH, Philip van, Dutch theologian, xiv. 645. LlMBOURG, province, Belgium, XIV. 646. Limbs, Anatomy of the, 1. 826; abnormal, XVI. 763, 764; of mammals, xv. 359; of birds, III. 720; in skeleton, XXIL 116. Limburg, province, Belgium, xiv. 645. , province, Holland, xiv. 646; dialects of, xv. 196. , town, Prussia, xiv. 646. Limbus, Nepalese race, xvn. 341. Infantum, Limbus Patrum, xiv. 646. Lime, mineral, xiv. 647; effects of calcination of, Xlll. 296; decomposition of, into quicklime, XXL 166; as manure, 1. 350; xv. 509; phosphates

261 of, xviii. 819; superphosphate as manure, 1. 348. See also Limestone. Lime, tree, xiv. 648 ; in United States, xxiii. 808; culture of, II. 318. Furnace, ix. 844. Lime-Juice, xiv. 439; an antidote to scurvy, VII. 207. Lime-Light, introduced by T. Drummond, vii. 480. Lime-Mica, mineral, xvi. 413. Limerick, county, Ireland, xiv. 648; population and representation, xxiii. 727; town, xiv. 649; treaty of (1691), Xiii. 268. Lime Salt, xviii. 92. Limes Germanise, of Trajan, xxiii. 503Limestone, mineral, X. 232, 238; xvi. 397; marble a variety of, xv. 528; strength of, xxil 603; caves in, v. 265. See also Lime. Limicol^e, group of birds, xiv. 129; xviii. 45; xix. 228. , division of worms, xxiv. 677. Liming, in bleaching, in. 814. Limitation, Statutes of, xiv. 650. Limited Liability Companies, hi. 329; vi. 222. Limnasus, genus of Mollusca, xvi. 660, 662; XXIL 187. Limnite, mineral, xvi. 388. Limnos, or Lemnos, island, iEgean Sea, Turkey, XIV. 436. Limoges, town, France, xiv. 651; population, xxiv. 223; enamelling of, VIII. 184. Limonite, mineral, xvl 388. Limonitic Iron Ores, xiii. 287. Limonum (Poitiers), ancient town, France, xix. 282. Limosa, island, Mediterranean Sea, xv. 820. , genus of birds, x. 720. Limousin, Leonard, enamel painter, viii. 184, Limpet, mollusc, xvi. 646. Limpia, mountains, Texas, U.S.A., xxiii. 204. Limpkin, bird, xx. 223. Limpopo, river, South Africa, 1. 254; xxiii. 517. Limulus, crustacean, vi. 662. Limyrus, river, Asia Minor, xv. 93. Linacre, Thomas, English humanist and physician, XIV. 652; vm. 414. Linares, town, Spain, xiv. 653. Linarite, mineral, xvi. 402. Lincei, Accademia dei, Rome, 1. 70. Lincoln, county, England, xiv. 653; population and representation, xxm. 727; sheep, 1. 392. , town, England, xiv. 656; likeness of cathedral to that of Clugny, I. 15. , town, South Australia, XXII. 284. , town, Illinois, U.S.A., xiv. 658. , town, Nebraska, U.S.A., xiv. 658; xvii. 309.

262

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Lincoln, town, Rhode Island, U.S.A., Linguistics, or Science of Language, LlPNO, town, Russian Poland, xix. 227. xviii. 765. xx. 524. , Abraham, president of the United Lingulid^e, family of Brachiopoda, IV. LlPOA, genus of birds, XV. 827. Lipocephala, branch of Mollusca, 194. States, xiv. 658; xxiii. 772, 779. xvi. 684. College, Oxford, England, xviii. Lingzi-Tang, plateau region, Tibet, Lipoma, disease, xvni. 389. xxiii. 339. 97Link Motion, for steam valves, xxn. LlPOVETS, town, Russia, XIV. 69. Sheep, i. 392. Lipoxais, Scythian hero, xxi. 576. Lincoln’s Inn, legal society, London, 5°3Lippe, territory, Germany, xiv. Linkoping, town, Sweden, xiv. 668. xiii. 87, 90. 683. Link-Work, in mechanics, xv. 761; Lincrusta Walton, material for wall , or Lippe-Detmold, principality, kinematics of, xv. 697. decoration, XIV. 676. Germany, xiv. 683. Linley, Miss, wife of Richard Brinsley Lindakerite, mineral, xvi. 399. , river, Rhenish Prussia, xx. 20, Sheridan, XXL 797. Lindau, town, Bavaria, xiv. 663. 519. Linlithgow, county, Scotland, xiv. Linden, or Lime (q.v.), tree, xiv. 648. 669; area and population, xxi. 528; Lippemunde, ancient town, Germany, LindEnau, Bernhard von, Saxon minisxxiv. 502. representation, xxm. 727; town, xiv. ter, xxi. 356. Lippershey, Hans, probable inventor 670. Lindisfarne, or Holy Island, England, of the telescope, xxm. 136. Loch, Scotland, observations on xii. 105; xvii. 565; foundation of Lippe Springe, spa, Germany, xvi. its temperature, XIV. 220. monastery on, xm. 250. LinNjEITE, mineral, VI. 81; XVI. 391. Gospels, viil 382; xviii. 159. 433Bindley, John, English botanist, xiv. Linnaeus, Carolus, Swedish naturalist, Lippi, Filippino, or Lippino Lippi, Italian painter, xiv. 685, 459; ix. 773; xiv. 671; xxil. 756; on birds, xviii. 5; 663. xv. 606; xxi. 435. on classification and morphology, XVI. , Sir N., on legal partnership, , Fra Filippo, or Lippo Lippi, Italian 838; on crystals, VI. 672; on ichthyoxviii. 329. painter, xiv. 684; xxi. 434, 435. logy, xii. 632; his classification of Lindocolina (Lincoln), mediaeval town, , Lorenzo, Italian painter and poet, plants, IV. 79; on reptiles, XX. 434: England, xiv. 657. xiv. 685. his zoological classification, XXIV. 804. Lind’s Anemometer, ii. 24. Lindsay, town, Ontario, Canada, xvn. LlNNE, Carl von (Linnaeus, q.v.), Swed- Lippmann’s Capillary Electrometer, viii. 109, 122. ish naturalist, xiv. 671. 775, Carl von, the Younger, Swedish Lipsius, Justus, or Joest Lips, Dutch , Lord, his transit of Venus expedihumanist, xiv. 685; his Latinity, xiv. naturalist, xiv. 674. tion, XVlll. 248. 342Lindsey, division of Lincolnshire, Linnell, John, English painter, xiv. Liqueurs, xiv. 686. England, xiv. 655. 674Liquidambar, tree and gum from it, , Theophilus, English theologian, Linnet, bird, XIV. 675. xiv. 687. , Green, bird, XL 165. xiv. 663. Lindum Colonia (Lincoln), mediaeval Linoleum, floor-cloth, xiv. 676; vi. Liquids, defined, vi. 311; xn. 459; diffusion in, VII. 216; elasticity of, vil. 402; ix. 329. town, England, xiv. 657. 801; expansions of, XL 584; surfaceLinos, town, Mexico, xxiv. 761. Lindus, town, Rhodes, xx. 526. tension of, v. 59; velocity of sound in, Line, Representation of a, in geometrical Linota, genus of birds, xiv. 675. I. 104. Linseed, xiv. 676; cake, xvn. 739; projection, XIX. 801. adulterations of cake, I. 174; oil, xvil. Liquorice, or Black Sugar, xiv. 687. Engraving, viii. 440. 744; use of oil in preparing varnish, Liquor Laws, xiv. 688; xxiii. 195; in Geometry, Pliicker’s invention Maine, U.S.A., xv. 299; in relation to xxiv. 91. of, xix. 230. Sabbath observance, xxil. 656. Linth, river, Switzerland, xxn. 776. Linen, Bleaching of, ill. 820. Liripipes, in mediaeval costume, VI. Manufactures, xiv. 663; in Lintot Society, London, ix. 781. 469. England, Vlll. 232; in Ireland, XIII. LlN-TSZE, town, China, XXIII. 601. Liroconite, mineral, xvi. 407. 231; 11. 143; hi. 513; in Scotland, Linus, saint and martyr, xiv. 678. Lisbon, town, Portugal, xiv. 690; , of Greek legend, xiv. 678. vie 534. academy of sciences, 1. 73; lazaretto, Linz, town, Austria, xiv. 678. Linen-Paper, xviii. 218. xx. 154; library, xiv. 532; observaLion, carnivorous mammal, xiv. 679; Linen Trade, at Lille, xiv. 642. tory, xvii. 713; wine industry, xxiv. xv. 435; of India, XII. 741; of SeneLine of Communication, in war, 609. gambia, xxi. 662. xxiv. 350. Lionardo (or Leonardo), da Vinci, Lisburn, town, Ireland, xiv. 693. Lineus, genus of worms, xvn. 326. Italian artist and man of science and Lisdoonvarna, spa, Ireland, v. 802; Ling, fish, xiv. 668. xvi. 435. letters, xiv. 455; XIII. 508; XXL 437, , plant, XL 589. Lisieux, town, France, xiv. 693. 569. , Per Henrik, Swedish poet and Lisitchansk, Russia, Mines of, xv. Lionel, duke of Clarence, xxiv. 752. writer on gymnastics, XXII. 757. 60. LlNGARD, John, English historian, XIV. Lionne, Hugues de, French minister Liske, Xavier, Polish historian, xix. under Louis XIV., IX. 574. 668. Lingayats, Hindu sect, Madras, xv. Lip, Cancer in the, xvni. 382. 3°5Lipalule, river, Transvaal, South Liskeard, town, England, xiv. 694. 185. Lisle, Joseph Nicolas de, French Africa, xxiii. 517. Lingdan Khan, Mongol ruler, xvi. astronomer, xiv. 694. Lipari Islands, Mediterranean Sea, 743L’Isle, Rouget de, author of Marseilxiv. 682; 1. 182; xv. 820. Lingones, tribe of Gauls, Italy, xm. laise Hymn, xiv. 868; xxi. 13. Liparite, rock, x. 234. 446. d’ Adam, grand-master of HospiLinguet, Simon N. H., his Annales Lipetsk, town, Russia, xiv. 683; xxm. tallers, xxi. 174. 41. Politiques, xvii. 430.

L I S —L L A LlSMORE, town, Ireland, XIV. 694; XXIV. 401. , island, Scotland, xiv. 694. , Book of the Dean of, MS. poems, xiv. 694. Lisnegarvy (Lisburn), town, Ireland, xiv. 693. LlSO, Tibetan tribe, XXIII. 344. Lissa, island, Adriatic Sea, xiv. 695; battle of (1866), xiii. 491. , town, Prussia, Xiv. 694. Lissahorn, mountain, Silesia, xxn. 53. Lissoflagellata, subclass of Protozoa, xix. 856. LIST, Priedrich, German economist, xix. 389. LlSTA, Alberto, Spanish critic, XXII. 361. Lister, Joseph Jackson, anatomist, 1. 818 ; bis antiseptic treatment in surgery, II. 136; xxn. 678. Liston, John, English comedian, xiv. 695. , Robert, Scottish surgeon, xiv. 695. Litang, town, Tibet, xxm. 342. Litani, or Litany, river, Syria, xiv. 393; xxii. 821. Litany, church service, xiv. 695; English, viii. 379. , river, Syria, XIV. 393; XXII. 821. Litchfield Observatory, Clinton, New York, U.S.A., xvn. 715. Literature, in relation to philology, xviii. 765; academies of, 1. 73; societies connected with, xxii. 227. Lithamceba Discus, species of Protozoa, xix. 843. Litharge, oxide of lead, xiv. 377; xvi. 61. Lithgow, William, Scottish traveller, xiv. 696. Lithiophilite, mineral, xvi. 404. Lithistida, order of sponges, xxii. 423Lithium, chemical element, xiv. 697; v. 524. Mineral Waters, xvi. 436. Lithofracteur, explosive, xvn. 521; for blasting, m. 809. Lithographic Stone, xvi. 397. Lithography, xiv. 697; xxm. 708; map printing, xxn. 715; photo-printing, xviii. 833. Lithomarge, mineral, xvi. 424. Lithotomy, in surgery, xxiv. 189; as practised by the ancients, xxii. 674. Lithoxylon, mineral, xvi. 390. Lithuania, xiv. 702; its incorporation with Poland, xix. 288, 291; xxi. 90. Lithuanian Language, xxii. 148; dictionaries of, vn. 188. Lithuanians, European people, xiv. 701; in Russian Poland, xix. 309. Litin, town, Russia, xix. 254. Litmus, colouring matter, xiv. 703, 559-

Little, Josiah, Library of, Newburyport, U.S.A., XVII. 376. Ease, torture, xxm. 465. Falls, town, New York, U.S.A., xiv. 703. Genesis, Book of, 11. 176. Go Act (1802), anent lotteries, xv. 11. Java (Bali), island, Eastern Archipelago, in. 281. John, of Robin Hood ballads, xx. 606. Rock, town, Arkansas, U.S.A., xiv. 703. Littleton, Thomas de, English jurist, xiv. 703. Littorina, genus of Mollusca, xvi. 651. Littre, Paul Maximilien Emile, French lexicographer, xiv. 705. Lituolidea, order of Protozoa, xix. 847Liturgy, church service, XIV. 706; English, vill. 379; Greek, XL 159; Jewish, XV. 292; attempted introduction of, in Scottish Church, XXL 511. See also article Missal. Litu-Slavic Languages, xxii. 148. Lituus, Roman trumpet, xxiii. 593. Lityerses, of Greek legend, xiv. 678. Liubatrin, Mount, Macedonia, xv. 137. Liudprand, or Liutprand, Lombard king, xiii. 468; Xiv. 815. Liu-Kiu (or Lew-Chew) Islands, North Pacific, xiv. 489. Liutprand, king of the Lombards, xiii. 468; xiv. 815. , Italian chronicler, XIV. 712. Livadia, Russian imperial residence, Crimea, Vi. 587. Liver, in anatomy, vn. 229; xvn. 674; tropical abscess of, xvin. 395; acute yellow atrophy of, xviii. 386; in jaundice, XIII. 598; of fishes, XII. 655; of mammals, xv. 363; of reptiles, xx. 457. Liver-Fluke, parasitic worm, xxiil 535Liveries, Court of, feudal institution, xiv. 115. Liverpool, town, England, xiv. 712; libraries of, xiv. 521, 543; Mersey tunnel at, xxiil 622; newspapers, xvii. 421; observatory, xvn. 710; tramways, xxiil 506; University College, xxiil 854; Yyrnwy waterworks, xxiv. 407. , town, Nova Scotia, xvn. 603. , First Earl of, English politican, xiv. 717. , Second Earl of, English politician, xiv. 718; viii. 364; Sir Robert Peel’s relations with, xviii. 453. and Manchester Railway, England, xx. 224. Liverworts, group of plants, xiv. 718; xvii. 66; xxiv. 128; phosphorescence in, xviii. 813.

263 Livery, in heraldry, XL 710; livery colours, in mediseval costume, VI. 469. Companies, of London, vi. 223; xiv. 819. Livesey, Joseph, English temperance reformer, xxiil 159. Lives of the Caesars, by Suetonius, xxii. 619. Lives of the Poets, by Johnson, xm. 728. Live Stock, Breeding and rearing of, I- 384; improvement of, by Bakewell, I. 302. Livia, mother of the emperor Tiberius, xxiil 335. Livingston, Edward, American jurist, xiv. 719. , Robert R., American statesman, xiv. 720. Livingstone, Sir Alexander, minister of James II. of Scotland, xxi. 493. , David, missionary and explorer in Africa, xiv. 720; I. 247; x. 194. Livius, Titus (Livy, q.v.), Roman historian, XIV. 725. Andronicus, Roman poet and dramatist, xiv. 723; xx. 716. Livland (Livonia), province, Russia, xiv. 723. Livny, town, Russia, xiv. 723; xvn. 826. Livonia, province, Russia, xiv. 723; xxi. 69. Livorno (Leghorn, q.v.), town, Italy, xiv. 416. Livret, system of labour hiring, xiv. U3Livy, Roman historian, xiv. 725; xx. 724; his language and style, xiv. 335; representative of the Augustan age, ill. 83; Drakenborch’s edition of, VII. 39°Lixuri, town, Cephalonia, Greece, v. 344Lixus, ancient town, Morocco, Africa, XV. 637; ruins of, xvi. 834; river, xv. 637. Lizard, Lizards, order of reptiles, xiv. 732; classification of, xx. 439, 445; parasites of, XVlii. 260; Aristotle on, XX. 432. Llama, ungulate mammal, xiv. 738; 1. 597; iv. 12; xv. 430; relations of domesticated to wild forms, iv. 251. Llanberis, Lakes of, Wales, v. 119. Llandaff, town, Wales, xiv. 740. Llandudno, town, Wales, xiv. 740. Llanelly, town, Wales, xiv. 740. Llanganati, mountain, Ecuador, vn. 645. Llangollen, town, Wales, xiv. 740. Llangorse, lake, Wales, iv. 243. Llanidloes, town, Wales, xvi. 789. Llano Estacado, region, Texas, U.S.A., xxiil 203. Llanquihue, province, Chili, v. 617.

264 Llanrwst, Wales, Shaking bridge at, iv. 332, 333Llanthony Abbey, Monmouthshire, England, XVI. 754. Llona, Numa Pompilio, Peruvian poet, xviii. 676. Llorente, Juan Antonio, Spanish historian, xiv. 741. Lloyd, Edward, founder of Lloyd’s List, xvn. 415. Lloyd’s, marine association, XIV. 741. Weekly Newspaper, xyii. 419. Llugw, river, Wales, xx. 217. Llywarch Hen, Welsh poet, v. 317. Loach, fish, xiv. 741; xn. 692. Loads, in mechanics, xv. 750. Loadstone, magnetic iron ore, vi. 227; XIII. 287; xv. 219, 274. Loam, variety of clay, xvi. 424. Loan, in Roman law, XX. 693. Loanda, Sao Paulo de, town, West Africa, XIV. 742. Loango, district, West Coast, Africa, xiv. 742. Loangwa, river, East Central Africa, xxiv. 765. Loano, Italy, Battle of (1795), xv. 617. Loans, Foreign, their effect on commerce, vi. 206; national, xvn. 244. Lobaive, group of Actinozoa, 1. 132. Lobeck, Christian August, on the Greek Mysteries, XVII. 124. Lobeid, town, Kordofan, Africa, vm. 153Lobeira, Vasco de, Portuguese novelist, xix. 556; his version of Amadis of Gaul, 1. 650; xx. 653. Lobelia, genus of plants, xiv. 743; xn. 257Loblolly Pine, tree, xix. 105. Lob-Nor, desert, Central Asia, x. 713; lake, xxiii. 638. Lobo, F. A., Portuguese writer, xix. 558. , F. R., Portuguese romancer, xix. 557, Jeronimo, Portuguese Jesuit missionary, xiv. 743. Lobos, islets, Peru, XVIII. 671. Lobosa, class of Protozoa, XIX. 841. Lobster, crustacean, VI. 635, 657; fisheries, IX. 265. Lob Worm, annelid, 11. 71. Local Government, xi. 21. Locality, Sense of, xxm. 480. Local Option, temperance movement, xiv. 688; xxiii. 159. Locarno, town, Switzerland, xv. 198; xxiii. 351. Lochee, suburb of Dundee, Scotland, vii. 536. Lochleven, lake, Scotland, xiv. 92; trout of, xxi. 222. Castle, Scotland, Mary, queen of Scots, imprisoned in, xv. 599. Lochy, Loch, Scotland, xiv. 217.

L L A — L O Gr Lock, fastening, xiv. 744. , of a canal, iv. 782; of a dock, XI. 466. Locke, John, English philosopher, xiv. 751; on association of ideas, 11. 73°> on the reasonableness of Christianity, II. 192; his draft of constitution for North Carolina, U.S.A., xvil. 562; his economic teachings, XIX. 358; on education, vn. 674; his ethics, vm. 598; on evolution, vm. 759; his influence on Kant, xm. 848; his logic, xiv. 792; on medicine, xv. 811; his metaphysics, xvi. 91; his friendship with Newton, xvn. 445; on philosophy, xviii. 794; his view of psychology, xx. 38; his place in English literature, vm. 424, 425, 431; Leibnitz’s criticism of, XIV. 422; Norris’s, XVII. 552. Lockhart, John Gibson, Scottish man of letters, XIV. 762. Lockjaw, disease, xxiii. 200. Lock Out, of workmen, xxiii. 500. Lockport, town, New York, U.S.A., xiv. 764. Locle, Le, town, Switzerland, xiv. 764; xvil. 361. Locmaria (Quimper), Roman station, France, xx. 181. Locmariaquer, France, Menhir at, xxi. 51. Locomotive Engines, xx. 225, 244; XXII. 478, 498, 520; Stephenson’s invention, xxn. 537; Trevithick’s, xxiii. 554; sheds for, on railways, xx. 237. Locomotive Organs, in man, 1. 820. Locomotor Ataxy, disease, 11. 826; xviii. 392. LOCRI, ancient Greek people, xiv. 764. Locris, Greece, Coins of, xvil. 642. Locus, geometrical term, xiv. 764. Locust, insect, xiv. 765; xi. 60; xm. 152; in Algeria, I. 563. Locust-Tree, xiv. 767; in United States, xxiii. 808. LODDON, river, England, XXIII. 220. -, river, Victoria, Australia, xxiv. 215Lodes, mineral, xvi. 441. Lodesman, pilot, xix. 96. Lodeve, town, France, xiv. 767. Lodge, Thomas, English dramatist and poet, xiv. 767; xviii. 346. Lodgers’ Goods Protection Act, English, vii. 266. Lodi, town, Italy, xiv. 768. Lodoicea, genus of palms, xviii. 191. Lodomeria, ancient principality, Russia, x. 26. Lodore, Falls of, Cumberland, England, vi. 699. Lodz, town, Russian Poland, xiv. 768; xxi. 70. Loe, Thomas, English Quaker, xviii. 492.

Loeben, Countess von, wife of the Comte de Saxe, xxi. 346. LOECHE la ViLLE (Leuk), village, Switzerland, XIV. 484; XVI. 433, 435. Loeche-les-Bains, town, Switzerland, xiv. 484. Loegaire, Irish king, xviii. 412. LOEGRIANS, ancient British tribe, V. 301Loess, alluvial deposit, in China, v. 632; in North America, X. 370; in Russia, XXL 75. Loewy’s Equatorial Telescope, xxiii. 152. Lofoten, or Lofoden, islands, Norway, xiv. 768; xvil. 576; whirlpools among, xxiv. 541. Loftus, Adam, Irish archbishop, xm. 265. Log, in navigation, xiv. 769; xvn. 264. Logan, river, Nebraska, U.S.A., xvil. 307, town, Utah, U.S.A., xxiv. 20. , Mount, Canada, xx. 165. , John, Scottish poet, xiv. 771; paraphrases and hymns by, xn. 594. , Robert, of Restalrig, his contract with Napier, xvil. 183. Logansport, town, Indiana, U.S.A., xiv. 772. Logarithmic Tables, xxiii. 9. Logarithms, xiv. 772; 1. 556; Napier’s invention of, xvil 178; Briggs’s improvements on, IV. 343; used in astronomical calculations, II. 7545 i11 navigation, XVII. 255; in trigonometry, xxiii. 562. Logau, Friedrich von, German writer x. 531. Log-Book, Seaman’s, xvil 264. LOGES, Convent des, France, XXL 170. Loggerhead, turtle, xxiii. 458. Logger-Head Duck, xix. 252. Logic, xiv. 780; xviii. 795; in relation to metaphysics, xvi. 94; to psychology, xx. 78; analysis and synthesis in, 1. 796; uses of rhetoric in, XX. 510; its application to theology, xxi. 421; Boole’s system of symbols in, iv. 48; of Condillac, vi. 251; De Morgan’s contributions to, VII. 66; Hamilton’s, xi. 419; of Hegel, XI. 619; Hutcheson’s compendium of, xn. 411; Kant on, xiil. 852; Leibnitz’s application of, xiv. 422; Lully’s fantastic system, xv. 64; of John Stuart Mill, XVI. 312; of Gilbert de la Porree, x. 592; Ramus’s contributions to, xx. 268; scholastic, xxi. 417; Stoic doctrine of, xxii. 566; Whately’s work on, XXIV. 53°Logistic Logarithms, Tables of,xxni. 13Logistic Numbers, xiv. 777. Logographers, writers of speeches, Greek, xx. 509. Logometria, by Roger Cotes, xvn. 256.

L O G —L 0 N LOGON, river, Soudan, Africa, xxn. 277. Group, of Negroes, xvn. 319. LOGOS, in philosophy and theology, xiv. 803; xill. 671; Justin’s doctrine of the, X. 823; Origen’s, XIII. 671; xvn. 842; Paul of Samosata’s, xm. 671; xviii. 429; Philo’s, x. 823; xviii. 761; Theodore’s, xxm. 255. Logotypes, in printing, xxm. 701. LOGRONO, province and town, Spain, xiv. 805. Logroscino, Nicolo, Italian musician, xvii. 94. LOGTAK, lake, India, XV. 489. Logwood, dyewood, xiv. 805; of British Honduras, XII. 133. Lohardaga, or Lohardugga, district, India, xiv. 806. Lohengrin, Wagner’s opera, xxiv. 3i4Lohenstein, Daniel Kasper von, German dramatist, vil. 440; X. 531. Loing, river, France, XXI. 624. Loire, department, France, xiv. 807. , river, France, xiv. 806; IX. 506. , Haute-, department, France, xiv. 807. Loire - Inferieure, department, France, Xiv. 808. Loiret, department, France, xiv. 808. Loir-et-Cher, department, France, xiv. 809. Loja, town, Spain, xiv. 809. Lokeren, town, Belgium, XIV. 810. Lokeyyah, port, on Red Sea, xx. 316. Lokhvitsa, town, Russia, xix. 410. Loki, in Northern mythology, 1. 210; xvii. 474. Lokke, J. 0., Norwegian grammarian, xvii. 592. Lokman, of Arah tradition, xiv. 810; in. 260. Lokoja, town, Soudan, Africa, xxn. 279. Loligo, genus of Mollusca, xvi. 662, 671; embyro of, XVI. 683. Lollards, English religious sect, xiv. 810; Vlli. 325; XX. 321; favoured hy John of Gaunt, xiv. 256; Oldcastle’s connexion with, xvn. 753; persecution of, xi. 660; in Scotland, xxi. 490. Lolo, Tibetan tribe, XXIII. 344. Lomas, coast hills, Peru, xvin. 670. Loma Tina, mountain, San Domingo, XL 544. Lombard, Peter, mediaeval theologian and philosopher, xiv. 813; xxi. 425; xxiii. 834. Alps, i. 627. Lombardic Law, xxi. 216. Lombardic Writing, xviii. 155. Lombard League, xiii. 473. Lombards, people, Italy, xiv. 813; xx - 783; XIII. 467; cause of their invasion of Italy, xvil. 234; their

settlement in Italy, xvi. 292; Paul the Deacon’s History of, xvill. 436. Lombardy, province, Italy, xiv. 816; dialect of, XIII. 493; revolt in (1844), in. 137. Poplar, tree, xix. 512. Lombok, island, Indian Archipelago, xiv. 816. Lome, Dupuy de, his navigable balloon, 1. 202. LomIlnie de Brienne, cardinal and French minister, IX. 595. Lomnicky, Simon, Bohemian poet, xxn. 152. Lomnitzer Spitze, Tatra mountains, Austria, III. 116. Lomond, Ben, mountain, Scotland, xxii. 553. , Loch, Scotland, VII. 524; xiv. 217; XXII. 553. Lomonosoff, Mikhail Vasilievich, Russian scientist and poet, xiv. 817; XXL 106. Lomza, government, Russian Poland, xiv. 817; xix. 309; town, xiv. 817. Londinensium, Colonia, ancient town, Lincolnshire, England, xiv. 655. Londinium (London), Roman town, England, xiv. 840. London, metropolis of England, xiv. 818; abattoirs, I. 5 ; modern architecture, 11. 452 ; artesian wells, II. 646; cemeteries, v. 330; Drury Lane theatre, xxill. 226; Foundling Hospital, IX. 483; Inns of Court, xiii. 87; Jews in, xill. 684; King’s College, XXIII. 854; libraries, xiv. 516, 543; livery companies, vi. 223; National Gallery, xxi. 444; newspapers, xvn. 415; plague in, xix. 165; police, xix. 338; railways, xx. 239; Royal Exchange, xi. 187; xxii. 556; St Paul’s Cathedral, xxiv. 689; technical schools, XXIII. 107; Thames tunnel, xxm. 623; trained bands, XXIV. 293; tramways, XXlll. 506 ; university, xiv. 835 ; XXiil. 854 ; founding of university, IV. 377. , town, Ontario, Canada, xiv. 851; xvil 775. , Survey of, Stow’s work, xxn. 580. Bridge, Old, iv. 330. Clay, in geology, x. 361 ; xvi. 279. Company, its colonies in America, xxii. 175; xxiii. 729; xxiv. 260. Londonderry, county, Ireland, xiv. 852 ; population and representation, xxiil. 727. •, town, Ireland, xiv. 853; granted to the citizens of London, xm. 266. , island, Tierra del Fuego, South America, xxiil 384. , Second Marquis of (Lord Castlereagh), English politician, xiv. 853. London Gazette, its establishment, xvil 415, 418.

265 London Lackpenny, Lydgate’s poem, xv. 98. London Stone, The, xiv. 842. Long, George, English scholar, xiv. 856. , Roger, his globe, constructed at Cambridge, x. 683. Longberg, Christian (Longomontanus), Danish astronomer, xiv. 866. Long Branch, town, New Jersey, U.S.A., xiv. 857. Longevity, xiv. 857. Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, American poet, xiv. 860; 1. 731. Longford, county, Ireland, xiv. 863; population and representation, xxiii. 737; town, XIV. 864. Longicornes, group of beetles, vi. 133LONGIMANUS, Artaxerxes I., king of Persia, II. 640; xviii. 573. LONGINUS, Greek and Roman critic, xiv. 864; his Art of Rhetoric, xx. 514. , Jan Dlugosz, Polish historian, xbx. 3°°. Long Island, New York, U.S.A., xiv. 865. Long Island City, town, New York, U.S.A., xiv. 866. Long Island Sound, New York, Demolition of Flood Rock in, xxiii. 622. Longitude, xxiii. 394; in astronomy, n- 77 L 793 > geographical, x. 198; early methods of reckoning, x. 187; determination of, x. 171; xxil. 700, 713; determination by lunar distances, XV. 609; methods of finding, at sea, 11. 751; xvil 448; in navigation, xvii. 251, 256, 268, 272; of observatories, xvii. 710; as known to Ptolemy, xx. 88; English Board of,‘XVII. 258. Longitudes, Bureau des, Paris, 11. 301; xviii. 281. Longjumeau, France, Peace of (1568), IX. 561. Long-Legged Plover, bird, xxii. 551Long Mynd, hill, England, xxi. 847. Longolius, Gybertus, on birds, xvill. 3Longomontanus, Christian, Danish astronomer, xiv. 866; xvil 182. Long Parliament, English, v. 405; Cromwell in, VI. 598. Long-Sight, viii. 820. Long’s Peak, Rocky Mountains, U.S.A., xxiil 796. LONGSWORD, William, duke of Normandy, xvil 540. Longueville, Duchesse de, Frondist, xiv. 867; vi. 246. Longus, Greek romancer, xiv. 868; xx. 635. Longwood, St Helena, place of Napoleon’s death, XXL 171. XXV. — 34

266 Loni, river, India, xx. 260. Lonicerus, genus of plants, XII. 140. Lonnrot, Elias, collector of Finnish poems, ix. 220. Lons-le-Saulnier, town, France, xiv. 868. Loo, card game, xv. 1. Loochoo (Lew-Chew) Islands, North Pacific, XIV. 489; xm. 570. Loodiana, or Ludhiana, district, India, xv. 58; xx. 109; town, xv. 58. Looking-Glasses, ix. 849; xvi. 499. Look Out Mountain, U.S.A., Battle of (1863), xxiii. 778. Loom, bird, xv. 2. , for weaving, xxiv. 464; ancient, xxiii. 206, 210. Loomis, Elias, on auroral zones, ill. 97; on sun-spots, II. 787. LOON, or Loom, bird, XV. 2. LOOSJES, Adrian, Dutch writer, xn. 97Loots, Cornelis, Dutch writer, xil. 97. Lopadussa (Lampedusa), island, Mediterranean, xiv. 249. Lopamudra, daughter of Brahma, xiv. 19. Lope de Rueda, Spanish dramatist, vii. 420. Lope de Vega Carpio, Spanish dramatist and poet, xxiv. 121; vii. 420; xxil. 357, 358. LOPES, Duarte, Portuguese explorer, X. 183. Lopevi, island, New Hebrides, Pacific, xvii. 395. Lopez, Carlos Antonio, Paraguayan ruler, xv. 2. , Francisco Solano, Paraguayan general, XV. 2. de Ayala, Pedro, Spanish poet, xxii. 353, 354. de Mendoza, Inigo, Spanish poet, xxil 355. de Ubeda, Spanish poet, xxil 357LophiodontiD/E, family of ungulate mammals, xv. 428. Lophiomyid/E, family of rodent mammals, xv. 418. Lophius, genus of fishes, ix. 269. Lophobranchii, or Lophohranchs, order of fishes, XIL 694; XL 852. LOPHOPUS, genus of Polyzoa, XIX. 437. LOPHORTVX, genus of birds, XX. 147. Lophyropoda, division of Crustacea, vi. 664. Lophyrus, genus of insects, XXL 343. Lora, river, Afghanistan, 1. 229. LoRANTHACEiE, order of parasitic plants, xviii. 265. Lorca, town, Spain, xv. 3. Lord, title, xxm. 417. Advocate, of Scotland, 1. 179. Chamberlain, of the royal household, England, xxi. 37 ; lord great chamberlain, England, xxil 459.

L 0 N —L o U Lord Chancellor, or Lord High Chancellor, of England, V. 388; XVI. 473; list of lord chancellors, vill. 368. Chancellors, Campbell’s Lives of the, iv. 759. Chief Justice, English, xm. 789. High Admiral, English, 1. 154; special commission of, I. 160. High Constable, xxil 459. of the Isles, Scottish title, xi. 607; xiii. 387. of the Isles, Scott’s poem, xxi. 549of Misrule, v. 704. LORDS, House of, British, XVIII. 310, 461; as court of appeal, II. 209. Lord’s Day, The, xxi. 125; xxil 653. Lords of Congregation, Scotland, xxi. 501. Lords Spiritual, English, xviii. 306, 459> 465Lord Steward, of royal household, England, XXL 37; lord high steward, England, XXIL 458. Lord’s Supper, sacrament, vm. 651; XXL 131, 139; St Paul’s doctrine of, xviii. 428. See Eucharist. Lorenzetti, Ambrogio, Italian painter, xxi. 434. Lorenzo, St, martyr, xiv. 370. , Fiorenzo di, Italian painter, XXL 436. Marques, Portuguese settlement, South-East Africa, xv. 3; VII. 40. Loreto, town, Italy, xv. 3; pilgrimages to, xix. 95. Loria, town, Italy, xiv. 349. , Rabbenu Shelomoh, Jewish rabbi, xx. 473. Loricaria, genus of fishes, xxil 69. Loricata, division of Rotifera, XXL 8. Lorient, town, France, xv. 4. Lorikeet, bird, xv. 7. Loris, genus of lemurs, xiv. 443. LORIUS, genus of birds, xv. 7. Lorraine, territory, France and Germany, XV. 4 ; formation of ancient kingdom of, ix. 534; province annexed to France, X. 502; to Germany (1871), IX. 627; X. 513. , Dukes and Cardinals of, XL 267. , Claude of, French painter, v. 814; xxi. 440. Lory, bird, xv. 7; xvm. 322; xxiii. 487. Los Andes, state, Venezuela, xxiv. 140. Los Angeles, town, California, U.S.A., xv. 7. Lo-Shan, town, China, xiv. 216. Los Islands, West Africa, xxi. 661; xxil 45. Lo Spagna (Giovanni di Pietro), Italian painter, xxil 292. Lo Spagnoletto (Giuseppe Ribera), Spanish painter, xx. 532. Lot, Scripture patriarch, xv. 8. , department, France, xv. 8.

Lot-et-Garonne, department, France, xv. 8. Lothair L, emperor, xv. 9; IX. 533; x. 480; at Rome, xx. 787. , the Saxon, emperor, xv. 9; xxi. 352, or Hlothar, king of the Franks, ix. 530. Lothaire, king of Lorraine, xvii. 483. Lotharingia (Lorraine, q.v.), xv. 4; formation of kingdom of, IX. 534. Lothario, origin of popular use of the name, XXL 29. Lothian, district, Scotland, xv. 9. , East, county, Scotland, XL 361. , Mid, county, Scotland, VII. 656. , West, county, Scotland, xiv. 669. Lothringen (Lorraine, q.v.), xv. 4. Lotte Buff, friend of Goethe, x. 725. Lotteries, xv. ii; state, ix. 182. Lottery Loans, National, xvn. 244. Lotto, Lorenzo, Italian painter, xxi. 436Lotus, shrub and water-lily, XV. 12. Eaters, Libyan tribe, xv. 11. Eaters’ Island (Jerba), North Africa, x. 442; xxil 620. Lotz, Johann Friedrich Eusebius, German economist, xix. 387. Lotze, Rudolph Hermann, German philosopher, XV. 12; on evolution, viii. 768. Loudon Hill, Scotland, Battle of (1679), XXI- 5l6LOUDUN, town, France, XV. 15. Loughborough, town, England, xv. i5, Lord, lord chancellor of England, xxiv. 475. Loughrea, town, Ireland, x. 56. LOUHANS, town, France, XXL 302. LOUIS L, the Pious, emperor, XV. 15; IX. 533; X. 480. II.-IIL, emperors, xv. 16. IV., the Child, emperor, xv. 16. IV. or V., emperor, XV. 16; X. 480, 494; king of Italy, xm. 477; king of Rome, xx. 799; his defence of Occam, xvn. 717. L, king of France (emperor Louis I.), xv. 15; ix. 533; x. 480. II., the Stammerer, of France, xv. 17; ix- 535III., of France, xv. 17; ix. 535. IV., D’Outremer, of France, XV. 17; IX. 536; X. 483; XVII. 541. V., Le Faineant, of France, xv. 17; ix. 536. VI., Le Gros, of France, xv. 17; ix. 538. VIL, Le Jeune, of France, xv. 17; IX. 539; his improvements of Paris, xviil. 287. VIII., Le Lion, of France, xv. 18; ix. 542. IX., St, of France, XV. 18; IX. 542; as crusader, VI. 631; in the East,

l 0 u —l u c 267 XXIII. 162; services rendered by him LouRENgo Marques (Lorenzo Mar- Lowenthal, J., Hungarian chess-player, to Paris, xvni. 288. ques), Portuguese settlement, Southv. 602. Louis X., Le Hutin, of France, xv. 18; East Africa, xv. 3. Lowes, Loch of the, Scotland, xxi. ix. 545. Lousao, Serra da, Portugal, xix. 536. 638. XL, of France, xv. 18; ix. 552; Louse, insect, xv. 24; xm. 153; as Lowestoft, town, England, xv. 30. his relations with the Swiss, XXII. human parasite, xxii. 123. Lowicz, town, Russian Poland, xv. 30; 786. Louth, county, Ireland, xv. 25; popuxxiv. 375. XII., of France, xv. 18; ix. 554; lation and representation, xxm. 727. Low Latin, of Middle Ages, xx. 666. his contest with the pope, xx. 324; , town, England, xv. 25. Low-Moor Iron-Works, Yorkshire, his rule in Italy, XIII. 481. Louvain,town, Belgium, xv. 26; library England, xvii. 558. XIII., of France, XV. 18; IX. 566. of, xiv. 531; university, m. 520; Lowth, Robert, bishop of London, xv. XIV., Le Grand, of France, xv. xxiii. 841. 3018; ix. 571; Grand Alliance against, Louviers, town, France, xv. 26. Low Water, Tidal, xxiii. 369. xxiv. 580; his influence over Charles LOUVOIS, Marquis de, French war Loxa, or Loja, town, Spain, xiv. 809. II. of England, vm. 349; his schemes minister, xv. 26; ix. 576; organizer Loxodon, genus of ungulate mammals, against Germany, x. 502; suppression of French royal army, 11. 600. xv. 425. of the Huguenots by, XU. 339; his Louvre, in architecture, 11. 467. Loxodromic Maps, xv. 518. contests with the emperor Leopold L, , palace at Paris, xvni. 276, 281, Loxosoma, genus of Polyzoa, xix. 438, XIV. 466; his relations to the pope288, 292; picture gallery in, xxi. 439dom, xix. 506; relations with Spain, 445Loyalty Islands, South Pacific, xv. xxii. 335. Lovat, Lord, Scottish Jacobite, xv. 27; 30, 835; xix. 421. XV., of France, xv. 18; ix. 585. xxi. 526. Loyola, Ignatius de, St, founder of the XVI., of France, xv. 19; ix. Love, Plato on, xix. 200; universal, of Jesuits, xv. 31; xiii. 652; his relations 593; defence of, by Malesherbes, xv. Buddhism, iv. 428; in Christian ethics, with Xavier, xxiv. 716. 333viii. 590. Loyson, Hyacinthe (Father Hyacinthe), XVII., titular king of France, xv. Love-Bird, xv. 28. xvii. 754. 19. Love Feasts, Early Christian, 1. 274; Lozenge, confection, vi. 256. XVIIL, king of France, xv. 19; Methodist, xvi. 188. , in heraldry, XL 697. ix. 609, 617, 619; xvii. 223; xxiv. Love in a Wood, Wycherley’s play, Lozere, department, France, xv. 31. 497xxiv. 705. , Mount, Cevennes, France, v. 35-8. , the German, German king, xv. Lovejoy, Elijah P., American aboli- L. s. D., explained, xvii. 655. 17; x. 480. tionist, xxii. 142. Lu, Annals of, Confucius’s, vi. 259, 263. (of Hungary), king of Poland, xix. Lovel the Widower, Thackeray’s Lualaba, river, Africa, 1. 248. 288. novel, xxiii. 216. Luang Prabang, Shan state, Burmah, , duke of Orleans, xvii. 852. Lovelace, Francis, English governor xxi. 773; town, xxi. 853. , St, History of, by Joinville, XIII. of New York, xvii. 455. LuapULA, river, Central Africa, XXIV. 734, Richard, English poet, xv. 28. 763, Pierre C. A., French physician, Lover, Samuel, Irish novelist, xv. 29. Lubeck, free city, Germany, xv. 31; XV. 816. of Lying, Lucian’s dialogue, xv. XL 450; organ at, xvii. 837. Napoleon (Napoleon III., q.v.), 44. , principality, Germany, XVII. 757. emperor of the French, ix. 622; xvii. Lover’s Melancholy, Ford’s drama, , Child of (C. H. Heinecken), XL 628. 226. ix. 395. Lubilron, mountains, France, xxiv. Philippe, king of the French, xv. Love’s Labour’s Lost, Shakespeare’s 114. 19; ix. 620; xvii. 853; government play, xxi. 763. of, xi. 269; his intervention in Spain, Loves of the Angels, Moore’s poem, Lubim, town, Russia, xxiv. 731. Lublin, town, Russian Poland, xv. 34; xxn. 345; his relations with Thiers, xvi. 807. diet of (1569), xix. 291; government, xxiii. 303. Loves of Clitophon and Leucippe, xix. 309. Philippe, duke of Orleans, xvii. Greek romance, 1. 95; xx. 636. Lubnaig, Loch, Scotland, xvin. 666. 853Loves of Hysmine and Hysminias, Lubny, town, Russia, xix. 410. Philippe Joseph, of Orleans, romance, xx. 636. Lubricants, machine oils, xv. 34; French Revolutionist, xvii. 853. Loves of the Plants, E. Darwin’s xviii. 242. Louisa, queen of Prussia, xv. 19. poem, vi. 830. LUC, Andr4 de, Swiss writer, xxil. 799. Louisbourg, town, Cape Breton, v. Loves of the Triangles, Canning’s, Luca (Lucca), ancient town, Italy, xv. 40. 1. 513; vi. 830. 39Louise, of Savoy, mother of Francis I., Lovino, Bernardin (Bernardino Luini), , Giordano (nicknamed Fa Presto), ix. 556. Italian painter, xv. 61. Italian painter, x. 606. Louisiana, State, U.S.A., xv. 20; ac- Low Archipelago, South Pacific, da Cortona (Signorelli), Italian quisition of, by United States, xxiii. xxiii. 22, 602. painter, xxil 50. 758; French settlements in, ix. 587; Low Countries, or Netherlands, xn. Lucan, Marcus Annaeus, Roman poet, xvii. 403. 59xv. 36; xx. 726; language and style Louisville, town, Kentucky, U.S.A., Lowe, Robert, his banking bill, in. of, xiv. 337. xv. 22; artesian well at, 11. 646. 326. Lucania, ancient province, Italy, xv. Loule, town, Portugal, xv. 24. Loweite, mineral, xvi. 402. 37Loup, river, Nebraska, U.S.A., xvii. Lowell, town, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Lucanians, ancient Italian people, xxi. 307. xv. 29. 128, 248. Loup-Garou, were-wolf, xv. 89. , J. Russell, American writer, 1. 724, Lucaris, Cyril, Greek Church reformer, Lourdes, town, France, xv. 24. 727, 728, 733. XL 158.

268

L U C —L U N

Lugnaquilla, mountain, Ireland, XIII. Lucas of Leyden, Dutch artist, xv. 38. LUCON (Luzon), island, Philippines, 215; xxiv. 557, xvill. 748, 751. of Tuy, Spanish chronicler, XXII. Lugo, province, Spain, xv. 60; town, —, town, France, xxiv. 138. 354xv. 61. , Margaret, duchess of Newcastle, Lucretia Borgia, iv. 53; 1. $7-> Lugos, town, Hungary, xv. 61. 489. xvii. 380. LUGUET, mountain, France, XX. 119. DE BURGO (Paciolus), his work on Lucretius (T. Lucretius Cams), Boman Luhatschowitz, spa, Moravia, xvi. poet, xv. 50; xx. 721; on atoms, ill. algebra and arithmetic, 1. 512; 11. 526. 43537; his Epicurean doctrines, vm. 476; Lucasta, Lovelace’s poems, xv. 28. Lu-HiEN, town, China, XXlll. 607. on evolution, vm. 757; his language Lucayas, or Bahamas, islands, West Luiken, Jan, Dutch writer, xn. 95. and style, Xiv. 334. Indies, ill. 236. Luini, Bernardino, Italian painter, xv. LUCULLITE, mineral, XVI. 397. Lucca, province, Italy, xxm. 670. 61. , town, Italy, XV. 38; bridge at, IV. Lucullus, Lucius Licinius, Boman LUINO, town, Italy, xv. 198. consul, xv. 55. 330; contests with Pisa, xix. 119; its Lucus Augusti (Lugo), ancient town, Luis, king of Portugal, xix. 554. school of painting, xxi. 433, 442. — DE Leon, Spanish poet and moralSpain, xv. 61. , Baths of, Italy, xv. 39; xvi. 433. ist, xiv. 455; xxii. 357, 360. Luce Bay, Wigtown, Scotland, xxiv. Lucy, St, of Syracuse, xv. 41. Luke, St, the Evangelist, xv. 62; author , M. de, on the flight of birds and 562. of Acts of the Apostles, I. 123. insects, IX. 316. Lucena, town, Spain, xv. 39. , Gospel of, x. 789. , Sir Thomas, of Charlecote, ShakeLUCENTUM (Alicante), ancient town, of Prague, leader of the Bohemian speare’s connexion with, XXL 753Spain, I. 574. Brethren, xvi. 811. Lud, Ned, leader of the Luddites, xv. Lucera, town, Italy, xv. 39. , Sir Samuel, Samuel Butler’s conLUCERES, early Boman tribe, XX. 732. 57nexion with, IV. 588. Luddites, English rioters (1811), xv. Luceria (Lucera), ancient town, Italy, Lu-Kiang, river, Tibet, xxm. 341. 57xv. 39. Lukin, Lionel, inventor of the lifeboat, Ludenscheid, town, Westphalia, PrusLucernarIjE, order of Hydrozoa, XII. xiv. 571. sia, xxiv. 517. 556. 7 7 Lukow, or Lukoff, town, Bussian Ludhiana, or Ludiana, district, India, Lucerne, canton, Switzerland, xv Poland, xv. 63; xxil. 37. xv. 58; xx. 109; town, xv. 58. 40; town, xv. 40; xxii. 783. LUKOYANOFF, town, Bussia, xv. 63; Ludi Romani, etc., festivals in honour , Lake of, Switzerland, xv. 41; xiv xvii. 501. of Jupiter, xm. 780. 218; xxii. 777. Lukuga, river, Tanganyika, Africa, Ludlamite, mineral, xvi. 404. , plant, 1. 378. xxiii. 45. Lucetius, epithet of Jupiter, xm. 780. Ludlow, town, England, xv. 58; XXL Lulea Elf, river, Sweden, xxil 736. 648. LUCHON, Bagneres de, town, France, , Edmund, Cromwellian general, Lulli, or Lully, Giovanni Battista, in. 235; mineral water of, xvi. 435. musician, xv. 63; xvn. 87. xv. 59. LUCHSSAPHIR, mineral, XVI. 418. Lullitpoor, district, India, xiv. 225. , Mr, Christian socialist, xxii. 210. Lucia, St, of Syracuse, xv. 41. Lully, Giovanni Battista, musician, Lucian, Greek satirist, xv. 42; xxi. Ludolf, duke of Saxony, XXL 352. xv. 63; xvii. 87. , Hiob, German Orientalist, XV. 59. 319; his allusions to Jesus Christ, xm. , Baymond, Spanish devotee, xv. Ludovico (II Moro), duke of Milan, 658; as writer of fiction, XX. 633. 63; on mnemonics, xvi. 532; his xiii. 481. , editor of Septuagint and martyr, poems, xxil 363, 364. Ludovisio, Alessandro (Pope Gregory xv. 46. Lulongo, affluent of the Congo, Africa, XV.), XL 178. Lucic, Hannibal, Kagusan poet, xxi. xxiv. 764. LUDTGE, on liquid films, V. 58. 690. Lumachella, or Lumachello, variety Ludwig. See Louis. Lucidor THE Unfortunate (Lars J. of marble, xv. 529; xvi. 397. Aloysius, prince of Hohenlohe, Humerus), Swedish poet, xn. 356; Lumbago, disease, xv. 65. French marshal, XI1. 51. xxii. 755. Lumbar Vertebrae, Anatomy of the, Ludwigite, mineral, xvi. 396. Lucifer, bishop of Cagliari, xv. 46. 1. 821. Ludwigsburg, town, Wiirtemberg, XV. Lucilius, Boman poet and satirist, xv. Lumber, ix. 404; sawing of, xxi. 345; 59; population, xxiv. 701. 46; xx. 718; xxi. 318; his Latinity, trade in Canada, IV. 774; in Michigan, Ludwigs-Canal, Bavaria, III. 451. xiv. 332. xvi. 238; of U.S.A., xxiii. 811. Lucioperca, genus of fishes, xvm. 521; LUDWIGSHAFEN, suburb of Mannheim, Lumbricoid, parasitic worm, xxiv. Germany, xv. 494. xix. 89. 205. LuciotruttA, genus of fishes, xxi. 221, LUDWIGSLIED, German ballad, x. 522. Lumbricus, genus of worms, xxiv. Luga, town, Bussia, XXL 190. 224. 678. LUGAN, mines, Bussia, XV. 60. Lucius L, pope, xv. 48. Luminosity, of flame, ix. 282; of inLugano, town, Switzerland, xv. 60; II., pope, xv. 48; xx. 792. sects, XIIL 143= xxiii. 351. III., pope, xv. 48. Luminous PainTj xiv» 603. , Lake of, Switzerland, xv. 60; . or the Ass, treatise ascribed to Lump-Fish, xv. 65. xxii. 777. Lucian, XIV. 43. Lump-Sucker, fish, xv. 65; xn. 690. Lugansk, town, Bussia, xv. 60. LUCRE, Gottfried Christian Friedrich, Lugansky, Kossack(V. I.Dahl), Bussian Luna, Alvaro de, constable of Castile, German theologian, xv. 48. XXIL 321. writer, vi. 762. Luckenwalde, town, Prussia, XV. 48. , Peter de (Pope Benedict XIII.), LUCKIMPOOR (Lakhimpur), district, LUGDUNUM (Lyons), ancient town, in. 558. France, xv. 112. India, xiv. 224. Batavorum (Leyden), ancient Lunacy, xiii. 95; law relating to, xni. Lucknow, district, India, xv. 48; town, in. town, Holland, xiv. 495. xv. 49; xvili. 72; observatory at, Lunar Aberration, xvii. 260. LUGGIE, The, Gray’s poem, XL 76. xvii. 716; siege of (1857), xn. 810.

L u N —l Y N Lunar Caustic, or Nitrate of Silver, xxii. 71. Lunar Cycle, iv. 670. Lunardi, Vincent, aeronaut, 1. 190. Lunar Nutation, xvii. 260. Lunar Parallax, xviii. 252. Lunar Tables, Mayer’s, xv. 649. Lunar Theory, xvi. 798. Lunar Tides, xxiii. 353, 356, 365, 368; schedule of, xxiii. 365. Lunar Year, iv. 668. Lunar Zodiac, xxiv. 793. Lunar Zodiacal Light, xxiv. 797. Lunatic Asylums, xiii. ho; pauper, xix. 477. Lund, town, Sweden, xv. 65; observatory at, xvii. 714; university, xxm. 850. Lundy, Benjamin, American abolitionist, xxii. 142. Luneburg, town, Prussia, xv. 65. Luneburgite, mineral, xvi. 408. Lunenburg, town, Nova Scotia, xvii. 603. Lunette, in fortification, ix. 437. Luneville, town, France, xv. 66; peace of, III. 132; IX. 613; treaty of (1801), XVII. 202. Lung-Plague, cattle disease, xvn. 60. Lungs, xx. 475; in relation to blood circulation, xxiv. 102, 108; congestion of, XVlll. 395; emphysema in, VIIL 180; inflammation of, xix. 249; tubercle in (phthisis), XVIII. 855; of birds, III. 727; of mammals, XV. 365. Lunnite, mineral, xvi. 406. Lupercalia, Roman festival, xv. 66; viii. 835. Lupine (Lecce), town, Italy, xiv. 397. Lupine, plant, xv. 66. Lupul, Vasilje, voivode of Moldavia, xxi. 19. Lupulina, vegetable alkaloid, xvn. 231. Lupus, skin disease, xvin. 406; xxn. 121. Luque, town, Paraguay, xvin. 244. Luray Cavern, Virginia, U.S.A., xv. 67Lure, town, France, XXL 301. Lurgan, town, Ireland, xv. 68. Luri, people, Persia, xv. 68. Luria, or Lurye, Shelomoth, Jewish rabbi, xx. 473. Luristan, province, Persia, xv. 68. Lusatia, district, Germany, XV. 69. Lusatian-Wendish Language, xxii. 153Lushai Hills, district, India, xv. 69. Lusiad, Camoens’s poem, iv. 749; Mickle’s translation of, xvi. 242. Lusitania, Roman province in Spain, xix. 539; xxii. 307. Lustration, Greek and Roman rite, xv. 69. Lustre, of crystals, xvi. 372. Lustred Ware, pottery, xix. 620. Lute, musical instrument, xv. 70.

Lutetia (Paris), ancient town, France, xviii. 286. ' Luteva (Lodeve), ancient town, France, xiv. 767. Lute Ali Khan, Persian ruler, xVni. 645. Luther, Martin, German Reformer, xv. 71; x. 497; xx. 325; on the canon, v. 14; his influence on the Church of England, VIIL 374; his Colloquia Mensalia, 1. 785; hymns by, XII. 585; his influence on literature, x. 528; his relations with Carlstadt, v. 113; with Melanchthon, xv. 833; with Spalatin, xxii. 366. Lutheran Church, xv. 84; Pietism in, xix. 83; service of, xiv. 712. Lutherans, xv. 84. Luther Museum, Wittenberg, Germany, xxiv. 625. Lutke, Feodor Petrovich, Russian Arctic explorer, xix. 319. Luton, town, England, xv. 86; m. 483; straw-plaiting at, xxn. 593. Hoo, mansion, Bedfordshire, England, Library of, ill. 483. Lutra, genus of carnivorous mammals, xviii. 69; xv. 439. Lutreola, subgenus of carnivorous mammals, xvi. 474. Lutrin^e, subfamily of carnivorous mammals, xv. 439. Lu-tse-Kiang, river, Tibet, xxm. 339, 34iLutsin, town, Russia, xxiv. 262. Lutternburg, Prussia, Battle of (1762), in. 129. Lutzelburg, or Luxemburg (q.v.), town, xv. 88. Lutzen, Prussia, Battle of (1632), ill. 125; xxiv. 329; battle of (1813), xvii. 219. Lutzk, town, Russia, xv. 86. Luvu, kingdom, Celebes, v. 289. Luxembourg, Due de, marshal of France, xv. 86. Luxemburg, grand-duchy, Europe, xv. 87; town, xv. 88. , province, Belgium, xv. 88. Luxeuil, town, France, xxi. 301; monastery of, vi. 167; xvi. 707. Luxor, town, Egypt, xv. 89; temple of, vii. 776. Luxullianite, rock, xi. 49; xix. 521. Luxury, Laws against, xxn. 644. Luynes, Count of, favourite of Louis XIII., ix. 567. Luzan, Ignacio de, Spanish writer, xxn. 360. Luzern (Lucerne), canton and town, Switzerland, xv. 40. Luzon, island, Philippines, xviii. 748, 75iLuzonite, mineral, xvi. 396. Luzzati (Luigi), Italian economist, xix. 394.

269 Luzzo, Pietro (Morto da Feltre), Italian painter, ix. 69. Lyc^eus, mountain, Arcadia, Greece, xvii. 770. Lycanthropy, belief in animal transformation, xv. 89; xxi. 135. Lycaon, mythical king of Arcadia, xv. 92. , genus of carnivorous mammals, xv. 439. Lycaonia, province, Asia Minor, xv. 92. Lyceium, temple, ancient Athens, III. 2. Lychneus, or Lychnites, Parian marble, xv. 528; xviii. 319. Lychnokaie, Egyptian lamp festival, xiv. 247. Lycia, district, Asia Minor, xv. 92; coins of, xvii. 648. Lycian Marbles, in British Museum, ix. 67. Lycidas, Milton’s poem, xvi. 326. Lycodontid^e, family of snakes, xxn. 193, 195Lycophron, Greek poet, xv. 94 ; 1. 499. Lycopodiace/E, order of plants, ix. 106; xv. 94; xxiv. 129. Lycopodium, genus of mosses, xv. 94. Lycortas, leader of Achaean League, xix. 411. Lycosa, genus of spiders, xxm. 60. Lycurgus, Attic orator, xv. 97. , Athenian ruler, xix. 130. , Spartan lawgiver, xv. 95; xi. 93; laws of, xxii. 370. Lycus, river, Asia Minor, xix. 459. Lydenburg, Transvaal, Gold diggings at, xxili. 518. Lydgate, John, English monk and poet, xv. 97; viii. 412. Lydia, district, Asia Mined’, xv. 98; coins of, xvil. 645, 648; wars with Persia, xviii. 563, 565. Lydian Stone, mineral, xvi. 389. Lydus, king of Lydia, XV. 98. Lyell, Sir Charles, British geologist, XV. 101. Lygdamus, Latin poems of, xxm. 350. Lying-in Hospitals, xii. 302. Lyly, or Lylie, John, English writer and dramatist, xv. 103; vn. 429; viii. 421; xx. 660. Lymington, town, England, xv. 105. Lymph, fluid in vascular system, 1. 846, 906. Lymphatic Glands, Cancer in, xvin. 382. Lymphatics, Anatomy of, 1. 906. Lymphatic Vessels, of mammals, xv. 364; in man, 1. 907. Lymph-Scrotum, disease, xvin. 270. Lynaker (Linacre), Thomas, English humanist and physician, xiv. 652. Lyncestis, Plain of, Macedonia, xv. 136.

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L Y N —M A C

Lynch, Madame, Irish adventuress in Lytton, Edward Bulwer, Lord, English M‘Carthy, Sir Charles, governor, Cape Coast, Africa, II. 681. writer, xv. 121. * Paraguay, xv. 2. , Earl, governor-general of India, MacCarthy, Dermot, Irish chief, xiv. Lynchburg, town, Virginia, U.S.A., 52. XII. 811. xv. 105. Lywarch, Cumbrian bard and king, 11. M accaw, or Macaw, bird, xv. 130. Lynch Law, xv. 105. M'Clellan, George B., American gen650. Lyncurium, precious stone, xm. 532. eral, xxiii. 775, 789; his presidential LYNDHURST, Lord, lord chancellor of contest with Lincoln, xiv. 662. England, XV. 106. Lyndsay, Sir David, early Scottish TV/T the thirteenth letter of the alpha- Macclesfield, town, England, xv. bet, xv. 124. 131writer, xv. 106; vm. 415. , Robert, of Pitscottie, Scottish Maalstrcev, Norwegian literary move- M'Clintock, Sir Leopold, Arctic explorer, xix. 321; his search for Frankment, xvii. 591. chronicler, XXI. 542. lin, ix. 721. Maas, or Meuse, river, France, Belgium, Lyne, town, England, XVII. 380. M‘Cluer Inlet, New Guinea, xvn. and Holland, XVI. 205; III. 515; XII. Lynn, town, Massachusetts, U.S.A., xv. 386. 63; XX. 519; improvement works in, 109. M'CLURE, Sir Robert John Le Mesurier, xx. 579; at Rotterdam, xxi. 9. Regis, town, England, xv. 109. Arctic explorer, xv. 132; XIX. 321. Maasarah, quarries, Egypt, vn. 773. Lynx, carnivorous mammal, xv. 109, M‘Crie, Thomas, Scottish religious Maastricht, or Maestricht, town, 435; skins of, IX. 838. historian, XV. 132. Holland, XV. 195; IX. 577. Lyon, Emma (Lady Hamilton), friend MaCCULLAGH, James, Irish mathemaMaba, genus of trees, XXL 317. of Nelson, xi. 421. tician, XV. 133. , John, founder of Harrow School, Mabillon, Jean, French historian, xv. Macculloch, Horatio, Scottish painter, 124. England, XI. 495. xv. 133. Lyon-King-at-Arms, in Scotland, xi. Mabinogion, Welsh romances, v. 321; , John, Scottish geologist, XV. 133. viii. 408. 688. Lyonnet, P., Dutch naturalist, xxiv. Mably, Gabriel Bonnot de, French his- M‘CULLOCH, John Ramsay, Scottish political economist, xv. 134; xix. torian, ix. 667. 806. Mabrian, romance, xx. 653. Lyons, town, France, xv. no; Ecole Martiniere at, xxm. 108; libraries, Mabuse, Jan Gossart, Flemish painter, Macdonald, Etienne Jacques Joseph Alexandre, French marshal, xv. 135. x. 843. xiv. 526, 545; observatory, XVII. 712; , Flora, Scottish Jacobite, V. 427; Mac, in Gaelic names, v. 799. silk manufacture of, XXII. 65. xv. 135. Macabi, islets, Peru, xviii. 671. , Lord, British admiral, xv. 113. , Col. J H. A., on military drill, Lyra, Nicolaus de, mediaeval com- Macacus, genus of apes, 11. 151. xxiv. 355. Macadam, John Loudon, on roadmentator, xv. 113. , Lawrence, Scottish sculptor, xv. making, xx. 582. Lyraids, meteors, xvi. m. 136. Lyra Innocentium, Keble’s, xiv. 26. Macalpine, Kenneth, Pictish king, Macdonnel, A., British chess-player, xvii. 570; xxi. 477. Lyre, musical instrument, xv. 113; V. 601. xxiv. 242; Greek names of the strings, Macao, Portuguese settlement, China, Macdonough, Thomas, American xv. 124*. xvii. 78. naval officer, xxili. 760. Macaque, ape, 11. 152. Lyre-Bird, xv. 115. Macduff, town, Scotland, m. 311. Lyric Poetry, xix. 264; of the Alex- Macaroni, article of food, xv. 125. Mace, spice, xvn. 666; oil from, xvn. , bird, xviii. 492. andrian school, 1. 499; of Greece, xi. Macaronic Poems, Folengo’s, ix. 355. 744139, Thomas, on psalm-singing, Xii. MACARTHUR, Captain, early settler in LYRIE, bird, XXL 781. 59L New South Wales, xvn. 411. Lysander, Lacedaemonian leader, xv. Macarthy’s Island, West Africa, x. Macedo, Jose A., Portuguese poet, xix. 117; xviii. 576. 557 Lysias, Attic orator, xv. 117; compared 59‘ Macartney, Earl of, English diploma- Macedonia, country, Europe, xv. 136; with Isaeus, xm. 376. XL 103; under Alexander, I. 480; tist, XV. 125; his embassy to China, , regent of Syria, XIII. 422. under Demetrius I.-IL, VII. 57, 58; v. 651. Lysicrates, Monument of, at Athens, conquest of, by Rome, XX. 753; St Macassar, department, Celebes, v. 288. 11. 407, 411. Paul in, XVIII. 419; army of, II. 561; Macaturing, volcano, Philippine Lysiloma, genus of trees, XXL 128. coins, xvii. 640; modern, opium Islands, xvili. 749. LYSIMACHUS, Macedonian king, XV. culture in, XVII. 789. 119, 142; xviii. 527; fortifier of Macaulay, Lord, English essayist and historian, XV. 125; on Junius, XIII. Macedonian Empire, xv. 138; xvm. Smyrna, XXII. 186. 582. 776; on Penn, XVIII. 496. , tutor of Alexander, I. 480. Macedonicus, Quintus Ceecilius MetelLysippus, Greek sculptor, xv. 120; 11. Macaw, bird, xv. 130. lus, Roman praetor, xvi. 106. Macayo (Maeeio), town, Brazil, xv. S^iMacedonius, patriarch of ConstantiLysis, dialogue of Plato, xix. 196. 145nople, xv. 145. Lysistrata, Aristophanes’s play, II. 509. Macbeth, king of Scotland, xv. 130; Maceio, town, Brazil, xv. 145. xxi. 480. Lyssacina, order of sponges, xxn. 422. Macellarius, Leo I., emperor of the , Shakespeare’s play, xxi. 764. Lystra, town, Asia Minor, xv. 92. East, xiv. 452. Lyte, Henry Francis, hymn-writer, XV. Maccabteus, Judas, Jewish leader, Macene, volatile oil in mace, xvii. xiii. 422; xv. 130. 120. Maccabees, Jewish family, xv. 130; Lythe, fish, XIX. 402. Jerusalem under the, XIII. 641; coins Macerata, town, Italy, xv. 145. Lyttelton, Lord, English statesman Maceration, of perfumes, xvin. of, xvii. 650. and man of letters, xv. 121; his con526. —, Books of, xv. 131; 11. 181. nexion with Fielding, IX. 142.

M A 0—M A D

271 MACESTUS, river, Asia Minor, n. 707; Macleay, William Sharpe, on birds, Mactra, genus of Mollusca, xvi. xviii. 853. xviii. 15. 691. Macfarquhar, Colin, projector of 1st M‘Lennan, John Ferguson, Scottish Maculla (Makalla), town, Arabia, xv. edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica, anthropologist, XV. 162. 3IIVIII. 200. Macleod, Norman, Scottish divine, xv. Madadkatte, dam of Cauvery river, MACFERGUS, Angus, Pictish king, xvn. 163. India, xiv. 19. 570; xxi. 476. Maclise, Daniel, Irish painter, xv. Madagascar, island, Indian Ocean, xv. MacFlecknoe (Thomas Shadwell), 164. 168; I. 272; birds of, m. 731, 760; satirized by Dryden, xxi. 727. Maclure, William, American geologist, dictionaries of language, vn. 192; M‘Gill, James, founder of a college at xv. 165. reptiles, xx. 468; slavery in, XXII. Montreal, XVI. 794. MacMahon, Marie E. P. M., president 144; Ellis’s mission to, Vlli. 150. Macgillicuddy Reeks, mountains, of the French republic, IX. 627, 628; , History of, Flacourt’s, ix. 275. Ireland, xm. 215. as governor of Algeria, 1. 569. Madaini, Arab historian, xxin. 3. Macgillivray, William, Scottish MacMurrough, Dermod, king of Madalon, mountain, North Borneo, naturalist, XV. 145; on American Leinster, XIII. 258. XXL 123. birds, xviii. 11, 24. M‘Murrough Kavanagh, Irish chief- Madalonum (Maddaloni), ancient M‘Grath, John, Irish chronicler, V. 309. tain, xiii. 262. town, Italy, XV. 176. MACGREGOR, Robert (Rob Roy), Macnaghten, Sir William, Murder of, Madame, island, Nova Scotia, xvn. Scottish outlaw, XX. 608. I. 240. 601. Mach^eropterus, genus of birds, xv. M‘Naught, Mr, his improvements on Maddaloni, town, Italy, xv. 176. the steam-engine, xxn. 477, 490. 455, Duke of, in Masaniello’s revolt, Machanidas, tyrant of Sparta, xviii. Macnee, Sir Daniel, Scottish painter, xv. 607. 790xv. 165. Madden, Sir Frederic, English palaeoMachetes, genus of birds, XXI. 54. Macneill, Hector, Scottish poet, xv. grapher, xv. 176. Machiavelli, Bernardo, Italian 165. Madder, dye, xv. 176; iv. 687; colourjurist, xv. 146. M‘Neill, Sir John, British envoy to ing matter from, 1. 577. , Niccolo, Italian politician and Persia, xvili. 650. Madeira, islands, Atlantic, xv. 177; moralist, xv. 146; as dramatist, vn. Macon, town, France, xv. 166; xxi. 1. 272; wine of, xv. 178; xxiv. 609; 418; as historian, xm. 509. 302; wine of, xxiv. 606. adulteration of wine of, 1. 173. Machicolations, in architecture, 11. Macon, town, Georgia, U.S.A., xv. Madeley, town, England, xxi. 848. 467; v. 198. 166. Machim, Robert, his landing at Madeira, Maconnais, district, France, xxi. 301. Maderna, Carlo, Italian architect, xx. 836. xv. 177. Maconochie, Captain, on prison dis, Stefano, Italian sculptor, xxi. Machinery, influence of its use on cipline, xix. 754. 570. wages, xxiv. 312. Macpherson, Charles, on the irrigation Madhubani, town, India, xxm. 407. Machines, Theoryof, xv. 752; purposes of meadows, 1. 374. Madi, Central-African tribes, xvn. and effects of, xv. 771. , James, translator of Ossian, xv. 473Machine Tools, xv. 152. 166; v. 331; ix. 75; x. 13. • Madiana (Martinique), island, West Machpelah, Cave of, Palestine, XL 608. Macquarie, Governor, on convict settleIndies, xv. 586. Maciejowice, Poland, Battle of (1794), ments, xix. 750. Madia Oil, xvii. 744, 746. xxiv. 376. , Lake, New South Wales, xvn. Madison, town, Indiana, U.S.A., xv. Macintosh Cloth, xii. 842. 408; river, in. 107. 181. Mack, Alexander, founder of the Bun- Macrauchenidze, family of ungulate , town, Wisconsin, U.S.A., XV. 181; kers, vii. 543. mammals, xv. 428. population, xxiv. 617. M‘Kail, Hugh, Scottish Covenanter, Macready, William Charles, English , river, Wyoming, U.S.A., xxiv. xxi. 516. tragedian, xv. 167. 737Mackenzie, Sir Alexander, Canadian Macri, Gulf of, Asia Minor, xv. 93. , James, president of United States, explorer, xv. 157; xix. 318. Macrobius, Ambrosius Theodosius, xv. 182; xxiii. 748, 752, 759. , Sir George (the Bloody Mackenzie), Roman grammarian, xv. 167; his Madness, mental disease, xm. 95; Scottish lawyer, xv. 158. place in Roman literature, xx. 726. attributed to demoniacal possession, ' > Henry, Scottish writer, xv. 158. Macrocystis, genus of sea-weeds, 1. vii. 61. Mackerel, fish, xv. 159; fishery, ix. 509Madonie, mountains, Sicily, XXII. 29. 253Macrodome, in crystallography, xvi. Mad Parliament, The (1258), xi. 659. Mackie, Alexander, his type-setting 360. Madras, presidency, British India, xv. machine, xxm. 701. Macroglossus, genus of bats, xv. 184; army of, II. 590. Mackintosh, Sir James, Scottish pub410. , town, India, XV. 187; rise of, XII. licist, xv. 160. Macronyx, genus of birds, xix. 112. 799; observatory at, xvn. 716; uniMacla.ren, Charles, editor of Encyclo- MacropodiDjE, family of marsupial versity, xxiii. 856. psedia Britannica, 6th edition, vin. mammals, xm. 838; xv. 382. College, St Andrews, Scotland, 202. Macropus, genus of marsupial xxi. 158. Maclaurin, Colin, Scottish mathemamammals, XIII. 838. Madrasi, silkworm, xxn. 60. tician, xv. 161. MACROSCELIDZE, family of insectivorous Madre de Dios Archipelago, PataMaclean, Mrs (Letitia Elisabeth Lanmammals, xv. 402. gonia, xviii. 352. don), English poetess, xiv. 278. Macrospores, in plant development, Madrid, capital of Spain, xv. 189; aclear, Sir Thomas, his measurement xx. 424. royal academy at, 1. 75; library, xiv. of arc of meridian, vn. 599; observa- M‘Swiney’s Gun, cave perforation, 532, 549; newspapers, xvn. 431; obtions on stellar parallax, xviii. 253. Ireland, vn. 363. servatory, XVII. 713; picture gallery,

272

M A D —M A G

xxi. 446; Rubens’s works at, XXI. 41; Magdalen College, Oxford, xviii. Magnesite, mineral, xv. 217; xvi. 397university, xxiil. 851; collection of 97Velazquez’s pictures at, XXIV. 133; Magdalene College, Cambridge, iv. Magnesium, chemical element, xv. 217; V. 526; as plant food, xix. 49; treaty of (1526), ix. 556. 731spectrum of, xxn. 376. Magdalen Islands, Canada, xx. 165. Madrid, province, Spain, xv. 189. Magnet, or Loadstone, xv. 219, 274; in Magdeburg, duchy, Germany, xxi. Madrigal, in music, xv. 192; x. 677; mariner’s compass, vi. 225; vibrationsxvii. 84. 359of, at various heights, 1. 199. , town, Prussia, xv. 196; XX. 16; Madron A, tree of Pacific coast, U.S.A., XXL 360; organ in cathedral, XVII. Magnetic Carbide, filtering medium, xxiii. 810. ix. 168. 836; cathedral sculptures, XXL 564, Madura, district, India, xv. 192. Magnetic Iron Ore, xiii. 287; xv. 565. , town, India, XV. 193; siege of 219, 274. (1763-4), xx. 398; palace of, 11. Magellan, Ferdinand, Portugueses Magnetic Susceptibilities, Table of, navigator, XV. 197 5 XVIII. 115; hi 396. xv. 267. discoveries, 11. 489; x. 182. , island, Indian Archipelago, xv. Strait, South America, xv. 198; Magnetism, xv. 219; xix. 3; in rela193; xii. 818; Xlil. 600; language of, tion to the aurora, ill. 95; effect of, on xvill. 116, 352; xxiil 383; discovered xill. 607. the compass, VI. 225; in relation to by Magellan, II. 489; Drake’s expediMeander, river, Asia Minor, 11. 708; electricity, I. 749; VIII. 10,66; in iron, tion through, VII. 390. xviii. 853. xiii. 278; mechanical power of, xv. Maecenas, C. Cilnius, Roman patron of Magenta, dye, 11. 48. 773; in minerals, XVI. 376; as supposed , Italy, Battle of (1859), HI. 138; IX. literature, xv. 194. basis for perpetual motion, XVIII. 555; 624; xiii. 490; xvii. 228. Maelmaedog Ua Morgair (St Malcontributions to the science by iEpiachy), archbishop of Armagh, XV. 315. Maggiore, Lago, lake, Italy and Switnus, I. 183; by Arago, II. 303; by zerland, xv. 198; xiii. 440; xiv. 218; Maelzel’s Metronome, xvi. 198. Gauss, X. 116; by Gay-Lussac, x. 122; xxil. 777; islands in, iv. 64. Maenads, Greek worshippers of Bacchus, by Gilbert, X. 592; by Henry, XI. Maghiana, town, India, xv. 198. xvii. 839. 675; by J. T. Mayer, xv. 649; by Maghil, town, Turkey in Asia, IV. Maenhirs, or Menhirs, rude stone monuPlucker, xix. 229; by Sabine, xxi. 577ments, 11. 383; xxi. 51; at Carnac, V. 128. Magi, Persian priests, xv. 199; xvin. 118. , Animal, XV. 277. 564; xxiv. 820; visit of, to Bethlehem, M^eonia, ancient town, Asia Minor, , Terrestrial, xvi. 159; J. T. Mayer’s xiii. 660. xv. 98. papers on, xv. 649. Maerlant, Jakob van, Dutch writer, Magic, xv. 199; among prehistoric races, VIII. 623; punishment for practising, Magnetite, mineral, xvi. 386. xii. 90. xxiv. 619; in Lapland, xiv. 307; Magnetographs, Self-recording, xvi. Maese, or Meuse (Maas, q.v.), river, 161. John Napier’s belief in, xvil 183; France and Netherlands, xvi. 205. Virgil’s reputation for, in the Middle Magnetometer, Differential, xvi. 161; Maestlin, Michael, German scholar, unifilar, xv. 238. Ages, xx. 641. xiv. 45. Magnifying Power, in optics, xxiv. , White, xv. 207; xiv. 415. Maestricht, town, Holland, XV. 195; 424; of microscope, xvi. 270. Lantern, xv. 211. siege of (1673), IX. 577. Magnitudes, Measurement of, xv. Mirrors, xvi. 501. Maffei, Francesco Scipione, Italian 660; xvi. 13. Square, xv. 213. writer, XV. 196; VII. 417. , Incommensurable, Discovery of, , Raphael, his Commentarii Urbani, Magister Sententiarum (Peter xx. 141. Lombard, q.v.), mediaeval theologian, VIII. 193. Magnolia, tree, xv. 283; in U.S.A., xiv. 813. Mafia, island, Zanzibar, Africa, xxiv. xxiii. 808. Magistracy, Roman, xx. 738, 771. 768. Magistrate, administrative officer, xv. Magnolite, mineral, xvi. 403. Mafor, Papuan language, xviii. 231. Magnon, Jean de, his Science Univer 216; xiii. 762, 789. Mafra, town, Portugal, xv. 196. selle, viii. 194. Mafu, town, Senegal, Africa, XXL Magliabechi, Antonio, Italian biblioMagnus, king of Sweden, xxii. phile, xv. 217; xiv. 530, 548. 660. 745, ., Magadha, kingdom, India, III. 508; Magna Charta, of England, v. 432; , Heinrich Gustav, German chemist, VIII. 306, 308; Xiii. 714; signing of, xii. 787. XV. 283. xiv. 287; its effect on parliament, Magadis, Greek musical instrument, , Glaus and Johannes, Swedish xviii. 304. xvil. 79. ecclesiastics, xvii. 752. Magalhaes, or Magellan (q.v.), Fernao Magna Gr^ecia, district, ancient Italy, Barefoot, Norwegian king, xvii. xi. 30, 95. de, Portuguese navigator, xv. 197. 587. Magnanerie, silkworm house, xxn. Magallanes, province, Chili, v. 617. Clemens Maximus, Roman em58. Magars, Nepalese race, xvii. 341. peror, xv. 645. Magati, Csesar, Italian surgeon, xxn. Magnecrystallic Action, xv. 264. Ericsson, king of Sweden, xxii. Magnentius, Hrabanus Maurus, xii. 676. 746326; viii. 191. Magazines, periodical literature, xviii. LagaBjETR, Nonvegian king, xmiMagnesia, mineral, xv. 218; as 536. 588. manure, XV. 509. Magdala, stronghold, Abyssinia, xv. ad MiEANDRUM, town, Ionia, Asia Magnus’s Green Salt, xix. 192. 196; 1. 67. MAGNUSSON, Arni, Icelandic scholar, Minor, XV. 217. , Palestine, Site of, X. 30. xv. 284; xii. 626. ad SiPYLUM, town, Lydia, Asia Magdalena, island, Chilian Patagonia, Minor, XV. 217, 98, 490; xxm. 48; Magny, Olivier de, French poet, IX. xviii. 352. bSr. battle of (190 B.C.), XX. 753. , river, Colombia, South America, Magnesio-Ferrite, mineral, xvi. 386. MAGO, king of Carthage, V. 160. vi. 153.

M A G —M A I

273 MaGO, Carthaginian general, xv. 284; Mahogany, tree, xv. 288; ix. 406; Mailly, Abbe, French musician, xvn. V. 161. strength of, xxn. 603. 87Magog, of Scripture, x. 738; xiil Mahomet, or Mohammed (q.v.), founder Mail-Service, xix. 562. of Islam, xvi. 545. 593Maim, or Mayhem, in law, xv. 649. Magpie, bird, XV. 284; blue, of Spain, and his Successors, Irving’s Maimana, province, Afghanistan, 1. 243. XXII. 297; hunting of, with hawks, work, xm. 373. Maimansinh, district, India, xv. 294. ix. 10. Mahometanism, or Mohammedanism Maimbourg, Louis, French historical Magra, river, Italy, xm. 437. (g.v.), religion of Mohammed, xvi. 545. writer, XV. 295. Magyar Language, xii. 374; xxiv. Mahommed b. Musa, his treatise on Maimonides, Jewish writer and phy2. algebra, 1. 512. sician, xv. 295, 805. Magyar Literature, xii. 375. Mahon, or Port Mahon, town, Minorca, Main, river, Germany, xx. 519. Magyars, people of Hungary, xn. 365, xix. 531. , Minaean town, Arabia, xxiv. 740. 367 ; their invasion of Germany, x. Mahony, Francis, Irish song-writer, Maina, bird, xi. 26. 481, 482, 484; in Italy, xm. 468. xv. 288. Maine, old province, France, xv. 297. Mahabaleshwar, station, India, xv. Mahrah, district, Arabia, 11. 254. , river, France, xiv. 806. 285. Mahrattas, race of people, India, xv. , State, U.S.A., xv. 297. Mahabharata, Sanskrit epic, xxi. 288; rise of, xn. 795, 804; of Berar, , Sir Henry, on law, xiv. 358, 364. 281; vii. 396. in. 583; war against, xi. 513, 517; DE Biran, Frangois P. G., French Mahanadi, or Mahanuddy, river, India, Wellington’s part in it, xxiv. 494; philosopher, xv. 302; his influence on xv. 285; in. 671; v. 243. Elphinstone’s policy towards them, Cousin, VI. 522. Mahananda, river, India, xv. 327. ym. 153. Maine-et-Loire, department, France, Mahanoy City, town, Pennsylvania, Mahren (Moravia, q.v.), xvi. 810. xv. 302. U.S.A., xv. 285. Mahseer, or Mahaseer, fish, xv. 285. Maine Liquor Law, xv. 299. Mahanuddy, river, India, xv. 285; m. Mahwa Butter, vegetable fat, xvii. Mainotes, Greek race, xi. 84. 671; v. 243. 744, 747Mainpuri, district, India, xv. 303; Maharaja, Indian title, xii. 796. Mahzor, Jewish cycle and liturgy, xv. town, xv. 304. Maharshal, Jewish rabbi, xx. 473. 292. Maintenon, France, Aqueduct bridge Mahaseer, fish, xv. 285. Mai, Angelo, Italian cardinal, xv. 293. of, 11. 222. Mahavansa, Pali chronicle, xvm. 184. Maia, of Greek mythology, XV. 294. , Marquise de, second wife of Louis Mahaveli-Ganga, river, Ceylon, v. Maiaiti, island, Tahiti Archipelago, XIV. of France, xv. 304; ix. 578; 360. Pacific, xxiii. 22. wife of Scarron, XXL 378; her patronMaha-Vira, leader of the Jains, India, Maiano, Benedetto [da, Florentine age of Racine, xx. 208. xm. 543. sculptor, xxi. 560. Mainz, town, Germany, xv. 305; early Mahazor, or Mahzor, Jewish cycle , Giovanni, Florentine sculptor, printing at, xxm. 684; aqueduct, 11. and liturgy, xv. 292. xxi. 560. 221; libraries, xiv. 547; university, Mahdi, Mohammedan deliverer or Maidalchina, Olympia, her influence xxill. 842, 848. messiah, xv. 285; xxn. 666. over Pope Innocent X., XIII. 85. Maio, one of Cape Verd Islands, v. 52. (Mohammed E. Mansur), caliph, Maidan, district, India, xvn. 123. Mair, or Maj'or, John, Scottish writer, xvi. 580. , town, Syria, vr. 678. XV. 310. Mahdiya, town, Tunis, xxm. 620. Maiden, Scottish guillotine, XL 263. Make, French settlement, India, xv. Maidenhead, town, England, xv. 294. Maira Parang, town, India, xvin. 684. 285; xxi. 725. Maiden Paps, hills, Scotland, iv. 647. Mairs, race of people, India, 11. 310. de Labourdonnais, French Maid Marian, of the morris dances, Maison Carrie, Roman temple, Nimes, governor, Mauritius, xv. 641. xvi. 846. France, xvn. 510. Mahee Country, Dahomey, Africa, Maid of Kent (Elizabeth Barton), Maistre, Joseph de, Savoyard diplovi. 765. religious euthusiast, in. 404. matist and polemical writer, xv. 306. Mahel Balevel, affluent of Niger, Maid of Norway, Princess Margaret, , Xavier de, Savoyard writer, xv. Africa, xvn. 497. xv - 537; I- 490 xvii. 588; xxi. 486. 307; ix. 672. Mahi, river, India, xx. 260. Maid of Orleans (Joan of Arc, q.v.\ Maisur, state, India, xvii. 123. Kantha, states, India, xv. 286. xiil 695. Maitland, town, New South Wales, Mahillon, Victor, writer on musical Maids of Honour, at court of Engxv. 307. instruments, xix. 72. land, xxi. 37. , John, duke of Lauderdale, xv. Mahl-Stick, painter’s implement, Maidstone, town, England, xv. 294. 308. xviii. 137. Maidun Castle, Dorset, Englandjpvii. , Sir Richard, Scottish lawyer and Mahmoudieh (or Mahmoodeeyeh) 372. poet, xv. 308; xxi. 541. Canal, Egypt, vn. 709; 1. 495. Maier, Johann (J. M. von Eck), oppo, Sir Thomas, commissioner of Mahmud I., Turkish sultan, XXIII. nent of Luther, VII. 641. Ionian Islands, xiil 206. 647. Maifeuer, German custom, xviii. 170. , William, of Lethington, Scottish IL, Turkish sultan, xxm. 648. Maikoff, Apollon N., Russian poet, politician, xv. 308, 595; xxi. 502. of Ghazni, conqueror of India, XV. XXI. 109. Club, The, Scotland, xv. 308. 286; 1. 239; xii. 792; tower of, at Mail Armour, ii. 556. MaItre, Antoine Le, Port-Royalist, Ghazni, x. 560; his treatment of Fir- Maillard, Olivier, early French xix. 533. dousi, ix. 225. preacher, ix. 648. Patelin, French satire, ix. 645. ~ ’ Afghan, Invasion of Persia bv, Maille, Claire Clemence de, wife of the Maittaire, Michel, French scholar, xv. XVIII. 640. Great Cond4, vi. 245. 308. Pasha, Turkish minister, xxm. Maillotins, Parisian insurgents, v. Maize, or Indian Corn, xv. 309; malt 652. 410. from, iv. 271. XXV. - 35

274

M A I — M A L

Malden, town, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Malacolite, mineral, xvi. 416. Maizena, or Corn Flour, xv. 310. xv. 327. Malacone, mineral, xvi. 424. Maize Oil, xvii. 744, 746. Maldive Islands, Indian Ocean, xv. Malacoptila, genus of birds, XX. 101. Maize Starch, xxii. 456. 327Majella, Monte della, mountain, Italy, Maladetta, mountain, Pyrenees, xx. Maldon, town, England, xv. 332. 125. xiii. 437. Majestatsbrief, grant of equal rights Malaga, province, .Spain, xv. 315; Maldonado, town, Uruguay, xxiv. i5town, xv. 316. to Protestants, xvii. 365. Maldonite, mineral, xvi. 393. Malagarasi, river, Africa, xxm. 45. Majesty, title, xxm. 418. Majlath, Janos, Count, Hungarian Malagasy, people of Madagascar, xv. Male, atoll and town, Maldive Islands, xv. 331. historian and poet, XV. 310. W1Malebranche, Nicolas, French philoLanguage, Dictionaries of, vn. Majolica Ware, xix. 624. sopher, XV. 332; his development of 192. MAJOR, George, on good works, XY. 85. Cartesianism, V. 148; his influence on , John, Scottish theological and his- Malakhoff, Duke of (J. J. A. PelisFrench literature, IX. 661; Norris’s sier), French general, XVIII. 475. torical writer, xv. 310; XXL 541. indebtedness to, XVII. 552. Malalas, John, Chronicle of, ill. 578. Majorca, one of the Balearic Islands, Malecki, Anton, Polish writer, xix. Malamocco, town, Venice, xxiv. Spain, ill. 277; kingdom of, XVlll. 3°5141. 556. Majorianus, Julius Valerius, emperor Malanta, one of the Solomon Islands, Maler Kotla, state, India, xv. 332. MALESHERBES, Chretien Guillaume de South Pacific, xxn. 252. of the West, xv. 310; xx. 781. Lamoignon de, French lawyer and Malapane, river, Silesia, xxii. 52. Majority, inlaw, 1. 279; xm. 1. politician, xv. 333. Malapterurus, genus of fishes, xxn. Majuli, island, Assam, India, II. 719. Malespini, Ricardano, Italian writer, 68. Makachinga, mountain, Siberia, xv. xiii. 501. Malar, Lake, Sweden, xxn. 553, 736. 547Malaria, disease, xv. 316; xvin. 394. Malevka, town, Russia, xxm. 605. Makalakas, African tribe, xv. 588. Malaspina, mountain, Philippine Malformations, Animal, xvi. 762. Makalla, town, Arabia, xv. 311. Malherbe, Francois de, French poet Islands, XVIII. 748. Makamat, Arabic work by Hariri, XL and critic, XV. 333; IX. 656; XX. 842. Malatesta, ruling family of Rimini, 480. Mali, town, Mandingo, Africa, xv. Italy, xx. 556. Makam Ibrahim, sacred place at 475DEI Malatesti, Roman senator, Mecca, xv. 673. Malice, in law, xiv. 506; aforethought, xx. 804. Makarievskaya Fair, Nijni-Novxvii. 52. Malatia, or Malatiyah, town, Asia gorod, Russia, xvn. 501, 502. Minor, xv. 320; opium of, XVII. 789. Malignant Fever, ix. 126. Makhzan-Ulasrar, poem by Nizami, Malavikagnimitra, Sanskrit drama, Malignant Pustule, xxiv. 663. xvii. 522. Malik b. Anas, Moslem jurisconsult, xiii. 829. Makin Island, Pacific Ocean, xvi. 257. xvi. 594. Malavolti, Orlando, Sienese historian, Makis, or Lemurs, XIV. 440; xv. 444. Malikite, Moslem sect, xvi. 593; xxii. xxii. 43. Makkari, Arabic historian, XV. 311. 661. M alayalma, dialect of Tamil language, Mako, town, Hungary, XV. 311. Malik Shah, Seljuk ruler, xvi. 588; xxill. 42; dictionaries of, VII. 191. Makololos, South-African tribe, xv. XXL 635; calendar of, xvil. 771. Malayan Fowls, xix. 645. 588. Makong, or Mekong (q.v.), river, Asia, Malay Archipelago, Asia, 11. 687; M ALINCHE, Sierra de, mountains, Mexico, xxiii. 422. xii. 815. XV. 832. Malay Language, xv. 325; diction- Malindang, mountain, Philippine Makow, town, Russia, XIV. 817. Islands, xvni. 748. aries of, vie 191. Makrizi, Arabic historian and archaeoMalines (Mechlin), town, Belgium, XV. Malay Literature, xv. 325. logist, xv. 311. 774; xiv. 188; xxiv. 62. Maktesh, quarter of Jerusalem, XIIL Malay Peninsula, Asia, xv. 320; Malinkes, or Mandingoes (q.v.), African birds of, III. 763. 640. tribe, xv. 475. Malay - Polynesian Language, Makua, people, East Africa, xvii. 8. Malintzi, or Malinche, Sierra de, mounxviii. 779. Makurti, mountain, India, XVII. 509. tains, Mexico, xxiii. 422. Malays, race of people, South-East Malabar, district, India, xv. 312. Asia, xv. 323; 11. 697; xii. 817; in Malkite Version, of the Gospels, xxii. Malabranca, Angelo, Roman senator, 826. Borneo, iv. 58; religions of, XX. 364. xx. 795. Mall, or Paille-Maille, game, VI. 608. Malbaie, town, Canada, xx. 167. Malabrigo, town, Peru, xvin. 674. Malacca, or Malay Peninsula, xv. 320; Malberg Glosses, on the Salic law, Mallanwan, town, India, xv. 334Mallard, bird, vil. 505. XXL 213. weights and measures of, xxiv. 490. , one of the Straits Settlements, Malcolm I.-IL, kings of Scotland, Mallardite, mineral, xvi. 401. Malleable Iron and Steel, xin. xxi. 479. XXII. 586. 281, 327. III., Canmore, of Scotland, xxi. , town, Malay Peninsula, xv. 312, 480; does homage to William I. of Mallee-Bird, xv. 827. 323Mallemuck, bird, xv. 334. England, xxiv. 576, 577. , Strait of, xxii. 638. Mallet, Paul Henri, Swiss writer, XV. IV., the Maiden, of Scotland, xxi. Malachi, of Scripture, XV. 313. 335; xxii. 799. . Malachite, mineral, xv. 314; vi. 347; 483DU Pan, Jacques, French journal, Sir John, Indian administrator, xvi. 399. ist, xvii. 424. xv. 326; British envoy to Persia, Malachy, St, archbishop of Armagh, Malleus Htereticorum (Johann xviii. 647. xv. 315. Faber), French theologian, VIII. 835Malczewski, Anton, Polish poet, xix. , ancient Irish king, XIIL 253. Mallicolo, island, New Hebrides, xvii. Malacobdella, genus of nemertine 304Maldah. district, India, xv. 327. 395worms, xvii. 326.

M A L —M A N Mallophaga, group of insects, xm. 152; xv. 24. Mallorca, or Majorca, one of the Balearic Islands, Spain, III. 277. MALLOTUS, genus of plants, Xlll. 831. , genus of fishes, XXL 221, 224. Mallow, plant, xv. 335. , town, Ireland, xv. 335. Malmesbury, town, England, xv. 335; parliamentary representation, XXIV. 594, Earl of, English diplomatist, XV. 336, William of, English historical writer, xv. 336. Malming, in brickmaking, IV. 280. Malmo, town, Sweden, xv. 337; xxn. 742. , island, Sweden, xxn. 737. Malmohus, county, Sweden, XXII. 741Malmsey Wine, xv. 178, 346. Malmyzh, town, Bussia, xxiv. 303. Malnad, district, India, xvn. 123; xxi. 803. Malorusses, Russian race, xxi. 79. Malory, Sir Thomas, compiler of Morte Darthur, xv. 337; x. 173. Malosmadulu, one of Maidive Islands, xv. 331. Malo-Tymovsk, town, Saghalin, Asia, xxi. 147. Malou, La, spa, France, xvi. 434, 435. Malpighi, Marcello, Italian anatomist and microscopist, xv. 337; 1. 812; his contributions to microscopical anatomy, xxiv. 815 ; to embryology, viii. 164; on biological metamorphosis, viii. 744. Malplaquet, France, Battle of (1709), in. 126; ix. 582; xv. 555. Malstatt-Burbach, town, Prussia, xv. 338Malstrom, whirlpool, Norway, xiv. 769; xxiv. 540. Malt, xv. 338; adulterations of, 1. 173; for brewing, IV. 266. Malta, island, Mediterranean Sea, xv. 339, 820; establishment of Knights Hospitallers in, xxi. 174; dockyard, vii. 318; weights and measures of, xxiv. 490. Malte-Brun, Conrad, geographer, xv. 343Malthazite, mineral, xvi. 424. Malthus, Thomas Robert, English economist, xv. 343; xix. 371. Maltin, ferment in barley, xv. 339. Malton, town, England, xv. 345. Maltose, variety of sugar, xv. 338; xxii. 624. Maltsoff’s Work, industrial colony, Orel, Russia, xvn. 826. Maltzan, Heinrich K. E. H., Baron, German traveller, xv. 345. Malum Egyptiacum, disease, vii. 249.

Malus, Etienne Louis, French physicist, XV. 345. Malvasia, town, Greece, xv. 346. Malvern, town, England, xv. 346; encaustic tiles at, vm. 187. Hills, England, xxiv. 665. Malwa, province, India, xv. 346; opium cultivation at, xvn. 789. Malwan, town, India, xx. 292. Maly, Jakub, Bohemian writer, xxii. 153. Mamaduish, town, Russia, xiv. 20. Mamaliga, maize porridge, of Roumania, xvni. 476; xxi. 15. Mamaluco, issue of white and Indian, xvii. 319. Mame, people, Central America, xxiv. 760. Mameluke Beys and Sultans, Egypt, xv. 346; vii. 756; massacre of beys, vil. 762, 764; defeat of, by the Turks, xxiii. 643. Mamers, town, France, xxi. 314. Mamertine Prison, Rome, xx. 814. Mamilius, Octavius, chief of Tusculum, XXIII. 671. Mamilla, pool, Jerusalem, xm. 638. Mamisson, pass, Caucasus, Russia, v. 253Mamma, Cancer in the, xvin. 381, 383. Mammalia, division of animal kingdom, XV. 347 (index, 446); olfactory organs of, XXII. 166; organs of touch, xxiii. 479; skeleton, XXII. 106; taxidermy, xxiii. 90; of North America, 1. 684; in Lankester’s classification, xxiv. 812; works on development of, viii. 168. Mammary Glands, xv. 368; xvi. 302. Mammillaria, group of Cactacese, iv. 625. Mammoth, extinct ungulate mammal, xv. 447, 425; tusks of, xiii. 522. Cave, Kentucky, U.S.A., xv. 448; xiv. 42; fish of, XII. 693. Hot Springs, Yellowstone Park, U.S.A., xxiv. 737. Spring, Arkansas, U.S.A., 11. 540. Mam Soul, mountain, Scotland, xx. 854. Mamun, or Al-Mamun, caliph, 1. 589; xvi. 582. Mamura, town, Morocco, xvi. 831. Mamurat-el-Aziz (Kharput), town, Armenia, xiv. 57. Mamurius Veturius (Mars), Roman divinity, xv. 570. Man, 11. 107; his zoological position, xv. 444; creation of, 1. 136; myths of the origin of, III. 141; XVII. 157; acclimatization of, I. 88; antiquity of, in America, 1. 691; in geology, x. 291, 368; in historic times, 11. 342; longevity of, xiv. 858; parasites of, xvill. 260; prehistoric, II. 333, 341; Philo’s doctrine of, xvill. 762. , Archetypal, of Kabbala, xm. 811.

275 Man, Isle of, Irish Sea, xv. 450; fisheries of, ix. 264; language, v. 298. Mana, Syriac writer, xxii. 830. Manaar, Gulf of, Ceylon, v. 359. Manacor, town, Majorca, Spain, xv. 454Man acus, genus of birds, XV. 455. Manado, residency, Celebes, v. 289. Managua, town, Nicaragua, Cent America, xv. 454; xvii. 477; lake, xvii. 477. Manakin, bird, xv. 455. Manantadi, or Manantoddy, town, India, xv. 455. Manasarowar, lake, Tibet, xxiii. 340. Manassas, U.S.A., Battle of (1861), xxiii. 775. Manasseh, king of Judah, xm. 415. , priest of Samaria, xm. 419. , Tribe of, xv. 455; xm. 401, 749. Manasses, Prayer of, apocryphal book, II. 181. Manatee, sirenian mammal, xv. 456, 390Manbhum, district, India, xv. 458. Mange’s Method, of determining electric battery resistance, viii. 50. Mancha, La, district, Spain, xv. 458. Manchar, lake, India, iv. 22. Manche, department, France, XV. 458. Manchester, town, England, xv. 459; libraries of, xiv. 521, 544; newspapers, xvii. 422; Victoria University, XXIII. 854; waterworks, II. 224. , town, Connecticut, U.S.A., xv. 465. , town, New Hampshire, U.S.A., xv. 465; xvii. 392. Unity, of Oddfellows, ix. 782; xvii. 723. Manchows, or Manchus (q-v.), Mongolian people, xv. 467. Manchuria, territory, East Asia, xv. 465; 11. 686. Manchus, Mongolian people, xv. 467; xvi. 744; xxill. 608; invasion of China by, v. 467. Mancini, Hortense, friend of SaintEvremond, xxi. 168. Mancipation, in Roman law, xx. 676, 689. Manco, Ynca emperor of Peru, xvm. 677. Capac, mythical Peruvian hero, 1. 698. Mandzean Language, xxi. 649. ManDjEANS, Oriental sect, xv. 467; XXL 128. Mandalay, town, Burmah, xv. 470. Mandal Ely, river, Norway, xvii. 575Mandamus, Writ of, in law, xv. 471. Mandarin, Chinese official, v. 667. Mandate, or Mandatum, in law, xv. 471. Mandeville, Bernard de, moralist, xv. 472; his ethical teaching, VIII. 600.

276 Mandeville, Jehan de, or Sir John, writer of travels, XV. 473; xvn. 728. Mandhar, kingdom, Celebes, v. 290. Mandi, state, Punjab, India, xv. 475. Mandingan Group, of Negroes, xvn. 3i9Mandingoes, African people, xv. 475; 1. 263; xxi. 662; xxii. 278. Mandla, district, India, xv. 476. Mandola, Italian lute, xv. 70. Mandoline, Italian lute, xv. 70. Mandragola, Machiavelli’s comedy, xv. 151. Mandragora, genus of plants, xv. 476; use of, as an anaesthetic, 1. 789. Mandrake, plant, xv. 476. Man-Dram, pickle, v. 280. Mandrill, baboon, xv. 476. Mandurah, town, Western Australia, xxiv. 508. Manduria, town, Italy, xv. 477. Manegrs, Tungus tribe, Siberia, XXIII. 608. Man-Engines, in mines, xvi. 462. Manes, in Roman mythology, XV. 477. , founder of Manichseism, XV. 482. Manetho, Egyptian priest and annalist, XV. 478, 144; v. 710; on Egyptian chronology, I. 499; his History of Egypt, vii. 729. Manetta, Filippo, on Negro children, xvii. 317. Manetti, Giannozzo, Italian writer, xiii. 506. Manfred, king of the Two Sicilies, xv. 478; xill. 475; XXII. 27; his contest with Pope Alexander IV., 1. 487. Manfredonia, town, Italy, xv. 479. Mangalia, town, Roumania, xv. 479. Mangalore, town, India, xv. 479. Manganates, salts of manganese, xv. 480; spectra of, xxn. 377. Manganeisen, metal, xm. 350. Manganese, chemical element, xv. 479; v. 533; in bleaching powder, v. 679; deposit of, in Pacific Ocean, xvill. 125; production of, xvi. 467. , Red, mineral, xvi. 398. Manganite, mineral, xv. 479; xvi. 388. Manganocalcite, mineral, xvi. 398. Mangareva, island, South Pacific, XXIII. 602. Mangel-Wurzel, Culture of, 1. 368; beer made from, IV. 271. Mangeraai (Flores), island, Indian Archipelago, ix. 337. Manger of Bucephalus, stone monument, near Philippi, Macedonia, xvi 11. 746. Manghishlak, town, Transcaspian Region, Russia, xxm. 513. Mangling, in bleaching, m. 817. Mango, tree and fruit, xv. 481. Mangoro, river, Madagascar, xv. 169. Mangosteen, tree and fruit, xv. 481. Mangrove, tree, xv. 481.

M A N —M A N Mang-Tsze (Mencius), Chinese philosopher, xvi. 3; v. 661. Mangu Khan, Mongol ruler, XVI. 741; XXL 90. Mangu Timur, Mongol ruler, xvi. 746. Mang-yul, region, Tibet, xxiii. 340. Manhattan Island, New York, U.S.A., xviii. 458. Manhood, Period of, xv. 778. Mani, founder of Manichseism, xv. 482. Mania, form of insanity, xm. 104. Maniaces, Georgius, Byzantine general, XXII. 24. MANlCHiElSM, religious system, XV. 481; xi. 737; St Augustine’s relations with, ill. 76; later developments of, in Middle Ages, xx. 321; xxiv. 322; 1. 454 (Albigenses); III. 858 (Bogomili); xviii. 433 (Paulicians). Manicordo, musical instrument, xix. 66. Manid.®, family of edentate mammals, xv. 388. Manifoldness, in mathematics, xv. 629, 661. Manihot, india-rubber plant, xn. 837. Manila, town, Philippine Islands, xv. 487; xvili. 750. Hemp, vegetable fibre, xv. 488; 1. 4; XL 647; culture of, xvni. 751. Man 1 Li us, Roman poet, xv. 489. Manilla, or Manila, town, Philippine Islands, xv. 487. Hemp, or Manila Hemp (g.v.), xv. 488. Nut, xi. 221. Manin, Daniele, president of Venetian republic, xv. 489. , Ludovico, doge of Venice, xxiv. 148. Manindji, lake, Sumatra, xxn. 638. Manioc, plant, 11. 631; v. 182; xxiii. 56Maniple, ecclesiastical vestment, vi. 462. Manipur, state, India, xv. 489. Manis, genus of edentate mammals, xv. 388; xviii. 211. Manisa, or Manissa, town, Asia Minor, xv. 490. Manistee, town, Michigan, U.S.A., xv. 490. Manitoba, province, Canada, xv. 490; XVII. 573; climate of, iv. 772. MANITOULIN, district, Ontario, Canada, xvil. 776. Manitowoc, town, Wisconsin, U.S.A., xv. 491. Mankato, town, Minnesota, U.S.A., xv. 49L Manley, John, English postal contractor, xix. 564. , Mary de la Rivier, English dramatist, xv. 491. I Manlius, Roman family, xv. 492.

Mann, Horace, American educationist, xv. 492. Manna, xv. 493; Australian, vm. 650; from the ash, II. 680; XIV. 310; from the larch, xiv. 310. Manna-Lichen, xiv. 560. Mannar Passage, Ceylon, v. 359. MANNHEIM, town, Baden, Germany, xv. 493; academy of sciences at, 1. 71; ■observatory, xvn. 713. Manning, river, New South Wales, xvil 408. , Robert, English chronicler, XV. 494; vill. 410. , Thomas, English traveller in Tibet, xiv. 503; xxiii. 338. Mannite, constituent of manna, xv. 493Mannucci, Teobaldo, Venetian printer, xv. 512. Manoel I., king of Portugal, VIII. 157Man of Feeling, Mackenzie’s, xv. 158. Man of Mode, Etheridge’s comedy, viii. 573. Man-of-War, ship, xxi. 821. , bird, ix. 786. Manometer, pressure gauge, xv. 494; XIX. 245. Manometric Gas - Thermometer, xx. 131. Manometric Thermometry, xi. 561. Manon LESCAUT, Prevost’s novel, XIX. 720. Manoof, canal, Egypt, vn. 710. MANOR, in English law, XV. 496; lordship of, XXL 623; origin of, VIII. 298. Man-oung, island, Burmah, xiv. 162. Man-Power, in mechanics, xv. 772. Manresa, town, Spain, xv. 497. MANROLITE, mineral, xvi. 408. Mans, Le, town, France, xv. 497. Mansa Musa, West-African prince, xv. 475. Mansart, Jules Hardouin, French architect, xviii. 292; xxiv. 176. MANSEL, Henry Longueville, English metaphysician, xv. 497; his logic, xiv. 800. , Sir Robert, his expedition against Algiers, 1. 566. Mansfeld, Count Ernest of, Protestant general, XV. 498. Mansfield, mountain, Vermont, U.S.A., xxiii. 792; xxiv. 166. , town, England, XV. 498. , town, Ohio, U.S.A., xv. 498. , Earl of, lawyer and politician, xv. 498Mansions, English, Architecture of, H443; Roman, 11. 420. Manslaughter, in law, xvil 52Manson, George, Scottish painter, xv. 5°°. Mansoor, El-Hakim, Fatimite caliph

M A N —M A R

277 and founder of the Druses, XI. 378; Manus Injectio, in Roman law, xx. 626; observatory at, xvi. 742; xvn. vii. 484, 751. 684. 709. Mansur, or Mansoor, surname of Manusmriti, Sanskrit law, xxi. 288. Marah, Sweetening the waters of, Mohammedan princes, XV. 500. Manutius, Aldus, or Aldo Manuzio, Sprengel on, xiv. 767. of Hallaj, Persian pantheist, XI. the Elder, Italian printer, xv. 512. Maraldi, James Philip, French astro367, Aldus, junior, Italian printer and nomer, 11. 755. , Abu Jafar al-, caliph, xvi. 578. scholar, XV. 514. Maranhao, or Maranham, town, Brazil, , Abul Cassim (Firdousi), Persian , Paulus, Italian printer, xv. 513; xv. 526; capture of, by Lord Cochrane poet, ix. 225. his Latinity, xiv. 342. (1823), vil 540. Mansvelt, buccaneer, iv. 409. Manx Language, xv. 453; v. 298; Maranon (Amazon), river, South Manx, Richard, bishop of Down, hymndictionaries of, VII. 188. America, 1. 654, 674; xviii. 673. writer, xii. 595. Manx Puffin, bird, xxi. 781. Marao, Serra de, Portugal, xix. 536. Mantegna, Andrea, Italian painter, Man yang A, town, Congo river, Africa, Maraschino, liqueur, v. 586; xiv. architect, and engraver, xv. 501; vill. xxiv. 765. 687; manufacture of, xxiv. 769. 440, 441; XXL 436. Manyeuma Country, Central Africa, Marasmius, genus of Fungi, xvn. 76. Mantell, Gideon Algernon, English 1. 248. Marat, Jean Paul, French Revolutionist, geologist, xv. 502. Manyoshiu, Japanese poems, xm. xv. 526; ix. 604; assassination of, vl Mantic Uttair, Persian poem, ix. 587. 388. 89. Manytch, affluent of the Don, Russia, Marathi Language, Dictionaries of, Mantid^e, group of insects, xm. 152. xxi. 74; xxii. 472. vil 191. Mantineia, ancient town, Greece, xv. Manzanares, river, Spain, xv. 190. Marathon, Plain of, Greece, xv. 528; 5°3Manzanilla, seaport, Mexico, vi. in. 60; battle of (490 b.c.), xi. 99; Mantinino (Martinique), island, West 141. xviii. 571; painting of battle, xvn. Indies, XV. 586. Wine, Spain, xxiv. 607. 41. Mantirs, tribe, Sumatra, xxil 640. Manzoni, Alessandro Francesco Tom- Marathonians, early Christian sect, Mantis, insect, xv. 503; myth of the, maso Antonio, Italian poet, xv. 514; xv. 145. xvii. 147. vil. 417; xill. 515; on the torture of Marattiace/e, group of ferns, ix. 105. Mantissa, in logarithms, xiv. 772. accused persons, xxm. 467. Marble, crystalline limestone, xv. Mantling, in heraldry, xi. 711. Maoris, New Zealand race, xvn. 471; 528; XVI. 397; structure of, x. 231; Mantua, town, Italy, xv. 504; xx. 145; myths of, xvn. 149. mosaics of, xvi. 851; sculptors’ work coins of, xvii. 657; Gonzaga family, Map, Maps, xv. 515 (with list, 522); on, xxi. 571; earliest workers in x. 772; pictures in, xxi. 447; Manmaking of, x. 163; xxn. 709, 714; statuary of, 11. 349; veneer, xvn. 36; tegna’s works at, xv. 501; Rubens’s earliest forms of, xx. 91, 94; classes of Attica, in. 59; of Carrara, v. 133; works in, XXL 41. of, x. 191; cleaning of, in. 821; conof Maragha, xv. 526; Parian, xvm. Mantumba, lake, Central Africa, xxiv. struction of, x. 200; D’Anville’s im319; Roman, xx. 808; of Tabriz, xxiv. 764. provements in, VI. 820; meteorological, 12; of Venice, xxiv. 149; of Verona, Manu, Hindu lawgiver, xxi. 288; xvi. 158; of early navigators, xvn. xxiv. 170. institutes of, iv. 203. 253Marblehead, town, Massachusetts, Manuals, of organ, xvn. 830. , Mapes, or Mapus, Walter, English U.S.A., xv. 530. Manucode, bird, xv. 504. ecclesiastic, statesman, and writer, xv. Marble Hill, Twickenham, England, Manuel I., Comnenus, emperor of Con523; viii. 408; ix. 639; xx. 644. xxiii. 674. stantinople, xv. 505. Maple, tree, xv. 523; of United States, Marbling, in painter’s work, iv. II., Palseologus, of Constantinople, xxiii. 807. 512. xv. 505; xviii. 166. City (Ogdensburg), New York, Marburg, town, Austria, xv. 530; xxil I.-IIL, emperors of Trebizond, U.S.A., xvii. 733. 614. xv. 505. Sugar, xxil 628. , town, Prussia, XV. 530; university , Juan, Spanish writer, xxu. 354. Mapocho, river, Chili, xxi. 298. of, xxill. 844; conference (1529) Chrysoloras, Greek grammarian, Mapus (Walter Map, q.v.), xv. 523. between Luther and Zwingli, xv. 82; XL 149. Mar, district, Scotland, 1. 43. Melanchthon’s action at, xv. 834. Philes, Byzantine dramatist, xi. , Earldom of, xv. 524. Marcabrun, Provengal poet, xix. 874. MS, Earl of, regent of Scotland, xm. Marcanda (Samarkand), ancient town, Manufactures, in relation to art, 11. 558; xxi. 506. Central Asia, XXL 246; I. 483. 639; economic extension of, xix. 355; Mara of Amid, Syriac writer, xxil Marcantonio Raimondi, Italian tariff protection of, ix. 755. 833engraver, xv. 530; vm. 441. Manu-mea, Samoan pigeon, XIX. 85. Mar-Abha I., Syriac writer, xxil 826, Marcasite, mineral, xv. 532; xvi. Manumission, in Roman law, xx. 704. 836. 39 Manure, xv. 505; agricultural, 1. 305, Mar-Abha II., patriarch, Syriac writer, °' Marcel, Etienne, provost of the mer342; artificial, 1. 353; xiv. 568; for XXIL 844. chants, Paris, ix. 546; v. 409; xviii. gardens, xn. 232; law relating to Marabou-Stork, bird, xm. 529. 289. tenants’ use of, xiv. 275; quantities Marabout, Moslem devotee, xv. 525. Marceline, mineral, xvi. 387. used on small farms, 1. 412. Maracaibo, town, Venezuela, South Marcella, friend of Martial, xv. 579. -— Distributors, i. 321. America, xv. 525; population, xxiv. Marcellinus, St, bishop of Rome, xv. Manus, in Roman law, xx. 671. 140. 532-> of mammals, xv. 359. Maracanda (Samarkand), ancient Marcello, Benedetto, Venetian Manuscripts, vie 253; xviii. 144; town, Asia, xx. 246; Alexander at, 1. musical composer, XVII. 92. Xxiii. 682; paper of, xviii. 217; illu483Marcellus I.-IL, popes, xv. 533. minated, xii. 707; xvi. 437. Maragha, town, Persia, xv. 525; xvni. , Marcus Claudius, Roman warrior

278

M A R —M A R

Napoleon I., ill. 134; ix. 616; xvn. (consul 222 and 208 B.C.), xv. 532; Mare, Milk of the, xvi. 303, 305. 2J5Mareb, or Marib, Great dyke of, Arabia, XXII. 817. ; Maria Louisa of Parma, wife of Charles 11. 262; xxiv. 739. Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, Roman IV. of Spain, xxn. 342. consul in Spain (152 B.C.), XXII. 306. Mareca, genus of birds, xxiv. 561. Maria Louisa of Savoy, first wife of , Marcus Claudius, Roman sedile Marecchia, river, Italy, xm. 437. Philip V. of Spain, xxn. 336. Maree, Loch, Scotland, xx. 854. (consul 51 B.C.), xv. 532. Maria Stuart, Schiller’s drama, xxi. , Marcus Claudius, adopted son of Maremma, Tuscany, Borax jets in, iv. 3975°. Augustus, xv. 533. Maria Theresa, empress, xv. 539; m. Marengo, Italy, Battle of (1800), m. , Theatre of, at Rome, II. 418. 127; ix. 586, 691; x. 503; xii. 370; 130; ix. 613; xvil 204. March, month, xv. 533. XIII. 750; her connexion with the Mareotis, Lake, Egypt, vn. 709. , of an army, xxiv. 362. pragmatic sanction, XIX. 6575 Spanish Marforio, statue, at Rome, xvin. , river, Moravia, xvi. 810. opposition to, xxn. 339. 341. , Earl of (Roger Mortimer), vm. Maria Theresa of Spain, wife of Louis Margaret, St, wife of King Malcolm 32°, 327. XIV. Canmore of Scotland, xv. 5375 xxi. , Auzias, Catalan poet, xxn. 363. Mariage FORck, MolRre’s play, xvi. 481. Marchand, J. Louis, his musical con628. 5 queen of Denmark and Norway, test with Bach, in. 195* Mariamne, wife of Herod the Great, vie 85; as regent of Sweden, xxn. Marchantia, genus of liverworts, XL 754. 746. xvil. 68. Mariampol, town, Russian Poland, , Maid of Norway, xv. 537; L Marchasite, mineral, xv. 532. xxii. 728. 491; XVIL 588; XXL 486. Marche, province, France, xv. 533. Mariana, Juan de, Spanish historian, , countess of Salisbury, VIII. 335. MARCHEN, German folk-tales, in. 283. XV. 539; XXII. 359; his treatise on of Anjou, wife of Henry VI. Marchena, town, Spain, xv. 533; xxi. Jesuitism, xm. 650. of England, XV. 536. 7°8. Islands (Ladrones), North Pacific, of Austria, duchess of Parma, xv. Marches, district, Italy, 11. 9; dialect xiv. 199. 537; as Spanish regent in Holland, of, xiii. 496. Marianne, Marivaux’s novel, xv. 551. xii. 74. Marchfeld, Austria, Battle of the Mariano, Fra, his opposition to of Austria, duchess of Savoy, xv. (1809) (Aspern), xvn. 214. Savonarola, XXL 334. 537Marchioness, title, xv. 565. Marias, race of people, Central India, Tudor, wife of James IV. of ScotMarcian, emperor of the East, xv. 533. in. 426. land, xxi. 496. Law, Roman, xx. 681. Mariategui, Francisco Xavier, PeruMarcianus, Codex, Old Testament Margarita, St, martyr, xv. 538. vian statesman, xviii. 676. , island, Caribbean Sea, Venezuela, MS., xviii. 148. Mariazell, village, Austria, xv. 539. xv. 537; pearl fishery of, xvin. 447. MarcillaC, Prince de (La RochefouMaribios, mountains, Nicaragua, Margarite, mineral, xvi. 413. cauld), French statesman, XIV. 317. xvil 477. Margaritone, Italian painter, XXL MARCION, heretical writer, XV. 533 ; X. Maricopas, American-Indian tribe, 436, 442. 704; on the Epistle to the Ephesians, xii. 833. viii. 458; Polycarp’s attitude to, xix. Margarodite, mineral, xvi. 413. Margary, Augustus Raymond, mur- Marie Ang£lique de Ste Magde4r5leine (Marie Arnauld), abbess of Port dered by Chinese, IV. 559. Marcionite Churches, of 2d and 3d Royal, 11. 621; xix. 533. MARGAT, Syria, establishment of centuries, XV. 533; XIX. 415. Marie Antoinette, Josephe Jeanne, Knights Hospitallers at, xxi. 174Marck, Comte de la, Miraheau’s letters wife of Louis XVI. of France, xv. 540; Margate, town, England, xv. 538 to, xvi. 496. ill. 130; IX. 593; her connexion with Margeride, La, mountains, Lozere, , Robert de la (Eleuranges), marshal the diamond necklace affair, xx. 623. France, xv. 31. of France, ix. 305. Marie de France, French poetess, Marco da Ravenna, Italian engraver, Marggraff, Andreas S., discoverer of xv. 541. sugar in beetroot, xxii. 625; his xv. 531. Marienbad, town, Bohemia, xv. 541; experiments on alum, 1. 643. Marcomanni, Invasion of Rome by mineral water of, xvi. 435MARGHILAN, or Marghinan, town, the, xx. 775. Marienburg, town, Prussia, xv. 542. Russia in Asia, xv. 538. Marco Polo, mediaeval traveller in Marietta, town, Ohio, U.S.A., xv. 542. Margiana, Parthian kingdom, xvni. Asia, xix. 404; x. 178; xiii. 501; his Mariette, Auguste Ferdinand Fran592. visit to China, v. 648; on Kublai cois, French Egyptologist, xv. 542Margraves, of Brandenburg, xx. 3. Khan, XIV. 151. Marguerite d’ Angouleme, princess, Marignac Acid, xxii. 637. r IX> Marcus, pope, xv. 535. Marignano, Italy, Battle of (i5 5)> xv. 538. Aurelius, Roman emperor and 689; xiv. 451. de Valois, three princesses, xv. philosopher, Hi. 86; Stoic teaching of, Marignolli, Giovanni de’, Italian 8 S3 xxii. 573. traveller, xv. 543. Marcy, Mount, New York, U.S.A., MARGUS, river, Merv, Asia, xvi. 41, Marigold, plant, xv. 544. 44xvil 450; xxiii. 792. Marigot, town, St Martin, West Indies, , William L., American politician, Marhattas (Mahrattas, q.v.), Indian xxi. 186. people, xv. 288. xxiii. 789. Mari ibn Sulaiman, Arabic writer, Mari, Syriac writer, xxn. 830. Mardin, town, Turkish Kurdistan, xv. xxii. 852. . Maria I., queen of Portugal, xix. 555Mariina, wood, near Moscow, Russia, 550. Mardonius, Persian general, xvill. xvi. 859. II., of Portugal, xix. 553. S7lMariinsk, town, Siberia, xxiii. 439Anna, regent of Spain, xxn. 332. Mare, island, South Pacific, xv. 30; Marina, St, martyr, xv. 538. Louisa, of Austria, wife of its formation, xix. 421.

M A R —M A R Marinduque, island, Philippines, xvm. 752. Marine Animals, Distribution of, vn. 276. Marine Engines, xxi. 824; xxn. 499, 509, 519. Marine Hospitals, xii. 306. Marine Insurance, xiii. 184; Lloyd’s, xiv. 741. Mariner’s Compass, vi. 225; xv. 518. Marines, naval corps, xv. 544. Marine Stations, Use of, in zoological study, xxiv. 814. Marini, or Marino, Giambattista, Italian poet, xv. 546; xiii. 511. Marinoni Printing Machine, xxiii. 707. Marines I.-IL, popes, xv. 546. , ancient anatomist, 1. 802. of Tyre, ancient geographer, xv. 517; xx. 91. Mariolatry, worship of the Virgin Mary, xv. 591. Marion, Francis, American general, xv. 546. Marionettes, performing figures, xv. 546. Mariotte, Edme, French physicist, xv. 547 J his experiments on atmospheric pressure, xix. 242; his law of dilatation of gases, in. 35; on the motion of fluids, XII. 436. Mariposa, California, U.S.A., its large trees, xxm. 810. Marischal, title, xv. 574. , Earls, in Scotland, xiv. 28; xxn. 460. College, Aberdeen, Scotland, xxiii. 843. Marisi, people, Nubia, xvii. 612. Maritime Alps, i. 623. Maritime Law, xxi. 583; points defined by Declaration of Paris (1856), VII. 21. Maritime Province, Eastern Siberia, xv. 547; xiii. 831; XXII. 2, 11. Maritimes, Alpes, department, France, L 599Mariupol, town, Eussia, xv. 549. Marius, bishop of Lausanne, xiv. 350. , Gains, Eoman general and consul, XV. 549; xx. 758; in Jugurthine War, Xiii. 767; his rivalry with Sulla, xxii. 632. Marivaux, Pierre Carlet de Chamblain de, French novelist and dramatist, xv. 550; vii. 426; IX. 666. Marjoram, herb, xn. 289; xxiii. 333. Mark, St, the Evangelist, xv. 551. ■ , Gospel of, x. 789. - , territorial division, early English, vm. 273; German, xx. 2. ' Antony (Antonius, Marcus, q.v.), Roman triumvir, 11. 140. — bar Kiki, Syriac writer, xxil. 848. Market, or Fair, vm. 847. '— Crosses, vi. 612.

Market Deeping, village, England, Cultivation of mint at, xvni. 518. Market-Gardening, i. 384. See also article Horticulture. Markham, Albert H., English Arctic explorer, x. 196; XIX. 324. , Colonel William, deputy governor, Pennsylvania, xvin. 495. Arabian, horse, xn. 182. Marking Nut, xvii. 665. Markirch, town, Germany, xv. 552. Marl, for brickmaking, iv. 281; as manure, 1. 351. Marlborough, town, England, xv. 552; parliamentary representation, xxiv. 594. , town, Massachusetts, U.S.A., xv. 553, Arms of dukes of, XL 712. , Duke of, English general, XV. 553; III. 445; vill. 353; British army under, 11. 571; his campaigns, ix. 581; in the Netherlands, XII. 81; in War of Succession, III. 126; his relations with Harley, XVIII. 99; Blenheim House erected for him, ill. 825. COLLEGE, Marlborough, England, xv. 553Marlioz, spa, France, xxi. 332. Marlow, Great, town, England, xv. 556. Marlowe, Christopher, English dramatist, xv. 556; vii. 429; viii. 418; XXL 762; his pastoral poems, xvni. 347. Marly-le-Roi, town, France, xv. 558. Marmalade, conserve, xm. 564. Marmarosis, kind of rock metamorphosis, xv. 528. Mar Menor, lagoon, Spain, xxil 293Marmion, Scott’s poem, xxi. 548. Marmolite, mineral, xvi. 414. Marmont, Auguste Frederic Louis Yiesse de, marshal of France, xv. 558. Marmontel, Jean Francois, French writer, xv. 559; xvn. 424. Marmora, Sea of, in. 797; xv. 820. Marmor Chronicon, one of the Arundel Marbles, 11. 671. Marmoset, ape, 11. 154. Marmot, rodent mammal, xv. 559, 417, 418. Marna, Phoenician god, xvni. 756. Marne, department, France, xv. 561. , river, France, XXL 624. , Haute, department, France, xv. 561. Marnix, Filips van, Dutch Reformer, xii. 92. Maroboduus, German chief, x. 475. Marocco, or Morocco (q.v.), country, North Africa, xvi. 830. Maron, John of, founder of the Maronites, XV. 562. Maroni, town, Comoro Island, West Africa, VI. 220. , river, Dutch Guiana, XL 251.

279 Maronites, Oriental Christian sect, xv. 562; xiv. 395; xx. 631; their war with the Druses, VII. 486. Maroons, class of Negroes, xv. 562; xiii. 550. Maros, river, Hungary, xxm. 522. Maros-Vasarhely, town, Hungary, XV. 562. Marot, Clement, French poet, xv. 563; IX. 650; psalms and hymns by, xii. 589. , Jean, French poet, xv. 563. Marotique, ^cole, French school of poetry, xx. 841. Marozia, mother of Pope John XL, Xlli. 710; XX. 787. Marprelate, Martin, controversy and pamphlets, xviii. 204; vn. 429; xxiv. 554Marque, Letters of, xm. 194. Marquee, tent, xxm. 183. Marquenterre, district, Somme, France, xxii. 261. Marquesas Islands, South Pacific, xv. 564; taboo system in, xxin. 16. Marquesite, mineral, xv. 532. Marquess, or Marquis, title, xv. 565; xviii. 464; xxiii. 418. Marquetry, inlaid wood-work, ix. 849; xiii. 81. Marquette, town, Michigan, U.S.A., xv. 565. , Jacques, French missionary and explorer, XV. 565. Marquez, Arnaldo, Peruvian poet, xviii. 676. Marquis, title, xv. 565; xxm. 418; in the British peerage, xvi 11. 464. Marquois Scale and Triangle, surveying instruments, xxil 720. Marrah Mountains, Soudan, Africa, xxil 277. Marram, grass, xx. 319. Marri, sanatorium, Punjab, India, xvii. 63Marriage, in law, xv. 565; xn. 400; law of settlement, XXL 694; in relation to woman’s rights, xxiv. 641; breach of promise of, xxiv. 643; under Brehon law, IV. 252; XIII. 256; ceremonies among the Druses, vil. 485; among the Parsees, xviii. 325; totemistic ceremonies, xxm. 470; between different classes and castes, v. 187,191; in relation to concubinage, VI. 244; custom in Cardigan, v. 95; Chinese customs, v. 670; Tibetan customs, xxiii. 344; forbidden degrees in totem clans, xxm. 472; dissolution of, vil 300; in feudal times, xiv. 114; among the early Israelites, xm. 408; in medical jurisprudence, xv. 778; special licences, vii. 259; ancient Mexican, xvi. 213; myths of, xvii. 158 ; status of Nonconformists in regard to, XVII. 533; among primitive races, vm. 618; IX. 18; rank conferred

280

M A R —M A R.

Martina Franca, town, Italy, xv. by, xix. 665; registration of, xx. 343; MARSIGLI, Luigi Ferdinand (Marsilius), 583Italian soldier and savant, xv. 575; in Roman law, xx. 671, 674, 677, 688, Martin Chuzzlewit, Dickens’s novel, on birds, XVIII. 8. 704, 712; socialistic views of, xxn. VII. 176. 219 ; of widows among Jews, xxi. Marsilius of Padua, his influence on Martineau, Harriet, English authoress, Occam, xvii. 718. in. See also Adultery, Divorce, xv. 583; on political economy, xix. FiciNUS, Platonic philosopher, 1. Family. 377Marriage, novel by Miss Ferrier, ix. 69. MarSILLAT, Guglielmo di, his glass Martinez, Niccolo, patron of Metano. stasio, xvi. 104. paintings, x. 670. A la Mode, Hogarth’s engravings, de la Rosa, Francisco, Spanish Mars land, Peter, his improvements on xii. 49. poet, xxii. 361. power-looms, vi. 501. Marrock, bird, xi. 262. de Toledo, Alonzo, Spanish Marston, salt-mine, Cheshire, England, Marroon, in pyrotecbny, xx. 136. writer, xxii. 355. XXL 231. MARROT, bird, XX. 302. Martini, or Martino, Francesco di John,English satirist and dramatist, Marrow, Anatomy of, 1. 85^. Giorgio, Sienese painter and sculptor, xv. 575; VII. 433. Tumours, xviii. 371. xxii. 44; xxiv. 10. Moor, England, Battle of (1643), Marrubium, genus of plants, xii. 166. , Giovanni Battista, Italian musical vi. 599; viii. 347; xvii. 380. Marryat, Frederick, English novelist, composer, xv. 584; xvn. 92. Marstrand, island, Sweden, xxn. xv. 569. , Simone (or Simone di Martino), Mars, Roman god (the Greek Ares), xv. 737Italian painter, xv. 585. , Wilhelm, Danish painter, vn. 94. 569; 11. 484Martini-Henry Rifle, xi. 282. , planet, 11. 776, 782, 804; parallax Marsupialia, order of mammals, xm. Martinique, island, West Indies, xv. 838; xv. 378; in. in. of, II. 796; solar parallax found by, 485; ix. 526. Mar’s Work, ruins, Stirling, Scotland, xviii. 246, 250; as affected by tidal Martinmas, feast of St Martin, xv. xxii. 555. friction, xxm. 379; Kepler’s investi582. Marsyas, Phrygian god, xv. 575; regations of, xiv. 46. Martino, Francisco and Simone. See presentation of, in relief, XVII. 120. , Hill of, at Athens, II. 481. Martini. Marsala, town, Sicily, xv. 570; xxn. Martel, Charles, king of the Franks, da Canale, Italian writer, xm. ix. 531 ; x. 477; his victory over the 31; wine of, xxiv. 610. 501. Moslems, xvi. 576. Marsa Scirocco, harbour, Malta, xv. Marten, carnivorous mammal, xv. Martin’s Anchor, ii. 7. 34°Martinsburg, town, West Virginia, 575, 439, 440; skins of, ix. 838. Marsden, Samuel, missionary, New U.S.A., xv. 586. Martens, Frederick, Dutch Arctic exZealand, xvn. 471. Martius, Carl Friedrich Philipp von, plorer, xix. 318. , William, English Orientalist, xv. German naturalist, xv. 586. Martes, genus of carnivorous mammals, 57iMartlet, in heraldry, xi. 702. xv. 576. Marseillaise, French song, by Rouget Martha’s Vineyard, island, Massa- MARTORELL, Joannot, Spanish romande Lisle, IX. 603; XXL 13. cist, xx. 658; xxii. 364. chusetts, U.S.A., xv. 612. Marseilles, town, France, xv. 571; MartOS, town, Spain, xv. 586. libraries of, XIV. 526, 546; observatory, Marti, F. de Paula, Spanish stenoMARTTAND, or Martund, Temple of, at grapher, XXL 842. xvii. 712; plague at, xix. 166; waterKashmir, II. 396; xiv. 11. Martial, St, Festival of, at Limoges, works, 11. 222. MARTYN, Henry, English missionary, France, xiv. 652. Marsh, George Perkins, American dipxv. 586; in Persia, xvin. 649. (M. Valerius Martialis), Roman lomatist and philologist, XV. 574. poet, xv. 577; XXL 319; language and Martynia, plant, Peru, xviii. 670. , Othniel Charles, on fossil birds, style of, xiv. 337; his place in Roman Martyr, Peter, Italian Reformer, xxiv. xviii. 36. 166. literature, XX. 725. Marshal, title, xv. 574. Martyrology, catalogue of martyrs, Achievements of the Scots , Earl, of England, XV. 574; XXL xv. 587; Syriac, xxn. 828. Nation, by Abercromby, 1. 37. 36; xxii. 459. Martyrs, Era of, v. 716. Law, vi. 517; xvi. 295. —- of the Admiralty, i. 162. Marshall, John, American chief- Martianus Capella, his encyclo- MarUDU, river, North Borneo, XXI. 123. paedia, viii. 191. justice, xv. 574; I. 721; xxii. 578. Marullus, Michael Tarchaniota, , Mount, Virginia, U.S.A., xxm. 794. Martigues, town, France, xv. 580. Florentine scholar, xv. 588. Marshalling Arms, in heraldry, xi. Martin, bird, xv. 581. Marum, or Marwm, Martin van, Dutch , St, bishop of Tours, xv. 581; xvi. 705scientist, xv. 588. 702; XXIII. 491; Life of, by Sulpicius Marshall Islands, Pacific Ocean, Marutha of Maiperkat, Syriac writer, Severus, xxi. 702. xvi. 256; xviii. 128. xxii. 828. L, pope, xv. 582; xix. 494; xx. Marshalltown, town, Iowa, U.S.A., of Taghrith, Syriac writer, XXII. xv. 574. 783838. II.-III. (Marinus I.-IL), popes, Marsh Fever, xv. 316. Marutse-Mabunda, kingdom, South xv. 546. Marsh-Gas, xvi. 194; xviii. 237. Africa, xv. 588. IV., pope, xv. 582; xx. 798. Mar Shimun, patriarch of Kurdish V., pope, xv. 582; xix. 502; xx. Maruzaya-isho, Syriac writer, XXII. Nestorians, xvii. 357. 847. 805. Marsh Land, Reclaiming of, 1. 405. Marvell, Andrew, English poet, XV. , king of Aragon, XXII. 323. Marsh Mallow, plant, xv. 335. 588. , David, Scottish painter, XX. 218. MARSHMAN, Joshua, English missionary Marwar, or Jodhpur, state, India, XIH, Henri, French historian, ix. 680. and Orientalist, xv. 574. 703; xx. 260. , John, English painter, XV. 582. Marsh Otter, carnivorous mammal, Marx, Karl, German economist and of Mainz, heretic, xvii. 486. xvi. 474.

mar — m as

socialist, xm. 189; xxn. 210; on communism, vi. 215. Mary, The Virgin, xv. 589; xm. 749; genealogy of, xm. 660; immaculate conception of, xn. 715; discussions as to her epithet Mother of God, xvn. 355, others of the name in New Testament, xv. 589. , Apocalypse of, 11. 179. , duchess of Burgundy, xn. 73. I., queen of England, xv. 592; vm. 338> 339; her treatment of Elizabeth, viii. 142; her marriage with Philip II., xviii. 743; her relations with Cardinal Pole, xix. 331. II., of England, xv. 594; vm. 351, queen of Scots, xv. 594; xxi. 499; her connexion with Babington conspiracy, xxiv. 339; Chastelard’s infatuation for, v. 436; her relations with Elizabeth of England, vm. 144, 341; in France, ix. 558, 559; Don John of Austria’s intrigue regarding, XVIII. 525; her relations with Knox, xiv. 132; Bishop Lesley’s devotion to, xiv. 475; her relations with the regent Murray, xvn. 62. of Guelders, wife of James II. of Scotland, xxi. 493. of Guise, wife of James V. of Scotland, xxi. 499. of Medici, wife of Henry IV. of France, ix. 566. Barton, Mrs Gaskell’s novel, x. 104. Pen ear is, news-letter correspondence, xvii. 428. Stuart, Schiller’s drama, xxi. 397Maryborough, town, Ireland, xx. 171. ' > town, Queensland, Australia, xv. 602. Maryland, State, U.S.A., xv. 602; colony of, xxm. 729; newspapers, XVII. 434. Marylebone, district, London, xiv 821. Maryoot, lake, Egypt, vn. 709. Maryport, town, England, xv. 605. Masaccio (Tommaso Guidi), Italian painter, xv. 605; ix. 772. Masada, fortress, on Dead Sea, vn. 2. Mas-a-Fuera, island, South Pacific, xm. 757. Masaniello (Tommaso Aniello), Neapolitan revolutionist, xv. 606; xni. 484; xvii. 191. Masarid^e, family of wasps, xxiv. 393. as-a-Tierra (Juan Fernandez), island, South Pacific, xm. 757. Masaud, Tower of, at Ghazni, Afghanistan, x. 560. Masaya, town, Nicaragua, Central America, xv. 608,

281 Masbate, island, Philippines, xviii. Mason, Monck, on balloon ascents, 1. 752. 194. Mascagni, Paolo, Sienese anatomist, , William, English poet, xv. 610. 1. 815; xxii. 43. , William, stenographer, xxi. 837. Mascagnine, mineral, xvi. 400. and Dixon’s Line, United Mascara, town, Algeria, xv. 608. States, xv. 605, 611; xviii. 504. Mascarene Islands, or Mascarenhas, Masonite, mineral, xvi. 413. Indian Ocean, xv. 608. Masons’ Marks, in Roman buildings, Mascaron, Jules, bishop of Agen, xx. 814. French preacher, xv. 608. Mason Work, iv. 468. Mascheroni, Lorenzo, Italian mathe- Masque, or Mask, dramatic compomatician, xv. 608. sition, VII. 431. Mascle, in heraldry, xi. 697. Masr-al-Kahira (Cairo, q.v.), town, Mashal, similitude, or proverbial disEgypt, iv. 645. tich, in Hebrew literature, in. 639; Mass, in mechanics, xv. 698. xix. 880. , Sacrifice of the, xvi. 508; vm. Masham, Sir Francis, friend of Locke, 652; XXL 140; music for celebration XIV. 754. of, XVIII. 180; decree respecting in , Mrs (Abigail Hill), favourite of council of Trent, xxm. 550. Queen Anne, 11. 63; xviii. 100. Mass A, or Massa Carrara, town, Italy, Mashhad, or Meshed, town, Persia, XV. 611. xvi. 46; xviii. 618, 626, 628; xix. , town, Morocco, xvi. 831; river, 93xvi. 832. Mashir, fish, xii. 743. Massachusetts, State, U.S.A., xv. Mashita, Moab, Sculptures in palace 611; in relation to Maine, xv. 301; at, xvii. 33. colony of, xxm. 729; newspapers, Masih al Dajjal, Mohammedan xvii. 433. antichrist, 11. 126. Mass^ESYLI, Numidian tribe, xvn. Masinissa, Numidian king, xv. 608; 627. xiii. 766; xvii. 627; xx. 750. Massalia (Marseilles), ancient Greek Masino, spa, North Italy, xxiv. 45. town, France, xv. 573. MASISTES, brother of Xerxes I. of Massalians, sect of Greek Church, xi. Persia, xviii. 573. 782. Masjid Jami, or Mosque, xvi. 863. Massavielle, Grotto of, at Lourdes, Mask, dramatic composition, vn. 431. France, xv. 24. , Lough, Ireland, xm. 216 ; xv. Massekheth Hekhaloth, Midrash, 650. xvi. 286. , Man in the Iron, XIII. 360. Mass£na, Andre, French marshal, xv. Maskat, or Muscat, town, Arabia, xvii. 616. 64. Masses, deposits of mineral, xvi. 441. Masked Comedy, of Italy, vn. 418. Massicot, mineral, xiv. 377; xvi. 385. Maskelyne, John Nevil, deviser of Massicytus, Mount, Asia Minor, xv. conjuring tricks, xv. 207, 211. 93, Nevil, English astronomer, xv. Massilia (Marseilles), ancient Greek 609; 11. 757; xvii. 260. colony, France, x. in; xv. 573; coins Maskinonge, fish, xix. 89. of, xvii. 636. Mask of Pandora, Longfellow’s poem, Massilians, or Semipelagians, religious xiv. 862. sect, xviii. 472. Masks and Faces, Reade’s drama, xx. Massillon, town, Ohio, U.S.A., xv. 303617. Maslama, Moslem general, xvi. 574, , Jean Baptiste, French preacher, 576. xv. 617; ix. 662; compared with Masolino da Panicale, Italian painBourdaloue, iv. 175. ter, xv. 610, 606. Massina, country, Soudan, Africa, xxii. Mason, origin of word, ix. 752. 279. , Charles, English astronomer, xv. Massinger, Philip, English dramatist, 611. xv. 618; vii. 432; in relation to , Francis, American missionary, Beaumont and Fletcher, ill. 470. xv. 610. Massive Mountain, Colorado, U.S.A., , George, American politician, vi. 161. XXIII. 789. Massorah, orMassora, of Jewish Scrip, George Hemming, English paintures, xv. 619; xi. 600; xiii. 429. ter, xv. 610. MASSORETIC Text, of Old Testament, , Captain John, settler, New Hampin. 641; xxii. 826. shire, U.S.A., xvii. 393. Massowah, town, on Red Sea, xv. 619; , John, English clergyman, hymnxx. 316. writer, XII. 592. MASSYLl, Numidian tribe, xvii. 627. XXV. — 36

282

M A S — M A TJ

Massys, Jan, Flemish painter, XV. 620. Materialism, in evolution, vm. 753; Matitanana, Falls of, Madagascar, xv. 169. Lamettrie’s, XIV. 243; Lotze’s view of, , or Matsys, Quintin, Flemish painter, xv. 13; Lucretius’s, xv. 54; Stoic Matlock, town, England, xv. 632. xv. 620; xxi. 439. Matlockite, mineral, xvi. 384. doctrine of, XXII. 563. Mast, of a ship, iv. 477; xxi. 153, 563. Materialistic Theory, of man’s MATONGAS, South-African tribe, xv. , fruit of the beech, III. 503. 588. nature, 11. 109. Mast aba, Egyptian stone monument, Matotchkin Shar, sea channel, Nova Materials, Strength of, xxn. 594. xx. 122. Zembla, xvn. 604. Mastacomys, genus of rodent mammals, MatesE, Monti del, mountains, Italy, Matrah, town, Arabia, xvil 64. xiii. 438, 439. xvii. 6. M astai-F erretti, Giovanni Maria Matha, John de, general of Trinitarian Matron alia, Roman festival, xm. 779; xv. 570. Order, xxin. 574. (Pope Pius IX.), xix. 156. Master and Servant, Law of, xv. Mathematical Drawing and Mod- Matrons, Jury of, in law, xm. 786. Matsys, or Massys, Quintin, Flemish elling, xv. 628. 620; vi. 294; xiv. 165; inRomanlaw, painter, XV. 620; XXL 439. Mathematical Geography, x. 197; xx. 688, 704. Mattathias, father of Judas MacPtolemy on, XX. 92. Master Humphrey’s Clock, Dickens’s cabseus, xm. 421; xv. 130. Mathematical Tables, xxiii. 7. work, vii. 176. Matteo di Giovanni, Italian painter, Master of Arts, origin of the degree, Mathematics, xv. 629; analysis and xxi. 434, 442. synthesis in, I. 793; application of, to xxiii. 835. Matter, Properties of, XV. 633; diffuphysical astronomy, II. 759; to econoMaster of the Buckhounds, Engsion of, vii. 217; divisibility of, ill. mic questions, xix. 386; to geography, land, xxi. 38. 37 ; action of force on, XV. 676; x. 197; to magnetism, xv. 226; Master of the Horse, England, xxi. Berkeley’s theories of, ill. 591; Des Hindu, xxi. 294; Pythagorean, xx. 37Cartes on, V. 145 ; Hume’s theory of, 140; reasoning in, XIV. 787; contribuMasters, Unions of, XXIII. 499. in relation to mind, XII. 352; Locke’s tions to, by Lagrange, XIV. 209; by Mastic, or Mastich, resin, xv. 621. views on, xiv. 759, 761; Spinoza on, Laplace, xiv. 301; by Leonardo of Mastication, of food, xvil 669. v. 156. Pisa, xix. 125; by Newton, xvil Mastiff, dog, vil 330. Matteucci, Carlo, Italian physicist, 438, 446; by Pascal, xvin. 338; by Masting, of a ship, xxi. 563. xv. 633. Peacock, xvin. 444; by Pliicker, xix. Mastodon, extinct ungulate mammal, 228; by Poisson, xix. 281; by Ptolemy, Mattheson, Johann, German musical xv. 622, 425. composer, XL 434. xx. 87; Montucla’s History of, xvi. Mastuj, town, Hindu Kush, Asia, XL Matthew, St, the Evangelist, xv. 798; mathematical societies, xxn. 838. 633224. Masud bar Beth Kashsha, Syriac , Gospel of, x. 789. Mather, Cotton, New England divine, hymn-writer, XXII. 855. of Paris, English mediaeval hisxv. 631. Masudv, Arab traveller, xv. 623; x. torian, xv. 633. , Increase, president, Harvard Col177. , Thomas, his version of the English lege, U.S.A., xv. 631. Masulipatam, town, India, XV. 624. Bible, viii. 386. , Richard, New England pastor, XV. MASUPIAS, South-African tribe, XV. de Gradibus, on anatomy, 1. 806. 631. 588. Matthias, emperor, xv. 634; x. 499; and Platt, their calico-printing Mat, for floor, xv. 634; xiv. 648. as king of Hungary, XII. 369. machines, IV. 685. • , of metal, xvn. 487. Bassaraba, voivode of Walachia, Mathew, Theobald, Irish temperance Ma-T, Egyptian divinity, VII. 718. XXL 17. reformer, xv. 631; xxm. 159. Matabele, state, South Africa, xxm. CORVINUS, king of Hungary, xv. da Bassi, founder of Capuchin 518. 634; xii. 367, 368. friars, v. 79. Matagalpa, town, Nicaragua, xvil Mathews, Charles, English comedian, Matthiesen, Johann, Anabaptist 477leader, I. 786. xv. 632. Matakong, island, West Africa, xxi. Matthison, Friedrich von, German , Charles James, English comedian, 661; xxii. 45. poet, x. 541. xv. 632. M atalonum (Maddaloni), ancient town, Mathnitho, in Jewish literature, xvi. Matting, xv. 634. Italy, xv. 176. Mattioli, Ercolo, alleged to be the 506. Matamata, turtle, xxiii. 459. Man in the Iron Mask, xm. 361. Mathurin, Port, Rodriguez island, Matamoros, town, Mexico, XV. 624. , Pier Antonio, Sienese botanist, Indian Ocean, xx. 619. Matan, or Marttand, Kashmir, Temple XXII. 43. Mathurins, religious order, xxm. at, 11. 396; xiv. 11. Mattokki, people, Nubia, xvil 612. Matanzas, town, Cuba, xv. 624. 574Matia, island, South Pacific, xxm. 22. Mattoon, town, Illinois, U.S.A., XV. Mataram, town, Lombok, xiv. 817. 6 Matico, edentate mammal, xv. 387. 35Mataro, town, Spain, xv. 624. Matua, island, Kuriles, Asia, xiv. 160. Mati Dhwaja, Tibetan Lama, XIV. Matches, xv. 624; proposed tax on, Matura Diamond, variety of jacinth, 151. ix. 190. xiii. 532. Mate, Paraguayan tea, xv. 627; iv. Maties, class of cured herrings, IX. 259. Matilda, lady of England and Nor- Maturation, of the sexes, xx. 407. 227. mandy, viii. 302; xvil 544; XXII. Maturin, town, Venezuela, xxiv. 140. Matelotas, islands, Oceania, v. 126. , Charles Robert, Irish novelist and Mateo, Mastei, Spanish sculptor, xxi. 534dramatist, xv. 635. , countess of Tuscany, xv. 632 566. Maty, Matthew, librarian of British xiii. 471. Matera, town, Italy, xv. 628. Museum, XVIII. 539. Materfamilias, in Roman law, xx . Matins, canonical hour, iv. 263. Matisco (Macon), Roman town, France, Matzua, town, Abyssinia, xv. 619. 672. Maubeuge, town, France, xv. 635xv. 166. Material, The, in psychology, xx. 55

M A U—M A Y

Mauchberg, mountain, South Africa, xxm. 517. Mauduyt, R. J. E., on birds, xviii. 7. Maugis d’ Aigremont, romance, xx. 653Maui, island, Hawaiian group, xi. 532. Maulawi, dancing dervishes, xxi. 59. Maule, province, Chili, v. 617. MAULliON, town, France, XX. 127. Maulmain, town, British Burmah, xv. 635Maumee Bay, Lake Erie, North America, xxm. 436. Mauna (Tutuila), island, South Pacific, xvii. 279. Kilauea, volcano, Hawaii, xi. 531. Maunch, in heraldry, xi. 703. Maundy Thursday, xv. 635; penitential office of, xvm. 487. Maupertuis, Peter Louis Moreau de, French mathematician, xv. 636; ix. 671; measures arc of meridian, vil. 598; Voltaire’s dispute with, xxiv. 289. Mau Ranipur, town, India, xv. 636. Maurepas, Comte de, French statesman, ix. 594. , Lake, Louisiana, U.S.A., xv. 20. Maurer, Georg Ludwig von, German jurist, xv. 636. Maures, mountains, France, xxiv. 68. Mauretania, ancient country, North Africa, XV. 636. T1 ng it an A, ancient country, Africa, xvi. 834. Mauri, people of Mauretania, Africa, xv. 637. Maurice (Mauricius), St, martyr, xv. 637(Mauricius Flavius Tiberius), emperor of the East, xv. 637. (of Nassau), prince of Orange, stadtholder of Holland, xv. 638; xn. 77; his antagonism to Barneveldt, ill. 379, elector of Saxony, xv. 638; xxi. 354; his influence on France, ix. 559; his policy towards Charles V., v. 416. • j John Frederic Denison, English divine, xv. 638; as Christian socialist, XXII. 210. Maurienne, district, France, XXI. 332. Mauritania (Mauretania), ancient country, North Africa, xv. 636. Mauritia, genus of palms, xvm. 190. Mauritius, island, Indian Ocean, xv. 639; 1. 272; remains of dodo found in, vie 321; forests, ix. 408; railways, XX. 253; thunderstorms, XVI. 129; weights and measures, xxiv. 490. Mauro, Fra, Italian geographer, x. 180. Maurus, St, Benedictine monk, xv. 642. , Hrabanus (q.v.), mediaeval scholar, XII. 326. Maurusia (Mauretania), country, North Africa, xv. 636.

283 Maury, Alfred, on magic and astrology, Maximus Tyrannus, Roman emperor, 11. 739xv. 645. , Jean Siffrein, cardinal, archbishop Maxite, mineral, xvi. 399. of Paris, xv. 642. Maxwell, James Clerk, English physi, Matthew Fontaine, American cist, xv. 646 ; his experiments on hydrographer, xv. 642; his Physical compound colours, xvil. 802 ; his Geography of the Sea, X. 197. theory of magnetic molecules, xv. Mausoleum, origin of the name, 11. 276; on viscosity, xix. 248; his work on electricity and magnetism, vm. 413, 644; xi. 383; xv. 643; of Halicarnassus, Asia Minor, xi. 384; of ISBijapur, India, in. 669; Roman, 11. , Robert, on the husbandry of Scot419; xx. 831. land, 1. 302. Mausolus, king of Caria, XV. 643; XL , Sir William Stirling-, Scottish man 383; XVlll. 579; tomb of, II. 413, 644. of letters, xv. 647. Mauvaises Terres, Colorado plateau, Maxwelltown, town, Scotland, xiv. U.S.A., xxiii. 799. 98. Mauve, colour, 11. 48. May, month, xv. 647. Mauvissiere, Michel de Castelnau, , Cornelis Jacobsen, director, New Sieur de la, French soldier and Netherland, America, xvil. 454. diplomatist, V. 194. Mayaguana, island, West Indies, in. Mavis, bird, xxm. 321. 236. Mavor, William, stenographer, XXL 834. Mayans y Siscar, Gregorio, Spanish Mavrocordato, Constantine and writer, xxn. 360. Nicholas, hospodars of Walachia, XXL Mayapan, ancient town, Central 18. America, xxiv. 758. Mavrocordatos, Alexander, Greek Mayas, people, Central America, xn. leader, xi. 125. 828; xxiv. 758; ancient traditions of, Mavrommati, village, Greece, xvi. 52. xvi. 208. Maw, river, Wales, xvi. 38. Mayavaram, town, India, xxm. 47. Mawaca, river, South America, xvn. Maybole, town, Scotland, xv. 648. Mayborough, or Maybrough, England, 843Maxentius, Marcus Aurelius Valerius, Cromlech at, xxi. 52; xxiv. 516. Roman emperor, xv. 643; basilica of, May-Day, xv. 648; in England, in time in. 414. of Shakespeare, xxi. 750. Maxima and Minima, in mathematics, Maydoom, Egypt, Picture of birds from, xv. 643; xiii. 22; xxiv. 85. XVIII. 2. Maximianus, Bishop, his sculptured Mayence (Mainz, q.v.), town, Hesseivory throne, XXL 556. Darmstadt, Germany, xv. 305. , Galerius Valerius, Roman emperor, M A yenne, department and town, France, xv. 644; xx. 777; martyrdom of xv. 648. Theban legion by, xv. 637. , Duke of, French prince, ix. 563. , Marcus Aurelius Valerius, Roman Mayer, Johann Tobias, German astroemperor, XV. 644. nomer, xv. 649 ; his tables, II. 760; Maximilian I., emperor, xv. 644; x. on lunar observations, xvil 260; on 496. magnetism, XV. 236; his formula for II., emperor, xv. 645; x. 499. meridian transits, xxm. 516. , emperor of Mexico, xv. 645; XIII. , Julius Robert, German physicist, 758; his death, ix. 625. xv. 649; on the mechanical equivalent Maximilianeum, at Munich, xvn. 26. of heat, vill. 208. Maximilla, Montanist prophetess, xvi. , Mademoiselle, French painter, XX. 1. 775Maximinus, Caius Julius Verus, Mayflower, Landing of the, at PlyRoman emperor, xv. 645. mouth, U.S.A., xv. 615; xxiii. 729. , Galerius Valerius, Roman emperor, May-Fly, insect, vm. 458. xv. 645. Mayhem, in law, xv. 649. Maxims, La Rochefoucauld’s, ix. 663; Maykop, town, Russia, xv. 650. xiv. 318. Maynooth, village and college, Ireland, Maximus, St, abbot of Chrysopolis, xv. xv. 650. 646. Mayo, county, Ireland, xv. 650; repre, Magnus Clemens, Roman emperor, sentation, xxiii. 727. xv. 645; xxiii. 258. , river, Africa, XVIL 496. , Marcus Clodius Pupienus, Roman , Earl of, governor-general of India, emperor, xv. 645. xii. 811. , Petronius, Roman emperor, xv. Mayo-Kebbi, valley, Soudan, Africa, 646. xxil. 277. , Terentius, pretender in Parthia, Mayon, mountain, Philippine Islands, XVlll. 603. xviii. 748.

284

M A Y —M E D

Mecklenburg, territory, Germany, Mayor, head of a municipality, xvil. 27. Meal Worm, vi. 133. Mayotta, island, Comores, Africa, VI. Mealy Mountains, Canada, xx. 165. . xv. 774. Meanee, India, Battle of (1843), xvil Mecklenburg - Schwerin, grand220. duchy, Germany, xv. 774. 176. Mayow, John, his investigations on air, Mecklenburg - Strelitz, grandMean Time, xxiii. 392. v. 461. duchy, Germany, XV. 774. MEAOU-TSZE (Miautse), Chinese tribe, May-Pole, xv. 648. Meconium, or Opium, xvil 787. xvi. 223; v. 642. Maypures, cataracts, Orinoco river, Mearns, or Kincardine, county, Scot- Medallions, in Japanese art, xm. South America, xvn. 844. 591land, xiv. 78. Maysville, town, Kentucky, U.S.A., Measles, disease, xv. 657; xviii. 404; Medals, in numismatics, xvn. 630; xv. 651. Italian, xvil 657. in Polynesia, xix. 422. Mayud-UD-Din, Tomb of, at Ajmir, MEDANOS, sandhills, Peru, xvill. 670. , Beef and Pork, xxm. 52; xxiv. India, I. 434. Medea, in Greek legend, xv. 776; 11. 206. MAZACA, town, Cappadocia, Asia Minor, 497; xxiii. 294; myth of, xv. 202. Measure, in arithmetic, 11. 528. v. 75. , play by Euripides, VIII. 675. , Musical, xvil 81. Mazagan, town, Morocco, xvi. 831. , opera by Cherubini, v. 587. for Measure, Shakespeare’s Mazamet, town, France, xv. 651 ; M&DECIN Malgr£ Lui, Moliere’s play, play, XXL 764; source of, x. 620. xxiii. 65. xvi. 629. Mazandaran, province, Persia, xv. Measurement, Geometrical, xv. 659, Medee, Corneille’s play, vi. 420. 630; x. 388. 651; xvm. 627. Medeenet-Haboo,‘Egypt, Temples at, MAZARIN, Jules, cardinal and French Measurements, Magnetic, xv. 237. vii. 780. Measures and Weights, xxiv. 478; statesman, xv. 651; IX. 569, 573; his Medellin, town, Colombia, South abbreviations of, I. 29. relations with Colbert, vi. 121; his America, XV. 777. contentions with Conde, VI. 246; his Measuring, Art of, or Mensuration, Medes, ancient Asiatic nation, XVIIL xvi. 13. Spanish policy, xxn. 332. 561. Meat, Poisonous, tainted, or diseased, Bible, hi. 653. Medford, town, Massachusetts, U.S.A., xv. 782. Mazatlan, town, Mexico, xv. 653. xv. 777. , Preserved, XIX. 707. Mazdaism, or Zoroastrianism (q.v.), Medhurst, Walter Henry, English Meath, county, Ireland, xv. 668; rereligion of ancient Persia, XX. 360. missionary, XV. 777. presentation, xxiii. 727. Maze, in gardening, xiv. 180. Media, ancient country, Western Asia, , kingdom of, Ireland, xxiv. 513. Mazeppa, Ivan Stephanovitch, Cossack III. 185; XVIIL 561, 586, 592; under Meaux, town, France, XV. 669. chief, xv. 653; vi. 448; XXL 97. Cyrus, VI. 752. Mecanique Analytique, Lagrange’s Mazer-Wood, xi. 338. Median Apple, fruit, xvil 810. work, xiv. 208. Mazorah, town, Morocco, xvi. 834. Medical Acts, xv. 798. Mecanique Celeste, Laplace’s work, Mazovia, territory, Poland, XXIV. 375. Medical Jurisprudence, xv. 778; in xiv. 301. MAZURANIC, Ivan, Servian poet, XXL relation to poisons, XIX. 275. Mecarino (Domenico Beccafumi), 691. Medical Relief, Poor Law, xix. Italian painter, in. 476. Mazurs, race, Russian Poland, xix. 309. 477Mazzara del Vallo, town, Sicily, Mecca, town, Arabia, xv. 669; xvi. Mediceo - Laurenziana Library, 545) 559) 5^9) 571 5 pilgrimage to, XV. 654. Florence, Italy, xiv. 530, 548. XIX. 93. Mazzini, Giuseppe, Italian patriot, Pilgrims, Quarantine of, xx. 155. Medici, House of, Italian noble family, xv. 654; XIII. 486; xx. 806. xv. 783, 794; XIII. 479; genealogical Mechabberoth, poems by Emanuel MAZZOLA, or Mazzuoli, Francesco table of, xv. 794; Michelangelo’s b. Salomon, vm. 157. Maria (II Parmigiano), Italian painter, statues of the, xvi. 233. Mechanical Arts, ii. 639; their relaXVIII. 317; XXL 437, 443- _ , Alessandro dei (Pope Leo XL), tion to the fine arts, ix. 198. Mazzuchelli, Count, Italian writer, xiv. 452. Mechanical Labour, xiv. 166. xiii. 512. , Alessandro dei, ruler of Florence, Meacham, Joseph, Shaker leader, XXL Mechanical School, of medicine, xv. 788. xv. 810. 737, Bicci dei, Florentine noble, xv. Mechanics, xv. 676 (contents, 749); Mead, beverage, XII. 137. 784applied, XV. 750. , Edward, English physician, XV. , Catherine dei, wife of Henry II. Mechanics’ Institutes, Founders of, 811. of France, XL 670; her influence on in- 779, Richard, English physician, xv. France, IX. 556. Mechanics’ Lien, in law, xiv. 570. 656. , Cosimo dei, the Elder, ruler of , William, English preacher, XVIIL Mechanism, Lotze’s use of the word, Florence, XV. 784. xv. 13. 493, Cosimo dei, grand-duke of TusMeade, George G., American general, Mechithar da Pietro, founder of cany, XV. 789. Mechitharists, xv. 774. xxiii. 790, 778. , Francesco dei, grand-duke of TusMECHITHARISTS, Armenian monks, Meadow-Grass, Culture of, 1. 374. cany, xv. 791. XV. 774. Meadows, Irrigation of, 1. 345, 349; , Giovanni Angelo (Pope Pius IT •)> Mechlin, town, Belgium, xv. 774; lace xiii. 364, 367. xix. 153. of, XIV. 188; Van Dyck’s Crucifixion Meadow Saffron, vi. 124. , Giovanni dei (Pope Leo X.), Xiv. in cathedral, XXIV. 62. Meadow Valley Mines, Nevada, 450; XV. 787. Mechthild, of Magdeburg, mediaeval U.S.A., xxiii. 815. , Giovanni dei, Florentine banker, mystic, xvil 132. Meadville, town, Pennsylvania, xv. 784. Meckel, Johann Friedrich, German U.S.A., xv. 656. , Giovanni dei (Delle Bande Is ere), anatomist, I. 814, 816; xxiv. 808; on Meagre, fish, xxiv. 738. Italian soldier, xv. 787. evolution, VIII. 750. Meals, in dietetics, vn. 209.

M E D— M E K MEDICI, Giuliano del, Florentine noble, xv. 785. , Giuliano dei, duke of Nemours, xv. 787. , Giulio dei (Pope Clement VII.), v. 822; xv. 787. , Ippolito dei, cardinal, xv. 788. , Lorenzino dei, Florentine noble, xv. 788. , Lorenzo dei, ruler of Florence, xv. 785; XIII. 480; his influence on Italian literature, XIII. 507; in relation to the Kenaissance, XX. 388; his relations with Savonarola, xxi. 334; Roscoe’s Life of, XX. 849. , Mary dei, wife of Henry IV. of France, IX. 566. , Piero dei, ruler of Florence, xv. 785. , Pietro dei, ruler of Florence, XV. 786; his relations with Savonarola, XXI. 335. , Salvestro dei, Florentine noble, XV. 783. Medicinal Earth, of Lemnos, xiv. 436Medicine, xv. 794 (embracing synoptical view, 794, and history, 799); academies of, 1. 77; faculty of, in universities, xxiii. 833; forensic, xv. 778; homoeopathic theory of, xn. 126; parasitism in, xvm. 269; Hindu works on, xxi. 294; Hippocrates’s works on, XL 853; Paracelsus’s teachings, XVlil. 235; medical societies, xxii. 226. Medicine-Man, of North-American Indians, xv. 200. Medicines, of the pharmacopoeia, xviii. 730. Medina, town, Arabia, xv. 817; xvi. 552, 588; pilgrimages to, XIX. 93. , river, Isle of Wight, England, xxiv. 562. , Pedro de, writer on navigation, xvii. 252. Celi, Duke of, Spanish minister, xxil. 333. del Campo, town, Spain, xxiv. 43de Rioseco, town, Spain, xxiv. 43Sidonia, town, Spain, xv. 819. Sidonia, Duke of, commander of Spanish Armada, 11. 543. M£dine, towm, Senegal, Africa, xxi. 660. Medinet-el-Feiyoom, town, Egypt, vii. 774. Medinet-Habu, Egypt, Temples at, vii. 780. Mediolanum (Saintes), ancient town, France, XXL 167. (Milan), ancient town, Italy, xvi. 290. Mediomatrica (Metz), ancient town, France, xvi. 204.

Meditations, of Marcus Aurelius, in. 88. on Philosophy, Descartes’s work, vii. 119. Mediterranean Sea, xv. 819; Ptolemy’s geography of, XX. 94; birds of, in. 755; fishes, xii. 679. Mediums, Spiritualistic, vn. 63; xxii. 405. Medjidia, town, Roumania, vil. 309. Medlar, tree and fruit, xv. 824; xn. 271. Medoc, district, France, XV. 824; wine of, xxiv. 604. Medo-Persian Empire, xviii. 561. Medricen, mausoleum in Algeria, 11. 419Medulla Oblongata, xix. 35; anatomy of, 1. 870. Medullary Rays, in plants, iv. 102. Medum, or Meydoom, Egypt, Pyramids of, vil 773; 11. 386; xx. 122, 124. Medusa, of Greek legend, x. 785; xviii. 560. Medusae, group of Hydrozoa, XII. 547, 550; cellular tissue of, xn. 9; organs of touch in, XXIII. 478; phosphorescence of, XVIII. 814. Medvyeditsa, river, Russia, xxi. 74. Medway, river, England, xiv. 37. Medwin, Captain, friend of Shelley, XXL 792. Medyn, town, Russia, xv. 824. Meeching (Newhaven), ancient town, England, xvn. 393. Meer, Jan van der, Dutch painter, xv. 824. Meerane, town, Saxony, xv. 825. Meerman, Gerardus, on type-making, xxiii. 692. Meerschaum, mineral, xv. 825, 217; xvi. 414; pipes made of, xix. in. Meerut, division and district, India, xv. 825; xvii. 572; town, xv. 826. Meester Cornelis, town, Java, xm. 606. Megabasite, mineral, xvi. 403. Megabyzus, Persian general, xvin. 574Megacephalon, genus of birds, xv. 828. Megachiroptera, suborder of mammals, xv. 409. Megacles, Athenian ruler, xix. 130. Megaderma, genus of bats, xv. 411. Meg^ERA, one of the Furies, VIII. 524. Megalithic Age, ii. 338. Meg-alithic Remains, xxi. 50; in Morocco, xvi. 834. Megalopolis, ancient town, Greece, xv. 826. Megalopolitans, Demosthenes’s oration against the, VIL 69. Megaloptera, group of insects, xm. iSiMeg alosaurus, genus of reptiles, xx. 443-

285 Megamastictora, division of sponges. xxil 421. Megapode, family of birds, xv. 827. Megaptera, genus of cetacean mammals, xv. 395; xxiv. 524. Megara, town, Greece, XV. 828; plain, ill. 59. Megascleres, group of sponges, xxil 416. MegaSCOLIDES, genus of worms, XXIV. 678. Megasthenes, Greek traveller in India, XII. 786, 787. Megatheriid^e, family of fossil edentate mammals, xv. 384. Megatherium, extinct edentate mammal, xv. 829, 385. Mege-Mouries, his process of making butter, iv. 592. Megerlin (Abraham a Sancta Clara), German satirist, 1. 55; x. 531. MEGHADUTA, Sanskrit poem, XIII. 829. Meghna, river, India, xv. 830; xvu. 524. Megiddo, plain, Palestine, xviii. 171. Megillath Antiokhos, Midrash, xvi. 286. Megillath Taanith, Midrash, xvi. 286. Megistanes, order of birds, XVlll. 44. Mehadia, town, Hungary, xv. 830. Mehedia, towm, Tunis, xxm. 620. Mehemet Ali, ruler of Egypt, vil 760; IX. 621; XXIII. 649; his expedition against the Arabs, 11. 260. Mehlsack Tower, Ravensburg, Germany, xx. 297. Mehul, Etienne Henri, French musical composer, xv. 831; as symphonist, xvii. 97. Meibom, Heinrich, German historian, xv. 831. MEIKLE, Andrew, inventor of thrashing machine, 1. 325; xx. 402. Meinberg, spa, Germany, xvi. 435. Meinhard, prince of Tyrol, xxm. 712. Meiningen, town, Germany, xv. 831; XXL 348. MEIONITE, mineral, XVI. 412. Meirun, town, Palestine, x. 28. Meissen, town, Saxony, xv. 831. , Mark of, Saxony, xxi. 352. , Heinrich von, German poet, ix. 727. Porcelain, xix. 639. Meistersanger, German, x. 526; guilds of, xvil. 83. Meistersinger von Nurnberg, "Wagner’s opera, xxiv. 316. Mejerda, river, Tunis, xxm. 619. Mekhilto, piece of Mishnic literature, xvi. 307. Me-Klong, or Maykaloung, towm, Siam, XXL 853; river, XXL 850. Meknes, or Mequinez, towm, Morocco, xvi. 29, 830.

286 Mekong, river, South-Eastern Asia, xv. 832; iv. 725; vi. 94; xxi. 152, 851. Mekran, district, Baluchistan, ill. 301. Mela, Pomponius, Latin geographer, xv. 832. Melaconite, mineral, xvi. 385 ; vi. 347Melampodid^e, Greek race, xvn. 320. MELAMPUS, on physiognomy, XIX. 4. Melancholia, disease, xm. 104. Melanchthon, Philip, German Reformer, xv. 833; XX. 327; on education, vie 673; his relations with Luther, xv. 82. Melanerpes, genus of birds, xxiv. 652. Melanesia, island groups, South Pacific Ocean, xv. 835 ; xix. 418; myths of the natives, XVII. 148. Melania, Roman matron, friend of Rufinus, XXL 55. Melanite, mineral, xvi. 411. Melanochroic Type, of man, 11. 113; in Asia, 11. 696. Melanocorypha, genus of birds, xiv. 316; xv. 467. Melanosis, disease, xviii. 402. Melanosperme^e, suborder of Algse, 1. 508. Melanterite, mineral, xvi. 401. Melaphyre, rock, x. 235. MELASSA, town, Asia Minor, V. 103. Melbourne, town, Victoria, Australia, XV. 835; in. 114; library of, xiv. 550; observatory, xvn. 716; telescope in observatory, xxill. 147; university, xxiii. 856; xxiv. 218. , Second Viscount, English statesman, xv. 838; viii. 366. Melchiades, pope, xv. 839. Melchites, sect of the Greek Church, xv. 839; xx. 631. Melchizedek, of Scripture xv. 839. Melcombe Regis, town, England, xxiv. 522. Melde’s Experiments, on vibrating strings, I. 112. Meldi, tribe, Gaul, xv. 669. Meleager of Gadara, Greek anthologist, 11. 103. Meleagrina Margaritifera, pearl oyster, xvin. 446; shell of, xvn. 2. Meleagris, genus of birds, xix. 646; xxiii. 657. Melech, Semitic divinity, xxill. 237. Meleda, island, Adriatic Sea, xv. 840. Melegueta Pepper, drug, xi. 36. Melendez Valdes, Juan, Spanish poet, xv. 839. MELES, genus of carnivorous mammals, xv. 440. , river, Smyrna, Asia Minor, XXII. 187. Melesigenes, name for Homer, xn. 109.

M E K—M E N Meletian Schism, of early church, xiii. 630. Melfi, town, Italy, xv. 840. , Duke of, Austrian general, xvi. 778. Melghat, district, India, vm. 148. Melia, genus of trees, xvin. 519. MeliadUS, in Arthurian romance, XX. 648. Melian Earth, pigment, xv. 841. Melilla, town, Morocco, xvi. 830. Melin^e, subfamily of carnivorous mammals, xv. 439. Melinophane, mineral, xvi. 418. Melissa, wife of Periander, xviii. 528. Melissus, Eleatic philosopher, vm. 2. Melita, island, Mediterranean Sea, xv. 84°, 341. MELITE, Corneille’s work, VI. 420. Melitene, district, Cappadocia, Asia Minor, v. 75. , town, Asia Minor, xv. 320. Melithreptus, genus of birds, xxiv. 824. Melito, bishop of Sardes, Christian apologist, XV. 840; on the canon, V. 6. Melitopol, town, Russia, xxm. 83. Melizophilus, genus of birds, xxiv. 553Melkart, or Melkarth, the Tyrian Hercules, III. 175; XVlll. 803; temple of, at Tyre, xxm. 711. Mellifont, Ireland, Abbey of, xv. 3I5Mellilite, mineral, XVI. 412. Mellite, mineral, xvi. 428. Mellivora, genus of carnivorous mammals, xx. 288. Mello, Fontes Pereira de, Portuguese statesman, xix. 554. Melloni, Macedonio, Italian physicist, xv. 840. Melo, Francisco Manuel de, Spanish historian, XXII. 359. Melocactus, group of Cactaceoe, iv. 625. Melodeon, musical instrument, xvii. 106. Melodists, Greek hymn-writers, xn. 580. Melody, in music, xvn. 77. Melolontha Vulgaris, wheat pest, xxiv. 536. Melon, plant and fruit, xv. 841; xn. 271; of Nusrabad, Persia, xvill. 624. Melonite, mineral, xvi. 393. Melon-Thistle Cactus, plant, iv. 625. Melonycteris, genus of bats, xv. 410. Meloria, Italy, Battle of (1284), xix. 120. Melos, island, zEgean Sea, xv. 841. Melpomene, Muse of tragedy, xvn. 74Melrose, town, Scotland, xv. 842; architecture of abbey, 11. 429. Meltiades (Melchiades), pope, xv. 839.

Melting of Metal, for castings, ix. 481. Melton Mowbray, town, England, xv. 842. Melun, town, France, xv. 842. Melusina, Legend of, xvi. 40. Melville, Viscount, Scottish politician, xv. 843. , Andrew, Scottish scholar and Reformer, xv. 843; xxi. 506; supporter of Presbyterianism, xix. 681. , George John Whyte, Scottish novelist, XV. 844. , Sir James, Scottish statesman, xxi. 505. , James, Scottish poet, xxi. 542. , Lake, Labrador, North America, xiv. 175. Melvill van Carnbee, Pieter, Baron, Dutch geographer, xv. 844. Memel, town, Germany, xv. 845. Memling, Hans, Flemish painter, xv. 845. Memlooks, or Mamelukes, sultans and beys of Egypt, xv. 346; vn. 756; massacre of, vn. 762, 764; defeat of, by the Turks, xxm. 643. Memmi, Lippo, Italian painter, xv. 585. , Simon (Simone Martini), Italian painter, xv. 585. Memmingen, town, Bavaria, xv. 846. Memnon, of ancient mythology, XV. 847; vocal statue of, 11. 390; vn. 779. , Rhodian general, xv. 140; xvi 11. 581. Memnonia, Greek mortuary establishments, XVII. 20. Memnonium, temple, Egypt, vn. 779; 11. 390; xv. 847. Memons, Indian Moslem class, xn. 746. Memorabilia, Xenophon’s work, xxiv. 721. Memory, in psychology, xx. 47, 60; loss of, in aphasia, 11. 171; mnemonics, xvi. 532. Memphis, ancient town, Egypt, xv. 847; vie 770; Alexander’s sacrifice and triumph at, I. 482; mummies of, XVII. 21. , town, Tennessee, U.S.A., xv. 847. Memphitic, Egyptian dialect, VI. 355. Mena, Juan de, Spanish poet, xvi. 1; xxil. 355. Menage, Gilles, French scholar, XVI. 1; I. 784; ix. 657; ana of, 1. 784. Menai Straits, Wales, Bridges across, IV. 334; xx. 234. Me-nam, river, Siam, XXL 850. Menander, Greek poet, xvi. 2. , Indo-Scythian king, XIV. 227; xviii. 599. , Syrian Gnostic, x. 703. Protector, Byzantine historian, iv. 612. Menangkabau, ancient principality, Sumatra, xxn. 639. Men-at-Arms, 11. 568.

MEN — M E R Mencius, Chinese sage, xvi. 3. Mendana, Alvaro de, Spanish navigator, x. 185; discoverer of Solomon Islands, xxn. 253. Islands (Marquesas), South Pacific, xv. 564. Mendel, David (August Neander), German church historian, XVII. 304. Mendelssohn, Dorothea, wife of Friedrich Schlegel, XXL 409. , Felix, German musical composer, XVL 6; as symphonist, Xvn. 97. , Moses, German-Jewish philosopher, xvi. 9; x. 534; xiii. 680; XIV. 479; his controversy with Jacobi, XIII. 537. Mendere, river, Turkey in Asia, xxm. 578. Mendes, Gongalo, chancellor of Portugal, xix. 541. Mendesian Goat, Egyptian divinity, vii. 717. Mendiburu, General, Peruvian historiographer, xviii. 675. Mendicant Friars, i. 21; xvi. 710. Mendicants, Buddhist order of, iv. 434Mendip Hills, Somerset, England, xxii. 257. Mendipite, mineral, xvi. 384. Mendowg, king of the Lithuanians, xiv. 702. Mendoza, town, Argentine republic, xvi. 9. , Antonio de, Spanish governor, Mexico, xvi. 219. , Antonio de, Peruvian viceroy, xviii. 677. , Diego de, Spanish ruler in Siena, xxii. 42. , Diego Hurtado de, Spanish poet and historian, xvi. 9; xxii. 357, 359. , Inigo Lopez de, marquis of Santillana, Spanish poet, xxi. 300. , Pedro de, his discoveries in South America, 11. 489. Mendrisio, town, Switzerland, xxiii. 35iMenec, France, Menhirs at, v. 118; XXL 51. Meneghinite, mineral, xvi. 395. Menelaus, in Greek legend, xvi. 10. , Greek astronomer, xx. 88. , Jewish high priest, xm. 421. Menes, king of Egypt, VII. 731. Menesthei Portus, of Ptolemy, Spain, xx. 99. M£neville, Guerin, on silkworm disease, xxn. 59. Menezes, F. Xavier de, Portuguese historian, xix. 557. Mengka, town, Formosa, China, ix. 417Mengo, Jerome, his Exorcist’s Manual, vii. 62. Mengotti, Count Francesco, Italian economist, xix. 363.

Mengs, Antony Raphael, German painter, xvi. xo. Menhaden, fish, xvi. 10; oil from, xvii. 747. Menhirs, ancient stone monuments, 11. 383; iv. 118; xxi. 51. Meniere’s Disease, Use of salicylate of sodium in treatment of, xxi. 217. Menilek, son of the queen of Sheba, 1. 65. Menilite, mineral, xvi. 390. Menin, town, Belgium, xvi. 11. Meningitis, disease, xvi. n. Menippean Satires, of Varro, xxiv. 93Men ipp^e, Satire, in French literature, ix. 655. Menkara, Egyptian king, vii. 733; mummy of, xvii. 21; pyramid of, xx. 123. Menkaura, or Menkara, king of Egypt, vii. 733; mummy of, xvii. 21; pyramid of, xx. 123. Mennonites, Christian sect, xvi. 11; I. 787. Menno Simons, founder of the Mennonites, XVI. 11; III. 354. Meno, dialogue of Plato, xix. 197. Menobranchus, genus of Amphibia, I. 756. Menodontidze, fossil ungulate mammals, xv. 429. Menominee, river, Wisconsin, U.S.A., xii. 831; xvi. 340. Menominees, American-Indian tribe, xii. 831. Menopoma, genus of Amphibia, 1. 759Menorath Hammaor, Midrash, xvi. 288. Menotti, Ciro, Italian politician, xm. 486. Menptah, king of Egypt, vii. 739; tomb of, at Thebes, xxni. 622. Menshikoff, Alexander Danilovich, favourite of Peter the Great of Russia, XVI. 12; XXL 98. , Alexander Sergeievich, Russian general, xvi. 13. Menstruation, xx. 408. Mensuration, xvi. 13. Mental Alienation, xiii. 95; xv. 780. Mental Association, ii. 730. Mental Diseases, xiii. 95. Mental Powers, of man, 11. 109. Mental Reservation, xiv. 638. Mental Science, xx. 37. Mental Work, Diet for, vii. 204. Mentapok, mountains, North Borneo, XXL 123. Mentawei Islands, Sumatra, xxn. 638, 639. Menteith, district, Scotland, xviii. 667. Mentelin, Johan, early German printer, xxiii. 688.

287 Mentha, genus of plants, xvi. 491; xviii. 517. Menthol, drug, xviii. 518. Menthon, spa, France, xxi. 332. Menton, or Mentone, town, France, XVI. 28. Mentor, Persian satrap, xviii. 580. Mentu, Egyptian divinity, vii. 716. Mentz (Mainz, g'.r.), town, Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, xv. 305. Menura, genus of birds, xv. 115. Menvid, Eric, king of Denmark, xi. 450. Menzel, Wolfgang, German poet and historian, xvi. 29. Menzeleh, lake, Egypt, vn. 709. Menzelinsk, town, Russia, xxiii. 717. Menzies, Michael, inventor of a thrashing-machine, 1. 302. Mephistopheles, xvi. 29. Mephitis, genus of carnivorous mammals, xxii. 126. Mephitism, Death from, xv. 781. Me-Ping, river, Siam, xxi. 850. Mequinez, town, Morocco, xvi. 29, 830. Meragha, or Maragha ( 746. MlCON, Greek mural painter, XVIL 41. Micoureus, group of marsupial mammals, xvil 796. Microbes, minute organisms, xxi. 398. Microchiroptera, suborder of Mammalia, xv. 410. Micrococcus, genus of Bacteria, xxi. 399Microcodon, genus of Rotifera, XXL 4. Microcosmography, Bishop Earle’s work, vil. 596. Microcosmos, Heylin’s work, xi. 785. Microfarad, electric unit of measurement, xxiii. 116. Microgale, genus of insectivorous mammals, xv. 405.

M1c —m 1 l Microline, mineral, xvi. 419. Microlite, mineral, xvi. 426. Micromastictora, division of sponges, xxii. 421. Micrometer,scientific instrument, xvi. 242; xxii. 718; use of, in astronomy, II. 755; for the microscope, XVI. 277. Micromonacha, genus of birds, xx. 101. Micronesia, islands, Pacific Ocean, xvi. 256; xix. 418. Microphone, Telephonic, xxm. 129, 132. Microphytes, minute organisms, xxi. 398Micropterus, genus of birds, xix. 252. Microscleres, group of sponges, xxii. 416. Microscope, optical instrument, xvi. 258; xiv. 594; xvii. 806; its use in anatomical study, 1. 817; in histological, xii. 10; in zoological, xxiv. 801, 815; graduation of, xi. 28; its use in surveying, xxii. 718; improvements on, by Amici, I. 738; Leeuwenhoek’s discoveries with, xiv. 410; Malpighi’s observations with, xv. 338; microscopical societies, xxii. 225. Microseismometer, earthquake indicator, xxi. 629. Microsommite, mineral, xvi. 412. Microspores, in plant development, xx. 424. Microstoma, genus of fishes, xxi. 222, 224. Lineare, planarian worm, xix. 174. Midas, king of Phrygia, xvi. 278; xviii. 849; tomb of, 11. 347. , genus of apes, 11. 155. Middelburg, town, Holland, xvi. 278; population, xxiv. 772. Middendorf, Alexander Theodor von, Eussian Arctic explorer, xix. 320. Middendorff, German educationist, ix. 793. Middens, Kitchen, prehistoric shellheaps, 11. 116. Middle Ages, Characteristics of the, xx. 380. Middle Ages, Hallam’s History of the, xi. 393. Middleborough, town, Massachusetts, U.S.A., xvi. 278. Middleham Castle, Yorkshire, England, xxiv. 749. Middlesbrough, town, England, xvi. 278; xxiv. 747, 748; salt-mine, xxi. 231. Middlesex, county, England, xvi. 279; representation, xxm. 727. Middle Temple, legal society, London, xiii. 87, 89. Middleton, town, England, xvi. 282. , Earl of, Scottish statesman, xxi.

Middleton, Captain Christopher, Arctic explorer, xix. 318. , Conyers, English divine, xvi. 282. , Thomas, English dramatist, xvi. 282; vii. 432; influence of Fletcher on, in. 474. Middletown, town, Connecticut, U.S.A., xvi. 283. , town, New York, U.S.A., xvi. 284. Midge, insect, xm. 150; wheat midge, xxiv. 535. Midhurst, town, England, xvi. 284; xxii. 724. Midian, of Scripture, xvi. 284. Midianites, people, Palestine, xviii. 175Midi d’ Ossau, Pic du, Pyrenees, France, ix. 505. Midlothian (Edinburgh), county, Scotland, vn. 656. MlDNAPUR, or Midnapoor, district and town, India, XVI. 284. Midrash, Jewish writings, xvi. 285; 1. 55; xi. 742; xxiii. 35. Midshipman, Naval, his duties, xvn. 293Midsomer-Norton, town, England, xxii. 258. Midsummer Night’s Dream, Shakespeare’s play, xxi. 764. Midsummer Night’s Dream, Mendelssohn’s opera, xvi. 7. Midwifery, department of medicine, xv. 797; use of anaesthetics in, 1. 789. Mieczyslaw I.-II., kings of Poland, xix. 286. III., of Poland, xix. 287. Miedzyrzecz Podlaski, town, Poland, xvi. 288. Miemite, mineral, xvi. 397. Mieris, family of Dutch painters, XVI. 288. Miesrob, Armenian scholar, 11. 550. Migliorati, Cosimo de (Pope Innocent VIL), xiii. 84. , Luigi, Roman assassin, xx. 804. Mignard, Pierre, French portrait painter, xvi. 289. Mignonette, plant, xvi. 289. Migraine, disease, xvn. 364. Migration, of birds, in. 764; of insects, xiv. 765; of lemmings, xiv. 436; of mammals, vn. 276; instinct in, xiii. 159. Miguel, Maria Evarist, claimant of Portuguese throne, xvi. 290; regent of Portugal, xix. 552. Migulinskaya, Cossack village, Russia, xvi. 290. Mihr Narseh, Persian general, xvin. 610. Mikado, the emperor of Japan, xm. 581. Mikha, Syriac writer, xxn. 830. Mikhailoff, town, Russia, xxi. 116.

291 Mikhailovsk, town, Transcaspian Region, Russia, xxm. 513. Mikhailovskaya, Cossack village, Russia, xvi. 290. Mikhnaf, Abu, Arab historian, xxm. 2. Mi-Kiang, river, Corea, Vi. 391. Milan, Duchy of, Italy, xiii. 478. , town, Italy, xvi. 290; its resistance to Frederick Barbarossa, xiii. 471; its rivalry with Pavia, xiii. 469; cathedral of, 11. 436; church of San Ambrogio, 11. 435; libraries, xiv. 530, 548; observatory, xvn. 713; its school of painting, xxi. 437, 443; picture galleries, xxi. 447; sculpture, xxi. 568. , king of Servia, xxi. 689. Milarite, mineral, xvi. 417. Milazzo, town, Sicily, xvi. 293. Milcom, god of the Ammonites, xvi. 696. Mildew, fungus, xvi. 293; xviii. 266. Mile, measure of length, xxiv. 485. Miles, Mrs, American hymn-writer, xii. 596. Milesians, early Irish tribe, v. 299; xiii. 244. Milesian Tales, Greek, xx. 634. Miletopolis, Lake of, Mysia, Asia Minor, xvii. 122. Miletus, town, Asia Minor, xvi. 294; xxii. 186; coins of, xvii. 647. Milford, town, Wales, xvi. 294; xviii. 482. , town, Massachusetts, U.S.A., xvi. 295. Milhamoth Adonai, Ben Gerson’s work, x. 550. Milhau, or Millau, town, France, xvi. 314Miliar y Fever, xxii. 735. Milicz, Johann, Moravian preacher, xvi. 295. Miliolidea, order of Protozoa, xix. 846. Military Chaplains, of British army, 11. 584. Military Diet, vii. 212. Military Frontier, district, Austria, xvi. 295. Military History, Study of, xxiv. 345Military Hospitals, xii. 306. Military Law, xvi. 295; in British army, 11. 587. Military Privileges, in Roman law, xx. 705. Military Service, Feudal, xiv. 114; as a tax, ix. 176. Military Strategy, xxiv. 349. Military Tactics, xxiv. 353; of artillery, 11. 667; modern changes in, II. 565. Militia, of United Kingdom, xvi. 299; II. 567; Machiavelli’s plan of a, xv. 147. Militsch, or Milicz, Johann, Moravian preacher,xvi. 295.

292

M I L —M I N

Mimeta, group of birds, xvn. 844. Mills, Flour, ix. 344. Militza, Servian heroine, xxi. 689. Mimetesite, mineral, xvi. 407. , Iron Rolling, XIII. 328. Milk, xvi. 301; Vi. 768; adulterations Mimic Beetles, vi. 127, 131. , John, originator of the French of, I. 168; as an article of diet, vn. Mimicry, in biology, xvi. 341. Encyclopedic, VIII. 197. 202; composition of, IV. 591; V. 455; Mimnermus, Greek poet, xvi. 345; fermentation of, IX. 92, 97; sugar in, Millstone Grit, rock, x. 349. XXII. 186. xxii. 624; of the ass, 11. 717; of the Millstones, ix. 344. Millville, town, New Jersey, U.S.A., Mimocichla, genus of birds, xxm. goat, x. 710. 322. xvi. 322. of Sulphur, xxii. 635. Milman, Henry Hart, dean of St Mimosa, genus of plants, xvi. 345; Milky Way, The, 11. 818. XIX. 62; bark of, for tanning, XIV. Paul’s, English historian, dramatist, Mill, Flour, ix. 344. 381. and poet, XVI. 323; hymns by, XII. , Iron Rolling, XIII. 328. Mimus, genus of birds, xvi. 540. , James, English historian and philo595Milnathort, town, Scotland, xiv. 92. Mina, Greek money, xvn. 631. sopher, xvi. 306; xix. 377. , ancient weight, xxiv. 487. , John, New Testament critic, xvi. Milne-Edwards, Alphonse, on birds, Minjean Language, Arabia, xxiv. xviii. 36. 307740. , John Stuart, English philosopher Milne-Edwards, Henri, his zoological Minahassa, district, Celebes, v. 289. classification, XXIV. 809. and politician, xvi. 307; his interpretation of analogy, 1. 791 > on Milngavie, town, Scotland, xxii. Minamoto, Japanese clan, xm. 582. Minas Novas, colourless topazes, xxiii. mental association, 11. 734; on axioms, 554446. ill. 160; as economist, XIX. 378; his Milo, Greek athlete, xvi. 323. (Melos), island, iEgean Sea, xv. Mincio, river, Italy, xm. 436. ethical teaching, vm. 607; on governMincopie, race of people, Andaman 841. ment, XL 17; on the character of Jesus Islands, Asia, 11. 12. , Titus Annius Papianus, Roman Christ, XIII. 670; his logic, XIV. 793; Mind, Science of, xx. 39; evolution of, partisan leader, XVI. 323. his relations with Comte, VI. 231. viii. 770; in relation to phrenology, Millar, William,collector of pamphlets, MiLOSCHlN, mineral, XVI. 424. xviii. 842; Descartes on, v. 145; MlLOSH OBILICH, Servian hero, XXL xviii. 205. Hegel’s philosophy of, XL 620; Hume’s 689. Millau, town, France, xvi. 314. theory, XII. 352; Xenocrates’s theory, MlLOSH Obrenovich, prince of Servia, Millbank Prison, London, xix. 748. xxiv. 718. XXL 689. Milledgeville, town, Georgia, U.S.A., Mindanao, island, Philippines, xviii. Miltiades, Athenian general, XL 99. x. 436. 748, 751. , pope, xv. 839. Mille Lacs, lake, Minnesota, U.S.A., Miltitz, Carl von, papal legate, xv. Minden, town, Prussia, xvi. 345; battle xvi. 476. 7 of (1759), Hi. 128; ix. 590. Millenarianism, in eschatology, xvi. 3^ r , or Miinden, town, Hanover, xvi. Milton, Christopher, brother of the 315, 317; viii. 534; xviii. 427; xx. 345poet, xvi. 339. 497, Frances (Mrs Trollope), English Minding’s Theorem, in mechanics, Millennium, xvi. 314; viii. 535. xv. 730. writer, xxm. 585. Millepedes, order of Myriapoda, v. Mindoro, island, Philippines, xvin. , John, English poet, XVI. 324; on 340; xvii. 118; as wheat pests, xxiv. 748, 752. 6 education, VII. 675; hymns by, XII. 53 592; pamphlets of, XVIII. 205; as Mineral Baths, hi. 439. Miller, Hugh, Scottish geologist, xvi. pastoral poet, XVIII. 347; influence of Mineralogy, xvi. 346 (index of mineral 318. species, 429); Ste-Claire Deville’s conthe Renaissance on, XX. 393; his , William, American millenarian, tributions to, xxi. 166; mineralogical epitaph on Shakespeare, VIII. 495; his XVI. 320. societies, xxil 225. sonnets, XXII. 262; his place in , William, Scottish engraver, xvi. English literature, VIII. 424; his Minerals, analysed under the blow320. pipe, in. 838; meteoric, xvi. 113; place in epic poetry, XIX. 267; his Miller - Casella Thermometer, phosphorescence in, XVIII. 813; rockprobable indebtedness to Ochino, XVII. xxiii. 291. forming varieties, x. 227; the property 720; his controversy with Salmasius, Millerite, mineral, xvi. 392. of the crown, XIV. 268. XXL 220. Millerites, American religious sect, Mineral Springs, x. 270. Abbey, Dorset, England, VII. 372. xvi. 320. Mineral Tallow, xvi. 429. Miller’s Thumb, fish, xvi. 320; xn. MlLTSIN, Mount, Morocco, III. 27. Mineral Veins, x. 317; xvi. 441. MlLUTlN, king of Servia, XXL 688. 690. Milutinovich, Simeon, Servian poet, Mineral Waters, xvi. 431; of Eastern Milles, Syriac writer, xxil. 827. Siberia, xxm. 510. XXL 691. ET Amys, romance, xx. 652. Milvian Bridge, near Rome, iv. 329; Miners, Payment of, xvi. 449. Millet, cereal, xvi. 321. MlNERVA, Roman goddess (the Greek battle of (312 A.D.), vi. 299. , Indian, or Durra, VII. 564; XII. Athena), xvi. 437; ivory statue of, at MlLVUS, genus of birds, XIV. 103. 748. Athens, Xlll. 523. , Jean Francois, French painter, Milwaukee, town, Wisconsin, U.S.A., Printing Machine, xxiii. 705. xvi. 340; population, xxiv. 617. xvi. 321; ix. 700, 701. Milling Machine, for cutting teeth Milyans, ancient people of Lycia, xv. Mines, xvi. 440; coal, vi. 61; gold, x. 745; laws regarding, XVI. 466. 92. of wheels, xv. 156. , Submarine explosive, xxiii. 449Milzow, Gerhard, Norse writer, xvii. Millioni, Marco, sobriquet of Marco Ming, dynasty of China, v. 648. 589. Polo, xix. 407. Millo, Tower of, Jerusalem, xm. Mimamsa, Hindu system of philosophy, Mingo, adulterant of woollen goods, 1. 176. xxi. 289. 639Mingrelia, province, Transcaucasia, Mimes, or Mimi, in Roman drama, vil. Millon’s Base, compound of mercury, Russia, xvi. 437; xxiii. 513. 409, 412. xvi. 34.

M I N —M I S MinhC, river, Spain, xxil. 295. Miniature, branches of painting, xvi. 437; enamelling, VIII. 184. Minicoy, island, Laccadives, Indian Ocean, xiv. 183. Minima, in mathematics, xv. 643; xm. 22. Minimi, or Minims, order of monks, IX. 695; xvi. 711. Minin, Russian patriot, xxi. 95. Mining, xvi. 440; for coal, vi. 61; for gold, x. 745. , Military, IX. 464. Ministers, Nonconformist, Legal status of, xvii. 533. Ministry, state administration, xvi. 472. Minium, mineral, xvi. 387. Mink, carnivorous mammal, xvi. 474; skins of, IX. 838. Minna von Barnhelm, Lessing’s drama, xiv. 480. Minneapolis, town, Minnesota, U.S.A., xvi. 474. MlNNESANGER, German lyrists, X. 525; xvii. 83. Minnesota, State, U.S.A., xvi. 475. Minnow, fish, xvi. 477; xn. 692; artificial, for angling, II. 33. Islands, Madagascar, xv. 168. Mino, or Minho, river, Spain, xxn. 295. Mino di Giovanni (Da Fiesole), Italian sculptor and architect, XVI. 477; XX. 836. Minor, or Infant, in law, xm. 1. , The, Foote’s comedy, IX. 370. , bird, XL 26. Minorca, one of the Balearic Islands, Spain, in. 278; failure of Byng in defence of, iv. 604. Minorites, order of friars, ix. 698; xx. 799. Minority, in law, 1. 279. Minos, legendary king of Crete, xvi. 478; vi. 570; xxiii. 294. Minotaur, of Greek legend, xiv. 179; xvi. 478. Minshull, Elizabeth, Milton’s third wife, xvi. 336. Minsk, government, Russia, xvi. 478; xxi. 69; town, xvi. 479. Minster, iruarchitecture, 11. 467. Minstrel, singer, xvi. 479; mediaeval, vii. 413. , The, Beattie’s poem, ill. 466. Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border, Scott’s, XXL 547; Leyden’s connexion with, xiv. 496. Mint, for coining, xvi. 480; of London, Xiv. 832. , plant, xvi. 491; xii. 289; xviii. Si?Mintjac, or Muntjak, deer, xvn. 31; XIII. 602. Mint-Mark, of coins, xvn. 630. Minto, First Earl of, British statesman,

xvi. 492; governor-general of India, | xii. 805. Minton’s Encaustic Pavement, iv. 283. Minucius Felix, Marcus, Christian apologist, xvi. 492. Minuet, dance, xvi. 492. Minuit, Peter, director, New Netherland, America, xvn. 454. Minuscule Writing, xviii. 149. Minusinsk, town, Russia in Asia, xxil 11; xxiv. 743. Tartars, Asiatic race, xxm. 70. Minx, or Mink, carnivorous mammal, xvi. 474. Miny^e, ancient Greek race, XL 92; as voyagers, 11. 496; in Lemnos, Aegean Sea, xiv. 437. Minyeh, town, Egypt, VII. 774. Miocene Rocks, x. 362. MiOLANiiDAi, family of chelonian reptiles, xxiil. 457. Miosic, Andrew Kacie, Servian writer, xxi. 690. Miquelon, island, Newfoundland, xxi. 196; xvii. 382. Mir, village community, Russia, xxi. 7o, 83. Mira, river, Ecuador, vn. 646. Mirabeau, Honore Gabriel Riqueti, Comte de, French statesman, xvi. 492; IX. 598, 601; Dumont’s relations with, Vil. 530. , Victor Riqueti, Marquis de, French political economist, xvi. 498; xix. 361. Mirabilite, mineral, xvi. 401. Miracle of the Thundering Legion, in Roman history, m. 87. Miracle-Plays, v. 324; vil 413, 414; English, vil 414; viii. 416; in England, time of Shakespeare, xxi. 750; French, ix. 644; German, x. 526. Miracles, of Scripture, 11. 191; x. 804, 809; of Elisha, vm. 141; in Acts of the Apostles, 1. 127; Campbell’s Dissertation on, iv. 754; Woolston’s view of, xxiv. 664. , of Apollonius, 11. 188. Miraflores, Spain, Sculptures at, xxi. 567. Mirafra, genus of birds, xiv. 316. Mirage, Atmospheric, xiv. 600. Mir Alishir, Persian poet, xvi. 499. Miramichi, river, New Brunswick, xvii. 373. Miramiones, French religious order, x. 152. Miramon, Miguel, Mexican general, xvi. 498. Miranda, Francesco, South-American general, xvi. 498. , Francisco de Sa de, Portuguese pastoral poet, xvni. 346; xix. 556. Mirandola, Pico de, Christian humanist and Kabbalistie writer, xix. 80; xiii. 813.

293 Mirath, or Meerut, district, India, xv. 825. Mircea, voivode of Walachia, xxi. 16. Mirgorod, town, Russia, xix. 410. Mir Jafar, Indian nawab, xn. 801. Mir Kasim, Indian nawab, xn. 802; xviii. 409. Mirkhond, or Mirkhawand, Persian writer, xvi. 499. Miroir de Mariage, Deschamps’s satire, vil 128. Miropolie, town, Russia, xvi. 499. Mirror, xvi. 499; ix. 849; Etruscan bronze, Vlll. 642; in optics, xiv. 587; use of, for signalling, xi. 632. Galvanometer, in telegraphy, xxiil 124. Mirror-Reading, in optics, xxiv. 436. Mir Tagi, Urdu poet, xi. 848. Mirza, Persian title, xviii. 628. Mirzapur, or Mirzapoor, district and town, India, xvi. 502. Mirza Taki, Persian minister, xviii. 651. Misanthrope, Le, Moliere’s play, xvi. 629. Misdemeanour, in law, xvi. 502; vi. 588; ix. 68. Misdroy, town, Prussia, xxiv. 633. Miseno, Capo di, Italy, xvn. 187. Miserere, of Allegri, 1. 581. Misericorde, or Dagger, vi. 760. Mishnah, or Mishna, rabbinical law, xvi. 502; XL 600; xiii. 429; XXIII. 35; Maimonides’s commentary on, xv. 296. Mishneh Torah, of Maimonides, xv. 295. MlSKOLCZ, town, Hungary, xvi. 508. Misnia, Dialect of, German, 1. 152. MlSOL, island, off New Guinea, XVII. 389Mispeckel, or Mispickel, mineral, xvi. 390; 11. 635. Misprision, inlaw, xvi. 502; of treason, xxiil 528. Misr, name for Egypt, vil 700. Misrule, Lord of, v. 704. Missal, liturgical book, xvi. 508. Missi Dominici, imperial commissioners, ix. 532. Missionaries, Christian, xvi. 511. Missionary Societies, List of, xvi. 515Missions, Christian, xvi. 511; Baptist, in. 356; Jesuit systems, xm. 651,654; XX. 536; Moravian, xvi. 811; Roman Catholic, XIX. 809. Mississippi, river, U.S.A., xvi. 518; 1. 674; xvii. 402; delta of, xx. 580; drainage of, X. 272; geology of valley of, xxiil 801; influence of wind on, XII. 497; La Salle’s explorations of, XIV. 318; Spanish claim to, xxiii. 753, State, U.S.A., xvi. 521.

294

M I S —M 0 H

Mitscherlich, Eilhardt, German Mississippi, bagatelle game, m. 230. chemist, xvi. 531. Scheme, Law’s, ix. 584; xiv. Mitta Mitta, river, Victoria, Australia, 367xxiv. 215. Missolonghi, town, Greece, xvi. 524. Missouri, river, United States, xvi. Mitylene, town, Lesbos, Asia Minor, xiv. 474. 518; xvii. 307; Lewis and Clarke’s explorations of, xiv. 494; sources of, Mixite, mineral, xvi. 406. Mizpah, or Mizpeh, of Scripture, xvi. xvi. 772. , State, U.S.A., xvi. 524; mule532Mizraim, name of Egypt, vn. 700. breeding in, xvii. 14. Compromise (1820), v. 818; Mizzonite, mineral, xvi. 412. xxiii. 763, 772; repeal of (1854), Mjosen, lake, Norway, xvii. 576. Mlawa, town, Poland, xix. 227. xiv. 658. Mnaidra, ancient temple, Malta, xv. Mister, title, xxm. 417. Misti, volcano, Peru, xvm. 672. 34rMistletoe, parasitic plant, xvi. 527; Mnemon, Artaxerxes II., king of Persia, 11. 640; vn. 753; XVlli. 576. XVlll. 264, 265; in Northern mythology, I. 210; venerated by the Druids, Mnemonics, artificial helps to memory, xvi. 532. vie 477. Mistral, wind, Southern Europe, ix. Mniotiltid/E, family of birds, xxiv. 507; xvi. 149. 367MOA, extinct bird, ill. 112, 731; vn. Mistress, The, by Cowley, vi. 532. 244; xvii. 469. of the Robes, England, xxi. Moab, of Scripture, xvi. 533. 37Mist v Law, mountain, Scotland, xx. Moabites, people of Palestine, xm. 397; xviii. 175. 395Moabite Stone, xiii. 116; xvi. 534, Misv, mineral, xvi. 401. 536; xxi. 645. Mita, tribute from Peruvian Indians, Moallakat, Arabic poems, xvi. 536, iv. 16; xvili. 678. 595; I. 778; II. 263. Mitau, town, Russia, xvi. 527. Mitcham, town, England, xxn. 693; Moassina, country, Soudan, Central Africa, xxii. 279. cultivation of mint at, xviii. 518. MlTCHEL, Ormsby M'Knight, American Moat-Hen, bird, xvi. 808. Moawiya I., caliph, xvi. 563, 565; 11. general and astronomer, XVI. 528. 258. Mitchell, Sir Thomas Livingstone, II., caliph, xvi. 569. Australian explorer, xvi. 528; m. MOBANGI, river, Africa, XXIV. 764. 105. , river, Victoria, Australia, xxiv. Mobbing, in law, xx. 565. Mobile, town, Alabama, U.S.A., xvi. 216. Library, Glasgow, xiv. 523, 543. 539Mitchell’s Peak, North Carolina, Mobilization, of German army, 11. 598. U.S.A., xvii. 559. Mite, arachnid, xvi. 528; 11. 276; itch- Mobius, August Ferdinand, German astronomer, XVI. 540. mite, xxii. 123. Mitford, Mary Russell, English writer, Moccoletti, carnival diversion at Rome, v. 124. xvi. 529. Mithradates, or Mithridates, I., Par- Mocenigo, Domenico, Venetian admiral, xxiv. 147. thian king, xviii. 590; xix. 459. II., the Great, Parthian king and Mocha, town, Arabia, xvi. 540; xx. 316. king of Pontus, xvi. 529; xviii. 595; Stone, variety of agate, 1. 278. XIX. 459; his conquest of Cappadocia, v. 76; his war in Greece, XL 108; Mocking-Bird, xvi. 540. Modalism, theological doctrine, xxi. Sulla’s victory over, xxn. 632. 127. Mithras, Persian god, xvi. 530. MlTHRlDATE, Racine’s drama, XX. 207. Modares, leader of imperial Goths, xxiii. 258. Mithridates, or Mithradates (q.v.), Modelling, in building, iv. 508; in xvi. 529. design, in drawing, VII. 450; for Mitla, Mexico, Temple at, 1. 695. sculpture, xxi. 571; of animals, in Mitra, or Mithras, Persian god, xvi. taxidermy, xxill. 90. 530, Mathematical, xv. 628. Mitrailleur, machine gun, XL 285; Modena, Duchy of, Italy, xvi. 541. 11. 662. , town, Italy, XVI. 541; library, Mitre, bishop’s head-dress, vi. 463. xiv. 530, 548; observatory, xvn. 714; , in heraldry, XL 711. school of painting, XXL 437, 443; , Bartolomeo, president of Argentine sculpture, xxi. 569; university, xxm. Republic, 11. 492. 836. Mitridate, opera by Mozart, xvii. 9.

Moderatism, in Church of Scotland, ix. 743; xxi. 536. Moderator Lamp, xiv. 246. MODESTINUS, Roman jurist, XIII. 792. Modestus, Christian martyr, xxiv. 266. Modhar, Arab tribe, Mesopotamia, xvi. 48. Modica, town, Sicily, xvi. 542. Modicia, Roman colony, Lombardy, xvi. 798. Modlin, town, Russian Poland, xvn. 608; xxiv. 376. MODOCS, American-Indian tribe, xn. 833Module, in architecture, II. 467. Modulus, of elasticity, vn. 804; of rigidity, xxii. 595. Moe, Jorgen Engebretsen, Norwegian poet, xvi. 542; xvii. 591. Moed, part of the Mishnah, XVI. 505. Moen, island, Denmark, VII. 80. Mceris, Lake, Egypt, vn. 709, 774. Moero, Lake, Central Africa, I. 248; xxiv. 763. Mcesia, ancient country, Eastern Europe, xvi. 542. Mofaddal, Arabic commentator, xvi. 536. Mofete, Le, lake, Italy, 1. 778. Moffat, town, Scotland, xvi. 542; vn. 526. , Robert, African missionary, xvi. 543Mogador, town, Morocco, xvi. 543. Mogahid, Saracen leader, xix. 119. Moghileff, government, Russia, xvi. 543; XXL 69; town, on the Dnieper, Russia, xvi. 543. , town, on the Dniester, Russia, xvi. 544; xix. 254. Moghistan, district, Persia, xvii. 856. Moghtasilah, Babylonian sect, xv. 482, 485. Mogilas, Petrus, Russian metropolitan, xvi. 544. MOGUER, Spanish wine, XXIV. 607. Mogul, Moghul, or Mughal, dynasty in India, ill. 569; xn. 794. Moguls, or Mughals, class of Mohammedans, India, XII. 746. MOHACS, town, Hungary, XVI. 544; battle of (1526), xii. 369; XXL 17. Mohair, goat’s hair, xvi. 544. Mohallab, Moslem general, xvi. 569, Mohammed, Mahomet, or Muhammad, founder of Islam, xvi. 545; n. 257; in Mecca, xv. 670; tomb of, xv. 818. , Moorish emir in Spain, XXII. 312. , Seljuk ruler, xxi. 635. , Turkish sultans. See Muhammad.

M 0 H —M 0 M 295 Mohammed b. Faraj, Moslem im- Moksha, race, Russia, xvi. 813. Molivo, town, Lesbos, Asia Minor, xiv. postor, xvi. 585. , river, Russia, xvm. 514. 474b. Mansur, caliph, xvi. 580. Mokshan, town, Russia, xvi. 608; Mollah, Mohammedan ecclesiastic, Bey, of Egypt, vn. 761. xviii. 515. xxil 661, 664. Ghori, founder of Moslem power Moktadi bi-amr-illah, caliph, xvi Mollendo, town, Peru, XVlll. 674. in Hindustan, xvn. 573. 588. Mollers Solution, in taxidermy, Mohammedanism, xvi. 545 (index, Moktadir billah, caliph, xvi. 586. xxiii. 90. 606); xx. 360; xxii. 659; in relation Moktafi billah, caliph, xvi. 586. to Manichseism, xv. 485; pilgrimages, Moktafi li-amr-illah, caliph, xvi Moll Flanders, Defoe’s work, vil 29. Mollineux, Emeric, globe constructer, xix. 93; its attitude towards slavery, 588. x. 682. xxii. 143; theism of, xxm. 240, 242; Mola, town, Italy, xvi. 608. Mollusca, division of animal kingdom, spread of, in Asia, II. 699; conquest Gaeta (Formia), town, Italy, ix. XVI. 632; II. 53; distribution of, vn. of Egypt, vie 749; invasion of Persia, 415. 2 79) 283; embryology, xx. 419; hiberXVlii. 615 ; calij)hate acquired by Molai, or Molay {q.v.), James de, XVI. nation, XL 789; histology, xil. 7; sultan of Turkey, xxm. 643; in 608. organs of touch in, xxiii. 478; reproChina, v. 650; in Europe, vm. 713; Molasses, from sugar, xxil 626. duction of, xx. 409; in Lankester’s in India, xn. 746, 792; in Spain, Rum, xxi. 58. classification, xxiv. 813. xxii. 309; in Turkish empire, xxm. Molay, Jacques de, grand-master of the Molluscoids, division of animal king654. Templars, xvi. 608; xxm. 163, 164. dom, iv. 188. Mohammedan Libraries, xiv. 514. Molbech, Christian, Danish lexico- Molluscum Contagiosum, skin disMohamrah, town, Persia, vm. 671; grapher, vie 93. ease, xxil 121. xviii. 620. Mold, town, Wales, ix. 327. Molly Maguires, mining combination, Mohatra Bargain, in casuistry, v. Moldau, river, Germany, vn. 825. Pennsylvania, U.S.A., xviii. 504. 204. Moldavia, principality, Roumania, Molly Mawk, bird, ix. 817; xv. 334. Mohawk, river, New York, U.S.A., xxi. 18. Moloch, Semitic divinity, xvi. 695. xii. 331; xvii. 451. Mole, insectivorous mammal, xvi. 608; Callithrix, ape, 11. 155. Mohegans, American-Indian tribe, xv. 404. Horridus, species of lizards, xiv. xii. 831. , river, England, xxm. 220. 737Mohilla, island, Comores, Africa, vi. Mole, Matthieu Louis, Count, French Mologa, town, Russia, xxiv. 731. 221. politician, ix. 620. Molokai, island, Hawaiian group, Mohl, Hugo von, on protoplasm, xix. , Matthieu, French politician, vi. Pacific, xi. 532. 828. 246. Molokova, spa, Eastern Siberia, xxm. , Jules, German Orientalist, xvi. Molech, Semitic divinity, xvi. 695. 510. 607. Mole Cricket, insect, vi. 578; xm. Molon, governor of Media, xvni. 588. Mohler, Johann Adam, German theo152; as wheat pest, xxiv. 534. Molossi, ancient Greek tribe, vm. logian, xvi. 607. Molecular Actions and Changes, 483Mohn, island, Russia, in Baltic, xiv. in physiology, xix. 18. Molossus, genus of bats, xv. 408, 413. 723; xvii. 732. Molecular Magnetism, Theory of, Moltke, Count von, Prussian general, , Henrik, on Norwegian Polar xv. 271, 276. xxiv. 582. explorations, xix. 323. Molecular Weights, v. 471. Mohr, Karl Friedrich, German scien- Molecule, xvi. 610; m. 38; vn. 215. MOLUCCAS, islands, Indian Archipelago, XVI. 696; xil 815; birds of, m. 740. tist, xvi. 707. Moleskin, cotton fabric, xvi. 623. Molva, genus of fishes, xiv. 668. Mohring, Paul H. G., on birds, xvm. 5. Molestation, in law, xxiii. 500. Mohs, Friedrich, crystallographer, vi. Molesworth, Sir William, philoso- Molybdenite, mineral, xvi. 394; xvi. 697674. phical and political writer, xvi. 623. Molybdenum, chemical element, xvi. Mohtadi billah, caliph, xvi. 586. Molfetta, town, Italy, xvi. 624. 697; v. 541. Moimir, Slavonic chief, x. 480. Molge, genus of reptiles, xxili. 577. Moir, David Macbeth, Scottish poet and Molgulid^e, family of Tunicata, xxiii. Molybdite, mineral, XVI. 388. Molyn, Pieter de, Dutch painter, vm. humorist, xvi. 608. 617. 735, George, Scottish critic, xvi. 608. Moliere (Jean Baptiste Poquelin), Molyneux, William, friend of John Moira, Earl of, governor-general of French dramatist, xvi. 624; vn. 425; Locke, xiv. 754; his plea for Irish India, xi. 517. ix. 658; as satirist, xxi. 319; his independence, xm. 269. Moissac, town, France, xvi. 608. relations with Racine, xx. 204. Moisture, of the atmosphere, 111. 32; Molina, Luis, Spanish Jesuit, xvi. 630. Molysite, mineral, xvi. 384. Mombasa, or Mombas, town, East life conditioned by, in. 680. , Maria de, regent of Castile, xxil Africa, XVI. 697; mission near, 1. 246. Mojanga, town, Madagascar, xv. 175. 3i9Moment, in mechanics, xv. 683, 700, Mokaddasi, Arabic geographer, xvi. , Tirso de (G. Tellez), Spanish 732; of inertia, xv. 732. 608. dramatist, xxm. 157; vn. 421; xxil Momentum, in mechanics, xv. 677, Mokandarra, pass, India, xiv. 144. 358. 698, 715. Mokanna, A1-, the veiled prophet of Moline, town, Illinois, U.S.A., xvi. Momias Bay, Patagonia, xvin. 352. Khorasan, xvi. 44, 580, 608. 631. Mokattan, Egypt, Caliph Hakim’s Molinos, Miguel de, Spanish quietist, Mommsen, Theodor, on the influence of the Jews in Rome, XIII. 430. observatory at, xvii. 709. xvi. 631; xvii. 134. Momotombo, mountain, Nicaragua, Mokha, or Mocha, harbour, Red Sea, Molise, province, Italy, xvi. 631. x xvii. 477. vi. 540; xx. 316. Molitor, Joseph Franz, German theo- Momotus, genus of birds, xvii. 3. Mokhtar ben Abi Obaid, Shiite chief, sophist, xxiii. 279. Mompesson, Sir Giles, English monoxvi. 368, 570. MOLITZ, spa, France, XX. 128. polist, xvi. 758.

290

M 0 N— M 0 N

Mona (Anglesea), island, Wales, ii. 30; Moncton, town, New Brunswick, xvi. Monition, in law, xvi. 751. Monitor, lizard, xiv. 734. 719; xvii. 375. xv. 453. Monach, island, Scotland, its climate, Monde, Le, Paris newspaper, xvii. MONK, George, duke of Albemarle, English general, XVI. 751; XII. 80; in 426. vi. 5. Scotland, XXL 514. Mondevtlle, Henri de, French surgeon, Monacha, genus of birds, xx. 101. of Heilsbronn, German poet, XL XXII. 675. Monachism, or Monasticism, xvi. 698 624. (list of foundations, 715); monastic Mondhir, Moorish emir in Spain, Monkchester (Newcastle), ancient xxii. 312. libraries, XIV. 513. town, England, XVIL 379. of Hira, invader of Syria, xvm. , British, Fosbroke’s work, IX. 470. Monkey-Nut, xi. 221. 612. Monaco, principality, South Europe, MONDINO of Bologna, father of modern Monkeys, or Apes, 11. 151; xv. 444; xvi. 717. man’s relation to, IL 107; of South anatomy, I. 805. Monadidea, order of Protozoa, xix. America, I. 681; skins of, IX. 838; MONDONEDO, town, Spain, XVI. 719. 856. Tibetan belief in descent from, xxm. Mondovi, town, Italy, xvi. 720. MONADISM, atomic theory, III. 37. 343Monadnock, mountain, U.S.A., xxm. Monembasia (Malvasia), ancient town, Monk-Fish, xii. 686. Greece, xv. 346. 792. Monklands Railway, Scotland, xx. Monads, Leibnitz’s theory of, xiv. 421. Monera, division of Protozoa, II. 50. 224. Monaghan, county, Ireland, xvi. 718; Money, xvi. 720 (table, 732); coinage Monk Lewis (Matthew G. Lewis), Engof, xvi. 480; coined, xvii. 630; use of representation, xxm. 727; town, xvi. lish writer, xiv. 493. cowry-shells as, VI. 535 > economic 718. theories of, xix. 356; earliest notices Monks, XVI. 698; 1. 10, 22; their charMonaldeschi, Giovanni, Christina of acter in England, VIII. 373; their inof, vi. 197; paper, in relation to exSweden’s treatment of, v. 703. fluence on education, VII. 672; vestchangeful. 788; in relation to values, Mona Lisa, Leonardo’s painting, xiv. ments of, VI. 463; Lamaist, in Tibet, XXIV. 51; connexion of, with units of 460. xiv. 500. weight, xxiv. 482 ; Dudley North’s MON amines, in chemistry, V. 575. Monkshood, plant, 1. 98. paradoxes on, xvm. 555. Monarchianism, in early Christian , Colonel, on the cultivation of tea, Monk’s Rhubarb, plant, vn. 310. theology, xvi. 718; XIII. 671; modaMonkwearmouth, suburb of Sunderxxiii. 99. listic, of Noetus, xvn. 531. land, England, XXII. 657. and Trade Considered, Law’s Monarchy, Government by, xi. 11; Mon-Lam, Tibetan festival, xiv. 501. work, xiv. 369. early Roman, xx. 732. Monmouth, county, England, xvi. Monasteries, i. 10; suppression of, in Money-Orders, Post-office, xix. 572. 753; representation,XXIII. 727; town, Monferrato, Italian marquisate, xvi. England, vi. 606; vm. 335, 3755 xvi. 754. 738. XI. 664; in Old London, XIV. 844; , town, Illinois, U.S.A., xvi. 755. Monge, Gaspard, French mathematician, Lamaist, Tibet, xiv. 499. , James, duke of, xvi. 755; vm. xvi. 738; on the adherence of particles, Monasticism, xvi. 698; in England, 350; in Scotland, XXL 516; his relav. 57. viii. 281, 286, 298, 304, 316; early tions with William of Orange, xxiv. Irish, xill. 248; in Greek Church, XI. Monghyr, district, India, XVI. 739; 579town, XVI. 740. 159; St Jerome’s defence of, XIII. 630. , Earl of (Charles Mordaunt), xvm. Mongolia, country, Asia, 11. 686; xvi. Monastic Libraries, xiv. 513. 700. 749; in time of Marco Polo, xix. Monastic Vestments, vi. 463. MONNIER, Maria Theresede, Mirabeau’s 404. Monastic Vow, xxiv. 301. correspondent Sophie, XVI. 493. Mongolian Language, xvi. 749; Mon astir, town, Roumelia, Turkey, Monochord, musical instrument, xix. xxiv. 1. xvi. 719; 1. 448; plain, xv. 136. 65. Mongoloid Type, of man, 11. 113. , town, Tunis, XXIII. 620. Monocotyledonous Plants, iv. 92. Monaxona, order of sponges, xxn. Mongols, Asiatic people, xvi. 740; 11. Monocotyledons, subclass of plants, 696; XXIII. 70; affinities of, with the 423xxiv. 131. Turks, xxiii. 658; resemblances to Monaxonida, tribe of sponges, xxn. Monocystis Agilis, species of Protoancient Mexicans, xvi. 207; conquests 421. zoa, xix. 853. of, XIII. 620; religion of, XX. 363; Monazite, mineral, xvi. 403. in Western Asia, XVI. 588; in China, Monodelphia, subclass of Mammalia, Monboddo, Lord, Scottish judge and xv. 372, 383. v. 646; in mediaeval Europe, v. 132, philosopher, XVI. 719; on evolution, Monodon, genus of cetacean mammals, 627; invasion of Europe by (1683), VIII. 760. xv. 398; xvil 235. xix. 296; invasion of Japan by, xm. Monbuttu, mountains, Soudan, Africa, Monogenea, division of trematode 583; in Russia, XXL 79, 90; their xxii. 277. worms, xxili. 539. overthrow of the Seljuks, XXL 637; in Moncada, Francisco de, Spanish hisMonogenist Theory, of origin of Siberia, xxn. 8. torian, xxii. 359. races, 11. 114. MONCAYO, Sierra de, Spain, XXIV. 769. Mongoos, or Mungoos, carnivorous Monolith, prehistoric stone monumammal, XII. 629; xv. 436. Monchen-Gladbach, town, Prussia, ment, 11. 383; xxi. 51. Mongrel, or Hybrid, xn. 422. x. 631. MONOLOGION, of Anselm, II. 92. Monchgut, district, Riigen, Prussia, Monica, mother of St Augustine, m. Monomakh, Vladimir, prince of Kieff, 75xxi. 56. Russia, XXL 89. Monchsberg, mountain, Austria, xxi. Monies, Abbreviations for, 1. 29. Monism, in philosophy, xxiii. 234; Monomya, order of Mollusca, xvi. 239685. Stoic doctrine, xxii. 563. MONCRIEFF, Alexander, Scottish SecedMonita Secreta, of the Jesuits, xm. Monopeltis, genus of lacertihan er, xxiii. 728. reptiles, xx. 451. 650. Gun, ii. 557; carriage for, ix. 451; Monophysitism, in ancient church, MONITEUR, Paris newspaper, xvil. 424. xi. 312.

M O N —M 0 N

297 VIII. 724; XI. 155; xm. 538, 671; Montalembert, Charles Forbes de, Montem, procession, at Eton, England, xiii. 796; Theodoret’s, xxm. 256. French historian, xvi. 771; ix. 674; viii. 632. Monopoli, town, Italy, xvi. 757. xiv. 239, 240; xvii. 426; his opposi- Montemayor, Jorge de, Spanish Monopoly, Monopolies, xvi. 757; in tion to papal infallibility, xvn. 754. pastoral poet, xviii. 346; xxn. 357. finance, ix. 179; in patents, xvin. Montalet, Pic de, mountain, France, Montenegro, country, Europe, xvi. 354; evils of, in trade, II. 213. xxiii. 65. 779; Greek Church of, XL 158; literaValues, in economics, xxiv. 48. Montalvan, Juan Perez de, Spanish ture of, XXL 691. MonopyE/EA, order of Protozoa, xix. dramatist, xvi. 772; vn. 421. Monteran, Pierre de, Parisian archi850. Montalvo, Garci Ordonez de, Spanish tect, xviil. 288. MONOSPOREA, order of Protozoa, XIX. romancist, xxn. 355; xx. 655. Montereau-faut-Yonne, town, 854. Montana, Territory, U.S.A., xvi. 772; France, xxi. 625. Monostearin, in chemistry, x. 697. mines, xxiii. 815, 816. Monostomidas, family of trematode Montana Dota, mountain range, Monteregio, Joh. de (Regiomontanus), German astronomer, xx. 341. worms, XXiii. 539. Central America, vi. 449. Monterey, town, California, U.S.A., Monotheism, xxiii. 235. Montanes, Spanish sculptor, xxi. 567. xvi. 781. Monothelites, Christian sect, xvi. Montanism, in early church, xvi. 774; , town, Mexico, xvi. 782, 214. 758; xiii. 671; xx. 783; condemnation v. 701; under Justinian, xm. 796. Monte San Giuliano, town, Sicily, of, by Pope Martin I., xv. 582; St Montanite, mineral, xvi. 403. xvi. 782. Maximus’s opposition to, xv. 646. Montanus, founder of Montanism, Monte Sant’ Angelo, town, Italy, Monotremata, order of Mammalia, xvi. 775. xvi. 782. VII. 628; XV. 377. (Giovanni de Monte), Italian Montespan, Madame de, mistress of MonotropEjE, parasitic plants, xvin. physician, xv. 808, 809. Louis XIV. of France, ix. 578; xv. 264. Montargis, town, France, xvi. 777. 3°4Monradite, mineral, xvi. 414. Montasir, caliph, xvi. 585. Montesquieu, C. L.de Secondat, Baron Monreale, town, Sicily, xvi. 758. Montataire, town, France, xvn. 749. de, French writer, xvi. 782; ix. 667; Monro, Alexander, Scottish surgeon, Montauban, town, France, xvi. 778. his economic teaching, xix. 359; inI. 814; xxii. 676. Montbeillard, Guenau de, on birds, fluence of his writings, ix. 592. Monroe, town, Michigan, U.S.A., xviii. 6. Monteverde, Claudio, Italian musical xvi. 761. Montb£liard, town, France, xvi. 778. composer, xvi. 785; xvn. 86. * > James, president ofMontcalm, the United Marquis of, French general, Montevideo, town, Uruguay, South States, xvi. 760. xx. 167; xxiii. 735; xxiv. 630. America, xvi. 786. Doctrine, in United States Montcorbier, De (Francis Villon), Montezuma, emperor of ancient politics, xiii. 192; xvi. 761; xxiii. French poet and adventurer, xxiv. Mexico, vi. 441; xvi. 209. 762. 232. Monrovia, town, Liberia, West Africa, Mont de Piete, national pawnbroking Montfaucon, Bernard de, French critic and scholar, xvi. 787. xiv. 508; 1. 269. office, Pans, xvin. 283. Montferrat, or Monferrato, Italian Mons, town, Belgium, xvi. 761. town, France, marquisate, xvi. 738. Monscia (Monza), town, Italy, xvi. 798. Mont-Dore-les-Bains, xvi. 779; xx. 120; mineral water of, Montfort, Simon de, crusader, xvi. Mons Meg, cannon, at Edinburgh, 11. xvi. 435. 787; ix. 541; xx. 322. 557Monte, Gian Maria del (Pope Julius , Simon de, political leader, xvi. Monsoons, periodical winds, xvi. 148; HI.), xiii. 772. 787; viii. 310; xi. 658; xviil 304. II. 690; xii. 821. Montebello, Italy, Battle of (1859), Montgolfier, Stephen and Joseph, Mons Sacer, near Rome, xx. 736. in. 138. discoverers of the balloon, 1. 187. Monster, xvi. 762; xv. 779. , Jean Lannes, Due de, French Montgomerie, Alexander, early ScotMonstrelet, Enguerrand de, French marshal, xiv. 289. tish poet, xvi. 790; xxi. 542. chronicler, xvi. 766. Monte Carlo, suburb of Monaco, xvi. , Archibald William, earl of Montagnards, party of the French 717Eglinton, vn. 699. Revolution, ix. 602. Monte Casino, or Cassino, Abbey of, Montgomery, county, Wales, xvi. 788; Montagne N 01 re, mountain, Cevennes, Italy, xvi. 778; I. n; ill. 557; xxm. representation, xxin. 727; town, xvi. France, xxm. 65. 832; library, xiv. 513, 531. 789. Montagnes Noires, mountains, Monte Christo, Dumas’s romance, , district, India, xvi. 789; xx. 109; Morbihan, France, xvi. 813. vie 522. town, xvi. 789. Montagu, Edward, first earl of Montecorvino, John, archbishop of , town, Alabama, U.S.A., xvi. 790. Sandwich, xxi. 261. Peking, v. 628; xvi. 742. , Alexander, Scottish poet, XVI. 790; , George, his ornithological diction- Monte Cristo, island, Italy, xm. 440. XXL 542. ary, xviii. 15, 17. Montecuculi, Raimondo, count of, , Arnulph de, Welsh chief, xviil , John, fourth earl of Sandwich, Austrian general, xvi. 778. 482. XXL 261. Montefeltro, Federigo da, count of , James, English poet, xvi. 790; • , Lady Mary Wortley,Urbino, English xxiv. 9. hymns by, xil. 595. writer, xvi. 767. , Guidubaldo, count of Urbino, , Richard, American revolutionary Montague, Charles, earl of Halifax, xxiv. 9. general, xxm. 790. 385; Xix. 743; his friendship Montego Bay, Jamaica, xm. 549. , Robert, English poet, xvi. 790. for Newton, xvn. 445. Monteleone of Apulia, town, Italy, , Roger de, earl of Shrewsbury, Montaigne, Michel de, French essayist, XVI. 779. XXL 845. xvi. 767; ix. 654; on education, vn. of Calabria, town, Italy, xvi. Month, of the calendar, iv. 665; 11. 674; on scepticism, xxi. 382; his 779800; xxiv. 791; sidereal, 11. 774, relations with Charron, v. 431. MontLlimar, town, France, xvi. 779. 800. XXV. — 38

298

m 0 n —m o r

Montserrat, island, W est Indies, Mooring Anchors, ii. 8. Moor Park, Hertfordshire, England, xvi. 797. XL 772. , mountain, Spain, XVI. 797; monaMOORS, race of people, Africa, I. 261; stery on, xvi. 797. xvi. 834; in Spain, xxn. 309, 327 MONTSOURIS, Paris, Observatory at, 330; expulsion of, from Spain, ix. xvii. 712. 82. Montucla, Jean Etienne, French mathematician, XVI. 798; on Theodosius’s Moorshedabad, or Murshidabad, district and town, India, xvii. 63. spherics, xxm. 260. Monumental Effigies and Brasses, Moorsom System, of tonnage, xxm. 442. vie 694. MOORUK, bird, v. 186. Monuments, Rude stone, xxi. 50. MONUMENTUM ANCYRANUM, inscrip- Moose, deer, vn. 24. Moosehead, Lake, Maine, U.S.A., xv. tion at Angora, II. 45; XIII. 133. 298. Mon-Yul, district, Tibet, XXili. 341. MOOSEHILLOCK, or Moosilauke, mounMonza, town, Italy, xvi. 798; cathedral tain, Appalachians, U.S.A., xxiii. 792. of, xxiii. 194. Monzon, Spain, Treaty of (1626), IX. MOOSSEEDORF, lake-dwelling, Bern, Switzerland, XIV. 223. 568. Moot, early English council, xvin. 302. MOOLA, river, Baluchistan, HI. 302. Mooltan, or Multan, district, India, Moots, law exercises, xm. 88. Moph (Memphis), town of Scripture, xvii. 19; town, xvii. 20. xv. 847. Moon, The, xvi. 798; 11. 774; elements of, 11. 782; influence of, on atmo- Moplas, race, India, XII. 746; xv. 185. spheric pressure, xvi. 124; calendar Moquegua, town, Peru, xviii. 674. regulated by, IV. 668; longitude found Moquette Carpets, v. 130. from culminations of, XXIII. 3955 MOQUIS, American-Indian tribe, XII. 833Greek legends of, XL 680; libration of, Mayer’s observations on, xv. 649; MORA, mountain, New Mexico, U.S.A., XVII. 399. light from, XVIII. 842; influence on —, Albert de (Pope Gregory VIIL), terrestrial magnetism, xvi. 178; xvi. 791; ix. 557. XL 178. marine observations by means of, xvii. Boutteville, Due de LuxemMoradabad, or Muradabad, district 269, 272; motion of, XL 74; myths bourg, French general, XV. 86. and town, India, xvii. 33. of, xvii. 157; nutation of, xvn. 260; Montmorillonite, mineral, xvi. 424. parallax of, xvni. 252; phases of, 11. Moraines, glacier debris, x. 281, 627. Montmorot, Salt mines of, France, 797; evolution of, in relation to tides, Moraleda Channel, Patagonia, xviii. XIV. 868. 352. xxiii. 378; influence of, on tides, Montolieu, Frederic, explorer of OriMoralia, Plutarch’s, XIX. 233. xxiii. 353, 354, 356, 365* 368; zodinoco, South America, xvn. 844. Magna (Great Ethics), Aristotle’s, acal light of, XXIV. 797; Kant’s disMontoro, town, Spain, xvi. 792. 11. 513. cussions on, xiii. 847; Ptolemy’s Montpelier, town, Vermont, U.S.A., Moralities, or Moral Plays, vn. 413, observations on, XX. 90. xvi. 792. 415; English, VIII. 416; early French, , New, Jewish festival, XXL 125. Montpellier, town, France, xvi. 792; IX. 645. academy of sciences, 1. 71; medical Moon-Dial, vii. 154. Morality, as affected by the RenaisMOONGA, silkworm, XXII. 60. school, xv. 807; university, xxm. sance, xx. 387. Moonstone, mineral, xvi. 419. 838. Moral Philosophy, or Ethics (q.v.), MOOR, Captain W., Arctic explorer, XIX. Montpensier, Duchesse de, French vm. 574318. princess, XVI. 792. Morals, Science of, see Ethics; mtiuMoor-Buzzard, bird, xi. 491. Montreal, town, Canada, xvi. 793; ence of Christianity on, V. 697. XXL 181; climate of, IV. 771; Victoria MOORCROFT, William, English traveller, Moral Sense, or Conscience (q.v.), vin. xvi. 803. Bridge at, IV. 339; university, xxm. 600; Hutcheson on, XII. 409. MOORE, Edward, English dramatist, 856. Moral Sentiments, Theory of, Adam xvi. 803. , Island of, Canada, xvi. 795; xx. Smith’s work, XXII. 169; VIII. 602. , Francis, his almanac, I. 591. 165. Moral Theology, or Theological , Sir John, British general, xvi. 804; d’Abarno, organizer of condotEthics, xxiii. 275; Rothe on, xxi. 2; his campaign in Spain, xvii. 214; tieri, VI. 256. xxiii. 269. Wolfe’s Lines on the Burial of, xxiv. Montreau-LES-Mines, town, France, Moral Theology, Liguori’s work, xiv. 630. xxi. 302. 634. , John, Scottish traveller and novelMontreuil, town, France, xvni. 340; Morant Bay Insurrection, Jamaica, ist, XVI. 803. xxi. 624. xiii. 551. , Sir Jonas, his contributions to Montreux, town, Switzerland, XXIV. Morar, Loch, Scotland, xiv. 217. navigation, xvii. 256. 11 5* Morat, Switzerland, Battle of (i47w> , Thomas, Irish poet, XVI. 805. Montrose, town, Scotland, xvi. 795. v. 425; ix. 764; xxii. 787. Moorfields, London, xiv. 848. , First Marquis of, xvi. 795; xxi. Lake of, Switzerland, XIV. 220; Moor-Fowl, or Grouse, bird, XL 222. 5i3XVII. 361; XXII. 777. Moor-Hen, or Water-Hen, bird, XVI Montrouge, Hill of, Pans, xviii. 274. Moratcha, river, Montenegro, XVI. 808. Mont St Michel, islet, French coast, 780. Mooring, of ships, xxi. 597. xvi. 796.

Monthelon, Sainte de (Madame de Cliantal), French religieuse, ix. 696. Monthly Reviews and Magazines, xviii. 536, 537. Monti, Vincenzo, Italian writer, xm. 5I4Monticellite, mineral, xvi. 410. Monticola, genus of birds, xxm. 322. Montiel, Spain, Battle of (1369), xvm. 451. Montilla, town, Spain, xvi. 790; wine of, xxiv. 607. Montleheri, France, Battle of (1465)) ix. 552. MONTLUC, Blaise de Lasseran-Massencome, Seigneur de, French governor and writer, xvi. 791; ix. 653. Monteu^ON, town, France, xvi. 791. Montmartre, Heights of, Paris, xvm. 274. Montmirail, France, Battle of (1814), XVII. 221. MONTMOR, Louis de, Tomb of, in Perpignan, France, xvm. 556. Montmorency, river, Canada, xx. 165; falls, xxi. 181. , distinguished French family, xvi. 791 , -Anne, Due de, constable of France,

M 0 R—M 0 R Moratin, Leandro Fernandez de, Spanish dramatist and poet, xvi. 809; xxii. 361. , Nicolas Fernandez de, Spanish poet, xvi. 809. Morava, river, Moravia, xvi. 810. , river, Servia, xxi. 686. Moravia, crownland, Austria-Hungary, xvi. 810. Moravian Brethren, society of Christians, xvi. 811; xxiv. 789; their missions, xvi. 516; Spangenherg’s connexion with, xxii. 368; Zinzendorfs, XXIV. 789. Moravians, Slavonic people of Europe, xxii. 145; Episcopal Church of the, viii. 491. Moray, or Murray, Earl of, regent of Scotland, xvn. 62; xxi. 503. Morayshire, or Elgin, county, Scotland, viii. 129. Morbegno, town, Italy, xxiv. 45. Morbhanj (Keunjhar), state, India, XIV. 54. Morbid Anatomy, Study of, xv. 816. Morbihan, department, France, xvi. 812. Morchella, genus of Fungi, xvn. 76. Mordants, in dyeing, vn. 573; in calico printing, IV. 686. Mordaunt, Charles, earl of Peterborough, xviii. 700. Mordecai, of Scripture, viii. 560. Mordva, or Mordvinians, race, Russia, xvi. 813. Mordvine Languages, Dictionaries of, vii. 188. Mordvinians, Ural-Altaic people, Russia, xvi. 813, 45. More, Ben, mountain, Perthshire, Scotland, xviii. 666. , Sir Anthony, Dutch painter, xvi. 830. , Hannah, English writer, XVI. 814. , Henry, English philosopher, xvi. 814; xvii. 134; his ethical teaching, viii. 597. , Margaret, daughter of Sir Thomas More, xvi. 819. , Sir Thomas, lord chancellor of England, xvi. 815; his execution, vm. 335; XI. 664; on communism, VI. 212; as an English scholar, vm. 414, 416; his hatred of Lutheranism, VIII. 374. Morea, peninsula, Greece, xi. 81. Moreau, Hegesippe, French poet, xvi. 819. , Jean Victor, French general, xvi. 820; in. 130; his rivalry with Napoleon, xvii. 202, 204; his death, xvii. 220. Moreh Hannebokim, of Maimonides, xv. 296. Morel, edible fungus, xvii. 76. (Eustache Deschamps), French poet, vii. 128. Morelia, town, Mexico, xvi. 820, 214.

Morellet, Andre, French political economist, xvi. 821. Morelos, state, Mexico, xvi. 214. , Jose Maria, Mexican leader, XVI. 219. Morena, fish, XVII. 34. , Sierra, Spain, xxii. 294. Moreno, Gabriel, Peruvian botanist, xviii. 675. Morenosite, mineral, xvi. 401. Moreri, Louis, his Grand Dictionnaire Historique, vm. 194. Moresby Island, British Columbia, xx. 170. Moresque, in decoration, 11. 234. Moreto, Augustin, Spanish dramatist, xvi. 821; vii. 422; xxii. 359. Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia, xx. 171. Moretto, II (Alessandro Bonvicino), Italian painter, xxi. 436. Moretus, Flemish printer, XIX. 177. Morgagni, Giovanni Battista, Italian anatomist, XVI. 821; 1. 813; XV. 813. Morgan, Edwin D., American politician, xxiii. 790. , Henry, buccaneer, IV. 409. , Sydney Owenson, Lady, English novelist and critic, XVI. 823. , Thomas, on deism, vii. 35. , Mount, gold-mines, Queensland, xx. 173. Morgana, Legend of, v. 325. Morganatic Marriage, xv. 569. Morgan Loan, of France, xvii. 244. Morgarten, Switzerland, Battles of (1315, 1798), xxii. 783, 793. MORGES, lake-dwelling, Geneva, XIV. 223. Morghen, Raffaello Sanzio, Italian engraver, xvi. 824. Morgues, deadhouses, v. 331. Morhof, Daniel Georg, German writer, xvi. 824. Moriah, Mount, Jerusalem, xvi. 824. MORlCONi, Pietro, archbishop, and Pisan admiral, XIX. 119. Morier, James, English traveller and Oriental writer, xvi. 824. MORILLON, bird, xvi. 824. Morimo, divinity of the Bechuanas, III. 478. Morimond, France, Abbey of, v. 793. Morin, or Morinus, Jean, French Catholic theologian, xvi. 824. Morioris, tribe, Chatham Islands, Pacific, v. 444. MORISCOES, or Moors, in Spain, XXll. 326, 330. Morison, Robert, his classification of plants, iv. 79. Morisonians, Scottish religious sect, viii. 726. Mork, Jakob Henrik, Swedish novelist, xxii. 756. More, Maria von, Stigmata of, xxii. 55°.

299 Morlachs, Vlach people, Dalmatia, xxiv. 270. Morlaix, town, France, xvi. 825. Morland, George, English painter, xvi. 825. , Samuel, on plant reproduction, IV. 82. Mormaer, ancient Scottish title, xv. 524Mormons, religious sect, xvi. 825; Mormonism, xvi. 828 ; XXL 235 ; xxiv. 21. Mormops, genus of bats, xv. 414. Mornay, Philippe de, French Protestant writer, xvi. 628. Morning Advertiser, London newspaper, xvii. 419. Morning Chronicle, London newspaper, xvii. 417. Morning Post, London newspaper, xvii. 417. Morny, Due de, French politician, xvi. 829. MORO, Attoni, Dutch painter, xvi. 830; xxi. 439. MOROCCO, country, North Africa, xvi. 830; 1. 265; Jews in, xm. 687; weights and measures of, xxiv. 490. , town, North Africa, XVI. 835. Leather, xiv. 388. Morocochite, mineral, xvi. 394. MORON, or Moron de la Frontera, town, Spain, xvi. 836; xxi. 708. Morone, Pietro di (Pope Celestine V.), V. 291. Moroni, Giambattista, Italian painter, xvi. 836; xxi. 436. MOROSINI, Venetian noble family, xvi. 836. , Francesco, doge of Venice and admiral, XVI. 837; XI. 121; XIII. 484; xxiv. 147. Morotai, island, Indian Archipelago, xiii. 692. Morpeth, town, England, xvi. 837. , Lord (seventh earl of Carlisle), English statesman, v. no. Morpheus, in Latin mythology, xvi. 837Morphia, narcotic drug, xvii. 231, 792. Morphography, in zoology, xxiv. 803. Morphology, science of organic form, xvi. 837; in. 681; XX. 420; in relation to evolution, VIII. 750; to physiology, xix. 8; of Protozoa, xix. 832; of Schizomycetes, xxi. 401. Morphy, Paul, American chess-player, v. 602. Morrice-Dance, xvi. 846. Morrin College, Quebec, Canada, xx. 169. Morris, Robert, American statesman, xvi. 846. William, English artistic designer, xxiii. 213.

300

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MORRISANIA, suburb of New York, Morvan, district, France, xvii. 496. Morveau, Baron Guyton de, French xvn. 458. chemist, XI. 343; V. 466. Morris-Dance, xvi. 846. Morrison, John, paraphrases and Morvenite, mineral, xvi. 423. Morzuk, or Murzuk, oasis and town, hymns by, XII. 593. Sahara, Africa, xvn. 695; xxi. 150. , Robert, missionary to China, XVI. Mosaic, tesselated work, xvi. 849; xm. 846. 81; ancient, II. 367; in Monreale , Mount, Formosa, IX. 415. cathedral, XVI. 759; in Ravennese Observatory, Glasgow, Missouri, churches, xx. 296. U.S.A., xvii. 715. Law, Philo’s exposition of the, Morristown, town, New Jersey, xviii. 763. U.S.A., xvi. 847. Morrone, Monte, Italy, Monastery of, Mosaism, religion of Israel, XIII. 399; xx. 361. xxii. 634. Mosambique Subregion, of birds, m. Morse, walrus, xv. 443; xxiv. 337. , Samuel Finley Breese, American 759inventor, xvi. 847; his contributions Mosandrite, mineral, xvi. 426. Mosandrium, Spectrum of, xxil 377. to telegraphy, xxm. 113, 119. Morshansk, town, Russia, xvi. 848; Mosasaurus, genus of fossil reptiles, 1. 679; xx. 445. xxiii. 41. Morsztyn, Count Andrew, Polish Moscha (Muscat), ancient town, Arabia, xvii. 64. courtier and poet, XIX. 290, 302. Mortality, in hospitals, xn. 302; by Moscheles, Ignaz, Austrian pianist, xvi. 855. suicide, xxii. 629; tables of, for insurance purposes, xm. 169. See also Moscherosch, Johann Michael, German satirist, X. 531. Longevity. Moschopolis, ■ , Bills of, xxii. 462.town, Epirus, xxiv. 270. Mortar, of lime, xiv. 647; making of, Moschus, genus of deer, xv. 430, 432; iv. 460; Roman, xx. 808, 809. xvii. 107. , gun, XL 306. of Syracuse, Greek poet, xvi. Mortarium, Roman dish, xix. 619. 855. Morte d’Arthur, romance, xx. 642; Moscow, government, Russia, XVI. 855; Malory’s, X. 173; XV. 337. xxi. 69. Morteira, Saul Levi, Dutch rabbi, , town, Russia, xvi. 856; XXL 70; xxil. 400. founding of, XXL 90; burning of Mortgage, in law, xvi. 848; xxiii. (1812), ix. 616; xvil. 217; great bell 596; on land, Xiv. 265, 270; in Roman law, xx. 690; Welsh, iv. 254. of, in. 539; libraries, xiv. 533, 549; newspapers, xvil 430; observatory, Mortification, or Gangrene, xvi. 849; xvil 714; university, xxni. 852. treatment of, xxn. 683. Mortimer, John, on the Art of Hus- Moselekatze, Zulu chief, Transvaal, xxiil. 518; xxiv. 828. bandry, 1. 299. , Roger, earl of March, vm. 320, Moselle, river, Rhenish Prussia, xx. 20; in France, xx. 519. 327Wines, xxiv. 611. , Roger, courtier of Edward II.’s Moser, Johan Jakob, German jurist, and III.’s reigns, VII. 683. Mortlake, Surrey, England, Tapestry xvi. 860. , Mary, Swiss artist, xiv. 16. manufacture at, xxiii. 213. Mortmain, Statutes of, xvi. 849; v. MOSER, Justus, German historian and economist, x. 535; xviii. 56; xix. 401; viii. 373; xxiii. 596; as applied to corporations, VI. 433. 364Morto da Feltre, Italian painter, ix. Moses, of Scripture, xvi. 860; xm. 397; as prophet, XIX. 816. 69. Morton, Fourth Earl of, regent of , Apocalypse of, 11. 177. See also 11. Scotland, xvi. 849; xm. 558; xxi. 176. , Assumption of, apocalyptic book, 506. II. 177. , Oliver P., American politician, -—— of Aggel, Syriac writer, XXIL 836. xxiii. 790. of Chorene, historian, ■ , Samuel George, onArmenian the American xvi. 861; 11. 550, 551. races, I. 686. bar Kepha, Syriac writer, xxil Moru, temple, at Lhasa, Tibet, xiv. 846. 499Morula, in animal development, II. 51; Moses’s Principia, Hutchinson’s work, xii. 411. VIII. 746. Mosheh, rabbi, Talmudist, xxm. 39. MORUS, genus of trees, XVII. 13. , rabbi of Leon, Kabbalistic writer, , Alexander, Milton’s answer to, xvi. 286. XVI. 333.

Mosheim, Johann Lorenz von, German church historian, xvi. 863; v. 765. MOSKEN, island, Norway, xiv. 769; xxiv. 542. Mosken.es, island, Norway, xiv. 769; xxiv. 542. Moskenstrom, tidal current, Norway, xxiv. 542. Moskowa, Prince de la (Marshal Ney), French general, xvii. 472. Moslem Religion, or Mohammedanism (q-v.), xvi. 545. Moslim, Abu, Abbasid general, xvi. 576, 578. ben Okba, Moslem general, xvi. 568. Mosos, Tibetan tribe, xxiil 344. MOSQUE, Mohammedan place of worship, xvi. 863; architecture of, 11.446; mural decorations in, xvii. 35; mosques at Baghdad, ill. 232; at Bijapur, India, III. 669; at Constantinople, VI. 305; the Great, at Damascus, VI. 791; at Herat, XL 714; at Kairwan, Tunis, XIII. 824; the Great, at Mecca, xv. 672, 674; of Mohammed, at Medina, xv. 819. Mosquito, insect, xvi. 866; x. 700; xiii. 150; as a propagator of disease, xviii. 271. Reserve (or Coast), Nicaragua, xvil 479. Mosrif, Moslem general, xvi. 568. Moss-Agate, mineral, 1. 278; xvi. 389Moss amedes, government, West Africa, ill. 572. Mossbunker, fish, XVI. 10. Mosses, group of plants, xvi. 70; xxiv. 128; reproduction in, iv. 161; XX. 423; herbarium for, XL 718. MOSSLEY, town, England, xvi. 867. MOSSO, his observations on sleep, xxil. 155Mostadi bi-amr-illah, caliph, xvi. 588. Mostain billah, caliph, xvi. 585. Mostakfi billah, caliph, xvi. 587. Mostanjid billah, caliph, xvi. 588. Mostansir billah, caliph, xvi. 588. MOSTAR, town, Herzegovina, xvi. 867. Mostarshid billah, caliph, xvi. 588. Mostasim billah, caliph, xvi. 588. Mostazhir billah, caliph, xvi. 588. Mosul, town, Mesopotamia, xvi. 868. Motacilla, genus of birds, xiv. 82; xvil 499; xvill. 53; xxiv. 316, 366. Motadid billah, caliph, xvi. 586. Motagua, river, Guatemala, XL 239. Motamid ala llah, caliph, xvi. 586. Motanabbi, Arabic poet, xvil 1; xvi. 595MOTANE, island, Marquesas, Pacific, XV. 564. Motasim billah, caliph, xvi. 584. Motawakkil, caliph, xvi. 585. , Moorish leader, in Spain, XXII3i7-

M O T—M U D 301 Motazilites, Moslem sect, xvi. 576, Moulds, for castings, ix. 480. Mowatta, book of Moslem traditions, 592. Moule, Henry, his Manure for the XVI. 594. Motazz billah, caliph, xvi. 586. Million, I. 349. Motenebbi, or Motanabbi, Arabic poet, Moulin, Peter du, French Presbyterian Mowing Machine, agricultural implement, 1. 323. xvii. 1; xvi. 595. divine, xvi. 333. Mow Runipore (Mau Ranipur), town, Motet, in music, xvn. 82. Moulins, in glaciers, x. 627. India, xv. 636. Moteuczoma (Montezuma), king of , town, France, xvii. 4. Moxuene, ancient district, Asia, xiv ancient Mexico, Vi. 441; xvi. 209. Moulmein (Maulmain), town, British 159. Mothe, Marquis de la, French diploBurmah, xv. 635. Moy, river, Ireland, xv. 650; xxii. matist, ix. 72. Moulsey, East, town, England, xxii I 59Mother Carey’s Chickens, birds, 694. Moy’s Aerial Steamer, ix. 323. xviii. 712. Moult, of birds, m. 775. Mother Hubbard’s Tale, Spenser’s Moultrie, John, poet pastor of Rugby, Moyune, green tea, China, v. 635. Mozabites, people of Algeria, 1. 564. poem, xxii. 395. xxi. 56. Mother-of-Pearl, shell, xvii. 1 ; Mounds, Animal, of Wisconsin, xxiv Mozambique, province and island, East Africa, xvii. 7; 1. 270; languages fishery, xvm. 447. 618. of, xxiv. 828; opium cultivation of, Motherwell, town, Scotland, xvn. and Mound-Builders, of North XVII. 792. 2. America, in. 399. Mozarab, name applied to Christian , William, Scottish poet, xvii. 2. Mountain, The, French Revolutionist communities in Arab Spain, xvii. 8. Moths, insects, iv. 592; xm. 151; silkparty, ix. 602. Mozarabic Breviary, Hymns of the, worm moths, xxii. 57. Artillery, ii. 662. xii. 582. Mo Ti, Chinese philosopher, xvi. 4. Leather, mineral, xvi. 418. Mozart, Leopold, German violinist, Moti lillah, caliph, xvi. 587. Paper, mineral, xvi. 418. xvii. 8. Moti Masjid, mosque, Agra, India, 1. Ranges, Elie de Beaumont’s , Wolfgang Amadeus, German com286. theory of, vm. 134. poser, xvii. 8; as symphonist, xvii. Motion, in applied mechanics, xv. 752; Mountains, xvii. 4; x. 370; arrange96; dementi’s contest with, v. 824. in relation to energy, vm. 207; laws ment of, in ranges, 1. 623. of, xv. 701, 715, 746; science of Mounted Infantry, Tactical manage- Mozdok, town, Russian Caucasia, xvii. 11; xxiii. 186. matter in, xv. 676; Trendelenburg’s ment of, xxiv. 358. philosophical theory of, XXIII. 543: Mountjoy, Lord, lord lieutenant of Mozley, James Bowling, English theologian, xvii. 12. Zeno’s theory, xxiv. 778. Ireland, xm. 265. Mozuffernugger, district and town. , Animal, ix. 308. Mountmellick, town, Ireland, xx. India, xvii. 114. , Perpetual, xviii. 553. 171. Mozufferpore, district and town, Motley, John Lothrop, American Mountrath, town, Ireland, xx. 171. India, xvii. 114. historian, xvn. 2; 1. 724. Mount Vernon, town, Ohio, U.S.A., Mozyr, town, Russia, xvi. 479. Motmot, bird, xvii. 3. xvii. 4. Motor Machine, Electric, xxiii. 496, Mount Vernon, Virginia, U.S.A., Mrs Caudle’s Curtain Lectures, Jerrold’s work, xm. 633. 508. Washington's residence, xxiv. 388. Mrs Veal, Defoe’s book, vn. 28, 468. Motors, people, Russia, xxi. 251. Mourillon, arsenal, Toulon, France, Mstino, lake, Russia, xxiii. 672. Motril, town, Spain, xvii. 4. xxiii. 484. Mott, Valentine, American surgeon, Mourne Mountains, Ireland, vn. Mtesa, king of Uganda, Africa, xxiii. 718. XVII. 4. 382. Mtsensk, town, Russia, xvii. 12, 826. Mottaki lillah, caliph, xvi. 587. Mourrous, mountain, France, xx. Mtzhet, town, Transcaucasia, Russia, Motte, La, mountain, Utah, U.S.A., 126. xxiii. 514. xxiv. 19. Mourzuk, or Murzuk, town, Fezzan, Muanda, town, Loango, Africa, xiv. Motte-Fouqu4 Baron de la, German Africa, ix. 130; xxiii. 575. 743writer, ix. 486. Mouse, rodent mammal, xvu. 5; xv. Muawwiyah, or Moawiya, Arab Motteux, Peter, English journalist, 419; red field, xxiv. 277. governor of Syria, li. 258; xvi. 563, xviii. 537. , Jumping, of Labrador, xm. 564. Motteville, Madame de, French 626. Muqa b. Nosair, Moslem general, xvi. courtier and authoress, xvii. 4; ix Mouse-Bird, xvii. 6. 572. 660. Moustiers, Basses-Alpes, France, Much Ado About Nothing, ShakeMotto, in heraldry, xi. 710. Pottery ware of, xix. 630. speare’s play, xxi. 764. Mottramite, mineral, xvi. 406. Moutan PjEony, plant, xviii. 132. Much Wenlock, town, England, Motya, ancient stronghold, Sicily, xv Mouth, Anatomy of the, 1. 837; vn. xxiv. 501. 57i. 221; of fishes, xil. 636, 654; of mam- Mucilage, viscid substance, xvii. 12; Motyca (Modica), ancient town, Sicily, mals, xv. 361. xi. 276. xvi. 542. Moutiers, town, Savoie, France, xxi. Muckross Abbey, Kerry, Ireland, xiv. Mouchy, Marechal de (Philippe de 332. 52, 76. Noailles), French general, xvii. 523. Mouton (Jean of Lorraine), musician, Mucorini, suborder of Fungi, ix. Moufflon, kind of sheep, xxi. 784’ xvii. 85. 830. xxiii. 635. Movable Property, in Roman law, Mucous Glands, of the mouth, vn. Moukden, town, Manchuria, v. 641 • xx - 673; in Scots law, xviii. 665; 222. xv. 466. ’ personal estate, xviii. 664. Moulding, in architecture, 11. 467* in Movers, Franz Karl, German Orient- Mucous Membrane, i. 847; xvii. 668; catarrhal diseases of, xviii. 378. joinery, iv. 487; Greek, n. 408; alist, xvii. 7; on the Pentateuch, Mucous Sarcoma, disease, xviii. 369. Roman, 11. 418. xviii. 506. Mudar Gum, xi. 339.

302

M

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Mulucha, or Muluya, river, NorthMUDDIMAN, Henry, English news-book MULGE, Assyrian divinity, III. 193. West Africa, xv. 636; xvi. 830, 832. Mulgrave Archipelago, or Eastern writer, xvn. 414. Mumba Mulyaka, Arab apostle, LaccaCarolines, Pacific Ocean, V. 126. Mud-Fish, xii. 688. dives, xiv. 183. MULGRAVE Castle, Yorkshire, EngMud Mite, arachnid, xvi. 528. Mummius, Roman general, XXIL 306. land, xxiv. 749. Mudros, town, Lemnos, Turkey, xiv. MfjLHAUSEN, town, German Alsace, Mummy, xvil 20; embalming of, vm. 436158; Egyptian, vn. 722; IX. 826; XVII. 15. Mudstone, mineral, X. 237. Phoenician, XVIII. 810. Mulheim-am-Rhein, town, Prussia, Mud Volcanoes, x. 250. Figures, on pottery, xix. 603. XVII. 16. Mu feat, Georg, German musician, Wheat, xxiv. 533. Mulheim-an-der-Ruhr, town, Prusxvii. 90. Mumps, disease, xvil 22. sia, xvii. 16. Muffle Furnace, ix. 842. Mun, Thomas, English economist, XIX. MUFFLON, kind of sheep, XXI. 784; Mulita, edentate mammal, xv. 388. 357Mull, island, Scotland, xvn. 16. xxiii. 635. Munby, English idyl-writer, XVlll. Muller, Adam, German economist, of Islam, Mufti, Grand, high-priest 348xix. 388. xxii. 661. Munch, Andreas, Norwegian poet, xvil Ferdinand Baron von, on the plants ? Muga, silkworm, XXII. 60. 591of Australia, Hi. no, in. Mugeto (Mogahid), Saracen leader, xix. —, Peter Andreas, Norwegian hisFriedrich Max, on the science of U9torian, XVII. 592. religion, XX. 359, 365; theory of MUGGLETON, Lodowick, English sectary, Munchausen, Baron, German storymythology, xvn. 137. XVII. 12. teller, xvil 23. j Fritz, on zoological classification, Mughal (Mogul), dynasty in India, xn. Munchausen, Baron, curator of xxiv. 8n. 794; in. 569. Gottingen university, XXlll. 847, 850. , George, Plymouthist, XIX. 239. MUGHALS (Moguls), class of MohamMunchen (Munich, q.v.), capital of , Heinrich, German Pietist, xix. 83. medans, in India, XII. 746. Bavaria, XVIL 24. , Johann (Regiomontanus), German MUGHLA, town, Asia Minor, V. 103. Muncie, town, Indiana, U.S.A., xvil astronomer, XX. 341; II. 751MUGIL, genus of fishes, XVII. 18. 23., n . , Johann von, Swiss historian, XVII. Mug Nuadat, Irish king, xm. 246. MUNDAY, Anthony, English dramatist, 16; xxil 798. Mugojar Hills, Kussia, xxm. 627; XVIL 23. —, Johannes, German physiologist and xxiv. 4. MUNDBRIECH, Cinque Port privilege, naturalist, xvn. 17; XXL 460; xxiv. Muhammad, shah of Khwarizm, xm. v. 787. 808; on birds, XVIII. 28; on fishes, 621. Mundic (Marcasite), mineral, xv. 532; Xii. 634; on reptiles, XX. 437, 440. , shah of Persia, XVIII. 649. xx. 128. Johannes, pharmacist and chemist, ? I., Turkish sultan, XXIII. 641. Mundlah (Mandla), town, India, xv. XVII. 17. II., Turkish sultan, xxm. 642, 476 —, Johann Heinrich Jakob, his ex’ 656. MUNDORF, watering-place, Luxemburg, periments in magnetism, xv. 253. III., Turkish sultan, xxm. 644. XV. 87. —, John, English mathematician, XVII IV., Turkish sultan, XXIII. 645. Mundu, town, Java, xm. 606. 17Muhleck, Barbara von, wife of Kepler, , Karl Otfried, German writer on MUNGIR, district and town, India, XVI. xiv. 45. 739. . ancient Greece, xvn. 17. Muhlenberg, William A., American Mungo, St (Kentigern), Celtic mission, 0. F., German naturalist, xxiv. hymn-writer, XI1. 596. ary, xiv. 40. 806. Muhlhausen, town, Prussia, xvn. 12; , cloth made from rags, XXIV. 661. , P. L. S., on birds, xvin. 7. xxi. 360. MUNGOFA, or Gopher, tortoise, X. , William James, English painter, Muilrea, mountain, Ireland, xv. 650. 780. xvil. 17. Muir, John, Scottish Orientalist, xvn. MUNGOOS, carnivorous mammal, XII. Muller’s Glass, mineral, xvi. 390. 13629; xv. 436. Mullet, fish, xvil 18; grey, xn. 691 Muircertach, Irish king, xm. 254. Muni btsan-po, Tibetan king, xxiii. , in heraldry, XL 703. Mukama, town, India, XVlll. 409. 345MUKHTARI, Persian writer, xvm. 657. Mullingar, town, Ireland, xvil 18; Munich, capital of Bavaria, xvil 24, xxiv. 513. Muksu, river, Western Asia, xvin. academy of sciences, 1. 71; revival of MULLION, in architecture, II. 468. 103. art in, VI. 422; art treasures of, Xiv. Mull of Galloway, Scotland, xxiv. Mula, town, Spain, xvii. 13; mineral 16; libraries, Xiv. 526, 547; observa562. spring of, XVII. 51. tory, xvil 713; Pinakothek picture Mullus, genus of fishes, xvii. 18. Mulahacen, Cerro de, mountain, Spain, gallery, XXL 445; Rubens’s picture m Mulmul, woven fabric, XVIL 109. xxii. 294. gallery, XXL 44; technical school, Mulrea, mountain, Ireland, XIII. 214. Mulair Kotelah (Maler Kotla), state, XXlll. wg; university, XXIII. 848; Mulready, William, Irish painter, India, xv. 332. congress of Old Catholics at (1871)1 XVIL 19. Mulatto, issue of white and Negro XVIL 755. Multan, district, India, xvil 19; town, parents, xvn. 319. Municipal Corporations, vi. 435xvil 20. Mulberry, tree, xvn. 13; xn. 272 Municipal Elections, English law leaves as food for silkworms, xxil. 58. Multiple, in arithmetic, 11. 528. of, VIII. 2. Multiplepoinding, inScots law, xvil MULE, offspring of horse and ass, XVII Municipality, xvil 27; rise of muni20. 13; xii. 175cipalities, iv. 62. Multiple Telegraphy, xxiii. 124. ) spinning machine, for cotton, VI. Multiplication, in algebra, 1.520; in Municipia, Roman, xx. 740, 745496; for wool, xxiv. 659. arithmetic, II. 527; tables, XXill. 8; Muniments, National, of England, Mule-Power, in mechanics, xv. 772. xx. 310. Herwart’s table, XVIL 183. Muley Saw, xxi. 344.

M U N —M U S MUNIPORE (Manipur), state, India, xv. 489. Munku-Sardyk, mountain, Siberia, xxii. 3. Munnargudi, town, India, xxm. 47. Munoth, Castle of, Scliaffhausen, Switzerland, XXL 387. Munster, province, Ireland, xm. 215. , early Irish kingdom, XIII. 245. , Book of, Irish legends, V. 309. Munster, town, Prussia, xvn. 31; congress of (1643), IIL 268; Anabaptist outbreak at, 1. 786. , Sebastian, German Hebraist, geographer, and mathematician, xvn. 31. Muntak, town, Banca, East Indies, in. 308. Muntaner, Ramon, Catalan writer, xxii. 363. Muntasir, Samanid prince and poet, xxi. 242. Muntjak, or Mintjac, deer, xvn. 31; vii. 25; xiii. 602; xv. 432. Muntz Metal, Strength of, xxii. 603. Munzer, Thomas, German Anabaptist, xvii. 32; 1. 786; in. 353; xv. 76; XVII. 12, 134. Munzinger, Werner, Swiss traveller in Africa, XVII. 33. Mur, river, Styria, Austria, xxii. 614. Murad, or Amurath, I., Turkish sultan, 1. 781; xxiii. 641. II., Turkish sultan, 1. 781; XXIII. 641. III., Turkish sultan, 1. 782; xxiii. 644. IV., Turkish sultan, 1. 782; xxm. 645. V., Turkish sultan, xxiii. 652. Muradabad, district and town, India, xvii. 33. MURiENA, fish, XVII. 33. Mural Decoration, xvii. 34; xxiii. 158; on clay, xix. 605; Etruscan paintings, viii. 644; stereochromy, xxn. 54; tiles, xxill. 389. Murano, island, Venice, xvii. 48; glassmaking at, x. 652. Murat, Joachim, French marshal and king of Naples, xvii. 48, 191. Muratori, Ludovico Antonio, Italian scholar, xvii. 49; xm. 512; canon of, v. 8. Muravieff, town, Saghalin, XXL 147. Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey, British geologist, xvn. 50. , river, Western Australia, xxiv. 507. Fall, Nile, Africa, xvii. 505. Murchisonite, mineral, xvi. 419. Murchison Mountains, South Africa, XXIII. 517. Murcia, province, Spain, xvii. 51; xxii. 298; town, xvii. 52. Murder, in law, xvn. 52; cases of, before the Areopagus, 11. 482; ordeal for discovery of, xvii. 819.

Murdock, or Murdoch, William, Scottish inventor, XVII. 53; introducer of gas-lighting, x. 88. Mure, William, historian of Greek literature, xvii. 53. Muret, or Muretus, Marc Antoine, French humanist, xvii. 54; his Latinity, xiv. 342. , France, Battle of (1213), xvm. 450. Murexide, ammonium salt, xxiv. 12. Murfreesboro’, U.S.A., Battle of (1863), xxiii. 778. Murger, Henry, French writer, xvii. 54Murghab, river, Central Asia, 1. 242; xvi. 43; xxiii. 511, 512. , or Murgab, town, Persia, xviii. 558, 567Muriacite, mineral, xvi. 400. Muriatic Acid Gas, as a poison, xix. 279. Murid^e, family of rodent mammals, xv. 418. Murie, Dr, on ornithology, xviii. 39. Murillo, Bartolome Esteban, Spanish painter, xvn. 55; XXL 440. Murillo’s Mulatto (Sebastian Gomez), Spanish painter, xvil 56. Murinze, subfamily of rodent mammals, xvii. 5. Muring, village, Russia, xxi. 194. Muris, Jean de, musician, xix. 65. Murmis, Nepalese race, xvil 341. Murner, Thomas, German satirist, x. 527. Murom, town, Russia, xvii. 57; principality, xxi. 89. Murphy, Anna (Mrs Jameson), English writer, xm. 562. , Arthur, Irish dramatist, xvii. 57. , Dennis Jasper (C. R. Maturin), Irish novelist and dramatist, xv. 635. , J. J., on evolution, vm. 766. , Robert, Irish mathematician, xvil 57Murrain, diseases of domestic animals, xvii. 57; 1. 304. Murray, Earl of, regent of Scotland, xvil 62; xiii. 557; xv. 595; XXL 503, Lord George, Scottish Jacobite, XXL 526. , John, Scottish chemist, xvil 62. , John, American universalist, xxiii. 831. , Lindley, American grammarian, 1. 722. , Sir Robert, founder of Royal Society, xvil 63. , William, first earl of Mansfield, xv. 498. , Mount, Canada, xx. 165. Cod, fish, xvil 62. River, Australia, xvii. 62, 408; in. 107; xxii. 284; xxiv. 215. Murre, bird, xi. 262; xx. 302.

303 Murree, sanatorium, Punjab, India, xvil 63. Murrumbidgee, river, Australia, XVII. 62, 408. Murshidabad, district and town, India, XVIL 63. Murshid Kuli Khan, nawab of Bengal, xii. 800. Murten, or Morat, Switzerland, Battle of (1476), v. 425; ix. 764; xxii. 787. Murtizabad (Hala), town, India, xi. 379Murusi, voivodes of Moldavia, xxi. 20. Murviedro, town, Spain, xxi. 149. Murzuk, town, Fezzan, Africa, ix. 130; xxili. 575; sand dunes of, xxi. 150. Mus, genus of rodent mammals, xvii. 5; xv. 419; xx. 287. , Roman family, xvil 64. Musa, genus of plants, xv. 488; xix. 176. (Hadi), caliph, xvi. 581. , Moorish emir of Saragossa, xxii. 312. , Ali ibn, Moslem martyr, Persia, xvi. 46. , Mohammed b., Arab algebraist, I. 512. B. Nosair, Moslem invader of Spain, xvi. 572, 573; xxii. 309. MuSjEUS, Greek poet, xvii. 64. Musaus, Johann Karl August, German writer, XVIL 64. Musca, genus of insects, XII. 317. Muscze Volitantes, disease of the eye, XVII. 783. Muscardine, disease of silkworm, xxii. 59. Muscat, town, Arabia, xvii. 64. Muscatine, town, Iowa, U.S.A., xvil 65. Musci, group of plants, xiv. 719; xvil 70. Muscicapid^e, order of birds, ix. 351; xiv. 81. Muscineze, class of plants, xvu. 65; xxiv. 128; reproduction of, xx. 423. Muscles, of human body, 1. 833; xix. 8; affected by magnetism, xv. 281; repair of, xviii. 367; of apes, II. 163; of birds, in. 724; of reptiles, xx. 455. Muscovado Sugar, xxii. 626. Muscovite, mineral, xvi. 413. Muscovy, name for Russia, xxi. 89. Muscular Atrophy, disease, xviii. 392. Muscular Sensations, xxiii. 483. Muscular System, Physiology of the, xix. 8. See also Muscles. Muscular Tissues, Anatomy of, 1. 856; of animals, XII. 8. Museler’s Lamp, vi. 73. Muses, The, in Greek mythology, xvii. 74Mushed, or Mashhad (^.v.), town, Persia, xviii. 626.

304 MUSHICONGOS, tribe, Congo, Africa, vi. 267. Mushitzki, Lucian, Servian poet, xxi. 691. Mushroom, edible fungus, xvn. 74; ix. 832; xii. 284; ketchup from, xiv. 54. Music, xvii. 77 ; as a fine art, ix. 203; scientific basis of, xvii. 102; academies of, I. 78; conservatories of, VI. 291; copyright in, VI. 360; ecclesiastical, XIX. 168; in relation to poetry, xix. 260, 262; printing-type of, xxill. 696; speed-measuring instrument, xvi. 198; staff notation, XI. 257; ancient, Boetius on, III. 857; French, Rousseau’s influence on, xxi. 25; Greek, Boeckh on, III. 851; Hebrew, XX. 34; contributions to the science by Herbert, xxn. 76; by Purcell, xx. 113; by Palestrina, XVlll. 179; by Tartini, xxm. 71; by Zarlino, XXIV. 771; Burney’s History of, IV. 565; Hindu works on, XXI. 293; Rameau’s theories of, xx. 265. Musical Box, xvii. 106. Musical Glasses, xi. 481. Musical Harmony, Principles of, 1. 107. Musical Instruments, their origin, xvii. 77. Musical Strings, Laws of, 1. in, 112. Music Halls, Laws relating to, xxiii. 228. Musk, perfume, xvn. 106; xvm. 526. Musk-Deer, xvii. 107; vn. 25; xv. 432. Muskeget, island, Massachusetts, U.S.A., xvii. 174. Muskegon, town, Michigan, U.S.A., xvii. 108. Muskelunge, fish, XIX. 89. Musket, gun, 11. 558; xi. 284. Muskingum, river, Ohio, U.S.A., xvn. 734MUSKOGEES, American-Indian tribe, xii. 831. Muskoka, district, Ontario, Canada, xvii. 776. Musk-Ox, ungulate mammal, xvn. 108. Musk-Rat, rodent mammal, xvn. 108; XV. 418, 419; skins of, ix. 838. Musk Root, drug, xxn. 641. Muslih-Uddin (Sadi), Persian poet, xxi. 142. Muslin, cotton fabric, xvn. 109; vi. 488, 500; origin of the name, XVI. 868. Musonius Rufus, Roman Stoic, xxn. 573Musophaga, genus of birds, xxiii. 487Musquash, rodent mammal, XV. 418, 419; XVII. 108. Musquodoboit, river, Nova Scotia, xvil. 601.

MU S —M Y O Mussato, Albertino, Italian dramatist, XIII. 506. Musschenbroek, Pieter van, Dutch scientist, xvn. 109; on magnetism, xv. 236. Mussel, mollusc, xvil 110; xvi. 686; parasite of, XXIII. 540; in New Guinea, xvii. 389; fisheries, IX. 265. Musselburgh, town, Scotland, xvil no. MUSSET, Alfred de, French poet and dramatist, XVII. 111; ix. 676,677; his relations with George Sand, VII. 509. , Paul de, French biographer, xvil in. Mussite, mineral, xvi. 416. MUSSOLOS, tribe, Congo, Africa, VI. 267. MUSSOOREE, station, India, VII. 33. Mussurongos, tribe, Congo, Africa, VI. 267. Mustafa L, Turkish sultan, xxm. 644. II., Turkish sultan, xxm. 646. III., Turkish sultan, xxm. 647. IV., Turkish sultan, xxm. 648. , Kara, Turkish vizier, XIX. 296; XIV. 466; XXlll. 645. b. Abdallah (Hadji Khalfa), Arabic writer, XL 377. Mustard, plant and seed, xvil 112; 1. 377, 384; XII. 284; adulteration of, I. 172; oil from the seed, xvil 744. MUSTAREB, Arab tribes, Arabia, II. 246, 256. MUSTELA, genus of carnivorous mammals, xv. 439, 576; ix. 109; XXIV. 462. MUSTELUS, genus of sharks, XXL 774. MUSTERS, George Chaworth, explorer in Patagonia, xvill. 354. Mut, Egyptian divinity, VII. 718. Muthra, town, India, xvil 113. Mutilation, as punishment, xxiii. 465. Mutilus, C. Papius, Samnite leader, xxi. 249. Mutina (Modena), ancient town, Italy, xvi. 542. Mutiny, in military law, xvil 113. , The Indian (1857), XII. 809; V. 278. Acts, English, xvi. 296; vi. 517; first passing of, II. 570. Mutrah, town, Arabia, xvn. 64. Muttra, district and town, India, xvil H3MUTULE, in architecture, II. 468. Muya, mountains, Siberia, XXII. 3; xxiii. 509. Muydir, plateau, Sahara, Africa, XXL 149. Muzaffargarh, district, India, xvil 11 3Muzaffarnagar, district and town, India, xvil 114. Muzaffarpur, district and town, India, xvil 114.

Muzak, Madame, Bohemian writer, xxii. 153. MUZIANO, Girolamo, Italian painter, xvil 114. Muztagh, mountain pass, Tibet, xiv. 153Mwita, town, East Africa, xvi. 697. Mya, genus of Mollusca, xvil 110. Myall, Lake, New South Wales, xvii. 408. Mycelium, organ of Fungi, ix. 828. Mycenze, ancient town, Greece, xvii. 115; architectural remains at, 11. 402; ornaments found at, XIII. 676; treasury of Atreus at, II. 346. Mycetes, genus of apes, IL 153. Mycetozoa, class of Protozoa, xix. 840. Mycoderma Aceti, mould-plant, in fermentation, ix. 98. Mycology, the science of Fungi, ix. 827. MYCONIUS (Oswald Geisshiiusler), Swiss Reformer, XX. 331. Myconos, island, Greece, vn. 51. Mycteria, genus of birds, xm. 529. Mydaus, genus of carnivorous mammals, XV. 440. Myddleton, Sir Hugh, London goldsmith and engineer, xvil. 115. Mydriatics, narcotics affecting the eyes, xvil 232. Myelitis, disease, xvil 115. Mygdonia, town, Thrace, xvin. 635. MYHEE CaUNTA (Mahi Kantha), states, India, XV. 286. Mylze (Milazzo), ancient fortress, Sicily, XVI. 293. MYLAPUR, part of Madras city, India, xv. 188. Mylasa, Asia Minor, Tomb at, 11. 412. Myliobatis, genus of fishes, xx. 300. Mylitta, Bilit, or Biltis, Babylonian goddess, ill. 176; relation of, to Aphrodite, II. 172; Lucian’s work on, XV. 44. Mylius, friend of Lessing, XIV. 479. Myln, Walter, Scottish martyr, XXL 5°i. Mylodon, extinct edentate mammal, xv. 385. MymensinG (Maimansinh), district, India, XV. 294. Myna, bird, XL 26. Mynas, M., discoverer of MS. of Babrius, in. 181. My Novel, by Lytton, xv. 123. Mynpooree, district, India, XV. 303; town, xv. 304. Myodes, genus of rodent mammals, xiv. 435; xv. 419. Myogalinze, subfamily of insectivorous mammals, xv. 403. Myomorpha, group of rodent mammals, xv. 418. Myopia, defect of the eye, vm. 820; XVI. 259; XVIL 785; spectacles for, XXII. 372.

M Y O—N A I

305 Myosotis, genus of plants, ix. 414; 658; Schwenkfeldian, xxi. 463; Nachtigal, Gustav, his journey to xii. 252. TaulePs, xxm. 82. Lake Chad, 1. 248; on the Negro Myotomy, in surgery, xxn. 690, Mystics, xvil 128; xn. 706; German, dialects, xvil 318. 691. x. 526. Nacrite, mineral, xvi. 424. Myoxus, genus of rodent mammals, Myth, in literature, vm. 837. Nadar’s Balloon, 1. 192. vii. 368; xv. 418; hibernation of, xi. Mytho, town, Cochin China, XXL 152. Nadim, Arabic writer, xvil 160. 788. Mythology, xvil 135; xx. 367; in Nadir, shah of Persia, xviii. 641; conMyra, town, Asia Minor, xv. 93; rock relation to cosmogony, vm. 754; illusquest of Baluchistan by, in. 300. tomb at, II. 412; theatre at, xxm. trated by numismatics, xvil 628; in Mirza, Persian prince, xvni. 647. 222. relation to totemism, xxm. 467; Nadiya, district, India, xvii. 161. Myrdhinn, Welsh bard, 11. 650. Assyrian, Hi. 192; Egyptian, vil 730; Nadorite, mineral, xvi. 428. Myremill, Ayrshire, Scotland, System Etruscan, vm. 637; Gaelic, x. 9; N^enia, genus of birds, xxm. 189. of irrigation at, 1. 343. Phoenician, xviii. 802. N^evius, Gnseus, early Latin poet, xvil Myriapoda, group of animals, xvn. Mythopceic Age, of the human race, 161; xx. 716; xix. 215; language of, 115; v. 340. xvil 138. xiv. 332. Myricaria, genus of trees, xxm. 40. Myths, xvil 136; in popular tales, N^vus, tumour, xvil 163. Myrina, town, Lemnos, iEgean Sea, xxiii. 28; importance of, in ethno- Nafels, Switzerland, Battle of (1388), xiv. 437. logy, viii. 623. xxil. 784. , form of name Smyrna, XXII. Mytilene, or Lesbos, island, iEgean Nag a Hills, district, Assam, India, 185. Sea, Turkey, xiv. 474. xvil 163. Myriobiblion, Photius’s, xvm. 819. , town, Lesbos, xiv. 474; aqueduct Nagapatam, or Negapatam, town, Myristica, genus of trees, xvn. 666. near, 11. 221. India, xxm. 47. Myristicene, Myristin, principles in Mytilus, genus of Mollusca, xvi. 688; Nagar, state, India, x. 597. nutmeg, XVII. 666. XVIL IIO. Nagas, hill tribe, Assam, India, 11. Myrmecobius, genus of marsupial Myton-Wyke, village (Hull), Eng721. mammals, xv. 381; xxn. 285. land, xii. 342. Nagasaki, town, Japan, xvil 163; xm. Myrmecophagid^e, family of edentate Myvyrian Archaiology of Wales, 578. mammals, xv. 385; 11. 98. v. 314. Nagasena, teacher of Lamaism, xiv. Myrmekoleon, of the Physiologus, Myxine, genus of fishes, XL 370. 227. xix. 6. Myxcedema, disease, xviii. 384. Nagina, town, India, xvil 164. Myrmeleo, genus of insects, 11. 98. Myxoma, disease, xviii. 369. Nagoya, town, Japan, xvil 164; xm. Myrobalan, for tanning, xiv. 382. Myxomycetes, order of Fungi, ix. 835; 580. Myron, Greek sculptor, xvn. 120; 11. xxiv. 128. Nagpur, or Nagpore, district and town, 354Myxospongi^e, class of sponges, xxn. India, xvii. 164; war with raja of, Myrosin, albuminoid in mustard, xvn. 421. xii. 804. 112. Myxosporidia, subclass of Protozoa, Nagul Bassaraba, voivode of WaMyrrh, gum-resin, xvn. 121 ; as xix. 855. lachia, xxi. 16. incense, xn. 718. Myxus, genus of fishes, xvil 18. Nagyagite, mineral, xvi. 393. Myrtle, shrub, xvn. 122. Nagy-Kanizsa, town, Hungary, xm. Myrtle-Berry Wax, xxiv. 459. 842. My Schools and Schoolmasters, j\T the fourteenth letter of the alphaNagy-Koros, town, Hungary, xvil Hugh Miller’s book, xvi. 319. ^ > bet, xvil 159. 165. Myshkin, town, Russia, xxiv. 731. Na, Assyrian god, m. 193. Nagy-Varad (Grosswardein), town, Mysia, ancient province, Asia Minor, Naamah, of Scripture, xiv. 238. Hungary, xi. 212. xvii. 122; xvi. 542. Naas, town, Ireland, xiv. 73. Nahan, town, India, xxil 98. Mysomeh, lake island, Africa, xvil Naasseni, Gnostic sect, x. 703. Naharina, district, Mesopotamia, xvi. 504. Nabatean Language, xxi. 648, 651. 47; xxil 822. Mysore, state, India, xvn. 123; Wel- Nabataeans, ancient Arabian people, Naharro, Bartolomede Torres, Spanish lington’s operations in, xxiv. 494; xvil 160; xviii. 198, 705. dramatist, xvil 165; vn. 420; xxil wars in, xn. 803, 804 ; town, xvn. Nabha, state, India, xvil 160. 356. 124. Nabhaji, Hindi writer, xi. 846. Nahe, river, Rhenish Prussia, xx. 20, MystaciNjE, group of bats, xv. 413. Nabi, Ottoman poet, xxm. 657. 519. Mystacoceti, suborder of cetacean Effendi, alchemist, 1. 464. Nahhas, Arabic grammarian, xvi. 536. mammals, xv. 393, 394; xxiv. 523. Nabigha, Arabic poet, xvi. 537. Nahie, Turkish parish or commune, Mysteries, in ancient Greek religion, Nabis, tyrant of Sparta, xvin. 790; XXIII. 654. xvil 124; Phrygian, xvin. 853. xxii. 371. Nahmani, Rab Abbah bar, Jewish of Paris, by Eugene Sue, xxn. Nabob, origin of the name, xn. 796. writer, XX. 192. 619. Nabonassar, Era of, v. 710, 715. Nahuas, ancient people, Mexico, xvi. Mysterious Mother, by Walpole, Nabrissa (Lebrija), ancient town, Spain, 208. xxm 334. xiv. 396. Nahuel-Huapi, lake, Patagonia, xvni. Mystery Plays, vil 413; in England Nabulus (Samaria), town, Palestine, 353in time of Shakespeare, xxi. 750; xxi. 244, 783. Nahuizalco, town, San Salvador, XXL French,ix. 644. Nacella, genus of Mollusca, xvi. 645. 268. Mysticism, xvil 128; xxm. 278; Nachet’s Binocular Microscope, Nahum, Old Testament prophet, xvn. ancient, 1. 461; theism of, xxm. 245; xvi. 273. 165. Eckhart’s, vil. 642; Nicholas of Nachmanides (Ramban), Jewish com- Naiads, or Nymphs, in Greek mythoBasel’s, xvil 486; Persian, xvni. mentator, xx. 264. logy, xvil 688. XXV. - 39

306

N Al —N A P

Nanak, founder of Sikh religion, India, Napier, Sir Charles James, British Naihati, town, India, xxm. 673. general, xvil. 175. xii. 808; xx. no. Nails, on hands and feet, 1. 897; of , James R., his coffee apparatus, vi. Nanas, Hajdu, town, Hungary, xi. animals, xv. 348; xxn. 107, 108. H3, of metal, XVII. 165. 377. , John, inventor of logarithms, XVIL Naima, Ottoman historian, xxill. 657. Nana Sahib, leader in Indian Mutiny, 177; II. 754; XIV. 773. xvii. 170; xii. 810; v. 278; xv. 292; Nain, Le (Antoine, Louis, and Mathieu), , Macvey, editor of Encyclopsedia in Nepal, xvii. 345. French painters, xvn. 166. Britannica, VIII. 201. Singh, traveller in Tibet, xiv. Nanawatai, Afghan custom, 1. 237. , Richard, Scottish astrologer, xvii. Nan-Chang Foo, town, China, v. 503185. Nainsook, woven fabric, xvn. 109. 635, Sir Robert, his expedition against Nairn, county, Scotland, xvn. 166; Nancy, town, France, XVII. 170. Abyssinia, 1. 67. area and population, xxi. 528; repre- Nandadevi, mountain, Himalayas, XL , Robert, editor of John Napier’s 825. sentation, xxiii. 727. works, xvii. 184. Nandgaon, state, India, xx. 257. , town, Scotland, xvii. 167. • , Sir William Francis Patrick, Nandkumar, Bengali Brahman, XI. Nairne, Baroness, Scottish song-writer, British military historian, xvii. 5i3xvii. 167. 186. Nairsa (Dean’s Island), island, South Nandu, bird, xx. 505. Napier’s Analogies, in spherical NAN FAN, Sir Richard, English deputyPacific, xxiii. 602. trigonometry, xxin. 566. lieutenant of Calais, xxiv. 634. Naissus (Nish), ancient town, Servia, Nangambakam, suburb of Madras, Napier’s Bones, rods for arithmetical xvii. 514. computation, xvil 184. India, XV. 188. Naja, genus of snakes, XXII. 196. Naples, kingdom, Italy, xm. 478; Najera, or Navarrete, Spain, Battle of Nanga Parbat, mountain, Himalayas, xxii. 28; connexion of Spain with, xiv. 10. (1367), xvm. 451. xxii. 322, 327. Nakhichevan, or Nakhjevan, town, Nangasaki, or Nagasaki, town, Japan, , town, Italy, xvii. 187 ; cataxvil 163; xiii. 578. Russian Armenia, xvii. 167; xxiii. combs of, v. 215; dialect, xm. 495; Nangkoi, town, Siam, XXL 853. 515libraries, xiv. 530, 548; Museo BorNakhichevan-on-the-Don, town, Nanking, or Nankin, town, China, bonico, xix. 450; musical conservaxvii. 171; v. 635; treaty of (1842), Ekaterinoslaff, Russia, xvii. 168. tory^!. 291; observatory, XVII. 714; v. 38. Nakhon, Cambodia, Architectural reits school of painting, xxi. 438, 443; Nannestad, Frederik, Norse writer, mains at, iv. 726. pictures, xxi. 447; sculpture, xxi. xvil. 590. Nakshatras, in Hindu astronomy, 568; university, XXIII. 834, 836; Nan-Shan, mountain range, China, v. xxiv. 793. wine industry of the district, XXIV. 630. Nakshi Rustam (Persepolis), ancient 610; in time of Masaniello, xv. 606; Nantes, town, France, xvii. 172; town, Persia, XVIII. 55^under Murat, XVII. 49. libraries, XIV. 526, 546; university, Naladiyar, Tamil poem, xxiii. 43. , Bay of, Italy, xvii. 187. XXIII. 842. Nalagarh, hill state, India, XI. 840. , Edict of (1598), ix. 564; xii. 338; Napo, river, South America, VII. 645. Naljeskovic, Nicholas, Ragusan poet, XIX. 505, 695; its revocation (1685), Napoleon I., emperor of the French, XXL 690. xvii. 192; IX. 608, 615; his birthIX. 579; iv. 743. Nallamalais, mountain range, India, place, I. 432; his armies, II. 601; , Noyadesof, in French Revolution, xiv. 5. campaigns against Austria, ill. 130; v. 139. Namangan, or Namanghan, town, his disturbance of the balance of Nanteuil, Robert, French crayomst Turkestan, IX. 85; xxm. 637. power in Europe, III. 269; bis battles, and engraver, XVIL 173. N AMAQUaland, region, South-Western ill. 444; relations with Pozzo di Nanticoke, river, Maryland, U.S.A., Africa, xvii. 168. Borgo, XIX. 650; Cardinal Consalvi’s xv. 603. Nam AQU AS, South-African race, xn. opposition to, VI. 290; campaign in N antucket, island, Massachusetts, 3°9r 3 the East, xxiii. 648; in Egypt, vil. U.S.A., xvii. 174; xv. 612. Namburi, Brahman caste, Madras, 759; English struggle against, VIII. Nantwich, town, England, xvii. 174. India, XV. 185. 363; intervention of, in Germany, X. Namby-Pamby, origin of the term, Nanus, or Dwarf, Roman, VII. 567. 504; Goethe’s interview with, x. 733; Naogaon, district, India, xvil 609. xviii. 754. his rule in Italy, xm. 485; his testiNaomi, of Scripture, xxi. in. Nam-Cho, lake, Tibet, xxiii. 341. mony to Jesus Christ, xiii. 669; his Mam-Dinh, town, Tong-King, XXIII. Napa, town, Lew-Chew Islands, Pacific, attitude towards the popedom, xix. xiv. 490. 440. 155,508; XX. 806; in Portugal, XIX. Nap at A, Ethiopian kingdom, xvi. 40. Namen (Namur), town, Belgium, xvii. 550; relations with Prussia, xx. n; Naphtali, of Scripture, xvii. 174. 170. invasion of Russia by, xxi. 100, Naphtha, in chemistry and commerce, Names, of persons and places, xvii. invasion of Spain by, xxii. 343! xvii. 174; 11. 715; xvi. 428; XVIII. 168; Gaelic, x. 10. relations with Talleyrand, xxiii. 31; 719; as the product of shale, xviii. Nam-Kong (Mekong), river, Asia, xv. his knowledge of the art of war, xxiv. 241; wells of, at Baku, Caspian Sea, 832. 345; Lanfrey’s estimate of, xiv. 284. v. 179, 257; in. 258. Namling, town, Tibet, xxiii. 340. II., duke of Reichstadt, xvii. 226. Naphthalene, hydrocarbon, xviii. Namsen, river, Norway, xvn. 575. III., emperor of the French, XVII. 237; xxiii. 59. Namur, province and town, Belgium, 226; IX. 623; his mother, XII. 210; Napier, town, New Zealand, xvii. 175. xvii. 170. Orsini’s attempt to assassinate him, , Sir Archibald, of Merchiston, Nana Ghat, Indian inscriptions, XVIII. 52; in Algeria, I. S^9> ^1S xvii. 177. Numerals in, xvil. 626. intervention in Italy, xiii. 490. , Sir Charles, British admiral, xvn. Nanaimo, town, Yancouver Island, , card game, xvii. 229. 175North America, xxiv. 58.

N A P —N A T Napoleon Bonaparte,Historic Doubts relative to, by Whately, xxiv. 529. Napoli (Naples, q.v.), town, Italy, xvn. 187. di Malvasia, town, Greece, xv. 346. NARA, town, Japan, XVII. 229. Narakel, seaport, India, VI. 92. Narbada, or Nerbudda, river, India, xvii. 345; iv. 21. Narbal, state, India, xvii. 160. Narberth, town, Wales, xvin. 482. Narbo Martius (Narbonne), ancient town, France, XVII. 230. Narbonensis, Gallia, part of ancient France, xiv. 287. Narbonne, town, France, xvii. 229. Narborough, Sir John, English admiral, xvii. 230. Narceia, vegetable alkaloid, xvn. 793Narcissus, plant, xvii. 230; vi. 760; xii. 257. Narcomedus^e, order of Hydrozoa, xii. 563. Narcotics, xvii. 230. Narcotin, principle in opium, xvn. 793Nard, ointment, xxn. 398. Narda, town, Albania, 11. 639. Nardi, Jacopo, Italian historian, xm. 509. Narenta, Illyrian republic, xn. 710. , river, Herzegovina, XL 776. Nares, Sir George, Arctic explorer, x. 196; xix. 322, 324, 330. Naret, Phra, Siamese ruler, xxi. 854. Nargila, tobacco pipe, xix. in. Nari, region, Tibet, xxm. 339. Narishkins, Russian royal family, xxi. 96. Nar Narayan, Indian ruler, xiv. 152. Narova, river, Russia, xxi. 73. Narovtchat, town, Russia, xviii. 5i5Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, U.S.A., xx. 523. Narrenhaus, Kaulbach’s work, xiv. 17. Narrenschiff, Brandt’s satire, x. 527. Narsai, Syriac writer, xxil. 830. Narseh, Mihr, Persian noble, XVlli. 610. Narses, Byzantine general, xvii. 232; xx. 782. Narsinhpur, district, India, xvn. 234. Narthex, in architecture, 11. 468. Naruszewicz, Adam, Polish bishop and poet, xix. 303. Narva, town, Russia, xxi. 190; battle of (1700), v. 420. Narvaez, Pamfilo de, Spanish adventurer, xvii. 234. , Ramon Maria, Spanish soldier and statesman, xvii. 235; xxn. 346. Narwhal, cetacean mammal, xvn. 235; xv. 398; tusks of, xiii. 523.

Narym, town, Siberia, xxm. 439. Naryn, river, Syr-Daria, Asia, xxil 818. Nasca, town, Peru, xviii. 674. Nascimento, F. Manuel do, Portuguese writer, xix. 557. Nase, town, Lew-Chew Islands, Pacific, xiv. 490. Naseby, England, Battle of (1645), vi. 599; viii. 347. Nash, Richard, master of ceremonies, Bath, xvii. 235. , Thomas, English poet, dramatist, and pamphleteer, xvil. 236. Nashim, part of Mishnah, xvi. 505. Nashua, town, New Hampshire, U.S.A., xvii. 236. Nashville, town, Tennessee, U.S.A., xvil 236. Nasibin, town, Turkey in Asia, xvii. 514. Nasielsk, town, Russia, xiv. 817. Nasik, district and town, India, xvii. 237Squares and Cubes, xv. 215. Nasir Khosrau, Persian poet, xvii. 237; xviii. 658. Nasir li-din-illah, caliph, xvi. 588. Nasmyth, Alexander, Scottish painter, XVIL 238. , James, inventor of steam hammer, xvil 238. , Patrick, Scottish painter, xvil 238. Nasorteans, or Mandseans, Oriental sect, xv. 467. Nasrabad, town, Persia, xviii. 627. Nasr UD-Din, shah of Persia, xviii. 651. Nassau, Duchy of, Germany, xvil 238. , town, New Providence, Bahamas, xvil 239; in. 237. Nasser, town, on Nile, Africa, xvil 507. Nassick, or Nasik, district and town, India, xvil 237. Nasturtium, genus of plants, xvil 239; xii. 249; as garden vegetable, xii. 285. Natal, British colony, South Africa, xvii. 239; 1. 270; languages of, xxiv. 828; railways, xx. 252. , town, Brazil, xvil 242. Natalus, genus of bats, xv. 411. Natantia, section of Mollusca, xvi. 653, suborder of Protozoa, XIX. 861. Natation, or Swimming, xxil 768. Natchez, town, Mississippi, U.S.A., XVIL 242. , tribe of American Indians, xn. 828. Nathanael, of Scripture, xvil 242; in. 403. Nathan b. Yehiel, Rabbenu, Talmudic writer, xxili. 37. Nathan der Weise, Nathan the Wise, Lessing’s poem, xiv. 482; x. 536.

307 Natick, town, Massachusetts, U.S.A., xvil 243; viii. 137. National Assembly, French (1789), IX - 598; Mirabeau’s influence in, xvi. 495National Convention, French (1792), ix. 604. National Debt, xvil 243; British, vl 293; viii. 243; its origin, xi. 386; European, viii. 706; of France, ix. 315; of United States, xxm. 747, 766, 778, 780, 784, 828. National Debt Commissioners, British, their charge of savings banks, XXL 328. National Gallery, London, xiv. 836. Nationalism, European, vm. 718. Nationalization of Land, xiv. 266. National Muniments, of England, xx. 310. National-Zeitung, Berlin newspaper, XVIL 429. Nations, Grouping of men in, viii. 619. , in universities, xxm. 835, 841. Nativity, of Jesus Christ, its date, xm. 659. , of the Virgin Mary, Feast of, xv. 592Natrium (Sodium), chemical element, xxil. 240. Natrolite, mineral, xvi. 420, 423. Natron, mineral, xvi. 399; xxn. 240. Nats, tribe, India, Hi. 508. Natter-Jack, toad, xxiil 423. Naturae Curiosi, German academy, 1. 77Natural History, Adanson’s classification of, 1. 144; Buffon’s, iv. 444; Linnaeus’s system of, xiv. 672. Natural History of Selborne, White’s work, xxiv. 549. Naturalism, in mediaeval life and literature, xx. 383. Naturalists, Religious, deniers of revelation, xx. 289. Naturalization, in relation to domicile, VII. 351; to climate, 1. 84. Act, British (1870), 1. 575, 581. Natural Philosophy, Bacon’s views of, in. 214. Natural Religion, Hume’s dialogues on, xii. 355. Natural Science, xix. i. Natural Selection, Theory of, vm 750; xxiv. 77, 817; 1. 145; xiii. 157, 159; xviii. 32. Natural Theology, xxiil 261, 264, 275; Paley’swork on, XVlll. 182. NATURE, in relation to art, II. 636; ix. 195; in relation to disease, XVIII. 362; laws of, in economics, XIX. 360; Aristotle’s theory of, II. 522; Erigena’s work on, vm. 523; Hegel’s philosophy of, XL 620; Kant’s metaphysic of, xill. 850; Leibnitz’s theory of, xiv. 421; Plato on, xix. 209.

308 Nature, Laws of, by Bishop Cumberland, vi. 701. , Religion of, Wollaston’s, XXIV. 633. Religions, xx. 367. Natur-Philosophen, school of biologists, xxiv. 801. Naturphilosophie, in biology, xvi. 8391

, , , Schelling’s philosophical doctrine, xxi. 392. Naucrates, genus of fishes, xix. 96. Naud£, Gabriel, French scholar, xvn. 248. Nauheim, spa, Germany, xvi. 434. NaUI, Persian romancist, XVIII. 659. Naum, town, Morocco, xvi. 831. Naumachia, Roman mimic sea-fights, xvii. 248. Naumann, Carl, on crystallographic symbols, VI. 676; xvi. 352. , Johann Andreas, on birds, XVlll. 9. , Johann Friedrich, on birds, xvill. 9Naumannite, mineral, xvi. 392. Naumburg, town, Prussia, xvil. 248. Naupactus (Lepanto, q.v.), ancient town, Greece, xiv. 467. Nauplia, town, Peloponnesus, Greece, xvii. 249. NAUPLIUS, form in development of Crustacea, vi. 648; II. 648. Nautical Almanac, i. 592; xvil 260; origination of, XV. 609. Nautical Maps, xv. 518. Nautical Surveying, xxii. 713. Nautical Terms, Glossary of, xxi. 603. Nautilus, genus of Mollusca, vi. 736, 739; xvi. 667, 671. Nauvoo, Illinois, U.S.A., Mormon temple at, xvi. 826. Navajoes, American-Indian tribe, xn. 833Naval Architects, Institution of, London, XXL 809. Naval Colleges, British, xvii. 263; vii. 314. Naval Construction, xxi. 809. Naval Courts Martial, vi. 519. Naval Hospitals, xii. 306. Naval Societies, xxii. 227. Naval Strategy and Tactics, xxiv. 363Naval Volunteers, British, xxiv. 294. Navan, town, Ireland, xv. 669. Navarin, island, Tierra del Fuego, xxili. 384. Navarino, seaport and bay, Greece, xvii. 249; xvi. 53; battle of (1827), vi. 107; ix. 619; xi. 125; XXL 101; xxiii. 650. Navarra, or Navarre, province, Spain, xvil 249; xxii. 298. Navarre, kingdom, Spain, xxii. 312, 324, 325, 327; connexion of, with Capet family, V. 55; Henry of, ix. 562,

N A T —N E C Navarrese-Aragonese Dialect, xxii. 351. Navarrete, Spain, Battle of (1367), xviii. 451. , Juan Fernandez, Spanish painter, xvii. 250. , Martin Fernandez de, Spanish historian, XVIL 250. Navas de Tolosa, Battles of (1212 and 1808), in. 241; xxii. 317. Nave, in architecture, 11. 468. Navies, Comparative view of, xvii. 291. Navigating Officer, in navy, his duties, xvil. 293. Navigation, xvil 250; gradual growth of, 1. 185; Phoenician, xvili. 804; of rivers, XX. 575. Navigationi e Viaggi, Ramusio’s work, xx. 270. Navigation Laws, xvii. 277; as affecting rivers, xx. 565; restricting American colonies of England, xxm. 733, 737Navigators’ Islands, South Pacific, xvii. 279. Navigium seu Yota, Lucian’s dialogue, xv. 44. Navy, xvii. 279; court martial, VI. 519; prize court, xix. 767 ; dockyard management of, vii. 316; laws affecting seamen in, XXL 605; marines of, XV. 544; official rank in, XIX. 667; savings banks, xxi. 330; ships of war, xxi. 821; signals, xxn. 49; European, viii. 706; French, ix. 517; German, x. 468; Italian, xm. 458; Russian, XXL 72; United States, xxm. 828; societies of naval science, xxii. 227. Nawab, Indian title, xii. 796. Nawabganj, town, India, xviii. 72; xxiii. 673. N AW AN agar, state and town, India, XVIL 301. Nawawi, learned Moslem sheikh, xvn. 301. Naxos, Greek colony, Sicily, xvil 302. , island, Aegean Sea, Turkey, xvil 302. Naxuana, town, Armenia, xvii. 167. Nay A, town, Turkestan, xiv. 67. Nayagarh, state, India, xvil 302. Nayler, or Naylor, James, Puritan fanatic, xvii. 302. Nazarenes, Jewish Christian sect, xvil 302; their relation to the Ebionites, vii. 619. Nazareth, town, Palestine, xvil 302; xviii. 171. , river, West Africa, xvii. 733. Nazarite, or Nazirite, Hebrew devotee, xvii. 303; xiii. 407. N’dar (St Louis), town, Senegambia, West Africa, xxi. 182. Nea, river, Norway, xvil 575. Neagh, Lough, Ireland, 11. 142; xm. 216,

NEAL, Daniel, historian of the Puritans, xvil 303; his account of Boston, U.S.A., iv. 77. , Joseph, American humorist, I. 728. Neale, John Mason, English ecclesiastical historian and hymnologist, xvii. 3°4Neander, August, German theologian, XVII. 304; his history of the church, v. 766. , Joachim, German hymn-writer, xvii. 305; xii. 587. Neandria, ancient town, Asia Minor, xxiii. 580. NEAPOLIS (Naples, q.v.), ancient town, Italy, xvil 190; coins of, xvii. 637(Kavala), ancient town, Macedonia, xiv. 19. , town, Palestine, xxi. 783. Neapolitan Hog, i. 400. Neap Tide, xxiii. 353. NEARCHUS, admiral of Alexander the Great, xvil 305. Nearctic Region, in zoology, vii. 274. Neath, town, Wales, xvil 306. Neat’s-Foot Oil, xvil 744, 747. Neb, river, Isle of Man, xv. 450. NEBENIUS, Friedrich, German economist, XIX. 387. Nebiim, ancient Oriental religious enthusiasts, xiii. 402; xix. 815. Nebi Samwil, mountain, Palestine, xviii. 172. Nebo, Mount, Utah, LLS.A., xxiv. 19. Yunus, ruins, Nineveh, xvil 512. Nebraska, State, U.S.A., xvii. 306. Nebrodian Mountains, Sicily, xxii. 29. Nebti, Egyptian divinity, vil. 717. Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, xvil 309; in. 188; xiii. 416; xiv. 159; palace of, at Babylon, m. 182. NEBULjE, in astronomy, II. 820; spectrum analysis of, x. 215. Nebular Theory, xvii. 310; Laplace on, xiv. 302. Necessitarianism, Collins on, vi. 147. Necho, of Scripture, XVII. 312; VII. 743; XIII. 416. Necib, Aramaic word, its meaning, xiii. 402. Neck, Anatomy of the, 1. 821. Neckar, river, Germany, xx. 519; xxiv. 700. NECKER, Anne Louise Germaine, baroness de Stael-Holstein, xxii. 439, Jacques, French financier, xvii. 312; ix. 594. , Madame (Suzanne Curchod), xvii. 312. Necromancy, magic, xv. 199; 111 England (1581), VII. 22. Necrophaga, group of beetles, Vi. 13°.

N E C —N E P Necrosis, bone disease, xvn. 313; of Negroland, or Soudan, Africa, xxil Nemedians, in Irish legend, v. 299; the teeth, vn. 97. 277. xiii. 243. Nectanebus, magician, in romance,, Negropont, island, Greece, vm. Nemerteans, or Nemertines (q-v.), xx. 640. 649. XVII. 326. Nectar, in Greek mythology, xvn. 313. Negros, island, Philippines, xviii. 748, Nemertes, genus of worms, xvii. 326. , excretion in flowers, XII. 136; XIX. 752. , in Greek mythology, xvil 326. 53Negro Slavery, xxii. 137, 143. Nemertines, subdivision of worms, Nectaries, of flowers, iv. 1^4; xn. Negus, ruler of Abyssinia, 1. 65. xvil 326; nervous system of, xxiv. 136; xix. 53. Nehavend, Persia, Battle of (c. 641), 183; parasitic forms, xvin. 259. Nectarina, genus of insects, xxiv. xviii. 616. Nemesianus, Roman poet, xvil 331; 392. Nehemiah, of Scripture, xvil 320; on hunting, xn. 393. Nectarine, tree and fruit, xvn. 313; xiii. 418; xviii. 512. Nemesis, Greek goddess, xvil 331. xii. 272; XVIII. 442. , Book of, viii. 831. , of Tibullus, xxiil 349. NectariniiDjE, family of birds, xxn. Nehra, Madame de, friend of Mirabeau, Nemesius, bishop of Emesa, Christian 652. xvi. 494. philosopher, XVIL 331. Nectogale, genus of insectivorous Neidpath Castle, Peeblesshire, ScotNemetacum (Arras), ancient town, mammals, xv. 403. land, xviii. 452. France, 11. 629. Nedham, Marchmont, English news- Neighbours, The, by F. Bremer, iv. Nemiroff, town, Russia, xix. 254. book writer, xvil. 414. 257. Nemocera, group of insects, xm. 150. Nedim, Ottoman poet, xxm. 657. Neilgherry (Nilgiri), state, India, Nemthur, Scotland, birthplace of St Nedjd, or Nedjid, district, Arabia, 11. xvii. 508. Patrick, xvin. 411. 238, 254. Hills, India, xvn. 508; xn. 733; Nemu, mountain, Central America, vi. Needle, for sewing, xvn. 313. xv. 184, 187. 449. , Magnetic, vi. 225; xv. 220. Neisse, town, Prussia, xvii. 320; xxil Nenagh, town, Ireland, xvil 331; NEEDLE-Gun, Inventor of the, vil. 470. 53xxiii. 406. Needle-Ore, mineral, xvi. 395. Neith, Egyptian divinity, vn. 718. Nenasitetz Rapids, Dnieper river, Needlepoint Lace, xiv. 183, 185. Neiva, river, Russia, xvii. 369. Russia, vii. 306. Neer, Aernaut van der, Dutch painter, Neivinsk, iron-works, Russia, xvii. Nencia da Barberino, Lorenzo dei xvil. 314. 369Medici’s work, xv. 786. , Eglonvan der, Dutch painter, xvn. Nejd, district, Arabia, 11. 238, 254. Nene, river, England, xvil 555. 315Nejran, province, Arabia, II. 254. Neerwinden, Belgium, Battle 01(1793), Nekrasoff, Nicholas, Russian poet, Nengone, island, South Pacific, xv. 30. Nennius, early British chronicler, in. 130; ix. 605. XXL 109. xvii. 332; v. 315; xx. 643. Nees von Esenbeck, Christian Gott- Neku (Necho), king of Egypt, xvii. 312; Neo balden A, genus of cetacean mamfried, German naturalist, xvil 315. vie 743; xiii. 416. mals, xv. 395. Neetum (Foto), ancient town, Sicily, Neleid^e, Greek race, xvii. 320. Neocastro (Navarino), town, Greece, xvil 597. Neleus, of Greek mythology, xvil xvii. 249. Nef, silver casket, xix. 185. 320; xviii. 474. Neocomian Rocks, in geology, x. 31:7. Nefi, Ottoman poet, xxm. 656. , the Peripatetic, inheritor of Aris- Neo-Latin, xx. 661. Nefood, sand-ridges, Arabia, 11. 239. totle’s library and manuscripts, 11. Neolithic Period, ii. 337; remains Negapatam, town, India, xvn. 315; 512. in caves of, v. 268. XXIII. 47. Nellore, district, India, xvii. 320. Neomeni/e, order of Mollusca, XVI. 641. Negative, in photography, xviii. 824. Nelson, town, New Zealand, xvii. Neopentane, paraffin, v. 558. Negligence, in law, xvn. 315; xxm 321. Neophyte, in the ancient church, xvil 454, Viscount, English admiral, xvil 332Negoi, or Negoj, mountain, Transyl321; his victories, vm. 363. Neoplatonism, school of philosophy, vania, xii. 361; xxiii. 521. Nemaha, river, Nebraska, U.S.A., xvil 332; 1. 500; xii. 602; ethics of, Negretti and Zambra, their deep-sea XVIL 308. Viii. 587; its mystical character, xvil thermometer, xxiil 292. Nemalite, mineral, xvi. 388. 13°; in relation to Manichseism, xv. Nilgrier, Francois de, French com- Nemanya, Stephen, Servian king, xxi. 481; of Origen, xvn. 841. mander, Tong-King, xxm. 442. 688. Neoptolemus, in Greek legend, xvii. Negri Sambilan, districts, Malay Nemathelminthes, order of worms, 339Peninsula, xv. 322. xvii. 324. Negritos, race of people, Malay Penin- Nematoblast, in development of Neopythagoreanism, philosophical doctrine, xx. 139. sula, xv. 323; in Philippine Islands, spermatozoa, xx. 412. Neo-Syriac Dialects, xxi. 649. xvm. 753. or Nematodes, group of Neotoma, genus of rodent mammals, Negro, Negroes, race of people, xvn. Nematoidea, worms, XVIL 324; parasitic forms, i xvii. 6. 3 6, 1. 263; constitutional adaptation xviii. 259; in Lankester’s classifica- Neotropical Region, in zoology, vn. of, I. 88; religion of, xx. 362; Nubian, tion, xxiv. 813. 273xvil 611; of the Soudan, xxn. 278; N ematophora, in Lankester’s classificaNepal, or Nepaul, independent state, m United States, xxm. 821; Negro tion, xxiv. 812. Asia, xvii. 340; XL 822; birds of, in. slavery, xxil. 137, 143. Nemausus (Nimes), ancient town, 761. ' > ^°> river, Patagonia, xvni. 353. France, xvii. 511. Corn, or Durra, vn. 564; xvi Nemcova, Bozena, Bohemian story- Nepean Island, South Pacific, xvii. 537321. writer, xxii. 153. Nepenthes, genus of plants, xiii. 138. Negroid Race, in Asia, 11. 697. N emean Games, in ancient Greece, x. Nephalists, temperance reformers, Negroid Type, of man, 11. 113. 65. Xiv. 688.

310

N E P —N E U

Neuburg, town, Bavaria, xvii. 361. Nephalis Vulgaris, species of leeches, NESHAPUR, town, Persia, xvii. 514. Neuchatel, canton, Switzerland, xvn. NESOKIA, genus of rodent mammals, xiv. 405. 361; xxii. 794. xvii. 5. Nepheline, mineral, x. 228; xvi. , town, Switzerland, XIII. 781; xvn. Nesomys, genus of rodent mammals, 412. 361; observatory at, xvn. 713. xvii. 6. Nephin, mountain, Ireland, XV. 650. , Lake of, Switzerland, xvil. 361; Ness, Loch, Scotland, xiv. 217; xxi. Nephrite, mineral, xm. 539; xvi. XXII. 777; lake-dwellings in, xiv. 224. 526. 4!7. . Neudorf (Iglo), town, Hungary, xn. Nesselrode, Charles Robert, Count, Nephthys, Egyptian divinity, vn. 700. Russian diplomatist, XVII. 353. 717. Neuenahr, spa, Germany, xvi. 435. Nessler’s Reagent, compound of Nepoko, river, Central Africa, xxiv. NEUENBURG (Neuchatel, q.v.), canton, mercury, XVI. 34. 764. Switzerland, xvil 361. Nest, Nests, of birds, 111. 771; edible, Nepomuk, St John of, xiii. 718. Neufchatel (Neuchatel, q.v.), canton xxii. 760; of weaver-birds, xxiv. 463; Nepos, Cornelius, Roman historian, and town, Switzerland, xvil 361, 362.. of wasps, xxiv. 391. XVII. 345. Neuhausel, town, Hungary, xvil , Julius, Roman emperor, XVII. Neste d’Aure, river, France, xx. 127. 362. Nesteia, Greek festival, xxm. 295. 345NEUHOF, Theodor, Baron von, courtier Neptune, Roman god (the Greek Nestor, in Greek legend, xvii. 354. and adventurer, xvil 362. , Russian chronicler, xvii. 354; Poseidon), xvn. 345; temple of, at Neuilly-sur-Seine, town, France, xxi. 103. Rome, XX. 827. XVIL 362. , bird, xvii. 354; xviii. 323. , planet, 11. 782, 813; xiv. 487; as Neumann, Carl Friedrich, German Nestorian Inscription, at Se-gan affected by tidal friction, xxm. 380. Orientalist, xvil 362. Foo, China, xxi. 622. Neptunist Theory, geological, xxiv. } Franz Ernst, his method of electric Nestorians, Eastern religious sect, 502. induction, vm. 76. xvii. 357; xxii. 829; Nestorianism, N£rac, town, France, xvn. 345. , J., his transformation theorem in xi. 155; xiii. 671; xvii. 356. Nerbudda, river, India, xvn. 345; iv. magnetism, xv. 248. NESTORIUS, patriarch of Constantinople, 21. , Wilhelm, friend of Neander, xvii. 3555 his conflict with Cyril, vi. Nereids, of Greek legend, xvn. 346. xvil 304. 752. Nereis, genus of Annelida, II. 65. Neumarkt, town, Hungary, xvil 538. Neszawa, town, Russian Poland, xxiv. Nereus, of Greek legend, XVII. 346. Neu-Munster, town, Prussia, xvil 375Nergisi, Turkish writer, xxm. 656. 363. Net, Net-Making, xvii. 358; for sea Neri, Philip, Florentine ecclesiastic, Neunkirchen, town, Prussia, xvil fishing, ix. 247. xvii. 346, 85; IX. 334. 363Netherlands, or Holland {q.v.), xii. Neritina, genus of snails, xxn. 188. Neuralgia, disease, xvil 363; xviii. 59; connexion of, with Belgium, ill. Nerium, genus of plants, xvii. 759. 390; as due to malaria, xv. 317. 526; Presbyterian Church of, xix. Nero, Roman emperor, xvii. 347; xx. Neuri, Scythian race, xxi. 575. 696; under Don John of Austria, Xiii. 772, 775; as antichrist, 11. 125; refer717; relations with Spain, xxii. 328, Neurine, nitrogenous carbon comence to, in the Apocalypse, xx. 499; pound, xvil 520. 332; struggle against Philip II., xviii. golden house of, at Rome, XX. 829. Neuro-Hypnotism, mesmerism, xv. 744 , lake, Russia, xxiv. 731. 278. Nethinim, in the temple at Jerusalem, Nerophis, genus of fishes, xix. 112. Neurokeratin, horny matter in xiv. 488. Nertchinsk, town, Siberia, xvii. 351. nerves, XIX. 24. , or Nertchinskiy Zavod, town and NlLTHOU, Mont, France, IX. 505; XX. Neuroptera, order of insects, XIII. I2 5silver mine, Siberia, xvii. 352. I51 ‘ Neruda, Jan, Bohemian poet, xxn. N etley, England, Army medical school Neurotic Poisons, xix. 278. at, 11. 586. 152. Neu-Ruppin, town, Prussia, xvil 364. Nerulos, J. R., modern Greek drama- Nets, xvii. 358; ix. 247. Neu-Sandec, town, Galicia, Austria, , Torpedo, xxm. 451. tist, vii. 419. XVIL 364. Nerva, Roman emperor, xvii. 352; his Netscher, Gaspar, German painter, NEUSATZ, town, Hungary, xvil 365. xvii. 360. adoption of Trajan, xxm. 502. Neusiedler See, lake, Hungary, m. Nerves, xix. 23; 1. 880; diseases of, Nettesheim, Henry Cornelius von, 117; xii. 362. German philosopher, 1. 418; on scepxviii. 390; xxiil. 678; repair of, Neusohl, town, Hungary, xvil 365. ticism, XXL 382. xviii. 367; of the Crustacea, vi. 636; NEUSS, town, Rhenish Prussia, xvii. See Netting, or Net-making, xvn. 359. Sir Charles Bell on, ill. 541365NETTIUM, subgenus of birds, XXIIL also Nervous System. NEUSTADT, town, Austria, xvil 305. 105. Nervous Diseases, xviii. 390; xxm. , district and town, Germany, xxi. Nettle, plant, xvn. 360. 678. 349Nettle-Creeper, bird, xxiv. 553. Nervous System, xix. 8, 23; anatomy , town, Prussian Silesia, XVIL 365. of, 1. 858, 863; in relation to blood Nettlefold’s Lock, xiv. 748. NEUSTADT - AN - DER - HAARDT, town, Nettlerash, skin disease, xvii. 360; circulation, xxiv. 109; locomotor Bavaria, xvil 365. XXII. 122. ataxy of, II. 826; magnetic phenoNeustadt-Eberswalde, town, BranNettle Tree, xvii. 360; xi. 360. mena in, XV. 277; of lower animals, denburg, Prussia, xvil 366. xxiv. 183; of birds, III. 724; of earth- Netum (Noto), ancient town, Sicily, Neustadt-Harzburg, town, Brunsxvii. 597. worm, xxiv. 678; of fishes, xii. 650; wick, Germany, XL 508. of mammals, xv. 366; of molluscs, Neuber, Friderica C., German drama- Neu-Stettin, town, Prussia, XVIL 366. tist, vil. 441. xvi. 636; of reptiles, XX. 459; Bon- Neu-Brandenburg, town, Germany, Neu-Strelitz, town, Mecklenburg, net’s theory of, iv. 35. Germany, xvil 366. xvii. 360. Nervous Tissues, of animals, xii. 9.

N E U —N E W Neustria, kingdom of the Franks, ix. 530; x. 477; xvii. 538. Neuter Insects, hi. 484; xm. 146. Neu - Titschein, town, Moravia, Austria, xvii. 366. NEUTRA, town, Hungary, XVII. 366. Neutrality, International law of, xm. 195; xix. 766. Neu-Ulm, town, Wiirtemberg, xxm. 720. Neuwied, town, Rhenish Prussia, xvii. 366. Neva, river, Russia, xvii. 366; ill. 294; xxi. 190. Nevada, State, U.S.A., xvii. 367; mines of, xvi. 470; xxiii. 815. , mountain, Peru, XVIII. 672. , Sierra, mountains, Spain, xxn. 294. Nevado de Toluca, mountain, Mexico, xxiii. 437. Nevayi, Mir Ali Shir, Ottoman poet, xxiii. 656. Nevel, town, Russia, xxiv. 262. N evers, town, France, xvn. 368, 496; its enamelled pottery, xix. 629. Neviansk, town, Russia, xvil. 369; xviii. 550. Nevil, or Neville, Richard, earl of Warwick, xxiv. 381; vii. 685; vill. 327, 328. Neville’s Cross, England, Battle of (1346), xxi. 489. Nevirnum (Nevers), ancient town, France, xvil 369. Nevis, island, West Indies, xvii. 369; xxi. 159. , Ben, mountain, Scotland, xm. 199. Nevo (Ladoga), lake, Russia, xiv. 199. New Albany, town, Indiana, U.S.A., xvil 369; xv. 23. Newall’s Observatory, Gateshead, England, xvil 711. New Amsterdam, island, Indian Ocean, xxi. 189. N ew Amsterdam, town, British Guiana, xi. 251. New Archangel, village, Alaska, 1. 444Newark, town, England, xvii. 369. , town, New Jersey, U.S.A., xvii. 370. , town, Ohio, U.S.A., xvil 371. , Lord (David Leslie), Scottish general, xvil 371. Castle, Selkirkshire, Scotland, xxi. 638. Newark-upon-Trent, or Newark, town, England, XV11. 369. Newars, Nepalese race, xvil 341. New Bath Guide, by Anstey, 11. 93. New Bedford, town, Massachusetts, U.S.A., xvii. 371. New Berne, or Newbern, town, North Carolina, U.S.A., xvii. 372.

Newberyite, mineral, xvi. 404. Newbridge, town, Ireland, xiv. 73. (Pontypridd), town, Wales, xix. 460. New Brighton, town, New York, U.S.A., xvil 372. New Britain, island, South Pacific, xvii. 372; xv. 835. New Britain, town, Connecticut, U.S.A., xvil 372. New Brunswick, province, Canada, xvii. 373. New Brunswick, town, New Jersey, U.S.A., xvil 375. Newburg, or Newburgh, town, New York, U.S.A., xvii. 375. Newburgh, William of, early English writer, XXIV. 585. Newbury, town, England, xvil 375. Newburyport, town, Massachusetts, U.S.A., xvil 375. New Caledonia, island, South Pacific, XVIL 376; IX. 526; XV. 835; mines of, xvi. 472; nickel ores of, xvil 488. New Castile, province, Spain, xxn. 298. Newcastle, or Newcastle-upon-Tyne, town, England, xvii. 377; High Level bridge at, iv. 337; coRege of physical science, xxill. 853; libraries, xiv. 521, 544; newspapers, xvii. 421. , town, Ireland, xiv. 649. , town, New South Wales, XVIL 379, 408. , Duchess of (Margaret Lucas), xvil 380. , Dukes of, XVIL 380. , Thomas P. Holies, duke of, English minister, xvii. 381; vm. 356. New Castle, town, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., xvil 380. Newcastleton, town, Scotland, xxi. 34Newcastle-under-Lyme, town, England, xvii. 380. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, or Newcastle (q.v.), town, England, xvii. 377. New Church, The, of Swedenborg, xxii. 759. New-Chwang, town, China, xvil 381. Newcomb, Simon, his theorems in nonEuclidean geometry, xv. 664; on the nebular theory, xvil 311. Newcomen, Thomas, inventor of steamengine, xvil 382; xxii. 474; xxiv. 412. Newcomes, The, by Thackeray, xxiii. 216. New Cratylus, Donaldson’s work, vn. 357New England, north-eastern portion of United States, xvii. 382; colonization of, xxiii. 729; founders of, xn. 726. New Ephesus (Scala Nova), seaport, Asia Minor, xxi. 361.

311 New Forest, England, ix. 399; xi. 430. Newfoundland, British colony, North America, xvii. 382; discovery of, iv. 622; Banks of, ill. 17; fisheries, ix. 266; seal fisheries, xxi. 582. Dog, vii. 327. New Galloway, town, Scotland, xiv. 98. Newgate Prison, London, xiv. 834, 842. New Georgia, one of the Solomon Islands, South Pacific, xxn. 252. New Glasgow, town, Nova Scotia, xvii. 603. New Granada, region, South America, XVIL 386; VI. 156; revolt of, from Spain, I. 710; liberation of, by Bolivar, iv. 8. New Guinea, island, Australasia, xvil 386; 11. 687; birds of, in. 739; language, xviii. 231, 780; taboo system in, xxiii. 17. New Hampshire, State, U.S.A., xvil 390; newspapers of, xvii. 434; colony of, xxiii. 730. New Harmony, Indiana. U.S.A., Owen’s community at, xviil 88. Newhaven, town, England, xvil. 393; xxii. 725. , village, Scotland, xiv. 431. New Haven, town, Connecticut, U.S.A., xvii. 394. New Hebrides, islands, Pacific Ocean, xvii. 395; xv. 835. New Holland (Australia), m. 103. New Ireland, island, South Pacific, xvii. 372. Newjanskite, mineral, xvi. 383. New Jersey, State, U.S.A., xvil 396; newspapers of, xvii. 434; colony of, xxiii. 730; Penn’s constitution for, xviil 494. New Jerusalem, of the Apocalypse, xvi. 316. New Jerusalem Church, Swedenborgian, xxn. 760. New-Kow, town, China, xvil 381. New Lanark, Scotland, Robert Owen’s factory at, xviil 87. New Lebanon, Shaker settlement, U.S.A., xxi. 737. Newliston House, Linlithgowshire, Scotland, xiv. 670. New London, town, Connecticut, U.S.A., xvil 399. New Lots, town, Long Island, New York, U.S.A., xiv. 866. New Malden, town, England, xxii. 694. • Newman, Edward, on birds, xviil 31. , John Henry, Hymns by, xn. 595. Newmarket, town, England, xvii. 399; horse-races at, iv. 728; xn. 202. New Mexico, Territory, U.S.A., xvii. 399New Mills, town, England, xvil 402. New Moon, Jewish festival, xxi. 125.

312 New Netherland (New York), Dutch settlement, America, xvn. 454. New Norcia, mission station, Western Australia, xxiv. 508. New Orkney Islands, Antarctic Ocean, xvil. 407. New Orleans, town, Louisiana,U.S.A., xvil 402; xv. 22; battle of (1815), xxiii. 760. New Plymouth, town, New Zealand, xvii. 405. Newport, town, Isle of Wight, England, xvil 405; representation of, xxiv. 562. , town, Monmouthshire, England, xvil. 405. , town, Pembrokeshire, Wales, xvm. 482. , town, Kentucky, U.S. A., XVIL 406. , town, Rhode Island, U.S.A., xvii. 406; xx. 524. New Providence, island, Bahamas, in. 237. New River, Herts and Middlesex, England, xi. 771; xvi. 279. New ROSS, town, Ireland, XVII. 407. New Rush, town, South Africa, xiv. 77. Newry, town, Ireland, XVIL 407. New Sallee, town, Morocco, xx. 192. New Sarum, town, England, xxi. 218. New Scotland, district, Transvaal, xxiii. 518. New Shoreham, town, England, xxn. 724. New Side, Presbyterian denomination, United States, xix. 698. News-Letters, xvii. 413. New South Shetland, islands, Antarctic Ocean, xvil 407. New South Wales, Australia, xvii. 407; in. 114; mines of, xvi. 471; ruby mines, xxi. 48; newspapers, xvii. 437; railways, xx. 252. Newspaper Press, Laws relating to, xix. 710. Newspapers, xvii. 412; copyright in, vi. 362; numbers posted, XIX. 571; printing of, XXIII. 703, 709; registration of, xx. 344; reporting for, XX. 404; xxi. 841. Newstead Abbey, Nottinghamshire, England, XVII. 599. Newt, amphibian, 1. 751; xxiii. 577. New Testament, hi. 641; Greek of, xi. 135, 147; canon of, v. 7; Alford’s edition of, I. 505; Bengel’s, ill. 571; Erasmus’s, VIII. 517; Estienne’s, XXII. 535; Griesbach’s, XL 194; Lachmann’s, xiv. 25; Mill’s, xvi. 307; Tischendorf’s, xxiii. 409; Tregelles’s, xxiii. 535 > Wetstein’s, xxiv. 520; Beza’s translation, ill. 625; Tyndale’s, xxiii. 675. See also Bible. Newton, town, U.S.A., xvii. 438. , B. Wills, Plymouthist, xix. 238. , George, English divine, I. 582. , Sir Isaac, English natural philo-

N E W — NIC sopher, xvii. 438; president of the Royal Society, xxi. 39; his applications of algebra, 1. 515; his contributions to astronomy, 11. 755; on the mutual attraction of bodies, III. 63; on infinitesimal calculus, xiii. 8; his law of cooling, xx. 129; his electrical experiments, vni. 4; on the formation of gases, v. 461; his discovery of the law of gravitation, ill. 63, 64; XI. 70; on light, xiv. 579, 590; on the lunar theory, XVI. 800; on laws of magnetism, xv. 236; his laws of motion, xv. 676; on the motions of water, xn. 436; his coloured rings, XIV. 609; his sextant, xxi. 724; his telescope, xxiii. 137, 145; on tides, xxiii. 355; on the velocity of waves, 1. 103. Newton, John, English divine and hymn-writer, xvii. 449; hymns by, xii. 594. , John, author of logarithmic tables, XXIII. 10. Abbot, town, England, xvii. 449. Bushel, town, England, xvii. 449. Newtonian Globe, x. 685. Newton-le-Willows, town, England, xvii. 449. N ewton-ON-Ayr, suburb of Ayr, Scotland, in. 165. Newton Stewart, town, Scotland, xxiv. 563. Newtown, town, Wales, xvii. 450. , town, Long Island, New York, U.S.A., xiv. 866. , suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, xvii. 450. Newtownards, town, Ireland, xvii. 450. New Utrecht, town, Long Island, New York, U.S.A., xiv. 866. New Way to Pay Old Debts, Massinger’s play, xv. 619. New Windsor, town, England, xxiv. 600. New Year’s Day, xvii. 450. New York, State, U.S.A., xvii. 450; colony of, xxiii. 730; claim of, to western territory, xxiii. 746. New York, principal city of United States, xvii. 457; libraries of, xiv. 536, 550; Astor library, H. 737; newspapers, xvii. 434; police system, xix. 341 ; elevated railroads, xx. 240; stock exchange, xxn. 557; Madison Square theatre, xxiii. 225; tramways, xxiii. 506; Croton aqueduct tunnel, xxiii. 620; Hudson River tunnel, xxiii. 623; waterworks, 11. 223. New York Herald, newspaper, m. 574New Zealand, islands, Australasia, xvii. 466; birds of, ill. 742; xvin. 16; extinct birds, III. 731; coalfields, vi. 60; marine fishes, XII. 681; forests, ix. 407; geysers, x. 558; gold, x.

744; mines, xvi. 471; newspapers, xvii. 437; post-office, xix. 578; railways, xx. 253; university, xxiii. 856; taboo system amongst Maories of, XXIII. 16. New Zealand Flax, xviii. 812. Nexal Contract, in Roman law, xx. 693Ney, Michel, French marshal, xvii. 471. Nezikim, part of Mishnah, xvi. 505. NEZ Perces, American-Indian tribe, XII. 833. Ngami, Lake, Africa, Discovery of, by Livingstone, I. 247. Ngatkons, Tungus tribe, Siberia, xxiii. 608. Ngoko, Javanese language, xm. 608. NGORNU (Angorno), town, Central Africa, II. 45; iv. 61. Ngunie, river, Africa, xvii. 733. Nguyen Dzo, king of Tong-King, xxiii. 440. Niagara, river and cataract, North America, xvii. 472; iv. 769; XXL 180; suspension bridge across, IV. 338Falls, town, New York, U.S.A., xvii. 473. Nial, Norse saga, xn. 624. NlALL, Irish king, XIII. 246. Niam-Niam, Central-African race, xvii. 473> 319Nias Islands, Sumatra, xxn. 638,639. NlBELUNGENLlED, Old German epic poem, xvil. 474; x. 524; xix. 269; xx. 657. Nic/EA, town, Asia Minor, xvii. 476; HI. 793; council of (325), II. 538; VI. 560; XIX. 490. , Empire of, XI. 119. , Lake of, 11. 709. (Nice), ancient town, France, xvii. 481. Niuean Creed, vi. 560. Nicander, Greek poet, xvil. 476. Nicaragua, state, Central America, XVII. 477; interoceanic canal through, 1. 715; iv. 793; Indian tribes of, xn. 828. , Lake, Central America, xvii. 477, 478. Nicastro, town, Italy, xvii. 480. Nicator, Demetrius II., king of Syria, vii. 58. Niccola Pisano, Italian sculptor and architect, XIX. 123. Niccolini, Giambattista, Italian dramatist, vii. 417; xiii. 514. Nice, town, Bithynia, Asia Minor, xvil 476. , town, France, XVII. 480; observatory at, xvil. 712; cession of, to France, ix. 624; xiii. 490. Nicene Creed, vi. 560. N icephorion, sacred enclosure at Pergamum, xviii. 527.

N I C —N I H

Nicephorium, town, Mesopotamia, xvi. 48. Nicephorus I., Byzantine emperor, xvii. 481. II.-IIL, Byzantine emperors, xvii. 482. Bryennius, Byzantine historian, IV. 613. Callisti, Greek ecclesiastical historian, xvii. 482. Gregoras, Byzantine historian, iv. 613; xi. 145. Patriarcha, Byzantine historian, XVII. 482. Nicetas of Syracuse, on astronomy, 11. 747Acominatus, Byzantine historian, iv. 613. Niche, in architecture, 11. 468. Nicholas, St, of Myra, Greek bishop and saint, xvii. 483. I., the Great, pope, xvii. 483; xix. 496. IB, pope, xvii. 483; xix. 498; xx. 791. III., pope, xvii. 484; xiii. 475; xx. 798. IV., pope, xvii. 484; xx. 798. V.,pope, xvii. 484; xiii. 480; xix. 503; XX. 806; policy of, XX. 381. V., antipope, xvii. 484; xm. 712. I., czar of Russia, xvii. 485; xxi. 101. IV., Prince Eszterhazy, vm. 564. of Basel, mystic, xvii. 486, 133. of Padua, romancist, xx. 626. Alemanni, editor of Procopius, xxiii. 276. de Clemenges, on corruptions in the church, xx. 320. JOSEPH, Prince Eszterhazy, vm. 564. Nickleby, Dickens’s novel, vn. 176. Nichols, John, English antiquary, XVII. 486. ‘ > or Nicolls, Colonel Richard, governor of New Jersey, U.S.A., xvn. 398, 455Nicholson, William, English natural philosopher, xvn. 487. , William, English painter, xvn. 487. Nicias, Athenian general, xvn. 487; xxii. 814. Nickel, metal, xvn. 487; as chemical element, v. 535; cyanide of, xx. 23; in iron, XIII. 284; magnetization of, xv. 256, 261; mines, in New Caledonia, xvii. 376; ores of, xvi. 58. > Goswin, general of the Jesuits, xiii. 654. Nickelerz, mineral, xvi. 404. Nickel Iron, of Ovifak, xvi. 113. Nickelite, mineral, xvi. 392. Nickel Ochre, mineral, xvi. 404. Nickel Silver, vi. 351; x. 446.

313 Nicobars, islands, Bay of Bengal, Niebuhr, Karsten, Danish Eastern traxvii. 489; 11. 685; birds of, in. 761. veller, xvii. 493. Nicol, William, Scottish natural philo- Nieder-Beuthen, town, Germany, in. sopher, xvii. 489; his prism of Ice621. land spar, iv. 653; vi. 676; xiv. 612. Niederhermsdorf, town, frussia, Nicolai, Christoph Friedrich* German xi. 752. author and bookseller, xvn. 489; X. Niederingelheim, town, Germany, 534xiii. 73. , Philip, German hymn-writer, xil. Niederwyl, Switzerland, Lake-dwell586. ings at, xiv. 223. Nicolaieff (Nikolaieff), town, Russia, Niejin (Niezhin), town, Russia, xvii. xvii. 503, 714. 496. Nicolas, or Nicholas, of Basel, mystic, Niello, in metal-work, xvn. 494; ix. xvii. 486, 133. 215; viii. 439; xiii. 81. , or Nicolaus, of Cusa, scholastic Niemcewicz, Julian Ursin, Polish philosopher and mystic, vi. 728; xvn. writer, xvn. 495; xix. 303. 134; xx. 323; xxi. 431. Niemen, river, Russia and Germany, of Hereford, English Biblical transin. 294; xix. 307; xxi. 73. lator, viii. 383. Niepce, Joseph Nicephore, French , Henry, leader of Familist sect, chemist, xvn. 495; his contributions VI. 844. to photography, vi. 761; xvin. 822. , Sir Nicholas Harris, English antide St Victor, Claude F. A., his quary, xvii. 489. contributions to photography, xvil Nicole, Pierre, Port-Royalist, French 495; XVIIL 824. scholar, xvn. 490. NlEREMBERG, Juan E., on birds, xvin. Nicoletto (Niccolo Cassana), Italian 4, 15painter, v. 182. Nieuport, Belgium, Battle of (1600), Nicolls, or Nichols, Colonel Richard, xil 78. deputy governor, New York, xvn. Nieuwentyt, Bernard, Dutch philoso398, 455pher, xviii. 182. Nicolo, stone, xvn. 776. NlEUWLAND, Pieter, Dutch writer, xil Nicomachean Ethics, of Aristotle, 96. 11. 517; viii. 583. Nieves, town, Mexico, xxiv. 761. Nicomedes I.-IIL, kings of Bithynia, Nievre, department, France, xvil 495. XVII. 490. Niezhin, town, Russia, xvil 496. Nicomedia, or Nicomedea, town, Asia | Nigantha Nata-putta, Jain leader, Minor, xvii. 490; ill. 793; xv. 143. 1 India, xiii. 544. Nicopia (Nykoping), ancient town, Niger, river, Africa, xvil 496; 1. 253; Sweden, xvn. 688. xxiii. 391. Nicopol, town, Russia, xvn. 504. , C. Pescennius, Roman governor of Nicopoli, town, Bulgaria, XVII. 504. Syria, xvil 498; xxi. 699. Nicopolis, town, Asia Minor, xvn. 491. , Petrus, Swedish chronicler, xxil. , town, Egypt, XVII. 491. 754, town, Epirus, Greece, xvn. 490. Oil, xvii. 744, 746. , town, Thrace, xvn. 491. Night-Heron, bird, xi. 762. Nicosia, town, Cyprus, xvn. 491. Nightingale, bird, xvil 498; its dis, town, Italy, xvn. 491 tribution, in. 756. Nicot, Jean, introducer of tobacco, Island, South Atlantic, xxiil xxiii. 423. 576. Nicotian a, genus of plants, xxiii. Nightjar, bird, x. 711. Nightmare, regarded as a demon, vn. 423Nicotine, volatile vegetable alkaloid, 62. xxiii. 425. Nightshade, plant, xvii. 499, 231; Nida, river, Russian Poland, xix. in- 543Nightsoil, as manure, I. 349. 307Nidaros (Throndhjem), ancient town, Night Thoughts, Young’s poem, Norway, xxili. 321. xxiv. 755. Niddry Castle, Linlithgowshire, Nigidals, Tungus tribe, Siberia, xxm. Scotland, xiv. 670. 608. Nidification, of birds, ill. 771. NlGRITIA, or Soudan (q.v.), Central Nidra (Hydra), island, Greece, XIL Africa, xxil 277. 430. Nihilism, Russian revolutionary moveNidwald, district, Switzerland, xxn. ment, xxi. 102; xxil 217. 781, 794; xxiii. 858. Nihon, name for Japan, xiii. 569. Niebuhr, Barthold Georg, Danish Nihongi, Japanese record, xm. 587. historian of Rome, xvn. 491; his Nihon Guaishi, Japanese history, relations with Bunsen, iv. 522. xiii. 587. XXV. — 40

314 Niigata, town, Japan, xvn. 499; xm. 578. Niihau, island, Hawaiian group, Pacific, XL 532. NlJAR, town, Spain, xvn. 500. Nijne-Dyevitsk, town, Russia, xxiv. 298. Nijne-Taghilsk, town, Russia, xvn. 500; xviii. 550. Nijne-Tchirskaya, town, Russia, xvii. 500. Nijni-Lomoff, town, Russia, xvii. 500; xviii. 515. Nijni-Novgorod, government, Russia, xvii. 500; xxi. 69. , or Nijniy, town, Russia, XVII. 501. Nika, insurrection (532), at Constantinople, xvii. 233; xxiii. 555. Nikitin, Athanasius, Russian traveller, XXL I03. , Ivan S., Russian poet, xxi. 107. Nikitino, town, Russia, xxm. 607. Nikitin Rog (Nikopol), town, Russia, xvii. 504. Nikko, town, Japan, xvn. 503; lake, xiii. 572. Nikolaieff, town, Russia, xvn. 503; observatory at, xvn. 714. Nikolaievsk, or Nikolaevsk, town, Russia, xvii. 504; xxi. 243. Nikolaievskaya Sloboda, village, Russia, xvii. 504. Nikolaievsk - on - the - Amoor, or Nikolayevsk, town, Siberia, xvn. 504; xv. 548. NiKOLO - UGRYESHSKIY, monastery, Moscow, Russia, xvi. 859. Nikolsburg, Moravia, Treaty of (1624), xii. 369. Nikolsk, town, Russia, xxiv. 283. Nikolskoye, town, Russia, xvni. 54. Nikon, patriarch, Greek Church, Russia, xxi. 82, 105. Nikopol, town, Russia, xvn. 504. NlKOPOLl, town, Bulgaria, xvii. 504. Niksar, town, Asia Minor, xix. 459. Niksitch, town, Montenegro, XVI. 781. Nile, river, Africa, xvn. 504; 1. 252; VIE 705; Bruce’s exploration of, IV. 393; Speke’s, xxil. 390; in Ptolemy’s geography, XX. 95. , Battle of the (1798), Egypt, 1. 52; viii. 363; xvii. 322. Nilgiri, state, India, xvn. 508. Hills, India, xvn. 508; xn. 733; xv. 184, 187. Nilotic Group, of Negroes, xvii. 319. Nimar, district, Central Provinces, India, xvn. 509. Nimbus, in sacred art, m. 89. , cloud, xvi. 127. Nimcha, tribe, Kafiristan, Asia, xm. 821. Nimeguen, town, Holland, xvn. 509; congress and peace of (1678), VI. 270; ix. 577; x. 502; xxil 333. NiMES, town, France, xvii. 510; amphi-

N I I —N I V theatre, I. 775; ruins of aqueduct, II. Nisibis, town, Mesopotamia, xvil. 514; xvi. 48. 220; synod of (1572), XIX. 693. Nimo Namling, mountain, Tibet, Nisida, island, Naples, xvil 188. Nisi Prius, in law, xvil 515; 11. 729. xxiii. 340. NlSlR, mountain, Kurdistan, Asia, xiv. Nimphidia, Drayton’s poem, vn. 452. 156. Nimrod, of Scripture, xvn. 511. (C. J. Apperley), sporting writer, Nismes, or Nimes (q.v.), town, France, XVIL 510. II. 211. Nimroud, or Nimrud, town of Baby- Nissa, or Nish, town, Servia, xvil 514; XXL 688. lonia, ruins, II. 398; XVII. 512; Hi. Nit, Egyptian divinity, vn. 718. 183; arched tunnels at, xxiii. 623. Nimwegen, or Nimeguen, town, Hol- Nitendi, island, New Hebrides, Pacific, xvil 395. land, xvii. 509; peace of (1678), VI. Nith, river, Scotland, vn. 526. 270; ix. 577; x. 502; xxil 333. Nine Maidens, ancient remains, Eng- NITHARD, J. E., Spanish minister, xxil land, vi. 427; xxi. 51. 333Nine-Pins (Skittles), game, xxil 125. Nitherohi, town, Brazil, xx. 562. Ninety Mile Beach, Victoria, NlTOCRlS, queen of Egypt, VII. 734. Nitrate of Soda, xxil 240; deposits Australia, xxiv. 215. of, in Bolivia, iv. 14; in Peru, xvni. Nineveh, ancient town, Assyria, XVII. 675; use of, as manure, 1. 353. 511; architectural remains of, II. 397; destruction of, xvill. 563; ivories of, Nitrates, in chemistry, xvil 517; group of minerals, xvi. 396; as exXIII. 523; libraries, XIV. 509; wall plosives, VIII. 807; of mercury, xvi. sculptures, XVII. 34. 33; of potash, xxi. 235; of silver, xxn. Ning-Po, town, China, xvn. 513; v. 71; of soda, xxil 240 (see above); of 636. strontia, xxil 607. Ninian, St, early British bishop, XVII. 513; as missionary in Scotland, XXL Nitratine, mineral, xvi. 396. Nitre, mineral, xvi. 396. 474Ninon DE Lenclos, French ad- Nitric Acid, v. 51 i; xvil 518; as a poison, xix. 277. venturess, xiv. 445. Ninus, ancient town, Assyria, xvn. Nitrobenzol, source of aniline, 11. 48. 511. Nitrocalcite, mineral, xvi. 396. , founder of Nineveh, xxi. 640. Nitrogen, chemical element, xvil 515; NINYAS, son of Semiramis, XXL 640. v. 509; determination of, v. 546; as Nin Yuan, town, Central Asia, xiv. constituent of manure, xv. 506; in 154. ocean water, xxi. 612; as plant food, Niobe, of Greek legend, xvn. 513; xix. 49; its effect in steel, xm. 283; statue of, near Manisa, Asia Minor, spectrum of, xxil 375; thermometric xv. 98, 490. properties of, XL 574. Niobium, chemical element, xvn. 513; Nitrogenous Carbon Compounds, v. 539xvil 519. Niobrara, river, Nebraska, U.S.A., Nitroglycerin, in chemistry, xvii. xvii. 307. 520; viii. 800, 811; x. 699; as exNiord, in Northern mythology, 1. plosive, in. 809; vii. 583. 210. Nitromagnesite, mineral, xvi. 396. Niort, town, France, xvn. 514. Nipal, or Nepal, state, Asia, xvn. 340; Nitroso-Bodies, in chemistry, xvii. 519. III. 762; XL 822. Nipa-Nipa, town, Philippine Islands, Nitrous Oxide Gas, as anaesthetic, 1. 789. xviii. 752. N ipples, Number of, in different animals, Nitschmann, David, Moravian bishop, xvi. 812. xvi. 301; abnormal, xvi. 763. Nippoldt, his electrical researches, Nittanv, valley, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., xviii. 499. viii. 48. Nitzsch, Christian Ludwig, on birds, Nippon, name for Japan, xm. 569. xviii. 18, 25. Nirvana, Buddhist doctrine of, iv. 433; , Gregor Wilhelm, German philoxiii. 544. logist, xvil 521; on the Homeric Nisard, Jean M. N. D., French critic, poems, XII. 117. ix. 680. , Karl Immanuel, German theoNish, or Nisch, town, Servia, xvn. 514; logian, xvil 521. xxi. 688. , Karl Ludwig, German theologian, Nishapur, town, Persia, xvn. 514; XVIL 521. xviii. 627. Niue, island, Polynesia, xix. 421. Nishava, river, Servia, XXL 686. Nisib, Syria, Battle of (1839), xxiii. Nivelles, town, Belgium, xvn. 521; normal school at, III. 520. 650.

N I V—N O R Nivose, Plotof (1800), against Napoleon, Nohlite, mineral, xvi. 428. xvil. 206. Noire, Ludwig, on evolution, vm. 769. Nizam, Mahratta title, India, xv. 291. Noireau, river, France, xviii. 1. , Territory of the, India, Xll. 428. Noirmoutier, island, France, xvil Nizami, Persian poet, xvn. 521; xviii. 53i657. Noizet, J. F. G., his system of fortifiNizam-ulmulk, Seljuk vizier, xvn. cation, ix. 447, 463. 771; xxi. 635. Nola, town, Italy, xvil 532. Nkondo, town, Loango, Africa, xiv. Nolan, Frederick, English flute-maker, 743xxiii. 521. No, city of Scripture, vn. 776. Nollekens, Joseph, English sculptor, , lake, Nile, Africa, xvn. 506. xvii. 532; xxi. 560. NOACOLLY, district, India, XVII. 524. Nolle Prosequi, in law, xvil 532. Noah, of Scripture, xvn. 523. Nollet, Jean Antoine, French physiProphecy, in book of Enoch, 11. cist, xvil 532; his electrical rei75searches, viii. 6. Noah’s Ark, Resting place of, 11. 309. Nolinsk, town, Russia, xxiv. 303. Noah’s Hill, Kurdistan, Asia, xiv. Nol. Pros., in law, xvil 532. 156. Nomades, people, Numidia, xvii. 628. Noailles, distinguished French family, Nomansland, Cape Colony, v. 41; xvil 523. xiii. 817. , Louis Antoine, cardinal, xvil 523; Nomentum, ancient town, Italy, xiv. ix. 584. 344Noakhali, district, India, xvil 524. Nomes, territorial divisions of Egypt, No-Amon, ancient city, Egypt, VII. 776. vii. 701. Nob, district, Nubia, xvil 611. Nominalism, philosophical system, xvi. Nobatve, Negro people, Nubia, xvil 81; xx. 76; defence of, by Occam, 610. xvil 718; scholastic, xx. 848; xxi. Nobbs, George Hunn, Pitcairn Islander, 419. xix. 132. Nomokham, Tibetan ruler, xxm. 343. Nobel, Alfred, his experiments on dy- Nomuka, island, South Pacific, ix. 779. namite, vii. 583; his explosives, xvil Nonacris, waterfall, Greece, xxu. 521. 614. Nobiles, Roman, new nobility, xx. Non Compos Mentis, in the law of 756. insanity, xv. 780. Nobili, Leopoldo, Italian physicist, Nonconformists, English, xn. 727; xvn xvil. 524. - 533; Russian, xxi. 81, 105. Nobility, xvil 524; xiv. 119; as dis- Nonconformity, Law relating to, xvil tinguished from peerage, xvill. 458, 533; Baxter’s influence on, in. 457. 460; British, precedence of, XIX. 661, Non-Episcopal American MethodRoman, xx. 756, 784, 791, 806. ism, xvi. 192. Noble, William, English musician, Nones, in Roman calendar, iv. 665. xvii. 89. Nonette, river, France, xvil 749. Nobleman, use of the word, xvil. 525. Non-Intervention, political doctrine, Nobles, estate of the realm, United xiii. 192; in relation to the balance Kingdom, vm. 557. of power, hi. 271. Nocera Inferiore, town, Italy, xvil Non-Intrusion Controversy, in 530. Scotland, v. 376; ix. 744. Nocera Umbria, town, Italy, xvii. Nonius, or Vernier, xxrv. 169; xvil 53o. 256; xxii. 718. No Cross No Crown, Penn’s work, (Pedro Nunez), Portuguese cosmoXVIH. 493. grapher, xvil. 662, 252. Noctes Ambrosian^®, Wilson’s, xxiv. Nonjurors, in English history, xvii. 592. 533; viii. 378. Noctes Attics, of Aulus Gellius, x. Nonnus, Greek poet, xvn. 533. I 3Sof Nisibis, Syriac writer, xxn. Noctilio, genus of bats, xv. 413. 846. Noctiluca, genus of Protozoa, xix. Nonohan, mountain, North Borneo, 861. XXL 123. Noddy, bird, xvil 531. Non-Palliata, section of Mollusca, Node, of a curve, xxn. 669. xvi. 655. Nodier, Charles, French writer, xvil Nonpareil, bird, xvil 534. S3G IX. 676. Non Placet, in church legislation, Noetus, early church presbyter, XVIL xxiv. 208. 531Non-Suctoria, order of Protozoa, xix. Nogais, Tartar people, xxm. 70. ■ 865. Nogoya, town, Japan, xvil 164. Nonsuit, in law, xvii, 534.

315 Nontronite, mineral, xvi. 425. Noodt, Gerhard, Dutch jurist, xvil 534Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island, North America, xxiv. 57. Noph (Memphis), town, Egypt, xv. 847. Norba Czesarea, ancient town, Spain, 1. 458. Nord, department, France, xvii. 534. Nordalbingia, ancient German territory, xxi. 352, 415. Norden, Sir John, on land tenures, 1. 297. Nordenfeldt Machine Gun, xi. 287. Nordenflycht, Hedvig Charlotta, Swedish poetess, xxn. 756. Nordenskjold, Nils A. E., Swedish Arctic explorer, xix. 323; in Spitzbergen, xxn. 410. Norden’s Map of London (1593), xiv. 847. Norderney, island, East Friesland, Prussia, xvil 535. Nordhausen, town, Prussia, xvil 535; XXL 360. Sulphuric Acid, v. 507. Nordhoff, Charles, on communistic societies, vi. 216. Nordlingen, town, Bavaria, xvil 535. , Heinrich von, German mystic, xvil 133. Nore, river, Ireland, xx. 171. , Mutiny of the (1797), in British fleet, viii. 362. Noreia (Neumarkt), ancient town, Hungary, xvil 538. Norfolk, county, England, xvii. 535; representation, xxm. 727. , town, Virginia, U.S.A., xvil 537. , Duke of, conspirator on behalf of Mary, queen of Scots, xv. 600. Island, South Pacific, xvii. 537. Plover, bird, vi. 712. Norhachi, Manchu chief, xv. 467. Noria, Egyptian water-wheel, xn. 435. Noric Alps, i. 628. Noricum, ancient country, Europe, xvil 538. Normal Schools, of Belgium, in. 520. Norman, Robert, discoverer of magnetic dip, xv. 221. Architecture, in England, 11. 426. Normanby, Marquis of, English writer and politician, xvil 538. Norman Castles, v. 197. Norman Conquest, of England, viii. 291; its influence on the English language, VIII. 393. Normandy, district in north of France, xvii. 538; duchy of, xvil 538; ix. 535> 537; English conquest of, vm. 301; separation of, from England, viii. 306; xiii. 714; under William L, xxiv. 575.

316

n o r —n 0t

Normandy’s Apparatus, for distilling Northbrook, Lord, governor-general Norway Pine, tree, xix. 103. Norway Spruce, tree, ix. 222. of India, xn. 811. sea-water, VII. 263. Norman Kings, of England, xxiv. 576. North Carolina, State, U.S.A., xvil Norwegian Language, xxi. 369; dictionaries of, vil 186. 558; ruby mines of, XXL 48. Normans, Scandinavian settlers in Normandy, etc., xvn. 547; conquest of Northcote, James, English painter, Norwegian Literature, xvil 589. Norwegian Sea, xvil 592. xvil 562. Naples by, xvn. 191; of Malta, xv. 342; of Sicily, XXII. 25; their in- Norther, wind, in America, xvi. 149. Norwich, town, England, xvil 594; Dominican church at, I. 21; libraries, fluence on the government of Eng- Northern Lights, or Aurora, 11. 787; xiv. 521, 544; newspapers, xvil 421; in. 90; xvi. 177, 183. land, xvili. 303; fusion of, with the smallpox epidemic at (1819), xxiv. English, viii. 302; in Northumbria, Northfleet, town, England, xvil 28. xvil. 571; weapons of, II. 555. 563, town, Connecticut, U.S.A., xvii. NORTH HEMPSTEAD, town, Long Island, Norman Sculptures, xxi. 558. 596. New York, U.S.A., xiv. 866. Normanton, town, England, xvil. 552. Norrbotten, county, Sweden, xxn. Northmen, Scandinavians, xvil 547, NORWOOD, suburb of London, xvil 596; academy of music for the blind 584, 848; as geographical discoverers, 741. at, in. 829. x. 178; Arctic explorations of, xix. Norris, Edwin, on Cornish and , suburb of Adelaide, South Aus316; invasion of Ireland by, xill. 251; Armoric dialects, V. 299. tralia, XVIL 596. invasion of Scotland by, XXL 477. , John, English philosopher, xvn. , Richard, his works on navigation, 552; his criticism of Locke, xiv. 754. North Pole, xix. 315; magnetic, xvi. xvil 256; his measurement of length 163. Norristown, town, Pennsylvania, of a degree, vil 597. North River, New York, U.S.A., xn. U.S.A., xvil. 553. Nose, Anatomy of the, 1. 825, 884; Norrkoping, town, Sweden, xvn. 553; 331xxil 166 ; in physiognomy, xix. 4; North Sea, or German Ocean, xvil xxii. 742. of reptiles, xx. 462. Norrland, division of Sweden, xxii. 563North Shields, town, England, xxm. NOSEAN, mineral, X. 228; XVI. 412. 736. Nosibe, or Nossi-be, island, off MadaNorse Language, xxi. 369. 675gascar, xvil 596; xv. 168. North Sydney, town, Nova Scotia, Norse Literature, xvii. 589. Nosks, divisions of the Avesta, xxiv. XVIL 603. Norsemen, xvii. 547, 584; Arctic ex776. plorations of, xix. 316; invasion of Northumberland, county, England, xvil 564; coalfield, vi. 51; represen- Nossa Senhora do Desterro, town, Ireland by, Xlll. 251 ; invasion of Brazil, vil 132. tation, xxiii. 727. Scotland by, xxi. 477; settlement of Nossi-be, island, off Madagascar, xvii. , Duke of (John Dudley), vil. 686. Orkney and Shetland by, xvii. 848. 596; xv. 168. , Duke of (Hugh Smithson), xvni. NORTH, Lord (Earl of Guildford), EngNossi-Komba, island, off Madagascar, lish politician, XVII. 553; VIII. 358; 523xvil. 596. , Earls of, xvill. 523. his relations with Pitt, XIX. 138. Nostradamus, French astrologer, xvil , Kingdom of, in Anglo-Saxon , Christopher (John Wilson), Scot596. England, xvil 568; vili. 270; xxi. tish writer, XXIV. 591. Notabile, ancient town, Malta, xv. 475; under Edwin, VIL 691. , Sir Dudley, English economist, North-Western Provinces, The, 34°, 342xvil. 554; xix. 358. Notables, Assembly of, France, ix. India, xvil 571. , Eoger, English historian and bioNorth-West Passage, Discovery of, 595grapher, xvii. 555. Notary, or Notary Public, XVIL 596. x. 184; search for, 1. 715; ix. 720. , Sir Thomas, translator of Plutarch’s North-West Territory, British Notation, in algebra, 1. 518; of Lives, xvil. 555. numbers, 11. 525, 527. North America, XVIL 573. Adams, town, Massachusetts, , Chemical, v. 472. Northwich, town, England, XVII. 574. U.S.A., xvii. 555. , of crystals, xvi. 352. NORTON, Caroline Elizabeth, English Northallerton, town, England, xvil , Musical, xvil 80. woman of letters, xvil 574. 555Notch, in hydraulics, xn. 471. , Sir Fletcher, English barrister, North America, i. 669. Notero, island, Norway, xvil 576. XXlll. 332. North American Review, xviii. 544. Northampton, county, England, xvil Norwalk, town, Connecticut, U.S.A., Notes, Pitch of, in music, xvil 102; range of, in the voice, xxiv. 275. xvil 574. 555; representation, xxm. 727. Noteus, genus of Rotifera, XXL 4. , town, Ohio, U.S.A., xvil 574. , town, England, XVIL 557; treaty Norway, country, Europe, xvil 575; NOTHOCERCUS, genus of birds, xxiii. of (1328), xxi. 488. its union with Sweden (1397), xxil. 4°3, town, Massachusetts, U.S.A., xvil 743, 746; separation from Sweden NOTHOPROCTA, genus of birds, xxiii. 558. (1523),xxil 747; reunion with Sweden , Earl of (Spencer Compton), Eng4°3(1814), xxil 752; the Reformation in, Nothura, genus of birds, xxin. 403. lish cavalier, xvil 558. xx. 336; birds of, xvili. 17; church, Notice, in law, xvil 597. , Earl of (Henry Howard), English viii. 491; coins, xvil 658; fisheries, Notidanus, genus of sharks, xxi. 778. politician, xvil 558. ix. 267; forests, ix. 399; language, Notker Balbulus, monk and hymnTable, of mortality, xm. 169. writer, xvil 597; xii. 583. XXL 369; Lapps, xiv. 306; libraries, North and South, by Mrs Gaskell, x. 105. xiv. 532, 549; mines, xvi. 469; news- Notker Labeo, monk and translator, xvil 597; x. 517. North Bierley, town, England, xvil papers, xvil 430; observatories, xvil 714; oyster culture, xvill. 108; period- Noto, town, Sicily, xvn. 597. 558ical literature, xviii. 543; prison Notochord, rudimentary spine, 1. 830; North Borneo, British, xxi. 123. xxil 109, no. North Briton, Wilkes’s newspaper, system, xix. 761; railways, xx. 251; Notopteris, genus of bats, xv. 410. xxiv. 567. whale fishery, xxiv. 528.

NOT — N U M Notornis, genus of birds, xvi. 809. Nototherium, fossil marsupial mammal, XV. 383. Notre Dame, Cathedral of, Paris, xviii. 276; sculptures in, xxi. 562. Notredame (Nostradamus), Michel de, French astrologer, XVII. 596. Notre Dame Bay, Newfoundland, xvii. 382. Notre Dame Mountains, Canada, xx. 165. Nottingham, county, England, xvn. 597; representation, XXIII. 727. , town, England, XVII. 599; Luddite riots in, XV. 57; newspapers of, xvn. 421. , Earls of, XVII. 600. Notts, or Nottingham, county, England, xvii. 597; xxiii. 727. Noukahiva, island, Marquesas, Pacific, xv. 564. Noumea, town, New Caledonia, xvii. 376. Noureddin (Nur ed-din, q.v.), atahek or ruler of Syria, XXL 636; VII. 752; XXIII. 161. Nouvelle Heloise, Rousseau’s novel, XXL 26. NOUVELLES A la Main, Paris newspaper, xvii. 425. Nova Dwor, town, Russian Poland, xxiv. 375. Nova Foggia, town, Asia Minor, xviii. 798. Novalis (F. von Hardenberg), German writer, XL 472; X. 542; hymns by, XII. 588. Novant/E, ancient British tribe, XVIII. 411. Novara, town, Italy, xvn. 600; battle of (1849), v- 425; xiii. 488. Novaria (Novara), ancient town, Italy, xvii. 601. Nova Roma, name for Constantinople, xix. 491. Nova Scotia, province, Canada, xvn. 601; discovery of, by Sebastian Cabot, iv. 622. Nova Scotia, Baronets of, 111. 389. Novatians, early Christian sect, xvn. 603. Novatianus, Roman presbyter, xvn. 603; his creed, vi. 559. Novation, in law-, xvn. 604. Novaya Ladoga, town, Russia, xxi. 190. Novaya Ushitsa, town, Russia, xix. 254Nova Zembla, or Novaya Zemlya, island, Arctic Ocean, XVli. 604. Novel, Origin of the, xx. 636. Novelas Exemplares, of Cervantes, v - 354Novell©, Vincent, English musical composer, xvn. 606. Novels, addenda to the Codex of Justinian, xiii. 794.

November, month, xvn. 606. Noverre, Jean Georges, French musician, xvii. 606; his pantomimes, xviii. 216. Novesium (Neuss), ancient town, Rhenish Prussia, xvil. 365. Novgorod, early republic, Russia, xxi. 89; its relations with Pskoff, xx. 36. , government, Russia, xvil 606; XXL 69. , town, Russia, xvil 607. , Nijni-, government and town, Russia, xvil 500, 501. Severski, principality, Russia, XXL 89. Novgorod-Syeversk, town, Russia, xxiii. 96. Novgrad Volhynskiy, town, Russia, xxiv. 282. Novi, town, Italy, xvil 608. Novibazar, town, Bosnia, xvil 608. Novie Dubossari, town, Russia, vn. 5°3Novikoff, Nikolai Ivanovich, Russian writer, XXL 106. Novi Ligure, town, Italy, xvil 608. Noviodunum (Nevers), ancient town, France, xvil 369. N oviomagum (Nimeguen), ancient town, Netherlands, XVIL 509. Noviomagus (Lisieux), ancient town, France, xiv. 693. Novisad (Neusatz), town, Hungary, xvil 365. Novo-Bayazet, town, Transcaucasia, Russia, xvil 608. Novo-Dyevitchiy, convent, Moscow, Russia, xvi. 859. Novogeorgievsk, town, Kherson, Russia, xvil 608. , town, Russian Poland, xvil 608; xix. 227; xxiv. 376. Novokhopersk, town, Russia, xxiv. 298. Novo Minsk, town, Russian Poland, xxiv. 375. Novomoskovsk, town, Russia, xvil 608. Novorossia, district, Russia, xvil 725. Novoselitsy, Cossack settlement, Russia, xvil 609. Novosil, town, Russia, xxm. 605. Novotcherkassk, town, Russia, xvil 609. Novo-Uzen, town, Russia, XXL 243. Novozybkoff, town, Russia, xxm. 96. Novum Organum, Bacon’s treatise, m. 210. Nowanuggur, state and town, India, XVIL 30I. Nowgong, district, India, XVIL 609 Nowshera, town, India, xvni. 684. Noy, William, attorney-general of England, xvil 609. Noyades, massacres at Nantes, France, v. 139. Noyes, John Humphrey, founder of

317 the Oneida Community, U.S.A., vi. 211; xvil 772. Noyon, town, France, XVIL 609, 749. Nozeman, Cornelius, Dutch naturalist, on birds, xvni. 9. Nozze de Figaro, Mozart’s opera, XVIL II. Nub, district, Nubia, xvil 611. Nubia, country, North-East Africa, xvil 610; 1. 267. Nubian Goat, x. 709. Nubians, race of people, Africa, 1. 260. Nuble, province, Chili, v. 617. Nuceria Alfaterna (Nocera Inferiore), ancient town, Italy, xvil 53°Nuchins, Manchu tribe, xv. 467. Nucifraga, genus of birds, vi. 618; xvil 665. Nuck, Antony, anatomist, I. 811. Nucula, genus of Mollusca, xvi. 689. Nuddea, district, India, xvil 161. Nueces, river, Texas, U.S.A., xxm. 203. Nueva Esparta, islands, Caribbean Sea, Venezuela, xv. 537. Nuevo-Leon, state, Mexico, xvi. 214. Nufor, Papuan language, xviii. 231. Nugje Antique, Harington’s work, xi. 479. Nugar, state, India, x. 597. Nugeenah (Nagina), town, India, xvil 164. Nugent, Earl, Irish poet, xvil 612. Nuisance, in law, xvil 612; xxm. 454Nuisances, Public, xx. 96; xvil 613. Nukha, town, Russia, xvil 613. Nukkapully, or Anakapalle, town, India, xxiv. 267. Nulagurh (Nalagarh), hill state, India, xi. 840. Nullification, Calhoun’s doctrine of, United States, IV. 683; Webster’s speech on, xxiv. 472. Numan Pasha, Turkish vizier, xxiii. 646. Numantia, ancient town, Spain, xvil 613; siege of, by the Romans (134-133 B.C.), xxii. 306. Numa Pompilius, legendary king of Rome, xvii. 613. Number, Conception and representation of, II. 524; ancient ideas of, III. 37; Locke on, xiv. 759; Pythagorean philosophy of, XX. 138; in Xenocrates’s philosophy, xxiv. 718. Nip, German goblin, xx. 552. of Quantities, in measurement, xv. 660. Numbers, Book of, xviii. 505. , Complex, XXIV. 70. , Partition of, xvil 614. , Properties of, in algebra, I. 521. , Theory of, xvil 614; tables relating to, xxill. 15; Legendre’s contributions

318 to, xiv. 414; H. J. S. Smith’s, xxil. 172. Numenius, Neopythagorean philosopher, xvii. 624, 334. , genus of birds, VI. 711. Numerals, xvii. 624; 11. 524; in ancient MSS., xvill. 165; Mexican, xvi. 212; Papuan, xvii. 389. Numeration, in arithmetic, 11. 527. Numerianus, M. Aurelius, Roman emperor, xvii. 627. Numerical Magnitudes, xxi. 677. Numida, genus of birds, xi. 264. Numidia, ancient country, North Africa, xvii. 627; under Jugurtha, xm. 766; coins of, xvii. 652. Numismatics, xvii. 628; value of, in archaeology, II. 343; Etruscan, VIII. 641; of Miletus, xvi. 294; Sabtean, xxiv. 741. Nummedal LAAGEN, river, Norway, xvii. 575. Nummulinidea, order of Protozoa, xix. 848. Nummulites, Foraminifera, ix. 381. Nun, Nuns, in convents, xvi. 699; Franciscan, ix. 699. , Cape, Morocco, xvi. 831. , Rio, mouth of Niger, Africa, XVII. 497Nuncio, papal legate, I. 657; xiv. 413. Nuneaton, town, England, xvn. 661. Nunez, Pedro, Portuguese cosmographer and navigator, xvn. 662, 252. Cabeza de Vaca, Alvaro, Spanish explorer, xvii. 662. Nuphar, genus of plants, xxiv. 402. Nur ED-din, atabek or ruler of Syria, XXL 636; his invasion of Egypt, VII. 752; his relations with the Templars, xxili. 161. Nuremberg, town, Bavaria, xvn. 662; in time of Albrecht Diirer, VII. 554; diet of (1522), XV. 77; its sculptures, xxi. 564. NURHAGS, sepulchres, in Sardinia, II. 384; xxi. 309. NurnberG, or Nuremberg (q.v.), XVII. 662. NURPUR, town, India, xni. 841. Nurse-Hound, fish, vn. 332. Nursery Culture, of trees, 11. 321. Nursia, Sabine town, Italy, xxi. 129. Nursing, in hospitals, xn. 305. NURSINGPOOR (Narsinhpur), district, India, xvil. 234. NuSA Keli, mountain, Ceram, Indian Archipelago, v. 344. Nusseer Khan, ruler of Baluchistan, in. 300. Nut, variety of fruit, xvil 664; iv. 151. Nutation, Solar, 11. 757, 794; effect of, on tides, xxin. 361. Nutcell, English monk, xvi. 707. Nutcracker, bird, xvii. 665; vi. 618; its migrations, ill. 770. Nut Gall, x. 45.

N U M —O B A Nuthatch, bird, xvii. 665. Nutmeg, spice, xvil 666, 664. Nutmeg-Bird, xxiv. 463. Nut Oil, xvil 746. Nut-Pine, tree, xix. 105. Nutria, or Coypu, xv. 420; skins of, ix. 838. Nutrias, town, Venezuela, xxiv. 140. Nutrition, xvil 667; vn. 201; of nerves, xix. 26; of Protozoa, xix. 836; of plants, IV. 94; of Schizomycetes, XXL 406; organs of, in fishes, xii. 654; organs of, in mammals, xv. 361. Nuttall, Thomas, American naturalist, xvil 687. Nux Vomica, drug, xvil 687. NUYSSEN, Abraham Janssens van, Flemish painter, XIII. 568. Nuyt’s Land, Western Australia, xxiv. 509. Nyagur, state, India, xvil 302. Nyanyaz, Ural-Altaic people, Russia, XXL 251. Nyanza, Albert, lake, Africa, xvil 505; xiv. 217; marked on early Italian map, x. 183; discovery of, 1. 247, 255. , Victoria, lake, Africa, XVIL 504; XIV. 217; shown on early Italian map, x. 183; discovery of, 1. 247, 255. Nyassa, Lake, Africa, 1. 247; xxiv. 766; discovered by Livingstone, Xiv. 721. Nyazepetrovsk, town, Russia, xviii. 550. Nyberg, Julia, Swedish poetess, xxil 757NybORG, town, Denmark, XVII. 687. Nyctala, genus of birds, xviii. 90. Nyctea, genus of birds, xvill. 90. Nycteribiida:, group of insects, VII. 255. Nycterid^e, family of bats, xv. 411. NYCTICEBUS, genus of lemurs, XIV. 443Nycticorax, genus of birds, XL 762. Nyctinomus, genus of bats, xv. 413. Nyctipithecus, genus of apes, 11. I 54. i Nyctisaura, suborder of lizards, xiv. 734NYEGUSH, town, Montenegro, XVI. 781. , Peter Petrovitch, Servian poet, xvi. 781. Nyezhin, town, Russia, xvil 496; xxiii. 96. Nyiregyhaza, town, Hungary, xvil. 688. Nykoping, town, Sweden, xvil 688. Nyland, province, Finland, ix. 217. Nylander, W., on lichens, xiv. 557. Nylghau, antelope, xvil 688; 11. 102; xv. 432. Nymegen, or Nimeguen (q.v.), town, Holland, xvil 509.

Nymph, in Greek mythology, xvii. 688. N ymphaja, genus of plants, xxiv. 402. Nymph^eum, valley, near Smyrna, Asia Minor, xxil 186. Nymphon, genus of Arachnida, II. 277. NYSLOTT, town, Finland, XXIV. 209. UV the fifteenth letter of the alphabet, xvil 689. O’, in Irish names, V. 799. Oahu, island, Hawaiian group, Pacific, XL 532. Oajaca, town, Mexico, xvil 689; xvi. 214; antiquities in, I. 695; state, xvi. 214. Oak, tree, xvil 689; culture of, 11. 316; in United States, xxm. 808; strength of wood, xxil 603; bark of, for tanning, xiv. 381. Apple, gall, x. 44. Oakboy Insurrection, Ireland, xm. 269. Oakland, town, California, U.S.A., xvil 694. Oak-Orchard Acid Springs, New York State, U.S.A., xvi. 436. Oaks, English horse-race, xn. 201. Oak Spangles, galls, x. 44; xn. 574. Oakum, for use in shipbuilding, xvil. 694. Oamaru, town, New Zealand, xvii. 694. Stone, xvil 468. Oar, for roAving, XXL 30; ancient Greek, xxi. 807. Oaracta (Kishm), island, Persian Gulf, xiv. 102. Oar-Fish, xvil 694. Oases, in deserts, xvil 695; of Egypt, vie 784. Oat, cereal, xvil. 696; 1. 359. Oates, Titus, plotter, xvil 697. Oath, xvil 698; of allegiance, 1. 581; in courts-martial, VI. 518; legal, 1. 226; xxiv. 624; in Roman law, XX. 675; ordeal by, XVII. 819; by Styx, XXII. 614; in relation to vows, XXIV. 301; in relation to wager, xxiv. 305. Oatmeal, its nutritive value, vn. 203; xvii. 696. Oats, grain, xvii. 696; cultivation of, i- 359Oaxaca, or Oajaca, town, Mexico, xvii. 689; XVI. 214; antiquities in, I. 695. Ob, river, Siberia, xxil 5; xxm. 429; proposed connexion of, with the Yenisei, xxiv. 742; marshy region formed by, XXIII. 438. Obadiah, Old Testament prophet, xvii. 702. Obaida, Abu, Arabic commentator and historian, xvi. 536; xxm. 3. Obaid Allah, Moslem leader, xvi. 568, 587.

O B A —o D E 319 Oban, town, Scotland, xvn. 703. Obsolescence, Diseases of, xviii. 383. Ocotal, town, Nicaragua, xvn. 477. Obay, editor of the Koran, xvi. 605. Obstetrics, branch of medicine, xv. Octacnemidze, family of Tunicata, Obbenites, Dutch sect, xvi. 12 797XXIII. 616. Obdorsk Mountains, Russia, xxiv. 4. Obstruction, in law, xxili. 500. Obeidh, town, Kordofan, Africa, vm. Obwald, district, Switzerland, xxn. Octahedron, in geometry, x. 388; crystals, xvi. 348, 351. 153781; xxiii. 858. Octant, or Quadrant, Hadley’s, xvir. Obeidullah, Sheikh, Kurdish chief, Oca, vegetable, xn. 285. 258. xiv. 160. Ocamo, river, South America, xvii Octave, musical interval, 1. 108; xvii. Obelisk, Egyptian monument, xvn. 84378, 102. 703; 1. 495; 11. 390; vii. 768, 778. Occam, William of, English schoolman, Octavia, sister of the emperor Augustus, Oberammergau, village, Bavaria, xvn XVII. 717; XV. 81; XXI. 430; Biel on, xvii. 722. 703; passion play of, vn. 414. in. 666. , wife of the emperor Nero, xvii. Ober-Beuthen, town, Germany, 111 Occasionalism, philosophical theorv, 722, 348. 621. x. 556. Oberhausen, town, Rhenish Prussia, Ocean, in physical geography, x. 211, Octavian, or Octavianus (Augustus, Roman emperor, 111. 70; xx xvii. 704. 221, 282; atmospheric pressure on, 768. Ober-Hohenberg, mountain, Wiirtemin. 29; xvi. 121; depths of, in. 17; (Pope John XII.), xm. 711. herg, xxiv. 699. xii. 821; xviii. 120; deep-sea fishes, Octavians, The, of Scottish history, Oberingelheim, town, Germany, xm xii. 684; appliances for sounding, XXL 509. 73xxii. 280; stability of, in tides, xxm. Octavianus (Victor IV., antipope), Oberlin, town, Ohio, U.S.A., xvn. 704. 361; temperature, vi. 4; xvi. 116; XXIV. 213. , Jean Frederic, Alsatian philan temperature of air over, xvi. 117 ; Octavien, romance, xx. 653. thropist, xvii. 704; as educationist, deep-sea thermometers, xxm. 291 ; Octavius, Minucius Felix’s dialogue, xiv. 79. tides of, xxiii. 353; water of, xxi. xvi. 492. , Jeremie Jacques, French archgeo611; xxiv. 398; waves of, xxiv. 419. , Caius (Augustus, q.v.\ Roman logist, xvii. 704, Oceana, Harrington’s work, xi. 492. emperor, m. 79. Ober-Neunkirchen, town, Prussia, Oceania, or Polynesia, xix. 418. October, month, xvn. 722. xvii. 363. Oceanitidze, family of birds, xviii. HORSE, Roman sacrifice, xv. 570. Oberon, king of the fairies, XVII. 704. 712. Octocoralla, group of Actinozoa, 1. , Weber’s opera, xxiv. 469. Ocelot, carnivorous mammal, xvii. 130. , Wieland’s poem, xxiv. 559. 719; xv. 435. OCTODONTIDZE, family of rodent mamOberstein, town, Germany, xvii. 757. Ochetodon, genus of rodent mammals, mals, xv. 420. Obesity, or Corpulence, vi. 435; diet xvii. 6. for, vii. 204; as a disease, xvm. 389. OCHILS, mountains, Scotland, XVlii. 666. Octopoda, suborder of Mollusca, xvi. 670. Obi, or Ob (q.v.\ river, Siberia, xxn. 5. OCHINO, Bernardino, Italian Reformer, Octopus, genus of Mollusca, vi. 739; Obizzo I. and II., princes of Este, vm. xvii. 719; vicar-general of Capuchins, xvi. 670. 558. v. 80; his relations with L. Socinus, Octoroon, white and Negro half-breed, Object-Glass, in the microscope, xvi. XXII. 229; with Valdes, xxiv. 32. xvii. 320. 258; achromatic, xvii. 804; xxm OCHRAN, mineral, xvi. 425. Octroi, tax, France, ix. 523. 139, 145Ochre, pigment, xix. 87. Ocydrome, bird, xvii. 722. Objective, object-glass of microscope, Ochroite Earth, xiv. 291. Odzenathus, or Odenathus, prince of xvi. 261. Ochus, Artaxerxes III., king of Persia, Palmyra, xvii. 724; xviii. 200; xx. Oblation, Sacrificial, xxi. 132. 11. 640; vii. 744; xviii. 580. 776. Obligation, in law, xvii. 704; xiv. , Darius II., king of Persia, vi. 826; Odal, early Teutonic land tenure, ix. 361; in Roman law, xx. 67;, 677 xviii. 575. 120. 692, 699. , river, Central Asia, xviii. 104. Odalisks, female slaves in harem, xi. Oboe, musical instrument, xvn. 705. Ockals, class of Druses, vii. 484, 485. 478. Obol, ancient Greek coin, xvn. 632. Ockenfuss, Lorenz, German naturalist, Odcombian Banquet, by Coryatt, vi. Obradovich, Dositei, Servian 'writer, xvii. 749. 444. xxi. 691. Ockenheim, Johannes, Flemish musi- Oddfellows, societies, xvii. 723; ix. Obrenovich, Milosh, prince of Servia cian, xvii. 83; xviii. 180. 782. XXL 689. OCKLEY, Simon, English Orientalist, Odd Gottskalksson, Icelandic trans0 Brien, Irish giant, his skeleton, xn xvii. 720. lator of the New Testament, XII. 626. 388. O’Clery, Michael, Irish chronicler, v. Ode, xix. 270; in Greek hymnody, xii. -—, William Smith, Irish politician, 307; vii. 363. 580. xvii. 708. Ocmulgee, river, Georgia, U.S.A., x. Odeium, or Odeum, building, Athens, 0 Bryan, Mr, Methodist preacher, xvi. 434in. 5; xviii. 530. 192. Ocoee Rocks, Tennessee, U.S.A., xxiii. Odel, Anders, Swedish poet, xxii. Observants, or Franciscans of the 176. 756. Strict Observance, monastic order, ix Oconee, river, Georgia, U.S.A., x. 434. Odenathus, prince of Palmyra, xvn. 698; xvi. 711, 7x6. O’Connell, Daniel, Irish politician, 724; xviii. 200; xx. 776. Observations, in navigation, xvii. 268. xvii. 720; xiii. 271; Peel’s duel with, Odense, town, Denmark, xvn. 724. Observatory, xvii. 708 (index, 717); XVHL 453; his encounters in debate Ode Ondo, town, West Africa, xxiv. Greenwich, institution of, 11. 756; ■with Lord Stanley, vii. no. 754Paris, institution of, 11. 755. O’Connor, Feargus Edward, Chartist Oder, river, Germany and Austria, Obsidian, a volcanic glass, xvn. 717; leader, xvn. 722; v. 434. xvii. 724; in. 116,294; x. 449; XXII. structure of, x. 230, 234. , Roderick, Irish king, xiii. 259. 52, 543-

320

o D e —o H M

ODES, of Horace, xil. 161; of Pindar, Odour-Secreting Glands, of mam- (Esophagus, Anatomy of the, vn. 223; diseases of, xxiii. 321. mals, xv. 348. xix. 99. Odescalchi, Benedetto (Pope Innocent Odovacar, or Odoacer (q.v.), barbarian OESTERREICH, or Austria (q.v.)> III. 123. king of Italy, xvil 726. XI.), xiii. 85. Ofanto, river, Italy, xin. 440. Odessa, town, Russia, xvn. 724; xxi. Odrys^E, Thracian tribe, XXIII. 318. 70; observatory at, xvil. 714; univer- Odylic Force, animal magnetism, xv. Ofen, or Buda, town, Hungary, iv. 423; university of, xxm. 840, 852; mineral 277. sity, xxiii. 852. water of, xvi. 436. See also BudaOde to a Nightingale, Keats’s poem, Odynerus, genus of wasps, xxiv. 392. pest. Odysseus, Greek hero (the Latin xiv. 22. Offa, British king, vm. 282; xvii. Ulysses), xvil 729. Ode to the Cuckoo, its authorship, 57°Odyssey, Homeric poem, XL 137; xil i iv. 393Offa’S Dyke, Shropshire, England, 119. Odeum, building, ancient Athens, ill. XXL 648. CEcodoma, genus of ants, 11. 98. 5; xviii. 530. Offenbach, town, Germany, xvil 732. CEcolampadius, John, German ReOdic Force, animal magnetism, xv. , Jacques, musical composer, xvil former and theologian, xvil 729; xx. 277. 732, 99. ^ 332; on church order, XIX. 676. Odin, Scandinavian divinity, ii. 680; x. Offences, Criminal, vi. 587; in Roman OEcophara Woodiella, rare insect, 474; xvii. 156. law, xx. 675. xv. 459. Odington, Walter, on musical measure, CEcumenical Councils, vi. 510; Offerings, Sacrificial, xxi. 132. xvii. 81. Basel, in. 409; Constance, VI. 297; OFFICERS, Ranks of, in British army, Odo, bishop of Bayeux and earl of II. 575; in navy, xvil 291. Trent, xxni. 543; Vatican, xxiv. no; Kent, viii. 291. of State, English, xxn. 458. xvil 754. , archbishop of Canterbury, vn. Offlets, in canals, iv. 785. (Ecumenical Methodist Confer692; vi. 30. Ogam, ancient Irish inscriptions, v. ence (1881), xvi. 193. , Cardinal (Pope Urban II.), xxiv. 3°6. (Edemia, genus of birds, XXL 470. 8. DE CERINTON, early English Oedenburg, town, Hungary, xvil Ogarieff, Russian poet, xxi. 109. Ogbomosho, town, West Africa, xxiv. 730. fabulist, VIII. 838. 754CEdicnemus, genus of birds, vi. 712. DE St Amand, grand-master of Ogdai Khan, Mongol ruler, xvi. 740; CEdipe, Voltaire’s play, xxiv. 286. Knights Templars, xxiii. 161. his conquests in China, V. 647. Odo ACER, barbarian king of Italy, (Edipus, Greek hero, xvil 730. , pseudo-classical romance, xx. 640. Ogden, town, Utah, U.S.A., xvil 732. xvii. 726 ; XX. 781 ; his ordinances , Colonel Josiah, of Newark, New COLONEUS, Sophocles’s drama, regarding the church, xix. 492; Jersey, U.S.A., xvil 371. xxii. 272. defeat of, by Theodoric, xm. 467; Tyrannus, Sophocles’s drama, Ogdensburg, town, New York, U.S.A., xxiii. 256; at Ravenna, xx. 297. xvil 733. xxii. 273. Odoeff, town, Russia, xxiii. 605. Oge, Vincent, Haytian emancipationist, Oehlenschlager, Adam Gottlob, O’DOGHERTY, Sir Cahir, Irish chieftain, xxii. 140. Danish poet, xvil 730; vn. 92, 444. Donegal, vn. 363. Odon (Eudes or Eudon), duke of Oeland, island, Sweden, xvil 752; Ogee, in architecture, 11. 468. Oghotai Khan, Mongol ruler, xvi. xxii. 737. Aquitania, 11. 233; ix. 531. 740. Gels, town, Prussia, xvil 731. Odonata, group of insects, vn. 385; Oelschlager, Adam (Olearius), Ger- Ogier the Dane, romance, xx. 652. xiii. 152. Oglethorpe, James Edward, British man traveller, xvil 760. O’Donnell, Henry Joseph, count of La general, XVIL 733; colonies founded Oenach, early Irish fair, xm. 258. Bisbal, Spanish general, xvii. 727. by, in United States, x. 437. CEnanthic Acid, xvil 731; xxiv. , Hugh (Red Hugh), Irish chieftain, Oglio, river, Italy, Xiii. 436. 602. VII. 362. Ogma, Celtic deity, V. 300. , Hugh Baldearg, Irish chieftain, CEnanthic Ether, xvil 731. (Enipontum (Innsbruck), ancient town, Ogoway, or Ogowe, river, West Africa, xiii. 268. xvil 733; I. 254. Tyrol, Austria, xm. 86. , Karl, Austrian general, XVIL 727. Ogoway-Gaboon, region, Africa, Lan, Leopold, duke of Tetuan, Spanish (Enochoe, Greek vessel, xix. 614. guages of, xxiv. 828. CEnoe, mother of Pan, XVIII. 208. statesman, xvii. 727; xxn. 346. CEnomaus, mythic king of Olympia, Ogun, river, West Africa, xxiv. 754. O’Donnells, Irish sept, xm. 250. OGURS, or Uigurs, Ural-Altaic people, xvil 731; xviii. 480. O’Donoju, Juan, Spanish governor, xxii. 11; xxiii. 659; xxiv. 1. CEnone, of Greek legend, XVIII. 295. Mexico, xvi. 219. Odontoceti, suborder of Cetacean CEnotria, ancient province, Italy, xv. O’Gyalla, Hungary, Observatory at, xvil. 713. 37; (Enotrians, XIII. 443. mammals, xv. 395; xxiv. 525. OGYGES, in Greek legend, xvil 733. Odontology, or Dentistry, vn. 595; (Enuss^e, islands, Greece, xvi. 52. Oerlaams, South-African race, xil 309. O’Higgins, province, Chili, xxi. 298. xv. 797. Odontophore, organ of molluscs, xvi. Oersted, Hans Christian, Danish scien- Ohio, river, U.S.A., xvi. 518. wine in , State, U.S.A., xvii. 7345 ' tist, vii. 91; his electrical discoveries, 640. dustry of, xxiv. 611. VIII. 10. Odontopteryx, fossil bird, m. 729. Colonization Company, xxiii. ODOPHONE, perfume measurer, XVlll. (Erstedite, mineral, xvi. 426. 734_ ... Oertel, Abraham, Flemish geographer, 526. Ohm, Georg Simon, German physicist, xvill. 52. Odoric, Franciscan monk and Eastern xvil 738; his law of electromotive traveller, xvil. 728; x. 178; xv. 473; Oesel, island, Baltic Sea, Russia, xvii. force and resistance, vm. 12, 40; his 732in China, XVI. 743; in Tibet, xiv. law in regard to vibratory sounds, Oeser, Adam Frederick, Goethe’s art502. xvil 105. teacher, X. 723. Odour, of minerals, xvi. 379.

0 H M—O L I Ohm, electrical unit of measurement, vni. 44, 104; xxiii. 116. OHOD, Arabia, Battle of (625), xvi. 556. OHTHERE, or Other, King Alfred’s account of his voyages, 1. 507; xix. 316. O’Hurley, Irish archbishop, xm. 265. OlDlUM, vine fungus, xxiv. 240, 605. Ol-GAWA, river, Japan, XIII. 572. OlGNON, river, France, XIII. 782. 01 kopleura, genus of Tunicata, xxm. 614. Oikul, lake, Central Asia, xvm. 104. Oil, Oils, xvii. 739; in plants, iv. 88; adulteration of, 1. 171; for clocks, vi. 33; gas from, x. 100; for lamps, xiv. 244; for lighthouses, xiv. 626; lubricant, xv. 34; painter’s, xvni. 138; cocoa-nut, VI. 103; cod-liver, vi. 104; colza, VI. 176; croton, VI. 615; of lavender, xiv. 352; of lemons, xiv. 438; linseed, xiv. 677; olive, xvii. 763; paraffin, xvni. 237; of peppermint, XVlli. 517; petroleum, xviii. 712; poppy, xix. 513; rape, XX. 273; sesame, XXL 693; tar, XXIII. 58; of turpentine, xxill. 669; whale, XXIV. 529; Sicilian, xviii. 713. Bird, xi. 227. Cake, xvii. 739; xiv. 677. City, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., xvn. 739Colours, xix. 86. Creek Valley, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., xviii. 713. Springs, x. 271. Oilstone, or Hone, xn. 134. Oil Varnishes, xxiv. 91. Oil-Yielding Plants, i. 383. Oireamhain, ancient district, Ireland, xv. 669. Oiron Pottery, xix. 629. Oise, department, France, xvn. 749; river, xxi. 624. Oisianic Tales, Celtic, v. 311. See Ossian. Ojeda, Alonzo de, Spanish explorer, x. 182. Ojibways, American-Indian tribe, xn. 831. Ojo Caliente, mineral springs, New Mexico, U.S.A., xvn. 400. Oka, river, Russia, xxi. 115; xxiv. 279. Okad, festival, Arabia, 11. 256, 263. Okawa, river, Japan, xxm. 432. Oken, Lorenz, German naturalist, xvn. 749; his contributions to morphology, XVI. 839. Okenite, mineral, xvi. 421. Okhotsk, town, Eastern Siberia, XV. 548. , Sea of, Pacific, xviii. 116. Oki, islands, Japan, xm. 569. Okinakane, river, Washington Territory, U.S.A., xxiv. 386.

Okinawa, island, Lew-Chew group, Pacific, xiv. 490. Okra, or Gumbo, plant, xi. 276. Olaf, St, Norwegian king, xvn. 586. , Swedish king, xxil. 744. Kyrre, Norwegian king, xvii. 587. Tryggvason, Norwegian king, xvii. 586. Olafsson, Eggert, Icelandic patriot and poet, xil. 623; xxi. 369. Olambo, river, West Africa, X. 3. Olancho, department, Honduras, xn. 132. Oland, island, Sweden, xvii. 752; xxil 737Olaus Magnus (or Magni), Swedish ecclesiastic, xvii. 752. OLBERS, Heinrich W. Matthias, German astronomer, XVII. 752; his comet, VI. 193; on the orbit of comets, VI. 182; his observatory at Bremen, xvii. 712. Olbia, Greek colony, Scythia, xvn. 753, 5°4, town, Asia Minor, XVIII. 207. Olbiopolis (Olbia), Greek colony, Scythia, xvii. 753, 504. Olcinium (Dulcigno), ancient town, Albania, vn. 520. Old Age, Period of, xv. 778. Oldbury, town, England, xvii. 753. Old Castile, province, Spain, xxn. 298. Oldcastle, Sir John, Lollard martyr, xvii. 753; xi. 660; xiv. 812. Old Catholics, xvii. 754; vm. 492; xxiv. 113. Old Curiosity Shop, Dickens’s novel, vii. 176. Oldenburg, grand-duchy, Germany, xvii. 756; town, xvii. 758. , Henry, man of science, XXII. 401; as secretary of Royal Society, xvii. 439Oldfield, Mrs, English actress, ix. 40. Oldham, town, England, xvn. 758; co-operative societies of, VI. 218. , John, English satirist, xvii. 759. Oldhaven Beds, in geology, x. 361. Oldisleben, district, Germany, xxi. 349Old Man of the Mountains, chief of the Ismaelites, II. 723; xxiii. 161. Old Nick, origin of the designation, xvii. 483. Old Red Sandstone, in geology, x. 342Old Red Sandstone, Hugh Miller’s work, xvi. 319. Old Sarum, town, England, xxi. 218. Old Side, Presbyterian denomination, United States, xix. 698. Old Testament, hi. 634; canon of, v. 1; Septuagint version of, XXL 667. See Bible. Old Windsor, town, England, xxiv. 600.

321 Oldys, William, English bibliographer, xvii. 759. Olea, genus of plants, XVII. 761. Oleander, plant, xvii. 759. Olearius, Adam, German traveller, xvii. 760. Oleaster, plant, xvil 761. Olefines, class of hydrocarbons, xviii. 237. Oleg, early Russian chief, xxi. 87. Olein, fatty substance, xxiii. 35; xxn. 202. Olekma, river, Siberia, xxn. 5; xxiv. 726. Olenek, river, Siberia, xxn. 5; xxiv. 726. Oleography, chromo-lithography, xiv. 700. Oleo-Margarine, imitation butter, xvii. 760. OlIsron, island, France, xvii. 760 , Sea laws of, xxi. 583. Olette, spa, France, xx. 128. Olfactory Organs, i. 885; xxn. 165. Olga, early Russian princess, xvii. 761; xxi. 88. Strait, Spitzbergen, xxn. 408. Olgopol, town, Russia, xix. 254. O LIAR AS (Antiparos), island, Greece, n- 133Olibanum, or Frankincense, IX. 709; XIL 718. Oligarchy, form of government, xi. 11; in Rome and in Venice, xvii. 527. Oligoch^eta, order of worms, II. 68; xxiv. 677. OLIGOCLASE, mineral, XVI. 420. OligodontiDjE, family of snakes, xxn. 192. Oligosporea, order of Protozoa, xix. 855. Olinda, town, Brazil, xviii. 552. Oliphant, Caroline, Baroness Nairne, xvii. 167. Olisipo (Lisbon), ancient town, Portugal, xiv. 693. Oliva, Fernan Perez de, Spanish writer, xvii. 761. Olivares, Gasparo de Guzman, duke of, Spanish statesman, xvil 761; xviii. 746; xxii. 331. Olive, plant, xvii. 761; in Attica, ill. 59Olivenite, mineral, xvi. 406. Olive Nut, xvil 664. Olive Oil, xvil 744. Oliver, of the Roland legends, xx. 626, 651. , Isaac, English painter, xxi. 441, 444. Oliveros y Artos, romance, xx. 659. Olivers, Thomas, Welsh hymn-writer, xil 594. Oliver Twist, Dickens’s novel, vn. 176. Olives, or Olivet, Mount of, Jerusalem, XVIL 763; XIII. 636. XXV. — 41

322

O L I —O P A

Olivetans, monastic order, xvn. 764; Omar I., caliph, xvi. 550, 563; at Jerusalem, vi. 622. xvi. 711. II., caliph, xvi. 574. Olivine, mineral, x. 228; xv. 217; xvi. Khayyam, Persian poet and 410; xviii. 534. mathematician, xvn. 771. Olkhon, island, Lake Baikal, Siberia, Omayyads, Moslem dynasty, xvi. 565; in. 241. Olkin (Dulcigno), town, Turkey, vn. II. 258; in Spain, XXII. 310; coins of, xvii. 660. 520. Ollamh, Celtic dignitary, v. 303. Ombo, district, Tibet, xxm. 341. Ollivier, Abbe, his history of Pope Ombos, Temple of, Egypt, vn. 783. Ombres Chinois, puppet-show shadAlexander VI., 1. 490. ows, xv. 547. Ollulanus, genus of nematode worms, Omens, vii. 293; xv. 201; of augurs, XVII. 325. ill. 72; totemistic, xxm. 469. Olmsted, Denison, American scientist, Ometepec, volcano, Nicaragua, xvii. xvii. 764. Olmutz, town, Austria, xvii. 764; xvi. 477811; observatory at, xvii. 713; uni- Omichund, Bengali political agent, vi. 10. versity, xxiii. 851. Ommiades. See Omayyads. Olney Hymns, xii. 594; xvn. 449. Olonetz, government, Kussia, xvn. Omm Shomar, mountain, Sinai, Arabia, xxii. 88. 764; xxi. 69. Oloron-Sainte-Marie, town, France, Omnibus, coach, v. 136. Bill (1850), in United States polixvii. 765; xx. 127. tics, v. 818. Olosenga, atoll, Polynesia, XIX. 420. Omnimeter, Eckhold’s, theodolite, Olta, river, Roumania, XXL 14. xxii. 719. Olten, town, Switzerland, xxn. 250. Olty, town, Transcaucasia, Russia, xxm. Omoa, town, Honduras, XIL 130. Omphale (Cybele), Lydian goddess, XV. 5I599. Olybrius, Roman emperor, xvii. 765. Olympia, ancient town, Greece, xvn. Omra, ceremony at Mecca, xv. 674. Omri, king of Israel, xm. 406. 765. , town, Washington Territory, Omsk, town, Siberia, xvn. 772. U.S.A., xxiv. 387. On, ancient town, Egypt, VII. 769. Olympiacus, Lysias’s oration, xv. Onager, wild ass, 1. 259; xn. 175. Onas, tribe, Tierra del Fuego, XXIII. 119. Olympiads, in chronology, v. 711. 384Olympias, mother of Alexander the Onca, Altar of, at Thebes, Greece, xxiii. Great, xvn. 770; xv. 142. 230. Olympic (or Olympian) Games, v. 711; Onchestos, Amphictyony of, Greece, viii. 140; x. 63; xi. 94; xvii. 766. I- 773Olympium, temple of Zeus, at Athens, Oncorhynchus, genus of fishes, xxi. 224. in. 2. Olympus, habitation of the gods, xvn. ONCOSIN, mineral, XVI. 425. Ondo, state, West Africa, xxiv. 754. 770. , mountain, Arcadia, Greece, xvn. Onega, lake, Russia, xvn. 772, 764; river, xvn. 772; XXL 73; town, xvn. 770. 772. , mountain, Thessaly, Greece, xvn. Oneglia, town, Italy, xix. 532. 770; xi. 81; xxiii. 298. , mountains, Mysia, Asia Minor, Oneida, Lake, New York, U.S.A., xvii. 451. XVII. 122; II. 706; III. 792. Canal, North America, xxi. 180. , town, Lycia,Asia Minor, XVII. 770; Community, American communXV. 93. istic society, xvn. 772; vi. 212. , Phrygian musician, xvn. 770. Olynthiacs, Demosthenes’s orations, O’Neill, Hugh, Irish chief, xm. 265. , Owen Roe, Irish leader, xm. 267. vii. 70. , Shane, Rebellion of, in Ireland, Olynthus, town, ancient Greece, xvn. XIII. 264. 771; xv. 137; taken by Philip of O’Neills, Irish sept, xm. 250. Macedon, xv. 139. , Haeckel’s ideal sponge, XXII. 413. Oneiromancy, divination by dreams, vii. 293; xv. 206. OMAGH, town, Ireland, xxm. 713. Omaha, town, Nebraska, U.S.A., xvn. Oneiza, town, Arabia, xvu. 773. Onekotan, island, Kuriles, Asia, xiv. 771. 160. Omahas, American-Indian tribe, XII. Onesimus, of Scripture, XVIII. 741. 832; totems of, xxill. 468. 0>Mahony, John, Fenian leader, XIII. Ongole, town, India, xvn. 321. Ongtong Java, islands, South Pacific, 271. xxii. 252. Oman, kingdom, Arabia, 11. 238, 261.

ONIAS I.-III., Jewish high priests, xm. 420. Onin, peninsula, New Guinea, xvu. 386. Onion, vegetable, xn. 285. Onitsha, town, West Africa, xvii. 498. ONKELOS, Targum of, xxiii. 63. Onobrychis, genus of plants, xxi. 155. Onocrotalus, genus of birds, xviii. 474Onolzbach (Ansbach), town, Bavaria, II. 91. Onomacritus, Greek seer and poet, xvii. 774. Onomasticon, Pollux’s work, xix. 403ONOMASTUS, winner of Olympian prize, xxil. 185. Onomatopceia, in philology, xviii. 768. Onondaga, Lake, New York, U.S.A., xxii. 818. ONOPORDON, genus of plants, xxiii. 3°7Ontario, Lake, North America, xvn. 451: xxi. 180, 182. , province, Dominion of Canada, xvii. 774. Mine, Utah, U.S.A., xxiii. 815. Onteniente, town, Spain, xvn. 776. Ontology, in philosophy, xvi. 79; XVIII. 795; in relation to ethics, vm. 574; to psychology, XX. 37; Ferrier on, IX. no; Herbart on, XL 718; Xenocrates’s system of, XXIV. 718. Onuba (Huelva), Roman town, Spain, XII. 334. ONURIS, Egyptian divinity, VII. 718. Onycha, incense, xn. 718. ONYCHOPHORA, order of Annelida, II. 69. Onychoteuthis, genus of Mollusca, xvi. 671. Onyx, precious stone, xvii. 776; 1. 277; XXL 310. Oodeypore (Udaipur), state and town, India, XXIII. 716; v. 768; XX. 260. Oogenesis, in embryology, xx. 414. Oojein, town, India, xxm. 719. Ookiep, town, Namaqualand, South Africa, xvn. 168. Oolite, mineral, xvi. 397. Rocks, in geology, x. 355. Oology, in ornithology, ill. 772; Des Murs on, xvill. 32. Oomarkote (Umarkot), town, India, xxiii. 221. Oophore, in plants, XX. 430. Oophorectomy, in surgery, xxii. 691. OORUN(Uran), town, India, XXIII. 221. OOSPORES, class of plants, Hi. 693. Ootacamund (Utakamand), town, India, xvn. 509. Ooze Deposits, of Norwegian Sea, xvii. 593 ; of Pacific Ocean, xviii. 123. Opah, fish, xvii. 777.

O P A —O R C Opal, precious stone, xvn. 777; xvi. 39°Opalinski, Christopher, Polish satirist, xix. 302. Opatow, town, Poland, xx. 218. Opener, in cotton manufacture, vi. 491. Openshaw, town, England, xvn. 777. Opera, in music, its origin, xvn. 86, 87, 94; English, vii. 437; Italian, xxiv. 315Buffa (or Bouffe), xvii. 99; XXI. 25; Offenbach’s, xvii. 732. Opera Comique, xvii. 98. Opera House, at Paris, xvm. 277; xxiii. 225. Operette Morali, Leopardi’s work, xiv. 464. Ophel, hill, Jerusalem, xm. 638. Ophicalcite, marble, xv. 529; XXI. 683. Ophicleide, musical instrument, xvii. 778. Ophidia, order of reptiles, xxn. 189; classification of, xx. 439, 445; parasites of, xviii. 260; of America. 1. 684. Ophiolite, stone, xxi. 683. Ophiophagus, genus of snakes, xxn. 196. Ophir, of Scripture, xvii. 780. Ophite, stone, xxi. 682. Ophiuridea, order of Echinodermata, vii. 634. Ophthalmia, eye disease, xvii. 780; in Egypt, vii. 704. Ophthalmology, xvii. 780; as branch of medicine, xv. 797. Ophthalmometer, scientific instrument, viii. 820. Ophthalmoscope, instrument for examining the eye, xvii. 786. Opicans, or Oscans, ancient Italian people, xviii. 54; xm. 445. Opie, Amelia, English writer, xvii. 787. , John, English painter, xvii. 787; his friendship with Walcot, xxiv. 628. Opisometer, for measuring distances on a map, xxn. 721. Opisthobranchia, order of Mollusca, xvi. 655. Opisthocomus, genus of birds, xn. 28. Opisthographs, of the Catacombs, v. 209. Opitz, Martin, German dramatist, vii. 440; x. 530. Opium, drug, xvii. 787, 231; as a poison, xix. 278; eating and smoking of, xvii. 793> 7945 smoking, in China, v. 671; cultivation of, in India, ill. 508, 568; xn. 749; xviii. 409; cultivation, in Persia, xvni. 625; opposition of the Chinese to trade in, v. 651. Opoczno, town, Poland, xx. 218. Opodeldoc, liniment, xvii. 795. Oporto, town, Portugal, xvii. 795;

library of, xiv. 532; wine trade, xxiv. 609. Opossum, marsupial mammal, xvii. 796; xv. 380, 382; xviii. 728; skins of, ix. 838. Shrimp, crustacean, vi. 658. Opotchka, town, Russia, xx. 36. Oppel, N. M., on the classification of reptiles, XX. 435. Oppeln, town, Prussia, xvii. 797; district, xxii. 52. Oppenheim, town, Germany, xvii. 797. Oppenheimer, Siiss, Wurtemberg minister, xxiv. 702. Oppian, Greek poet, xvii. 797; xn. 393Law, Roman, xxii. 644. Oppidolo, town, Italy, xviii. 214. Oppidum Ubiorum (Cologne), ancient town, Germany, VI. 152. Oppius, Caius, friend of Julius Caesar, xvii. 797. Oppolzer’s Observatory, Vienna, xvii. 713. Opposites, Pythagorean theory of, xx. 138. Ops, Italian goddess, xxi. 321. Optical Errors, xxiv. 435. Optical Glass, Manufacture of, x. 665. Optical Illusions, ii. 205. Optical Instruments, xvii. 801, 806. Optical Square, surveying instrument, xxii. 720. Optic Nerve, i. 889; vm. 816; diseases of, xvii. 784. Optics, xvii. 798; xiv. 577,580; optical arrangements of the eye, vm. 817; laws of, in relation to the microscope, xvi. 258; to the telescope, xxiii. 139; wave theory of light, xxiv. 421; contributions to the science by Arago, II. 303; by Brewster, IV. 276; by Newton, xvii. 438; by Porta, xix. 526. , Geometrical, xvii. 798. Optic Thalami, xix. 37. Optigraph, variety of camera lucida, iv. 740. Optimism, in philosophy, xviii. 684. Opuntia, group of Cactaceae, iv. 626. Opuntii, Locri, ancient Greek people, xiv. 764. Opus Majus, of Roger Bacon, ill. 220. Opus Quadratum, in Roman buildings, xx. 809. Orach, vegetable, xn. 285. Oracle, Oracles, xvii. 808; of Greece, xix. 91; of Delphi, vii. 53. Orhsfajokull, mountain, Iceland, xn. 616. Oragos, mountains, Brazil, iv. 223. Oran, town, Algeria, xvii. 809. Orange, tree and fruit, xvii. 810; xn. 272. , town, France, xvii. 812; population, xxiv. 114; university of, xxiii. 839-

323 Orange, town, New Jersey, U.S.A., xvii. 813. , Princes of, XII. 74, 79; xvii. 812; their connexion with house of Stuart, xii. 79. , William the Silent, Prince of, xxiv. 582; xii. 76. , William, Prince of (William III. of England), xxiv. 578; xii. 81; invited to England, vm. 351. Colours, in dyeing, vii. 578. Orangemen, association of Irish Protestants, xvii. 813. Orange-Nassau, or Orange, House of, xii. 74, 79; xvii. 812. Orange River, South Africa, 1. 254; v. 42. Orange River Free State, South Africa, 1. 270; v. 45; xvii. 813. Orangite, mineral, xvi. 425. Orang-Outan, ape, 11. 149. Orangs, Malayan people, xv. 323, 324. Oranienbaum, town, Russia, xvii. 814; xxi. 190, 194. Oratorians, religious society, xvii. 347; xvi. 713. Oratorio, in music, xvii. 85, 100; Handel’s oratorios, XL 435; Haydn’s, xi. 540; Mendelssohn’s, xvi. 8. Oratory, Brougham’s, iv. 374; Burke’s, iv. 544; Demosthenes’s, vii. 72; earl of Derby’s, Vii. 112; Fox’s, IX. 500; Grattan’s, XI. 63; Greek, XL 142; Robert Hall’s, xi. 392; Isseus’s, xm. 376; Isocrates’s, xm. 388; Lysias’s, XV. 118; Roman, XX. 719. , in architecture, II. 468. , Congregation of the, xvii. 346; XVI. 713. Orazi, Giovanni B., Italian flute-maker, xxiii. 521. Orbelian, John, Georgian prince, as Prester John, xix. 716. Orbiston, Scotland, Owen’s community at, xviii. 88. Orbit, of comets, vi. 182. Orbitolites, genus of Foraminifera, IX. 377Orca, genus of cetacean mammals, xv. 398Orcades, the ancient Thule, xxiii. 328. Orcagna, Italian painter, sculptor, and architect, xvii. 814; ix. 771; xxi. 568; his glass-paintings, x. 669. Orcella, genus of cetacean mammals, xv. 398. Orchard Culture, i. 384. Orchard-House, in horticulture, xn. 225, 278. Orchesography, dancing notation, VI. 800. Orchestra, Orchestration, in music, xvii. 98. Orchestrion, musical instrument, xvii. 106. Orchha, native state, India, xvii. 816.

324 Orchian Law, Roman, xxn. 644. Orchids, family of plants, xvn. 816; xii. 266. Orchil, or Archil, purple dye, 11. 379; xiv. 559. Orchis, genus of plants, xvn. 816. Orchomenus, town of Arcadia, Greece, xvii. 818. , town of Boeotia, Greece, xvn. 818. Orcus, Roman divinity, xix. 236. Ordeal, xvii. 818; in Siam, xxi. 852; by the Styx, xxn. 614. Order, or Ordination, sacred rite, xvn. 820. Ordericus Vitalis, Norman historian, xvii. 821. Order of Precedence, British, xix. 662. Orders, Holy, v. 826; xvn. 820. , Monastic, xvi. 703. of Knighthood, xiv. 12 i; of St John of Jerusalem, XXL 173; of Knights Templars, XXIII. 160; of Teutonic Knights, XXIII. 201; military, xvi. 709. Ordinalia, ancient Cornish drama, V. 323Ordinary, in law, xvii. 821. Ordination, sacred rite, xvn. 820. Ordin-Nastochkin, Russian statesman, xxi. 96. Ordnance, Construction of, xi. 288, 305, Surveyor-general of, British, 11. 572. Survey, of Great Britain, vn. 599; x. 191, 210; methods of, xxil. 708, 711; maps of, x. 210. Ordono, kings of Leon, xxil 311. Ordovices, British tribe, xxi. 648. Ordubad, town, Transcaucasia, Russia, xxiii. 515. ORDUS, Mongol tribes, xvi. 744. Oreades, in Greek mythology, xvn. .. 688‘ Orebro, town, Sweden, xvn. 821; county, xxil 741. Ore-Dressers, machines, xvi. 59. Oregon, or Columbia, river, U.S.A., xviii. 116. , State, U.S.A., xvn. 822; early exploration and settlement of, xxm. 758, 767. City, Oregon, U.S.A., xvn. 825. O’Reilly, Don Alexandra, Spanish governor of New Orleans, xvn. 404. Orel, government, Russia, xvn. 825; xxi. 69; town, xvii. 826. Orellana, Francis, Spanish explorer, L 654. Orenburg, government, Russia, xvn. 826; xxi. 69; town, xvii. 827. Gum, xiv. 310. ORENSE, province and town, Spain, xvil. 827. O REPOS A, Count, Spanish minister, XXII. 333.

O R C —O R M Ores, Dressing of, xvi. 462; extraction of metals from, xvi. 57. ORESME, Nicole, French bishop and economist, xix. 354. Orestes, of Greek legend, xvn. 827. , Euripides’s play, vm. 677. , barbarian ruler of Italy, xvii. 726; xx. 781. Orfa (Edessa, q.v.), town, Turkey in Asia, vie 653. Orffyreus (J. E. E. Bessler), his perpetual motion, XVlll. 554. Orfila, Mathieu Joseph Bonaventure, toxicologist, XVII. 828. Orford, Earls of (Robert and Horace Walpole), xxiv. 335, 333. Organ, musical instrument, xvil 828; Vogler’s improvements on, xxiv. 272. , American, XL 483. Organic Chemistry, v. 544. Organina, musical instrument, xvil 106. Organistrum, musical instrument, xix. 65. Organon, of Aristotle, 11. 516. Organ Pipes, Length and notation of, XVIL 103. ORGANUM, musical instrument, xix. 65Orgies, Greek rites, xvil 839. Orguinette, musical instrument, xvil 106. ORHY, mountain, France, xx. 126. Oriana, wife of Amadis of Gaul, xx. 654. ORIBASIUS, Byzantine anatomist, I. 804; xv. 804. Oribatidte, family of Arachnida, xvi. 528; 11. 276. Oriches, Tungus tribe, Siberia, xxin. 608. Oriel College, Oxford, xviii. 97. Oriel Window, ii. 460. Oriental Republic of the Uruguay, South America, xxiv. 14. Oriflamme, sacred banner of France, ix. 279. Origanum, genus of plants, xxiii. 333ORIGEN, early Christian writer, xvil 839; as Biblical interpreter, XL 745; on the canon, v. 6, 9; his commentary on Canticles, v. 33; on Celsus’s discourse against Christianity, v. 295; creed of, VI. 559; his Hexapla, III. 646; on inspiration, xm. 155; his part in the Septuagint, xxi. 669. Original Seceders, Scottish religious denominations, XV. 132; XXIII. 728. Original Sin, xix. 669; Pelagian doctrine regarding, xvill. 472. Origin of Species, hi. 689; Lamarck on, xiv. 232. Origin of Species, Darwin’s work, xxiv. 77, 81. Origin of the World, Myths of the, xvii. 143, 156.

Orihuela, town, Spain, xvil 843. Orik, Spain, Battle of (1139), xix. 540. Orin, lake, Tibet, xxm. 339. ORINOCO, river, South America, xvii. 843; Raleigh’s expeditions to, xx. 262. , Alto, territory, Venezuela, xxiv. 140. Oriole, bird, xvil 844; xn. 696. Orion, constellation, xvil 844; nebulae of, 11. 820. , of Greek legend, xvil 844; xix. 559Orissa, province, Bengal, India, xvil 844; districts and population of, ill. 567. ORISTANO, town, Sardinia, XXL 309; river, xxi. 308. Orithyia, in Greek legend, in. 59. Oriya Language, India, Dictionaries of, vie 191. Orizaba, or Orizava, town, Mexico, xvil 845. , Peak of, Mexico, xvi. 215. Orjen, mountain, Dalmatia, VI. 783. Orkhan, Turkish prince, XXIII. 641. Orkla, river, Norway, xvil 575. Orkney and Shetland, county, Scotland, xvil 845; area and population, XXL 528; representation, xxiil. 727. Orkneyinga, Icelandic book, xn. 625. Orkney Islands, Scotland, xvil 845; the ancient Thule, xxill. 328; acquired by Scotland, XXL 495. Orlando Furioso, Ariosto’s work, 11. 503; xill. 509; Harington’s translation of, XL 479. Orlando Inamorato, of Boiardo, in. 862. Orle, in heraldry, XL 696. Orleans, town, France, xvil 849; university of, xxiil 838. , island, in the St Lawrence, Quebec, xx. 165. , Bastard of (Dunois), vn. 544. , Dukes of, xvil 852. , Charles, duke of, French poet, xvil 851. , Maid of (Joan of Arc, q.v.), XIII. 695. , Anne Marie Louise d’, duchesse de Montpensier, xvi. 792. HOUSE, Twickenham, England, XXIIL 674. Orloff (Orel), government, Russia, xvil 825; town, xvil 826. , town, Vyatka, Russia, xxiv. 303. , Russian family of, their relation to Catherine II., V. 233. , Alexis, Russian admiral, XXL 9.9. Diamond, vie 166. Orme, Robert, historian of British India, xvil 853. Ormer Shell, xvil 2; xvi. 645. ! Ormin, early English writer, vin. 395> 410. I Ormista, Orosius’s work, xviii. 50.

0 R M —O S M Ormonde, Earls of, Ireland, xm. 261; xxiii. 406. , First Earl of, XIII. 260. , First Duke of, xvn. 854. Ormskirk, town, England, XVII. 856. ORMULUM, Englisli metrical Scripture paraphrase, 13th century, vm. 395. ORMUS, town on Persian Gulf, xvn. 856. Ormuzd, or Ahura-Mazda, Zoroastrian principle of good, XVII. 858; vn. 136; xviii. 327; xxiii. 238; xxiv. 822. Ornaments, of jewellery, xm. 675. ORNE, department, France, xvm. 1; river, xvm. 1. Ornithodelphia, group of Mammalia, xv. 371, 377Ornitholites, fossil birds, ill. 729. Ornithology, xviii. 2 (index, 49); m. 699. Ornithopoda, order of fossil reptiles, xx. 443. Ornithopterus,genus of fossil reptiles, xx. 87. OrnithorhynchiDjE, family of monotreme mammals, xv. 371, 377. Ornithorhynchus, genus of monotreme mammals, xv. 371, 377; xix. 213. Ornithosauria, order of extinct reptiles, xx. 87, 443. Ornithoscelida, class of fossil reptiles, xx. 443. Orobanchea;, parasitic plants, xviii. 265. Orobii, Rhtetian people, xx. 505. Orodes I., Parthian king, xviii. 596. II., Parthian king, xviii. 600. Oroks, people, Saghalin, Asia, xxi. 147. Orolaunum (Arlon), town, Belgium, n. 543Oron, lake, Siberia, xxn. 5. Orontes, river, Syria, xxn. 821; legend of, II. 131. , satrap of Mysia, xviii. 579, 580. Oropus, ancient town, Greece, xviii. 50; in. 60. Orosius, Paulus, Spanish writer, xviii. 50; King Alfred’s translation of his Histories, xix. 316. Oros Stavro, mountain, Cyprus, vi. 747Orotava, town, Teneriffe, Canaries, IV. 799Orotinan, language, Nicaragua, xvn. 479O’Rourks, family, Leitrim, Ireland, xiv. 433Orphan Lectures, Andrewes’s, 11. 21. Orphan of Chaou, Chinese drama, v 666. Orphat (Arafat), mountain, Arabia, 11. 300. Orpheus, of Greek legend, xviii. 51. -— and Euridice, Gluck’s opera, x. | 694.

ORPHISM, Greek religious system, xviii. 51; orphic mysteries, xvn. 125. Orpiment, mineral, xviii. 51; 11. 635; xvi. 394. Orrery, Earl of (Charles Boyle), iv. 183. , Earl of (Roger Boyle), iv. 185. Orrhoene, or Osrhoene, district, Mesopotamia, xvi. 47; xviii. 57. Orris-Root, perfume, xviii. 52; ix. 280. Orseolo, Pietro, doge of Venice, XXIV. 142. Orsini, Roman family, xx. 796, 806. , Felice, Italian patriot, xviii. 52; his attempt on the life of Napoleon III., IX. 624; XVII. 228. , Giacinto Bobone (Pope Celestine III.), v. 291. , Vincenzo Marco (Pope Benedict XIII.), ill. 559. Orsk, town, Russia, xviii. 52. Ortega, Melchor, Spanish romancist, xx. 659. Ortelius, or Ortell, Abraham, Flemish geographer, XVIII. 52. Ortes, Giammaria, Italian economist, XIX. 363. Ortgies, Franz Hermann, Berlin journalist, xvil. 428. Orthagoridai:, tyrants of Sicyon, xxn. 32. Orthagoriscus, genus of fishes, xvn. 777; xxii. 658. Orthez, town, France, xx. 127. Orthite, mineral, xvi. 409, 410. Orthoclase, mineral, xi. 48; xvi. 419Orthographic Projection, in geometry, xix. 797. Orthonectida, group of animal parasites, xviii. 259. ORTHONYX, genus of birds, xviii. 52. Ortho-Phosphoric Acid, xviii. 818. Orthoptera, order of insects, xm. 152. Orthorhapha, group of insects, vn. 256. Orthotomic Surfaces, in geometry, xxii. 672. Orthotomus, genus of birds, xxiv. 367Orthotropic Organs, in plants, xix. 61. Orti Esperidi, Metastasio’s poem, xvi. 104. Ortis, Jacopo, Foscolo’s Letters of, ix. 471Ortolan, bird, xviil. 53. Ortygia (Syracuse), island, Sicily, xxn. 813. Ortyx, genus of birds, xx. 147. Ortyxelus, genus of birds, xx. 147. ORVIETO, town, Italy, XVIIL 53. Orwell, river, England, xxn. 621. Orycteropodidze, family of edentate mammals, xv. 388.

325 Oryekhoff - Zuyeff, town, Russia, XVIIL 54. Oryza, genus of plants, XX. 538. Oryzorictina:, subfamily of insectivorous mammals, xv. 405. Osacca (Ozaka), town, Japan, xviil in; xiii. 578. Osages, American-Indian tribe, xil. 832. Osaka, town, Japan, xviil hi; xiii. 578. Osamare, station on the Niger, Africa, xvil 498. Osborn, Sherard, English admiral and explorer, xviil 54. Osborne, Captain Henry, governor of Newfoundland, xvil 386. House, royal residence, Isle of Wight, England, VI. 532. OSCANS, ancient nation, Italy, xviil 54; XIII. 445; Oscan dialect, xx. 661. Oscar L, king of Sweden, xxii. 752. II., of Sweden, xxii. 753. Oscillation, of parachutes, 1. 201; in ships, xxi. 813; tidal, xxm. 359. Oscines, group of birds, xviil 47. Oscinis Vastator, wheat pest, xxiv. .. 535Osel, island, Baltic, XIV. 723. Osgoode Hall, Toronto, Canada, xxiii. 448. Oshbuna, Moslem name of Lisbon, xiv. 693, island, Lew-Chew group, xm. 569; Xiv. 490. Oshkosh, town, Wisconsin, U.S.A., xviil 55; population, xxiv. 617. Oshmiany, town, Russia, xxiv. 234. Oshogbo, town, West Africa, xxiv. 754Osiander, Andreas, German Reformer, xviil 55; his theological views, XV. 85. , Lukas, German ecclesiastic, xviil 55Osier, willow, xxiv. 589. Osiris (Apis), Egyptian divinity, 11. 173; VII. 714, 716; XVIL 151; XXL 674. Osius, or Hosius, bishop of Cordova, XII. 300. Oskaloosa, town, Iowa, U.S.A., xviil 55Osler’s Anemometer, ii. 25. OSMAN L, Ghazi, Ottoman sultan, xviil 55II., Ottoman sultan, xviil 55; xxiii. 644. , Turkish ruler, XXIII. 640. Pasha, Turkish general, xxm. 652. Osmanlis, or Ottoman Turks, XXIII. 640, 661. OSMERUS, genus of fishes, XXL 221, 223. Osmiridium, mineral, xvi. 383; Xix. 192. Osmium, chemical element, v. 537; xix. 189, 193.

326

0 S M— O T W

Othman, caliph, xvi. 548, 549, 563. Osmosis, absorption process in plants, Ostrog, town, Russia, xxiv. 282. , or Osman, I., Turkish ruler, xxiii. Ostrogoths, or East Goths, x. 848; in xix. 44. 640. time of Theodosius L, xxm. 257; law OSNABRUCK, town, Prussia, XVIII. 55. II., Turkish sultan, xxiii. 644; code of, XXL 216. OSORIO, Geronymo, Portuguese writer, xviii. 55. Ostrogozhsk, town, Russia, xxiv. 298. xviii. 56. ben Affan, Mohammed’s son-inOstrolenka, town, Russia, xiv. 817. Osprey, bird, xvm. 56. law, xvi. 548, 563, 604. Ostrovv, town, Russia, xiv. 817. Osred, Northumbrian king, XVII. 570. Otiorhynchus, genus of insects, xxiv. Osrhoene, district, Mesopotamia, xviii. Ostrowice, town, Poland, XX. 218. 238. Ostsee (Baltic, q.v.), ill. 293. 57; XVI. 47. Otis, genus of birds, iv. 579. Ostswine, town, Prussia, xxiv. 633. OSRIC, Northumbrian king, XVII. 570. , James, American lawyer and poliOstuni, town, Italy, xviii. 63. OSROES, Parthian ruler, xviii. 603. tician, xviii. 67; I. 721; xxiii. 736. OSSA, mountain, Thessaly, Greece, 6st-Vaago, island, Norway, xiv. 769. OSTYAKS, or Ostiaks, Finnish tribe, Otitis, or Ear-Ache, disease, vn. 594. XXIII. 298. Otley, town, England, xviii. 68. XVIII. 61; XXL 251. Ossau, mountain, France, xx. 126. Otoba Butter, vegetable fat, xvn. 744. Osuna, town, Spain, xviii. 63; xxi. OSSEINE, constituent of bone, XVIII. OTOCORYS, genus of birds, xiv. 316. 708. 815. , Duke of, Quevedo’s relations with, Otocyon, genus of carnivorous mamOsseous Tissue, or Bone, 1. 853. mals, XV. 439. xx. 178. Osset-CUM-Gawthorpe, town, EngOtoes, American-Indian tribe, XII. 832. Oswald, king of Northumbria, xviii. land, xviii. 57. OTORRHCEA, disease of the ear, vn. 594. 63; xvii. 569; xxi. 475. Ossetes, Circassian race of people, v. Otranto, town, Italy, xviii. 68. Oswaldtwistle, town, England, xviii. 257. , Duke of (Joseph Fouche), IX. 476. 64. Ossetic Language, Dictionary of, vn. Otric of Saxony, mediaeval teacher, Oswego, town, New York, U.S.A., 190. xxil 74. xviii. 64. Ossetr, fish, xxii. 612. Ottawa, town, Canada, xvin. 68; river, Flour, xv. 310. Ossian, Poems of, xv. 166; v. 331; IX. xx. 165; xxi. 181. 75; x. 13; Blair’s dissertation on, ill. Oswestry, town, England, xviii. 64. , town, Illinois, U.S.A., XVIII. 69. OswiEClM (Auschwitz), town, Austria, 803; Italian translation of, V. 366. OTTAWAS, American-Indian tribe, XII. in. 100. OssiFRAGE, bird, XIV. 244; XVIII. 56. 831. Oswin, St, Priory of, Tynemouth, EngOSSOLI, Marchioness, American authorOttensen, town, Prussia, XVIII. 69. land, XXlll. 675. ess, xviii. 57. Otter, carnivorous mammal, xviii. Oswulf, king of Northumbria, XVII. Ostade, Adrian, Dutch painter, xviii. 69; XV. 439; skins of, IX. 838; hunt570. 57ing, xii. 396. Oswy, king of Northumbria, XVII. 569. , Isaac, Dutch painter, xviii. 59. OTTERBEIN, P. W., founder of United OSYUT (Asioot, q.v.), town, Upper Ostashkoff, town, Russia, xviii. 59; Brethren in Christ, XXIII. 727. Egypt, xxil. 103. xxiii. 672. OTTERBURN, England, Battle of (1388), Otago, town, New Zealand, xvn. 470; Ostend, town, Belgium, xviii. 60; XXL 490. university of, xvn. 470; xxiii. 856. siege of (1601), XII. 78. Otteren, river, Norway, xvn. 575. Otaheiti (Tahiti), island, Pacific, Ostension, Fete d’, at Limoges, xiv. Otter-Hounds, xii. 316. xxiii. 22. 652. Otter-Hunting, xii. 396. Otamish, division of Turkomans, xvi. Osteoid Tumours, xviii. 371. Otter Peak, mountain, Virginia, 43Osteology, i. 820. See also xxii. 105. U.S.A., xxiii. 794. OTARiiDiE, family of carnivorous mamOsteomalacia, disease, xviii. 375. Otto, or Otho (q.v.), emperors, XVIII. mals, xv. 442. Osteomata, outgrowths of bone, xviii. 66, 67. Otfrid, or Otfried, German poet, x. 37i, Dr, his gas-engine, xxil 523. 517, 522. Oster, town, Russia, xxm. 96. OTTOBONI, Pietro (Pope Alexander Othello, Shakespeare’s play, xxi. 764; Ostergotland, county, Sweden, XXII. VIII.), 1. 490source of the plot, x. 620. 741. Other, or Ohthere, Norse navigator, Ottocar I.-IL, kings of Bohemia, ill. OSTERSTEIN, castle, Germany, x. 438. 860. xix. 316; 1. 507. Oster vald, Jean Frederic, Swiss Ottoman Empire, xxiii. 640. Othgar, Frankish margrave, xx. 651. theologian, xviii. 60. Ostgaard, N. R., Norwegian novelist, Othiyyoth de-Rabbi Akibah, Mid- Ottoman Literature, xxiii. 640, 656. rash, xvi. 286. xvii. 592. Otho I., emperor, XVlll. 66; X. 483; Ottomans, or Ottoman Turks, xxiii. Ostheim, district, Germany, XXL 349. 661; in Greece, XL 120. xiii. 469; xx. 788. Ostia, ancient town, Italy, xviii. 60. Ottomaques, tribe of South-American II., emperor, XVIII. 66; x. 485. OSTIAKS, Finnish tribe, Siberia, XVIII. Indians, I. 703. III., emperor, XVIII. 66; x. 485; 61; in Russia, XXL 251. xx. 790; in Italy, xix. 497; in Otto (or Attar) of Roses, perfume, Ostpreussen, province, Prussia, xx. in. 52; xx. 851. I Poland, xix. 286. 9Ottowald, mountain, Germany, XXL IV., emperor, XVIII. 67; X. 491. Ostracism, Athenian political institu(of Nordheim), duke of Bavaria, 349tion, xviii. 61; xi. 97. OTTRELITE, mineral, xvi. 413. xi. 667. Ostrea, genus of Mollusca, xvi. 638, Ottumwa, town, Iowa, U.S.A., xviii. , king of Greece, XL 125. 685, 694; xviii. 106. 7°. , prince of Savoy, XXL 339. Ostrich, bird, xvin. 62; African, Otumba, Mexico, Battle of (i520)> V1‘ of Freising, German historian, I. 259; American, xx. 505; Arabian, 442. xviii. 67; xix. 714. II. 243; Patagonian, XVIII. 353; , Marcus Salvius, Roman emperor, Otway, Thomas, English dramatis, feathers of, ix. 60; xviii. 63. xviii. 70; vii. 435. xvill. 64. Ostroff, town, Russia, XX. 36.

O u A —o x y

327 Ouachita, river, Louisiana, U.S.A., Overbeck, Johann Friedrich, German Owen Stanley Mountains, New xv. 20. painter, xvni. 76. Guinea, xvn. 387. Oub, river, Namaqualand, South Africa, Overbury, Sir Thomas, his poisoning, Owen Tudor, his marriage to Catherine xvn. 168. xxii. 260. of Valois, v. 237. Oudart, Paul Louis, illustrator of birds, Over Darwen, town, England, xvni. Owl, bird, xviii. 88. XVIII. 12. 77Owl-Parrot, of New Zealand, xm. OUDE, or Oudh, province, India, xvm. Overgnaghi, political party of mediae825. 71; XII. 809. val Italy, xiv. 768. Ownership, in law, xix. 560. Oudenarde, town, Belgium, xvm. 71; Overhair, in fur, ix. 836. Owyhee, river, Nevada, U.S.A., xvn. battle of (1707), in. 126; ix. 582; xv. Overhead Railways, xx. 240. 367555Over-Tides, xxiii. 362, 365. Ox, xv. 432. See also Cattle. Oudh, province, India, xvm. 71; Overture, in music, xvn. 87, 95. Oxalic Acid, xviii. 91; as a poison, annexation of, by the British, xn. 809; Overyssel, province, Holland, xvin. xix. 277. birds of, III. 762. 77Oxalis, genus of plants, xu. 285. Oudinot, Charles Nicolas, duke of Ovibos, musk-ox, xvii. 108. Oxalite, mineral, xvi. 428. Reggio, French marshal, xvm. 73. Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso), Roman Ox-Bird, xxi. 260. Oudney, Dr, African traveller, v. 801. poet, xviii. 78; xx. 723; language Oxenstierna, Axel, count of, Swedish Oughtred, William, English matheand style of, xiv. 335; representative statesman, xviii. 92; v. 702; xxn. 748. matician, xviii. 74; 1. 514. of the Augustan age, ill. 83. , Johan Gabriel, Swedish poet, xxn. Oullins, town, France, XX. 529. Oviedo, Kingdom of, Spain, xxii. 756. Ounalaska, island, Aleutian group, 3ii. Oxeye, bird, xxm. 419. North Pacific, 1. 480. , province, Spain, II. 824; xvni. 84. Oxford, county, England, xviii. 93; Ounce, carnivorous mammal, xv. 435. , town, Spain, XVlli. 84; church of representation, xxm. 727. Oundle, town, England, xvn. 556. Sta Maria de Naranco near, 11. 432. , town, England, xviii. 94; boatOuplytz, fortress, Georgia, Russia, x. Y Valdez, Gonzalo Fernandez de, racing at, xxi. 31; colleges, vm. 317; 785. Spanish historian, xvni. 84. libraries, xiv. 519, 544; Arundelian Ourcq Canal, Paris, xvm. 285. Ovifak, Greenland, Nickel iron found marbles, II. 671; observatories, xvn. Ourga, or Urga, town, Mongolia, xxiv. at, xvi. 113. 710; heliometer in observatory, xxm. 11. Ovists, versus Animalculists, xxiv. 149; newspapers, xvii. 422; university, Ourique, or Orik, Spain, Battle of 815. XXiii. 837, 838, 852; I. 69; Provisions (1139), xix. 540. Ovo, Castel dell’, Naples, xvn. 189. of (1258), viii. 311; xvi. 788; Anthony Ouro Preto, town, Brazil, xvm. 74. Ovoca, vale, Wicklow, Ireland, xxiv. Wood’s History of, xxiv. 643. Ouse, river, Sussex, England, xxn. 723. 557, First Earl of, English statesman, , river, Yorkshire, England, xxiv. Ovrutch, town, Russia, XXIV. 282. xviii. 99; his relations with Dean Ovule, rudimentary seed, in plants, iv. 747Swift, xxii. 764. , Great, river, England, ill. 483; IV. MSMethodism, xvi. 185. 727; XII. 397; XVII. 536. Ovulum, genus of Mollusca, xvi. 651. Oxhaveerite, mineral, xvi. 421. Ousel, bird, xvni. 74. Ovum, in animals, 1. 844; xx. 413; Ox Hides, for tanning, xiv. 380, 383. Ouseley, Sir F. A. G., his experiments fertilization of, XXL 721; of mammals, Oxidation Colours, for calico-printon resultant tones, XVII. 93. xv. 368; works on its structure and ing, iv. 689. , Sir William, English Orientalist, morphology, vm. 168. Oxidations, in plants, xix. 51. xviii. 75. Owasco, Lake, New York, U.S.A., xvn. Oxides, oxygen compounds, in chemistry, Oustitis, or Marmosets, group of apes, 451. v. 477, 544; xvi. 61; group of minerals, 11. 154. Owego, town, New York, U.S.A., XVL 385; of carbon, v. 87; of iron, Outcrop, of rocks, in geology, x. 298. xviii. 85. xiii. 279; of mercury, xvi. 33; of Outfangtheof, Cinque Port privilege, Owen, John(1560-1622), Latin epigramplatinum, xix. 192; of potassium, xix. V. 787. matist, xviii. 85. 591; of silver, xxii. 71. Outlaw, in English law, xviii. 75. , John (1616-1683), Puritan theo- Oxley, John, Australian explorer, in. Outposts, of an army, xxiv. 363. logian, xvin. 85; XII. 728; on Presby104. Outram, Sir James, English general, terianism, xix. 689. Oxlip, plant, xix. 737. xviii. 76. , Sir Richard, on birds, xvin. 24; on Oxon, or Oxford, county, England, Outrigger, racing boat, xxi. 31, 805. the classification of reptiles, xx. 438; xviii. 93; xxiii. 727. Ova, of fishes, ix. 244; xn. 660. his zoological classification, xxiv. 807. Ox-Power, in mechanics, XV. 772. Ova-Herero, African tribes, xvn. 319. , Robert, English philanthropist Oxton, town, England, xvii. 599. Ovar, town, Portugal, xviii. 76; xix. and socialist, xvni. 86; xxn. 207, OXUS, river, Central Asia, xvni. 101; 537209; on communism, VI. 211. xi. 822; xxiii. 511, 512; at Khiva, Ovariotomy, in surgery, XXII. 690. Glendower, Welsh prince, x. xiv. 63. Ovary, of mammals, xv. 368; function 678; viii. 320; XL 660. Oxybii, Ligurian tribe, xiv. 639. of, in reproduction, xx. 407. Owensborough, town, Kentucky, Oxy-Calcium Lamp, xv. 212. Ovation, honour to Roman conquerors, U.S.A., xviii. 88. Oxygen, chemical element, v. 479; its xviii. 76. Owens College, Manchester, England, action in iron and steel, xm. 284; in Oven, heating chamber, xvni. 76; m. xv. 462; xxiii. 854. ocean water, xxi. 612; as plant-food, 257; Vi. 118; ix. 840. Owen’s Lake, California, U.S.A., iv. xix. 48; spectrum of, XXII. 375; Ovenus (John Owen), Latin epigram698. thermometric properties of, XL 574; matist, xviii. 85. Owenson, Sydney (Lady Morgan), Lavoisier’s theory of, xiv. 353. Overbeck, Baron von, settler, North English novelist, xvi. 823. Oxyhemoglobin, constituent of red Borneo, XXL 124. Owen’s River, California, iv. 698. blood-corpuscles, xx. 483.

328

o x Y —P a k

Pacioli, Fra Luca, Italian painter, xix. PAGANIS, Hugh de, founder of Knights Templars, xxm. 160. 82. Paganism, in relation to Christianity, Pack, Hydropathic, xn. 544. v. 694; viii. 623. Packet-Services, Postal, xix. 567. PagaSjEUS Sinus, Greece, xxiii. 299; PACKFONG, German silver, X. 446. xxiv. 282. PACOCHA, town, Peru, XVlll. 674. Pacorus L, Parthian king, XVlll. 597. PAGE, valet or damoiseau, in chivalry, xiv. 117; royal, of England, XXL 38. II., Parthian king, xvill. 603. , C. G., his discovery of electroPacta Conventa, articles signed by magnetic sounds, XXIII. 127. Polish kings, XIX. 292. Pactolus, river, Asia Minor, xv. 99; Pageants, Dramatic, vn. 416. the golden stream of Sardis, XXL 310. Paget, Henry William, marquis of Anglesey, 11. 30. Pacuvius, Marcus, Roman tragic poet, Paging Books, Machinery for, xxil xviii. 129; language of, xiv. 332. 461. Pad AMO, river, South America, xvn. Pagliorba, Mont, Corsica, vi. 439. 8 43Padang, residency and town, Sumatra, Pagodas, of Burmah, 11. 397; Chinese, II. 449; of India, IL 396; porcelain, xxil. 639. at Nanking, xvn. 172; ruins of the Padas, river, North Borneo, XXL 123. Thousand Pagodas, Java, iv. 214. Paddington, district of London, xiv. PaGUS, hill near Smyrna, Asia Minor, 822. xxil 186. Paddle-Wheel Steam Ships, xxi. Pahang, district, Malay Peninsula, xv. 824. 322; river, XV. 321. Paddy-Bird, xxi. 782. Paderborn, town, Prussia, xvili. Pahlavi, language of the Zoroastrian sacred books, xvin. 134, 655; dic130. tionary of, vii. 190. Padiham, town, England, XVIII. 130. Padilla, Juan Lopez de, Spanish insur- Pai Fang, monuments, China, 11. 449. rectionary leader, XVlll. 130; V. 414; Pai-HOI, mountains, Russia, xxiv. 3. Pai Kuli, Fire temple of, Kurdistan, xxil 328. xiv. 159. , Maria de, mistress of Pedro I. of Paille-Maille, game, vi. 608. Castile, xvni. 450; xxil 320. Pai LOO, or Pai Fang, monuments, Padlock, lock, xiv. 744. China, II. 449. Padua, town, Italy, xviii. 131; Arena TT the sixteenth letter of the alphabet, Pain, Sensations of, xxiii. 482; psychochapel at, II. 455; school of medicine, > xviii. 114. logical analysis of, xx. 40, 67, 71; xv. 809; observatory, xvn. 713; Pabak, Persian prince, xviii. 607. mesmeric insensibility to, xv. 281. school of painting, XXL 436, 442; Pacasmayo, town, Peru, xviii. 674. Paine, Thomas, social and political pictures, XXL 447; sculpture, XXL Pacatiana, Phrygian province, xviii. writer, xviII. 136; his influence on 569; university, xxm. 833, 836. 852. the American revolution, xxm. 742; Paducah, town, Kentucky, U.S.A., PaCCHERI, Antonio, encaustic painter, Erskine’s defence of, VIII. 530. xviii. 132. viii. 186. Paint, Luminous, xiv. 603. Padus (Po), river, Italy, xix. 251. Pacchia, Girolamo del, Italian painter, Ppedagogics, science of education, vn. Painted Bunting, bird, xvn. 534. xviii. 114. Painters, List of the chief, xxi. 442. 677. Pacchiarotto, Jacopo, Italian painter, Painters’ Colic, disease, vi. 140. PPEDAGOGUE, The, by Clement of xvni. 114. PAINTERS’-WORK, in building, IV. 510. Alexandria, V. 819. Pacchionian Bodies, in the brain, 1. Ppeonia, district, north of Macedonia, Painting, xxi. 433; xviii. 137; as a 865. fine art, IX. 206; in relation to poetry, xv. 136. Pacheco, Francisco, Spanish painter, XIX. 262; encaustic, vm. 185; fresco, , genus of plants, XVIH. 132. XVlli. 114; his relations with Velazix. 769; on glass, x. 667; mural, xvi. Ppeony, plant, xviii. 132; xii. 257. quez, XXIV. 131. 39; ancient classical, 11. 353> 358> 3^3) , Juan Y. G., Spanish governor of Paesi, II Giovane de’ (Girolamo Muzi366; academies of, L 78; Leonardo’s ano), Italian painter, xvn. 114. Mexico, XVI. 219. treatise on, xiv. 462. PAESIELLO, or Paisiello, Giovanni, PACHNOLITE, mineral, xvi. 384. , Schools of, xxi. 433. Italian musical composer, xviii. 140; PaCHOMIUS, founder of the monastic Paints, or Pigments, xix. 85. xvii. 99. life, I. 10; XVI. 699. Ppestum, Greek town, Italy, xviii. 132; Paisano, bird, vi. 687. PACHUCA, town, Mexico, xvi. 214. Paisi, Bulgarian monk, xxil 150. temple at, 11. 410. Pachydermata, division of ungulate Paisiello, Giovanni, Italian musical PPETUS, Thrasea, Roman Stoic, XVIII. Mammalia, xv. 421. composer, XVIIL 140; XVIIL 99. 663. Pachymeres, Georgius, Byzantine hisPaisley, town, Scotland, xviii. 140. Paez, Jos4 Antonio, president of torian, iv. 613. PAITA, or Payta, town, Peru, XVIIL 44[Venezuela, XVIIL 133. Pachytylus, genus of locusts, xiv. 765. Pajares, pass, Spain, xxil 293. , Pedro, Jesuit missionary to Pacific Ocean, xviii. 114; first seen PAJOU, Augustin, French sculptor, XVIH. Abyssinia, XVIIL 133. by Balbao, III. 274; explorations of, 141. Comte de, on fortification, IX. X. 193, 195; marine fishes of, XII. 679; PAGAN, 1 Pakhoi, town, China, XVIIL 14L 44 islands, XIX. 418. Pakht, Egyptian divinity, VII. 718. Paganini, Nicolo, Italian violinist, Pacinian Corpuscles, attached to Paklat Lang, town, Siam, xxi. 853xviii. 134. nerves, 1. 862.

OXYHYDROGEN FLAME, XVIII. 105. OXYNOTUS, genus of birds, XVIII. 106. Oxysulphurets, minerals, XVI. 396. OXYURIS, genus of nematode worms, xvii. 324; xxiv. 205. Oyer and Terminer, in English law, xviii. 106. Oykel, river, Scotland, XX. 854. Oyo, town, West Africa, xxiv. 754. Oyster, edible mollusc, xviii. 106; xvi. 638, 694; artificial propagation of, xix. 128; dredge for, vn. 460; destruction of beds, XIX. 126; fisheries for, IX. 265, 523; at Sables d’Olonne, France, xxi. 129; of Chesapeake Bay, U.S.A., in. 299. Bay, town, Long Island, New York, U.S.A., xiv. 866. Catcher, bird, xviii. in. Ozaka, town, Japan, xviii. 111; XIII. 578. Ozanam, Antoine Frederic, French NeoCatholic critic, xviii. 112. Ozark Mountains, U.S.A., i. 678. Ozeroff, Vladislaff A., Russian dramatist, xxi. 106. Ozocerite, or Ozokerite, mineral wax, xviii. 112; xvi. 429. Ozolze, Locri, ancient Greek people, xiv. 764. Ozone, form of oxygen, xviii. 113; v. 481.

P A K—P A L Paknam, town, Siam, xxi. 853. Pho, river, Siam, xxi. 850. Pak Pattan, town, India, xvi. 789. Palacky, Frantisek, Bohemian historian, xvill. 142. Paladin, knight, xvm. 142. Pala d’ Oro, altarpiece, St Mark’s, Venice, xxiv. 152; vm. 183. Palasarctic Region, in zoology, vn. 269. PaljEichthyes, subclass of fishes, xn. 685. PaLiEMON, genus of crustaceans, xxi. 847. Pal^ocrystic Sea, xix. 320, 328. Palaeography, xviii. 143; Egyptian, XL 794; Greek, xix. 610; Hebrew, xi. 597; Mexican, xvi. 212; Madden’s work on, xv. 176. See also Alphabet and Inscriptions. Pal.eolithic Period, in archceology, n. 336. PaLaEOLOGUS, Byzantine family name, xviii. 165. , Andronicus II., Byzantine emperor, 11. 23. , John V., Byzantine emperor, v. 27. , John VI. and VII., Byzantine emperors, xiii. 713. , Manuel II., Byzantine emperor, xv. 505. , Michael VIII., Byzantine emperor, XL 120; XVI. 227. PaLaEONEMERTEA, suborder of worms, XVII. 326, 330. Palaeontology, in geology, x. 319; in relation to archaeology, 11. 333; of animals, vil. 281; of birds, ill. 728; of fishes, xii. 666; mammalian, xv. 374; of American mammals, 1. 682; Agassiz’s researches in, 1. 275; Lyell’s contributions to, xv. 102. PaLaEORNIS, genus of birds, XVIII. 321. PaLaEOTHERIUM, genus of fossil ungulate mammals, xv. 429. PaLaEOTVPE, system of writing speechsounds, A. J. Ellis’s, I. 608; list of symbols, xxn. 385. Palaeozoic Rocks, x. 328. PaLaEPHATUS, Greek writer, xviii. 166. PaLaEPOLIS, ancient town, Italy, xvn. 190. Palaestra, or Wrestling School, x. 64; Olympian, XVII. 767. PaLaETYRUS, part of ancient Tyre, xxm. 711. Palafox y Melzi, Jose de, duke of Saragossa, Spanish general, xviii. 166. Palagonite, rock, x. 235. Palamau, division, India, xiv. 806. ■ Palamcotta, town, India, xxm. 405. Palamedea, genus of birds, xxi. 552. Palamedes, romance, xx. 648. Palamidhi, fortress, Nauplia, Greece, xvii. 249. Palamites (Hesychasts), sect of Greek Church, XL 782.

Palanpur, native state, India, xviii. 166. Palate, l 825, 895; vil 223; xxni. 79; of mammals, xv. 361. Palatinate, The, province, Bavaria, xviii. 166; in. 453. Palatine, Counties, in England, vi. 513Hill, Rome, xx. 822. Palatines, Polish senators, xix. 288. Palatine Salii, Roman priests, xv. 570. Palawan, island, Philippines, xvi 11. 752. Palazzolo, town, Italy, xvin. 167. Pale, in heraldry, xi. 694. Paleario, Aonio, Italian humanist and Reformer, xvni. 167. Palembang, residency and town, Sumatra, xxii. 639. Palencia, province, Spain, xviii. 168. , town, Spain, xviii. 168; university, xxiii. 839. Palenque, Ruins of, Mexico, xviii. 168; 1. 693; 11. 450. Paleoprevesa, town, Greece, xvu. 490. Palermo, town, Sicily, xviii. 160; XXII. 23, 31; libraries, XIV. 530, 548; observatory, xvii. 714; ancient silk weaving industry, xxm. 208. Pales, Italian deity, xvni. 170. Palestine, country, Western Asia, xviii. 170; xxii. 821; xxiii. 653; conquest of, by the Arabs, II. 257 ; settlement of Israelites in, xm. 400; in time of the crusades, VI. 627 ; ancient agriculture of, 1. 292; coins of, xvii. 650; modern, Jews in, xm. 686. Palestrina (Prameste), town, Italy, xix. 654. , Giovanni Pierluigi da, Italian musical composer, xviii. 178; xvii. 84. Palette, Painter’s, xviii. 137. Paley, William, English theologian and philosopher, xviii. 181; ethics of, VIII. 605. Palfyn, Jean, on surgical anatomy, 1. 815. Palghat, town, India, xviii. 182. Palgrave, Sir Francis, English historian, xviii. 182; on English state papers, XX. 313. Palhanpoor (Palanpur), native state, India, xviii. 166. Pali, Buddhist language, xviii. 183; literature in, xviii. 184; of Ceylon, v. 366; dictionaries of, vn. 191. Palice of Honour, Gawain Douglas’s poem, vii. 377. Palilia, Roman festival, xviii. 170. Palimpsests, manuscripts, xviii. 185, 162; iv. 38; of brass, IV. 219. Palindrome, reversible sentence, xviii. 186. I

329 Palingenesis, Ballanche’s work on, m. 286. Palio delle Contrade, Sienese festival, xxii. 38. Palisade, in fortification, ix. 422. Palisades, The, New York, U.S.A., xxiii. 795. Palissy, Bernard, French potter, xvill. 186; XIX. 629. Palitana, state, India, xviii. 187. Palla, or Pallium, the pall, an ecclesiastical dress, xviii. 189; vi. 461, 463. , or Pallium, Roman dress, vi. 453, 456; xxiii. 207. , Giuoco della, Italian tennis, xxi 11. 179Palladia, wife of Salvian, xxi. 238. Palladio, Andrea, Italian architect, xviii. 187; 11. 438, 440. Palladium, or Palladion, image of Pallas, xviii. 188; 11. 831; xxiii. 583, metal, xix. 189, 193; xvi. 383; as chemical element, v. 538; discovery of, XXIV. 633. Palladius, St, early missionary to Ireland, XIII. 247. , Rutilius TaurusiEmilianus, Roman writer, xviii. 188. Patrick, bishop in Ireland, xviii. 412. Pallantia (Palencia), ancient town, Spain, xviii. 168. Pallanza, town, Italy, xv. 198. Pallas, asteroid, 11. 806. , Peter Simon, German naturalist and traveller, xviii. 188; on birds, xviii. 8. Athene, ii. 830; owl of, xviii. 91. Pallas’s Sand-Grouse, Irruptions of, in. 770. See also xxi. 259. Pallavas, dynasty, Mysore, India, XVII. 123. Pallavicino, Ferrante, Italian satirist, xviii. 188. , Sforza, cardinal, XVIII. 189. Pallene, Mount, Macedonia, xv. 138. Palliata, section of Mollusca, xvi. 655. , Roman comedy, vii. 411. Palliser Shell and Shot, i. 745. Pallium, ecclesiastical dress, xviii. 189; vi. 461, 463. , ancient cloak, VI. 453, 456; xxiii. 207. Palm, tree, xviii. 189; as garden tree, xii. 267; stem of, IV. 104; cocoa-nut, of Ceylon, v. 363; sugar, xxil. 628; Indian palms, xii. 748. , Johann, German bookseller shot by Napoleon, xvii. 663. , Johannes Henricus van der, Dutch historian, xii. 97. Palma, island, Canaries, IV. 799. , town, Majorca, Spain, xviii. 191; church at, II. 433. XXY. — 42

330 Palma, Giovane, Italian painter, XVlii. 192. , Jacopo, Italian painter, XVIII. 191. , Eicardo, Peruvian writer, xviii. 676. Campania, town, Italy, xviii. 191. di Montechiaro, town, Sicily, xviii. 191. Palmarola, ancient Palmaria, island, Italy, xix. 460. Palmary Synod, at Eome, 6tlr century, xix. 492. Palmblad, Vilhelm Frederik, Swedish writer, XXII. 757. Palmella, Count of, Portuguese politician, xix. 552. Palmer, Edward Henry, English Orientalist, xviii. 192. , John, inventor of mail-coaches, xix. 566. , Kay, American hymn-writer, xn. 596. , Samuel, English painter, xviii. 192. Palmerin Romances, xx. 656. Palmerston, town, South Australia, xxii. 284. , Viscount, English statesman, xvili. 193; Yin. 367. Palmetto State (South Carolina), U.S.A., xxii. 286. Palmistry, method of divination, vn. 293; punishment for, XXIv. 622. Palmitin, fatty substance, xvn. 740; xxii. 202; xxiii. 35. Palm-Kernel Cake, xvii. 739. Palm Nut, xvii. 664. Palm Oil, xvii. 744. Palm-Oil Tree, i. 269. Palm Sunday, xviii. 198. Palm-Tree Wax, xxiv. 459. Palmyra, ancient town, Syria, xvni. 198; commerce of, VI. 199. Palmyrene Numerals, xvii. 625. Palni, town, India, xv. 192. Hills, India, xv. 184, 192. Palolo, edible annelid, 11. 71; xix. 420. Palomino de Castro y Velasco, Acisclo Antonio, Spanish painter and writer, XVlll. 203. Palos, district, Celebes, Indian Archipelago, v. 290. Palouse Country, Washington Territory, U.S.A., xxiv. 386. Palpa, town, Peru, XVIII. 674. Palpitation, of the heart, xi. 554. Palsgraves, of the Rhine, xvni. 166. Palsy, disease, xviii. 255. Paludan-Muller, Frederik, Danish poet, xviii. 203; vie 93. Paludicella, genus of Polyzoa, xix. 430. Paludina, genus of snails, xxn. 188. Palus Mceotis, or Sea of Azoff, Russia, ill. 169.

p A L —P A N Palwal, town, India, xviii. 203. Pamakasan, town, Madura, Indian Archipelago, xv. 193. Pamalang, town, Java, xm. 606. Pamali, Javanese taboo, xxm. 17. Pambai, river, India, xxm. 525. Pambam, town, India, xx. 266. Pamela, wife of Lord Edward Fitzgerald, ix. 271. , Richardson’s novel, xx. 543. Pamiers, town, France, XVIII. 203. Pamir, plateau, Central Asia, 11. 686; xviii. 103;-xxiii. 633; lake, xviii. 103. , state, Asia, XL 823. Pamisus, river, Greece, xvi. 52. Pampas, of the Argentine Republic, II. 487. Grass, xx. 319. Pampeluna, or Pamplona, town, Spain, xviil. 207. Pampero, wind, South America, xvi. 149. Pamphili, Giovanni Battista (Pope Innocent X.), XIII. 85. Pamphilus, early Christian scholar, xviil 203. , Greek painter, II. 363. Pamphlets, xviil 204; xvn. 413; arrangement of, in libraries, xiv. 538. Pamphylia, region, Asia Minor, xviil 206; coins of, xvil. 648. Pamplona, town, Spain, xviil 207. Pan, Greek god, xviil 207. , Egyptian divinity, VII. 718. , or Betel-Leaf, Indian spice, XII. 748. Pan^etius, Stoic philosopher, xviil 208; xxii. 571. Panama, town, Central America, xvni. 208; isthmus, vi. 825. Canal, iv. 794; xviil 209; Paterson’s project of, xviil 360. Hats, xxii. 594. Pearl Fishery, xviil 447. Panaria, one of the Lipari Islands, Mediterranean Sea, xiv. 683. PanatheNjEA, Athenian festival, xviil 209; xxiii. 294. Panax Ginseng, plant, x. 605. Panay, island, Philippines, xviil 752. Panca Tantra, or Panchatantra, Sanskrit fables, vili. 837; xxi. 287. Pancharatas, heretical sect of Brahmans, XXL 291. Panchatantra, or Five Books, Sanskrit fables, xxi. 287. Panchayat, Indian village council, xn. 772. Panch Mahals, district, India, xviil 210. Panchpiri (Bazigars), tribe, India, ill. 459Panckoucke, Charles Joseph, French journalist, xvii. 424; his Encyclopedic, VIII. 202.

Pancratium, Roman athletic sport, m. 12; x. 63. Pancreas, Anatomy of the, vn. 232; its function, XVII. 674. Pancreatic Juice, xvil 676. Pancreatine, ferment, ix. 96. Pancsova, town, Hungary, xviil 210. Panda, carnivorous mammal, xv. 441. Pandalus, genus of crustaceans, xxi. 846. Pandareus, of Greek mythology, xxiii. 48. Pandarus, of Greek legend, xviil 210. Pan de Azucar, copper-mines, Uruguay, xxiv. 15. Pandects, of Justinian, xm. 793; xx. 712. Pandeglang, town, Java, xm. 606. Pander, Christian, his investigations in embryology, vm. 165. Panderpur, or Pandharpur, town, India, xviii. 210; xxi. 832. Pandion, genus of birds, xviil 56. Pandora, of Greek mythology, xxiv. 782. Pandrethan, India, Temple at, 11. 397Pandua, ancient town, India, x. 112, iiSPanel, in architecture, II. 468. Painting, xxiii. 158. Pane Work, in architecture, 11. 470. Pangenesis, Darwin’s hypothesis, m. 690. Pangolin, edentate mammal, xviii. 210; xv. 388. Panhandle, district, West Virginia, U.S.A., xxiv. 517. Panhormus (Palermo), ancient town, Sicily, xviil 160. PANiCACEiE, group of grasses, XL 58. Panicum, genus of plants, xvi. 321. Panieful, Lake, on the Senegal, Africa, XXL 660. Panini, Sanskrit grammarian, xxi. 292. Panionium, Panionia, sanctuary and festival, Asia Minor, xm. 205. Panipat, town, India, xviil 211; battle of (1526), 1. 239; battles of (1526, 1556, 1761), xiv. 5. Panizzi, Sir Anthony, librarian, xviii. 211; his correspondence with Prosper Merimde, xvi. 38. Panjab, or Punjab (g.v.), province, India, xx. 106. Panjah, river, Central Asia, xviii. 103. Panjhir, valley, Hindu Kush, XI. 839Panjim (New Goa), town, India, X. 707. PankAs, Hindu sect, III. 671. Panna, state, India, xviil 213. Pannemaker, Stephane, Belgian wood engraver, vm. 438.

p a n —p A r 331 Pannonia, ancient Roman Danubian Papagoes, American-Indian tribe, xn. Papua, or New Guinea, island, xvii. province, xvm. 213. 833386; II. 687; birds of, m. 739. Panopolis (Ekhmin), ancient town, Papak, Persian prince, xvni. 607. Papuan Languages, xviii. 231, 780. Egypt) VII. 794. Papal Bull, iv. 519. Panorama, pictorial representation, Papal Documents, form of writing in Papuans, race of people, m. 112; xn. 817; xvii. 387; of Polynesia, xix. xviii. 213. xviii. 156. 422. Pansy, flower, xvm. 214; xn. 258; Papal Infallibility, Declaration of Process, in photography, xxiv. 241. the dogma of, xvn. 754; xix. 158; Papyrotype XVIII. 833. Pantyenus, Alexandrian Christian Leo II. on, xiv. 449. Papyrus, plant, xvm. 231; 1. 258; vil teacher, xviii. 214. Papal States, Italy, xxn. 460. 711; use of, for writing, xviii. 144, Pantagruel, of Rabelais, ix. 652; xx. Papar, river, North Borneo, xxi. 162. 194, 196. 123. Rolls, iv. 37. Pantaleon, Jacques (Pope Urban IV.), Paparesci, Gregory (Pope Innocent Para, town, Brazil, xviii. 233. xxiv. 8. II.), xiii. 82. Parable, in literature, vm. 837. Pantaloon, of the pantomime, xvm. Papa-Stour, island, Shetland, Scotland, Parabola, in geometry, vi. 273; x. 215. xvii. 846. 398; mensuration of, xvi. 19; ArchiPantanaw, town, Burmah, xxm. Papaver, genus of plants, xvii. 231, medes on the quadrature of, 11. 381. 330787; xix. 513. PantellariA, island, Mediterranean, Papa-Westray, island, Orkney, Scot- Paraboloid, Mensuration of the, xvi. 27. xviii. 214. land, xvii. 846. Paracaima Mountains, British GuiPantheism, xxiii. 234; of Brahmanism, Pape, bird, xvii. 534. ana, xi. 249. IV. 209; Persian, xviii. 658; Spinoza’s, Papeete, town, Tahiti, xxiii. 23. Paracelsus, chemist and pathologist, XXII. 404. Paper, xviii. 217; invention of, iv. 38; XVIII. 2345 XV. 808; on alchemy and Pantheon, at Rome, xx. 828; archiby the Chinese, v. 662; ancient use of, medicine, 1. 465; on chemistry, v. 459; tecture of, 11. 416. xviii. 144; made at Mecca (706 A.D.), his entia of disease, xviii. 361; Pantheon, at Paris, xviii. 276. II. 265; folding of, XXII. 461; for mysticism of, xvii. 134; on surgery, Panther, carnivorous mammal, xiv. lithographic printing, xiv. 701; manuxxii. 676. 463; xv. 435; xx. 104. facture of, xviii. 219; from esparto Parachutes, in aeronautics, 1. 200,201. Panticapaeon (Kertch), ancient town, grass, viii. 547; bleaching of materials, Paradise, xviii. 236; 1. 135; viii. 537; Russia, xiv. 52. m. 821; ruling of, xxii. 461; sizes of, Tintoretto’s painting of, at Venice, xx. PANTICOSA, spa, Pyrenees, XVI. 433. in book printing, xxm. 700; for 610. Pantiles, for roofing, iv. 463. walls, iv. 512; xiii. 591; xvii. 38; , in architecture, 11. 469. Pantin, town, France, xxi. 624. use of, in filtration, ix. 170. , Birds of, ill. 778; xv. 504. Pantisocracy, of Coleridge and Currency, American (1862), Lost, Milton’s, xvi. 336. Southey, vi. 136; xxn. 290. xxiii. 775. Regained, Milton’s, xvi. 339. Pantograph, copying instrument, Hangings, iv. 512; xvii. 38; Paradiso, Dante’s poem, vi. 815. xviii. 214; xxii. 721. Japanese, xm. 591. Paradoxure, carnivorous mammal, Pantomime, spectacular representation, Paper-Mildew, xvi. 294. xv. 436. xviii. 215; in. 288; dances of, vi. Paphlagonia, province, Asia Minor, Par/etaceni (Karategin), ancient 800; arrangements of theatre for, xviii. 227; coins of, xvii. 645. country, Central Asia, xiv. 4. xxiii. 226; Roman, vil. 412. Paphos, towns, Cyprus, xviii. 228; vi. Paraffin, mineral oil, xviii. 237, 715, Pantuns, Malay poems, xv. 326. 748; temple of, xxiii. 167. 719; xvi. 429; ozocerite, xviii. 112; Panurge, of Rabelais, xx. 196. Papi, Lazzaro, Italian historian, xiii. candles made from, iv. 803; chemistry Panurus, genus of birds, xxm. 419. 514. of paraffins, v. 556. Panvel, town, India, xxm. 221. Papianus, T. Annins (Milo), Roman PARAGONITE, mineral, xvi. 413. Panyasis, Greek poet, xvni. 216. partisan leader, xvi. 323. Paragua, island, Philippines, xviii. Panyptila, genus of birds, xxii. 761. Papi as, bishop of Phrygian Hierapolis, 752. Paoletti, Ferdinando, Italian econoxviii. 228; on the Gospels, x. 815, Paraguari, town, Paraguay, xviii. mist, xix. 363. 820; his tradition as to Mark’s Gospel, 244. Paoli, Clemente, Corsican patriot, xviii. 111.643. Paraguasu, river, Brazil, iv. 222. 217. Papier Mach£, pressed paper pulp, Paraguay, country, South America, ) Pasquale de, Corsican patriot, xviii. 228. xviii. 243; Indians of, 1. 702; Jesuit XVIII. 216; XVII. 193; Boswell’s me- Papillomata, warts, xvm. 378. mission in, xiii. 652; under Francia, moirs of, IV. 78. Papillotos, Jasmin’s poems, xiii. ix. 688. Paolino, Fra, Italian writer, xm. 594, river, South America, iv. 222; 501. Papin, Denis, French physicist, xvin. xix. 188. Paolo Servita (Pietro Sarpi), Italian 228; inventor of a heat engine, xxn. Tea, or Mate, xv. 627; iv. 227. divine, xxi. 311. 474; his improvements on the air- Parahyba do Norte, or Paraiba, Paou-ting Foo, town, China, v. 633. pump, xix. 246. town, Brazil, XVIII. 245. Papa, town, Hungary, xviii. 217. Papinian, Roman jurist, xviii. 229; Parakeet, bird, xviii. 321. Papacy, The, xix. 487; xx. 783, 785, xiii. 792. Paralactic Acid, xiv. 197. 79b 805; origin of temporal power of, Pappenheim, Gottfried Heinrich, count Parallax, in astronomy, xviii. 245; Ix - 53U increase of its power under of, imperialist general, xviii. 229. lunar, 11. 775. Innocent HI, xm. 83; in relation to Pappus of Alexandria, Greek geometer, Parallelepipeds, in geometry, x. 387. the Jesuits, xm. 648; at Avignon, xviii. 229; on Euclid’s porisms, xix. Parallel Lives, Plutarch’s, xix. 232. XIII. 476. 519; his theorems in mensuration, xvi. Parallelograms, Mensuration of, xvi. Pappus, Scythian deity, xxi. 576. r 28. 5-

332

P A E —P A R

House, XXIII. 225; sculptures, XXI. Pare, Ambroise, French surgeon, xviii. Parallel Projection, xix. 796. 564; the Sorbonne, xxn. 275; techni272; xxil 676. Parallels, Theory of, xvni. 254. cal schools, XXlll. 108; photographic Pareja, Juan de, Spanish painter, xviii. , Magnetic, xv. 235. telescope, xxm. 148 ; university, 272. Paraloi, Athenian political party, xix. xxiii. 834, 846, 850; xvii. 205; Parenchyma, plant tissue, iv. 85; xn. 13°. water-supply, II. 228. 14. Paralysis, disease, xvin. 255, 392. Paramagnetic Bodies, xv. 244, 262. Parenchymatous Worms, xxiii. 50. Paris, Declaration of (1856), vn. 21. , king of Troy, xviil 295. Paramaribo, town, Dutch Guiana, Parental Care, in animals, xx. 410. , Gaston, on the Roland legend, xx. Parent and Child, in law, m. 426; xviii. 257; xi. 251. 626. xiii. 1; xxiv. 641; in Roman law, Paramatta, or Parramatta, town, New , Matthew (or Matthew of Paris), xx. 671, 706, 713. South Wales, XVIII. 321; observatory English historian, xv. 633; vm. 317, Parentium (Parenzo), ancient town, at, xvii. 716. 409. Istria, xviii. 273. Parameras, Spanish plateaus, xxil. et Vienne, romance, xx. 658. Parentucelli, Tommaso (Pope I 294, 296. Parish, administrative division, in Nicholas V.), xvn. 484. Parameter, of a conic section, vi. 274; England, XVIII. 295; VI. 513; in Parenzo, town, Austria-Hungary, of crystals, xvi. 352. Scotland, xviii. 297; xxi. 536; of xviil 272; basilica at, ill. 418. PARAMUSHIR, island, Kuriles, XIV. 160. United States, xxiii. 731. Paresis, disease, xviii. 256. Parana, river, South America, iv. 222; PAREUDIASTES, genus of birds, xvi. Parisians, Lytton’s novel, xv. 123. xviii. 243; xix. 188. Parisina, of Byron’s poem, xx. 556. 808. Paranahyba, town, Brazil, xvili. 258; Parga, town, Albania, Turkey, xviii. Paris Sketch Book, Thackeray’s, river, IV. 222. 2 xxiii. 214. 73. . T Parangi, disease, in Ceylon, xxiv. Parium, town, Mysia, Asia Minor, xvii. Parganas, Twenty-four, district, India, 732122. xxiii. 673. Parang Latok, Malay weapon, xxn. Park, Mungo, African traveller, xviii. Pargetting, in architecture, 11. 469. 802. 297; 1. 246; x. 188; xvii. 498. Parhelia, or Mock-Suns, xi. 399. Para-Nut Oil, xvii. 746. Parapet, in architecture, II. 469; in Paria, Gulf of, Trinidad, West Indies, PARKAR, Thar and, district, India, XXIII. 221. xxiii. 573. fortification, IX. 421, 425. Paraphernalia, Wife’s, in law, xn. Pariahs, or Out-castes, India, v. 189; Parker, Sir Hyde, British admiral, xx. 398. xv. 185. 401. , John, Lollard preacher, xiv. 811. Paraphrases, Scripture, Scottish, xn. Parian Cement, xi. 351. , John Henry, English archaeologist, Parian Chronicle, xviil 273; 11. 593xviil 298; on the Catacombs, v. 211. 671. Paraplegia, disease, xviii. 256. , Matthew, archbishop of CanterParian Marble, xv. 528. Parasara, Brahman laws, xxi. 288. bury, xviil 298. Parasira, genus of Mollusca, xvi. 670, Parians, Greek people, xviii. 319. , Theodore, American preacher and Pari Bazaar, town, Persia, xx. 285. 675social reformer, XVIIL 300; I. 729; his Parasites, Animal, xviii. 258; acan- Parigi, country, Celebes, Indian Archiinfluence on Unitarianism, xxiii. 726. pelago, v. 290. dian, II. 275; insect, XIII. 142, 148; , William Kitchen, on birds, xviii. vegetable, XVIII. 264; Schizomycetes, Parikia, town, Paros, Greek Archi33; on the biogenetic law of developpelago, xviii. 319. xxi. 399; diseases caused by, xv. ment, XX. 420. 796; XVlll. 407; XXII. 123; in man, Parillin, principle in sarsaparilla root, Parkersburg, town, West Virginia, XXL 313. XXIII. 538 ; in domestic animals, U.S.A., xviii. 301. Parina-Cochas, lake, Peru, xviii. xxiii. 539; xxiv. 205. PARKES, E. A., on the physiological 673Parasitic Diseases, xviii. 269, 407. action of alcohol, 1. 470; on the effects Parini, Giuseppe, Italian poet and Parasitic Monsters, xvi. 766. of tobacco, xxiii. 427. satirist, XVIIL 273; XIII. 512. Parasitism, xviii. 258. , Mr, his experiments in drainParis, capital of France, xviil 274; PARASOL, or Sunshade, xxiii. 722. ing, I. 330. capitulation of (1814), ix. 617; xvii. Parautoptic Lock, xiv. 750. Parks, of the Rocky Mountain region, 221; congress of (1856), vi. 271; Paray-le-Monial, village, France, U.S.A., vi. 161; xxiii. 796. fortification of (1841), IX. 621; insurxxi. 302. rection of (1848), v. 259; peace of PARKYNS, Mansfield, his account of Parazoa, or Sponges, xxil 421. Abyssinia, 1. 66. (1763), ix. 591; peace of (1856), xxiii. ParC/E, the Fates, in Greek mythology, Parliament, British, xviil 302; ori651; siegeof (1870-71), ix. 627; xviii. ix. 49. gin of, viii. 297, 314; development 294; under Colbert, IX. 575^ under Parcel Post, xix. 570. of, XVI. 788; origin of prorogation of, Louis XV., IX. 592; under Etienne Parchment, xviii. 271; xiv. 390; iv. vill. 336; Act of, I. 122; bill in, HI. Marcel, ix. 546; abattoirs of, I. 6; 37; origin of the word, xv. 143 > 673; law of elections, vm. 2; governartesian wells, II. 645; Bastille, III. ancient use of, xvin. 144. ment by, XL 12; xix. 141; Houses of, 430; bourse, xxil 557; cemeteries, Pard, carnivorous mammal, xiv. 463. viii. 259; petition to, xviii. 704, v. 331; conservatoire musicale, vi. Pardo, Negro or Indian half-breed, powers of, VIII. 322; precedence of 292; institutions for the blind, ill. xvii. 319. members, XIX. 663; procedure in, 830; Institut National, xm. 160; , Felipe, Peruvian poet, xviii. 676. xviil 311; registration of electors for, libraries, xiv. 524, 546; Louvre , Manuel, president of Peru, xviil XX. 344; reporting debates of, xx. picture gallery, xxi. 445; Rubens’s 679404; writs for summoning, XXIV. 697; pictures in the Louvre, XXL 43; Pardon, in law, xviil 271. Prynne’s views on, XX. 26; English, newspapers, xvii. 424; Notre Dame, Pardovan House, Linlithgowshire, its contention with Charles L, v. sculptures in, XXL 562 ; national Scotland, xiv. 670. 405; English, of 1640, xx. 121; the observatory, xvil. 712; Grand Opera Pardubitz, town, Bohemia, xviii. 272.

P A R—P A S Long, Cromwell in, vi. 598; of Oxford (1258), XL 659; in France, ix. 567; of Paris (1788), IX. 596; of Provence, XIX. 878; the Irish, XIII. 266, 270; Italian, rise of, XIII. 470, 472; of Poland, xix. 290; Scottish, xxi. 484, 502; union of Scottish with English, XXL 515. Parliament, Houses of, London, xiv. 839Parliamentary Reform, English, viii. 364, 365, 367 ; Pitt’s proposals for, viil. 359; xix. 138; Act of 1832, XXL 64; Acts of 1867-68, xviii. 309; Redistribution Act of 1885, xxm. 727. Parma, town, Italy, xvin. 314; Correggio’s works at, vi. 437; library, xiv. 530, 548; its school of painting, XXL 437, 443; pictures at, xxi. 447; sculptures in cathedral, xxi. 567. Parmenides of Elea, Greek philosopher, xvili. 315; viil 1; Zeno’s discussion with, xxiv. 778. , Plato’s dialogue, xix. 206. Parmenio, Macedonian general, xvni. 31?) 585 5 I- 482 ; conspiracy and assassination of, 1. 483. Parmesan Cheese, v. 456; xm. 452; xvi. 292. Parmigiano (G. F. M. Mazzuoli), Italian painter, xviii. 317; xxi. 437, 443. Parnassus, mountain, Greece, xviii. 318, 801; in. 58. Parnell, Henry Brook, Lord Congleton, vi. 265. , Thomas, Irish poet, XVIII. 318. Parnians, Parthian tribe, xviii. 588. Parnon, mountain, Greece, xiv. 193. Parny, Evariste D. de Forges, Vicomte de, French poet, xviii. 318. Paro (Paros), island, iEgean Sea, xviii. 319Parochial Relief, xix. 471. Parody, xviii. 319. Paroikia, town, Paros, Greek Archipelago, xviii. 319. Paronaxia, islands, Aegean Sea, xvni. 319Paropamisus, or Paropanisus, range of mountains, Persia, li. 686; Greek colonies in the country of the, XVlii. 583Paropanisad^e, The, Parthian satrapy, xviii. 586, 592. Parorius, district, Phrygia, Asia Minor, xvili. 852. Paros, island, Aegean Sea, xvni. 319. Parotitis, disease, xvn. 22. Parquetry, mosaic flooring, xviii. 320. Parr, fish, xviii. 320; xxi. 224. , Catherine, wife of Henry YIII. of England, viil 337; xi. 665. , Samuel, English scholar, xvni. 320. , Thomas (Old Parr), his longevity, Xiv. 858. Parra, genus of birds, xm. 531.

Parramatta, town, New South Wales, xvui. 321; observatory at, xvil 716. Parret, river, England, xxn. 257. Parrhasiana, ana of Jean le Clerc, 1. 785. Parrhasius of Ephesus, Greek painter, xviii. 321; 11. 363; xxiv. 783. Parrid.E, family of birds, xm. 531. Parrot, bird, xviii. 321 ; xm. 825; xv. 7, 130; xvil 354; naturalization of, 1. 84. Parrot-Fishes, xviii. 324. Parruah(Pandua), ancient town, India, x. 112, 115. Parry, Sir William Edward, Arctic navigator, xvin. 324; x. 192; xix. 319Sound, district, Ontario, Canada, xvil 776. Parsees, Eastern race, xvin. 325; their religion (Parsism), xx. 360; the book of their religion, xxiv. 775. Parsifal, Wagner’s opera, xxiv. 316. Parsis, of Parsees (q.v.), Eastern race, xviii. 325. Parsley, herb, xn. 289. Parsnip, vegetable, 1. 369; xn. 285. Parson, in English law, xvin. 327. Parson-Bird, xii. 139. Parsons, Robert, English Jesuit, xviii. 327, William, third earl of Rosse, astronomer, xx. 855. Parsonstown, town, Ireland, xvin. 328. Partabgarh, district, Oudh, India, xviii. 328. , state, Rajputana, India, xviii. 328; xx. 260. Partant pour la Syrie, French patriotic melody, xn. 210. Parthamaspates, Parthian king, xviii. 604. Parthenius, Bithynian poet, xviii. 328. , river, Paphlagonia, Asia Minor, xviii. 227. Parthenogenesis, of insects, xn. 574; xiii. 146; of plants, xx. 427. Parthenon, temple at Athens, 11. 410; in. 5; founded by Pericles, xviii. 529; architecture of, 11. 405; sculptures of, 11. 356; xviii. 734. Parthenope (Naples), ancient town, Italy, xvii. 190. Parthenopean Republic (1799), at Naples, ix. 79. Parthia, Kingdom of, Asia, xviii. 587, 592; capital of, vi. 677; Roman wars with, XX. 766, 774, 777; coins of, XVIL 659. Parthian Language, xviii. 135. Partholan, in Irish legend, xm. 243. Parthyene, Parthian kingdom, xviii. 592. Particle, Physical, in mechanics, xv. 698, 702, 704.

333 Particles,Free, System of,in mechanics, xv. 718. Particular Average, in insurance, xiii. 187; in. 145. Partinico, town, Sicily, xvill. 328. Partition, in law, xviii. 328. Partner, in law, xviii. 329. Partnership, in law, xvni. 329; in public companies, vi. 221. Part Payment, in law, xviii. 440. Partridge, bird, xviii. 332; American, xx. 147. Partridge’s Almanac, i. 591. Partridge-Shooting, xxi. 834. Part-Songs, xvil 84. Parus, genus of birds, xxi 11. 419. Parvati, Hindu deity, viil 126. Parvice, in architecture, 11. 469. Parysatis, wife of Darius II. of Persia, xviii. 575. Parzival, Wolfram’s poem, x. 524; xxiv. 632. Pasaman, mountain, Sumatra, xxn. 638. PASARGADiE, ancient town, Persia, xvin. 558; destruction of, by Alexander, 1. 483Pascal, Blaise, French man of science and letters, xviii. 333; as a Christian sceptic, xxi. 382; as satirist, XXL 319; on the Jesuits, XIII. 650; his influence on French literature, ix. 661; on the equilibrium of fluids, xn. 435; on indivisibles in mathematics, xill. 6; on mathematical probability, xix. 769. , Etienne, French lawyer, xvin. 333, Jacqueline, Port-Royalist, xvin. 333Pascal’s Theorem, in geometry, x. 397; xviii. 338. PASCHA, or Easter, church festival, vn. 614. Paschal I., pope, xviii. 338. II., pope, xviii. 339; xix. 499; xx. 791. Chronicles, Byzantine, iv. 614. Controversy, vie 614. Lamb, xviii. 343. P ASCH ASIUS (Radbertus), abbot of Corbie, xx. 210. Pasco, or Cerro de Pasco, town, Peru, v- 347Pas de Calais, department, France, xvill. 339. PASEK, John Chrysostom, Polish writer, XIX. 302. Paseng, Persian wild goat, x. 708. Pashupati, town, Nepal, xvil 342. PASIG, river, Philippines, xv. 487. Pasis, aboriginal tribe, India, xviii. 72. Pasiphae, wife of Minos, xvi. 478. PASITELES, Roman sculptor, II. 365. Paskewitch, Ivan Fedorovitch, Russian general, xviii. 340; xxi. 101.

334 Paso Robles, spa, California, U.S.A., xvi. 436. Pasquier, Etienne, French lawyer and litterateur, xvin. 340. Pasquinade, or Pasquil, lampoon, xviii. 341. Pasquin Statue, at Rome, xvm. 341. Passagno, Italy, Tomb of Canova at, v. 26. Passaic, river, New Jersey, U.S.A., xvii. 396. Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick, xvii. 373. Passarowitz, Servia, Peace of (1718), xxiii. 646. Passau, town, Bavaria, xvm. 341. PASSavanti, Jacopo, Italian writer, xiii. 505. Passenger-Pigeon, bird, xix. 85. Passer, genus of birds, xxn. 369. Passerat, Jean, French poet, xvm. 342. Passeres, group of birds, XVIII. 41, 47. Passerita, genus of snakes, xxn. 195. Pass Examinations, viii. 781. Passiflora, genus of plants, xviii. 342; xi. 46. Passionate Shepherd, Marlowe’s lyric, xv. 558. Passionflower, plant, xviii. 342; xi. 46; xvi. 844. Passion-Plays, vii. 412; of Oberammergau, XVII. 703. Passions, Stoic doctrine of the, vm. 583; xxii. 567. Passion Week, xviii. 343; xn. 106. Passover, Jewish festival, xviii. 343, 511; institution of the Eucharist at, xiii. 668. Passport, or Safe Conduct, xviii. 344. PAST, Psychological presentation of the, xx. 64. Pastassa, river, South America, vil. 646. Paste, or Strass, in glass manufacture, x. 664. , in pottery, XIX. 601. Pastes, of wheat flour, Italian, xv. 125. Pasteur, Louis, his experiments in cattle inoculation, XVII. 59; on fermentation, IX. 95; on minute organisms, XXL 400; his experiments on rabies, xx. 202; on diseases of silkworm, xxii. 59. Pastil, or Crayon, for drawing, vi. 555. Pastile, in pyrotechny, xx. 136. Pastille, perfume, xviii. 526. Paston Letters (1424-1506), xvin. 344Pastor, genus of birds, xxii. 457. zEternus, Vatican decree, xxiv. 112. Pastoral, in literature, xviii. 345. Epistles, of the New Testament, xviii. 348. Letter, of a bishop, xvni. 351. Life, i. 414.

p A S —P A IT Pastor Fido, Guarini’s drama, vii. 418; xi. 237; xviii. 345. Pastor of Hermas, early Christian work, 11. 197. Pasturage, grazing, 1. 370. Pasture, under irrigation, xiii. 368; hill, improvement of, 1. 402. , Common of, in law, VI. 209. Pasumahs, tribe, Sumatra, xxii. 640. Pasupatas, Hindu sect, xxi. 291. Pasuruan, town, Java, xm. 606. Pasvik Elv, river, Norway, xvii. 576. Patagonia, region, South America, xviii. 352; exploration of, by Magellan, xv. 198; birds of, ill. 745; Indian tribes, I. 702; XII. 829. Patagonians, of Chili, v. 619. Patah-Hotep, Egyptian prince, xxiii. 238. Patan, town, Nepal, xvii. 342. Patani, district, Malay Peninsula, xv. 322. Patanjali, Sanskrit commentator, XXL 292. Patapsco, river, Maryland, U.S.A., xv. 603. Patara, town, Asia Minor, xv. 93. Patarenes, or Patareni, Italian sect, xviii. 354, 434; ix. 333; xxiv. 323. Patavium (Padua), ancient town, Italy, xviii. 131. Pate de Foie Gras, xxii. 589. Patella, Anatomy of the, 1. 829. , genus of Mollusca, xvi. 645. Patents, xvhi. 354; their origin in monopolies, xvi. 757; laws relating to, xviii. 356. Patera, ancient dish, xix. 181. Paterculus, Marcus Velleius, Roman historian, XVIII. 358. Paterfamilias, in Roman law, xx. 671, 7i3Paterines, or Patarenes (q.v.), Italian sect, xviii. 354. Paternity, in medical jurisprudence, xv. 779. Paterno, town, Sicily, xviii. 359. Paternoster, island, Russia, xiv. 723Paterson, town, New Jersey, U.S.A., xviii. 359. , James, inventor of machine netting, XVII. 359. , William, English financier, XVIII. 359; projector of Bank of England, in. 316. Path an Dynasty, in Bengal, India, in. 569. Pathans, tribe, India, XII. 746; xv. 185; xviii. 684; in Afghanistan, 1. 234Pathology, xviii. 361 (index, 407); in relation to medicine, xv. 794; comparative, xxiv. 200; Cullen’s classification of, vi. 695; Morgagni’s contributions to, xvi. 822; Rokitansky’s, xx. 624.

Patiala, state, India, xviii. 408. Patient Grizel, romance, xx. 659. Patimokkha, Buddhist book, iv. 434. Patino (Patmos), island, Aegean Sea, xviii. 408. , Joseph, Spanish minister, xxii. 338. Patkul, John Reginald, executed by Charles XII., v. 420. Patmos, island, Aegean Sea, xviii. 408. Patna, district, Bengal, India, xviii. 408. , town, Bengal, India, XVIII. 409; massacre of (1763), xn. 802. , state, Central Provinces, India, xviii. 409. Patos, island, West Indies, xxiii. 573. Patras, or Patrae, town, Greece, xviii. 409. , Lambert, French sculptor, xxi. 564. Patria Potestas, in Roman law, xx. 671. Patriarch, xviii. 410; of Greek Church, in. 788; xi. 154. Patriarcha, Filmer’s work, ix. 166. Patriarchs, Testaments of the Twelve, 11. 180. Patrician, Roman, xviii. 41 i; xvii. 525; xx. 732, 736; in Roman law, xx. 669. Patrick, St, apostle of Ireland, xviii. 411; xiii. 248; in Scotland, xxi. 474. , St, Order of, xiv. 124. , Simon, bishop of Ely, XVIII. 412; hymns by, XII. 592. Patrik Peale (G. A. Seckendorf), German writer, xxi. 616. Patripassianism, early Christian doctrine, xiii. 671; xvi. 719; xxi. 127. Patroclus, Greek hero, 1. 95. Patronage, Church, 1. 179; m. 559; in Scottish Church, IX. 743; XIX. 685; xxi. 519, 536, 539. Patron and Client, in Roman law, xviii. 412; xx. 669. Patrons of Husbandry, political society, U.S.A., xxiii. 786. Patronymics, family names, xvii. 169. Patten, Margaret, her longevity, xiv. 858. Patteson, John Coleridge, missionary bishop of Melanesia, xvili. 414; xxii. 143Patti DARI, land tenure, India, xvii. 573Pattinson’s Process, of lead-smelting, xiv. 377. Patuxent, river, Maryland, U.S.A., xv. 603. Pau, town, France, xvhi. 414. Pauchontee, resinous substance, xi. 339Paul, St, the apostle, xviii. 415; his Epistles, ill. 642; XVlll. 348; his Christology, xviii. 747; his testimony

P A u —p e a

335 to Jesus Christ, xm. 659; his relations Paulus,'Heinrich Eberhard Gottlob, Payne, John Howard, American poet, with the Jewish Church at Rome, xx. German theologian, xviii. 435 ; xx. I. 722. 728. 290; on the life of Jesus, xm. 672. — , Roger, on bookbinding, iv. 42. Paul, Apocalypse of, 11. 179. , Julius, Roman jurist, xiii. 793; Paysandu, town, Uruguay, xvin. 441L, pope, xviii. 430. xx. 711. xxiv. 15. II., pope, xviii. 430; xx. 559, , Lucius iEmilius, Roman general, Pays-Bas, or Holland (q.v.), xn. 59. 806. xviii. 435. Pays d’Etats, outlying districts’ of III., pope, xviii. 430; xiii. 482; zEgineta, Byzantine physician, France, ix. 567. xix. 504; summons the council of XV. 804; on surgery, xxn. 675. Pays de VaUd, district, Switzerland, Trent, xxni. 545; favours the Jesuits, Diaconus, historian of the LomXXIV. 115. xiii. 652. bards, xviii. 436; his Homiliarium, Payta, town, Peru, xviii. 441, 674. IV., pope, xviii. 431; xiii. 482; xii. 125. xix. 504; his relation to council of Paumben Passage, channel, Ceylon, Pazand, Persian form of writing, xviii 135Trent, xxm. 547. v - 359; proposed canal at, iv. 792. V., pope, xviii. 431; xiii. 483; Pauperism, xix. 462; Robert Owen Pazzi, Florentine family, xv. 785. Pea, plant, xvin. 441; xn. 285; Egypxix. 505; lays Venice under interdict, on, xviii. 88; Rodbertus on, xx. tian pea, or chickpea, xi. 36. xxiv. 146; his opposition to Father 616. Peabody, town, Massachusetts, U.S.A., ^ Sarpi, xxi. 311. Pauropus, genus of Myriapoda, xvn. xviii. 441. , czar of Russia, xvin. 431; xxi. 119. , George, American philanthropist, 100. Pausanias, Greek writer, xviii. 437; xviii. 442. , Prince Eszterhazy de Galanta, his description of Athens, in. 9; on Academy, Salem, Massachusetts, Austrian field-marshal, vm. 564. the Mysteries, XVII. 128. U.S.A., xxi. 210. , early Christian ascetic, xvi. 699. , Spartan general, xviii. 436; xi. Institute, Baltimore, U.S.A., in. , Father (Sarpi), Italian divine, 100. 298; xv. 604. XXL 311; XVlll. 431; xix. 505. Pausilypus (Posillipo), near Naples, Peace, The, Aristophanes’s play, 11. , the Abbot, Syriac writer, xxn. burial-place of Virgil, xvn. 188. 509. 838. Pavement, xx. 584; of asphalt, 11. 716; , International, xm. 197. of Callinicus, Syriac writer, xxn. of encaustic tiles, vm. 187; Minton’s, , Justice of the, XIII. 789. 834iv. 283; mosaic, xvi. 850; Assyrian, , Quarter Sessions of the, law court, , the Deacon, or Paulus Diaconus, 11. 398. See also Paving. xx. 159. historian, xviii. 436; xn. 125. Pavia, town, Italy, xvin. 438; as Lomof Munster, Heist’s picture, 'xi. of the Holy Faith (Han-Siro), a bard capital of Italy, xm. 467; anti641. Japanese exile, xxiv. 717. pathy of, to Milan, xm. 469; battle of Peach, tree and fruit, xviii. 442; xii. , the Persian, Syriac writer, xxn. I 2 IX ( 5 5)) - 556; xiii. 482; bridge at, 272; peach-house, xii. 224. 837iv. 331; Certosa of, xxi. 569; xxm. Peacham, Edmund, his trial for of Samosata, bishop of Antioch, 194; church of San Michele, 11. 435; treason, m. 205. xviii. 429; xvi. 719. sculpture in, xxi. 568; university’ Peach-Kernel Oil, xvii. 744. of Telia, Syriac writer, xxn. 825. xxiii. 836. Peacock, bird, xvni. 443. Anthony, Prince Eszterhazy de Pavilliard, Gibbon’s tutor, x. 575. , George, English mathematician, Galanta, Austrian diplomatist, vm. Paving, in bricks and tiles, iv. 466; xviii. 443. 564. xxiii. 389; in stone, iv. 473. , Thomas Love, English novelist, and Virginia, Saint-Pierre’s tale, Tiles, xxiii. 389; iv. 466. xviii. 444. xxi. 196. Pavlodar, town, Russia in Asia, xxi. Pea-Fowl, xviii. 443; xix. 647. Paulding, James Kirke, American 639Pea Nut, xl 221. politician and writer, xviii. 432; 1. Pavlograd, town, Russia, xviii. 439. Pear, tree and fruit, xviii. 445; xii. 725. Pavlovsk, town, Russia, xxi. 190, 194; 274; manufacture of perry from, Paulet, Sir Amyas, keeper of Mary, xxiv. 298. XVlll. 557. queen of Scots, xv. 600; his relations PAVO, genus of birds, xviii. 443. Pearl, xviii. 446; in mussels, xvn. with Wolsey, xxiv. 634. Pawn, in law, xix. 220. no; fisheries, in Arabia, 11. 245; m. Paulgaut, town, India, xviii. 182. xiii. 188; xix. 220. 240; Ceylon fisheries, v. 364. Pauli, Reinhold, German historian, Pawnbroking, Pawnees, American Indians, xn. 827, , river, Louisiana, U.S.A., xv. 20. XVIII. 432. 832. Islands, South Pacific, xxiii. 602. ' ’> Simon, German anatomist, 1. 811. Pawtucket, town, Rhode Island, Mosque, Agra, India, 1. 286. Paulicians, religious sect, xviii. a??U.S.A., xviii. 439; xx. 524. Oysters, of Ceylon, v. 364. i- 4545 xx. 321. Paxo, or Paxos, Ionian Island, Greece, Pearlstone, mineral, x. 234. Paulinism, versus Petrinism, Baur’s xviii. 439; xiii. 205. Pearsall, Robert Lucas, English views on, in. 449, 644. Pax Romana, xxiii. 591. musical composer, xv. 192. Paulinus, St, bishop of Nola, xviii. Paxton, Sir Joseph, English architect, Pearson, John, his experiments in 434XVIII. 440. vaccination, xm. 623. , early Christian missionary in Pay, in British army, 11. 576; in navy, , John, bishop of Chester, xviii. Northumbria, vn. 691; xvn. 569. xvii. 297. 448. , Syriac writer, XXII. 828. Paye, South-American sorcerer, xv. Peasant Proprietors, i. 414. Paulite, mineral, xvi. 415. 200. Paullus, or Paulus, Lucius iEmilius, Payer, Julius, Austrian Arctic explorer, Peasants’ Revolt, in England (1381), xx. 541. Roman general, xviii. 435. xix. 323. Peasants’ War, in Germany (1525), 1. Paulonus, or Paulinus, Syriac writer, Paymaster, Naval, xvii. 294. 786; XV. 78; Munzer’s connexion with, xxii. 828. r Payment, in law , xvin. 440. xvii. 32.

336

p e a —p e l

Pehlevi, or Pahlavi, language of the Pedionomus, genus of birds, XX. 147. Pease, Cultivation of, i. 361. Zend Avesta, xviil 134, 655. Pedometer, for measuring distance, Peaseweep, bird, xiv. 308. Peihai, town, China, xviil 14i. xviii. 449. Peastone, mineral, xvi. 397. Peiho, river, China, v. 632. Pedro I., king of Aragon, xvili. 450; Peat, x. 238; as fuel, ix. 808; for blast xxii. 317; his relations with Sicily, Peine Forte et Dure, torture, xxiil furnaces, xin. 292; for gas-making, 465. XXII. 28. x. 101; in Ireland, Xin. 217; charred, Peipus, Lake, Russia, xx. 35; xxi. 73. II., of Aragon, xvin. 450. as manure, 1. 352. Peirce, Benjamin, American matheHI., of Aragon, xviii. 450; xxii. , Sir Kobert, lord prior of English matician, xviil 468. 322. Knights of St John, XXI. 175. Peire Vidal, Provencal poet, xix. IV., of Aragon, xviii. 450; xxil Peat-Charcoal, v. 399. 874. 323. Peaucellier Cell, in mechanics, xv. Pekalongan, town, Java, xm. 606. , Dom, emperor of Brazil, IV. 233. 698. I., king of Castile and Leon, xvin. Pekan, carnivorous mammal, xv. 577. Peba Armadillo, edentate mammal, Pekea Butter, xvii. 744. 450; xxil 320. xv. 388. Pekea Nut, xvii. 664. I., king of Portugal, xvill. 451; Pebble, Scotch, 1. 277. Peking, or Pekin, capital of China, xix. 543. Pebrine, disease of silkworm, xxn. xviil 469; founding of, by Kublai IL, of Portugal, xix. 549. Khan, xiv. 151; formerly Cambaluc, 59III., of Portugal, xix. 550. Pecan Nut, xvii. 664. iv. 722; newspapers of, XVII. 432; obIV., of Portugal, xix. 552. Pecan-Tree, of United States, xxiii. servatory, xvii. 716; temple of heaven V., of Portugal, xix. 553. 808. at, II. 449. Peccary, ungulate mammal, xviii. 449; Peduncles, Cerebral, xix. 37. Pekoe Tea, xxiil 99. , of plants, iv. 121. xv. 430; xxii. 775. Pe La, Chinese insect wax, xxiv. 459. Pech, Henrietta, Bohemian poetess, Peebles, county, Scotland, xviii. 451; Pelagia, St, of Antioch, xviii. 470. area and population, XXL 528; rexxil. 152. presentation, xxiil. 727; town, xviii. Pelagianism, theological doctrine, XI. Pechaburi, town, Siam, xxi. 853; 737; xiii. 567; xviil 472; xix. 669; 452river, xxi. 850. Augustine’s attitude towards, ill. 77. PECHELL, John, vice-chancellor of Cam- PEEKSKILL, town, New York, U.S.A., Pelagius, early Christian teacher, xviii. xvill. 452. bridge university, xvn. 444. 471. Peel, town, Isle of Man, xv. 453. Pechorsky Monastery, Nijni, Russia, I., pope, xviii. 473; xix. 493. , Sir Robert, father of the statesxvii. 501. IL, pope, xviil 473. man, xviii. 453. PECOCK, Reynold, bishop of Chichester, Sir Robert, British statesman, Pel AGON 1A (Monastir), plain, Macedonia, viil. 411; writer against the Lollards, XV. 136. xviil. 452 ; VIII. 3^5 > financial xiv. 812. Pelamis, genus of snakes, xxil 197. reforms, IX. 189; his Bank Act of PECORA, division of Mammalia, xv. 421, Pelargomorphze, group of birds, 111. 1844, in. 323; his Police Act, xix. 430. 713338. Pecos, river, New Mexico and Texas, Pelargonic Acid, xvii. 731. PEELE, George, English poet and dramaU.S.A., xvii. 400; xxiii. 203. Pelargonium, plant, x. 439; xn. tist, XVIIL 457; VII. 429; XXL 762. Pecquet, Jean, French anatomist, 1. 263. Peelers, or Police, xix. 339. 811. Pelasgi, or Pelasgians, ancient people Peerage, British, xviil 458, 306; vm. Pecs (Fiinfkirchen), town, Hungary, IX. of Greece and Italy, vil. 366; XL 90; 322; xvii. 524, 529; genealogy of, x. 827; xxiii. 840. xiii. 444. 145; precedence in, xix. 661; robes Pectin, gummy principle in fruit, xiii. Pelasgic, Pelasgian, in archaeology, of, vi. 476. 56411. 346. , French, XXL 198. Pectinaria, genus of Annelida, IL PELASGIOTIS, district, Thessaly, xxiii. Peeresses, English, xviil 467. 68. 299Peers, House of, England, xviii. 310. PECTOLITE, mineral, xvi. 420. Pelayo, Marcelino Menendez, Spanish , Twelve, of France, xviil 468. PECTOSE, principle in fruit, XIII. 564. writer, xxil 362. PECULIUM Castrense, in Roman law, Peetweet, bird, xxi. 260. Pelecanus, genus of birds, xviii. 474Peewit, bird, xiv. 308. xx. 706, 713. Pelee, Mont, Martinique, West Indies, Peganite, mineral, xvi. 405. Pedal, of organ, xvii. 833, 837. xv. 585. Pegasus, of Greek mythology, xviil Pedalion, genus of Rotifera, XXL 5. Pelew Islands, Western Pacific, xviii. 468; in. 546. Peder Paars, Heiberg’s epic poem, 474; v. 125; xvi. 257. Peggy Whitethroat, bird, xxiv. xii. 56. Pelham, Lytton’s novel, xv. 121. 553Pedersen, Christian, Danish writer, 5 Sir Henry, English statesman, Pegmatite, rock, XL 49. vii. 90. xviil 474; viil 355. Pegnitzschafer, German literary Pedestrianism, hi. 12, 13; XXL 61. , Thomas, duke of Newcastle, xvii. society, x. 530, 531. Pedetes, genus of rodent mammals, 38°Pegolotti, Francesco Balducci, on xiii. 626. Peliades, daughters of Pelias, xvii . early trade with China, v. 629* Pedicellina, genus of Polyzoa, xix. 474Pegu, town, British Burmah, XVIIL 438. Pelias, of Greek legend, xviil 474468; pagoda at, 11. 397. Pediculus, genus of animal parasites, YOMAS, mountains, Burmah, XXIII. Pelican, bird, xviil 474. xv. 24. Island, Montgomery’s poem, xv . 486. Pedieis, Athenian political party, xix. 79°Pegwell Bay, Kent, England, xx. I Peligni, ancient tribe, Italy, XIII. 444> 3°' 268. Pedilavium, feet-washing by prelates, xxi. 128. Peg Woffington, Reade’s novel, xx. xv. 635. Peliom, mineral, xvi. 418. 3°3Pediment, in architecture, 11. 469.

P E L —P E N

PELION, mountain, Thessaly, Greece, xxm. 298. Pelissier, Jean Jacques Ainable, marshal of France, xvm. 475; in Algeria, 1. 568. Pell, John, English mathematician, xviii. 475. Pella, town, Macedonia, xv. 137. Pellagra, disease, xviii. 476, 407. Pellenc, Mirabeau’s secretary, xvi. 497Pellew, Edward, Viscount Exmouth, viii. 805. Islands, Pacific Ocean, xviii. 474; v. 125; xvi. 257. Pellicanus, Conrad, German theologian and scholar, xviii. 477. Pellico, Silvio, Italian dramatist and patriot, xviii. 478; IV. 399; vn. 417; xiii. 486. Pelloutier, Simon, historian of the Druids, vn. 478. PelomedusiDjE, family of chelonian reptiles, xxm. 457. Pelopidas, Theban general, xviii. 479. Pelopion, at Olympia, Greece, xvn. 768. Peloponnesian War, xi. 102; xvni. 5335 Thucydides’s history of, xxm. 325Peloponnesus, division of ancient Greece, xi. 93. PELOPS, in Greek mythology, xviii. 480; xvii. 731. Peloritan Mountains, Sicily, xxn. 29. Pelotons, variety of mohair, xvi. 544. PELOUZE, Theophile Jules, French chemist, xviii. 480. Peltier, Jean Charles Athanase, French scientist, xviii. 480. , Jean Gabriel, Mackintosh’s defence of, xv. 160. Effect, in electricity, vm. 57; xviii. 481. Peltry, furs, ix. 836. Pelusium, ancient town, Egypt, xvin. 481. Pelvic Girdle, of mammals, xv. 360. Pelvis, in man, 1. 829; of birds, 111. 722. Pemba, island, East Africa, xxiv. 768. Pemberton, town, England, xviii. 481. , Captain, British envoy to Bhutan, Hi. 632. Pembroke, county, Wales, xviii. 481; representation, xxiii. 727. -, town, Wales, xviii. 483; dockyard °f, vie 315, 318. ' College, Cambridge, iv. 731. ■ College, Oxford, xviii. 97. Pemphigus, skin disease, xxn. 123. Pen, for writing, xviii. 483. Pena de Francia, Sierra de, Spain, xxi. 203. Penalara, mountain, Spain, xxi. 623.

337 Penal Laws, xxii. 469; in Ireland, Penna, Monte, mountain, Italy, xiil xiii. 269. 437Penalosa, American explorer, xiv. Pennair, river, India, xvn. 123, 320. 319Pennant, Thomas, Welsh naturalist Penal Servitude, xix. 752, 756. and antiquary, xviii. 498; xxiv. 806; Penance, xviii. 484. on birds, xviii. 7, 9. Penang, island and town, Malay Penin- Penni, Gianfrancesco, Italian painter, sula, xix. 741; xxii. 586. XVIII. 498. Pena Prieta, mountain, Spain, xxn. Pennillion Singing, vii. 792. 294. Pennine, mineral, xvi. 414. Penarth, town, Wales, xvni. 488. Alps, i. 625. Penas, Gulf of, Patagonia, xviii. 352. Pennons, Military, ix. 276. Penates, Roman household gods, xviii. Pennsylvania, State, U.S.A., xviii. 488. See also xiv. 313. 498; founding of, by Quakers, xx. 152; Penaud, on flying machines, ix. 320, Penn’s settlement of, xviii. 495; 321. colony of, xxm. 730; newspapers, Pencil, xviii. 489; crayon, vi. 555. xvn. 434; university, xviu. 739; BLUE, for calico-printing, iv. 690. xxiii. 857. Pencils, of rays of light, xvii. 779,803. Penny, English coin, xvii. 656. Penda, king of Mercia, England, xvn. , Captain, Arctic explorer, xix. 321. 569. Banks, xxi. 329. Pendenis (St Ives), town, England, XXL Cyclopaedia, viii. 204; xiv 172. 856. Pendennis, Thackeray’s novel, xxm. Postage, First proposals of, xix. 215. 564; Rowland Hill’s institution of, Pendent, in architecture, 11. 469. xi. 818. Pendjakent, town, Russian Turkestan, Pennyroyal, herb, xn. 289. xxiv. 782. Penobscot, river, Maine, U.S.A., xv. Pendlebury, town, England, xxii. 298. 775Penrith, town, England, xvni. 504. Pendulum, in mechanics, xv. 05, Penryn, town, England, vi. 427; ix. 711, 718, 734; 11. 754, 755; revolving, 17xv. 768; used for determining figure Pensacola, town, Florida, U.S.A., of the earth, vii. 608; absolute unit xviii. 504. force determined by means of, XV. 699; Pensees, Pascal’s work, xvni. 335. of a clock, vi. 14. Penshurst Castle, Kent, England, Peneius, river, Thessaly, Greece, xxm. xiv. 40. 298. Pensionary, president of states-general Penelope, wife of Ulysses, xviii. 490; of Holland, xn. 73. xvii. 729. Pensions, Military, of British army, 11. , mother of Pan, in Greek mytho578. logy, xviii. 208. Pentagram, Use of, in magic, xv. Penelopin^e, subfamily of birds, xi. 203. 232. Pentail, insectivorous mammal, xv. Penguin, bird, xvin. 491; m. 735. 402. Pengwerne (Shrewsbury), ancient Pentamera, group of insects, vi. 129; town, England, XXL 845. xiii. 148. Penibetica, Sierra, mountains, Spain, PentameriDaE, family of Brachiopoda, xxii. 294. iv. 195. PENIKESE, marine zoology station, Pentapolis, ancient district, North U.S.A., 1. 277. Africa, vi. 750; xiv. 552. Peninsular War, between England , or Lesbos (q.v.), island, iEgean Sea, and France, vm. 364; ix. 616; xix. xiv. 474. 551; Castlereagh’s support of, xiv. Maritima, ancient district, Italy, 854; Napier’s History of, XVII. 186. xviii. 684. Penitential Discipline, in ancient Pentastomides, family of Arachnida, church, xii. 846. 11. 275. Penitentiaries, or Houses of Deten- Pentateuch, Books of Scripture, xviii. tion, xix. 748. 505; Xlli. 418; composition of, ill. Penitents, in the Eastern Church, 637; Philo on, xviii. 762; the Samarixviii. 486. tan, XXL 245; Morin’s edition of the Penn, William, English admiral, xviii. Samaritan, xvi. 825; Targums of, 492. xxiii. 62. , William, founder of Pennsylvania, Pentathionic Acid, v. 507. XVlii. 492, 740; his relations to Mary- Pentecost, Jewish festival, xviii. 514, land, xv. 605; his promotion of 511; XXIV. 555. Quakerism, xx. 152. Pentelic Marble, xv. 528. XXV. - 43

338 Pentelicus, Mount, Greece, in. 59, 60. Pentheus, king of Thebes, vn. 249. Pentland Firth, Scotland, iv. 647; xxiv. 541. Pentland Hills, Scotland, vn. 656. Pentlandite, mineral, xvi. 392. Pentri, Samnite tribe, Italy, xxi. 248. Pentstemon, plant, xn. 258. Penumbra, in optics, xiv. 581. Penyghent, mountain, England, xxiv. 746. Penza, government, Russia, xviii. 514; xxi. 69; town, xviii. 515. Penzance, town, England, xviii. 515. Penzhina, Bay of, Eastern Siberia, xv. 547Peony, or Pseony, plant, XVlll. 132; XII. 257. People’s Charter, The, v. 434. Peoria, town, Illinois, U.S.A., xviii. 515Pepi, Pyramid of, Egypt, xx. 123. Pepin, or Pippin (q.v.), Carlovingian kings, xix. 114; ix. 530, 531.. Peplos, or Peplum, Greek article of dress, VI. 453; for statues of deities, XXlll. 207. Pepper, spice, xvin. 516; adulteration of, I. 172; cayenne, v. 280. and Tobin, their spectral illusions, xv. 207. Peppermint, plant, xviii. 517; xvi. 491Pepper Tree, xviii. 519. Pepsin, or Pepsine, alimentary juice, ix. 96; xvii. 671. Pepys, Samuel, English diarist, xvill. 519; as secretary to British Admiralty, XVII. 282. Pequods, American-Indian tribe, xn. 831. Pera, quarter of Constantinople, vi. 306. Pert:A, or Gilead, district of Syria, x. 595Perak, district, Malay Peninsula, xxn. 587; XV. 322; river, XV. 321. Perakim, divisions of the Mishnah, xvi. 505. Peralta y Barnuevo, P. de, Spanish Peruvian writer, XVlll. 675. Perambur, suburb of Madras, India, xv. 188. Peramelid/e, family of marsupial mammals, xv. 381. Peratze, Gnostic sect, x. 703. Peratherium, fossil opossum, xvn. 796. Perca, genus of fishes, xvni. 521. Perceforest, romance, xx. 648. Perception, in psychology, xx. 51; faculties of, xvi 11.845; Collier’s theory of, VI. 144; Democritus’s, vn. 60; Hamilton’s, XL 418; Jacobi’s, xm. 537; Kant on, xm. 851; Leibnitz on, xiv. 421; Locke on, xiv. 758; Stoic theory of, xxii. 565.

p E N —P E R Perception, Visual, Psychical relations of, viii. 826. Perceval, romance, xx. 646. , Amand Pierre Caussin de, French Orientalist, xviii. 521. , Spencer, English statesman, xviii. 521; viii. 364. Perch, fish, xviii. 521; xn. 688; angling for, II. 44. Perche, district, France, xiv. 809. Perchlorate of Potassium, xix. 591. Percival, James Gates, American poet, xviii. 522. Percussion, in medicine, xv. 815. Percy, English noble family, xvin. 522. , Henry, first earl of Northumberland, xvm. 522; xvii. 571. , Serlo, English abbot, xvill. 552. , Thomas, bishop of Dromore, editor of the Percy Reliques, xvill. 524; ill. 283. , Thomas, Gunpowder Plot conspirator, ix. 58. Percylite, mineral, xvi. 385. Perdiccas I.-IIL, kings of Macedon, xv. 138; xviii. 524. , Macedonian general, xviii. 524; 1. 485; xv. 142; regent of Macedonian empire, xviii. 585. PERDIX, genus of birds, XVlll. 332. Perdu, Mont, Pyrenees, ix. 505; xn. 334; xx. 125. Perduellio, in Roman law, xxm. 525. PerECOP, or Perekop, isthmus, Crimea, Russia, vi. 585. Pere Duchesne (J. R. Hebert), French Revolutionist, XL 594. Peregrine Falcon, ix. 2. Peregrine Pickle, Smollett’s novel, xxii. 184. Peregrin Pioetorship, in Roman law, xx. 696. Pereira de Mello, Antonio de Fontes, Portuguese statesman, xix. 554. Perekop, town, Crimea, Russia, xviii. 524; XXIII. 83; isthmus of, VI. 585. Pere la Chaise, cemetery, Paris, v. 331; xviii. 284. Perelle, dye, xiv. 559. Perennials, Garden, xu. 249 Pereskia, genus of Cactacese, iv. 626. Pereslavl, or Pereyaslavl, town, Russia, xviii. 524. Peretti, Felice (Pope Sixtus V.), xxii. 104. Pereyaslaff, town, Russia, xviii. 524; xix. 410. Pereyaslavl, or Pereyaslavl Zalyesskiy, town, Russia, xviii. 524; xxiv. 271. , Lake of, Russia, xxiv. 271. Pereyra, or Pereyre, J. R., Jewish philanthropist, xin. 682.

Perez, Albino, governer of New Mexico, U.S.A., xvii. 402. , Antonio, Spanish diplomatist and minister, xvin. 525; xxn. 329, 359. de Guzman, Fernan, Spanish chronicler, xxn. 354. de Hita, Gines, Spanish romancist, xx. 659; xxii. 358. Perfectibilists, German mystics, xn. 706. Perfectionists, of Oneida, U.S.A., vi. 212. See also xvn. 772. Perforating, of paper, xxii. 461. Perfume, incense, xn. 718. Perfumery, xviii. 525; xvii. 748; xxii. 168. Perga, town, Asia Minor, xviii. 207. Pergamum, Pergamon, or Pergamus, ancient town, Asia Minor, xviii. 527; xv. 143; its relations with Rome, XX. 751; coins of, xvil. 646; library, xiv. 511; school of sculpture at, 11. 365Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista, Italian musical composer, xviii. 528; xvii. 93Pergunnahs, or Parganahs, Twentyfour, district, India, xxm. 673. Peri, Jacopo, Italian musician, xvil 86; xxiv. 315. Periander, tyrant of Ambracia, xvm. 528. , despot of Corinth, xvin. 528. Periblem, layer in plant development, xil. 15. Pericardium, Anatomy of the, 1. 899. Pericarditis, disease, xi. 554; xx, 5i7Perichtha, genus of worms, xxiv. 678. Periclase, mineral, xvi. 385. Pericles, Athenian statesman, xvm. 529; xi. 101. Pericline, mineral, xvi. 419. Periderm, layer in plant development, xil 17. Peridote, precious stone, xviii. 534; xvi. 410. Periegetes, Dionysius, Greek writer, vii. 248. Perier, Casimir, French politician, ix. 620. , Madame, sister of Blaise Pascal, xviii. 333. Perigord, ancient province, France, xviii. 534; caves of, v. 567. Perigueux, town, France, xvill. 534; church of St Front at, 11. 429. Perihelion of the Earth’s Orbit, Change of, II. 795. Perim, island, in Red Sea, II. 235; HI. 179; xx. 316. , island, in Gulf of Cambay, India, x. 738. Pering, Mr, on anchors, II. 3. Perino Buonaccorsi, Yaga, Italian painter, xxiv. 30.

P E R—P E R 339 PERINTHUS, town, Thrace, xvm. 635. Pernoff (Pernau), town, Russia, xviii. 809; illations with Sparta, xxil 370; Periodicals, xviii. 635. 552. wars with Greece, xi. 98, 112; under Periods, or Eras, of time, iv. 681. Perodicticus, genus of lemurs, xiv. Cyrus, vi. 752; under Darius I.-IIL, Perkeci, or Perioikoi, Spartan freemen, 443VI. 825, 827 ; architecture, 11. 399; XL 94; XV. 96; XXII. 370. Peromedus^e, order of Hydrozoa, xn. armies, 11. 559; coins, xvn. 659. Periosteum, fibrous animal membrane, 559Persia, Modern, xvin. 616 (index, 660); 1. 854; xxii. 684. Peromela, order of Amphibia, 1. 751. highlands of, 11. 685; European Peripatetics, school of Greek philo- Peronia, genus of MoRusca, xvi. 661. travellers in, x. 186, 188; carpet sophers, xviii. 545; 11. 511. Peronne, town, France, xvni. 552. weaving, v. 128; caste in, v. 192; coins Peripatus, genus of Myriapoda, xvn. Peronospora Infestans, fungus of of, XVII. 660; Jews in, xiii. 687; 116. potato disease, xix. 596. literature, ix. 225; xvii.238; influence Periphetes, of Greek legend, xxm. Peronospora Viticola, vine fungus, of Persian on Ottoman literature, 294. xxiv. 240. xxiii. 656; opium cultivation, xvn. PERIPLUS, of the Erythraean Sea, XVlli. PERONOSPORE.E, suborder of Fungi, ix. 1 79 > plague in, xix. 167; pottery, xix. 569; XX. 94. 830; parasitic forms, xviii. 266. 619; weights and measures, xxiv. 490; , of Hanno, book of Carthaginian Perouse, La, Jean Frangois, French history, XVIII. 631; Shiite dynasties, exploration, 1. 245 ; x. 175 ; xi. navigator, xiv. 298; x. 190. xxii. 663; war with Russia, xxi. 101; 445Perovsk, town, Syr-Daria, Russia, xxil wars with Turkey (1514, 1638), xxiii. , of the Mediterranean, ancient 819, 821. 643, 645. geographical work, xxi. 573, 578. Perovskite, mineral, xvi. 426. Persian Language, xviii. 653; dicPeripteros, in architecture, 11. 469. Peroz, Sasanian king of Persia, xviii. tionaries of, vii. 190. Peripyl,ea, order of Protozoa, xix. 611. Persian Letters, Montesquieu’s, xvi. 849. Perpetual Edicts, in Roman law, 782. Periscopic Lens, xvi. 260. xiii. 793; xix. 655. Persian Literature, xvm. 655. PERISSODACTYLA, suborder of ungulate Perpetual Motion, xviii. 553. Persigny, Due de, French politician, mammals, xv. 422, 427. Perpetuities, in law, 11. 72. xviii. 661. Peristyle, in architecture, 11. 469. Perpignan, town, France, xvni. 555; Persimmon, fruit, xvni. 661. Peritoneum, serous membrane, in the xx. 128; XXL 28; organ at, xvii. 837; Persis, ancient Persia, xvni. 561, 565, abdomen, VII. 224; surgical treatment university of, xxm. 839. 605. of, xxil. 690. Perrache, part of Lyons, France, XV. Persius (A. Persius Flaccus), Roman Peritonitis, disease, xviii. 547. 110. satirist, xviii. 661; xx. 726; xxi. 319; Peritricha, order of Protozoa, xix. Perrault, Charles, French tale-writer, his language and style, xiv. 337. 861. xviii. 5565 xxiii. 27. Personal Estate, in law, xvni. 664; Periwig, or Wig, xxiv. 560. , Claude, French architect, II. 441; disposition of, by will, xxiv. 571, 573; Periwinkle, mollusc, xvi. 651; fishery, xviii. 556. sale of, xxi. 207. ix. 265. Perrenot, Antony, Cardinal Granvella, Personal Identity, Locke on, xiv. Periyar, river, India, xxm. 525. xi. 52; Xli. 74. 760; in medical jurisprudence, xv. 778. Perizonius, Anton, Dutch theologian, Perron, in architecture, 11. 469. Personality, in psychology, xx. 83. xviii. 547. Perrone, Giovanni, Italian theologian, Personne, Gilles (Roberval), French , Jacob, Dutch scholar, xviii. 547. xviii. 557. mathematician, xx. 601. Perjury, in law, xviii. 548; xvn. Perroniana, ana of Cardinal Duperron, Persons, or Parsons, Robert, English . 698. 1. 784. Jesuit, xviii. 377. Perkin, W. H., his experiments on dye- Perrott, Sir John, Irish lord-deputy, Perspective, xix. 804. stuffs, 11. 48. xiii. 265. Projections, in maps, x. 202. Perkins, Jacob, American inventor Perry, beverage, xviii. 557. Perspiration, xvii. 685; glands of, 1. and physicist, xvin. 549. ——> Oliver H., American naval officer, 899; excessive, xxil 120; diaphoretics, PerliDjE, group of insects, xm. 152. XXIII. 760. vii. 167. Perlite, rock, x. 234. Persan, Madame Doublet de, French Persson, Goran, Swedish courtier, xxii. Perm, government, Russia, xviii. 549; journalist, xvn. 425. 748. xxi. 69; town, xviii. 551. Perseids, meteors, xvi. in. Permanent Way, of railways, xx. Persephone, Greek goddess (the Pertabgurh (Partabgarh), district, Oudh, India, xviii. 328. 232, 240. Roman Proserpine), xix. 824; xxm. , state, Rajputana, India, xviii. 328. Permanganates, manganese salts, xv. 296; mysteries of, vm. 126. Perte du Rhone, xx. 528. 480. Persepolis, ancient town, Persia, xvin. Perth, county, Scotland, xviii. 665; Permian Language, Dictionary of 557; destruction of, by Alexander the representation, xxm. 727. vii. 188. Great, xviii. 582; buildings at, 11. ; town, Scotland, xviii. 667; the Permian Rocks, in geology, x. 351. 400. Five Articles of (1618), xxi. 510. Permissive Bill, for prohibiting Perseus, of Greek fable, xviii. 560; vi. , town, Western Australia, xviii. liquor traffic, xiv. 688. 797- _ 668. Permutations, in algebra, 1. 560. , king of Macedonia, xv. 142; his Perthes, family of German publishers, Pernahyba, or Paranahyba, town, contests with Rome, xx. 753. xviii. 669. Brazil, xviii. 258. Persia, Ancient, xviii. 561 (index, , Friedrich Christoph, German pubPernambuco, town, Brazil, xviii 660); conquest of, by Alexander, 1. lisher and editor, xvin. 669. 551. 482; XV. 140; by the Arabs, II. 257; Perticari, Count Giulio, Italian writer, Pernau, town, Russia, xviii. 552. conquest of Phrygia by, xviii. 851; xiii. 515. Perne, Andrew, English divine, xviii. its influence in Asia, II. 699; religion, Pertinax, Helvius, Roman emperor, 552. xxiii. 238; rule over Sidon, xviii. xviii. 669; xxi. 699.

340 Perturbations, in solar system, xi. 72. Pertz, Georg Heinrich, German archteologist, xviii. 669. PERU, country, South America, XVIII. 669; I. 713; its revolt from Spain, 1. 709; liberation of, by Bolivar, iv. 9; forests,' IX. 406; guano, XL 233; Indian tribes, xn. 828; libraries, xiv. 536, 551; newspapers, xvn. 437; observatory at Lima, xvn. 716; railways, xx. 252. , Ancient, I. 696; XVIII. 677; agriculture in, 1. 293; monuments, 11. 451; mythology, xvn. 150; pottery, xix. 633; races, 1. 691. , town, Illinois, U.S.A., xviii. 679. , island, Gilbert group, Polynesia, xix. 426. , Balsam of, ill. 293. Perugia, town, Italy, xviii. 680; vm. 635; church of S. Domenico, XIX. 123; pictures, xxi. 446; university, xxiii. 837. , Lake of, Italy, xm. 440. PERUGINO, Pietro, Italian painter, xviii. 680; IX. 773; xxi. 436; Raphael’s connexion with, xx. 274. Peruke, wig, xxiv. 560. Perusia, Etruscan town, Italy, vm. 635Peruvian Bark, v. 781; xx. 184. Peruzzi, Baldassare, Italian architect and painter, xvni. 682; xx. 836; xxil. 44. Pervigilium Veneris, Latin poem, xviii. 683. Pesaro, town, Italy, xviii. 683. Pescara, river, Italy, xm. 439. Peschiera, town, Italy, xx. 145. Pescium (Ipek), ancient town, Albania, XIII. 211. Peshawar, or Peshawur, division, ’district, and town, India, xvin. 684. PESHITTA, or Peshito, Syriac version of the Bible, XXIL 824; III. 647. Peshwa, Mahratta title, India, xv. 291. PESIKOTHO, Midrash, xvi. 286. Pesikto Rabbathi, Midrash, xvi. 287. PESINUS, or Pessinus, ancient town, Asia Minor, XVIII. 691. Pessimism, in philosophy, xviii. 684; Schopenhauer’s, XXL 455. Pessinus, ancient town, Asia Minor, xviii. 691; x. 19. Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich, Swiss educationist, vil. 677; XIV. 79; xxil 798. Pesth, town, Hungary, xvill. 691; libraries, xiv. 547; picture gallery, XXL 446. See also Budapest. Pestilence, or Plague, xix. 159. Pesto, town, Italy, xvin. 132. Pet, Arthur, Arctic explorer, xix. 316.

p E R—PE T Petalism, Syracusan institution, xxil. 814. Petalite, mineral, xiv. 697; xvi. 416. Petals, of plants, iv. 132. PETAU, Denys, French theologian, XVHL 693Petaurista, genus of marsupial mammals, xviii. 728. Petaurus, genus of marsupial mammals, xviii. 729. Petavius, Dionysius (Petau), French theologian, XVIIL 693. Petchary, bird, xiv. 81. Petchenegs, race of people, xiv. 60; . XXL 16, 88; XXIII. 660. Petchersk, monastery, at KiefF, Russia, xiv. 70. Petchora, river, Russia, xvin. 549; xxi. 73. Peten, Lake of, Guatemala, XL 239. Peter, St, the Apostle, xvni. 693; xix. 487; his relations with St Paul, xvni. 418. , Apocalypse of, II. 179. , Epistles of, xviil. 697. I., the Great, czar of Russia, xviil 698; XXL 97; his contests with Charles XII. of Sweden, v. 421; defeat and capture of, by the Turks, xxm. 646; statue of, at St Petersburg, xxi. 191; Voltaire’s History of, xxiv. 292. II., of Russia, xviil 699; XXL 98. III., of Russia, xviil 699; v. 233; XXL 99. , prince of Savoy, XXL 339. , king of Sicily, XXIL 28. of Blois, mediaeval theologian and moralist, xviil 698. of Bruis, founder of Petrobrusians, xi. 674; xxiv. 323. of Callinicus, Syriac writer, xxil 836. of Castlenau, Inquisitor, 1. 454. of Covara (Nicholas V., antipope), xiii. 712. the Hermit, Crusade preacher, xviil 698; vi. 623. of Morone, founder of the Celestines, v. 291. of Poitiers, scholastic philosopher, xxi. 425. des Roches, bishop of Winchester, XL 658. Leopold, grand-duke of Tuscany, xiii. 485. Martyr, Italian Reformer, xxiv. 166. Parley (S. G. Goodrich), American writer, x. 774. Pindar (John Walcot), English painter and satirist, xxiv. 628. Schlemihl, by Chamisso, V. 384. Peterborough, town, England, xviil 699. , town, Ontario, Canada, xvn. 775. and Monmouth, Earl of, xviil 700.

Peterhead, town, Scotland, xviil 701. Peterhof, town, Russia, xviil 702; xxi. 190, 194. Peterloo Riot (1819), Manchester, England, XV. 464. Petermann, A., German geographer, xviil 669. Peters, Christian A. F., on stellar parallax, xviil 252. , Hugh, adherent of Cromwell, xviil 702. Petersburg, town, Virginia, U.S.A., xviil 702. Petersen, Hallgrim, Icelandic poet, xii. 623. , Niels Matthias, Danish historian, VII. 93. Peter’s Letters to his Kinsfolk, Lockhart’s work, XIV. 763. Peters’s Comet, vi. 193. Petersthal, spa, Germany, xvi. 434Peterwardein, town, Hungary, xviil 702. Pethion, Syriac writer, xxil 845. Petiole, or Leaf-Stalk, of plants, iv. 112. Potion, Alexandre, president of Hayti, XL 545. DE Villeneuve, J6r6me, French Revolutionist, xviil 703. Petis de la Croix, Frangois, French Orientalist, xviil 703. Petit, John, his justification of murder of duke of Orleans, x. 550. and Dulong, on radiation, xx. 216. Petitcodiac, river, New Brunswick, xvil. 373. Petition, in law, xviil 703. , to parliament, in England, xviil 3l3of Right, v. 405; vm. 345; xviil 705. Petit Journal, Le, Paris newspaper, xvil 427. Petit Nord, peninsula, Newfoundland, xvil 382. Petitot, Jean, French artist, VIH. 184. Petit-Thouars, Admiral du,his seizure of Tahiti, xxm. 24. Petit Treason, xxiii. 527. Petofi, Alexander, Hungarian poet, xil. 378. Petra, ancient town, North Arabia, xviil 705. Petracco, Italian jurist, father of Petrarch, xviil 706. Petr/ea, desert, Arabia, II. 239. Petrarch, or Petrarca, Francesco, Italian poet, xviil 706; xm. 503; his relation to the Renaissance, XX. 385; his sonnets, xxil 262; his friendship for Boccaccio, III. 845* ^ Latinity, xiv. 341. Petrel, bird, xviil 711; ix. 817-

P E T—P H A

341 Petri, Laurentius, archbishop of Petunia, plant, xn. 264. Phalangidea, Phalangides, order Sweden, xxn. 754. Petuntze, mineral, xvi. 419. and family of Arachnida, II. 277v 279. , Olaus, Swedish writer, xxn. 754. Petzite, mineral, xvi. 392. Petrie, George, Irish antiquary, xvm. Peucetians, ancient Italian tribe, xm. Phalangista, genus of marsupial mammals, xviii. 728. 712. 446. Phalanx, of Greek army, n, 561; Petrinia, district, Austria, xvi. 295. Peutinger, Conrad, German scholar, Macedonian, xv. 140; Roman, xx. Petrinism, versus Paulism, Baur’s views xviii. 724. 735on, ill. 449, 644. Pevensey, town, England, xxn. 724. Phalaridee, group of grasses, xi. 58. Petriu, town, Siam, xxi. 853. Pew, in architecture, 11. 469. Petrobrusians, religious sect, xxiv. Pewter, tin alloy, xviii. 725; xiv. Phalaris, Greek tyrant, in Sicily, xviii. 729; XXII. 16. 323; xi. 674. 378. , Epistles of, in. 53; xviii. 730; Petrocorii, ancient Gallic tribe, xvm. Peyer’s Patches, in the intestine, Bentley’s dissertation on, m. 579. 635xvii. 669. Phalaropodid/E, family of birds, XXL Petroeca, genus of birds, xxiv. 537. Peyrelade, France, Ancient remains 260. Petroleum, mineral oil, xvm. 712, at, xxi. 51. 237; 11. 715; xvi. 428; as fuel, ix. Pezza, Michele (Fra Diavolo), Italian Phalerum, Bay of, Athens, m. 4. Phanariots, Greek officials at Con809; for gas-making, x. 100; for brigand, ix. 504. stantinople, XL 124. steam boilers, xxn. 500; industry, in Pfaff, Christian Heinrich, German Phanerogamia, subkingdom of plants, U.S.A., xxiii. 813; wells at Baku, chemist and physicist, xviii. 725. xxiv. 130. Russia, in. 258; in Burmah, iv. 552. , Johann Friedrich, German mathe- Phanerogams, group of plants, in. Petromyzon, genus of fishes, xiv. 249. matician, xviii. 725. 695; iv. 92; xx. 426; xxiv. 130. Petronilla, alleged daughter of St , Johann Wilhelm Andreas, German Phansigars (Thugs), Indian assassins, Peter, xvm. 694. mathematician, xviii. 725. XXIII. 327. Petronius, Maximus IV., Roman Pfaffendorf, Germany, Battle of Phantasia, Gassendi’s theory of, x. emperor, xv. 646. (1760), in. 129. 106. Arbiter, Latin satirist, xvm. Pfahlburger, class of German citizens, Phantasmagoria, of magic lantern, 720; xx. 636, 726; xxi. 319. x. 493. xv. 213. Petropavlovsk, town, Siberia, xvni. Pfalz, or Palatinate, district, Germany, Phantoms, in white magic, xv. 207. 723xviii. 166; in. 453. , or Petropavlovski, town, Kam- Pfalzburg, town, German Lorraine, Phaon, reputed lover of Sappho, xxi. 3°3chatka, Asia, xviii. 723; in. 144; XIII. xviii. 725. Phare, ancient town, Greece, xm. 826. 832. Pfefferkorn, John, suppressor of Pharaoh, kings of Egypt, xviii. 730; Petropolis, town, Brazil, xviii. 723. Jewish books, xx. 490. vii. 732. Petrossa, Roumania, Plate found at, Pfeffers, spa, Switzerland, xvi. 433. Pharaoh’s Castle, ruins, Morocco, xix. 182. Pfeiffer, Franz, German philologist, xvi. 834. Petrovitch, George, Servian leader, xviii. 725; on the Nibelungenlied, Pharaoh’s Rat, ichneumon, xn. 629. vi. 755; xxi. 689. xvii. 476. Pharisees, Jewish sect, xm. 423; xvi. Petrovsk, town, Russian Daghestan, , Ida Laura, Austrian traveller, 55xviii. 723. xviii. 726. , town, Saratoff, Russia, xviii. 723; Pfister, Albrecht, early German printer, Pharmacolite, mineral, xvi. 404. Pharmacology, branch of medicine, xxi. 305. xxiii. 684, 687. xv. 796. ) town, Yaroslavl, Russia, xxiv. Pforzheim, town, Baden, Germany, Pharmacopceia, xviii. 730; the 73ixviii. 726. British, xv. 798; Aldrovandi’s, 1. , convict settlement, Transbaikalia, Pfundhefe, German yeast, xxiv. 475Russia, xviii. 723. 734Petrozavodsk, town, Russia, xviii. Phacochcerus, genus of ungulate Pharmacosiderite, mineral, xvi. 405. 723; xvii. 764. mammals, xxn. 774. Pharnabazus, satrap of Phrygia, xviii. Petrucci, friend of Molinos, xvi. Phacolite, mineral, xvi. 421. 576. 631. Phacusa, ancient town, Egypt, X. 789. Pharomacrus, genus of birds, xx. 179; , Pandolfo, tyrant of Siena, xxn. Ph.edo, dialogue of Plato, xix. 199. xxiii. 584. 42. Phedrus, Latin fabulist, xviii. 726. Pharos, island and lighthouse, AlexPetrus de Ravenna, on mnemonics, , dialogue of Plato, xix. 201. andria, Egypt, I. 494. xvi. 532. Phasodaria, order of Protozoa, xix. Pharpar, river, Syria, I. 4; XXII. 821. Petrus Hispanus, scholastic philo850. Pharsalia, Lucan’s poem, xv. 36. sopher, xxi. 430. Phaeophycee, subclass of plants, xxiv. Pharynx, Anatomy of the, 1. 837; vn. Petrus Siculus, historian of the Paul126. 222; disease of, xxm. 321. icians, xviii. 433. Phaeosporeae, order of plants, xxiv. Phascacee, group of mosses, xvii. 73. Pett, Phineas, English shipbuilder, 126. Phascogale, or Phascologale, genus of xvii. 282. Phaethon, of Greek mythology, xviii. marsupial mammals, xv. 380. Pettigrew, J. Bell, on modes of flight, 727. Phascolarctine, subfamily of marix. 311. , genus of birds, xxiii. 588. supial mammals, xv. 382. Petty, Lord Henry, English politician, Phagmodu, Tibetan ruler, xxiii. 346. Phascolomys, genus of marsupial xix. 148. Phalange, in Fourier’s communal mammals, xxiv. 637; xv. 383. ■, Sir William, English economist, system, ix. 489. xviii. 724; xix. 358; on statistics, Phalangers, group of marsupial mam- Phascolotherium, fossil mammal, xv. 376. xxii. 462. mals, xviii. 727; in. in; xv. 359, Phascum, genus of mosses, xvn. 72. Petuna, town, Manchuria, xv. 466. 382. Phaseolus, genus of plants, xn. 283.

342 Phasianus, genus of birds, xviii. 732. Phasis, Greek colony, Black Sea, xix. 599Phasmid^E, group of insects, XIII. 152. Phaulcon, Constantine, Greek minister in Siam, XXL 854. Phavorinus (Guarino), Italian scholar, xi. 238. Phazania (Fezzan), ancient country, Africa, IX. 128. Pheasant, bird, xviii. 732. Pheasant’s Eye, plant, 1. 163. Pheasant-Shooting, xxi. 834. Phedre, Racine’s drama, xx. 207. Phenacite, mineral, XVI. 411. Phenic Acid, v. 85. Phenicienne, dye, v. 86. Phenol, carbolic acid, v. 85; xxiii. 57Phenols, series of organic alcohols, v. 563; xviii. 238. Phenomenology of Spirit, Hegel’s treatise, XL 618. Phenylamine (Aniline), in chemistry, ii- 47; v. 575. PHEON, in heraldry, XL 703. Phera, town, island of Thera, Greece, xxiii. 280. Pherze, ancient town, Greece, xm. 826. Pherecrates, Greek Attic comedian, xviii. 733. Pherecydes of Athens, Greek historian, xvill. 733. of Syros, Greek philosopher, xviii. 733Phial^e, ancient bowls, xix. 179. Phidias, Greek sculptor and architect, xviii. 733, 530; 11. 355. Phigalia, ancient town, Greece, xviii. 734Philadelphia (Ala-Shehr), ancient toAvn, Asia Minor, I. 443. (Rabbah), ancient town, Syria, 1. 743, town, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., xvni. 736; libraries of, xiv. 534, 551; newspapers, xvil. 434; convention (1787), XV. 182; XXlll. 748. Philadelphus, Ptolemy, king of Egypt, vii. 745. PHIL.E, island, Egypt, VII. 783. Philagathus (Pope John XVI.), xm. 711Philanthropy, in ethics, vm. 590; of Quakers, xx. 151. Philargi, Pietro (Pope Alexander V.), L 487Philaster, tragedy by Beaumont and Fletcher, III. 470. Philebus, dialogue of Plato, xix. 208. Philemon, Greek poet, xvni. 741; XXII. 20. , Epistle to, xviii. 741. Philepicus, or Philippicus, emperor of Constantinople, xvni. 748. Philepitta, genus of birds, xix. 149.

P H A —P H I Philes, Manuel, Byzantine dramatist, XL 145. P HILET/ERUS, chief of Pergamum, xv. 143; XVIII. 527. Philetas, Alexandrian poet and critic, xviii. 742; vil. 568. Philhetaerus, genus of birds, xxiv. 463Philhydrida, group of beetles, vi. 130. Philibeg, or Kilt, in Scottish Highland dress, VI. 478. Philibert, prince of Savoy, xxi. 341. Philidor, Frangois Andre Danican, French chess-player, v. 601. Philinus of Cos, Alexandrian physician, xv. 801. Philip, St, apostle, xviii. 742. , the Evangelist, xvni. 742. , the Arab, Roman emperor, xvili. 755, duke of Anjou, XIII. 484. , the Bold, duke of Burgundy, iv. 536; IX. 548. , the Good, duke of Burgundy, iv. 536; his rule in Holland, XII. 73. I., king of France, xviii. 743; ix. 537; hostilities with William II. of England, xxiv. 577. II., Augustus, of France, xvni. 743; IX. 540; his contentions with Richard I. of England, xx. 540; his improvements of Paris, xviii. 288. III., the Rash, of France, xviii. 743; IX. 544. IV., the Fair, of France, xvin. 743; ix. 544; suppression of the Templars by, xxiii. 164. V., the Tall, of France, xvili. 743. VI., of France, XVIII. 743; IX. 545. II., king of Macedonia, xvin. 742; XL 103; XV. 138; his relations with Persia, xvili. 581; his contests with Rome, xx. 751; Demosthenes’s opposition to, vil 69; Isocrates’s faith in, xiii. 389. III.-V., kings of Macedonia, xviii. 742. , False (Andriscus), usurper of throne of Macedon, 11. 22. , duke of Orleans (1674-1723), regent of France, xvil 852; ix. 584. (Egalite), duke of Orleans (17471793), xvil 853; ix. 595, 598, 600, 604, 606. I., of Savoy, xxi. 341. I., king of Castile and Aragon (reckoned I. of Spain), xvin. 743; xxii. 327. II., king of Spain, XVIII. 743; xm. 717; xv. 594; xxii. 329; his rule in Holland, xii. 74; in Italy, XIIL 482; as king of Portugal, xix. 547; his marriage with Queen Mary of England, viil. 339; his secretaries, Perez and Escovedo, xviii. 525. III., of Spain, xvili. 746; xxn. 330-

Philip IV., of Spain, xvin. 746; xxn. 33iV., of Spain, xviii. 746; xxii. 335, duke of Swabia, xviii. 746. of Amphipolis, Greek romancist, xx. 636. , Herod, tetrarch of Itimea, XL 755; xiii. 426. van Artevelde, Taylor’s drama, xxill. 93. Philiphaugh, Scotland, Battle of (1645), XVI. 796; XVIL 371; XXL 513Philipon, Charles, French caricaturist, v. 105. Philippa, wife of Edward III. of England, vil 683. Philippeion, at Olympia, Greece, xvil 769. Philippi, ancient town, Macedonia, xviii. 746. Philippians, Epistle to the, xviii. 746. Philippics, of Cicero, v. 772; of Demosthenes, vil 69. Philippicus, emperor of Constantinople, xviii. 748. Philippine Islands, West Pacific, xviii. 748; II. 687; xii. 815; birds of, in. 763; dictionaries of language, VIL 191. Philippopolis, town, Eastern Roumelia, Turkey, XVIII. 753; xxm. 318; department, XXL 21. Philippsburg, town, Baden, xviii. 754, town, St. Martin, West Indies, xxi. 186. Philippus, M. Julius (Philip the Arab), Roman emperor, xvin. 755. Sidetes, Byzantine Church historian, xxii. 238. Philips, Ambrose, English poet, xviii. 754, 347, John, English writer, xvill. 754. Philistia, district, Palestine, xviii. 755Philistines, of Scripture, xviii. 755, 174; xill. 402; language of, xxi. 645. Phillip, John, Scottish painter, xviii. 757Phillips, John, English geologist, XVIIL 758; on amber mines, 1. 659. , Samuel, English writer, xviii. 759, Thomas, English painter, xviii. 759, Wendell, American orator, I. 723. , William, English geologist, xviii. 759Phillipsite, mineral, xvi. 422. Philo, Jewish-Hellenist poet, xviii. 764, or Philo Judaeus, Jewish philosopher, xviil. 759; I. 500; xv. 144; his relation to the Gospel histories,

P H I —P H 0

343 xill. 658; on inspiration, xm. 154; Eleatic, xxiv. 719; Zeno’s Eleatic, Phocas, Nicephorus II., emperor of in relation to mysticism, xvn. 130; xxiv. 778; Hamiltonian, xi. 417; Constantinople, xvn. 482. his influence on Neoplatonism, xvn. Hegelian, xi. 618; Hindu, xxi. 289; Phocid/e, family of carnivorous mamxxiv. 117; Kantian, xm. 847; Leib334mals, xv. 443. Philo of Byzantium, writer on menitz’s contributions to, xiv. 420; Phocion, Athenian statesman, xvur. chanics, xviii. 764. Locke’s contributions to, xiv. 755; 799Byblius, grammarian and hisMohammedan, xvi. 596; Neoplaton- Phocis, district, Greece,XVlli. 801; coins torian, xviii. 764; on Phoenicia, xvm. ism, xvii. 332; Plato on, xix. 206; of, xvii. 642. 802; his translation of Sanchoniathon, Positive, or Comte’s, VI. 234; Pytha- Phcebias (Reggio di Calabria), Greek VI. 447. gorean, xx. 138; Reid’s, xx. 351; scepcolony, Italy, xx. 341. Philocalia, Origen’s work, xvn. 840. tical, xxi. 378; Schelling’s, XXL 391; Phcebus (Apollo), in Greek mythology, Philoctetes, Sophocles’s drama, xxn. Schleiermacher’s, xxi. 411; scholastic, XVIII. 801; 11. 185. xxi. 418; Schopenhauer’s, xxi. 456; 273, Gaston, viscount of B4arn, xvin. , Statue of, at Syracuse, 11. 351. Socrates’s relations to, xxn. 236; 415. Philodina, genus of Rotifera, XXL 4. Spinoza’s, xxn. 404; Dugald Stewart’s Phcenice, Roman divisions of Syria, Philolaus, Pythagorean philosopher, contributions to, xxil. 547 ; Stoic, xxil 823. xviii. 764; xx. 138; on astronomy, xxii. 562; Wolffian, xxiv. 632; Phcenicia, region, Syria, xvni. 801; 11. 747. Brucker’s critical history of, iv. 395; coins of, xvii. 649; glass-making, x. Philologi^: et Mercurii, De Nuptiis, Lewes’s history of, xiv. 491. 647; pottery, xix. 605. romance, xx. 637. Philosophy of the Human Mind, Phoenician Alphabet, i. 607. Philologia Sacra, Glassius’s, x. 674. Thomas Brown’s, IV. 387. Phoenician Language, xxi. 641, 646; Philology, science of language, xviii. Philosophy of the Inductive Sciinscriptions in, XIII. 116; dictionary 765; Wolf’s definition of, xxiv. 629; ences, Whewell’s, xxiv. 539. of, Vil. 189. in relation to anthropology, II. 117; Philostorgius, church historian, xxii. Phoenician Numerals, xvii. 625. to ethnology, Vlll. 621; to mythology, 238. Phoenicians, Asiatic people, xxil 822; xvii. 138; Boeckh’s division of, m. Philostratus, Greek sophist, xviii. xi. 90; their relations with the Phili851; comparative, of Aryan languages, 796; on legends of Troy, xx. 637. stines, xviii. 757 ; founders of Carthxviii. 781. See Language. Philotas, put to death by Alexander, age, v. 160; remains of, in Malta, xv. Philomela, in Greek mythology, xvn. 1. 483. 341; astronomy of, ll. 745; early com499. Philoxenus, Greek poet, xvin. 797. merce, VI. 197; geography in time of, PHILOMETOR, Demetrius III., king of of Hierapolis, Syriac writer, xxn. X. 175; language of, xxi. 641; ships Syria, VII. 58. 831. of, xxi. 805. , Ptolemy, king of Egypt, VII. 746. of Mabbogh, Syriac writer, xxii. Phcenico - Chroite, mineral, xvi. Philopator, king of Cappadocia, v. 825, 831. 403. 76. Phineus, in Greek mythology, xi. Phoenicopterus, genus of birds, ix. , Antioch us, prince of Persia and 491. 286. Syria, xm. 422. Phintias (Alicata), ancient town, Sicily, PhcenisSjE, Euripides’s drama, vm. , Ptolemy, king of Egypt, VII. 746. 1. 574. 677. , Seleucus IV., king of Persia and Phipps, Captain, Arctic explorer, x. 190; , Phrynichus’s drama, xviii. 854. Syria, xviii. 589. xix. 319. Phoenix, legendary bird, xviii. 810. PhiloPcemen, Greek warrior, xviii. , Constantine Henry, marquis of , genus of palms, xvin. 190. 790. Normanby, xvii. 538. Conspiracy, Ireland, xm. 271. Philoprogenitiveness, in phreno- Phitsalok, ancient Siamese capital, Park, Dublin, vn. 500. logy, xviii. 844. xxi. 854. Phcenixville, town, Pennsylvania, Philopseudes, Lucian’s dialogue, xv. Phiva (Thebes), town, Greece, xxin. U.S.A., xviii. 811. 44. 229. Phonautograph, acoustic instrument, Philosopher’s Stone, Search for the, Phlebitis, disease, xxii. 684. 1. no; for deaf-mutes, vii. 9. L 463Phlegmon, disease, xviii. 398. Phonetics, science of speech sounds, Philosophical Society, American, Phlegon of Tralles, Greek chronicler, xviii. 811, 770, 782; xxil 381. xviii. 740. xviii. 798. Phonetism, in language, 1. 602. Philosophical Transactions, of Phlipon, Manon Jeanne (Madame Phonograph, Telephonic, xxiii. 130, Royal Society of London, xxi. 38. Roland), xx. 624. 134Philosophumena, Hippolytus’s work, Phloem, or Bast, in vegetable histology, Phonography, shorthand writing, xxi. xi. 854. xii. 18. 834Philosophy, xviii. 791; evolution in, Phlogiston, Doctrine of, in chemistry, Phonolite, rock, X. 234. viii. 751; in relation to logic, xiv. v. 460. Phonology, in grammar, xi. 37. 780; to metaphysics, XVI. 79; modern, Phlogopite, mineral, xvi. 413. Phonotypy, xviii. 812. theism of, xxin. 244, 249; influence Phlox, garden plant, xviii. 798; xn. Phonygama, genus of birds, xv. 505. of Christianity on, v. 698 ; pagan, 258. Phora, ancient town, Patmos, Greek influence of, on Christianity, v. 694; Phoca, genus of carnivorous mammals, Archipelago, xvni. 408. of religion, xxili. 272; in relation to xv. 443; xxi. 580. Phorminx, Greek lyre, xv. 114. the Renaissance, xx. 382, 386; to Phoc/EA, town, Asia Minor, xviii. Phormio, Terence’s play, xxm. 187. Greek sophistry, xxn. 268; relation 798. Phormium, vegetable fibre, xviii. of zoology to, xxiv. 819; Arabian, 11. Phoczena, genus of cetacean mammals, 812. 265; of Confucius, VI. 264; Cousin’s, xv. 398; xix. 521. Phoronis, genus of Polyzoa, xix. 433, VI. 524; Cud worth’s, vi. 689; Des- Phocas, emperor of the East, xviii. 434cartes on, vii. 119; eclectic, vil. 643; Phorus, genus of Mollusca, xvi. 650. 799, 614.

344 Phosgene, in chemistry, v. 87; xvn. 6 3Phosgenes, luminous impressions, vm. 822. Phosphates, chemical salts, xvm. 818; v. 517, 518; deposits of, at Charleston, U.S.A., v. 428; of lime, as manures, I. 348; XV. 509. Phosphatic Glasses, for telescopes, xxiii. 143. Phosphide of Calcium, xviii. 817. Phosphine, in chemistry, v. 516; xviii. 817. Phospho Guano, xi. 234; xv. 512. Phosphor-Bronze, xviii. 817; wire of, xxiv. 615. Phosphorescence, xviii. 813; xiv. 603; of annelids, II. 71; in crystals, XVI. 375; in Protozoa, XIX. 861; of the sea, vi. 664. Phosphoric Acid, as manure, xv. 508. Phosphorists, school of Swedish literature, xxii. 757. Phosphorite, mineral, xviii. 818. Phosphorochalcite, mineral, xvi. 406. Phosphoroscope, optical instrument, xiv. 603. Phosphorus, chemical element, xviii. 815; v. 315; as fuel, ix. 809; in iron smelting, xm. 296; in match manufacture, xv. 625; as plant food, xix. 49; as a poison, xix. 278; its presence in steel, xm. 283. Photius, patriarch of Constantinople, xviii. 819; as lexicographer, XL 146; on Greek romance, xx. 634; opposed by Pope Nicholas I., xvn. 483. Photodilus, section of owls, xviii. 89. Photo-Engraving, xviii. 834. Photographic Printing, xviii. 830. Photography, xviii. 821; Daguerre’s invention of, VI. 761; Niepce’s inventions in, xvil. 495; applied to astronomy, 11. 789, 802; xviii. 248; XXIII. 142, 148,153; use of, in mapping, xxn. 714, 716. Photo-Gravure, process of map-printing, xxii. 717. Photo-Lithography, xiv. 699; xviii. 833Photometry, Celestial, xviii. 840; xiv. 583; xxiv. 423. Photophone, telephone, xxiii. 130. Photo-Reliefs, xviii. 834. Photosphere, of the sun, xxii. 645. Phoxichilus, genus of Arachnida, II. 277. Phoxinus, genus of fishes, xvi. 477. Phraaspa, Armenia, Siege of (36 B.C.), xviii. 598. Phraates I., Parthian king, xvill. 590. II., Parthian king, xvni. 594. III., Parthian king, xvill. 595. IV., Parthian king, xviii. 598.

P H 0—P I A Phraates V., Parthian king, xvin. Phyllotaxis, arrangement of leaves, in plants, IV. 115. 600. Phylloxera, vine parasite, xxiv. 238 Phrabat, mountain, Siam, XXL 851. 604; xix. 537. Phrantzes, Georgius, Byzantine hisPhylogeny, ancestral development, II. torian, iv. 614. 49; in. 690. Phraortes, Median king, xviii. 562. Physalospora, grape fungus, xxiv. , Median rebel, XVIIL 569. 240. PHRASEOGRAMS, in shorthand, XXL Physeter, genus of cetacean mammals, %39xv. 396; xxiv. 525. Phratria, division of tribe, at Athens, Physical Constants, xxiv. 479, 480. vill. 620. Phrenology, xviii. 842; Combe’s Physical Geography, x. 210. essays on, VI. 179; Gall’s researches in, Physical-Medical School, xv. 810. Physical Sciences, xix. i. x. 37Phreno-Typing, mnemonic system, Physicians, Koyal College of, London, xiv. 652. xvi. 533. PHRIAPATIUS, Parthian king, xvill. Physic Nut, xvil 664, 665. Physics, xix. i; of Aristotle, 11. 520; 59°. Epicurean theory of, vm. 474; Kant’s Phrygia, country, Asia Minor, xviii. works on, XIII. 847; Stoic doctrine 849; coins of, xvil 648. of, XXII. 563; physical societies, XXII. Phrygian Mysteries, xvil 126. 225. Phryne, Greek courtesan, xvin. 853; Physiocrats, French school of econo11. 169. mists, xix. 359; xx. 176. Phrynichus, Athenian general, xvin. Physiognomy, xix. 3; Lavater on, 854. xiv. 351. , Athenian tragic poet, XVIIL 854. , poet of Old Attic Comedy, xvin. Physiography, in geology, x. 370. Physiological Selection, Romanes’s 854. theory, xxiv. 82. Arabius, Bithynian grammarian, Physiologus, mediseval collection of xviii. 854. allegories, xix. 6. Phrynides, family of Arachnida, II. Physiology, xix. 8 (index, 63); in. 289. 684; xvil 667; scope of the science, Phrynosoma, genus of lizards, xiv. XXIV. 800; in relation to medicine, 736. xv. 794; to morphology, xvi. 845; to Phtha, Egyptian divinity, VII. 717. phrenology, XVIIL 847; to psychology, Phthalic Acid, xviii. 855. xx. 37; to zoological study, xxiv. Phthiotis, district, Thessaly, xxill. 814; vegetable, xix. 43; Empedocles’s 299. theory of, VIII. 179; contributions to Phthiriasis, disease, xv. 24; xxii. the science by Brodie, IV. 358; by 123. Andrew Combe, VI. 179; by Johannes Phthisis, disease, xviii. 855, 405. Muller, xvil 17; by Schwann, xxi. Phu-Thua-Thien, or Phu-tua-tien 460; by Spallanzani, xxn. 367 ; by (Hue), town, Anam, Vi. 96; xn. 333. Wagner, xxiv. 313. Phycoerythin, colouring matter in Physostigmine, vegetable alkaloid, iv. plants, xix. 52. 650. Phycomycetes, order of Fungi, ix. Physostomi, order of fishes, XII. 692. 830; xxiv. 127. Phycoxanthin, colouring matter in Phytelephas, genus of plants, xm. 524; xviii. 190. plants, xix. 52. Phylactery, Jewish prayer-thong, xix. Phytomastigoda, group of Protozoa, xix. 857. 1; I. 781; III. 193. Phylactol^ema, order of Polyzoa, xix. Phytophaga, section of beetles, vi. I 34436. Piacenza, town, Italy, xix. 64; uniPhyllidiobranchia, suborder of Molversity of, xxiii. 836. lusca, xvi. 645, 655. Phyllirhoe, genus of Mollusca, xvi. Piacular Sacrifices, xxi. 136. Piagnoni, Florentine faction, XXI .337634, 656. Phyllocactus, group of Cactacese, iv. Pia Mater, Anatomy of the, 1. 865. Pianoforte, musical instrument, xix. 626. 64; invention and introduction of, Phyllopteryx, genus of fishes, XL xvil 94. 852; XXL 579. Phyllorhina, genus of bats, xv. 412. PlANOSA, island, Italy, XIII. 440. Phylloscopus, genus of birds, xxiv. PlARlSTS, Roman Catholic brotherhood, XIX. 78. 688. Phyllosticta, vine fungus, xxiv. 240. Piatra, town, Roumania, xix. 78. PhyllostomiDjE, family of chiropter- Piazza Armerina, town, Sicily, xix. ous mammals, xv. 414. 79-

P I A —PIL

345 Piazzi, Giuseppe, Italian astronomer, 663; VIII. 265; XXL 473, 476; of Pietross, mountain, Transylvania, li. 758. Irish legend, xm. 244. xxiii. 521. Pica, genus of birds, xv. 284. Picts’ Houses, ii. 339; in Orkney and Pietrozza, mountain, Austria, 111. 116. Picacho de la Sierra, mountain, Shetland, 11. 384; xvn. 848. Piezometer, for measuring compression Venezuela, xxiv. 139. . Picture-Frame Making, v. 170. of liquids, xv. 745; xviii. 549; xxm. Picard, Jean, French astronomer, 11. Picture Galleries, of Europe, xxi. 292. 755 ; his measurement of arc of the 444Pig, xxii. 773; diseases of the, xxiv. meridian, VII. 597. 2 Picture-Writing, vii. 447; Mexican, °5> 2°6; as an unclean animal, xxiii Picards (Beghards, q.v.), religious sect, xvi. 212. 18. in Bohemia, I. 140. Piculets, group of birds, xxiv. 652. Pigalle, Jean Baptiste, French sculptor, Picardy, province, France, xix. 79. PlCUS, genus of birds, xxiv. 651; in. xix. 84. PicarIjE, group of birds, xvm. 47. 716; in Roman mythology, xv. 570. Pigault-Lebrun, Charles Antoine Piccadilly, London, xiv. 847. Pidhavro, town, Greece, vm. 476. Guillaume, French novelist, xix. 84. Picci, Gio Antonio, Sienese historian, Piduru Talagala, mountain, Ceylon, Pigeon, bird, xix. 84, 647; vn. 379; v xxii. 43. - 359peculiarities in breeds of, iv. 246, 247; Piccini, Niccola, Italian musical com- Pie, or Magpie, bird, xv. 284; xm. carrier, vn. 379. poser, xix. 79; xvii. 95. 610. English, jargon spoken by ChinaPiccolo, flute, ix. 350. PIEDMONT, region, North Italy, xix. men, v. 38. Piccolomini, iEneas Sylvius (Pope Pius 81; dialect of, xm. 493; under Island, West Indies, xxi. 186. II.), xix. 152; xxii. 41, 43. Cavour, v. 275. Pigeon-Post, xix. 581. Piccolpasso, Cipriano, on majolica , House of, Italian dynasty, xin. Pigeon-Shooting, xxi. 833. • ware, xix. 625. 483Pig-Iron, xiii. 306; qualities of, xm. Picea, genus of trees, IX. 224. , Kingdom of, Italy, xm. 486. 284. Picentes, ancient Italian people, XXL Piedmontite, mineral, xvi. 409. Pigments, xix. 85; in animal tissues, 128; xxiii. 723. Piedmont Plateau, North Carolina L 851; in plants, xix. 52; in fungi, Picenum, ancient district, Italy, xm. and Virginia, U.S.A., xvn. 559; xxiv. IX. 828; from lichens, xiv. 559; of 444, 447256. copper, vi. 351; colours from mixture Pichegru, Charles, French general, Piepowder Courts, England, vm. of, XIV. 600; for pottery, xix. 643; for X!X. 79; ix. 606; in. 130; his invasion 849water-colour painting, xviii. 139. of Holland, xil. 82. Pier, Harbour, XL 455, 465. PlGNATELLl, Antonio (Pope Innocent Pichiciago, edentate mammal, v. 676; Pierce, Franklin, president of the XII.), xill. 85. XV. 387. United States, xix. 81; xxm. 770. PlGNEAUX de Betaine, bishop in Pichincha, mountain, Ecuador, vn. Plowman’s Crede, anonymous Tong-King, xxm. 440. 645; xx. 189. poem, xiv. 285. Pignoris Capio, in Roman law, xx. Pick, mining implement, xvi. 444. PlERlA, district, Macedonia, XV. 137. 685. , Edward, on mnemonics, xvi. 533. Piero de’ Franceschi, Italian painter, Pigot, Thomas, English musician, xvn. Pickerel, fish, xix. 89. xix. 82; xxi. 435. 89. Pickering, Prof., his method of stellar Pierpoint, John, American poet, 1. 722. Pigott’s Comet, vi. 192. photometry, xviii. 841. Pierre de Provence et la Belle Pig-Rat, rodent mammal, xvn. 5. Castle, Yorkshire, England, xxiv. Maguelonne, romance, xx. 658. Pig-Sticking, sport, xil 396. 749Pierres Perdues, in harbours, xi. Pigtail Tobacco, xxiii. 426. Pickles, xix. 80. 464. PlH-TUN-TSZE, porcelain earth, xiv. 90. Pickwick Papers, Dickens’s novel, Pierson, Abraham, one of the founders Pike, fish, xix. 88; xil 693; parasite vii. 175. of Newark, New Jersey, U.S.A., xvn. in, xxill. 540; angling for, 11. 44. Pico, island, Azores, in. 172. , William, on steam cultivation, 1. 371, mountain, Vermont, U.S.A., xxin. Piers the Plowman, Vision of William 317792. concerning, Langland’s poem, xiv. , Zebulon M., explorer of New , Giovanni, of Mirandola, Italian 285, 811; XXL 319, 740; lines from, Mexico, XVII. 401. philosopher, xix. 80. quoted, 1. 586. Pike-Perch, fish, xix. 89. Picotee, plant, XIL 254; XIX. 106. Pl^T^, Mont de, national pawnbroking Pike’s Peak, Rocky Mountains, U.S.A., Picotite, mineral, xvi. 386. establishment, Paris, xviii. 283. xxiii. 796. Picralna, genus of plants, xx. 160. Pieter Botte, mountain, Mauritius, Pilar, Villa, town, Paraguay, xvin. Picric Acid, v. 85; vm. 808. xv. 639. 244Picrolite, mineral, xvi. 414. Pietermaritzburg, town, Natal, 1. Pilaster, in architecture, 11. 469; Picrophyll, mineral, XVI. 414. 270; xvii. 240. Egyptian, II. 391; Picrosmine, mineral, xvi. 414. Pietism, German religious movement, Pilate, Pontius, Roman governor of Pictet, Raoul, his liquefaction of gases, xix. 83; ix. 702; x. 532; xx. 289; Judaea, xix. 89; xm. 668. xix. 245; his apparatus, xn. 434. XXII. 392; influence of, v. 695; in PlLATRE DE Rozier, Francois, aeroPicton, Sir Thomas, British general, Halle university, xxi 11. 847. naut, I. 188, 191. xix. 81. Pietra Dura, variety of mosaic, xm. Pilchard, fish, xix. 90; xil 694; Pictones, tribe of ancient France, xix. 81. fisheries, VI. 426; ix. 253, 254. 282. Pietro, Giovanni di (Lo Spagna), PlLCOMAYO, river, South America, xix. Pictor, Q. Fabius, Roman historian, Italian painter, xxn. 292. 188. viii. 836; xiv. 728. de’ Franceschi, Italian painter, Pile, in heraldry, xi. 696. Pictou, town, Nova Scotia, xvn. 603; xix. 82; xxi. 435. Fabrics, cloth, xxiv. 467. island, xvn. 601. Imperiola, prefect of Rome, xx. Piles, in bridge-building, iv. 327. Picts, ancient people, Scotland, IV. 353, 789. , disease, XL 366; xxn. 684. XXV. — 44

346

p 1 L —P I R

Pilgrimage, xix. go; vi. 622; peni- PlNQON, or Pinzon (q.v.), Vincent Yanez, Pinturicchio (Bernardino di Betti), Italian painter, xix. 108; IX. 773. discoverer of Brazil, xix. no; iv. 227. tential, xviii. 484; to Mecca, xv. PlNUS, genus of trees, XIX. 102. Pindar, Greek poet, xix. 98; xi. 139; 670. bis odes, xix. 270; his house spared by Pin-Worm, parasite, xxiv. 205. of Grace, England, vm. 336. Alexander, I. 481; Boeckh’s edition of, Pinzon, Martin Alonzo, Spanish naviPilgrim Fathers, xii. 726; xv. 615; gator, xix. 109; 1. 707; vi. 172. in. 851. xxiii. 729. , Vicente Yanez, Spanish navigator, , Peter (John Walcot), English satPilgrims, in Middle Ages, xix. 95. xix. no; I. 707; iv. 227; vi. 172. irist, xxiv. 628. of the Rhine, Lytton’s novel, Pindarees, Pindaris, or Pindharis, PlO, Alberto, Italian patron of early xv. 122. printing, XV. 512. race of people, India, XII. 805; xv. Pilgrim’s Progress, Banyan’s work, Piombo, Sebastiano del, Italian painter, 346. iv. 529. XXL 615, 442. Pilica, river, Poland, xix. 307; xx. PlNDUS, mountain chain, Greece, xi. PlOTRKOW, town, Russian Poland, xix. 81; xxiii. 298. 218. no; diet of (1496), xix. 290. Pilidium, larva of nemertine worm, Pine, tree, xix. 102; culture of, 11. 316, Piozzi, Hester Lynch, English writer, 319; pines of the Alps, 1. 632; of XVII. 331. xix. no. California, iv. 704; of U.S.A., xxm. Pillar, in architecture, 11. 469; strength Pipe, musical instrument, xix. no. 808; strength of wood, XXII. 603. of pillars, iv. 321. , Organ, xvii. 829; theories of sound , John, his engraved edition of Pillar-Hermits, early Christian from, 1. 114, 115. Horace, III. 652. ascetics, xvi. 701. , Tobacco, xix. no. Pillars of Hercules, x. 585; xxn. Pine-Apple, plant and fruit, xix. 106; Pipe-Bowls, of meerschaum, xv. 825. xii. 274. 304Pine-Bender (Sinis), of Greek legend, Pipe-Clay, x. 237. Pill au, town, Prussia, xiv. 139. Pipe-Fishes, xix. 112. xxiii. 294. Pill Beetles, vi. 13i. Piper, genus of plants, xiv. 18; xviii. PlLLERSDORF, Baron, Austrian minister, Pine Grosbeak, bird, xi. 209. 516. PlNEL, Philippe, French physician, XIX. III. 136. Piperic Acid, xviii. 516. 106. Pillory, mode of punishment, xix. Pine Mountain, Kentucky, U.S.A., Piper of Hameln, German legend, 95xi. 409. xiv. 41. and Tumbrell (or Tumbril), Pipe Roll, of Cloyne, Ireland, vi. 38. Cinque Port right, v. 787; Statute of, Pine Nut, xvii. 665. Pipes, of cast-iron, used in place of Pine Oils, xvii. 744, 746. 1. 167. aqueducts, II. 222; flow of water in, Pinerolo, town, Italy, xix. 106. Pillow Lace, xiv. 183, 187. xil. 484. Pinery, in horticulture, xii. 223. PlLMOOR, Joseph, American Methodist, Pines, Isle of, New Caledonia, xvn. Pipin AND Spasovich, their history xvi. 191. of Slavonic literature, xxi. 108. 376. Pilnitz Conventions, ix. 602. Pipistrelle, bat, xv. 410. Pilocereus, group of Cactacese, iv. Pine Saw-Fly, insect, xxi. 343. Pineto, S., his logarithmic tables, xiv. Pipit, bird, xix. 112. 626. Pippi, Giulio, Italian painter, xix. PlLOLlTE, mineral, XVI. 418. 775112. Pine Tree State (Maine), U.S.A., Pilon, Germain, French sculptor, XXL Pippin, Carlovingian kings, xix. 114. xv. 299. 563of Heristal, father of Charles Pilot, his legal position, xix. 96; xvn. PlNETTI DE WlLDALLE, Giuseppe, Martel, xix. 114; ix. 531. Italian conjuror, XV. 208. 279of Landen, Frankish mayor of Piney Tallow, xvii. 746. Pilot-Fish, xix. 96. the palace, xix. 114; ix. 530. Pilot Whale, cetacean mammal, xv. Pinguicula, insectivorous plant, xm. , the Short, king of the Franks, 399; xxiv. 525. 134, I37xix. 114; ix. 531; xx. 785. Pilpay (Bidpai), Hindu fabulist, III. PlNGUlTE, mineral, XVI. 425. Pippul, or Sacred Fig, tree, ix. 154. Pinite, mineral, xvi. 418. 666; his fables, vm. 837. Pipra, genus of birds, XV. 455. Pinitoid, mineral, xvi. 425. PlLSEN, town, Bohemia, XIX. 97. Piqua, town, Ohio, U.S.A., xix. 114. Pink, plant, xix. 106; xn. 258. PlLUM, Roman weapon, II. 554. PlMAS, American-Indian tribe, XII. 833. Pinkerton, John, Scottish archaeo- Piquet, card game, xix. 114. Piracy, xix. 116; xxi. 607; Algerine, logist, xix. 107. Pimelite, mineral, xvi. 414. I. 565; Tunisian, xxili. 621. Pinkethman, English pantomimist, Pimentel, town, Peru, xviii. 674. , of books, vi. 361. xviii. 216. Pimento, spice, xix. 97; xviii. 517. Pinkie, Scotland, Battle of (1547), XXI- Piraeus, port of Athens, Greece, ill. 4; Pin, xix. 97. xviii. 530. 500. PlNACOlD, form of crystal, XVI. 358, Piranesi, Giovanni Battista, Italian Pin-Money, xii. 401. 360. engraver, xix. 117. Pinakothek, art-gallery, at Munich, Pinnace, boat, xxi. 825. Pirates, xix. 117; buccaneers, iv. 408. Pinnacle, in architecture, 11. 469. Bavaria, XVII. 25. Pinnipedia, suborder of carnivorous Pirithous, in Greek mythology, Xiv. Pinara, town, Asia Minor, XV. 93. 301; xxill. 294. mammals, XV. 442. Pinaster, tree, xix. 104. Pirkheimer, Willibald, his relations Pinos, Isla de, Cuba, vi. 679. Pinax, Greek fictile vessel, xix. 611. with Dtirer, VII. 556. Pinsk, town, Russia, xix. 107. Pincers, tool, xi. 439. Pirmasens, town, Bavaria, xix. n7Pinchbeck, alloy of copper and zinc, 1. Pintail, duck, vn. 506. PlRNA, town, Saxony, XIX. 118. Pinto, disease, xviii. 270. 588. Piron, Alexis, French epigrammatist, , Emmanuel, grand-master of the Pinckney, Charles, American statesman, xix. 118. Knights of St John, xxi. 175. xxiii. 790. Pir Panjab Pass, Kashmir, xiv. 10. , Eernao Mendes, Portuguese adven, Charles Cotesworth, American Piryatin, town, Russia, xix. 410. turer, xix. 107. statesman, xxiii. 790.

P I S —P L A Pisa, town, Italy, xix. 118; baptistery, xix. 124; cathedral, II. 435; Campo Santo cloister, VI. 36; its school of painting, XXL 433, 442; pictures, xxi. 447; leaning tower, IV. 753; xxi. 22; council of (1409), X. 550; xix. 502; xx. 320. , ancient state, Greece, xvn. 766. , Leonardo of (Pisanus), Italian mathematician, xix. 124. PlSAN, Christine de, early French writer, ix. 647. PlSANELLO (Vittore Pisano), Italian medallist and sculptor, xix. 124; XXI. 568. PlSANl, Victor, Venetian admiral, xxiv. 144. Pisano, Andrea, Italian sculptor, xix. 122. , Giovanni, Italian architect and sculptor, xix. 122; wall decorations of, xvii. 35. , Giunta, Italian painter, x. 624; xxi. 433; his fresco painting, ix. 770. , Niccola, Italian architect and sculptor, xix. 123; 11. 435. —, Nino, Italian sculptor, xix. 122. , Vittore, Italian medallist, xix. 124; medals of, xvn. 657. Pisanus, Leonardus, Italian mathematician, xix. 124. Pis axis, ancient district, Greece, xvii. 765, 766. Pisaurum (Pesaro), ancient town, Italy, xviii. 683. Piscary, Common of, fishing right, vi. 209. Piscator, Lucian’s dialogue, xv. 44. Pisciculture, or Fish-Culture, xix. 126; salmon, xxi. 226; in New Zealand, xvii. 470. Piscinae, in architecture, 11. 470. , Roman baths, ill. 434. Pisco, town, Peru, xvm. 674. Pisek, town, Bohemia, xix. 129. PlSEMSKl, Russian novelist, XXL 108. PiSIi Work, in building, iv. 471. Pishin, valley, Baluchistan, xx. 178. PlSlDES, George, Byzantine writer, x. 429. Pisidia, country, Asia Minor, xix. 129; coins of, xvii. 648. Pisidium, genus of Mollusca, xvi. 694. Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens, XIX. 130; xi. 97; xxil. 255; his alleged collection of the Homeric poems, XII. 116. Piso, C. Calpurnius, conspirator against Nero, xvii. 350. ■ > Cneius Calpurnius, colleague of Germanicus, x. 446. , L. Calpurnius, heir of Galba, xviii. 65. Pisolite, mineral, xvi. 397. Pisolitic Iron Ores, xiii. 287. Pisra, or Pisren (Prisrend), town, Roumelia, Turkey, xix. 764.

Pissevache, waterfall, Switzerland, xxii. 777. PlSSOPHANE, mineral, XVI. 401. Pissuthnes, satrap of Sardis, xvin. 575Pistachio Nut, xix. 131; xvii. 665. Pistacia, genus of plants, xv. 621; xxiii. 669. Pistil, organ of plants, iv. 135, 141. Pistoia, town, Italy, xix. 130. , Cino da, Italian poet, xm. 502. Pistol, weapon, xi. 285; xix. 131. Pisum, genus of plants, xviii. 441. Pitard, Jean, French surgeon, XXII. 675. Pitcairn, or Pitcairn’s Island, island, South Pacific, xix. 132; settlement of the islanders on Norfolk Island, xvii. 537Pitcairne, Archibald, Scottish physician, xix. 132; xv. 811. Pitch, in music, 1. 107; of voice, xxiv. 274; xvii. 102. , tar product, xxi 11. 58; Burgundy, ix. 711; viscosity of, VI. 311. Pitch-Blende, mineral, xvi. 386; xxiv. 7. Pitcher-Plant, xiii. 138. Pitch-Pine, tree, xix. 105. Pitchstone, rock, x. 231, 234. Pith, in plants, iv. 100. Pithagoras, tyrant of Selinus, XXL 633Pithecia, genus of apes, II. 154. Pithecusa (Ischia), island, Italy, xm. 385Pitho, satrap of Media, xviii. 585. Pithole, town, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., xviii. 716. PlTHOM, town, Egypt, XIX. 133; XX. 265. PiTHOU, Pierre, French jurist, XIX. 133Pitiscus, Bartholomaus, German mathematician, xxm. 562; his mathematical tables, xiv. 775; xxm. 9. Pitman, Isaac, English phonographer, xxi. 834. Piton des Neiges, mountain, Reunion, xx. 491. Pit Props, in mines, xvi. 450. Pitscottie, Robert of, Scottish chronicler, XXL 542. Pitt, mountain, Oregon, U.S.A., xvii. 822; xxiii. 800. , William, earl of Chatham, v. 440; viii. 356. , William, English statesman, XIX. 134; viii. 358, 359; x. 425; his measures of finance, ix. 186. Pitta, bird, xix. 148. Pittacus, of Mytilefle, Greek sage, xix. 149. Pitt Diamond, vii. 166. PlTTlClTE, mineral, xvi. 408. Pitti Gallery, at Florence, ix. 332.

347 Pittsburgh, town, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., xix. 150. Landing, Tennessee, U.S.A., Battle of (1862), XXin. 776. Pittsfield, town, Massachusetts, U.S.A., xix. 151. Pitt’s Island, Pacific Ocean, v. 444. Pittston, town, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., xix. 151. Pit-Vipers, family of snakes, xx. 293; xxil 193, 199. Pityriasis, skin disease, xviii. 270; xxii. 123. Pit YUS A, Greek colony, Asia Minor, Xiv. 249. PlURA, San Miguel de, town, Peru, 1. 89; xviii. 441, 674. Pius L, pope, xix. 151. II., pope, xix. 152, 503; xx. 559; his connexion with Siena, xxil 41, 43III., pope, xix. 153. IV., pope, xix. 153, 504; his relation to council of Trent, xxm. 548. V., pope, xix. 153, 504. VI., pope, xix. 154, 507. VIL, pope, xix. 155, 508; xiii. 485. VIII., pope, xix. 156, 509. IX., pope, xix. 156, 509; xiii. 488; xx. 806; Vatican Council under (1869), xxiv. no. , Quintus Csecilius Metellus, Roman general, xvi. 106. PivATI, Gianfrancesco, Italian encyclopaedist, viii. 197. PlYADASI, Indian king, his edicts in ancient inscriptions, xm. 118. PlZARRO, Francisco, conqueror of Peru, xix. 159; X. 182; conquest of Peru by, xviii. 677, 679; his treatment of Atahuallpa, 11. 826. , Gonzalo, Spanish captain, Peru, xviii. 676. Pizzolo, Niccolo, Italian painter, xv. 501. Placenta, of mammals, xv. 368; of plants, iv. 142; placental developments, in physiology, xviii. 364; placental function in congenital disorders, XVIII. 374. Placentalia, order of mammals, xv. 372, 383Placentia (Piacenza), ancient town, Italy, xix. 64; amphitheatre at, 1. 775Bay, Newfoundland, xvii. 382. Places, Names of, xvil 168. Placodermi, suborder of fossil fishes, xii. 686. Pladda, islet, Scotland, 11. 629. Plagiaulax, fossil mammal, xv. 376. Plagionite, mineral, xvi. 394. Plagiostomata, suborder of fishes, xii. 685. Plagiotropic Organs, in plants, xix. 61.

348 Plagium, in law, xxm. 233. Plague, epidemic disease, xix. 159; quarantine against, xx. 156; of London (1664), XIV. 848; in Egypt, VII. 703. , History of the, by Defoe, vn. 29. , Cattle, xvii. 59. Plaice, fish, xix. 168. Plaideurs, Les, Racine’s play, xx. 206. Plain Chant, or Plain Song, in music, xix. 168. Plain Dealer, The, Wycherley’s play, xxiv. 706. Plaine Discovery, Napier’s work on the Revelation, xvii. 178. Plainfield, town, New Jersey, U.S.A., xix. 168. Plain Song, in music, xix. 168. Plaiting, Straw, xxn. 593. Plakina, genus of sponges, xxn. 425. Planarians, group of worms, xix. 170. Plancius, Petrus, Dutch cartographer, xvii. 253; xix. 317. Planck, Gottlieb Jakob, German church historian, xix. 175. Plane, in geometry, x. 386. , tool, xi. 437. , tree, Culture of, II. 317. Figures, Mensuration of, xvi. 14; projection of, XIX. 793. Plane-Table, for surveying, xxn. 718. Planetary Motion, Mechanics of, xv. 684, 707, 724. Planets, ii. 776; xi. 70; Olbers’s hypothesis as to their origin, XVII. 753; their action on the moon, XVI. 802; minor, table of oppositions of, XVIII. 251; rotation of, xxm. 374, 378; Herschel on rotation of, XL 766; Kepler’s laws of their motion, XIV. 46; Laplace’s discoveries in motions of, xi v. 301; Leverrier’s revision of theories of, xiv. 487; Newton’s laws of their motion, xvi. 676; xvii. 441; Ptolemy on, xx. 90. Planimeter, surveying instrument, xxii. 721. Planing Machine, xv. 155. Planipennia, group of insects, xm. iSiPlanisphere, Zodiacal, xxiv. 795. Plank, Bending of, in mechanics, xv. 744Planogametes, in plant reproduction, xx. 425. Plantagenet, English dynasty, xix. I 75Spa, Canada, xvi. 436. Plantago, genus of plants, XIX. 176. Plantain, plant, xix. 176. Plantain-Eater, bird, xxiii. 487. Plantations, Formation and management of, 11. 322. Plantin, Christophe, printer in Antwerp, xix. 176. Planting, in arboriculture, 11. 314. Plant-Louse, xiii. 153.

P L A —P L A PLANTS, distinguished from animals, in. 690; xix. 830; breeds of, iv. 244; classification, IV. 79; Linnaeus’s classification, xiv. 672; distribution, vil. 286; fertilization of, by insects, Xlll. 142; geological action of, x. 289; histology, XII. 10; insectivorous, XIII. 134; mimicry in, xvi. 343; morphology, XVI. 841; parasitism, XVin. 264; physiology, XIX. 43; XXL 406; propagation and reproduction, XII. 211, 234; xx. 423; as totems, xxm. 468. Planudes, Maximus, his Greek anthology, II. 104; on numerals, XVII. 626. Planula, in animal development, vm. 746. Plasencia, town, Spain, xix. 177. Plasma, precious stone, 1. 278. Plasmology, study of cell-substance, xxiv. 817. P LASSEv, or Plassy, India, Battle of (1757), vi. 10; xii. 801. Plaster Cast, for sculpture, xxi. 57iPlastering, in architecture, 11. 470. Plaster of Paris, or Gypsum, xi. 351; xiv. 647, 648; quarries, xvi. 454. Plaster-Work, in building, iv. 504. Plasticity, of metals, xvi. 65. Plastidozoa, in Lankester’s classification, xxiv. 812. Plat, Sir Hugh, on manures, 1. 297. Plata, La, or Argentine Republic, 11. 487. , Rio de la (The River Plate), river, South America, xix. 187; II. 489. Platte a, ancient town, Greece, xix. 177; battle of (479 B.C.), xvill. 436, 572. Platalea, genus of birds, xxn. 430. Platanista, genus of cetacean mammals, xv. 397. Plate, Gold and silver, xix. 178. , one of the Princes Islands, Sea of Marmora, xix. 742. , The River, South America, XIX. 187; II. 489. Platearius, Joannes, mediseval writer on medicine, xv. 806. Plateau, Joseph Antoine Ferdinand, Belgian physicist, xix. 189; on surface-tension, v. 58. Plated Ware, xix. 189. Plate Glass, x. 662. Platen-Hallermund, August, count of, German poet, xix. 189; x. 545. Platen Printing Machine, xxiii. 704Plate-Printing, viii. 439. Plateresque Architecture, ii. 442. Platerspil, musical instrument, xxiii. 490Plate Swimming, xxii. 771. Platforms, Railway, xx. 235. Platinerite, mineral, xvi. 387. Platiniridium, mineral, xvi. 383.

Platinocyanides, platinum compounds, xix. 192. Platinum, metal, xix. 189; as chemical element, v. 537; xvi. 383; its use for the blowpipe, III. 837; specific heat of, xx. 132; in iron, XIII. 284; mines of, in Ural Mountains, Russia, xxiv. 5; mirrors made of, xvi. 501; ores of, XVI. 58; wire, XXIV. 615. Plato, Greek philosopher, xix. 194; his method of analysis, I. 793; in relation to Aristotle, 11. 510; on astronomy, II. 747; on the beautiful, 1. 215; on communism, VI. 212; economic ideas of, xix. 349; his ethics, viii. 579; on evolution, vm. 756; on the fine arts, IX. 199; his logic, xiv. 785; his metaphysics, xvi. 90; on the Mysteries,xvii. 125; on Socrates, xxii. 232; in relation to Socrates’s teaching, xxii. 237; on sophistry, xxii. 266; on transmigration of the soul, xvi. 106; his place in Greek literature, xi. 142; Ast’s translations and commentaries on, II. 735; Trendelenburg on, XXIII. 542. Platon, Levshin, Russian archbishop, xix. 212. Platonism, or Platonic Philosophy, 1. 68; in relation to mysticism, xvii. 130; Philo’s affinities with, xvm. 760; as modified by Speusippus, xxii. 396. Platonists, Cambridge, xix. 211. Platriere, Roland de la, French Revolutionist, XX. 624. Platt Deutsch, or Nieder Deutsch, German idiom, x. 516; xvin. 785; Reuter’s writings in, xx. 494. Platte, river, Nebraska, U.S.A., xvii. 307Platten-See, lake, Hungary, xii. 362. Plattner, Carl Friedrich, German metallurgist, xix. 212. Plattsburgh, town, New York, U.S.A., xix. 213. Plattsmouth, town, Nebraska, U.S.A., xvii. 309. Platyhelmia, phylum in Lankester’s zoological classification, xxiv. 813. Platyhelminthes, order of worms, xvii. 326; xix. 170. Platypus, monotreme mammal, xix. 213; xv. 371, 377. Platysternid^e, family of chelonian reptiles, xxiii. 457. Plauen, town, Saxony, xix. 215. Plautianus, commander of Roman prsetorian guards, xxi. 700. Plautus, T. Maccius, Roman dramatist, XIX. 215; VII. 411; xx. 717; language of, xiv. 329, 331. Plauzite, mineral, xvi. 428. Play, Plays, Dramatic, vn. 391; copyright in, vi. 360; licensing of, xix. 711.

P L A —P N Y

349 Playfair, J olm, Scottish mathematician, Pleuronectes, genus of fishes, xix Plucker, Julius, German mathexix. 217; on porisms, xix. 520. 168. matician and physicist, xix. 228; his Playford, John, English musician, Pleuro-Pneumonia, cattle disease, experiments in magnetic induction, xvii. 88. xvii. 60. xv. 250. Plaza de Almanzor, mountain, Spain, Plevna, or Pleven, town, Bulgaria, Plug Tobacco, xxiii. 426. xxii. 294. XIX. 224; siege of (1877), ix. 431; Plum, tree and fruit, xix. 230; xn. 273 Plea, in law, xix. 219. xxi. 102; XXIII. 431, 652. Plumbago, mineral, xix. 230; v. 87. Pleading, in law, xix. 217. Pleximeter, medical instrument, in. Plumber-Work, in building, iv. 502 Pleasure, in ethics, vm. 580; xvin. 100. 690; psychological analysis of, xx, Plexuses, Nervous, Anatomy of the, 1 Plumbocalcite, mineral, xvi, 397. Plum-Kernel Oil, xvii. 744. 40, 67, 71; Aristippus’s philosophy of, 868. II. 507; Epicurean theory, vm. 475; Plevel, Ignaz Joseph, Austrian musical Plummer Hall, Salem, Massachusetts, U.S.A., xxi. 211. Stoic theory, xxii. 567. composer, xix. 224. Plunging, in swimming, xxii. 770. Pleasures of Hope, by Campbell, Pliability, Coefficient of, vi. 311. Plunket, Lord, Irish lawyer and statesiv. 755. Plica Polonica, disease, xx. 218 man, xix. 231. Pleasures of Imagination, by Plinius, or Pliny (q.v.), xix. 224. Plush, cloth, xix. 232. Akenside, 1. 435. Plinth, in architecture, 11. 470. Plutarch, Greek writer, xix. 232Pleasures of Memory, Rogers’s Plinthite, mineral, xvi. 425. XVII. 334. poem, xx. 621. Pliny, The Elder, Roman naturalist, Plutia (Piazza Armerina), ancient Plebeians, Roman, xvii. 525; xx. 732, xix. 224; on birds, xviii. 3; his town, Sicily, xix. 79. 736; in relation to the tribunate, economic theories, xix. 350; on Pluto, Greek god of the dead, xix XXlll. 558; law relating to xx. 670. ancient geography, x. 177; on medi235Plebiscitum, in Roman law, xx. 679. cine, xv. 803; on plants, iv. 79; his PLUTUS, Greek god of riches, xix. 236. Plebs, or Plebeians (q.v.), Roman, xvii Natural History, vm. 191; his lan, of Aristophanes, 11. 509. 525. guage and style, xiv. 337; his place in Pluviograph, Berkley's, xx. 257. Plecoglossus, genus of fishes, xxi. Roman literature, XX. 726. Pluviometer, or Rain Gauge, xx. 256. 221, 224. The Younger, Roman consul and Pluvius, epithet of Jupiter, xiii. 780. Plectognathi, order of fishes, xn. writer, xix. 225; on the early Chris- Plyctolophus, genus of birds, xvii. 694. tians, xiii. 658; his Letters, xx. 726; 355Plectrorhamphus, genus of birds, his relations with Suetonius, xxii. Plymouth, town, England, xix. 236; xxiv. 824. 619; with Tacitus, xxm. 19; his dockyard, vn. 315, 3I8; libraries, Plectrude, wife of Pippin of Heristal, panegyric of Trajan, xxm. 504; his xiv. 521, 544. ix. 531language and style, xiv. 337. , town, Massachusetts, U.S.A., xix. Pledge, in law, xix. 220. Pliny’s Doves, Mosaic work of Had238; xxiii. 729. Pleiad, or Pleiade, coterie of French rian’s villa, at Tivoli, xvi. 851. , town, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., xix. poets, in. 544; ix. 650; xx. 841; Pliocene Rocks, in geology, x. 238. Daurat’s place in, vi. 835. 364, town, Montserrat, West Indies, Pleistocene Deposits, in geology, Plock, government and town, Russian xvi. 797. x. 365. Poland, xix. 227. Brethren, Christian sect, xix. Plenipotentiary, Ministers, envoys, Plombgomme, mineral, xvi. 407. 238. l 657. Plombieres, spa, France, xvi. 436. Company, Colonies founded by, Pleochroism, in crystals, XVI. 375. Ploner See, lake, Schleswig-Holstein, xxiii. 729; XV. 615; their settlements Pleomorphism, of Schizomycetes, xxi. xxi. 414. in New Hampshire, U.S.A., xvii. 393. 404. Plonsk, town, Russian Poland, xix. Pneuma, Stoic doctrine of, xxii. 564. Pleonaste, mineral, xvi. 386. 227. Pneumatic Despatch, xix. 239. Plerome, in plant histology, xn. 15. Plotinus, Neoplatonist philosopher, Pneumatic Institution, for cure of Plescheyevo, or Pleshtcheevo, lake, xii. 603; xvii. 130, 335; on the beaudiseases, in. 480. Russia, xviii. 524; xxiv. 271. tiful, 1. 216; his connexion with Pneumatic Power - Transmitter, Plesidy, France, Menhir at, xxi. 51. Ammonius, 1. 743. xv. 753Plesiosaurians, extinct reptiles, xix. Plot-Measuring Instrument, in Pneumatics, XIX. 240; XII. 439, 445; 220. surveying, xxii. 720. Papin’s inventions in, xviii. 229. Plessis, Marshal du (Due de Choiseul) Plotus, genus of birds, xxii. 188. v. 681. " PLOUGH, agricultural implement, 1. 311, Pneumatic School of Medicine, in Rome, xv. 803. Pletho, or Gemistus, Georgius, Byzan313; ploughing, I. 336. Pneumatic Tubes, xii. 491. tine scholar, x. 136. Ploughman’s Complaint, anonymous Pneumatomachi, early Christian sect, Plethysmograph, pulse - measurer, poem, xiv. 811. xv. 145. XXII. 155. Ploughman’s Crede, anonymous Pneumodermon, genus of Mollusca, Plettenberg, mountain, Wurtemberm poem, xiv. 285, 811. xvi. 667. xxiv. 699. Plover, bird, xix. 227; American, xiv. Pneumograph, for recording chest -> Walther von, grand-master of 76; golden, xiv. 308; Kentish, xiv. movements, xx. 477. Livonian Brothers of the Sword, xiv 76; long-legged, xxii. 551; distribu- Pneumonia, disease, xix. 249; xviii. 724. tion of, hi. 757; eggs of, xiv. 308. 395Pleural Membrane, xx. 476. Plover’s Page, bird, xxi. 260. Pleurenchyma, vegetable tissue, iv. Plowman, Piers, by Langland, xiv. Pneumonochlamyda, suborder of Mollusca, xvi. 649. 85285. See Piers. Pleurisy, or Pleuritis, disease, xix. Plowman’s Tale, The, anonymous P’nom-Penh, town, Cambodia, iv. 725. Pnyx, place of assembly at Athens, 222. poem, xiv. 285. in. 3.

350

P O —P O L

Po, river, Italy, xix. 251; xm. 435; Pogromna, spa, Eastern Siberia, xxm. Polabish Language, xxii. i 54. Poland, country, Europe, xix. 285; 510. Swiss basin of, xxn. 776. treatment of, by Catherine II. of POGY, fish, XIX. 275; XVI. IO. POACE^E, group of grasses, XI. 58. Russia, v. 233; union with Lithuania, PoiNSETTlA, stove plant, XII. 266. Poaching, Legislation on, x. 62. xiv. 702; its claim to Moldavia, xxi. POINSOT, Louis, French mathematician, Poaya, or Ipecacuanha, drug, xm. 18; partitions of, X. 503; XIX. 297, xix. 275; his rolling ellipsoid, XV. 210. 298; xvii. 485; xx. 11; XXL 100,102; Pocahontas, Indian princess, xxn. 737Reformation in, xx. 336; its relations I Point, Kinematics of a, xv. 679. 75with Sweden, XXII. 748; Arianism de Galle, town, Ceylon, x. 40. Pochard, or Pochard, bird, xix. 252. in, XXIII. 725; coins of, XVII. 658; Pocket-Holes, in mediaeval dress, vi. Pointe a Pitre, town, Guadeloupe, language, xviii. 785; xxii. 150; newsWest Indies, XI. 230. 468. papers, xvii. 430; nobility, xvii. 530; Pocknell, E., his system of shorthand, Pointed Architecture, ii. 422; periodical literature, xviii. 543; Preschurches in, IV. 448. XXL 840. byterian Church, XIX. 697; Lelewel’s Pocock, Edward, English Orientalist, Pointe des Galets, harbour, Reunion, History of, xiv. 434. xx. 493. xix. 252. , Russian, xix. 306; XXL 69. Pococke, Richard, bishop of Ossory, Pointer, dog, vn. 330. Polar, in geometry, x. 399. Pointing, of walls, in building, iv. Eastern traveller, XIX. 253. Bear, hi. 461. 464. POCOMOKE, river, Maryland, U.S.A., Coordinates, x. 414. Point-Lace, xiv. 185. XV. 603. POLARIMETRY, in optics, XXIV. 451. Poconchis, people, Central America, Points, Railway, xx. 237. Polaris, Arctic expedition of the, xi. PoiRET, Pierre, mystic, XVII. 135. xxiv. 760. 388. Poischwitz, Prussia, Armistice of POD, form of fruit, IV. 151. POLARISCOPE, Arago’s, II. 303. (1813), xvii. 219. Podagra, disease, xvni. 388. , Lantern, xv. 213. Poisoned Arrows, xxii. 608; of BushPodargus, genus of birds, X. 712. Polarity, xix. 312; magnetic, xv. 227, men, iv. 575. Podaxonia, or Polyzoa (q.v-.), XIX. 430; 266. in Lankester’s classification, XXIV. Poisoned Wounds, xxii. 681. Polarization, of light, xiv. 610; xxiv. Poisonous Food, xv. 781. 813. 445; of the aurora, III. 93; in crystals, Podesta, Italian civic ruler, xm. 474. Poison Rings, xx. 561. XVI. 373; in electricity, vm. 14, Poisons, xix. 275; diseases from, xvin. PODGORITZA, town, Montenegro, XVI. 86-89,93; rotatory, xxiv. 451; action 406; narcotic, treatment of, xvii. 231; 781. of sugar on, xxn. 623; Brewster’s ordeal by, XVII. 819; for arrows, XXII. PODICA, genus of birds, XX. 223. discoveries in, IV. 276; by reflexion, 608; of snakes, XXII. 191. PODICERS, genus of birds, XL 79. Malus’s discovery of, xv. 345. Poisson, Jeanne Antoinette, Madame PODIEBRAD, George of, king of BoPolar Regions, xix. 315; explorations de Pompadour, XIX. 443; IX. 586. hemia, XIX. 253. of, X. 190; Franklin’s explorations, IX. , Simeon Denis, French mathemaPodium Sancm Marias (Le Puy), 721; animals, vn. 269, 274; flora, tician, xix. 279; his application of ancient town, France, xx. 119. vil. 287, 289; whale fisheries, xxiv. analysis to electricity, VIII. 9; on the Podolia, government, Russia, xix. 253. equilibrium of fluids, v. 58; on light, 527Podolian Cattle, xiil 451. XXIV. 429; on magnetism, XV. 228, Pole, of the earth, X. 198; of the Podolsk, town, Russia, xix. 254. heavens, 11. 764. 241, 249. Podophthalmia, group of Crustacea, , in magnetism, XV. 220, 235; XVI. Poitevin, Alphonse, French photovi. 655. 163; different meanings of, xv. 241. grapher, xviii. 831. PODOPHYLLIN, drug, XIX. 255. , Edmund de la, earl of Suffolk, POE, Edgar Allan, American writer, Poitiers, town, France, xix. 281; xxiv. 753. population, xxiv. 222; university of, xix. 255; I. 725, 732. , Reginald, cardinal, xix. 330; vm. xxiii. 841; battle of (732), ix. 531; Pcecilophis, genus of snakes, xxn. 340; xxiv. 753. battle of (1356), VII. 686; vin. 318; 196. and Polar, in geometry, x. IX. 546. Poerio, Carlo, Italian statesman, xix. 399Poitou, old province, France, xix. 282; 256. Polecat, carnivorous mammal, xix. mule-breeding in, xvn. 14. Poetics, of Aristotle, 11. 519. 331; xv. 440. Pcetilian Law, Roman, xx. 681, PoiX, Prince de, French noble, XVII. Polejna, genus of sponges, xxii. 414523694POLEMARCH, Greek magistrate, 11. 476Poetry, xix. 256; as a fine art, IX. POKER, or Pochard, bird, XIX. 252. POLEMARCHUS, Athenian, brother of , card game, xix. 282. 207; of troubadours, xix. 873; ArisLysias, xv. 117. totle’s work on, II. 519; Wordsworth’s Pokroff, town, Russia, xxiv. 271. Polemics, in history of dogmatic, vii. Pokrovsk, or Pokrovskaya Sloboda, theory of, xxiv. 670. town, Russia, xix. 284; xxi. 243. 339Poets, Lives of the, Johnson’s work, Pokrovskaya Sloboda, town, Russia, Polemon, on physiognomy, xix. 4. xiil 728. Polenta, Italian maize porridge, xviiixix. 284; xxi. 243. POGANOVKA, town, Russia, XVII. 504. 476. Pokrovsky Cathedral, Moscow, POGGENDORFF, Johann Christian, GerPoles, people, Europe, xxil 145, i47> Russia, xvi. 867. man physicist, XIX. 273. XIX. 309; in Russia, XXL 80. Poggio (Gian Francesco Poggio Braccio- Pol, Wincenty, Polish writer, xix. 305. Pole Star, Nautical observations by, lini), Italian humanist, xix. 274; I. POLA, island, South Pacific, XVII. 279. xvii. 269. , town, Austria-Hungary, xix. 284; 784; his Latinity, xiv. 342. observatory at, xvii. 713; battle of Polevoi, Nicholas, Russian historian, Gajella, Italy, Cemetery at, v. xxi. 108. (1379), XXIV- I44216. , Paul, Russian writer, xxi. 108. Pogodine, Michael Petrovitch, Russian Polabes, ancient Slavonic tribe, xiv. Poliani, European people, xix. 285. 347historian, XXL 108.

P 0 l—p 0 L 351 Polianthes, genus of plants, xxiii. Pollio, Trebellius, Augustan historian, Polycladida, tribe of planarian 602. in. 74. worms, xix. 17i, 174. Polias, epithet of Athena, 11. 830. Pollis, Syracusan king, xxii. 814. Greek sculptor, xix. 416; Police, xix. 332; of London, xiv. 834; Pollnitz, Karl Ludwig, Prussian writer, Polycletus, n - 357of Paris, xvill. 283. xix. 403. Polichinelle, French puppet, xx. Pollock, Sir George, British general, POLYCLINIDHC, family of Tunicata, xxiii. 617. 106. 1. 240. Polichne, suburb of Syracuse, Sicily, Pollok, Robert, Scottish poet, xix. 403. Polyconic Development, in mapmaking, x. 209. xxii. 813. Pollokshaws, town, Scotland, xix. Polycrase, mineral, xvi. 427. Policraticus, John of Salisbury’s 403. Polycrates, Athenian rhetorician, work, xili. 718. Pollux, mineral, xvi. 421; xix. 592. xix. 417. Polignac, Jules, Due de, xix. 345. , Castor and, in Greek mythology, , tyrant of Samos, Greece, xix. 416; , Jules, Prince de, xix. 345; ix. v. 199. xxi. 249; patron of Anacreon, 1. 788; 619. , Julius, Greek sophist, xix. 403. seal of, x. 138. , Melchior de, French cardinal, XIX. Polo, game, xix. 403; xv. 490. POLYDESMUS COMPLANATUS, wheat 344, Gaspar Gil, Spanish pastoral poet, pest, xxiv. 536. Poligraphia, Trithemius’s work, vi. xviii. 346; xxii. 357. POLYDORA, genus of Annelida, 11. 71. 669. , Jose Toribio, Peruvian historian, Polydorus, Rhodian sculptor, xiv. Polinos, island, Aegean Sea, xv. 841. xviii. 675. 293Polish Draughts, game, vn. 446. , Maffeo, Venetian traveller, xix. Polydymite, mineral, xvi. 391. Polish Language, xviii. 785; xxn. 405. Polyembryony, reproductive process 150; dictionaries of, vn. 188. , Marco, Venetian mediaeval train plants, xx. 429. Polish Literature, xix. 299. veller, xix. 404; x. 178; his visit to Polyesie, district, Russia, xvi. 478. Polistes, genus of wasps, xxiv. 392. China, v. 648; on Prester John, xix. POLYEUCTE, Corneille’s play, vi. 420. Politian (Angelo Poliziano), Italian 717. POLYEUCTES, patriarch of Constantischolar and poet, xix. 345; vi. 418; , Nicolo, Venetian traveller, xix. nople, xvii. 482. XIII. 507; xix. 384, 385; his Latinity, 405. Polygamy, vi. 244; among the Morxiv. 342; his Favola di Orfeo, xvm. Polochic, river, Guatemala, xi. 239. mons, xvi. 827. 345Polonski, Russian poet, xxi. 109. Political Economy, xix. 346; con- Polotsk, Polotesk, or Poltesk, town, Polygenist Theory, of origin of races, 11. 114. tributions to the science by Bastiat, Russia, xix. 409; population, xxiv. POLYGLOTT, XIX. 417. HI. 429; by Bodin, Hi. 848; by 262. Bibles, xix. 417; m. 647; of Cairnes, IV. 643; by Condillac, vi. Polotzki, Simeon, Russian writer, xxi. Antwerp (Plantin’s), 11. 501; xix. 253; by Hermann, xi. 740; by Cliffe 105. 177; Complutensian, xm. 694; WalLeslie, xiv. 478; by M‘Culloch, xv. Poltava, government and town, ton’s, xxiv. 341. 134; by James Mill, xvi. 307; by Russia, xix. 410; battle of (1709), Dictionaries, vii. 182; CaleJohn Stuart Mill, xvi. 312; by Sir v. 421; xxi. 97; xxii. 750. pino’s, iv. 683. Dudley North, xvn. 554; by Ricardo, Polverina, Tuscan edict, xv. 790. Polygnotus, Greek painter, xix. 417; xx - 5345 by Say, xxi. 360; by Senior, Polverini, Jacopo, Tuscan noble, xv. 11. 358; xvii. 41. XXL 663; by Adam Smith, xxn. 169; 790. Polygons, Construction of, x. 381; xx. by Turgot, xxm. 629. Poly^enus, author of the Strategies, 141; mensuration of, xvi. 16. Political Government, xi. 10. XIX. 411. Political Justice, Godwin’s treatise Polyandry, ix. 18; in Tibet, xxiii. Polygonum, garden perennial, xn. 252. Polygordius, genus of worms, xxiv. on, x. 717. 344683. Political Society, in Austen’s system Polyanthus, garden plant, xn. 259; Polyhalite, mineral, xvi. 402. x of law, xiv. 356. xi . 737. Polyhedra, Mensuration of, xvi. 24. Politics, xviii. 796; influence of Polyargyrite, mineral, xvi. 395. POLYHISTOR, Cornelius Alexander, Christianity on, v. 697; in relation to Polyarthra, genus of Rotifera, xxi. 4. Milesian writer, xix. 418. socialism, xxn. 220; Machiavelli’s POLYBASITE, mineral, xvi. 395; xxii. , Morhofs work, xvi. 824. reports on, xv. 148. 69. Polyhydrite, mineral, xvi. 425. , of Aristotle, 11. 518. Polybius, Greek historian, xix. 411; Polyhymnia, one of the Muses, xvii. Politicos, dialogue of Plato, xix. 207. xi. 144; his relations with Livy, xiv. 74Politiques, French party, ix. 561. 729; on the travels of Pytheas, xx. Polymignite, mineral, xvi. 427. I Poliziano, Angelo (Politian, q.v.), 43Polymitarcys, genus of insects, VIII. Italian scholar and poet, xix. 345. Polybus, Greek writer on anatomy, 1. 458. Polk, James Knox, president of the 800. Polynesia, xix. 418; birds of, m. 741; United States, xix. 401; xxiii. 767. Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, xix. 414; languages, xvill. 779; dictionaries of Pollack, fish, xix. 402; xn. 691. II. 197; on the Gospels, x. 815, 822. languages, vii. 192; Christian missions Pollan, fish, xix. 402; xxi. 223. Polycera, genus of Mollusca, xvi. in, xvi. 516; mythology, xvii. 149; Pollen, of plants, iv. 138; xx. 424; 655, 657. religions, xx. 364; taboo systems, collection of, by bees, ill. 485. Polychzeta, order of Annelida, 11. 65. xxiii. 15; totemism, xxiii. 468. Pollentia, ancient town, Italy, v. 584; Polychlorite, colouring matter in POLYOLBION, Drayton’s poem, 1. 501; battle of (402), xx. 780. saffron, XXL 146. VII. 452. Polling, Monte, mountain, Italy, xm. Polychronicon, Higdon’s chronicle, Polype, uses of the term in zoology, 439xi. 809. xix. 428. Pollio, Caius Asinius, Roman orator, Polychronius, bishop of Apamea, Polyphemus, of Greek legend, xvii. poet, and historian, xix. 402. xxiii. 255. 346; xix. 559.

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street architecture, 11. 420; wall de- Pontchartrain, Lake, Louisiana, Polyphony, in music, xvil 86. U.S.A., xv. 20; xvil. 402. corations, xvil. 37, 41. Polyplacophora, order of Mollusca, Pont du Card, Roman aqueduct at Pompeiopolis, town, Paphlagonia, xvi. 641. Nimes, France, 11. 220. xviii. 228. Polypomorpha, division of Hydrozoa, PONTECORVO, town and principality, PompeiuS, Cneius Magnus (Pompey, XII. 547Italy, xix. 454. q.v.), Roman triumvir, xix. 450. Polypteroidei, suborder of fishes, xil. , Sextus Magnus (Pompey), Roman Pontefract, town, England, xix. 454; 687. representation, xxiv. 748; castle, leader, XIX. 452. Polypterus, genus of fishes, xix. 429 xxiv. 749. Polypus, tumour, xix. 429; xviii. Pompey (Cneius Magnus Pompeius), Cake, confection, xiv. 688. Roman triumvir, xix. 450; as consul, Pontevedra, province and town, Spain, 379xx. 762; his defeat by Csesar, iv. Polysperchon, Macedonian general, xix. 455. 638; in Armenia and Parthia, xviii. Pontgibaud, xix. 429. lead-mines, France, xx. 595; his conquest of Palestine, xm. Polysporea, order of Protozoa, xix. 120. 424; in Spain, XXII. 306. 855. PONTHUS ET SlDOINE, romance, XX. POLYSTOME^E, group of trematode Pompey’s Pillar, Egypt, 1. 495; vn. 658. 768. worms, xxiii. 539. Pontia, island, Italy, xix. 460. POLYSTYELiUiE, family of Tunicata, Pompignan, Lanfranc de, French poet- Pontiac, American-Indian chief, xviii. aster, xxi. 23. xxiii. 617. 504. Pompilus, fish, xix. 96. POLYTELITE, mineral, XVI. 395. PONTIANAK, district, Borneo, IV. 59. Polytheism, xx. 368; xxiii. 234; in POMPONIUS Mela, Latin geographer, Pontian Islands, Italy, xix. 460. xv. 832. Brahmanism, IV. 208. Pontifex, or Pontiff, ancient Roman Polytype, early stereotype process, Ponap£, island, Polynesia, xix. 428. priest, xix. 455. Poncas, American-Indian tribe, XII. xxiii. 693, 703. Pontiffs, of Roman Church, List of, 832. Polyxena, of Greek legend, XIX. 429. xix. 509. PONCE, town, Porto Rico, XIX. 522. POLYXENE, platinum ore, XIX. 189, -, Maitre, French sculptor, XXL Pontifical, liturgical service book, 190. xiv. 710. 563Metals, xix. 192. Pontine Marshes, district, Italy, iv. -, Pedro de, teacher of deaf-mutes, Polyxenus, genus of Myriapoda, xvn. 751; xiv. 343. ) VH. 6. U9. Pontius, Paul, engraver of Rubens s de Leon, Luis, Spanish religious POLYZOA, division of animal kingdom, works, viii. 442. writer, xiv. 455; xxii. 357j 3^°xix. 429; distribution of, vn. 277* Pilate, Roman procurator of Poncelet, Jean Victor, French mathe283. Palestine, XIII. 427. matician, xix. 452; his experiments Poma, his attempt to assassinate Sarpi, Pontodrilus, genus of worms, xxiv. on water-wheels, Xil. 438. XXL 312. 678. Poncho Pass, Rocky Mountains, Pomade, perfume, xviii. 526. Pontoise, town, France, xix. 456; xxi. U.S.A., xxiii. 796. POMARE, queen of Tahiti, xxiii. 24 625Pond, John, English astronomer, xix. POMARIA (Agadir), Roman town, Pontoon, for floating bridge, xix. 452. Algeria, XXIII. 422. 456. Pondicherri, French settlement, InPombal, Marquis de, Portuguese statesPONTOPORIA, genus of cetacean mamdia, xix. 452. man, xix. 441, 550. mals, xv. 398. Pond Mussel, mollusc, xvi. 686. POME, form of fruit, IV. 152. Pontoppidan, Erik, Danish writer, Pomegranate, tree and fruit, xix PONDOLAND, South Africa, xm. 817. xix. 458; xvil. 590. PONEROPOLIS (Philippopolis), ancient 441, Pontormo, Jacopo da, Italian painter, -n • xix town, Thrace, XVIII. 753Pomerania, province, Prussia, xix. 458. Ponevyezh, town, Russia, xix. 452. 442. PONTUS, country, Asia Minor, xix. 458; POMERANUS (Johann Bugenhagen), Ger- Poniatowski, Polish family, xix. conquest of, by the Romans, XV. $6, 453, ,. , man Reformer, iv. 445. under Mithradates, xvi. 529; coins of, -, Stanislaus Augustus, king of Pomeroy, town, Ohio, U.S.A., xix. xvii. 645. Poland, xix. 297, 453de Tyard, French writer, xix. 443Pometia, ancient town, Italy, xiv. Pons, Jean Louis, French astronomer, 459. XIX. 453; his comet, VI. 193. Pont-y-Cysyllte, aqueduct in Wales, 344. yELll, at Newcastle, England, xvil Pomfret (Pontefract), town, England, 11. 229. 377> 379^ ^ J xix. 454; xxiv. 748. Pontypool, town, England, xix. 460. Ponsard, Francois, French dramatist, , John, English poet, XIX. 443 Pontypridd, or Pont-y-tu-Prydd, town, xix. 453. . POMMELOES, fruit, XXL 727. Wales, xix. 460; bridge at, iv. 333Pons Varolii, in the bram, 1. 871; Pommer, musical instrument, XVII. Pony, Xll. 191; Highland, 1. 385; Shetxix. 36. 706. land, xvii. 848. Pont, Timothy, on Graham’s dyke, 11. Pomona, Roman goddess, xix. 443. Ponza, island, Italy, xix. 460; xin. 140. , island, Orkney, Scotland, XVII. Ponta-Delgada, town, Azores, in. 440. Poo AH, or Puya, plant fibre, XX. 500. - 846. 171Pomony, port, Johanna Island, Africa, Pontadera, Andrea da, Italian sculp- Pool, game, m. 677. vi. 220. , town, Wales, XXIV. 500. tor, xix. 122. Pompadour, Marquise de, mistress of Pont anus, Jovianus, Italian humanist, Poole, town, England, xix. 460, vii. Louis XV., xix. 443; IX. 586. 37°. xix. 454. Pompeii, ancient town, Italy, xix. 444; PONTCARRE, , Matthew, English Biblical critic, Camus de, French Chrisxxiv. 196; amphitheatre, 1. 77^; xix. 460. tian pastoral poet, XVIII. 346. basilica, ill. 4I2> baths, Hi. 435>

p o 0 —p o R Poole, Paul Falconer, English painter, xix. 461. Poona, district, India, xix. 461; town, xix. 462. POOR Clares, religious sisterhood, ix. 693, 699; xvi. 711. POOREE (Puri), district and town, India, XX. 115. POORHOUSES, English, XIX. 468. Poor-Law Parish, English, xvin. 296. Poor-Law Relief, xix. 468, 473; Chalmers’s objections to, v. 375. POOR Laws, xix. 462; influence of the poor-law system on wages, xxiv. 311Poor Rates, xix. 471, 479. Poor Richard’s Almanack, Franklin’s, 1. 721; ix. 712. Popayan, town, Colombia, South America, xix. 481. Pope, The, mode of his election, v. 98; VI. 239; rise of temporal power of, xiii. 468; xix. 494, 495; relations with temporal sovereigns, VI. 241 ; titles conferred by, xxill. 418; list of popes, xix. 509. See also Popedom. , fish, XIX. 481. , Alexander, English poet, XIX. 481; his epitaphs, Vlll. 495; his optimism, xviii. 687; as pastoral poet, xviii. 347; as satirist, XXL 320; his place in English literature, vm. 426, 427, 428; reaction against his style, xxiv. 378; his relations with Addison, 1. 149; with Broome, iv. 372. and Bowles Controversy, iv. 179Popedom, The, xix. 487; xx. 628; the States of the Church, xxn. 460; English resistance to, VIII. 333; relations with early Church of England, viii. 372; in relation to the Jesuits, xiii. 648; in time of Reformation, xx. 323; in mediaeval Roman history, xx. 783, 785, 791, 805; relations of, with Spain, xxii. 315 ; relations of, to Vatican Council, xxiv. no; conflict with Venice, xxiv. 146. See Pope. Popelicans, Eastern sect, xviii. 434. Popilian Way, Italy, xx. 555. Popinjay, bird, xviii. 321. Popish Plot, of Titus Oates, xvn. 697Poplar, tree, xix. 510; culture of, 11. 318; of Turkestan, xxiii. 635. Poplin, cloth, xix. 512. Popocatepetl, volcano, Mexico, xix. 512; xvi. 215. Popol Vuh, ancient Mexican document, xvi. 208. Popovich, Yovan, Servian dramatist, XXL 691. PoppjEa Sabina, wife of the emperor j Nero, xvil. 349. Poppy, plant, xvil 231; culture of, in

Behar, III. 508; in Bengal, m. 568; at Patna, India, xviii. 409; opium from, xvil. 787. Heads, in architecture, 11. 470. Oil, xix. 513; xvn. 744. Population, xix. 513; influence of, on agriculture, I. 307; communistic views of, vi. 215; Malthus’s theories, xv. 343; xix. 371. Populonia, Etruscan town, Italy, vm. 636; coins of, xvil. 637. Populus, genus of trees, xix. 510. , order of society in Rome, xvn. 525. Poquelin, Jean Baptiste (Moliere, q.v.), French dramatist, xvi. 624. Porbeagle, fish, xix. 518; xxi. 776. Porcari, or Porcaro, Stefano, Roman conspirator, xvn. 484; xx. 806. Porcelain, finest pottery, xix. 600; clay for, XIV. 1; gilding of, x. 594; manufacture of, in China, xiv. 90; Japanese, xiii. 590; of Limoges, xiv. 651. Earth, or Kaolin, xiv. 1; xvi. 424. Tower, at Nanking, China, xvn. 172. PORCELLANEA, group of Foraminifera, ix. 376. Porch, in architecture, 11. 470. PORCHESTER Castle, Portsmouth, England, xix. 535. Porcina, M. iEnnlius Lepidus, his Latin style, xiv. 332. Porcupine, rodent mammal, xix. 518; xv. 420. Ant-Eater, vii. 628; xv. 378. Man, iv. 245. PORDENONE, II (Giovanni Antonio Licinio), Italian painter, xix. 519. Porfido Verde Antico, building stone, xix. 521. Porifera, in Lankester’s classification, xxiv. 812; embryology of, xx. 419. Porion Evaporator, used in paper manufacture, xviii. 226. Porism, in geometry, xix. 519. Pork Measles, xxiii. 52. Porkoff, town, Russia, xx. 36. Pork Trade, of Chicago, v. 611; in Cincinnati, v. 784. Poro (Poros), island, Greece, xix. 521. Poronai, river, Saghalin, East Asia, xxi. 147. Poros, island, Greece, xix. 521. Porpezite, mineral, xvi. 383. Porphyrio, genus of birds, xvi. 808. Porphyrogenitus, Constantine VIL, emperor of the East, vi. 301; iv. 613; XL 145. Porphyry, Neoplatonist philosopher, XVII. 336; his Isagoge, XXL 419. , rock, xix. 521; x. 233; specimens of, in Venice, xxiv. 149. Porpoise, cetacean mammal, xix. 521; xv - 398; oil from, xvn. 744.

353 Porpora, Niccola Antonio, Italian musical composer, xix. 522; xvn. 92. PORRETANUS, Gilbertus (Gilbert de la Porree), scholastic philosopher, x. 592; XXL 423. Porridge, of oatmeal, xvn. 696. Porruah, ancient town, India, x. 115. PORSENA, Lars, Etruscan king, viii. 635; xx. 735; his tomb, 11. 414. PORSON, Richard, English scholar, xix. 522. Porta, Baccio della, Italian painter, in. 194; xx. 275. , Giambattista della, Italian scientist, xix. 625; 1. 70. Port Adelaide, town, South Australia, 1. 151; xxii. 284. Portadown, town, Ireland, xix. 526. Portal, Antoine, French anatomist, 1. 816. PORTALIS, Jean Etienne Marie, French jurist, xix. 526. Porta Praya, town, Cape Verd Islands, v. 52. Portarlington, town, Ireland, xx. 171Port au Prince, town, Hayti, xix. 526. Port Blair, town, Andaman Islands, Indian Ocean, m. 802. Port Clarence, town, Fernando Po, West Africa, ix. 100. Portcullis, in architecture, 11. 470. Port Darwin, town, Falkland Islands, ix. 14. Port Elizabeth, town, Cape Colony, South Africa, xix. 527. Portents, in magic, xv. 202. Porter, beverage, iv. 275; adulterations of, 1. 172. , Anna Maria, English novelist, XIX. 527. , David, American naval officer, xxiii. 760. , Jane, English novelist, xix. 527. , Sir Robert Ker, English traveller, xix. 527. Port Glasgow, town, Scotland, xix. 527Port Hope, town, Ontario, Canada, xix. 528. PORTHOUSE, Thomas, inventor of flaxspinning apparatus, xiv. 664. Port Huron, town, Michigan, U.S.A., xix. 528. PORTICI, town, Italy, xix. 528. Portico, in architecture, 11. 470. Porticus XII. Deorum, at Rome, xx. 820. Porticus Octavio, Rome, xx. 827. Port Jackson, harbour, New South Wales, xxii. 806. Port Jervis, town, New York, U.S.A., xix. 528. Portland, town, New Brunswick, xvil. 374; xxi. 172. , town, Maine, U.S.A., xix. 528. , town, Oregon, U.S.A., xix. 529. XXV. — 45

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Poseidon, Greek god (the Roman NepPortland, First Earl of, British general, Port Royal, town, Martinique, West tune), xix. 558; xviii. 468; XXIII. Indies, ix. 420. xix. 530. 294; temple of, at Peestum, xviii. 133. Third Duke of, British statesman, Port Royalists, or Jansenists (q.v.), POSEN, province and town, Prussia, xix. 533. xix. 530; viii. 363. xix. 559. , Isle of, Dorset, England, xix. Portrush, town, Ireland, Electric tram- POSETS, mountain, Pyrenees, XX. 155. way at, xxiii. 495. 53°POSGAM, town, Turkestan, xxiv. 728. Cement, iv. 459; v. 328; vi. 243; Ports, Law of, xi. 471; in relation to Poshekhonie, town, Russia, xxiv. 731. yachts, XXIV. 725. quarries of, VII. 371. Posidonia, town, Italy, xviii. 132. Vase, The, x. 649; Wedgwood’s Port Said, town, Egypt, xix. 534. Posidonius, Stoic philosopher, xix. Portsea, part of Portsmouth, England, copy of, xxiv. 476. 560; XXII. 572; on the circumference xix. 534. Portlaw, town, Ireland, xxiv. 401. of the globe, x. 176; xx. 92; Strabo Portsmouth, town, England, xix. 534; Port Lokko, town, Sierra Leone, West on, XXII. 582. dockyard, vii. 313, 3J8> naval college, Africa, xxn. 45. Posillipo, Grotto of, Naples, xvii. 188. xvii. 263. Port Louis, town, France, xv. 4. , town, New Hampshire, U.S.A., Positive, photographic print, xviii. Port Louis, town, Mauritius, xv. 640. 824. xix. 535. Port Lyttelton, town, New Zealand, Positivism, Comte’s philosophy, vi. , town, Ohio, U.S.A., xix. 535. xix. 530. 234; in its economic aspects, xix. , town, Virginia, U.S.A., xix. 535. Port Mahon, town, Minorca, xix. 531. 390; Littre’s contributions to, XIV. Port Marly, village, France, xv. 558. Portucalensis Terra, district, Por706. tugal, xix. 539. PORTMOAK Priory, Kinross-shire, , Feuerbach’s, ix. 123. Portugal, xix. 536; invasion of, by Scotland, xiv. 92. POSONIUM (Pressburg), ancient town, Napoleon I., xvii. 213; Dorn Miguel’s Porto Alegre, town, Brazil, xix. 531. Hungary, XIX. 709. pretensions to throne of, xvi. 290; Porto Bello, town, Colombia, South POSOSHKOFF, Ivan, Russian political united with Spain, xxii. 329; sepaAmerica, xix. 531 ; capture of, by economist, xix. 388; XXL 105. rated from Spain, XXII. 332; WellingVernon (i739)> XXIV- l7°Possession, in law, xix. 560; xxiii. ton’s campaigns in, xxiv. 495; academy Portobello, town, Scotland, xix. 596. of sciences, 1. 73; army, II. 614; birds, 531POSSNECK, town, Germany, XXL 348. xviii. 17; coins, xvii. 655; colonies, Porto Cale, district, Portugal, xix. I. 710; VI. 159; first settlement of Postage Stamps, xix. 585, 588. 539Brazil by, iv. 228; settlements in Asia, Postal Annuities and Life AssurPORTOCARRERO, Cardinal, Spanish poliance, xix. 574. II. 701; in Africa, 1. 269, 272; in India, tician, xxii. 335. Postal Notes, xix. 572. XII. 796; forests, IX. 403; Jews in, Porto d’Anzio, village, Italy, 11. 138. xili. 685; language, xxii. 351; xiv. Postal System, Rowland Hill’s rePorto dos Cazaes (Porto Alegre), forms of, XL 818 ; ancient Roman 341; libraries, XIV. 532, 549; mines, town, Brazil, xix. 531. (angaria), 11. 26. See also Post-Office. xvi. 469; newspapers, xvii. 431 ; Porto Empedocle, town, Sicily, x. Postal Telegraphs, xix. 574. observatories, xvii. 713; oyster cul623. ture, XVIII. 108; periodical literature, Postal Union, International, xix. Porto Farina, town, Tunis, ix. 34. 584. xviii. 543; prison system, xix. 761; Porto Ferrajo, town, Elba, Italy, Posthomerica, of Quintus Smyrnseus, railways, xx. 251 ; wine industry, vii. 825. xx. 188. xxiv. 607. Port of Spain, town, Trinidad, West POSTIN, dressed sheepskin of AfghaniPortugalete, Bolivia, Silver-mines of, Indies, xxiii. 573. stan, I. 234. iv. 13. Porto Grande, town, Cape Verd Post-Office, xix. 562. Portugal Laurel, tree, xiv. 348. Islands, v. 52. Savings Banks, xxi. 328. Porto Maurizio, town, Italy, xix. Portuguese Language, xix. 555; Post-Tertiary Deposits, in geology, xiv. 341; xx. 668; xxii. 351; diction532x. 365. aries of, vii. 186. Porto Novo, state, Dahomey, Africa, Postulates, in mathematics, m. 159. Portuguese Literature, xix. 555. vi. 764, 766. Postulation, in Roman law, xx. 683. Porto Rico, island, West Indies, xix. Portulaca, genus of plants, xx. 116. POSTUMUS, Gallic king, XXIV. 223. Portunus, Roman divinity, xvn. 345. 532Post Work, in architecture, 11. 470. Portus Itius, town, Gaul, xm. 517. Porto Santo, island, Madeira, xv. Posy Rings, xx. 561. PORTUS MaGONIS, ancient town, Bale181. Pot ala, palace temple, Lhasa, Tibet, aric Islands, xix. 531. Porto Torres, town, Sardinia, xxi. xiv. 500, 502. Portus Pisanus (Taganrog), ancient 316. POTAMOCHCERUS, genus of ungulate town, Russia, xxiii. 21. Portpatrick, town, Scotland, xxiv. mammals, xxn. 774. Port Vendres, town, France, xx. 128. 563. PotamogalidjE, family of insectivorous Port Victoria, Seychelles, Indian Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia, mammals, xv. 404. Ocean, xxi. 726. xv. 835. Potash, potassium oxide, xix. 588; as Portree, town, Skye, Scotland, xxn. Port Wine, xxiv. 607 ; xvii. 795; a flux, xvi. 62; as manure, 1. 353; adulteration of, 1. 173. 127. xv. 509; nitrate of, xvii. 518; salts PORUS, Indian king, XIX. 558; XII. Port Royal, Cistercian abbey, France, xvin of, xviii. 92; xxiii. 69. 786, 787; 586. xix. 533; Jansenists of, xiv. 867; Potassium, chemical element, xix. Poryetchie, town, Russia, xxii. 183. writers of, ix. 661; Pascal’s connexion 588; v. 524; as plant food, xix. 49PORZANA, genus of birds, XX. 223. with, xviii. 334. Ferrocyanide, v. 555. POSAUNE, musical instrument, XXIII. Port Royal, town, South Carolina, Potato, xix. 593; xn. 286; introduc586. U.S.A., xxii. 287. tion of, into England, I. 299; culture Port Royal, town, Jamaica, West Poschiavo, district, Valtellina, Switzerof, 1. 364; in Ireland, xm. 269, 270. land, xxiv. 45. Indies, XIX. 533.

P 0 T —P R A Potato, Sweet, xix. 597; xxiv. 727. Beetle, insect, vi. 134. Disease, i. 304, 364; ix. 830; xviii. 266; xix. 596. Starch, xxii. 456. Potchefstroom, town, Transvaal, xxiii. 518. Potemkin, Gregory Alexandrovich, Russian statesman, XIX. 598. Potengi, river, Brazil, XX. 563. POTENTIA (Potenza), ancient town, Italy, xv. 38; xix. 598. Potential, in electricity, vm. 25; in electromagnetism, vm. 67; in magnetism, xv. 228, 231. Function, Laplace’s formula, xiv. 303POTENTILLA, plant, XII. 259. POTENTITE, nitro-glycerin explosive, XVII. 521. Potenza, province, Italy, ill. 420; town, xv. 38; xix. 598. Potgieter, Everhard Johannes, Dutch writer, XII. 98. , Hermann, Boer leader, Transvaal, xxiii. 519. Poti, town, Transcaucasia, Russia, xix. 598; xxiii. 514. POTIDZEA, town, Macedonia, XV. 138. Potin, base metal, xvn. 630. Potocki, Waclaw, Polish poet, xix. 302. Potomac, river, United States, xix. 599; xv. 603. POTOROO, rat-kangaroo, xill. 840. Potosi, town, Bolivia, xix. 599; silvermines of, IV. 13. Potsdam, town, Prussia, xix. 599; observatory at, xvn. 713. POTSTONE, mineral, XVI. 414. Pott, Friedrich August, on comparative philology, xviii. 781. , Johann Heinrich, on alum, I. 643. P OTT AW ATT A MIES, American-Indian tribe, XII. 831. Potter, Cipriani, musician, xvn. 95. , Dirk, Dutch writer, xil. 91. , Humphrey, improver of the steamengine, xxii. 474. , John, archbishop of Canterbury, xix. 600. , Paul, Dutch painter, XIX. 600. , Richard, improver of the flute, xxiii. 520. Potteries, The, Staffordshire, England, XXII. 442. Potter’s Stone, i. 439. Potter’s Wheel, xix. 601, 607, 625. Pottery, earthen ware, xix. 600; gilding of, x. 594; pyrometry applied to, xx. 133; archaeological, 11. 348, 353, 359) 364; Assyrian, m. 189, 190; Indian, xn. 763; Japanese, xm. 590; Palissy’s, xviii. 186; Wedgwood’s manufacture of, XXIV. 476. Pottinger, Sir Henry, his treaty with China, v. 651.

Potto, lemur, xiv. 443. Pottstown, town, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., xix. 643. Pottsville, town, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., xix. 644. POTUMAYO, river, South America, VI. I 53POUCE, mountain, Mauritius, XV. 639. Poughkeepsie, town, New York, U.S.A., xix. 644; convention at (1788), XL 413. Pougues, spa, France, xvi. 433. Pouls, people, Senegambia, West Africa, xxi. 662. Poultry, xix. 644; ix. 491; breeding and management of, I. 401; parasites of, xviii. 260. Pound, enclosure, xix. 648. , standard weight, XXIV. 480. , Silver, of twenty solidi, xvn. 653, 655Poundage, tax, ix. 178; xxiii. 443. Poungde, town, Burmah, xix. 807. Poushkin, Alexander, Russian poet, xix. 648; xxi. 107. Poussin, Gaspar, French painter, xix. 650. , Nicolas, French painter, xix. 649; xxi. 440. Pout, fish, xix. 650. Povindahs, Afghan traders, 1. 234. POWAN, fish, XIX. 650; XXL 223. Powder Mills, xi. 324. Powell, Mary, wife of Milton, xvi. 329Power, Locke on the idea of, xiv. 760. , Margaret, countess of Blessington, ill. 825. Loom, xxiv. 465; invention of, v. 166; weaving by, Vi. 500. of Attorney, in law, m. 62. Powers, of numbers, II. 532. , Hiram, American sculptor, xix. 650; xxi. 570. Powhatan, Indian chief, xxn. 175. Powhattans, North-American Indians, 1. 690. Poyang, lake, China, V. 632. Poyas, Indian tribe, Honduras, xn. I3IPoyning’s Law, Ireland, xxii. 470. Pozharski, Prince, Russian leader, xxi. 95. POZSONY (Pressburg, q.v.), town, Hungary, xix. 709. Pozuzu, river, Peru, xvin. 673. Pozzo Dl Borgo, Carlo Andrea, Corsican politician and Russian diplomatist, xix. 650; xvii. 193. Pozzuolana, volcanic cement, IV. 459. Pozzuoli, town, Italy, xix. 651; xvn. 188. Pra, river, Russia, xxi. 115. Practice, in arithmetic, 11. 535. Prade, Eugene de, abbot of Darfeld, xxiii. 524. Prades, town, France, xx. 128.

355 Pradier, James, French sculptor, xix. 651; xxi. 564. Pradon, Nicolas, French dramatist, xx. 207. Praed, Winthrop Mack worth, English critic and poet, xix. 651. Prefect, Roman officer, xix. 652. PRjELECTIONES, of Bishop Lowth, xv. 30. PRyEMONSTRATENSIANS, order of monks, xvi. 709; abbey of, I. 20. PRjEMUNIENTES Clause, in convocation writ, vi. 325. Praemunire, in law, xix. 653; xxm. 528. Pr^eneste (Palestrina), ancient town, Italy, xix. 654. Calendar, ix. 43. Praenestine Lots, oracle at Preeneste, xix. 654. PRAEPOSITUS, Nicolaus, mediaeval writer on medicine, XV. 806. Praescriptio, in Roman law, xix. 704. Praetexta, in Roman drama, vn. 410. Praetor, Roman magistrate, xix. 655, 885; xx. 738, 771. Praetorian Camp, Rome, xx. 828. Praetorians, Roman emperor’s bodyguard, xix. 656. PRjETORIUM, Roman military headquarters, xix. 656. Praetorius, Michael, German musical composer, xix. 656. Prag (Prague, q.v.), Bohemia, XIX. 657. Praga, suburb of Warsaw, Poland, xxiv. 376. Pragmatic Sanctions, xix. 657; in. 127; VI. 241; x. 492, 502; of Bourges, ix. 550; of Charles VI., ix. 585; xxii. 338; of St Louis, ix. 543; xix. 501. Prague, capital of Bohemia, xix. 657; Four Articles of (1420), XIL 407; peace of (1866), in. 140; ix. 625; x. 511; libraries, Xiv. 547; observatory, XVII. 713; university, xxm. 839, 841, 846. Praguerie, league, France, ix. 550; xv. 18. Prahran, suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, xix. 659; xv. 836. Prairie Dog, xv. 560. Prairie-Lark, bird, xix. 112. Prairies, of North America, xxiii 810. Prajapati, Brahman divinity, IV. 206. Prakrit, Sanskrit dialects of India, xix. 659; xi. 841; xxi. 269, 285; dictionaries of, VII. 191. Pram, Christen Hendriksen, Scandinavian poet, xix. 659. Prapri, town, Siam, xxi. 853. Prase, mineral, xvi. 389. Prascolite, mineral, xvi. 418. Prasias, lake, Macedonia, xv. 137. PRASLIN, island, Seychelles, Indian Ocean, XXL 725. Pratabgarh (Partabgarh), district, India, xviii. 328.

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PRATENSIS, Jodocus (Josquin Depres), Premonstratensian Canons, i. 20; Presshefe, German yeast, xxiv. 734. Press Laws, xix. 710; xvn. 416. Flemish musical composer, vil. ioi; xvi. 709. Premysl, founder of Bohemian dynasty, Press Machines, Printing, xxiii. xvn. 83; xviii. 180. 704Prater, park, Vienna, xxiv. 221. in. 860. Pressure, Physical theory of action of, Pratincola, genus of birds, xix. 659; Prenadilla, fish, xxii. 68. xix. 2. xxiv. 537. Prenzlau, town, Prussia, XIX. 672. Gauge, xv. 494. Pratincole, bird, xix. 659. Prepositions, in grammar, xi. 41. Prato, town, Italy, xix. 660; pictures Preradovic, Peter, Servian poet, xxi. PREST, Godfred, English sculptor, XXL 559691. in, xxi. 447. Pratt, Charles, Earl Camden, iv. 735. Pre-Raphaelitism, in poetry and art, Preste-les-Bains, spa, France, xx. 128. xx. 857; xxi. 442. Prawn, crustacean, vi. 645, 657; xxi. Prester John, of mediaeval writers, Prerau, town, Moravia, XIX. 672. 847; fisheries, IX. 265. xix. 714; 1. 65; xvi. 745. PRAXAGORAS of Cos, anatomist, 1. 801. Prerogative, in law, xix. 672. Prestidigitation, or Sleight of Hand, Praxiteles, Greek sculptor, xix. 660; Presburg, or Pressburg (q.v.), town, xiv. 414; 'xv. 207. Hungary, xix. 709. 11. 360; xviii. 853. Prayer, xiv. 695; in relation to vows, Presbyopia, defect of the eye, xvn. Preston, town, England, xix. 718. Prestonpans, Scotland, Battle of 785; spectacles for, xxn. 373. xxiv. 300; Stoic theory of, XXII. 569. (1745), v. 426; viii. 355; XXL 526. BOOK, of English Church, VIII. Presbyter, church officer, xix. 674, Prestwick, town, England, xix. 719. 724; viii. 484. 338, 340; xiv. 710; revision of, VI. , Anonyinus, early Servian writer, Pretender (Charles Edward Stuart), 328. v. 426; viii. 355; xxi. 520; xxii. 610. XXL 689. Books, Jewish, xv. 292. (James Stuart), xm. 560; xxi. 520; Prayer-Thongs, or Phylacteries, xix. Presbyterian Churches, Service in, xxil 610. xiv. 711. 1. Presbyterianism, xix. 676; its estab- Pretoria, town, Transvaal, xxill. 518. Praying Mantis, insect, xv. 503. lishment in Scotland, xxi. 503, 508, PRETORIUS, Andries, Boer chief, South Preaching, Homiletic, xn. 125. Africa, xxm. 519. 518; Milton’s relations to, XVI. 330. Friars, or Mendicant Friars, ConPresbyterian Organization, in PRETYMAN, George, tutor of Pitt, XI x. vents of, 1. 21. i35apostolic times, V. 700. Preanger, residency, Java, xm. 606. Prevesa, town, Turkey in Europe, xix. Prebendary, ecclesiastical officer, v. Presbytery, in architecture, n. 471. 719. Prescot, town, England, xix. 702. 228. Precedence, of rank or place, xix. 660. PRESCOTT, William Hickling, American PREVOST, Hippolyte, French stenographer, xxi. 841. historian, XIX. 702; 1. 723. PRECEPTORY, in architecture, II. 471. , Pierre, Swiss scientist, XIX. 719; Prescription, in law, xix. 704; xiv. Precession, in tides, xxiii. 361. on radiation of heat, XX. 213, 214. 650. of the Equinoxes, ii. 750, 762, d’ Exilles, Antoine Francois, Present, Psychological presentation of 794French novelist, xix. 719. PRECIEUSES, Paris literary coterie, XX. the, xx. 64. Presentation, in psychology, xx. Prevost-Paradol, Lucien Anatole, 264. French writer, XIX. 720. Ridicules, Moliere’s play, xvi. 41Priam, of Greek legend, xxm. 578, , to a benefice, xx. 158. 627. 583of B. V. Mary, Festival of, xv. Precious Metals, xvi. 724; falsificaPriapus, of Greek mythology, xix. 592. tion of, I. 176; their relation to value, 720; xiv. 250. Presern, Francis, Slovenian poet, xxn. xxiv. 51. See also Gold and Silver. Pribram, town, Bohemia, xix. 720. Precision Balance, hi. 263. 150. Price, in economics, xxiv. 46; law rePredestination, in theology, xix. Preserved Food, xix. 707. lating to, xxi. 205; theories of, xix. 668; St Paul’s doctrine of, xvin. 427; Preserves, eye protectors, xxil 372. 356; quotations of, or pricelists, xxii. , of fruit, xiii. 564. Suarez on, xxn. 616. 465. President, United States, Office of, Predictions, Astrological, 11. 742. , J. E., on ancient London, xiv. xxiii. 750; veto of, xxiii. 749; xxiv. Pre-emption, in law, xxi. 209. 841. Prefect, or Prsefect, Roman officer, 207; list of presidents, XXHL 787. , Richard, English philosopher, XIX. President of the Council, England,xix. 652. 721; his system of morals, vill. 603. xxii. 458. Pregnancy, in medical jurisprudence, XV. 779; concealment of, xin. 4; sub- Presova (Eperies),town, Hungary, vm. Prichard, James Cowles, English ethnologist, XIX. 722; on the natural jective impressions during, XVI. 765. 457history of man, II. 107, 109. Presque Isle, Lake Erie, North Prehistoric Man, ii. 341. Prickly Pear, iv. 626. America, xxm. 734Prehnite, mineral, xvi. 424. Preller, Friedrich, German painter, PRESS, Liberty of the, in England (1695), Pride, fish, xiv. 249. , Thomas, Parliamentary officer, vill. 352; Milton on the, xvi. 330. xix. 671. xix. 723. See Press Laws. , Ludwig, German writer, on classand Prejudice, Jane Austen’s , Newspaper, XVII. 412. ical mythology, XIX. 671. novel, in. 101. Association, London, xvn. 413. Prelude, The, Wordsworth’s poem, Pressburg, town, Hungary, xix. 709; PRIDEAUX, Humphrey, English theoxxiv. 668. logian, XIX. 723. libraries, xiv. 547; treaty of (1805), Premier, or Prime Minister, British, Pride of India, tree, xviii. 519. XVI. 472; list of British premiers, ill. 133; IX. 615; XVII. 210. Presse, La, Paris newspaper, xvn. Pride’s Purge, in English history, vm. vill. 368. 347; xix. 723. 426. Premisses, in logic, xiv. 788. Premium, Fire insurance, XIII. 162, Presser, Land, agricultural implement, PRIESSNITZ, Vincenz, hydropathist, in. 438; XII. 542. I. 319. 165; life assurance, xin. 172, 179.

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357 Priest, xix. 724; in Israel, in. 634; Principia, Sir Isaac Newton’s treatise, Prisrend, town, Roumelia, Turkey, xiii. 419; xiv. 488; xviii. 510; in xvii. 444. xix. 764; 1. 448. orders of Roman Catholic Church, Philosophise, Descartes’s work, Pristina, or Prishtina, town, European xviii. 820; in Greek Church, XI. 159. VII. 120. Turkey, xix. 746. See also xxi. 132. Pringle, Sir John, Scottish physician, Pristis, genus of fishes, xx. 299. , High, Jewish, xviii. 510; xiv. xix. 742; xv. 815. PRISTIURUS, genus of sharks, xxi. 775. 488; xxii. 812. Prinkipo, island, Sea of Marmora, xix. Pritchard, Charles, his method of Priestley, Joseph, English scientist and 742. stellar photometry, xviii. 841. theologian, XIX. 730; xxm. 726; his Prinsep, James, on Indian inscriptions, Prithiwi-Narayana, king of Nepal, chemical discoveries, v. 462; his place XIII. 118. xvii. 344. in English literature, Vlll. 432; his Prinsep’s Alloys, Fusing point of, xx. Prithwiraj, Hindu king, xi. 843. unpopularity in Birmingham, m. 786. 132. Pritter, town, Wollin, Prussia, xxiv. Priestly Code, of the Pentateuch, Prinsterer, Wilhelm Groen van, 633. xviii. 506, 510. Dutch statesman and historian, xi. Privas, town, France, II. 479. Priest’s Tithes, xxiii. 41 i. 206. Privateer, Privateering, xix. 764; PRIEUR, Barthelemy, French sculptor, Printing, xxiii. 681, 697; invention iv. 409; XIII. 194. XXL 563. of, in China, v. 662; Fust’s connexion Privet, shrub, xix. 764; xiv. 640. Prignani, Bartolommeo (Pope Urban with invention of, in Europe, ix. 853; Privilege, in law, xix. 764; in VI.), xxiv. 8. Gutenberg’s, XI. 336; influence of its libel cases, xiv. 506. PRIGOROD, dependent municipality, invention on English literature, vm. Privy Council, British, xix. 765; Russia, xx. 36. 413; of the Aldine press, XV. 512; for judicial committee of, 11. 209; Priluki, town, Russia, xix. 410. the blind, III. 827; by the Estienne precedence of, xix. 662 ; Temple’s Prim, Juan, Spanish statesman, xix. family, xxii. 534; lithographic, XIV. reform of, xxiii. 172. 732; xxii. 346. 700; monopoly of, xix. 711; photogra- Privy Councillor, Title of, xxiii. Primary Rocks, in geology, x. 328. phic, xviii. 830; introduced into Rus418. Primate, in ecclesiastical hierarchy, sia, xxi. 104; early specimens of, m. Privy-Seal, Keeper of, England, xxii. xix. 733. 652; Milton on the liberty of, xvi. 330. 458. Primates, order of Mammalia, 11. 108; , Calico, iv. 684. Prize, of war, xix. 766. xv. 444. Office, Departments of a, xxiii. Court, xix. 767. Prime, card game, xix. 282. 710. Money, xix. 767; distribution of, Minister, British, iv. 619; xvi. Paper, Sizes of, xviii. 226. in British navy, xvii. 298. 473Prints, Cleaning of, m. 821. Probabilism, in casuistry, v. 204; xiv. Movers, in mechanics, xv. 772. Priodon, genus of edentate mammals, 636. Primes, or Prime Numbers, Tables of, xv. 387. Probability, Mathematical theory of, xxiii. 7. Prionotelus, genus of birds, xxiii. XIX. 768; I. 560; Laplace’s theory of, Primitive Marriage, J.F.M‘Lennan’s 584xiv. 304. work on, XV. 162. Prior, Matthew, English poet, xix. 743. Probate, of a will, xxiv. 572. Primitive Methodism, xvi. 192. Priory, monastery, 1. 10. Problem, Geometrical, defined, xix. Primogeniture, xix. 733; in Roman Prisca, Montanist prophetess, xvi. 519. law, xx. 673. 775of Three Bodies, in astronomy, Primrose, plant (genus Primula), xix. Priscian, Latin grammarian, xix. 743. il 759. 737; xii. 252, 259, 264. Priscillian, Spanish heretic, xix. 746. Problems, Indeterminate, in algebra, Prince, title, xix. 738; xxiii. 418. PRISCILLIANISTS, Spanish heretical 1. 554. Charles’s Foreland, Spitzsect, XIX. 746; Martin of Tours's Probolingo, town, Java, xm. 606. bergen, xxii. 408. entreaties for them, xv. 582. Proboscidea, suborder of mammals, Edward Island, province of Prisdra, or Prisdren (Prisrend), town, xv. 423. Canada, xix. 739. Roumelia, Turkey, xix. 764. Probus of Antioch, Syriac writer, xxn. of Wales, title, xix. 739. Prishtina, town, European Turkey, 831. of Wales Island, or Penang, xix. 746. , Marcus Aurelius, Roman emperor, Malay Peninsula, XIX. 741; xxn. 587. Prism, its action in relation to light, xix. 789. of Wales Island, York Penxiv. 591, 612; xvii. 800; xxiv. 427, , Valerius, Roman grammarian, insula, Australia, xix. 741. 436; use of, for lighthouses, xiv. 619, xviii. 662. OF Wales Land, North America, 622; measurement of, x. 387; xvi. 22; Procambium, in plant development, xix. 742. for spectacles, xxii. 372; use of, in xii. 15. Princes Islands, Sea of Marmora, spectroscopy, XXII. 373; crystalline, Procedure, Judicial, Rules of, xiv. XVI xix. 742. 358; in Roman law, xx. 707, 711. - 347> 358, 360? 361; polarizing, Princess, title, xix. 738. invented by Nicol, xvii. 489. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Princeton, town, New Jersey, U.S.A., Prism\tic Gunpowder, xi. 329. of London, xxi. 39. xix. 742; college, xxiii. 857; xviii. Prismatic System, of crystals, xvi.- Process, in law, xix. 789. 3975 xix. 697; xxiv. 732; libraries, Blocks, for printing, xxiii. 704. 359xiv. 551; observatory, xvn. 715. Prismatoid, Mensuration of, xvi. 23. Processions, Religious, xiv. 695. Princetown, town, Prince Edward Prison Discipline, xix. 747; diet in, Procida, island, Italy, xix. 789; xm. Island, xix. 740. vil. 211; reformatory schools, XX. 338. 440; xvii. 188. Principal and Agent, Law of, 1. 280. Prison Reform, Fliedner’s labours for, , John of, Sicilian liberator, v. Principate, the Roman, xx. 769. IX. 307; Mrs Fry’s, ix. 805; Howard’s, 423Principe, II, Machiavelli’s treatise, xv. xii. 320. | PROCLA, or Procula, Claudia, wife of 149. Prisons, xix. 747; military, 11. 587. I Pilate, Xix. 89.

358

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Prose, in relation to poetry, xix. 261. Proclus, bishop of Cyzicus, his rela- I Pro ME, district, Burmah, xix. 806; Proselyte, Jewish, xix. 823. town, xix. 807. tions to Nestorianism, xvn. 353. Prosenchyma, tissue in plants, xil. 14. , Neoplatonist philosopher, xvn. PROMEROPS, genus of birds, XX. 553; Proserpine, of Greek mythology, xix. xxii. 652. 338; on porisms, XIX. 519. 824; xxiii. 296; mysteries of, vm. PROMESSI Sposi, Manzoni’s novel, xm. Procne, Myth of, xvil. 499. 126. 5!5Proconsul, Roman magistrate, vi. 315; PROSGENITE, mineral, XVI. 399. Prometheus, of Greek mythology, xix. 655, 885; xx. 746. Proskuroff, town, Russia, xix. 824, xix. 807; xxiv. 782. Proconsulare Imperium, Roman, 254. , iEschylus’s drama, 1. 209. xx. 769. Proslogion, of Anselm, 11. 92. Unbound, by Shelley, xxi. 793. Procopius, Roman historian, xix. 789; Prosody, Sanskrit, xxi. 293. his attacks on the empress Theodora, Promise of Marriage, xv. 566; Prosopite, mineral, xvi. 384. breach of, xxiv. 643. xxiii. 253. Prospecting, in mining, xvi. 442. , Andreas, Hussite leader, xix. 792. Promorphology, branch of morpho- PROSPER of Aquitaine, early Christian logy, xvi. 843. Procopovich, Feofane, Russian educawriter, XIX. 824. PRONAOS, in architecture, II. 471. tionist, XXL 105. Prossnitz, town, Austria, xix. 825. Procrustes, of Greek legend, xix. PRONGBUCK, antelope, II. 102. ProsthapHjERESIS, method of calculaPronsk, town, Kussia, xxi. 116. 559; xxiii. 294. tion, xvil 182. Procter, Adelaide Anne, English Pronunciation, xviii. 782, 787; xxii. Prostitutes, Police duties in relation 381. poetess, xix. 792. to, xix. 335. , Bryan Waller, English poet, XIX. Prony, Gaspard Clair Frangois Riche Protagon, constituent of nerve tissue, de, French engineer, XIX. 808; on the 792. v - 579velocity of running water, xn. 437. Proctor, meanings of the term, xix. Protagoras of Abdera, Greek sophist, Pronya, river, Russia, xxi. 115. 792; university officer, xxiii. 835. xix. 825; xxii. 264; on scepticism, Proculians, Roman jurists, xiv. 164. Proof, in logic, xiv. 790. XXL 379. , Burden of, in law, VIII. 742. Procurator-Fiscal, Scottish law , dialogue of Plato, xix. 196. Proofs, Printer’s, Correcting of, xxm. officer, XIX. 792. Protaxonia, morphological term, xvi. 701. Procyon, genus of carnivorous mam844Propaganda, commission of Catholic mals, XV. 441; xx. 202. Protection, of trade, ix. 753; in missions, XIX. 809. Prodicus of Ceos, Greek philosopher, United States, xxiii. 754, 761, 776. Propagation, of a wave, xxiv. 424. xix. 792; xxii. 264. Protective Duties, on commerce, ix. Propane, paraffin, xvin. 238, 239. Prodigies, vii. 293; xv. 201. 753Prodotiscus, genus of birds, XII. Propeller, Screw, of ship, xxi. 823. Protectorate, in English history, Propensities, in phrenology, xvni. 14°. vill. 348. 844. Prodromes, Theodoras, Greek writer, Proteids, albumenoid substances, v. Propertius, Sextus, Roman poet, xix. xi. 145, 148579; xvil 674, 676; vegetable, xix. 811; xx. 723; his language and style, Production, family of Brachiopoda, 54xiv. 335. iv. 195. Proteles, genus of carnivorous mamProduction, Cost of, in economics, Property, Real and Personal, xviii. mals, xv. 437. 664; in land, XIV. 259; communist xxiv. 48. Proteomyxa, class of Protozoa, xix. views of, vi. 211; law of, in relation Proedria, at Olympia, Greece, xvil. 8 39. „ to domicile, vn. 352; law of in769. heritance of, xiil. 77; in relation to Protestant Churches, m Europe, Profane Swearing, xvil 701. viil 712. intestacy, xm. 198; rights of, m Protestantenverein, Profit, in economics, xxiv. 49; taxes German associRoman law, xx. 673, 689, 7iy, socialon, xxiii. 87; Adam Smith’s views of, ation, xix. 825; x. 500; xxi. 1. ist views of, XXII. 207. xix. 367. Protestant Episcopal Church, of Prophecy, Newton’s works on, xvil AND Loss, Calculation of, II. 536. America, VIII. 493; XXIII. 829; lit448; astrological, 11. 742. Prognosis, in medicine, xv. 800. urgy of, XIV. 711. Prognostications, in almanacs, 1. Prophet, Prophets, xix. 814, 674; Protestantism, xx. 319; historical of Israel, HI. 634, 639; xiil 407, 591; meteorological, XVI. 158. continuity of, xxiv. 322; economic 417. Progreso, town, Yucatan, Central effects of, XIX. 353; relation of, to Prophete, Le, Meyerbeers opera, xvi. America, xxiv. 758. council of Trent, XXIII. 544. 222. Progression, in algebra, 1. 536. Protestants, xix. 826; origin of Propithecus, genus of lemurs, xiv. Progress of the Soul, Donne’s work, name, xv. 80. 441vii. 364. Protestant Socialism, xxii. 215. Proportion, in algebra, 1. 536; m Prohibition, in law, xix. 793. arithmetic, II. 535; in geometry, X. Protestant Union, of Germany, xix. Liquor Laws, xi. 20; xiv. 688. 825; X. 500; XXL I. 382; statistical, xxii. 465; PythaProjectiles, laws of their flight, xxii. Protesters, of the Scottish Church, gorean theory of, xx. 142. 47; motion of, XI. 68; path of, xv. xix. 683; xxi. 514683, 707; stability of rotation of, xn. Propositions, in logic, xiv. 788. Proteus, of Greek mythology, xix. Proprietor, Roman officer, xix. 655, 457; velocity of, XL 301. 827. 885. Projection, in mathematics, xix. 793; 1 , Cabinet of, Tobin and Peppers Propylna, in architecture, II. 47 5 x. 388. spectral illusion, xv. 207. xviii. 530; of Athens, ill. 6; Egyptian, of the Sphere, on maps, x. Anguinus, species of Amphibia, 11. 388; Greek, 11. 411. 201; Mercator’s, xv. 520. xix. 827. Projections, Parallel, of figures, xv. Propylite, rock, x. 235. Prorogation of Parliament, viil Prothallium, in plant reproduction, 751xx. 430. 336; xviii. 310. Prologues, Dramatic, vii. 392.

p R O —P S Y Protista, group of plant-animal forms, i. 843; xix. 832. Protodrilus, genus of worms, xxiv. 684. Protogenes, Greek painter, xix. 827. , genus of Protozoa, xix. 839. Protonema, germinating organ in mosses, xvn. 72. Protophyta, class of plants, ill. 693; xix. 832. Protoplasm, fundamental form of living matter, XIX. 828, 12, 21, 43; 1. 843; in. 679; viii. 163; xii. 4, 10; xvi. 841; xx. 415; xxiv. 816; of sponges, xxii. 420; in plants, iv. 84. Protopterus, genus of fishes, xiv. 468. Prototheria, subclass of Mammalia, xv. 371, 377. Protozoa, lowest grade of the animal kingdom, XIX. 830; II. 50; embryology of, XX. 418; generation of, vm. 169; skeletal conditions of, XXII. 106; parasitic forms, xvm. 258; in Lankester’s classification, xxiv. 812. Protracheata, group of Myriapoda, xvii. 116. Protractor, surveying instrument, xxii. 721. Proud Flesh, xviii. 363. Proudhon, Pierre Joseph, French socialistic writer, XIX. 866; XXII. 216. PROUST, Louis Joseph, French chemist, V. 464. Proustite, mineral, xvi. 395. PROUT, Father (Francis Mahony), Irish song-writer and humanist, XV. 288. , Samuel, English painter, xix. 867; as lithographic artist, xiv. 701. Provencal Language, xix. 867; xiv. 340; relation of, to Catalan, xxn. 347; to French, IX. 631; dictionaries of, VII. 185. PROVENgAL Literature, xix. 872; ix. 646; Italian writers of, xm. 499; its influence in Portugal, xix. 555. Provence, old province of France, xix. 877Proverbs, Book of, in Scripture, Xix. 879; in. 639. Providence, town, Rhode Island, U.S.A., xix. 883; xx. 524; founding of, by Roger Williams, xxiv. 587; libraries, xiv. 551. Province, Roman, xix. 884. Provincetown Harbour, Massachusetts, U.S.A., xv. 612. Province Wellesley, Straits Settlements, Asia, xxii. 586. Provincial Letters, Pascal’s, xviii. 335Provins, town, France, xix. 886. Provisions of Oxford (1258), xvi. 788. Provo, town, Utah, U.S.A., xxiv. 20. Provocation, in relation to homicide, XVII. 53.

Provoked Wife, Vanbrugh’s play, xxiv. 55. Proxy, in law, xix. 792. PRUDENTIUS, Aurelius Clemens, Spanish Christian poet, XX. 1; as hymnwriter, xil. 582. Prud’hommes, Conseils de, France, xiv. 173; xviii. 286. Prud’hon, Pierre, French painter, XX. 1. Prune, fruit, xix. 230. Pruning, of plants, xii. 214, 241. Prunus, genus of trees, xiv. 348; xviii. 442; xix. 230. Pruritus, skin disease, xxii. 123. PRUSA (Broussa), ancient town, Asia Minor, IV. 383. Prussia, kingdom, Europe, xx. 1; dispute with Austria (1848-50), x. 508; war with Austria (1866), III. 140; IX. 625; Christianization of, x. 491; war with France (1870), IX. 626; as leader of Germany, x. 505; relations with Napoleon(1805),xvii. 209; Napoleon’s war with (1813), IX. 617; share in partition of Poland, xix. 298; under Stein’s ministry, XXIL 530; under William I., xxiv. 582; Teutonic Order of Knights in, xxm. 201; army, II. 595; chronology of, xx. 13; newspapers, XVII. 429; prison system, xix. 760. , Duchy of, Germany, xx. 5, 19. , East, province of Prussia, xx. 19. , Rhenish, province of Prussia, xx. 20. , West, province of Prussia, xx. 20. Prussian Blue, vii. 577; xix. 87; xx. 24. Prussian Language (Celtic), Dictionaries of, vii. 188. Prussians, race of people, Europe, xx. 5; in Lithuania, xiv. 702. Prussiate of Potash, xx. 22. Prussic Acid, xx. 21; v. 554; as a poison, xix. 278. Pruth, river, Roumania and Russia, in. 615; xxi. 14, 73. Pry, Paul, in English comedy, xiv. 695. Prybilov Islands, North Pacific, Birds of, III. 753. Prynne, William, English political writer, XX. 25; xviii. 205; on English public records, xx. 313. Prytaneion, at Olympia, Greece, xvii. 769. Prytanis, Greek official, xx. 28. Prytz, Andreas, bishop of Linkoping, Sweden, xxii. 754. Przasnysz, town, Russian Poland, xix. 227. Przedborz, town, Poland, xx. 218. Przemysl, town, Austria, xx. 28. Przemyslaw, king of Poland, xix. 287. Przibram, town, Bohemia, xix. 720. Psalmanazar, George, literary adventurer, xx. 28.

359 Psalms, Book of, xx. 29; m. 638; English versions, XII. 589; Marot’s translation, xv. 563. of Solomon, ii. 18i; xvi. 55. Psalm Tones (or Tunes), xix. 169. Psalter, of Scripture, xx. 29; ancient Polish, xix. 299; Aldhelm’s, VIII. 382; Schorham’s and Rolle’s, vm. 383. (or Psalms) of Solomon, ii. 181; on the Messiah, xvi. 55. Psaltery, musical instrument, xx. 34; xi. 489. Psammetichus, or Psametik, king of Egypt, VII. 743. Psammites, Archimedes’s treatise, 11. 381. Psammobia, genus of Mollusca, xvi. 688. PSAMMOPHIDA5, family of snakes, xxu. 192. PSELLUS, Michael, Byzantine writer, XX. 35; XL 147. , Michael Constantine, Byzantine writer, xx. 35; vm. 192. PSEUDOBRANCHUS, genus of Amphibia, xxii. 97. Pseudochirus, genus of marsupial mammals, xviii. 728. Pseudo-Dionysian Mysticism, xvii. 131Pseudo-Martyr, Donne’s work, vii. 364PSEUDOMORPHS, metamorphosed crystals, xvi. 371. Pseudonymous Books, hi. 657. Pseudonyms, Anagrammatic, 1. 791. Pseudophyllid^e, family of tapeworms, xxiii. 54. PSEUDOSCARUS, genus of fishes, xviii. 324Pseudoscope, Wheatstone’s, xxn. 540. PSEUDOTRlONYCHlDiE, family of chelonian reptiles, xxiii. 457. Psidium, genus of trees, xi. 242. Psilomelane, mineral, XV. 479; xvi. 388. Psiloriti, Mount, Crete, VI. 569. Psittaci, order of birds, xv. 7, 130. Psittacinite, mineral, xvi. 404. Psittacomorphas, group of birds, ill. 714; xviii. 322. Psittacula, genus of birds, XV. 28; XVIII. 323. PsiTTACUS, genus of birds, xvii. 354; XVIII. 323. PSKOFF, government, Russia, XX. 35; as a republic, xxi. 89; town, xx. 36. PSOCIDAS, group of insects, XIII. 152. Psophia, genus of birds, xxiil. 594. Psoriasis, skin disease, xxii. 123. Psyche, in Greek mythology, vi. 709. Psychography, spirit-writing, xxii. 405. Psychology, xx. 37; xviii. 793; as a basis of anthropological classification, II. 108; analysis and synthesis applied

360

P S Y — PUL

to, I. 796; in relation to ethics, viii. 574; Ptolemy I. (Soter), king of Egypt, vn. Pudupak, PUDUPET, parts of Madras city, India, xv. 188. 745; XV. 142; founder of Alexanto evolution, vm. 766; to logic, xiv. Puebla, town, Mexico, xx. 98; xvi. drian library, I. 498; of Alexandrian 780; to metaphysics, xvi. 88; to phren214; state, xvi. 214. museum, 1. 69. ology, xviii. 848; of religion, xxili. , II. (Philadelphus) and III. (Euer- Pueblos, American-Indian tribe, xn. 274, 276; Aristotle’s, 11. 522; Samuel 833getes), vil. 745. Bailey on, ill. 242; Beneke’s system, , IV. (Philopator), V. (Epiphanes), Puelche, American-Indians, xn. in. 560; Brodie’s work on, iv. 359; 829. VI. (Philometor), and VII. (Euergetes Thomas Brown’s contributions to, IV. PUEMUNUS, Italian deity, XI x. 443. II.), VIL 746. 388; of Charron, v. 431; of Condillac, , VIII. (Lathyrus), IX. (Alexander Puenteareas, town, Spain, xix. 455. vi. 251; Cousin on, VI. 525; of DesI.), X. (Alexander II.), XI. (Auletes), Puerto Americano, town, Chilian cartes, VII. 126; Hegel’s theory, XI. Patagonia, xvni. 352. XII., and XIII., vil 747. 620; Herbart on, XL 719; Hume’s PUERTO Cabello, town, Venezuela, (Claudius Ptolemaeus), Egyptian theory, xii. 352; of Kant, xm. 848; xx. 98. astronomer and geographer, XX. 87; Leibnitz’s contributions to, XIV. 422; x. 177; xv. 517; xvii. 709; his Puerto de Isabel, town, Fernando Lewes’s conceptions of, xiv. 491; of Po, Africa, ix. 100. system of astronomy, I. 499; IL 750, Lotze, xv. 14; of Plato, xix. 201; of Puerto de Navacerrada, town, 777; on the lunar theory, xvi. 799; Schleiermacher, xxi. 411; of SchoSpain, xxil 294. his catalogue of the stars, XVIII. 840; penhauer, xxi. 457; Stoic doctrine, on climatic zones, VI. 1; on musical Puerto de Santa Maria, town, xxil. 565; Xenocrates’s system, xxiv. Spain, xx. 99. intonation, XVII. 78. 719Puerto Guzman Blanco, town, Ptomaines, in medicine, XXL666; Psycho-Physics, xxiv. 469. Venezuela, xxiv. 140. xxil 680. Ptah, Egyptian deity, il 173; vn. 717; Ptyalin, alimentary secretion, xvn. Puerto Principe, town, Cuba, xx. temple of, vn. 773. 671. Ptarmigan, bird, xi. 222. Puerto Rico, or Porto Rico, island, Ptyas, genus of snakes, xxil 194. Pteranodon, fossil reptile, xx. 87. West Indies, xix. 532. PTERIA, or Pterium, ancient town, Puberty, in law, xm. 1; totemistic Puerto Sucre, town, Venezuela, ceremonies connected with, XXIII. Phrygia, ill. 858; xvin. 850. xxiv. 140. Pteri dothyta, subkingdom of plants, 470PUFENDORF, Samuel, German political Pubis, Anatomy of the, I. 828. in. 694; ix. 101; xxiv. 129. and philosophical writer, XX. 99. Public Debt, xvii. 243; of United Pterobranchia, division of Polyzoa, Puff-Adder, viper, xxiv. 247. States, xxiii. 747, 766, 778, 780, 828. xix. 434. Pterocarpus, genus of plants, VII. 389; Public Health, xx. 96; Acts relating Puff-Bird, xx. 101. Puffin, bird, xx. 101. to, xv. 797, 798XIV. 91; XXL 256. PUFFINUS, genus of birds, XXL 781. Public-House Licences, xiv. 690. Pterocles, genus of birds, XXL 258. Pufflerite, mineral, xvi. 423. Publician Edict, in Boman law, xx. Pteroclid^e, group of birds, xvin. 46. Pugatcheff, J., leader of Cossack 699Pterodactyle, fossil reptile, xx. 86; rebels, XXL 99. Public Occurrences, Boston newsvii. 385. PUGET, Pierre, French painter, sculptor, paper, xvii. 433. PTEROGLOSSUS, genus of birds, XXIII. and architect, xx. 102; XXL 563. Publicola, Valerius, Roman consul, 477Sound, Washington Territory, xxiv. 41. PTEROMYS, genus of rodent mammals, U.S.A., xxiv. 385. Public Records, of England, xx. 310. XXIL 438. Pteropoda, branch of Mollusca, xvi. Public Safety, Committee of, France, PUGHE, William Owen, on Welsh literature, v. 314. ix. 605. 665. Pugin, Augustus Welby Northmore, Public Weal, League of the, France, PteropodiDj®, family of bats, xv. 409. English architect, XX. 102. ix. 552. Pteropod Ooze, of Pacific Ocean, Public Works, British department of, PUGLIA, Francesco di, his challenge to xviii. 123. Savonarola, xxi. 337. xvi. 474. Pteroptochus, genus of birds, xxm. Puissance Motrice, Carnot’s work, Publilian Law, Roman, xx. 737. 49. xxiii. 283. Pteropus, genus of bats, ix. 352; xv. Publilius Syrus, Latin farce-writer, Pukhtu Language, Afghanistan, 1. XX. 97. 409. 238. Publishing, of books, iv. 40. Pterosauria, fossil reptile, xx. 87. Pukhtunwali, system of Afghan law, Publius (or Publilius) Syrus, Latin Pterotrachea, genus of Mollusca, XVI. I. 237. farce-writer, XX. 97. 654Pulaski, or Pulawski, Casimir, Polish Pucci, Antonio, Italian comic poet, Pterygium, disease of the eye, xvn. patriot, XIX. 297; as American general, xiii. 505. 780. xxiil. 790. , Orazio, Tuscan noble, XV. 791. Pterylography, in ornithology, Hi. PULCI, Luigi, Italian poet, XX. 103; Puccinia Graminis, corn-mildew, xvi. 776; xviii. 26. XIII. 507. 293PTILORIS, genus of birds, XX. 553. Pucelle, La, Voltaire’s poem, xxiv. 292. Pulcinella, Neapolitan puppet, xx. Ptolemzeus. See Ptolemy. 106. , La, Chapelain’s epic, V. 396. , Valentinian theologian, xxiv. 38. Pulex, genus of insects, ix. 300. Ptolemaic System, of astronomy, 1. PUCHERITE, mineral, xvi. 404. PUCHERO, Spanish lentil food, XIV. 447. PULGAR, Fernando de, Spanish prose499; 11. 750, 777. writer, XX. 103. Ptolemies, kings of Egypt, vn. 745; Puckler-Muskau, Hermann L. H., PULICAT, lake, India, XV. 184. Prince of, German writer, XX. 98. their Hellenizing influence, xv. 144; Pulkova, or Pulkowa, village, Russia, coins of, XVII. 650; their promotion PUDDINGSTONE, rock, X. 237. XXL 194', observatory at, xvn. 714; Puddling, of iron, xm. 320. of geographical discovery, x. 176; in telescope in observatory, xxiil 150. PUDSEY, town, England, XX. 98. Palestine, Xlil. 420,

P U L —P U Y

361 Pulley, in block machinery, m. 833; Punishment, by imprisonment, xix. Purple, dye, xx. 116; vn. 571, 579; xv. 733. 747; by torture, xxm. 460; under xvi. 648; xviii. 804; from lichens, Pullna, spa, Bohemia, xvi. 436. Roman law, xx. 675. xiv. 559. Pulmonata, order of Mollusca, xvi. Punjab, province, British India, xx. Island, poem by Phineas Fletcher, 660; XXII. 187. 106; invasion of, by Mahmud, xv. ix. 305. Pulney (Palni), town, India, xv. 192. 286,- annexation of, by England, XII. Linen, Phoenician, xxiii. 207. Pulo CONDORE, port, Cochin China, 808; rivers of, XII. 847; university Ore, of iron, xm. 285. vi. 93. of, xxiii. 856. Pulo Penang, island, Malay Penin- Punjabi Language, Dictionaries of, Purposive Action, in psychology, xx. 73sula, xv. 321; xix. 741. vii. 191. Purpura, disease, xx. 116. Pulpit, in architecture, 11. 471. Punnah, state, India, XVIII. 213. , genus of Mollusca, xvi. 649, 652. Pulque, South American drink, iv. 264. Puno, town, Peru, xviii. 675. Purre, bird, xxi. 260. Pulse, in physiology, xxiv. 103. Punta Arenas, town, Chili, xviii. Purslane, plant, xx. 116. Pulsometer, mining pump, xvi. 458; 352. Pursuit of Knowledge under xxii. 516. Pupa, of insects, xn. 574; xm. 147; of Difficulties, Craik’s book, vi. 542. Pultamarca, Peru, Sulphur springs of, butterflies, iv. 594. Pursuivant, heraldic officer, xi. 687. v. 279. Pupipara, group of insects, xm. 150. Purvey, John, English Lollard, xiv. Pulteney, William, earl of Bath, Pupivora, class of insects, XII. 629. 811; his version of the Bible, vm. English politician, XX. 103. Puppet-Shows, xv. 546; xx. 105. 383; xxiv. 710. Pultneytown, part of Wick, Scotland, Purace, volcano, Colombia, South Purveyance, in feudalism, xiv. 115; xxiv. 556. America, xix. 481; xxil 634. royal, ix. 177; levying of, 1. 294; prePultowa (Poltava), town, Russia, xix. Puranas, Brahman histories, xxi. rogative of, xix. 672. 410; battle of (1709), v. 421; xxi. 97; 283. Purwakarta, town, Java, xm. 606. xxii. 750. Purbach, or Beurbach, George, Aus- Purworedjo, town, Java, xm. 606. Pultusk, town, Russia, xiv. 817. trian astronomer, 11. 751; xx. 341; Pus, in pathology, xxii. 683; pusPulverizer, agricultural implement, XXIII. 562. corpuscles, xviii. 365. xvi. 463. Purbeck, peninsula, Dorset, England, Pusey, Edward Bouverie, English Pulvinus, group of cells in plants, xix. vn. 371; stone of, xv. 529. theologian, xx. 116; on German 63Beds, geological series, x. 354, rationalism, xx. 290. Pulwul (Palwal), town, India, xvin. 356. , Philip, agriculturist, 1. 324, 328. 203. Purcell, Henry, English musical com- Puseyism, religious movement, XX. Puma, carnivorous mammal, xx. 104; poser, xx. 112; vii. 437; xvii. 88, 117. 1. 682; xv. 435. 90. Pushkin, or Poushkin, Alexander, Pumice, volcanic product, xx. 105; x. Purchas, Samuel, English geographiRussian poet, xix. 648; xxi. 107. 234cal writer, xx. 114; x. 183. Pushtu Language, Afghanistan, 1. Pump, Mechanism of, xn. 533; xix. Purchaser, in law, xxi. 206. 238; dictionaries of, vn. 191. 241, 246; condensing, Papin’s inven- Purchase System, of British army, PUSSLV, or Purslane, plant, xx. 116. tion of, xvni. 228; mining, xvi. 458; 11. 575. Pustule, Malignant, xx. 118; xxiv. in ships, xxi. 816. Purgatorio, Dante’s, vi. 815. 663. Pump, Air-, 1. 429. See Air-Pump. Purgatory, xx. 114; vm. 537. PUTBUS, town, Riigen, Prussia, XXL 57. Pumping, on rivers, xx. 573; engines Purging-Nut Oil, xvii. 744, 746. PUTEAUX, town, France, xxi. 624. for, xxii. 515. Purgolovo, village, Russia, xxi. 194. Puteoli (Pozzuoli), ancient town, Italy, Pumpkin, vegetable, xi. 4; xn. 283. Purgstall, Joseph von Hammer-, Ausxvii. 188; xix. 651. Pumpkin-Seed Oil, xvii. 744. trian Orientalist, xi. 426. Putnam, Fort, New York, U.S.A., xn. Puna, district, Bolivia, iv. 12. Puri, district, British India, xx. 115; 331, mountains, Peru, xviii. 672. town, xx. 115; xvii. 845. , Israel, American revolutionary Punakha, town, India, m. 632. Purification, Ceremonial, 1. 50; by officer, xxiii. 790. Punaluan Family, ix. 22. fire, ix. 232; among the Greeks and Putney, suburb of London, xx. 118; PUNCH, English comic journal, V. 105; Romans, XV. 69. xiv. 822. XXL 320; Leech’s connexion with, , Feast of the, xv. 592. Putorius, genus of carnivorous mamxiv. 406; Thackeray’s contributions Purim, Jewish feast, xx. 115; vm. mals, xv. 440; xvi.. 474; xix. 331; to, xxiii. 214. 561. xxiv. 462. and Judy, puppets, xx. 106. Puritanism, in relation to the English Putrefaction, ix. 97; in animal tisPunchinello, puppet, xx. 105. drama, Vii. 433; to English literature, sues, xxii. 679; due to minute organPunching Machine, xv. 157. vm. 417; to Presbyterianism, xix. isms, xxi. 407; prevention of, 11. 135; Punch Mahauls (Panch Mahals), 685 ; to the Renaissance, xx. 393; of drowned bodies, VII. 474. district, India, xviii. 210. Laud’s opposition to, xiv. 346; Mil- Putte, Samuel van de, Dutch traveller, Punctuation, in ancient MSS., xviii. ton’s relations to, xvi. 328. x. 188; in Tibet, xiv. 503. 163. Puritans, in England, vm. 340, 346, Puttv, cement, xx. 118. Punderpoor, or Pandarpur, town, 376, 378; XII. 723; Neal’s History of, Puv, Le, town, France, XX. 118. India, xviii. 210; xxi. 832. xvii. 303. , The, early London guild of musiPunial, state, on upper Indus, x. 597. Purity, in ethics, vm. 590. cians, xvii. 84. Punica, epic of Silius, xxil. 54. Purkinje’s Figures, in vision, vm. Puya, plant fibre, XX. 506. , genus of plants, xix. 441. 819. Puv DE D6me, department, France, Punic Wars, of Rome, v. 161; xx. Purlieu Land, in forest laws, ix. 409. xx. 119. 747; effects of the first upon Sicily, Purniah, district, British India, xx. Puv DE PARIOU, mountain, France, xxil 21; the second, xi. 442. 115; town, xx. 116. xx. 119. XXV. — 46

32

P U Y—Q U M

of souls, XVI. 106; his system of PYRETHRUM, garden plant, xn. 259. Puy DE Sancy, mountain, France, xx. music, xvii. 78. Pyrgi, seaport, Etruria, vm. 635. 119. Pythagoras, Theorem of (Fuel. 1. 47), PUYNIPET, island, Caroline group, PYRGOS, near Constantinople, Aqueduct x. 379of, II. 221. Pacific, V. 126. Pythagoreanism, xx. 138; viii. 575; Puysegur, Marquis de, mesmerist, xv. PYRGOTELES, Greek gem-engraver, x. in relation to Orphism, XVIII. 51; 139. 278. Philo’s, xviii. 760; Philolaus’s, xviii. Pyrheliometer, radiation thermoPyaemia, disease, xvni. 401; xxn. 678. 764. meter, XXlll. 291. Pyatigorsk, town, Caucasus, Russia, PYRIPHLEGETHON, legendary river, Pythagorean Triangles, Tables of, xx. 120. xxiii. 14. xxii. 614. PyCNIDES, organs in lichens, XIV. 555Pytheas of Massilia, Greek naviPYCNIDIA, in plant development, XX. Pyrites, metallic sulphides, xx. 128; gator, xx. 142; on astronomy, 11. copper, VI. 347; of flue-dust, XXlll. 42 4. 748; on Thule, XXlll. 328; Strabo 219; iron, xiii. 280, 288; xv. 532; Pycnite, mineral, xvi. 408. xx 128 on, XXII. 582. xvi. 39°, 39B 393; 5 niccoloPycnodontoidei, suborder of fishes, Pythia, Greek prophetess, xvii. 808. cobaltic, xvii. 487. xil. 687. Pythian Games, Greece, x. 65. Pycnogonum, genus of Arachnida, II. PYRMONT, principality, Germany, XXIV. Pythias, friend of Damon, vi. 795. 321. 277. —, Bad, spa, Germany, XVI. 434; Pythium, sanctuary of Apollo, at Pycnotrop, mineral, xvi. 414. Athens, Hi. 2. xxiv. 321. PYDNA, town, Macedonia, XV. 137; battle Pyroaurite, mineral, xvi. 388. Pythmen, in Greek arithmetic, xvii. of (168), xviii. 435626. Pyrocatechuic Acid, xiv. 91. Pygmalion, of Greek legend, xx. 120; Pyrochlore, mineral, xvi. 426. Python, snake, xx. 144, 449* 451 > xviii. 807. xxii. 195. Pyrochroite, mineral, xvi. 388. Pygmies, xx. 120. Pyro-Electricity, viii. 8, 99; xix Pythonid^e, family of snakes, xxii. Pygobranchia, suborder of Mollusca, I93> ^S313; in minerals, xvi. 376; Hatty’s xvi. 655. Pyx, Trial of the, I. 176; n. 725> XVIcontributions to, XI. 523PVGOPODES, group of birds, XVIII. 45. 483Pyrolusite, mineral, xv. 479; xvi. 387. PYLiE Cilicia, pass, Asia Minor, 11. PYROMETER, for measuring high tem- Pyxis, ancient toilet-casket, xix. 614. 705. peratures, xx. 129; in iron smelting, PYL/EMENES, rulers of Paphlagonia, xiii. 305; Deville’s, XI. 570. xviii. 227. Pyromorphite, mineral, xiv. 375; Qthe seventeenth letter of the alphaPvlas, king of Tyre, xviii. 808. > bet, XX. 145. xvi. 407; xviii. 818. Pylorus, outlet of the stomach, vii Qat, Melanesian deity, XVII. 148. PYROPE, mineral, XVI. 411. 224; stricture of, xxil. 575Qinbil (Kamala), drug, xiii. 831. Pyrophyllite, mineral, xvi. 424. Quadragesima Sunday, xiv. 446. Pvlus, town, Messenia, Greece, xvi. 53- Pyrophysalite, mineral, xvl 408. Pvm, John, English politician, XX. 120, Pyropissite, mineral, xvi. 429; xviii. Quadrant, optical instrument, xvii. v. 405. 254, 258, 268; Xiv. 586; earliest form 243. Pvnchon, William, early American Pyroretinite, of, x. 187; graduation of, XL 28. mineral, xvi. 428. colonizer, xxil. 433. Quadratorum Liber, Leonardo of Pyrorthite, mineral, xvi. 410. Pvpelincx, Maria, mother of Rubens, Pisa’s work, xix. 125. Pyrosclerite, mineral, xvi. 414. xxi. 41. Quadrature of the Circle, xxii. Pyrosilver, silvered steel, xiii. 357Pvrallolite, mineral, xvi. 415. 433Pyrosmalite, mineral, xvi. 413. Pyramid, Pyramids, Egyptian, xx. Pyrosoma, ascidian, xxm. 609, 618; Quadrature of Curves, Wallis on, 122; v. 582; vii. 732,771; age of, vii. xxiv. 332. phosphorescence of, xviii. 814. 732; architecture of, II. 385; of Central Pyrostilpnite, mineral, xvi. 396. Quadrature of Surfaces, xih. 55. America, xvi. 214; xxiv. 759. Quadric Surfaces, in geometry, x. Pyrotechny, xx. 134, in geometry, xvi. 23; xix. 803. 405; xxii. 670. Pyroxene, mineral, xvi. 416. Pyramidal System, of crystals, xvi. Quadrigarius, Q. Claudius, Roman Pyroxilin, or Gun-Cotton, XL 277. historian, xiv. 729. 357Pyroxyline Explosives, xxi. 835. Pyramid Lake, Nevada, U.S.A., xvn. Quadrilateral, four Italian fortresses, Pyrrha, town, Lesbos, Asia Minor, xiv. xx. 145. 367A7APyramids, game, III. 676. Quadrilaterals, Mensuration of, xvi. i , Battle of the (1798), Egypt, vii. PYRRHITE, mineral, XVI. 426. 5. Pyrrho, Greek sceptic, xxi. 379. 759. See Pyramid. QUADRIREME, ancient Greek ship, XXL Pyrrhocorax, genus of birds, VI. 618. Pyramus, river, Asia Minor, 11. 708; v. 8°6. Pyrrhonism, philosophical system, Quadrivium, mediaeval course of study, 777. i xxi. 379; of Pascal, xviii. 336. xx Pyranga, genus of birds, xxill. 45- 5I5, Pyrrhotite, mineral, xvi. 391. Pyrargillite, mineral, xvi. 418. Quadrumana, group of Mammalia, XV. PYRRHULAUDA, genus of birds, XIV. 316. Pyrargyrite, mineral, xvi. 394; xxn 444; 11. 148; of South America, IPyrrhus, king of Epirus, xx. 136; his 6 681. 9war with the Romans, xx. 743; his Quadrupeds, Pyrenees, mountains, Europe, xx. 124; xv. 347. invasion of Sicily, xxii. 20. ix. 505; treaty of the (1659), ix. 573! Quadruple Alliance (i7i8)> l 45°> Pyrula, genus of Mollusca, xvi. 650. xxil 332. 2 x ix. 584. Pyrenees, three departments (Basses, Pyrus, genus of trees, 11. 3 °j vin. Quadruplex Telegraphy, xxiii. 445; xx. 182. I2 Hautes, Orientales), France, xx. 126. 3PYRENOMYCETES, suborder of Fungi, Pythagoras, Greek sculptor, 11. 351. QuvESTOR, Roman magistrate, xx. i45> , Ionian philosopher, XX. 137; on IX. 834; XXIV. 127; parasitic forms, 738, 772. astronomy, II. 746; on transmigration xviii. 267; as vine pests, xxiv. 240-

Q U A —Q IT I

f

I

,

QUAGGA, ungulate mammal, xx. 146; 1. 259; xii. 175. Quail, bird, xx. 146. Quail-Hawk, bird, xiv. 54. Quain, Jones, on systematic anatomy, I. 817. , Richard, on the anatomy of the arteries, I. 817. Quakers, religious sect, xx. 147; m. 853; IX. 500; their affinities with mysticism, xvn. 135; their opposition to the slave trade, XXII. 139; Penn’s Quakerism, XVIII. 492. QUAN (Guan), bird, XI. 232. Quandang Nut, xvii. 664. Quang Duk (Hue), town, Anam, Asia, xii. 333. Quantampoh, town, West Coast, Africa, xx. 153. Quantities, Mathematical, xv. 660. Quantity, Methods of regarding, in. 37QUANTZ, J. J., German writer on the flute, xxiii. 520. Quanza (Coanza), river, Africa, vi. 81. Quarantine, xx. 153; xix. 163; laws relating to, xv. 797. , Cattle, xx. 158. , Widow’s, in law, xx. 158. QUAREGNON, town, Belgium, xvi. 761. Quare Impedit, in English law, xx. 158. Quarles, Francis, English poet, xx. 159. Quarnero, Gulf of, Dalmatia, v. 586. Quarrel, in architecture, 11. 471. Quarries, for minerals, xvi. 454. Quarter, in heraldry, XI. 696, 706. Quarter-Ill, cattle disease, xvn. 58. Quarterly Review, The, Croker’s connexion with, VI. 595 ; Gifford’s, x. 590; Lockhart’s, xiv. 763; Wilson’s, xxiv. 592. Quarterly Reviews, xviii. 536. Quarteroon, Negro and white halfbreed, xvii. 320. Quarter Sessions, law court, xx. 159Quarter-Squares, Tables of, xxm. 8. Quartic Surfaces, in geometry, xxil 670. Quartodecimans, of early Christian church, iv. 669; vil. 614. Quartz, rock, xx. 160; x. 227, 237; xi. 48; £Vi. 389; xix. 314. Quasiin, bitter vegetable principle, xix. 53Quassia, tree, xx. 160. Quaternary Deposits, in geology, x. 365Quaternions, in mathematics, xx. 160; xv. 630; Sir W. R. Hamilton’s invention of, XL 422. Quatrebras, Belgium, Battle of (1815), xvii. 224.

Quatremere, Etienne Marc, French Orientalist, xx. 164. Quay, or Wharf, xi. 455. Quebec, province, Canada, xx. 165. , town, xx. 168 ; capture of, by Wolfe (1759), xxiv. 630; battle of (1759), ix. 590. Act (1774), xxiii. 739. Chapel Sermons, Alford’s, 1. 505. Quebedo, Vasco Mousinho de, Portuguese poet, xix. 556. Quebracho, wood used in tanning, xiv. 382. Quedah, or Kedah, district, Straits Settlements, Asia, xv. 322. QUEDLINBURG, town, Prussia, XX. 169. Queen, title, xxiii. 418. Adelaide Archipelago, xviii. 352Anne’s Bounty, xx. 169; 11. 62. Queen-Bee, hi. 484. Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, XX. 170; totemism of Haida Indians in, XXIII. 469. Queen’s Bench, English law court, in. 556; records of, XX. 311. Queensberry, Second Duke of, xx. 170; xxi. 517. Queens’ College, Cambridge, iv. 730. Queen’s College, Oxford, xviii. 97. Queen’s Counsel, highest rank of barristers, ill. 394. Queen’s County, Ireland, xx. 170; representation, xxiii. 727. Queensland, British colony, Australia, XX. 171; ill. 114; mines, XVI. 471; railways, XX. 253. Queenstown, town, Ireland, xx. 175. Queen’s Wake, Hogg’s poem, xii. 51. Queest, bird, vil. 379. Queiroz, E^a de, Portuguese novelist, xix. 558. Quellin, John Erasmus, Flemish artist, xxiii. 174. QUENSTEDT, Johann Andreas, on the inspiration of Scripture, Xlll. 156. Quercetanus (Andre Duchesne), French historian, VII. 504. Quercitannic Acid, xxiii. 48. Quercitron, dyestuff, xx. 175; ix. 293; xvii. 693. Quercus, genus of trees, xvii. 689; xx. 175. Queretaro, town, Mexico, XX. 175; xvi. 214; state, xvi. 214. Quern, ancient flour-mill, ix. 343. QUESAL (Quezal), bird, XX. 179. QUESNAY, Francois, French economist, xx. 176; xix. 361. QUESNEL, Pasquier, French theologian, xx. 177; codex of, v. 17; suspected of Jansenism, XIII. 567; his writings condemned by papal bull, v. 822. Quester, Matthew de, two British postmasters, xix. 563.

363 Quetelet, Ernest, Belgian astronomer, xx. 177. , Lambert Adolphe Jacques, Belgian physicist, xx. 177; xxn. 462; on the races of man, 11. 112. Quetta, town, Baluchistan, xx. 178. Quetzalcoatl, ancient Mexican deity, xvi. 208, 211; pilgrimage to temple of, xix. 92. Quetzalcohuatl, legendary chief, Central America, 1. 704. Quevedo Villegas, Francisco, Spanish satirist, xx. 178; xxil 357, 360. Quezal, bird, xx. 179. Quezaltenango, town, Guatemala, xx. 180. Quiah Country, West Africa, xxn. 44. Quiberon, town, France, xvi. 813. QuickC, ancient kingdom, Mexico, xvi. 208. Quiches, people, Central America, xxiv. 759. Quichua Language, Peru, 1. 700. Quichuas, Peruvian nation, xviii. 676; in Bolivia, iv. 15. Quicklime, xiv. 647; xxi. 166. Quicksilver, or Mercury (q.v.), xvi. 31; mines of, in Austria, ill. 120; in California, iv. 702; in Spain, 1. 589. Quicunque, Symbolum, the so-called Athanasian Creed, VI. 562. QuiERSY-SUR-OlSE, France, Diet of (877), ix. 534. Quietism, religious movement, XI. 341; xvi. 631; xvii. 134. Quilimane, town, East Africa, xx. 180. Quill, for writing, ix. 60; xviii. 483. QuiLLOTA, town, Chili, xx. 180. Quilon, town, India, xx. 181; xxiii. 525. Quilu, river, West Africa, xiv. 742. Quimper, town, France, xx. 181. Quin, river, Nevada, U.S.A., xvn. 367. Quinary System, bird classification, xviii. 15. QuiNAULT, Philippe, French dramatist, XX. 181. Quince, tree and fruit, 'xx. 182; xii. 276. Oil, xvii. 744. Quincke, Georg Hermann, his electrolytic theory, vm. 114; his tables of surface-tension, v. 70. QUINCUNX, The, of Sir Thomas Browne, iv. 390. Quincy, town, Illinois, U.S.A., xx. 182. , town, Massachusetts, U.S.A., xx. 182. , Edmund, American scholar, xx. 183. , Josiah (1744-1775), American politician, xx. 182. , Josiah (1772-1864), American politician, xx. 183.

364

Q u I —R A D

vil 424; IX. 658; his attack on Quinet, Edgar, French writer, xx. Rabad, Jewish scholars, xx. 191. Nicole, xvil. 490. Raban, Jewish teacher, xx. 191. 183; ix. 681. Quinidine, vegetable alkaloid, xx. Rabanus Maurus Magnentius, arch- RACING, Chariot, in ancient games, V. 791; x. 64. bishop of Mainz, XII. 326. 185. , Foot, in ancient games, X. 64; Quinine, drug, xx. 184; v. 780; pro- Rab Asshi (or Ashe), Talmudic writer, modern, III. 12, 13; XXL 16. xx. 190; xxiii. 37. duction of, in India, XII. 751. , Horse, xn. 199; at Rome, during Rabat, town, Morocco, xx. 192; xvi. Quinones de Benavente, Luis, the carnival, V. 124. 831. Spanish dramatist, XXII. 359. Quinquereme, ancient Greek ship, Rabato, town, Gozo, Mediterranean Rack, in mechanics, xv. 755. , instrument of torture, xxi 11. 465. Sea, xv. 339. XXL 806. Rackets, game, xx. 209. Rabba, town, on Niger, Africa, XX. Quinsy, disease, xxm. 320. Rack Rent, xx. 402. 192; xvii. 498; xxii. 279. Quintain, Boat, sport, xxi. 30. Rada Church, Sweden, Mural decoraRabbah, Jewish scholar, xx. 192. Quintana, Manuel Jose, Spanish poet, tion in, xvil 48. , town, Syria, I. 743. xx. 186; xxii. 361. Radagaisus, Gothic chief, x. 849. QuiNTEROON, Negro and white half- Rabban, Jewish title, xx. 190. Radama I.-II., kings of Madagascar, Rabbath, of Ammon, town, Syria, I. breed, xvii. 320. xv. 174. 743Quintilian (M. Fabius Quintilianus), Radautz, town, Bukowina, Austria, Rabbenu, Jewish title, xx. 190. Latin rhetorician, XX. 187 ; his xx. 210. Rabbi, Jewish title, xx. 190. rhetoric, XX. 514; his language and Raday, Gideon, Magyar dramatist, xiv. style, xiv. 337; his place in Roman Rabbinical Dictionaries, vil 189. 21. Rabbinical Law, the Mishnah, xvi. literature, xx. 726. Radbertus, abbot of Corbie, xx. 210. 502. Quintiliani, or Quinetiales, ancient Rabbins, Jewish, their historical im- Radbod, king of the Frisians, IX. Roman college of Luperci, xv. 66. 788; XXIV. 587. portance, xiii. 428. Quintus Icilius, Karl G. G. von, his Radcliffe, town, England, xx. 210. Rabbit, rodent mammal, xx. 192; xv. magnetic experiments, XV. 254. , Ann Ward, English novelist, xx. 421; skins of, IX. 838. Quintus Smyrn^eus, Greek epic poet, 211. Hawking, ix. 10. xx. 188. , John, English physician, xv. 812. Shooting, xxi. 834. Quinze Joies DU Mariage, French Library, Oxford, xiv. 519. Rabble, for iron puddling, xm. 322. satire, IX. 649. Observatory, Oxford, xvil 710. Quinze-Vingts, blind asylum, Paris, Rabboni, Jewish title, xx. 190. Radespona (Ratisbon), Roman station, Rabbula, Syriac writer, XXII. 829. xviii. 283. Germany, XX. 292. Quiraing, rock, Skye, Scotland, xxn. Rabdologia, Napier’s work, XVII. Radetzky, Johann J. W. A. F. C., 179. 127. Austrian field-marshal, XX. 211. Quires, in palaeography, xvin. 144; in Rabelais, Francois, French humorist, Radewyn, Florentius, Dutch mystic XX. 193; IX. 652; his works on medipaper trade, XVIII. 224. and educationist, xiv. 31; xvn. 134. cine, xv. 808. Quirinalia, Roman festival, xv. 570. Rabener, Gottlieb Wilhelm, German Radhanpur, state and town, India, Quirinal Palace, at Rome, xx. 835. xx. 212. satirist, xx. 198. QUIRINIUS, his census enrolment in Radian, unit of angular measurement, Rabies, disease, xx. 199; xn. 545. Judaea, XIII. 660. xvi. 17. Rabina, Talmudic writer, xxm. 37. QUIRINUS, Sabine deity, XV. 570. Radiance, Theory of, xix. 2. , name of Romulus, founder of Rabutin, French family, xxi. 703. , Leonor de, French soldier, XX. Radiata, division of animal kingdom, Rome, xx. 840. xx. 212. 202. Quirites, in Roman law, xx. 669. , Roger de, Comte de Bussy, French Radiation, of heat, xx. 212; xi. 577; QUIROS, Fernandez de, Spanish exas affecting temperature, VI. 3; solar, gallant and writer, XX. 202; his relaplorer of Tahiti, xxm. 24. XVI. 116; XXII. 651; thermometers tions with Madame de Sevigne, XXL Island, atoll, Polynesia, xix. 420. for measuring, xxin. 291. 704. QUIROTOA, lake, Ecuador, VI1. 646; Rabutin-Chantal, Marie de, Madame Radi billah, caliph, xvi. 587. mountain, VII. 645. Radichevich, Branko, Servian writer, de Sevigne, XXL 703. Quito, town, Ecuador, South America, XXL 691. RAGAN, Honorat de Bueil, Marquis de, xx. 188. Radiolaria, class of Protozoa, xix. French poet, IX. 656. Quoin, in architecture, 11. 471. 849; skeletal structures of, XXli. 106. Quoits, modern game, xx. 189; class- RACCOON, carnivorous mammal, XX. Radiolarian Ooze, of Pacific Ocean, 202; XV. 441; skins of, IX. 838. ical, vil. 258. xviii. 123. QUORRA, or Niger, river, Africa, xvn. Race, in tidal current, xxm. 353. Radiometer, Crookes’s, xix. 249. Race-Horse, xii. 183. 496; I. 253. Radiophone, Telephonic, xxiii. 130, Quo Warranto, in English law, xx. Racemic Acid, xxiii. 69. 134Races, of mankind, 11. in. 189; xxiv. 372. Radish, vegetable, xn. 286. , Horse, XII. 199; v. 124. Rachel, wife of Jacob, xm. 536, Radish-Seed Oil, xvil 744. RADISTCHEFF, Alexander, Russian 749■p the eighteenth letter of the alphabet, writer, XXL 106. , Elizabeth Felix, French actress, xx. 190. Radnor, county and town, Wales, xx. xx. 203; vil 425. Ra, Egyptian divinity, vn. 716. 217. RACHIANECTES, genus of cetacean Raab, town, Hungary, xx. 190. Radom, government, Russian Poland, mammals, xv. 395. Raamah, of Scripture, xxiv. 738. XX. 217; town, XX. 218. Racine, town, Wisconsin, U.S.A., xx. Raamses, town, Egypt, xx. 265. Radomuisl, town, Russia, xiv. 69. 203; population, xxiv. 617. Rab, Jewish title, xx. 190. , Jean, French dramatist, XX. 203; RADOSLAFF, king of Servia, XXL 688. Raba, Jewish teacher, xx. 191.

R A D —R A M

365 Radstock, town, England, xxn. 258. Raiatea, island, South Pacific, xxiil Rajmala, Bengali chronicle, xi. 820. Radula, or Lingual Ribbon, in mol22. Rajpore, town, India, xxiii. 673. luscs, xvi. 640. Rai Bareli, district and town, India, Rajputana, country, India, xx. 259. Radul Bazaraba, voivode of Walachia, xx. 222. Rajputs, Indian race, xn. 746, 781. xxi. 17. Raibolini, Francesco, Italian painter, Rajshahi, district, India, xx. 261. Radul Negru, voivode of Walachia, ix. 688. Rakas Tal, lake, Tibet, xxiii. 340. xxi. 16. Raich, Servian historian, xxi. 690. Rake’s Progress, Hogarth’s engravRadziejewo, town, Russian Poland, Raikes, Robert, founder of Sunday ings, xii. 48. xxiv. 375. schools, xx. 222. Rakka, town, Mesopotamia, xvi. 48. Radziviloff, town, Russia, xxiv. 282. Rail, bird, xx. 222. Rakoczy, Hungarian family, xx. 261. Radziwill Bible, Polish, xix. 301. Rails, for railways, xx. 224, 241; test, George, governor of Transylvania, Radzymin, town, Russian Poland, ing of, xiii. 354; for tramways, xxm. xx. 261; xii. 370. xxiv. 375. 507. Ralahine, Ireland, Owen’s communitv' Rae, John, Arctic explorer, x. 193; Railway, Railways, xx. 223; Stephenat, xviii. 88. xix. 320, 321. son’s promotion of, XXII. 537; their Raleigh, town, North Carolina, U.S.A., Raeburn, Sir Henry, Scottish painter, service to agriculture, 1. 305; bridges xx. 261. xx. 218; xxi. 441. for, iv. 285; locomotives for, xxii. , Sir Walter, English admiral and Raff, Joseph Joachim, Swiss musical 498, 520; in Europe, vm. 709; battle courtier, xx. 262; his introduction of composer, xx. 219. of the gauges, iv. 397; laws relating the potato, xix. 594; of tobacco, xxm. Raffaelle, or Raphael (q.v.), Italian to, xx. 250; use of, in war, xxiv. 423; Cecil’s relations with, v. 283. painter, xx. 274; 11. 438. 349; electric, xxm. 495. Ralik, island, Pacific Ocean, xvi. 257. Raffle, lottery, xv. n. Savings Banks, xxi. 330. Rallus, genus of birds, xvn. 722; xx. Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford, English Transport Army Corps, xxiv. 222. administrator, xx. 219. 295. Ralpachen, Tibetan king, xxiii. 345. Rafflesia, parasitic plant, xviii. 265. Raimbach, Abraham, English line- Ralph Royster Doyster, Udall’s Rafn, Carl Christian, Danish archaeoengraver, xx. 255. comedy, xxiii. 716. logist, xx. 220; on the discovery of Raimondi, Marcantonio, Italian en- Ram, of a warship, xvn. 285. America, 1. 706. graver, xv. 530; viii. 441. , Hydraulic, xn. 532. Raft, floating platform, xxi. 804; Rhine Raimondo, Father, on St Catherine of Ramadan, Mohammedan fast, ix. 49; rafts, xx. 520. Siena, v. 230. xvi. 553. Ragatz, watering-place, Switzerland, Rain, xvi. 128, 150,180; xxiv. 398; in Raman, district, Malay Peninsula, xv. xx. 220; xxi. 169; mineral water of, country and town, Hi. 35; geological 322. xvi. 433. action of, x. 267; on St Swithun’s day, Ramanand, Hindi writer, xi. 844. Rag-Fallowing, in agriculture, 1. 355. XXII. 775; luminous, XXIII. 329. Ramanuja, Hindu philosopher, xxi. Ragged Schools, Pleas for, by Guthrie, Rainband, in spectroscopy, xx. 255. 290. xi. 337Rainbow, xi. 399; theory of, xiv. 595, Rama’s Bridge, sandbanks, Ceylon, 1. Raghuvan^a, Sanskrit poem, xm. 829. 597140. Raglan, Lord, English general, xx. Rainfall, xvi. 128, 150, 180; its in- Ramayana, Sanskrit epic, xxi. 280. 220. fluence on climate, vi. 6; in relation Rambam (Maimonides, q-v.), Jewish Castle, Monmouthshire, England, to water-supply, xxiv. 402; heaviest writer, xv. 295. xvi. 754. in the world, xiv. 58; of Himalayas, Ramban, Jewish commentator, xx. Ragman Rolls, English records, xx. XL 830. 264. 220. Raingauge, for measuring rainfall, xx. Rambler, Johnson’s, xm. 723; xvm. Rag-Paper, xviii. 218. 256. 537Ragstone, mineral, xn. 134. Rainier, Mount, Washington Territory, Rambouillet, town, France, xx. 264. , in architecture, 11. 471. U.S.A., xxiii. 800. , Marquise de, French savant, xx. Ragusa, town, Austria-Hungary, xx. Rainieri (Pope Paschal II.), xviii. 264. 221; republic of, xxiv. 270; literature Ram Das, Sikh ruler, India, xx. no. 339of, xxi. 690. Rain-Water, xxiv. 398. Rameau, Jean Philippe, French musical , town, Sicily, xx. 221. Raipur, district and town, India, xx. composer, xx. 265; xvu. 91. , Duke of (Marmont), marshal of 257. Ramee, Pierre de la, French logician, France, xv. 558. Rais, or Retz, Gilles de, marshal of xx. 268. Rahad, river, Africa, xvn. 507. France, xx. 258. Ramersdorf, suburb of Munich, xvn. Rahbek (Knud Lyne), Danish novelist, Raised Beaches, in geology, x. 256. 24. vii. 91. Raisins, fruit, xx. 258. Rameses, of Scripture, district and Rahel, wife of Yarnhagen von Ense, Raja, or Rajah, Indian title, xx. 259; town, Egypt, XX. 265. xxiv. 91. xxiil 418. I., king of Egypt, vii. 738. Raheng, town, Siam, xxi. 853. Rajamahendri, or Rajahmundry, IL, of Egypt, vii. 739, 779; xxi. Rahgun, port, Algeria, xxm. 422. town, India, XX. 259. 693Rahhanwin, people, Central Africa, Rajapalayam, town, India, xxiii. 405. RAMESEUM, temple of Rameses II., xxii. 256. Raja Sahib, at siege of Arcot, 11. 478. Egypt, VII. 779. Rahman, divine name, in the Koran, Raja Tarangine, metrical history of Rameswaram, island, Ceylon, xx. xvi. 603. Kashmir, xiv. 13. 266. Rahway, town, New Jersey, U.S.A., Rajeshaye (Rajshahi), district, India, Ramgalis, tribe, Kafiristan, Asia, XIII. xx. 222. xx. 261. 822. Raia, or Raja, genus of flshes, xx. 299; Raj Guru, Nepalese high priest, xvn. Ramganga, river, India, xvn. 572 XXlli. 314. Ramie, Malay plant, xx. 506. 342-

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Raoux, Jean, French painter, xx. Ramillies, Belgium, Battle of (1706), Rana Bahadur, king of Nepal, xvii. 2 73344 in. 126; ix. 582; xv. 554. ’ Rapanui, island, South Pacific, xx. 273. Ramiro I.-IIL, kings of Leon, xxn. Ranapur, or Ranpur, state, India, xx. Rape, crime, xv. 780. 272. 31 x, plant, 1. 383; xx. 273. Ranau, lake, Sumatra, xxii. 638. Ramiz, river, Peru, xvm. 673. Cake, xvii. 744; as manure, 1. Ran AVALON A I.-IL, queens of MadaRamler, Karl Wilhelm, German poet, 349gascar, xv. 174. x. 534of Ganymede, Greek sculpture, Range;, Armand Jean le Bouthillier de, Rammelsbergite, mineral, xvi. 391. xiv. 454. reformer of Trappists, XXHL 523. Rammohun Roy, or Ram Mohan Rai, of the Lock, Pope’s poem, xix. founder of Brahma Somaj, India, iv. Randell, Mr, his experiments with 484. burnt clay as manure, 1. 352. 200; xxi. 34. of the Sabines, viii. 619. RANDERS, town, Denmark, XX. 271. Ramna, teak forest, India, xxi. 146. Oil, xx. 273; xvn. 744. Randolph, earl of Moray, xxi. 489. Ramnad, town, India, xv. 192. Raphael, the angel, xx. 274. , Edmund, American politician, Ramnes, early Roman tribe, xx. 732. — (Raphael Sanzio), Italian painter, xxiii. 748. Ramo-CHHE, or Ra Mochay, Buddhist xx. 274; as architect, 11. 438; cartoons -, John, American statesman, XX. temple, Lhasa, Tibet, xiv. 228, 499. of, V. 165; as fresco painter, IX. 774; 271. Ramolino, Letitia, mother of Napoleon his connexion with Marcantonio, XV. -, Thomas, English poet, xx. 271. I., xvii. 192. 531. , Randon, Jacques Louis C. A., French Ramon de la Cruz, Spanish dramaRaphael’s Bible, series of paintings, general, 1. 569tist, xxii. 361. xix. 113. Randsfjord, lake, Norway, xvn. 576. Ramorantin, town, France, xiv. 809. Raphelengius (Francis van RavelRanenburg, town, Russia, xxi. 116. Rampart, in fortification, IX. 422. inghen), Flemish printer, XIX. 177. RAMPHASTES, genus of birds, XXIII RANGABii, Alexander Rizos, modern Rapier, sword, ix. 69; xxn. 802. Greek poet, XL 152. 477Rapin, Paul de, French historian of Range, of guns, xi. 301. Rampion, vegetable, xil. 287. England, xx. 283. -, of voice, xxiv. 275. Rampur, state, India, XX. 266; town, Rapoport, Solomon Juda, Jewish -, Close, fireplace, xxn. 579. XX. 266; XXII. 78. writer, XIII. 682. -, Lough, Killarney, xiv. 76. Beauleah, town, India, xx. Rappee, snuff, xxm. 427. Rangefinder, in gunnery, xxiii. 126. 261. Rangely, lake, Maine, U.S.A., xv. Rapperswyl, town, Switzerland, XXL Ramri, island, Burmah, xiv. 162. 169. 298. Ramsay, Allan (1686-1758), Scottish Rapti, river, India, xvil. 572. Rangkul, lake, Central Asia, xviii poet, xx. 266; xviii. 347; his collecRaquets (Rackets), game, xx. 209. io 3tion of ballads, III. 283. Raratonga, island, South Pacific, VI. , Allan (1713-1784), Scottish por- Rangoon Town, district, British Bur 331; Williams’s mission to, XXIV. 586. mah, xx. 271; town, xx. 272. trait-painter, XX. 267. Raritan, river, New Jersey, U.S.A., Rangpur, district and town, India, xx. ? Andrew Michael (Chevalier Ramxvil 396. 272. say), French writer, XX. 267. Ranieri, Antonio, Neapolitan writer, Rasgrad, town, Bulgaria, xx. 283. } David, American historian, xx. Rash BA, Jewish rabbins, xx. 283. xiv. 465. 267. RaSHBAM, Jewish Talmudist, XX. 283. John, penman of Barbour’s Bruce, Raniganj, coalfield in Bard wan, India, Rashi, Jewish rabbi, xx. 284. in. 371, 568; xil 737. in. 366. Rashid billah, caliph, xvi. 588. , William, on the chemistry of Ran jit Singh, Sikh ruler, India, Xiv. Rasht, town, Persia, xx. 285; xviil 215; xx. in. smells, xxii. 167. 623. RAMSDEN, Jesse, English philosophical Rank, Order of, xix. 660 ; titles of, Rask, Rasmus Christian, Danish philoxxiii. 417. instrument maker, xx. 267; his eleclogist, xx. 286; vil. 93; XL 200; XXL tric machine, VIII. 100; his graduating Ranke, Leopold, German historian, x 368. 544; as church historian, V. 766. machine, xi. 29. Raskolniks, Russian Nonconformists, RANKEN, W. H. L., on the geology and Ramses I., Egyptian king, vn. 738.XXI xvil 504; xxi. 81, 105. climate of Australia, in. 107, 109. II., Egyptian king, VII. 7395 Rankin, Thomas, American Methodist RASOHERINA, queen of Madagascar, 693; temple of, VII. 779. xv. 174. xvi. 191. RAMSEY, town, Isle of Man, XV. 453. Rasori, Giovanni, Italian physician, Rankine, William John Macquorn, Ramsgate, town, England, xx. 268 xv. 814. Scottish writer on engineering, XX. Ramus, Jonas, Norwegian writer, xvii. 272; on steam power, xxn. 478, 482; Rasp, coarse file, ix. 160. 59°. Raspberry, plant and fruit, xm. 276. on velocity of sound, 1. 103. Peter, French logician, XX. 268; Raspe, Henry, landgrave of Thuringia, xiv. 791, 803; his logical system, xiv. Rannoch, Loch, Scotland, XIV. 217; X. 491. xviil. 666. 803. ) Rudolf Erich, author of MunRamusio, family of Italian savants, Ranocchia, stone, xxi. 682. chausen, XVIL 23. Ranpur, state, India, xx. 272. xx. 269. Rasse, carnivorous mammal, v. 797; xv> , Gian Battista, Italian geographer, Ransome’s Concrete Stone, vi. 243. 436. xx. 269; biographer of Marco Polo, Ranuci, Rolando (Pope Alexander III.), RASSELAS, by Johnson, XIII. 724. 1. 486. XIX. 406. R AST ALL, John, English printer, XX. Ranunculus, plant, xx. 272; xil 252, Ran, or Runn, morass, Cutch, India, 2 287. 59. n vi. 730. Rastatt, or Rastadt, town, Germany, Ranzani, Camillo, on birds, xviil 14. Rana, Indian title, vn. 147. XX. 286; congress of (i797)> IIL I31’ , genus of Amphibia, 1. 753> 764; Raoul Rochette, D6sire, French vi. 270. archaeologist, xx. 273. ix. 795.

R A S—R E B Rastell, John, English printer and writer, xx. 287. , John, English Jesuit, XX. 287. , William, English printer and judge, xx. 287. Rastislaus, Moravian chief, x. 480; xvi. 811. Rastrick, town, England, xx. 287. Raszyn, Poland, Battle of (1809), XXIV. 376. Rat, rodent mammal, XX. 287; xv. 419; xvil. 5; water-rat, xxiv. 277. Ratafia, essence, xx. 288; as liqueur, v. 586; xiv. 686. Ratak, island, Pacific Ocean, xvi. 257. Ratan, cane, IV. 805. Rate, of time or space, xv. 748. Ratel, carnivorous mammal, XX. 288; xv. 440. Rathenow, town, Prussia, XX. 288. Rathke, Martin Heinrich, German anatomist and physiologist, xxiv. 808. Rathkeale, town, Ireland, xiv. 649. Rathlin, island, Ireland, 11. 142; xm. 216. Ratibor, town, Prussia, xx. 288. Ratichius (Wolfgang Ratke), German educationist, vil. 673. Ratio, in geometry, x. 382, 390. Rationalism, theological tendency, xx. 289; in Germany, II. 192. Ratisbon, town, Bavaria, xx. 291; libraries of, xiv. 527, 547; conference of (1541), V. 415. RatiTjE, class of birds, ill. 699; xvm. 19. Ratke, Wolfgang, German educationist, vie 673. Ratlam, state, India, xx. 292. Ratnagiri, district and town, India, xx. 292. Raton, mountains, New Mexico, U.S.A., xvii. 399. Ratramn, treatise by Erigena, vm. 371. Ratramnus, theological controversialist, xx. 292. Rat Snake, xxii. 194. Rattazzi, Urbano, Italian statesman, xx. 292; xiii. 488, 491. Rattlesnake, xx. 293; xxn. 198. Rattoo, Round tower of, Kerry, Ireland, xiv. 52. Rattray, town, Scotland, xviii. 667. Ratuma (Rouen), ancient town, France, XXL 12. Rau, Karl Heinrich, German political economist, xx. 293; xix. 387. Rauch, Christian Daniel, German sculptor, xx. 294; xxi. 566. Rau-Croix (Rocroi), town, France, xx. 616. Rauden, district, Switzerland, xxi. 386. Raudii Campi, Italy, Battlefields of (218 and 101 B.C.), xxiv. 164. Rauhe Alb, mountains, Wtirtemberg, xxiv. 699.

Rauma, river, Norway, xvil 575. Raumer, Friedrich Ludwig Georg von, German historian, xx. 294. Raupach, Ernst Benjamin Salomo, German dramatist, xx. 295. Ravaillac, Frangois, assassin of Henry IY. of France, xx. 295; ix. 566. Ravelin, in fortification, ix. 445. Ravello, Italy, Sculpture in cathedral of, XXL 567. Raven, bird, xx. 295. Ravenna, town, Italy, xx. 296; as Gothic capital of Italy, xm. 467; battle of (1512), xiii. 481; xiv. 450; basilicas of, ill. 415, 418; mosaics of, xvi. 852; sculptures at, XXL 556; round tower of, XXL 22. Ravensara Nut, xvil 665. Ravens burg, town, Wiirtemberg, Germany, xx. 297; population, xxiv. 701. Ravenshaw, J. A., on the ruins of Gaur, India, x. 115. Ravenswood, Queensland, Silver mines at, xx. 173. Ravi, river, Punjab, India, xx. 107. Ravicz (Rawitsch), town, Prussia, xx. 298. Rawal PlNDI, district and town, India, xx. 298. Rawandis, Persian sectaries, xvi. 579. Rawdon, Francis, marquis of Hastings, xi. 516. Rawitsch, town, Prussia, xx. 298. Rawley Springs, Virginia, U.S.A., xvi. 436. Rawlins, town, Wyoming, U.S.A., xxiv. 713. Rawmarsh, town, England, xx. 298. Rawtenstall, town, England, xx. 298. Rawul Pindee (Rawal Pindi), district and town, India, XX. 298. Ray, fish, xx. 299; xn. 686. , John, English naturalist, XX. 300; xvi. 838; on birds, xvm. 4; as botanist, IV. 79; as ichthyologist, XII. 631; on reptiles, XX. 433; his contributions to zoology, xxiv. 804. Ray ATS, or Ryots, class of agriculturists, India, XII. 770; xv. 289. Rayleigh, Lord, on the theory of spectroscopy, XXII. 374. Raymond IV., count of Toulouse, crusader, vi. 624; ix. 538; xxiii. 486. VL, count of Toulouse, defender of the Albigenses, I. 454; ix. 541; xiv. 288; xxiii. 486. III., count of Tripoli, xxiii. 161. of Sabunde, theologian, XX. 301. , Henry J., American journalist, xvil. 435. DU Puv, master of the Knights Hospitallers, XXL 174. Raynal, Guillaume Thomas Frangois,

367 French writer, xx. 302; ix. 668; as journalist, xvil 424. Rays, of light, xiv. 578; optical properties of, xvil 798. Razin, Stenka, Russian rebel, xxi. 96. Razor, in cutlery, vi. 734; hone for, xii. 134. Razor-Back, cetacean mammal, xv. 395Razorbill, bird, XX. 302; X. 78; XXII. 120. Razoumoffskin, mineral, xvi. 424. Razzi, Giannantonio (Sodoma), Italian painter, xxn. 245. Rbat (Rabat), town, Morocco, xx. 192; XVI. 831. Re, Isle of, France, xx. 302; battle of, IV. 419. Reade, Charles, English novelist, xx. 302. Reading, town, England, xx. 303. , town, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., xx. 304Clay Beds, in geology, x. 361. Reading-Rooms, in libraries, xiv. 537Readings, in law studies, xiii. 88. Realejo, town, Nicaragua, xx. 304; xvii. 477. Real Estate, in law, xx. 304; disposition of, by will, xxiv. 571, 573; inheritance of, XIII. 78; sale of, xxi. 206. Realgar, mineral, 11. 635; xvi. 394; yellow, xviii. 51. Real-Genetic Method, in theology, Beck’s, vie 337. Reali di Francia, romance, xx. 651. Realism, Scholastic, xxi. 419, 423. Reality, in psychology, xx. 55; in metaphysic, XVI. 81; in Hegelianism, XL 618. Reamer, mining implement, xvi. 443. Reaping-Hook, xxi. 574. Reaping-Machine, i. 322. Reason, in relation to the Logos, xiv. 804; to religious truth, XXIII. 263; II. 232; Condillac’s theory of, VI. 250; in Comte’s philosophy, VI. 236; Cousin on, vi. 525; Kant’s Kritik, xm. 850; Peripatetic theory, xvill. 545; Schopenhauer’s theory, xxi. 449, 451; Stoic doctrine, XXII. 566, 568. Reasonableness of Christianity, Locke’s work, xiv. 757. Reasoning, Logical, xiv. 783; Locke on, xiv. 760. Reate, Sabine town, Italy, xxi. 129. Reatines, Italian people, xx. 552. Reaumur, Rend Antoine Ferchault de, French physicist, XX. 308; his thermometric scale, XXlll. 289. Rebate, in law, 1. 5. Rebec, musical instrument, xxiv. 242. Rebecca and Rowena, Thackeray’s burlesque, xxili. 215. Rebecca Riots, Wales, v. 115.

368

K E B —R E G

Reber, Balthasar, Swiss poet, xxn. 799. Red Indian Lake, Newfoundland, Reflexion, of sound, 1. 106. Reform, Parliamentary, early advocacy xvii. 382. Rebia, Arab tribe, Mesopotamia, xvi. 48. of, v. 166. Red Indians, or American Indians, Rebus, xx. 308. Acts, English, xi. 191; vm. 365, xil. 822, 830; distribution of, 1. 685. RicAMlER, Madame, French society367; xviii. 309; xxi. 64; xxiii. 727. Redjangers, tribe, Sumatra, xxn. 640. leader, XX. 309. Red Lake, Minnesota, U.S.A., xvi. 476. Reformation, The Protestant, xx. Recanati, town, Italy, xx. 309. 319; v. 415; its influence on Biblical Recared, first Catholic king of Spain, Redondela, town, Spain, XIX. 455. interpretation, XL 747; on education, REDONDILHAS, in Portuguese literature, xxii. 308. vil. 672; on ethics, vm. 595 ; in relaxix. 556. Rechabites, of Scripture, xx. 309; tion to question of inspiration of Redones, Latin tribe in Gaul, xx. 401. xiii. 407. Scripture, xm. 156; influence of the Redoubt, in fortification, ix. 434, 438. , modern temperance benefit sociemystics on, XVII. 134; its effect on the Red River, Canada, xvi. 475; xx. 315. ties, xxiii. 159. popedom, XIX. 504; in relation to the Rechna Doab, district, India, xvi. 789; Red River, affluent of the Mississippi, Renaissance, xx. 381, 388, 391; theoU.S.A., xx. 315; xvi. 518; in Texas, xx. 107. logy of the Reformers, xxiil 243; in XXIII. 203. Recife, town, Brazil, xvm. 551. relation to the council of Trent, xxiii. Rfib River, of Tong-King, xx. 315. Reciprocals, Tables of, xxm. 8. 544; Leo X.’s attitude towards, xiv. Red River Settlement, Canada, xx. Recitativo, in music, xvn. 86. 451; Luther’s activity in, xv. 72; 315Reclaiming of Waste Lands, i. 402. Melanchthon’s place in, XV. 833; Recluse, The, Wordsworth’s poem, Red ruth, town, England, XX. 315. Zwingli’s, xxiv. 832, 833; in England, Redruthite, mineral, xvi. 391. xxiv. 674. vill. 325, 332; XL 664; in France, ix. Red Sea, xx. 316; pearl fisheries of Recoaro, spa, Italy, xvi. 434. 558; in Germany, X. 497; in Ireland, the, xviii. 447; Israel’s passage of, Recognizance, in law, xx. 309. xill. 263; in Poland, XIX. 291, 301; xm. 399. Reconciliation, in theology, xi. 734. in Scotland, XIV. 132; XXL 497, 499, Reconnaissance, Geographical, in sur- Redshank, bird, xx. 317. 501; in Sweden, XXII. 747; in SwitzRed Spider, mite, 11. 276; xvi. 529. veying, xxii. 712. erland, XXII. 790. Redstart, bird, xx. 317. , Military, xxiv. 363. Reformatory and Industrial Recorde, Robert, English mathemati- Reductio ad Absurdum, in logic, 1. Schools, xx. 338; xix. 753, 757. 59cian, XX. 310; on algebra, I. 514. Reform Bill. See Reform Acts. Reduction, in arithmetic, II. 534. Recorder, English judicial officer, Vi. Redut-Kale, town, Transcaucasia, Reformed Churches, xx. 339; x. 516. 469; xix. 676, 698. Russia, xxiii. 514. , flute, IX. 350. Reformed Church in America, , of speed in steam engine, XXII. Redwing, bird, xx. 318. (Dutch), xx. 339; xix. 698. Red-Wing, town, Minnesota, U.S.A., 509Refracting Telescope, xxiil 139, xx. 319. Records, Public, of England, XX. 310. 148. Rectification of the Circle, xxii. Redwood, tree, xxi. 673. Refraction, of light, xiv. 577, 589, Reed, plant, xx. 319. 433605; atmospheric, 11. 769; conical, , in musical instruments, XL 483; Rector, of an English parish, XVIII. xxiv. 450; double, xiv. 609; xxiv. xvii. 705, 828. 296, 327. 445, 448; elimination of, in surveying, Reed-Mace, plant, xx. 319. , in universities, xxin. 833, 835. xxii. 699; optical laws of, xvil 798, Reed-Pheasant, bird, xxiil 419. Rectum, Anatomy of the, vii. 228. 801; in crystals, VI. 672; XVI. 373. Reed-Wren, bird, xxiv. 366. Reculet, mountain, Switzerland, xm. , of sound, I. 106. Reef, Coral, vi. 377; xviii. 128; xix. 781. Refractor, Cylindric, for lighthouses, 420, 421. Recuperatio, in Roman law, xx. 686. xiv. 619. Recurvirostra, genus of birds, XXII. Reefing, of sails, xxi. 599. Refrangibilitv of Light, Newton Reel, Scotch, dance, vi. 801. 552on, xvil 440. Reeler, bird, xxiv. 367. Red, Pigments of, XIX. 87. Refrigerated Preserved Food, Rees, Abraham, his Cyclopsedia, vm. Redak (Rabbi David Kimhi), Jewish xix. 709. 196 grammarian, xiv. 77. Reese, river, Nevada, U.S.A., xvn. 367. Refrigerator Machines, xil 612. Redan, in fortification, ix. 434, 437. Regalia, of England and Scotland, XX. Reeve, female of ruff, bird, XXL 54. Redbird, Summer, bird, xxiii. 45. 340; British sceptres, xxi. 385. , Clara, English romance writer, Redbreast, bird, xx. 314; migration Regality, Burghs of, Scotland, iv. 63. xx. 319. of, in. 765. , John, Muggletonian leader, xvn. Regattas, boating contests, xxi. 30. Red Cedar, tree, xm. 774. Regency Administration, xx. 340. 12. Red Clay Deposits, of Pacific Ocean, Regensburg (Ratisbon, q.v.), town, Refectory, in architecture, 11. 471. xviii. 123. Bavaria, xx. 291. Referee, in law, xx. 319. Red Colours, in dyeing, vn. 574. Regent, Position of, as administrator, References, Judicial, 11. 312. Red Cross Knights, Templars (q.v.), xx. 340. Referendum, Swiss electoral law, xxiii. 160. , university officer, xxiil 835. xxii. 796; xxiv. 207. Red Deer, vie 23. Regent’s Park, London, xiv. 824. Refining, of sugar, xxn. 627. Reddingite, mineral, XVI. 405. Reggio, province, Italy, iv. 651. Reflecting Telescope, xxiil 145. Redditch, town, England, XX. 315. , Duke of (Oudinot), French marRedemptionists, Order of, ix. 66; xiv. Reflector, Lighthouse, xiv. 618. shal, xvill. 73. Reflexion, Locke’s use of the term, 635di Calabria, town, Italy, xx. xiv. 758. Redemptus (J. A. Baranzano), Italian 1 34 , of light, xiv. 577, 586, 604; xxiv. scientist, III. 358. nell’ Emilia, town, Italy, xx. 456, 457; laws of, xvil. 798; Newton Red-Eye, fish, xxi. 49. 341; university of, xxiil 836. on, XVII. 440. Red Gum, skin disease, xxn. 122.

K E G—R E M 369 REGIA, building, Rome, xx. 819. Reichstadt, Duke of (Napoleon II.), Reland, Adrian, Dutch Orientalist, Regicide, The, Smollett’s play, xxn. XVII. 226. xx. 355. 184. Reichstag, German imperial parlia- Relapse, The, Vanbrugh’s play, xxiv Reginald Dalton, Lockhart’s novel, ment, vii. 199; x. 463. 54xiv. 763. , Hungarian parliament, m. 122. Relapsing Fever, xxiil 680; xviii. Regiomontanus, German astronomer, Reid, Mayne, Irish-American story403xx. 341; 11. 751; xvii. 709; his writer, xx. 349. Relativity, of knowledge, 1. 58; psyalmanacs, 1. 591; his contributions to , Thomas, Scottish philosopher, xx. chological law of, xx. 49. trigonometry, xxm. 562. 350; his ethics, vm. 604; on taste and Relevancy, in law, viii. 738. Regiones, of ancient Rome, xx. 832. beauty, 1. 221; his place in English Relics, Religious, xx. 355; pilgrimages Regis, Pierre Sylvain, Cartesian philoliterature, vm. 432. connected with, xix. 95. sopher, vii. 127. , Sir William, Scottish scientist, XX. Relief, in sculpture, ix. 205; xvii. 34; Register, in law, xx. 342. 352. xxi. 571. Registered Letters, xix. 570. Reiftrager, mountain, Germany, xx. , Photographic, xviii. 834. Register Tonnage, xxiii. 442. 552. Church, Scotland, x. 599; xix. Registration, in law, xx. 342. Reigate, town, England, xx. 352. 685; xxiil 728. Regium (Reggio di Calabria), ancient Reign of Terror, of French RevoluReligio Medici, Sir Thomas Browne’s town, Italy, xx. 341. tion, ix. 606; xx. 603. work, iv. 390. Lepidi (Reggio nell’ Emilia), Reimarus, Hermann Samuel, German Religion, Religions, xx. 358; as ancient town, Italy, xx. 341. theologian and philosopher, xx. 352, object of scientific study, vii. 333; Regnard, Jean Francois, French dra290; xiv. 481. xxiii. 262, 272; origin of, viii. 622; matist, xx. 346; vii. 426. Reims, or Rheims (q.v.), town, France, in relation to evolution, viii. 766; to Regnault, Henri, French painter, xx. XX. 507. metaphysics, xvi. 99; to mythology, 346Reinald I.-IV., dukes of Guelderland, XVII. 136; to mysticism, xvii. 129; to , Henri Victor, French chemist, xx. xi. 243. rationalism, xx. 289; to socialism, 347; his law of gases, xxn. 480; his Reinardus et Ysengrinus, mediaeval xxii. 219; to totemism, xxiii. 467, experiments on temperature, ill. 385. poem, viii. 838. 474; ancient, xxiii. 235; of Israel, , Jean Baptiste, French painter, xx. Reinaud, Joseph Toussaint, French Xlli. 409, 416, 419 ; modern theistic 347Orientalist, xx. 353. problems, xxiil 245; sacrificial, xxi. de Montauban, romance, xx. Reindeer, ungulate mammal, vii. 24; 132; Stoic doctrine of, xxn. 569; 652. of Newfoundland, xvii. 383; of NorZoroastrian, xxiv. 822; Hegel’s theory Regnier, Mathurin, French satirist and way, xvii. 581; of Spitzbergen, xxn. of, xi. 621; Herder on, xi. 729; Lord poet, xx. 347; ix. 651. 409; extinction of, in Western Europe, Herbert’s works on, xi. 722. Regnitzhof, town, Bavaria, xn. 43. IE 336; Lapp method of collecting , Natural, Hume’s Dialogues on, Regno, The, of Italy, xm. 469. them, xiv. 305. xn. 355. Regulars, Congregation of, Church of MOSS, XIV. 560. of Nature, Wollaston’s, xxiv. Rome, xx. 629. Reineke Vos (or Fuchs) (Reynard the 633Reguline Ore, xvi. 58; silver, xxn. Fox), German beast-epic, vm. 838; x. of Protestants, by Chilling69. 522, 527; XXL 319; Goethe’s version worth, v. 625. Regulus, genus of birds, xiv. 82. of, x. 741; Kaulbach’s illustrations of, Religious Tests, xxiii. 199. , of metals, xvi. 61. xiv. 17. , Marcus Atilius, Roman consul, Reine Margot (Marguerite de Valois), Religious Tract Society, xxiii. 494. xx. 348. xv. 539. Rehearsal, The, Buckingham’s bur- Reinhold, Karl Leonhard, German Relkovic, Matthias Anthony, Servian satirist, xxi. 691. lesque, vii. 435. philosopher, xx. 353. Relly, James, American Universalist, Transprosed, The, Marvel’s Reinite, mineral, xvi. 403. xxiii. 831. satire, xv. 589. Reinkens, Joseph Hubert, Old Catholic Remainder, in law, xx. 372. Rehme, spa, Germany, xvi. 434. bishop, xvii. 755. Remak, Robert, his embryological inRehoboam, king of Judah, xm. 406. Reis, Philip, telephonic inventor, xxm. vestigations, viii. 167. Reicha, Anton Joseph, Bohemian 127, 128, 130. Rembang, town, Java, xm. 606. musical writer and composer, xx. 348. Reisch, George, his Margarita PhiloRembrandt (Rembrandt Harmens van Reichenau, islet, Lake of Constance, sophica, viii. 193. Rijn), Dutch painter, xx. 373; xxi. Baden, xx. 349; library of, xiv. 513. Reiske, Johann Jacob, German, Greek, 439Reichenbach, town, Prussia, xx. 349; and Arabic scholar, xx. 354. Remedies, Theory of, in medicine, xv. battle of (1762), in. 129. Reissite, mineral, xvi. 422. 796. , town, Saxony, xx. 349. Reithrodon, genus of rodent mammals, Remedies (Remigius), bishop of Rheims, , waterfall, Switzerland, xxn. 777. xvii. 6. xx. 378; ix. 528; xxi. 420. , Baron von, German magnetizer, Rej, Polish poet, xix. 300. Remedy, in coining, xvi. 482, 484. XV. 278. Rejaf, village, on Nile, Africa, xvn. Remembrance, Hamilton’s theory of, —, Georg von, German astronomical 506. 11. 731. instrument-maker, xx. 349. Rejang, river, Borneo, xxi. 306. Remi, St (Remigius), bishop of Rheims, , H. G. L., on birds, xviii. 13, 17. Rejected Addresses, James and xx. 378; ix. 528; xxi. 420. Reichenberg, town, Bavaria, xx. 349. Horace Smith’s parodies, xxn. 173. St, bishop of Rheims, xx. Reichenhall, watering-place, Bavaria, Rekem (Petra), ancient town, Syria, Remigius, 378; ix. 528; as scholastic philoxx - 349! mineral water of, xvi. 434. xviii. 706. sopher, xxi. 420. Reichsrath, Austrian imperial parlia- Rekisvinth, Gothic king, his code of Remijia, genus of plants, xx. 186. ment, in. 122. . laws, x. 851. Remiremont, town, France, xx. 379. XXV. - 47

370

R E M —R E S

Richard Jones’s theory, XIX. 377; Reredob, in architecture, 11. 471; Remonstrants, party of Dutch Proposition of, I. 641. Ricardo’s theory, xix. 374; xx. 533; testants, xx. 379; 11. 552; xii. 78. Resby, James, Scottish martyr, xxi. Adam Smith on, xix. 367; ground , in Scottish history, XXI. 514. 491. rent, XX. 403. Remontoire, clock, vi. 27. Rescht (Rasht), town, Persia, xx. 285; REMSCHEID, town, Rhenish Prussia, Rent Charge, on land, England, xiv. xviii. 628. 275. xx. 379. Rescripts, Imperial, in Roman law, Renwick, James, Scottish martyr, XXL Remus, brother of Romulus, xx. 840. xx. 705. 517R.EMUSAT, Abel, French Chinese scholar, Reseda, genus of plants, xvi. 289. Repeating Watch, xxiv. 397. xx. 379. of Scripture, 1. 747 5 In- Resende, Andre de, Portuguese scholar, , Charles Francois Marie, Comte de, Rephaim, xix. 557. 10 4 French politician and man of letters, , Garcia de, Portuguese writer, xix. Replevin, in law, xx. 404; writ of, xx. 379. 556xxiv. 695. , Claire Elizabeth J. G., French Reporting, Newspaper, xx. 404; short- Reservation, Mental, in Liguorianism, writer, xx. 379. XIV. 638. hand, xxi. 841. , Paul de, French writer, XX. 380. Reservations, Indian, xn. 830, 833. REPOUSSiS, metal-work, XVI. 72; XIX. Renaissance, xx. 380; in architecture, Reserve, Naval, of Great Britain, xvii. 179; Japanese, xm. 591. 11. 436; relations of, to Catholicism, 296. Representation, Parliamentary, Britxiv. 451; coins of, xvii. 654; its effect Reserves, of British army, 11. 581. ish, xx. 344. on Italian literature, XIII. 506; LatinReservoir, for water-supply, xn. 479, ity of, XIV. 342; its influence on the Representative Government, xi. xxiv. 405. 12; xviii. 302; John Stuart Mill’s Reformation, XX. 323; its influence Resetting, in law, xxiil 233. treatise on, xvi. 313. in Rome, XX. 805; theism of, XXIII. Reshal, Jewish rabbi, XX. 473. Representatives, House of, United 243; Petrarch’s place in, XVIII. 709. Reshid, Ottoman writer, xxm. 657. States, xxiii. 749. Renaix, town, Belgium, XX. 394. Pasha, Turkish minister, xxiii. Reproduction, Animal, xx. 407; in. Renal Colic, disease, vi. 140. 651. 686; theories of, XXL 723; of CrusRenan, Ernest, his view of Christ, 11. tacea, vi. 642; of Mollusca, xvi. 682; Residual Analysis, Landen’s theorem 191; xiii. 670, 672. of, xiv. 271. of Protozoa, XIX. 836; of sponges, Renato, Camillo, Italian mystic, xxii. Resilience, of matter, vn. 808; xxii. xxii. 424. 228. 602. , Vegetable, XX. 423; IV. 119; Renaudie, Godefroi de Barri, Seigneur Resin, Resins, xx. 474; iv. 88; xi. arrest of growth by, xxiv. 84; of de la, French conspirator, IX. 560. 276; XVI. 428; copal, VI. 342; dammar, Diatomacese, vn. 170; of Fungi, ix. Renaudot, Eusebe, French theologian VI. 795; frankincense, IX. 709; lac, 829. and Orientalist, XX. 394. XIV. 181; XXIV. 91; for gas-makmg, , Theophraste, French publicist, Reproductive Organs, their liabiX. 100. lity to disease in obsolescence, xvin. XVII. 412, 423. Resina, town, Italy, xx. 474. 383; of animals, xx. 408; of birds, 111. Rendsburg, town, Prussia, xx. 394. Resistance, in mechanics, xv. 750. 727; of fishes, xii. 660; of mammals, Ren6 I., duke of Anjou, count of Proxv. 368; of molluscs, xvi. 637, 682; Resolutioners, of Scottish Church, vence, and king of Naples, XX. 394! xix. 683; xxi. 514. of reptiles, xx. 462; in plants, xx. 11. 58; xv. 536; xix. 878. Resonator, Musical, xvn. 105. 424. See also Generation. Renegado, Massinger’s play, xv. 619. Resorcin, derivative of benzol, xviii. Repsold, Johann Georg, German Renery, Henri, early Cartesian philo855instrument-maker, XX. 432 ; his sopher, vii. 119. Respiration, xx. 474. micrometer and heliometers, XVI. 246, Renfrew, county, Scotland, xx. 395; Respirator, for cutlers and firemen, 253; his telescopes, XXIII. 150. town, xx. 396. ix. 170. Reptantia, section of Mollusca, xvi. Reni, Guido, Italian painter, xx. 396; Respiratory Organs, xx. 475; their 648. XXL 437, 443connexion "with blood circulation, Reptiles, or Reptilia, division of Rennel, island, Solomon group, South XXIV. 102, 108; of Amphibia, I. 766; animal kingdom, xx. 432; analogies Pacific, XXII. 252. of birds, ill. 726; of crustaceans, VI. between them and birds, XVIII. 42; RENNELL, James, English geographer, 640; of fishes, XII. 656; of mammals, xxi. 323; mimicry in, xvi. 342; XX. 398; his survey of India, X. xv. 365; of reptiles, xx. 458. olfactory organs of, XXIL 166; skele188; on the geography of Herodotus, RESTAUD, Sophie (Sophie Cottin), ton of, xxii. 106; taxidermy of, L 245. French writer, VI. 481. xxiii. 90; in Lankester’s classificaRennell’s Current, in Atlantic, m. tion, xxiv. 812; works on develop- RESTIF, Nicolas Edme, French writer, 20. XX. 486. ment of, vill. 168. Rennes, town, France, xx. 401. RESTIGOUCHE, river, New Brunswick, Rennet, for cheese making, v. 455; Vi. Repton, England, Crypt of church at, xvil. 373. vi. 668. 771. Restoration, The, in England, vui. Rennie, James, on ornithology, xvni. Republic, ancient Roman, xx. 735. i 348; Monk’s share in, xvi. 752; parlia, Plato’s treatise, xix. 203. 5, 18. ment after, xvili. 308. , John, Scottish engineer and Republican, river, Nebraska, U.S.A., Restout, Jean, French painter, xx. xvii. 307. architect, XX. 402; his design for Party, in United States, xxiii. 487London Bridge, iv. 334. , Jean Bernard, French painter, XX. 757, 771, Sir John, English engineer, xx. Repudiation of Debt, National, xvii. 487, 402. Restriction, in psychology, xx. 40. 245Reno, river, Italy, xiii. 436. Resultant Tones, in music, xvil Rent, in law, xx. 402; taxes on, xxm. Repulsion, in magnetism, XV. 221. Requena, town, Spain, xx. 473. 9387; in relation to value, xxiv. 50;

K E S—R H E Resurrection, of the dead, vm. 535; in Jewish and Christian apocalyptic, 11. 175; xvi. 56, 315; xx. 597; St Paul’s doctrine of, XVIII. 426. , of Jesus Christ, Xlll. 669; Gospel accounts of, X. 805, 811, 840. Retentiveness, in psychology, xx. 46. Retford, East, town, England, xx. 487. Rethel, Alfred, German painter, XX. 487. Reticularia, class of Protozoa, XIX. 845. Retimo, town, Crete, vi. 572. Retina, of the eye, 1. 888; vm. 817, 821. Retinasphalt, mineral, xvi. 428. Retinite, mineral, XVI. 428. Retinitis, eye disease, xvn. 784. Retinoscopy, in ophthalmology, xvn. 787. Retorsion, in international law, xm. 194Retort, for distillation, VII. 262; of platinum, xxn. 637. Retreat of the Ten Thousand (401 b.c.), xi. 103 ; xxiv. 720. Retropinna, genus of fishes, xxi. 221, 224. Retting, of flax, ix. 294. Returns, Government, statistical, xxn. 464. Retz, Cardinal de, French writer and politician, xx. 488; ix. 572. (Rais), Gilles de, marshal of France, XX. 258. Retzius, Andreas, on American Indians, XU. 821. Reuben, son of Jacob, xx. 489. , Tribe of, xm. 401; xvm. 176. Reuchlin, John, German humanist, XX. 489; his attitude towards the Reformation, xx. 325; his influence in the German Renaissance, xx. 388; on the Kabbalah, XIII. 813. Reunion, island, Indian Ocean, xx. 491. Reus, town, Spain, xx. 493. Reuss, German principalities, xx. 493. , river, Switzerland, xxn. 776. , or Reus, Count de (Juan Prim), Spanish statesman, xix. 732. , Edward, on the Pentateuch, xvm. 508. Reussine, mineral, xvi. 402. Reuter, Fritz, Platt Deutsch writer, xx. 494; as poet, xvm. 348. , Julius, German news-agent, xvn. 413. Reutlingen, town, Wiirtemberg, Germany, xx. 495; population, xxiv. 701. Reutlinger, Susanna, second wife of Kepler, xiv. 47. Reval, town, Russia, xx. 495. , Nicolas, Hungarian writer, XII. 377Revdinsk, town, Russia, xvm. 550.

Revel (Reval), town, Russia, xx. 495. Revelation, Divine, 11.190; xm. 154; Christianity as religion of, v. 691; Bible as record of, III. 634; v. 691; in nature, xxiii. 264; by oracle, xvn. 808; in relation to rationalism, xx. 289; 11. 232; to theology, xxill. 261; in Neoplatonism, xvii. 333; Critique of, by Fichte, XL 134. , Book of, New Testament, xx. 496; xix. 823. Revelganj, town, India, XXL 304. Revenue, National, ix. 171; per head, xvii. 247. Reverend, title, xxiii. 418. Reversibility, Principle of, in wave theory of light, XXIV. 426. Reversion, in animal descent, xxi. 788. , in law, xx. 372. Reversionary Annuities, ii. 84. Revetment, in fortification, ix. 428, 445Reviews, periodical literature, xvin. 536Revival of Learning, xx. 380. Revolt of Islam, Shelley’s poem, xxi. 793. Revolution, of the planets, 11. 782. , of the earth, its geological effects, x. 216. , of 1688, in England, vm. 351. , French, of 1789, ix. 596; its influence on England, vm. 360; on Germany, X. 504; French, of 1830, IX. 619; French, of 1848, ix. 621. Revolver, firearm, xi. 285; Colt’s, vi. 166. Revue des Deux Mondes, French periodical, IX. 680; XVIII. 540; XXL 164. Rex, Roman ruler, xx. 732. Rewah, state, India, xx. 501; town, xx. 502. Rewari, subdivision of Gurgaon, India, XL 332; town, XL 332. Reybaz, collaborator with Mirabeau, xvi. 497. Reyer, Ida Laura (Madame Pfeiffer), traveller, xvili. 726. Reykjavik, town, Iceland, xn. 619. Reynard the Fox, mediaeval fable, viii. 838; ix. 641; x. 522, 527, 741; xiv. 17; xx. 659; xxi. 319; Kaulbach’s illustrations of, xiv. 17. Reynaud, Jean, expounder of Druidism, vii. 479. Reynes, John, bookbinder to Henry VIII., iv. 42. Reynolds, Sir Joshua, English painter, XX. 502; XXL 441; his colouring, xviii. 139. Reynolds’s Weekly Newspaper, xvii. 419. Rezani, people, Italy, xxn. 150. Rezzonico, Carlo (Pope Clement XIII.), v. 823. Rha, rhubarb, xx. 529.

371 Rhabdites, structures in planarian worms, XIX. 170. Rhabditis, genus of nematode worms, xvii. 325. Rhabdoccela, tribe of planarian worms, XIX. 171, 174. Rhabdomancy, use of the divining rod, xv. 206. Rhabdopleura, genus of Polyzoa, xix. 434, 435Rhabdus, sponge, xxn. 416. RHACHIODONTlDiE, family of snakes, XXII. 192. Rhadamanthus, or Rhadamanthys, of Greek mythology, xx. 504; in Elysium, VIII. 156. Rhadames (Ghadames), town, Sahara, Africa, x. 4. Rh^etia, Alpine province, Roman empire, XX. 504. , Ten Jurisdictions of, Swiss confederation, xxii. 786. RHjEtian Alps, i. 627. Rh^etic Rocks, in geology, x. 353. RHjETICUS (Rheticus), George Joachim, mathematician, xx. 508; xxm. 9, 562. Rhagite, mineral, xvi. 406. Rhagon Type, of sponges, xxn. 414. Rhamnus, town, Greece, m. 60. Rhamphocorys, genus of birds, xiv. 3!6. Rhamphorhynchus, fossil reptile, XX. 86. RHANGABli, Michael I., Byzantine emperor, xvi. 226; xvii. 482. Rhapis, genus of palms, xvm. 190. Rhapsodists, Greek, xn. 109. Rhazes, Arabian alchemist and physician, 1. 464; xv. 805. Rh£ (Re), Isle of, France, xx. 302; battle of (1627), iv. 419. Rhea, bird, xx. 505; xviii. 44. , Greek divinity, VI. 744; XXL 321. Fibre, xx. 506; ix. 133. Rhegium (Reggio di Calabria), ancient town, Italy, xx. 341. Rheims, town, France, xx. 507; ampulla at, I. 777; sculptures in cathedral, XXL 562; trades school, xxm. 108. Rhein (Rhine, q.v.), river, Europe, XX. 518. Rheinbund, Leibnitz’s plan of a, xiv. 418. RHEINFELD, spa, Switzerland, XVI. 434. Rheingau, district, Germany, xvn. 238; XX. 520. Rheithrosciurus, genus of rodent mammals, XXII. 438. Rhenanus, Beatus, German humanist, XX. 508. Rheneia, island, Greece, vii. 51. Rhenish Prussia, province, Prussia, xx. 20. Rhenish Wines, xxiv. 602, 610. Rheostat, electric instrument, VIII. 45. Rheotannic Acid, xx. 530.

372 RheS/ENA, district, Mesopotamia, xvi. 48. Rhesus, of Euripides, vm. 678. Rheticus, George Joacliim, mathematician, xx. 508; his contributions to trigonometry, XXIII. 562; his trigonometrical tables, xxiii. 9. Rhetoric, xx. 508; Latin, xiv. 333; in relation to sophistry, xxn. 265; of Aristotle, II. 517; of Lysias, XV. 118; Quintilian’s contributions to, XX. 187; Sanskrit works on, xxi. 293; Whately’s work on, xxiv. 530; Chambers of, in Dutch literature, XII. 91. Rheum, genus of plants, xn. 287; xx. 529Rheumatic Fever, xx. 516; xvm. 397Rheumatic Gout, xx. 518. Rheumatism, disease, xx. 516; -silicylate of sodium in treatment of, xxi. 217. Rheumatoid Arthritis, disease, xx. 518. Rheumic Acid, xx. 530. Rheydt, town, Rhenish Prussia, XX. 518. Rhijnsburgers, Dutch sect, xxn. 400. Rhin, Haut, former department, of France, ix. 508. Rhine, river, Europe, xx. 518; x. 449; in Holland, XII. 63; in Switzerland, XXII. 776. , Confederation of the (1806), in. 133; ix. 615; XVII. 210. Rhineland, province, Prussia, xx. 20. Rhine Wine, xxiv. 602, 610. Rhinobatid^e, family of fishes, xx. 299Rhinoceros, ungulate mammal, XX. 521; xv. 428; of India, xn. 742; of Java, xiii. 602. RHINOCHETUS, genus of birds, xvn. 376; xxii. 653. Rhinodon, genus of sharks, XXL 777. Rhinolophidze, family of bats, xv. 412. Rhinopoma, genus of bats, xv. 413. Rhinotmetus, Justinian II., emperor of the East, XIII. 798. Rhio (Riouw), town, near Bintang, Indian Archipelago, III. 679; XII. 818; xxii. 639. Rhion, town, Greece, xvi. 53. RHIPSALIS, genus of Cactaceie, IV. 626. Rhizocarpete, subclass of ferns, ix. 105. Rhizome, root-stock of plants, iv. 98. Rhizophora, genus of trees, xv. 481. RHIZOPODS, or Foraminifera, XIX. 371. Rhizota, order of Rotifera, xxi. 7. Rhode Island, State, U.S.A., xx. 523; Roger Williams’s colonization of, XXIV. 587; colony of, XXIII. 730 ; opposition of, to the Union (1790), xxill. 752, 754.

R H E —R I C Rhode Island Case (1848), U.S.A., xxiv. 472. Rhodes, island, Aegean Sea, xx. 525; its connexion with Phoenicia, xvill. 805; relations with Rome, XX. 7 51 > establishment of Knights Hospitallers in, XXL 174; conquest of, by the Turks (1522), XXIII. 643; coins of, XVII. 647 ; town, xx. 525; Colossus at, II. 365, Outer and Inner, divisions of Appenzell, Switzerland, II. 211. Rhodian Ware, pottery, xix. 621. Rhodigium (Rovigo), Latin town, Italy, xxi. 29. Rhodium, chemical element, v. 536; xix. 189, 191. RHODIZITE, mineral, XVI. 396. Rhodochrome, mineral, xvi. 414. Rhododendron, shrub, xx. 526; xn. 260; of Ceylon, v. 362. Rhodonite, mineral, xvi. 417. Rhodope, mountain, Thrace, xxiii. 318. RHODOSPERMEAi, suborder of Algae, I. 508. Rhombic System, of crystals, xvi. 359Rhombus, genus of fishes, xxiii. 625. Rhone, river, Europe, xx. 527; ix. 506; in Switzerland, XXII. 776. Rh6ne, department, France, XX. 528. Rhopalocera, group of insects, xm. iSiRhubarb, vegetable and drug, XX. 529; XII. 287. Rhune, mountain, France, xx. 126. Rhupenian Dynasty, of Armenia, 11. 548. RHUS, genus of trees, Xlll. 592. Rhyl, town, Wales, xx. 530; ix. 327. Rhymer, Thomas the, early Scottish poet, xxill. 308. Rhymney, town, England, XX. 530. RhyncHjEA, genus of birds, XXII. 200. Rhynchobdellid^e, family of leeches, xiv. 404. Rhynchocephalia, order of reptiles, xx. 437, 444, 448. Rhynchoflagellata, class of Protozoa, xix. 860. RhynchonelliDjE, family of Brachiopoda, iv. 195. Rhynchophora, group of beetles, vi. 133; xxiv. 477. Rhynchops, genus of birds, xxn. 120. Rhynchotus, genus of birds, xxni. 4°3Rhyndacus, river, Asia Minor, II. 707; xvii. 122; xviii. 853. | Rhys ab Tewdwr, Welsh prince, v. 319Rhythm, in poetry, XIX. 257, 262; in prose, XX. 513. Rhythymno, town, Crete, VI. 572. Rhytina, genus of sirenian mammals, xv. 390.

Rl, Japanese measure, xm. 569. Riad, town, Nejd, Arabia, 11. 254. Rialto, island, Venice, xxiv. 141; bridge of the, iv. 332. Ribat (Rabat), town, Morocco, xx. 192. RlBAULT, or Ribaut, Jean, French navigator, XX. 531; colonizer in South Carolina, U.S.A., xxn. 288. Ribble, river, England, xiv. 252. Ribbon-Fishes, xx. 531; xn. 684,691; xxi. 609. Ribbons, xx. 531. Ribeira Grande, town, Cape Verd Islands, v. 52. Ribeiro, Bernardim, Portuguese writer, xix. 556. , Joao Pedro, Portuguese historian, XIX. 557. , Joao Pinto, Portuguese statesman, XIX. 548. Ribera, Jusepe (Lo Spagnoletto), Spanish painter, XX. 532. Ribes, genus of plants, VI. 715; x. 779. Ribot, Theodule, on evolution, VIII. 767Ribs, Anatomy of the, 1. 822; movements of, in respiration, xx. 478; treatment of, in surgery, XXli. 690; in vertebrate skeleton, XXII. 113; in mammals, XV. 358, in architecture, 11. 472. Ricardo, David, English political economist, xx. 533; xix. 373; on labour, value, and capital, XXII. 213. Ricasoli, Bettino, Baron, Italian statesman, xiii. 491. RlCAUT, Sir Paul, English traveller and diplomatist, XXL 116. Riccati, James, Count, Italian mathematician, xx. 535. Ricci, Antonio, Venetian architect, xxiv. 153. , Lorenzo, general of the Jesuits, XIII. 654. , Ludovico, Italian economist, XIX. 363, Matteo, Jesuit missionary in China, xx. 536; xv. 145; xvi. 513. Ricciarelli, Daniele, Italian painter, xx. 537. Riccieze, class of liverworts, xvn. 69. RlCClOLl, Giovanni Battista, on astronomy, II. 754. RlCCOBONl, Madame, French writer, XX. 538. Rice, XX. 538; culture of, under irrigation, XIII. 369; in India, III. 248, 568; xil. 747; XVlll. 409; in Japan, XIII. 574; in Java, xiii. 603; in Madagascar, xv. 172. Paper, xx. 539. Starch, xxii. 456. Rich, Claudius James, traveller and Orientalist, XX. 539. , Edmund, archbishop of Canterbury, vii. 668.

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Rich, John, English pantomimist, xvm. 215. , Robert, earl of Warwick, English postmaster, XIX. 563. Richard I., Cceur de Lion, king of England, xx. 539; viii. 305; ix. 541; his coronation, Vi. 429; his exploits inPalestine, VI. 628; his ransom, xiv. 844. II., of England, xx. 541; vm. 319; xiv. 256; dethronement of, XI. 659; his relations with William of Wykeham, XXIV. 585. III., of England, xx. 542; vm. 328. , earl of Cornwall and king of the Romans, xx. 542. , the Fearless, duke of Normandy, xvii. 541. , the Good, duke of Normandy, xvii. 542. , duke of York, xxiv. 752; viceroy of Ireland, xm. 261. of Cirencester, English chronicler, XX. 542. of Middletown, scholastic philosopher, xxi. 429. of St Victor, scholastic philosopher and mystic, XX. 543; xvii. 132; XXI. 425. DE Bury, bishop of Durham, m. 85. Richardia, genus of plants, xn. 264. Richardson, Sir John, Scottish naturalist and Arctic explorer, xx. 543; x. 193; xix. 319. , Samuel, English novelist, xx. 543; his place in English literature, viii. 430Richborough Castle, Kent, England, v. 197. Richebourg, French dwarf, vn. 567. Richelieu, river, Canada, xx. 165; xxi. 181. , Cardinal de, XX. 544; ix. 567; his jealousy of Corneille, vi. 417; patron of French Academy, 1. 74; his Spanish policy, XXII. 331. , Due de, French marshal, xx. 544; ix. 588. , Due de, governor of Odessa, xx. 544Richer, Jean, on deviations of the pendulum, vii. 597. Richerus, French chronicler, xx. 545. Richibucto, town, New Brunswick, XVH. 375; river, xvn. 373. Richman, G. W., his fatal electrical experiment, vm. 6. Richmond, town, Surrey, England, xx. 545, town, Yorkshire, England, xx. 545; xxiv. 748. , town, Indiana, U.S.A., xx. 545. > town, Virginia, U.S.A., xx. 545. , suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, xv 836. > Legh, English writer, xx. 546. Park, England, xx. 545. Rich’s System, of shorthand, xxi. 837.

373 Richter, Ernst Friedrich Eduard, Rif Hills, Morocco, xvi. 830. German writer on music, xx. 546. Rifle, firearm, xi. 282; penetrating , Jeremias Benjamin, German chempower of, ix. 428; sporting, xxi. ist, V. 463. 835, Johann Paul Friedrich (Jean Paul), Association, of Great Britain, German humorist, xx. 546; X. 541; xxiv. 295. on aesthetics, 1. 220; on education, vn. Rifled Cannon, xl 308. 677. Rifleman-Bird, or Rifle-Bird, xx. Rici, Paul, Kabbalistic writer, xm. 553813. Rifling, of cannon, xi. 294. Ricimer, patrician of the Roman empire, Riga, town, Russia, xx. 553. xx. 547, 781; xv. 311. Rigaud, Hyacinthe, French painter, Ricinus, genus of plants, v. 200. XX. 554. Rickets, disease, xx. 548; xviii. 373. RlGDON, Sydney, Mormon leader, xvi Rickman, Thomas, English architect, 826. xx. 548. Rigging, of a ship, xxi. 153, 594. Ricomagus (Riom), Roman town, Right, in law, xiv. 361. France, xx. 564. , Petition of, xvin. 705. Riddell, John L., his binocular prisms, Hand of Fellowship, salutation, xvi. 273. xxi. 237. Riddersk, town, Siberia, xxiii. 439. Honourable, title, xxiii. 418. Riddle, enigma, xx. 549; of the of Search, Maritime, xxi. sphinx, xxii. 398. 608. Rideau, river and canal, Ottawa, Canada, of Way, in law, xix. 705. xviii. 68; xxi. 180. Rights, Bill of, English (1689), xxRiderfort, Gerard de, master of 555Knights Templars, xxm. 161. of Man, Declaration of the, Ridgeway, ancient roadway, Wilts, France, IX. 599. England, xxiv. 594. OF Man, Paine’s book, xvin. Riding, on horseback, xn. 195. 136. , division of Yorkshire, England, Rigid Figure, Kinematics of a, xv. xxiv. 748. 691. Ridley, Henry, anatomist, 1. 813. Rigidity, Modulus of, vn. 805, 815; , Nicholas, bishop of London, xx. xxii. 595. 549RlGI Kulm, mountain, Switzerland, Riduna (Alderney), Channel Islands, XXI. 465. England, 1. 473. Rigorism, in casuistry, xiv. 636. Riel, Louis, leader of French Indians, RIG-Veda, Brahmanical sacred books, Canada, xx. 315. XXL 275; IV. 202; xil. 780; philoRiella, genus of liverworts, xvn. 67. sophy of, xxiv. 117; on Hindu Riemann, G. F. Bernhard, German astrology, 11. 739; language of, 11. mathematician, xx. 550. 6/3Rienzi, Cola di, senator of Rome, xx. Rijn, Rembrandt Harmens van (Rem800; xiii. 480. brandt), Dutch painter, xx. 373. , Lytton’s novel, xv. 122. Riksdag, Swedish parliament, xxn. , Wagner’s opera, xxiv. 313. 742. Riesener, Henri Francois, French Rille, river, France, xvill. 1. portrait-painter, XX. 551. Rimac, river, Peru, xiv. 644. , Jean Henri, French cabinetmaker, Rime in Vita, Petrarch’s poem, xvin. XX. 551. 711Riesengebirge, mountains, Germany, Rimer, hand tool, XL 438. xx. 551; in. 116. Rimini, town, Italy, xx. 555. Riesenkoppe, mountain, Germany, xx. Rinaldo, Count (Pope Alexander IV.), 552L 487. Riesling Vine, xxiv. 609, 611. , architect of Pisa cathedral, XIX. RlESS, Peter Theophil, his contributions 122. to electrical science, vm. 15; his , Tasso’s poem, xm. 510; xxm. thermo-electrometer, vui. 55. 76. Riestedt, Germany, Dolmen at, xxi. Rinckhart, Martin, German hymn52. writer, xil 586. Rietberg, Count of (Kaunitz), Austrian Rinderpest, cattle disease, xvu. 59; statesman, xiv. 18; ix. 587. I. 304; in Cheshire (1866), V. 589. Rieti, town, Italy, xx. 552; XXL 129. Rindfleisch, Georg Eduard, his Rietschel, E. F. August, German scheme of diseases, xvin. 361. sculptor, xx. 552. Ring, Astronomical, Gemma’s, xvn, Rievaulx Abbey, Yorkshire, England, 251. xxiv. 749. • , Finger, xx. 560.

374

R I N— R O B

RIVOTITE, mineral, XVI. 428. Ringberg, mountain, Germany, xxi. Ripuarians, Frankish people, ix. 723; RlXDORF, suburb of Berlin, Germany, x. 476. 349XX. 581. Ring DES NIBELUNGEN, Wagner’s oper- Riqueti, xvi. 492, 498. See Mirabeau. Riyam, sanctuary, Arabia, xxiv. 741. RlQUlER, St, France, Library of, XIV. atic tetralogy, XXIV. 314. Riza, Tomb of, at Meshed, Persia, xvi. 513Ring-Dove, bird, vn. 379. 46; xviil 626. Ringelspitz, mountain, Switzerland, Rir’, Wady, Sahara, Africa, XXL 150. RlZZlO, David, Queen Mary’s secretary, Rispetto, Italian song, xix. 272. xxi. 169. XX. 581; xv. 596; xxi. 504. RlSSI, Peter, Swiss leader, XXIL 785 Ring-Money, Celtic, xvn. 630. RjEV (Rzheff), town, Russia, XXL 119. RlST, Johann, German hymn-writer, Ring-Ousel, bird, xviii. 75. ROACH, fish, XX. 582; XII. 692; angling XX. 568; XII. 586. Ring-Sangs, ballads or dancing songs, for, II. 41. RISTORO d’ Arezzo, Italian writer, xm. in. 285. Road, Rule of the, in driving, XL 811; 501. Ring Snake, xxii. 194. at sea, xvil 277. Ritenbenk, district, Greenland, xi Ringworm, disease, xviil 269; xxn. Roads, XX. 582; bridges on, IV. 285; 171. 124. making of, xx. 582, 583; tolls on, RITES, Sacred, Congregation of, Church Rinieri’s Thermometer, xxiii. 288. xxiil 436; underground, in mines, of Rome, XX. 630. Rink, for skating, xxii. 105. XVI. 455; Telford’s construction of, RlTSCHL, Albrecht, German theologian, Rinmann’s Green, pigment, xxiv XXIIL 155. on Pietism, XIX. 84. 787. . , Roan Leather, xiv. 388. ., Friedrich Wilhelm, German Rinteln, Germany, University ot, xxiil ROANNE, town, France, XX. 588. scholar, XX. 569. 845, 848. _ . , plain, France, Xiv. 807. RlTSON, Joseph, English antiquary, XX Rinuccini, Ottavio, Italian musical ROANNEZ, Due de, his relations with 570. composer, xxiv. 315. Pascal, xviil 334. RlTTENHOUSE, David, American astroRio, Ercole del, Italian chessplayer, v ROA-POUA, island, Marquesas, Pacific, nomer, XX. 570. 601. XV. 564. William, papermaker, PhiladelRiobamba, town, Ecuador, South Roaring Forties, or brave west winds, phia, U.S.A., xviil 740. America, XX. 562. in meteorology, xvi. 146. Ritter, Carl, German geographer, xx. Rio de Janeiro, town, Brazil, xx. Roast-Beef Plant, ix. 279. 57°562; observatory at, XVII. 716. Roasting, of meat, vi. 332. RlTTlNGERITE, mineral, xvi. 393. Rio Grande, river, West Africa, xx. Rituale Romanum, liturgical book, ROATAN, island, Honduras, XII. 131. 564. Robbers, The, Schiller’s play, xxi. 395. xiv. 710. Rio Grande del Norte, river, North Robber Synod, at Ephesus, xiv. 448. America, xx. 563; xvii. 400; xxiil Riukiu (Lew-Chew) Islands, North Robbery, in law, xxiil 231, 233. Pacific, xiv. 489; xili. 570; language 203. Robbia, Andrea della, Florentine of, xiii. 586. Rio Grande do Norte, river, Brazil sculptor, XX. 590. Riva, town, Tyrol, x. 75. xx. 563. -, Giovanni della,Florentine sculptor, Rio Grande do Sul, river, Brazil, Rivals, The, Sheridan’s play, XXL 798. XX. 591. RlVAROL, Antoine de, French writer, xx. 564. ., Girolamo della, Florentine sculptor, XX. 571; IX. 670. Rio Grande do Sul, town and pro xx. 592. Rivas, town, Nicaragua, xvil. 477 vince, Brazil, XX. 564. ., Luca della, Florentine sculptor, Duke of (Angel de Saavedra), Rioja, Spain, Wine of, xxiv. 607. XX. 588. Spanish poet and politician, XXL 122, RlOM, town, France, XX. 564, 120. ROBENHAUSEN, Switzerland, LakeXXIL 343, 361RlON, river, Caucasus, V. 253; XXIII dwellings at, XIV. 223. Rive DE Gier, town, France, XX. 571 5!3. Robert L, king of France, xx. 592; Rionero IN Volture, town, Italy, River, Rivers, xx. 571; flow of water ix. 536. in, XII. 492; formation of bars of, X. xx. 564. , duke of France, ix. 525. 277; xx. 575; gauging of, Xli. 509; Riot, in law, xx. 564. -, the Angevine, king of Naples, geological action of, x. 272; proprieRio Tinto, mines, Spain, xn. 334. xiii. 477. tary rights in, xx. 565; tides in, xxiil RlOUW, town, near Bintang, Indian (Hrolf), duke of Normandy, XX. 353, 362; water of, xxiv. 398; in Archipelago, III. 679; XII. 818; XXII 627; ix. 535; xvn- 539relation to water-supply, xxiv. 404; •, duke of Normandy, father ot 639influence of wind on, XII. 497. Riparian Laws, xx. 565. William L, ix. 537; xvil 542. Engineering, xx. 571; of MissRlPH, Jewish rabbi and Talmudist, XX, ; duke of Normandy, son of William issippi, xvi. 520; of Po, xix. 251 566. L, his relations with William Rufus, Mussel, mollusc, xvil no. RipidOLITE, mineral, XVI. 414. vill. 301; xvil 544; xxiv. 577. Rivero, Peruvian naturalist, xviil 676 Ripley, town, England, xx. 567. — the Bruce, king of Scotland, XX. River Pearls, xviil 447. f George, American critic and man 592; XXL 488. River Plate, South America, 11. 489. of letters, XX. 567. II.-IIL, of Scotland, XXL 490. Ripon, town, England, XX. 568; Wil- River Poplar, tree, xix. 512. of Belesme, Norman noble, XL Riviera, district, Italy and France, xx frid’s connexion with, XXIV. 566 656. 581; xill. 437, 441; Italian dialect of, Falls, Nile, Africa, xvn. 505. of Brunne, early English writer, xiii. 493. RlPPERDA, John William, Baron, poliviii. 410. Captain, French commander, tical adventurer, xx. 568; as Spanish Riviere, of Gloucester, English chronicler, Tong-King, XXIIL 441. minister, xxil. 338. xx. 596; his chronicle, VIII. 410. RlVlNUS, Augustus Quirinus (BachRipples, on water, xxiv. 420. —, Hubert, French painter, XX. 595mann), on plant classification, IV. 79Rippling, of flax, ix. 294. —, Louis Leopold, French painter, Rivoli, Duke of (Massena, q-v.), French Rippoldsau, spa, Germany, xvi. 434 XX. 595. marshal, xv. 616. Ripuarian Law, Frankish, xxi. 214-

R 0 B —R O E Rob Roy, Scottish outlaw, xx. 608. Robert, M., French aeronaut, I. 188. , Rahel Antonie, wife of Yarnhagen Robsart, Amy, wife of earl of Leicester, xiv. 425. von Ense, XXIV. 91. Guiscard, duke of Apulia, xx. Robusti, Domenico, Italian painter, xx. 611. 596, 791; xill. 470. Heron, pseudonym of John , Jacopo (Tintoretto), Italian painter, Pinkerton, XIX. 107. xx. 608. Robert-Houdin, Jean Eugene, French , Marietta, daughter of Tintoretto, conjuror, xiv. 415; xv. 209. xx. 610. Robert le Diable, Meyerbeer’s opera, Roc, fabulous bird, xx. 611. xvi. 222. Rocambole, vegetable, xn. 287. Roberts, David, Scottish painter, xx. Rocca, second husband of Madame de Stael, xxii. 441. 597, Richard, his improvements on Roch, St, Franciscan monk, xx. 611. cotton-spinning mule, VI. 498. Rochdale, town, England, xx. 611. Robertson, Frederick William, English Roche Bernard, La, town, France, preacher, xx. 597. xvi. 813. , John, his elements of navigation, Rochefort, town, France, xx. 612. XVII. 258. Rochefoucauld, Due de la, French , Thomas William, dramatist, xx. writer, XIV. 317, 867; IX. 663. 598. Rochelle, La, town, France, xx. 612; , William, Scottish historian, xx. siege of (1627), IV. 419; ix. 568; synod 599; his place in English literature, of (1671), XIX. 694. vm. 431. Salt, xxiii. 69. Roberval, Gilles Personne de, French Rochers, Les, chateau, Brittany, France, mathematician, xx. 601; his method XXL 705; XXIV. 263. of tangents, xm. 8. Roches, Peter des, bishop of Winchester, Robespierre, Maximilien Marie IsiXL 658. dore, French Revolutionist, xx. 601; Rochester, town, England, xx. 613. ix. 602, 607; his relations with Napo, town, New York, U.S.A., xx. 614. leon, xvii. 195. , Earl of, poet, xx. 614. Robigalia, Roman festival, xv. 570. Keep, Kent, England, v. 198. Robin, bird, xx. 314; ix. 142; Aus- ROCHE-SUR-YON, La, town, France, tralian, xxiv. 537. xx. 615. of Redesdale, Rising of, in England Rochet, episcopal dress, vi. 463. (1469), xviii. 94. Rochon, Alexis Marie, his micrometer, Robine Canal, Narbonne, France, xvi. 252. xvii. 229. Rock, or Distaff, for spinning, xiv. Robinet, Jean Baptiste Rene, on evolu664. tion, viii. 760. Rockaway Beach, Long Island, New Robin Goodfellow, woodland spirit, York, U.S.A., xiv. 866. xx. 606. Rock-Boring Machines, hi. 808; Robin Hood, xx. 605, 658, 660; xvii. XVL 444, 446. Rockbridge Alum Springs, Virginia, 599Robinia, tree, 11. 318. U.S.A., xvi. 436. Robin Redbreast, or Robin, xx. 314; Rock-Cook, fish, xxiv. 686. in. 765. Rock Cork, mineral, xvi. 418. Robins, Benjamin, English natural Rock-Crystal, mineral, xvi. 389. philosopher, XX. 607; inventor of bal- Rock-Cut Temples, of India, 11. 394. listic pendulum, xi. 297; on rifled Rock-Dove, bird, vn. 379. cannon, 11. 557. Rocket, in pyrotechny, xx. 136; apRobinson, Anastasia, countess of Peterparatus for shipwreck rescue, Xiv. 572; borough, xviii. 701. military, 1. 745; 11. 661. , Dr, on wind gauges, II. 25. , R. Stephenson’s locomotive engine, , Edward, American Biblical scholar, xx. 225. xx. 607. Rockfleet Castle, Mayo, Ireland, xv. , John, English Independent, XX. 651. 608; xii. 725. Rockford, town, Illinois, U.S.A., xx. ■ , John Thomas Romney, Irish astro615. nomer, xx. 608. Rockhampton, town, Queensland, xx. -— Crusoe (Alexander Selkirk), xxi. 615. 639Rock-Hopper, bird, xviii. 492. ■ Crusoe, Defoe’s work, vn. 28. Rockingham, Second Marquis of, Crusoe’s Island, xiii. 758. English statesman, xx. 615; vm. 358; Robison, John, his magnetic researches, xix. 137. XV. 237; his connexion with the En- Rock Island, town, Illinois, U.S.A., cyclopaedia Britannica, VIII. 200, 201. xx. 616.

375 Rockland, town, Maine, U.S.A., xx. 616. Rock of Ages, Toplady’s hymn, xii. 594Rock of Cashel, Ireland, v. 175. Rock-Oil, xviii. 712. Rock-Pigeon, bird, xxi. 259. Rocks, Characters of, x. 229. Rock-Salt, mineral, x. 228, 232; xxi. 230. Rock-Sculptures, in Phrygia, xviii. 850. Rock-Snake, xx. 144. Rock Soap, mineral, xvi. 425. Rocky Mountains, North America, XXlll. 796; 1.674; geological structure of, x. 372. Rocky Mountain Sheep, ii. 102. Rocquancourt, France, Aqueduct of, II. 222. Rocroi, town, France, xx. 616; battle of (1643), IX. 571. Roda, town, Germany, xxi. 347. Rodbertus, Karl Johann, German socialist, xx. 616; xxn. 206, 218. Rodentia, or Rodents, order of Mammalia, xv. 415. Roderick, Gothic king, xxn. 309. Random, Smollett’s novel, xxn. 184. Roderique, Jean Ignace de, Cologne gazetteer, xvn. 428. Rodez, town, France, xx. 617. Rodgers, John, American naval officer, xxiii. 760. Rodger’s Anchor, ii. 6. RODMAR, in the Nibelungenlied, xvii. 474Rodney, Lord, English admiral, xx. 617. Rodomna (Roanne), ancient town, France, XX. 588. Rodomum (Rouen), ancient town, France, XXI. 12. RODOSTO, town, Turkey in Europe, xx. 618. Rodrigo Diaz de Bivar (the Cid), Spanish hero, v. 773; xxn. 315. Rodriguez, island, Indian Ocean, xx. 618; XV. 642; solitaire of, bird, in. 722. of Toledo, Spanish chronicler, xxn. 354, Pedro, Spanish economist, xix. 363. Roe, of fish, xii. 660. , Muckle, island, Shetland, Scotland, xvii. 846. , Nathaniel, English logarithmist, XIV. 775. , Sir Thomas, English political agent, xx. 619. Roebling, John Augustus, American engineer, xx. 619. Roebuck, John, founder of Carron ironworks, Scotland, xxiv. 413.

376

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Romance Languages, xx. 661; xiv. Roe Deer, vii. 24; shooting of, xxi. Roland, Jean Marie, French Revolu340; Diez’s works on, vil. 214; dictionist, xx. 624; ix. 603. 834tionaries, of, vil. 184. , Madame, French Revolutionist, ROEMER, Olaus, Danish astronomer, XX. Roman Cement, v. 328. xx. 624; ix. 603. 620. Roman de la Rose, early French , Chanson de, ix. 637; x. 523. ROERMOND, town, Holland, XX. 620. romance, ix. 643; William of Lorris’s , Legend of, xx. 626, 650; xxm. Roeskilde, town, Denmark, xxiv. 771. part in, xxiv. 585; translation of, by 669. Rofia Palm, Madagascar, xv. 170. Chaucer, v. 451. Rolandslied, German ballad, x. 523; Rofreit (Roveredo), town, Tyrol, Roman Drama, vil 409. ix. 637. Austria, xxi. 28. Roman DU Renart, early French Rogation Days, xx. 620; 1. 654; Rolf (Rollo), Scandinavian rover, xx. poem, IX. 641. 627; ix. 535; xvii. 539. litanies for, xiv. 695. Roman Emperor, title, vm. 179; xx. Roll, Papyrus, xvin. 232. Roger I.-IIL, counts of Foix, ix. 354. 769I., grand-count of Sicily, XX. 620; Roll and, John, early Scottish poet, Roman Emperors, Chronological table XXL 542. xiii. 471; xxii. 25. of, xx. 781. ROLLE OF HAMPOLE’S PSALTER, VIII. II., count of Sicily, and first king, Roman Empire, Holy, viil 181; xx. 383xx. 620; XXII. 26; conquest of Tunis 787. Roller, agricultural implement, 1. 319; by, XXIII. 621. Romanesque Architecture, ii. 422. steam, for roads, XX. 583. of Hovedon, English chronicler, Roman History, xx. 731. See Rome. , bird, xx. 627. XII. 319. Romani, or Roumans (q.v.), race of Roller-Mills, for flour, ix. 345. of Wendover, English chronicler, people, Europe, XXL 16; xxiv. 268. Roller-Skating, xxii. 105. XX. 620. Romani Language (Gipsy), x. 613; Rollin, Charles, French historian, XX. Bernard I.-IIL, counts of Foix, dictionaries of, VIL 189. 627; ix. 668. ix. 354. Romanina, La (Marianna Bulgarelli), Rolling Contact, in mechanics, xv. ROGERS, James E. Thorold, on econopatroness of Metastasio, xvi. 104. 755mics, XIX. 399. Romanino, Girolamo, Brescian painter, Rolling Mills, Iron, xm. 328. , John, editor of Matthew’s Bible, xxi. 436, 443. Rollo, Scandinavian rover, xx. 627; XX. 620; Yin. 386. Roman Inscriptions, xiii. 124. ix. 535; xvii. 539. , Samuel, English poet, XX. 620. Roman Law, xx. 669; relation of ROGUE, river and valley, Oregon, ROLLOCK, Robert, Scottish theological modern international law to, xiii. writer, xx. 628; xxi. 542. U.S.A., xvii. 822. 191 ; Justinian’s codification of, XIII. Rolls, manuscripts, xvni. 144 Rohan, Benjamin de, Due de Soubise, 792; schools of, xiv. 164. , English records, XX. 310. Huguenot, XXII. 277. , Master of the, English judge, xx. Roman Literature, xx. 715; rhe, Charles de, Prince de Soubise, toric, XX. 514; romance, xx. 633; in 628. French marshal, xxii. 277. time of Virgil, xxiv. 248. Roll Tobacco, xxiii. 426. , Emmanuel de, grand-master of Roman Numerals, ii. 525; xvn. 625. ROM, island, Schleswig-Holstein, XXL Knights of St John, xxi. 175. Romano, Giulio (Giulio Pippi), Italian 4X4, Henri de, French general and painter, XIX. 112; XV. 504. Romagnosi, Giovanni D. G. G., Italian writer of memoirs, XX. 622. Romanoff, royal family, Russia, xxi. economist, XIX. 387. , Louis Rene Edouard, Cardinal de, 95Romaic Language (Modern Greek), xx. 622. Romanoff - Borisoglyebsk, town, xi. 135; dictionaries of, vil. 184. ROHILKHAND, or Rohilcund, division, Russia, XXIV. 731. Roman, prince of Volhynia, xxi. 90. India, XX. 623. ROMANOS, Ramon M., Spanish satirist, , river, Honduras, XII. 130. ROHILLAS, tribe, India, III. 372. xxii. 361. , The, Dobell’s poem, vn. 307. Rohitsch, spa, Styria, Austria, xxii. Roman Roads, xx. 582; Itinerarium, Architecture, ii. 414. 614. xiii. 517. Baths, hi. 434. ROHLFS, Gerhard, his travels in Africa, Romans, town, France, xx. 727. Camp, iv. 750. I. 247. , Epistle to the, xx. 727. Candle, in pyrotechny, xx. 136. Rohr, Johann Friedrich, German theoRomansch Language (Rumonsch or Catholic Church, xx. 628; logian, XX. 290. Ladin), XX. 668; XIIL 492; dictionform of baptism in, ill. 351; bishops ROHRI, town, India, XXL 803. aries of, VIL l86. in, Hi. 788; celibacy in, v. 293; conRohtak, district, India, xx. 623; town, cordats, VI. 241; influence of crusades ROMANSHORN, town, Switzerland, XX. 624. XXIII. 331. on, VI. 624; economic influence of, Roig, Jaume, Catalan poet, xxii. 363. Romanticism, in English literature, XIX. 352; the Inquisition, XIII. 91; ROISDORF, spa, Prussia, xvi. 436. XX. 857; in French, IX. 675; VII. liturgy of, xiv. 708; the popedom, ROJAS, Ferdinand de, Spanish dramatist, 427; in German, X. 541; vil 443; xix. 489; Propaganda, xix. 809; XXII. 356. Schelling on, XXL 390; in Polish in relation to the Reformation, xx. Rojas-Zorilla, Francisco de, Spanish literature, xix. 304; in music, Hi. 598. 319; Vatican Council, xxiv. no; in dramatist, XX. 624; VII. 421; XXII. Europe, vm. 712; in Italy, xm. 458. Romanes I.-IV., emperors of the East, 359xx. 730. Catholic Emancipation Act, Rokeby, Scott’s poem, xxi. 549. , early hymn-writer, Xli. 580. England, xx. 631. ROKELLE, river, Sierra Leone, Africa, , the physician, Syriac writer, XXII. Romance, Romances, xx. 632; Arab, xvii. 496; xxii. 45. 8 6 4 XXIII. 5; French, ix. 638; German, x. Rokitansky, Freiherr von, Viennese 527; mythical, XVIL 158; Persian, Roman Walls, Britain, 11.139; xi.304. pathologist, xx. 624; xv. 817. xviii. 657; Portuguese, xix. 557; Roman Writing, xviii. 155. Rokvzana, Johann, leader of Calixtine Provengal, xix. 873; Spanish, xxii. Roma Quadrata, ancient Rome, xx. sect, xvi. 811. 812. 354, 357> 363; Syriac, xxn. 834. Roland, Camisard leader, iv. 744.

r o m— r o s

377 Romberg, Moritz Heinrich, German Romilly, Sir Samuel, English jurist, Roree (Rohri), town, India, xxi. 803. physician, xv. 817. xx. 838; on Mirabeau, xvi. 494. Romblon, island, Philippines, xvm. Romney, George, English painter, xx. Roridula, genus of insectivorous plants, xiii. 137. 752. 839Rorqual, cetacean mammal, xv. 395; Rome, Ancient, History of, xx. 731 Marsh, Kent, England, xiv. 37. xxiv. 524. (index, 838); empire in Asia, 11. 699; Marsh Sheep, i. 392. under Augustus, ill. 79; conquest of Romny, town, Russia, xx. 840; xix. 410. Rorschach, town, Switzerland, xxi. 169. Britain by, IV. 352; VIII. 264; XXI. Romuald, founder of Camaldulians, iv. Rory O’More, Lover’s novel, xv. 29. 474; in time of Caesar, iv. 634; wars 721. Rosa, genus of plants, xx. 850. with Carthage, v. 161; empire at time Romulus, legendary founder of Rome, , Monte, Pennine Alps, 1. 625; xxiv. of Christ, xiii. 662; relations with xx. 840; wall of, in ancient Rome, 31Jews in time of Christ, XX. 727; xx. 812. , Francisco Martinez de la, Spanish relations of, to Christianity, v. 691, , collection of fables, xvin. 727 poet, xxii. 361. 693; under Constantine, VI. 299; conAUGUSTULUS, Roman emperor, , Salvator, Italian painter and satirquest of Egypt by, vn. 748; extent of xx. 781; xvii. 726. ist, xx. 846; as poet, xiii. 512. the empire, x. 176; conquest of Gaul Ronaldshay, islands, Orkney, ScotRosamond, wife of Alboin, king of the by, ix. 527; of Germany, x. 474; siege land, xvii. 846. Lombards, xiv. 814. and pillage of, by the Goths, 1. 443; Roncaglia, Italy, Diet of (1154), xm. , Fair, mistress of Henry II. of conquest of Greece by, xi. 108; under 472. England, xx. 848. Nero, xvii. 349; struggles with Par- Roncesvalles, Pyrenees, Battle of Rosaniline, dye, 11. 48. thian empire, xvm. 595; conquest (778), xx. 626; xxii. 310. Rosario, town, Argentine Republic, xx. of Sicily by, xxn. 21; of Spain, Rond a, town, Spain, xx. 840. 848. xxii. 305; attack on Syracuse, xxn. , Serrania de, mountain group, , El, town, Mexico, vm. 155. 817. Spain, XXII. 294. , Ancient, Topography and archaeo- Rondeau, or Rondel, short poem, xx. Rosary, in Roman Catholic Church, xx. 848. logy of, 11. 343; viii. 840; xx. 807 840; early French, ix. 644. (index, 838); agriculture of, 1. 292; Rondelet, Guillaume, French ichthyo- Rosas, Manuel de, president of Argentine Republic, xx. 848; 11. 491. amphitheatres, 1. 774; architecture, logist, XII. 631. II. 414; architecture of churches, II. Rondeletius, Jacobus, Swedish writer, Roscellinus, scholastic philosopher, xx. 848; xxi. 421. 434; army, 11. 562; basilicas, in. 415; xxii. 754. Roscher, Wilhelm, German economist, baths, in. 434; coins, xvii. 637, 652; Rong, region, Tibet, xxm. 339. xix. 391. colonies, Vi. 158; comitia, vi. 194; Rongbacha, district, Tibet, xxm. 342. commerce, vi. 199; office of consul, Ronge, Johann, leader of the German Roschlaub, Andreas, German physician, xv. 814. VI * decrees of, on inscriptions, Catholics, x. 444. xiii. 132; drama, vn. 409; edu- Ronneburg, town, Germany, xxi. 347. Rosciad, The, by Churchill, v. 766. cation in, vii. 671 ; festivals, ix. Ronsard, Pierre de, French poet, xx. Roscianum (Rossano), ancient town, Italy, xx. 855. 114; games, x. 65; glass-making, x. 841; ix. 650; his alexandrine verse, Roscius, Roman actor, vn. 412. 648; improvements in, under Trajan, I. 500. xxiii. 505; libraries, xiv. 511; orders Ronsardists, school of French writers, Roscoe, William, English writer, xx. 849. of nobility, xvii. 526; religion, xx. ix. 651. Roscoelite, mineral, xvi. 426. 371; influences on religion of, xiii. Ronsdorf, town, Prussia, xx. 842. Roscommon, county, Ireland, xx. 849; 780; slavery, xxii. 131; Stoicism in, Rood, in architecture, 11. 472. representation, xxm. 727; town, xx. xx 11. 572; taxation and finance, ix. Roof, in building, iv. 484; vn. 347; 850. 173; tenure of land, xiv. 260; terracarved wooden, xxiv. 647. , Earl of, poet, xx. 850. cotta remains, xxm. 194; theatres, Roofing Tiles, xxiii. 387. Roscrea, Tower of, Ireland, xxm. 406. XXIII. 224. Roof of the World, plateau, Turke- Rose, plant, xx. 850; xn. 260; of , Modern, xx. 833 (index, 838); stan, xxiii. 633; sources of the Oxus Nishapur, Persia, xvin. 624. xiii. 467; at close of the papal temin, xviii. 102. , or Erysipelas, skin disease, vm. poral power, XIX. 158; sack of, by Rook, bird, xx. 842; vi. 617; cranium 531; XXII. 122. Constable de Bourbon (1527), v. 822; of, hi. 715. , Roman de la, early French romance, xiii. 482; carnival, v. 122; Catacombs, Rooke, Sir George, English naval comix. 643; v. 451; xxiv. 585. V. 207; mural paintings in Catacombs, mander, xx. 843. , Valentine, on the writings of Arisxvii. 43; dialect, xiii. 496; libraries, Roorkee, town, India, xxi. 152. totle, II. 512. xiv. 528, 548; newspapers, xvii. 431; Roosebek, Belgium, Battle of (1382), Roseau, town, Dominica, West Indies, observatory at, xvii. 714; schools of ix. 548. vii. 354. painting, xxi. 438, 443; picture gal- Roost, whirlpool, Shetland, Scotland, Roselite, mineral, xvi. 404. leries, xxi. 446; Michelangelo’s artxxiv. 542. work in, xvi. 231; Raphael’s, xx. Root, Roots, of plants, iv. 94; pressure Roselle, town, Italy, vm. 636; xi. 212. 277 j Christian pilgrimages to, xix. at, xix. 46; curvature of, xix. 60. Rosellini, Ippolito, Italian Egyptolo94; sculpture, xxi. 568, 570; univerCrops, Culture of, 1. 364. gist, xx. 851; v. 387; works of, on sity, xxiii. 836. Roots, of numbers, 11. 532; xvn. 615. r Egyptian monuments, XL 809. , town, New York, U.S.A., xx. 838. Rope, xx. 843. Rose-Malloes, incense, XII. 718. ' > Foundation of, Era of, v. 712. Roper, Mrs, daughter of Sir Thomas Rosemary, plant, xx. 851; xn. 289. Romeite, mineral, xvi. 428. More, xvi. 819. Rosenblatt, Wilibrandis, wife of Rome la Grant, Latin romances, xx. Ropewalk Spinning, xx. 844. Gkolampadius, xvn. 729. 637Roquefavour, France, Aqueduct of, Rosenhane, Gustaf, Swedish poet, Romford, town, England, xx. 838. II. 222. xxii. 754. XXV. — 48

378

r 0 S —R o U

Rosenhof, Rosel von, on protoplasm, Rossellino, Antonio, Florentine sculp- ROTHINE, dye, v. 86. Roth mann, Bernhard, German Anator, xx. 856. xix. 828. baptist, I. 786. , Bernardo, Italian sculptor and Rosenkreuzer (Rosicrucians), fabuRothschild, family of Jewish bankers, architect, xx. 857. lous secret society, xx. 852. XXL 3. Rosenstein, Nils von, Swedish writer, Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, English poet Rothwell, town, England, xxi. 3. and painter, XX. 857; XXL 442. XXII. 757. Rosenstiehl’s Green, pigment, xix. Rossi, Count Pellegrino L. O., Italian Rotifera, class of animals, xxi. 4; in Lankester’s classification, xxiv. 813. economist, xix. 395; murder of, xm. 88. ROTOMAGUS (Rouen), Roman town, 488. Rose of Jericho, plant, xx. 851. France, xxi. 12. Roseola, skin disease, xv. 658; xxn. Rossignol, lake, Nova Scotia, xvn. 601. ROTONDO, Mont, Corsica, VI. 439. Rossini, Gioachino Antonio, Italian 122. musical composer, xx. 860; xvii. 99. ROTROU, Jean de, French tragic poet, Roses, Attar of, xvm. 526. xxi. 8; ix. 657. Rosslyn (or Roslin) Castle and -, Wars of the, in England, VIII. 327, Rotterdam, town, Holland, xxi. 9. Chapel, Scotland, 11. 429; vn. 658. 329; xi. 661; xxi. 740. , Earl of (Alexander Wedderburn), Rottisite, mineral, xvi. 425. Rosetta, town, Egypt, xx. 851; vn. Rottlerin, principle in kamala, xm. xxiv. 475. 76S. . , 831. Rost, island, Norway, xiv. 769. Stone, xx. 851; interpretation of, Rostellaria, genus of Mollusca, xvi. Rottnest Island, Western Australia, v. 387. xxiv. 508. 651. Rose Water, xx. 851. ROTULI LlTTERARUM CLAUSARUM, Rostock, town, Germany, xx. 861; Rosewood, xx. 851. xv Chancery rolls, XX. 311. contract of (i755)> 776; univerROSH (Rabbenu Asher), German rabbi, ROU (Rollo), Scandinavian rover, ix. sity of, xxiil. 841. xx. 852. 535; xvii. 539; xx. 627. Rostoff, on the Don, town, Russia, xx. Roshan, state, Central Asia, xvin. 104. ROUBAIX, town, France, XXL 10. 862. ROSH Hasshanah, of Maimonides, XV. , on Lake Nero, town, Russia, xx. Roubiliac, Louis Francois, French 296. sculptor, xxi. 10, 560. 862. Roshnabad, estate, Tipperah, India, XL Rougher, Jean Antoine, French poet, , Lake, Russia, xxiv. 731. 820. XXL 11. Rosicrucians, fabulous secret society, Rostopchin, Count, governor of Mos- Roudaire, Elie, on flooding the Sahara, cow, xvii. 217. xx. 852. XXL I 51. Rosieres-aux-Salines, town, France, Rostra, on Comitium, at Rome, xx. ROUEN, town, France, XXL 11, 626; 816. xvi. 205. libraries of, XIV. 526, 546; pottery Rosin, resin, xx. 852; for violins, xxiv. R6s Vand, lake, Norway, xvii. 576. ware, xix. 630. Rosweyd, Heribert, Bollandist father, 242. Rouge, colouring matter, xxi. 13. iv. 18. ROSLAVL, town, Russia, XXII. 183. ROUG^, Olivier C. C. E., Vicomte de, Roswith A (Hrosvitha), mediseval writer, Rosler, H., German economist, XIX. Egyptologist, XL 794. XII. 326; vii. 412. 392ROUGET de Lisle, Claude Joseph, Rotalia, genus of Foraminifera, ix.374. Roslin (or Rosslyn) Castle and French song-writer, XXL 13. ROTALIDEA, order of Protozoa, xix. Chapel, Scotland, 11. 429; vn. 658. Rough Cast, in architecture, 11. 472. 847Rosmarinus, genus of plants, xx. 851. ROULE, Cornelis, Dutch Arctic explorer, Rotary Engines, xxii. 516. ROSMINIANS, or Institute of Charity, xix. 318. Rotation, of crops, 1. 340. religious order, XX. 853. Roulers, town, Belgium, XXL 14. of the Earth, Evidence of, vn. Rosmini-Serbati, Antonin, Italian ROUM, Arabic name for the Romans, 601; X. 197; how affected by tidal philosopher, XX. 853. XXL 14. friction, xxm. 377, 378; its geological ROSNY, Baron de (Sully), French statesRoumania, country, Europe, XXL 14; effects, x. 216. man, xxil. 633. kingdom, in 12th century, XL 118; Rotations, in mechanics, xv. 690; Rospigliosi, ^Giulio (Pope Clement forests of, IX. 402; Greek Church of, energy in, vm. 207. IX.), v. 822. xi. 157; Jews in, xm. 686; language Rotatoria, group of animal parasites, Ross, county, Scotland, xx. 853. of, VIII. 621; XXIV. 270; newspapers xviii. 259; xxi. 4. , Earls of, XX. 854. of, XVII. 432; periodical literature of, Rotelande, Hue de, early romancist, , J., settler, Keeling Islands, XIV. 27. xviii. 543; Roman Catholics in, xx. xx. 644. , Sir James Clark, Arctic and An631. Rothamsted, England, Manure extarctic explorer, XX. 855; X. 192, 195; Roumanian (or Rouman) Language periments at, xv. 507. XIX. 320, 330. (Walachian), xxiv. 269; xx. 668; , Sir John, Arctic voyager, XX. 855; Rothari, king of the Lombards, XIV. VIII. 621; Xiv. 341; dictionaries of, 815. XIX. 319. VIL l86. Rothe, Richard, German theologian, , Mount, Kerguelen’s Land, XIv. Roumanians, or Roumans, xxiv. 2b», xxi. 1; on theological ethics, xxiil 48. in Greece, XL 83; in Russia, xxi. 80; 270. ROSSA, O’Donovan, Fenian leader, xill. of Transylvania, XXIIL 522. Rotheln, disease, xv. 658. 271. ROUMELIA, province, Bulgaria, XXL 21; Rother, river, England, xxil 723. ROSSANO, town, Italy, xx. 855. Eastern, united to Bulgaria, XXIIL Rossbach, Prussia, Battle of (i757)>In- Rotherham, town, England, xxi. 2. 652. Rother Market, at Stratford-on128; ix. 588. Round, in music, xvn. 82. j Avon, England, XXL 741. ROSSE, Third Earl of, astronomer, XX. Roundabout Papers, Thackeray s, Rothesay, town, Scotland, xxi. 2; iv. 855; his observatory at Birr Castle, xxiil 216. 580. Ireland, XVII. 711. Roundel, in heraldry, xi. 697. , Duke of,* son of Robert III. of Rosselli, Cosimo, Italian painter, xx. Round Table, Legend of the, viil Scotland, XXL 491. 856.

R O U —R U D 407; xv. 523; romances of, 11. 650; xx. 642; French writings on, v. 687; ix. 638. Round Table, Arthur’s, mound at Caerleon, England, iv. 632. Round Towers, xxi. 22; Irish, architecture of, II. 429; in Fermanagh, Ireland, IX. 91; in Kildare, Ireland, xiv. 73; Petrie’s essay on, xvm. 712. Round-Worm, Disease due to, xvin. 270. Rous, or Rouse, Francis, translator of the Psalms, xxi. 22; xn. 590. Rousay, island, Orkney, Scotland, xvu. 846. Rousseau, Jacques, French painter, xxi. 22. , Jean Baptiste, French poet, XXL 23; ix. 664. , Jean Jacques, French man of letters, XXL 23; IX. 667; XXII. 798; his influence on education, vil. 675; his testimony to Jesus Christ, xm. 670; his musical theories, XVII. 92; as satirist, xxi. 320; influence of his writings, ix. 592. , Theodore, French painter, XXL 27. Rousselaere (Roulers), town, Belgium, xxi. 14. Rousselin (Roscellinus), scholastic philosopher, xx. 848. Roussillon, province, France, xxi. 28. Rouvray, Louis de, Due de Saint Simon, xxi. 198; ix. 668. Rovere, Della, ruling family of duchy of Urbino, XXIV. 9. , Francesco della (Pope Sixtus IV.), xxii. 103. , Francesco Maria della, prince of Urbino, XV. 787. , Giuliano della (Pope Julius II.), xiii. 771. Roveredo, town, Tyrol, Austria, XXL 28. Rovigno, town, Austria, xxi. 28. Rovigo, town, Italy, xxi. 29. , A. J. M. R. Savary, Due de, governor of Algeria, I. 567; XXL 325. Rovin, John, his longevity, xiv. 858. Roving Frames, cotton machinery, vi. 495Rovno, town, Russia, xxiv. 282. Rovuma, river, Africa, 1. 255. Row, Sir Thomas, English political agent, xx. 619. Rowan-Tree, or Mountain Ash, 11. 680. Row-Boats, xxi. 825. Rowe, Nicholas, English dramatist, XXL 29; vil 435. Rowers, Greek, xxi. 807. Rowing, xxi. 29. Rowland, his experiments in magnetism, xv. 255. Rowlands, Daniel, Welsh Methodist preacher, xvi. 193. Rowlandson, Thomas, English caricaturist, xxi. 32; v. 104.

Rowley, G. D., on birds, xvni. 13. , Thomas, Poems by, Chatterton’s, v. 446. , William, English dramatist, xxi. 33Regis, town, England, xxi. 33. Rows, of Chester, v. 604. Roxana, wife of Alexander the Great, 1.484; xv. 142; xviii. 584. , Alabaster’s Latin tragedy, 1. 440. , Defoe’s novel, vn. 29. Roxas-Zorilla, Francisco de, Spanish dramatist, xx. 624; vn. 421; xxn. 359' Roxburgh, county, Scotland, xxi. 33. Castle, Scotland, xxi. 34. Roxburghe Club, literary society, Scotland, vil 172. Roxbury, suburb of Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., xxi. 34; iv. 74. Roxo, Cape, West Africa, xxi. 661. Roy, Rammohun, founder of Brahma Somaj, India, xxi. 34. , William, English geodesist, xxi. 35Royabamba, town, Ecuador, South America, xx. 562. Royal Academy, London, xiv. 836. Royal College of Physicians, London, XIV. 652. Royal Exchange, London, xiv. 832, 846. Royal Family, British, Precedence of, xix. 662. Royal Geographical Society, England, x. 191, 193. Royal Household, English, xxi. 35; precedence of, xix. 662. Royal Mint, London, xvi. 486. Royal Prerogative, xix. 672. Royal Society, of London, xxi. 38; xiv. 835. Royal Supremacy, over Church of England, vm. 374. Royal Titles, xxiii. 417. Royal University, of Ireland, xxiii. 855Royal Veto, xxiv. 207. Royal Warrant, xxiv. 371. Royan, town, France, xxi. 40. Royapet Kistnampet, part of Madras city, India, xv. 188. Royat, spa, France, xvi. 435, 436; xx. 120. Roy Bareilly, district and town, India, xx. 222. Royer-Collard, Pierre Paul, French statesman and philosopher, xxi. 40; his influence on Cousin, VI. 51. Royle, John Forbes, English botanist, xxi. 40. Rozet, Abbe, French agriculturist, xxiv. 198. Rozier, Frangois Pilatre de, French aeronaut, I. 188, 191. Rsheff, town, Russia, XXL 119; xxm. 672.

379 Ruang, Phra, Siamese ruler, xxi. 854. Ruapehu, mountain, New Zealand, xvii. 466. Ruas (Rugulas), Hunnic king, xil. 381. Rubais, form of Persian poetry, xvil. 771Rubber, of whist, xxiv. 546. , India-, XII. 835. Rubble Work, in architecture, 11. 472; walls of, iv. 470. Rubellan, mineral, xvi. 413. Rubellite, mineral, xvi. 409. Rubens, John, Flemish lawyer, xxi. 41. , Peter Paul, Flemish painter, xxi. 41, 439; his relations with Van Dyck, xxiv. 60; with Velazquez, xxiv. 132; his tomb in Antwerp, 11. 146. Rubeola, disease, xv. 657. Rubezahl, German goblin, xx. 552. Rubia, genus of plants, xv. 176. Rubicella, mineral, xvi. 386. Rubicon, river, Italy, xm. 437. Rubidium, chemical element, v. 524; xix. 592. Rubrouck, commune, French Flanders, xxi. 46. Rubruquis (William of Rubruk), Franciscan traveller, 13th century, XXL 46; x. 178; on Cathay, v. 628; on Prester John, xix. 716. Rubsen Seed, xx. 273. Ruby, precious stone, xxi. 47. Rucanas, Peruvian nation, xvill. 676. Rucelinus {Roscellinus), mediseval scholastic, xx. 848. Rucellai, Giovanni, Italian writer, xiii. 510. Ruckert, Friedrich, German poet, XXL 495 x. 543. RUCU PlCHINCHA, mountain, Ecuador, vil 645. Rudagi, Persian poet, xxi. 49; xviii. 656. Rudbeck, Olaf or Olof, Swedish naturalist and scientist, xiv. 672; xxn. 755; XXlll. 860; as anatomist, I. 811. Rudd, fish, xxi. 49; xx. 582. Rudder, of a ship, xxi. 602. Ruddiman, Thomas, Scottish scholar, XXL 50. Rude, Francois, French sculptor, xxi. 50, 564. Rudenbeck, Germany, Dolmen at, xxi. 52. Rude Stone Monuments, xxi. 50; II. 338, 383; VI. 597; in Polynesia, XIX. 428; in Porto Rico, xix. 532; at Stonehenge, xxn. 576. Rudnik, mountains, Servia, xxi. 686. RUDOLFSHEIM, suburb of Vienna, Austria, ix. 827. Rudolph I., German king, xxi. 53; XXII. 782; as count of Hapsburg, x. 493; his relations to the popedom, xx. 798. II., emperor, XXL 53.

380

R U D —R U S

Rupella (La Rochelle), ancient town, Rudolphine Tables, Kepler’s, xiv. Rukh (Roc), fabulous bird, XX. 611. France, XX. 613. Shah, ruler of Persia, xvni. 632, 47Rupert, St, apostle of Bavaria, xxi. RUDOLSTADT, town, Germany, XXL 53, 64361. Rule Britannia, Music of, 11. 623. 461. , king of Germany, X. 495. , Schwarzburg-, principality, Ger- Rule of the Road, xi. 81 i; at sea, , prince of Bavaria, English general xvii. 277. many, XXL 461. and admiral, XXL 61. RUDSTON, Yorkshire, England, Mono- Rule of Three, in arithmetic, 11. of Debate (Earl Derby), vn. 535lith at, xxi. 51. no. Rules of Procedure, in law, xiv. Rue, herb, xn. 289. Rupert’s Drops, philosophical toy, 11. 358Rueda, Lope de, Spanish dramatist, 6 Rulhiere, Claude Carloman de, French 3vil. 420; xxii. 356. Rupert’s Land, region, British North poet and historian, xxi. 58; IX. 668. Ruff, bird, xxi. 54. America, XII. 333; xvil. 573. Ruling, Paper, xxil 461. Ruff-and-Honours, old card game, Rullianus, Q. Fabius, Roman general, Ruphia, river, Greece, 1. 615; xvii. xxiv. 543. 765. xx. 742. Ruffe, fish, xix. 481. Rum, spirituous liquor, XXL 58; distil- Ruppiner See, lake, Prussia, xvii. RUFIJI, river, Africa, I. 255. 364lation of, vil 264. RUFINUS, the Goth, XX. 780. Rupture, disease, XL 752. , island, Scotland, 11. 500. , Tyrannius, early Christian writer, , in beams, Modulus of, IV. 292. (Roum), Arabic name for the xxi. 55; xxii. 238; his relation to St RURIK, early Russian chief, XXL 87. Romans, XXL 14. Jerome, XIII. 630; his translations (Asia Minor), Seljuks of, XXL 14, RURKI, town, India, XXL 152. and editions of Origen, XVII. 840. Rusa, deer of Java, XIIL 602. 636. Rufisque, town, Senegal, Africa, xxi. Rusera, town, India, XXHL 407. Rumania, or Roumania (q.v.), xxi. 14. 660. Rufus, of Ephesus, anatomist, 1. 802; Rumantzoff, Russian general, xxi. 99. Rush, plant, xxi. 62. , Benjamin, American physician RUMEX, genus of plants, VIL 309. xxil. 675. and politician, XXL 62. RUMFORD, Count (Sir Benjamin Rugby, town, England, xxi. 55. Thompson), scientist and diplomatist, Rushbrook, town, Ireland, xx. 175. School, England, under Arnold, XXIII. 309; his experiments on heat, Rush Nut, xvil 664. II. 627; observatory, XVII. 711. viii. 208; on chemical properties of RUSHT, or Rasht, town, Persia, XVIII. RUGE, Arnold, German philosophical 628. light, XVIII. 821. and political writer, XXL 56; xxii. Rushworth, John, English compiler Rumi, Jelal-uddin, Persian poet, xxi. 210. of historical collections, XXL 63. 59, 637; xviii. 658. Rugen, island in Baltic Sea, Germany, Gospels, viii. 382. Ruminants, or Ruminantia, division of xxi. 56; xix. 442. Mammalia, xv. 421, 431; in South Rusicada, town, Numidia, xvil 628. Ruggieri, archbishop of Pisa, xix. RUSKIN, John, on beauty, I. 222; on America, I. 682. 120. Turner, XXIII. 664; his Stones -of RUM Kala, town, Syria, II. 147. RUGII, Teutonic tribes, XVII. 726. Venice, XXIV. 151. RUMKER, Carl Ludwig Christian, GerRUGISI, strait, in Victoria Nyanza Lake, Russ Commonwealth, Giles Fletcher’s man astronomer, xxi. 59. Africa, xvn. 504. work, ix. 304. Rummel, river, Algeria, 1. 563. RUGOSA, order of corals, VI. 380. Russell, Earl, English statesman, XXL Rumney, river, Wales, xvi. 753. RUGULAS, Hunnic king, XII. 381. 63; VIII. 366; his relations with Lord Rumonsch Language, xx. 668; xm. RUHLA, town, Germany, xxi. 347. Palmerston, xviii. 195. 492. RUHLMANN, Richard, his barometric , William, Lord, English patriot, Rum Shrub, beverage, xxi. 59. formula, III. 386. XXL 65. Ruhmeshalle, at Munich, Bavaria, Runciman, Alexander, Scottish painter, , John Scott, Scottish engineer, XXI. XXL 60. xvii. 26. 66. , John, Scottish painter, XXL 60 RUHNKEN, David, classical scholar, RUSSELLZE (Roselle), Etruscan town, xxi. 57; his relations with Wytten- Runcorn, town, England, xxi. 60. Italy, viii. 636. Runeberg, Johan Ludwig, Swedish bach, XXIV. 714. Russia, country, Europe, xxi. 67 (index, poet, xxi. 60; xxii. 758. Ruhr, river, Germany, XX. 519. no); original principality of, XXL 89; Ruhrort, town, Rhenish Prussia, xxi. Runes, archaic alphabetic characters, 1. in Asia, ii. 701; xviii. 101; xxii. 1; 607, 612; xxi. 366, 370. 58. influence of, on the balance of power RUIBINSK (Rybinsk), town, Russia, XXL Rungpore (Rangpur), district and in Europe, III. 269; in time of town, India, XX. 272. 116. Catherine II., V. 233; conquest of the Ruini, Carlo, Italian veterinarian, Runic Inscriptions, i. 607, 612; xxi. Caucasus by, v. 258; Crimean War, 366, 370. xxiv. 198; his alleged discovery of IX. 623; sympathy of, with modern circulation of the blood, XL 504; Runigunj (Raniganj), coalfield, Bengal, Greeks, XL 122; conquest of the India, ill. 371, 568; xn. 737. xxiv. 96. Khazars by, xiv. 60; invasion of, by RUNIUS, Johan, Swedish poet, XXIL Ruin Marble, mineral, xvi. 397. Mongols, xvi. 741, 7475 invasion of, Ruisdaal (Ruysdael), Jacob, Dutch 755by Napoleon (1811), IX. 616; xvil. Run jit (or Ranjit) Singh, Sikh ruler, painter, XXL 114, 439. 216; war with Persia, xviii. 647; share India, xx. 111. Ruisselede, town, Belgium, xxi. of, in partition of Poland, xix. 298; II5 Runn, of Cutch, morass, India, VI. 730. influence of, in Turkestan, XXili. 637> Running, xxi. 60. Ruivo, Pico, mountain, Madeira Islands, 639; wars with Turkey (1736, i828> RUNG, island in Baltic Sea, Russia, xv. 177. 1877), XXIli. 647,650,652; academies, 1. xiv. 723; xvii. 732. Ruiz, Juan, Spanish poet, xxn. 353. 72, 77; army, II. 608; arsenals, 11. 634; de Alarcon, Juan, Spanish Runrig, land system, Shetland, Scotartillery, 11. 660, 667; coalfields, vi. land, xvii. S48. dramatist, xxii. 359; vn. 421.

R U S —s A B 381 58; coins, xvn. 658; Cossacks, vi. RUTICILLA, genus of birds, xx. 317. 448; drama, vn. 444; forests, ix. 401; Rutile, mineral, xvi. 386; xxm. 410. Rype, Norwegian game bird, xvn. 581. foundling hospitals, IX. 483; gold, x. Rutilius Claudius Namatianus, Rypin, town, Poland, xix. 227. Rysbrack, John Michael, sculptor, 743; Greek Church, XL 157; Jews in, Latin poet, XXL 112. xxi. 560. xiii. 686; land laws, xiv. 262; lan- Rutlam, state, India, xx. 292. Rysbroeck (Ruysbroeck, q.v.), John guage, xxii. 148; Lapps, xiv. 306; Rutland, county, England, xxi. 113. of, Flemish mystic, xxi. 114, 46. libraries, xiv. 533, 549; mines, xvi. , town, Vermont, U.S.A., xxi. 114; Rysselberg’s Telephonic System, 468; navy, xvn. 299; newspapers, xxiv. 167. xxiii. 133. xvii. 430; observatories, xvn. 714; Rutledge, John, American chiefRyswick, Holland, Congress of (1697), oyster culture, XVIII. 108; periodical justice, xxiii. 748. vi. 270; ix. 580; xii. 81. literature, xvni. 543; police system, Rutnagherry (Ratnagiri), district and Rzaczynski, on birds, xvin. 8. XIX. 344; prison system, xix. 761; town, India, xx. 292. railways, xx. 251; serfdom, xxii. 143; Rutuli, an ancient people of Latium, Rzheff, Rjev, or Rzhoff, town, Russia, XXL 119; XXIII. 672. Tartar population, xxm. 70; unixiv. 343. versity statistics, xxm. 849, 852; Rutulians, Caucasian tribe, xiv. 475. weights and measures, xxiv. 490. Ruv Diaz Campeador (The Cid), C the nineteenth letter of the alphabet, Russian Alphabet, i. 614. Spanish hero, xxu. 315. 120. Russian America, or Alaska (g.v.), 1. Ruysbroeck, John, Flemish mystic, Saadi,XXL Persian poet, xxi. 142; xvin. 443. 7iiXXL 114, 46; xii. 91; xvii. 133. 659. Russian Baths, hi. 438. Ruysch, Frederik, Dutch anatomist, Saadia, Jewish rabbi and scholar, xxi. Russian Language, xxi. 109; xxn. xxi. 114; 1. 812. 120. 148; dictionaries of, vn. 188; vi. 762. Ruysdael, Jacob, Dutch painter, xxi. Saalfeld, town, Germany, XXL 122, Russian Leather, xiv. 388; odour 114, 439348. imparted to, m. 698. Ruysselede, town, Belgium, xxi. 115. Saarbrucken, town, Prussia, xxi. Russian Literature, xxi. 102. Ruyter, Michael Adrian de, Dutch 122. Russians, race of people, Europe, xxi. admiral, xxi. 115; xn. 80. Saardam, town, Holland, xxiv. 761. 79; xxii. 145, 147; in time of Byzan- Ruz, Val de, Neuchatel, Switzerland, Saargemund, town, Lorraine, Gertine empire, XL 116. xvii. 361. many, XXL 122. Rust, on iron, xvi. 70. Ryan, Loch, Wigtown, Scotland, xxiv. Saavedra, Angel de, Spanish poet and Rustam, Persian ruler, xvni. 633; as 562. politician, xxi. 122; xxil 343, 361. hero in Persian literature, xvin. Ryazan, government, Russia, xxi. 115; , Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish 656. principality, XXL 89; town, XXL 116. writer, v. 347. See Cervantes. Rustchuk, town, Bulgaria, xxi. 110. Ryazhsk, town, Russia, XXL 116. Faxardo, Diego de, Spanish Rusticiano of Pisa, Italian writer, Rybinsk, town, Russia, xxi. 116. diplomatist and writer, xxi. 122. xiii. 501; xix. 407. Rycaut, Sir Paul, English traveller and Saaz, town, Bohemia, xxi. 122. Rustico, town, Prince Edward Island, diplomatist, xxi. 116. Saba, people, Arabia, xxiv. 738. xix. 740. Rydberg, Viktor, Swedish writer, xxii. Sabadilla Seeds, Drug from, xxiv. di Filippo, Italian poet, xm. 501. 758. 163. Rustre, in heraldry, xi. 697. Ryde, town, Isle of Wight, England, Sabzean Language, xxi. 653; xxiv. Rutebceuf, early French writer, ix. xxi. 117. 740. 642. Rydelius, Anders, Swedish Cartesian Sab/e A ns, South-Arabian people, xxiv. Rutenu, district, ancient Syria, xxn. writer, xxil. 755. 738. 822. Rye, grain, xxi. 117; culture of, 1. 360. Sabah, or British North Borneo, xxi. Rutgers College, New Brunswick, , town, England, xxi. 117; xxil 123. New Jersey, U.S.A., XVIL 375. 725. Sabarmati, river, India, xx. 260. Ruth, Book of, xxi. no. , Spurred, or ergot, vm. 521; IX. Sabas, St, Syrian ascetic, xxi. 124. Ruthena (Rodez), Roman town, 834, St, the Goth, Christian martyr, France, xx. 617. Ryechitsa, town, Russia, xvi. 479. XXI. 124. Ruthenians, race of people, Russian Ryegrass, Culture of, 1. 371, 375, 380. Poland, xix. 309; as Roman Catholics, Rye House, Hertfordshire, England, Sabazius, in Greek legend, vn. 249; xviii. 853. XX. 631. xi. 772. Sabbas, or Sabas, St, Syrian ascetic, Ruthenium, chemical element, v. 537; Rye House Plot, England, xvi. 756. XXL 124. xix. 189, 192. Ryeka, town, Montenegro, xvi. 781; , St, archbishop of Servia, XXL 689. Rutherford, John, his thermometer, river, xvi. 780. Sabbath, xxi. 124 ; Christian obserxxiii. 291. Ryeshetnikoff, Russian novelist, xxi. vance of, xxil 654. , L. M., his observatory, at New 108. , The, Grahame’s poem, XL 34. York, xvii. 715. Ryezhitza, town, Russia, xxi. 118; , The Witches’, Legend of, xm. 674. Rutherfurd, Samuel, Scottish divine, population, xxiv. 262. Sabbe, Hebrew sibyl, xxil 13. XXL 112. Rykovsk, town, Saghalin, East Asia, Sabella, genus of Annelida, 11. 68. Rutherglen, town, Scotland, xxi. xxi. 147. Sabellianism, theological doctrine, 112. Ryland, William Wynne, English xiii. 671; xxi. 127. Ruthven, Lady Mary, wife of Van engraver, XXL 118. Sabellians, or Oscans, Italian people, Dyck, xxiv. 63. Rymer, Thomas, English historioxiii. 445; xxi. 129. - , Raid of (1582), Scotland, xm. grapher, XXL 118. Sabellius, early theologian, xxi. 127. 558; xxi. 507. Ryngold, Lithuanian chief, xiv. 702. Ruthwell Cross, Scotland, Runic Ryot, or Rayat, Indian peasant pro- Sabha, John, Syriac writer, xxil 835. Sabhr-isho, Syriac writer, xxil 838. inscription on, xvu. 570. prietor, xv. 289; xii. 770. Rustam, Syriac writer, xxii. 843.

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Sa de Miranda, Francisco de, PortuSabians, sect mentioned in Koran, xxi. Sacheverell, Henry, English divine, guese poet, xxi. 142. xxi. 130; viii. 353. 128; name claimed by Mandseans, xv. Sadi, Persian poet, xxi. 147; xvin. Sachs, Hans, German poet and drama467; wrongly applied to star wor659. tist, XXL 131; VII. 440; X. 528; XVII. shippers, xxi. 128. Sadikiya, Moslem college, at Tunis, 83; his house at Nuremberg, xvil Sabicu Wood, xxi. 128. xxiii. 622. 663. Sabina, genus of plants, xm. 774Sadler, Sir Ralph, English statesman, Sachsenspiegel, German law code, x. Sabine, river and lake, Louisiana and XXL 143. 525. Texas, U.S.A., xv. 20; xxm. 203. Sado, island, Japan, xm. 569. Sackbut, musical instrument, xxm. ? Sir Edward, English astronomer, Sadoleto, Jacopo, Italian humanist, 586. xxi. 128; his observations in polar xxi. 144. Sack Manufacture, xxi. 13i. regions, xix. 319. Sadowa, Bohemia, Battle of (1866), Sabines, ancient Italian people, xxi. Sack-Mead, beverage, xn. 137. xiv. 138. Sackville, town, New Brunswick, 128; xili. 444; xx. 669; in Rome, Sad-UD-Din, Ottoman historian, xxm. xvil 375. xx. 731 j their contest with the 657. , Charles, sixth earl of Dorset, vn Umbrians, xxm. 723. Sadyattes, king of Lydia, xv. 100. 373, Rape of the, vin. 619. Thomas, first earl of Dorset, VII. Stemund Sigfusson, or Ssemundar, Sabinians, Roman jurists, xiv. 164. Icelandic writer, vii. 650; XII. 624; 372; as dramatist, vill. 416. Sabinianus, pope, xix. 494. Edda of, vii. 650. Saco, town, Maine, U.S.A., xxi. 131; Sable, carnivorous mammal, xv. 577; S/epinum, Samnite town, Italy, XXL river, XV. 298. skins of, ix. 838. 249. Sacrament, Sacraments, xxi. 131 Sabl£, town, France, XXL 314. analogy of, to the Greek Mysteries, S/etabis (Jativa), ancient town, Spam, Sables d’ Olonne, town, France, xiii. 597. xvil 125; in Greek Church, XL 158; xxi. 129. Safa, district, Syria, Inscriptions of, decrees respecting, at council of Trent, Sabliere, Madame de la, patroness of XXL 651. xxiii. 546, 550; Quaker doctrine reLa Fontaine, xiv. 204. Hill, at Mecca, Arabia, xv. 674. garding, xx. 15°- ^ee 1XLoch, Scotland, xxi. 638. tal sect, xv. 467. St Gervais, spa, France, xxi. 332. St Mary Winton, College of (New St Gotthard Tunnel, Switzerland, St John’s College, Cambridge, iv. College), Oxford, xvin. 97. xxiii. 624. 73°„ , St Maurice, mountain, Vosges, France, St Helena, island, South Atlantic, St John’s College, Oxford, xviii. xxiv. 298. 97XXL 170; 1. 272; birds of, ill. 759; , town, Valais, Switzerland, xxiv. observatory, xvn. 716; Napoleon at, St Joseph, town, Missouri, U.S.A., xxi. 3i176. xvii. 225. , river, Canada, XX. 165. St Helen’s, town, England, xxi. 171. St Julien, town, France, XXL 333. ST Maur-SUR-Loire, town, France, St JUNIEN, town, France, XXIV. 223. St Helier, town, Jersey, XIII. 635. XXL 187. Saint-Just, Antoine, French RevoluSt Henri, town, Canada, xx. 167. St Michael and St George, Order tionist, xxi. 176. Saint-Hilaire, Auguste de, French of, xiv. 124. St Kilda, islet, Outer Hebrides, Scotbotanist and traveller, XXL 171. St Michael’s, island, Azores, in. 171. land, XXL 177. , , Bourjot, on birds, XVIII. 11. MOUNT, castle, Cornwall, England, , town, Victoria, Australia, XXL 177. , Etienne Geoffroy, x. 173; on vil. 427, 428. St KitVs, island, West Indies, XXL tomy and morphology, XV1. 839; on St Michel, town, Finland, ix. 217; 159^ . , fishes and birds, XVIII. 18. xxiv. 209. Saint-Lambert, Jean Francois de, , Isidore Geoffroy, X. 174; on birds, , Mont, islet, France, xvi. 796. French poet, XXL 177. xviii. 24. St Moritz, spa, Switzerland, vm. 214; St Lawrence, river, North America, St Hilda’s Abbey, at Whitby, Engxvi. 434. xxi. 177; iv. 769; xx. 165. land, iv. 630. St Nazaire, town, Loire Inferieure, St LeGER, horse-race at Doncaster, St Hyacinthe, town, Canada, xx. 167. France, XXL 187. England, vil. 361; xn. 201. St Ives, town, England, XXL 172; pil, town, Var, France, xxiv. 69. Sir Anthony, viceroy in Ireland, } chard fishery of, ix. 254. , lagoon, Pyrenees Orientales, XIII. 263. St Jacob, Switzerland, Battle of (1444), France, xx. 128. St Leonard, town, France, xxiv. 223. ix. 551. St Nectaire, spa, France, xx. 120. St Jago, island, Cape Verd group, v. St Leonards, town, England, xxi. St Nicolas, town, Belgium, xxi. 187. 182. 52. Varangeville, town, France, , Lord, lord chancellor of England, de Cuba, town, Cuba, xxi. 300. xvi. 205. XXL 182. St James of Compostella, Order of, St Leonard’s College, St Andrews, St Omer, town, France, XXL 187; xxii. 316. xviii. 340. Scotland, XXL 158. St James’s Palace, London, xiv. 838. Saintonge, old province, France, XXL St L6, town, France, XXL 182. St James’s Park, London, xiv. 824. 188. St Louis, town, Missouri, U.S.A., xxi. St Jean Baptiste, suburb of Montreal, St Oswin, priory, England, xxm. 675. 183; bridge at, IV. 339. Canada, XXL 172; xx. 167. St Ouen, suburb of Paris, xxi. 188. , town, Senegambia, West Africa, St Jean d’Acre, town, Syria, 1. 120. St Pancras, district of London, xiv. XXL 182, 660; I. 269. See Acre. 822. , spa, Michigan, U.S.A., xvi. 436. St Jean d’ Angely, town, France, xxi. Railway Station, London, xx. , Lake, Montreal, xvi. 794. 172. 236. St Lucia, island, West Indies, xxi. 186. St Jean-de-Maurienne, town, France, St Patrick, Order of, xiv. 124. St Malo, town, France, XXL 186. XXL 332. St Paul, island, Indian Ocean, XXL ST Mar^AL DE Sena, town, MozamSt Johann-Saarbrucken, town, Prus189. bique, xvii. 7. sia, XXL 122. , town, Minnesota, U.S.A., XXL 188. St Marguerite, island, France, iv. St JOHN, river, Maine, U.S.A., and New , Basilica of, Rome, ill. 416. 807. Brunswick, xv. 298; xvn. 373. de Loanda, town, West Africa, St Marie, island, Madagascar, xv. 168, , town, New Brunswick, XXL 172; xiv. 742. 174. xvii. 375. St Paul’s Cathedral, London, 11. St Mark’s Church, Venice, xxiv. 150. , Bayle, English traveller and writer, 443; xiv. 837, 843; XXIV- 689St Mark’s Eve, il 214. XXL 173. St Paul’s Rocks, islands in the , Charles William George, English Saint Mars, M. de, governor of the Atlantic, XXL 189. Bastille, Paris, xm. 360. sportsman and naturalist, XXL 173. St Paul’s School, London, xiv. 835. St Martin, island, West Indies, xxi. , Henry (Viscount Bolingbroke, St Peter, Lake, on St Lawrence, 186. q.v.), English statesman, IV. 4. Canada, XXL 181. , town, France, XX. 302. , James Augustus, English traveller Port, town, Guernsey, xxi. 190, , Louis Claude de, French mystic, and author, XXL 173. xi. 247. XXL 186. , Lake, Canada, xx. 165. St Peter’s, Basilica of, Rome, 11. 430> of Jerusalem, Knights of, xxi. St Martin’s, one of the Scilly Isles, in. 415. England, XXL 465. 173; at Malta, XV. 343; settlement of, St Petersburg, government, Russia, St Mary, island, Azores, ill. 171. in Rhodes, XX. 525. xxi. 190. St Mary’s, one of the Scilly Isles, St John’s, town, Canada, xx. 167. , capital of Russia, XXL 19°; and, XXL 465. , town, Newfoundland, XXL 175.

S A I —s A L 385 founding of, xxi. 97; academy of St Vincent, island, West Indies, xxi. Salamander, fabulous animal, xxi. sciences, 1. 72; libraries, xiv. 533, 201. 205. 549; newspapers, xvn. 430; observa, Cape, Portugal, Battle of (1797), Salamandra, amphibian, xxi. 204; 1. tory, XVII. 714; picture gallery, xxi. viii. 362; xvil 322; xxi. 201. 760; epithelium of, xix. 833. 446; university, xxm. 852. , Earl, English admiral, xxi. 201. Salamis, island, Greece, xxi. 205; in. St Peter’s College, Cambridge, iv. , Gulf of, South Australia, xxn. 59J battle of (480 B.c.), xi. 100; 73o283. XVIII. 572; xxi. 205; XXIII. 251. St Pierre, island, Newfoundland, xxi. St Vincent’s, one of the Cape Verd Salamiya, ruins of Nineveh, xvii. 196; xvii. 382. Islands, v. 52. 512. , town, Martinique, West Indies, St Vitus’s Dance, disease, xxi. 201; Sal Ammoniac, chemical salt, 1. 741xv. 586. XVIII. 391; xxiii. 60. xvii. 517. , town, Reunion, Indian Ocean, xx. St Winifred’s Well, Wales, xn. Salamouri, Caucasian musical instru493106. ment, xvii. 705. , Charles Iren4e Castel, Abbe de, St Yrieix, town, France, xxiv. 223. Salanga, island, Malay Peninsula, xv. French social writer, XXL 195. Sais, ancient town, Egypt, vil. 768. 321. , Jacques Henri Bernardin de, Saivism, corrupt form of Buddhism, Salanx, genus of fishes, xxi. 221, French writer, XXL 195; ix. 666, 668. xiv. 228. 224. d’OlIcron, town, France, xvii. 761. Sajur, affluent of Euphrates, viii. Salaria, Via, Roman road, Italy, xx le Moutier, town, France, xvil 669. 552. 496. Saka, tree, xxiii. 103. St Pierre-les-Calais, town, France, Sakalava, race of people, Madagascar, Salaro, Italy, Bridge at, iv. 330. Salas Barbadillo, Alonso G. de, XXL 196; XVIII. 339. xv. 171, 174. Spanish novelist, xxn. 358. St Pol, town, France, xvili. 340. Sakaria, river, Asia Minor, 11. 707. Salassi, Ligurian tribe, Italy, xiv. de Leon, town, France, xxi. 196. Sakatu, town, Houssa, Central Africa, 639St Quentin, town, France, xxi. 196; 1. 271. Salatiga, town, Java, xm. 606. battle of (1557), ix. 559. Sakcinski, Ivan K., Servian historian, Salaverry, town, Peru, xviii. 674. St Raphael, village, France, ix. 767; XXL 691. , Felipe Santiago, ruler in Peru, xxiv. 69. Sake, Japanese drink, xm. 574; xx. xviii. 678. St Riquier, France, Monastic library 539Salawatti, Papuan kingship, New at, xiv. 514. Sakei, race of people, Malacca, Asia, Guinea, xvii. 389. Saints, xxi. 155; pilgrimages to shrines xv. 323. Saldamando, Enrique Torres, Peruvian of, xix. 94; St Paul’s use of the term, Saker, bird, ix. 3. historian, xvin. 675. xviii. 427. Sakhalin, island, East Asia, xxi. 147. St Salvator’s College, St Andrews, Saki Adasi (Scio), island, Asiatic Saldanha, Count of, Portuguese statesman, XIX. 553; XXL 205. Scotland, xxi. 158. Turkey, XXL 465. Sald£, town, Senegal, Africa, XXL 660. St Sauveur, spa, France, xx. 127. Sakis, group of apes, 11. 154. St Sebastian of Mozambique, town, Sakkarah, Egypt, Mummies of, xvil. Sale, in law, xxi. 205; contracts of, in Roman law, xx. 700; implied warEast Africa, xvil 7. 21; pyramids of, vn. 772; xx. 122, ranty in contracts of, xxiv. 373; in St Servan, town, France, xxi. 197. 124; tomb of Tih at, xvil 34. relation to payment, xvin. 440. Saint-Simon, Claude Henri, Comte de, Saksaul, plant, xxiii. 511. , town, England, xxi. 205. French socialist, xxi. 197; vm. 211; Saktas, class of Hindu worshippers, , Antoine de la, French romancist ix. 668; his relation to socialism, xxi. 283. xx. 658. XXII. 207; his influence on Comte, vi. Saky, Crimea, Russia, Mud baths at, vi. , George, translator of the Koran, 229. 585. xvi. 606. , Louis de Rouvray, Due de, French Sakya, monastery, Tibet, xxiii. 340, Saleiyer, island, Indian Archipelago, courtier and writer, xxi. 198; ix. 668. 346. xxi. 210. St Sophia, Mosque of, at ConstanMuni, the Buddha, m. 375; iv. Salem, of Scripture, xm. 636. tinople, vi. 305. 209. , district and town, India, xxi. St Stephen, town, New Brunswick, Sal, one of Cape Verd Islands, v. 52. 210. XVII. 375. , tree, 11. 693; ix. 405; xviii. 71. , town, Massachusetts, U.S.A., xxi. St Thiajo Major, town, Mozambique, Sala (Sallee), town, Mauretania, Africa, 210; witchcraft trials at, xxiv. 622. xvii. 7. xv. 637. , town, New Jersey, U.S.A., xxi. St Thomas, island, Gulf of Guinea, Sal Acetosell^e, or Salt of Sorrel, 211. West Africa, xxi. 200. XVIII. 91. , town, Oregon, U.S.A., xxi. 211; , island, West Indies, xxi. 200. Salade, headpiece, xi. 637. xvil 825. , town, Quebec, Canada, xx. 167. St Ubes (Setubal), town, Portugal, xxi Saladin, Moslem general and sultan Sale of Lives, Lucian’s dialogue, xv. of Egypt, XVI. 588; vil 753; his con45697. quest of Jerusalem, vi. 628; his rela- SALEP, drug, XXL 211. St Veit, town, Austria, xiv. 106. tions with the Templars, xxm. 161; Salerne, Francois, on birds, xviii. 6. St Venant, on flexure, vn. 809. Life of, by Bohaddin, m. 860. Salerno, town, Italy, xxi. 211; medical St Victor, Hugo of, mediaeval theoSalado, Spain, Battle of (1340), XXII. school of, XV. 806; XXII. 675; unilogian, xxi. 425. 3i9> 323versity, xxiii. 832. , Niepce de, his contributions to Salairsk, town, Siberia, xxiii. 439. , Giuseppe Ricca, Italian economist, photography, xvin. 824. Salamanca, province, Spain, xxi. 203. XIX. 395. > Paul de, French writer, xxi. 201. , town, Spain, xxi. 203; cathedral, Sales, Francois de, French mystic, ix. " ’ Richard of, scholastic philosopher, II. 433; university, xxiii. 839, 851; 695; xvii. 134. xx - 543; XVII. 132; XXI. 425. battle of (1812), xxiv. 496. Salford, town, England, xv. 4^9. XXV. — 49

386

S A L —S A L

SALTIKOFF, Russian general, XXL 99. Salian Franks, ix. 723; x. 476; xxi. Salmagundi Papers, Paulding’s, 5 I. (Stchedrin), Russian novelist, xviii. 432. 212. XXL 108. SALMASIUS, Claudius, French scholar, Salian Law, of the Franks, ix. 529. xxi. 219; Milton’s answer to, xvi. Saltillo, town, Mexico, xxi. 235; xvi. Saliany, town, Transcaucasia, Russia, 214. 332xxiii. 515. Saltire, in heraldry, XL 696. Saliceto, William of, Italian surgeon, Salmiac, mineral, xvi. 384. Salt Lake, Great, Utah, U.S.A., xxiv. Salmon, fish, xxi. 220, 224; xn. 693; xxii. 675. 19xviii. 320; culture, xix. 128; XXL Salicetti, Christophe, Corsican poliSalt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A., xxi. 226; disease, xviii. 266; xxi. 226; tician, xvii. 193. 235; xvi. 827. angling for, IL 39; Newfoundland Salicin, drug, xxi. 212. Salto, town, Uruguay, xxiv. 15. fisheries, xvn. 384; Tyne fisheries, Salic Law, xxi. 212; x. 476; first apxvii. 568; laws relating to fisheries, Salt of Sorrel, xviii. 91. plication of, in France, vm. 318; ix. Salt-Pans, xviii. 621; xxi. 233. XXL 225. 529> 545Salmonid^e, family of fishes, xxi. Saltpetre, mineral, xxi. 235; xvi. Salicylate of Sodium, xxi. 217. 396; XVII. 518; as an ingredient of 221. Salicylic Acid, drug, xxi. 217. gunpowder, XI. 319, 323; Indian, XU. Salieri, Antonio, Italian dramatic com- Salome, daughter of Herodias, xxi. 765227; xi. 755poser, XXL 218. Salts, in chemistry, V. 486; hydrometer ? widow of Alexander Jannseus, SALIGNAC, Framjoisde (Fenelon), French for, xii. 538; magnetism of, xv. 264; queen of Judsea, XXL 227; xm. writer, IX. 72, 662; XIX. 359. in water, xxiv. 399; in ocean water, 424. Salii, priests of Mars, Rome, xv. 570. XXL 611; ethereal, V. 572; of iron, Salomon ben Gebirol (Avicebron, Salim, or Selim, L, Turkish sultan, his used in photographic printing, XVIII. q.v.), Jewish philosopher, III. 152. war with Persia, xvni. 635; xxm. 832; manganic, xv. 480; polyxene, Salona (Spalato), ancient town, 642, 656. xix. 192. Dalmatia, xxn. 366. II., Turkish sultan, xxm. 621, Salt Springs, xvi. 434. Salonica, or Saloniki, town, European 644. Salt Sulphur Springs, West VirTurkey, xxi. 227. HI., Turkish sultan, xxm. 648. ginia, U.S.A., xvi. 436. Saloniki, province, Turkey in Europe, Salina, one of Lipari Islands, XIV. Salt Swamps, of Persia, xvni. 621. xxiii. 653; town, XXL 227. 683. Saluces (Saluzzo), town, Italy, XXL Salop, or Shropshire, county, England, Saline Mineral Springs, xvi. 434. 2 37XXL 847. Salinity, of water, xxiv. 399; of Salur, town, India, xxiv. 267. , name of Shrewsbury, town, EngAtlantic, XXL 613; of Baltic, in. 297; Salus, Roman goddess, xxi. 235. land, XXL 845. of Dead Sea, vn. 2; of Mediterranean, SALUTARIS, Phrygian province, XVlil. Salors, Iranian people, Asia, xvi. 43; xv. 820; of Pacific, XXL 614; of Red 852. xxiii. 661. Sea, xx. 317. Salutati, Caluccio, Florentine secreSalpa, genus of Tunicata, xxiu. 609, Salinometer, hydrometer for brine, tary, xx. 802. 616. XII. 542. Salutations, or Greetings, xxi. 235. Salpinx, Greek trumpet, xxm. 592. Salins-Moutiers, spa, France, xvi. Saluzzo, town, Italy, xxi. 237. Salsafy, vegetable, xn. 287. 434; xxi. 332. Salvador, republic, Central America, Salsette, island, Bombay, India, XXL Saliparan (Lombok), island, Indian xxi. 268. 228. Archipelago, xiv. 816. , St, island, Bahamas, ill. 237. Salt, Common, xxi. 228; xvi. 384; Salisbury, town, England, xxi. 218; Salvadori, Count, on the fauna of deposits or mines, in Austria, III. 120; newspapers, xvn. 421. New Guinea, xvii. 387. in Bavaria, in. 584; on Caspian Sea, v. , Margaret, countess of, VIII. 335; 178; in India, XII. 764; duties on, in Salvage, in law, xxi. 237; of a ship, xxiv. 753. xxiv. 687. Bengal, ill. 569; manufacture of, in , Earl of (Robert Cecil), v. 282. Salvation, Christian way of, v. 688; India, ill. 272; as manure, 1. 353; xv. , John of, scholastic philosopher, in Pauline theology, xviii. 425 5 512 ; working of mines, XVI. 454; xiii. 718; xxi. 425. Irenseus on, xiii. 274; Buddhist way pans, xviii. 621; XXL 233; producPlain, Wilts, England, xxiv. 594; of, IV. 428. tion of, in England, vm. 229; producStonehenge stone circle on, XXII. Salvelinus, subgenus of fishes, xxi. tion, in Prussia, XX. 15; production, 576. 223, in United States, xxm. 817; obtained Salis-Seewis, Johann Gaudenz, Swiss from sal-ammoniac,xvii. 517; springs, Salvia, genus of plants, xn. 252, 264. poet, xxii. 798. XVI. 434; in sea water, XXL 613; Salvian, mediaeval moralist, xxi. Saliva, Function of, xvn. 671, 674; 238. works, V. 590; XVI. 239; use of, in salivary glands, xvn. 668; VII. 222; of Marseilles, writer on the Goths, religious rites, XXL 134; mystic symof mammals, xv. 361. x. 852. _ ,, . . bolism of, XXL 234. Salivahana, Era of, v. 719. Salviani, Ippolito, Italian ichthyoloSir Titus, his manufactures of Salix, genus of plants, xxiv. 588. gist, xii. 631. alpaca wool, I. 598. Sallee, town, Morocco, xvi. 831; xx. Salvianus, Spanish Priscillianist, xix. Salta, town, Argentine Republic, XXL 192. 746. 234SALLO, Denis de, founder of French Salvin, Osbert, on birds, xviii. 12, I3> Saltash Bridge, Cornwall, England, Journal des Savants, XVlll. 539. 41, iv. 339. Sallust (Cains Sallustius Crispus), Salvinie/e, group of plants, ix. 100. Salt-Cake Making, xxii. 242. Roman historian, xxi. 219; xx. 720; Saltcoats, town, Scotland, xxi. Salwin, river, Burmah, iv. 551; xxi. on the Jugurthine War, xm. 767; his 39 235language and style, xiv. 334. Hill Tracts, district, Burmah, Saltenstrom, tidal current, Norway, Salluste DU Bartas, Guillaume de, xxi. 239. xxiv. 542. French poet, ill. 401.

S A L —S A N Salyes, Ligurian tribe, Italy, xiv. 639Salza, Hermann von, Teutonic Knight, xxi. 239; xxiii. 201. Salzach, river, Austria, xxi. 239. Salzbrunn, spa, Germany, xxi. 239. Salzburg, town, Austria, xxi. 239; university of, xxm. 851. Salzgarten, at Capo dTstria, Austria, xxi. 229. Salzkammergut, district, Austria, xxi. 241. Salzmann, Christian Gotthilf, German educationist, VII. 676. Salzungen, town, Germany, XXL 348; mineral water of, XVI. 434. SALZWEDEL, town, Prussia, XXL 241. Samaden, town, Switzerland, vm. 213. Samani, Persian historian, xxi. 736. Samanid Dynasty, of Persia, xxi. 241; XXII. 101. Samar, island, Philippines, xvin. 752. Samara, government, Russia, XXL 242; town, xxi. 243. Samarang, town, Java, xm. 606. Samarcand, town, Central Asia, XXL 246; xvii. 709; xxiv. 782. Samaria, capital of Northern Israel, XXL 243. , division of Palestine, xvill. 176; kingdom of, XIII. 406, 412; tributary to Assyria, HI. 187; coins of, XVII. 650. Samaritan Language, xxi. 648; dictionaries of, vn. 189. Samaritan Pentateuch, xxi. 244; v. 4; Morin’s edition, xvi. 825. Samaritans, religious community, xxi. 244; xiii. 419. Samarium, Spectrum of, xxn. 376. Samarkand, town, Central Asia, xxi. 246; observatory at, XVII. 709; railway connexion, xxiv. 782. Samarskite, mineral, xiv. 292; xvi. 427. Samarsko-Nikolaevskii, monastery, Russia, xvii. 609. Samartchik, Cossack settlement, Russia, xvii. 609. Sama-Veda, Brahmanical book, xxi. 277. Samawa (Sumbawa), island, Indian Archipelago, xxil. 641. Samaye, convent, Tibet, xiv. 501. Sambalpur, district, India, XXL 247. Sambas, district, Borneo, iv. 59. Sambawa (Sumbawa), island, Indian Archipelago, xxn. 641. Sambhar, India, Salt lake at, xm. 703. Sambucus, genus of trees, vil. 828. Samelats, or Lapps, Northern Europe, xiv. 305. Samen, mountains, Abyssinia, I. 62. Samh, Arabian grain, II. 236. Samhitas, collections of Sanskrit texts, XXL 273.

Samian Ware, pottery, xix. 617. Samiri, the Wandering Jew, xm. 674. Samite, variety of textile, xxiil 210. Samnites, ancient Italian people, xxi. 248, 128; xiii. 445; xx. 741, 744; as allies of the Umbrians, xxm. 724. Samnium, ancient district, Italy, xxi. 248; coins of, xvii. 637. Samoa, group of islands, South Pacific, xvii. 279; taboo system in, xxm. 16; totemism in, xxm. 468. Samoghitians, tribes, Lithuania, xiv. 702. Samonian Plain, of the Troad, xxiil 578. Samos, island, Aegean Sea, xxi. 249; xxiil 653; coins of, XVII. 647; waterworks, II. 219. Samosata, capital of Commagene, Syria, xxil 822; coins of, xvii. 649. , Paul of, bishop of Antioch, xvin. 429. Samothrace, island, Aegean Sea, xxi. 250. Samothracian Mysteries, The, iv. 621. Samoyedes, people, Russia, XXL 251; xviii. 61; xix. 329; xx. 11. Samoyedic Language, xxiv. 1. Sampang, department and town, Madura, Indian Archipelago, xv. 194. Sampierdarena, suburb of Genoa, Italy, xxi. 251; x. 157. Samsams, people, Malacca, Asia, xv. 323Sam-shee, Chinese drink, iv. 264. Sam Slick, Haliburton’s humorous sketches, XL 383. Samson, of Scripture, XXL 252. Agonistes, Milton’s drama, xvi. 339Samsun (Amisus), town, Turkey in Asia, xix. 459. Samuel, judge of Israel, xxi. 252; xm. 402; xix. 814. , Bulgarian chief, XL 115. , Books of, xxi. 252; vi. 837. Samur, river, Caucasus, v. 255. Samvat, Hindu era, xv. 346. San, affluent of the Vistula, Europe, xix. 307. Sana, town, Peru, xvin. 674. Sanaa, town, Arabia, xxi. 253. Sanagirs, Tungus tribe, Siberia, xxiil 608. Sanai, Persian philosopher and poet, xxi. 254; xviii. 658. San Antonio, mountains, New Mexico, U.S.A., xvii. 400. , town, Texas, U.S.A., xxi. 254; xxiil 205. San Bartolommeo de Honda, town, Colombia, XII. 129. San Benito (Paysandu), town, Uruguay, xviii. 441. San Bernardino, mountains, California, U.S.A., xxiil 801.

387 Sanchez, Francisco, Spanish scholar, xxi. 255. , Francisco, Portuguese physician, xxi. 255. , Thomas, Spanish Jesuit and casuist, XXL 255. Sancho L, king of Castile (III. of Navarre), 1. 615; xxil 312. II., of Castile, 1. 615. IV., of Castile, 1. 617; xxn. 319, 354I., king of Leon, xxil 311. III., the Great, king of Navarre (I. of Castile), 1. 615; xxil 312. I., king of Portugal, xxi. 255; xix. 541. II., of Portugal, xxi. 255; xix. 542. San Christoval, island, Solomon group, South Pacific, xxil 252. Sanchuniathon, Phoenician writer, XXL 255; XVIII. 802. San Cristoval de los Llanos, town, Mexico, xxi. 255; xvi. 214. Sancroft, William, archbishop of Canterbury, XXL 255. Sanctius (Francisco Sanchez), Spanish scholar, xxi. 255. Sanctuary, in architecture, 11. 388; xxiii. 166. , of Israel, xxiil 6, 165; xm. 637; tithes payable at, xxiil 41 i; relation of priests to, xix. 726. , Privilege of, XXL 255. Sanctus Bell, hi. 538. Sanctus Bell-Cot, ii. 472. Sancy, Puy de, mountain, France, xx. 119Sand, George (Madame Dudevant), French novelist, VII. 507; IX. 678; as journalist, xvii. 426. , Karl Ludwig, assassin of Kotzebue, xiv. 145. Sandakan Harbour, North Borneo, xxi. 123. Sandals, xxi. 830. Sandalwood, xxi. 255. Sandan, Cilician divinity, XXIIL 67. Sandarach, resin, xxi. 256. Sanday, island, Orkney, Scotland, xvii. 846. Sandbach, town, England, xxi. 256. Sandbergerite, mineral, xvi. 413. Sand-Blast, its industrial uses, xxi. 257. Sandby, Paul, English painter, XXL 257, 441, 444; as caricaturist, v. 104. Sandeau, Leonard Silvain Jules, French novelist, XXL 257; XXIL 291. Sandec, or Neu-Sandec, town, Austria, XVII. 364. Sand-Eel, fish, xxi. 257. Sandeman, Robert, leader of the Sandemanians, x. 637. Sandemanians, or Glassites, Scottish sect, x. 637. Sanderling, bird, XXL 261.

388 Sanders, Nicholas, legate to Ireland, xiii. 264. Sanderson, Robert, bishop of Lincoln, xxi. 258. Sandford and Merton, Day’s book, vii. 655. Sand-Grouse, bird, xxi. 258; migration of, in. 770. Sand Hills, their formation, x. 265; in Holland, xn. 60; in Persia, xv. 651; in Peru, xvili. 670; in Sahara, xxi. 149; in Transcaspian Region, xxiii. 511. Sand-Hopper, crustacean, vi. 661. Sandhurst, town, Victoria, XXL 259. , England, Military college at, 11. 585. San Diego, town, California, U.S.A., xxi. 259. Sandila, town, India, xvin. 72. Sand-Launce, fish, xxi. 257. Sand-Lizard, xiv. 734. Sand-Martin, bird, xv. 581. San Domingo, island, West Indies, XL 543; buccaneers of, IV. 408. Sandomir, town, Russian Poland, xxi. 259; xx. 218. SANDONUS (Athenodorus), Stoic philosopher, II. 832. Sandoway, district, Burmah, XXL 259; town, XXL 260. Sandown, town, Isle of Wight, England, xxiv. 562. Sandpiper, bird, xxi. 260; xi. 173. Sand-Piper, fish, xiv. 249. Sandracottus, founder of Maurya kingdom, India, XII. 787; XV. 142; xviil. 586. Sandridge, suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, XV. 836. Sand Rocks, x. 236. Sands, Blowing, Reclamation of, 1. 406. Sand-Star, fish, vn. 634. Sandstone, x. 237; strength of, xxn. 603. Sanduseros, people of Paysandu, Uruguay, xviil 441. Sandusky, town, Ohio, U.S.A., xxi. 261. Sandwich, town, England, xxi. 261. , First Earl of, British general and admiral, XXL 261. , Fourth Earl of, English politician, XXL 26l. Islands, North Pacific, XL 528; xviil 127. Spa, Canada, xvi. 436. Sandwip, island, India, xv. 830. Sand Worm, ii. 71. Sandy Deserts, their influence on temperature, VI. 4; XVI. 137. Sandys, George, English traveller and translator, xxi. 262; his Ovid, 1. 720. San Estanislao, town, Paraguay, xviil 244. Sanfedisti, revolutionary society, Italy, xiii. 486.

S A N—S A N San Felipe de Austria, town, Venezuela, v. 103. San Felipe de Jativa, town, Spain, xiii. 597. San Fernando, town, Spain, xxi. 262. , town, Trinidad, West Indies, xxiii. 573. DE Atabapo, town, Venezuela, xvii. 843. DE NUEVITAS (Puerto Principe), town, Cuba, XX. 99. San Francisco, town, California, U.S.A., xxi. 262. Mountains, Arizona, U.S.A., xxiii. 799. Sang, Edward, his logarithmic tables, xxiii. 10. Sangai, mountain, Ecuador, vil. 645. Sangallo, Florentine family of artists, xxi. 265. Sangar, state, Sumbawa, Indian Archipelago, XXII. 641. Sangarius, river, Asia Minor, 11. 707; xviil 691, 852. Sangerhausen, town, Prussia, xxi. 265. San Germano, town, Italy, xvi. 778. San Geronimo, mountain, Spain, xvi. 797Sangha, society of Buddhists, iv. 434. San Gimignano, Folgore of, Italian poet, xiii. 501. Sangje Gyamtso, regent of Tibet, xiv. 5°3Sangkalok, ancient town, Siam, XXL 854. Sangre de Cristo, mountain range, Rocky Mountains, U.S.A., XXIII. 796. Sanhedrin, Jewish council, xm. 424; XXII. 812; convened at Paris in 1806, xiii. 683. San-Hu:£, town, Anam, XII. 333. Sanhya School, of Brahmanism, iv. 209. Sanidine, mineral, xvi. 419. Sanitary Laws, xv. 797; xx. 96. Sanitation, of dwellings, xn. 566; xxi. 714; xxiv. 159. San Jacinto, Texas, U.S.A., Battle of (1836), xxiii. 206. Mountains, California, U.S.A., xxiii. 801. Sanjak, Turkish administrative division, xxiii. 654. Sanjeh, affluent of Euphrates, Asia, viii. 669. San Jose, town, California, U.S.A., xxi. 266. , town, Guatemala, xi. 241. , town, Uruguay, xxiv. 15. Sanju, town, Turkestan, xxm. 639; xxiv. 728. San Juan, river, Nicaragua, xvn. 477. Bautista, town, Mexico, xvi. 214. —-— Bautista, town, Porto Rico, xix. 532.

San Juan de Corrientes, town, Argentine Republic, VI. 439. DE LA Frontera, town, Argentine Republic, xxi. 266. del Norte, town, Nicaragua, XL 194; xvii. 477. DEL Sur, town, Nicaragua, xvn. 477Islands, Washington Territory, U.S.A., xxi. 266. Range, Rocky Mountains, U.S.A., xxiii. 796. San Julian del Pereyro, Knights of (Knights of Alcantara), I. 458. Sankara, Hindu theologian and philosopher, XXL 290. Sankaracharya, Sanskrit poet, XXL 287. Sankhya, Hindu system of philosophy, XXL 290. Sankt Johann, town, Prussia, xxi. 122. Sankt Polten, town, Austria, XXL 266. San Lazzaro, island and Mechitharist convent, near Venice, xv. 774. San Lucar de Barrameda, town, Spain, XXL 266. San Lucar de Barrameda, Duque de (Olivares), Spanish statesman, XVII. 761. San Luis Potosi, town, Mexico, XXL 266; xvi. 214; state, xvi. 214. San Mamede, mountains, Portugal, xix. 536. San Marino, republic, Italy, xxi. 266; xiii. 485. San Martin de Jose, Chilian general, xxi. 267. Sanmichele, Michele, Italian architect, xxi. 267; xxiv. 155, 171. San Miguel (St Michael’s), island, Azores, in. 171. , town, Salvador, Central America, xxi. 268. DE la Palma, island, Canaries, iv. 799Sannazaro, Jacopo, Italian poet, xxi. 267; xiii. 508; xviil 345; xxii. 357. San Pablo, lake, Ecuador, vn. 646. San Pantaleone, islet, Sicily, xv. 57iSan Pedro, town, Paraguay, xviil 244. Sanpu, river, Assam, 11. 718. Sanraboni, district, Celebes, v. 288. San Remo, town, Italy, xxi. 268. San Salvador, island, first American land discovered by Columbus, VI. I 73, republic and town, Central America, xxi. 268. , volcano, Central America, XXL 268. da Bahia, town, Brazil, ill. 239. Sansanding, town, West Africa, XXL 269.

s a n —s a r

389 San Sebastian, town, Spain, xxi. 269. Santa Maria (Capua), town, Italy, v. Sao Felippe, town, Cape Verd Islands, Sans Egal, bagatelle game, m. 230. v. 52. . 79- Maura, one of the Ionian IsSan Severo, town, Italy, xxi. 269. Santa Sao Francisco, river, Brazil, iv. 222. San-Sing, town, Manchuria, xv. 466. lands, Greece, xxi. 297; xm. 205. Sanskrit Language, xxi. 269; xi. Santander, province, Spain, xxi. 297; Sao Joao da Foz, suburb of Oporto, Portugal, xvil 795. 841; xviii. 781, 784; its relation to town, xxi. 298. Sao Leopoldo, German colony, Brazil, Greek, XI. 127; to Pali, xvm. 183; Sant’ Antao, one of the Cape Verd XXL 301. Benfey’s works on, xvm. 781; Muir’s, Islands, v. 52. Sao Luiz de Maranhao, town, Brazil, xvil. 13; dictionaries of, vie 190. Sant’ Antonio, part of Pernambuco, xv. 526. Sanskrit Literature, xxi. 273; iv. Brazil, xvni. 551. Sa6ne, river, France, xx. 528. 201; the Vedanta, xxiv. 117; Lassen’s Santarem, town, Brazil, xxi. 298. , Haute-, department, France, XXL works on, xiv. 322; H. H. Wilson’s , town, Portugal, xxi. 298. 301. essays on, xxiv. 590. Santa Scolastica, Italy, Monastic Saone-et-Loire, department, France, Sanskrit Manuscripts, xiv. 533. library of, xiv. 530. XXL 301. Sanskrit Numerals, xvii. 627. Santee, river, South Carolina, U.S.A., Sao Nicolao, one of the Cape Verd Sanson, Nicolas, French cartographer, xxii. 287. Islands, v. 52. xxi. 295. Santerre, Jean Baptiste, French Saood, Wahhabi ruler, Arabia, 11. 260. Sansovino, Andrea Contucci del Monte, painter, XXL 298. Sao Paulo, town, Brazil, xxi. 302. Florentine sculptor, XXL 295. San Thiago (St Jago), one of the Cape Sao Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul, , Francesco, Venetian architect, Verd Islands, v. 52. town, Brazil, xx. 564. xxiv. 153. Santi, Giovanni, Italian painter, xx. 274. Sao Vicente, one of the Cape Verd , Jacopo, Italian architect and sculp- Santiago, province, Chili, xxi. 298; Islands, v. 52. tor, XXL 295; XXIV. 152, 154. v. 617. , town, Brazil, xxi. 301. Sans Souci, palace, Potsdam, Prussia, , town, Chili, xxi. 298; observatory Sapajou, ape, 11. 154. xix. 599. at, xvil 716. Sapho, pseudonym of Mademoiselle de San Stefano, Turkey, Peace of (1878), , town, Cuba, xxi. 300. Scudery {q.v.), XXL 555. xxi. 102; xxiii. 652. de Chao, town, Peru, xvni. 674. Sapojok, town, Russia, xxi. 116. Santa Ana, town, San Salvador, Central de Compostella, town, Spain, Saponification, x. 697; xxii. 202. America, xxi. 268. xxi. 299; sculptures in, xxi. 566; Saponite, mineral, x. 228; xvi. 414. Santa-Anade Coro, town, Venezuela, rainfall at, XXII. 296. Sapor, or Shapur {q.v.), kings of Persia, vi. 428. de Cuba, town, Cuba, xxi. 300. xviii. 608; xvil 514. Santa Anna, island, Brazil, iv. 222. de Guatemala, town, Central Sappan Wood, dyewood, xxi. 302. , Antonio Lopez de, Mexican presiAmerica, XL 241. Sappers, in Austrian army, 11. 606; dent, xxi. 296; xvi. 219. de Guayaquil, town, Ecuador, British, 11. 579; ix. 456; Prussian, 11. Santa Barbara, department, HonSouth America, XL 242. 597; Russian, 11. 610. duras, XII. 132. del Estero, town, Argentine Re- Sapphire, gem, xxi. 302; Greek, xiv. Santa Casa, Chiesa della, Loreto, Italy, public, xxi. 300. 300. xv. 3. Santillana, Marquis of, Spanish poet, d’ Eau, mineral, xvi. 418. Santa Caterina, spa, North Italy, XXL 300; XXII. 355. Sapphirine, mineral, xvi. 386. xxiv. 45. Santini, Giovanni, Italian astronomer, Sapphirite, mineral, xvi. 409. Santa Catharina, town, Brazil, vn. XXL 300. Sappho, Greek poetess, xxi. 302. 132. Santipur, town, India, xvil 161. Santa Cruz, islands, Pacific Ocean, Santistevan, Jose, Peruvian jurist, Saprolegnia, salmon fungus, xxi. 226; xvi. 293. xvil 395; xv. 835. xviii. 675. , Andreas, ruler in Peru, xvni. 678. Santo, Francisco, Spanish novelist, Saprolegnie^e, suborder of Fungi, ix. 830; xviii. 266. de la Sierra, department, Boxxii. 358. Saprophytes, vegetable parasites on livia, iv. 10. Santob of Carrion, Spanish writer, dead organisms, xviii. 264. de Santiago, town, Teneriffe, iv. XXII. 353. Sapucaia (or Sapucaya) Nut and 799Santo Domingo Coban, town, Central Oil, xvil 665, 746. Santa Fe, town, Argentine Republic, America, vi. 83. Sar, Babylonian numerical term, xvii. xxi. 296. San Tomas de la Nueva Guayana 626. , town, New Mexico, U.S.A., xxi. (Angostura), Venezuela, II. 45. Sarabaites, or Remoboth, Eastern 296. Santona, town, Spain, xxi. 297. ascetics, xvi. 701. de Bogota, town, Colombia, 111. Santonin, bitter principle in jdants, Saraband, Spanish dance, xxi. 303. 858. xix. 53. de Guanajuato, town, Mexico, Santorin (Thera), island, Greece, xxiii. Saracenic Architecture, h. 445; in decoration, II. 234. XI - 233279. Santa Hermandad, or Holy Brother- Santorini, Giovanni Domenico, Italian Saracens, mediaeval Moslems, xxi. 304; in France, XXL 28; in Greece, hood, Spain, xxii. 326; ix. 81. anatomist, 1. 813. XL 115; in Italy, xm. 468; campaigns Santalace^e, group of parasitic plants, Santos, town, Brazil, xxi. 300. of Nicephorus II. against, xvii. 482; xviii. 266. Santo Tomas, town, Guatemala, xi. 241. conquest of Malta by, xv. 342; conSanta Laura, convent, on Mount Sanudo, Marco, Venetian, his capture quest of Sicily by, xxii. 23; invasion Athos, 1. 11. of Naxos, xvii. 302. of Spain by, xxii. 309. Santalic Acid, xxi. 256. San Vicente, town, Salvador, Central Saragossa, or Zaragoza, province, Spain, Santal Parganas, district, India, America, XXL 268. xxiv. 769; town, xxiv. 770; xxii. 307. xxi. 296. Sanzio, Raphael, Italian painter, xx. , Duke of, Spanish general, xviii. Santalum, genus of trees, xxi. 255. 274. See Raphael. 166.

390

S A R —S A U

SARGON, king of Assyria, in. 187; XIII. Sa Sotomaior, Eloi de, Portuguese Saragu, fish, xxi. 785. poet, xix. 556. 412; palace of, at Nineveh, xvii. 512. Sassafras Nut, xvil 664. Sarah, of Scripture, 1. 52. Sarakhs, oasis, Transcaspian Region, Sargus, genus of fishes, xxi. 785. Sassanian (Sasanian) Empire, Persia, Sari, town, Persia, xv. 651. Russia, xviii. 618; xxiii. 512. xviii. 607; coins of, xvil 659; contest DAGH, mountain, Caucasus, V. 254. Sarakol£s, people, Senegambia, West of, with Rome, XX. 777. Sariks, tribe, Merv, xvi. 43. Africa, XXI. 662. SASSARl, town, Sardinia, XXL 316. Sarama, of Sanskrit mythology, xi. 750. Sarjektjakko, mountain, Sweden, SASSERAM, subdivision, Bengal, India, xxil 736. SARAN, district, India, XXI. 304. xxi. 316. Sarkel, ancient Khazar town, Russia, Saranda, mountain, India, xxn. 94. Sassnitz, town, Riigen, Prussia, XXL 57. xiv. 59, 60. Saransk, town, Russia, xviii. 515. Sassoline, mineral, xvi. 387. Sarman, Vishnu, mythical Hindu fabuSaranyu, Yedic divinity, vm. 524. Satali, town, Asia Minor, xxi. 317. list, viii. 837; XXL 287. Sarapis, Egyptian divinity, VII. 717; Satan, vii. 136; doctrine of the BogoSARMATIANS, ancient people, Europe xxi. 674. mili regarding, III. 858; in Maniand Asia, XXL 310, 575> 578 ; m Sarapul, town, Russia, xxiv. 303. chseism, XV. 483; Zoroastrian doctrine Russia, XXL 78. Sarasara, mountain, Peru, xviii. 672. of, xxiv. 822. Sarmiento, Mount, Tierra del Fuego, SARASWATI, river, India, Legend of, Satara, district and town, India, xxi. xxiii. 384. 317. !• 579^ . de Gamboa, Pedro, Patagonian Saratoff, government, Russia, xxi. Satellites, of planets, 11. 783; of explorer, xvill. 353. 304; town, xxi. 305. Jupiter, 11. 810. Saratoga, Battle of (i777)> xxm. 744- Sarnen, town, Switzerland, xxil 778; Sati (Suttee), Hindu rite, xxil 727; xxiii. 858. Springs, spa, New York, U.S.A., iv. 210; abolition of, xn. 806. Sarno, town, Italy, XXL 311. XXI. 306; mineral water of, XV1. 436. Satin, textile, xxiv. 464; origin of the Sarpfos, waterfall, Norway, xvil. 575. Sarawak, territory, Borneo, xxi. 306; wmrd, V. 673. Sarpi, Pietro, friar, theologian, and iv. 60. Spar, mineral, 1. 439; xvi. 398. scientist, XXL 311; xviii. 431; xix. , Rajah of (Sir James Brooke), IV. Satin-Wood, xxi. 3175°5„ . Satire, XXL 317; Roman, xviii. 661. 369Sarbievius, Matthias Casimir, Polish Sarracenia, genus of insectivorous Menippee, in French literature, plants, XIIL 138. Latin poet, xix. 301. ix. 655. Sarbut al-Khadem, Sinai, Arabia, Sarrazin, Jacques, French painter, of the Three Estates, Lyndxxi. 313. xxil. 88. say’s, xv. 108. Sarcocystidia, subclass of Protozoa, SarrUSOPHONES, musical instruments, Satires, Menippean, of Varro, xxiv. 93. xvil 707. xix. 855. Satkinsh, town, Russia, xxm. 717. Sarcode, animal protoplasm, xix. Sars, Georg Ossian, on fish spawning, Satlaj (Sutlej), river, India, xn. 847; IX. 244. 828. xx. 106; 1. 484. , Michael, Norwegian zoologist, Sarcolactic Acid, xiv. 197. Satnamis, Hindu sect, ill. 671. xvil 592. Sarcolite, mineral, xvi. 412. SATNIOS, river, Asia Minor, XXlii. 578. Sarsaparilla, drug, xxi. 313. Sarcoma, disease, xviii. 368. Satraps, Persian, organized by Darius, Sarsfield, Lady, wife of Baron von Sarcophagi, stone or fictile coffins, xviii. 569; of Alexander the Great, Neuhof, xvil 362. early Christian, xxi. 556; Etruscan, I xviii. 583. Sartak, Tartar chief, xxi. 46. viii. 643; Etruscan, in terra-cotta, SATSUMA, Japan, Porcelain of, XIX. 635. xxiii. 193; Phoenician, xviii. 810; SARTHE, department, France, XXL 314. Insurrection, Japan, xiil 585. Sarti, Giuseppe, Italian musical theoRoman, 11. 419Sattarah (Satara), district, India, xxi. rist and composer, xxi. 314; v. 587. Sard, precious stone, xxi. 310. 3I7Sarto, Andrea del, Italian painter, Sardanapalus, king of Nineveh, xxi. Satur^e, in Roman drama, vn. 4°9> XXL 315, 435307; in. 188; xxiii. 67. xiv. 723. Sartorite, mineral, xvi. 394. Sardes, town, Asia Minor, xv. 98. Saturn, Italian divinity, xxi. 320. Sardica, Illyria, Council of (347); n- Sartorius, Georg, German economist, , planet, II. 776, 782, 811; as affected xix. 387. 829; xiil. 771. by tidal friction, XXIII. 379. Sardine, fish, xxi. 307; xn. 694; xix. SARTS, Asiatic tribe, XIV. 64; XXIL 820; Saturnalia, Roman festival, xxi. 321. in Persia, xxi 11. 25; in Turkestan, 90; fishery, IX. 253; fishery in Italy, , Macrobius’s treatise, xv. 167. xxiii. 636. xiii. 455SATURNINUS, Roman tribune, XX. 758. SARUM, town, England, XXL 218. Sardinia, island, Mediterranean, xxi. St, French martyr, XXIII. 485. Use, liturgy, vm. 379. 307; XV. 820; XIII. 440; acquired by Satyr, of Greek mythology, xxi. 322! SARUN (Saran), district, India, XXL Rome, XX. 748; dialects of, XIII. 493. XXIL 51. 3°4, Kingdom of, Italy, xxi. 310; v. Sauda, Urdu poet, XL 848. Sards, river, Asia Minor, 11. 708; v. 275; XIII. 485; war with Austria Sauerkraut, article of food, iv. 618. 777(1859), Hi. 138. SAUERLAND, district, Westphalia, GerSARY-SU, river, Siberia, xxill. 627. Sardinian Dialects, xiii. 493. many, xxiv. 516. Sardis, town, Lydia, Asia Minor, XXL Sarzeau, town, France, xvi. 813. Sasanian Empire, Persia, xvin. 607; Saugor (Sagar), district, India, XX. 31°. 146; town, XXL 147. coins of, XVIL 659; contest of, with Sardonyx, precious stone, xxi. 310; Saugur Straits, Japan, xiil 57°Rome, xx. 777. xvii. 776. Saul, king of Israel, vi. 838; XHi. 4°3> Sasine, in Scots law, XXL 626. Sarepta, town, Russia, XXL 305. XXL 253; claim of Afghan descen Saskatchewan, district, North-West Sargasso Sea, in Atlantic, m. 20, 26; from, I. 238. Territory, British America, xvil 573. 1. 509. of Tarsus (Paul, St, q.v.), xvinSaskia van Ulenburgh, wife of Sargassum Bacciferum, species of 415. Rembrandt, XX. 374. Algai, 1. 509.

s A IT —S C A Saumaise, Claude de (Salmasius), Dutch scholar, xxi. 219; xvi. 332. Saumarez, Baron de, English admiral, XXL 322. SAUMUR, town, France, XXL 322. Wine, xxiv. 606. Saunderson, Nicholas, English mathematician, xxi. 323. Sauras, tribe, India, XV. 185. Saurians, division of reptiles, xx. 432. Saurin, Jacques, French preacher, XXL 323Saurognathous Type, of birds, in. 716. Sauroids, group of Vertebrata, xxi. 323Sauromatve, or Sarmatians ( 332; annexation of, IX. 624; xm. 490. , vegetable, XII. 287. , Academy of, 1. 74. , House of, xxi. 339 (genealogical table, 340); xiii. 483. Conference (1662), London, xix. 690. Palace, London, xiv. 838, 845. Saw, tool, xxi. 343; xi. 437. Sawad, district, Mesopotamia, xvi. 51. Sawahili, people, East Africa, xvi. 697. Sawaii, island, South Pacific, xvn. 279. Sawaiori, Polynesian race, xix. 423. Sawakin (Suakim), port on Red Sea, xx. 316; xxii. 615. Sawantwari, state, India, XXL 342. Sawatch Mountains, U.S.A., xxiii. 796Saw-Bill, bird, xvi. 35. Saw-Fish, xii. 686; xx. 299. Saw-Fly, xxi. 343; xn. 576; as wheat pest, xxiv. 536. Saw-Mills, xxi. 344. Saws, tools, xxi. 343; xi. 437. Sawtrey, John, English martyr, xx. 322. Sawuntwarrie, state, India, XXL 342. Sawyer-Work, for building, iv. 476. Sax, Charles Joseph, musical instrument maker, XVII. 98. Saxe, John Godfrey, American poet, 1. 722. , Maurice, Comte de, French marshal, xxi. 346; ix. 586. Saxe-Altenburg, duchy, Germany, XXL 347.

391 Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, duchy, Germany, xxi. 347. Saxe-Meiningen, duchy, Germany, xxi. 348. Saxe-Saalfeld, duchy, Germany, XXL 122. Saxe - Weimar - Eisenach, grandduchy, Germany, xxi. 349. Saxicola, genus of birds, xxiv. 536. Saxifrage, plant, xxi. 350; xn. 251. Saxo Grammaticus, Danish historian and poet, XXL 350; his Chronicle, 1. 57. Saxon Chronicle, viii. 406. Saxons, Teutonic people, xxi. 351; relation of, to the Angles, II. 30; their opposition to Charlemagne, v. 402; in England, vm. 268, 270; first invasion of England by, xxn. 725; in Germany, x. 477; of Transylvania, xxiii. 522; law of the, xxi. 215. Saxon Switzerland, xxi. 357. Saxony, country, North Germany, xxi. 351; army of, II. 599; libraries, xiv. 527, 546; prison system, xix. 760; schools for the blind, ill. 829. , North Mark of, division of ancient Prussia, xx. 2. , Prussian, province of Prussia, xxi. 359Saxophone, musical instrument, xvn. 708. Say, town, on Niger, Africa, xvii. 497. , Jean Baptiste, French political economist, xxi. 360; xix. 382. Sayes Court, mansion, Deptford, England, VII. 101. Sayle, William, colonizer of South Carolina, U.S.A., xxn. 289. Saynite, mineral, xvi. 391. Sayyid Ahmad, Indian Wahhabi leader, XL 849. Sayyid Ahmad Khan Bahadur, Urdu writer, XL 850. Sayyids, Indian race, xn. 746; xv. 185. Sbeitla, town, Tunis, xxm. 620. Scabies, disease, xviil 270; xxn. 123. Scagliola, in plaster work, iv. 508. Scala, Della (Scaliger), ruling family in Verona, xxiv. 173; tombs of the, xxiv. 172; 11. 456. Nova, town, Asia Minor, xxi. 361. Scale, of maps, xxn. 708; xv. 522. , surveying instrument, XXII. 720. Insects, xiii. 153. Scales, of animals, xxn. 107; of fishes, XII. 639; of mammals, xv. 348; of reptiles, XX. 446. , Musical, xvil. 80. , Thermometric, xxill. 288; graduation of, xi. 27. Scaliger, or Della Scala, family, Verona, Italy, xxiv. 173. See Scala. ——, Joseph Justus, Italian scholar, XXL 362; ana of, 1. 784. , Julius Caesar, Italian' philosopher, XXL 361.

392 Scaling, William, on the cultivation of willows, in. 422. Scalloway, town, Shetland, Scotland, xvii. 848. Scamander, river, Asia Minor, 11. 707; xxiii. 578. Scamell, bird, x. 720. SCAMMONY, drug, XXL 365. Scanderbeg (George Castriota), Albanian prince, xxi. 365; 1. 225, 447; xxiii. 642. Scanderoon, town, Asia Minor, XXL 366; v. 777. Scandinavia, xxi. 366; union under one crown (1397), XXII. 746; antiquities of, 11. 341; ancient armour, 11. 555; mythology, I. 209; XVII. 155. Scandinavian Alphabetic Characters, 1. 612. Scandinavian Languages, xxi. 366; dictionaries of, Vli. 186. Scandium, Spectrum of, xxn. 377. Scaphopoda, class of Mollusca, xvi. 663. Scapolite, mineral, XVI. 412. Scapula, Anatomy of the, 1. 826. Scapulimancy, method of divination, VII. 293; XV. 206. Scarab, gem, x. 136; Etruscan, vm. 640. Scarabasida, group of insects, XXIV. 238. Scarborough, town, England, xxi. 374, town, Tobago, West Indies, xxm. 427. Scarbroite, mineral, XVI. 424. Scarcies, rivers, Sierra Leone, xxil. 45. Scardus, Mount, Thrace, III. 282; xv. 136. Scarichthys, genus of fishes, xvni. 324Scarifier, agricultural implement, I. 3!2. Scarlatina, disease, xxi. 376; xvin. 404. Scarlatti, Alessandro, Italian musical composer, XXL 375; xvn. 87. , Domenico, Italian musical composer, xxi. 376; xvil. 95. Scarlet, Pigments of, xix. 87; dyes, VIL 574. Fever, disease, xxi. 376; xvin. 404. Runner, bean, xn. 283. Scarp, in fortification, ix. 422. Scarpa, Antonio, anatomist, 1. 816. Scarpanto (Carpathus), island, Mediterranean Sea, v. 127. SCARPELLINO, workman for sculptor, XXL 571. Scarron, Madame (Madame de Maintenon, q.v.), XV. 304; IX. 578; XXL 378. , Paul, French dramatist, XXL 378. Scar-Tissue, xviii. 366. Scaruffi, Count Gasparo, Italian economist, xix. 356.

S C A—S C H Scarus, genus of fishes, xvin. 324. Scat, udal tribute, xxm. 716. Scatari, island, Nova Scotia, xvn. 601. Scaup, or Scaup-Duck, bird, XXL 378; xix. 252. Scavenger’s Daughter, instrument of torture, xxiii. 465. Scaw, cape, Denmark, vn. 80. SCAWFELL, mountain, England, VI. 697. Sceaux, Court of, Madame Delaunay’s account of, xxil 439. Scents, or Perfumes, xvni. 525. Scepticism, in philosophy, xxi. 378. Sceptre, symbol of authority, xxi. 384Schach Dagh, mountain, Caucasus, v. 254. Schack-Staffeldt, Adolph, Danish writer, VIL 92. SCHADOW, Friedrich Wilhelm, German painter, xxi. 385. , Johann Gottfried, German sculptor, xxi. 385. , Rudolph, German sculptor, xxi. 385Schafarik, Paul Joseph, Hungarian writer, XXL 386, 108; on the Slavs, XXII. 145. SchafberG, mountain, Austria, XXL 241. Schaffhausen, canton, Switzerland, XXL 386. , town, XXL 387; XXIL 789; falls of the Rhine near, xx. 519; XXIL 777Schaffle, Albert, German economist, XIX. 393. Schafflertanz, popular festival at Munich, Bavaria, xvil. 26. Schalcken, Godfried, Dutch painter, XXL 387. SCHALMEY, musical instrument, xvn. 706. Schamyl, Peter, Caucasian hero, xxi. 387, 102; his resistance to the Russians, v. 258. Schandau, town, Saxony, XXL 387. Scharnhorst, Gerhard Johann David von, Prussian general, XXL 387. Scharnitz, Tyrol, stormed by Ney (1805), ill. 132. Schassburg, town, Transylvania, Hungary, XXL 387. Schattenburg (Feldkirch), town, Austria, IX. 65. Schaumburg-Lippe, state, Germany, xiv. 683. Scheele, Karl Wilhelm, Swedish chemist, XXL 387; v. 462; xxn. 755; on photography, xvill. 821. Scheele’s Green, pigment, xix. 88. Scheelite, mineral, xvi. 403; xxm. 607. Scheemakers, Pieter, sculptor, XXL 560. Scheererite, mineral, xvi. 429.

Schefer, Leopold, German poet, x. 546. Scheffer, Ary, Dutch painter, xxi. 388. SCHEFFLER, Johann (Angelus), German poet and hymn-writer, 11. 28; XII. 587; XVII. 135. SCHEIBLER, Johann Heinrich, on acoustics, xxill. 619. Scheiner, Christoph, on sun-spots, II. 785. Scheldt, or Schelde, river, France, Belgium, and Holland, xxi. 389; in. SI5Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von, German philosopher, xxi. 389; on the beautiful, 1. 217; on evolution, vill. 762; his influence on German rationalism, XX. 290; influence of his philosophy on Hegel, XI. 614; his metaphysics, XVI. 87; on theosophic speculation, xxin. 279. Schelly, fish, xix. 650; xxi. 223. SCHEMNITZ, town, Hungary, XXL 393. Schenectady, town, New York, U.S.A., XXL 393. Schenkel, Lambert, on mnemonics, xvi. 532. Schetky, John Alexander, Scottish painter, XXL 393. , John Christian, Scottish painter, &c., XXL 393. SCHEUTZ, George and Edward, their calculating machine, IV. 655. Scheveningen, town, Holland, xxi. 394Schiavone, Andrea, Italian painter, XX. 609. Schiavonetti, Luigi, Italian engraver, XXL 394. Schiedam, town, Holland, xxi. 394. , variety of gin, X. 602. Schieffner, Franz Anton, Russian philologist, XXL 394. Schieh ALLION, mountain, Scotland, XVlll. 666. SCHIEL, fish, XIX. 89. Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich, German dramatist and poet, XXL 395; on the philosophy of art, I. 220; his Spieltrieb theory, ix. 199; his influence on German drama, vil. 442; on German literature, X. 538; his relations with Goethe, X. 731. Schiller-Spar, mineral, xvi. 415. Schinkel, Karl Friedrich, German architect and painter, XXL 398. Schinus, genus of trees, xvill. 519. Schinznach, spa, Switzerland, XVI. 435Schirmer, Friedrich Wilhelm, German painter, XXL 398. , Johann Wilhelm, German painter, XXL 398. Schirmerite, mineral, XVI. 394. Schism, The Great Papal, xix. 502. Schistos, variety of alum, 1. 644.

S C H— S C H Schistose Rocks, in geology, x. 235. Schizomycetes, group of minute organisms, xxi. 398; ix. 836; their relations to Fungi, xxiv. 128. Schizonemertea, suborder of nemertine worms, xvil. 326, 330. Schizorrhis, genus of birds, xxm. 487. Schlager, German sword, XXII. 803. Schlagintweit-Sakunlunski, Hermann von, German explorer, xxi. 408. Schlangenbad, spa, Germany, xxi. 460; xvi. 433. Schlawa See, lake, Prussian Silesia, xxii. 52. SCHLEGEL, August Wilhelm von, German poet, XXL 408, 409; X. 542; his relations with Sehelling, xxi. 390. , Hermann, on birds, xvin. 14, 17; on reptiles, xx. 440. , Johann Adolph, German preacher, xxi. 408. , Johann Elias, German dramatist, xxi. 408. , Johann Heinrich, German writer on Danish history, xxi. 408. , Karl Wilhelm Friedrich von, German historian of literature, XXL 408; X. 542. Schleglerkrieg, contest in Wiirtemberg (1367), XXII. 729. Schlei, inlet, Prussia, XXL 413. Schleicher, August, German philologist, xxi. 409; xviii. 782. Schleiden, Matthias, German botanist, XXL 409; on protoplasm, xix. 828. Schleiermacher, Friedrich Daniel Ernst, German theologian, XXL 409; x. 543; his influence on Baur, ill. 448; influence on Neander, XVII. 304; on German rationalism, xx. 290; his lectures on the life of Jesus, XIII. 672. Schlemihl, Peter, by Chamisso, v. 384. Schlesien (Silesia, q.v.), district, Germany, xxil. 51. Schleswig, Invasion of, by Austria (1864), Hi. 139; relations with Denmark, vii. 88. , town, Prussia, XXL 413. Schleswig-Holstein, province, Prussia, XXL 414; xx. 14, 16; the Schleswig-Holstein question, x. 507, 509, 510. Schlettstadt, town, German Alsace, XXL 416. Schliemann, Heinrich, his explorations at Mycenae, xvil 115; at Tiryns, xxiii. 408; in the Troad, II. 341; XXiii. 581. Schlosser, Johann Georg, friend of Goethe, x. 722. Schlozer, August Ludwig von, German historian, XXL 416. , Christian von, German economist, xix. 388. Schlusselburg, town, Russia, xiv. 199; XXL 190.

SCHLUTER, Andreas, German sculptor, xxi. 566. Schlyter, Karl Johan, on the Wisby sea laws, xxi. 585. Schmalkald, League of (1531), v. 415; x. 498; xv. 83; xx. 333. Schmalkalden, or Schmalkald, town, Prussia, xxi. 416. Schmalz, Theodor, German economist, xix. 363. Schmalzol, rape oil, xx. 274. Schmeisser’s Formulae, in spherical trigonometry, xxm. 567. Schmidt, Franz Max, on Friar William’s travels, xxi. 47. , Friedrich, German architect, xxiv. 221. Schmitt, Polish historian, xix. 305. SCHMOLKE, Benjamin, German hymnwriter, xil. 587. SCHMOLLN, town, Germany, XXL 347. Schnebelhorn, mountain, Zurich, Switzerland, xxiv. 830. Schneeberg, mountain, Moravia, xvi. 810. , town, Saxony, xxi. 357; bismuth smelting at, III. 791. Schneebergite, mineral, xvi. 428. Schneekopf, mountain, Germany, XXL 347; XXlll. 332. Schneekoppe, or Riesenkoppe, mountain, Germany, x. 449; xx. 552. Schneidemuhl, town, Prussia, XXL 416. Schneider, Johannes (Agricola), German Reformer, 1. 290; II. 129. Schneiderite, mineral, XVI. 382. Schnitter, Johannes (Agricola), German Reformer, 1. 290; 11. 129. Schnorr von Karolsfeld, Julius, German painter, XXL 416. Schoeffer, Johan, early German printer, xxm. 688. , Peter, early German printer, XXlII. 687; on early printing, xxm. 681, 684, 687. Scholl Militum, Roman, xx. 784. Scholarius, Georgius (Gennadius), learned Byzantine, x. 153. Scholasticism, in philosophy, xxi. 417; 1. 35; dogmatic, VII. 340; logic of, xiv. 791; theology of, xxm. 241; of Aquinas, II. 231; of Duns Scotus, VII. 545; Ramus’s opposition to, XX. 268; Suarez’s teaching, xxn. 615. Scholemaster, The, Ascham’s work, 11. 678. Scholium, Newton’s, a fourth law of motion, XV. 715. Schomberg, Frederick Armand, duke of, English general, XXL 431. Schonbein, Christian Friedrich, Swiss chemist, XXL 432. Schonbrunn, Austria, Treaty of (1809), XVIL 215. Schonebeck, town, Prussia, xxi. 432.

393 Schoneberg, suburb of Berlin, Prussia, xxi. 432. Schonemann, Lili, friend of Goethe, , X\727Schoner, Johann, his globe, x. 681. Schongauer, Martin, German painter and engraver, xxi. 432; vm. 441. Schoning, Gerhard, Norse historian, xvil 590. Schonkopf, Katchen, friend of Goethe, x. 723. Schonlein, Johann Lucas, German physician, xv. 817. School Boards, English and Scottish, vii. 680. Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, American ethnologist, XXL 432. School for Scandal, Sheridan’s play, xxi. 798. Schoolmen, Mediaeval, xxi. 417. See Scholasticism. Schools, vii. 670; endowed, xxi. 432; for the blind, in. 816, 826; for the deaf and dumb, II. 722; vii. 5; Acts relating to, viii. 205; kindergarten, xiv. 79; musical conservatories, Vi. 291; xvil 83; public, law relating to, vii. 679; reformatory and industrial, xx. 338; technical, xxin. 105; in the Middle Ages, xxill. 831; in France, IX. 513; in Germany, x. 470; in London, xiv. 834; in Prussia, XX. 17; in Russia, xxi. 71; in United States, xxm. 828. School Society, British and Foreign, its origin, xiv. 258. Schools of Painting, xxi. 433 (with list of painters, 442). Schopenhauer, Adele, German authoress, xxi. 453. , Arthur, German philosopher, XXL 448; x. 544; his ethics and pessimism, xviii. 688 ; on evolution, vm. 763, Johanna, German authoress, XXL 453Schorham’s Psalter, viii. 383. Schoritz, town, Riigen, Prussia, XXL , 57Schorlomite, mineral, xvi. 426. Schott, Caspar, his aeronautic theory, 1. 186. SCHOUW, Joachim Frederik, Danish botanist, vil. 93. Schrockh, Johann Matthias, on church history, v. 765. Schroder, Hugo, his telescopic glasses, xxiii. 141, 144. Schroeter, Christoph Gottlieb, his pianoforte improvements, xix. 71. Schroter, Johann Hieronymus, German astronomer, XXL 458; on the planet Venus, II. 791; his observatory, Lilienthal, Bremen, xvil 713. Schubart, Daniel, German writer, x. 540. Schubert, Franz Peter, musical composer, xxi. 458. XXV. — 50

394

S C H —S C O

Scindhia (Sindhia), native prince, India, Schudy, or Tschudi, Swiss family, SCHWARZBURG-SONDERSHAUSEN, prinxii. 804; xxiv. 494. cipality, Germany, xxi. 461. xxiii. 600. , Giles, Swiss historian, XXIII. 600. Schwarzenberg, Prince of, Austrian SciO, island, Asia Minor, XXL 465. field - marshal, xxi. 462 ; XVIL Scioppius, Caspar, critic, xxi. 364. Schuhmeister, J., his experiments in Sciopticon Lantern, xv. 212. 220. magnetism, XV. 267, 268. Scioto, river, Ohio, U.S.A., xvil 734. Schwarzwald, or Black Forest, Schulpforta, school, Naumburg, Scipio, Lucius, Roman consul, xxi. 467. Germany, III. 795; XXIV. 699. Germany, xvn. 249. , Publius Cornelius, Roman general, Schwatka, Lieutenant, Arctic explorer, Schulte, JohannFriedrich, Old Catholic XXI. 466. xix. 325. leader, xvn. 755. , Quintus Csecilius Metellus Pius, SCHULTENS, Albert, Dutch Orientalist, Schwegler, Albert, German philosoRoman general, xvi. 106. phical writer, XXL 462. xxi. 458; XL 601. , Shield of, Roman plate of 4th , Henry Albert, Dutch Orientalist, Schweidnitz, town, Prussia, xxi. century, XIX. 181. 462. XXL 459. AFRICANUS, the Elder, Roman , John James, Dutch Orientalist, Schweigaard, Anton Martin, Norwegeneral, XXL 467; xx. 750; his regian jurist, XVIL 592. xxi. 459. lations with Polybius, XIX. 412. Schultz, Michael, German musician, Schweinfurt, town, Bavaria, XXL Africanus, the Younger, XXL 462. xix. 656. 468; xiii. 766; in Spain, xxn. 306. — Green, pigment, xix. 88. SCHULTZE, Max Johann Siegmund, NASICA, Roman pontifex, XXL German anatomist, XXL 459; on pro- SCHWEINFURTH, Georg, on the Negro 468. race, xvil. 318; his researches in toplasm, xix. 829. SCIPIOS, Inscriptions on monuments of Africa, I. 248. Schulze-Delitzsch, Hermann, his the, xiv. 329. Schweitzer (Helvetius), family of credit banks, VI. 214, 339. Scire Facias, in English law, xxi. Dutch physicians, XL 642. Schumacher, Heinrich Christian, 468. Schwelm, town, Prussia, XXL 463. German astronomer, XXL 459. Sciron, of Greek legend, xix. 559; Schumann, Robert, German musical Schwenckfeld, Caspar, onbirds, xviii. xxiii. 294. composer, xxi. 459; as symphonist, 4Schwendener, Simon, on lichens, XIV. Scirtopoda, order of Rotifera, XXL 8. xvil. 97. SCISSORBILL, bird, XXII. 120. 556. SCHUPP, Balthasar, German writer, x Schwenkfeld, Caspar, German mystic, SCIURID^E, family of rodent mammals, SHxv. 418; xxil. 437. xxi. 463; xvil 134. Schurman, Anna Maria von, Labadist, Schwerin, town, Mecklenburg, Ger- SciUROPTERUS, genus of rodent mamxiv. 163. mals, xxil 438. many, XXL 464. Schutz, Heinrich, German musician, Schwind, Moritz von, German painter, SciURUS, genus of rodent mammals, XVII. 87. xxil 437; xv. 418. xxi. 464. SCHUYLER, Philip, American revoluSchwyz, canton, Switzerland, XXL 464; SCLATER, Philip Lutley, on birds, tionary general, xxill. 790. xviii. 12, 27, 41. xxii. 781; town, xxi. 465. Schuylkill, river, Pennsylvania SCLERENCHYMA, hardened plant cells, Sciacca, town, Sicily, xxi. 465. U.S.A., xviii. 500, 736. XII. 15. Sci^eniDjE, family of fishes, xxiv. Schwabe, Samuel Heinrich, German SCLEROBLASTS, of sponges, XXIL 420. 738astronomer, XXL 460. SCLEROTIA, tuberous bodies in Fungi, Scialoja, Antonio, Italian economist, Schwabenspiegel, German law code, ix. 828. xix. 387. x. 525. Sclerotic Acid, in ergot, vm. 521. Sciatica, disease, xvil 364. SCHWABISCHER STADTEBUND (1376), Science, Sciences, xxiv. 799; biolo- Sclerotic Coat, of the eyeball, 1. xxii. 729. 886. gical, ill. 679; mathematical, XV. 629; SCHWACH, Conrad Nicolai, Norwegian Sclerotitis, eye disease, xvil 782. physical, XIX. 1; relations of, to art, poet, xvil. 590. Scodra (Scutari), town, Albania, xxi. 11/637; to logic, xiv. 781; to metaSCHWALBACH, spa, Germany, XXL 460; 573physics, xvi. 80; to philosophy, xvin. XVI. 434. Scoglio Olivi, island, Austria, xix. 792; to theism, XXIII. 249; influence SCHWALENBERG, Counts of, German 284. of Christianity on, V. 698; delusions family, xxiv. 322. SCOLARI, Paulino (Pope Clement III.), of, in early times, 1. 462; in relation Schwann, Theodor, German physiov. 821. to the Renaissance, xx. 383, 386; logist, xxi. 460; his cell theory, xxiv. SCOLASTICA, St, sister of St Benedict, Bacon’s views of, ill. 214; academies 816; on embryology, VIII. 166; on ill. 558. of, I. 70; scientific societies, XXII. 221, fermentation, IX. 95 ; on minute SCOLECITE, mineral, xvi. 423. 222; xiv. 835. organisms, XXI. 400. of Legislation, Filangieri’s, ix. Scolopax, genus of birds, XX. 317; Schwanthaler, Ludwig Michael, XXIL 200; XXIV. 650. 159German sculptor, XXL 460, 566. Scolopendra, genus of Myriapoda, Schwartz, Christian Friedrich, German Sciences, Whewell’s Philosophy of the, XVIL 119. xxiv. 539. missionary, XXL 461. Schwartzembergite, mineral, xvi. Scienza Nuova, Vico’s work, xxiv. Scolopendrella, genus of Myriapoda, XVIL 120. 212. 385i 1 Scoloti (Scythians), ancient people, Schwartzerd, Philip (Melanchthon, Scilla, genus of plants, XXII. 437. XXL 575. SCILLIN, SCILLIPRIN, SCILLITOXIN, q.v.), German Reformer, XV. 833. Scomber, genus of fishes, xv. 159. principles in squill, XXII. 437. Schwarz, or Schwartz, Christian Scone, ancient town, Scotland, xviii. Friedrich, German missionary, XXL Scilly Isles, England, xxi. 465. 667; xxi. 477, 480. Scimitar, weapon, xxn. 801. 461. Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, princi- SciNDE, or Sind (q.v.), province, India, SCOOPER, bird, XXIL 552. SCOPAS, Greek sculptor, 11. 360 xxii. 90. pality, Germany, XXL 461.

S C 0 —S C Y Scopasis, Scythian sovereign, xxi. 576. Scopia, town, Macedonia, xv. 137. Scopoli, Giovanni Antonio, on birds, xviii. 7. Scops, genus of birds, xvm. 91. Scopus, genus of birds, xxn. 577. Scorbutus, or Scurvy (q.v.), disease, xxi. 572. Scoresby, William, English Arctic explorer and physicist, XXI. 468; XIX. 318. Scorodite, mineral, xvi. 405. Scoronconcolo, Italian desperado, xv. 789Scorpion, arachnid, 11. 283. Scorpion-Fly, insect, xm. 151. Scorpion-Grass, plant, ix. 414. Scorpionidea, order of Arachnida, II. 281. Scorzonera, vegetable, xn. 287. Scot, Michael, Scottish philosopher and astrologer, XXL 469, 427; translator of Arabic works, 11. 270; on physiognomy, xix. 4. , Reginald, English writer on witchcraft, XXL 470. Scotch Pebble, i. 277. Scoter, bird, xxi. 470. Scotia, or Scotland (q.v.), xxi. 477. , in architecture, II. 472. Scotichronicon, Fordun and Bower’s, ix. 397; xxi. 540. Scotism, scholastic philosophical system, xxi. 429; vii. 545. Scotland, xxi. 471 (index, 536); invasion of, by William I. of England, xxiv. 576; by William II., XXIV. 577; Norman settlement in, xvii. 550; rebellion of 1745, V. 426; Reformation in, xx. 337; Stuart family, xxn. 610; union of crown with the crown of England (1603), XXL 509; parliamentary union with England (1707), vm. 353; xviii. 308; XXL 518; in time of Cromwell, VI. 601; under Edward I. of England, VII. 683; in time of Robert the Bruce, xx. 592; Wallace’s exploits in, xxiv. 326; agriculture during 16th and 17th centuries, 1. 298; banking in, in. 332; birds of, xviii. 18; Church of, xxi. 536; Episcopal Church in, VIII. 489; XIV. 711; XXL 779; Free Church of, ix. 742; United Presbyterian Church, xxiii. 727; coalfields, vi. 52; coins, xvii. 656; cotton manufacture, vi. 501; fisheries, ix. 257; forests, ix. 399; Gaelic literature, v. 313 ; Gaelic topography, X. 10; Gothic architecture, 11. 428; law of landlord and tenant, xiv. 276; land tenure, xiv. 264; statute law, xxii. 470; libraries, xiv. 522, 542; mines, xvi. 467; newspapers, xvn. 422; observatories, xvn. 710; peerage, xviii. 466; police system, xix. 341; Presbyterianism in, xix. 679; school

system, VII. 680; universities, xxm. 854. Scotland, Church of, xxi. 536; xxiil 727; Moderatism in, xx. 599; Chalmers’s relations to, v. 376. , Literature of, xxi. 540. Yard, police headquarters, London, xix. 338. Scotophilus, genus of bats, xv. 411. Scots, their origin, XXL 473; XIII. 244; invasion of Roman province of Britain b y> IV- 3535 viii. 265. Scotsman, Edinburgh newspaper, xvn. 423Scott, Alexander, early Scottish poet, xxi. 542. , David, Scottish painter, xxi. 543. , Sir George Gilbert, English architect, xxi. 543. , John (Lord Eldon), lord chancellor of England, vii. 828. , or Scot, Michael, mediaeval philosopher, xxi. 469, 427; 11.270; xix. 4. , Sir Walter, Scottish poet and novelist, xxi. 544; his place in English literature, vm. 433, 434; his home at Abbotsford, 1. 26; Lockhart’s Life of, xiv. 763. , William (Lord Stowell), English judge, xxii. 580. , Winfield, American general, xxi. 551; xxiil 767, 770. , Mount, Oregon, U.S.A., xvn. 822. Scottish Chiefs, Miss Porter’s work, xix. 527. Scottish Episcopal Church, its liturgy, xiv. 711. Scottish Guard, in France, under Charles VII., ix. 551. Scottish Literature, xxi. 540. Scotus, Johannes (Erigena), mediaeval philosopher, vm. 371, 522. , John Duns, scholastic philosopher, vii. 545; xxi. 429; on evolution, viii. 758. Scourging, as a religious discipline, ix. 280. Scout, bird, xi. 262; xx. 302. Scouti-Allen, bird, xxn. 125. SCRABER, SCRAIB, bird, XXL 781. Scranton, town, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., xxi. 551. Screamer, bird, xxi. 552. Screech-Owl, bird, xviii. 89. Screen, in architecture, 11. 472. Screw, xxi. 552; xv. 754, 759; machines for manufacture of, xv. 153, 155; of Archimedes, II. 381. Screw-Propeller, of a ship, xxi. 823. Screw Tools, xi. 438. Scribe, Augustin Eugene, French dramatist, xxi. 553. Scribes, Jewish, m. 641; vm. 831; xm. 419. Scriblerus Club, English literary society, 11. 325.

395 Scribonius Curio, constructor of first amphitheatre, 1. 774. Scriptoris, Paulus, tutor of Conrad Pellicanus, xvni. 477. Scripture, see Bible ; inspiration of, xiii. 154. Scrivener, Frederick Henry, on Codex Bezae, 1. 123. Scrivener’s Palsy, disease, vi. 543. Scrofula, disease, xxi. 554; xviii. 405. SCROGGs, John, Arctic explorer, xix. 318. Scrophulariaceas, group of parasitic plants, xviii. 265. Scrub-Bird, xxi. 554. Scud^ry, Georges de, French writer, XXL 555. , Madeleine de, French novelist, xxi. 555; ix. 659; xx. 659. Scuir-na-Gillean, mountain, Skye, Scotland, xxn. 127. Sculls, oars, xxi. 30. Sculpture, xxi. 556; as a fine art, ix. 204; as illustrated on coins, xvn. 629, 633; in relation to poetry, xix. 262; Pindar’s recognition of, xix. 101; in terra-cotta, xxiil 193, 194; in wall decoration, XVII. 34; in wood, xxiv. 645; Assyrian, in. 190; Greek, II. 347; examples by Lysippus, xv. 120; Michelangelo’s, xvi. 230; Buphael’s, xx. 281 ; on rocks, in Phrygia, xvin. 850; at Selinus, Sicily, xxi. 633; Venetian, xxiv. 156; Veronese, xxiv. 172; academies of, I. 78; Watt’s inventions for copying, xxiv. 414. Scumbling, in painting, xviii. 138. Scupi, town, Macedonia, xv. 137. Scurvy, disease, xxi. 572; xviii. 377; diet for, VII. 207. Scutage, knight service, in law, xxi. 572; as military tax, 1. 32. Scutari, town, Albania, xxi. 573; 1. 448. , province, Turkey in Europe, xxiil 653. , town, Turkey in Asia, XXL 573. , Lake, Albania, XVI. 780. Scutcher, cotton machine, vi. 491, 493. Scutes, of animals, xxn. 107, 108. Scutigera, genus of Myriapoda, xvn. 119. Scuttock, bird, XL 262. Scylax of Caryanda, Greek explorer, xxi. 573. Scyles, Scythian king, xxi. 578. Scvlla AND Charybdis, Legend of, XXL 574. Scyllium, genus of sharks, XXL 774. Scymnus of Chios, Greek geographer, XXL 574. Scyphomedus^E, subclass of Hydrozoa, xii. 555. Scyros, island, iEgean Sea, xxi. 574. Scyrri, Teutonic tribes, xvn. 726. Scytalidac, family of snakes, xx. 193.

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S C Y —S E D

Scytalopus, genus of birds, xxm. Sealkote (Sialkot), town, India, XXL Sebastian© del Piombo, Venetian painter, XXL 615. 850. 49Scythe, reaping implement, XXI. 574. Seals, Engraved, XXL 586; gems, x. Sebastiya (Samaria), village, Palestine, XXL 243. 136; in heraldry, XL 683, 707. Scythia, ancient region, Europe and Asia, xxi. 575; expedition of Darius Seal-Skins, ix. 839; xiv. 388; xxi. Sebastopol, town, Crimea, Russia, xxi. 616; vi. 586; siege of (1854-55), vm. 583I. against, xvm. 570. Seamanship, xxi. 589; xvii. 246; 366; ix. 457; XXL 102; xxiil 431. Scythian Language, xviii. 779. SEBASTOS (George Palseologus), Byzansignals in, xxn. 49. Scythians, ancient people, Europe and tine noble, xviil 165. Asia, xxi. 575; in India, xn. 788; in- Seaman’s Practices, by Richard NorSEBEK, Egyptian divinity, VII. 718. wood, xvii. 256. vasion of Palestine by, XIIL 415; their inroads into Persian empire, XVIII. Seaman’s Secrets, by John Davis, Sebenico, town, Dalmatia, Austria, XXL 6l6. xvii. 254. 563, 570, 594, 599, 603; in Russia, Sebezh, town, Russia, xxiv. 262. Seamen, Laws relating to, XXL 605. XXL 78. Sebkha, lake, Algeria, 1. 563. Seamen’s Terms, Glossary of, xxi. 603. Sea, xxi. 578; x. 221, 283; colour of, Tighri, lake, Morocco, xvi. 832. xiv. 600; depths of, ill. 17; XII. 821; Sean, or Seine, fishing net, ix. 253. Sebokht, Severus, Syriac writer, xxn. Seance, Spiritualistic, xxn. 405. xviii. 121 ; distribution of animals 839jn, vil. 276; phosphorescence of, Seang-Tang, town, China, v. 637. xviil. 814; appliances for sounding, Sea-Otter, carnivorous mammal, SEBORRHCEA, skin disease, XXII. 120. Sebu, river, Morocco, xvi. 832. xviil 69. xxii. 280; temperature, vi. 4; xvi. SECALE, genus of plants, XXL 117. Sea-Parrot, bird, xx. 101. 116, 132; XVIIL 119; XXIII. 291; tides, xxiil. 353; water, xxi. 611; Sea-Pens, group of Actinozoa, 1. 129; Secant, in trigonometry, xxiil 563. SECCHI, Angelo, Italian astronomer, phosphorescence of, xviil 814. vil 263; x. 221; waves, xxiv. 419. XXL 6l6. Sea-Pie, bird, xviil hi. See also Atlantic, Pacific, etc. Secentismo, Secentisti, The, in Seaports, Law of, xi. 471. Sea-Anemones, group of Actinozoa, Italian literature, xm. 511. Search, Right of, Maritime, XXL 608 1. 129; vi. 369. Secession, in United States (i860), - Warrant, xxiv. 371. Sea-Bear, carnivorous mammal, xv. xxiil 772. Sears, Edmund H., American hymn443Church, Scotland, vm. 528; xv. writer, xil. 596. Sea-Bream, fish, xii. 688. 132; xix. 685; xxiil 727. Sea Bright, town, New Jersey, U.S.A., Sea Salt, xxi. 228. Seasalter, town, England, xxiv. 555. Seckendorf, German noble family, xvii. 397. Sea-Serpent, xxi. 608. XXL 616. Sea-Cat, fish, xxi. 614. -, Veit Ludwig von, German jurist, Sea-Sickness, xxi. 610. Sea-Cow, cetacean mammal, xv. 390. XXL 6l6. Sea-Cucumber, echinoderm, III. 477; Seaside and the Fireside, The, Second, unit of time, xv. 668. poems by Longfellow, Xiv. 861. vil 639; xx. 411. Adventists, American religious Sea-Devil, fish, vil 138; ix. 269; xn. Sea-Slater, crustacean, vi. 658. sect, xvi. 320. Sea-Slugs, group of Echinodermata, 686; xx. 300. Secondary Rocks, in geology, x. 352. vil 639. Seadyah, Jewish rabbi and scholar, Second-Sight, ii. 204. Sea-Snakes, xxii. 197. XXL 120. ■, conjuring trick, XV. 208. Seasons, of the year, 11. 773. Sea-Eagle, bird, vil 589. Secretaries of State, British, xvi. , The, Haydn’s oratorio, XL 539. Sea-Elephant, carnivorous mammal, 473; vill. 638; of United States, xxm. , The, Thomson’s poem, xxm. 311. xv. 444. Sea-Swallow, bird, xxm. 189. 750Sea Fisheries, ix. 243. SECRETARIUS, genus of birds, XXL 617. Sea Terms, Glossary of, xxi. 603. Seaford, town, Sussex, England, xxn. Seathwaite Fells, mountain, Eng- Secretary-Bird, xxi. 617; 1. 259. 724Secretions, Alimentary, xvn. 671. land, xiv. 252. Sea-Hare, mollusc, xvi. 656. ., Diseases of the, xviil 377. Sea-Hedgehog, fish, x. 685; xn. Sea-Trout, fish, xxi. 222. Secretiveness, in phrenology, xviii. Seats, furniture, ix. 848. 694Seattle, town, Washington Territory, 845Sea-Horse, fish, XXL 579. Secret Marriage, opera by Cimarosa, U.S.A., xxi. 610. Sea-Islands, Georgia, U.S.A., x. 434. Sea-Unicorn, cetacean mammal, xv. v. 779. Sea-Kale, vegetable, xn. 287. Secular Games, Roman, xxi. 618. 398; xvii. 235. Seal, carnivorous mammal, xxi. 580; xv. 443; oil, xvii. 744, 747; exter- Sea-Urchins, group of Echinodermata, Secunderabad, Indian cantonment, xxi. 618. vil 629; xx. 411. mination of seals, xix. 126; consumption of the flesh by Eskimos, VIII. 545! Sea-Water, xxi. 611; x. 221; distilla- SECUNDUS, Valentinian theologian, xxiv. 38. tion of, vil 263; highest temperature fishery, XXL 581 ; Newfoundland —, Johannes, Dutch poet, xxi. 618. of, xviil 119. fishery, XVII. 384; skins of, IX. 839; Sea-Weed, as manure, 1. 350; drying Sedaine, Michel Jean, French dramaXiv. 388; XXL 583. tist, XXL 618. of, 1. 508. , Engraved, xxi. 586; gems,x. 136; Sedalia, town, Missouri, U.S.A., xxi. Sea-Wolf, fish, xxi. 614. in heraldry, XL 683, 707Seb, Egyptian divinity, vn. 716. 619Sea Laws, xxi. 583. Sea-Leopard, carnivorous mammal, Sebald, St, Shrine of, at Nuremberg, Sedan, town, France, XXL 619; battle of (1870), IX. 627; X. 513; XVIL Bavaria, xvii. 663. xv. 443. Sebasteia, or Sebaste (Sivas), ancient 229. Sea-Letter, passport, xviil 344. Sedarim, divisions of the Mishnan, town, Asia Minor, XXII. 103. Sea-Level, xxii. 708. xvi. 505. Sebastian, St, Roman martyr, xxi. Sealing Wax, xxi. 586; xxiv. 459. Seddon, Thomas, English painter, xxi. 614. Sea-Lion, carnivorous mammal, xv. 619. , Dom, king of Portugal, xix. 546 443-

S E D —s E L Sedentaria, suborder of Protozoa, xix. 863. Seder Olam, Midrashim, xvi. 286. Sedeyr, province, Arabia, II. 239. Sedge-Bird, xxiv. 366. Sedgemoor, Somerset, England, xxn. 257. Sedgwick, Adam, English geologist, XXL 619. Sedilia, in architecture, 11. 472. Sedition, in law, xxi. 619; in United States law, xxm. 756. Sedley, Sir Charles, English poet and wit, xxi. 620; xviii. 347. Se-Dom, river, Cambodia, Asia, xv. 832. SEDOMIERZ (Sandomir), town, Russian Poland, XXL 259. Seduction, in law, xxi. 620. SEDULIUS, Ccelius, early Christian poet, xxi. 621; xii. 582; language and style of, xiv. 339. Sedum, genus of plants, xxi. 621. See, Bishop’s, m. 787. Seebeck, Ludwig F. W. A., his syren, 1. 109. , Thomas Johann, on photography, xviii. 822. Seebsaugor, town, India, xxn. 13. Seed, Seeds, of plants, iv. 153; formation of, xx. 430; plants raised from, I. 86; transportation of, X. 266; agricultural, 1. 383; adulterations of, 1. USCorn, i. 354. Seer, of Scripture, xix. 814. Seeroee (Sirohi), state and town, India, xxn. 98. Seeland, or Zealand, province, Holland, xxiv. 771. S£es, town, France, XXL 621. Seetzen, Ulrich Jasper, German Oriental traveller, XXL 621. Sefid Rud, river, Persia, xm. 213. Seftenberg, Baron von, his observatory, Bohemia, xvn. 713. Se-gan Foo, town, China, xxi. 621; v. 637Segarelli, Gerhard, of Parma, founder of a sect of Apostolici, II. 198. Segesta, ancient town, Sicily, xxi. 622; 1. 458. SEGESVAR, town, Transylvania, Hungary, xxi. 387 Segment Shell, Armstrong, ammunition, 1. 744. Segner, Johann Andreas von, on surface-tension of liquids, v. 56. Segneri, Paolo, Jesuit, opponent of Molinos, xvi. 631. Sego, town, Central Africa, i. 271; xxii. 279. Segodunum (Rodez), ancient town, France, xx. 617. Segovia, province, Spain, xxi. 622. , town, Spain, XXL 623; aqueduct at, 11. 221; church of St Millan, 11. 432.

Segovia, river, Honduras, xn. 130. Seguin, Armand, on mechanical equivalent of heat, viii. 208. Segur, pass, India, xvn. 509. Segura, river, Spain, xvn. 52. , Manuel, Peruvian poet, xvin. 676. Segusio, town, Italy, xxn. 722. SEHARUNPOOR (Saharanpur), district, India, xxi. 151; town, xxi. 152. Seiches, periodic changes in lake-levels, xiv. 220. Seidel, Philipp Ludwig, his work in celestial photometry, xvi 11. 841. Seidlitz Powders, i. 184; xxiii. 69. Seifhennersdorf, town, Saxony, XL 655Seigniorage, charge on coining, xvi. 725. Seignorial Domains, i. 414. SEIGNORY, lordship of manor, XXL 623. Seilun (Shiloh), town, Palestine, XXL 803. Seine, department, France, XXL 624. , river, France, xxi. 623; IX. 506; xviii. 275, 285; improvement works, xx. 579. , fishing net, IX. 253. Seine-et-Marne, department, France, XXL 624. Seine-et-Oise, department, France, xxi. 625. Seine INFERIEURE, department,France, XXL 625. Seiny, town, Russian Poland, xxn. 728. Seir, of Scripture, vm. 533. Seisin, in English law, xxi. 626. Seismology, science of earthquakes, vn. 608. Seismometer, Seismograph, for measuring earth-movements, XXL 626; vii. 611. Seistan, or Sistan, district, Persia, xviii. 627; XXII. 100. Sejanus, minister of Tiberius, xxi 11. 337Se-Keang, river, China, v. 632. Sekhet, Egyptian divinity, VII. 718. Seklucyan, John, Polish writer, xix. 3orSEKWATI, river, North Borneo, XXL 123. SELA, of Scripture, XVlll. 706. Selache, genus of sharks, XXL 608, 777Selachoidei, group of fishes, xn. 685; xxi. 774. Selaginella, genus of club-mosses, ix. 107; xv. 94. Selama, Abulkhair, Druse saint-, vn. 484. Selangor, district, Malay Peninsula, xv. 322; xxii. 587. , river, Malay Peninsula, xv. 321. Selaru, island, Timor Laut group, Indian Archipelago, xxiil. 398. Selborne, Natural History of, White’s, XXIV. 549.

397 Selby, town, England, XXL 630. , Prideaux John, his illustrations of birds, xviii. 13, 18. Selden, John, English jurist, XXL 630; Table Talk of, 1. 785. Selection, Natural, xxiv. 77. , Subjective, in psychology, XX. 73. Selenga, plateau, Siberia, xxn. 2; river, xxn. 5; xxiil 510. Selenghinsk, town, Siberia, xxiil 5n. Selenic Acid, v. 506. Selenite, mineral, xvi. 396, 401; its colours, xxiv. 450. Selenium, chemical element, xxi. 631; v. 498; xvi. 380; alcohols and ethers of, v. 553. Selenodera, genus of birds, xxiil 477Selenodonta, division of ungulate Mammalia, xv. 430. Selenognathus, genus of fishes, xxi. 580. SELENSULPHUR, mineral, XVI. 380. Selenter See, lake, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, xxi. 414. Seleucia, town, Mesopotamia, xxi. 632; xvi. 51; xviii. 587, 601, 604. , town, Cilicia, Asia Minor, xxi. 632. SELEUClDiE, Era of the, v. 715. Seleucid Dynasty, of Macedonian empire, xviu. 585; xm. 420; coins of, xvii. 649. Seleucus I., Macedonian king of Persia and Syria, XVlli. 585; xv. 142. II.-IIL, of Persia and Syria, xvni. 588. IV., Philopator, of Persia and Syria, xvni. 589; xm. 420. Self-Complacency, Psychological analysis of, xx. 70. Self-Consciousness, in psychology, XVI. 92; XX. 39, 70, 83; Locke on, Xiv. 758. Self-Esteem, in phrenology, xvin. 845. Seliger, Lake, Russia, xxiil 672. Selim I., Turkish sultan, xxiil 642, 656; his war with Persia, xviii. 635. II., Turkish sultan, xxm. 644; conquest of Tunis by, xxiil 621. III., Turkish sultan, xxiil 648. Chisti, Tomb of, India, ix. 51. SELIMNIA, town, Turkey in Europe, XXII. 160. Selinus, Greek town, Sicily, XXL 633; xxil. 18; metopes of the acropolis of, II. 349; terra-cotta remains at, xxiil 193SELJUKS, Turkish dynasties of, XXL 634; xxiil 656, 660; occupation of Asia Minor by, II. 713; invasion of the Greek empire by, XL 118; fall of the empire of, xxm. 640. Selkirk, county and town, Scotland, xxi. 638.

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Selkirk, Earl of, liis colony in Canada, Se-mun, river, Cambodia, Asia, xv. Sennar (Senaar), country, East Central Africa, XXL 657. 832. xx. 315. , Alexander, prototype of Robinson Sen AAR, country, East Central Africa, Senoferu, king of Egypt, vn. 732. Senora, province, Mexico, xvi. 214. xxi. 657. Crusoe, xxi. 639; XIII. 758. Sellasia, Greece, Battle of (221), xvili. Senac, Jean Baptiste, French physician, Sens, town, France, XXL 665; council of (1140), 1. 35; in. 602. xv. 815. 790Senaculum, meeting place, ancient Sensation, in physiology, xix. 27; Seller, in law, xxi. 205, 206. XXlll. 478; in psychology, XX. 40, 50, Rome, xx. 816. Selling, William, early English scholar, 67; in psycho-physics, xxiv. 469; Sena Gallica (Sinigaglia), ancient viii. 414. XXIII. 481; in philosophy of Condillac, town, Italy, xxn. 94. Selma, town, Alabama, U.S.A., xxi. VI. 251; of Democritus, VII. 60; of Senancour, Etienne Pivert de, French 639Hartley, XL 498; of Locke, xiv. 758; man of letters, XXL 658. Sellers, spa, Germany, xvi. 436. of the Stoics, xxil 565. Senarmontite, mineral, XVI. 388. SEM, river, Montenegro, XVI. 780. 2 SENSE, distinguished from understandSemang, race of people, Malacca, xv. Senate, Roman, xx. 733, 738, 755, 77 , ing, xx. 75; in Eleatic philosophy, 784, 793, 795323viii. 1; in Cud worth’s, vi. 691; in , of the United States, xxm. Semaphore, for signals, xxn. 49. Descartes’s, v. 147; in Locke’s, xiv. 74 9.1 Sembera, Alois, Bohemian historical J 758. Senchus Mor, ancient Irish code, iv. writer, xxn. 153. , Moral, or Conscience (q.v.), vm. 252. Semechonitis, or Merom, lake, Pales600. Senebier, Jean, Swiss vegetable-physiotine, xiil. 746. Sense-Organs, in man, 1. 884; in logist, XXL 658. Semeiskiye, Nonconformists in Eastern Amphibia, 1. 766; in birds, III. 725; Seneca, Lake, New York, U.S.A., xvn. Siberia, xxm. 510. in fishes, XII. 652; in mammals, xv. 1 SEMENDER, ancient Khazar town, 45 366; in reptiles, XX. 461; III. 725. , Lucius Annaeus, Roman rhetorician Russia, XIV. 59. and philosopher, XXL 658; VII. 410; Sensitive Plant, xvi. 345; xix. 62. Semendria, town, Servia, XXL 688. XX. 725; XXII. 572; his economic Sensory Nerves, xix. 27; how affected Semigallia, tribe, Lithuania, xiv. 702. by the hypnotic condition, xv. 279. teaching, xix. 350; his influence on Seminoles, American-Indian tribe, Sentences of Ali, collection of Arabian Nero, xvil. 348 ; his death, xvn. 350; xii. 831, 835; war against, in Florida, proverbs, 1. 572. language and style of, xiv. 337. ix. 341. Sententiarum Magister (Peter LomFalls, town, New York, U.S.A., Semipalatinsk, province and town, bard, q.v.), XIV. 813. xxi. 659. Russian Central Asia, XXL 639. Sentiments, Phrenological organs of, Senecio, genus of plants, XL 221. Semipelagianism, theological doctrine, xviii. 845. Senefelder, Alois, discoverer of the XVIII. 472. Sentinum, Italy, Battle of (295 B.C.), art of lithography, xiv. 697. Semiramide, Gluck’s opera, x. 694. xx. 743. Senegal, French colony, West Africa, Semiramis, Legend of, XXL 639. Senusi, Mohammed el, Moslem mahdi, xxi. 660; Adanson’s exploration of, Semiryetchensk, province, Russian North Africa, xxi. 151; xxm. 575. 1. 144. Turkestan, XXL 640. SEONI, or Seonee, district and town, , river, West Africa, xxi. 660; I. Semites, ethnological group, 11. 697, 2 India, XXL 665. 53698; xxi. 641, 643. Seoul, town, Corea, vi. 391. Senegambia, country, West Africa, Semitic Alphabets, i. 608. Sepals, of plants, iv. 131. XXL 661; I. 268. Semitic Inscriptions, xiil 116. Sepharadic Ritual, of the Jews, xv. Seneschal, Royal, England, xxi. 36. Semitic Languages, xxi. 641; xvni. 293Senex, J., his map of London (1720), 778; XXIV. 740; dictionaries of, VII. Sephardim, division of the Jews, xm. xiv. 849. 189. 683. Sengel, or Senguer, river, Patagonia, Semitones, in music, xvn. 78. Sepher Yezirah, Midrash, xvi. 286. xviii. 353. Semler, Johann Salomo, German Sephiroth, The Ten, of the Kabbalah, Biblical critic, XXL 656; xx. 290; on Seng ORA, district, Malay Peninsula, xiil 811. xv. 322. the canon, V. 15. Sepia, genus of molluscs, xvi. 669, 673. Seniavine Islands, group of Caroline Semlin, town, Austria-Hungary, XXL , pigment, xxi. 666; xix. 88; from Islands, Pacific, v. 126. 6 57the cuttlefish, VI. 737. Senigallia (Sinigaglia), town, Italy, Semn^e, or Furies, Altar of, at Athens, Sepiolite, mineral, xv. 825. xxil 94. ill. 2. See also IX. 840; VIII. 524. Sepolcri, Ugo Foscolo’s poem, ix. 472; Senior, Nassau William, English econoSemnopithecus, genus of apes, 11. 151. XIIL 513. mist, xxi. 663; xix. 377. Semolina, article of food, xv. 125. SEPOY, native Indian soldier, XXL 666; Senkerah, Tablets of, Babylonia, Semonides (Simonides) of Amorgos, 11. 590; sepoy mutiny (1857), il 591; Numerals in, XVII. 626. Greek poet, xxn. 83; XXL 318. xii. 809. SEMPACH, Switzerland, Battle of (1386), Senlac, or Hastings, England, Battle Sept, tribal division, v. 799. of (1066), viii. 291; XL 486; XXIL xv. 40; xxil. 784. Septata, order of Protozoa, xix. 853. 725; XXIV. 575. , Lake, Switzerland, xxn. 777. September, month, xxi. 666. Semper, Gottfried, German architect, Senlis, town, France, XXL 664; xvil Septem Maria, lagoons, North-Eastern 749XXL 657. Italy, xiil 436. Sempervivum, genus of plants, xn. Senna, drug, XXL 664; II. 237. Septicaemia, disease, xxi. 666; xviii. , town on Zambesi river, Africa, 317401; xxil 678. xxiv. 765. Semple, Robert, early Scottish poet, Septimania, ancient province, France, Sennacherib, king of Assyria, m. xxi. 542. XIV 28 187; xiil 414; palaces of, at Nineveh, - 7Sempringham, St Gilbert of, English nl 1 Septuagint, Greek version of the Old xvil 512. monk, x. 593.

S e P —s E t 399 Testament, xxi. 667; m. 641; v. 5; 82, 100; xxii. 143; abolition of, in Serricornes, group of beetles, vi. 132. xxii. 824. Russia, xxi. 102. Sepulchre, Easter, in architecture, 11. Sergardi, Ludovico, Sienese satirist, Sertorius, Quintus, Roman general and statesman, xxi. 684; xix. 451; 472. xxii. 43. XX. 762; in Spain, xxn. 306. , The Holy, XXL 670. Sergeant-at-Arms, iii royal house- Sertularia, genus of Hydrozoa, xn. , Canons Regular of the Holy, xxi. hold, England, xxi. 37. 547670. Sergell, Tobias, Swedish sculptor, Serug (Seruj), town, Mesopotamia, xvi. , Knights of the Holy, xxi. 670. xxi. 570. 48. Sepulchres, Ancient American, 11. 451; Serghievsk, spa, Russia, xxi. 243. Serval, carnivorous mammal, xv. 435. for mummies, xvn. 20. Serghievskiy Posad, town, Russia, Servant, Master and, Legal relations of, Sequana (Seine), river, France, XXL xxi. 675. xv. 620; xiv. 165; in Roman law, 623. Sergius, St, Syrian martyr, xxi. 676. xx. 688, 704. Sequani, Celtic tribe of ancient Gaul, I.-IV., popes, xxi. 676. of Jehovah, in Isaiah, xm. 382. x. in. , patriarch of Constantinople, xvi. Servetus, Michael, or Miguel Serveto, Sequences, in mediaeval hymnology, 758. Spanish physician and polemic, XXL xii. 583. , Paulician teacher, xviii. 434. 684; on the circulation of the blood, Sequestration, in Scots law, m. 344. , Russian monk, xxi. 676. I. 810; on the pulmonary circulation, Sequoia, genus of trees, xxi. 673; ix. of Rasain, Syriac writer, xxn. XXIV. 95; his relations with Calvin, 405; xxiii. 809. 833IV. 718. Sera, capital of China in Ptolemy’s Serice, ancient name for China, v. Servia, kingdom, Eastern Europe, xxi. geography, XX. 93. 627. 686; Greek Church of, XI. 157; lan, convent at Lhasa, Tibet, xiv. 501. Sericin, silk albumen, xxn. 61. guage, xxii. 147, 150; newspapers, Serafi, Pere, Catalan poet, xxii. 364. Sericulture, art of rearing silkworms, XVII. 432; periodical literature, xviii. Seraglio, or Harem, xi. 478. xxii. 58. 544; under Czerny George, VI. 754. Seraievo, or Bosna Serai, town, Bosnia, Seriema, bird, xxi. 676. Servian Alphabet, i. 614. iv. 68. Series, Mathematical, xxi. 677; xxiv. Servian Language, xxii. 147, 150; Seraing, town, Belgium, xxi. 674. 71; in algebra, 1. 561; in trigonodictionaries of, vn. 188. Serajgunj (Sirajganj), town, India, metry, xxm. 569; tables of, xxin. 14. Servian Literature, xxi. 689; xviii. xxii. 95. Serigraph, indicator of grades of silk, 544Serampur, town, India, xxi. 674. xxii. 62. Servian Wall, at Rome, xx. 731, 734, Serang, town, Java, xm. 605. Serin, bird, ix. 192. 813. Serapeum, temple, near Memphis, , faubourg of Lyons, France, xv. Service, tree and fruit, xn. 276. Egypt, xxi. 674; 11. 387. no. Library, at Alexandria, Egypt, Seringapatam, town, India, xxi. 682; Serviodurum (Straubing), Roman station, Germany, xxii. 591. xiv. 510. xvii. 124. SERVITES, monastic order, XXL 692. Seraphim, of Scripture, xxi. 674. Seringham, town, India, xxii. 438. Servitude, in law, xix. 560. Serapion, Alexandrian physician, xv. Seriola, genus of fishes, xxiv. 738. Servius, commentator on Virgil, xxi. 801. Seriphus, of Greek legend, xviii. 560. 692; his place in Roman literature, Serapis (Apis), of Egyptian mythology, Serjeant-at-Law, XXL 682; III. 394. xx. 726. XXL 674; II. 173; VII. 717. Serjeants’ Inn, legal society, London, Tullius, king of Rome, xxi. 692; Serbal (Mount Sinai), Arabia, xxii. xiii. 87. xx. 734; his reforms in Roman law, 88. Serjeanty, Grand, tenure of land, xx. xx. 676. Serban, Cantacuzene, voivode of Wal3°5) 307Servo-Croats, race of Slav people, achia, xxi. 17. Sermon on the Mount, xiii. 664. xxii. 145, 147. Serbonis, Lake, Egypt, Vli. 709. Sernin, St, French martyr, xxiil 485. SERVOIS, his anticipation of quaterSerbs, race of people, xxi. 688; xxn. Serous Membranes, Anatomy of, 1. nions, xx. 161. ^ 147, 154848. Sesame, plant, xxi. 693; oil from, xvn. Sercambi, Giovanni, Italian writer, Serpent, Serpents, xxii. 189. See 745xiii. 505. Snakes. Cake, xvii. 739. Sercial, variety of Madeira wine, xv. , musical instrument, XVli. 778; Sesia, river, Italy, xm. 435. 178; xxiv. 609. xxiv. 788. Sesostris, legendary Egyptian king, Serdobol, monastery, Finland, XXIV. , in Genesis, 1. 135; VII. 136; in XXL 693; his armies, II. 559. 209. Gnosticism, x. 703; in Physiologus, SESSA, town, Italy, XXL 693. Serdobsk, town, Russia, xxi. 305. xix. 7. See also articles Mythology Sesse, lake island, Africa, xvn. 504. Serena, town, Chili, xxi. 674. and Totemism. Session, Court of, supreme court of Serendib, or Ceylon (q.v.), v. 364. Serpentarius, genus of birds, xxi. law, Scotland, xxi. 535. Serenus of Antissa, Greek geometer, 617. Sessions of the Peace, English law xxi. 675. Serpentine, mineral, xxi. 682; x. court, xx. 159. Serere, people of Senegambia, xxi. 228, 232; xv. 217; xvi. 414. Sestertius, Roman coin, xvn. 652. 662. Serpukhoff, town, Russia, xxi. 683. Seres, ancient name for the Chinese, v. Serra, Antonio, Italian economist, xix. SETEE, king of Egypt, vn. 738. SETH, or Set, Egyptian divinity, vn. 627; xviii. 590. 3577i5> 717- , town, Turkey in Europe, xxi. 675. S err ado, Monte, Spain, xvi. 797. Setheum, temple, Egypt, vn. 779. Sereth, river, Roumania, xxi. 14. Serrano, Francisco, Spanish minister, Sethiani, Gnostic sect, x. 703. Serfdom, xxii. 134; economic aspects xxii. 346. Setter, dog, vn. 328. of, xix. 352; in relation to labour, Serres, town, Turkey in Europe, XXL Settle, Elkanah, English poet and xiv. 165; in Russia, xiv. 262; xxi. 675. playwright, xxi. 693.

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Sforza, Caterina, wife of Giovanni dei Settled Land Act (1882), England, Sevo, Pizzo di, mountain, Italy, xm. 437. Medici, xv. 787. Sevres, town, France, xxi. 710, 625; xxi. 695. , Francesco, duke of Milan, xm. porcelain works at, xix. 637. Settlement, in law, xxi. 693; its 479; xvi. 293 ; monument of, xiv. , Deux-, department, France, XXL influence on agriculture, I. 409. 458. 710. Act of, of English crown (1701), Sevri-Hissar, town, Asiatic Turkey, Sgraffiato Ware, pottery, xix. 620, XXL 696. 624. xviii. 691. of the Poor, xix. 467, 478. Sgraffito, form of wall decoration, Settons, Lac des, lake, France, xvn. Sewage, xxi. 71 i; ammonia of, xvn. iv. 508; xvii. 37. 516; as manure, 1. 344; irrigation of 495’s Gravenhage (The Hague, q.v.), meadows with, 1. 374. SkTUBAL, town, Portugal, XXL 697. town, Holland, XL 371. Sew an, town, India, XXL 304. Seu-Chow (Su-Chow), town, China, Shabby Genteel Story, Thackeray’s, Seward, William Henry, American xxil. 617. xxiii. 214. statesman, xxi. 710. Seuruga, fish, xxil 612. Shabin KARA-HiSSAR, town, Asiatic Sevastopol, or Sebastopol (q.v.), town, Sewen, fish, XXL 222. Turkey, xiv. 2. Sewer, Sewers, Construction of, xxi. Crimea, Russia, XXL 616. Shad, fish, xxi. 726; xn. 694; arti713; for houses, iv. 467. Sevellan, mountain, Persia, Hi. 168. ficial propagation of, XIX. 128. Sewerage, xxi. 711; of London, xiv. Seven Capes, North Africa, xvn. Shaddock, tree and fruit, xxi. 727. 826; of Paris, xviii. 280. 627. Shadid, Phoenician deity, xvni. 803. Sewing Machines, xxi. 718; for shoeSeven Champions of Christendom, Shadoof, irrigation apparatus, Egypt, making, XXL 831. romance, XX. 659. vil. 707. SEX, XXL 720; XX. 407; in relation to Seven Churches, Glendalough, IreShadows, Optical theory of, xiv. 580; natural selection, xxiv. 82; in relation land, xxiv. 558. xxiv. 428; in perspective, xix. 806. to suicide, XXIL 631; sex totems, Seven Cities, Island of, fabulous island, xxiii. 471; in animals, xx. 407; in Shadrinsk, town, Russia, xviii. 550. iv. 241. plants, I. 619; IV. 81, 135; XX. 424. Shad-Salmon, fish, xxi. 224. Seven Deadly Sins, The, in mediaeval SHADWELL, Thomas, English playSee also Sexes. ecclesiastical ethics, VIIL 592. wright and versifier, XXL 7^75 ^ii. Sexagesimal Numbers, Tables of, Sevenoaks, town, England, xxi. 697. 436xxiii. 9. Seven Seas, lagoons, North-East Italy, Shafiites, Moslem sect, xxil 661; Sexcentenary Numbers, Tables of, xiii. 436. xvi. 593, 595xxiii. 9. Seven Sleepers of Ephesus, The, Shaft, Shafts, in tunnelling, xxm. Sexes, Proportion of, in population, legend, XXL 697. 622; in coal-mines, VI. 62; sinking of xix. 514. Seventh-Day Baptists, American in mines, xvi. 448. Sextant, for measuring angles, xxi. sect, vii. 543. Shaftesbury, First Earl of, English 724; XVII. 268; invention of, X. 187; Seven Weeks’ War (1866), between statesman, xxi. 727; his relations principle of, XIV. 586. Austria and Prussia, III. 140; x- 511with Locke, xiv. 752; his support of SeXTIUS, L., Roman consul, XX. 738. Seven Years’ War (1756-63), m. 127; Monmouth, XVI. 755. viii. 356; ix. 588; x. 503; xx. 10; Sextus Empiricus, on scepticism, Third Earl of, English moralist, xxi. 381. xxi. 355. XXL 731; VIIL 427; on beauty, 1. 221; Severn, river, England and Wales, xxi. Sexual Reproduction, in animals, on deism, VII. 34; ethics of, VHI. XX. 407; in plants, xx. 424. See 698; VIIL 216; xvi. 788; xxi. 847; 599. Reproduction. tunnel under, xxm. 623. , Seventh Earl of, English philanSEYBOUSE, river, Algeria, I. 563. , Joseph, English painter, XXL 698. thropist, XXL 734. Indian SEVERUS, of Alexandria, Greek roman- Seychelles, archipelago, Shag, bird, vi. 408. Ocean, xxi. 725; xv. 642. cist, xx. 636. Shagreen, leather, xiv. 390; xxi. , Lucius Septimius, Roman em- Seyed Mohammed Ali, founder of 779Babism (q.v.), Hi. 180. peror, xxi. 698; xx. 773, 776; in Shah, title of ruler of Persia, xvm. Seymour, Lord, of Sudeley, English Britain, IV. 353; in Scotland, iv. 663; 628. admiral, II. 544 ; VII. 686 ; his xxi. 472; in Mesopotamia, xviii. 605; SHAHABAD, district, British India, XXL love passages with the Princess Elizapalace of, at Rome, XX. 824. 734beth, VIII. 142. , Marcus Aurelius Alexander, Roman , town, Oudh, India, XVUI. 72. Edward, duke of Somerset, proemperor, XXL 701. SHAHAT, district, North Africa, VI. 75rtector of England, XXIL 259. , Sulpicius, early Christian writer, American politician, SHAHEBGUNGE, town, India, XXL 297. ) Horatio, XXI. 702. Shahid, Abul-Hasan, Persian poet, xxiii. 790. Sebokht, Syriac writer, xxil xviii. 656. , Jane, wife of Henry VIII., vui. Shahinshahnama, Persian book, 839336; xi. 665. Severy, in architecture, II. 473. xviii. 657. S&VIGNE, Charles de, son of Madame de Seyne, La, town, France, xxi. 726. Shah Jahan, Mogul emperor, xn. 795; Seyool (Seoul), town, Corea, vi. 391. Sevigne, XXL 704. XX. III. . Marquise de, French writer, XXL SFAX, town, Tunis, XXL 726. Shah Jahan Kuh, mountain, Persia, Sfondrato, Niccolo (Pope Gregory 703; IX. 660. xiv. 66. XIV.), xi. 178. Seville, province, Spain, xxi. 707; Shahjahanpur, district and town, Sforno, Obadiah, tutor of Reuchlin, xxil 298. India, XXL 735. xx. 489. , town, Spain, XXL 708; libraries, Shahnama, or Shahnamah, Fire 011s Sforza, House of, Milan, xm. 479; xiv. 549; sculptures, xxi. 5^75 uniepic, xviii. 656; ix. 225. xvi. 293. versity, xxiii. 839, 851; Murillos Shahpuhr, Shapur, or Sapor, kings 0 Attendolo, Italian condottiere, vi. 5 connexion with, xvn. 56. Persia, XVIII. 608; XVII. 514256; xx. 805. Oranges, xvii. 812.

s h a—s H E Shahpur, district and town, India, xxi. 735. Shahpura, state, India, xx. 260. Shahrastani, Persian jurisconsult and theologian, xxi. 736. Shahrazad, of the Arabian Nights’ Entertainments, XXIII. 316. Shahrbaraz, Persian general, xvin. 615. Shaibani, or Sheibani, ruler of Uzbek Tartars, xvi. 749; xvm. 635. Shaikhs, class of Mohammedans in India, XII. 746; XV. 185. Shairp, John Campbell, Scottish poetical critic, XXI. 736. Shakerly with Tyldesley, town, England, xxm. 674. Shakers, religious sect, xxi. 736; vi. 216; similar communities in the early Irish Church, xm. 248. Shakespeare, Anne Hathaway, wife of the dramatist, xxi. 754, 766. , Edmund, brother of the dramatist, xxi. 755, 765. , Hamnet, only son of the dramatist, xxi. 755, 765. , John, the dramatist’s father, xxi. 745, Judith, daughter of the dramatist, xxi. 755, 765. , Mary Arden, the dramatist’s mother, xxi. 747, 765. , Richard, the dramatist’s grandfather, xxi. 744. , Susanna, daughter of the dramatist, xxi. 755, 756, 765, William, English dramatist, XXI. 737; VII. 430; Madden on the spelling of the name, xv. 176; his position in English literature, VIII. 418; his connexion with Edward Alleyn, 1. 584; his influence on Beaumont and Fletcher, in. 470; in favour with Queen Elizabeth, viii. 142; his use of Geoffrey of Monmouth’s legends, x. 173; his connexion with the Globe Theatre, London, XXIII. 224; his borrowing plots from Greene, XI. 164; his influence on German literature, x. 532; the London of, xiv. 848; in relation to the Renaissance, xx. 393; his sonnets, xxii. 262; the forgeries of Ireland, xili. 272; epitaph on, by Milton, viii. 495; monument of, at Stratford, xxii. 590; bibliography, XXI. 768; Boydell’s illustrations of, IV. 182; French renderings by Ducis, VII. 505; Johnson’s edition of, xm. 725; Milton on, xvi. 326. Shakhdara, river, Central Asia, xvm. 103. Shaki-Shaki, town, Zanzibar, Africa, xxiv. 768. Shakudo, Japanese amalgam-work, xiii. 591. Shal, fish, xxii. 68. Shale, mineral, xvi. 424; x. 238;

bituminous, xvm. 240; alum from, 1. 646; naphtha from, xvn. 174. Shallot, vegetable, xn. 288. Shalmaneser I., king of Assyria m 186. II., of Assyria, III. 186; xm. 406. IV., of Assyria, m. 187; xm. 412. Shamanism, form of religion, xxi. 771; of Assyria, ill. 192; of Pelew Islands, xviii. 474; in Russia, xxi. 81; in Tibet, xxiii. 344. Shamli, town, India, xvn. 114. Shammai, Jewish rabbi, xxi. 771. Shammar, Arab tribe, Mesopotamia, xvi. 49. Shamo, district, Central Asia, x. 713. Shamokin, town, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., xxi. 771. Shamoy (or Chamois) Leather, xiv. 390. Shams, Sabeean goddess, xxiv. 741. Shams-uddin, Persian teacher, xxi. 59. , Muhammed (Hafiz), Persian poet, xi. 367; xviii. 659. Shan-a-lin, mountains, Manchuria, xv. 465. Shang Dynasty, of China, v. 643. Shanghai, town, China, xxi. 771; v. 635; temple of Confucius at, 11. 448. Shanklin, town, Isle of Wight, England, xxiv. 562. Shan Language, Asia, xxi. 774. Shannon, river, Ireland, xm. 216. Shans, people of Burmah and Siam, xxi. 773, 854; IV. 553. Shan-SE, province, China, v. 634. Shan States, Burmah, xxi. 773. Shantow (Swatow), town, China, xxn. 733Shan-tung, province, China, v. 633. Shap, town, England, xxiv. 516. Shaping Machines, machine tools, xv. 156. Shapinshay, island, Orkney, Scotland, xvii. 846. Shapur I., king of Persia, xvin. 608; xvii. 514. II., of Persia, xviii. 609; xvn. 514. III., of Persia, xviii. 610. , Shemuel, Talmudic writer, xxm. 35Shari, valley, Soudan, xxn. 277. Sharjah, district, Arabia, 11. 254. Shark, fish, xxi. 774; basking, xxi. 608; Beaumaris, xix. 518; classification of the group, XII. 685. Oil, xvii. 747. Sharks Bay, Western Australia, xxiv. 507. Sharon, town, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., xxi. 779. Springs, spa, New York, U.S.A., xvi. 436. Sharp, Abraham, English logarithmist, xiv. 779.

401 ! Sharp, James, archbishop of St Andrews, Scotland, xxi. 779, 515; xix. 683. , William, English line-engraver, xxi. 780. Sharpe, Mrs, on archery, 11. 377. , Richard B., on birds, xvni. 12. Sharpsburgh, U.S.A., Battle of (1862), xxiii. 777. Shasta, Mount, Sierra Nevada, U.S.A., xxiii. 800. Shatranj, Oriental game, v. 598. Shatsk, town, Russia, xxiii. 41. Shawenegan, waterfall, Canada, xx. 165. Shawl, article of dress, xxi. 781; Cashmere, xiv. 12; Persian, xviil 626; of Kirman, xiv. 100. Shawm, musical instrument, xvn. 707. Shawmut, peninsula, Massachusetts, U.S.A., iv. 72. SHAWNEES, American-Indian tribe, xn. 832. Shea Butter, vegetable fat, xvu. 744, 747Sheadings, districts, Isle of Man, xv. 452. Shear, Shearing, in mechanics, xv. 694; XIX. 797; in bridges, IV. 286; shearing stress, XXII. 594. Shearing, of sheep, 1. 396. Machine, for iron plates, xv. 157Shears, cutting tool, XL 439; in iron manufacture, xm. 330; xv. 157. , in seamanship, XXL 593, 604. Shearwater, bird, xxi. 781; xx. 102; xxii. 120. Sheathbill, bird, xxi. 782. Sheath-Fish, xxii. 68. Sheaves, in mechanics, xv. 763. Sheba, of Scripture, xxiv. 738. Shebbeare, Dr John, his trial for libel, iv. 735. Sheboygan, town, Wisconsin, U.S.A., xxi. 782; population, xxiv. 617. Shechem, town, Palestine, xxi. 783, 243Shee, Sir Martin Archer, Irish painter, XXL 783. Sheelin, Lough, Ireland, xxiv. 512. Sheemoga, town, India, xxi. 803. Sheep, xxi. 784; xv. 432; management of, I. 391; iv. 250; diseases of, xxiv. 204, 205; liver-rot, XXIII. 539; pox, xxiv. 204; milk of, XVI. 303; shearing of, I. 396; skins of, for tanning, xiv. 380, 388; wool, xxiv. 654; Dorset breed, vil. 371; Herd wick’s, vi. 698; South Downs, xxii. 725; merino, of Spain, xxii. 300; wild, of India, xii. 742; wild, of Turkestan, xxiii. 635. Sheep-Dogs, vil 326. Sheepshead, fish, xxi. 785. Sheep’s Oil, xvii. 744. Sheerness, town, England, xxi. 785; dockyard, vil 312, 318. XXY. — 51

402

S H E —S H I

Sheol, in eschatology, viii. 536; xx. Sherry Wine, xxiv. 607; xm. 629; Sheffield, town, England, xxi. 785. adulteration of, 1. 173. 114. , John, duke of Buckinghamshire, ’S Hertogenbosch (Bois-le-Duc), Shepherd Kings, of Egypt, vn. 735. IV. 419. town, Holland, ill. 864. Sheikh-al-Jebal (Old Man of the Shepherd of Hermas, early Christian Sherwin, John Keyse, English engraver writing, II. 180, 197; X. 815. Mountains), chief of the Assassins, 11. and painter, XXL 802. Shepherd’s Calendar, Spenser’s 723Sherwood Forest, England, xvii. poem, xviii. 345; xxii. 393. Sheikhis, Mohammedan sect, xxn. Shepherd’s Week, Gay’s pastoral, 599665. Sheshbazzar, Persian governor of xviii. 347. Sheiku ’l-Islam, head of the ulema, Jerusalem, XL 371. or Moslem clergy, xxn. 661, 664; Sheppey, Isle of, Kent, England, xiv. Sheshkeeff, town, Russia, xviii. 515. xxiii. 654. 37Sheil, Bichard Lalor, Irish politician, Shepton Mallet, town, England, xxi. Sheshonk (Shishak), king of Egypt, vii. 742. xxi. 787. 795Shekel, ancient coin and weight, xxi. Shepway, Cinque Port, England, Parlia- Shetland, islands, Scotland, xvii. 845. ment of, v. 787. 788; xvii. 650; xxiv. 486. Cattle, 1. 389. Sheksna, river, Russia, xxi. 116; xxiv. Sher Ali Khan, ruler of Afghanistan, Shevagunga (Sivaganga), town, India, 1. 240, 241. 279. xv. 192. Shelburne, Earl of, English statesman, Sherborne, town, England, xxi. 795; abbey church at, vn. 372; manor of, Shevchenko, Taras, Russian poet, xxi. viii. 358; xiv. 289; his relations with no. xx. 263. Pitt, XIX. 138. Sherbro (Sherboro), island, Sierra Sheykhi, of Kermiyan, Ottoman poet, Sheld-Drake, bird, XXL 788. xxiii. 656. Leone, West Africa, xxn. 44. Sheldonian Compact (1664), in Shiahs, Moslem sect, xi. 509. See Sherbrooke, town, Canada, xx. 167. English history, VI. 327. Shiites. Sheldonian Theatre, Oxford, xviii. Shere, or Remedy, in coining, xvi. Shian, shah of Persia, xvili. 636. 482. 95Shereef (Sherif), Mohammedan officer, Shibrghan (Sapurgan), province, AfSheldrake, bird, XXL 788. ghanistan, I. 243. xv. 672. Shell, of birds’ eggs, m. 774. , projectile, XL 304; for rifled guns, Sheribon (Cheribon), town, Java, V. Shield, Ancient forms of, 11. 554, in heraldry, XL 685, 694. 585. 1. 744. , William, English musical comShelley, Mary Wollstonecraft, English Sheridan, Caroline Elizabeth (Mrs poser, XXL 802. Norton), xvii. 574. woman of letters, xxi. 789; x. 717. of Scipio, ancient plate, xix. , Frances, novelist and dramatist, , Percy Bysshe, English poet, XXL 181. xxi. 796. 789; as dramatist, vid 439; his place , Philip Henry, American general, Shields, North, town, England, xxm. in English literature, vm. 433; his 675. xxiii. 780. place as poet, xix. 268. , South, town, England, xxi. 802. , Richard Brinsley Butler, Irish Shellif, river, Algeria, 1. 563. dramatist and politician, xxi. 797; Shifting Pieces, in mechanics, xv. Shell Lac, resin, xiv. 182. vil. 438; his place in English litera755Shells, of brachiopods, IV. 189; of molShigatze, town, Tibet, xxiii. 340. ture, viii. 429, 431. luscs, xvi. 635. , Thomas (1684-1738), Irish school- Shighnan, state, Central Asia, xviii. Shelomoh ibn Gebirol (Avicebron), 104. master and writer, XXL 795. Jewish philosopher, III. 152; II. 268; , Thomas (1721-1788), Irish actor Shiites, Moslem sect, xxii. 663; xvi. VIII. 758; XXL 426. 564, 568, 592; 11. 722; xi. 509. and elocutionist, XXL 796. Shem, of Scripture, xvii. 511, 523; xxi. Sherif, Mohammedan officer, xv. 672. Shikarpur, district and town, India, 641. xxi. 803. , Israel Baal, or Besht, founder of Sheriff, law officer, xxi. 800; vi. 513. , Laurence, founder of Rugby School, Shi King, Chinese poems, vi. 263. modern Jewish sect, xm. 681. Shikoku, island, Japan, xm. 569. England, XXL 55. Shem AH A, or Shemakha, town, Transcaucasia, Russia, xxi. 794; xxm. 515. Sheriff-Clerk, Scottish law officer, Shilka, river, Siberia, I. 746; xxiii. 510. xxi. 801. Shemaryah, rabbi, Talmudist, xxiii. Shiloh, town, Palestine, xxi. 803 Sheriff-Depute, Scottish law officer, 39Shimiyn, river, Africa, xvii. 505. xxi. 801. Shemuel, Talmudic writer, xxm. 35. Shenandoah, town, Pennsylvania, Sheriffdoms, Scottish, xxi. 483, 488, Shimoga, district, India, xxi. 803; town, xxi. 803; xvii. 123. U.S.A., xxi. 794. 535Valley, U.S.A., Campaigns of, Sheriffmuir, Scotland, Battleof (1715), Shin, Loch, Scotland, xxii. 726. Shina Language, on upper Indus, x. vii. 533; xxi. 526. xxiii. 777, 779598. Shendamangalam, town, India, xxi. Sheriff-Substitute, Scottish law Shinanogawa, river, Japan, xm. officer, xxi. 801. 210. 572. Shendy, town, Soudan, Africa, xxi. Sherlock, Thomas, bishop of London, Shinasi Efendi, Ottoman writer, xxi. 801. 794xxiii. 657. , William, dean of St Paul’s, xxi. Shene, or Richmond, England, MonasShin Bone, Anatomy of the, 1. 829. 802. tery of, I. 21. Sherman, town, Texas, U.S.A., xxi. Shing Chow (Nanking), ancient town, Shen-se, province, China, v. 637. China, xvil. 172. 802. Shenshais, Parsee sect, India, xviii. , Roger, American politician, xxiii. Shing-King, province, China, v. 641. 326. Shingle, in architecture, 11. 473. 748. Shenstone, William, English poet, Mills, xxi. 346. , William Tecumseh, American xxi. 794; his place in English literaShingles, skin disease, xxii. 123. general, XXIII. 779. ture, viii. 429.

s H 1 —s 1 A

403 Shing-Yang (Moukden), town, Man- Shoa, district, Abyssinia, 1. 64. Shreveport, town, Louisiana, U.S.A., churia, xv. 466. Shoading, in mines, xvi. 442. xxi. 843. Shinto, Japanese religion, xm. 581; Shock, or Collapse, physical condition, Shrew, insectivorous mammal, xxi. xx. 363. xxii. 680. 843; xv. 403. Ship, Ancient and mediaeval, xxi. 804; Shocks, Effects of, on magnetization, Shrewsbury, town, England, xxi. 845; Phoenician, xvm. 804. xv. 268. battle of (1403), xi. 660; xviil 523. , Ships, Modern, xxi. 809, 589; Shoddy, variety of cloth, 1. 176; xxiv. , Earls and Duke of, xxiil 25. chains and anchors for, 11. 4; derelict, 661; factories, in England, vm. 233. Shrike, bird, xxi. 845. xxiv. 686; log for ascertaining speed Shoder, Goldbeater’s, x. 753. Shrimp, crustacean, xxi. 846; fisheries, of, xiv. 769; xvii. 264; management Shoe-Bill, bird, xxn. 578. x. 265. of, xxi. 589; quarantine of, xx. 153; Shoeburyness, England, School of , Opossum, crustacean, vi. 658. registration of, xx. 343; resistance of gunnery at, 11. 586. Shrine, in architecture, 11. 473. water to, xil. 518; sails, xxi. 153; Shoemaker’s Holiday, Dekker’s play, Shropshire, county, England, xxi. salvage, xxi. 237; steam-engines for, vii. 37. 847. XXII. 517; unsea worthy, in law, XXL Shoemaking, xxi. 830. Sheep, i. 392. 606; whaling vessels, xxiv. 526; wreck Shoen (Schongauer), Martin, German Shrove Tuesday, xxi. 648. of, in law, xxiv. 686; yachts, xxiv. painter and engraver, xxi. 432; vm. Shrubs, Garden, xil 260; culture of, 72344111. 319. Shipbuilding, xxi. 809. Shoes, Snow, xxii. 201. Shu, Egyptian divinity, vn. 716. Ship Canals, iv. 787. , Horse, XXL 831; XIL 195. Shubenacadie, river, Nova Scotia, Ship Harbour, lake, Nova Scotia, Shogun, Japanese ruler, xm. 582. xvii. 601. xvii. 601. Sholapur, district and town, India, Shui, town, Lew-Chew Islands, North Shipley, town, England, xxi. 826. xxi. 832. Pacific, xiv. 490. , William Davies, Erskine’s defence Shomer, Mountains of, Arabia, 11. Shuiski, Basil, Russian revolutionist, of, viii. 530. 239XXL 95. Ship-Money, tax, ix. 177; Hampden’s Shooi (Skua), bird, xxn. 125. Shuja, shah of Afghanistan, xx. nr; resistance to, vm. 346. Shooting, for sporting purposes, xxi. assassination of, 1. 240. Ship of Fooles, Barclay’s satire, m. 832; gun-sights for, xxn. 46. Shuluh, race of people, Africa, 1. 261. 368. Shore, Jane, mistress of Edward IV., Shumadia, district, Servia, xxi. 687. Ship of Fools, Brandt’s satirical poem, xxi. 835. Shumla, town, Bulgaria, xxi. 648. iv. 215; x. 527. , John, inventor of tuning-fork, Shumshu, island, Kuriles, Asia, xiv. Shippen, William, American surgeon, xxiil 619. 160. xxii. 677. Short, James, telescope-maker, xxiil Shun-che, emperor of China, v. 650. Shipping, British, xxi. 826; European, 137Shush, or Shushan (Susa), ancient viii. 707; of United States, xxiil Shortest Way with Dissenters, town, Persia, xxn. 722; xxi. 849; 11. 826; Lloyd’s list of, xiv. 741. Defoe’s work, vn. 27. 400. Ship-Worm, or Teredo, xxiil 184. Shorthand, xxi. 836; for the blind, Shusha, town, Caucasus, Russia, xxi. Shipwreck, Life-saving apparatus for, in. 828; in ancient MSS., xviii. 164. 648. xiv. 570; law relating to, xxiv. 686. Shorthorn Cattle, i. 388. Shushan (Susa), ancient town, Persia, , The, poem by Falconer, ix. 4. Shortrede, Robert, Scottish logarithxxii. 722; xxi. 849; 11. 400. Shirabad, town, Central Asia, xil 3. mist, xiv. 776; his tables, xxiil 11. SHUSTAR, town, Persia, XXL 849. Shiraz, town, Persia, xxi. 829; xviii. Short-Sight, viii. 820; xvi. 259; Shute, John, Viscount Barrington, in. 627, 628. xvii. 785; spectacles for, xxn. 372. 393Shire, or County, English administra- Shoshone, Lake, Yellowstone Park, Shuttle, for weaving, xxiv. 464; early tive division, vm. 273. U.S.A., xxiv. 737. Greek, xxiil 206. Shir6, river, East Central Africa, xxiv. Falls, Snake River, U.S.A., xxiil Shuwas, people, Bornu, Central Africa, 765. 798. iv. 61. Shirkhist, manna, xv. 493. Shoshones, American Indians, xil Shuya, town, Russia, xxi. 849. Shirley, town, England, xxi. 829. 827, 832. SHWEDOUNG, town, Burmah, xix. 807. , Charlotte Bronte’s novel, iv. 365. Shoshong, town, Bechuanaland, South Shwe-Gyeng, district and town, Bur, Sir Anthony, English envoy to Africa, xxi. 842. mah, XXL 849. Persia, xviii. 638. SHOT, military projectiles, 1. 745; XL Siah-posh, tribes, Kafiristan, Asia, , James, English dramatist, xxi. 294, 304; sporting, XL 280; XXL 835. xiii. 821. 829; vie 432; as pupil of Beaumont Shotover Hill, Oxford, England, SlAK, residency, Sumatra, XXII. 639. and Fletcher, in. 474. xviil 93. SialiDyE, group of insects, xm. 151. , Robert, English envoy to Persia, Shoulder-Blade, Anatomy of the, 1. SlALKOT, district and town, India, XXL xviii. 638. 826. 850. , William, colonial administrator, Shoulder-Girdle, of mammals, xv. Siam, kingdom, Eastern Asia, xxi. 850; Massachusetts, U.S.A., xv. 616. 358. forests of, IX. 405; Pali language in, Shirvan, khanate, Transcaucasia, xxi. Shoulder-Joint, Anatomy of the, 1. xviii. 183 ; Shan language of, XXL 794838. 774; weights and measures, xxiv. 490. Shirwa, Lake, Africa, 1. 256. Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, English Siamang, ape, 11. 150. Shishak, king of Egypt, VII. 742. admiral, xxi. 842. Siamese Language, xxi. 855. Shisham, tree, xviil 71. Shoveler, bird, xxi. 842. Literature, xxi. 855. Shittah, tree, 1. 68. Showbread, Hebrew, xxi. 133. Twins, xvi. 765. Shiva-Kul, lake, Central Asia, xviil Shrapnel Shell, in gunnery, 1. 744; Sianti (Ashantee, q.v.), country, West 104. xi. 304. Africa, 11. 681.

404 SlBBALD, Sir Robert, Scottisli scientist, XXII. i. Sibenik, town, Dalmatia, Austria, xxi. 616. Siberia, region, Asia, xxn. i; n. 687; acquisition of, by Russia, xxi. 93; Russian explorations in, x. 191; Friar William’s travels in, xxi. 47; birds of, in. 756; forests, ix. 405; penal institutions, xix. 762; Tartar population, xxill. 70. Siberian Boil-Plague, cattle disease, xvii. 58. Sibilla, Monte della, mountain, Italy, 437Siboga, town, Sumatra, xxn. 639. Sibsagar, district and town, India, xxii. 13. Sibsib, ground squirrel, Morocco, xvi. 833Sibuyan, island, Philippines, xviii. 752. Sibyl, of Greek and Roman legend, xxii. 13. Sibylline Books, of ancient Rome, xxii. 13. Sibylline Oracles, Greek poems, xi. 144. Sibyllines, The, apocalyptic books, 11. 177, 179Sicca Veneria (Keff), ancient town, Tunis, xiv. 27. Sicels, people, South Italy and Sicily, xxii. 15. Sicilian Oil, xviii. 713. Sicilian Vespers, massacre of French in Sicily (1282), v. 423; XX. 798; xxii. 27. Sicilies, Two, Kingdom of the, xm. 478; xvii. 191; conquest of, by the Normans, XIII. 470; XVII. 191. Sicily, island, Mediterranean, xxn. 14; xill. 440; XV. 820; j)art of kingdom of the Two Sicilies, XIII. 471; XVII. 191; under the Athenians, XL 104; invaded by the Carthaginians, V. 161; historical connexion of Malta with, xv. 342; its connexion with Naples, xvii. 191; Norman settlement in, XIII. 470; XVII. 548; its connexion with Phoenicia, XVIII. 806; conquest of, by Rome, XX. 747, 750; Spanish connexion, xxii. 322, 324, 327; ancient, coins of, xvil. 638; modern, coins of, xvii. 657; dialect of, XIII. 494; plague in, xix. 166; sulphur mines, xxn. 634; wine industry, XXIV. 610. Sick Headache, xvil 364. Sickingen, Franz von, German baron, xxii. 31; xv. 78. Sickle, reaping implement, xxi. 574Sickness, Diet in, vn. 205. Siculi, people, South Italy and Sicily, xxii. 15. Siculus, Diodorus, Greek historian, vil. 245.

SIB — S I G Sicyon, town, Achaia, Greece, xxii. 31; Siege, Operations in a, ix. 455; artillery for, II. 663; XL 314. school of sculpture at, 11. 349. SlDDHARTHA GAUTAMA (Buddha, q.V.), Siegen, town, Prussia, xxii. 37. , Ludwig, inventor of mezzotint in. 375; iv. 426. engraving, vm. 445. Siddhi Kur, Calmuck collection of Siegenite, mineral, xvi. 391. stories, iv. 710. Siege of Rhodes, English opera, xvii. Siddim, Vale of, Palestine, vn. 2. 88. Siddons, Sarah, English actress, xxn. SlEGFRED, English missionary in 32; XIV. 31. Sweden, xxii. 745. Side, town, Asia Minor, xviii. 207. Siegfried, hero of the Nibelungenlied, Sidereal Month, ii. 774. xvil 475; x. 522, 524; xx. 657. Sidereal Time, ii. 765; xxiii. 392. Siemens, Ernst Werner, inventor of Siderite, mineral, x. 228; xvi. 397. electric railway, xxiii. 495 ; his SlDEROSCHISOLITE, mineral, XVI. 414. electrical experiments, VIII. 37. SlDEROSILIClTE, mineral, XVI. 425. , Sir William, inventor and natural SlDEROSTATIC TELESCOPE, XXIII. 152. philosopher, XXII. 37; his gas-engine, Side-Walks, of streets, xx. 588. XXII. 526; his gas-producer, IX. 845; Sidgwick, Henry, on political economy, XXII. 182 ; his differential governor, XIX. 399. XXII. 508 ; his heat-regenerator, ix. Sidi-bel-Abbes, town, Algeria, xxn. 846; on iron and steel, Xiii. 282. 33Sidi I BN Isa, Shrine of, Kairwan, Tunis, Siemens-Martin Process, of steelmaking, xiii. 347. xill. 824. Sidi Mohammed ben Ali es-Senusi, Siemens Precipitation Process, of steel-making, XIII. 337. leader of Mohammedan fraternity in Siena, town, Italy, xxn. 38; cathedral Sahara, XXL 151; xxiii. 575. pavement, III. 476; cathedral pulpit, Sidlaws, hills, Scotland, xviii. 666. XIX. 124; majolica ware, xix. 628; Sidmouth, Viscount, English statesschool of painting, XXL 433, 442; man, I. 145; viii. 363. Sidnacester (Newark), Saxon town, J pictures in, XXL 446; university, XXIII. 837. England, XVIL 370. , St Catherine of, v. 229. Sidney, town, Cape Breton, xvil 603. , Algernon, English statesman, xxii. Sieradz, town, Russian Poland, xxii. 44. 33, Sir Henry, viceroy of Ireland, SlERPCE, town, Poland, XIX. 227. Sierra, envelope of the sun, 11. 788. xiii. 264; xxii. 35. Leone, West Coast, Africa, xxii. , Sir Philip, English statesman and 44; 1. 269. writer, xxn. 35; vm. 417, 421; as Nevada,mountains, United States, pastoral poet, xviii. 346; his relations iv. 697, 700; xvil 367; xxiii. 799. with Spenser, xxn. 393; his death in Sierras, mountain chains, Spain, xxii. Holland, xn. 77. 294. Sussex College, Cambridge, iv. Siete Partidas, Spanish code of laws, 73ixxii. 318, 354. SlDON, town, Phoenicia, xxii. 35; xviii. 804, 808; capture of, by Artaxerxes Sieves, Emmanuel Joseph, French politician, xxn. 45; ix. 612; his relaIII., xviii. 580; coins of, xvii. 650. tions with Napoleon, xvii. 202. Sidonian Inscriptions, xiii. 116. Sidonius, C. Sollius Apollinaris, Chris- Sifan, nomad tribes of Tibet, xxiii. tian writer and bishop, 11. 184. 344Sidra (Hydra), island, Greece, xn. 430. Sifatites, Moslem sect, xvi. 592. , Bay of, Tripoli, North Africa, SlGALON, Xavier, French painter, xxii 46. _ . xxiii. 575. Rabba, book of the Mandseans, Sighing, abnormal form of respiration, xx. 479. xv. 468. Sight, Organ and sense of, vm. 816; 1. Sidyma, town, Asia Minor, xv. 94. 885; defective, xvil 784; loss of, in. Siebenburgen, or Transylvania (q.v.), 826; short and long, VIII. 820; XVII. Austria-Hungary, xxiii. 521. 785; organs of, in Amphibia, 1. 768; Siebold, Carl Theodor Ernst von, in birds, III. 725 ; in Crustacea, vi. German physiologist and zoologist, 637; in fishes, XII. 652; in mammals, xxii. 36. xv. 367; in reptiles, xx. 461; Hi. 725. , Philipp Franz von, German exSights, Gun, xxii. 46. plorer of Japan, XXII. 36. SlECLE, Le, Paris newspaper, XVII. 426. Sigismund, emperor, xxii. 48; xii. 368; x. 495. SlEDLCE, government, Russian Poland, , duke of Hapsburg, xxii. 786. XXII. 36; town, XXII. 37. I., king of Poland, xix. 290. Si EG, river, Rhenish Prussia, xx. 20, II., of Poland, XIX. 291. 519-

S I G —s 1 M Sigismund III., of Poland, xix. 294. , king of Sweden, xxn. 748. Siglus, ancient Persian coin, xvn. 659. SlGMARlNGEN, town, Prussia, XXII. 48. , Hohenzollern-, German princely house, XII. 52. Sigmodon, genus of rodent mammals, xvii. 6. Signakh, town, Transcaucasia, Russia, xxiii. 514. Signalling, xxiii. 112; heliographic, xi. 632. Signals, as used in navy, xxn. 49; xvii. 277; flag, ix. 279; railway, xx. 238; in surveying, xxn. 698; time determined by, xxm. 395. Signatures, Book, xxiil 700; quire marks, xviii. 144. Signet, Writers to the, legal society, Scotland, xxi. 535; xxn. 251. Library, Edinburgh, xiv. 522. Rings, xx. 560. Signorelli, Luca, Italian painter, xxn. 50; xxi. 434, 442. Signs of the Zodiac, xxiv. 791. Sigourney, Lydia Huntley, American poetess, I. 731. Sigtuna, ancient town, Sweden, xxn. 558. SlGURD, mythical hero, in Nibelungenlied, xvii. 474; xx. 657. , the Stout, earl of Orkney and Caithness, XIII. 254; xvn. 848. , son of Hakon, Norse earl, xvn. 585. Jorsalafari, Norwegian king, xvii. 588, 848. Si-Hamed, Algerine chief, 1. 569. Sihanaka, tribe, Madagascar, xv. 171. Sihun (Syr-Daria, q.v.), river, Asia, xxii. 818. , river, Asia Minor, 11. 708; v. 777. Sikandar, ruler of Kashmir, xiv. 13. Sikans, or Sicani, people, South Italy and Sicily, xxn. 15. SlKELS, or Siculi, people, South Italy and Sicily, xxn. 15. Sikes’s Hydrometer, xii. 540. Sikhota-alin, mountains, Eastern Siberia, XV. 548. Sikhs, people of India, XL 844; xn. 746, 808; xx. 1x0. Sikh War (1846), xiv. 371. Sikkim, or Sikim, state, India, xxn. 51; XL 822; birds of, m. 761. SlKUHA, town, Persia, xvili. 627. Silalahi, lake, Sumatra, xxn. 638. Silbermann, family of organ-builders, xvii. 837. , Gottfried, his improvements on the pianoforte, xix. 71. Silbury Hill, artificial mound, Wilts, England, m. 144. Silenus, in Greek mythology, XXII. 51. Silesia, district, Germany, xxn. 51. Silesian Wars, hi. 127; ix. 585, 736; x. 503; xx. 10. Silian Law, Roman, xx. 681.

Silica, oxide of silicon, xxn. 53; v. 522. Silicates, in chemistry, xxn. 53; xvi. 61. Siliceous Springs, x. 271. Silicispongi^e, class of sponges, xxil 421. Silicon, chemical element, v. 521; its presence in steel, xm. 283; as fuel, ix. 809; as plant food, xix. 49. SlLICONEISEN, metal, xm. 351. Silicon-Manganeisen, metal, xm. 352. Silico-Skeleta, subclass of Protozoa, xix. 849. Siliqua, form of fruit, iv. 152. Silistria, town, Bulgaria, xxn. 54. Silius Italicus, Latin epic poet, xxii. 54; his place in Roman literature, xx. 726. SILK, xxii. 56; ancient fabrics of, xxiil 208; bleaching of, m. 822; fibre of, ix. 133; ailanthus, xiv. 216; Chinese, v. 638, 639, 640; manufactures, England, VIII. 232; production in France, ix. 520; XXL 332; weaving of, in India, XII. 761; Indian, xil. 751; culture and manufacture, in Italy, xiii. 442, 453; xvi. 292; from spiders, 11. 295. Hats, xi. 519. Silk-Tail, bird, xxiv. 460. Silkworm, iv. 596; xxil 57; moth of, xiii. 151. Sill, in architecture, 11. 473. Silla, Pico de la, mountain, Venezuela, xxiv. 139. Silleda, town, Spain, xix. 455. SlLLERY, Marquis of, husband of Madame de Genlis, x. 153. Silliman, Benjamin (1779-1864), American chemist and geologist, xxil 66. , Benjamin (1816-1885), American chemist and physicist, xxil 66. Sillimanite, mineral, xvi. 408. Sillustani, Peru, Stone circles at, 11. _ 451Silo, pit for ensilage, xxil 67. Siloam, Pool of, Jerusalem, XIII. 638. Si low, his experiments in magnetism, xv. 268. SlLSILIS, hills, Egypt, VII. 783. SlLURES, ancient British people, xvi. 754Silurian Rocks, in geology, x. 331; xvii. 51. SlLURlDjE, family of fishes, XXIL 67. Silva, Feliciano de, Spanish romancist, xx. 655. , Jean Baptiste, French physician, xx. 176. , Ruy Gomez de, Spanish minister, xviii. 744. Silva;, Statius’s poems, xxil 467. Silvanectes (Senlis), Roman station, France, xxi. 664. Silvanus, Italian divinity, xxii. 69.

.

405

Silver, metal, xxil 69; xvi. 382; as chemical element, v. 529; cyanide of, xx. 23; adulteration of, 1. 176; assay of, 11. 727; extraction of, from alloy with lead, xiv. 376; mines in Austria, III. 120; in Bolivia, iv. 13; in Chili, v. 622 ; of Laureium, Greece, in. 59; in Mexico, xvi. 216; xxiv. 761; in New South Wales, xvn. 409; of Nertchinsk, Siberia, xvii. 352; in United States, xxiil 814; in Colorado, U.S.A., vi. 161; in Nevada, U.S.A., XVII. 368; ores, XVI. 58; dressing of ores,xvi.465; production, iv. 518; xvi. 467> 728; production in England, VIII- 229; in Peru, xviii. 675; spectrum of, xxil 376; wire, xxiv. 615. Coinage, xvi. 482, 723; xxii. 71; in relation to exchange, vm. 790; comparative value of silver and gold, XVI. 731, 735; XXIL 73. Silver-Eye, bird, xxiv. 824. Silver-Fir, tree, ix. 224. Silver-Fish, insect, xm. 154. Silver Glance, mineral, xxil 69. Silvering, coating with silver, xxii. 71; of mirrors, XVI. 501. Silver Ink, xiii. 81. SlLVERIUS, pope, XXIL 74; XIX. 493. Silver Lace, x. 753. Silver Mining, xvi. 470. Silver Pits, depressions in North Sea, xvii. 563. Silver Plate, xxil 71; Roman, 11. 366; works in, xix. 178. Silver Reef District, Utah, U.S.A., xxiil 815. Silversmiths, Roman, 11. 366. Silvester I., pope, xxii. 74. II., pope, xxii. 74; xix. 497; as scholastic philosopher, XXL 421. III., pope, xxil 76; xix. 498. SilviiDjE, family of birds, xxiv. 366, 553Simancas, town, Spain, xxil 76. SlMBA, one of the Solomon Islands, South Pacific, xxil 252. Simbirsk, government, Russia, xxii. 76; town, xxil 77. Simeon, son of Jacob, xxil 77. , Israelitish tribe, xm. 400. , grand-duke of Russia, xxi. 91. of Beth Arsham, Syriac writer, xxil 832. of Durham, English historian, xxii. 811. bar Tabbakhe, Syriac writer, xxil 844. KARKHAYA, Syriac writer, xxii. 838. Kukaya, Syriac writer, xxil 832. Shankelawi, Syriac writer, xxii. 852. STYLITES, Syrian monk, xvi. 701; xxil 830; temple of, 11. 132. Simferopol, or Sympheropol, town, Russia, xxii. 77; vi. 586.

406

s 1 M—s I P

tion from malaria, xv. 319; Raffles’s Simpson, Thomas, English mathemaSimia, genus of apes, II. 149. library at, xiv. 534. tician, xxil 86. Simiang, ape of Sumatra, xxil. 640. , Thomas, Arctic explorer, xix. 320. Singbhum, or Singboom, district, India, Simiid^e, group of apes, XV. 444. XXIL 94. Similarity, as ground of association, Simrock, Karl, German poet, xxil 8 Singeing, of cloth, m. 814. 11. 733; mental perception of, xx. 80. 7Simla, district, India, xxn. 77; 1. 655; Simson, David, Scottish painter, xxil Singer, Isaac Merritt, improver of sewing machine, XXL 719. 88. town, xxil 78. Singhalese Language and Litera, George, Scottish painter, xxil 88. Simms, William, Iris dividing engine for ture, v. 366; dictionaries of lan, Robert, Scottish mathematician, graduation, xi. 30. guage, vil. 191. xxil 87; on porisms, xix. 520. , William Gilmore, American poet, Singhara, horned water-nut of Kash, William, Scottish painter, xxil novelist, and historian, xxil 78; 1. mir, xiv. 11. 88. 727. Singing, xx. 273. See also article Sims Torpedo, xxiii. 451. Simnel, Lambert, English pretender, Music. viii. 329; XL 662; in Ireland, xm. Simulium, genus of insects, XVI. 866. Singleton, Captain, Defoe’s book, vn. Si Musir, island, Kuriles, Asia, xiv. 261. 28. 160. Simon I.-II., Jewish high priests, xm. SiNGO, province, Uganda, Africa, xxiu. Sin, St Paul’s doctrine of, xvni. 424; 420. 7I7 Liguorian doctrine, xiv. 637; Pelagian ’ , Abraham, English medallist, xxn. Singphos, hill tribe, Assam, India, 11. doctrine, xvill. 472; original, XIX. 82. 721. 669. , John, on pathology, XVIII. 362. Singspiel, German comic opera, xvii. , Assyrian moon-god, xxin. 237; , Richard, French Biblical critic, 99. xxiv. 741. XXIL 82. Sinhalese Language and LiteraSiNjE (China), in Ptolemy’s geography, , Thomas, English medallist, xxn. ture, v. 366; dictionaries of language, v. 626; xx. 95. 83VII. 191. Sinai, peninsula, Arabia, xxn. 88; 11. ben Yochi, author of the Book of Sinibuldi, Guittoncino de’ (Cino da 236; Stanley’s work on, xxil 451. Zohar, XIII. 814. Pistoia), Italian jurist and poet, v. DE Brion (Pope Martin IV.), xv. Sinaiticus Codex, MS. of the Scrip786. tures, XVIII. 147; discovery of, XXIII. 582. SINIGAGLIA, town, Italy, xxil 94. 409. de Montfort, crusader, xvi. 787; SlNlGRlN, principle in mustard, XVII. Sinaloa, state, Mexico, xvi. 214. IX. 541; XXIL 322. 112. SlNAMRU, fabulous bird, XX. 611. de Montfort, political leader, Sinim, of Scripture, V. 626. Sinan Pasha, Ottoman writer, xxm. xvi. 787; viii. 310; xi. 658; XVIII. Sinis, of Greek legend, xxili. 294. 656. 304Sinjar, Seljuk ruler, XXL 635. Sinclair, Catherine, Scottish novelist, Maccabeus, Jewish high priest, Sinjibu, Tartar prince, xxiii. 659. xxil 90. xiii. 423. SlNKARAH, lake, Sumatra, xxil 638. , D., his automatic telephonic exMagus, xxil 78; x. 702. Sinkil, town, Sumatra, xxil 639. changes, xxiii. 134. Peter, the apostle, xvin. 693. Sinking Fund, for national debts, , Sir George, Scottish writer and See Peter. xvii. 245. politician, XXIL 90. Simonde, Jean Charles L.de (Sismondi), Sinner, M. de, Swiss philologist, his , Hannah, Scottish writer, xxil 90. Genevese historian and political writer, relations with Leopardi, xiv. 465. , Sir John, Scottish writer, XXII. XXIL 99. Sinope, town, Asiatic Turkey, xxil 94; 89. Simone da Pesaro (Simone Cantarini), xix. 459; as Greek town, xvni. 227, , John, archdeacon and writer, xxn. Italian painter, v. 28. 850. 90. SlMONlA (Zannone), one of the Pontian Sins, The Seven Deadly, vm. 592. , Oliver, favourite of James V. of Islands, Italy, xix. 460. Sinter, mineral, xvi. 390. Scotland, XXL 499. Simonianism, ancient heresy, xxil. Sinub (Sinope), town, Asiatic Turkey, Sind, province, India, xxil 90; con80. xxii. 94. quest of, by Britain, XII. 808; xvn. Simonich, Count, Russian envoy to Sinuessa, Italy, Synod of (303), xv. 176; policy of Ellenborough towards, Persia, xvin. 650. 532viii. 147. Simonides of Amorgos, Greek poet, Sinupallia, suborder of Mollusca, xvi. Frontier, Upper, district, India, xxil 83; xxi. 318. 685. xxiii. 859. of Ceos, Greek poet, xxil 84; XL Sindhia, or Scindhia, maharaja of Sinus Abrah/e, limbus patrum, xiv. I 39646. Gwalior, India, XL 345; XII. 804; Simons, Menno, founder of the MenSion, town, Switzerland, XXIV. 31, Wellington’s war with, xxiv. 494. nonites, XVI. II. organ at, xvn. 837. Sindhi Language, xi. 840; dictionSimony, in church law, xxil 84. SlORAj, district, India, Xiv. 154. aries of, vii. 191. Simoom, or Simoon, wind of Arabia, 11. SlOUX, American Indians, XII. 827, 831. SlNDIS, people, India, XXII. 91. 239; vii. 703. City, town, Iowa, U.S.A., xxii.95. Sind Sagar Doab, district, India, Simplicius, pope, xxil 86; xix. 492. Sipahi (Sepoy), native Indian soldier, xvii. 113; xx. 107. of Cilicia, Neoplatonist, xxil 86. xxi. 666; 11. 590, 591; xii. 809. Sine, in trigonometry, XXIIL 563. Simplon, French department of the Sipan-D AGH, mountain, Armenia, xxiv. Sinepuxent Bay, Maryland, U.S.A., (1810), xxiv. 32. 53. xv. 602. Simpson, Sir James Young, Scottish SlPHANTO, Sipheno, or Siphno, island, physician, XXIL 86; on acupressure, Sineus, Russian chief, xxi. 87. Greek Archipelago, xxil 95.. Sinfonia, in music, xvii. 87. I. 133; his use of ansesthetics in midSiphere, piece of Mishnic literature, wifery, 1. 789; on the origin of disease- Singapore, British dependency, Maxvi. 507. lacca Straits, xxil 92, 586; its exempspecies, xvill. 406.

8 IP —s K I 407 Siphneus, genus of rodent mammals, Sirsa, district and town, India, xx’T Sixtus IV., pope, xxil 103; xix. 503; xv. 419. 98. xx. 806. Siphon, hydraulic apparatus, xxn. 95. Sirumalais, hills, India, xv. 192. V., pope, xxil 104; xix. 504. Flush Tank, Field’s, xxi. 714. SiSAPON (Almaden), ancient town, Spain, Sizeboli (Apollonia), town, Turkey in SlPHONOCHLAMYDA, suborder of MolL 589Europe, 11. 186. lusca, xvi. 649. Siscia (Sziszek), ancient town, Upper Sjaelland, island, Denmark, xxiv. Siphonophora, order of Hydrozoa, Pannonia, xviii. 213. 77i. xii. 564. Siskin, bird, xxn. 99. Sjoberg, Erik, Swedish poet, xxil , genus of Myriapoda, xvn. 118. Sismondi, Jean Charles Leonard de, 757Granaria, wheat pest, xxiv. 535. Genevese historian and political writer, Skadar (Scutari), town, Albania, xxi. Siphonopoda, branch of Mollusca, xvi. xxii. 99, 799; as political economist, 573666. xix. 383. Skagen, or Scaw, cape, Denmark, vn. Siphon Recorder, in telegraphy, Sisserskite, mineral, xvi. 383. 80. xxiii. 124. Sistan, province, Persia, xxn. 100; Skagerack, or Skagerrack, channel, Siphro, piece of Mishnic literature, xviii. 628; lake, xviii. 620. North Sea, xvn. 563; xxil 737. xvi. 507. Mission, to Persia, xvni. 653. Skallagrimson, Egill, Icelandic Sipontum (Manfredonia), ancient town, Sisters of Charity, nuns, xvi. 713. writer, xxi. 368. Italy, xv. 479. Sistova, town, Bulgaria, xxn. 101. Sippade, Pierre de la, French romancist, Sistrum, Egyptian rattle, used in Skandamalia, sacred hill, India, xv. 192. xx. 658. worship, xxii. 102. Skane, district, Sweden, xxil 737. Sipunculoidea, class of Polyzoa, xix. Sisyphus, of Greek mythology, xxn.. Skaraborg, county, Sweden, xxil 430102. 741. Sipylus, Mount, Asia Minor, xv. 98; Sitabaldi, suburb of Nagpur, India, Skardo, town, Tibet, xiv. 198. xvii. 513; xxiii. 48; connexion of xvii. 164. Skarga, Peter, Polish writer, xix. 301. Niobe with, xvii. 513. Sitalces, Thracian king, xxm. 318. Skargard, Skargaard, or Skjaergaard, Sir, title, xxiii. 417. Sitapur, district, India, xxn. 102. island belt, Norway and Sweden, xvn. Sirachides (Jesus, son of Sirach), xm. Sithonia, Mount, Macedonia, xv. 138. 576; XXIL 737. 672. Sitifis (Setif), town, Mauretania, Skate, fish, xx. 299. Sirajganj, town, India, xxn. 95. North Africa, xv. 637. Skating, on ice, xxil 104. Siraj-ud-Daula, Bengali ruler, vi. 10; Sitka, town, Alaska, 1. 444. Skavronska, Martha, wife of Peter the xii. 801. Sitoung (Tsit-toung), river, Burmah, Great of Russia, xviii. 697; xxi. 97. Sirang (Ceram), island, Indian ArchiXXL 8495 xxiii. 486. Skeat, Walter William, on alliterative pelago, v. 344. Si-tsang, region, Tibet, xxm. 338. verse, 1. 586. Sirani, people of Bachian, Indian Sitta, genus of birds, xvn. 665. Skeleton, xxil 105; of man, 1. 820; Archipelago, III. 197. Sittang (Tsit-toung), river, Burmah, of Amphibia, I. 751; of apes, II. 157; Sir Daria, or Syr-Daria ( I79> 180; with rainfall, ix. 26; Sulphur Salts, v. 505; group of XXIII. 790. cycles of, XU. 739; Herschel’s observaminerals, xvi. 394. Sumy, town, Russia, xxii. 645. tions on, XL 766. Sulphur Springs, xvi. 435. Sun, xxii. 645; 11. 768, 783; determina- Sunstone, mineral, xvi. 420. Sulpicia, Tibullus’s poems on, xxm. tion of distance of, II. 796; eclipses of, Sunstroke, xxil 666; xviii. 394; II. 788 (see Eclipse); source of heat 349death from, xv. 781. Sulpicius Rufus, R, Roman tribune, of, XVII. 311; its light compared with Sunt Islands, Nile, Africa, xvii. xx. 760. that of moon, xviii. 842; its influence 507. Sulpicius Severus, early Christian on terrestrial magnetism, xvi. 167, SUPERFCETATION, XV. 779. v/riter, XXL 702. 176, 179; measurements of, xvi. 250; Superior, in land tenure, xiv. 264. Sultan, sovereign of Turkey, xxiii. its connexion with meteoroids, xvi. , Lake, North America, xiv. 217; 654; his place in Islam, xxii. 661; 113; nautical observations by means xxi. 177, 182; copper mines of, xxiii. list of Ottoman sultans, xxiii. 652. of, xvii. 268; parallax of, xviii. 245; 816. Sultana, Moslem title, xi. 478. influence of, on tides, XXIII. 354, 365, Supernaturalism, xx. 289. Sultanabad, town, Persia, xviii. 368; festival of, at Heliopolis, xix. Superphosphate of Lime, as manure, 627. 91; festivals, in Japan, xix. 92; myths 1. 348; manufacture of, xxil 636. Sultana Raisins, xx. 258; of Stanchio, of, xv. 777; xvii. 157; temple of, at Superstition, among primitive races, vi. 444. Baalbec, in. 177; worship of, by ancient VIII. 623; Plutarch on, XIX. 234. Sultan-Dagh, mountains, Asia Minor, Greeks, 11. 185; by Peruvians, 1. 697; SUPLINBURG, Count of (emperor LothII. 705. XX. 364; by Phoenicians, XVIII. 802 air), XV. 9. Sultanpur, district and town, India, (see also Baal); by Sabaeans, xxiv. Suppliants, The, Euripides’s play, xxii. 637. 741. See also Sun-Spots. viii. 676. Sulu, town, Philippines, xviii. 750, Sunar, river, India, xxi. 146. Supplications, of the Litany, xiv. 696. 752. Sun-Bird, xxii. 651; xn. 359. Supplies, Granting of, in parliament, Islands, Philippines, xviii. 752; Sun-Bittern, bird, xxii. 652; xx. xviii. 313. pearl fisheries of, xviii. 447. 223. , Military, XXIV. 349. Sulzer, Johann Georg, Swiss art critic, SUNDA ISLANDS, Indian Archipelago, Supply and Demand, in economics, x. 535; xxii. 798. xxii. 653; xii. 815; language of, xxiv. 47. Sumach, plant, xiv. 382; in U.S.A., XIII. 606. Supporters, in heraldry, xi. 710. xxiii. 808. Sundarbans, swamps at mouth of Suppuration, in inflammatory diseases, Sumanap Islands, Java, xm. 600. Ganges, India, x. 68. xviii. 400; of wounds, xxii. 682; in SUMAROKOFF, Alexander, Russian Sunda Strait, Indian Archipelago, process of healing, xvin. 365. dramatist, vn. 444; xxi. 106. xxii. 653, 638. Supralapsarianism, theological docSumatra, island, Indian Archipelago, Sunday, xxii. 653; relation of, to the trine, xix. 670. XXII. 638; II. 687; birds of, ill. 763. Sabbath, xxi. 125; sale on, illegal, Suprarenal Bodies, i. 908; diseases Sumbal, or Sumbul, drug, xxil. 641. xxi. 208. of, xviii. 384. Sumbawa, island, Indian Archipelago, Sunderland, town, England, xxii. Supremacy Act (1535), England, xi. xxil 641. 657. 664; xxiii. 199. Sumbulpoor, town, India, XXL 247. • , Second Earl of, English statesman, Supreme Court, of United States, it. Sumelas, monastery, Armenia, xxm. xxii. 657. 210; xiii. 789; xxiii. 750. , Third Earl of, English statesman, SUR, town, Palestine, xxiii. 710. 534Sumenep, town, Madura, Indian Archixxii. 658. Sura, river, Russia, xviii. 514; xxii. pelago, xv. 194. Sundevall, Carl Johan, on birds, 76; xxiv. 279. Sumer, district, Mesopotamia, xvi. 51. xviii. 23, 37. Surabaya, town, Java, xm. 605, 606; Sumida, river, Japan, xxiii. 432. Sundew, plant, xm. 134. xxil 667. Summam, river, Algeria, 1. 563. Sun-Dial, vii. 153. Surahwa Nut, xvii. 664. Summary Jurisdiction, Court of, Sundilah (Sandila), town, India, Surajah Dowlah, Bengali ruler, VI xxii. 641. xviii. 72. 10; xii. 801. i

424 Surakarta, tasvn, Java, xvm. 601, 606; xxii. 667. Suram, Mountains of, Caucasia, V. 252. SURAS, sections of the Koran, xvi. 598. Surashtra, district, India, xiv. 14. Surat, district, India, xxii. 667; town, xxii. 667; English factory at, XII. 798. Surayi, modern Nestorians, xvu. 358. Surazh, town, Russia, xxm. 96; xxiv. 262. Surbase, in architecture, II. 474. Surbiton, town, England, xxii. 667. Sur-Das, Hindi writer, XI. 845. Surds, in algebra, 1. 534. Surdus Loquens, John Conrad Amman’s work, vil. 6. Suren, Syriac writer, xxii. 844. SURENAS, Parthian general, XVIII. 596Surety, in law, xxii. 667; XI. 236; xviil. 309. Surface, in geometry, xxii. 668. Surface-Draining, i. 329. Surface-Tension, of fluids, v. 62. Surf-Duck, bird, xxi. 470. Surgery, xxii. 672; in relation to medicine, xv. 796; Desault’s contributions to, vii. 115; Hunter’s, xn. 387; Syme’s, xxii. 810; academies of, I. 77; societies, XXII. 226. Surgut, town, Siberia, xxm. 430. Suri, town, India, III. 697. Suricate, carnivorous mammal, xv. 437Surinam, or Dutch Guiana, South America, XL 251. Surkhab, river, Central Asia, xn. 3; xviil. 103. Surkhan, river, Central Asia, xn. 3. Surnames, x. 144; xvn. 169; in England, viii. 300. Surplice, church vestment, vi. 463. Surplus Value, Marx’s theory of, XXII. 211. Surrender, in law, xxn. 692. SURRENTUM (Sorrento), ancient town, Italy, xxii. 276. Surrey, county, England, xxn. 693. • , Earl of, English poet, xxn. 694; viii. 415; his relations with Wyat, xxiv. 704. Surrogate, ecclesiastical deputy, xxn. 6 95, judicial administrator, in IT.S.A., xxii. 695. Surturbrand, mineral, xvi. 429. Surveying, xxii. 695; geodesic, x. 163. , Book of, agricultural work, I. 296. Survey of London, Stow’s, xxn. 580. Survilliers, Comte de (Joseph Bonaparte, q.v.), IV. 28. Survival of the Fittest, in biology, 1. 87; viii. 615, 750; xxiv. 80; in relation to socialism, xxii. 219.

g U R —S W E Survivorship, Presumption of, xv. 779Sus, genus of ungulate mammals, xxii. 773, Wady, river, Morocco, XVI. 832. Susa, town, Italy, xxn. 722. , town, North Africa, XL 366. , ancient town, Persia, XXII. 722; XXL 849; architectural remains at, II. 400. Susanna, of the Apocrypha, xxii. 723; 11. 181. SUSANNITE, mineral, XVI. 400. Susarion, Greek comedian, xv. 828. Susiana (Elam), ancient province, Persia, vil. 794; xiv. 68; as a Parthian satrapy, xviil 586, 592. Suso, Heinrich, German mystic, x. 526; xvii. 133. Suspension Bridges, iv. 301; mechanics of, xv. 740. Susquehanna, river, U.S.A., xv. 603; xviii. 500. Sussex, county, England, xxn. 723. SUSSEXITE, mineral, XVI. 396. Sussmilch, J. P., Prussian statistician, xxii. 462. Sustentation Fund, of Free Church of Scotland, IX. 744. Susu, dolphin of the Ganges, XII. 743. Sutherland, county, Scotland, xxn. 726. Sutlej, river, India, xn. 847; xx. 107; reached by Alexander, I. 484. Sutors of Cromarty, headlands, Scotland, xx. 854. Sutra of Reason and of Virtue, by Laou-tsze, v. 664. Sutras, in Sanskrit literature, XXL 274. Sutro Tunnel, Comstock mines, Nevada, U.S.A., xvn. 368. Suttee, Hindu rite, xxii. 727; iv. 210; abolition of, XII. 806. Sutter, John Augustus, early settler in California, xxi. 132; discoverer of gold there, IV. 694. Sutton Coldfield, town, England, xxii. 727. Sutton-in-Ashfield, town, England, xxii. 727; xvii. 598. Sutures, Anatomy of, 1. 832. SUTZ, lake-dwelling, Bienne, Switzerland, xiv. 223. Suvarnamukhi, river, India, xvn. 320. Suwakim (Suakin), seaport, Red Sea, Africa, xxn. 615, 316. Suwalki, government, Russian Poland, XXII. 727; town, XXII. 728. Suwaroff, or Suvoroff, Alexander Vasilievich, Russian general, xxn. 728; XXL 100; his retreat through Switzerland, III. 130; his successes against the Turks, XXIII. 647. Suzdal, principality, Russia, xxi. 89; town, xxiv. 271.

Suzunsk, town, Siberia, xxm. 439. Svanbergite, mineral, xvi. 408. Svart, Peder, Swedish chronicler, xxii. 754Sveaborg, fortress, Finland, Russia, xxii. 728. Svealand, division of Sweden, xxn. 736. Svedberg (Swedenborg, q.v.), Emanuel, Swedish mystic, xxn. 758. , Jesper, bishop of Skara, Swedish poet, xxii. 755, 758. Svendborg, town, Denmark, vn. 83. Sverri, Norwegian chief, xvn. 588. Sveto-Brdo, mountain, Dalmatia, vi. 783Sviatoslaff, Russian chief, xxi. 88. Svienciany, town, Russia, xxiv. 234. Svir, river, Russia, xvn. 772; XXL 73. Sviyaga, river, Russia, xxii. 76. Swabbers, in primitive whist, xxiv. 543Swabia, ancient duchy, Germany, xxn. 729. , province, Bavaria, ill. 453. Swaffham, town, England, XVII. 536. Swahili, people, East Coast, Africa, xxii. 729. Coast, East Africa, xxiv. 768. Swainson, William, on birds, xviil 13. Swale, river, England, xxiv. 747. SWALEDALE TROUT, fish, XXL 223. Swallow, bird, xxn. 729; migrations of, in. 769. Swallowing, Process of, 1. 838; xvn. 669. Swammerdam, John, Dutch naturalist, xxii. 730; 1. 812. Swan, bird, xxn. 730. Swanenburch, J. I. van, Dutch painter, xx. 373. Swan-Goose, bird, x. 778. Swanherd, Royal, in England, xxn. 73iSwanimOTE, forest court, early England, ix. 409. Swan-Pan, Chinese arithmetical abacus, L 4Swan River, Western Australia, in. 107; xxiv. 507. Swansea, town, Wales, xxn. 732. Swarming, of bees, m. 495. Swartz, Olof, Swedish botanist, xxii. 733Swatow, or Swartow, town, Cliina, xxii. 733. Swearing, Judicial, xvn. 698. and Cursing, Laws against, in. 807. Sweat, Sweating, xvu. 685; sweat glands, 1. 899; excessive sweating, XXII. 120. Sweating Sickness, xxii. 734Sweden, xxii. 736; union of, with Norway(i8i4), xvn. 589; Reformation in, xx. 336; under Charles XII., V. 420; under Gustavus Adolphus, XL 333!

s W E —S Y M academy, 1.73, 76; army, 11.616; birds, xvm. 17; church, vm. 491; rising of the coast of, iv. 412; coins, xvil. 658; fisheries, IX. 267; forests, IX. 399; Jews in, xm. 686; language, xxi. 370; Lapps, xiv. 305; libraries, xiv. 532, 549; mines, XVI. 469; newspapers, xvii. 429; observatories, xvn. 714; periodical literature, xviii. 543; prison system, xix. 763; railways, xx. 251; weights and measures, xxiv. 490. Swedenborg, Emanuel, Swedish mystic, XXII. 758; xvii. 135; as theosophist, xxiii. 279; Swedenborgianism, xxil. 759. Swedes, people of Northern Europe, xxii. 744. Swediaur, Dr, on ambergris, 1. 660. Swedish Language, xxi. 370 ; dictionaries of, vie 186. Swedish Literature, xxil 753. Sweet, Henry, on sound notation, xxn. 385Brier, plant, vn. 698. Flag, plant, ix. 280. Gum, xiv. 687. Oil, xx. 273. Pea, garden annual, xn. 249; xviii. 441. Potato, xix. 597; xxiv. 727. Sedge, plant, ix. 280. William, plant, xix. 107. Swegen, Sweyn, or Svend, DanoEnglish king, VIII. 287; VII. 84. Sweinbiornsson, Hrafn, Icelandic chief and poet, xn. 625. Swell, rolling waves, xxiv. 419. Swerker Karlsson, Swedish king, xxil 745. Swetambaras, Jain sect, India, xm. 544Sweyn, or Swegen, Dano-English king, vii. 84, 89; viii. 287. Swietenia, genus of trees, xv. 288. Swift, bird, xxii. 760. , Jonathan, dean of St Patrick’s, Dublin, satirist, xxil 761; his ridicule of astrology, 11. 743 ; his connexion with newspapers, xvil 416; as satirist, XXL 320; his place in English literature, viii. 426; his relations with Sir William Temple, xxm. 172. , Thomas, grandfather of Dean Swift, xxil 761. Swimming, xxil 768. Swindon, town, England, xxil 772. Swine, xxil 772; xv. 430; 1. 400; diseases of, xxiv. 205, 206; as unclean animals, xxm. 18. Swinemunde, town, Prussia, xxn. 775. Swinepipe, bird, xx. 318. Swineshead Abbey, Lincolnshire, England, xiv. 656. Swinton, town, Lancashire, England, xxil 775. , town, Yorkshire, England, xxil 775-

Swiss Confederation, xxil 781. Swiss Leagues (1320 and 1803), xxii. 783Swiss Literature, xxil 796. Switches, Railway, xx. 237. Swithun, St, bishop of Winchester, xxil 775. Switzerland, country, Europe, xxil 776 (index, 800); Reformation in, xx - 33G William Tell’s place in its history, xxm. 155 ; Winkelried’s, xxiv. 612 ; Zwingli’s Reformation movement, xxiv. 833; Alps of, 1. 625; army, 11. 616; coins, XVIL 656; forests, ix. 403; confederate government, ix. 62; Italian dialect spoken in, xiii. 492; Jews in, xm. 686; lakedwellings, XIV. 223; land-tenure, XIV. 262; libraries, xiv. 528, 548; newspapers, xvil 431; observatories, xvil 713; periodical literature, XVill. 542; police system, XIX. 344; prison system, xix. 763; railways, xx. 251; university statistics, xxm. 849; weights and measures, xxiv. 490; Zschokke’s works on, xxiv. 825; Dufour’s survey map of, vii. 515. Sword, xxil 800; vi. 733; ancient swords, 11. 553. , Order of the Brothers of the, Livonia, xiv. 724. Sword-Fish, xxil 804; xv. 399. Swynderly, Lollard fanatic, xiv. 811. Sybaris, town, Magna Graecia, Italy, xxil 805; river, xv. 37. Sycamore, tree, xv. 524; culture of, 11. 317; use of the wood for carving, xxiv. 645. Fig, tree, ix. 154. Sycandra, genus of sponges, xxn. 424. Sycon Type, of sponges, xxil 413. Sycosis, disease, xvin. 269. Sydenham, suburb of London, England, XXIL 805. , Thomas, English physician, XXIL 805; XV. 811. Sydney, town, New South Wales, xxil 806; in. 114; library, xiv. 550; observatory, xvil 716; university, xxiii. 856. , Algernon, English statesman, xxil 33Syene, ancient town, Egypt, vil. 783. Syenite, rock, x. 234; xi. 49. Syevsk, town, Russia, xvil 826. SYLBURG, Friedrich, German scholar, xxii. 809. Sylhet, district, Assam, India, xxil 809; town, xxil 810. Syllabus, Papal (1864), xvil 754. Sylleum, ancient town, Asia Minor, xviii. 207. Syllogism, in logic, XIV. 785, 789; rhetorical, xx. 511; Aristotle on, II. 516. Sylt, island, off Schleswig, North Sea, xxil 810; XXL 414.

425 Syltoppar, mountain, Sweden, xxii. 736. Sylva, Andre Nunes de, Portuguese poet, XIX. 556. Sylvan A, Weber’s opera, xxiv. 468. Sylvanite, mineral, xvi. 393. Sylvester I., pope, xxil 74. II., pope, xxil 74; xix. 497; as scholastic philosopher, xxi. 421. III., pope, xxil 76; xix. 498. , Russian writer, xxi. 104. ——, James Joseph, mathematician, 1. 516; on the rolling ellipsoid, xv. 737; his four-point problem, xix. 785. Sylvia, genus of birds, xvin. 53; xxiv. 366, 553, 688. Sylviculture, or Forestry, ix. 397. SylviiDjE, family of birds, xxiv. 367. Sylvine, mineral, xix. 588. Sylvite, mineral, xvi. 384. Sylvius (Francis de la Boe), Dutch chemist and physician, v. 460; xv. 810. , Aeneas (Pope Pius II.), xix. 152. , Jacobus (Jacques Dubois), French anatomist, 1. 807; xxil 676. Symbhunatha, town, Nepal, xvil 342. Symbiosis, vegetable commensalism, xviii. 268. Symbolic Method, or Calculus of Operations, xm. 28. Symbolics, department of theology, vi. 558, 565; xxiii. 276. Symbolism, Mystic, xv. 202; of the Physiologus, xix. 7; zodiacal, xxiv. 791; Lully’s, xv. 64. Symbols, Hieroglyphic, xi. 794, 802. , Logical, xiv. 801. , of number, XVIL 625. Symbolum Quicunque, or Athanasian Creed, vi. 562. Syme, James, Scottish surgeon, xxil 810. Symeon, surnamed Metaphrastes, Byzantine hagiographer, xxil 811. of Durham, early English historian, xxil 811. Symmachus, pope, xxil 811; xix. 492. , Quintus Aurelius, Roman consul and writer, xxil 811; 1. 663. Symmer, Robert, his electrical researches, viii. 7. Symmetry, in algebra, 1. 521. , in geometry, xix. 797. Symonds, Symond, vicar of Bray, xviii. 552. Sympathetic Nervous System, l 883; xix. 43. Sympathy, Adam Smith on, xxil 171. Sympheropol, town, Crimea, VI. 586. Symphony, in music, xvil 95. Sympiezometer, variety of barometer, in. 383. Symplesite, mineral, xvi. 404. Symposium, dialogue of Plato, xix. 200XXV. — 54

426 Symposium, Xenophon’s work, xxiv. 721. Synagogue, Jewish, xxn. 811; the Great, v. 3; xm. 419. System, its influence on Christianity, v. 698. Syncerus, Actius (Jacopo Sannazaro), Italian poet, xxi. 267. Synchondrosis of Bones, i. 832. Syncope, or Fainting, xi. 554; xxn. 681. , Heat, sunstroke, XXII. 666; xvm. 394Syncretistic Controversy, in Lutheran Church, iv. 707. Synedrium, or Sanhedrin, Jewish council, xxil. 812; xiii. 424; of Paris, decrees of (1806), xm. 683; controversy regarding, in Lutheran Church, xv. 85. Synergism, Melanchthon’s doctrine of, xv. 834. Synesius, bishop of Ptolemais, xxn. 812; as hymn-writer, xn. 579; as Neoplatonist philosopher, xvn. 337. Synetheres, genus of rodent mammals, xix. 518; xv. 420. Syngenite, mineral, xvi. 402. Syngnathus, genus of fishes, xix. 112. Synnada (Kara Hissar), ancient town, Asiatic Turkey, xiv. 2. Synocha, or Eelapsing Fever, disease, xxiii. 680. Synod, ecclesiastical assembly, vi. 510; in Presbyterianism, XIX. 677, 679, 681, 693. , Eobber, at Ephesus, xiv. 448. Synodontis, genus of fishes, xxn. 68. Synceca, genus of wasps, xxiv. 392. Synoptical Gospels, The, x. 789. Syntagma Musicum, Prsetorius’s work, xix. 656. Syntagma Philosophicum, Gassendi’s work, x. 106. Syntax, in grammar, xi. 38; of Aryan language, xviii. 790. Syntengs, race of people, India, xm. 544Synthesis, Eelation of, to analysis, 1. 793; as mental process, XX. 51; psychological forms of, xx. 78. Syphax, king of Numidia, xv. 608; xvii. 627. Syphilis, disease, xviii. 404; xxil 686; use of mercury for, xvi. 35; vaccinal, xxiv. 27. Syphon, hydraulic apparatus, xxil 95. Syra, Greek island, xxil 813. Syracuse, town, Sicily, xxil 813, 17; Timoleon’s rule in, xxill. 397; catacombs of St John at, v. 215; coins of, xvii. 638; system of conduits at, 11. 219. , town, New York, U.S.A., xxil 818. Syr-Daria, river, Central Asia, xxil

S Y M— TAB 818; ix. 85; xi. 822; xx. 95; XXIII. 511, 512. Syr-Daria, province, Eussian Turkestan, xxil 819. Syren, sound-producing instrument, I. 109. Syria, country, Asia, xxil 821; 11. 686; xxiii. 653; Phoenician, xvill. 801; invasion of, by the Arabs, 11. 257; under the Seljuks, xxi. 636; conquest of, by the Turks, xxm. 643; Napoleon’s invasion of (1799), xvn. 201; coins of, xvn. 649. Syriac Canon, v. 12. Syriac Language, ii. 307; xxi. 649; dictionaries of, vn. 189. Syriac Literature, xxil 824. Syriac Numerals, xvii. 625. Syrian Church, xxil 827. Syringa, genus of trees, xiv. 640. Syrlin, Jorg, German sculptor, XXL 565. Syro-Chaldeans, of Church of Eome, xx. 631. Syrokomla, Polish writer, xix. 305. Syrophcenicia, district, Western Asia, xxil 823. Syros (Syra), Greek island, xxil 813. Syrrhaptes, genus of birds, xxi. 258. Syrups, sugar products, xxil 627. Syrus, Ephraem, early Christian writer, vill. 470; xxil 827; as hymn-writer, xii. 579. , Publius, Latin farce-writer, xiv. 164. Syssitia, the public mess, at Sparta, xv. 96. Systema Naturae, Linnaeus’s work, xiv. 673. Systeme de la Nature, by Holbach, xii. 53; ix. 669. Sytchevka, town, Eussia, xxil 183. Syttendemai-Poesi, in Norwegian literature, xvil. 590. Syzran, town, Eussia, xxil 856. Szabadka, town, Hungary, xxn. 856. SZABOITE, mineral, XVI. 417. Szaibelyite, mineral, xvi. 396. Szajnocha, Karl, Polish historian, xix. 3°5Szamos, river, Transylvania, xxm. 252. Szarvas, town, Hungary, xxil 856. Szarzyuski, Polish poet, xix. 301. SZATMAR-NEMETI, town, Hungary, xxil 856. Szczewo (Dirschau), town, Prussia, vii. 257. Szczuczyn, town, Russia, xiv. 817. Szechenyi, Count Stephen, Hungarian leader, xn. 371. SZE-CHUEN, province, China, V. 638. SZEGEDIN, town, Hungary, XXIL 856. Szeklers, people, Transylvania, xxm. 522. Szentes, town, Hungary, xxn. 856. Szidlowiec, town, Poland, xx. 218. Sziget, town, Hungary, xxn. 856.

Szoboszlo, Hajdu, town, Hungary, xi. 377Szolnok, town, Hungary, xxil 856. Szujski, Polish historian, xix. 305. Szymonowicz, Polish poet, xix. 301. CP the twentieth letter of the alphabet, A y xxiii. 1. Taal, volcano, Philippines, xviii. 749. Taas, or Pagodas, Chinese, 11. 449. Tab, river, Persia, xviii. 620. Tabard, in mediaeval costume, VI. 470. Tabari, Arab historian, xxm. 1; xviii. 656. Tabarinades, species of French drama, vii. 424. Tabariya (Tiberias), town, Palestine, xxiii. 334. Tabarka, harbour, Tripoli, North Africa, xxi 11. 575. Tabas, town, Persia, xvill. 627. Tabascheer, concretion formed in joints of bamboo, ill. 306. Tabasco, state, Mexico, xvi. 214. Tabassaranians, Caucasian tribe, xiv. 475Tabaxir, concretion formed in joints of bamboo, ill. 306. Tabenn/e, in Upper Egypt, Monastery of, xvi. 700. Tabergite, mineral, xvi. 414. Tabernacle, of Scripture, xxiii. 5. , in architecture, II. 474. Tabernacles, Feast of, Jewish, xxiii. 6. Tabes Dorsalis, disease, xvni. 392. Tabinet, variety of cloth, xix. 512. Tabiti, Scythian deity, XXL 576. Tablas, island, Philippines, xvni. 752. Tablazo, or Plateau, region, Peru, xviii. 670. Table, in furniture, ix. 850. Bay, South Africa, V. 50. Table-Lands, Formation of, x. 374. Table Mountain, South Africa, v. 42, 50. Tables, Mathematical, xxiii. 7. , Statistical, xxil 465. , The XIL, in Roman law, xiv. 328; xx. 678, 737. Table Talk, Luther’s, 1. 785; xv. 84; Selden’s, 1. 785; xxi. 631. Tablets, of ivory, iv. 37; for writing, vii. 257; xviii. 143. Table - Turning, at spiritualistic seances, xxil 405, 406. Taboo, system of religious prohibitions, xxiil. 15; XX. 365; in Polynesia, xix. 428; connexion of, with totemism, xxiil 468. Tabor, mountain, Palestine, xviii. 171. , musical instrument, xix. no. Taborites, section of the Hussites (q.v.), XIL 407; XVI. 811. Tabriz, or Tabreez, town, Persia, xxiii. 18; xviii. 626, 628.

T A B—T A L Tabu (Taboo, q.v.), xxm. 15. Tabularium, building, ancient Rome, XX. 825. Tacamahac, tree, xix. 512. Tacarigua, lagoon, Venezuela, xxiv. 34Tachhydrite, mineral, xvi. 384. Ta-chien-lu, town, Tibet, xxm. 342. Tachim, river, Siam, xxi. 850. Tachos, Egyptian prince, xvm. 579. Tachyglossus, genus of monotreme mammals, vn. 628. Tachygraphy, or Shorthand, xxi. 836; in ancient MSS., xvni. 164. Tacitus, Roman historian, xxm. 19; on the early Christians, xm. 657; his language and style, xiv. 337; his place in Roman literature, xx. 725; Lipsius’s edition of, xiv. 686. , M. Claudius, Roman emperor, XXIII. 20. Tacking, in seamanship, xxi. 599. Tackle, in mechanics, xv. 763. , Fishing, 11. 44. Tacloban, town, Philippine Islands, xviii. 752. Tacna, town, Chili, xvm. 674. Tacsonia, genus of plants, xviii. 343Tactics, Military, XXIV. 353; modern changes in, 11. 565; naval, xxiv. 365. Tactile Sense, xxiii. 478; xi. 554. Tadjiks, or Tajiks (q.v.), races of people, Asia, xxm. 25. Tadmor, or Palmyra, ancient town, Syria, xviii. 198; Vi. 199. Tadorna, genus of birds, xxi. 788. Tadousac, fish-breeding station, Canada, xx. 167. Tadpole, of frog, ix. 795; xxiv. 179; of ascidian, xxiv. 179. Taenia, genus of tape-worms, xxi 11. 50, 54; xxiv. 205, 206. T/eniat/e, group of Actinozoa, 1. 132. Tae-yuen Foo, town, China, v. 634. Taffeta, variety of cloth, xxm. 210. Tafia, inferior quality of rum, xxi. 58. Tafilelt, oasis, xxm. 21; xvi. 832. Tagal, town, Java, xm. 606. Tagalog, language, Philippine Islands, xviii. 753. Tagals, race of people, Philippine Islands, xvin. 753. Taganrog, town, Russia, xxiii. 21. Tagarchi, town, Turkestan, xxiv. 728. Tagawost, town, Morocco, xvi. 834. Tagbilaran, town, Philippine Islands, xviii. 752. Tagetes, genus of plants, xv. 544. Taghardeit, town, North Africa, x. 76. Tagharma Peak, mountain, Turkestan, xxiii. 637. Taghil, or Nijne-Taghilsk, town, Russia, xvii. 50x3; xviii. 550. Tagilite, mineral, xvi. 406.

Tagliacozzi, Gasparo, Bolognese surgeon, xxm. 21. Taglioni, Marie, Italian ballet-dancer, xxiii. 21. • , Italian farinaceous food, xv. 125. Tagus, river, Spain and Portugal, xxiii. 21; xxii. 295. Tahitians, race of people, xxiii. 23. Tahiti Archipelago, Pacific Ocean, xxiii. 22; barrier reef of, xviii. 129; taboo system in, xxm. 16. Tahmasp, shah of Persia, xviii. 636. II., of Persia, xviii. 640. Tahoe, Lake, California and Nevada, U.S.A., iv. 698; xvii. 367. Taif, district, Arabia, xv. 669; town, xvl 550, 560. Taiko, Japanese title, xm. 583. Taikun (Tycoon), Japanese ruler, xm. 584. Tai Lake, China, v. 632. Tai li-amr-illah, caliph, xvi. 588. Tailor-Bird, xxiv. 367. Taimoro, tribe, Madagascar, xv. 171. Tain, town, Scotland, xx. 854. Taine, Hyppolite Adolphe, French writer, ix. 681; on aesthetics, 1. 220; on the fine arts, IX. 214. Tai-Ping Rebellion, China, v. 652. Taira, Japanese clan, xm. 582. Taisaka, tribe, Madagascar, xv. 171. Tai-shan, mountain, China, v. 633. Tait, P. Guthrie, his experiments in thermo-electricity, vm. 98; (with Sir W. Thomson) on tidal retardation of earth’s rotation, xxm. 377. Tai-tsung, emperor of China, v. 645. Taiwan (Formosa, q.v.), island, China, ix. 415. Taiwanfu, town, Formosa, China, ix. 417. Tai-yuan, town, China, v. 634. Tajaks, or Tajiks, races of people, Asia, xxiii. 25; I. 235, 243; iv. 1; ix. 85; XII. 3 ; XIV. 64 ; XXII. 820; XXIII. 25. Tajand, river, Persia, xvill. 626. Tajiks, or Tajaks (q.v.), races of people, Asia, xxiii. 25. Taj-Mahal, mausoleum, Agra, India, I. 286. Tajo, or Tagus, river, Spain and Portugal, xxiii. 21; xxii. 295. Tajpur, district, India, xvn. 114. Taka, region, Nubia, xvn. 611. Takazze, affluent of Atbara, Africa, xvii. 507. Takhti Jamshid, or Persepolis (q.v.), ancient town, Persia, xviii. 558. Takka, Punjab tribe, India, xx. no. Takla-makan, desert, Turkestan, xxiii. 638. Talaghat, tract in Salem district, India, XXL 210. Talamanca Indians, Central America, vi. 450. Talang, volcano, Sumatra, xxn. 638,

427 Talas Ala-tau, mountains, Turkestan, xxii. 820. Talat Musa, mountain, Syria, xiv. 394Talavera de la Reina, town, Spain, xxiii. 25; battle of (1809), xxiv. 495Talbot, Family of, English aristocracy, xxiii. 25. , Sir John, earl of Shrewsbury, xxiii. 25; in France, ix. 550; viceroy of Ireland, xm. 261. , Richard, earl of Tyrconnel, XIII. 268. , William Henry Fox, English scientist and archaeologist, xxm. 27; his photographic process, xviii. 824. Talbot’s Bands, of light, xxiv. 441. Talbotype, in photography, xxiii. 27. Talc, mineral, x. 228; xv. 217; xvl 414. Talca, town, Chili, xxill. 27; province, v. 617. Talcosite, mineral, xvl 424. Talegallus, genus of birds, xv. 827. Talent, ancient measure of weight, xxiv. 486; money, xvn. 631. Tale of a Tub, Swift’s work, xxn. 763Tales, or Stories, xxill. 27; in romance literature, xx. 632; as folk-lore, ix. 358of Fashionable Life, Edgeworth’s, vii. 654. of a Grandfather, Scott’s, xxi. 55iof a Traveller, Irving’s work, xiii. 373. of a Wayside Inn, Longfellow’s poem, xiv. 861. TALFOURD, Sir Thomas Noon, English judge and dramatic writer, xxiii. 29. Taliacotius (Gasparo Tagliacozzi), Italian surgeon, xxm. 21. Taliessin, Welsh poet, v. 317. Talipes, or Clubfoot, vi. 42. Talipot Palm, xviii. 191. Talisman, or Amulet, 1. 781; xv. 203. Tallage, English tax, xxm. 29. Tallahassee, town, Florida, U.S.A., ix. 339Tallard, Camille d’ Hostun, Comte de, French marshal, ix. 581. Talleyrand de P£rigord, Charles Maurice, French politician, XXlil. 29. Talliage, English tax, xxiii. 29. Tallien, Jean Lambert, French Revolutionist, xxiii. 32. Tallies, Exchequer, ix. 182. Tallingite, mineral, xvl 385. Tallis, Thomas, English musical composer, XXIII. 33; XVII. 85. Tallith, Jewish prayer-scarves, xix. 1. Tallow, animal fat, xxm. 34; xvil 739. 743. 746. — Oils, xvil 744.

428 Tallys, or Tallis, Thomas, English I composer, xxm. 33; xvn. 85. Talma, Joseph Francois, French tragedian, xxiii. 35; vii. 425. Talmud, in Jewish literature, xxm. 35; xiii. 429; xvi. 286, 504; xx. 852; XL 600; references of, to Jesus Christ, xiii. 659; Deutsch on, VII. 134. Talpa, genus of insectivorous mammals, xvi. 608; xv. 404. Talpurs, dynasty in Sind, India, xxn. 92. Taluk, subdistrict, India, xv. 186. Talukdars, territorial magnates of Oudh, India, xn. 772. Talvj (Mrs Robinson), German writer, xx. 607. Talwar, weapon, xxn. 802. Talys, or Tallis, Thomas, English musical composer, xxm. 33; xvn. 8 5Talysh, khanate, Transcaucasia, Russia, xiv. 446. Tam, Rahbenu, rabbinic scholar, xxm. 39Tamagaki, temple at Nikko, Japan, xvii. 503. Tamakam, Indian building, Madura, India, XV. 193. Tamandua, edentate mammal, xv. 386. Tamaqua, town, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., xxiii. 40. Tamar, river, Tasmania, xxin. 72. Tamara, island, Sierra Leone, xxn. 45Tamarack, tree, xxiii. 809. Tamarida, town, Socotra, Indian Ocean, xxii. 231. Tamarind, fruit, xxiii. 40. Tamarisk, shrub, xxiii. 40. Manna, xv. 493. Tamarix, genus of shrubs, xxm. 40. Tamatave, town, Madagascar, xv. 175Tamatia, bird, xx. 101. Tamaulipas, state, Mexico, xvi. 214. Tambo (Apurimac), river, Venezuela, 11. 217. , river, Victoria, Australia, xxiv. 216. Tamboff, government, Russia, xxm. 40; town, xxiii. 41. Tambookieland, district, South Africa, xiii. 817. Tambour, in fortification, ix. 424. Tamburlaine the Great, Marlowe’s drama, xv. 556. Tamerlane (Timur, q.v.), Mongol conqueror, XXIII. 399. Tamiang, river, Sumatra, xxn. 638. Tam IAS, genus of rodent mammals, xxn. 438. Tamil Language, xxiii. 42; dictionaries of, vii. 191. Tamils, people of India, xxiii. 41. Tamim, Bani, Arab tribes, xvn. 773.

T A L —T A O Tamincono, affluent of Niger, Africa, xvil. 496. Tamluk, town, India, xvi. 284. Tammam, Abu, or Abu-Temmam, Arabian poet, 1. 61; xvi. 539; II. 263; XL 402. Tammany Society, New York, xvil 463Tammy-Norie, bird, xx. 101. Tampassuk, river and waterfall, North Borneo, XXL 123. Tam-SUI, town, Formosa, China, IX. 417Tam-tam, Indian drum, vil. 479. Tamus, genus of plants, xxiv. 727. Tamworth, town, England, xxm. 44. Tam-zi, of Babylonian deluge-legend, vil 55Tana, Lake, Abyssinia, xvil 507. , river, Norway, XVIL 576. Tana-Dowang (Saleiyer), island, Indian Archipelago, XXL 210. Tanager, bird, xxm. 45. Tanagra, genus of birds, XXIII. 45. , town, Bceotia, Greece, III. 854; terra-cotta remains at, xxm. 191. Tanah Malayu, or Malay Peninsula, Asia, xv. 320. Tanah Sasak (Lombok), island, Indian Archipelago, XIV. 816. Tanais (Don), river, Russia, vil 356. Tan ala, tribe, Madagascar, xv. 171, 174. Tanampet, suburb of Madras, India, XV. 189. Tanaro, river, Italy, XIII. 435. Tanbur, Arab lute, xv. 70. Tanchelm, heretical monk of Zeeland, xxiv. 323. Tancred, king of Sicily, xxm. 45; xxii. 26. , crusader, xxm. 45; VI. 624. Tanda, town, India, xvni. 72. Tandjong Padan, town, Billiton, Indian Archipelago, III. 677. Taney, Roger B., American judge and financier, XXIII. 690. TANGAN, horse of Bhutan, India, III. 632. Tanganyika, Lake, Central Africa, xxiii. 45; 1. 256; xiv. 217, 221; discovery of, I. 247; X. 194; exploration of, by Livingstone, xiv. 722; connexion of, with the Congo, xxiv. 763; marked on early Italian map, X. 183. Tangbac, town, Chilian Patagonia, xviii. 352. Tangena, tree, Madagascar, xv. 170. Tangent, in trigonometry, xxiii. 563. , Drawing of, to a curve, xm. 6, 24. Tangerang, town, Java, xm. 606. Tangermunde, town, Prussia, Church of St Stephen’s at, xxill. 194. Tangi, town, India, xvill. 684. Tangiers, or Tangier, town, Morocco, xxiii. 46; xvi. 830.

Tang-Kang, town, Formosa, China, ix. 417Tangle, edible Algee, 1. 508. Tanguts, people, Turkestan, xxiii. 639Tang ye, Messrs, their steam-engine, XXII. 512. Tanhauser, of German legend, xxiii. 46. Tanhuma, Midrash, xvi. 287. Tanis (Zoan), town, Egypt, VIL 769. TANISTRY, Irish land tenure, XIII. 218; xix. 736. Tanist Stones, in Scotland, xxi. 51. Tanjore, district, India, xxiii. 46; town, xxill. 47; temples at, 11. 396; library of rajah of, xiv. 533. Tankards, silver plate, xix. 186. Tanna, island, New Hebrides, xvil 395debe Eliyyahu, Midrash, xvi. 287. Tannah (Thana), district, India, xxm. 220; town, xxiii. 221. Tannahill, Robert, Scottish poet, xxiii. 47. Tannaim, Talmudic teachers, xxm. 36. Tannforsen, waterfall, Sweden, xxii. 737Tannhauser, of German legend, xxiii. 46. Tannin, tanning substances, xxiii. 47; xiv. 381. Tanning, of leather, xiv. 381. Tansy, herb, xn. 289. Tantalais, Asia Minor, Tomb at, II. 401. Tantalem, island, Malay Peninsula, xv. 321. Tantalic Ochre, mineral, xvi. 389. Tantalis, town, Asia Minor, xv. 98. Tantalite, mineral, xvi. 427. Tantalum, chemical element, v. 541; xvil 513. Tantalus, of Greek mythology, xxiii. 48; xviii. 480. Tanti Language, Indian, xvm. 183. Tantras, Brahman histories, XXL 283. Tanurides, family of acarids, 11. 276. Tan-yang (Nanking), ancient town, China, xvil 171. Taoism, or Taouism, Chinese religion, v. 671; xiv. 395; xx. 363; in Tibet, xxiii. 344; literature of, v. 664. TAONENSIS, Philippus, on birds, xvm. 3TAONISCUS, genus of birds, XXIII. 403. Taormina, town, Sicily, xxiii. 48; xvil 302. TAOS, mountain, New Mexico, LT.S.A., XVIL 399. Tao Silalahi, lake, Sumatra, xxii. 638. Tao-Teh-King, Chinese book, Xiv. 295, 296. Taou-Kwang, emperor of China, v. 651.

t a p__t a s Tapaculo, bird, xxm. 49. Tapajos, river, Brazil, xxi. 298. Tapamanu, island, Tahiti Archipelago, xxiii. 22. Tapanhuna, issue of Negro and Indian, xvii. 319. Tapanuli, residency, Sumatra, xxn. 639Tapestry, ornamental textile, xxm. 211; ancient, xxiii. 208; of Bayeux, in. 458; of Rheims, xx. 507. Carpets, v. 130. Tape-Worms, xxiii. 49; their pathological effects, xxiii. 53; method of treatment for removal, xxiii. 53. Taphozous, genus of bats, xv. 413. Taphrura (Sfax), ancient town, Tunis, xxi. 726. Tapioca, article of food, xxiii. 56. Tapiolite, mineral, xvi. 427. Tapir, ungulate mammal, xxiii. 56; XV. 428; of South America, I. 682. Tap o’ Noth, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, Vitrified fort at, xxiv. 264. Tappan, tree, Borneo, iv. 57. Bay, Hudson river, U.S.A., xn. 331Taprobane, or Ceylon (q.v.), V. 364. Tapti, river, India, IV. 21; xiv. 56; xxil. 667. Tapu, or Taboo (q.v.), XXIII. 15. Tapun, bird, xv. 827. Taqi, Mir, Urdu poet, xi. 848. Tar, xxiii. 57; mineral, 11. 715; from pine roots, xix. 104. See also TarWater. Tara, town, Russia in Asia, xxn. 11; xxiii. 430. , royal seat, Meath, Ireland, xv. 669; assembly of (554), xm. 250. Tarabulus (Tripoli), town, Syria, xxiii. 576. Tarafa, Arabic poet, XVI. 537. Tarai, district, India, xxiii. 59; xi. 824. Tarangini, Raja, metrical history of kings of Kashmir, xiv. 13. Taranjis, or Tarantchis, Turkish tribes, Turkestan, xxiii. 636, 661. Tarantism, dancing mania, xxiii. 60. Taranto (Tarentum), town, Italy, xxiii. 61. , Duke of (Macdonald), marshal of France, XV. 135. Tarantula, spider, xxiii. 60. Tarapaca Coast, Peru, Guano deposits of, xviii. 675. Tarapons, race of people, Polynesia, xix. 426. Tarare, town, France, xxiii. 60; xx. 529. Taras, ancient town, Italy, xxiii. 61. Tarascon, town, France, xxiii. 60. Tarasp, spa, Austria, xvi. 435. Taraxacum, genus of plants, xxiii. 61; vi. 802. Tarbes, town, France, xxiii. 61.

Tardigradides, family of acarids, 11. 276. Tarentaise, valley, Savoie, France, xxi. 332. Tarentum, ancient town, Italy, xxiii. 61; xx. 136; coins of, xvii. 637; terra-cotta remains at, xxm. 193. Tares, or Vetches, forage crop, 1. 376. Target, in archery, 11. 376. Targitaus, Scythian patriarch, xxi. 576. Targum, in Jewish literature, xxm. 62; in. 641; xiii. 429; xvi. 286. Tarifa, town, Spain, xxiil. 65. Tariffs, Effects of, on commerce, vi. 203. Tarija, department, Bolivia, iv. 10. Tarik, Moslem general, xvi. 572; xxil 309. Tarim, river, Turkestan, xxm. 638. Tarlatan, cotton fabric, xvn. 109; manufacture of, at Tarare, xxiii. 60. Tarleton, John, English jester, ix. 366. Tarma,' town, Peru, XVIII. 675. Tarn, department, France, xxiii. 65. Tarnak, river, Afghanistan, 1. 229. Tarn - et - Garonne, department, France, xxiil 65. Tarnopol, town, Galicia, Austria, xxiil 66. Taro, food-plant in Polynesia, xix. 419. Tarpaulin, waterproof material, xxiil 66. Tarquinii, Etruscan town, Italy, vm. 634Tarquinius Priscus, Lucius, Roman king, xxiil 66; XX. 733. Tarquinius Superbus, Lucius,Roman king, xxiil 66; xx. 734. Tarquino, Pico cle, mountain, Cuba, vi. 679. Tarquins, kings of Rome, xx. 733. Tarraco (Tarragona), Roman colony, Spain, XXIIL 67. Tarraconensis, Hispania, Roman province, Spain, XXIL 307. Tarragon, herb, xn. 289. Tarragona, province, Spain, xxiil 66; town, XXIIL 66; aqueduct near, 11. 221. Wine, Spain, xxiv. 607. Tarrytown, town, New York, U.S.A., xii. 331. Tars (Tarsus), Cloth of, xxiil 210. Tarshish, Phoenician colony, xvni. 806. Tarsia-Work, or Marquetry, XIII. 81. Tarsier, lemur, xiv. 443. Tarsipes, genus of marsupial mammals, xv. 382. Tarsius, genus of lemurs, xiv. 443. Tarsus, ancient town, Asia Minor, xxiii. 67; v. 777. , or Ankle, Anatomy of, 1. 830; of mammals, xv. 360.

429 Tartaglia, or Tartalea, Niccolb, Italian mathematician, xxiil 68; on algebra, L 513; on projectiles, XL 297; his controversy with Cardan, v. 90. Tartan, chequered cloth, xxiil 68; costume, vi. 478. Tartar, Cream of, vi. 556. Emetic, drug, xxiil 69. Tartarian Lamb, stock of a tree-fern, xxiil 535. Tartaric Acid, xxiil 69; enantiomorphism of, xix. 314. Tartarides, family of arachnids, 11. 288. Tartar Language, xxiil 661; xxiv. 1; dictionaries of, vn. 192. Tartars, or Tatars, Ural-Altaic people, xxiil 70; xvi. 746; 11. 697; xiv. 95; of the Crimea, VI. 586; xvi. 748; in Russia, xxi. 79; Samoyede clans, xxi. 251; Friar John’s travels among, v. 132. Tartarus, of Greek mythology, xxiii. 71Tartary, xxiil 70; Rubruquis’s travels in, xxi. 46. Tartessus (Tarshish), Phoenician colony, XVIII. 806. Tartini, Giuseppe, Italian violinist and composer, xxiil 71; xvn. 93. Tartini’s Beats, in music, xxiv. 421. Tartuffe, Moliere’s play, xvi. 628. Tarudant, town, Morocco, xvi. 834. Tarvisium (Treviso), ancient town, Italy, xxiii. 554. Tar-Water, vie 263; xvii. 516; Berkeley on the medicinal virtues of, in. 590. Tasar (or Tussur) Worm, silkworm, XXIL 60; silk from, XII. 752. TASGAON, town, India, XXL 317. TASHAUZ, town, Khiva, Asia, XIV. 64. Tashfyn, or Tashufin, Yussef ibn, Moorish general in Spain, I. 595; XIX. 539; XXII. 316. Tashilunpo, monastery, Tibet, xxiii. 340Tashkend, town, Central Asia, xxiil 71; observatory at, xvn. 716. Tashkurgan, town, Turkestan, xxiv. 728. Tasili, plateau, Sahara, Africa, xxi. 149Task, The, Cowper’s poem, VI. 534. Tasman, Abel Janszen, Dutch navigator, XXIII. 72; X. 186; his discoveries in Australasia, ill. 103; discoverer of New Zealand, xvn. 471. Tasmania, island, Australasia, xxiil 72; Flinders’s circumnavigation of, IX. 324; forests, IX. 407; mines, xvi. 471; newspapers, xvn. 437. Tasmanian Devil, marsupial mammal, xv. 380; xxiil 74. Tasmanian Gum-Tree, i. 88. Tasseremut, town, Morocco, xvi. 832.

430 Tassie, James, Scottish gem-engraver, xxiii. 75. , William, gem-engraver, xxm. 75. Tasso, Torquato, Italian poet, xxm. 75; xiii. 510; as pastoral poet, xvm. 345; Fairfax’s translation of, vm. 851. Island, Sierra Leone, West Africa, xxn. 44. Tassoni, Alessandro, Italian poet, xxm. 79Taste, Sense of, xxm. 79; in bees, ill. 488; organs of, in man, I. 896; in Crustacea, VI. 639; in fishes, XII. 653; in mammals, xv. 367. , of minerals, xvi. 379. Tatarbazarjik, department, Roumelia, XXL 21. Tatar (or Tartar) Language, xxiii. 661; xxiv. 1; dictionaries of, vil. 192. Tatars, or Tartars (q.v.), Ural-Altaic people, xxiii. 70; xvi. 746. Tate, Nahum, English hymn-writer, XXIII. 80; psalms and hymns by, XII. 590. , Thomas, his double-action airpump, I. 429. Tatian, Christian apologist, xxm. 80. Tatischeff, Basil, Russian historian, xxi. 106. Tatius, Achilles, Alexandrian romancewriter, xx. 635. , Titus, king of the Sabines, xx. 840. Tatler, The, Steele’s journal, xviii. 537; XXII. 528; Addison’s connexion with, I. 148. Tatouay, edentate mammal, xv. 387. Tats, or Tajaks (q.v.), Iranian peoples, Asia, xxiii. 25. Ta-tsing, dynasty of China, v. 649, 653Tatta, salt lake, Asia Minor, II. 704. Tattersall’S, horse mart, London, XIV. 829. Tatti, Jacopo (Jacopo Sansovino), Italian architect and sculptor, XXL 295. Tattooing, xxii. 548; in totem clans, xxiii. 469. Tatua, genus of wasps, xxiv. 392. Tatusia, genus of edentate mammals, xv. 387. Tauamat Niha, mountain, Syria, xiv. 393. Taudeni, oasis, Africa, xvn. 695. Taulebe, Lake of, Honduras, xn. 130. Tauler, Johann, German mystic, xxm. 82; x. 526; xvii. 133, 486. Taunton, town, England, xxiii. 82. , town, Massachusetts, U.S.A., xxiii. 83. Taupo, Lake, New Zealand, xvn. 467. Tauretha, Gabriel, Syriac writer, xxil. 843. Taurida, government, Russia, xxm. 83-

T A S —T C H Taurini, Ligurian tribe, Italy, xiv. 639Taui^isci, ancient people, Europe, xvil. 538. Tauriscus of Tralles, Greek sculptor, 11. 187. Tauroentum, ancient town, Var, France, xxiv. 69. Tauromenium (Taormina), ancient town, Sicily, xxiii. 48. Taurus, mountains, Asia Minor, xiv. 156; XV. 93; region of, II. 704. Tausiks, or Tajaks (q.v.), Iranian peoples, Asia, xxm. 25. Tautochrone (Cycloid), in mechanics, xv. 706. Tautog, fish, xxiv. 686. Tau Totonal, mountain, Caucasus, v. 253Tauut, Egyptian divinity, vn. 718. Tavastehus, province, Finland, IX. 217. Taverner, Richard, his edition of the English Bible, VIII. 386. Tavernier, Jean Baptiste, French Oriental traveller, xxin. 83. Tavghi Samoyedes, race of people, Russia, xxi. 251. Tavira, town, Portugal, xxm. 84. Tavistock, town, England, xxm. 84. Taviuni, one of the Fiji Islands, ix. 156. Tavon, bird, xv. 827. Tavoy, district, Burmah, xxm. 85. Tavris (Tabriz), town, Persia, xxili. 18; xviii. 626, 628. Tawaf, religious rite, Mecca, xv. 673. Tawe, river, Wales, xxil 732. Tawilah (Kishm), island, Persian Gulf, xiv. 102. Tawing, of leather, xiv. 389; in glovemaking, x. 692. Taxacea:, group of plants, XXIV. 744. Taxacis, Scythian sovereign, XXL 576. Taxation, xxiii. 85; history of, ix. 171; in relation to protection, ix. 755; royal prerogative of, xix. 672; British, viii. 242; in United States, xxiii. 827; Ricardo on, xx. 534; xix. 374. Taxidermy, xxiii. 89. Taxila, ancient town, India, XX. no, 298; Bactrian inscription at, ill. 222. Taxodium, genus of trees, xxi. 673. Taxonomy, biological classification, m. 683; 11.49; its relation to morphology, xvi. 838, 845; influence of Darwinian doctrine on, xx iv. 810. Taxus, genus of trees, xxiv. 743. Tay, river, Scotland, xxm. 91; xvill. 665; railway bridge across estuary of, iv. 340. , Loch, Scotland, xiv. 217, 221; xviii. 666. Taygetus, mountain, Greece, xiv. 193. Taylor, Arthur, on ancient London, Xiv. 841.

Taylor, Bayard, American writer, xxiil 91. , Brook, English mathematician, xxiii. 92; on magnetism, xv. 236; his theorem or series, xm. 18. , Sir Henry, English poet and colonial statesman, xxm. 92. , Isaac, English theological and philosophical writer, xxm. 93. , Jeremy, English preacher and theologian, xxm. 93; vm. 421; hymns by, XII. 592. , John, English poet, xxm. 95. , John, president of the Mormons, xvi. 827. , Michael, his mathematical tables, XXIIL II. , Sir Robert, British architect, 11. 444. , Samuel, English stenographer, XXL 837. , Sarah (Mrs Austin), English writer, ill. 102. , Thomas, his allegorizing of myths, xvil 137. , Tom, English dramatist and art critic, XXIII. 95. , Zachary, president of the United States, xxiil 96, 767, 768. Building, Oxford, England, xviii. 96. Tayra, carnivorous mammal, xv. 440. Tayronas, Indian tribe, South America, VI. 156. Taytao Peninsula, Patagonia, xviii. 352Tayumanavan, Tamil philosopher, xxiil 44. Taza, town, Morocco, xvi. 834. Tchad, Lake, Soudan, Africa, 1. 255; xxil 278. Tchadyr-Dagh, mountain, Crimea, VI. 585. Tchany, Lake, Siberia, xxil 5; xxiil 429> 439Tchara Mountains, Siberia, xxiii. 509. Tcheboksarui, town, Russia, xiv. 20. Tchelabinsk, town, Russia, xvil 826. Tchelny, town, Russia, xxiil 717. Tchelyuskin, T., Russian Arctic explorer, xix. 318. Tchembar, town, Russia, xvni. 515. Tchemkent, town, Syr-Daria, Asia, xxii. 821. Tcherdyn, tow, Russia, xvi 11. 550. Tcheremisses, Ural-Altaic people, ix. 219; xxi. 79. Tcherepovets Fair, Russia, xvii. 607. Tcherkassk (Cherkassk), district of Don Cossack country, Russia, vii. 356. Tcherkasy, town, Russia, xxiil 96. Tcherkesses, or Circassians, race of people, v. 788; xiv. 150. Tchern, town, Russia, xxiil 605.

t c h —t e l Tchernaya, river, Crimea, Russia, xxi. 616. Tchernigoff, government, Russia, xxm. 96; principality of, xxi. 89; town, xxill. 96. Tchernomorsk, government, Russia, xxiii. 97. Tchetchenians, or Tchetchens, Caucasian tribe, v. 258; Xiv. 475. Tchigirin, town, Russia, xiv. 69. Tchikishlyar, town, Transcaspian Region, Russia, xxm. 513. Tchinaz, town, Syr-Daria, Central Asia, xxil. 819, 821. Tchira, town, Turkestan, xiv. 67. Tchistopol, town, Russia, xxm. 97; xiv. 20. Tchita, town, Transbaikalia, Siberia, xxiii. 97; xvii. 352. Tcholym Tartars, xxiii. 70. Tchornaya, river, Crimea, Russia, xxi. 616. Tchotkal Mountains, Russian Turkestan, xxii. 819. Tchou Ma, Chinese rhea fibre, xx. 506. Tchu, river, Syr-Daria, Asia, xxu. 819. Tchudis, people, Russia, xvn. 764. Tchugueff, town, Russia, xiv. 57. Tchuktchis, Siberian people, XII. 822; xix. 329; xxii. 9. Tchulym Tartars, xxiii. 70. Tchusovaya, river, Russia, xxiv. 279. Tea, xxiii. 97; resemblance of the plant to the camellia, iv. 738; adulterations of, I. 169, 170; cultivation of, in Bengal, ill. 568; its first importation into England, v. 38; of Fuh-Keen, China, v. 636; of Hoo-nan, China, v. 637; of Keang-se, China, v. 635; of Kwang-tung, China, v. 639; ofPo-urh Foo, China, v. 641; of India, xn. 750; of Assam, India, II. 720; on Himalayas, xi. 833. , Paraguay (Mate), xv. 627; iv. 227. Teaching. See Education and Schools. Tea Drinking, xxiii. ioi. Teak, tree, xxiii. 103 ; 11. 693; ix. 405; strength of the wood, xxii. 603. Teal, bird, xxm. 105; vn. 506. , Summer, bird, x. 80. Te Anau, Lake, New Zealand, xvn. 467. Teapi (Rapanui), island, South Pacific, xx. 273. Tears, Apparatus for the secretion and conveyance of, I. 891; diseases of lachrymal apparatus, xvn. 786. of the Muses, Spenser’s poem, xxil 395. Tea-Seed Oil, xvii. 744. Teaser, bird, xxil 125. Teasling, in woollen manufacture, xxiv. 661. Tea Tax (1773), Agitation against, at Boston, U.S.A., xxm.

Teate, town, Italy, v. 615. Teats, Number of, in different animals, xvi. 301. Teazing, of wool, xxiv. 657. Tebbutt’s Observatory, Windsor, New South Wales, xvn. 716. Tebessa, plateau, Tunis, xxm. 620. Tebruk, harbour, Tripoli, North Africa, xxiii. 575. Tech, river, France, xx. 128. Technical Education, xxiii. 105. Tectibranchiata, section of Mollusca, xvi. 655. Tectologv, branch of morphology, xvi. 842. Tectona, genus of trees, xxm. 103. Tectosages, tribe of people, Asia Minor, x. 18. Tecumseh, American-Indian chief, xxiii. 759. Ted A, tribe, North Central Africa, xxiii. 334. Teddington, town, England, xxm. 220. Te Deum, ancient hymn, xn. 581; Handel’s settings of, XL 435; xx. 113; Purcell’s, XX. 113. Teen Wang, emperor of China, v. 652. Tees, river, England, xxiv. 746; improvement works on, xx. 579. Teeswater, breed of cattle, 1. 387. Sheep, i. 392. Teeth, xxil 107 ; human, vn. 232; structure and diseases of, vn. 96, 97; artificial, vn. 99; xm. 523; of apes, 11.164; of fishes, XII. 654; of the horse, xii. 178; of mammals, xv. 349 (and article Mammalia throughout); of mastodon, xv. 622; of snakes, xxil 190; of vole, xxiv. 277; of walrus, xxiv. 337. , of wheels, in mechanics, xv. 758, 767; of clock wheels, Vi. 32* Teething, in children, vil. 97. Teetotal Societies, xxiii. 159. Teff, herbaceous plant in Abyssinia, 1. 63Tefillin, Jewish prayer-thongs, xix. 1. Tegea, ancient town, Greece, xxili. 109; xv. 503. Teggiano, or Diano, town, Italy, VIL 167. Tegner, Esaias, Swedish writer, xxm. no; xxil 757. Tegucigalpa, department, Honduras, xii. 132. Tegumentary Structures, of Mammalia, xv. 347. Tehamah, district, Arabia, 11. 237, 253. Teheran, town, Persia, xxin. in; xviii. 626, 628. Tehoo, ancient town, Yucatan, xvi. 36. Tehran (Teheran), town, Persia, xxiii. in; xviii. 626, 628. Tehri (Orchha), native state, India, xvii. 816.

431 Tehuantepec, isthmus and town, Mexico, xxiii. in. Teia, or Teias, Gothic king, xm. 467; xvii. 233. Teignmouth, town, England, xxm. 112. Teikovo, town, Russia, xxi. 849. Teinds, in Scots law, xxiii. 413. Teir, islet, Red Sea, xx. 316. TEISPES, Persian king, xviii. 565. Teith, river, Scotland, xviii. 666. Tejen, oasis, Transcaspian Region, Russia, xxiii. 512. Tejend, or Tejen, river, Merv, xvi. 43. Tejo, or Tagus, river, Portugal, xxm. 21. Tejuco (Diamantina), town, Brazil, vii. 162. Tekir (Cnidus), town, Asia Minor, vi. 44. Tekkes, Turcoman tribes, xvi. 42; xxiii. 661. Tektamish, division of Turkomans, xvi. 43. Telav, town, Transcaucasia, Russia, xxiii. 514. Telchines, mythical people, Rhodes, xx. 526. Telecles, Greek sculptor, 11. 347. Teledu, carnivorous mammal, xv. 440. Telegonus, in Greek legend, xxm. 671. Telegraph, xxiii. 112; invention of, I. 746; Edgeworth’s invention, VIL 656; Wheatstone’s inventions, xxiv. 538; influence of, on commerce, vi. 206; in Europe, VIII. 709; laying ocean cables, xxil 281; Anglo-Indian, through Persia, xvni. 652; postal, XIX. 574; use of, in war, XXIV. 347; Chappe’s simple French, v. 397. Plant, its spontaneous movements, xix. 61. Telegraphy, Morse’s system of, xvi. 847; heliographic, XL 632. Telemachus, son of Odysseus, xvil. 729. T£l£maque, Fenelon’s book, ix. 73. Telemeter, or Rangefinder, xxi 11. 126. Teleology, in theology, xxm. 248; as science of organic adaptations, vm. 753; xxiv. 802, 817; Kant’s, xm. 854. Teleostei, subclass of fishes, xn. 688. Telephone, xxiii. 127; post-office, xix. 576. Telephus, founder of Pergamum, xvni. 527Telescope, xxiii. 135; XIV. 594; XVII. 806; Galileo’s invention of, 11. 753; x. 31; micrometer for, xvi. 242; use of, for surveying, XXIL 718; zenith, X. 167; Sir Wm. Herschel’s, XL 766, 767; Rosse’s, xx. 855. Telesinus, C. Pontius, Samnite leader, xxi. 249.

432 Telesio, Bernardino, on evolution, vm. 758. Telesphorus, bishop of Rome, XXIII. 154. Telestereoscope, landscape stereoscope, xxii. 541. Telford, Thomas, Scottish civil engineer, xxm. 154; his designs for aqueducts, II. 229; on roadmaking, XX. 582. Tell, district, North Africa, 1. 563; xvii. 628. , Wilhelm, Schiller’s drama, XXL 398, William, Swiss hero, xxm. 155. , William, Rossini’s opera, xx. 861. Teller, or Tallier, account keeper, xxiii. 29. , Romanus, German Biblical scholar, xxiil. 156. , Wilhelm Abraham, German rationalist, xxiil 156; xx. 290. Tellez, Gabriel (Tirso de Molina), Spanish dramatist, xxiil 157; vn. 421; xxii. 358. Tellicherri, town, India, xxiil 157. Tellier, Frangois Michel le, marquis de Louvois, xv. 26; 11. 600; ix. 576. Tellposs, mountain, Russia, xiv. 282. Telluric Acid, v. 506. Telluric Bismuth, mineral, xvi. 380. Tellurite, mineral, xvi. 388. Tellurium, chemical element, xxi. 632; v. 498; xvi. 380, 393. Alcohols and Ethers, v. 553. Telmessus, town, Asia Minor, xv. 93. Telok Betong, town, Sumatra, xxn. 639Telpherage, mode of electric traction, xxiil 496. Telugu Language, xii. 778; xviii. 779; xxiii. 41; dictionaries of, vil. 191. Teluk Anson, town, Perak, Straits Settlements, xxn. 587. Tema, Egyptian weight, xxiv. 486 Tempi, affluent of Niger, Africa, xvii. 496. Teme, river, Wales, xx. 217. Tem£raire, The Fighting, Turner’s picture, XXL 441; XXIIL 667. TEMESVAR, town, Hungary, XXIIL 157Temimi, Ismael b. Muhammed, Druse teacher, VIL 484. Temirsk, town, Russia, xxiv. 6. Temiscamingue, Lake, Canada, xx. 165. Temminck, Konrad Jacob, Dutch ornithologist, XXIIL 157; on birds, XVIII. 11, 14. Temnikoff, town, Russia, xxiil 41. Temnus, Mount, Mysia, Asia Minor, XVII. 122. Tempe, Vale of, Greece, xxm. 298. Tempel’s Comet, vi. 192, 193.

T E L —T E N Tempera, method of painting, xxiil 157; xvii. 42. Temperament, in music, xvn. 91. Temperance, one of the cardinal virtues, in Plato’s philosophy, vm. 580; in Socratic teaching, xxn. 237; II. 677. Legislation, xiv. 688; in connexion with Sunday observance, XXII. 656. Societies, xxiil 158. Temperature, xi. 555; bodily sensations of, xxiil 482; of the human body, xviii. 393; life conditioned by, ill. 680; perception of, by bees, III. 487; its influence on movement of plants, xix. 62; absolute, xxn. 480; xxiii. 285; of blast furnaces, xm. 314; its effect on elasticity, VIL 813; of flames, ix. 283; as affected by height above sea-level, VI. 2; effect on iron, xm. 279, 355; changes in length of structures caused by, iv. 289; relations of, to magnetization, xv. 271; measurement of, xx. 129; effect on pendulums, vi. 16; effect on sound, 1. 103; its relation to surface-tension, v. 71; effect on vapour, vm. 727; effect on weighing and measuring, xxiv. 478; atmospheric, XVI. 115; of lakes, xiv. 218; of Baltic Sea, Hi. 295; in Himalayas, XL 829; of Mediterranean Sea, XV. 822; of Pacific Ocean, xviii. 118; in Polar Regions, xix. 327; fluctuations of, in United States, xxiil 804. Tempering, of steel, 11. 64; xm. 352. Tempest, The, Shakespeare’s play, xxi. 765. Tempio, town, Sardinia, XXL 309. Templars, Knights, military order, XXIIL 160; XVI. 709; their conflicts with Knights Hospitallers, xxi. 174; suppression of, V. 821; VI. 631; suppression in England, vm. 317; suppression in France, IX. 544. Temple, Temples, places of worship, xxiii. 165; of Herod, at Jerusalem, II. 393; xxiii. 168; of Solomon, at Jerusalem, 11. 392; xxiil 166; of Zerubbabel at Jerusalem, xxiil 167; of Baalbec, ill. 177; of Babylonia, III. 189; of Egypt, 11. 388; Vil. 776; of Greece, II. 403, 409; of India, 11. 394; of Rome, 11. 415, 418; xx. 816, 827; of Peace, at Rome, ill. 414; examples of, at Selinus, XXL 633. , Inner and Middle, legal societies, London, XIII. 87. , Earl, his alleged identity with Junius, xiii. 777. , Henry John, Viscount Palmerston (q.v.\ XVIII. 193. , Sir William, English diplomatist and writer, xxiil 171; xix. 357; his relations with Swift, xxn. 762. Bar, London, xiv. 845. j Hill, Jerusalem, xiii. 639.

Templeton, James, his invention for carpet-weaving, v. 131. Temporal Power, of the popedom, its abolition, xix. 508. Temuchin, Mongol chief, xm. 620. Tenacity, in minerals, xvi. 378; of iron and steel, xm. 353. Tenaille, in fortification, ix. 434, 437Tenampua, Ruins of, Honduras, xii. 131Tenancy, in law, xiv. 273. Tenant, his legal relations to his landlord, xiv. 272, 268; of land, in England, xiv. 264; rent payable by, xx. 402; homage rendered by, in feudal times, xiv. 114. Tenant-at-Will, i. 407, 411. Tenant-Right, i. 407; of copyholder, VI. 356; in Ireland, xiv. 277. Tenasserim, division, Burmah, xxiii. 172; birds of, III. 761. Tenbury, town, England, xxiv. 666. Tenby, town, Wales, xxiil 172; xviii. 482. Tench, fish, xxiil 173; angling for, II- 43Tenchebrai, France, Battle of (1106), xi. 656; xvii. 544. Ten Commandments, The, vn. 15; xiii. 399. Tender, Legal, of payment, xviii. 441Tendon, in anatomy, 1. 834; granulations of, xviii. 364. Tendre, Mont, Switzerland, xm. 781. Tendrils, Twining of, xix. 60. Teneriffe, one of the Canary Islands, 1. 272; iv. 798; wine of, xxiv. 607. Teniers, David, Flemish painter, xxiil 173; xviii. 58. Tenimber (Timor Laut), island, Indian Archipelago, xxiil 398; xvi. 697. Tenison, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, xxiil 175. Tenkasi, town, India, xxiil 405. Tennant, Smithson, English chemist, xvi. 63. , William, Scottish poet, xxiii. USTennantite, mineral, XVI. 395. Tennant’s System, of fallowing, 1. 3 8 3 v, Tennent, Sir James Emerson, English politician and traveller, xxiii. 176. Tennessee, river, U.S.A., xxiii. 177, State, U.S.A., xxiil 176; opium cultivation in, xvn. 792. Pass, Rocky Mountains, US.A., xxiil 796. Tenniel, John, English caricaturist, v. 105. Tennis, game, xxiil 179. , Lawn* game, xxiil 181. Tenochtitlan (Mexico), ancient town, Mexico, xvi. 209. Tenorite, mineral, xvi. 385.

T E N —T E T Tenos, island, iEgean Sea, Pilgrimages to, xix. 95. Ten-Pins, American game, iv. 180. Tenrec, or Ground Hog, of Madagascar, xi. 610; xv. 404. Ten Sephiroth, of Kabbalah, xm. 811. Tensift, river, Morocco, xvi. 832. Tension, in electricity, vm. 60. , in mechanics, xv. 739; effect of, on magnetization, xv. 269; fracture by, xxii. 601. , Stoic doctrine of, xxii. 563. , Surface, of liquids, v. 56. Tent, xxiii. 183. , wine (tinto), xxiv. 607. Tente d’ Abri, of French army, xxm. 183. Tenterden, town, England, xiv. 39. Ten Thousand, Retreat of the, xvm. 577; xxiv. 720. Ten Thousand a Year, Warren’s novel, xxiv. 373. Tentyra (Denderah), ancient town, Egypt, VII. 77. Tenure, of land, 1. 406; xiv. 259; xx. 307; in Ireland, xm. 218; burgage, iv. 532; feudal, xiv. 114; servile, 1. 414; Littleton on the law of, xiv. 704. Ten Years’ Conflict, The, in Scottish Church, IX. 743. Teocallis, ancient temples, Mexico, 1. 695; 11. 450. Teos, Coins of, xvil. 647. Tepanecs, people, ancient Mexico, xvi. 209. Tephroite, mineral, xvi. 410. Teplitz, town and spa, Bohemia, xxm. 183; xvi. 433. Teplos-iz, mountain, Russia, xxiv. 4. Teppukulam, tank, Madura, India, xv. 193Teragai, father of Timur, xxm. 399. Teramo, town, Italy, xxm. 184. Teraphim, of Scripture, xxm. 184. Teratology, Animal, branch of morphology, xvi. 762. Terbium, earth metal, xiv. 292; spectrum of, xxii. 376. Terburg, Gerard, Dutch painter, xxm. 184. Terceira, island, Azores, m. 171; battle off (1582), v. 351. , Duke of, Portuguese statesman, xix. 553. Terebinth, tree, xxiii. 669. Terebrantia, group of insects, xm. 148. Terebratulid.®, family of Brachiopoda, iv. 194; xix. 440. Teredo, genus of Mollusca, xxm. 184; xvi. 685. Terek, government, Russia, xxiu. 186. j , river, Caucasus, v. 254; xxi. 74; XXIII. 186. Terella, spherical magnet, xv. 222. Terence, Roman dramatist, xxiii. 186; Vil. 411; his obligations to Menander,

1

xvi. 2; his place in Roman literature, xx. 718. Terentius Maximus, Parthian pretender, xviii. 603. Terephthalic Acid, xviii. 855. Teres, Thracian king, xxm. 318. Teresa, or Theresa (q.v.), Spanish saint, xxiii. 281. Tergeste (Trieste), ancient town, Illyricum, xxm. 560. Ter Goes, town, Holland, x. 720. Ter Gouwe (Gouda), town, Holland, XL I. Terlizzi, town, Italy, xxm. 188. Term, in law, xxiii. 188. Termes, 1. 260. See Termites. Termessus, town, Asia Minor, xix. 130. Termez, town, Central Asia, xn. 3. Termil^;, tribe, Asia Minor, xv. 92. Terminable Annuities, public loans, xvil 244. Terminer, Oyer and, in English law, xviii. 106. Termini, town, Sicily, xxiii. 188. , of railways, xx. 234. Terminillo, Monte, mountain, Italy, xiii. 438. Termites, or White Ants, 1. 260; 11. 99; xiii. 146, 152. TermitiDjE, group of insects, xm. 152. Termonde (Dendermonde), town, Belgium, vil 78. Tern, bird, xxiii. 189. TERNATE, island and town, Indian Archipelago, xxiil 189. , residency, Dutch East Indies, v. 289; xxm. 189. Terneplate, coated iron-plate, xm. 357Terni, town, Italy, xxm. 190. Ternstromiaci/e, order of plants, XXIIL 97. Terpander, Lesbian poet and musician, xxiil 190; on Greek music, xvil 78. Terpenes, series of hydrocarbons, v. 559; xvil 748. Terpsichore, Muse of the dance, xvil 74. Terracina, town, Italy, xxiil 190. Terra-Cotta, decorative clay-work, XXIIL 190; Assyrian, II. 399; Etruscan, viii. 641, 643; Japanese, xm. 590. Terra di Bari, province and town, Italy, in. 374. Terra di Lavoro, plain, Italy, xm. 439Terra Japonica, or Black Catechu, v. 220. Terranova, town, Sicily, xxiil 195. Terrapin, reptile, xxiil 455, 458. Terra Sigillata, medicinal earth, xiv. 436. Terre Haute, town, Indiana, U.S.A., xxiil 195. Terrestrial Magnetism, xvi. 159. Terrible, Mont, Switzerland, xm. 782. Terricol.®, earthworms, xxiv. 677.

433 Terrier, dog, vil 331. Terror, Reign of, in France, ix. 606; xx. 603. Tersatica (Fiume), ancient town, Liburnia, IX. 273. Tersteegen, Gerhard, German religious writer, XXIIL 195; as hymn-writer, XII. 588. Tertiaries, order of monks and nuns, ix. 700. Tertiary Period, in geology, x. 360; distribution of animals in, vn. 275. Tertullian (Quintus Septimius Horens Tertullianus), early church writer, xxiil 196; xvi. 776; on the canon, v. 8; creed of, VI. 559. Terudant, town, Morocco, xvi. 834. Teruel, province and town, Spain, xxiil 198. Teschen, town, Austria, xxiil 198; peace of (1779), ix. 594. Teshufin, or Tashufin, Yusuf ibn, Moorish leader in Spain, 1. 595; xix. 539; xxii. 316. Teshu-Lumbo, monastery, Tibet, xxiil 340. Tesseraconteres, ancient Greek ship, xxi. 806, 807. Tessin (Ticino, q.v.), canton, Switzerland, XXIIL 351. , Karl Gustaf, Swedish philosopher, xxil. 755. Testaccio, Monte, Rome, xx. 831; games at, v. 121. Test Acts, English, xxiii. 199; vm. 349, 352. Testament, in law, xxiv. 570; in Roman law, xx. 674, 691, 706, 713. , Old and New, Canon of the, v. 1, 7. See also Bible. Testator, in law, xxiv. 571. Testimony, Probability of, xix. 777. of the Rocks, Hugh Miller’s work, xvi. 320. Testing Machines, for determining strength of materials, xxil 596. Testry, France, Battle of (687), ix. 53rTestudinidte, family of chelonian reptiles, xxiil 457. Testudo, genus of chelonian reptiles, xxiil 452, 456, 457. Tet, river, France, XX. 128. Tetanus, disease, xxiil 199; xvin. 391; production of, XIX. 25. Tete, district, East Africa, xvil 7; town, xxiv. 765. Tete-de-Pont, in fortification, ix. 435Tethys, genus of Mollusca, xvi. 657. Tetiaroa, island, Tahiti Archipelago, xxiil 22. Tetnuld, mountain, Caucasus, v. 253. TETOUAN, or Tetuan, town, Morocco, xvi. 830; xxiii. 200. Tetrabranchiata, order of Mollusca, xvi. 668. XXY. - 55

434 Tetrachords, in Greek music, xvn. 78. Tetractinellida, tribe of sponges, xxii. 421. Tetradymite, mineral, m. 790; xvi. 380. Tetragrammaton, of the Kabbalah, xiii. 812. Tetrahedrite, mineral, vi. 347; xvi. 395Tetrahedron, in geometry, x. 388. Tetralogy, in Greek drama, vn. 406; in Greek rhetoric, xx. 509. Tetramera, group of insects, vi. 133; xiii. 149. Tetrane, hydrocarbon, v. 558. Tetranychi, family of acarids, XVI. 528. Tetraogallus, genus of birds, xvin. 333TetraphylliDjE, family of tape-worms, xxiii. 54. Tetrapla, Origen’s work, xvn. 840. Tetrapturus, genus of fishes, xxii. 804. Tetrarch, ancient ruler’s title, xxm. 200. T ETRARHYNCHIDA5, family of tapeworms, xxiii. 54. Tetrastemma, genus of nemertine worms, XVII. 326. Tetrodon, genus of fishes, x. 685. Tetuan, town, Morocco, xxiii. 200; xvi. 830. , Duke of (Leopold O’Donnell), Spanish statesman, xvil. 727; xxii. 346. Tetuara (Tetiaroa), island, South Pacific, xxiii. 22. Tetzel, John, German Dominican monk, XV. 72; XX. 326. Teucer, of Greek legend, xxiii. 582. Teuchit, bird, xiv. 308. Teukcham, town, Formosa, China, ix. 417. Teuta, Illyrian queen, xn. 709. Teutones, German tribe, XXIII. 201; v. 780; x. 474. Teutonic, The name, x. 847. Alphabet, i. 612. Languages, x. 514, 852; vm. 390; ix. 787; xii. 84; xviii. 785; XXL 366; dictionaries of, vn. 186. Laws, xxi. 212. Order, of Knights, xxiii. 201; xvi. 709; XX. 6; their conflicts with Poland, xix. 288, 289, 290; at Riga, xx. 554; in Russia, xxi. 92. Teverone, river, Italy, 11. 57. Teviot, river, Scotland, xxi. 33; xxm. 673Tewkesbury, town, England, xxm. 201. Texas, State, U.S.A., xxm. 202. Textiles, woven fabrics, xxiii. 206; Venetian, xxiv.156; adulterations of, I. 176; fibres for, ix. 131. Textularidea, order of Protozoa, xix. 847-

T E T — T H E Textures, or Tissues, xn. 4; in man, 1. 842; vegetable, xn. 10. Teyde, Pico de, mountain, Canary Islands, IV. 798. Teza, town, Morocco, xvi. 834. Tezcatlipoca, Mexican deity, xvi. 211. Tezcuco, ancient town, Mexico, xvi. 209, 210. Thackeray, William Makepeace, English novelist and critic, XXIII. 214; as satirist, XXL 320. Thaddeus of Warsaw, Miss Porter’s work, xix. 527. Thais, Menander’s comedy, xvi. 2. Thalassicolla, genus of Protozoa, xix. 849. Thalberg, Sigismond, Italian pianist and composer, xxiii. 217. Thaleichthys, genus of fishes, XXL 221, 224. Thalen, his experiments in magnetism, xv. 254; his spectroscopic observations, xxii. 377. Thales of Miletus, Greek astronomer and philosopher, xxiii. 217; on astronomy, II. 746; his discovery of electric properties in amber, 1. 659. Thalia, Muse of comedy, xvil 74. Thaliacea, order of Tunicata, xxm. 609, 615. Thallium, chemical element, xxm. 219; v. 530. Thallophyta, division of the vegetable kingdom, III. 692; xx. 430; xxiv. 125. Thallus, vegetative system of lichens, xiv. 552. Tham, Rabbenu, Rabbinic scholar, xxiii. 39. THAMAR, queen of Georgia, X. 432. Thame, river, England, xvni. 93; XXIII. 220. Thames, river, England, xxm. 220; viii. 216; xvi. 279; at Oxford, xvin. 93; whitebait fishery of, xxiv. 550; rowing on, XXL 30. Tunnel, London, xxiii. 623; construction of, IV. 397, 398. THAMMUZ, of Scripture, I. 163. Thamudic Inscriptions, xxi. 651. THANA, district, India, XXIII. 220; town, xxiii. 221. Thanes, early English nobility, vm. 274; xiv. no; xvil 529; xviii. 302. Thanet, Isle of, England, xiv. 37. Sandstone, rock, x. 361. Thapsacus (Tiphsah), Mesopotamia, Crossing of Euphrates at, xvi. 49. Tharandite, mineral, xvi. 397. Thar and Parkar, district, India, xxiii. 221. Th arrawadd Y, district, Burmah, xxm. 221. Tharsis, Spain, Mines of, XII. 334. Tharus, Hindu race, India, xviii. 73. Thasos, island, Greece, xxiii. 221.

Thatching, for buildings, iv. 501. Thaumaci, town, Thessaly, Greece, xxiii. 299. Thaumatrope, Plateau’s invention, xix. 189. Thaumaturgus, St Gregory, xi. 181; vi. 559; xviii. 486. Thaun, Philippe de, early French writer, IX. 643; on birds, XVIII. 3. Thayetmyo, district, Burmah, xxiii. 222. Thea, genus of shrubs, xxm. 97. The/LTETUS, dialogue of Plato, xix. 207. Theagenes, tyrant of Megara, xv. 828. Theatines, monastic order, XVI. 711; XXIII. 547. Theatre, Theatres, xxiii. 222; of Aspendus, Asia Minor, II. 715; Chinese, V. 666; Dionysiac, at Athens, III. 3; English, VII. 428; English, in time of Elizabeth, VIII. 419; English, under the Puritans, VII. 433; English, modern, VII. 439; of London, in time of Shakespeare, xxi. 760; Greek, structure of, II. 413; of New York, xvil 461 ; of Paris, xvin. 277; Roman, vil. 411; xx. 830; Roman, architecture of, 11. 419; remains of that at Tauromenium, xxm. 48. Theatre-Fires, fireworks, xx. 135. Theatre Fran^ais, at Paris, vn. 427. Thebaide, La, Racine’s drama, xx. 205. Thebais, Statius’s poem, xxii. 466. Theban Legion, Legend of the, xv. 637Thebes, town, Egypt, vn. 776; mummies of, xvil. 21; pyramids of, xx. 124; sphinx at, 11. 387; tomb of Menptah at, xxm. 622. , town, Greece, xxm. 229; XL 103; capture of, by Alexander, 1.481; under Epaminondas, vm. 456; under Pelopidas, xviii. 479; its contests with the Platseans, xix. 177; sphinx of, xxii. 398; expedition of the Seven against, 1. 164.1 , Romance of, xx. 639. Theceurybia, genus of Mollusca, xvi. 666. Thecidaldas, family of Brachiopoda, iv. 195. Thecium, in reproductive system of lichens, xiv. 554. Thecla, St, xxiii. 231. Thecosomata, order of Mollusca, xvi. 666. Theft, in law, xxm. 231. Theftbote, in law, xxm. 233. Thegns, early English nobility, viii. 274; xiv. no; xvil 529; xviii. 302; XXL 36. , The Twelve, Anglo-Saxon jury, xiii. 784. Theism, xxiii. 234.

T H E —T H E Theiss, river, Hungary, in. 116; xir. 362. Thelyphonidea, order of arachnids, 11. 286. Themis, in Greek mythology, xxm. 250. Themistius, Byzantine rhetorician, xxiii. 250; as Neoplatonist philosopher, xvii. 337. Themistocles, Greek general, xxm. 250; XL 99; in exile in Persia, xvm. 574Thenard, Louis Jacques, French chemist, xxiii. 251; his experiments with Gay-Lussac, x. 123. Thenardite, mineral, xvi. 400; xxn. 240. Theobald, count of Champagne and king of Navarre, xvn. 250; as crusader, XXIII. 161. , Lewis, English playwright, xxm. 252. Theobromine, in chemistry, vi. 102. Theocracy, The, in Israel, xm. 398. Theocritus, Greekpastoral poet, xxm. 252. Theodelinda, queen of the Lombards, XIV. 815; relics of, at Monza, Italy, xvi. 798. Theodicee, Essais de, Leibnitz’s work, xiv. 420. Theodolite, its use in geodesy, vn. 598, 599; x. 165; in surveying, xxn. 698, 719. Theodora, wife of the emperor Justinian, xxiii. 253, 798. , senatrix of Rome, xx. 787. Theodore I.-IL, popes, xxm. 255. , king of Abyssinia, 1. 66. I. (Baron von Neuhof), king of Corsica, xvn. 362. , archbishop of Canterbury, vm. 370. , bishop of Merv, Syriac writer, xxii. 837. of Mopsuestia, early Christian writer, xxm. .254. bar Wahbon, Syriac scholar, xxii. 852. Theodoret, bishop of Cyprus, xxiii. 255; xxii. 238. Theodoric, king of the East Goths, xxiii. 256; x. 850; xiii. 467; xx. 782; at Ravenna, xx. 297. II., chief of the West Goths, in Spain, xxii. 308. , Frankish king, x. 476. Theodorus, Roman pretender, xxiv. 35, Greek gem-engraver, x. 138. of Samos, Greek sculptor, 11. 347. Prodromus, Byzantine writer, XL 145) 148. Theodosia, town, Crimea, Russia, xxiii. 257; vi. 586. Theodosian Code, in Roman law, iv. 262; vi. 105; xx. 711.

Theodosio, prince of Brazil, xix. 548. Theodosiopolis (Rhesaena), town, Mesopotamia, xvi. 48. Theodosius L, Roman emperor, xxm. 257; xx. 779; his contentions with Ambrose, 1. 663. II., emperor of the East, xxm. 259. III., emperor of the East, xxm. 259. , Roman general, in Scotland, iv. 663. , bishop of Edessa, Syriac writer, xxii. 846. of Tripolis, Greek geometer and astronomer, xxm. 259. Theodotus, Yalentinian theologian, xxiv. 38. of Byzantium, teacher of Monarchian heresy in Rome, xvi. 719; xiii. 671. Theognidea, Greek poems, xxm. 260. Theognis of Megara, Greek poet, xxm. 260; xv. 828. Theogony, Hesiod’s poem, xi. 777. Theological Ethics, department of theology, xxm. 275; Rothe’s work, XXL 2; XXIII. 270. Theology, xxiii. 260; apologetic, 11. 189; dogmatic, vn. 332; Liguorian, xiv. 636; of the Middle Ages, xx. 383; of Origen, xvii. 841; Pauline, xvni. 423; scholastic, xxi. 417; Valentinian, xxiv. 38; application of logic to, xxi. 421; as influenced by Neoplatonism, / xvn- 338; Calvin’s system of, iv. 720; Schleiermacher’s, XXL 411, 413. Theophania, or Theophano, wife of the emperor Otho II., xm. 711; xvill. 66. Theophano, wife of Nicephorus II., Byzantine emperor, XVII. 482. Theophile (T. de Viau), French poet, xxiv. 208. Theophilus, Roman jurist, xm. 794. of Edessa, Syriac writer, xxn. 841. Abbas, instructor of Justinian, xxiii. 276. Theophrastus, Peripatetic philosopher, xxiii. 277; xviii. 545; his history of plants, iv. 79. , on the Milky Way, 11. 748. Theophylact, Biblical commentator, xxiii. 277. (Pope Benedict IX.), xix. 497. , patrician of Rome, xx. 787. Theophylactus of Simocatta, Byzantine historian, iv. 613; xx. 636. Theopneustie, La, Gaussen’s work, x. 117. Theopolis (Antioch), ancient town, Syria, II. 132. Theopompus of Chios, Greek historian and rhetorician, xxm. 277; XXL 466. Theorbo, lute, xv. 71.

435 Theorem, Geometrical, defined, xix. 519. Theorikon, spectacular fund, of Pericles, xvin. 529. Theory of the Earth, Hutton’s work, xii. 415. Theory of the Intelligible World, by Morris, xvii. 553. Theory of Moral Sentiments, Adam Smith’s work, xxii. 169. Theosophy, xxiii. 278; Kabbalistic, XIII. 810; Swedenborg’s, XXII. 759Theotocopuli, Domenico (El Greco), Spanish painter, xi. 80. Theotokos, or Mother of God, epithet of the Virgin Mary, xvn. 355. Thera, island, Greece, xxm. 279. Theramenes, Athenian oligarch, xxm. 280. Therapeut/E, monastic sect, xvi. 698; as hymn-writers, xil. 578. Therapeutics, in medicine, xv. 796; of iron, xm. 359; of mercury, xvi. 34; of mineral waters, XVI. 433. Therasia, wife of St Paulinus, xviii. 434Theresa, St, Spanish saint, xxiii. 281; xvii. 134; foundress of order of Barefoot Carmelites, v. 117; xvi. 716. , wife of Count Henry of Portugal, xix. 540. ' Theresia, island, Greece, xxm. 279. Theresienstadt, part of Pesth, Hungary, xviil 691. (Szabadka), town, Hungary, xxn. 856. Theresienwiese, common, Munich, Bavaria, xvn. 26. Theresiopel, Maria (Szabadka), town, Hungary, xxn. 856. Theriaca, poem by Nicander, xvn. 476. Theriaka, spiced opium, xvn. 788. Thermal Springs, x. 223, 270; xvi. 432, 436. Thermic Fever, xxii. 666. Thermodon, river, Asia Minor, xix. 459Thermodynamics, XXIII. 283; VII. 815; xix. 2; laws of, xxii. 479; Mayer’s first law of, XV. 649; temperatures in thermodynamic scale, xx. 129. Thermo-Electricity, viii. 94. Thermo-Electrometer, Eiess’s, vm. 55Thermo-Electromotive Force, xv. 273Thermograph, thermometric record, XXIII. 293. Thermometer, xxiii. 288; xi. 563; gas, XX. 130; wet bulb, theory of, VII. 218; box for, xvi. 115; Reaumur’s, xx. 308; Saussure’s adaptations of, XXL 324.

430 Thermometry, xi. 558; xix. 2. Thermonatrite, mineral, xvi. 399. Thermophone, telephone, xxm. 130. Thermopolia, for sale of hot drinks, at Pompeii, xix. 449. Thermopylae, Greece, Battle of (480 B.C.), XI. IOO; XIV. 462; XVIII. 572. Thermoscopes, indicators of temperature, xi. 559; xx. 132. Thermo-Thermapeutics, or Hydropathy, xii. 542; in. 438, 440. Thermotropism, in vegetable physiology, xix. 59. Th£roigne de Mericourt, Anne Joseph, French Revolutionist, xxm. 293Theron, tyrant of Agrigentum, 1. 417; xxii. 16. Theropoda, order of fossil reptiles, xx. 443Therusia (Vulcano), one of the Lipari Islands, Mediterranean Sea, xiv. 682. Theseium, temple, ancient Athens, III. 4. Theses Salmurienses, French body of divinity, 1. 783. Theseus, of Greek legend, xxm. 293; in. 59; his connexion with Scyros, XXL 574. Thesmophoria, Greek festival, xxm. 295; v. 3455 vii. 57T H es M o p h o R1 a z u s je, Aristophanes’s comedy, II. 509. Thesmothet/e, Greek magistrates, 11. 476. Thespiaj, town, ancient Greece, xxm. 297. Thespis, traditional inventor of tragedy, vii. 404. Thesproti, ancient Greek tribe, vm. 483Thesprotia, Epirus, Oracle at, xvn. 808. Thessalian Dialect, of Greek, xi. 132. Thessaliotis, district, Thessaly, xxm. 299. Thessalonians, Epistles to the, xxm. 297. Thessalonica (Salonica), town, Macedonia, xxi. 227; xv. 137; xxiii. 297. Thessalus, physician of Tralles, xv. 802. Thessaly, district, Greece, xxm. 298; coins of, xvii. 641. Thetford, town, England, xxm. 299. Thetis, of Greek mythology, 1. 95; xvii. 346. Theudas, of Acts of the Apostles, 1. 126. Theudemir, king of the East Goths, xxiii. 256. Theudibert, king of the Alemanni, xvii. 233. Theuerdank, German allegorical work, x. 527; xv. 644. Thevenot, Jean de, French Oriental traveller, xxm. 300.

THE — T H 0 Thew, instrument of punishment, xix. 96. Thiaki (Ithaca), island, Greece, xm. 517Thian Shan, mountains, Central Asia, 11. 686; xviii. 102; xxi. 640; xxii. 818; xxiii. 631. Thibaut of Champagne, early French writer, ix. 642. , Anton Friedrich Justus, German jurist, xxill. 300. Thibet, or Tibet (q.v.), country, Central Asia, xxiii. 337. Thibodi, Phra Rami, Siamese ruler, XXL 854. Thiele, river, Switzerland, xvii. 361. Thielt, town, Belgium, XXIII. 302. Thierry, Amedee Simon Dominique, French historian, XXIII. 302; IX. 680; on the Gallic Druids, VII. 478. , Jacques Nicolas Augustin, French historian, xxm. 302; IX. 680. and Theodoret, tragedy of Beaumont and Fletcher, ill. 470. Thiers, town, France, xxiii. 302; xx. 120. , Louis Adolphe, French historian and statesman, xxm. 302; ix. 619; as a writer, ix. 681. Thietberga, wife of Lothaire of Lorraine, xvii. 483. Thigh, Anatomy of the, 1. 829; of birds, in. 722; of mammals, xv. 360. Thimonier, Barthelemy, inventor of a sewing machine, xxi. 718. Thing, Great, Swedish tribal assembly, xxii. 744. Thinocoris, genus of birds, xix. 228. Thiocyanates, in chemistry, xx. 25. Thionville, fortress, Lorraine, xv. 7. Thiosulphates, in chemistry, xxn. 636. Thirlwall, Connop, bishop of St David’s, historian xxiii. 305. Thirsk, town, England, xxm. 306. Thirst, xvii. 667. Thirty-Nine Articles, of Church of England, 11. 653; VI. 564; vm. 377, 379Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648), ix. 568; x. 500; in Austria, III. 125; effect of, in England, VIII. 344; effects on Holland, xn. 78; in Saxony, XXL 354; Spanish part in, xxn. 331; Sweden’s participation in, xxn. 749; influence on Switzerland, xxn. 794; Wallenstein’s part in, xxiv. 328. This-rong-de-Tsan, or Khri-srongIden-btsan, Tibetan king, xiv. 502; xxm. 345. Thistle, plant, xxni. 306. , Order of the, xiv. 123. Thistlewood Conspiracy (1820), in England, xxill. 307.

Thiv/e (Thebes), town, Greece, xxill. 229. Thlinkeets, race, North America, xn. 826; exogamy among, v. 187. Tholobate, in architecture, 11. 474. Tholuck, Friedrich August, German theologian and preacher, xxiii. 307. Thomas, St, apostle, xxiil 308. , prince of Savoy, XXL 339. of Celano, xxm. 308. of Erceldoune, Scottish legendary poet, xxiil 308. of Harkel, Syriac writer, xxn. 825. of Marga, Syriac writer, xxn. 848. of Stitny, Bohemian writer, xxii. 151. , Antoine Leonard, French writer, ix. 670. , George, military adventurer, India, ill. 629. , George H., American general, xxiii. 790. A Kempis, mediaeval writer, xiv. 31; xi. 208; his relation to mysticism, xvii. 134. —- Aquinas, scholastic philosopher, 11. 231. See Aquinas. Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, 1. 31. See Becket. THOMASIUS, Christian, German jurist and publicist, xxiil 309; x. 532; xviii. 540; his influence in Halle university, xxiil 847. Thomas Little, Thomas Moore’s nom de plume, XVI. 806. Thomason, his collection of pamphlets, xviii. 205. THOMISM, in scholastic philosophy, XXL 429. Thompson, Sir Benjamin (Count Riunford), scientist and diplomatist, xxiii. 3°9, John Vaughan, English physician and naturalist, xxiv. 808; on Mollusca, xvi. 632. , Thomas Peronnet, English politician and mathematician, xxiil 310. Thomsenolite, mineral, xvi. 384. Thomson, Andrew, Scottish churchman, XXL 538. , Sir Charles Wyville, Scottish naturalist, xxiil 310. , James (1700-1748), Scottish poet, author of The Seasons, xxiil 311. , James (1834-1882), Scottish poet, author of City of Dreadful Night, XXIIL 312. , John, of Duddingston, Scottish landscape painter, xxiil 312. , John, Scottish logarithmist, xiv. 776. , Sir William, on attraction, 111. 64; xv. 226; his compass improvements, vi. 228; on elastic solids, vi. 312; his contributions to the science of electricity, vill. 11,15, 32, 33, 75> 76, 81, 85» 9°, 95, 99; his guard ring accumulator,

T H 0—T H U

437 vill. 34; his electrometers, vm. 119, Thousand and One Nights, Arabic Thrombosis, disease, xviii. 401. 120, 121; on magnetism, xv. 249; on tales, xxiii. 316; 11. 263. Throndhjem, town, Norway, xxiii. magneerystallic action, xv. 266; on Thousand Islands, Lake of the, 321. effect of traction on magnetization, XV. Canada, xxi. 180. Fjord, Norway, xvn. 576. 269; on radiation, xx. 215; his siphon Thrace, country, South-Eastern Europe, Thrones, chairs of state, ix. 848. telegraph-recorder, xxm. 124; on xxiii. 318; coins of, xvii. 640. , in celestial hierarchy, xi. 792. laws of thermodynamics, XXII. 482; Thracia, Roman province, South- Throstle, bird, xxm. 321. on condensation of vapour, m. 386; Eastern Europe, xxm. 318. , cotton spinning frame, vi. 495. on vortex atoms, III. 45. Thrale, Henry, friend of Johnson, xm. Throw-Board, Welsh game, v. 597. Thomson and Tait, on tidal retarda727. Throwing, of silk, xxil 61. tion of earth’s rotation, xxm. 377. , Mrs (Hester Lynch, Mrs Piozzi), Thrush, bird, xxm. 321; migration of, Thomsonite, mineral, xvi. 423. English writer, XIX. 110. in. 765. Thonegwa, district, Burmah, xxm. Thrall, Teutonic bondman, vm. 274; Thuanus (Jacques Auguste de Thou), xvii. 529. 33°French historian, xxiii. 315. Thonon, town, France, xxi. 333. Thrasaetus, genus of birds, xi. 491. Thucydides, Greek historian, xxm. Thor, Scandinavian divinity, 1. 210; Thrasamund, Vandal king, xxiv. 59. 322; xi. 141. xvii. 156. Thrasea P/etus, Roman philosopher, , rival of Pericles, xviii. 531. Thoracometer, for measuring chest xi. 643; xvii. 350. Thugs, Indian assassins, xxm. 326; movements, xx. 477. Thrashing Machines, Invention of, suppression of, xn. 806; vocabulary Thorarensen, Bjarne, Icelandic poet, 1. 302; the first driven by steam, 1. of language used by, vn. 191. xxi. 369. 305; improvements on, 1. 325; port- Thugut, Franz Maria von, Austrian Thorax, or Chest, 1. 822; xx. 476; in able, I. 324. diplomatist, xxm. 327. mammals, xv. 358. See also article Thrasybulus, Athenian general, xxiii. Thuja, genus of trees, 11. 313. Skeleton. Thule, ancient Northern land, xxm. 3i9Thoreau, Henry David, American , tyrant of Miletus, xvni. 528. 328; xix. 315; of Ptolemy, xx. 94; writer, xxm. 313; 1. 732. , ruler of Syracuse, xxn. 16, 814. of Pytheas, xx. 143. Thorfinn, Norse earl, in Scotland, Thrasyllus, Choragic monument of, THULITE, mineral, XVI. 409. xxi. 480. at Athens, 11. 411. Thulium, Spectrum of, xxil 377. Thorild, Tomas, Swedish poet and Thrax, Dionysius, Roman grammarian, Thumb Rings, xx. 562. critic, xiv. 29; xxii. 757. Thummel, Moritz August von, German xi. 37, 43Thorismund, West Gothic prince, m. Thread Manufacture, vi. 502; writer, XXIII. 329. 62. bleaching of, m. 820. Thun, town, Switzerland, ill. 600. Thorite, mineral, xvi. 424. Thread-Worms, xvii. 324; disease , Lake of, Switzerland, 1. 3; xiv. Thorium, chemical element, xxm. caused by, xviii. 270. 218; xxil 777. 314; v. 543. Threave Castle, Kirkcudbright, Scot- Thunberg, Carl Peter, Swedish Thorn, plant, xi. 536; the Glastonland, xiv. 98. traveller and botanist, xxm. 329. bury thorn, x. 675. Three Bears, The, Southey’s tale, Thunder, i. 107; xxiii. 329. , town, West Prussia, xxm. 314. xxii. 290. Thunderbolt, xxiii. 330. Thornback, fish, xxiii. 314; xx. Three Bodies, Problem of the, in Thundering Legion, Miracle of the, 299. astronomy, 11. 759. in. 87. Thorndale, W. H. Smith’s work, Three Estates, of the realm, in Eng- Thunderstorm, xxiii. 329; xvi. 128; xxii. 179. land, viii. 557, 314; xviii. 306. spectroscopic history of a, XX. 256. Thornhill, Sir James, English painter, Three F.’s, The, in Irish land tenure, THUNEN, J. Heinrich von, German xxiii. 314. xiv. 277. economist, xix. 388. Thornton-on-Humber, abbey, Lin- Three Holy Children, Song of the, Thun-Khwa, district, Burmah, xxm. colnshire, England, 1. 20; xiv. 656. in Apocrypha, II. 181. 33°Thorshavn, town, Faroe Islands, ix. Three Musketeers, The, Dumas’s ro- Thur and Parker, district, India, 39xxiii. 221. mance, vii. 522. Thorstein, mountain, Austria, XXL Three Rivers, town, Canada, xxiii. Thurgau, or Thurgovia, canton, 241. Switzerland, xxm. 330; xxil 794. 319; xx. 167. Thorwaldsen, Bertel, Danish sculptor, Three Sisters, mountains, Oregon, Thurii, town, Magna Grsecia, Italy, xxiii. 315; vie 94; xxi. 570. xxiii. 331; xv. 38. U.S.A., xvii. 822; xxiii. 800. Thoth, Egyptian divinity, VII. 718. Three Tetons, mountains, Wyoming, Thuringer Wald, mountains, Ger, Books of, ancient Egyptian works, many, x. 448; xxiii. 332. U.S.A., xxiv. 712. xiv. 510. Thremmatology, branch of biological Thuringia, district, Upper Saxony, Thothmes, kings of Egypt, VII. 735. xxiii. 331. science, xxiv. 802, 817. Thou, Cristophe de, first president of Threnodia Carolina, Sir Thomas Thuringian Forest, mountains, GerParis parlement, xxm. 315. many, x. 448; xxiii. 332. Herbert’s work, xi. 722. , Jacques Auguste de, French Thresher, bird, xvi. 541. Thuringian Law Code, xxi. 215. historian, xxm. 315; IX. 659. Thuringite, mineral, xvi. 414. Thresher-Shark, fish, xxi. 777. Thouar, Arthur, explorer of Pilcomayo Thrips, group of insects, xm. 152; as Thurium (Thurii), town, Magna Graeriver, xix. 188. cia, Italy, xxin. 331; xv. 38. wheat pest, xxiv. 534. Thought, in psychology, xx. 57, 75, Throat, Anatomy of the, 1. 822; THURLES, town, Ireland, XXHI. 332. 83; as subject of logical science, xiv. diseases of, xxm. 319; surgical opera- THURLOE, John, English postmaster, 780; xvi. 94. XIX. 564. tions on, xxil. 690; in relation to Thoughts in Prison, Dr Dodd’s the voice, xxiv. 273; of birds, ill. Thurlow, Lord, lord chancellor of poem, vii. 319. 726. England, xxiii. 332.

438 Thurmond, John, English pantomimist, xviii. 215. Thurso, town, Scotland, xxm. 333. Thury, Counts of (Cassini), French astronomers, V. 185. Thus, incense, ix. 711; xn. 718. Thuya, genus of trees, 11. 313. Thyatira (Akhissar), town, Turkey in Asia, I. 436. Thyestes, in Greek legend, in. 50; xviii. 480. Thylacinus, genus of marsupial mammals, xv. 380. Thylacoleo, genus of fossil marsupial mammals, xv. 383. Thymallus, genus of fishes, XI. 78; xxi. 221, 224. Thyme, plant, xxm. 333; xn. 289. Thyni, tribe, Thrace, ill. 793. Thynnus, genus of fishes, xxm. 625. Thyre Danebod, barrow, Denmark, in. 398. Thyroid Gland, Diseases of the, xviii. 384; goitre, x. 739. Thyrza, Byron’s mourning for, iv. 607. Thysanoptera, group of insects, xm. 152. Thysanura, order of insects, xm. 153. ThyssageTvE, ancient nomadic race, Eastern Europe, XXL 575. Tian-Shan, mountains, Central Asia, 11. 686; xviii. 102; XXL 640; xxil. 818; xxiii. 631. Tiara, headdress, vi. 454. Tibbus, nomad race, North Africa, xxiii. 334; 1. 261, 268; xxil 278. Tiber, river, Italy, xm. 438; its mouth, xviii. 61. Tiberias, town, Palestine, xxm. 334; battle of (1187), vi. 627; xxiii. 161. , Lake of, Palestine, x. 29; xvili. I7L 173Tiberius (Tiberius Claudius Nero), Roman emperor, XXlll. 335; XX. 772. , Arch of, at Orange, France, xvn. 812. Absimarus, emperor of the East, xiii. 798. Claudius Drusus (Claudius), Roman emperor, v. 816; xvn. 348; xx. 772, 773. Tibesti, oasis, Africa, 1. 250, 261; xvii. 695; XXL 149; xxili. 334. TIBET, country, Central Asia, xxiii. 337; II. 684; xiv. 496; Great and Little, xiv. 198; mountain system of, XL 821, 823; Lamaism of, xiv. 226; European travellers in, x. 188. Tibetan Language, xviii. 779; xxiii. 346; dictionaries of, vn. 192. Tibetans, race of people, xxiii. 343. Tibeto-Burman Race, xii. 777; language of, xviii. 779; xxiii. 346. Tibia, Anatomy of the, 1. 829, of birds, in. 723. Tibiae, Roman musical instrument, xvii. 707.

T H U —T I L Tibullus, Albius, Roman poet, xxm. 348; xx. 723. Tibur (Tivoli), ancient town, Italy, xiv. 344; xxiii. 421. Tibus, or Tibbus, race of people, Soudan, Africa, xxm. 334; 1. 261, 268; xxn. 278. Ticao, island, Philippines, xviii. 752. Tic-Doloureux, form of neuralgia, xvii. 363. Tichodroma, genus of birds, xxm. 534. Ticino, canton, Switzerland, xxiii. 351; xxil 789, 794. , river, Italy, xm. 435. Ticinum (Pavia), ancient town, Italy, xviii. 439. Tick, mite, 11. 276; xvi. 529. Tickell, Thomas, English poet, xxill, 351Ticket-of-Leave, xix. 752, 756. Ticknor, George, American man of letters, xxiii. 352; 1. 724. Ticonderoga, town, New York, U.S.A., xxiii. 352. , Falls of, New York, U.S.A., xvn. 451Tide-Gauge, xxiii. 370. Tide-Predicting Instrument,xxiii. 371Tides, xxiii. 353 (table of contents, 381); x. 283; laws of, 11. 762; solar and lunar, xv. 687; in relation to navigation, XVII. 275; in rivers XX. 576; Maclaurin on the theory of, xv. 162; action of, in Suez Canal, iv. 791; in Mediterranean Sea, xv. 822. , Atmospheric, xvi. 122. Tide-Wave, xxiii. 372. Tidor, island, Indian Archipelago, xxiii. 381; claim of sultan of, to New Guinea, xvn. 389. Tieck, Friedrich, German sculptor, XXL 566. , Ludwig, Germantale-writer, xxin. 381; x. 542. Tiedemann, Friedrich, German anatomist, xxili. 383. Tiedmann, H., on birds, xvin. 19, 48. Tieftrunk, Karl, Bohemian writer, xxil 153. Tiefurt, near Weimar, Germany, xxiv. 491. Tiemannite, mineral, xvi. 393. Tien-CHWANG-tai, town, China, xvn. 381. Tien-fung-tah, pagoda at Ning-Po, China, XVII. 513. Tientsin, town, China, xxiii. 383; v. 633Tiepolo, Bajamonte, Venetian conspirator, xxiv. 143. Tierney, George, English politician, xxill. 383. Tierra del Fuego, archipelago, South America, xxm. 383; xvin. 352; Indians of, XII. 829. Tiffin, town, Ohio, LLS.A., xxiii. 385.

Tiflis, town, Russian Caucasia, xxm. 385; government, xxiii. 513. Tigellinus, general and conspirator under Nero, xvii. 349. Tiger, carnivorous mammal, xxiii. 385; xv. 435; of India, xn. 741; of Java, xiii. 603; of Persia, xviii. 625; skins of, IX. 839. Tiger-Beetle, vi. 129. Tiger-Cat, carnivorous mammal, xvn. 719Tiger-Shark, xxi. 775. TlGLATH-ADAR, Assyrian king, III. 186. Tiglath-Pileser I., Assyrian king, in. 186, 192. II., in. 186; xm. 411. TlGRANES, Armenian kings, XXHL 386; XV. 56; XVIII. 595, 600. , great-grandson of Herod the Great, xvm. 602. Tigranocerta, Mesopotamia, Battle of (69 b.c.), xv. 56. Tigre, province, Abyssinia, 1. 64. , or Tigrina, language of Ethiopia, viii. 612; xxi. 655. , island, Honduras, xil. 130. Tigris, river, Asia, xxm. 386; 1. 135; xvi. 47. Tih, Tomb of, at Sakkarah, Egypt, xvii. 34, Jebel el-, mountain, Arabia, xxn. 88. Tikul, town, Yucatan, xxiv. 758. Tilborgh, Egidius van, Flemish painter, xxm. 175. Tilburg, or Tilborg, town, Holland, xxm. 387. Tilbury NOGO, Whyte-Melville’s novel, xv. 844. Til Cake, or Sesame Cake, xvn. 739. Tilden, Samuel Jones, American statesman, xxm. 387. Tiles, xxm. 387; for roofing, iv. 463; clay, iv. 283; encaustic, vm. 187; glazed, for wall linings, XVII. 36. Tilghman, B. C., inventor of sandblast, xxi, 257. Tilhar, town, India, XXL 735. Tilia, genus of trees, xiv. 648. Tilimsan (Tlemcen), town, Algeria, xxm. 422. Tiling, in building, iv. 463. Tilkerodite, mineral, xvi. 391. Till, affluent of Tweed, England, xvii. 565; xxm. 673. , or Boulder Clay, X. 367. Tillage, of fields, 1. 328; laws for encouragement of, 1. 298. Tillemont, Sebastien le Nain de, French ecclesiastical historian, xxiii. 39°Till Eulenspiegel, German chapbook, vm. 664; x. 527. Tillodontia, group of fossil ungulate mammals, xv. 432. Tillotson, John, archbishop of Canterbury, xxm. 390.

T 1 l— t 1 R Tilly, Johann Tserclaes, count of, imperial general, xxm. 391; m. 125; x. 500. Til Oil, xxi. 693. Tilpin (Turpin), archbishop of Rheims, romancist, xxm. 669. Tilsit, town, Prussia, xxm. 391; treaty of (1807), ix. 616; XVII. 211. TIM/EUS, Greek chronologist, v. 710. , dialogue of Plato, xix. 209. Timansk Mountains, Russia, xxiv. 283. Timanthes, Greek painter, 11. 363. Timarchus, Median satrap, xvni. ^ 590Timber, as building material, IV. 448; dry rot in, vn. 493; strength of, vil. 816; xxii. 603. Trees, 11. 315; forestry regulation of, ix. 397; of New Zealand, xvn. 469; of Queensland, xx. 173; of the United States, xxm. 807. Compare also Fir, Oak, Pine, Teak, etc. Timbre, quality of sound, 1. 107, 118; xxiv. 275. Timbuktu, or Timbuctoo, town, Sahara, Africa, xxm. 391; 1. 271; xvii. 497. Time, Measurement of, xxm. 392; dynamical measurement of, vu. 581; Nepalese measurement of, xvn. 343; mean and sidereal, VI. 14; at the observatories, xvn. 710; observations for, at sea, xvii. 268, 272; how kept at sea by early navigators, xvn. 250; determination of, in surveying, xxii. 713; zodiacal division of, xxiv. 791. , Effect of, in magnetism, xv. 273. , Equation of, in astronomy, 11. 772. , Idea of, xx. 64. , in music, xvii. 81. Timekeepers, for sea voyages, xvii. 259. Timeliid/E, group of birds, xxiv. 366. Timepieces, vi. 13; xxiv. 394. Times, The, London newspaper, xvii. 417; XXIII. 710. Timocharis, Alexandrian astronomer, 11. 748. Timocrates, Demosthenes’s oration against, vn. 69. Timoleague, ecclesiastical ruin, Cork, Ireland, vi. 405. Timoleon, Greek statesman and general, xxm. 396; XL 104; his work in Sicily and Syracuse, xxii. 19, 816. Timon, Lucian’s work, xv. 45. of Athens, misanthrope, xxm. 397; Shakespeare’s play, xxi. 764. of Phlius, Greek sillograph and sceptic, xxiii. 397. Timor, island, Indian Archipelago, xxiii. 397; taboo (pamali) system in, xxiii. 17. Laut, island group, Indian Archipelago, xxiii. 398.

Timotheus, or Timothy, of Scripture, XXIII. 399. , Athenian general, xxiii. 398. , Greek musician and poet, xxiii. 399Timothy, of Scripture, xxiii. 399. , Epistles to, xviii. 348. I., metropolitan of Seleucia, Syriac writer, xxii. 845. II., Nestorian catholicus, Syriac writer, xxn. 856. Timur, or Tamerlane, Oriental conqueror, xxiii. 399; 11. 700; his subjugation of Afghanistan, 1. 239; in India, XII. 793; his dealings with Toktamish, xvi. 747; defeats Turks under Bayezid, xxiii. 641; his descendants in Persia, xviii. 632; grave of, at Samarkand, xxi. 247. Timuranama, Persian books, xvin. 657. Timur Khan, Mongol ruler, xvi. 742. Tin, metal, xxiii. 400; xvi. 381, 387; as chemical element, v. 538; constituent of bronze, iv. 366; in pewter, xviii. 725; strength of, xxii. 603; mines, in Cornwall, vi. 425; in Queensland, xx. 173; ores of, xvi. 58; 387; ore dressing, XVI. 466; production of, xvi. 467 ; production in England, vm, 229 ; production in United States, xxiii. 816. TiNuEUS of Tauromenium, Sicilian historian, xxii. 20. Tinamou, bird, xxm, 402. Tinamus, genus of birds, xxiii. 402. Tinaroo, Queensland, Tin mines of, xx. 173. Tinavelly, district, India, xxiii. 404. Tinca, genus of fishes, xxiii. 173. Tinchebrai, or Tenchebrai, Normandy, Battle of (1106), xi. 656; xvii. 544. TlNCOMMlUS, British king, xxii. 725. TlNCTOR, John (Joannes de Tinctoris), Flemish musician, xvii. 82, 83. Tinctures, in heraldry, xi. 691. Tindal, Matthew, English deist, xxm. 403; on natural religion, Vil. 35. Tinder, for obtaining fire, xv. 625. Tinder-Ore, mineral, xvi. 388. Tindjil, island, Java, xm. 600. Tinea Granella, wheat pest, xxiv. 536. Tinea Tonsurans, or Ringworm, disease, xviii. 269; xxii. 124. Tin-Foil, tin in thin sheets, xxiii. 401. Tinghae, town, Chusan, China, v. 767. Tingis, ancient town, North Africa, xv. 637; xxiii. 46. Tin Islands, of ancient Britain, iv. 352. Tinkal, mineral, xvi. 396. Tinker, bird, xi. 262; xx. 302. Tinkershire, bird, xi. 262. Tin Mining, xvi. 452; xxiii. 400. Tinne, Alexandrine, Dutch traveller in Africa, xxiii. 404.

439 Tinned Foods, xix. 708. Tinnevelli, district, India, xxiii. 404; town, xxiii. 405; pearl fishery of, xviii. 447. Tinneys, American Indians, xn. 827. Tinnunculus, genus of birds, xiv. 53. Tinplate, xiii. 357. Tinstone, xxiii. 400. Tinta Wine, Madeira, xv. 178; xxiv. 609. Tintern Abbey, Monmouthshire, England, xvi. 754. Tintoretto, 11 (Jacopo Robusti), Italian painter, xx. 608. Tiphsah (Thapsacus), Mesopotamia, Bridge over Euphrates at, xvi. 49. Tippecanoe, United States, Battle of (1811), xxiii. 759. Tipperah, district, British India, xxiii. 405; xi. 820. Tipperary, county, Ireland, xxiii. 405; town, xxiii. 406. Tippermuir, Scotland, Battle of (1644), XVI. 796; XXI. 513. Tippler, for emptying mining waggons, xvi. 455. Tippoo Sahib, sultan of Mysore, India, xxiii. 406; xil. 803; library of, XIV. 533Tiptoft, John, earl of Worcester, deputy in Ireland, vm. 330; xm. 261. Tipton, town, England, xxiii. 406. Tipu (Tippoo, q.v.), XII. 803. Tipula Oleracea, wheat pest, xxiv. _ 535Tiraboschi, Girolamo, Italian historian, xxiii. 407. Tirano, town, North Italy, xxiv. 45. Tirant lo Blanch, romance, xx. 658. Tiraqueau, Andre, French jurist, xx. 194. Tiravalur, Tanjore, India, Temple of, 11. 396. Tirconail, ancient division, Ireland, vil. 362. Tiresias, of Greek legend, xxm. 407. TlRHUT, or Tirhoot, district, India, xxiii. 407. Tiribazus, satrap of Sardis, xviii. 578. Tirich Mir, mountain, Afghanistan, xi. 838. TlRiDATES, king of Armenia, XVII. 350. , Arsaces, king of Parthia, xviii. 588. II., of Parthia, XVIII. 598. Tirlemont, town, Belgium, xxiii. 407. Tirso de Molina (Gabriel Tellez), Spanish dramatist, xxiii. 157; vn. 421; xxii. 359. Tirsuli Gandak, district, Tibet, xxm. 34iTirumala Nayak, ruler of Madura, India, XV. 193. Tirumangalam, town, India, xv. 192. Tirupatur, town, India, xxi. 210. Tiruvaleswarampet, part of Madras city, India, xv. 188.

440 Tiruvasakam, Tamil hymns, xxm. 43. Tiruvaymoli, Tamil hymns, xxm. 44. Tiryns, or Tirynth, ancient town, Greece, xxili. 407; xvn. 115; Cyclopean wall at, II. 345, 402. Tischendorf, Lohegott Friedrich Konstantin, German Biblical critic, xxm. 409. Tisias, Greek rhetorician, xx. 509. (Stesichorus), Greek poet, XXII. 543Tisio, or Tisi, Benvenuto, Italian painter, xxiii. 409. Tisiphone, one of the Furies, vm. 524. ’Tis Pity She’s a Whore, Ford’s tragedy, IX. 395. Tissaphernes, satrap of Sardis, xvin. 575Tissues, Animal, xn. 4; 1. 842; xix. 12; unity of, xx. 420. , Vegetable, xn. 10; IV. 83. Tista, river, India, xxn. 51. Tit, ancient town, Morocco, xvi. 831. Tit an 1 A, queen of the fairies, xvn. 704. Titanium, chemical element, xxm. 410; v. 538; xxiv. 627. Titanomorphite, mineral, xvi. 426. Titans, of Greek mythology, xxm. 410; x. 571; xvii. 155; xxi. 320. Tite, Sir William, on ancient London, xiv. 841. Tithe Commutation Act (1836), English, its effects on agriculture, 1. 304Tithes, of Scripture, XXIII. 410; XIV. 488. , in law, xxiii. 411. Tithing, division of county, England, vi. 513; xvii. 29. Tithonus, in Greek mythology, xxiii. 4i3Titian (Tiziano Vecellio), Italian painter, xxiii. 413; xx. 609; xxi. 436; his manner of colouring, xvm. 139. Titi Bansa, mountains, Malay Peninsula, xv. 321. Titicaca, Lake, Bolivia and Peru, iv. 11; xiv. 217; xviii. 673. Tities, early Roman tribe, xx. 732. Titlark, bird, xix. 112. Title, to land, xx. 307; register of, xx. 342Titles, Abbreviations of, 1. 28. of Courtesy, British, xix. 665. of Honour, xxiii. 417. Titlis, mountain, Switzerland, xxm. 858. Titmouse, bird, xxiii. 418. Titterstone Clee Hill, England, xxi. 847. Titulus Honorarius, honorary inscription, xiii. 128. Titurel, Wolfram’s love-tale, xxiv. 632. Titus, of Scripture, xxm. 420. , Epistle to, xviii. 348. (Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasi-

T I R— T O L anus), Roman emperor, xxm. 419; as general in Judiea, xm. 428. Titus Andronicus, Shakespeare’s play, xxi. 763. Titusville, town, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., xxiil 420; xviii. 713, Tiumen, or Tyumen, town, Siberia, XXIIL 714. Tiverton, town, England, xxiil 421. Tivoli, town, Italy, xxiil 421; xiv. 344; xx. 792; temple of Vesta at, 11. 417. T1 XT la, town, Mexico, XL 248. Tiyari, Nestorian district, Kurdistan, xvii. 357. Tizgi, town, Sahara, Africa, XXL 149. Tiziano, or Titian (q.v.), Italian painter, xxiil 413. , Marco di, Italian painter, XXIIL 416. Tizio, Sigismondo, Sienese chronicler, xxii. 43. Tjeribon, or Cheribon, town, Java, v. 585; xiii. 606. Tji Andjur, town, Java, xm. 606. Tjilatjap, town, Java, xm. 606. Tjitjalengka, town, Java, xm. 606. TjOMO, island, Norway, xvn. 576. Tlacatecolotl, Mexican deity, xvi. 211. Tlalocs, Mexican deities, xvi. 212. Tlaxcala, town, Mexico, xxiil 421; xvi. 214; state, xvi. 214. Tlaxcaltecs, ancient Mexican race, xxiil 421. Tlemcen, toAvn, Algeria, xxiil 422. Tloquenahuaque, Mexican deity, xvi. 211. Tlos, ancient town, Lycia, IX. 67; XV. 93Tmetotrogon, genus of birds, xxiil 584. Tmolus, Gold mines of, Asia Minor, xv. 99. Tmoutorakan, Khazar principality, South Russia, xiv. 60. Toad, amphibian, xxiil 422; structure of, I. 751; Californian, XIV. 736. Tobacco, plant and narcotic, xxiil 423; adulterations of, I. 174; culture, in Philippine Islands, xvni. 751; in United States, xxiil 824; in Kentucky, U.S A., xiv. 43 ; in Virginia, U.S.A., xxiv. 260; of Cuba, vi. 681; of India, xil. 750. Pipe, xix. iio. Tobacco-Seed Oil, xvil 744. Tobago, island, West Indies, xxiil 427; birds of, III. 747. TOBERCURRY, town, Ireland, XXII. 159. Tobermorite, mineral, xvi. 421. Tobermory, town, Scotland, xvil 16. Tobias, son of Tobit, xxiil 427. , Children of, in priestly aristocracy of Israel, xm. 420. Tobique, river, New Brunswick, XVIL 373-

Tobit, Book of, in Apocrypha, xxm. 427; 11. 181. Tobol, steppe, Siberia, xxiil 429; river, XVIII. 549. Tobolsk, government, Russia in Asia, xxiil 428; town, xxiil 430. Tocantins, river, Brazil, iv. 221. Tochari, Central Asian- nomads, xviii. 594, 600, 603, 606. Tocornaclite, mineral, xvi. 384. Tocqueville, Alexis Henri Charles Cherel, Comte de, French politician, XXIIL 430; IX. 675. To-dai-JI, Buddhist temple at Nara, Japan, xvil 229. Todas, tribe, India, xv. 185; xvil 509. Todeschini, Francesco (Pope Pius III.), xix. 153. Todleben, Eduard Ivanovich, Russian general, xxiil 431; xxi. 102. Todmorden, town, England, xxiil 43rTodt, R., German socialist, xxn. 216. Todte Gebirge, Austria, xxi. 241. Todus, genus of birds, xxiil 431. Tody, bird, xxiil 431. Toes, Anatomy of, 1. 830; redundancy of, XVI. 762; peculiarity of great toe in monkeys, II. 148. Toft, Thomas and Ralph, English potters, xix. 632. TOFUA, island, South Pacific, IX. 779. Toga, Roman article of dress, Vi. 456. Togatt;, in Roman comedy, vn. 411. TOGGENBURG, countship, Switzerland, XXL 168. Toghon, Kalmuk khan, xvi. 745. Timur Khan, emperor of China, xvi. 743. Toghrai, Arab poet, 11. 263. Toghrul Beg, Seljuk ruler, xxi. 634. Togo-Land, district, West Coast, Africa, XXIIL 432. Tohoroth, part of Mishnah, xvi. 505. Toilet Powders, xviii. 526. ToiSE, standard of length, in geodesic measurements, vn. 598, 605; xxii. 199. Toka, island, South Pacific, xv. 30. Tokat, town, Turkey, xxiil 432. Tokay, town, Hungary, xxiil 432; wine district, xvil 688; xxiv. 610. Token, The, American literary journal, XL 537. Money, xvi. 730; tokens in numismatics, xvil 656. Tokewanna Peak, Rocky Mountains, U.S.A., xxiil 796. Tokharistan, province, Central Asia, XVIII. 101. Tokio (Yedo), town, Japan, xxiil 432; xiii. 577. Tokolyi, Emeric, Hungarian noble, XU. 370Toktamish, Mongol khan, xvi. 747Toland, John, English deist, xxin.

t o L —t 0 r 441 434; VII. 34; his history of the Druids, Tombs, Ancient American, 11. 452; vn. 478. Chinese, 11. 449; ancient Egyptian, Tonnerre, town, France, xxiv. 746. Tonnistein, spa, Germany, xvi. 435. Toledo, province, Spain, xxm. 435. IL 387; vie 781; Etruscan, 11. 414; Scheibler’s, xxiii. 619. , town, Spain, xxm. 435; cathedral, Etruscan rock-hewn, v. 215; Greek Tonometer, Tonqua Bean, xxiii. 433; m. 461. 11. 433; councils of, xxii. 308; mas11. 412; Jewish, 11. 393; Persian, 11. Tonquin (Tong-King), French colony, sacre of (807), xxii. 310. 399; Pompeian, xix. 450; Roman, Eastern Asia, xxiii. 439; vi. 93. , town, Ohio, U.S.A., xxm. 436. 11. 419; xx. 831. Tons, river, India, xxii. 98. , Francisco de, viceroy of Peru, of the Caliphs, at Cairo, xvi. Tonsillitis, disease, xxiii. 320. xviii. 677. 865. , Juan Bautista de, Spanish architect, Tomek, Yaclatf Vladivoj, Bohemian Tonsils, Anatomy of the, 1. 8375 vii 222. viii. 540. historian, xxii. 153. Tolentino, Italy, Treaty of (1797), Tomi, ancient town, at mouth of Tonsure, Roman Catholic rite, xxiii. 443xvii. 197. Danube, Ovid at, xviii. 80. Toleration, Locke on, xiv. 755, Tomich, Pere, Catalan writer, xxii. 364. Tonti, Lorenzo, inventor of tontine insurance, xxiii. 444. 756; viii. 352. Tomillares, regions, Spain, xxii. 297. 1ONTINE, system of life insurance, Act, English, vm. 352; xx. 149; Tomini Bay, Celebes, v. 287. xxiii. 444; ix. 181. XXIII. 199. Tomino, town, Spain, xix. 455. Annuities, State, xvii. 244. Tolfa, Italy, Manufactory of alum at, Tom Jones, Fielding’s novel, viii. 430; Tonty, Henri de, French explorer, xiv. 1. 645. ix. 146. 318. Toli Monastir, town, Turkish Rou- Tomline, George Pretyman, Pitt’s Tooke, John Horne, English politician melia, xvi. 719. tutor, xix. 135. •' and philologer, xxiii. 444; on British Tolistobogii, tribe, Asia Minor, x. 18. Tomline’s Observatory, Orwell Park, finance, ix. 188. Tolkappiyam, Tamil grammar, xxin. England, xvii. 711. • Toolbrunup, mountain, Western Aus43Tommaseo, Niccolo, on St Catherine of tralia, xxiv. 507. Toll, in law, xxm. 436. Siena’s letters, v. 232. and Theam, Cinque Port right, Tommasi, Giugurta, Sienese historian, Tooloon, Mosque of, at Cairo, Egypt, II. 446. v. 786. xxii. 43. Tollendal, Baron de (Count de Lally), Tommyshops, for supply of goods to Tools, their early use, vm. 617; hand, xi. 436; machine, xv. 152; mining, French general, xiv. 226; xn. 800. labourers, xiv. 172. xvi. 444; turners’, xiv. 324. Tollens, Hendrik, Dutch poet, xil. Tompa, Mihaly, Hungarian poet, xxiii. Toomkoor, district and town, India, 97437; XII. 378. xxiii. 606. Tollenser See, lake, Prussia, xvn. Tomsk, government, Siberia, xxm. Toon, or Tun, town, Persia, xviii. 627. 360. 437; town, xxiii. 439. TOON-GYEEN, river, Siam, xxi. 850. Tolly, Michael Barclay de, Russian Tom Thumb, dwarf, vn. 568. Toorbut Hyderee (Turbat-i-Haidari), general, m. 370; xvii. 217. Tom-Tom, Indian drum, vn. 479. town, Persia, xviii. 627. Iolly’s Nala, canal, India, xxiii. Tonatiuh, Mexican deity, xvi. 211. Toorsheez (Turshiz), district and town, 673Tonbridge, town, England, xxiii. 606. Persia, xviii. 627. Tolo Bay, Celebes, v. 287. Tone, Theobald Wolfe, Irish leader, Tooth, xxii. 107. See also Teeth. Toloccan (Toluca), town, Mexico, xiii. 271. Powder, xviii. 526. xxiii. 437. Tone-Blocks, for printing, xxiii. 704. Tooth-Rash, disease, xxii. 122. Tolomei, Bernardo, founder of order of Tonegawa, river, Japan, xm. 572. Toov Tang, halls of ancestors, in Olivetans, xvii. 764. Tones, in music, 1. 108; xvii. 78, 105. Chinese towns, 11. 449. , Claudio, Sienese bishop, diplo, of human voice, xxiv. 275. matist, poet, and philologist, xxii. 43. Tonga, one of the Friendly Islands, Topaz, precious stone, xxiii. 446; xvi. 385, 408; cairngorms so called, iv. Tolosa (Toulouse), ancient town, France, South Pacific, ix. 779; taboo system 645. xxiii. 485. in, xxiii. 16. Topazion, precious stone, xviii. 534. , town, Guipuzcoa, Spain, xi. 265. Tongariro, mountain, New Zealand, Topdal Elv, river, Norway, xvii. 575. Tols, Sanskrit school at Nadiya, India, xvii. 466. Tope, fish, xn. 685; xxi. 774. xvii. 161. Tonga-tabu, island, Polynesia, ix. Topeka, town, Kansas, U.S.A., xxiii. Tolstoi, Counts, Russian writers, xxi. 7795 xix. 428. 446. 108. Tonge, Dr, his relations with Titus Topelius, Zakris, Finnish poet, xxii. Toltecs, people of ancient Mexico, 1. Oates, xvii. 697. 758. 686, 691, 705; xvi. 208; xxiv. 759. Tong-King, French colony, Eastern Topes, sacred edifices of India, 11. 394. Tolu, Balsam of, m. 293. Asia, xxiii. 439; vi. 93. Topffer, Rudolph, Swiss novelist, Toluca, town, Mexico, xxiii. 437; Tongue, Anatomy of the, 1. 895; sense xxii. 799. xvi. 214. of taste in, xxiii. 79; of apes, 11. 165; Tophet, of Scripture, xvi. 696. Toluene, product of coal-tar distilof mammals, xv. 361; of snakes, Topics, Aristotle’s work, 11. 515. lation, xxiii. 59. xxii. 190. Toplady, Augustus Montague, English Tolypeutes, genus of edentate mam- Tonic Sol-fa System, of musical hymn-writer, XII. 594. mals, xv. 387. notation, xvii. 100. Toplitz, town and spa, Bohemia, Tom, river, Siberia, xxiii. 439. Tonk, state, India, xx. 260. xxiii. 183. , Mount, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Tonka (or Tonqua) Bean, xxiii. 443; Topographic Maps, xv. 522. xv. 611; XXIII. 795. in. 461. Torah, The, of Israel, xiii. 398, 409; Tomaiki Bay, Celebes, v. 287. Tonle-Sap, lake, Siam, xxi. 851. xix. 729; authorship of, xviii. 513. Tomas, bishop of Strangnas, Swedish Tonnage, of ships, xxiii. 442. Torbanehill Mineral, xviii. 240. poet, xxii. 753. and Poundage, customs duties, Torbanite, mineral, xvi. 429. Tomato, vegetable, xn. 288. England, xxiii. 443; ix. 178. Torc, lake, Killarney, Ireland, xiv. 76. XXV. - 56

442

TOR — T 0 U

135; in relation to mythology, XVII. Torcello, island, Venice, xxm. 446; Torres Vedras, Portugal, Lines of, 144, 151; to names, xvil 169. viii. 563; ix. 431; xxiv. 495. basilican cathedral at, III. 418. TORREV, John, American botanist, Totila, Gothic king, xm. 797; xvii. Torch Thistle, tree, Chili, v. 623. xxiil 452. 233Torell, William, English sculptor, Torrhebus, mythic king of Lydia, Totleben, Eduard Ivanovich, Russian xxi. 558. general, xxiil 431. xv. 99. TorFjEUS, Thormod, Icelandic historian, Torriani, Milanese ruling family, XVI. Totma, town, Russia, xxiv. 283. xil. 626. Totness, Earl of, writer on Ireland, v. TORGAU, town, Prussia, XXlll. 447; 293. 101. Torricelli, Evangelista, Italian phybattle of (1760), in. 129. Toto, leader of a revolt at Rome, xx. sicist and mathematician, xxiil 452; Torghatten, island, Norway, xvn. 786. his experiments on air-pressure, XIX. 576. 241; his invention of the barometer, Tottel’s Miscellany, xxil 695. TORGOCH, fish, XXL 223. in. 381; his law of velocities of fluids, Tottenham, suburb of London, xxiii. TORGOD, Mongol tribe, IV. 710; XVI. 476. XIL 435. 745> 749Toucan, bird, xxiil 476. Toribio, St, Peruvian archbishop, Torricellian Vacuum, xxiil 453. Touch, Sense of, xxiil 478; xi. 554; Torrid Zone, in geography, x. 199. xviii. 675. nerves of, in man, 1. 897; organs of, Tories, English political party, vm. Torrigiano, Pietro, Italian sculptor, In fishes, xil 653; in mammals, XV, xxiii. 453; xxi. 560. 35°) 353, 358, 359; xxiv. 540. 367, 407Tormaseff, Russian general, xvn. Torrington, Viscount (George Byng), , of minerals, xvi. 379. iv. 603. 217. Torroge, Arnold de, grand-master of Touchstone, xvl 389. Tormes, river, Spain, XXL 203. Toucouleurs, Negro race, Senegambia, Knights Templars, xxiil 161. Tormoham, suburb of Torquay, EngXXL 662. Torse, in geometry, xxn. 669. land, xxill. 451. Toughened Glass, Manufacture of, x. Torsha, river, India, xxil. 51. Tornadoes, hurricanes, xvi. 129; in 666. TORSHOK, town, Russia, xxiii. 454, North America, xxm. 807. Toul, town, France, xxiil 483. 672. Tornatella, genus of Mollusca, xvi. Torsion, in physics, vn. 810; xxil Toulon, town, France, xxiil 483. 655. 605; in connexion with magnetization, Toulouse, ancient county, France, xiv. Torone, town, Macedonia, xv. 138. 287; list of counts, xxiil 486. xv. 270. Toronto, town, Ontario, Canada, xxiii. , town, France, xxiil 484; academy Balances, hi. 267; electric, vm. 447; climate of, IV. 771; university, of floral games at, 1. 69; observatory, 18. xxiii. 856. XVII. 712; university, XXIIL 838. Tort, in law, xxiil 454; vi. 587; in Toropets, town, Russia, xx. 36. TOUNG-NGU, district and town, Burmah, relation to partnership, xvni. 331. Torpedo, explosive apparatus, xxm. xxiil 486. Tort-Col (Wryneck), Henry, duke of 449; xvii. 285. Touques, river, France, xvin. 1. Lancaster, xiv. 255. , genus of fishes, XII. 649; xx. 299; electricity in, VIII. 3, 8; organs of Tortoise, reptile, xxiil 455, olfactory Tour, Cagnard de la, his syren, 1. 109. organs of, xxil 166; classification of touch in, xxill. 478. , Jacques de la, abbot of La Trappe, the group, XX. 441, 445. Boat, xvii. 285; xxm. 451. xxiil 524. Beetle, vi. 134. Torquatus, Titus Manlius, Roman , Maurice Quentin de la, French Tortoiseshell, xxiil 460; combs consul, xv. 492. pastel painter, xxiil 486. made of, VI. 178. , Titus Manlius Imperiosus, Roman Tortola, island, West Indies, xxiv. Touraco, bird, xxiil 487. consul, xv. 492. TOURBILLION, in pyrotechny, XX. 261. Torquay, town, England, xxiii. 136. Torton, Peter, his longevity, xiv. 4511 TOURCOING, town, France, xxiii. 858. Torquemada, Juan de, cardinal, 488. Tortona, town, Italy, xxiil 460. learned Dominican, xxm. 452. TOURGUENIEFF, Ivan, Russian novelist, Tortosa, town, Spain, xxiil 460. , Tomas de, inquisitor-general, XXIIL 488; XXL 108. xxiil. 452; xiii. 93; his rules for Tortricid/E, family of snakes, xxil Tourmaline, mineral, x. 228; xvi. 192. torture, xxm. 463. 409; electric properties of, vm. 8, 99; Torre Abbey, at Torquay, England, Tortrix Pilleriana, vine pest, xxiv. polarity of, xix. 313. 238. xxiil 451. Tournai, town, Belgium, xxiil 488. Torre Annunziata, town, Italy, Torture, Legal aspects of, xxiil 460; Tournaments, medueval combats, in China, v. 669. xxiil 452. xxiil 489; Eglinton tournament Torre de Ceredo, mountain, Spain, Tory Island, Ireland, xm. 216. (1839), vii. 699. Tory Party, in England, vm. 350, xxii. 294. Tournay, town, Belgium, xxiil 488. Torre del Greco, town, Italy, xxiil 353) 358; xxiv. 540. Tournebout, musical instrument, Tosephto, piece of Jewish literature, 452. xxiil 489. xvi. 506. Torrelavega, town, Spain, xxi. 297. Tournefort, Joseph Pittonde, French Tostig, earl of Northumbria, vm. 290, Torrens, river, South Australia, xxn. botanist, xxiil 490; his classification 291; xi. 485, 486. 284. of plants, iv. 79. Total Abstinence Societies, xxiil , Robert, English economist, xix. Tourneur, Cyril, English tragic poet, 159. 377xxiii. 490. Totanus, genus of birds, XL 173; XX. Torrent Duck, bird, xvi. 36. Tourniquet, surgical instrument, xxii. 317; xxi. 260. Torres, Luis Vaez de, Spanish navi676. Totapelakanda, mountain, Ceylon, v. gator, in. 103; x. 185. Tours, town, France, xxiil 491; defeat 359Straits, between New Guinea and of Saracens near (732), v. 428. Totemism, xxiil 467; xv. 91; XXL Australia, xvii. 386; xx. 171.

T O U —T R A Tous-les-Mois, variety of arrowroot, II. 631. TOUSOON Beg, his expedition against the Wahhahees, 11. 261; vn. 764. TOUSSAINT LOUVERTURE, Pierre Dominique, Haytian liberator, xxm. 492; XL 545; XXII. 140. Touzla, river, Turkey in Asia, xxm. 578. Tovi, Danish thane, xxiv. 340. Tow, of flax, ix. 298; xiv. 665. Tower, in architecture, 11. 474. , The, London, XIV. 839, 843. , Beauchamp, his spherical steamengine, xxii. 516. Hamlets, district, London, xiv. 821. OF Babel, Legends of, ill. 179. Towers, Bound, xxi. 22; of Ireland, 11. 429; at Abernethy, Scotland, 1. 46. Toweyk, mountains, Arabia, 11. 239. Town, Towns, iv. 62; v. 796; xvn. 27; American, xxiil. 731, 827; English, growth of, VIII. 276, 303. Towneley Plays, early English collection, wn. 414. Town-Moot, Saxon, xviii. 302. Townshend, Second Viscount, English statesman, xxiil 492. , Charles, English politician, xxiil 493Townshend’s Acts (1767), English, xxiil 738. Township, Legal theory of the, xiv. 365; in relation to parish, xvin. 295; American, xxiil 731, 827; English, viii. 273. Tow-Path, by canals, iv. 785. To WTO N, England, Battle of (1461), vii. 685; xxiv. 381. Towyn, town, Wales, xvi. 39. Toynbee, Arnold, English economist, xix. 399. Toxic Diseases, xviii. 406. Toxicology, branch of medicine, xv. 796; xix. 275. Toxophilite Society, The Royal, 11. 375Trabisonda, Italian poem, xx. 653. Tracery, in architecture, 11. 475. Trachea, respiratory organ, xx. 475; in relation to the voice, xxiv. 273; of mammals, xv. 365. Tracheata, class of Arthropoda, xvn. 116. Trachelia, group of beetles, VI. 133. Trachinit:, Sophocles’s drama, xxn. 273Trachinus, genus of fishes, xxiv. 477. Trachis, town, ancient Greece, xxiil 494. TRACHOMEDUSiE, order of Hydrozoa, xii. 562. Trachonitis, province, Bashan, m. 410. Trachylite, rock, x. 235.

Trachypterid/e, family of fishes, xvn. 694. Trachypterus, genus of fishes, xx. 53rTrachystomata, genus of Amphibia, xxii. 97. Trachyte, rock, x. 234. Tractarianism, in Church of England, viii. 378; xx. 117; Keble’s relation to, xiv. 25. Tractates, Early controversial, xviii. 204. Traction, on railways, xx. 246; on tramways, xxiil 507. , Effect of, on magnetization, xv. 269. , Electric, xxiil 494. Engines, xxii. 522, Tracts, xviii. 204. for the Times, xiv. 25; xx. 117. Tract Societies, xxiil 494. Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude Destutt, Comte de, French philosopher, xxiil 497Trade, or Commerce, VI. 196; balance of, xix. 354; international, xxiv. 51; Sir Dudley North’s paradoxes on, xvii. 555; commercial societies, xxn. 227. , Board of, English, xxiil 497; its early restrictions on American industries, xxiil 733, 736. Corporations, Monopolies of, 11. 213. Councils, xxiil 501. Trade-Guilds, xi. 261. Trade Marks, xxiil 498. Tradescant, John, founder of museum, Oxford, xvill. 95; his collection of rarities, XL 338. Tradesmen, in relation to labour, xiv. 166. Trade Unions, xxiil 499; vi. 181; rise of, 11. 213; effect of, on wages, XXIV. 311; in relation to tariff protection, IX. 759; in United States, xxiil 786. Trade-Winds, The, xvi. 143; their influence on climate of America, I. 675. Trading-Companies, Acts dealing with, vi. 222. Tradition, in relation to history, xn. 19. Trafalgar, Spain, Battle of (1805), vi. 146; viii. 363; ix. 615; xvii. 323. Tragacanth, gum, XL 275. Tragedy, vii. 395. Tragulina, group of ungulate mammals, xv. 430. Trained Bands, of London, xxiv. 293. Training, Physical, XL 348; diet for, vil. 203; of horses, XII. 188. Walls, of rivers, xx. 577. Train of Ideas, in psychology, xx. 62; 11. 730. Train Oil, xxiv. 529. Trains, of mechanism, xv. 762.

443 Trains, Railway, xx. 246. Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Traianus), Roman emperor, xxiil 502; xx. 772; colleague of emperor Nerva, xvil. 353; his conquests in Armenia and Parthia, XVlll. 603; his relations with Pliny the Younger, xix. 226; arch of, at Benevento, m. 561; basilica of, at Rome, ill. 413; bridge of, across the Danube, iv. 329; column of, at Rome, xx. 827; wall of, in Bessarabia, ill. 615. Trajectory, of projectiles, xi. 301. Trakehnen, Prussia, Government stud at, xx. 20. Tralee, town, Ireland, xxiil 505. Trallianus, Alexander, Byzantine physician, XV. 804. Tramore, town, Ireland, xxiv. 401. Tramway, xxiil 506; electric, xxiil 495) 5°8; locomotive engines for, XXII. 522; early tramroads, XX. 223. Trance, xv. 277; xxii. 154. Trani, town, Italy, xxiil 509. Tranquebar, town, India, xxiil 509. Trans-Alai Mountains, Turkestan, XXIIL 633. Transbaikalia, province, Siberia, xxiil 509. Transcaspian Region, Russia, xxiil 5u. Transcaucasia, Russia, xxiil 513. Transcendentalism, its affinity with mysticism, xvil 135; Kant on, xm. 853TRANSCENDENTALPHILOSOPHIE,Schelling’s, XXL 393. Transept, in architecture, 11. 475. Transfer Paper, Lithographic, xiv. 698. Transformation, Animal, xv. 91. Transit Circle, astronomical instrument, xxiil 515, 146. Transit Instruments, ii. 766; x. 165; xxil. 719; xxiil 146, 515; Roomer’s invention of, XX. 620. Transits, of Venus, 11. 791, 796; xviii. 247; stellar, 11. 766. Transkei (Kaffraria), territory, South Africa, xm. 816. Transmigration of Souls, xv. 91; XVI. 106; Pythagorean doctrine of, xx. 139. Compare Metempsychosis and Soul. Transom, in architecture, 11. 475. Transoxiana, region, Central Asia, XVIII. 101; Timur’s rule in, xxm. 399Transpiration, in plants, XIX. 46. Transplanting, in horticulture, xn. 214, 239. Transport, Military, xxiv. 349; transport service of British army, II. 582. Transportation, of convicts, xix. 748, 750; to Siberia, xxil 10. Transubstanti ATION, Eucharistic doctrine, VIII. 653; opposed by Beren-

444 garius, ill. 585; Luther’s views on, xv. 81. Transvaal, country, South Africa, xxiii. 516; 1. 270. Transverse Flute, xxiii. 519. Transylvania, principality, AustriaHungary, xxiii. 521; xil. 361; conquest of, by Walachia, xxi. 17; Unitarianism in, xxiii. 725. Trap, for drain, 1 v. 467; for water-pipe, xxi. 714. Trapani, town, Sicily, xxiii. 522. Trapassi, Pietro (Metastasio), Italian dramatist and poet, xm. 513; xvi. 103. Trapeziums, Mensuration of, xvi. 15. Trapezus (Trebizond), town, Asia Minor, xix. 459; xxiii. 533. Trappists, monastic order, xxiii. 522. Traquair Castle, Peeblesshire, Scotland, xviii. 452. Trasimene, Lake, Italy, xm. 440; battle of (217 B.C.), xi. 442. Tras-os-Montes, province, Portugal, xxiii. 525. Trastamara, Henry of, king of Castile, xiv. 255. Trausnitz, Castle of, Bavaria, xiv. 281. Travancore, state, India, xxiii. 525. Traveller, The, Goldsmith’s poem, x. 762. Traveller’s Song, Anglo-Saxon poem, viii. 403. Traveller’s Tree, in Madagascar, xv. 170. Travemunde, dependency of Liibeck, Germany, XV. 33. Travers, Anne, mistress of Edward III. of England, vn. 684. , W. T. L., on New Zealand birds, xvii. 469. , Yal de, NeucMtel, Switzerland, xvii. 361; asphalt of, 11. 716. Traverses, in fortification, ix. 445. Traverse Table, in navigation, xvii. 264. Traversing,- as basis for survey, xxn. 705Travertine, Koman building stone, xx. 808. Trawling, mode of fishing, ix. 246. Trayle, or Vignette, in architecture, 11. 475Treadle, of loom, xxiv. 464; ancient, xxiii. 206. Tread-Mill, or Treadwheel, in prison discipline, xix. 755; its invention by Cubitt, vi. 683. Treason, in law, xxiii. 525; vi. 588; in United States, xxiii. 751. Treasurer, Lord High, of Great Britain, XXII. 458. Treasure-Trove, Law relating to, xxiii. 530. Treasury, English state department, xxii. 458. Treat, Captain Robert, early settler,

t r a —t r1 Newark, New Jersey, U.S.A., xvii. 371Treaties, contracts between states, xxiii. 530. Trebbia, river, Italy, xm. 436; battle of (218 B.C.), xx. 749. Trebellius Pollio, Augustan historian, in. 74. Trebizond, town, Turkey in Asia, xxiii. 533; province, xxiii. 653. , Empire of, xxiii. 533. Tredegar, town, England, xxiii. 534. Trediakovski, Basil, Russian poet, XXL 106. Tree-Creeper, bird, xxiii. 534. Tree-Fern, xxiii. 534; ix. 102. Tree-Frog, ix. 795, 797. Tree of Life, of paradise, 1. 137, 138. Tree of Life, arbor vitse, 11. 313. Trees, in forestry, ix. 397; culture of, II. 314, 321; garden, XII. 260; large, in California, iv. 704; xxi. 673; xxiii. 809; large, in Victoria, xxiv. 217. Tree Snakes, xxii. 195. Tregelles, Samuel Prideaux, English New Testament scholar, xxiii. 535. T re lawny, Captain Edward John, friend of Shelley, XXL 792. Tremarec, Kerguelen, French navigator, xiv. 49. Trematoda, division of worms, xxiii. 535; their relation to tape-worms, xxiii. 54; parasitic forms, xviii. 259. Trembecki, Stanislaus, Polish poet, xix. 303. Trembley, Abraham, Swiss naturalist, xxiv. 806. Tremelai, Bernard de, master of Knights Templars, xxiii. 160. Tremellini, suborder of Fungi, ix. 832. Premiere, ancient tribe, Asia Minor, xv. 92. Tremiti Islands, Italy, xm. 441. Tremolite, mineral, xvi. 417. Tremolophone, Girard’s, musical instrument, x. 620. Tremont, peninsula, site of Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., iv. 72, Trench, Richard Chenevix, archbishop of Dublin, xxiii. 540. Trenches, in fortification, ix. 430. Trenching, of land, 1. 335. Trenck, Franz, Baron von der, Austrian commander, xxiii. 541. , Friedrich, Freiherr von der, German adventurer, xxiii. 542. Trendelenburg, Friedrich Adolf, German philosopher, xxiii. 542; on the categories, v. 225. Trent, river, England, xvii. 598. , town, Austria, xxiii. 543. , Council of (1545-62), xxiii. 543; v. 416; xix. 153, 504; decrees and canons of, vi. 564; Pallavicini’sHistory of, xviii. 189; Sarpi’s History of, xxi. 312.

Trent Affair, between England and United States, xxiii. 775 ; Lincoln’s part in, xiv. 661. Trenton, town, New Jersey, U.S.A., xxiii. 552; battle of (1776), xxiii. 743Falls, New York, U.S.A., xvii. 451. Trent River Canal, Canada, xxi. 180. Trepang, or Tripang, edible echinoderm, ill. 477; vn. 639; fisheries, ix. 268. Trephining, in surgery, xxii. 689. Treschow, Niels, Norse philosopher, xvii. 590. Tresco, one of the Scilly Isles, England, xxi. 465. Trespass, in law, xxiii. 552. PRESSURE, in heraldry, xi. 697. Tretenterata, group of Brachiopoda, iv. 189, 194. Tretum, promontory, Numidia, xvii. 627. Treuga Dei, or Truce of God, xxiii. 590; ix. 537. Treves, town, Rhenish Prussia, xxiii. 552; university, xxiii. 842. Treviranus, Gottfried Reinhold, German naturalist, xxiii. 553 ; on evolution, vm. 748. Treviso, town, Italy, xxiii. 554; university, xxiii. 837. Trevithick, Richard, improver of steam-engine, xxiii. 554; xxii. 476. Triads, The, in Welsh literature, v. 316. Trial, in law, xxiii. 555. Trialogus, Wycliffe’s work, xxiv. 711. Triangles, Measurement of, xxiii. 561; xvi. 14; geometrical relations of, x- 377Triangular Numbers, Tables of, xxiii. 8. Triangulation, in geodesy, vn. 597, 599; x. 163, 167; xv. 522; in surveying, xxii. 697. Trianons, pavilions, Versailles, France, xxiv. 177. Triassic Rocks, in geology, x. 352. Tribe, Tribes, among primitive races, ix. 20; grouping in, viii. 619; Irish and Gaelic, v. 799. Tribes of Israel, Settlement of the, xviii. 512. Tribonian, Roman jurist, xxiii. 555; xm. 793. Tribonyx, genus of birds, xvi. 808. Triboulet, French jester, IX. 367. Tribunate, Roman, xx. 736, 771. Tribune, Roman public officer, xxiii. 556. Tribute, in state finance, ix. 171. Tricamarum, near Carthage, North Africa, Battle of (533), xxiv. 59. Trichechus, genus of carnivorous mammals, xv. 443; xxiv. 337.

t R l —t r o

445 Trichina, genus of nematode worms, Trimountaine, former name of Boston, Tristan, romance, xx. 644, 647. xvii. 325; xviii. 270; xxiv. 206. Massachusetts, U.S.A., iv. 72. da Cunha, islands, South Atlantic, Trichinopoli, district and town, India, Trincomalee, town, Ceylon, xxiii xxiii. 576; in. 18. xxiii. 559. 573und Isolde, Wagner’s opera, xxiv Trichinosis, disease, xvm. 270; in Tringa, genus of birds, xiv. 129; xxi. the pig, xxiv. 206. 3i5260. und Isolt, Gottfried’s poem, x. Trichocephalus, genus of nematode Tringganu, district, Malay Peninsula 854. worms, xvii. 325; xxiv. 206. xv. 322. Trichomes, epidermal appendages of Trinidad, island, West Indies, xxiii. Tristearin, glyceride, x. 697; xvil 740. plants, iv. 90. 573> asphalt lake in, 11. 7155 birds TRISTOMEA2, family of trematode Trichoptera, group of insects, xm. of, III. 747. worms, xxiii. 539. 151. Trinitarians, religious order, xxiii Tristram, or Tristan, romance, xx. Trichosoma, genus of nematode worms, 574644, 647. xvii. 325. Trinity, Doctrine of the, xxiii. 239, , Henry Baker, on birds, XVlii. 33. Trichys, genus of rodent mammals, 248; in Taoism, xiv. 297. Shandy, Sterne’s book, xxil 542. xix. 518. , Clarke’s Scripture Doctrine of v Trithemius, John, writer on cryptoTricks, in white magic, xv. 207. 811. graphy, vi. 669. Tricladida, tribe of planarian worms, College, Cambridge, iv. 730; Trithionic Acid, v. 507. xix. 171, 174. Bentley’s reforms in, m. 579. Triticum, genus of plants, xxiv. 531. Triclasite, mineral, xvi. 418. College, Dublin, vn. 498. Tritogenea, epithet of Athena, 11 Tricolor, French flag, ix. 279, 598. College, Oxford, xviii. 97. 830. Triconodon, fossil mammal, xv. Hall, Cambridge, iv. 731. Tritomite, mineral, xvi. 425. 376. House, English corporation, xxm. Triton, genus of reptiles, xxiii. 577; Tricoupis, Spiridion, Greek historian, 574; xiv. 831. 1. 768; its similarity to the siredon, xi. 152. Sunday, xxiii. 574. xxil 96. Tric-Trac, game, in. 199. Triolein, glyceride, x. 697; xvn. 740. , genus of Mollusca, xvi. 650. Tricycle, xxiii. 559. Triolets, form of verse, in early French Tritonis, epithet of Athena, 11. 830. Tridentini, Rlnetian people, xx. 505. literature, ix. 644. Tridentum (Trent), ancient town, Trionychid^e, family of chelonian Triumph, Roman public honour, xxm. 577Austria, xxm. 543. reptiles, XXIII. 457. Tridymite, mineral, xvi. 389; xxn. Trionyx, genus of turtles, xxm. 457, Triumphal Arches, at Rome, 11. 419; xx. 830. 53459Triumph of Life, Shelley’s poem, xxi. Trier (Treves, q.v.), town, Rhenish Tripalmitin, glyceride, xvii. 740. 794Prussia, xxm. 552. Tripang, or Trepang, edible echino- Triumpilini, Rhsetian people, xx. 505. Triers, Puritan ecclesiastical examiners, derm, Hi. 477; vn. 639; fisheries, ix. Triumviri, or Triumvirate, Roman, 11. viii. 378. 268. 141; in. 79; xx. 765, 768. Trieste, town, Austria-Hungary, xxm. Tripe de Roche, lichen, xiv. 560. Trivandrum, town, India, xxiii. 577; 560; hi. 121. Triphylia, ancient state, Greece, xvii observatory at, xvii. 716. Triewald, Samuel von, Swedish 766. Trivium, mediaeval academic course, satirist, xxn. 755. Triphylite, mineral, xvi. 404. xx. 515. Trifels, castle, Bavaria, prison of Triphylline, mineral, xiv. 697. Troad, district, Asia Minor, xxm. 577; Richard Coeur de Lion, 11. 147. Triple Alliance, The (1668), ix. 576. XVII. 122; coins of, xvii. 646. Triforium, in architecture, 11. 475. Triple Tradition, of the Gospels, x. Troades, Euripides’s play, vm. 676. Trigger-Fish, ix. 161. 792. Trocedorfius, Valentin Friedland, Trigla, genus of fishes, xi. 332. Triplite, mineral, xvi. 407. German teacher, xxm. 588. Triglyph, in architecture, 11. 475, 403. Triploidite, mineral, xvi. 405. Trochilid^e, family of birds, XII. 357. Trigonella, genus of herbs, ix. 76. Tripods, Street of, at Athens, m. 7. Trochu, Louis Jules, French general, Trigonocephalus, genus of snakes, Tripoli, state, North Africa, xxm. ix. 627. XXII. 199. 5745 1-265; conquest of, by the Turks, Trocmi, ancient tribe, Asia Minor, x. 18. Trigonometrical Survey, of India, xxiii. 643; Jews in, xm. 687; town, Trogerite, mineral, xvi. 406. xxii. 696; x. 163. xxiii. 575; 1. 265. Troglodytes, ancient cave-dwellers, Trigonometrical Tables, xxiii. 9. , town, Syria, xxiii. 576. xxiii. 583. Trigonometry, in mathematics, xxiii. Tripolitza, town, Greece, xxm. 576. , genus of apes, II. 149. 561; use of, in surveying, xxii. 696; Tripos List, Cambridge, vm. 778. , genus of birds, xxiv. 688. Hipparchus and Ptolemy’s discoveries Trippkeite, mineral, xvi. 408. Trogon, bird, xxiii. 583; xx. 179. in, xx. 87. Triptolemus, Sophocles’s drama, xxil. Trogosita Mauritanica, wheat pest, Trilobite, crustacean, vi. 659. 272. xxiv. 536. Trim, town, Ireland, xv. 669; Irish Triptychs, three-leaved writing tablets, Trogulides, family of arachnids, 11. parliament at, xm. 261. Vli. 257; inscribed, xviii. 143. 279. Trimera, group of insects, vi. 134; xm. Trireme, ancient ship, xxi. 806. Trogus, Cnaeus Pompeius, Roman his150. Trisagion, doxology, vn. 384. torian, xxiii. 584; xiii. 791. TrimerelliDjE, family of Brachiopoda, Trismegistus, Hermes, of Egyptian Troia, ancient town, Portugal, xxi. IV. 194. mythology and Greek literature, xi. 697. Trimeresurus, genus of snakes, xxn. 75°. Troilus and Cressida, romance, xx. 199. Trismus, or Lockjaw, xxm. 200. 639Trimontium (Philippopolis), Roman Trissino, Gian Giorgio, Italian poet, Troilus and Cressida, Shakespeare’s town, Thrace, xvni. 753. Xiii. 509. play, xxi. 764.

446

T R 0 —T S U

431. See also articles Belief and Troitsk, monastery, Russia, xxi. 676. Trous-de-Loup, in fortification, IX. Scepticism. , town, Russia, xxill. 584; xvn. 424Truths, The Four Great, of Buddhism, Trousers, worn by Roman soldiers, 826; xviii. 515. iv. 428. VI. 457. Troitze-Serghievsk, town, Russia, Trout, fish, xn. 693; xxi. 221, 225; Truvor, Bussian chief, xxi. 87. xxi. 675. Truxillo, town, Honduras, xil. 130. angling for, II. 41. Troki, town, Russia, xxiv. 234. , town, Peru, XVIII. 674. Trollhattan, waterfall, Sweden, xxn. Trouville, town, France, xxm. 589. Trygon, genus of fishes, xx. 299. Trover, in law, xxm. 589. 737Trollope, Anthony, English novelist, Trowbridge, town, England, xxm. Tryolite, mineral, xvi. 406. Tryon, William, governor of North xxiii. 585. 589Carolina, U.S.A., xvii. 562,- xxiii. Troy, ancient town, Asia Minor, xxiii. , Frances, English authoress, xxm. 8 577; coins of, xvii. 646; of the Iliad, 7395 5, xii. 117; Schliemann’s researches, 11. Trypho, Syrian usurper, xm. 423. TrombidiiDjE, or Tromhidides, famdy , the Jew, Justin Martyr’s dialogue of mites, 11. 276; xvi. 528. 34iwith, xili. 790. , tow, New York, U.S.A., xxm. Trombone, musical instrument, xxiii. Trypograph, for manifold writing, 590. 586. xxiv. 698. , West, town, New York, U.S.A., Tromlitz, George, improver of GerTrypsin, alimentary secretion, xvii. xxiv. 517. man flute, xxill. 520. 671; xix. 18. , Legend of, romance, xx. 637. Tromoen, island, Norway, xvn. 576. , Jean Frangois de, French painter, Trypsinogen, alimentary secretion, Tromp, Cornelius, Dutch admiral, xxm. xix. 18. xxiii. 590. 588. , Martin Harpertzoon, Dutch ad- Troyes, town, France, xxi 11. 590; Tsana, Lake, Abyssinia, xvii. 507. treaty of (1420), vm. 320; ix. 549; Tsar, or Czar, title, XXL 92. miral, xxill. 587; xii. 80; his naval Tsaritsyn, town, Russia, xxiil 600; libraries, XIV. 526, 546. action with Blake, III. 804. xxi. 305. Troy Weight, ii. 533. Trompe, water blowing engine, III. Tsaritzyno Park, Moscow, Russia, Trubtchevsk, town, Russia, xvii. 826. 1 55 xvi. 859. Truce, Military, xxm. 531. Tromso, town, Norway, xxm. 588. Tsarskoye Selo, town, Russia, xxiil of God, xxiii. 590; ix. 537. TRONA, mineral, XVI. 399. 600; xxi. 194. Trondhjem, town, Norway, xxm. TrUCHAS, mountain, New Mexico, Tschenstochow (Czenstochova), Old U.S.A., xvii. 399. 321. and New, towns, Poland, VI. 754. Trucked, river and lake, Nevada, Troodos, Mount, Cyprus, VI. 747. TSCHEWKINITE, mineral, XVI. 426. U.S.A., xvii. 367. Troon, town, Scotland, m. 163. Tschudi, distinguished Swiss family, Trucks, Railway, xx. 247. Troop Horse, xil 191. xxiil 601. Truck System, of wages payments, Troostite, mineral, XVI. 411. , Giles, or iEgidius, Swiss historian, xiv. 172. Troparion, in Greek hymnody, xii. xxiil 600; xxii. 797. True Discourse, Celsus’s work, v. 580. , John Henry, Swiss historian, 295. Trophonius, Oracle of, in Greece, xvn. XXIIL 601; XXII. 798. True History, Lucian’s, xv. 43. 808. , John James, Swiss family historian, True Intellectual System, CudTropic-Bird, xxiii. 588. XXIIL 6oi; XXII. 798. worth’s work, vi. 689. Tropics, or Solstices, 11. 770; x. 199. Tse-nan Fog, town, China, xxiil 601; Truffle, edible fungus, xxiii. 591. Tropidonotus, genus of snakes, xxn. v Trujillo, or Truxillo, town, Peru, 633194. Tserclaes, Johann, count of Tilly, xviii. 674. Tropidorhynchus, genus of birds, imperial general, XXIIL 391; ill. 125; Trumbull, distinguished American XVII. 844; mimicry in, XVI. 341. X. 500. family, XXIII. 592. Troppau, town, Austria, xxm. 588; Tsetse Fly, xxiil 601, 518; 1. 260; , John, American writer, xxm. congress of (1820), XVI. 201; district, vil 256. 592; I. 722. xxii. 53. Tse-Wang Arabtan, Kalmuk khan, Trump, old card game, xxiv. 543. Trotman’s Anchor, ii. 6. xvi. 746. Trumpet, musical instrument, xxiii. Trotmunde (Dortmund), town, GerTshaka, or Chaka, Zulu chief, xxiv. 592. many, vil. 374. 828; xvil. 242. , Organ, xvn. 830. Trotting, horse racing, xii. 203, , Speaking and Hearing, xxm. 594. Tshakones, Greek race, XL 84. 204. Trumpeter, or Trumpet-Bird, xxm. Tshi, tribe and language, Gold Coast, Trotula, female physician, Middle Africa, x. 756. 594Ages, xv. 806. Tsiribihina, river, Madagascar, xv. Trotzendorf, Valentin Friedland, Trundles, in mechanics, XV. 759. 169. Trunk-Hose, in mediaeval costume, German teacher, XXIII. 588. Tsi-tsi-har, province, Manchuria, xv. vi. 471. Troubadours, mediaeval minstrels, vn. 466. 413; xvi. 479; xvii. 83; xix. 873; Truro, town, England, xxiil 595. Tsit-toung, river, Burmah, xxi. 849; xx. 642; poetry of, xix. 873; early Truss, in surgery, xi. 753. xxiil 486. French, ix. 646; in Portugal, xix. Trusses, in bridge-building, iv. 315, TSIU-TSUAN-TSIUN, town, China, xxii. . 321555617. TrOUGHTON, Edward, English instru- Trust, in law, XXIIL 595. Tsna, river, Russia, XXL 115; xxiv. Associations, hi. 328. ment maker, xxm. 589; his filar 279micrometer, xvi. 243; his method of Trustee, in law, xxiil 597. Truth, Cartesian criterion of, v. 143; TSONGKAPA, Buddhist reformer, Xiv. graduating scales, XL 28. 229. Condillac’s, VI. 250; scholastic theory Trou Madame, bagatelle game, m. of the twofold nature of, XXL 382, Tsugaru Straits, Japan, xm. 57°230.

T s u — t u p Tsushima, island, Japan, xm. 569. Tu, region, North Central Africa, xxm. Tuam, town, Ireland, xxm. 601; x. 56. Tuamotu Archipelago, group of coral islands, South Pacific, xxm. 602, 22. Tuaricks, or Tuaregs, race of people, North Africa, I. 261, 268; XXL 151. That, oasis, Africa, xvn. 695. Tuatha de Danann, early Irish tribe, v. 299; in Irish legend, xm. 243. Tuathal, Irish king, xm. 245. Tuba, Roman trumpet, xxm. 592. Tubal-Cain, of Scripture, xiv. 238. Tubbus, or Tabas, town, Persia, xvm. 627. Tube-Making, of brass, iv. 218. Tuber, of plants, xix. 593; xx. 423. , genus of Fungi, xxm. 591. Tuberace/e, suborder of Fungi, ix. 834Tubercular Disease, xviii. 405, 855Tuberculosis, cattle disease, xxiv. 204. Tuberose, plant, xxm. 602. Tubilustria, Roman festival, xxiv. 301. Tubinares, group of birds, xviii. 45, 712. Tubingen, town, Wurtemberg, xxiil 602; library, xiv. 547; university, xxiii. 842. School, Modern, of theology, 111. 447; their criticism of the Acts, 1. 127; their theory of the Gospels, m. 643. Tubularia, genus of Hydrozoa, xn. 547Tubus (Tibbus), nomad race, North Africa, xxm. 334; 1. 261, 268; xviii. 318, 319; xxii. 278. Tucker, Abraham, English moralist, xxiil 603. , H. H., on the morality of Negroes, xvii. 317. , Josiah, dean of Gloucester, political economist, xxm. 604; xix. 365. Tuckermann, Henry T., American essayist, 1. 724. Tuckernuck, island, Massachusetts, U.S.A., xvii. 174. Tucker’S Locks, xiv. 747. Tuckey, James Kingston, explorer of the river Congo, 1. 246; X. 192. Tuco-Tuco, rodent mammal, xviii. 353Tucson, town, Arizona, U.S.A., xxm. 604. Tucuman, town, Argentine Republic, xxiii. 604. Tudela, town, Spain, xxiii. 604. Tuber (Todi), ancient town, Italy, xxiii. 724. Tudmir (Palmyra), town, Asiatic Turkey, xviii. 198.

Tudor, House of, English dynasty, v. 237; XL 662; xiv. 257. , Edmund, Tomb of, xxi. 160. , Owen, ancestor of House of Tudor, v. 237; viii. 328. Tuff, or Tufa, volcanic stone, x. 239: as building material in ancient Rome, xx. 808. Tuffer, spa, Styria, Austria, xxn. 614. Tugendbund, Prussian association, xx. 11. Tuggarah, Lake, New South Wales, XVII. 408. Tughlak, Mahommed, sovereign of Delhi, India, xn. 608, 793. Timur, of Kashgar, xxiil 399. Tui, bird, xn. 139. Tuileries, palace, at Paris, xviii. 276. Tuke, Sir Brian, first English postmaster, xix. 562. , Henry, English ethical writer, xxiil 604. , Samuel, English philanthropist, xxiii. 604. , William, English philanthropist; XXIIL 604. Tu-Kiu, Turkish race of people, xxiil 659Tula, government, Russia, xxiil 604; town, xxiil 605. Tulare, Lake, California, U.S.A., iv. 697. Tulcha, town, Roumania, vn. 309. Tulchan Bishops, in Scottish history, viii. 489; xix. 680. Tulip, plant, xxiil 605; xn. 253, 259. Tree, ii. 320; xv. 283; of United States, xxiil 808. Wood, xx. 852. Tull, Jethro, his system of husbandry, L 299. Tulle, town, France, xxiil 605. , textile fabric, xxiil 606. Tullianum, ancient building, at Rome, xx. 814. Tullin, Christian Braumann, Norse poet, xvii. 590. Tulloch, John, Scottish divine, xxiil 606. Tullochgorum, Skinner’s song, xxii. 124. Tullum (Toul), ancient town, France, xxiii. 483. Tullus Hostilius, king of Rome, xxiil 606; xx. 733. Tulou, Jean Louis, French improver of the flute, xxiil 521. Tulsi-Das, Hindi writer, XL 846. Tultchin, town, Russia, xix. 254. Tulunids, Moslem dynasty, xvi. 586. Tumboyonkon, mountain, North Borneo, xxi. 123. Tumbrel, instrument of punishment, xix 96. Tumeds, Mongol tribes, xvi. 744. Tumkur, district, India, xxiil 606.

447 Tumlook (Tamluk), town, India, xvi. 284. Tumlung, town, India, xxn. 51. Tummel, Loch, Scotland, xiv. 217; xviii. 665. Tumours, xviii. 367, 371, 379, 382,402; surgical operations on, xxn. 687. Tumuli, ancient burial-places, 11. 384; In - 397> of ancient America, 1. 692; at Carnac, France, v. 118. Tun, town, Persia, xviii. 627. Tunbridge, town, England, xxiil 606. Wells, town, England, xxiil 607; mineral water of, xvi. 434. Tundah (Tanda), town, India, xvni. 72. Tundras, sterile regions, Russia, xix. 328; xxi. 67, 75, 77; xxii. 2. Tunes, Hymn, xvn. 85. Tung-Chow, town, China, xxiii. 607. Tung-King, or Tong-King, French colony, Eastern Asia, xxiil 439; vi. 93Tungstates, salts of tungsten, xxiil 607; xvi. 403. Tungsten, chemical element, xxiil 607; v. 541; in iron, xm. 284; in steel, xiii. 352. Tungstic Acid, xxiil 608. Tungstite, mineral, xvi. 388. Tung-ting, lake, China, v. 632. Tunguragua, mountain, Ecuador, vn. 645. Tunguses, North Asiatic people, xxiil 608; xv. 548; xxii. 9. Tungusic Language, xxiv. i. TUNGUSKA,or Tunguzka, rivers, Siberia, xxii. 5; xxiv. 742. Tungzorun, mountain, Caucasus, v. 253Tunic, ecclesiastical vestment, vi. 462. Tunica, Roman article of dress, vi. 456. Tunicata, group of animals, xxiil 609; II. 53; xxiv. 186; embryology of, xx. 419; reproduction of, xx. 409; recognized as Vertebrata, xxiv. 179Tuning Fork, xxiii. 619; 1. 113, 117; xvii. 106. Tunis, regency, North Africa, xxiil 619; 1. 265; conquest of, by the Turks, xxiii. 644; town, xxiii. 621. Tunkers, American sect of Baptists, vie 543. Tunnelling, xxiil 622. Tunnels, Railway, xx. 233. Tunny, fish, xxiii. 625. Tunstall, town, England, xxiil 625. , Marmaduke, on British birds, xvni. 9. Tupac Amaru, Insurrection of, in Bolivia, iv. 17. Tupaia, genus of insectivorous mammals, xv. 402. Tupungato, mountain, Chili, v. 616.

448 Tur, Jebel al-, mountains, Sinai, Arabia, xxn. 88. Tura, river, Siberia, xxm. 429. Turacus, genus of birds, xxm. 487. Turanian, meaning of the word, xxiii. 625. Languages, xxiv. i; xviii. 779. Turateya, district, Celebes, v. 288. Turbary, Common of, right of cutting turf, vi. 209. Turbat-i-Haidari, town, Persia, xviii. 627. Turbellarians, group of worms, xvn. 326; xix. 170. Turbine, water-wheel, xn. 438, 524; steam, xxn. 517. Turbot, fish, xxm. 625; xn. 692. Turcaret, Le Sage’s drama, xiv. 472. Turcilingi, Germanic tribes, xvn. 726. Turcomania, regions of Asia, xvi. 42; xxiii. 512. Turcomans, peoples, Asia, xxiii. 660, 661; XIV. 64; of Asia Minor, II. 712; of Persia, xviii. 627, 632; of Turkestan, xxiii. 636. Turco-Tatar Language, xxiii. 661. Turdetania (Tartessus), ancient district, Spain, xviii. 806. Turbid.®, group of birds, xviii. 47; their relation to Sylviidte, XXIV. 366. Turdus, genus of birds, xviii. 74; xx. 318; xxiii. 322. Turenne, Yicomte de, French marshal, xxiii. 626; ix. 571. Turfau, oasis, Turkestan, xxiii. 639. Turgai, province and town, Central Asia, xxiii. 627. Turgenieff, Ivan, Russian novelist, xxiii. 488; xxi. 108. Turges, legendary king of Ireland, xiii. 251. Turgite, mineral, xvi. 387. Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, Marquis de 1’Aulne, French economist and statesman, xxiii. 627; ix. 594, 667; xix. 361. Turguts, or Torgod, Mongol tribe, IV. 710; xvi. 745, 749. Turin, town, Italy, xxiii. 630; academy, 1. 70; libraries, xiv. 530, 548; observatory, xvii. 713; pictures, xxi. 447. Turinsk, town, Russia, xviii. 550. , town, Tobolsk, Siberia, xxiii. 43°Turka, spa, Eastern Siberia, xxiii. 510. Turkestan, East and West, Central Asia, xxiii. 631; I. 241; 11. 680; xviii. 101; xxii. 820. Turkey, xxiii. 640; oppression of the Greeks by, XL 122; wars with Persia, xviii. 635, 636, 648; plague in, xix. 167; wars with Russia, xvii. 485; xxi. 101; conquest of Servia by, XXL 689; contests with Venice, xxiv. 144, 147; army, 11. 617; carpets, v. 129; Jews

TUR — T W A in, xiii. 686; newspapers, xvn. 432; opium cultivation, xvn. 788; railways, xx. 252; weights and measures, xxiv. 490. See also Turks. Turkey, bird, xxiil 657; xix. 646. Corn, maize, xv. 309. Turkey-Red, in dyeing, iv. 688; vn. 576. Turkey Sponge, xxii. 423. Turki Language, xxiil 661. Turkish Baths, hi. 437. Turkish Language, xxiil 661; xxiv. I; dictionaries of, vil. 189. Turkish Literature, xxiil 655. Turkistan, or Turkestan (q.v.), XXIII. 631. Turkmans, peoples, Asia, xxiil 660, 661. See Turcomans. Turks, race of people, xxiil 658; their first appearance in history, xvi 11. 582; early history of, xvi. 584; first contact of, with the Persian empire, xviii. 613; in Africa, 1. 262; their occupation of Arabia, 11. 260; in Athens, ill. 10; invasion of Austria by, in. 126; invasion of Europe by (1683), xix. 296; their attack on Vienna (1683), xiv. 466; in Walachia, XXL 16, 18. See also Seljuks and Turkey. Turk’s-Cap Cactus, iv. 625. Turk’s Islands, West Indies, m. 236; xiii. 549. Turmeric, tuberous root, xxiil 662. Turnbull’s Blue, pigment, xx. 24. Turner, Charles, English engraver, xxiil 662. , Joseph Mallord William, English painter, xxiil 663; xxi. 441. , William, on birds, XVIII. 3. Turnerite, mineral, xvi. 403. Turners’ Tools, xiv. 323; xv. 154. Turnhout, town, Belgium, xxiil 668. Turning Lathe, xiv. 323. Pieces, in mechanics, xv. 755. Turnip Beetle, i. 367. Turnip-Cutter, i. 326. Turnip-Fly, or Turnip-Flea, xxiil 668; vi. 134. Turnip-Pulper, 1. 327. Turnips, agricultural root-crop, 1. 303, 365, 383; diseases of, 1. 367; garden vegetable, xn. 288. Turnip Saw-Fly, xxi. 343. Turnip-Seed, i. 383. Turnip-Thinner, 1. 321. Turnix, genus of birds, xx. 147. Turnor, Hatton, his Astra Castra, .. 207. Turnpike, road, xi. 811; tolls levied on, xxiil 436. Turnsole, plant, xi. 633. Turnstone, bird, xxiil 668. Turn-Table, Railway, xx. 238. Turold, Anglo-Norman writer, vm. 407.

Turones, ancient Gallic people, xxiil 491Turpentine, oleo-resin, XXIIL 669, crude, xx. 852; from the larch, xiv. 310; from the pine, XIX. 104; Straaburg, ix. 225; Venice, xiv. 310. Turpin, archbishop of Rheims, legendary chronicler, xxiil 669; xx. 626; chronicle of, xx. 650. Turquoise, precious stone, xxiil 669; xvi. 405. Turrecremata, Johannes de (Torquemada), cardinal, xxiil 452. Turretin, Genevan theologians (Benoit, Francois, and Jean Alphonse), xxiil 670. Turret-Shield, in fortification, ix. 453Turret-Ships, xvii. 285. Turshiz, district, Persia, xviii. 627. Tursio, cetacean mammal, xv. 399. Turtle, chelonian reptile, xx. 441, 445; xxiil 455. Turtle-Dove, vil 380. Turunchuk, river, Russia, vil 306. Tuscany, territorial division, Italy, XXIIL 670; under the Medici, XV. 789; Siena annexed to, xxn. 43; dialect of, xiil. 496; straw-plaiting industry of, xxn. 593. Tuscia, ancient division, Italy, xxiil 671. Tusculum, ancient town, Italy, xxiil 671; xiv. 344; bath at, in. 435; waterworks at, 11. 219. Tusidde, mountain, Sahara, Africa, xxil. 149. TUSKS, Ivory from, XIIL 520; of elephant, xv. 350. Tussac (or Tussock) Grass, i. 378; ix. i5Tusser, Thomas, English poet, xxiil 672; on husbandry, 1. 296. Tussur, silkworm, XXIL 60; silk from, XII. 752. Tutela (Tudela), ancient town, Spain, XXIIL 604. Tuticorin, town, India, xxiil 405. Tutiorism, in casuistry, xiv. 636. Tutor, in law, xiil 1, 3; in relation to women’s rights, xxiv. 638; in Roman law, xx. 672, 688. Tuttle’s Comet, vi. 193. Tutuila, island, South Pacific, xvii. 279. Tutul-Xius, people of Yucatan, 1. 705. Tuy, town, Spain, xix. 455. Tuyeres, in blast-furnaces, xiil 304. Tuzlah, salt lake, Asia Minor, 11. 704. Tver, government and town, Russia, xxiil 672. Twaite Shad, fish, xxi. 726. Twardowski, Samuel, Polish poet, xix. 302. Twa-tu-tia, town, Formosa, China, IX. 417.

T W E—U C C 449 Tweed, river, Scotland, xxm. 673; Tyler, John, president of the United Tyrconnel, Earls of (the O’Donnells), xviii. 451; xxi. 33. States, xxiii. 674, 766. xiii. 262. , William M., mayor of New York, , Miss, guardian of Robert Southey, ' > Richard Talbot, earl of, Irish statesxvii. 463. xxii. 290. man, xiii. 268. Tweeddale, district, Scotland, xviii. , Wat, Insurrection of, vm. 319; Tyre, town, Phoenicia, xxm. 710; 451. xx. 541. xviii. 804, 807, 809; coins of, xvii. Tweedmouth, town, England, m. 610. Tylopoda, group of ungulate mammals, 650; siege and destruction of, by AlexTweed Ring, New York, xxm. 783. xiv. 738; xv. 430. ander, 1. 482; xviii. 582. Tweeds, variety of cloth, xxiv. 662. Tylor, Edward B., on animism, 11. 55; , Era of, v. 715. Twelfth Day, or Epiphany, vm. 483. his theory of mythology, XVII. 143. Tyrite, mineral, xvi. 427. Twelfth Night, Shakespeare’s play, Tym, river, Saghalin, Asia, xxi. 147. Tyro, mother of Pelias, xviii. 474. xxi. 764. Tympanum, of human ear, 1. 892. Tyroglyphid^e, family of mites, xvi. Twelve Labours, of Hercules, xi. , in architecture, 11. 475. 528. 726. Tyndale, William, translator of English Tyrol, province, Austria, xxm. 711; Twelve Patriarchs, Testaments of Bible, xxiii. 675; viii. 384; his xx. 504; insurrection of, under Hofer, the, 11. 180. relations with Luther, viii. 374. xii. 44. Twelve Peers, of France, xviii. 468. Tyndall, John, on motion of glaciers, Tyrolese Alps, i. 629, 630. Twelve Tables, in Roman law, xiv. x. 630; his experiments on magnetic Tyrone, county, Ireland, xxiii. 712. 328; xx. 678, 737. crystals, xv. 266. , Earl of, xiii. 262. Twenty-Four Parganas, district, Tyne, river, England, xxin. 675; xvn. Tyropceon, valley, at Jerusalem, xm. India, xxin. 673. 565; improvement works of, xx. 578. 637, 641. Twesten, August D. C., German writer Tynemouth, town, England, xxiii. Tyrrel, Sir James, keeper of Tower on logic, xiv. 800. 675. of London, vil 685. Twice Told Tales, Hawthorne’s work, T\ nwald, Court of, Isle of Man, xv. Tyrrhenia, or Etruria (q.v.), vm. 633. xi. 537452. Tyrsenus, mythic king of Lydia, xv. 99. Twickenham, town, England, xxiii. Type, in biological classification, xx. Tyrt^eus, Greek elegiac poet, xxm. 673; Pope’s residence at, xix. 485. 421. 713Twilight, xxiii. 674; 11. 770; x. 200, , Printing, xxm. 681, 692, 694, Tytherly, England, Owen’s community 205. 697; for the blind, m. 827. at, xviii. 88. Twiller, Wouter van, director, New Type-Founding, xxiii. 699, 709; Tything Man, early English magisNetherland, America, xvn. 454. Baskerville’s experiments in, hi. 421. trate, xv. 217. Twill Weaving, xxiv. 464. Type-Printing Telegraph, xxiii. Tytler, Alexander Fraser, Lord WoodTwin Crystals, xvi. 363. 120. houselee, Scottish judge, xxiii. 713. Twine Manufacture, xx. 845. Type-Setting Machines, xxiii. 700. , James, first British aeronaut, 1. 190; Twin Monsters, xvi. 765. Type-Writing Machines, xxiv. 698. contributor to 2d edition of EncycloTwist, Action of a, in mechanics, xv. Typhlopid^e, family of snakes, xxn. paedia Britannica, 1. 190; viii. 200. 743192. , Patrick Fraser, Scottish historian, Tobacco, xxiii. 426. Typhoeus, of Greek mythology, xxm. xxiii. 714. Twite, bird, xiv. 675. 676. , William, Scottish historian and Two Gentlemen of Verona, Shake- Typhoid Fever, xxiii. 678; xviii. antiquary, XXIII. 714. speare’s play, xxi. 763. 403; in the horse, xxiv. 203. Two-Headed Eagle, of Russia, xxi. Typhon, of Greek mythology, xxm. Tyukalinsk, town, Tobolsk, Siberia, xxiii. 430. 91676; vii. 717. Two-Headed Nightingale, female Typhoon, hurricane, 11. 690; xvi. 154; Tyumen, town, Siberia, xxiii. 714. Tzarskoye Selo, town, Russia, xxiii. monsters, xvi. 766. xxiii. 676. 600; xxi. 194. Two Sicilies, kingdom of Europe, xm. Typhus Fever, xxiii. 676, 680; xviii. Tzerini, town, Cyprus, vi. 748. 478; xxii. 28; Norman conquest of, 403; quarantine laws of, xx. 156. TZETZES, Joannes, Byzantine writer, xiii. 470. Typo-Etching Process, xxiii. 704. XXIII. 714; XL 145. Two Thousand Guineas, English Typographic Etching, for printing, horse-race, xn. 202. xxiii. 704. Ty, or Tyr, Scandinavian divinity, 1. Typography, or Printing, xxiii. 681; T J the twenty-first letter of the 211. early English, xiv. 705; knowledge ^ > alphabet, xxm. 715. Tyana, ancient town, Asia Minor, v. 75. of, necessary to the bibliographer, 111. Uat, or Uati, Egyptian divinity, iv. Tyanitis, region, Asia Minor, v. 75. 653590; vil 718. Tyard, Pontus de, French poet, xx Typus, of Constans II., in Monothelite Uaua, Nilotic tribes, Africa, xvii. 612. 841. controversy, xvi. 758; xv. 582. Ubangi, affluent of the Congo, Africa, Tyburn, brook, London, xiv. 818. Tyr, Scandinavian divinity, 1. 211. xxiv. 764. Tycho Brahe, Danish astronomer, iv. Tyrannus, genus of birds, xiv. 80. Ubasha Khan, Mongol ruler, xvi. 745. 200. See Brahe. , Maximus III., Roman emperor, Ubeda, town, Spain, xxiii. 715. Tychonic Solar System, h. 777. XV. 645. Uberti, Fazio degli, Italian writer, Tycoon, Japanese ruler, xm. 584. , (Edipus, Sophocles’s drama, xxn. xiii. 505. TYDyEA, genus of plants, xn. 266. 273Ubon, river, Cambodia, Asia, xv. 832. Tykocin, town, Russia, xiv. 817. Tyranny, form of government, xi. 11. Ucayale, or Ucayali, head stream of Tyldesley with Shakerley, town, Tyrants, Greek rulers, xi. 94. Amazon, South America, 1. 654; xviii. England, xxm. 674. Tyras (Dniester), river, Russia, vil. 306. 672. Tylenchus Scandens, wheat pest, Tyrconnel, Count of, Austrian general, Uccello, Pizzo d’, mountain, Italy, xxiv. 536. xvii. 727. xiii. 438. XXV. — 57

450

U C H —U N D

division, district, and town, India, 1. 686; vaccinal, xxiv. 26; treatment of Uchatius Process, of steel-making, 655; xx. 109. ulceration, xxn. 683. xiii. 347U MBELLIFERONE, crystalline product Uldin, Hunnic chief, xn. 381. Udaipur, state, India, xxm. 716; v. of sumbal, xxii. 641. U ldsheitu Khan, Mongol ruler, xvi. 768; xx. 260; town, xxiii. 716. Umber, mineral and pigment, xvi. 425; 742Udal, kind of land tenure, xxm. 716. xix. 88. Udall, Nicholas, English comedian, Uleaborg, province, Finland, IX. 217. Umbilical Vesicle, of mammals, xv. Ulema, Moslem clergy, xxn. 660; xix. xxiii. 716; viil. 416. 730; xxiil 654. 369Uddu, province of Uganda, Africa, Ulenburgh, Saskia van, wife of Umbilicanimi, sect of Greek Church, xxiii. 717. xi. 782. Rembrandt, xx. 374. U denheim (Philippshurg), town, Baden, Umbrella, xxiil 722; earliest use of, Ulex, genus of shrubs, ix. 851. xviii. 754. in England, XL 453. Ulexite, mineral, xvi. 396. Udine, town, Italy, xxiii. 716. , genus of Mollusca, xvi. 655. Ulfilas, or Ulfila, bishop of the Udinians, Caucasian tribe, xiv. 475. Goths, xxiil 719; x. 849, 852; his Umbrella-Tree, xv. 283. Udolpho, Mysteries of, Mrs Radcliffe’s modifications of the Greek alphabet, Umbria, district, Italy, xxiil 723; novel, xx. 211. XIII. 496; its school of painting, XXI. L 613. Udometer, rain gauge, xx. 256. 435> 442. U LLAGE, in gauging, xvi. 28. Uea, island, South Pacific, xv. 30. Umbrian Dialect, of Latin, xx. 661. Ueberweg, Friedrich, German philo- Ullmannite, mineral, xvi. 391. Ulloa, Alonso de, on oppression of the Umbrians, ancient Italian people, xm. sopher, xxiii. 716. 444; xxiil 723. Indians, 1. 709. U fa, government and town, Russia, Umbro-Sabellian Language, xiv. Ullswater, Lake, England, Vi. 699; xxiii. 717. 327xxiv. 513. , river, Russia, xxiv. 279. Uffizi Gallery, Florence, ix. 332; ULM, town, 'Wurtemberg, XXIIL 720; Umgeni, river, Natal, Africa, xvn. 240. wood-carving in cathedral, xxiv. 649; xxi. 446. Umiak, Eskimo boat, vm. 545. capitulation of (1805), III. 132; xvn. Uganda, country, Central Africa, xxm. Umiliati, trading fraternity, in Milan, 209. 717. xvi. 292. Ugernum (Beaucaire), Roman town, Ulmus, genus of trees, viil 151. Ulpianus, Domitius (Ulpian), Roman Um Keis, village, Syria, x. 4. France, ill. 467. jurist, xxiil 721; xill. 793; his life- Umkomanzi, river, Natal, Africa, xvil. Ugingo, lake island, Africa, xvn. 505. 240. annuity table, II. 79. Uglitch, town, Russia, xxin. 718. Ummerapoora (Amarapura), town, Ulrica Eleonore, queen of Sweden, Ugra, river, Russia, xxiv. 279. Burmah, 1. 653; m. 144. xxii. 751. Ugrian Language, xxiv. i; xviii. Ulrich L, duke of Wurtemberg, xxiv. Umm Rabi, river, Morocco, xvi. 832. 779; dictionaries of, VII. 188. Umpqua, river, Oregon, U.S.A., xvn. 702. Ugrians, Ural-Altaic people, ix. 219; 822. Ulrici, Hermann, German philosopher, xiv. 59; xxi. 78. xxiil 721; on the categories, V. 225. Umritsir, or Umritzur (Amritsar), Ugrian Strait, Nova Zembla, xvn. district and town, India, 1. 777; xx. Ulster, province, Ireland, xm. 215; 604. 109, no. early Scotic conquest of, xm. 246; Ugri Bielii, or Khazars (q.v.), Xiv. Umzimkulu, river, Natal, Africa, xvil. plantation of, xm. 266; land custom 59240. in, xiv. 276. Ugro-Samoyedes, race of people, SiUnanue, Hipolito, Peruvian physicist, , Annals of, Irish chronicle, v. beria, XXII. 11. xviii. 675. 307UGURS, or Uigurs (q.v.), XXIII. 659. Unao, district, India, xxiil 724. King-at-Arms, xi. 688. Uhland, Johann Ludwig, German poet, Ultramarine, pigment, xxiil 721; Unau, sloth of Brazil, xxii. 162. xxiii. 718; x. 543. Uncial Writing, Greek, xviii. 145; xiv. 300; xix. 87. Uigurs, Turkish people, xxii. 11; Latin, xvill. 152. Ultramontanism, Roman Catholic xxiii. 659; xxiv. 1. Uncompahgre Mountains, U.S.A., movement, VI. 241; XVII. 754. Uintah Mountains, U.S.A., xxiil xxiil 796. Ulua, river, Honduras, xn. 130. 796; xxiv. 19. U 1ST, North and South, islands, Scot- Ulugh Beg, Mirza Mohammed ben Unconditioned, Philosophy of the, Hamilton’s, XL 418. Shah Rok, Persian astronomer, xxiil land, XL 607. Unction, Extreme, sacrament, Church 722; 11. 751; xvili. 632; his tables of UjE, district, Bornu, Central Africa, IV. of Rome, viil 813. Eastern geography, x. 178. 61. Undercliff, town, Isle of Wight, Ujiji, town, Central Africa, xxm. 719, Ulu-Kem, river, Mongolia, XXII. 5. England, XXIV. 562. Ulverston, town, England, xxm. 46; xxiv. 763. Underground Railways, xx. 239. 722. UjJAlN, town, India, XXIIL 719; XV. Understanding, distinction between Ulvo, island, Norway, XIV. 769. 346. it and sense, XX. 75; Jacobi’s theory Ukerewe, lake island, Africa, xvn. Ulwar (Alwar), state, India, I. 649; of, Xlli. 537. xx. 260. 504. , Essay on the Human, Locke’s, xiv. Ulysses, in Greek legend, xvn. 729. Ukraine, district, Russia, xxiil 719. 756,757„ , School, of poets, in Polish litera- Ulyssippo, ancient name of Lisbon, , Treatise on the Human, Humes, xiv. 693. ture, xix. 304. xii. 351. Ukrainians, or Little Russians, xxi. Uman, town, Russia, xxiil 722. Underwriters, marine insurers, xm. Umarkot, town, India, xxiil 221. 78. 184; at Lloyd’s, xiv. 741. Umatilla, river, Oregon, U.S.A., xvn. Ukrayna, district, Russia, xvn. 826. Undine, Fouque’s book, ix. 487. 822. ULAI, river, Persia, XXII. 722. Undulatory Theory, of light, xiv. ULpER, in pathology, xvin. 366; of the Umayo, Lake, Peru, xvin. 673. 603; xxiv. 421. U MB ALLA, or Umballah (Ambala), stomach, xxn. 575; syphilitic, XXII.

U N E —U R A Unearned Increment, in economics, xiv. 267. Ungaran, town, Java, xm. 606. UNGRUND, in Boehme’s philosophy, ill. 853Unguents, or Lubricants, in mechanics, xv. 34, 765. Ungulata, order of Mammalia, xv. 421; sense of touch in, xxm. 479. UNGVAR, town, Hungary, xxm. 724. Uni, Etruscan goddess, xm. 778. Unicorn, fabulous animal, xxm. 725. , in heraldry, XI. 702. , Sea, cetacean mammal, xv. 398; xvii. 235. Unification, of moneys, xvi. 734. Uniformity, Acts of, English, xix. 690; xxiii. 199. Uniforms, Naval and Military, vi. 477; of British navy, XVII. 295. Unigenitus, papal bull (1713), v. 822; xix. 507. Unimak, volcano and island, Aleutian group, 1. 444, 480. Unio, genus of molluscs, xvii. no. Union Jack, British flag, ix. 278. Union of Crowns, of England and Scotland, xxi. 509. Union of Parliaments, England and Scotland, xvm. 308; xxi. 518; Paterson’s advocacy of, xvm. 360; Great Britain and Ireland, xm. 271; xviii. 308. Unions, Poor Law, xix. 472. Unison, of sounds, 1. 108; in music, xvii. 78. Unit, Standard, of value, in currency, xvi. 730. See Units. Unitarianism, religious system, xxm. 725; xiii. 671; theism of, xxm. 249Unit as Fratrum, or Moravian Brethren (q.v.), xvi. 8n. United Brethren in Christ, American sect, xxm. 726; xvi. 192. United Bulgarians, in Church of Rome, xx. 631. United Evangelical Church, Germany, x. 469; xv. 86. United Irishmen, Insurrection of, xiii. 271. United Kingdom, The, of Great Britain and Ireland, xxiii. 727; xi. 79. United Methodist Free Churches, xvi. 192. United New Netherland Company, xvii. 454. United Presbyterian Church, in Scotland, xxiii. 727; vm. 528; ix. 746. United Provinces, of the Netherlands, xii. 77, 80. United Secession Church, Scotland, xxiii. 727. United States, of America, xxm.

729 (index, 829); 1. 711; attitude of Chatham towards, xix. 136; civil war (1861-65), xiv. 659; Declaration of Independence, XIII. 614; architecture, II. 453; army, 11. 619; banking, m. 339; birds, in. 750; xviii. 16; establishments for the blind, ill. 830; census-taking, v. 338; Presbyterian Church, xix. 697; Protestant Episcopal Church, viil. 493; citizenship, 1. 576; coalfields, VI. 60; proportion of coloured people, xvii. 320; cotton manufactures, vi. 506; cotton supply, vi. 485; fisheries, ix. 267; forests, ix. 405; gold, x. 743; government, ix. 62; XL 14; immigration statistics, vm. 177; Indian tribes, xn. 830; Jews, xiii. 687; land laws, xiv. 265; libraries, xiv. 534, 550; literature, 1. 718; mines, XVI. 469; municipalities, XVII. 31; navy, xvii. 300; newspapers, xvn. 433; observatories, xvn. 715; oysterculture, xviii. 107, 109; periodical literature, XVlll. 544; police system, xix. 341; post-office, xix. 578; prison system, xix. 763; railways, xx. 253; slavery, xxn. 141; statutes, XXII. 471; tobacco culture, xxiii. 424; universi ties, xx 111.8 5 7; weights and measures, xxiv. 491; wine industry, xxiv. 611. Units, in physics, vn. 241, 582; electromagnetic, xxin. 116; of measurement, XV. 668; of value, in currency, XVI. 730; for weights and measures, xxiv. 478, 483. Unity, in philosophy, xvi. 81; xviii. 793; conception of, in psychology, xx. 79; intuition of unity and complexity, in psychology, xx. 56. Universalism, theological doctrine, viii. 538. Universalist Church, xxiii. 831. Universal Method, Adanson’s biological classification, 1. 144. Uni vers als, in scholastic logic, XXL 418; Albertus on, I. 454. Universe, Elements of, according to ancients, V. 459. , The sidereal, Theories of, 11. 821; Herschel’s, xi. 797; xvn. 311; Kant’s, xiii. 847; Kepler’s, xiv. 47. Universities, xxiii. 831 (index, 858); distinction between, and colleges, VI. 143; precedence of officers of, xix. 668; English, origin and establishment of, viil 304, 317; European, vm. 711; German, x. 471. University College, London, xiv. 835University College, Oxford, xviii. 97University Examinations, viil 778. Unkiar Skelessi, Treaty of (1833), xxiii. 650. Unlawful Assembly, in law, xx. 564. Unleavened Bread, Feast of, Jewish, xviii. 343.

451 Unmanz, German islet, Baltic Sea, xxi. 56. Unreason, Abbot of, v. 704. Unsoundness of Mind, in medical jurisprudence, xv. 780. See also Insanity. Unst, island, Shetland, Scotland, xvn. 846. Unter den Linden, street, Berlin, in. 594Unterwalden, canton, Switzerland, xxiii. 858; xxii. 781. Unwin, Mrs, friend of Cowper, vi. 534Unyama, affluent of Nile, Africa, xvii. 506. Unyoro, kingdom, Central Africa, xxiii. 859. Unzha, river, Russia, xxiv. 279. Upanishads, Hindu philosophical writings, IV. 201; XXL 273, 280; xxiv. 117. Upas, fabled poison tree, xxi 11. 859. Upernivik, district, Greenland, xi. UiUpholstery, ix. 847. Upland, Jak, Lollard verses of, xiv. 811. Upolu, island, South Pacific, xvil 279Upper Sind Frontier, district, India, xxiii. 859. Uprauda, original name of emperor Justinian L, xm. 792. Upsala, town, Sweden, xxiii. 860; XXII. 744; assembly of (1593), xxii. 748; barrow at Kings’ Hows, m. 398; library, xiv. 532; observatory, xvil. 714; university, XXIII. 842, 850; county, XXII. 741. Upsarokas, American-Indian tribe, xii. 832. Upupa, genus of birds, xn. 154. Ur, ancient town, Chaldea, ill. 185. Ural, river, Russia, xxi. 74. Ural-Altaic Languages, xxiv. i; XVlll. 779; dictionaries of, VII. 192. Ural Mountains, Russia, xxiv. 3; XVlll. 549; gold-mines of, X. 743. Uralsk, province, Russia, xxiv. 6; town, xxiv. 7. Uran, town, India, xxm. 221. Urania, epithet of Aphrodite, 11. 171. , Muse of astronomy, Xvil. 74. Uranienborg, Denmark, Observatory of, xxii. 737. Uraninite, mineral, xvi. 386. Uranistes, in French literature, IX. 657. UraniTe, mineral, xvi. 407. Uranium, metal, xxiv. 7; chemistry of, v. 542. URANOCIRCITE, mineral, XVI. 407. Uranometria, classification of magnitudes of stars, xviii. 840. Uranophane, mineral, XVI. 425. Uranospinite, mineral, xvi. 407.

452 Uranotantalite, mineral, xvi. 427. Uranotile, mineral, xvi. 425. Uranus, in Greek mythology, xxiv. 7; xvii. 155; xxi. 320. , planet, 11. 782, 812; discovery of, by Sir W. Herschel, 11. 758; xi. 767; as affected by tidal friction, xxm. 380. Urao, mineral, xvi. 399. Urasinus, or Ursinus, antipope, vi. 793Uratic Diathesis, in pathology, xvm. 388. U ra-Tube, town, Syr-Daria, Asia, xxii. 821. Urban I., St, pope, xxiv. 8. II., pope, XXIV. 8; ix. 537; XIX. 499; his dispute with William II. of England, II. 91 ; his speech on the crusades, VI. 623. III., pope, xxiv. 8. IV., pope, xxiv. 8; xm. 475; xx. 797V., pope, xxiv. 8; xx. 802. VI., pope, xxiv. 8; ix. 548; xix. 502; xx. 803. VII., pope, xxiv. 9. VIII., pope, xxiv. 9; ix. 568, 572; xiii. 483; xix. 506, 809. Urbana, town, Ohio, U.S.A., xxiv. 9. U rban College, or Propaganda, Rome, xix. 809. Urbibentum (Orvieto), ancient town, Italy, XVIII. 53. Urbino, town, Italy, xxiv. 9; xx. 274; majolica ware of, xix. 627. , Duke of, patron of Tasso, xxm. 76. Urbs Vetus (Orvieto), ancient town, Italy, xvill. 53. Orchard, or Urquhart, Sir Thomas, Scottish writer, xxiv. 12. Urchin, or Hedgehog, xi. 610. Urdu Language, India, xi. 840, 847Urea, component of urine, XXIV. 10; V. 578; XVII. 516, 683. Uredine^e, suborder of Fungi, ix. 831; parasitic forms, XVIII. 267. U REIDS, nitrogenous carbon compounds, xvii. 519. Urenga Mountains, Russia, xxiv. 4Ures, town, Mexico, xvi. 214. Urea (Edessa), town, Turkey in Asia, vil. 652. Urfi?:, Honore d’, French pastoral poet, xviii. 346; xx. 659. URGA, town, Mongolia, XXIV. 11. URGANJ, town, Central Asia, xiv. 62; xvi. 747; xviil. 105. Urgel, Bishops of, rulers of Andorre, 11. 18. Urgentch, or Urgenj, ancient kingdom, Turkestan, xiv. 62; town, xiv. 62; xvi. 747; xviil 105. , New, town, Khiva, Xiv. 64.

U R A —U T A Urginea, genus of plants, xxn. 437. U Ri, canton, Switzerland, xxiv. 11; xxii. 781, 785; xxiii. 155. , Bay of, Lake of Lucerne, Switzerland, xv. 41. U RIA, genus of birds, XL 262. Uriage, spa, France, xvi. 435. Uric Acid, xxiv. ii; its presence in gout, xviil 388. Uriconium (Wroxeter), Roman town, England, XXL 848. Urinary Diseases, xxiv. 189. Urinary Organs, of Amphibia, 1. 766; of birds, ill. 727; of fishes, xn. 659; of mammals, xv. 366; of reptiles, xx. 462. Urine, xvii. 683; ammonia from, xvn. 516; chemical properties of, xxiv. 10, 11. Urmans, Siberian marsh forests, xxm. 429.. Urmia, or Urumiah, town, Persia, xxiv. 12; xvii. 357; xviil 626, 628. , Lake, Persia, xxiv. 12; HI. 168; xviil 626. URN, Cinerary, XIX. 602, 623. Urnatella, genus of Polyzoa, xix. 438. Urnburial, Sir Thomas Browne’s book, iv. 389. U rnerspiel, play based on story of Tell, xxiii. 155. Urochorda, division of Yertebrata, xxiv. 181, 186. Urodela, group of Amphibia, I. 751. UROMASTYX, genus of lizards, XIV. 737. UROMYS, genus of rodent mammals, xvii. 6. Uropeltidas, family of snakes, XXII. 192. Urosh, king of Servia, XXL 688. Urquhart, Sir Thomas, Scottish writer, xxiv. 12. Urquiza, Justo Jose de, general of Argentine Republic, II. 491. Urraca, queen of Castile, xix. 540; xxil. 316. Upside, family of carnivorous mammals, xv. 441. Ursinus, antipope, vi. 793. , Benjamin, German logarithmist, xiv. 774. , Zacharias, German theologian, xxiv. 13. Urso (Osuna), ancient town, Spain, xviil 63. URSON, rodent mammal, XV. 420. Ursula, St, virgin and martyr, xxiv. I 3Ursulines, religious order, xxiv. 14; xvi. 712. Urtica, genus of plants, xvn. 360. Urticaria, skin disease, xvn. 360; xxii. 122. U RUGUAY, republic, South America, xxiv. 14; forests, ix. 406; newspapers, xvii. 437. , affluent of River Plate, South America, xix. 188; xxiv. 14.

URUMIAH, or Urumiyah, town, Persia, xxiv. 12; xvii. 537; xviil 626, 628. , Lake, Persia, xxiv. 12; ill. 168; xviil 626. Urup, one of the Kurile Islands, Asia, xiv. 160. Urus, primitive species of cattle, v. 245. , Peruvian tribe, xviil 676. Urushi, Japanese tree, xm. 590. Urusite, mineral, xvi. 402. Urzhum, town, Russia, xxiv. 303. Usbegs, or Uzbegs (g.v.), Turkish people, xxiii. 661. Usboi, valley, Transcaspian Region, Russia, xxiii. 512. Uschba, mountain, Caucasus, v. 253. USCOCCHI, Mediterranean pirates, Xlll. 484Use, in English law, XXIII. 596. Usedom, island, Baltic Sea, xix. 442. Usemba, territory, Central Africa, v. 281. Ushant, island, France, xxiv. 16. Usher, or Ussher, James, archbishop of Armagh, XXIV. 16; his scheme of Presbyterian government, xix. 689. Ushiwaya, mission station, Tierra del Fuego, xxiii. 384. Usk, river, England and Wales, iv. 243; xvi. 753. Uskudar (Scutari), town, Turkey in Asia, xxi. 573. Uskup, orUskiub, town, Turkey, xxiv. 17; xv. 137. Usmaiten, lake, Russia, VI. 515. Usman, town, Russia, xxiii. 41. Usolie Saltworks, Russia, xviil 550; XXII. 11. Usses, river, France, xx. 528. Ustariz, Geronimo, Spanish economist, xix. 363. Usteri, Johann Martin, Swiss poet, xxil 798. USTlLAGINErE, suborder of Fungi, ix. 831; parasitic forms, xviil 267. Ustrialoff, Russian historian, XXL 108. Ust-Samara, Cossack fortress, Russia, XVII. 609. Ust-Sysolsk, town, Russia, xxiv. 283. Ust-Urt, desert, Transcaspian Region, Russia, v. 177; xxiii. 512, 631. Ustyug Velikiy, town, Russia, xxiv. 283. Ustyuzhna, town, Russia, xvn. 607. Usucapio, in Roman law, xix. 704; xx. 690, 692. Usufruct, in Roman law, xx. 690. USUGURU, lake island, Africa, xvn. 505. Usumacinta, river, Guatemala, xi. 239Usuri, river, Manchuria and Eastern Siberia, xv. 466, 548. Usury, xxiv. 17. Usus, in Roman law, xxiii. 595. Utah, Territory, U.S.A., xxiv. 19;

U T A—V A L mines of, XXlll. 815; Mormon settlement of, XVI. 827. Utakamand, town, India, xvn. 509. Ute, genus of sponges, xxn. 414. Uten, Egyptian measure, xxiv. 485, 486. Uterine Appendages, Removal of, in surgery, xxn. 691. Utes, American-Indian tribe, XU. 832. Uthong, Siamese ruler, xxi. 854. Utica, ancient town, Africa, xxiv. 21; xiv. 551. , town, New York, U.S.A., xxiv. 21. Utilitarianism, ethical theory, vm. 606; as the foundation of law, xiv. 355; Bentham’s, in. 576; Cumberland’s, VI. 702; John Stuart Mill’s, xvi. 313. Utility, in economics, xxiv. 46; wealth defined as based on, xxiv. 461. , not an essential in the fine arts, ix. 197, 211. Ut Mine Stromtid, Reuter’s novel, xx. 495. _ Utopia, Sir Thomas More’s work, vi. 212; xvi. 819. Utrecht, province, Holland, xxiv. 21. , town, Holland, xxiv. 21; congress of (1712), vi. 270; peace of (1713), in. 126, 269; viii. 353; ix. 583; XII. 81; xxii. 336; union of (1579), xn. 77; xxiv. 583; libraries, xiv. 532; observatory, xvn. 715; university, xxiii. 850. Utrera, town, Spain, xxiv. 22; xxi. 708. Utricularia, genus of insectivorous plants, xiii. 138. U-TSANG, region, Tibet, xxm. 340. Uttaramimansa, system of Hindu philosophy, xxiv. 117. Ui'V/ER, island, Norway, xvn. 576. Uvea, island, South Pacific, xv. 30. Uvula, Anatomy of the, 1. 837. Uxbridge, town, England, xxiv. 22. , Earl of, at Waterloo, 11. 31. Uxmal, ancient town, Central America, xxiv. 758; ruins at, 1. 693; xvi. 214. Uyuk (Euyuk), village and ruins, Turkey in Asia, vm. 724. Uz, of Scripture, xxiv. 22. Uzbegs, or Uzbeks, Ural-Altaic people, XXIII. 661; IV. 1; IX. 85; XII. 3; XIV. 64; XVI. 749; XVIII. 101; XXIII. 636; origin of the name, xn. 607. Uzbek Khan, Mongol ruler, xvi. 747; xii. 607. Uzen, river, Russia, XXL 74. Uzun Hasan, shah of Persia, xvin. 632.

Vaccination, xxiv. 23; xxn. 164; discovery of, XIII. 623; laws relating to, xv. 797. Vaccinium, genus of plants, xxiv. 556. Vaco A, or Vacois, tree of Mauritius, xv. 641. Vacuum, Production of, xix. 246; 1. 429; electrical test of, xix. 247; Torricellian, in. 381. VACZ, town, Hungary, xxiv. 30. Vader Islands, Sweden, xxn. 737. Vaduz, lordship and town, Germany, xiv. 568. Vaga, Perino del (Perino Buonaccorsi), Italian painter, xxiv. 30. Vagabonds, Laws relating to, 1. 298; xix. 463, 468. Vagarshapad, town, Transcaucasia, Russia, xxiii. 515. Vagrancy, in English law, xix. 463, 468; 1. 298. Vagus, in nervous system, xix. 29. Vaigatch Island, Arctic Ocean, xvn. 604. Vaillant, Francois Le, on birds, xviii. 8, 11. Vair, in heraldry, XL 691. , Guillaume du, French jurist and writer, xxiv. 31. Vaise, suburb of Lyons, France, xv. no. Vaishnavas, or Bhagats, their teaching, and influence on Hindi literature, XL 844. Vaison, town, France, xxiv. 114. Vaisyars, or Vaisyas, Hindu caste, iv. 203, 204; v. 188; xii. 746. Vakhsh, river, Central Asia, xn. 3. Valabhis, Indian dynasty, XII. 790. Valachians, Walachians, or Vlachs, people, South-Eastern Europe, xxi. 16; xxiv. 268. Valais, canton, Switzerland, xxiv. 31; xxii. 785. Valamo, monastery, Finland, xxiv. 209. Valbenoite, Abbey of, at St Etienne, France, xxi. 168. Valckenaer, L. G., Dutch scholar, xxi. 57. Valdai, town, Russia, xvn. 607. Valdemar II., king of Denmark, vil. 84. III., of Denmark, vn. 85; XL 450. VALDENSES, or Waldenses (q.v.), religious sect, xxiv. 322. Valdepenas, town, Sj)ain, xxiv. 32; wine of, xxiv. 607. Valderredible, town, Spain, xxi. 297. Val DE Ruz, valley, Switzerland, xvn. \T the twenty-second letter of the 361. ’ alphabet, xxiv. 23. Valdes, inquisitor-general, his rules for Vaago, islands, Norway, xiv. 769. torture, xxill. 463. Vaal, river, South Africa, xxm. 517. , Juan de, Spanish religious Vaccinal Ulcer, xxiv. 26. writer, xxiv. 32; xxn. 360, 361.

4:53 VALDESSO (Juan de Valdes), Spanish religious writer, xxiv. 32; xxn. 360. Val de Travers, valley, Switzerland, xvii. 361; asphalt of, for paving, 11. 716; xx. 586. Valdez, or Waldo, Peter, founder of the Waldenses, xxiv. 323. Valdivia, province, Chili, v. 617. Valee, Silvain Charles, Comte de, French general, 1. 568. Valence, town, France, xxiv. 33; university, xxiii. 842. Valencia, province, Spain, xxiv. 33; xxii. 298. , town, Spain, xxiv. 33; libraries of, xiv. 549. , town, Venezuela, xxiv. 34. Valenciennes, town, France, xxiv. 35, A., French ichthyologist, XII. 633. Valencinia, genus of worms, xvn. 326. Valency, or Combining Power, of chemical elements, v. 473. Valens, emperor of the East, xxiv. 35; xx. 779. Valenti a, Roman province, Britain, xviii. 411. (Valencia), ancient town, Spain, xxiv. 34. Colonia Julia (Valence), ancient town, France, xxiv. 33. Valentine, St, xxiv. 36. , George Sand’s, vn. 509. and Orson, romance, xx. 653, 659. Valentineite, mineral, xvi. 388. Valentini, Michael B., on birds, xviii. 7Valentinian I., emperor of the West, xxiv. 36; xx. 779. II., emperor of the West, xxiv. 36; XX. 779; his contentions with Ambrose, I. 663. III., emperor of the West, xxiv. 37; xx. 780; edict or decree of, xiv. 448; xix. 492. Law of Citations, in Roman law, xx. 711. Valentinians, ancient theological school, xxiv. 38; xix. 415. Valentinus, St, xxiv. 36. , pope, xxiv. 40. , early Christian theologian, xxiv. 37; x. 703; his influence on Neoplatonism, xvil. 335. Valera, Juan, Spanish novelist, xxil 362. Valeria, Roman province, Pannonia, xviii. 213. Valerian, plant, xxiv. 40. Law, Roman, xx. 736. Valerianus, Publius Licinius (Valerian), Roman emperor, xxiv. 41; in Mesopotamia, XVIII. 608. Valerie, Madame Kriidener’s work, xiv. 149.

454 Valerio-Horatian Law, Roman, xx. 737Valerius, Lockhart’s novel, xiv. 763. , Publius, Roman consul, xxiv. 41. Antias, Roman historian, xiv. 729. —— Diocletianus, or Diocletian (q.v.), Roman emperor, vil. 244. Flaccus, Caius, Roman poet, ix. 274; xx. 726. Maximus, Latin writer, xxiv. 41. Val-es-Dunes, Battle of (1047), xvn. 543Valetta, town, Malta, xxiv. 42; xv. 340; siege of (1565), xxi. 174. Valette, John La, grand-master of Knights Hospitallers, xxi. 174. Vali, Turkish governor, xxm. 654. Valki, town, Russia, xiv. 57. Valla, George, his De Expetendis et Fugiendis Rebus, vm. 193. , Lorenzo or Laurentius, Italian scholar, xxiv. 42; xx. 323. Valladolid, province, Spain, xxiv. 42. , town, Spain, xxiv. 43; university, xxill. 839, 851. (Morelia), town, Michoacan de Ocampo, Mexico, xvi. 820. , town, Yucatan, Mexico, xxiv. 43, 758. Vallandigham, Clement L., political agitator, U.S.A., xiv. 661. Valle, Pietro della, Italian traveller, xxiv. 43. Crucis, abbey, Wales, xiv. 741. DE PlELAGOS, town, Spain, xxi. 297. Vallejo, town, California, U.S.A., xxiv. 44. Valletta, town, Malta, xxiv. 42; xv. 340; siege of (1565), XXL 174. Val Leventina, district, Switzerland, xxii. 785; xxiii. 351. Valley Field, town, Canada, xx. 167. Valley Forge, U.S.A., Washington’s strategic position at, xxiv. 389. Valley of Death, Asia Minor, xxiv. 399Vallombrosa, Order of, monastic society, xvi. 708. Valls, town, Spain, xxiv. 44. Valmiki, Brahman poet, XXL 280. Valmy, Duke of (Kellermann), French marshal, xiv. 29. Valois, House of, French dynasty, ix. 545; its connexion with Capet family, v. 55. , Adrian de, French historiographer, 1. 784. , Felix de, abbot of Trinitarians, xxiii. 574. Valona (Avlona), town, Albania, ill. 157Valonia, tanning material, xi. 88; xiv. 382; xvii. 694. Valparaiso, town, Chili, xxiv. 44; province, v. 617.

y a L—V A N Valpy, A. J., his editions of the classics, in. 657. Valrhein, mountain, Switzerland, 1. 621; xxiii. 351. Vals, spa, France, xxiv. 45; xvi. 435. Valsalva, Antonio Maria, Italian anatomist, 1. 813; xv. 815. Valserine, river, France, xx. 528. Vals-les-Bains, spa, France, xxiv. 45; xvi. 435. Valtellina, district, North Italy, xxiv. 45; xxii. 791, 794. Value, in economics, xxiv. 45; in relation to wealth, xxiv. 461; socialistic views of, xxii. 211; Marx on,xxil. 211. See also article Political Economy. Valuiki, town, Russia, xxiv. 298. Valvata, genus of snails, xxn. 188. Valves, Valve-Motions, in steamengine, xxii. 501. , of the heart, 1. 900; xxiv. 98; of the veins, 1. 905; xxiv. 103. Valvular Disease, of the heart, xi. 553Vamcavali, Nepalese chronicle, xvn. 344Vampire, bat, xxiv. 52; in. 432; vil62; xv. 415; sense of touch in, xxm. 479. Vampyrella, genus of Protozoa, xix. 839Van, town, Asiatic Turkey, xxiv. 53; province, xxiii. 653. , Lake, Asiatic Turkey, xxiv. 53; xiv. 222; xxiii. 654. Vanadine Bronzite, mineral, xvi. 416. Vanadinite, mineral, xvi. 407. Vanadium, chemical element, xxiv. 54; v. 539; in iron, xm. 284. Van Alphen, Hieronymus, Dutch writer, xn. 97. Vanbrugh, Sir John, English dramatist and architect, xxiv. 54; II. 443; VIL 436Van Buren, Martin, president of the United States, xxiv. 56; xm. 766. Vancouver, George, English navigator, xxiv. 56; x. 190. Island, British Columbia, xxiv. 57; its mineral wealth, VI. 169. Van Cuelen, Ludolph, mathematician, xxii. 434. Vandals, Teutonic people, xxiv. 58; xx. 780; in Spain, xxii. 308. Vandalus (Vistula), river, Russian Poland, XIX. 307. Van den Bosch, Johannes, governor of Dutch East Indies, XII. 820; xin. 604. Van den Ende, Franz, Dutch physician and teacher, xxn. 400. Vanderbilt University, at Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.A., xvii. 236. Van der Goes, Hugo, Flemish painter, x. 721. Van der Goes, Jan, Dutch poet, 11. 138; xii. 95.

Van der Helst, Bartholomseus, Dutch painter, XL 641. Van der Heyden, Jan, Dutch painter, xi. 784. Van der Meer, Jan, Dutch painter xv. 824. Van der Palm, Johannes Henricus, Dutch historian, XII. 97. Van der Weyden, Roger (c. 1400-64), Flemish painter, XXL 439, 443; his connexion with Memling, XV. 846. Van der Weyden, Roger (1450-1529), Flemish painter, xxi. 439, 443. VANDEVELDE, Adrian, Dutch painter, xxiv. 59. , William, Dutch painter, xxiv. 59. Van-Diemen’s-Land, or Tasmania (q.v.), island, Australasia, xxm. 72. Van Dyck, Sir Anthony, Flemish painter, xxiv. 59. Vandyke Brown, pigment, xix. 88. Vane, in architecture, 11. 475. , Sir Henry, English Parliamentarian, xxiv. 65. Vanellus, genus of birds, xiv. 308. Vanessa (Esther Vanhomrigh), friend of Dean Swift, xxu. 765; ill. 590. Van Eyck, Hubert, Flemish painter, viii. 814. Van Eyck, Jan, Flemish painter, vm. 815; xxi. 438. Van Goyen, Jan Josephszoon, Dutch painter, XL 23. Van Haren, Onno Zwier, Dutch poet, xil. 96. Van Haren, Willem, Dutch poet, xn. 96. Van Helmont, Jean Baptiste, Belgian mystic and alchemist, XL 638; 1. 467; v. 460; xv. 810. Vanhomrigh, Esther, Dean Swift’s Vanessa, xxn. 765 ; her bequest to Berkeley, III. 590. Vanikoro, island, Santa Cruz, Pacific, xvii. 395. Vanilla, spice, xxiv. 66. Vanillin, principle in vanilla, v. 573; xxiv. 66; as perfume, xviii. 526. Vanini, Lucilio, Italian pantheist, xxiv. 67Vanity Fair, Thackeray’s novel, xxiii. 215. Vanity of Human Wishes, by Johnson, xiii. 723. Vanloo, Charles Andrew, Italian painter, xxiv. 68. , John Baptist, French painter, xxiv. 68. Van Mine, Montgomeryshire, Wales, xvi. 453. Vanned, Stefano, Italian musician, xvii. 84. Vannes, town, France, xxiv. 68. Van Noort, Adam, Flemish painter, XXL 41. Vannucchi (Andrea del Sarto), Italian painter, xxi. 315.

V A N —V A V VANNUCCi, Pietro (Perugino), Italian painter, xvin. 680. Van Nuyssen, Abraham Janssens, Flemish painter, xm. 568. Vanozza, Rosa, mistress of Rodrigo Borgia (Pope Alexander VI.), 1. 487. Van Tilborgh, Egidius, Flemish painter, xxm. 175. Van Twiller, Wouter, director, New Netherland, America, xvil. 454. Vanua Levu, one of the Fiji Islands, ix. 156. Van Veen, Heemskerk, Dutch painter, XL 6ll. Van Veen, Otto, Flemish painter, xxi. 41. Vapincum (Gap), ancient town, France, x. 72. Vapour, laws of its formation, vm. 727; limits of elasticity of, vn. 801; amount of aqueous, in atmosphere, in. 32; xvi. 138; instrument for measuring, xii. 569; Deville’s dissociation experiments with, xxi. 166; as steam, xxii. 483; determination of vapourdensity, v. 547; volcanic vapours, x. 241. Baths, hi. 440. Vapours, The, disease, xn. 598. Var, department, France, xxiv. 68. Varangians, Scandinavian guards, at Constantinople, xi. 116. Varasd, town, Austria, xxiv. 69; frontier generalate, xvi. 295. Vardanes, Parthian king, xvm. 601. Vardar, Iron Gate of the, pass, Macedonia, xv. 137. Vardhamana, leader of the Jains, India, xm. 543. Varen, Bernhard (Varenius), German geographer, xxiv. 69. Varia, Sabine town, Italy, xxi. 129. Variable, Complex, in mathematics, xxiv. 69. Variation, Magnetic, xv. 220. and Selection, in biology, xxiv. 76, 818; 1. 87; viii. 750. Variations, Calculus of, xxiv. 85; Lagrange’s contributions to, xiv. 207. Varicose Veins, xxii. 684. Variety, Hamilton’s Law of, in psychology, xx. 49. Varina (Miss Waring), object of Dean Swift’s attentions, xxn. 765. Varinus of Gamers, Italian scholar, XL 238. Variola, disease, xxn. 162. Variscite, mineral, xvi. 405. Varius Avitus (Heliogabalus), Roman emperor, XL 632. Varley, Cornelius, English painter, xxiv. 90. , John, English painter, xxiv. 90. Varley’s Telegraphic Insulator, xxiii. 114. Varna, town, Bulgaria, xxiv. 90; battle of (1444), xix. 289; xxiii. 642.

Varnhagen von Ense, Karl August, German biographer, xxiv. 91. Varnish, xxiv. 91; copal, vi. 342; Japanese, xm. 590, 592; painter’s, XVlli. 138; for violins, xxiv. 246. Varo, island, Norway, xiv. 769. Varoli, Constantio, Italian anatomist, I. 809. Varro, Marcus Terentius, Roman man of letters, xxiv. 92; xx. 719; his chronology of Rome, v. 710; his economic teaching, xix. 350; his language and style, xiv. 334. , Publius Terentius, Roman poet, xxiv. 94. Varronianus, Donaldson’s work, vn. 357Varthema, Ludovico di, Italian traveller, x. 179. Vartry, river, Ireland, xxiv. 557. Varuna, Vedic god, iv. 208; xvi. 530. Varus, P. Quintilius, Roman general, x. 475. Varvicite, mineral, xvi. 387. Vasa, Gustavus, king of Sweden, xi. 333; xxii. 747. , Duke Charles, regent of Sweden, xxii. 748. Vasarhely, Hodmezo, town, Hungary, xii. 41. , Maros, town, Transylvania, xv. 562. Vasari, Giorgio, Italian painter and writer on art, xxiv. 94. Vasco, Giambattista, Italian economist, xix. 362. DA Gama, Portuguese navigator, X. 57, 181; XII. 796; XIX. 545; doubling of Cape of Good Hope by, v. 44. Vascular System, or Organs of Circulation, xxiv. 95; 1. 899; xix. 16; in Amphibia, I. 763; in birds, 11. 726; in Crustacea, vi. 640; in fishes, xn. 658; in mammals, xv. 364; in reptiles, xx. 459. Vases, Ancient, xix. 605, 608, 614; gold and silver, xix. 178; painted, early Greek, II. 353, 359, 364; Corinthian, 11. 348; Etruscan, vm. 641, 644; Greek, designs on, vn. 448. Vashishtha, Brahmanic sage, xn. 782. Vasili 1 Ivanovich, sovereign of Russia, xxi. 91. Vasilika, village, Greece, xxn. 32. Vasiliki, village, Santa Maura, Ionian Islands, xxi. 297. Vasilkoff, town, Russia, xxiv. no. Vassal, in feudal system, xiv. 114; tenure of land by, in England, xiv. 264. Vassar College, at Poughkeepsie, New York, U.S.A., xix. 644. Vasseur, Thfirese le, mistress of Rousseau, xxi. 24. Vasto, town, Italy, xxiv. 110. Vas-Varmegye (Eisenburg), county, Hungary, vil. 790.

455 Vatatzes, John III., emperor of Nicsea, xiii. 713. Vate, island, New Hebrides, xvn. 395. Vathy, town, Ithaca, Greece, xm. 517. , town, Samos, Aegean Sea, xxi. 250. Vatican Council, xxiv. i 10. Vatican Library, at Rome, xiv. 528, 548; Oriental MSS. of, 11. 728. Vatican Palace, Rome, xx. 835; Raphael’s paintings in, xx. 277. Vaticanus, Codex, MS. of New Testament, in. 646; xviii. 147. Vatke, on the Pentateuch, xvin. 508. Vatopede, convent on Mount Athos, Turkey, 1. n. Vattel, Emer de, Swiss jurist, xxiv. 113; on the balance of power, m. 267. Vatteluttu, Tamil alphabet, xxi 11. 42. Vauban, Sebastien Le Prestre de, French marshal, xxiv. 113; as military engineer, ix. 578; on fortification, ix. 441, 444; as political economist, xix. 359. Vaubernier, Marie Jeanne de (Madame Du Barry), mistress of Louis XV., Vil. 494. Vaubois, Comte de, French general, his defence of Malta (1798), xv. 343. Vauchamps, France, Battle of (1814), xvil 221. Vaucluse, department, France, xxiv. 114. , Petrarch’s retreat, xxiv. 114; xviii. 707, 708. Vaud, canton, Switzerland, xxiv. I14; xxii. 793. , Pays de, district of mediteval Switzerland, xxiv. 115. Vaudeville, variety of French drama, vil 427; xviii. 215. Vaudois, or Waldenses {q.v.), religious sect, xxiv. 323. Vaughan, Henry, Welsh poet, xxiv. 115. , Thomas, Welsh writer and alchemist, xxiv. 116. , Sir William, his Golden Fleece, 1. 720. Vault, in architecture, 11. 426, 430. Vaulting, in gymnastics, XL 35. , Groined, in architecture, II. 465. Vauquelin, Louis Nicolas, French chemist, XXIV. 116; on the composition of alum, I. 644; his patronage of Thdnard, xxm. 251. Vauquelinite, mineral, xvi. 403. Vauvenargues, Luc de Clapiers, Marquis de, French moralist, xxiv. 116; ix. 670. VAUX, Clotilde de, her relations with Comte, vi. 233. Vavau, island, South Pacific, ix. 779. Vavavato, district, Madagascar, xv. 168.

456 Vazimba, tribe, Madagascar, xv. 173. Vazoff, Bulgarian poet, xxn. 150. Veal, Mrs, Defoe’s novel, vn. 28, 468. Vecelli, Francesco, Italian painter, xxiii. 416. , Gregorio, Italian councillor and soldier, xxm. 414. , Orazio, Italian painter, xxm. 416. , or Vecellio, Tiziano (Titian, q.v.), Italian painter, xxm. 413. Vecht, river, Holland, xx. 519. Vectis, Roman name for Isle of Wight, xxiv. 562. Vedangas, branches of Vedic (Hindu) science, xxi. 274. V ED ant A, Hindu philosophical writings, XXIV. 117; XXL 290. Vedas, Hindu sacred writings, 11. 698; iv. 201; xii. 779; xxi. 273; on caste, v. 188; Gnostic portion of, xxiv. 117; mythic stories of, xvn. 152. Veddahs, peojDle of Ceylon, xxiv. 120. Vedel, old Danish writer, vil. 90. Vediantii, Ligurian tribe, Italy, xiv. 640. Veen, Heemskerk van, Dutch painter, XL 6l I. , Otto van, Flemish painter, xxi. 41. Vega, Garcilaso de la, Spanish soldier and poet, x. 74; xviii. 346; xxn. 357, Garcilaso Inca de la, Spanish historian, X. 74. , Georg von, Austrian logarithmist, xtv. 775; xxiii. 9. Carpio, Lope Felix de, Spanish dramatist and poet, xxiv. 121; vil. 420; xxii. 357, 358. Vegas, irrigated plains, Spain, xxn. 299Vegetable Baths, hi. 439. Vegetable Creek Mine, New South Wales, xvi. 471. Vegetable Histology, xii. 10. Vegetable Ivory, xiii. 524; xvn. 664. Vegetable Kingdom, xxiv. 124; m. 690; iv. 79; Linnaeus’s classification of, xiv. 672; longevity in, xiv. 857. See also Botany and Plant. Vegetable Marrow, gourd, xi. 4; xii. 283. Vegetable Parasitism, xviii. 264. Vegetable Physiology, xix. 43. Vegetables, Garden, xn. 278; cultivation of, 1. 384; poisonous, xv. 782. Vegetation, Chemistry of, xiv. 567. Zones, in the Alps, 1. 631. Vegetius, Flavius Renatus, Roman military writer, xxiv. 132. , Publius, Roman veterinary surgeon, xxiv. 197. Veglia, island, Adriatic, xxiv. 132. Vehmgerichte (Fehmic Courts), Germany, ix. 63; x. 495. Veii, Etruscan town, Italy, vm. 634; capture of, by Romans, XX. 739.

v a 'Z — v e n Veile, town, Denmark, vil 83. Veins, in anatomy, 1. 905; xxiv. 103, 107; diseases of, xxii. 684. , in leaves, iv. 109. , Mineral, x. 317; xvi. 441. Veitch, James, Scottish mathematician and philosopher, rv. 276. Vejovis, name of Jupiter, xm. 780. Vela, Blasco Nunez de, Peruvian viceroy, xviii. 677. Velabrum, part of ancient Rome, xx. 824. Velasquez, Diego, Spanish governor of Cuba, vi. 441. Velazquez, Diego de Silva, Spanish painter, xxiv. 132; as colourist, xviii. I 39Veldeke, Heinrich von, German writer, x. 518, 523. Veled, Sultan, Ottoman poet, xxiii. 656. Veleia, ancient town, Italy, xxiv. 136. Veleika, town, Russia, xxiv. 234. VELESA (Koprili), town, Turkey in Europe, xiv. 140. Veleslavin, Bohemian printer and writer, xxii. 152. Velez de Guevara, Luiz, Spanish novelist, xi. 248; xxii. 358. Velez-Malaga, town, Spain, xxiv. 136. Velikaya, river, Russia, xx. 35; xxi. 73Velikiya Luki, town, Russia, xx. 36. Velino, Falls of, Perugia, Italy, xxiii. 190. , Monte, mountain, Italy, XIII. 438. Velizh, town, Russia, xxiv. 137. Velleius Paterculus, Marcus, Roman historian, xviii. 358. Velletri, town, Italy, xxiv. 137. Vellikonda, district, Karnul, India, xiv. 6. Vellore, town, India, xxiv. 137. Vellum, xiv. 390; xvni. 271; ancient use of, xviii. 144, 147, 162. Velocipede, xxiii. 559. Velocity, in mechanics, xv. 681, 769; viii. 207; of light, xiv. 584; xxiv. 458; of sound, 1. 104; xxiv. 418; of the wind, xvi. 156. Velsk, town, Russia, xxiv. 283. Velten, St, bishop and martyr, xxiv. 36Velthen, Magister Johann, German dramatist, vil 441. Velvet, silken textile, xxiv. 137, 467; ancient, XXIII. 209; dyeing of, VII. 579Velvet-Duck, bird, xxi. 470. Venantius Honorius Clementianus Fortunatus, Latin poet, ix. 469Venation, of leaves, iv. 109. Vendace, fish, xxiv. 137; xxi. 223. Vendee, department, France, xxiv. 137; insurrection in, ix. 605.

Vendee Diamond, kind of quartz, xxiv. 138. Vendetta, Practice of, in Sardinia, xxi. 309. Vendidad, part of Zend-Avesta, xxiv. 775> ^23. Vendome, town, France, xxiv. 138; xiv. 809. Vendor, in law, xxi. 206. Veneer, Marble, in wall decorations, xvii. 35. Veneering, in cabinet work, xxiv. 138; ix. 849. Vener, Lake, Sweden, xxii. 736. Veneration, in phrenology, xviii. 845. Venereal Diseases, xviii. 404; xxii. 686; in the horse, xxiv. 202. Veneti, ancient Italian people, xm. 447. Venetia, province, Italy, xxiv. 141. Venetian Alps, i. 630. Venezuela, republic, South America, xxiv. 139; 1. 712; revolt of, from Spain, 1. 710; liberation of, by Bolivar, iv. 7; forests, ix. 406; newspapers, xvii. 437. Vengeance, Private, in Roman law, xx. 675; in Sardinia, xxi. 309. Venice, town and former republic, Italy, xxiv. 141; xiii. 479; occupation of Greece by, XL 121; war of Louis XII. of France with, ix. 555; occupation of, by Napoleon (1797), xvii. 198; conflict with Ottoman empire, xxill. 642; contest with Pope Paul V., XVlll. 431; relations to the popedom, xix. 505; its support of Father Sarpi, xxi. 311; bank of, m. 316; bridge of the Rialto, iv. 332; coins, xvii. 657; commerce, vi. 199; musical conservatory, vi. 291; dialect of, xm. 494; doges, vn. 331; glass making, x. 652; libraries, xiv. 530, 548; majolica ware, xix. 628; St Mark’s church, 11. 435; crypt in St Mark’s, vi. 669; nobles, xvn. 527; school of painting, XXL 436, 442; pictures in, XXL 447; porcelain, xix. 636; sculpture, xxi. 568; Tintoretto’s pictures in, xx. 609; Titian’s pictures in, XXIII. 414, 416; Turner’s pictures of, xxiii. 667. Preserved, Otway’s drama, xvni. 70. Turpentine, xiv. 310. Veni Creator, ancient hymn, xii. 583Venieri, Sebastian, Venetian admiral and doge, xxiv. 145, 146. VENKATAGIRI, town, India, XVII. 321. Venlo, town, Holland, xxiv. 157. Vennacher, Loch, Scotland, xviii. 666. Vennones, or Venostes, Rhsetian people, xx. 505. Vent A Icenorum (Norwich), ancient town, England, xvii. 595. Ventidius, Roman general, xviii. 597.

V E N —V E S Ventilation, xxiv. 157; of bee hives, Vergil, or Virgil (q.v.), Latin poet, xxiv. in. 486; of drains, XXL 715; of 248. hospitals, XII. 304; of mines, vi. 70; Vergniaud, Pierre Victurnien, French xvi. 459. Revolutionist, xxiv. 164. Ventnor, town, Isle of Wight, England, Verhulst, William, director, New xxiv. 162. Netherland, America, xvn. 454. Ventriloquism, vii. 63. Verjuice, from crab apples, 11. 212. Ventura, Luca d’Egidio di (Signorelli), Verkh-Issetskii, town, Russia, xvin. Italian painter, xxn. 50; xxi. 434,442. 550. Venue, in law, xxiv. 162. Verkhne-Tchirskaya, town, Russia, Venus, Roman goddess (the Greek xvii. 500. Aphrodite), 1. 788; II. 171; relations Verkhneudinsk, town, Transbaikalia, with Adonis, I. 163; the Egyptian Russia, xxiii. 511. Athor, in. 13; temple of, at Rome, XX. Verkhne-Uralsk, town, Russia, xxiv. 827; in classical sculpture, 11. 356, 166; xvii. 826. 361; vii. 530; xv. 842. Verkhnii Lomoff, town, Russia, —, planet, II. 777, 782, 791; brightness xviii. 515. of, XIV. 582; transits of, 11. 796; Verkhoturie, town, Russia, xviii. xvill. 246; first observation of transit, 550. II. 754; xii. Vermeer, 172; AssyrianJan worship of, der Meer), (J. van III. 176. Dutch painter, xv. 824. , Vigil of, Latin poem, xvill. 683. Vermehren, Danish painter, vii. Venus’s Fly-Trap, insectivorous plant, 94. XIII. 136. Vermejo, river, South America, XIX. Veperi, part of Madras city, India, xv. 188. 188. Vermes, group of animals, xxiv. 677; Vera, Augusto, Italian philosopher, embryology of, XX. 419; reproduction xxiv. 162. of, xx. 409; organs of touch in, xxm. Cruz, state, Mexico, xvi. 214; 478; parasitic forms, xvill. 259. population, xxiv. 163. Vermicella, genus of snakes, xxii. Cruz, town, Mexico, xxiv. 163. 196. Veratrum, plant, xxiv. 163. Vermicelli, article of food, xv. 125. Verawal, town, India, xxn. 261. Vermiformia, divison of Polyzoa, xix. Verb, in grammar, xi. 41. 433Verbano (Maggiore, q.v.), Lago, Italian V ermigli, Pietro Martire (Peter Martyr), lake, xv. 198. Italian Reformer, xxiv. 166. Verbena, plant, xxiv. 163. Vermilion, pigment, xxiv. 166; xix. Vercelli, town, Italy, xxiv. 163; 87. library, xiv. 531; university, xxm. Vermland, county, Sweden, xxii. 741. 833, 836. Codex, Anglo-Saxon MS., vm. Vermont, State, U.S.A., xxiv. 166. 406; MS. of Gospels in Latin, xxiv. Vernation, of plants, arrangement of 163. leaves in bud, iv. 118. VERCELLIS, Madame de, friend of Vernet, spa, France, xx. 128. Rousseau, xxi. 24. , Antoine Charles Horace (Carle Vercingetorix, Gallic chief, iv. 637. Vernet), French painter, xxiv. 169. Verd, Cape, West Africa, xxi. 661; , Claude Joseph, French painter, islands, v. 50; 1. 272; in. 759. xxiv. 168. VERDAGUER, Jacinto, Spanish poet, , Emile Jean Horace, French milixxii. 365. tary painter, xxiv. 169. Verde Antico, variety of marble, xv. , Madame, her protection of Con529; xvi. 397. dorcet, vi. 254. Verdelho Wine, Madeira, xv. 178. Vernier, micrometric instrument, Verden, Massacre of Saxons at (782), xxiv. 169; xvii. 256; xxii. 718. v. 403. , Pierre, French commandant, inVerderer, in forest law, ix. 409. ventor of the vernier, xxiv. 169; Verdict, of a jury, xm. 785, 787. xvii. 256; xxii. 718. Verdigris, or Acetate of Copper, vi. Vernon, Edward, English admiral, 351; as a poison, xix. 278. xxiv. 169. , river, Nebraska, U.S.A., xvn. , James, English secretary of state 307and letter writer, xxiv. 169. Verditer Blue, pigment, xix. 87. Verodunum (Verdun), ancient town, Verdun, town, France, xxiv. 164; France, xxiv. 164. treaty of (843), ix. 534; x. 480; xv. 9. Verona, town, Italy, xxiv. 170; xx. Verge-Board, in architecture, 11. 475. 145; congress of (1822), VI. 271; XVI. Vergennes, Claire E. J. G. de (Madame 202; xxiv. 497; amphitheatre at, 1. Remusat), French writer, xx. 379. 775; libraries, xiv. 548; school of

457 painting, xxi. 436,443; pictures, xxi. 447Veronese, Paolo, Italian painter, xxiv. 173; XXL 436; his manner of colouring, xviii. 139; as colleague of Tintoret, xx. 610. Veronica, St, xxiv. 173. Verres, Roman governor, xxiv. 174. Verri, Pietro, Italian economist, xix. 362. Verrocchio, Andrea del, Florentine painter and sculptor, xxiv. 175; xiv. 456; xxi. 568. Verrucchio, Malatesta da, Italian nobleman, xx. 556. Verrugas, disease, xxiv. 377, 732. , Peru, Railway bridge at, xvin. 675. Versailles, town, France, xxiv. 176; treaty of (1756), ix. 588; treaty of (1783), ix. 595; William I. of Prussia proclaimed German emperor at (1871), xxiv. 582; labyrinth at, xiv. 180; libraries, xiv. 526, 546; palace, 11. 441 ; Vernet’s paintings in palace, xxiv. 169; waterworks, 11. 222. Versecz, town, Hungary, xxiv. 178. Versification, in poetry, xix. 258. Vertebrae, xxii. hi; xxiv. 178; in human anatomy, 1. 820; of Amphibia, I. 751; of apes, 11. 159; of birds, ill. 717; of fishes, xii. 640; of mammals, xv. 356 (and article Mammalia throughout); of reptiles, xx. 447. Vertebrata, or Vertebrates, division of animal kingdom, xxiv. 178; II. 53; embryology of, xx. 420; nervous system, xix. 31; reproduction, xx. 409; skeleton,xxii. 106; in Lankester’s classification, xxiv. 812. Vertigo, Epileptic, vm. 480. Vertot, Abbe de, French historian, ix. 668. Vertue, George, English engraver and antiquary, xxiv. 188. Vertumnus, Roman deity, xix 443. Vert Vert, Gresset’s poem, xi. 187. Verulam, Baron (Francis Bacon, q.v.), ill. 200. Verulamium (St Albans), Roman town, Britain, xxi. 156. Verus, iElius, Roman general, XVIII. 604. , M. Aurelius, Roman emperor, III. 86; xx. 773, 775; xxii. 573. , Martius, Roman general, xviii. 604. Verviers, town, Belgium, xxiv. 188. Vervins, France, Treaty of (1598), ix. 564. Verwer, Adriaen, on sea-rights, xxi. 584. VesALIUS, or Vesale, Andreas, Flemish anatomist, 1. 807; on the organs of circulation, xxiv. 95. Vesical Diseases, xxiv. 188. Vesiegonsk, town, Russia, xxm. 672. XXV. — 58

458 VESOUL, town, France, xxiv. 191; XXI. 301. Vespa, genus of insects, xxiv. 391. Vespasian (Titus Flavius Vespasianus), Roman emperor, xxiv. 191; XX. 772; in Judiea, xm. 427; temple of, at Rome, xx. 820. Vespers, canonical hour, xxiv. 192; iv. 263. at Blackfriars, London, Accident at (1623), xiv. 847. Vespertilionid^e, family of bats, xv. 410. Vespid^e, family of insects, xxiv. 391. Vespucci, Amerigo, Italian navigator, xxiv. 192; x. 181. Vesta, Roman goddess (the Greek Hestia), xxiv. 193; temple of, at Rome, xx. 818, 819; temple of, at Tivoli, 11. 417; pilgrimage to temple of, xix. 91. , asteroid, 11. 807. Vestalia, Roman festival, xxiv. 195. Vestal Virgins, Roman priestesses, xxiv. 193. Vestas, matches, xv. 626. Vesteraalen, islands, Norway, xiv. 768; xvii. 577. Vesteras, county, Sweden, xxn. 741. Vesterbotten, county, Sweden, xxn. 741. Vesternorrland, county, Sweden, xxii. 741. Vestfjold Kings, of Norway, xvn. 585Vestiges of Creation, anonymous work, by Robert Chambers, V. 381; xxiv. 77. Vestmanland, county, Sweden, xxii. 741Vestments, Ecclesiastical, xxiv. 195; vi. 461. Vestochnyi, Cape, Eastern Siberia, xv. 547. Vestris, Madame, English actress, xv. 632. Vestry Boards, of London, xiv. 820. Vesunna (Perigueux), Roman town, France, xvm. 534. Vesuvians, matches, xv. 626. Vesuvius, volcano, Italy, xxiv. 195; X. 243 ; XVII. 187; destruction of Pompeii by, xix. 444. Veszelyite, mineral, xvi. 406. Veszprem, town, Hungary, xxiv. 197. Vetches, Culture of, 1. 376. Veterinary Department, of British army, II. 584. Veterinary Science, xxiv. 197. Vetlanka, Russia, Plague at, xix. 167. Vetluga, river, Russia, xxiv. 279. Veto, in constitutional law, xxiv. 206; of the Roman tribune, xxm. 558; presidential, of United States, xxm. 749Act, of Church of Scotland, ix. 743; xxi. 538.

Y E S —Y I E Vetranic-Cavcic, Nicholas, Ragusan dramatist, xxi. 690. Vetter, Lake, Sweden, xxii. 736. Vettore, Monte, mountain, Italy, xiii. 437. Vetulonia, Etruscan town, Italy, vm. 636. Veturii, Ligurian tribe, Italy, xiv. 640. Vevay, town, Switzerland, xxiv. 115. Vexin, district, Normandy, France, xvii. 539, 544. Veysi, Turkish writer, xxiii. 656. Vezelay Abbey, France, Architecture of, 11. 430. Viaducts, iv. 284; railway, xx. 234. Viareggio, town, Italy, xxiv. 208. Viaticum, last communion to the dying, xxiv. 208. Viatka, or Vyatka, government, Russia, xxiv. 302; town, xxiv. 303. Viau, or Viaud, Theophile de, French poet, xxiv. 208; ix. 656. Viazemski, Prince, Russian poet, xxi. 109. Viborg, town, Denmark, vn. 83. , town, Finland, XXIV. 209. Vibration, Effect of, on iron and steel, xiii. 355; on magnetization, xv. 268. , Light propagated as, xxiv. 421. Vibrations of Sound, i. 100; xvii. 105; communication of, 1. 116; of human voice, xxiv. 275. Vibrographs, acoustic instruments, 1. 110. Vicar, in ecclesiastical law, xxiv. 209; I. 179; XXIII. 412; of an English parish, xvni. 296. Vicar-Choral, ecclesiastical officer, xxiv. 209. Vicar-General, in ecclesiastical law, xxiv. 209; in. 559. Vicar of Wakefield, Goldsmith’s tale, x. 762. Vice, tool, xi. 439. Vice-Admiral, Office of, 1. 159. Vice-Comes, Anglo-Norman officer, xxiv. 261. Vicente, Gil, Portuguese dramatist, xxiv. 209; vie 420; xix. 556; as pastoral poet, xviii. 346. Vicentia (Vicenza), ancient town, Italy, xxiv. 210. Vicenza, town, Italy, xxiv. 210; university of, xxiii. 836. Vice-President, of United States, xxiii. 750; list of vice-presidents, xxiii. 787. VlCH, town, Spain, XXIV. 210. Vichy, town, France, xxiv. 210; mineral water of, XV1. 435. Vichy-Chamrond, Maria de, Marquise du Deffand, vn. 25. Vicksburg, town, Mississippi, U.S.A., xxiv. 211; battle of (1863), xxiii. 778.

Vico, Giovan Battista, Italian jurist and philosopher, xxiv. 211; xiii. 512. —-, Pietro di, prefect of Rome, xx. 795VlCRAMADITYA, Era of, v. 719. Victim, Sacrificial, xxi. 132. Victor I., St, bishop of Rome, xxiv. 213; xix. 489. II.-III., popes, xxiv. 213. IV., two antipopes, xxiv. 213. , Claude Perrin, French marshal, xxiv. 213. , Sextus Aurelius, Roman consul and historian, XXIV. 214. Amadeus L, duke of Savoy, xxi. 342Amadeus II., king of Sardinia, xxi. 342; xiii. 484. Amadeus III., of Sardinia, xxi. 342. Emmanuel, king of Italy, xxiv. 214; xiii. 488; xxi. 342. Victoria, queen of England, vm. 366. , British colony, Australia, xxiv. 215; ill. 114; mines, XVI. 471; xxi. 48; newspapers, xvn. 437; opium cultivation, xvii. 792; railways, XX. 253. , district, "Western Australia, xxiv. 507. , town, Brazil, xxiv. 218. , town, British Columbia, xxiv. 218. , town, Hong-Kong, China, xn. 141. , Lake, Central Asia, xviii. 103. Bridge, at Montreal, Canada, iv. 339; xvi. 794. Cave, Yorkshire, England, v. 270. Falls, river Parana, Argentine Republic, xix. 188. Falls, Zambesi river, Africa, xxiv. 765; I. 255; discovery of, 1. 247; xiv. 721. Nyanza, Lake, Africa, xvii. 504, 507. PARK, London, XIV. 824. Peak, Vancouver Island, xxiv. 57. Regia, water-lily, xxiv. 402. University, at Manchester, England, xxiii. 854. Victorines, The, mystics, xvii. 132. Vicuna, or Vicugna, ungulate mammal, I. 598; iv. 13; xiv. 739; influence of domestication on, iv. 251. VlCUS Aquensis (Bagneres-de-Bigorre), ancient town, France, III. 235. Vicus iRi/E (Voghera), ancient town, Italy, xxiv. 272. Vida, Marco Girolamo, Italian Latin poet, xxiv. 219. VlDAGO, spa, Portugal, XVI. 435. Vidal, Peire, Provencal poet, xix. 874. , Ramon, Catalan poet, xxii. 363. Vidonia Wine, Teneriffe, iv. 797; xxiv. 607. Vidua, genus of birds, xxiv. 463. Viedma Lake, Patagonia, xviii. 353.

V I E —V I N Vieillot, Louis Pierre, on birds, xvm. Vignola, Giacomo Barozzio da, Italian 7architect, ill. 380; xx. 836. Vien, Joseph Marie, French painter, Vigny, Alfred de, French poet and xxiv. 219. adventurer, xxiv. 225. Vien-Chang, town, Siam, xxi. 853. Vigo, town,'Spain, xxiv. 226; xix. 455. Vienna, capital of Austria-Hungary, Vigors, Nicholas Aylward, on birds, xxiv. 219; siege of, by the Turks XVIII. 15. (1529), xxiii. 643; siege of, by the Vigten Islands, Norway, xvn. 576. Turks (1683), ill. 126; XIV. 466; xix. Vijil, Francisco de Paula, Peruvian 296; xxiii. 645; taken by Bonaparte orator and statesman, xvui. 676. (1805), in. 132; peace of (1809), m. Vik, district, Norway, xvn. 584. 134; IX. 616; congress of (1814-15), Vikings, Northern sea-rovers, their early in. 135, 270; vi. 270; ix. 618; XIII. expeditions, xvii. 584; their knowledge 485; xiv. 855; xvii. 223; xix. 298; of geography, x. 178; their possession revolution at (1848), m. 136; academy of Orkney and Shetland, xvn. 848; of surgery, 1. 77; libraries, xiv. 527, invasion of Scotland by, XXL 477. 547; newspapers, XVII. 429; imperial Vikramaditya, king of Ujjain, India, observatory, XVII. 713; telescope in xii. 789. observatory, xxiii. 149; picture gal- Vikramorvasi, Kalidasa’s Sanskrit leries, xxi. 445; porcelain, xix. 640; drama, xni. 829; xxi. 285. Canova’s sculpture in, xxi. 570; uni- V1 Laica Removenda, obsolete English versity, xxiii. 840, 851; waterworks, writ, xxiv. 695. II. 228. Vilayet, Turkish administrative diviVienne, department and town, France, sion, xxiii. 654. xxiv. 222. VILCAMAYU, river, Peru, xvill. 673; , river, France, xiv. 806. valley, xviii. 675. , Haute-, department, France, XXIV. Vilkomir, town, Russia, xxiv. 226. 223. VlLLACREZES, congregation of reformed , John de, leader of the French in Franciscans, ix. 699. Scotland (1381), xxi. 490. Villa de Contas, town, Brazil, xxiv. Viequez, island, Porto Rico, West Indies, 227. xix. 532. Villa de Horta, town, Azores, in. Vierge aux Rochers, Leonardo’s 172. painting, xiv. 460. Villa do Rio Pardo, town, Brazil, Vierwaldstattersee, or Lake of xxiv. 227. Lucerne (q.v.), Switzerland, xv. 41. Villafranca, Italy, Conference and Vierzon, town, France, xxiv. 223. peace of (1859), m. 139; ix. 624; xm. Vieta, Francois, French mathematician, 490; xvii. 228. xxiv. 224; his application of algebra Village, in United States, xxm. 827. to geometry, 1. 514; on squaring the , The, Crabbe’s poem, vi. 539. circle, xxil. 434; his contributions to Communities, xiv. 365; in Russia, trigonometry, xxiii. 562. xxi. 70, 83. VIEUSSENS, Raymond, French anatomist, Tenure, of land, xiv. 260. I. 812, 813. Villa Hayes, town, Paraguay, xviii. VlEUZAC, Bar&rede, French Revolu244tionist, III. 373. Villainage, in England, VI. 355; vm. Vigevano, town, Italy, xxiv. 224. 325; XXIL 137. Vigil, Ecclesiastical, xxiv. 224. Villani, Filippo, Italian biographer, VlGlLANTlUS, early writer on superxxiv. 228. stitious practices, xxiv. 224; his , Giovanni, Italian chronicler, xxiv. warning against monachism, xvi. 703. 227; xiii. 505; xx. 385. VlGILIUS, pope, XXIV. 225; XIX. 493; , Matteo, Italian historian, xxiv. his relations with Pope Pelagius L, 228. xviii. 473. Villa Nova da Gaia, suburb of Vigil of Venus, Latin poem, xvni. Oporto, Portugal, xvii. 795. 683. Villanueva, town, Mexico, xxiv. 761. VlGNA, Pietro de la, or Pier delle del Grao, town, Spain, xxiv. Vigne, Italian minister to Frederick 34II. , xxiv. 225;Villa inventor of thetown, sonnet,Paraguay, xviii. Pilar, xxil 262; xiii. 500. 244Vignacourt, Alof de, grand-master of Villa Real, town, Portugal, xxm. Knights Hospitallers, xxi. 175. 525Vigne, Pier delle. See Vigna. Villa Rica, town, Paraguay, xvin. Vignemale, mountain, France, xx. 127. 244. Vignette, in architecture, 11. 475. Villars, Claude Louis Hector, Due de, Vignobles, district, Neuchatel, SwitzerFrench general, xxiv. 228; IX. 581. land, XVII. 361. Villarsite, mineral, xvi. 415.

459 Villefranche de Rouergue, town, France, xxiv. 228. Villefranche-sur-Sa6ne, town, France, xxiv. 229. Villehardouin, Geoffrey de, French chronicler, xxiv. 229; ix. 645. , Godfrey, prince of Achaia, xxiv. 229; capture of Nauplia by (1211), xvii. 249. Villeinage, in England, vi. 355; vm. 325; xxil 137. Villein-Socage, system of land tenure, England, xix. 734. Villemain, Abel Frangois, French literary historian, xxiv. 231; ix. 680. Villemarque, Theodore Hersart, Vicomte de la, on Breton literature, ^ v. 324. Villena, town, Spain, xxiv. 231. , Enrique de, Spanish poet, xxil 355Villenage, or Villeinage (q.v.), vi. 355. Villeneuve, Pierre C. J. B. S. de, French admiral at Trafalgar, xvn. 323Villeneuve-SUR-Lot, town, France, xxiv. 231. Villiers, George, first duke of Buckingham, iv. 417; Bacon’s connexion with, in. 206. , George, second duke of Buckingham, IV. 419. , George William Frederick, fourth earl of Clarendon, v. 807. , John de, master of Knights Hospitallers, xxi. 174. Villon, Francis, French poet, xxiv. 232; ix. 647. Vilmanstrand, town, Finland, xxiv. 209. Vilmorin, Henry de, French agriculturist, xxiv. 532. Vilna, government, Russia, xxiv. 233. , town, Russia, xxiv. 234; observatory at, xvii. 714. Vilui, river, Siberia, xxil 5; xxiv. 726. Vimiero, Portugal, Battle of (1808), xxiv. 495. Vinago, genus of birds, xix. 85. Vincennes, town, France, xxiv. 234. , town, Indiana, U.S.A., xxiv. 234. Vincent, St, Spanish deacon and martyr, xxiv. 234. of Beauvais, mediaeval encyclopaedist, xxiv. 235; viii. 192; XXL 427. of Lerins, St, ecclesiastical writer, xxiv. 236; vi. 562. , Alexandre Joseph Hidulphe, on porisms, XIX. 520. , George, English painter, xxiv. 234, Thomas, Penn’s discussion with, xviii. 493. , William, on the early circumnavigation of Africa, 1. 245.

460 Vincent de Paul, St, founder of the Lazarites, xxiv. 236. Ferrer, St, Spanish preacher, xxiv. 236. Vincentius (St Vincent), Spanish saint and martyr, xxiv. 234. Bellovacensis (Vincent of Beauvais), mediaeval encyclopaedist, xxiv. 235; viii. 192; xxi. 427. Vinci, Leonardo da, Italian painter and philosopher, xiv. 455; xm. 508; xxi. 437, 569Vindelici, ancient Alpine people, xx. 504. Vindelici a, Roman province, xxiv. 236; xx. 505. Vindelician Alps, i. 628. Vindex, Julius, his revolt against the emperor Nero, xvn. 351. ViNDiciiE Gallic.®, Mackintosh’s book, xv. 160. Vindicta Privata, in Roman law, xx. 675. Vindobona (Vienna), ancient Roman town, xxiv. 222. VlNDOClNUM (Vendome), ancient town, France, xxiv. 138. VINE, plant, xxiv. 236; in horticulture, XII. 277; culture of, for wine making, xxiv. 602; cultivation, in Italy, xm. 451; in Madeira, xv. 178; of Zante, xxiv. 767. Vinea, Petrus de, or Pietro de la Vigna, minister of emperor Frederick II., xxiv. 225. See Vigna. Vinegar, or Acetic Acid, xxiv. 240; making of, IX. 98. Vine-Mildew, xvi. 294. Vinery, Garden, xn. 223. VlNET, Alexandre Rodolphe, French critic and theologian, xxiv. 241; xxn. 799Vineyards, XXIV. 602; on the Rhine, xx. 520. Vinje, A. 0., Norwegian poet, xvn. 591. Vinland, seat of early settlement, North America, 1. 706. Vinnitsa, town, Russia, xxiv. 241; xix. 254. Vintschgau, district, Tyrol, Austria, xxiii. 711. VIOL, musical instrument, XXIV. 242. Viola, genus of plants, xviii. 214; xxiv. 241. Violet, plant, xxiv. 241; xn. 253. Violin, musical instrument, xxiv. 242. Viollet-le-Duc, Eugene Emmanuel, French architect, XXIV. 246. Violoncello, musical instrument, xxiv. 245. Viotti, Giovanni Battista, Italian violinist and composer, xxiv. 246. Viper, reptile, xxiv. 247; xxn. 193, 199. Vipera, genus of snakes, XX. 452; xxn. 193; xxiv. 247.

y i N —V I T Viramamuni (Joseph Beschi), Italian writer in Tamil, xxill. 44. VlRAVANALLUR, town, India, xxiii. 405. Virchow, Rudolf, on cellular pathology, xviii. 361. Virgen Gorda, island, West Indies, xxiv. 261. VIRGIDEMIARUM SlXE BOOKES, Bishop Hall’s work, XL 390. Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro), Roman poet, xxiv. 248; xx. 722; language and style of, xiv. 335; as representative of the Augustan age, ill, 82; his connexion with Naples, xvil. 191; commentaries on, XXL 692; Gawain Douglas’s translation of, vn. 377; Dryden’s, VII. 492. , Polydore, bishop of Bath and Wells and historian, XXIV. 255. the Enchanter, romance, xx. 641. VlRGILlA, genus of trees, II. 320. VirgiliaNj® Sortes, Divination by, vii. 293. Virginal, musical instrument, xix. 67. Virginia, Roman maiden, Story of, v. 816. , State, U.S.A., xxiv. 255; colony of, xxill. 729; Captain John Smith’s connexion with, XXII. 174; mineral springs of, xvi. 436; newspapers, xvil 434; opium cultivation, xvil 792. , West. See West Virginia. City, Nevada, U.S.A., xxiv. 261. Virginian Nightingale, bird, xi. 209; xvil 499. Virginians, The, by Thackeray, xxiii. 216. Virginia Resolutions (1798), in history of United States, xv. 183; xxiii. 756. Virgin Islands, West Indies, xxiv. 261. Virgin Martyr, The, Massinger’s play, xv. 618. Virgin Mary, The, xv. 589. Virgins, Eleven Thousand, of the Ursula legend, xxiv. 13. Viriathus, Lusitanian chief, xxn. 306. Virtue, in ethics, vm. 575; Aristotelian doctrine of, II. 517; Platonic, xix. 196; Socratic, xxn. 237, 266; xix. 195; Stoic doctrine of, XXII. 568. VlRUNUM (Klagenfurt), ancient town, Austria, xiv. 107. Visakhadatta, Hindu dramatist, XXL 286. Visayas, islands, Philippines, xviii. 752. , race of people, Philippine Islands, XVlll. 753. Viscera, Thoracic, Anatomy of, 1. 899; xx. 475; abdominal, vii. 223; xviii. 669; malformations of, xvi. 765. Vischer, Peter, German artist, xvn. 633; xxi. 565.

Vischer, Theodor, on aesthetics, 1. 219. Visconti, Milanese ruling family, xm. 477; xvi. 291, 293. , Filippo Maria, duke of Milan, xm. 479, Gian Galeazzo, count of Pavia, XIII. 478; XVlll. 438; as ruler in Siena, xxil. 41; tomb of, XXL 569. Viscosity, property of matter, vii. 801; VI. 311; xix. 247; of gases, xvi. 618; xix. 248; of solids, xxil. 598; measurement of, xii. 459. Viscount, rank of nobility, xxiv. 261; XXIII. 418; in English peerage, XVlll. 464. Viscum, genus of plants, xvi. 527; xviii. 265. Vishnu, Hindu deity, iv. 207; worship of, among Mahrattas, xv. 290. Vishnumaya, daughter of Brahma, xiv. 19. Vishnuvites, tribe, India, xv. 185. VlSHTASPA, ancient Oriental sovereign, xxiv. 821. Visible Speech, A. Melville Bell’s, 1. 608; xxii. 385. Visigothic Writing, xviii. 156. Visigoths, or West Goths, x. 848; in France, ix. 528; xiv. 287; invasion of Roman empire by, xx. 780; their conquest of Spain, XXIL 308; in time of Theodosius I., xxiii. 257; code of, iv. 262; xxi. 216. VlSlN, Denis von, Russian dramatist, XXL 106. Vision, xiv. 578; physical causes of, viii. 816; binocular, xxil 538; diseases of, xvil 780; influence of, on nervous movements, XIX. 39; psychical relations of, VIII. 826; Berkeley’s theory of, III. 590; in bees, HI. 487. See also Sight. , Poetic, XIX. 263. OF Mirza, Addison’s allegory, 1. 149Visions, Mental, VII. 452. Visitation, Feast of the, xv. 592. VlSON, genus of carnivorous mammals, XVI. 474. Vispered, part of Zend-Avesta, xxiv. 775VlSQUERT, Antonio, Spanish painter, xxiii. 198. VlSSCHER, Anna, Dutch poetess, Xii. 93, Roemer Pieterssen, Dutch writer, XII. 93. , Tesselschade, Dutch poetess, xii. 93Vistritza, river, Macedonia, xv. 137. Vistula, river, Central Europe, in. 116, 294; xix. 307; xx. 218. Governments, Russian official designation of Poland, xix. 306. VlSVAMITRA, Indian sage, XII. 782. Vitale Michieli, doge of Venice, xxiv. 142. Vitalian, Roman general, xill. 791.

V I T —V O L VlTALIANUS, pope, XXIV. 262. Vital Statistics, xxii. 462. Vita Nuova, Dante’s work, vi. 814. Vitebsk, government and town, Russia, xxiv. 262. Vitelleschi, Cardinal, Papal general, xx. 805. , Mutio, general of the Jesuits, XIII. 654, 656. Vitelli, Alessandro, Italian general, xv. 789. Vitellius, Aulus, Roman emperor, xxiv. 262; xx. 773; struggle of his supporters against Othonians, xvm. 65. Viterbo, town, Italy, xxiv. 263. Vithoba, Temple of, at Panderpur, India, xvm. 210. Viti (or Fiji) Islands, South Pacific, ix. 155; xv. 835. Vitigis, Gothic king, XIII. 797. Viti Levu, one of the Fiji Islands, ix. 156. Vitim, plateau, Siberia, xxn. 2; xxiv. 725. , river, Siberia, xxn. 5; xxm. 510; xxiv. 726. Vitis, genus of plants, xxiv. 237. Vitkovics, Michael, Hungarian poet, xii. 377. Vitoria, town, Spain, xxiv. 263; battle of (1813), xxiv. 496. Vitr£, town, France, XXIV. 263. Vitrea, group of Foraminifera, IX. 378. Vitrified Forts, xxiv. 263. Vitriol, Vitriols, xxiv. 265; xvi. 401, 402; manufacture of, xxii. 636; as a poison, xix. 278; blue, xxn. 637; Roman, vi. 351. Vitruvius, Roman architect and engineer, xxiv. 265; 11. 382; xx. 809; his influence on Italian architecture, II. 437; language and style of, xiv. 336. Vitry, France, Storming of (1143), ix. 540; xv. 18. VITTORIA, town, Sicily, XXIV. 266. Vittorino da Feltre, Italian educationist, vii. 672. Vittorio (Cenada), district, Italy, v. 334Amedeo (Victor Amadeus, q.v.) II., king of Sardinia, XIII. 484; XXL 342. ViTTORioso, part of Valetta, Malta, XV. 340. Vitudurum (Winterthur), ancient town, Switzerland, xxiv. 614. Vitus, St, Roman martyr, xxiv. 266. Vivaria, or Fish Stews, Ancient, 11. 218. Vivarini, Antonio, Venetian painter, xxiv. 266. , Bartolommeo, Italian painter, XXIV. 267. , Luigi, Italian painter, xxiv. 267. Viverra, genus of carnivorous mammals, xv. 436; v. 796.

Vives, Juan Luis, or Ludovicus, Spanish scholar, xxiv. 267. Vivi, town, on Congo river, Africa, xxiv. 765. Vivianite, mineral, xvi. 404; xvm 818. Viviparous Birth, xx. 410. Viviparous Plants, xx. 423. Vivisection, John Hunter on, xn. 386. Act (1876), English, xv. 799. Vivonne, Catherine de, Marquise de Rambouillet, xx. 264. Vizagapatam, district and town, India, xxiv. 267. Vizcaya (Biscay), province, Spain, m. 787. Viziadrug, town, India, xxiv. 267; x. 566. Vizi an AG ram, estate and town, India, xxiv. 267. Vizier, Oriental officer, xxiv. 268; xvi. 591. , Grand, Turkish minister, xxm. 654. Vizzini, town, Sicily, xxiv. 268. Vlachs, or Roumans, xxiv. 268; in Roumania, xxi. 16. Vlacich, Matthias (Flacius), German theologian, ix. 275; V. 765; XV. 85. VLACQ, Adrian, Dutch logarithmist, xiv. 774; his tables, xxm. 9. Vlad, voivode of Walachia, xxi. 16. Vladikavkaz, town, Russia, xxiv. 270. Vladimir, government, Russia, xxiv. 270; town, xxiv. 271. , early Russian prince, XXL 89. Vladislaff, king of Servia, xxi. 688. Vladivostok, town, Siberia, xxiv. 271; xv. 549. Vlissingen (Flushing), town, Holland, ix. 350; xxiv. 772. Vlotslavsk, town, Russian Poland, xxiv. 625. Vocal Organs, in man, xxiv. 273; in birds, in. 726. Vodena, town, Turkey in Europe, vii. 652. Vodka, river, Russia, xvn. 772. Vodnik, Valentine, Slovenian poet, xxii. 150. Voet, Gisbert, on the Cartesian philosophy, vii. 119. Vogel, H. C., his corrections of objectglasses, xxiii. 141. VOGELWEIDE, Walther von der, German poet, xxiv. 340; x. 525. VOGHERA, town, Italy, XXIV. 272. VOGLER, Georg Joseph, German organist and composer, xxiv. 272. Voglite, mineral, XVI. 399. VOGULS, people, Siberia, XXII. 8. Voice, Human, xxiv. 273; sounds of, 1. 118; xviii. 811; XXII. 381; as instrument of expression, xvin. 767. Voider, in heraldry, xi. 697*

461 Voigtland, region, Central Germany, XX. 493. Voil, Loch, Scotland, xviii. 666. Voirlich, Ben, mountain, Scotland, xviii. 666. Voiron, town, France, xxiv. 277. Voiture, Vincent, French writer, xxiv. 277Voivodes, rulers of Roumania, xxi. 16, 19. VoLAGASES L, Parthian king, xvin. 602. II., Parthian king, xvin. 603. III., Parthian king, xvin. 604. IV., Parthian king, xvin. 605. V., Parthian king, xvin. 606. Volaterras (Volterra), Etruscan town, Italy, viii. 636; xxiv. 293. Volaterranus, his Commentarii Urbani, vm. 193. Volatility, of metals, Table of, xvi. 66. VOLBORTHITE, mineral, XVI. 406. Volcanalia, Roman festival, xxiv. 301. Volcanic Islands, Polynesia, xix. 418. Volcano, Volcanoes, x. 240: as source of ammonia, xvn. 516; in America, 1. 673; in Azores, ill. 170; of Chili, v. 616; Etna, vm. 627; of Europe, Vlll. 683; in Isle of Thera, Greece, xxiii. 280; of Hawaii, xi. 531; of Iceland, xn. 617; of Italy, XIII. 443; of Japan, xm. 571; of Java, xiii. 601; of Mexico, xix. 512; of Peru, xviii. 672; of Philippine Islands, XVlll. 749 ; Vesuvius, xxiv. 195; mud, in Burmah, xiv. 162. VOLCI, Etruscan town, Italy, vm. 635. Vole, rodent mammal, xxiv. 277; xv. 419; snow-vole, 1. 633. Volga, river, Russia, xxiv. 278; xxi. 74, 304Volgerite, mineral, xvi. 388. Volhynia, government, Russia, xxiv. 281. Volinski, Prince, Russian minister, xxi. 98. Volition, in psychology, xx. 72; physiological action of the brain in, XV. 279; Cousin’s doctrine of spontaneity in, VI. 525. See also Will. Voljsk, town, Russia, xxiv. 283; xxi. 305Volkhoff, river, Russia, xvn. 607; xxi. 73. Volmar, Melchior, his influence on Calvin, iv. 714. Volney, Constantin Frangois Chassebceuf, Comte de, French writer, xxiv. 282; IX. 672. Volo, town, Greece, xxiv. 282: gulf, xxiii. 299. VOLOGDA, government, Russia, xxiv. 282; town, xxiv. 283. Vologesia, town, Mesopotamia, xvi. 51'

462 Volost, administrative division, Russia, xxi. 70. VOLSCI, or Volscians, ancient Italian people, xiii. 445; xiv. 344; xx. 739. Volsinii, Etruscan town, Italy, VIII. 635Volsk, town, Russia, xxiv. 283; xxi. 305Volt, electrical unit of measurement, xxiii. 116. Volta, river, West Coast, Africa, x. 755, Alessandro, Italian physicist, xxiv. 284; his electrical experiments, vm. 9Voltaire, Francois Marie Arouet de, French man of letters, xxiv. 285; IX. 665; his influence on the French drama, vil. 425; his religious opinions, IX. 669; as satirist, xxi. 320; influence of his writings, IX. 592; quarrel with Lessing, xiv. 479; his relation to Ninon de Lenclos, xiv. 445. Voltaite, mineral, xvi. 402. Voltameter, electric machine, vm. 107. Voltchansk, town, Russia, xiv. 57. Volterra, town, Italy, xxiv. 293; vm. 636. , Daniele da, Italian artist, xx. 537Volterrano, II (Baldassare Franceschini), Italian painter, IX. 687. VOLTORE, Monte, Italy, Xlll. 439. Volturno, river, Italy, Xlll. 440. Voltzine, mineral, XVI. 396. VOLUBILIS, Morocco, Ruins of, XVI. 834Volume, Mensuration of, xvi. 13. Volunteers, British, xxiv. 293. Volusenus, Florentius, Scottish humanist, xxiv. 296. Volute, in architecture, 11. 475. Vomer, Anatomy of the, in man, 1. 825; in Amphibia, I. 754; in mammals, XV. 355; in reptiles, xx. 450, 452; development of, in birds, III. 700. Vomiting, xvii. 670. Vondel, Joost van der, Dutch writer, vil 444; xii. 94. VONONES I., Parthian king, XVIII. 600. II., Parthian king, xvill. 602. Voorbroek, Jakob (Perizonius), Dutch scholar, xvill. 547. VOPISCUS, Flavius, Augustan historian, III. 74. VORAGINE, Jacobus de, archbishop of Genoa, xxiv. 296; XIII. 499. Vorarlberg, district, Austria, xxiv. 297. Voringfos, Norway, xvii. 575. Vorobiovy Hills, Russia, xx. 35. Voronezh, government, Russia, xxiv. 297; town, xxiv. 298. , river, Russia, VII. 356; XXL 74. Vorontsovah, town, Russia, xxiv. 298.

Y O L —W A D VOROSMARTY, Michael, Hungarian poet, xii. 378. VORSTERMAN, Lucas, engraver of works of Rubens, vm. 442. Vortex Atoms, Theory of, m. 43. Vortex Motion, in hydromechanics, xii. 450. Vortices, Descartes’s theory of, vn. 124. Vortigern, British prince, II. 650; viii. 269. Vos, Jan, Dutch writer, XII. 95. Vosges, department, France, xxiv. 298. , mountains, France and Germany, xxiv. 298; ix. 506. Vosmaer, C., Dutch writer, XII. 98. Voss, Johann Heinrich, German poet and archseologist, xxiv. 299; x. 541. Vossius, Gerardus Johannes, German scholar and theologian, xxiv. 299. , Isaac, Dutch scholar, xxiv. 300. VOTAN, legendary legislator of Yucatan, I. 704. Voters, Parliamentary, Registration of, in England, xx. 344. Votiak Language, xxiv. i; xviii. 779; dictionaries of, vil. 188. Voting, Modes of, m. 288. Votkinsk, town, Russia, xxiv. 300. VOUET, Simon, French painter, XXIV. 300VOUSSOIR, in an arch, IV. 305. Vow, Religious, xxiv. 300; Nazarite, xxiii. 17. Vowel Points, in Hebrew, xi. 600. VOWELS, their sounds, 1. 1; pronunciation of, xxii. 382; musical sounds and notation of, 1. 119. Voyage Home, Lucian’s work, xv. 45Voyage of Parnassus, by Cervantes, v. 354Voyages, Quickest, down to 1883, XVII. 277. Vozhe, Lake, Russia, xvii. 606. Voznesensk, Ivanovo-, town, Russia, xiii. 520; xxiv. 271. Vrancx, Sebastian, Flemish painter, xxiv. 301. Vranitza, Turkey, Charles XII.’s residence at, v. 421. Vraz, Stanko, Servian poet, XXL 691. Vriendt, Frans de (Floris), Flemish painter, ix. 342. Vries, Simon de, friend of Spinoza, xxii. 401. Island, Japan, xiii. 570. VRIESLAND (Friesland), province, Holland, ix. 785. VuiTERGA, river, Russia, XVII. 772. Vukashin, king of Servia, xxi. 689. Vulcan, Roman deity (the Greek Hephsestus), xxiv. 301; XL 679. Vulcanise Insulae (Lipari Islands), Mediterranean Sea, xiv. 682.

Vulcanise Theory, in geology, xxiv. 502. Vulcanite, Manufacture of, xii. 841. VULCANO, one of the Lipari Islands, Mediterranean Sea, xiv. 682. Vulcatius Gallicanus, Augustan historian, III. 74. VULFILA (Ulfilas, q.v.), Gothic writer, x. 852. Vulgar Fractions, in arithmetic, 11. 529; tables of, xxiii. 8, 13. Vulgate, Latin translation of the Scriptures, HI. 647; Xlll. 631. VULPES, genus of carnivorous mammals, IX. 493. Vulpinite, mineral, xvi. 400. VULPIUS, Christiane, wife of Goethe, x. 73iVulso, Cnseus Manlius, Roman consul, xv. 492. Vulture, bird, xxiv. 301. , Bearded, bird, xiv. 243. VURFU OURLA, mountain, Hungary, XII. 361. Vyasa, Brahman poet, xxi. 281. Vyatka, government, Russia, xxiv. 302; town, xxiv. 303; xxi. 89, 91. Vyazma, town, Russia, xxiv. 303; xxii. 183. Vyazniki, town, Russia, xxiv. 271. Vyernyi, town, Russia in Asia, xxiv. 303; xxi. 641. Vyiski, iron-works, Russia, xvii. 500. Vyrnwy, river, Wales, Waterworks of, xiv. 714; xxiv. 407. Vyshnevolotsk, canals, Russia, xxiii. 672. VYSHNIY VOLOTCHOK, town, Russia, xxiv. 303; xxiii. 672. Vytchegda, river, Russia, xxiv. 283. \\T the twenty-third letter of the ’ '7 alphabet, xxiv. 304. Waal, river, Holland, xii. 63; xx. 519. Wabash, river, Indiana, U.S.A., xii. 813. Wage, Maistre, French trouvere, xxiv. 304; viii. 407. Wachstein, mountain, Germany, xxi. 349WACHUSETT, mountain, Massachusetts, U.S.A., xv. 611; xxiii. 792. Wackenroder, Wilhelm Heinrich, German writer, X. 542. Waclaw, king of Poland, xix. 288. Waco, town, Texas, U.S.A., xxiv. 3°4Wad, mineral, xvi. 388. Wadai, or Waday, country, Soudan, Africa, I. 271; XXII. 278, 279. Group, of Negroes, xvii. 319. Wadding, Luke, Irish ecclesiastical historian, xxiv. 304. Wadham College, Oxford, xviii. 97Wadjo, kingdom, Celebes, v. 288.

W A D —W A L

Wadman, Johan Anders, Swedish writer, xxii. 757. Wady Halfa, town, Nubia, Africa, xvii. 507, 611. Wady Musa (Petra), town, Northern Arabia, xviii. 705. Wafers, in stationery, xxiv. 305. Waganda, people of Uganda, Africa, xxiii. 718. Wager, in law, xxiv. 305. , Sir Charles, English admiral, xxiv. 170. of Battle, ii. 210; vn. 511; xvii. 820; xxiv. 305. Wages, xxiv. 306; xiv. 165; as affected by trade unions, xxiii. 500; payment of, xviii. 440; taxes on, xxiii. 89; Lassalle on, xiv. 321; Marx on, xxii. 211 ; Rodbertus’s theory, XX. 616. See also article Political Economy. Waggons, Railway, xx. 247. WAGLER, Johann, on birds, xviii. 14, 20; on reptiles, XX. 436. Wagner, Adolf, German economist, xix. 392. , Andreas, on a feathered reptile, xviii. 34. , Johann Gottlob, pianoforte maker, xix. 73. , Rudolph, German anatomist and physiologist, xxiv. 313. , Wilhelm Richard, German musical composer, xxiv. 313; anticipated by Monteverde, xvii. 87; his influence on the lyrical drama, xvii. 99. Wagnerite, mineral, xvi. 407. WAGRAM, Austria, Battle of (1809), in. 134; ix. 616; xvii. 214. Wagria, ancient district, Holstein, XXL 415Wagtail, bird, xxiv. 316. Wahab, Muhammed ben, Druse chieftain, VII. 484. Wahballath, prince of Palmyra, xviii. 202. Wahhabees, or Wahhabites, sect of Arabs, II. 250, 260; xvn. 773; xxm. 648; their doctrines in India, XL 849. Wahidi, Arabic writer, xvn. 514. Wahlstatt, Prussian Silesia, Battle of (1241), xiv. 569; xvi. 741. Wahsatch Mountains, U.S.A., xxiil 796; xxiv. 19. Wai, town, India, XXL 317. Waigalis, tribe, Kafiristan, Asia, xm. 822. Waihu (Rapanui), island, South Pacific, xx. 273. Waikato, river, New Zealand, m. 67; xvi. 467. Wainad, district, India, xvn. 508. Wainewright, Thomas Griffiths, English essayist, xxiv. 317. Wainganga, river, India, m. 627. Waipa, river, New Zealand, xvn. 467.

463 Wairoa, river, New Zealand, xvn. Waldemar, king of Sweden, xxii. 467. 745Waitangi, New Zealand, Treaty of Walden, Thoreau’s prose work, xxiii. (1840), xvii. 471. 3i3Waitz, Georg, German historian, xxiv. Waldenburg, town, Prussia, xxiv. 317. 322. Waitzen, town, Hungary, xxiv. 30. Waldenses, religious sect, xxiv. 322; Waives and Strays, Cinque Port XX. 321; their Presbyterianism, xix. right, v. 787. 697. Wakaholo, Lake, Buru, Indian Archi- Walderbeskopf, mountain, Rhenish pelago, iv. 573. Prussia, xx. 20. Wakatipu, Lake, New Zealand, xvn. Waldgebirge, mountains, Austria, ill. 467. 116. Wakefield, town, England, xxiv. Waldheim, Fischer de, on birds, xviil I 318. 5, Edward Gibbon, English colonial Waldmann, Hans, burgomaster of statesman, xxiv. 318. Zurich, xxiv. 831. > Gilbert, English scholar and theo- Waldo, Peter, founder of the Waldenses, logian, xxiv. 319. xxiv. 323. Wakefulness, xxii. 157. Wales, principality (incorporated with Wakeman, Sir George, English phyEngland), VIII. 215; as part of ancient sician, xvii. 697. Britain, iv. 353; in 6th century, vni. Wakhan, state, Central Asia, xvin. 271; in 9th century, vm. 284; inva104. sion of, by William II., xxiv. 577; Mountains, Transcaucasia, RusNorman settlement in, xvn. 551 ; in sia, xxiil 513. nth and 12th centuries, vm. 304, Wakhsh, affluent of Oxus, Central 309; conquest of, by England, vm. Asia, xviii. 103. 311; Irish in, XIII. 247; ancient law Wakidi, Moslem historian, xvi. 596; code, XXL 216; ancient literature, v. xxiil 2. 314; poetry, VIII. 408; ancient tribes, Wakores, African tribe, XV. 475. v. 300; coalfields, vi. 49; colleges, Walachia, principality, Roumania, xxiil 856; counties, vm. 220; xxi. 16; Great and Little, xxiv. 269, Eisteddfod, vil 791 ; newspapers, 270. XVII. 422; population and representaWalachian (or Roumanian) Lantion, xxiil 727. guage, xxiv. 270; xx. 668; alphabet Walfisch Bay, South Africa, v. 43. of, I. 614; dictionaries of, vil. 186. WALGHVOGEL (Dodo), bird, VIL 321. Walafrid Strabo, German mediaeval Walia, Visigothic leader, in Spain, writer, xxiv. 320. xxii. 308. Walata, oasis, Africa, xvn. 695. Walid I., caliph, xvi. 573. Walburga, St, English abbess, xxiv. II., caliph, xvi. 576. , Abul (Rabbi Jonah), Jewish philo337Walch, Carl Friedrich, German jurist, logist, xill. 737. xxiv. 321. Walidiya, town, Morocco, xvi. 831. , Christian Wilhelm Franz, Ger- Walkelin, bishop of Winchester, xxiv. man ecclesiastical historian, xxiv. 596. 321. Walker, river and lake, Nevada, , Jacob (Jacopo de’ Barbari), VeneU.S.A., xvii. 367. tian artist, vil 555, 556. , town, England, xxiv. 325. , Johann Ernst Immanuel, German , Frederick, English painter, xxiv. philologist, xxiv. 321. 326. , Johann Georg, German church , Sears Cook, American astronomer, historian, xxiv. 321. xxiv. 326. Walcheren, island, Holland, xxiv. , General William, filibuster, Nicar771; British expedition to, Xiv. 854. agua, XVII. 479. Walchowite, mineral, XVI. 428. Walkerite, mineral, xvi. 420. Walcott, John, on British birds, Walker’s Earth, fuller’s earth, ix. xviii. 9. 816. Walcz (Deutschkrone), town, Prussia, Walking-Stick Insect, xni. 152. vil 134. Wall, Great, of China, v. 638, 644. Waldeck-Pyrmont, principality, Ger, Antonine’s, Scotland, II. 139; iv. many, xxiv. 321. 353; xxi. 471; xxii. 554. Waldemar, margrave of Brandenburg, , Hadrian’s, England, XI. 364; xxi. xx. 3. 471. II., king of Denmark, vil 84. Wallace, Alfred Russel, on natural selection, vm. 749, 764; on the races III., of Denmark, vil 85; his contest with the Hanse towns, XL 450. of man, II. 114; on the Malayan race,

464 xv. 324; on birds, xvm. 32; on the fauna of New Guinea, xvn. 387. Wallace, Sir William, Scottish patriot, xxiv. 326; xx. 592; xxi. 487; his struggle against Edward I., vii. 683; viii. 313. , William, Scottish mathematician, xxiv. 327. Wallace’s Line, Asia, 11. 684. Wallachian Alphabet, i. 614. Wallachian (or Roumanian) Language, XXIV. 270; xx. 668; dictionaries of, vie 186. Wallaces, Vlachs, or Walachians, race of people, Europe, xxiv. 268; in Greece, XL 83. Wallasey, town, England, xxiv. 328. Walla Walla, town, Washington Territory, U.S.A., xxiv. 328; district, xxiv. 386. Wall-Creeper, bird, xxm. 534. Wall Decoration, xvii. 34; xxiii. 158. See Mural Decoration. Wallenberg, Jakob, Swedish writer, xxii. 756. Wallenstadt, Lake, Switzerland, xxii. 777. Wallenstein, Schiller’s drama, xxi. 397, Adalbert Eusebius von, German general, xxiv. 328; III. 125; IX. 77 ; x. 500; xi. 334. Waller, Edmund, English politician and poet, xxiv. 330; vm. 418. Wallin, Johan Olof, bishop of Upsala, Swedish hymn-writer, XXIL 757. Wallis (Valais), canton, Switzerland, xxil. 785. , Lake, New South Wales, xvn. 408. , John, English mathematician and grammarian, xxiv. 331 ; on the arithmetic of infinites, xm. 6; on imaginary roots of quadratic equations, XX. 161; on squaring the circle, XXIL 435; his controversies with Hobbes, xil. 36, 37; on Wright’s navigation tables, xvil. 225; on the teaching of deaf-mutes, vn. 6. , Samuel, explorer in Polynesia, x. 189; discoverer of Tahiti, xxm. 24. Wallons, or Walloons, people of SouthEastern Belgium, XXIV. 332. Wall-Papers, iv. 512; xvn. 38; Japanese, xm. 591. Walls, of Rome, xx. 812, 832. , islands, Orkney, Scotland, XVII. 846. Wallsend, town, England, xxiv. 333; coal of, xvil 566. Wall Street, New York, xvil 458. Wall Tiles, xxiii. 389. Walnut, tree and fruit, xxiv. 333; xn. 278; XVIL 664; culture of the tree, 11. 318; in United States, xxm. 808. Walpole, Horace, English writer,

W A L —W A R xxiv. 333; Chatterton’s application to, v. 448; his Walpoliana, 1. 785. WALPOLE, Sir Robert, English statesman, xxiv. 335; viii. 354; x. 422; his measures of finance, IX. 184; his relations with Townshend, XXHL 492. WALPURGIS, St, English abbess, xxiv. 337Oil, xxiv. 337. Walpurgite, mineral, xvi. 407. WALRUS, carnivorous mammal, XXIV. 337; xv. 443; tusks of, xiii. 523. Oil, xvil 744. Walsall, town, England, xxiv. 338. Walsh, William, English poet, xxiv. 338. Walsingham, Norfolk, England, Ruins at, xvil 537. , Sir Francis, English statesman, xxiv. 338. Walter of Essex, reputed author of Guy of Warwick, XL 341. , Jakob Gottlieb, on the anatomy of the nerves, I. 816. , John, proprietor of The Times newspaper, London, xvil 417. Printing Machine, xxiii. 707. Walters, Lucy, mother of James, duke of Monmouth, xvi. 755. Waltham, town, England, xxiv. 339. Abbey, town, England, xxiv. 339; gunpowder factory at, II. 633. Holy Cross, town, England, xxiv. 339. Walthamstow, town, England, xxiv. 340. Waltheof, Earl, English noble, vm. 292; xxiii. 476; xxiv. 575. Walther, Bernhard, German astronomer, XXIV. 340; XX. 342; his observatory at Nuremberg, XVIL 709. VON DER VOGELWEIDE, German minnesiinger, XXIV. 340; X. 525. Walton, or Walton-le-Dale, town, England, xxiv. 341. , or Walton-on-the-Hill, town, England, xxiv. 341. , Brian, bishop of Chester, xxiv. 341; his Polyglott Bible, 1. 497; ill. 652. , Izaak, author of Compleat Angler, xxiv. 342. Wamahs, tribe, Kafiristan, Asia, xm. 822. Wamasai, race of people, East Central Africa, I. 263. WAN-CHOW Fu, town, China, XXIV. 342. Wandering Jew, The, xm. 673. Wandering Jew, Eugene Sue’s novel, XXIL 619. Wandsworth, district, London, xiv. 822, 833. , Orders of, Presbyterian system, in England, XIX. 686. Wangarawa (Mandingoes), African tribe, xv. 475.

Wangen, lake-dwelling, Lake of Constance, xiv. 223. Wang Khan, Prester John (q.v.), xvi. 745Wanjab, river, Turkestan, XVili. 103. WANKS, river, Honduras, XIL 130. Wansbeck, river, England, xvil 565. Wans Dyke, Wilts, England, xxiv. 594Wanstead, town, England, xxiv. 343Wan Wang, Chinese writer, v. 660. Wanyoro, people, Central Africa, xxin. 859Wapentake, English territorial division, XII. 360. Wapiti, kind of deer, vn. 24. Wapplerite, mineral, xvi. 404. War, XXIV. 343; English articles of, vi. 518; xvi. 296; use of balloons in, I. 199; influence of, on emigration, VIII. 173; international law of, xm. 193; laws and usages of, Lieber’s code, xiv. 564; prizes of, xix. 766; tactics in battles, III. 443. WARACABA, bird, XXIII. 595. Waran, lizard, xiv. 734. Warangal, town, India, xxiv. 366. Warasdin (Yarasd), frontier generalate, Austria, xvi. 295; town, xxiv. 69. Waratah, tree, New South Wales, xvil 410. Warbeck, Perkin, claimant of English crown, viii. 329; XL 662; in Scotland, xxi. 496; siege of Waterford by, xm. 261. Warbler, bird, xxiv. 366. Warburton, Egerton, Australian explorer, hi. 106. , Eliot Bartholomew George, Irish traveller and novelist, XXIV. 367. , William, bishop of Gloucester, controversialist, XXIV. 368. Ward, in law, xm. 2. , Ann (Mrs Radcliffe), English novelist, XX. 211. , Edward Matthew, English painter, xxiv. 369. , James, English painter, XXIV. 369; XXL 441, 444; his defence of beards, ill. 464. , Mrs, founder of the Jesuitesses, XVI. 7I3, Seth, his controversies with Hobbes, xil 36. , William, English engraver, XXIV. 369Ward a, George, Syriac hymn-writer, xxii. 855. War-Dances, vi. 799. Wardha, district, India, xxiv. 370. Wardley, Jane, leader of the Shakers, XXL 736. Ward of Court, in law, xm. 2. Wards and Liveries, Court of, xiv. USWare, town, England, XXIV. 370.

w A R —w A t 465 Warendorp, Brun, burgomaster of Warton (1728-1790), Thomas, poet and tures, xi. 585; xii. 460; density of, Liibeck, xv. 32. author of History of English Poetry, in Pacific Ocean, xviii. 120; distillaWarens, Madame de, friend of Rousxxiv. 378. tion of, vie 263; filtration, ix. 166; seau, xxi. 24. Warwick, county, England, xxiv. 378; hardness of, how remedied, v. 88; its Wargentin, P. W., on the satellites of xxu 7375 coalfield of, vi. 50; town, action on lead, xiv. 378; mechanics Jupiter, 11. 757. xxiv. 380. of, xii. 435; its action on metals, xvi. Warham, William, archbishop of , Countess-dowager of, Addison’s 69; as a mineral, xvi. 385; movements Canterbury, vm. 414. wife, I. 149. of, in the Baltic Sea, ill. 296; refractive Waring, Miss (Varina), object of Dean , Richard Nevil, earl of, xxiv. 381; power of, xiv. 591; resistance of, exSwift’s attentions, xxn. 765. vie 685; viii. 327, 328. periments on, xxi. 810; its action on Warming, of hospitals, xn. 305. Castle, England, xxiv. 380. rocks, x. 262, 267, 269; as medium of Apparatus, xi. 590. Wasa, province of Finland, ix. 217. sound, 1. 107; velocity of sound in, 1. Warminster, town, England, xxiv. Wasen, town, Switzerland, xxiv. n. 104; ordeal by, xvii. 820; of rivers, 37o. Wash, The, bay, Lincolnshire, England, rights in, xx. 565; of the sea, XXL 611; Warnefrid, father of Paul the Deacon, xiv. 653. xxiv. 398; Gay-Lussac on the comxviii. 436. Washburne, Mount, Wyoming, U.S.A., position of, x. 122; Thales’s cosmic , Paul (Paulus Diaconus, XVIII. xxiv. 737. theory of, xxiii. 219. 436; his book of homilies, XII. 125. Washburn Observatory, at Madison, Beetles, vi. 126,130. Warner, William, English pastoral Wisconsin, U.S.A., xvn. 715. Water-Bok, antelope, 11. 101. poet, xviii. 347. Washing, Water for, xxiv. 399. Waterbury, town, Connecticut, Warnerius, or Irnerius, Italian jurist, Washing-Machines, in bleachino-, m. U.S.A., xxiv. 400. xiii. 277. 816. Water-Chambers, in ships, xxi. 814. Warner Observatory, at Rochester, Washing of Feet, Christian rite, xv. Water Chestnut, tree, xvn. 664. New York, U.S.A., xvn. 715. 635Water-Closets, xxl 716. Warp, in weaving, xxiv. 463; ancient, Washing Soda, xxii. 243. Water Colours, xix. 86; painting xxiii. 206. Washington, seat of government, in, xviii. 139. Warping, mode of irrigation, 1. 406; United States, xxiv. 382; treaty of Water Cress, plant, xii. 289; xvii. xiii. 367. (1871), xxill. 782; in 1810, XXlll. 239Warr, Peter de la, speaker of House of 7575 Capitol at, 11. 454; libraries, xiv. Water-Crow, bird, xviii. 75. 1 Commons, xviii. 306. 535, 5 5 5 naval observatory, xvii. 715; Water-Cure, or Hydropathy, xn. 542. Warrandice, in Scots law, xxiv. 373. telescope in observatory, xxm. 150. Water Engines, xii. 519. Warrant, in law, xxiv. 371; for , Territory, U.S.A., xxiv. 385. Waterford, county, Ireland, xxiv. arrest, 11. 630. , George, first president of the United 400. Warranty, in law, xxiv. 372; of sale, States, xxiv. 387; commander-in-chief, , town, Ireland, xxiv. 401; newsxxi. 208. xxiii. 741; president, xxm. 752; papers, xvii. 423. Warree, ungulate mammal, xviii. 449. as author, 1. 721. Water Gauge, xii. 476. Warren, Mercy, American authoress, , Mount, New Hampshire, U.S.A., Water-Glass, xxii. 53. 1. 722. xvii. 390; xxiii. 792. Water-Hen, bird, xvi. 808. , Samuel, English novelist, xxiv. Islands, Marquesas group, Pacific, Water Hog, rodent mammal, v. 80. 373xv. 564. Water in the Head, disease, xn. 431. , Dr Samuel, Wesleyan seceder, Washita, river, Louisiana, U.S.A., xv. Waterland, Daniel, his controversy xvi. 190. 20. with Middleton, xvi. 282. Girders, for bridges, iv. 317. Wash-Pumps, ore-dressers, xvi. 59. Waterlanders, Dutch sect, xvi. 12. Warrington, town, England, xxiv. Wasps, group of insects, xxiv. 391; xn. Water-Lily, plant, xxiv. 402. 374577; xiii. 148; honey of, xn. 136. Waterloo, village, Belgium, xxiv. Warringtonite, mineral, xvi. 402. , The, Aristophanes’s comedy, 11. 402; battle of (1815), in. 444; viii. Wars, drug, xin. 831. 508. 364; ix. 618; xvii. 224; xxiv. 497. Warsaw, government, Russian Poland, Waste, in law, xxiv. 393. , town, Iowa, U.S.A., xxiv. 402. xxiv. 374. Lands, Improvement of, 1. 402. Lectures, Col. Chesney’s, v. 591. , town, Poland, xxiv. 375; observaOF Water, in cities, xxiv. 410. Waterloo-with-Seaforth, town, tory at, xvii. 714. Weir, iv. 785; xxiv. 408. England, xxiv. 402. , Prince of (Ivan F. Paskewitch), Wasungen, town, Germany, xxi. 348. Water-Marks, in paper, xviii. 218. Russian general, XVIII. 340. Wa-Swahili, tribes, East Africa, xvn. Water-Meadows, Irrigation of, xm. Wars of Granada, romance, xx. 659. 364, 367319Wart, skin excrescence, xxiv. 377; Watauga, river, Tennessee, U.S.A., Watermen, Thames, xxi. 30. xviii. 378; XXII. 121. Settlements on, xxm. 178. Water Meters, xii. 505; xxiv. 410. Warta, river, Russian Poland, xix. 307. Watch, timepiece, xxiv. 394. Water-Mole, monotreme mammal, Wartburg, fortress, Germany, vn. Watchmaking, in Geneva, x. 148; in xix. 213. 790; Luther’s detention at, xv. 75. Switzerland, xxn. 779; at Waltham, Water Motors, xii. 519. Hill, Germany, xxi. 349. Water-Newt, Great, amphibian, xxm. U.S.A., xxiv. 339. Warthe, river, Germany, xvn. 724. Watellen, mountain, Sahara, Africa, 577Wart-Hog, ungulate mammal, xxn. Water-Ousel, bird, xviii. 75. xxi. 149. 774Water, xxiv. 398; boiling point of, at Water Pipes, Flow of water through, Warton, Joseph, English man of letters, XII. 484; trap for, XXL 714. different heights, ill. 387; for brewing, xxiv. 377. iv. 273; composition of, v. 483; de- Water Poet (John Taylor), xxm. 95. , Thomas (1688-1745), professor of composition of, by galvanism, xvii. Water-Power, in mechanics, xv. 773; poetry at Oxford, xxiv. 377 xii. 519. 487; density of, at different temperaXXY. — 59

466 Waterproof Cloth, xii. 842. Water-Rail, bird, xx. 223. Water-Rat, rodent mammal, xxiv. 277Waters, Mineral, xvi. 431. Water-Shrew, insectivorous mammal, xxi. 844. Waterspout, xvi. 130. Water-Supply, xxiv. 402; in relation to health, XII. 568. Water-Thrush, bird, xix. 149. Watertight Compartments, in ships, xxi. 816. Waterton, Charles, English naturalist, xxiv. 410. , Edmund, his collection of rings, xx. 561. Watertown, town, New York, U.S.A., xxiv. 410. , town, Wisconsin, U.S.A.,xxiv. 411. Watervliet, Shaker settlement, U.S.A., xxi. 737. Water Volcano (Volcano de Agua), Central America, 1. 420; XL 239. Water-Way, of ship, xxi. 819. Water-Wheels, xii. 438, 522; Poncelot’s improvements in, XIX. 452. Water-Works, xxiv. 406; at Chicago, v. 613; Glasgow, x. 642; London, xiv. 825; New York, xvn. 465; ancient Olympia, xvn. 769; Paris, xvni. 279. See also Aqueduct. Watford, town, England, xxiv. 411. Wathik billah, caliph, xvi. 585. Watling Island, one of the Bahamas, Atlantic, ill. 237. Watling Street, Roman road, England, xiv. 39; xvii. 568. Watson, Elkanah, his forecasts as to population in U.S.A., xxiil. 818. , George, Scottish painter, X. 782. , Richard, bishop of Llandaff, controversialist, xxiv. 411. , Robert Grant, on the races of Persia, xviii. 627. , Thomas, English pastoral poet, xviii. 346. , Sir William, his electrical experiments, VIII. 5. Watt, James, inventor of steam-engine, xxiv. 412; xxii. 475; his diagram of heat and work, xxiil 284; on parallel motion, XV. 697; his partnership with Boulton, IV. 172. , Robert, Scottish bibliographer, III. 660. Watteau, Antoine, French painter, xxiv. 414. WATTEVILLE, Montchretien de, French economist, XIX. 357. Watts, Isaac, English divine and hymn-writer, xxiv. 415; hymns by, xii. 593. Wat Tyler, leader of English peasants’ revolt, viii. 319; xx. 541. Wauwyl, lake-dwelling, Switzerland, Xiv. 223.

W A T—W E E Wave, Waves, in physics, xxiv. 415; of light, Xiv. 603; of sound, I. 102; tidal, xxiil 372; action of, x. 284; generation, height, and force of, XL 456; motion of, xil. 457; xv. 686; effects of surface-tension on, v. 69; velocity of, xn. 436. Wave-Lengths, of spectrum lines, xxii. 378. Wavellite, mineral, xvi. 405; xvin. 818. Wave-Making Resistance, Law of, XXL 8lO. Waveney, river, England, xxn. 621. Waverley Abbey, Surrey, England, xxii. 694. Waverley Novels, Scott’s, vm. 434; xxi. 549. Wavertree, town, England, xxiv. 421. Wave Theory of Light, xxiv. 421. Wax, fatty solid, xxiv. 459; xvn. 739, 743; in plants, XII. 17; vegetable, of Japan, XIII. 591; white, of China, V. 638; use of, in encaustic painting, viii. 186; beeswax, ill. 486; bleaching of beeswax, in. 823. , Sealing, xxi. 586. Waxbill, bird, xxiv. 463. Wax Candles, iv. 803. Wax Figures, xxiv. 460. Wax-Insects, China, v. 634. Waxmundska, mountain, Carpathians, x. 25. Waxwing, bird, xxiv. 460; migrations of, in. 770. WAY, Right of, in law, XIX. 705. Waymouth, George, Arctic explorer, xix. 317. Waystract, Richard, Lollard preacher, xiv. 811. Wazan, town, Morocco, xvi. 834. Wazir (Vizier), Moslem officer, xxiv. 268; xvi. 591. Weald, district, Sussex, England, xxil. 723Wealdenberg (Saffron Walden), ancient town, England, xxi. 146. Wealden Rock, in geology, x. 357, 359Wealth, in economics, xxiv. 461; xix. 347, 384of Nations, Adam Smith’s treatise, xix. 366; xxil 170. Weapons, of war, 11. 553; early use of, vill. 617; modern military, xxiv. 344Wear, river, England, xxil 657. Wearing Ship, xxi. 599. Weasel, carnivorous mammal, xxiv. 462; xv. 440; xix. 331. Weather, xvi. 157; its influence on mortality rates, III. 36. Weather-Book, Fitzroy’s, ix. 272. Weather Maps, xvi. 158. Weaver, river, England, v. 589. Weaver-Bird, xxiv. 462.

Weaving, xxiv. 463; ancient, xxiil 206. Web, in weaving, xxiv. 463. , Spider’s, II. 295. Webb, F. W., his compound locomotive engine, XXIL 521. , Matthew, English champion swimmer, XXIL 771. Weber, Aloysia, German vocalist, xvn. 10. , Carl Maria Friedrich Ernst von, German composer, XXIV. 467. , Constance, wife of Mozart, XVII. 10. , Ernst Heinrich, on the circulation of the blood, XXIV. 97; his law of psycho-physics, xxiv. 470; his theory of reed-pipes, I. 115. , Franz Anton von, German musician, xxiv. 467. , Wilhelm, his contributions to the science of electricity, Vlll. 10, 71; his theory of the magnetic molecule, xv. 276. Weber’S Law, of psycho-physics, xxiv. 469. Webster, Daniel, American statesman, xxiv. 471; as orator, I. 722. , John, English dramatist, XXIV. 473; VII. 432. , Noah, American lexicographer, xxiv. 474; 1. 722. , Thomas, English painter, xxiv. 474Weckherlin, Georg Rudolf, German writer, x. 530. Weddas (Yeddahs), people of Ceylon, xxiv. 120. Wedderburn, Alexander (Earl of Rosslyn), lord chancellor of England, xxiv. 475. , John, Scottish hymn-writer, XIL 591; XXL 542. , Robert, Scottish hymn-writer, xxi. 542. Weddle’s Method, of calculating logarithms, XIV. 779. Wedgwood, John, English potter, xix. 632. , Josiah, English potter, XXIV. 476; xix. 632. , Mr, on photography, xvili. 821. Wednesbury, town, England, xxiv. 476. Wee Davie, Norman Macleod’s tale, xv. 163. Week, of seven days, iv. 664; days of the, 11. 740; astrological, XXL 125. Weeka, New Zealand bird, xvn. 723. Weekly Magazines and Reviews, xviii. 536. Weekly Register, Cobbett’s newspaper, VI. 84; XVII. 419. Weems, or Piets’ Houses, 11. 339. Weert, Jan de, Dutch writer, XIL 90. Weever, fish, xxiv. 477. Weevil, beetle, xxiv. 477; Vi. 133; as vine pest, XXIV. 238.

W E E —W E S Weevil, Corn, as wheat pest, xxiv. 536. Weft, in weaving, xxiv. 463; ancient, xxiii. 206. Wegierski, Thomas Kajetan, Polish satirist, xix. 303. Wegscheider, Julius August Ludwig, German theologian, xx. 290. WEGUELIN, T. M., on the Bank of England, ill. 331. Wehrlite, mineral, xvi. 381. WEIDA, town, Germany, XXL 349. Weidenhausen, suburb of Marburg, Prussia, xv. 530. Weigel, Valentin, German mystic, xvii. 134. Weighing Machines, hi. 261; xv. 771; XVI. 490; agricultural, 1. 327. Weight, Comparative, of bodies, Tables of, XII. 541; of materials for bridgebuilding, iv. 288. Weight-Modulus, vie 807. Weights, Abbreviations of designations of, I. 29. and Measures, xxiv. 478. Weimar, town, Germany, xxiv. 491; xxi. 349; Goethe’s residence in, x. 727Weir, in hydraulics, xn. 474; waste, IV. 785; XXIV. 408; on rivers, xx. 573. WEISENTHAL, Charles F., inventor of sewing machine, XXL 718. Weishaupt, Adam, German mystic, xii. 706. Weiss, Bernard Siegfried, German anatomist, I. 455. , Christian Samuel, on crystals, vi. 674. Weissenberg (White Mountain), Bohemia, Battle of (1620), in. 861; xxiv. 328. , spa, Switzerland, xvi. 433. Weissenfels, town, Prussia, xxiv. 491. WEISSENSTEIN, mountain, Switzerland, XXII. 250. Weissgiltigerz, mineral, xvi. 395. Weissite, mineral, xvi. 418. Weiss-Kunig, poetical autobiography, planned by emperor Maximilian L, xv. 644. Weka, or Weeka, New Zealand bird, xvii. 723. Weldon Range-Finder, xxiii. 126. Weld-Seed Oil, xvii. 744. Welhaven, Johann Sebastian Cammermejer, Norwegian poet and critic, xvii. 591. Weliz, town, Russia, xxiv. 137. Welland, river, England, xiv. 654; XVII. 555; XXL 114. Canal, Canada, xxi. 179. Wellesley, Richard Wesley, marquis of, English politician, xxiv. 491; governor-general of India, xii. 804. , Henry, his Anthologia Polyglotta, II. 105. Province, Straits Settlements, xxii. 586*

Wellingborough, town, England, xxiv. 492; xvii. 556. Wellington, town, Shropshire, England, xxiv. 493. , town, Somerset, England, xxiv. 493, town, New Zealand, xxiv. 493. , Lake, Victoria, Australia, xXiv. 216. , Arthur Wellesley, duke of, English general and statesman, xxiv. 493; in battle, III. 444; British army under, II. 571; in India, XII. 804; in Portugal, XIX. 551; his campaigns in Spain, xxii. 344; his relations with Sir Robert Peel, xvill. 455; his victories, viii. 364; at Waterloo, xvii. 224. Wellingtonia, genus of trees, xxi. 674; culture of, II. 319. Wellington Island, Patagonia, xviii. 352Wells, for water-supply, xxiv. 404. , town, England, xxiv. 499; sculptures in cathedral, xxi. 558. , William Charles, English physician, xv. 816. Wels, fish, xxii. 67. Welsh, the name, vm. 269; xxiv. 268. , Mr, his balloon ascents, I. 195. Bards, hi. 370; v. 318; vn. 791. Calvinistic Methodists, xvi. 193Cattle, i. 389. Language, v. 298; dictionaries of, vii. 188. Law Code, xxi. 216. Literature, v. 314. Mortgage, in law, iv. 254. Poetry, viii. 408. Welshpool, town, Wales, xxiv. 500. Wen, disease, xviii. 380. Wenceslaus, German king and king of Bohemia, xxiv. 500; x. 495. , king of Poland, xix. 288. Wendish Language, xxii. 153; dictionaries of, vii. 188. Wendish Switzerland, district, Russia, xxi. 72. Wends, Slavonic people, xxi. 353; xxii. 145, 147. Wengroff, town, Russian Poland, xxii. 37. Wenham’s Aero-Planes, for flying machines, IX. 322. Wenham’s Parabolic Illuminator, xvi. 272, 273. WENLOCK, town, England, XXIV. 501; abbey at, I. 15. Wentworth, Charles Watson, marquis of Rockingham, xx. 615. , Thomas, earl of Strafford, English statesman, xxii. 584; vm. 347. Wenzel, of Olmutz, German engraver, vii. 556. . , Karl Friedrich, German metallurgist, xxiv. 501; on chemical equi- , valents, V. 463.

467 Werdau, town, Saxony, xxiv. 501. Were-Wolf, object of superstitious belief, xv. 89. Wergeland, Henrik Arnold, Norwegian poet and dramatist, xvn. 590. Werner, Abraham Gottlob, German geologist, xxiv. 502. , Friedrich Ludwig Zacharias, German poet, xxiv. 502; x. 543. , Johann, of Nuremberg, on navigation, xvil. 251, 256. of Neustadt, his encaustic process, viii. 186. Wernicke, Christian, German writer, x. 532Wernigerode, town, Prussia, xxiv. 502. Werra, river, Germany, xxiv. 503. Werther, Goethe’s work, x. 538, 725. Wesel, town, Prussia, xxiv. 502. , John Kuchrath, German humanist, xxiv. 503. Weser, river, Germany, xxiv. 503; x. 449. Wesley, Charles (1708-1788), English evangelist and hymn-writer, xxiv. 504; hymns by, XII. 594. , Charles (1757-1815), English organist and composer, xxiv. 504. , John, founder of Methodism, xxiv. 504; viii. 355; hymns by, Xii. 594; his relation to Methodism, xvi. 185; Spangenberg’s relations with, xxn. 368; Whitefield’s, xxiv. 551. , Samuel (1662-1735), English theologian and poet, xxiv. 503. , Samuel (1690-1739), English political critic and teacher, xxiv. 503. , Samuel (1766-1837), English musical composer, xxiv. 504. Wesleyan Methodism, xvi. 186; XXIV. 504; rise of, VIII. 355. Wesleyan Reform Union, xvi. 193. WESSEL (Wesselus Gansfortius), German humanist, xxiv. 504; XX. 325. , J. H., Norse writer, vil. 91; xvii. 590. Wesselenyi, Baron Nicholas, Hungarian leader, xii. 371. WESSEX, kingdom, England, VIII. 270, 282, 284; under Alfred the Great, 1. 506. WEST, Benjamin, American painter, xxiv. 505. West all, Richard, English painter, xxiv. 506. West Bay City, Michigan, U.S.A., xxiv. 506. West Bromwich, town, England, xxiv. 506. Westbrook, Harriet, wife of the poet Shelley, xxi. 790. WESTBURY, Lord, lord chancellor of England, xxiv. 506. West Chester, town, Pennsylvania. U.S.A., xxiv. 506; xviii. 499.

468 West Derby, town, England, xxiv. 506. Westerland, town, Sylt, Schleswig, xxn. 810. Western Australia, xxiv. 507; mines in, xvi. 471. Western Bank, Scotland, m. 335. West Ham, town, England, xxiv. 509West Hartlepool, town, England, xi. 497. West Houghton, town, England, xxiv. 509. West-Indian, The, comedy, by Cumberland, vi. 704. West Indies, or West India Islands, XXIV. 509; I. 714; birds of, III. 748; xviii. 16; buccaneers, IV. 408; proportion of coloured population, xvil. 320; Edwards’s History of, VII. 688. Westinghouse Brake, on railway carriages, xx. 249. Westmacott, Sir Richard, English sculptor, xxiv. 512. Westmeath, county, Ireland, xxiv. 512. Westminster, district of London, xiv. 821; St Peter’s school at, xiv. 835Abbey, i. 14; xiv. 837, 843; architecture of, 11. 427; Henry YII.’s tomb in, xxm. 453; sculptures in, xxi. 558; under Dean Stanley, xxn. 452. Assembly (1643), xix. 687. Clock, vi. 34. Confession of Faith, v. 565. Election (1784), ix. 497. Hall, Roof of, xxiv. 647. Palace, London, xiv. 838. Westmorland, county, England, xxiv. 513. Weston, Sir Richard, on husbandry, I. 297. Weston-super-Mare, town, England, xxiv. 516. West-ostlicher Divan, Goethe’s poems, x. 540, 735. Westphalia, circle and duchy, xxiv. 517; congress of (1645), In- 2^> VL 269; peace of (1648), ill. 126; IX. 571; x. 501; xv. 652. , kingdom, XXIV. 517. , province, Prussia, XXIV. 516. Westphal’s Comet, vi. 193. West Point, military academy, New York, U.S.A., xxiv. 517; II. 619; xii. 331. Westport, town, Ireland, xv. 650. West Prussia, or Westpreussen, province, Prussia, xx. 20. WESTRAY, island, Orkney, Scotland, xvil. 846. Westrop, Henry, English symphonist, xvil 97. West Troy, town, New York, U.S.A., xxiv. 517.

W E S —W H I West Virginia, State, U.S.A., xxiv. 517; mineral springs of, xvi. 436. Westward Ho! C. Kingsley’s novel, xiv. 89. Wet-Bulb Thermometer, vie 218. Wetstein, John Jacob, Swiss Biblical critic, XXIV. 520. Wette, Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de, German theologian, vil. 144; xvi 11. 505; xx. 290. Wetzlar, district, Rhenish Prussia, xx. 20. Wexford, county, Ireland, xxiv. 521; town, xxiv. 522. Wexionius, Olof, Swedish poet, xxil. 755Weyden, Roger van der (c. 1400-64), Flemish painter, xxi. 439, 443 ; his connexion with Memling, XV. 846. , Roger van der (1450-1529), Flemish painter, xxi. 439, 443. Weymouth, town, England, xxiv. 522. Pine, tree, xix. 105. Weyprecht, Karl, Arctic explorations of, xix. 323, 326. Weyse, Christoph, Danish musical composer, vil. 94. Whale, cetacean mammal, xxiv. 523; XV. 394; distribution of whales, VIL 280; extermination of, xix. 126; food of, vi. 664; sense of touch in, xxm. 479Whalebone, xxiv. 528; xv. 394; xxii. 108. Whale Fisheries, xxiv. 526. Whale Oils, xxiv. 529; xvil 744. Whalsay, island, Shetland, Scotland, xvil. 846. Wharf, or Quay, xi. 455. Wharton, Marquises of, xxiv. 529. , Thomas, English anatomist, I. 811. Whately, Richard, archbishop of Dublin, xxiv. 529; on rhetoric, xx. 5i5WHAUP, bird, VI. 711. Wheat, plant and grain, xxiv. 531; xi. 57; cultivation of, 1. 354; flour from, in. 251; ix. 346; experiments on, with different manures, XV. 507; price of, influenced by corn laws, vi. 409; starch from, XXII. 456; variation in, effected by climate, 1. 85, 86; average yield of, I. 413; of India, XII. 747. Wheatear, bird, xxiv. 536. Wheat Flour, hi. 251; ix. 346. Wheatley, Francis, English painter, xxiv. 537. , Phillis, American authoress, 1. 722. Wheat-Midge (Hessian Fly), insect, xi. 781; xxiv. 535. Wheaton, Henry, American jurist, xxiv. 537. Wheat Pests, xxiv. 534. Wheat Starch, xxil 456.

Wheatstone, Sir Charles, English physicist, XXIV. 537 ; his electric bridge, vm. 13; xxm. 116; his magic lyre experiment, xxm. 127; invention of stereoscope by, xxil 538; his telegraphic apparatus, xxm. 113, 120. Wheeler, William A., vice-president of the United States, xxiii. 790. Wheeling, town, West Virginia, U.S. A., xxiv. 538. Wheel-Maps, xv. 518. Wheels, xv. 755 ; of clocks, vi. 32 ; of railway rolling stock, xx. 245, 247; over-balancing, perpetual-motion attempts with, xviii. 554. Wheel-Stones, xv. 528. Wheenerd, bird, xx. 318. Whelk, mollusc, xvi. 646; fishery, ix. 265. Whernside, mountain, England, xxiv. 746. Wherry, boat, xxi. 30. Whetstone, xii. 134. Whew, Whewer, bird, xxiv. 561. Whewell, William, English philosopher, xxiv. 539; his anemometer, II. 25; ethics of, vill. 605. Whewellite, mineral, xvi. 428. Whey, of milk, xvi. 304; composition of, v. 455. Whiggamore Raid, Scotland, xxi. 514. Whigs, political party, in England xxiv. 540; viii. 350, 353, 359, 361; in United States, xxm. 757, 764. WHIMBREL, bird, VI. 711. Whin, shrub, ix. 851; as forage plant, 1. 378. Whindle, bird, XX. 318. Whipple, Edwin Percy, American critic, I. 724. Whip-Poor-Will, bird, x. 711. Whip Snake, xxil 195. Whip-Worm, parasite, xxiv. 206; disease caused by, xviii. 270. Whirlpool, xxiv. 540. Whirlwind, xvi. 129; of Egypt, vn. 703Whiskey-Jack, bird, XIII. 611. Whisky, or Whiskey, distilled spirit, xxiv. 542; pathological effects of, xvm. 407; distillation of, vil. 264; distillation in Ireland, xm. 233. Whist, card game, xxiv. 543. Whiston, William, English divine and mathematician, XXIV. 548; his method for finding longitude, XVII. 257; VII. 291; his magnetic experiments, XV. 236. Whist-Playing Automaton, xv. 210. Whitbourne, Captain Richard, governor, Newfoundland, xvil 385. Whitby, town, England, xxiv. 54^5 monastery of, XL 813. Whitchurch, town, England, xxi. 848. White, Pigments of, xix. 86.

w h 1 —w 1 L White, Benjamin, English naturalist publisher, xxiv. 549. , Gilbert, English naturalist, xxiv. 549; on birds, xvm. 9. , Henry, English meteorologist, xxiv. 549. , John, English naturalist, xxiv. 549, Joseph Blanco, author, xxiv. 550. , Robert, English engraver, xxiv. 550. , Thomas, English scientist, xxiv. 549Ants, insects, 1. 260; xm. 146, 152. Whitebait, fish, xxiv. 550; fishery, ix. 255. Whiteboy Society, Ireland, xm. 270. White Canons, or Pramionstratensians (q.v.), monastic order, 1. 20. White Cart, river, Scotland, xx. *395White Doe of Rylstone, Wordsworth’s poem, xxiv. 676. White-Eye, bird, xxiv. 824. Whitefield, town, England, xxiv. 55i, George, English preacher, xxiv. 551; vm. 355; xvii. 376. Whitefish, xxiv. 552. Whitehall, Government offices, London, xiv. 839, 847. Banqueting House, ii. 443. Whitehaven, town, England, xxiv. 552. Whitehead, bird, xviii. 52. Torpedo, xxiii. 450; xvil 285. White Horde, of Mongols, xvi. 747. White Horse Hill, Berkshire, England, III. 593. White Horse Vale, England, Stone alignments in, XXL 51. White House, Washington, U.S.A., xxiv. 384. Whitehurst, Mr, his hydraulic ram, iv. 173. White Lead, xiv. 378. White Leg, disease, xxn. 684. White Light, xiv. 396, 607. Whitelock, General, Capitulation of, at Buenos Ayres, II. 490. Whitelocke, Bulstrode, English Commonwealth politician, xxiv. 552. White Magic, xv. 207. White Mountains, New Hampshire, U.S.A., xvil 390; xxiii. 792. White Pine, tree, xix. 105. White Plains, New York, Provincial congress at (1776), xvil 455. White Rock, form of basalt, x. 311. White Sea, Russia, xxi. 67, 72, 73; fisheries in, xxi. 582. White’s Tackle, in mechanics, xv. 763. White Sulphur Springs, Virginia, U.S.A., xvi. 436. White Swelling, disease, xviii. 405.

Whitethroat, bird, xxiv. 553. White Trap, rock, x. 311. Whitfield, or Whitefield (q.v.), George, English preacher, xxiv. 551. , John Clarke, English organist and musical composer, xxiv. 553. Whitgift, John, archbishop of Canterbury, xxiv. 554; viii. 377. Whithorn, town, Scotland, xvii. 513; xxiv. 563; monastery of, xvi. 706. Whiting, fish, xxiv. 554; xn. 691. , abbot of Glastonbury, England, 1. 24. Whiting-Pout, fish, xix. 650. Whitlow, disease, xxiv. 554. Whitman, Marcus, colonizer in Oregon, U.S.A., xvil 825. , Walt, American poet, 1. 733. Whitney, William Dwight, on classification of religions, xx. 365; on languages of American Indians, 1. 689. Whitneyite, mineral, xvi. 393. Whitstable, town, England, xxiv. 555Whitsunday, xxiv. 555; xv. 648. Whitsuntide, in England, in time of Shakespeare, xxi. 750. Whittaker, James, Shaker leader, xxi. 737. Whittier, John Greenleaf, American poet, 1. 734. Whittington, town, England, xxiv. 555, Sir Richard, lord mayor of London, xxiv. 555. and his Cat, Legend of, xxiv. 556. Whittlesea Mere, England, Drainage of, iv. 728. Whitworth, town, England, xxiv. 556. , Sir Joseph, his experiments on projectiles, I. 745. WHOOPER, bird, xxil. 731. Whooping-Cough, disease, xn. 154. Whorl, spinning apparatus, xiv. 664. Whortleberry, shrub, xxiv. 556. Why come not ye to Court ? Skelton’s song, xxil 120. Whydah, town, Dahomey, Africa, vi. 765. Whymper, Edward, his expedition to Greenland, xix. 324. WHYTOCK, Richard, his carpet-weaving process, V. 130. Wibert of Ravenna (Clement III., antipope), xi. 255. WlBORG, province, Finland, IX. 217; town, xxiv. 209. Wiche’s Land, island, Spitzbergen, xxil 408. Wichita, town, Kansas, U.S.A., xxiv. 556. Wick, of candle, iv. 803; of lamp, xiv. 245. , town, Scotland, xxiv. 556. Wicker-Work, hi. 421.

469 WlCKLIFFE, or Wycliffe (q.v.), John, English Reformer, xxiv. 708. Wickliffe’s Bible, viii. 383. Wicklow, county and town, Ireland, xxiv. 557. Wicksteed, J. H., his single-lever testing machine, xxil 596. Widalin, John, Icelandic bishop, xil. 626. Widdin, town, Bulgaria, xxiv. 558. Wide-Awake, bird, xxm. 189. Widgeon, bird, vn. 506. Widin, or Widdin, town, Bulgaria, xxiv. 558. WlDMANNSTATTEN FIGURES, on meteoric irons, XVI. 113. WlDNES, town, England, xxiv. 558. Widow, Marriage of, among Jews, XXL in. Widow-Bird, xxiv. 463. Widow’s Quarantine, in law, xx. 158. Wied, Counts of, Rhenish Prussia, xvil 366. Wiedemann, Gustav Heinrich, his magnetic researches, xv. 253. Wieland, in German mythology, XL 679. , novel by C. B. Brown, iv. 383. , Christopher Martin, German man of letters, xxiv. 558; x. 535; as translator of Shakespeare, vu. 442. Wieliczka, Poland, Salt-mine at, xxi. 230. Wien (Vienna, q.v.), xxiv. 219. , river, Austria, xxiv. 219. Wiener-Neustadt, town, Austria, xvii. 365. Wieprz, river, Poland, XIX. 307. Wierzbolowo, town, Russian Poland, xxil 728. Wierz-Yarvi, lake, Russia, xiv. 724. Wiesbaden, district, Germany, xvil 238. , town, Germany, xxiv. 559; mineral water of, xvi. 434. WiESELGREN, Per, Swedish historian, xxii. 758. Wife, Wives, Laws relating to, xn. 400; xv. 565; xxiv. 637. Wig, of artificial hair, xxiv. 560. Wigan, town, England, xxiv. 560. WlGEON, bird, xxiv. 561. Wight, Isle of, England, xxiv. 561. Wigry, lake, Russian Poland, xix. 308. Wigtown, county, Scotland, xxiv. 562; town, xxiv. 563. Wilberforce, Samuel, bishop of Oxford, xxiv. 564. , William, English philanthropist, xxiv. 565; his opposition to the slave trade, xxii. 139. Wilczek Land, Polar Regions, Discovery of, xix. 324. WlLDALLE, Giuseppe Pinetti de, Italian conjurer, XV. 208.

470

W I L—W I L

Wildbad, Salzburg, Austria, Mineral WiLLENHALL, town, England, xxiv. springs at, X. 107. 574, town, Wtirtemberg, XXIV. 565; Willesden, town, England, xxiv. 574. mineral water of, xvi. 433. William L, the Conqueror, king of Wild Cattle, v. 245; xi. 411; xvn. England, XXIV. 574; Vlll. 289, 291, 566. 301; xvii. 542; his Domesday Book, Wild Duck, vii. 505. VII. 349; his relation to the English Wilde, Richard H., American writer, Church, xiv. 283. 1. 723. II., Rufus, of England, XXIV. 576; Wild EGG, spa, Switzerland, xvi. 434. VIII. 292, 301; his contest with the Wildfire, or Summer Lightning, xxm. popedom, 11. 91. III., of England, xxiv. 578; viii. 330Wild Huntsman, legend, xm. 674. 351; xil. 81; his war with France, ix. WlLDSPlTZ, mountain, Tyrol, 1. 629. 576; his relations with Ireland, XIII. , mountain, Switzerland, xxiv. 826. 268; with Scotland, xxi. 517; with Wildungen, spa, Germany, xxiv. 321; Spain, xxii. 335. xvi. 433. IV., of England, XXIV. 580; VIII. Wilfrid, archbishop of York, xxiv. 365565; xvii. 569. IV., landgrave of Hesse, xxiv. Wilhelm of Herle, German painter, 582. xxi. 438, 443. L, count of Holland, xil 71. Meister, Goethe’s work, x. 732. II., count of Holland, and German king, xxiv. 584; x. 491; xil 71. WlLHELMSHAVEN, or Wilhelmshafen, town, Germany, xxiv. 566; xvn. 757; III.-VL, of Holland, XII. 72. observatory at, XVII. 713. L, the Silent, prince of Orange, WlLHELMSHOHE, palace, Cassel, Gerregent of Holland, xxiv. 582; XIL many, v. 183. 76. WiLHELMSTHAL, Prussia, Battle of II., stadtholder of Holland, xil (1762), in. 129. 79Wilhelm Tell, Schiller’s drama, XXL III., stadtholder of Holland, xil 81. 398. Wi li bald Alexis (Wilhelm Haring), IV., stadtholder of Holland, xil German novelist, XL 479. 82. Wilkes, John, English politician, xxiv. V., stadtholder of Holland, xn. 82. 566; viii. 358; xxiii. 444. L, king of Holland, xxiv. 584; WlLKESBARRE, town, Pennsylvania, xil 83. U. S.A., xxiv.II.-IIL, 568 kings of Holland, XIL 83. Wilkie, Sir David, Scottish painter, IX., count of Poitiers, Provencal xxiv. 568. poet, xix. 872. Wilkins, Bishop John, author of MatheL, king of Prussia and German matical Magic, xviii. 554. emperor, xxiv. 581; XX. 12; x. 513. WlLKOMIERZ, town, Russia, XXIV. 226. , the Lion, king of Scotland, xxi. Will, or Testament, in law, xxiv. 570; 484; 1. 487. in Roman law, xx. 674, 691, 706, , king of Sicily, XXII. 26. of Auvergne, scholastic philoso7i3, in Schopenhauer’s philosophy, pher, XXL 427. xviii. 687; XXL 453, 457; his work, of Champeaux, scholastic philosoThe World as Will and Idea, xvin. pher, in. 602; XXL 422. 687; XXL 450. of Cologne, German painter, XXL , Freedom of the, views of moralists 438, 443on the, vill. 608; Cousin’s doctrine, VI. of Lamberton, bishop of St 525; Descartes’s,v. 146; Edwards’s,vil. Andrews, xx. 593. 690; Epictetus’s, viii. 471; Hobbes’s, of Lorris, French romancist, xxiv. xil. 36; Kant’s, xm. 853; xvi. 84; 584; ix. 643. Leibnitz’s, XIV. 422; Malebranche’s, of Malmesbury, historical writer, V. 150; Spencer’s, XXL 457; Spinoza’s, xv. 336. v. 158; St Paul’s, xvill. 427. of Newburgh, English chronicler, Willamette, river, Oregon, U.S.A., xxiv. 585. xvii. 822. of Occam, scholastic philosopher, Willan, Robert, English physician, xv. xxi. 430; on the idea of God, xxm. 816. 241. Willehalm, Wolfram’s legendary —- of Rubruk (Rubruquis, q.v.), Franciscan traveller, XXL 46. history, xxiv. 632. Willemite, mineral, xvi. 410; xxiv. —- of Saint-Calais, bishop of Durham, xxiv. 577. 785. Willem the Minstrel, Dutch writer, of Saliceto, Italian surgeon, xxn. xii. 90. 675.

William of Tyre, mediseval historian, xxiv. 584. of Wykeham, bishop of Winchester, and chancellor of England, xxiv. 585. and Mary College, Virginia, U.S.A., xxiii. 732. de Chartres, grand-master of Knights Templars, XXill. 162. Fitz Osbert, leader of a revolt in London, VIII. 305. LONGSWORD, duke of Normandy, XVII. 540. Williams, Edward, on Welsh literature, v. 314. , Frederick G., Mormon leader, XVI. 826. , John, English missionary, XXIV. 586. , Lieutenant, friend of Shelley, xxi. 792. , Roger, American colonist and Puritan pastor, xxiv. 586; founder of Rhode Island settlement, xx. 524; founder of Baptists in America, III. 356. , Sir William Fenwick, English general, XIV. 6. , Mount, Victoria, Australia, xxiv. 215. Williamsburg, town, Virginia, U.S.A., xxiv. 261. Canals, St Lawrence, Canada, xxi. 181. Williamson, Joseph, English newsletter writer, XVII. 414. , Peter, founder of penny post in Edinburgh, xix. 566. Williamsport, town, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., xxiv. 587. Williamstown, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Observatory at, xvn. 715. , suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, xv. 835. Willibrord, St, apostle of the Frisians, xxiv. 587; ix. 788. Willim antic, town, Connecticut, U.S.A., xxiv. 587. Willis, John, English stenographer, XXL 836, 837. , Nathaniel Parker, American writer, XXIV. 587; I. 727. , Thomas, English physician, XXIV. 588, 815; I. 811; XV. 811. Williston, Samuel, , button manufacturer, IV. 599. Willmore, James Tibbits, English engraver, xxiv. 588. Willock, bird, xi. 262; xx. 302. Will-o’-the-Wisp, or Ignis Fatuus, xviii. 813. Willoughby, Lord, governor of Barbados, III. 360. , Sir Hugh, English navigator, x. 183; xix. 316. Willow, tree, xxiv. 588; culture of, n. 318; for wicker-work, III. 422; bark of, for tanning, xiv. 382.

w 1 l —w 1 s Wills, William John, Australian explorer, in. 106. Willughby, Francis, English naturalist, XXIV. 589; on birds, xvill. 4; on ichthyology, XI1. 631. Wilmington, town, Delaware, U.S.A., xxiv. 589. •, town, North Carolina, U.S.A., xxiv. 589. WiLMOT, John, earl of Rochester, English poet, xx. 614. Proviso, in United States history, xxiii. 768. Wilno, or Yilna, government, Russia, xxiv. 233; town, xxiv. 234. Wilson, Alexander, Scottish-American naturalist, xxiv. 590; on American ornithology, xvill. 16. , Dr Alexander, on sun-spots, 11. 785. , Allan R., improver of sewing machine, xxi. 719. , Florence (Yolusenus), Scottish humanist, XXIV. 296; XXL 541. , Henry, vice-president of the United States, xxiv. 590. , Horace Hayman, English Orientalist, xxiv. 590. , James, American judge, xxm. 748. , James, Scottish naturalist, xxiv. 591; on ornithology, xvill. 13. , John, Scottish man of letters, xxiv. 59!. , John, of Ainsworth, his improvements in cotton manufacture, VI. 489. , Richard, English painter, xxiv. 593; XXL 441, 444. , William, Scottish Seceder, xxm. 728. Wilson’s Peak, Rocky Mountains, U.S.A., xxiii. 796. Wilson’s Promontory, Victoria, Australia, xxiv. 215. Wilton, town, England, xxiv. 595. Carpets, v. 130. Wilts, county, England, xxiv. 593. Wimble, mining implement, xvi. 443. Wimbledon, town, Surrey, xxiv. 595. Common, near London, xiv. 824; rifle meetings on, xxiv. 295. Wimborne Minster, town, England, xxiv. 595; vii 372. WiNCEBY, England, Battle of (1643), vl 599WlNCHCOMBE, John (Jack of Newbury), English weaver, xvn. 375. WlNCHELSEA, town, England, xxn. 724Winchester, town, England, xxiv. 596; architecture of cathedral, II. 426, 428; crypt of cathedral, VL 668; Saxon standards of measure kept at, xxiv. 483, towm, Virginia, U.S.A., xxiv. 597College, England, xxiv. 586, 596.

Winchester Observatory, at Yale College, Connecticut, U.S.A., xvn. 7i5Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, German archaeologist, xxiv. 597; n. 344; x - 535; on plastic beauty, 1. 219; his system of mnemonics, XVI. 533. Wind, Winds, xvi. 143, 154, 180; relation of, to climate, vl 6; force of, xvi. 124; geological action of, x. 265; Buys-Ballot’s law of the winds, in. 29; measurer of force of, li. 24; in navigation, xvii. 275; Kant on theories of, xiii. 847. Wind-Carriage, Invention of, by Stevinus, xxn. 545. Wind Dogs, in meteorology, xi. 399. Windermere, Lake, England, xiv. 252; xxiv. 513. Windham, Sir William, Bolingbroke’s letter to, iv. 6. , William, English politician, xxiv. 598. Windhover, bird, xiv. 53. Winding Machinery, in mines, xvi. 456. Windlass, iv. 621 ; differential, xv. 763; Spanish, xxi. 591. Windmill, xxiv. 599; xv. 773. Windows, in building, iv. 493, 496; glass for, x. 660; stained, manufacture of, X. 668 ; tracery on, iv. 475; ventilation by, xxiv. 160. Windpipe, or Trachea, xx. 475 ; of mammals, xv. 365. WlNDRUSH, river, England, xvill. 93; XXIII. 220. Windsor, town, England, xxiv. 600; libraries, xiv. 545; tapestry manufacture, XXlli. 213. , town, Ontario, Canada, vn. 133. , town, Nova Scotia, xvn. 603. CASTLE, England, XXIV. 601; organ of St George’s Chapel at, xvn. 835, 837. Forest, Pope’s poem, xix. 484. Windward Islands, West Indies, xxiv. 510; in. 749. Wine, xxiv. 601; adulterations of, 1. 173; fermentation of, ix. 92, 97; Canary, iv. 797; Catawba, v. 219; production in Europe, VIII. 691; production in Italy, XIII. 451; of Madeira, XV. 178; the industry in Spain, xxil. 299; of Wiirtemberg, xxiv. 700; sacramental, XXL 134; xxm. 159. TONNERS, English trading company, I. 173. Winfrid (St Boniface), apostle of Germany, iv. 33; x. 478; as papal legate, xix. 494. Wings, of birds, in. 720; ix. 308; of Chiroptera, XV. 405; of insects, XIII. 144; ix. 310. Winilis, Scandinavian tribe, xiv. 813. Winkelried, Arnold von, Legend of, xxiv. 612. Winkler, friend of Lessing, xiv. 480.

471 wINNEBAGOES, American-Indian tribe, xii. 832. Winnecke, Friedrich August Theodor, astronomer, XVin. 248; his comet, vi. 192. Winnemucca, Lake, Nevada, U.S.A., xvii. 367. Winnipeg, town, Manitoba, Canada, xxiv. 613; xv. 491; xx. 315. Winnowing Machines, i. 326. Winona, town, Minnesota, U.S.A., xxiv. 613. Winslow, Edward, Mayflower pilgrim, xxiv. 613. , Jacques, anatomist, 1. 814. Winter, Peter, German dramatic composer, xxiv. 614. Winterberg, plateau, Westphalia, Germany, xxiv. 516. Winter-Berry, tree, 11. 320. Winterthur, town, Switzerland, xxiv. 614; its relations with Zurich, xxiv. 831. WlNTHER, Christian, Danish writer, VII. 92. Winthrop, John (1587-1649), Puritan, governor of Massachusetts, U.S.A., xxiv. 614; iv. 72. , John (1606-1676), Puritan, governor of Connecticut, U.S.A., xxiv. 614. , Theodore, American writer, 1. 727. WlNTON, or Wyntoun, Andrew, Scottish writer, xxiv. 712; his Cronykil, HI. 364; XXI. 540. Winyaw Bay, South Carolina, U.S.A., xxil 287. Winzet, Ninian, Scottish controversialist, xxi. 542. Wire, xxiv. 614; elasticity of, vn. 800, 803, 817; fences of, 1. 310; table of strength of, xvi. 65; telegraphic, xxill. 114; telephonic, xxm. 132. Wire-Drawing, Brass, iv. 217. , of steam, xxil 487. Wire Fences, i. 310. Wire Nails, xvii. 166. Wire-Netting, xvii. 360. Wire-Rope, xx. 846. Wire-Worm, insect larva, vi. 132; as wheat pest, xxiv. 536. WlRZBERG (Wurzburg), town, Bavaria, xxiv. 704; xiv. 547. Wisbech, or Wisbeach, town, England, xxiv. 615. Wisby, town, Gotland, Sweden, xxiv. 616. Sea Laws, xxi. 585. Wisconsin, State, U.S.A., xxiv. 616. WISDOM, or Hokmah, in Hebrew literature, xi. 599; xiii. 420, 702; xix. 872. , or (ppovwts, in ancient ethics, vm. 574; in Socratic philosophy, xxil 237; XIX. 195. OF God, Ray’s work, xx. 301.

472 Wisdom of Jesus, Son of Sirach, in Apocrypha, II. 181. Wisdom of Solomon, in Apocrypha, ii. 181. Wise, John, American aeronaut, I. 193. Wiseman, Richard, English surgeon, xxii. 676. WlSERINE, mineral, XVI. 403. WlSHART, George, Scottish martyr, III. 466; XXL 499. Wish aw, town, Scotland, xxiv. 619. Wislica, Statute of, Poland, xix. 288. Wismar, town, Germany, xxiv. 619. W isniowiecki, Michael, king of Poland, xix. 295. Wit, in phrenology, xvin. 845. , Johan de, on life annuities, II. 78. Witan, or Witenagemot, early English council, xvili. 302. Witchcraft, xxiv. 619; 11. 204; vn. 63; xv. 199; lycanthropous, xv. 89; in the Scottish Highlands, x. 9; torture applied in trials for, XXIII. 465; Bodin’s belief in, III. 848. Witches’ Caldron, in Shakespeare’s Macbeth, xv. 202. Witch of Atlas, The, by Shelley, xxi. 793Witch of Edmonton, Ford and Dekker’s play, ix. 396. Witch Sabbaths, in legend, xm. 674. Witenagemot, early English council, viii. 276; xviii. 302, 459, 461. With am, river, England, xiv. 654. , England, Monastery of, 1. 21. Withamite, mineral, xvi. 409. Wither, George, English poet, xxiv. 623; as hymn-writer, XII. 591; as pastoral poet, xviii. 347. Witherings, Thomas, English postal reformer, xix. 563. Witherite, mineral, xvi. 398. WlTHINGTON, town, England, XXIV. 623. WlTlZA, reforming Benedictine monk, XVI. 707. Witness, in law, xxiv. 623; vm. 743; xix. 777. WlTSlUS, Hermann, Dutch theologian, XXIV. 625. Witt, Cornelius de, Dutch burgomaster, vil. 145. , John de, Dutch statesman, vn. 145; xil. 80. Wittekind, or Wittikind, Saxon leader, v. 403; xxi. 351. Witten, town, Prussia, xxiv. 625. Wittenberg, town, Prussia, xxiv. 625; university of, xxill. 843, 848. Concordia, of German Protestants, xv. 83. Theses, Luther’s, xv. 72. Wittich, Christoph, Cartesian philosopher, vil. 126. , of Breslau, his calculation by prosthaphacresis, XVII. 183. Wittichenite, mineral, XVI. 395.

W I S —W O M Wittikind, or Wittekind, Saxon leader, v. 403; xxi. 351. Wittow, district, Riigen, Prussia, xxi. 56. Witwicki, Polish poet, xix. 304. W1 veliscombe, town, England, xxii. 258. Wives, Laws relating to, XII. 400; xv. 565; xxiv. 637. and Daughters, Mrs Gaskell’s novel, x. 105. Wladislawow, town, Russian Poland, xxii. 728. Wladyslaw I., king of Poland, xix. 287. II., of Poland, xix. 288. III., of Poland, XIX. 289. IV., of Poland, XIX. 294. Wloclawek, town, Russian Poland, xxiv. 625. Wlodawa, town, Russian Poland, xxii. 37Wo ad, dye, vil 576. Woburn, town, Massachusetts, U.S.A., xxiv. 625. Abbey, England, in. 483. WOELFL, Joseph, Austrian pianist and composer, xxiv. 626. WOEPCKE, Frangois, on numerals, XVII. 627. Wogan, cave, Pembroke, Wales, xvill. 483Wohler, Friedrich, German chemist, XXIV. 626; on the strength of metals, xxii. 601. Wohlerite, mineral, XVI. 426. Wohlgemuth, Michael, German painter, xxiv. 627; vii. 555; xvn. 663; xxi. 565. Wolborough, town, England, xvn. 449. Wolchite, mineral, XVI. 395. Wolcot, John (Peter Pindar), English painter and satirist, xxiv. 628. Wolds, The, hills, England, xiv. 653. WOLF, carnivorous mammal, xxiv. 628; XV. 438; affinities of, to the dog, VII. 324; skins of, ix. 839; of India, xn. 741 ; superstitions regarding (lycanthropy), XV. 89; worship of, XXL 135. , Friedrich August, German scholar, xxiv. 629; his Prolegomena on Homer, xii. 115. , Joseph, illustrator of birds, xviii. 12. Wolf-Dog, vii. 326. Wolfe, Charles, Irish poet, xxiv. 630. , James, English general, xxiv. 630. Wolfenbuttel, town, Germany, xxiv. 631; library, XIV. 547. Fragments, deistical writings, XX. 352; published by Lessing, X. 536; xiv. 481. Wolff, Albert, German sculptor, xxi. 566. , Betjen, Dutch writer, XII. 96. , Caspar Friedrich, German em-

bryologist, xxiv. 631; viii. 165; xvi. 839; on evolution, VIII. 745, 750. Wolff, Christian, German philosopher, xxiv. 631; x. 532; Kant’s relations to, xill. 849; on rationalism, xx. 289. , Elizabeth, Dutch novelist, ill. 511. Wolf-Fish, xil 690; xxi. 614. Wolf of Badenoch (Sir Alexander Stuart), Scottish noble, xxn. 610. Wolfram, Dutch logarithmist, xiv. 776. Wolframite, mineral, xvi. 403; xxin. 607. Wolfram von Eschenbach, German poet, XXIV. 632; X. 524; his poem on Troy, xx. 639; on Parzival, xx. 645. Wolf Rock Lighthouse, Scilly Islands, xiv. 616. Wolfsbergite, mineral, XVI. 394. Wolf Spiders, arachnids, xxm. 60. Wolfstan, Norse navigator, xix. 316. Wolf Transformations (Lycanthropy), xv. 89. Wolkonskoite, mineral, xvi. 425. Wollaston, island, Tierra del Fuego, xxiii. 384. , William, English philosophical writer, xxiv. 632; his ethical teaching, Viii. 601. , William Hyde, English man of science, xxiv. 633; on light, xiv. 593; his process of working platinum, xix. 190. WOLLASTONITE, mineral, xvi. 415. Wollaston’s Doublet, combination of lenses, xvi. 259. Wollin, island, Prussia, xxiv. 633; xix. 442; town, xxiv. 633. Wollstonecraft, Mary (Mrs Godwin), x. 716. , Mary, wife of Shelley, xxi. 789; x. 717. WOLMAR, Melchior, his connexion with Beza, in. 625. Wolofs, or Woloff Group, race of Negroes, West Africa, 1. 263; xvn. 319; xxi. 662. Wolseley, Sir Garnet, his expedition to Ashantee, 11. 682. Wolsey, Thomas, English cardinal, xxiv. 634; viii. 334; XX. 329; his leniency towards Lutherans, viii. 374; his patronage of Thomas Cromwell, VI. 605; his influence with Henry VIII., XL 663; his relations with Thomas More, xvi. 817. Wolverene, carnivorous mammal, x. 696; xv. 440; skins of, ix. 839. Wolverhampton, town, England, xxiv. 636. Womanhood, Period of, xv. 778. Wombat, marsupial mammal, xxiv. 637; in. m; xv. 383. Wombwell, town, England, xxiv. 637Women, Law relating to, xxiv. 637; married, their right to make wills,

W O N —W R A

473 XXIV. 573; rights of, under Salic law, Woodville, Elizabeth, wife of Edward Workmen, their legal relations xxi. 214; Comte’s views on the conIY. of England, vn. 685. to employers, xiv. 170; unions of, dition of, vi. 238. , William, early vaccinator, xxiv. 24. xxiii. 499. Wonder, in phrenology, xvm. 845. Woodwork, iv. 476. Works and Days, Hesiod’s poem, xi. Wong a-Wong a, Australian pigeon, Woodworth, Samuel, American poet, 777xix. 85. 1. 722. Worksop, town, England, xxiv. Wood, XXIV. 643; formation of, iv. 100; Woo-H 00, town, China, xxiv. 699. 677xil. 18; growth of, IX. 397; as building Woo How, empress of China, v. 646. World, ancient theories of its origin, material, IV. 448; as fuel, IX. 808; for Wool, xxiv. 653; growing of, 1. 398; VI. 446; myths regarding, xvn. 143, gas making, X. 100; dry rot in, VII. growing, in Australia, in. 114; fibre 156; estimates of population of, xix. 493; sawing of, xxi. 345; strength of, °f> IX- 133; bleaching of, m. 822; 513vii. 816; xxil. 603. dyeing of, Vli. 571; weaving of, in , Creation of the, Era of the, v. 713. , Sir Andrew, Scottish sea-captain, ancient times, xxm. 207. as Will and Idea, The, Schopenxxi. 496. Woolf, Mr, improver of steam-engine, hauer’s work, xxi. 450. , Anthony a, English antiquary, xxil 477, 494. Worm, Worms, class of animals, xxiv. xxiv. 643. Woollen Manufactures, xxiv. 653; 677 (wheresee references); embryology , Fernando, mayor of New York, of England, vm. 231. of, xx. 419; reproduction, xx. 409; xvii. 463. Woollett, William, English engraver, organs of touch, xxm. 478; diseases Mrs Henry (Ellen Price), English xxiv. 663. caused by, xviii. 270; xxiv. 205. novelist, xxiv. 644. Woolsorter’s Disease, xxiv. 663. Worms, town, Germany, xxiv. 684; WOODBRIDGE, town, England, XXII. WOOLSTON, Thomas, English deist, concordat of (1122), x. 489; xix. 500; 622. xxiv. 663; vii. 35. diet of (1521), v. 414; x. 498; xx. Woodbury, Levi, American politician Woolwich, town, England, xxiv. 664; 328; Luther before the diet, XV. 75. and judge, xxm. 790. dockyard, VII. 311, 318; Royal Wormwood, herb, xn. 289. Type, in photography, xvni. 833. Arsenal, 11. 633; Royal Artillery Wornum, Robert, pianoforte maker, Wood-Carving, xxiv. 644; v. 168; Institution, II. 586; Royal Military xix. 75. the industry in Switzerland, xxn. Academy, 11. 585. Woronicz, John Paul, Polish bishop Clay Beds, in geology, x. 361. 779and writer, xix. 303. Wood Cells, of plants, xn. 18. WOON, or Wun, district, India, XXIV. WORONZOFF, Catherina Romanofna, Woodchat, bird, xxi. 846. 699. Princess Dashkoff, VI. 830; v. 233. Woodcock, bird, xxiv. 650; shooting, Woonsocket, town, Rhode Island, WORSBROUGH, town, England, xxiv. xxi. 835. U.S.A., xxiv. 665. 685. , Katharine, Milton’s second wife, Wootz Steel, xiii. 342. Worship, Religious, xx. 358; sacrificial, xvi. 334. Woo Wang, emperor of China, v. 643. xxi. 132; in Israel, xviii. 509. Woodcock-Owl, bird, xviii. 90. Worcester, county, England, xxiv. Worsted, yarn and cloth, xxiv. 658; Woodcock’s Pilot, bird, xiv. 83. 665. manufactories, in England, vm. Woodcuts, viii. 436. , town, England, xxiv. 666; college 231. Wood-Engraving, viii. 436; v. 99; for the blind at, ill. 828; newspapers Worthies of England, Fuller’s work, early, XXlll. 683; substitutes for, of, xvii. 421; porcelain works at, xix. ix. 815. xxiii. 704. 642; battle of (1654), vi. 601. Worthing, town, England, xxiv. 685. Wooden Pear, Australian tree, xvn. , town, Massachusetts, U.S.A., xxiv. Worthington Engine, xxil 515. 410. 668; libraries, xiv. 551. Worungul, town, India, xxiv. 366. Wood Fibre, in paper-making, xviii. , Thomas Percy, earl of, xvni. 523. Wothly Type, in photography, xvni. 225. , John Tiptoft, earl of, vm. 330; 831. Woodhall Spa, England, xvi. 434. deputy of Ireland, xm. 261. WOTTON, Edward, English naturalist, Woodhouselee, Lord, Scottish judge, , Edward Somerset, third marquis xxiv. 803; on birds, XVlll. 3; on of, inventor of a steam-engine, XXII. xxiii. 713. reptiles, xx 433. Woodlark, bird, xiv. 315. 473; on the over-balancing wheel, , Sir Henry, English writer and Woodlouse, crustacean, vi. 658. xviii. 554. courtier, xxiv. 685; friend of Izaak Woodmen of Arden, English society , Florence of, English chronicler, Walton, xxiv. 342. of archers, II. 375. ix. 337, William, English scholar, xxiv. Wood Naphtha, xvii. 174. College, Oxford, xviii. 98. 685. Word, the Logos (g.v.), xiv. 804. Wood Oil, xvii. 744. Wouldhave, William, inventor of lifeWood Paving, xx. 585. Words, study of (philology), xviii. 765; boat, xiv. 571; XXL 802. Woodpecker, bird, xxiv. 651; sacred combination of, XL 38. Wounds, Surgical treatment of, xxil Wordsworth, William, English poet, ' 678, 681, 682; infectiveness of, xvni. to Mars, xv. 570. Wood-Pigeon, bird, vn. 379. xxiv. 668; odes of, xix. 271; his 401; repair of, XVlll. 363; death by, Wood-Rat, rodent mammal, xvn. 6. place in English literature, vm. 433, xv. 781. WOODS, in joinery, IV. 486. , received by stigmatization, xxil 434Wood’s Halfpence, Irish coinage, Work, in mechanics, xv. 700. 548. Workhouses, English, xix. 468, 476. Wouwerman, Philip, Dutch painter, xxil 766; xiii. 268. Working Classes, Enfranchisement xxiv. 686. Wood-Spirit, in chemistry, xvi. 195. of the, xix. 352; progress of, xxiv. 312. Wrangell, Baron Ferdinand, Russian WOODSPITE, bird, XXIV. 651. Arctic explorer, X. 193; xix. 320. Woodstock, town, England, xxiv. Working Men’s International Association, xiii. 189. Wrangel’s Land, North Siberia, xxiv* 653; xviii. 94. 726. , town, Ontario, Canada, xxiv. 653. Workington, town, England, xxiv. Wrasse, fish, xxiv. 686; xviii. 324, 676. , town, New Brunswick, xvn. 375. XXV. — 60

474 Wray, or Ray (q.v.), John, English naturalist, xx. 300. Wreck, in law, xxiv. 686; salvage of, xxi. 237; statistics of wrecks in 1882, xvii. 277. Wrekin, hill, England, XXI. 847; XXIV. 493Wren, bird, xxiv. 688; fire-crested, XIV. 83; golden-crested, xiv. 82. , Sir Christopher, English architect, XXIV. 689; II. 443; XVII. 442; his London churches, XIV. 838; his plan for rebuilding London, xiv. 849. Wrench, hand tool, xi. 439. Wressell Castle, Yorkshire, England, xxiv. 749. Wrestling, xxiv. 690; in ancient games, x. 64. Wrexham, town, Wales, xxiv. 691. Wright, Edward, English mathematician, xiv. 769, 774; xvii. 254; translator of Napier’s Canon Mirificus, xvn. 179. , Joseph, English painter, XXIV. 691. , Richard, American Methodist, xvi. 191. , Silas, American politician, xxiv. 692. , Thomas, English antiquary, xxiv. 692. Wrist, Anatomy of the, 1. 827, 839. Writ, in law, xxiv. 692; xix. 218. , Parliamentary, XXIV. 697. Writing, xviii. 143; xxiii. 682; beginnings of, XVIII. 766; in time of Homer, XII. 112; hieroglyphic, XL 794; illuminated, XII. 707; lithographic, XIV. 698. Machines, xxiv. 697. Materials, Ancient, xviii. 143, 232. —— Paper, Sizes of, xvni. 226. Writing-Telegraph, xxiii. 121. Wrongs, or Torts, in law, xxiii. 454WRONSKI, Hoene de, algebraist, I. 516. Wrottesley’s Observatory, Blackheath, England, XVII. 712. Wroxeter, town, England, XXL 648. Wryneck, bird, xxiv. 698. , Henry, duke of Lancaster, xiv. 255. Wuhu, town, China, xxiv. 699. Wulfenite, mineral, xvi. 403. Wulfruna, early English princess, xxiv, 637. Wulfstan, St, of Worcester, xxiv. 667. Wullenwever, Jiirgen, burgomaster of Ltibeck, xv, 32. Wun, district, India, xxiv. 699. Wupper, river, Rhenish Prussia, xx. 20.

W R A— X I B WURDA, district, India, XXIV. 370. Wurnu, town, Sokoto, Africa, xxil. 248, 279. WURTEMBERG, or Wiirttemberg, kingdom, Europe, XXIV. 699; army, II. 600; libraries, xiv. 527, 546; prison system, xix. 761. WURTZ, Charles Adolphe, French chemist, XXIV. 702. WURTZITE, mineral, XVI. 392. Wurzburg, town, Bavaria, xxiv. 704; library, xiv. 547. , Konrad von, his Buch von Troye, xx. 639. WvANDOTS, American Indians, XII. 827, 831. Wyandotte, town, Kansas, U.S.A., xxiv. 704. Cave, Indiana, U.S.A., xn. 813. WVAT, Sir Thomas (1503-1542), English poet, xxiv. 704.] , Sir Thomas (c. 1520-1554), his attack on London (1554), xiv. 846. Wyatt, James, English architect, xxiv. 705. Wycherley, William, English dramatist, xxiv. 705; vii. 436. Wych-Hazel, tree, II. 320. Wychwood Forest, England, xvin. 93WvCLIFFE, or Wickliffe, John, English Reformer, XXIV. 708; VIII. 324; his influence on the Church of England, viil. 373; influence on John Huss, xn. 404; his place in English literature, vni. 410; his relations to the Lollards, xiv. 810. Wycombe, town, England, xxiv. 712. Wye, river, England and Wales, XL 729; xvi. 753; xx. 217. Wvkeham, Chapel of, Lincolnshire, England, xxil 367. , William of, bishop of Winchester and chancellor of England, xxiv. 585WYNTOUN, Andrew of, Scottish chronicler, XXIV. 712; ill. 364; XXL 540. Wyoming, Territory, United States, XXIV. 712; geysers of, X. 558; Yellowstone National Park, xxiv. 736. Wyon, Thomas, English medallist, xxiv. 713. , William, English medallist, xxiv. 713Wvss, Johann Rudolf, Swiss poet, xxil 799Wytfliet, Cornelius, Early notice of Australia by, III. 103. Wvthe, George, American politician, xxiii. 748. Wyttenbach, Daniel Albert, German scholar, xxiv. 714. , Thomas, Swiss theologian, xxiv. 714; his relations with Zwingli, xxiv. 832. WVVERN, in heraldry, XL 702.

'Vr the twenty-fourth letter of the alphabet, xxiv. 716. Xalapa (Jalapa), town, Mexico, xiil 547Xamaran, quarantine station, on Red Sea, xx. 155. Xanthian Marbles, British Museum, ix. 67. Xanthochroic Type, of man, 11. 113; in Asia, II. 696. Xanthocon, mineral, xvi. 396. Xantholite, mineral, xvi. 409. Xanthophyll, colouring matter of plants, xix. 53. Xanthophyllite, mineral, xvi. 413. Xanthosiderite, mineral, xvi. 388. Xanthoxylum, genus of trees, xvin. 519. Xanthus, river, Asia Minor, II. 708; xv. 93. , town, Lycia, Asia Minor, xxiv. 716; XV. 93; tombs at, II. 402. , Lydian historian, XV. 99. Xativa (Jativa), town, Spain, xm. 597. Xauxa, town, Peru, xvin. 675; river, xviii. 673. Xavier, Francisco, apostle of the Indies, XXIV. 716; his relation to Jesuitism, xiil 651; missions of, xvi. 513, Jerome, Jesuit missionary, xx. 111. Xebeks, or Zeybeks, people, Asia Minor, V. 102; II. 712. Xenia, town, Ohio, U.S.A., xxiv. 718. XENOCRATES of Chalcedon, Greek philosopher, xxiv. 718; 1. 68. Xenodermid^e, family of snakes, XXIL 193XENOL1TE, mineral, XVI. 408. Xenopeltid^e, family of snakes, xxil 192. Xenophanes of Colophon, Eleatic philosopher, XXIV. 719; VIIL 1; XVIII. 315Xenophon, Greek historian, xxiv. 720; XL 103, 141; his economic teaching, xix. 349; on Socrates, xxil 232; in the Persian expedition, xvill. 576. of Ephesus, Greek novelist, xx. 635Xenorhynchus, genus of birds, xiil 529. Xenotime, mineral, xvi. 403. Xenurus, genus of edentate mammals, xv. 387. XEREZ (Jerez), town, Spain, XIIL 629; wine of, xxiv. 607. Xeroderma, skin disease, xxil 121. Xerus, genus of rodent mammals, xxil 438; xv. 418. Xerxes L, king of Persia, xxiv. 721; viil 560; XL 99; xviii. 572; tomb of, xviii. 558. II., of Persia, xxiv. 721; XVIH. 575j T Xibaro, issue of Negro and Indian, xvii. 319.

X I C —Y E A Xicaques, Indian tribe, Honduras, xii. 131. Ximenes, or Jimenes, Francisco, Spanish cardinal and statesman, xm. 693, 94; xx. 324; xxii. 327. Ximenez, Francesch, Catalan writer, xxii. 364. Xipe-Totec, Mexican deity, xvi. 212. XlPHlAS, genus of fishes, XXII. 804. Xiphium, genus of plants, xm. 276. XlSUTHRUS, legendary king of Babylon, vil. 54. XONOLITE, mineral, XVI. 420. Xylaria, genus of Fungi, xvn. 75. Xylem, or Wood, in vegetable histology, xii. 18. Xylene, benzol, xxm. 59. Xylography, or Block-Printing, xxm. 682. Xystus (Sixtus I.), pope, xxn. 103. X. Y. Z. Mission, to France from United States, xxm. 755. y

the twenty-fifth letter of the alphabet, xxiv. 722. Yaakob of Orleans, Jewish writer, XXIII. 40. B. Meir b. Shemuel, Rabbinic scholar, xxm. 39. Yablonovoi Mountains, Siberia, xxiii. 509. Yabu, Afghan breed of horses, 1. 233. Yachow-Fu, town, China, xxiv. 722. Yacht, Yachting, xxiv. 722; xxi. 594. Yadzvings, tribe, Lithuania, xiv. 702. Yafa (Joppa), town, Palestine, xm. 746. Yaffil, or Yaffle, bird, xxiv. 651. Yaghans, tribe, Tierra del Fuego, xxm. 384Yaguar-Cocha, lake, Ecuador, vn. 646. Yahya B. Khalid, prime minister of Haroun al Raschid, XL 488. Yajnavalkya, in Sanskrit literature, XXL 288. Yajur-Veda, Sanskrit sacred writing, xxi. 278. Yak, ungulate mammal, xxiv. 725. Yakhsu, river, Turkestan, XVlii. 103. Yakima Pass and River, Washington Territory, U.S.A., xxiv. 385. Yakoba, town, Sokoto, Africa, xxn. 248, 279. Yakub, shah of Persia, xviii. 633. Almansor, Moorish prince in Spain, xxii. 317. Beg (the Atalik Ghazi), amir of Kashgar, xiv. 7. ben Laith, founder of Saffarid Moslem dynasty, XVI. 586. Yakubi, Arab historian, xxin. 3. Yakuts, people, Siberia, xxn. 8; xxiii. 608, 661; xxiv. 726. Yakutsk, province, Siberia, xxiv. 725; town, xxiv. 727. Yale College, New Haven, ConJ

necticut, U.S.A., xvn. 394; xxiii. 857; library, xiv. 5345 observatory, xvii. 715. Yale Lock, xiv. 751. Yalkut, Midrash, xvi. 287. Yalta, town, Crimea, Russia, vi. 587; xxiii. 83. Ya-lu-Kiang, river, Corea, vi. 391. Yalutorovsk, town, Siberia, xxm. 430Yam, plant, xxiv. 727; xii. 289; in Polynesia, xix. 419. Yam A, Hindu divinity, iv. 208. Yama-Mai Worm, silkworm, xxn. 60. Yaman-tau, mountain, Russia, xxiv. 4Yambo, town, Arabia, xxiv. 727; xx. 316. Yamburg, town, Russia, XXL 190. Yamdena, island, Timor Laut group, Indian Archipelago, xxm. 398. Yampais, American Indians, xn. 827. Yampol, town, Russia, xix. 254. Rapids, Dniester river, Russia, vil 306. Ya Mura, mountain, Sumatra, xxn. 638. Yana, river, Siberia, xxiv. 726. Yanaon, French settlement, India, xxiv. 727. Yanbo (Yambo), town, Arabia, xxiv. 727; xx. 316. Yandoon, town, Burmah, xxm. 330. Yanez, Rodrigo, Spanish chronicler, xxii. 354. Yang-chow Fu, town, China, xxiv. 728. Yang-Chu, Chinese philosopher, xvi. 4Yanghi-hissar, town, Turkestan, xxiii. 639; xxiv. 728. Yangi Shahr (Kashgar), town, Turkestan, xiv. 7; xxiii. 639. Yang Keen, emperor of China, v. 645. Yang-tsze-Keang, river, China, v. 631; xviii. 117. Yang-tuny, mountain, Russia, xxiv. 4Yanina (Janina), town, Albania, Turkey, xiii. 565; xxill. 653. Yankton, town, Dakota, U.S.A., xxiv. 728; vi. 773. Yao, or Yaou, Chinese emperor, 11. 745; v. 643. Yaou-JIN, Chinese tribe, xvi. 224. Yap, island, Carolines, Pacific Ocean, v. 126. Yapock, marsupial mammal, xvn. 796. Yaqui, Pico del, mountain, San Domingo, XL 544. Yaransk, town, Russia, xxiv. 303. Yards, of ships, xxi. 153. Yare, river, England, xvil. 536. Yarensk, town, Russia, xxiv. 283. Yariba, country, West Africa, xxiv. 754-

475 Yarkand, or Yarkend, town, Turkestan, xxiv. 728; xxiii. 638, 639. Yarmouth, town, Norfolk, England, xxiv. 728. , town, Isle of Wight, England, xxiv. 562. Yarn, spun fibre, xxiv. 730; cotton, VI. 488; linen, xiv. 666; woollen, xxiv. 658. Yaroslaff, early Russian prince, XXL 89. , prince of Suzdal, Russia, xxi. 90. Yaroslavl, government, Russia, xxiv. 730 town, xxiv. 732. Yaro-tsanpo, river, Tibet, xxm. 340. Yarra, river, Victoria, Australia, xv. 835; xxiv. 216. Flats, plains, Victoria, Australia, xxiv. 216. Yarrell, William, English naturalist, xxiv. 732; on British birds, xvm. 18, 29, 49. Yarrow, river, Scotland, xxi. 638. Yarwhelp, bird, x. 720. Yasa, mountain, Nepal, xvil 340. Yashil-Kul, lake, Central Asia, xviii. 104. Yasna, part of Zend-Avesta, xxiv. 775Yassin, state and river, Kashmir, x. 597Yataghan, hand-weapon, xxn. 800, 802. Yatutorovsk, town, Russia in Asia, XXII. 11. Yatvyags, tribe, Lithuania, xiv. 702. Yavipais, American Indians, xii. 827. YAVORSKI, Stephen, Russian writer, XXL 105. Yawning, xx. 480. Yawry Bay, Sierra Leone, West Africa, xxii. 44. Yaws, disease, xxiv. 732. Yayul, district, Tibet, xxm. 340. Yazd, town, Persia, xxiv. 733; xvin. 627, 628. YAZDAGIRD, or Yezdegird, Era of, V. 717; XVIII. 326. YAZDEGERD L, king of Persia, xviil. 610. — ■ II., of Persia, XVIIL 611. III., of Persia, xviil 615. Yazid I., caliph, xvi. 567. II., caliph, xvi. 575. III., caliph, xvi. 576. Yazidadh, Syriac writer, xxn. 830. Yaziji-OGHLU, Ottoman poet and historian, xxiii. 656. Yazoo, river, Mississippi State, U.S.A., xvi. 521. Yca, town, Peru, XII. 611; xviil 674. Y-CHANG, town, China, xii. 628. Yeadon, town, England, xxiv. 733. Year, division of time, iv. 666; v. 712; solar, 11. 770; Sabbatical, xxi. 126. Yearning (Rennet), for cheese-making, VI, 771-

476

Y E A —Y 0 U

Yoke-Elm, tree, xn. 168. Yeast, xxiv. 733; formation of, ix. 92, Yeniseians, people, Siberia, xxii. 11. 94; cell division in, XII. 13; use of, in Yeniseisk, province, Siberia, xxiv. Yokohama, town, Japan, xxiv. 744; xiii. 578. brewing, IV. 275. 741; town, xxiv. 743. Yeni Shehr (Larissa), town, Greece, Yokosuka, town, Japan, xxiv. 745. , C. Kingsley’s novel, xiv. 88. Yola, town, Central Africa, xxii. 279. xiv. 314. Yebna (Jamnia), town, Palestine, xm. Yolande, regent of Savoy, xxi. 341. Yeni Shehr, Asia Minor, capital of 563Yolla, town, Central Africa, 1. 140. Osmanli princedom, xxiii. 640. Yedo (Tokio), town, Japan, xxm. 432; xill. 577. Yenking, ancient capital of China, iv. Yolofs, or Wolofs, Negro race, West Africa, 1. 263; xvii. 319; xxi. 662. Yehudah Hannasi, editor of Mishnab, 722. xvi. 504. Yen-Tai (Chee-Foo), town, China, v. Yomdok-tso, lake, Tibet, xxiii. 340. Yonathan (Jonathan), Targum of, Yeisk, town, Russia, xxiv. 734. 455xxiii. 64. Yekaterinburg (Ekaterinburg), town, Yeola, town, India, xxiv. 743. Asiatic Russia, vn. 793; xvi. 128; Yeomanry, volunteer cavalry, xxiv. Yonge, Nicholas, introducer of madrigal into England, xv. 192. xviii. 550; xxii. 11; xxiv. 6. 294. Yonkers, town, New York, U.S.A., Yekaterinodar (Ekaterinodar), town, Yeovil, town, England, xxiv. 743. xxiv. 745; xvii. 458. Yerba Buena (San Francisco), CaliRussia, vii. 793; xiv. 150. Yonne, department, France, xxiv. Yekaterinoslaff (EkaterinoslafF), fornia, U.S.A., xxi. 263. government, Russia, vii. 793; xxi. 69; Yerba Mate, or Paraguay Tea, xv. 627; 745, river, France, xvii. 495; xxi. town, vii. 794. iv. 227. 624. Yerkalas, people, India, xxiii. 42. Yelets, town, Russia, xxiv. 734. Yelizavetgrad (Elizabetligrad), town, Yermak, Cossack chief, xxi. 93; xxii. Yoriacum (Ivry), ancient town, France, xiii. 525. Russia, vill. 146. 12. Yelizavetpol (Elizabetbpol), town, Yeshil Irmak (Iris), river, Asia Minor, York, county, England, xxiv. 746; coalfield, VI. 51. Russia, viii. 146. II. 707. , town, England, XXIV. 749; minster, Yell, island, Shetland, Scotland, xvil. Yeshu bar Shushan, Syriac writer, II. 427, 428; St Mary’s Abbey, I. 14. xxii. 848. 846. , town, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., xxiv. Yellamalais, mountain range, India, Yesukai, Mongol chief, xm. 620. 752. Yetholm, town, Scotland, xxi. 34. xiv. 5. , town, Western Australia, xxiv. Yew, tree, xxiv. 743; culture of, II. Yellow, Pigments of, xix. 87. 508. Yellowbird, xxii. 99. 316. , Archbishop of, II. 370. Yellow Colours, in dyeing, vii. Yezd, or Yazd, town, Persia, xxiv. 733; , Cape, Australia, III. 107. xviii. 627, 628. 578. , Richard, duke of, protector of Yellow Earth, or Felinite, mineral, Yezdegird, king of Bokhara, xviii. England, xxiv. 381; as viceroy of xvi. 425. 651, 101. Ireland, XIII. 261. , Era of, v. 717; xviii. 326. Yellow Fever, disease, xxiv. 734; , House of, English dynasty, xxiv. xviii. 403; quarantine for, xx. 156; Yezidis, Kurdish tribes, Mesopotamia, 752; viii. 327; xix. 175; wars with xvi. 49. Rush’s treatment of, xxi. 63; in house of Lancaster, Viii. 327, 329; XL Yezo, island, Japan, xm. 569. Buenos Ayres, II. 494. 661; xxi. 740. Ying-Kow (Ying-tze), town, China, Yellowhead, bird, xviii. 52. House, Twickenham, England, Yellow Lead Ore, mineral, xvi. 697. xvii. 381. xxiii. 674. Ying-teen (Nanking), town, China, Yellow Pine, tree, xix. 105. Round, in archery, II. 373. Yellowplush Papers, Thackeray’s, xvii. 172. Ying-tze, or Ying-tsze, town, China, Yorktown, U.S.A., Siege of (1781), xxiii. 214. xxiii. 745. Yellow River (Hwang-ho), China, v. v. 641; xv. 466; xvii. 381. Yishaki, Rabbenu Shelomoh, Jewish Yoro, department, Honduras, xn. 132. 630; xviii. 117; xxiii. 339. Yoruba, country, West Africa, xxiv. Yellow Sea, East Asia, xviii. 116. rabbi, XX. 284. 7 Yellowstone, river, Montana, U.S.A., Yissun Timur Khan, Mongol ruler, 54Yosemite, district, California, U.S.A., xvi. 772. xvi. 742. iv. 698. Lake, U.S.A., xxiv. 737. Y-Lin (I-Chang), town, China, XII. Youghal, town, Ireland, xxiv. 755. National Park, United States, 628. Young, Sir Allen, Arctic voyager, xix. xxiv. 736. Ylo, town, Peru, xviii. 674. Yellow-Tail, fish, xxiv. 738. Ylya, river, Russia, xxi. 74. 324, Arthur, English social economist Yellow-Wood, or Fustic, dyestuff, ix. Ynca-Hualpa, Peruvian bird, xviii. and agriculturist, xxiv. 755. 855. 673, Brigham, Mormon president, XXIV. Yemamah, province, Arabia, II. 240, Yncas, Empire of the, Peru, 1. 697; iv. 756; xvi. 826. 254. 17; xviii. 677. , Charles Augustus, on the solar Yembo, or Yambo, town, Arabia, xxiv. Ynirida, river, South America, xvii. corona, II. 788. 727; xx. 316. 844, Edward, English poet, xxiv. 756; Yemen, country, Arabia, xxiv. 738; 11. Yoga, system of Hindu philosophy, xxi. his place in English literature, viii. 291. 237, 253,255; xxiii. 653. 429. Yenbo (Yambo), town, Arabia, xxiv. YOGIS, Mohammedan mendicant order, , James, his experiments on paraffin 727; xx. 316. xxii. 663. oils, xviii. 240. Yenikale, town, Russia, xiv. 52. Yohanan b. Napha, Talmudic writer, , Thomas, Puritan divine, XVI. 328; Yenipazar (Novibazar), town, Bosnia, xxiii. 37. as Milton’s tutor, xvi. 324. xvil. 608. Yoh-chow Fu, town, China, xxiv. , Thomas, English scientist and Yenisei, river, Siberia, xxn. 5; xxiv. 744archaeologist, XXIV. 756; on the funcYojoa, Lake of, Honduras, xn. 130. _ 742.

Y O U —Z A N tions of the blood organs, xxiv. 97; on capillary phenomena, v. 57; on the theory of light and colours, XIV. 606; on the theory of tides, 11. 762. Young’s Modulus, of stress and longitudinal strain, VII. 805; XXII. 595. Youngstown, town, Ohio, U.S.A., xxiv. 757. Yourouks, people, Asia Minor, 11. 712. Youth, Period of, xv. 778. Yovanovich, Peter, Servian poet, xxi. 691. Ypres, town, Belgium, xxiv. 757. Ypsilanti, voivodes of Moldavia, xxi. 20. Yriarte (Iriarte), Tomas de, Spanish poet, xiii. 275. Yrnerius (Irnerius), Italian jurist, xiii. 277. Ysabel, island, South Pacific, xxn. 252. Ysaie le Triste, romance, xx. 648. Yseult, Isolde, or Isolt, in Arthurian romance, xx. 647; x. 854; xxiv. 315. YSSEL, river, Holland, XII. 63; XX. 519Ytterbium, Spectrum of, xxn. 376. Yttrium, chemical element, xxiv. 757; v. 543; xiv. 292; spectrum of, xxn. 376. Yttrocerite, mineral, xvi. 383. Yttroilmenite, mineral, xvi. 428. Yttrotantalite, mineral, xvi. 427. YTTROTITANITE, mineral, xvi. 426. Yturbide, Augustin de, emperor of Mexico, xiii. 518; xvi. 219. Yu, early ruler of China, v. 643. Yucatan, region, Central America, XXIV. 757; antiquities of, 1. 693; architectural ruins in, 11. 450. , state, Mexico, xvi. 214. Yucca, plant, xxiv. 760; xn. 253; xvii. 401. Yuechi, ancient people, Central Asia, xviii. 101, 592, 594, 600. Yug, river, Russia, xxiv. 283. Yukon, river, Alaska, North America, 1. 444; xviii. 116. YULE, or Christmas, V. 704. Yumas, American Indians, xn. 827. Yungia, genus of planarian worms, xix. 174. YUNG-LO, Chinese emperor, XVII. 172. Yun-ho, Grand Canal of China, V. 631. Yun-NAN, province, China, V. 640. Yun-nan Fu, town, China, xxiv. 760. Yunos of Cairo, astronomer, xxm. 562. Yunque, El, mountain, Porto Rico, xix. 532Yunx (misspelling of lynx), genus of birds, xxiv. 698. Yuraks, people, Russia, XXL 251. Yurezan, town, Russia, xxm. 717. Yurieff (Dorpat), town, Russia, vil. 369Polskiy, town, Russia, xxiv. 271.

Yuruari, territory, Venezuela, xxiv. 140. Yurung Kush, town, Turkestan, xiv. 67. Yushamin, Mandsean divine spirit, xv. 468. Yuste, monastery, Spain, place of retirement of Charles V., v. 417. Yusuf al-Kindi, Abu, Arabian philosopher, 1. 578. Yusuf b. Tashufin, Moorish general in Spain, xxn. 316; I. 595; xix. 539. Yusufzais, Afghan clan, 1. 235. Yutes, people, Turkestan, xxiii. 639. Yverdon, town, Switzerland, xvil. 361; xxiv. 115. Yvetot, town, France, xxiv. 760. Yvon, Peter, French Labadist, xiv. 163. Yzer, river, Belgium, ill. 515. 'y the twenty-sixth letter of the alphabet, xxiv. 761. Zaandam, town, Holland, xxiv. 761. Zabad, Syria, Inscription of, xxi. 651. Zabaikalskaya Oblast, province, Siberia, XXIII. 509. Zabdicene, ancient district, Asia, xiv. 159. Zabians, or Sabians (g.v.), Oriental sect, xxi. 128. Zabielin, Russian historian, xxi. 108. Zacatecas, state and town, Mexico, xxiv. 761; xvi. 214. Zach, Franz Xaver, Austrian astronomer, xxiv. 761. Zachariae von Lingenthal, Karl Salomo, German jurist, xxiv. 762. Zacharias, St, pope, xxiv. 763; xix. 495Rhetor, Syriac writer, xxn. 835Zacynthus (Zante, g.u), island, Greece, xxiv. 767. Zadokites (Sadducees, g.v.), Jewish sect, xxi. 142. Zadonsk, town, Russia, xxiv. 298. Zadonstchina, Russian prose-poem, XXL 104. Zafarines, islands, Morocco, xvi. 830. Zaffre, mineral, VI. 82. Zagoskin, Russian historian, xxi. 108. , Russian novelist, xxi. 107. Zagrab (Agram), town, Austria, 1. 287; vi. 592; xxiii. 852. ZAGREUS, of Greek legend, VII. 249. Zagrus, mountain chain, Kurdistan, xiv. 156. Zahir billah, caliph, xvi. 588. Zaid, collector of the Koran, xvi. 604. B. Ali, pretender to the caliphate, xvi. 575. Zaire (Congo), river, Africa, xxiv. 763; 1. 254; exploration of, x. 192. Zaisan, Lake, Siberia, xxi. 639. Zaitah, or Zautha, town, Mesopotamia, xvi. 48.

477 Zakariya, Abu, prince of Tunis, xxiii. 621. Zakaspiyskaya Oblast, region, Russia, xxiii. 511. Zakataly, town, Transcaucasia, Russia, xxiii. 514. Zakhurians, Caucasian tribe, xiv. 475. Zaki, Persian chief, xviii. 644. Zakonik, Servian code of laws, xxi. 690. Zakrzewski, Vincent, Polish historian, xix. 305. Zaleski, Bogdan Joseph, poet of the Ukraine, xix. 304. Zaleucus, legislator of Italian Locri, xiv. 764. Zaluski, Andrew Chrysostom, Polish writer, xix. 302. , Joseph Andrew, Polish writer, xix. 302. Zama, North Africa, Battle of (202 B.c.), XL 444; XV. 609; XX. 750; XXI. 467. Zambak, Arabian jasmine, xiii. 595. Zambeccari, Count, his balloon, 1. 189, 191. Zambesi, or Zambeze, river, Africa, xxiv. 765; I. 250; exploration of, by Livingstone, I. 247; xiv. 720; mouth of, xvii. 7; languages of people on, xxiv. 828. Zambo, Zambo Preto, Negro and Indian half-breeds, xvii. 319. Zamindari, land tenure, India, xv. 186; in Madras presidency, XII. 770, 803; in North-Western Provinces, xvii. 573. Zamora, province and town, Spain, xxiv. 766. , state, Venezuela, xxiv. 140. Zamorano, Roderico, Spanish geographer, xvii. 253. Zamr-al-Kebir, musical instrument, xvii. 706. Zamzam, well, at Mecca, xv. 673. Zanahary, Malagasy divinity, xv. 173. Zancara, river, Spain, xxn. 295. ZANCLE (Messina), ancient town, Sicily, XVI. 57. Zand-Avesta, or Zend-Avesta (g'.v.), sacred book of Zoroastrianism, xviii. 327. Zander, fish, xix. 89. Zandey (Niam-Niam), people, Central Africa, XVII. 319, 473. Zanes, images of Zeus, at Olympia, Greece, xvii. 769. Zanesville, town, Ohio, U.S.A., xxiv. 767. Zangaroma, suburb of Nicastro, Italy, xvii. 480. Zangemeister and Wattenbach, their specimens of Latin writing, xviii. 152. Zanguebar (Zanzibar, g.v.), East Africa, xxiv. 767. Zanjan, town, Persia, xviii. 628. Zannone, island, Pontian group, Italy, xix. 460.

478 Zante, island, Greece, xxiv. 767; xm. 205; town, xxiv. 767. Zanzalus, Jacobus, Eastern monk, xiii. 539. Zanzibar, country, East Africa, xxiv. 767; I. 270; xxii. 729; languages of, xxiv. 828; town, xxiv. 769. Zapolya, John, voivode of Transylvania and ruler of Hungary, III. 124; XII. 369; xxiii. 522, 643. , Sigismund, Hungarian pretender, xxiii. 643. Zapornia, genus of birds, xx. 223. Zaporogians, division of Russian Cossacks, VI. 448. Zappi, Felice, Italian writer, xm. 511. Zapskovie, suburbs of Pskoff, Russia, xx. 36. Zara, town, Austria, xxiv. 769; conquest of, by the Crusaders (1202), VI. 629. Zaragoza, or Saragossa, province, Spain, xxiv. 769; town, xxiv. 770; xxii. 307. Zarah Hollow, land depression, Persia, xxil. 101. Zaraisk, town, Russia, xxi. 116. Zarangiana, Parthian kingdom, xvill. 592. Zarate, Fernando de, the question of his identity with Enriquez Gomez, viii. 450. Zarathustra, or Zoroaster (q-v.), founder of Zoroastrianism, xvili. 325Zarathustrianism, or Zoroastrianism (q.v.), Oriental religion, XX. 360. Zaratite, mineral, xvi. 399. Zarato (Morto da Feltre), Italian painter, IX. 69. Zarhun, town, Morocco, xvi. 834. Zariaspa, or Bactra (Balkh), town, Afghanistan, III. 282; 1. 243. Zarlino, Gioseffe or Giuseppe (Zarlinus Clodiensis), Italian musical theorist, xxiv. 770; xvil. 86. Zarni, town, Afghanistan, 1. 231. Zarta, town, Albania, II. 639. Zaslavl, town, Russia, xxiv. 282. Zauberflote, opera by Mozart, xvn. 11. Zaudzi, island, Comores, Africa, Vi. 220. Zautha, or Zaitah, town, Mesopotamia, xvi. 48. ZAVIHOST, town, Poland, XX. 218. ZAVOLJIE, district, Russia, XVII. 501. Zayton (Chinchew), town, China, V. 673Zaza, Kurdish dialect, xiv. 157. Zea (Ceos), island, Greece, v. 343. , genus of plants, xv. 309. Zeagonite, mineral, xvi. 423. Zealand, island, Denmark, xxiv. 771; vii. 83. , province, Holland, xxiv. 771. Zealots, Jewish sect, xm. 426.

Z A N —Z I C Zebedee, Sons of, apostles James and John, xill. 552. Zebi, Sabbathai, leader of Jewish sect, xiii. 681. Zebra, ungulate mammal, xxiv. 772; xii. 175. Zebulon, tribe of Israel, xxiv. 772. , Plain of, Palestine, xvin. 171. Zebus, humped Indian cattle, V. 246. Zechariah, Old Testament prophet, xxiv. 773; xiii. 418. ZEDLER, Johann Heinrich, his universal lexicon, vm. 196. Zegzeg, town, Sokoto, Africa, xxil 279. Zehngerichtenbund, Swiss league, XL 205. Zeila, town, North-East Africa, 1. 271. Zeitz, town, Prussia, xxiv. 775. Zekha-isho, Syriac writer, xxil 838. Zela, town, Asia Minor, xix. 459. Zelle (Celle), town, Prussia, xxiv. 775. Zeller, Eduard, on scepticism, xxi. 381. Zemlyanoy-Gorod, quarter of Moscow, Russia, xvi. 858. Zemlyansk, town, Russia, xxiv. 298. Zemstvo, assembly, Russia, xxi. 70; of Vyatka, xxiv. 303. Zen, tree, xxiii. 620. Zend, language of Zend-Avesta, xvin. 653; dictionaries of, VII. 190. Zend-Avesta, Zoroastrian religious book, xxiv. 775; xviii. 327, 653; on caste, v. 192; language of, xvin. 134; dictionaries of language of, vil. 190; translation of, by Anquetil du Perron, II. 91. Zenesquali, river, Caucasus, v. 253. Zenghi-ata, shrine, Tashkend, Asia, xxill. 72. Zeni, The, their map of northern latitudes, xix. 316. Zenith, in astronomy and geography, II. 764; x. 198. Sector, Airy’s, vn. 600. Telescope, x. 167. Zennor, cromlech, Cornwall, England, VI. 427. Zeno, Byzantine emperor, xxiv. 778. of Citium, Stoic philosopher, xxil 561. of Elea, Greek philosopher, xxiv. 778; VIII. 2. , Antonio, Arctic explorer, xix. 316. , Antonio, Venetian admiral, xxiv. 147. , Carlo, Venetian admiral, xxiv. 144. , Caterino, Italian traveller, x. 179; Venetian envoy to Persia, xvili. 633, Niccolo, Arctic explorer, xix. 316. Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, xiv. 864; xviii. 201; xx. 776. Zenta, or Zentha, town, Hungary,

xxiv. 780; battle of (1697), vm. 660; xxiii. 646. Zeolites, group of minerals, xvi. 420; x. 228; deposits of, in Pacific Ocean, xviii. 125. Zephaniah, Old Testament prophet, xxiv. 780; xiii. 415. Zepharovichite, mineral, xvi. 405. Zephyrinus, St, pope, xxiv. 781; xix. 489. Zephyrus, of Greek legend, xxiv. 781. Zeraf, Bahr al, branch of Nile, Africa, xvil 506. Zerafshan, province, Russian Turkestan, xxiv. 781. , river, Russian Turkestan, xxiv. 781. ZERAIM, part of Mishnah, XVI. 505. Zerbis, Gabriel de, on anatomy, 1. 806. Zerbst, town, Germany, xxiv. 782. ZERGHAT, part of Chhindwara district, India, v. 608. Zero, in mathematics, xm. 14. , as numeral, xvn. 626. Zerubbabel, of Scripture, XL 370; XXIV. 773; temple of, at Jerusalem, xxill. 167. Zeta, river, Montenegro, xvi. 780. Zethus, Tomb of, at Thebes, Greece, xxiii. 230. Zeugitana, valley, North Africa, xxm. 619. Zeuglodon, genus of fossil cetaceans, xv. 395. Zeugma, town, Syria, Coins of, xvil 649. Zeulenroda, town, Germany, xx. 493Zeunerite, mineral, xvi. 407. Zeuner’s Slide-Valve, for steamengine, xxil 502. Zeus, Greek deity (the Roman Jupiter), xxiv. 782; xiii. 779; xvil 138, 154; XXIII. 238; myths of, XVIL 136, 154; altar to, at Pergamum, xviii. 527; temple of, at Athens, III. 2; temple, at Olympia, xvil 768; temple, at Selinus, XXL 634. Zeuxis, Greek painter, xxiv. 783; 11. 363; xvil 41; xviii. 321. Zeybeks, people, Asia Minor, 11. 712; v. 102. Zeyer, Bohemian poet, xxii. 152. ZEZERE, river, Portugal, xxm. 21. ZHABLIAK, town, Montenegro, XVI. 781. Zhitomir, town, Russia, xxiv. 784. Zhukovski, Vasili A., Russian poet, XXL 107. Ziani, Sebastiano, doge of Venice, xxiv. 142. ZlBEBU, Zulu chief, xxiv. 829. Zibeth (Civet), carnivorous mammal, v. 796. Zichy Land, Arctic regions, its discovery, xix. 324. ZlCKZACK, bird, XIX. 228.

Z I D —Z U L Zidje Sabi, Albategni’s work, I. 449. Ziegenrucken, mountain, Germany, xx. 552. Zienkiewicz, Reginald, Polish writer, xix. 304. Zigalga, mountain, Russia, xxiv. 4. Zihl, river, Switzerland, xvn. 361. Zij, Persian astronomical tables, xvn. 771. Zikr, dervishes’ chant, vil. 114. Zilis, town, North Africa, xv. 637. Zillah, wife of Lamech of Scripture, xiv. 238. Zimb, or Tsetse (q.v.), fly, xxm. 601; VIL 256. Zimisces, John L, Greek emperor, xm. 712. Zimme, Shan state, Burmah, xxi. 773. Zimmermann, Johann Georg, Swiss philosopher and physician, XXIV. 784; X. 535; XXII. 798. , Karl, of Darmstadt, German evangelical preacher, xi. 335. Zimocca Sponge, xxii. 423, 428. Zimorowicz, Polish poet, xix. 301. Zinc, metal, xxiv. 784; xvi. 382; as chemical element, v. 526, 573; cyanide of, XX. 23; boiling point of, XX. 134; ores of, XVI. 58; dressing of ores, XVI. 465; salts of, as poisons, xix. 278; strength of, XXII. 603; deposits of, in Silesia, xxii. 53; production of, xvi. 467; production in England, vm. 229; production in United States, xxm. 817. White, pigment, xix. 86. Zincite, mineral, xvi. 385. ZlNCKE, German economist, XIX. 363. ZlNCKEN, musical instrument, XXIV. 787. Zinckenite, mineral, xvi. 394. Zincography, xiv. 699; in map-printing, xxii. 715. ZlNCOTYPES, in printing, XXIII. 704. Zincz, religious rite of Lithuanians, xiv. 701. Zindeh-Rud, river, Persia, xm. 394. Zingaris, or Gipsies (g.u), x. 612. Zingaro, Lo (Antonio Solario), Neapolitan painter, xxii. 249. Zingiber, genus of plants, x. 603. ZlNKEN, or Zincken, musical instrument, xxiv. 787. Zinn, John Godfrey, German anatomist, 1. 814. Zinnia, garden annual, xn. 249. ZlNNWALDlTE, mineral, XVI. 413. Zinzendorf, Count of, leader of the Moravian Brethren, xxiv. 788; xvi. 812'; xxii. 368; as writer, x. 534; hymns by, XII. 588. Zion, hill, Jerusalem, xm. 639. See also article Temple. Ziphius, genus of cetacean mammals, xv. 396. Zircon, mineral, x. 228; xvi. 390; as precious stone, xm. 532.

Zirconium, chemical element, xxiv. 789; v. 538. Zirites, Empire of the, in Tunis, xxm. 620. Ziska, John, Hussite leader, xxiv. 790; xii. 407. Zittau, town, Saxony, xxiv. 790. ZlYAD, brother of caliph Moawiya I., xvi. 566. Ziza, Palermo, Sicily, Catacombs of, v. 331. Zizith, Jewish prayer-fringe, xix. 1. Zizka, John, Hussite leader, xxiv. 790; xii. 407. Zizyphus, genus of plants, xm. 767. Zlatoust, town, Russia, xxiv. 790; xxiii. 717. Zlotopol, town, Russia, xiv. 69. Zmeinogorsk, town, Russia in Asia, XXII. 11; XXIII. 439. Znaim, or Znaym, town, Moravia, xxiv. 790. Zoan, ancient town, Egypt, vil 769. Zoantharia, order of corals, VI. 369. Zobaah, whirlwind of sand, Egypt, vil 703Zobah, ancient state, Syria, xxn. 822. Zobair b. Bakkar, Arab historian, xxiii. 3. Zoblitz, Saxony, Serpentine rock of, XXL 683. Zodiac, xxiv. 791; astrological meaning of, 11. 740; signs of, II. 771; Dupuis’s theory of signs of, VIL 550; Egyptian zodiacs, vil 78. Zodiacal Light, xxiv. 796; 11. 790. Zoe, wife of Michael IV., Byzantine emperor, XVI. 226. Zoea, stage in development of Crustacea, vi. 644. Zoellner’s Figure, in optics, vm. 827. Zoghawas, tribe, Central Africa, xxiii. 334Zohair, Arabic poet, xvi. 537. Zohar, sacred book of the Kabbalah, 1. 463; xiii. 813. , Midrash, xvi. 286. Zoharites, Jewish sect, xm. 681. ZoiSITE, mineral, XVI. 409. Zollner, Johann Carl Friedrich, German astronomer and physicist, XXIV. 798; his figure in optics, vm. 827; on the light of the moon, II. 802; on uranometry, xvill. 841. Zollverein, German customs union, X. 455, 505. Zolotonosha, town, Russia, xix. 410. ZOMBOR, town, Hungary, xxiv. 798. Zonaras, Joannes, Byzantine historian and theologian, XXIV. 798. Zones, climatic, vi. 2. , of crystals, XVI. 352. Zooglcea, in development of Schizomycetes, XXL 401, 402. Zoological Regions, vil 269.

479 Zoological Societies, xxii. 225. Zoology, xxiv. 799; n. 49. Zoophorus, in architecture, 11. 475. Zoospores, reproductive organs in plants, xx. 423. Zooxanthella, genus of parasitic Algae, xix. 852. Zopf, W., his researches on Schizomycetes, xxi. 399. Zorgite, mineral, xvi. 391. Zorilla, Jos4, Spanish poet and dramatist, xxii. 361. Zorndorf, Prussia, Battle of (1758), in. 128; XXL 99. Zoroaster, founder of Zoroastrianism, xxiv. 820; xviii. 325. Zoroastrianism, Oriental religion, xxiv. 822; xviii. 607; xx. 360; sacred book of, xxiv. 775; xviii. 653; language of the sacred book, xviii. 134Zorrimo, Patagonian skunk, xviii. 353Zorro, Patagonian fox, xvin. 353. ZOSIMUS, or Zozimus, bishop of Rome, xxiv. 824; xix. 491; his attitude in the Pelagian controversy, xviii. 472. , Greek historian, xxiv. 823. , the Theban, his chemical discoveries, 1. 462. ZOSTEROPS, bird, XXIV. 824. ZOUAVES, of French army, origin of the name, xm. 815. ZOUCH, Richard, English jurist, xxiv. 824. Zoutpansberg, mountains, South Africa, xxiii. 517. Zozimus, or Zosimus (g.u), bishop of Rome, xxiv. 824. Zrinyi, Count, defender of Cziget, Hungary (1566), xxiii. 644. ZSCHOKKE, Johann Heinrich Daniel, German writer, xxiv. 824. Zubstoff, town, Russia, xxiii. 672. ZUCCARO, or Zucchero, Federigo, Italian painter, xxiv. 825. , Taddeo, Italian painter, xxiv. 825. ZUCCHI, Antonio, Venetian artist, Xiv. 16. Zug, canton, Switzerland, xxiv. 826; xxii. 783; town, xxiv. 826. , Lake of, Switzerland, XXII. 777. Zugur, island, Red Sea, xx. 316. Zula (Zulla), town, Red Sea, Africa, xxiv. 826. Zulali, Persian romance-writer, XVIII. 660. Zulla, town, on Red Sea, Africa, xxiv. 826. Zulpich, Prussia, Battle of (496), x. 476. ZULU-KAFFRES, group of people, South Africa, xvil. 319; of the Transvaal, xxiii. 518. Zululand, territoryj South Africaj xxiv. 827.

480 Zulu Language, xxiv. 827; dictionaries of, vie 192. Zulus, race of people, South Africa, XXIV. 828; XIII. 818; myths of, XVII. 147. Zumalacarregui, Tomas, Carlist general, Spain, xxn. 346. Zumbo, town, on Zambesi river, Africa, xxiv. 765. Zummarah, musical instrument, xvn. 707. Zumpe, Johann, pianoforte mechanician, xix. 72. Zundererz, mineral, xvi. 388. ZUNIS, American-Indian tribe, XII. 827; totem sacrifices among, xxm. 471. ZUNJUN, or Zanjan, town, Persia, XVIII. 628. Zunz, Leopold, Jewish writer, xm. 682. Zupans, Servian chiefs, XXL 688.

Z U L —Z Y R Zupo, Piz, mountain, North Italy, xxiv. 45Zurbaran, Francisco, Spanish painter, xxiv. 829; XXL 440, 443. ZURICH, or Zurich, canton, Switzerland, xxiv. 829; xxii. 781, 783, 790; Zwingli’s Keformation movement in, xxiv. 833. , town, Switzerland, xxiv. 830; xxii. 783; observatory at, xvil. 713; university, xxm. 851; treaty of (1859), IX. 625. , Lake of, Switzerland, xiv. 220; xxii. 777. ZURITA, Geronimo de, Spanish historian, xxii. 359. Zutphen, town, Guelderland, Holland, xxiv. 831. Zuyder Zee, Holland, xii. 60; xvn. 563.

end OF INDEX.

Zweibrucken, town, Bavaria, vn. 134Zwickau, town, Saxony, xxiv. 831. ZwiESELlTE, mineral, XVI. 408. ZwiNGLl, Huldreich, Swiss Reformer, XXIV. 832; XV. 81; XX. 331; XXII. 790; on the Anabaptists, III. 353; on church order, Xix. 676. Zwolle, town, Holland, xxiv. 834; xviii. 78. Zyenkoff, town, Poltava, Russia, xix. 410. ZYG.fENA, genus of sharks, XXL 776. Zygobranchia, order of Mollusca, xvi. 645. Zygospores, group of plants, m. 693. Zymotic Diseases, xxiv. 834. ZYRIANOVSK, or Zyryanovsk, town, Russia in Asia, XXIL 11; xxm. 439-

LIST

OF

CONTRIBUTORS

XXV. — 6r

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

TO

THE

ENCYCLOPAEDIA

BRITANNICA,

NINTH EDITION, WITH THE INITIALS WHICH HAVE BEEN AFFIXED TO THEIR RESPECTIVE ARTICLES.

A. H. A. A. S. A. C. G. A. C. K. A. D. A. A. E. A. . E. A. A. E. S.A. F. A. . F. A. A. G. A. . G. H. A. G. I. A. G. J. A. H. E. A. H. L. A. J- A. . J. An. .

J. B. A. J. O. A.

A A. Hilliard Atteridge, London. Rev. A. S. Aglen, m.a., Alyth. Dr Claes Annerstedt, Librarian to the University of Upsala [article Upsala]. Rev. C. G. Ames, Philadelphia. C. K. Adams, ll.d., Professor of History, University of Michigan. D. A. Aird, Editor of the “ Forge and Lathe.” Edward Arber, Professor of English, Mason Science College, Birmingham. Rev. Edwin A. Abbott, d.d., author of “ Cambridge Sermons.” Mrs Armitage. F. Arnold. Sir Frederick A. Abel, c.b., d.c.l., f.r.s., Director of the Chemical Establishment, Royal Arsenal, Woolwich. Grant Allen. Rev. G. H. Atkinson, Portland, Oregon. Prof. G. I. Ascoli, Milan. G. J. Allman, ll.d., f.r.s., Professor of Mathematics, Queen’s College, Galway. H. E. Armstrong, Ph.D., f.r.s., Professor of Chemistry, London Institution. Colonel H. L. Abbot, U.S. Engineers. Jules Andrieu. Joseph Anderson, ll.d., Secretary, Scottish Society of Antiquaries. James Adam, m.a., Fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge [articles Simonides, &c.]. Joseph Atkinson, Newark, N.J. [article Newark]. J. B. Atkinson, author of “ Schools of Modern Art in Germany.” J. 0. Affleck, m.d., Medical Examiner, University of Edinburgh.

M. A. . . Matthew Arnold, ll.d., d.c.l. O. A. . . Osmund Airy, Editor of the “ Lauderdale Letters.” P. P. A. . P. P. Alexander (the late), St Andrews. R. A. . . Roger Acton, London. R. Ad. . . Robert Adamson, ll.d., Professor of Logic, Owens College, Manchester. R. Al. . . Sir Rutherford Alcock, k.c.b. R. An. . . R. Rowand Anderson, ll.d., Architect, Edinburgh. R. E. Allardice, Edinburgh [articles Poncelet, Roberval, &c.]. R. E. Anderson, London [articles Manin, Schoolcraft, &c.]. S. A. . . Prof. Samuel Aughey, State Geologist, Lincoln, Nebraska. T. A. . . Thomas Arnold, m.a., Oxford. T. A. A. . T. A. Archer, Oxford. W.deW.A. Captain W. de W. Abney, r.e., f.r.s., author of “ Instructions in Photography.” W. E. A. . Wm. E. Aytoun, D.C.L., author of “ Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers.” W. E.A.A. W. E. A. Axon, f.r.s.l., Manchester. W. G. A. . W. G. Abbot, Hartford, Connecticut. W. L. A. . Rev. W. Lindsay Alexander, d.d., ll.d. B A. B. . . Alex. Buchan, ll.d., Secretary, Meteorological Society of Scotland. A. B*. . . Alex. Bain, ll.d., author of “ The Emotions and the Will.” A. Ba. . . Prof. Adolfo Bartoli, Florence. A. Br. . . Alexander Bruce, m.a., m.d., Edinburgh. Rev. Alex. Beverley, ll.d. [articles Acta Diurna, Acta Senates, &c.]. Prof. A. Brill, Polytechnicum, Munich [article Mathematical Drawing]. A. B. B. . Miss A. B. Buckley, author of “A Short History of Natural Science.”

484

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A. C. B. . A. Crum Brown, m.d., ll.d., f.r.s., Professor of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh. A. E. Bateman, Board of Trade, London [article Board of Trade]. A. G. B. . Prof. A. G. Bourne, Presidency College, Madras. A. J. B. . A. J. Butler, m.a., Examiner H.M. Education Department, London. A. M. B. . A. M. Broad ley, author of “ Tunis, Past and Present.” B. B. . . Benjamin Baker, c.e., London. C. B. . , Rev. Charles Boutell, author of “English Heraldry.” C. Bl. . - Miss Clementina Black, author of “ Orlando.” C. A. B. . C. A. Buchheim, Ph.D., Professor of German Literature, King’s College, London. C. A. Br. . Rev. Prof. C. A. Briggs, d.d., Union Theological Seminary, New York. C. A. G. B. Captain C. A. G. Bridge, r.n. C. B. B. . Charles Bertram Black, late of Santiago, Chili. C. E. D. B. C. E. D. Black, Clerk for Geographical Records, India Office, London. C. F. B. . C. F. Bastable, m.a., Professor of Political Economy, Queen’s College, Galway. C. N. B. . C. Norman Bazalgette, Barrister-at-Law, London. C. O. B. . Captain C. Ord Browne, r.a., Lecturer on Armour Plates, Woolwich. C. V. B. . C. V. Boys, Science School, South Kensington. C. W. B. . Rev. C. W. Bingham, m.a., Melcombe Horsey, Dorset. C. W. Bo. Rev. C. W. Boase, m.a., Lecturer in Modern History, Exeter College, Oxford. D. B. . . Rev. David Balsillie, m.a., late House Governor of Donaldson’s Hospital, Edinburgh. D. Br. . Sir Dietrich Brandis, k.c.i.e., ph.D., f.r.s. E. B. . . Sir Edmund Beckett, Bart., Q.C., ll.d. (Lord Grimthorpe), author of “ Clocks and Locks.” E. A. B. . E. A. Bond, ll.d., c.b., late Keeper of the British Museum. E. D. B. . Edwin Dampier Brickwood, London. E. D. Bu. E. D. Butler, British Museum. E. H. B. . Sir Edward H. Bunbury, Bart., author of “ History of Ancient Geography.” E. L. B. . E. L. Burlingame, Scribner’s Magazine, New York. E. W. B. . Edward W. Brabrook, f.s.a., Registry of Friendly Societies, London. F. B. . . Prof. Eebre Barnabei, Director of Museum of Antiquities, Rome. F. E. B. . Francis Evers Beddard, m.a., Zoological Gardens, London. F. H. B. . F. H. Butler, m.a., Assoc. R. S. Mines, London. F. Jeffrey Bell, b.a., Professor of Comparative Anatomy, King’s College, London [article Hedgehog]. G. B. . . Sir George Birdwood, m.d., c.s.i. G. Br. . . Prof. George Bryce, Manitoba College, Winnipeg, Canada. George Burnett, ll.d., Scottish Lyon King at Arms [articles Mar, &c.]. G. D. B. . Very Rev. Geo. David Boyle, m.a., Dean of Salisbury.

OF

G. G. B. . Very Rev. G. Granville Bradley, d.d., Dean of Westminster. G. H. B. . G. H. Bianchi, m.a., St Peter’s College, Cambridge. G. Phillips Bevan, author of “ Industrial Classes and Statistics” [articles Flannel, Flowers]. G. v. B. . G. von Bunsen, Berlin. G. W. B. . George W. Balfour, m.d., Edinburgh. H. B. . . H. Bauerman, f.g.S., author of “Metallurgy of Iron.” H. B. B. . H. B. Briggs, London. H. F. B. . H. F. Brown, Venice. J. B. . . John Ball, m.a., f.r.s., author of “The Alpine Guide.” J. Bl . . Hon. John Bigelow, New York. J. Bl. . . James Blyth, m.a., Professor of Natural Philosophy, Anderson’s College, Glasgow. J. Bo. . . James Bonwick, author of “ The Lost Tasmanian Race.” J. Br. . . James Bryce, ll.d., d.c.l., m.p., Regius Professor of Civil Law, University of Oxford. James Burnley, Bradford [article Bradford]. J. C. B. . J. C. Buckmaster, Art Division, South Kensington. J. E. B. . J. E. Bailey, Manchester. J. F. B. . John F. Bateman, f.r.s., President of the Institution of Civil Engineers, London. J. G. B. . J. G. Bertram, author of “Harvest of the Sea.” J. G. Ba. . J. Gilbert Baker, f.r.s., Royal Herbarium, Kew. J. H. B. . J. Hutton Balfour (the late), m.d., f.r.s., Regius Keeper, Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. J. H. Bl. . Rev. J. H. Blunt, d.d., author of “Dictionary of Doctrinal and Historical Theology.” J. S. B. . J. Stuart Blackie, ll.d., late Professor of Greek, University of Edinburgh. J. S. Bl. . John Sutherland Black, m.a., Assistant Editor of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. J. T. B. . J. T. Bunce, F.S.S., Birmingham. J. T. Br. . J. Taylor Brown, Edinburgh. J. T. Bealby, b.a. [articles Talea, &c.]. J. T. W. B. J. T. W. Bacot, Seaton, Devon. J. Y. B. . J. Y. Buchanan, f.r.s., late of the “Challenger” Expedition. M. B. . . Montague Browne, author of “Practical Taxidermy.” M. M. B. . M. M. Backus, Fur Merchant, New York. N. B. . . Sir Nathaniel Barnaby, k.c.b., late Director of Naval Construction, Whitehall. O. B. . . Oscar Browning, m.a., Fellow of King’s College, Cambridge. P. B. . . Peter Bayne, ll.d., author of “ Life and Letters of Hugh Miller.” R. B. . . Robert Brown, Ph.D., author of “Races of Mankind.” R. Ba. . . Richard Bagwell, m.a., d.l., of Innislonagh, Clonmel, Ireland. R.H.M.B. R. H. M. Bosanquet, Professor of Acoustics, Royal College of Music, London. R. M. B. . R. M. Ballantyne, author of “The Life Boat.”

CONTRIBUTORS. 485 R. S. B. . Sir Robert S. Ball, ll.d., f.r.s., Astronomer- c. c. c. Col. Charles Cornwallis Chesney, r.e., author Royal of Ireland. of “ Waterloo Lectures.” S. B. . . Samuel Birch, ll.d., d.c.l., late Keeper of C. G. c. Rev. C. G. Curtis, m.a., Chaplain to the British Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities, British Embassy, Pera. Museum. C. H. c. Charles H. Coote, British Museum. S. F. B. . Spencer F. Baird, ll.d., author of “Food of C. R. C. Major Conder, r.e., Director of Palestine ExplorFishes of the United States.” ing Expedition. S. H. B. . S. H. Burbury, m.a., Barrister-at-Law, London. D. C. . Donald Campbell, m.d., f.s.a., Ballachulish, Samuel P. Bates [article Hooker, Joseph]. Argyllshire. T. B. . . Thomas Bolas, f.c.s., London. D. K. C. D. Kinnear Clark, c.e., London. Thomas Bayne, Helensburgh [article Philips, E. C. . Edward Cairo, ll.d., Professor of Moral PhiloAmbrose and John]. sophy, University of Glasgow. T. Craig Brown, author of “ History of SelkirkMiss E. Clerke, London [article Matilda], shire” [article Selkirk], E. Lieut.-Col. E. H. H. Collen, r.a., c.s.l, Bengal T. S. B. . Thomas Spencer Baynes (the late), ll.d., ProStaff Corps. fessor of Logic, University of St Andrews, F. C. . . Rev. F. Crombie, d.d., Professor of Divinity, and Editor of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. University of St Andrews. U. B. . . II Conte Ugo Balzani, Rome. I. Chapman, Dunedin, N.Z. [article Dunedin]. W. B. . . Rev. W. Braden, author of “The Beautiful F. C. H. C. . Lieut.-Col. F. C. H. Clarke, r.a., c.m.g. Gleaner.” F. DE C. ,. F. de Chaumont, m.d., late Professor of Military W. Be. . Walter Besant. Hygiene, Army Medical School, Netley. Wm. Blades, author of “Numismata Typo- F. E. C. . Francis E. Colenso, m.a., Barrister-at-Law, graphica” [article Gutenberg]. London. W. C. B. . W. C. Bartlett, ll.d., San Francisco. F. H. C. . F. Hayne Carter, c.a., author of “Practical W. de Grey Birch, British Museum [article Book-Keeping.” Griffin], F. J. C. . F. J. Campbell, Principal of Royal Normal ColW. G. Binney, author of “Shells of North lege for the Blind, Upper Norwood, London. America” [article Gould]. F. M. C. . F. M. Caird, M.B., f.r.c.S.E., Lecturer on SurW. Harneth Blanch, author of “ Dulwich Colgery, Edinburgh. lege and Edward Alleyn ” [article Dul- F. W. C. . F. W. Clark (the late), ll.d., Sheriff of Lanarkwich], shire. W. H. Browne, Baltimore [article Baltimore]. F. W. C*. Francis Warre Cornish, m.a., Eton College. W. H. Brewer, Sheffield Scientific School, Yale F. W. Co. Frederick W. Cosens, f.s.a., London. College, New Haven, Conn, [article Wheat, G. C. . . Lieut.-General G. T. Chesney, c.b., c.s.l, c.i.e. American]. G. Ch. . . Geo. Chrystal, m.a., ll.d., Professor of MatheW. J. B. Rev. W. J. Brodribb, m.a., Wootton Rivers matics, University of Edinburgh. Rectory, Wilts. Rev. Geo. B. Carr, Edinburgh [article Bede]. W. T. B. . W. T. Brantly, Baltimore, Md. G. G. C. George G. Chisholm, m.a., b.Sc., London. G. P. C. Maj.-General Sir George Pomeroy Colley (the c late), K.c.s.l., c.m.g. A. C. . . Alexander Cruickshank, ll.d., Aberdeen. A. C*. . . Rev. Arthur Carr, m.a., St Sebastian Vicarage, G. T. C. Geo. Thos. Clark of Tal-y-garn, Glamorganshire. G. W. C. . Rev. Sir George W. Cox, Bart., author of “A Wokingham, Berks. History of Greece.” A. Ca. . Arthur Cayley, ll.d., f.r.s., Sadlerian Professor of Pure Mathematics, University of G. W. Ca. George W. Cable, author of “ Old Creole Days.” H. C. . . Hugh Cleghorn, m.d., author of “Forests and Cambridge. Gardens of South India.” Rev. Andrew Carter, Stirling [articles Ken, H. M. Chichester, London [article Roy, Wm.]. Lyte]. Miss A. Corkran [article Hume, Joseph], J. C. . John Chiene, m.d., Professor of Surgery, UniA. B. C. Rev. Arch. Browning Connell, m.a., Dundee. versity of Edinburgh. A. H. C. . A. H. Church, f.r.s., Professor of Chemistry, J. Cl. . John Cleland, m.d., ll.d., f.r.s., Professor of Royal Academy of Arts, London. Anatomy, University of Glasgow. A. M. C. . Miss A. M. Clerke, author of “History of J. Co. . James Collins, London. Astronomy during the 19th Century.” James Collier, London [articles Al-Farabi, AlA. R. C. . Col. Alex. Ross Clarke, r.e., c.b., f.r.s. Gazali, Al-Kindi]. A. S. C. . A. S. Cole, Art Division, South Kensington. J. A. C. Joseph A. Crowe, c.b., author of “Painting in B. C. . . Benjamin Carrington, London. Italy.” Bernard Cracroft (the late), member of London J. A. Cl. John Algernon Clarke, London. Stock Exchange [article Account]. J. C. C. J. W. Comyns Carr, author of “ Essays in Art.” C. C. . Charles Creighton, m.a., m.d., London. John D. Champlin, jun., New York. J. D. C. C. Co. . Charles Cooper, Editor of the Scotsman, Rev. Jas. Freeman Clarke, d.d., Boston, Mass, Edinburgh. [article Flint, Timothy],

486

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J. G. C. . Rev. J. G. Oazenove, d.d., author of “The A Priori Argument of God.” J. L. C. . Joshua L. Chamberlain, President, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine. J. M. C. . Rev. James M. Crombie, author of “Lichenes Britannici.” J. S. C. . Rev. J. S. Candlish, d.d., Professor of Divinity, Free Church College, Glasgow. J. S. Co. . J. S. Cotton, m.a., author of India in “Colonies and Dependencies Series.” J. T. C. . J. T. Cunningham, m.a., Fellow of University College, Oxford. L. C. . . Lewis Campbell, ll.d., Professor of Greek, University of St Andrews. L. H. C. . The Right Hon. Leonard H. Courtney, m.a., m.p. M. C. . . Rev. Mandell Creighton, ll.d., d.c.l., Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical History, University of Cambridge, Canon of Worcester. M. Ca. . Prof. Moritz Cantor, Ph.D., University of Heidelberg. M. D. C. . Moncure D. Conway, author of “ The Wandering Jew.” M. W. C. . Morgan W. Crouton, d.Sc., f.r.s., Fellow of the Royal University of Ireland. O. P. C. . Rev. 0. Pickard Cambridge, m.a., author of “New and Rare Spiders.” P. C. . . Capt. Philip Cardew, r.e., Instructor in Electricity, School of Military Engineering, Chatham. P. Ca. . . Peter Cameron, author of Hymenoptera in “ Biologia Centrali-Americana.” P. L. C. . P. L. Connellan, Rome. P. T. C. . Prof. P. T. Cleve, University of Upsala. R. C. . . Richard Caulfield, ll.d., author of “Holy Trinity Parish, Cork.” R. Ca. . . Robert Carruthers, ll.d., author of “Life of Alexander Pope.” R. C. C. . Richard C. Christie, Staines. R. W. C. . Very Rev. Richard Wm. Church, m.a., d.c.l, Dean of St Paul’s, London. Reginald W. Corlass [article Nicholson]. S. C. . . Sidney Colvin, m.a., Keeper of Prints and Drawings, British Museum. Miss S. D. Collet, author of “Outlines and Episodes of Brahmic History” [article Roy Rammahun]. S. R. Crocker [article Columbia, S.C.]. Thomas Codrington, c.e., Local Government T. C. . Board, Whitehall. Thompson Cooper, author of “ Biographical Dictionary ” [articles Capgrave, Challoner, &c.]. T. C. C. . T. C. Chamberlin, President, State University of Wisconsin, Madison. , Rev. T. Kelly Cheyne, d.d., Oriel Professor of T. K. C. Interpretation of Scripture, Oxford. T. K. Ch. T. K. Chambers, m.d., author of “ A Manual of Diet.” T. W. C. . T. W. Cameron, Newcastle. W. C. . . Wm. Crookes, f.r.s., President of the Chemical Society, London. W. Ch. . Wm. Chappell, author of “ A History of Music.” W. Cu. . Rev. Wm. Cunningham, b.d., Trinity College, Cambridge.

OF W. A. B. C. Rev. W. A. B. Coolidge, m.a., Editor of “ The Alpine Journal. W. B. C. . Wm. B. Carpenter, m.d., c.b., ll.d., f.r.s. W. B. C*. W. B. Cooley, U.S. Post Office Department. W. C. Cochrane, Attorney, Cincinnati, 0. [article Lynch Law]. W. E. C. . Wm. Edmund Crothers, Belfast. W. L. C. . Rev. W. Lucas Collins, m.a., Editor of “ Ancient Classics for English Readers.” W.L.R. C. W. L. R. Cates, joint author of “Encyclopaedia of Chronology.” W. P. C. . W. Prideaux Courtney, Ecclesiastical Commissioners, Whitehall. W. T. C. . W. T. Chester, New York. D A. D. . . H. Austin Dobson, author of “ At the Sign of the Lyre.” A. De. . Alex. Del Mar, author of “ History of the Precious Metals.” A. Dendy, b.Sc., f.l.s. [article Wight, Isle of]. A. B. D. . Rev. A. B. Davidson, d.d., ll.d., Professor of Hebrew, New College, Edinburgh. Alex. P. Davidson, Edinburgh [articles Geiger, Gothenburg]. C. M. Doughty, author of “ Travels in Arabia ” [article Oneiza]. D. W. D.. S. Wright Dunning, New York. Edwin Dunkin, f.r.s., author of “Notices of Astronomers” [article Hansen]. E. S. D. . Eneas S. Dallas, author of “ Poetics, an Essay on Poetry.” E. S. Dr. Eaton S. Drone, author of “Law of Copyright and Playright.” F. B. Dexter, Professor of American History, Yale College, Conn, [article New Haven]. F. D. . . Francis Darwin, m.a., m.b., f.r.s., author of “ The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin.” F. de C. . F. de Chaumont, m.d., late Professor of Military Hygiene, Royal Army Medical School, Netley. F. Dr. . Frederick Drummond, Brighton. G. E. D. . Surgeon-Major G. E. Dobson, f.z.s., f.r.s., author of “ Insectivora, Systematic and Anatomical.” G. H. D. . Geo. H. Darwin, ll.d., f.r.s., Plumian Professor of Astronomy and Experimental Philosophy, University of Cambridge. G. P. D. . Rev. G. Palmer Davies, Berlin. H. D. . . Rev. Prof. Henry Drummond, m.a., author of “ Tropical Africa.” H. Deby, Brussels [articles Mechlin, Ostend, &c.]. Rev. H. M. Dexter, Boston, Mass, [article Mather]. I. D. . . Israel Davis, Barrister-at-Law, London. J. D. . . James Donaldson, ll.d., Principal of St Andrews University. J. D*. . . John Dowson, late Professor of Hindustani, University College, London. J. Dt. . . John Davis, Editor of the Tribune, Junction City, Kansas. J Da. . . Rev. James Davies (the late), M.A., Prebendary of Hereford Cathedral.

CONTRIBUTORS. 487 J. Do. . . John Doran, Ph.D., author of “Memories of our C. I. E. . Charles I. Elton, b.a., q.c., m.p., London. Great Towns.” Dan. Giraud Elliot, author of “ Monograph of James Dewar, m.a., f.r.s., Jacksonian Professor the Felidae” [article Jaguar], of Natural Experimental Philosophy, E. E. . . Lady Eastlake, author of “ Memoir of Sir University of Cambridge [articles Acid, Charles Eastlake.” Ammonia, &c.]. E. Ed. . . Edward Edwards, author of “ Libraries and James Drennan, Land Valuator, Ayr. Founders of Libraries.” J. D. D. . J. Dalziel Dougall, author of “ Shooting, its Frank M. Esting, Philadelphia, Pa. [article Appliances, Practice, and Purpose.” Girard, S.]. J. E. D. . J. E. Davis, late Legal Adviser, Metropolitan G. E. E. . Rev. Geo. E. Ellis, d.d., Boston, Mass. Police, London. Rev. Geo. H. Emerson, d.d., Editor of “ ChrisJ. F. D. . Sir J. Frederick Dickson, K.c.M.G.,lateof Ceylon. tian Leader,” Boston, Mass, [article Uni verJ. . J. L.L.E.D. E. Dreyer, Ph.D., Astronomer, Armagh balists]. Observatory. H. E. . . Hermann Eth£, Ph.D., Professor of Oriental J. R. Drake [article Foster, S. C.]. Languages, University College, Aberystwith. K. E. D. . Kenelm E. Digby, m.a., Barrister-at-Law, J. E. , . Julius Eggeling, Ph.D., Professor of Sanskrit, London. University of Edinburgh. M. D. . . Rev. Marcus Dods, d.d., author of “ Mohammed, J. A. E. . J. A. Ewing, b.Sc., f.r.s., Professor of EngineerBuddha, and Christ.” ing, University College, Dundee. M. Delgueure, Brussels [article Louvain]. Rev. Robert Ewing, m.a., St John’s College, P. E. Dove, London [articles Jung, Knot]. Oxford [article Shairp], R. K. D. . Robert K. Douglas, Professor of Chinese, King’s W. K. E. . Col. W. KidstonElles,C.b., Adjutant-General in College, London. India. S. D. . . Rev. Samuel Davidson, d.d., author of “Introduction to the Old and New Testament.” S. A. D. . Samuel A. Drake, New York. A. F. . .A. Fuhrer, Ph.D., Allahabad. S. W. D. . S. Wright Dunning, New York. A. C. F. .A. Campbell Fraser, ll.d., d.c.l., Professor of T. D. . . Thomas Davidson, ll.d., author of “British Logic and Metaphysics, University of Edinburgh. Fossil Brachiopoda.” T. Da. . . Thos. Davidson, author of “The Philosophical A. H. F. . Rev. A. Hollingworth Frost, m.a., Cambridge. System of Rosmini.” A. M. F. . Rev. A. M. Fairbairn, d.d., Principal, Mansfield Independent College, Oxford. Thos. Davidson, Edinburgh [article Macneill]. A. M.-F. . A Morel-Fatio, Ecole Nationale des Chartes, T.W.R.D. T. W. Rhys Davids, Ph.D., ll.d., Professor of Paris. PMi and Buddhist Literature, University C. A. F. . C. Alan Fyffe, m.a., author of “ A History of College, London. Modern Europe.” Victor Dingelstedt, Tiflis [articles Shemakha, C. A. M. F. Charles A. M. Fennell, Litt.D., Cambridge. Shusha]. W. D. . . Wm. Dittmar, ll.d., f.r.s., Professor of Chemis- C. C. P. F. Captain C. C. Penrose Fitzgerald, r.n. C. L. N. F. C. Le Neve Foster, d.Sc., H.M. Inspector of try, Anderson’s College, Glasgow. Metalliferous Mines. W. De. . Prof. Wilhelm Deecke, Ph.D., author of “ Corssen D. W. F. . Douglas W. Freshfield, m.a., author of “ The und die Sprache der Etruscer. ” Italian Alps.” Wm. Durie [articles Alfred, &c.]. E. F. . . Right Hon. Lord Justice Sir Edward Fry, f.r.s. W. B. D. . W. Boyd Dawkins, m.a., f.s.a., f.g.s., f.r.s., Professor of Geology, Owens College, Man- E. A. F. . E. A. Freeman, ll.d., d.c.l., Regius Professor of Modern History, University of Oxford. chester. W. B. d’Almeida, f.r.g.s., Barrister-at-Law, F. F. . . FrancisFrancis, author of “A Book on Angling.” London [articles Malacca, Manila], F. W. F. . Ven. F. W. Farrar, d.d., f.r.s., Archdeacon of Westminster. Sir Wm. Fettes Douglas, ll.d., p.r.s.a. [article Gordon, Watson]. G. F. . . George Ferguson, ll.d., late Professor of Humanity, University of St Andrews. W.T.T.D. W. T. Thiselton Dyer, b.Sc., c.m.g., f.r.s., Director, Royal Gardens, Kew. G. Fl. . . George Fleming, ll.d., c.b., Principal Veterinary Surgeon, War Office, London. E G. H. F. . Rev. Geo. Hay Forbes, late of St Serf’s, Burntisland. A. B. E. . Miss Amelia B. Edwards, author of “A Thousand Miles up the Nile.” H. J. E. F. H. J. E. Fraser, m.a., Advocate, Edinburgh. A. C. E. . Alex. C. Ewald, f.s.a., Public Record Office, H. O. F. . Henry 0. Forbes, author of “A Naturalist’s London. Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago.” A. J. E. . Arthur J. Evans, m.a., author of “Through J. F. . . John Ferguson, m.a., Professor of Chemistry, University of Glasgow. Bosnia on Foot.” A. J. E*. . Alex. J. Ellis, f.s.a., author of “Early English J. Fr. . . Rev. John Fraser (the late), University of Chicago. Pronunciation.” C. B. E. . Lieut.-General Charles B. Ewart, r.e., c.b. J. G. F. . J. G. Fitch, H.M. Inspector of Schools, Whitehall.

488

LIST

J. G. Fr. . J. G. Frazer, m.a., Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. J. R. F. . J. R. Findlay, author of “ Personal Recollections of De Quincey.” J. T. F. . Rev. J. T. Fowler, m.a., Lecturer in Hebrew, University of Durham. J. W. F. . J. Walter Ferrier, St Andrews. M. F. . . Michael Foster, m.d., f.r.s., Professor of Physiology, University of Cambridge. M. G. F. . Mrs Millicent Garrett Fawcett, author of “ Political Economy for Beginners.” P. F. . . Percy Fitzgerald, author of “ Romance of the English Stage.” R. F. . . Rev. Robert Flint, d.d., ll.d., Professor of Divinity, University of Edinburgh. R. B. F. . Prof. R. B. Fulton, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Miss. Robert W. Felkin, m.d., joint author of “ Uganda and the Eastern Soudan ” [articles Uganda, &c.]. S. F. . . Sir Samuel Ferguson, ll.d., q.c., late Deputy Keeper of Public Records, Dublin. T. F. . . Thomas Fowler, d.d., Professor of Logic, University of Oxford. T.G.G.F. T. G. G. Faussett, Canterbury. W. F. . . William Farr, m.d., d.c.l., f.r.s., c.b., late Superintendent of Statistics, Registrar-General’s Office, London. Rev. Wm. Ferguson, Barrow [article Barrow-inFurness]. W. E. F. . William E. Foster, Providence, R.I. W. H. F. . Wm. H. Flower, ll.d., f.r.s., c.b., Director of the Natural History Departments, British Museum. W. W. F.., W. Wynne Ffoulkes, m.a., Chester. G G. . . ., The Right Hon. Lord Grimthorpe, ll.d. (Sir Edmund Beckett), author of “ Clocks and Locks.” A. G. . . Major Arthur Griffiths, H.M. Inspector of Prisons, Home Office, Whitehall. A. G*. . ., Arthur Gamgee, m.d., f.r.s., Fullerian Professor of Physiology, Royal Institution of Great Britain. A. Ga. . ., Andrew Garran, Editor of The Herald, Sydney, N.S.W. A. Ge. . . Archibald Geikie, ll.d., F.R.S., DirectorGeneral, Geological Survey of the United Kingdom. A. Gi. . . Alexander Gibson (the late), m.a., Advocate, Edinburgh. A. Go.. . Rev. Alex. Gordon, m.a., Belfast. A. Gr. . . Sir Alexander Grant (the late), Bart., ll.d., d.c.l., Principal, University of Edinburgh. Albert Gray, Barrister-at-Law, London [article Laccadives]. A. B. G. . Rev. A. B. Grosart, ll.d., author of “ Life of Michael Bruce.” A. C. G. . Albert C. L. G. Gunther, m.d., Ph.D., f.r.s., Keeper of the Zoological Department, British Museum.

O F

A. E. G. . A. G. G. . A. v. G. .

C. G. . . C. D. G. . D. G. . . D. Gi. . .

Angelo de Gubernatis, Professor of Sanscrit and Comparative Literature, Reale Istituto Superiore, Florence [articles Giusti, Goldoni, &c.]. A. E. Gough, m.a., Principal of the Madrasa, Calcutta. A. G. Greenhill, m.a., Professor of Applied Mathematics, Royal Artillery College, Woolwich. A. von Gutschmid (the late), Professor of Ancient History, University of Tubingen. Bartholomew Gunszt, London [articles Pressburg, &c.]. Charles Gibbon, author of “Life of George Combe.” Rev. C. D. Ginsburg, ll.d., author of “Commentary on Ecclesiastes.” Sir Douglas Galton, k.c.b., ll.d., d.c.l., f.r.s., Chairman of Council, Society of Arts, London. David Gill, ll.d., f.r.s., Astronomer-Royal, Cape of Good Hope. Edwin Goadby, York [articles Loughborough, Scarborough].

E. E. L. G. . Edwin L. Godkin, Editor of “ The Nation,” New York. E. P. G. . Commander Edwin J. P. Gallwey, r.n. E. W. G. . Edmund W. Gosse, m.a., author of “ Studies in the Literature of Modern Europe.” F. H. G. . Francis Hindes Groome, Edinburgh. F. J. G. . Major-General Sir Frederic J. Goldsmid, K.C.S.I., C.B. F. W. G. . Rev. F. W. Gotch, ll.d., Bristol. G. G. . . George Grub, ll.d., Professor of Law, Aberdeen. G. B. G. . G. Brown Goode, Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. H. G. . . Hugh Godfray, m.a., late Fellow, St John’s College, Cambridge. H. G*. . Henry Gannett, Geological and Geographical Department, Washington, D.C. H. Ga. . Henri Gausseron. H. Go. . Henry Goudy, ll.b., Advocate, Edinburgh. J. G. . . James Glaisher, f.r.s., President, Photographic Society, London. J. Ga. . . James Gairdner, Public Record Office, London. J. Gi. . . John Gibson, author of “Science Gleanings.” J. Go. . . J. Goodall, Dulwich. J. Gr. . . Joseph Green, author of “The Republic of Uruguay.” J. Gu. . . John Gunn, f.r.g.S., “Challenger” Expedition Office. Rev. John Gordon, Kenilworth [article Baxter Richard]. J. E. G. . Prof. J. E. Goodrich, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt. J. G. G. . J. Grey Glover, m.d., London. J. G. G*. . J. G. Goodchild, Geological Survey Office, London. J. H. G. . J. H. GallIse, Ph.D., Professor of Teutonic Languages, University of Utrecht.

C O N T R I B IT T 0 R S. 489 Miss Juliet H. Goodwin, Newport, R.I. [articles A. Ha. . Adolf Harnack, d.d., Professor of Church HisAmherst, &c.]. tory, University of Berlin. J. M. G. . John M. Gray, Curator, Scottish National Portrait Alfred Hopkinson, m.a., Professor of JurisGallery, Edinburgh. prudence, Owens College, Manchester [articles J. R. G. . Joseph Reay Greene, m.d., author of “ Manual Gaius, &c.]. of the Animal Kingdom.” A.A.W.H. A. A. W. Hubrecht, Ph.D., ll.d., Professor of J. R. G*. . J. Raymond Gasquet, m.b., Brighton. Zoology, University of Utrecht. J. S. S.-G. John S. Stuart-Glennie, author of “Pilgrim A. C. H. . A. C. Harris, Indianapolis, Ind. Memories.” A. F. H. . A. F. Hutchison, m.a., Rector, High School, J. W.L.G. J. W. L. Glaisher, d.Sc., f.r.s., President, Royal Stirling. Astronomical Society, and Lecturer in Mathe- A. J. H. . A. J. Hipkins, f.s.a., author of “ Musical Instrumatics, Trinity College, Cambridge. ments, Historic, Rare, and Unique.” K. G. . . K. Geldner, Ph.D., Professor of Philology, Uni- A. S. H. . Misses Horner, author of “Walks through versity of Halle. Florence.” K. E. G. . K. E. Goebel, Ph.D., Professor of Botany, Uni- A. T. H. . Prof. A. T. Hadley, New Haven, Conn. versity of Rostock. A. v. H. . Baron Anatole von KSgel, Curator, Museum L. v. G. . Prof. Ludwig von Graff, Ph.D., University of of Archgeology, University of Cambridge. Graz, Austria. A. W. H. . Arthur William Hare, m.b., Professor of SurM. J.deG. M. J. de Goeje, Ph.D., Professor gery, of Arabic, Owens College, Manchester. University of Leyden. C. A. H. . Sir Charles A. Hartley, k.c.m.g., author of P. G. . . Percy Gardner, Litt.D., Disney Professor of “ Inland Navigations in Europe.” Archaeology, University of Cambridge. C. H. H. . Prof. C. H. Hitchcock, Dartmouth College, HanP. Ge. . Patrick Geddes, Professor of Botany, University over, N.H. College, Dundee. C. H. H*. Charles C. Hart, Curator, Numismatic and P. L. G. . Philip Lyttelton Gell, m.a., Balliol College, Antiquarian Society, Philadelphia. Oxford. E. H. . . Miss E. Hamilton. Maj.-General Q. A. Gillmore, U.S. Army [article E. Ha. . Rev. Edwin Hatch, d.d., University Reader in Galveston]. Ecclesiastical History, Oxford. R. G. . . Richard Garnett, ll.d., British Museum. E. Hu. . E. Hubner, Ph.D., Professor of Classical Philology, R. Gr. . Robert Gray, Peterhead. University of Berlin. R. B. G. . Rev. R. B. Girdlestone, m.a., late Secretary, E. E. H. . Rev. Edward E. Hale, a.m., Boston. British and Foreign Bible Society. E. L. H. . Rev. Edward L. Hicks, m.a., Fenny Compton St. G. . . Stanislas Guyard, author of “ Theorie Nouvelle Rectory, Leamington. de la Metrique Arabe.” E. M. H. . E. M. Holmes, Curator of Museum, PharmaS. H. Gay, author of “ A Popular History of the ceutical Society, London. United States” [articles Otis, Quincy, E. P. H. . E. P. Hanna, Department of the Interior, WashJosiah]. ington, D.C. S. R. G. . S. Rawson Gardiner, ll.d., author of “ History E. W. H. . E. W. Hobson, m.a., Lecturer in Mathematics, of the Great Civil War.” Christ’s College, Cambridge. T. G. . . Thomas Galloway, f.r.s., author of “Prob- E. ability.” Fishing, and Fishing Boats.” T. Gi. . . Thomas Gilray, M.A., Professor of Modern History F. H. . . Francis Hueffer, Ph.D., author of “Musical and English Literature, University College, Studies.” Dundee. G. H. . . Rev. George Henslow, m.a., author of “The T. Gr. . Thomas Gray, b.Sc., f.r.s.e., Glasgow. Origin of Floral Structures.” W. G. . . William Garnett, m.a., Principal, College of G. F. H. . Geo. F. Hooper, late of the Admiralty Library, Physical Science, Newcastle. Whitehall. W. Gi. . Wm. Gisborne, author of “Official Handbook of G. W. H.. Geo. W. Hotchkiss, Secretary, Lumberman’s New Zealand, 1883-84.” Exchange, Chicago, 111. William Guthrie, ll.d., Sheriff-Substitute of H. H. . . Henri Hymans, Conservateur, Bibliotheque Royale, Brussels. Lanarkshire [articles Abatement, &c.]. W. D. G. Wm. Duguid Geddes, ll.d., Principal, University H. Hi. . Hans Hildebrand, Ph.D., Secretary, Royal Academy of History and Archaeology, Stockof Aberdeen. holm. Maj.-Gen. Sir W. H. R. Green, k.c.s.l, c.b. H. A. H. . H. A. Husband, m.b., author of “Forensic [articles Baluchistan, Khelat, &c.]. Medicine and Medical Police.” H H. C. H. . Rev. Horace C. Hovey, New Haven, Conn. H. „ . . The Right Hon. Lord Houghton, d.c.l., f.r.s., Rev. H. G. Bonavia Hunt, Mus.b., Warden, author of “ Monographs, Personal and Trinity College, London [articles Flute, Social.” Forkel]. A. H. . Abraham Hayward, Q.C., author of “ Biographi- H. H. H. . Prof. Hugo H. Hildebrandsson, Director, Metecal and Critical Essays.” orologiska Observatorium, Upsala. XXV. — 62

490

LIST

H. R. H. . Rev. H. R. Haweis, m.a., author of “ Music and Morals.” J. H. . . John Hunter, late Hon. Secretary, British BeeKeepers’ Association. J. H*. . . Major Jedidiah Hotchkiss, Staunton, Va. J. Ho. . . John Hopkinson, c.e., d.Sc., f.r.s., author of “ Dynamic Electricity.” Joseph Hodgson, Editor, Daihj Register, Mobile, Ala. [article Mobile]. John Horne, Geological Survey of Scotland [article Oases]. J. A. H. . J. A. Hjaltalin, Reykjavik, Iceland. J. F. H. . J. F. Hudson, Pittsburgh, Pa. J. H. H. . J. H. Hessels, m.a., author of “Haarlem, the Birthplace of Printing.” J. R. H. . J. Russell Hind, ll.d., f.r.s., Superintendent of the “ Nautical Almanac,” London. J. R. H*. . Major J. R. Hubbard, New York. J. Smith Homans [articles Adrian, Altoona]. J. W. H. . J. Wesley Hales, m.a., Professor of English Language, King’s College, London. L. F. V.-H. L. F. Vernon-Harcourt, m.a., c.e., Professor of Civil Engineering and Surveying, University College, London. M. H. . . Rev. M. Harvey, St John’s, Newfoundland. M. F. H. . M. F. Heddle, m.a., late Professor of Chemistry, University of St Andrews. M. T. H. . Prof. M. Th. Houtsma, University of Leyden. O. H. . . Claus Henrici, Ph.D., ll.d., f.r.s., Professor of Mechanics and Mathematics, London Institute. P. H. . . Peter Henderson, Jersey City, N.J. P. G. H. . P. G. Hamerton, author of “ The Graphic Arts.” Rev. P. Hay Hunter, Tester, East Lothian [articles Clyde, Lord, &c.]. R. H. . . Robert Hedderwick, Glasgow. R. A. H. . R. A. Hill, Royal Mint, London. R. B. Haldane, m.a., m.p., author of “Life of Adam Smith ” [articles Heraclitus, Lamettrie]. R. D. H. . R. Drew Hicks, m.a., Lecturer in Classics, and Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. R. T. H. . R. T. Hill, author of “ Geological Knowledge of Texas,” U.S. Geological Survey. S. H. . . Shirley Hibberd, author of “ The Ivy.” T. H. . . Thomas Hodgkin, ll.d., d.c.l., author of “ Italy and her Invaders.” Thomas Hutchison, Kirkcaldy [article Kirkcaldy]. T. E. H. . Thos. E. Holland, d.c.l., Chichele Professor of International Law and Diplomacy, University of Oxford. T. F. H. . T. F. Henderson, London. T. H. H. . Thos. H. Huxley, m.d., ll.d., d.c.l., f.r.s., Hon. Professor of Biology, Normal School of Science and Royal School of Mines, London. T. H. H.*. Major T. H. Holdich, r.e. T. L. H. . T. L. Heath, b.a., London. W. H. . . Sir William Hamilton, Bart., late Professor of Logic and Metaphysics, University of Edinburgh. W. Ha. . Rev. Wm. Hanna, d.d., author of “Memoir of Chalmers.”

OF

W. He. . Walter Hepworth, Art Department, South Kensington. W. Ho. . Wynnard Hooper, m.a., London. W. A. H. . William Alfred Hinds, author of “ American Communities.” W. A. He. Wm. A. Herdman, d.Sc., Professor of Natural History, University College, Liverpool. W. B. H. . W. B. Hunter, m.d., Smedley’s Institution, Matlock Bath. W. E. H.. Wm. Ernest Henley, author of “A Book of Verses.” W. E. Ho. W. E. Hoyle, m.a., late of the “Challenger” Expedition. W. F. H. . Wm. Fred. Hunter (the late), ll.b., Advocate. W. P. H. . W. P. Harper, London. W. W. H. Sir William W. Hunter, k.c.s.l, c.i.e., ll.d., late Director of Statistics to the Government of India. I . J. Kells Ingram, ll.d., Senior Lecturer, Trinity College, Dublin.

J. K. I.

B. J. . B. D. J. C. P. J. D. J. E. J. E. Je. F. J.

. . . .

H. J. . H. Ja. . H. I. J. J. J. . J. H. J. J. R. J. J. Y. J. K. J. . R. C. J. W. L. J. W. S. J.

J Andrew Jervise, author of “Epitaphs and Inscriptions in North-East Scotland ” [articles Banff, Banffshire]. . Prof. B. Julg (the late), University of Innsbruck. . B. Daydon Jackson, Secretary, Linnean Society, London. . C. Pierpoint Johnson, Editor of Sowerb/s “Wild Flowers.” . Most Rev. Archbishop D. Jacobini, Rome. . Emil Jung, Ph.D., Leipsic. . E. Jewill, Torpoint, Cornwall. . Eleeming Jenkin (the late), f.r.s., Professor of Engineering, University of Edinburgh. . Henry Jones (Cavendish). . Henry Jackson, Litt.D., Fellow, and Pr select or in Ancient Philosophy, Trinity College, Cambridge. . H. I. Jenkinson, Keswick. . J. Johnston, Milwaukee, Wis. . J. Henry Johnson, Solicitor, London. . J. R. Jackson, Curator of Museum, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. . J. Yate Johnson, author of “ Handbook to Madeira.” . Keith Johnston (the late), f.r.g.s. Oliver Johnson, New York, author of “ Garrison, a Sketch of his Life ” [article Garrison]. . Rich. Claverhouse Jebb, Litt.D., ll.d., Professor of Greek, University of Glasgow. . W. Leighton Jordan, author of “The Argentine Republic, a Descriptive and Historical Sketch.” . W. S. Jevons, f.r.s., author of “ Theory of Political Economy.”

K A.B.W.K. A. B. W. Kennedy, c.e., f.r.s., Professor of Engineering in University College, London.

C O N T R I B U T O R S. 491 A. H. K. . A. H. Keane, Professor of Hindustani, University H. La. Rev. Henry Latham, m.a., Fellow of Trinity College, London. Hall, Cambridge. C. K. . . Chables Kent, author of “ Charles Dickens as a H. Laing [article Esquire]. Reader.” H. Cabot Lodge, author of “Albert Gallatin” C. C. K. . Major C. C. King, r.m., late Professor of Tactics, [article Gallatin]. &c., Royal Military College, Sandhurst. H. D. L. Henry D. Littlejohn, m.d., Lecturer in Medical C. G. K. . Cargill G. Knott, d.Sc., Imperial University, Jurisprudence, School of Medicine, EdinTokio, Japan. burgh. C. M. K. . Prof. C. M. Kan, Amsterdam. H. R. L. Rev. Henry R. Luard, d.d., Fellow of Trinity D. K. . . David Kay, f.r.g.s., author of Austria, in the College, Cambridge. “Foreign Countries Series.” J. L. . Hon. John Lowell, Boston, Mass. D. K*. . D. Kaltbrunner, Paris, author of “Manuel de J. Le. . James Legge, ll.d., Professor of Chinese, UniYoyageur.” versity of Oxford. F. K. . . Prof. F. Kjellman, University of Upsala. John Lomas, author of “ Sketches in Spain from G. W. K. . Very Rev. Geo. Wm. Kitchin, d.d., Dean of Nature, Art, and Life ” [articles Segovia, &c.]. Winchester. J. A. Langford, Birmingham [art. Stafford, &c.]. I. . Hon. G.N.K.-F Ion G. N. Keith-Falconer (the late), m.a., Joseph H. Lamprey, London [articles Apennines, Lord Almoner’s Reader of Arabic, University Badakhshan]. of Cambridge. John J. Lake, Birmingham. J. J. L. . J. D. J. K. Lieutenant J. D. Jerrold Kelly, United States J, K. L. . John K. Laughton, m.a., r.n., Lecturer in Naval Navy. History, Royal Naval College, Greenwich. J. E.K. . Senator John E. Kenna, Charleston, W. Va. Prof. J. K. Lord, Dartmouth College, Hanover, J. K. L*. . J. S. K. . J. Scott Keltie, Librarian, Royal Geographical New Hampshire. Society, London. J. N. L. . J. Norman Lockyer, f.r.s., author of “ Chemistry K. K. . . K. Kessler, Ph.D., University of Marburg. of the Sun.” M. K. . . Michael Kerney, London. J. P.L. . Prof. J. Peter Lesley, State Geologist, PhilaP. K. . . Philip Kelland (the late), f.r.s., Professor of delphia. Mathematics, University of Edinburgh. J. P. N. L. Prof. J. P. N. Land, University of Leyden. P. A. K. . Prince Petr A. Kropotkine, late Member of the J. R. L. . Rev. J. Rawson Lumby, d.d., Norrisian Professor Imperial Russian Geographical Society, St of Divinity, University of Cambridge. Petersburg. Rev. P. Landreth, author of “ Studies and R. J. K. . R. J. King (the late), Crediton, Devon. Sketches in Modern Literature ” [article GilT. K. . . Thomas Kirkup, m.a., author of “An Inquiry fillan]. into Socialism.” P. A. L. Rev. Ponsonby A. Lyons, London. W. C. K. . Prof. W. C. Kerr, late State Geologist, Raleigh, P. R. Scott Lang, m.a., b.Sc., Professor of MatheP. S. L. . North Carolina. matics, University of St Andrews. W. F. K. . W. F. Kirby, joint-author of “Introduction to Richard Lodge, m.a., Tutor and Librarian, and R. L. . Entomology.” Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford. Rev. R. F. Littledale, ll.d., d.c.l., London. R. F. L. R. Stuart Lane, Japanese Legation, London. A. L. . . Andrew Lang,, ll.d., author of “ Myths, Ritual, R. S. L. Surgeon-General Sir Thomas Longmore, c.b., T. L. . and Religion.” Professor of Clinical and Military Surgery, A. La. . . Alfred Large, Donaldson’s Hospital, Edinburgh. Army Medical School, Netley. A. O. L. . A. C. Oughter Lonie, Kinghorn, Fife. A. R. L. . Albert R. Leeds, Stevens Institute of Technology, T. DE L. A. Terrien de Lacouperie, Professor of IndoChinese Philology, University College, Hoboken, N.J. London. C. J. L. . Charles James Lyall, m.a., c.i.e., author of T. Hayter Lewis, late Professor of Architecture, T. H. L. “ Sketch of the Hindustani Language.” University College, London. D. J. L. . D. J. Leech, m.d., Professor of Materia Medica, T. H. Ll. Thos. Henry Lister, author of “The Life of Owens College, Manchester. Edward, First Earl of Clarendon.” E. R. L. . Edwin Ray Lankester, ll.d., f.r.s., Professor Rev. T. M. Lindsay, d.d., Professor of Divinity T. M. L. of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, Uniand Church History, Free Church College, versity College, London. Glasgow. E. T. L. . E. T. Lefroy (the late), of The Freeman’s Journal, Rev. W. Lockhart, Procuratore Generale dei Dublin. Rosminiani, Rome. F. L. . . F. Liebermann, Ph.D., Berlin. F. M. L. . F. Maxwell Lyte, f.c.S., London. M G. M. L. . Geo. M. Low, f.f.a., Manager, Edinburgh Life The Right Hon. Lord Macaulay. M. . . Assurance Company. Arthur Maw, Trowbridge, Salop. G. W. L. . G. W. Latham (the late), of Bradwall Hall, A. M. . Rev. Allan Menzies, B.D., Abernyte, Perthshire. A. M*. Cheshire. Alex. Macalister, m.d., f.r.s., Professor of H. L. . . Henry Letheby (the late), M.B., Ph.D., Medical A. Ma. Anatomy, University of Cambridge. Officer of Health to the City of London.

41)2

LIST

OF

A. M‘D. .A. MacDonald, London. H. R. M. . Henry R. Mill, d.Sc., author of “Elementary A. M.-F. . Alfred Morel-Fatio, Secretaire d’Ecole Commercial Geography.” J. M. . . John Macpherson, m.d., author of “The Baths Nationale des Cliartes, Paris. and Wells of Europe.” A. Mu. . Prof. A. Muller, University of Konigsberg. J. M*. . . James Muirhead, ll.d., Professor of Civil Law, A. A. M. . Arthur A. Macdonell, m.a., Ph.D., Oxford. University of Edinburgh. A. B. M. . Alex. B. MacDowall, London. J. Mt. . . John Macdonell, Barrister-at-Law, London. A. B. M‘G. A. B. M‘Grigor, ll.d., Glasgow. J. Ma. . . John Macdonald, London. A. D. M. . Albert D. Michael, f.z.s., f.r.m.s., London. J. Ma*. . Julian Marshall, author of “Annals of Tennis.” A. S. M. . Alex. Stuart Murray, ll.d., British Museum. J. M‘D. . James Macdonald, ll.d., Glasgow. A.W.K. M. A. W. K. Miller, British Museum. t J. M‘G. . James MacGregor, author of “The Rob Roy on JE. M. . JEneas J. G. Mackay , ll.d., Sheriff of Fife. the Jordan.” C. M. . . Very Rev. Charles Merivale, d.d., d.c.l., Dean James Macaulay, m.d., Editor, Leisure Hour, of Ely. London [article Tract Societies]. C. Ma. . Charles Maunoir, Secretaire, Societe de J. Me. . . Joseph Medill, Chicago, 111. Geographic de Paris. C. C. M. . C. C. Maxwell, author of “ History of Dundee.” J. Mo. . . The Right Hon. John Morley, ll.d., m.p. J. Mu. . . John Murray, Ph.D., ll.d., Director of the C. G. M‘C. Rev. Charles G. M‘Crie, Ayr. “Challenger’’Expedition Office, Edinburgh. C. N. B. Muston, Edinburgh [articles CanterJ. Masson, Dundee [article Babrius]. bury, N.Z., &c.]. J.A.H.M. J. A. H. Murray, ll.d., d.c.l., Editor of “A C. R. M. . Clements R. Markham, c.b., f.r.s., Secretary, New English Dictionary on Historical PrinRoyal Geographical Society, London. ciples.” D. M. . . Rev. D. Meiklejohn, Lochgoilhead. J. B. M. . J. Bass Mullinger, m.a., Librarian, St John’s D. Ma. . David Masson, ll.d., Professor of English College, Cambridge. Literature, University of Edinburgh. J. C. M. . J. Clerk Maxwell (the late), d.c.l., f.r.s., D. B. M. . David Binning Monro, m.a., Provost of Oriel Professor of Experimental Physics, UniverCollege, Oxford. sity of Cambridge. D. H. M. . D. H. Muller, Professor of Semitic Lauguages, J. C. Mo.. J. Cotter Morison, m.a., author of “The Life University of Vienna. and Times of St Bernard.” D. H.M‘A. D. H. M‘Adam, St Louis, J.Mo. F. M. , J. F. Muirhead, late of Leipsic. E. M. . . Maj.-Gen. EardleyMaitland, r.a.,c.b., Director- J. F. M*. . Colonel J. F. Maurice, r.a., Professor of General, Ordnance Factories, Woolwich. Military Art and History, Staff College, E. Marzials, London [article Jasmin]. Farnborough. F. M. . . Miss Flora Masson, Edinburgh. J. F. M‘L. John F. M‘Lennan, ll.b., Advocate, Edinburgh. F. M*. . Falconer Madan, m.a., Sub-librarian, Bodleian J. G. M. . J. G. M‘Kendrick, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., Professor Library, Oxford. of the Institutes of Medicine, University of F. Ma. . Frederick Martin (the late), Editor of the Glasgow. “Statesman’s Year Book.” J. H. M. . J. Henry Middleton, f.s.a., Slade Professor of F. Mu. . Findlay Muirhead, m.a., late of Leipsic. Fine Art, University of Cambridge. F. M. M. . Friedrich Max Muller, ll.d., Corpus Pro- J. M. M‘C. John M. M‘Candlish, Manager and Actuary, fessor of Comparative Philology, University Scottish Union and National Insurance Comof Oxford. pany, Edinburgh. G. M. . . Geo. Maw, Benthall Hall, Broseley, Salop. John M. D. Meiklejohn, m.a., Professor of G. M‘A. . Rev. George McArthur, m.a., Sub-editor of the Education, University of St Andrews [article Encyclopaedia Britannica. Mann]. G. Me. . Gaston Meissas, Paris. J. S. M. . John S. Mackay, ll.d., Mathematical Master, G. Mu. . George R. Milne Murray, British Museum. Edinburgh Academy. G. A. M. . Sir George A. Macfarren (the late), Mus. Doc., J. T. M. . J. Theodore Merz, author of Leibniz, in “PhiloProfessor of Music, University of Cambridge. sophical Classics for English Readers.” G. B. M‘C. Maj.-Gen. Geo. B. M‘Clellan, U.S. Army. L. A. M. . Leonard A. Montefiore (the late), b.a., London. G. F. M. . Rev. George F. Maclear, d.d., Warden of St M. M‘M. . General Sir William M. S. M‘Murdo, k.c.b. Augustine College, Canterbury. M. T. M. . Maxwell T. Masters, m.d., f.l.s., f.r.s., London. H. M. . . Hugh Miller, Geological Survey of Scotland, O. M. . . Orme Masson, m.a., d.Sc., Professor of Chemistry, Edinburgh. University of Melbourne. Hugh M‘All, Lisburn, Co. Antrim [article Bel- P. M. . . Paul Meyer, Professor of the Languages and fast]. Literature of Southern Europe, College de H. Mo. . Prof. H. Mohn, Meteorological Institute, France, Paris. Christiania. P. M*. . . Sir Philip Magnus, Organizing Director, CenH. A. M. . Captain Henry Augustus Moriarty, r.n., c.b. tral Institution of the City and Guilds of H. J. M. . H. J. Matthews, Brighton. London Institute. H. N. M. . H. N. Moseley, ll.d., f.r.s., Professor of P. W. Stuart Menteath, Paris [articles Andorre, Anatomy, University of Oxford. Basque Provinces].

CONTRIBUTORS. 493 R. M. . . Rev. Robert Moffat, d.d., author of “ History of A. Ni. . . Alex. Nioolson, ll.d., Advocate, Sheriff-SubMissionary Labours in South Africa.” stitute of Renfrewshire. R. M‘K. . Robert Mackay, Architect, Perth. A. No.. . Adolf Noreen, Ph.D., University of Upsala. R. M‘L. . Robert M'Lachlan, F.R.S., author of “A Synopsis A. B. Nettleton, Minneapolis, Min. [article St of the Trichoptera of the European Fauna.” Paul, Min.]. R. M‘L*. . General Robert M‘Lagan, r.e. A. V. N. ■ A. V. Newton, late of the Office for Patents, R. Me. . Raphael Meldola, f.r.s., Professor of Applied London. Chemistry, Finsbury Technical College, Charles Nisbet, London [articles Scutari, &c.]. London. C. B. N. C. B. Norman, author of “ Colonial France.” R. Mu. . Robert Munro, m.a., m.d., Kilmarnock. C. H. N. Col. Sir Charles B. P. N. H. Nugent, r e R. Mu*. . Rev. Robert Munro, m.a., b.d., f.s.a.s., Old K.C.B. Kilpatrick, Dumbartonshire. E. N. . Prof. Ernest Nys, University of Brussels. R. C. M. . R. C. Menzies, Inveresk Paper Mills, Mussel- E. B. N. E. W. B. Nicholson, m.a., Librarian of the burgh. Bodleian Library, Oxford. R. H. Major, late Secretary, Royal Geographical E. T. N. E. T. Newton, Palaeontologist, Geological Survey Society [article Henry the Navigator]. of the United Kingdom, London. R. W. Micou, Waterbury, Conn, [article Water- H. N. . Henry Nicol (the late), London. bury]. H. A. N. H. Alleyne Nicholson, m.d., d.Sc., Professor St G. M. St George Mivart, m.d., Ph.D., f.r.s., author of of Natural History, University of Aberdeen. “ Lessons from Nature as manifested in Mind H. A. N*. Hubert A. Newton, Professor of Mathematics, and Matter.” Yale College, New Haven, Conn. T. M. . . Thomas Morley, m.i.n.a., London. H. J. N. . H. J. Newman, Editor, lizdley’s JVme and Spirit T. Ma. . Sir Theodore Martin, k.c.b. Trade Circular, London. T. M‘C. . T. R. H. M‘Clatchie, Yokohama, Japan. J. N. . . John Nichol, ll.d., Professor of English LanT. M‘L. . Rev. Thomas M‘Lauchlan, d.d., author of guage and Literature, University of Glasgow. “ The Early Scottish Church.” J. Ni. . . James Nicol, author of “Elements of MinerT. Mo. . Thomas Moore, f.l.s., late Curator, Royal alogy.” Botanic Garden, Chelsea. J. F. N. . J. Fr. Nystrom, Ph.D., University of Upsala. T. Mu. . Thomas Muir, ll.d., Mathematical Master, High J. G. N. . Col. J. G. Isicolay, author of “Life of Abraham School, Glasgow. Lincoln.” T. E. M. . Right Hon. Sir Thomas Erskine May (the late), J. S. N. . Rev. Jas. Spencer Northcote, d.d., joint author K.C.B., D.c.L. (Lord Farnborough), Clerk of of “ Roma Sotteranea.” the House of Commons, Westminster. J. S. N*. ,. Prof. J. S. Newberry, Columbia College School V. M. . . Victor Mahillon, Conservateur de Musee, Conof Mines, New York. servatoire Royal de Musicjue, Brussels. J. S. Nt. . Jos. Shield Nicholson, d.Sc., Professor of PolitiW. M. . . William Minto, m.a., Professor of English cal Economy, University of Edinburgh. Language, University of Aberdeen. J. T. Naake, British Museum [articles Gogol, &c.]. W. M*. . W. Moore, Principal Surveyor for Tonnage, Board S. N. . . Simon Newcomb, f.r.s., Superintendent of the of Trade, London. U.S. Nautical Almanack, Washington, D.C. W. M‘D. . William M‘Dowall, author of “ Chronicles of T. N. . . Thomas Nichols, British Museum. Lincluden.” Th. N. . Prof. Theodor Noldeke, University of Strassburg. William Melven, Hillhead, Glasgow [article W. J. N. . John Noble, Clerk to the Legislative Assembly, Renfrew]. Cape of Good Hope. W. Mi. . Rev. Wm. Milligan, d.d., Professor of Divinity Wm. James Noble, Barrister-at-Law, London and Biblical Criticism, University of Aber[article Glauber]. deen. W. Mo. William Morris, author of “ Decorative Arts and o Modern Life and Progress.” A. v. O. A. VON Orelli, Ph.D., Professor of the Institutes W. C. M. . Wm. C. MTntosh, m.d., ll.d., f.r.s., Professor of of Jurisprudence, University of Zurich. Natural History, University of St Andrews. C. O’N. Charles O’Neill, author of “Chemistry of W. O. M. William O’Connor Morris, Tullamore, King’s Calico Printing.” County, Ireland. E. O. . Edward Orton, ll.d., State Geologist and ProW. R. M.. W. R. Morfill, m.a., author of “Slavonic Literafessor of Geology, University of Ohio, Columture.” bus, 0. W.R.M‘N. W. R. M‘Nab, m.d., Professor of Botany, Royal E. O’M. Rev. Eugene H. O’Meara, a.b., Newcastle Lyons College of Science, Dublin. Rectory, Co. Dublin. Edmund Ollier, London [articles Alsace, &c.]. N E. C. O. Miss Elise C. Otte, Translator of Humboldt’s A. N. . . Alfred Newton, f.r.s., Professor of Zoology and “ Cosmos.” Comparative Anatomy, University of CamRev. G. J. Ouseley, late of Catholic Apostolic bridge. Church, Edinburgh [article Catholic AposA. Ne. . . Alexander Nesbitt, f.s.a., author of “South tolic Church]. Kensington Handbook on Glass.” J. D. A. O’Connor, Chicago [articles Galena, &c.].

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J. C. O’D. Jas. Cornelius O’Dowd, c.b., Deputy AdvocateGeneral, War Office, London. Rev. Canon Overton, m.a., Epworth Rectory, Lincolnshire [article Law, Wm.]. J. L. O. . J. L. Ohlson, late Secretary, West India Committee, London. O. A. 6. . 0. Andreas Overland, Assistant Keeper, Rigsarchiv, Christiania. R. O. . . Sir Richard Owen, k.c.b., ll.d., d.c.l., f.r.s. P C. P. . . Rev. Charles Pritchard, d.d., Savilian Professor of Astronomy, University of Oxford. C. Pa. . . Cav. Cesare Paoli, Professor of Palaeography and Diplomatics, Reale Istituto Superiore, Florence. C. H. P. . Charles H. Piesse, f.i.c., m.r.c.s., Public Analyst, Fulham District, London. C. K. P. . C. Kegan Paul, m.a., author of “ William Godwin.” C. S. P. . Charles Stuart Parker, m.a., m.p., London. D. P. . . David Patrick, m.a., Editor of “Chambers’s Encyclopaedia.” D. R. Peacock, British Vice-Consul, Batoum, Caucasus [article Kuban]. E. F. S. P. Mrs Pattison (Lady Dilke), author of “ Renaissance of Art in France.” E. H. P. . E. H. Palmer, m.a., author of “ Grammar of the Arabic Language.” E.J.P. ) Edward James Payne, Barrister-at-Law, Lincoln’s Inn, London. EJ.P* 5 E. S. P. . E. S. Poole, London. F. P. . ., Frank Parish, London. F. Po. . . Frederick Pollock, ll.d., Corpus Professor of Jurisprudence, University of Oxford. . F. A. Paley, LL.D., Editor of JEschylus, “BiblioF. A. P. theca Classica,” and Euripides and Sophocles, “ Cambridge Greek and Latin Texts.” F. B. P. . Mrs Palliser, author of “ A History of Lace.” F. Y. P. ,. F. York Powell, m.a., author of “ Scandinavian Britain.” G. F. P. . G. F. Pardon (Capt. Crawley), author of “Billiards : its Theory and Practice.” G. G. P. . Rev. Canon Perry, m.a., author of “ The History of the Church of England.” G. H. P. . Prof. G. H. Perkins, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt. G. W. P. . G. W. Prothero, m.a., Senior Tutor, and Lecturer in History, King’s College, Cambridge. H. F. P. . H. F. Pelham, m.a., Fellow of Exeter College, and University Reader in Ancient History, Oxford. H. R. P. . Henry R. Procter, author of Paper on “ Periodicity,” in Philosophical Magazine. J.P. . . John Peile, Litt.D., Master of Christ’s College, Cambridge. J. Pa. . . James Paton, Curator, Corporation Galleries of Art, Glasgow. Rev. Canon Puckle, m.a., St Mary’s Vicarage, Dover [article Dover]. James Purves, S.S.C., Edinburgh [articles Bruce, Michael, &c.].

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. Sir J. A. Picton, author of “ Memorials of Liverpool.” J. A. P. Jr. J. Allanson Picton, m.p., author of “ Life of Oliver Cromwell.” J. A. Pl. . J. A. Platt, b.a., London. J. B. P. . Prof. J. Bell Pettigrew, m.d., ll.d., f.r.s., author of “ Modes of Flight in relation to Aeronautics.” J. B. PR. . Hon. J. Bradford Prince, Santa Fe, New Mexico. J. E. P. . Maj.-Gen. J. E. Portlock (the late), R.E., Member of the Council on Military Education, Whitehall. J. F. P. . Joseph F. Payne, b.a., m.d., Lecturer on Pathological Anatomy, St Thomas’s Hospital, London. J. G. P. . J. G. Pyle, St Paul, Minnesota. J. H. P. . J. H. Pollen, author of “Furniture and Woodwork.” J. L. P. . Rev. J. L. Porter, d.d., ll.d., author of “ Five Years in Damascus.” J. P. P. . J. Percival Postgate, Litt.D., Professor of Comparative Philology, University College, London. J. R. P. . John R. Procter, Geological Survey, Frankfort, Kentucky. J. Rowland Phillips, author of “ The Civil Wars in Wales and the Marches” [article Glendower]. J. T. P. . J. T. Platts, author of “A Hindustani Dictionary.” L. O. P. . Luke Owen Pike, m.a., author of “ History of Crime in England.” M. P. . . Rev. Mark Pattison, b.d., author of “Isaac Casaubon 1559-1614, a Biography.” P. H. P.-S. Philip H. Pye-Smith, m.d., f.r.s., Physician, Guy’s Hospital, London. R. P. . . Reinhold Pauli (the late), ll.d., University of Gottingen. R. A. P. . R. A. Proctor, b.a., author of “ Saturn and its System.” R. A. P*.. Gen. Roger A. Pryor, late Confederate Army. R. L. P. . R. Lane Poole, m.a., Ph.D., Lecturer in Modern History, Jesus College, Oxford. R. S. P. . Reginald Stuart Poole, ll.d., Keeper of the Coins and Medals Department, British Museum. Lieut.-Col. Sisson Cooper Pratt, r.a., Professor of Military History, Royal Military Academy, Woolwich [articles Battery, &c.]. S. F. P. . Prof. S. F. Peckham, m.a., late U.S. Census Commissioner. S. H. P. . S. Holmes Pegler, author of “Advantages of Goat Keeping.” S. I. P. . Rev. S. Iren^us Prime, d.d., author of “ Life of Morse.” S. L. P. . Stanley Lane Poole, b.a., author of “Art of the Saracens.” W. P. . . Wyatt Papworth, Architect, London. W. G. P. . William Gifford Palgrave, b.a., author of “A Year’s Journey through Central and Eastern Arabia.” W. H. P. . Walter H. Pollock, m.a., London.

C O N T R I B IT T W. K. P. . Wm. Kitchen Parker, f.r.s., author of “ On G. C. R. Mammalian Descent.” W.M.F.P. W. M. Flinders Petrie, author of “Inductive Metrology.” G. F. R. W. N. P. . W. Norwood Potter, late Editor of the City of London Chess Magazine. G. J. R. W. T. Price, Louisville, Kentucky [article Louisville]. H. R. . Q R. H. Q. . Rev. Robert H. Quick, m.a., author of “Essays on Educational Reformers.” R , . The Right Hon. Lord Rayleigh, ll.d., d.c.l., F.R.S., Professor of Natural Philosophy, Royal Institution, London. Alexander Ramsay, London [articles Andes, &c.]. A. A. R. . A. Adams-Reilly, joint author of “ Forbes’s Life and Letters.” A. P. R. . General A. P. Rockwell, Boston, Mass. A. W. R. . Alex. Wood Renton, m.a., ll.b., Barrister-atLaw, London. C. J. R. . Rev. Chas. John Robinson, m.a., West Hackney Rectory, London. Charles J. G. Rampini, Advocate, SheriffSubstitute of Elgin, formerly of Shetland [article Orkney and Shetland]. Rev. David Russell, Dunfermline [article Dunfermline]. D. C. R. . D. Constable Robb, b.a., late of the University Museum, Oxford. E. R. . . Edmund Robertson, ll.d., m.p., Barrister-at-Law, late Professor of Roman Law, University College, London. E. Re. . I^lie Reclus, author of “ Les Primitifs, etudes d’ ethnologie comparee.” Edwin Ransom, Bedford [article Bedfordshire]. Miss Emily Read [article Delaware]. E. C. R. . Edward Caldwell Rye, author of “British Beetles ; an introduction to the study of our Indigenous Coleoptera.” E. D. R. . Col. E. Delm£ Radcliffe, author of “Falconidse in India.” E. S. R. . Eric S. Robertson, Professor of English Literature, University of the Punjaub, Lahore. E. T. Rowell, Lowell, Mass, [article Lowell]. F. R. . . Frank Rutley, f.g.S., Examiner, Science Department, South Kensington. F. S. R. . Col. Francis Shirley Russell, late ist Royal Dragoons. F. W. R. . Francis W. Rowsell (the late), c.b.,c.m.g., Superintendent of Naval Contracts, Admiralty, Whitehall. F. W. R*. F. W. Rudler, Curator, Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, London. G. R. . . Rev. Canon Rawlinson, m.a., Professor of Ancient History, University of Oxford. G. Re. . George Reid, r.s.a., Edinburgh. Captain George Roland (the late), Edinburgh. R. .

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495 Geo. Groom Robertson, m.a., Grote Professor of Philosophy of Mind and Logic, University College, London. G. F. Rodwell, f.r.a.s., F.c.s., author of A Dictionary of Science, “ Haydn Series.” Geo. John Romanes, ll.d., f.r.s., author of “ Mental Evolution in Animals.” Henry Reeve, c.b., d.c.l., late Registrar, H.M. Privy Council, Whitehall. H. R*.. Herbert Rix, b.a., Assistant Secretary and Librarian, Royal Society, London. H. Ra. Halvor Rasch, late Professor of Zoologv, Christiania. H. Ri. . Henry Richard, author of “ Memoirs of Joseph Sturge.” H. Ro. Henry Rogers, author of “The Eclipse of Faith.” H. A. R. Prof. H. A. Rowland, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. H. C. R. Maj.-Gen. Sir Henry C. Rawlinson, k.c.b., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S. H. J. R. Henry John Roby, m.a., author of “ Grammar of the Latin Language from Plautus to Suetonius.” J. R. . John Rae, m.a., author of “Contemporary Socialism.” James Ritchie, m.b., f.r.c.S.e., Edinburgh [article Diuretics]. Rev. John Robertson, Burton-on-Trent [article Burton-on-Trent]. John Russell, Galashiels [article Galashiels]. J. M. Russell, Maidstone, Kent [article Maidstone]. J. B. R. . J. B. Runnion, Chicago, Illinois. J. E. T. R. J. E. Thorold Rogers, m.a., Professor of Political Economy, University of Oxford. J. H. R. . Sir James Henry Ramsay, Bart., m.a., of Bamff. J. H. Ri. . Rev. J. H. Rigg, D.D., author of “ Churchmanship of John Wesley.” J. M. R. . John M. Ross,aLL.d., Editor of “The Globe Encyclopaedia.” J. S. R. . James S. Reid, Litt.D., Lecturer in Classics and Fellow of Caius College, Cambridge. Luini Ricci, London [articles Lesueur, Lully]. Prof. N. Renard, Brussels [article Limburg, Belgian]. R. R. . . Reinhold Rost, Ph.D., ll.d., Librarian, India Office, London. S. R. . . Prof. Sophus Ruge, Ph.D., author of “ Geschichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen.” S. H. R. . Rev. S. Harvey Reynolds, m.a., Vicar of East Ham, London. T. W. R. . T. Wemyss Reid, Editor of the Leeds Mercury. W. R. . . Whitelaw Reid, Editor of the New York Tribune. W. Rl.. . William Ridgeway, m.a., Professor of Greek, Queen’s College, Cork. William Russell, m.d., m.r.c.p.e., Edinburgh [article Simpson, J. Y.]. W. C. R. . Wm. Chandler Roberts-Austen, f.r.s., Chemist of the Royal Mint, London. W. F. R. . W. Fraser Rae, author of “Wilkes, Sheridan, Fox : the Opposition under George III.”

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W.J.M.R. W. J. Macquorn Rankine, ll.d., author of “ A Manual of Applied Mechanics.” W. M. R. W. M. Rossetti, author of “ Lives of Famous Poets.” W.M.Ra. Wm. M. Ramsay, m.a., Professor of Humanity, University of Aberdeen. W.R.S.R. W. R. S. Ralston, author of “Songs of the Russian People.” W. S. R. . W. S. Rockstro, author of “ A General History of Music.” W. T. R. . W. T. Ronson, Registry and Record Department, India Office, London. s S. . . . The Rt. Hon. the Earl of Selborne, d.C.l., f.r.S. A. S. . . Alexander Smith, author of “ A Life Drama and other Poems.” ^ A. S*. . . Arthur Schuster, Ph.D., f.r.S., Professor of Applied Mathematics, Owens College, Manchester. A. SE. . . Andrew Seth, m.a., Professor of Logic, University of St Andrews. A. SO. , . Albrecht Socin, Ph.D., Professor of Semitic Languages, University of Tubingen. A. S.-P. . Anthyme St Paul, author of “ Histoire Monumentale de la France.” A. Su. . . Alexr. Sutherland, m.a., Carlton College, Melbourne. A. C. S. . Algernon C. Swinburne. A. E. S. . Arthur Everitt Shipley, m.a., Fellow of Christ’s College, and Demonstrator of Comparative Anatomy, University of Cambridge. A. H. S. . Archibald Henry Sayce, m.a., Deputy Professor of Comparative Philology, University of Oxford. A. L. S. . Rev. A. L. Simpson, d.d., Derby. B. S. . . Balfour Stewart (the late), ll.d., f.r.S., Professor of Natural Philosophy, Owens College, Manchester. C. A. S. . Rev. C. Anderson Scott, m.a., Aberdeen. C. M. S. . Prof. C. Michie Smith, b.Sc., Christian College, Madras. C. P. B. S. C. P. B. Shelley, Professor of Machinery, King’s College, London. D. S. . . David Stevenson, c.e., author of “Canal and River Engineering.” E. S. . . Edward Sang, ll.d., author of “ Progressive Lessons in Applied Science.” E. S*. . . E. Schurer, Ph.D., Professor of Theology, University of Giessen. E. Si. . . G. Eduard Sievers, Ph.D., Professor of German Languages, University of Tubingen. Edward J. L. Scott, m.a., British Museum [article Gauden]. E. A. S. . Edward Albert Schafer, f.r.S., Jodrell Professor of Physiology, University College, London. E. G. S. . E. G. Squier, author of “Notes on Central America.” E. M. S. . Mrs Henry Sidgwick, Cambridge. F. S. . . Francis Storr, m.a., author of “Tables of Irregular Greek Verbs.”

OF F. Sn. . . Prof. Freeman Snow, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. F. E. S. . Frederick E. Sawyer, f.s.a., Brighton. F. G. S. . F. G. Stephens, author of “ Sir Edwin Landseer.” G. S. . . George Smith, author of “ Assyrian Explorations and Discoveries.” G. S*. . . Goldwin Smith, m.a., d.C.l., author of “Three English Statesmen.” G. Sf. . . Prof. Gustav Storm, University of Christiania. G. Sa. . . George Saintsbury, m.a., author of “A Short History of French Literature.” G. Sh. . . Hon. Justice Shea, author of “ Life and Epoch of Hamilton.” G. Sm. . George Smith, ll.d., c.i.e., Editor of “Annals of Indian Administration, 1868-69.” G. St. . . George Stewart, jun., Editor of the Chronicle, Quebec. G. B. S. . Geo. Barnett Smith, author of “Poets and Novelists : a Series of Literary Studies.” G. E. S. . George Edmund Street, r.a., author of “The Gothic Architecture of Spain.” H. S. . . Henry Sidgwick, Litt.D., Knightbridge Professor of Moral Philosophy, University of Cambridge. H. Sw. . Henry Sweet, m.a., author of “An Anglo-Saxon Reader.” H. M. S. . H. Morse Stephens, author of “History of the French Revolution.” J. S. . . James Sully, ll.d., author of “Sensation and Intuition.” J. S*. . . John Smith, m.d., ll.d., Consulting Surgeon-Dentist, Edinburgh Dental Hospital and School. J. S., JR. . Rev. James Sibree, f.r.G.S., author of “The Great African Island.” J. Sc. . . John Scott, f.z.S., joint-author of “The British Hemiptera.” J. Sh. . . James Sharpe, late Editor of the Archer's Register. J. Si. . . James Sime, m.a., author of “Lessing,” and of “ A History of Germany.” J. Sm. . . John Small (the late), ll.d., University Librarian, Edinburgh. J. So. . . John Southward, London. J. St. . . Dr John Storer, Glasgow. J. St*. . . Johan Storm, ll.d., Professor of Philology, University of Christiania. John Stephen, Edinburgh [article Accumulator]. J. A. S. . John Addington Symonds, m.a., author of “ The Renaissance in Italy.” J. A. S*. . J. Austin Stevens, New York, Editor of the Magazine of American History. J. C. S. . John Campbell Shairp, ll.d., author of “Culture and Religion.” J. Ch. S. . J. Ch. Sawer, Tottenham, Middlesex. J. F. S. . Rev. J. F. Smith, author of “ Studies in Religion under German Masters.” J. G. S. . J. D. Gilmary Shea, ll.d., author of “Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley.” J. H. S. . James H. Stoddart, late Editor of the Glasgow Herald. J. M. S. . J. Montgomery Stuart, late of Perugia. J. R. S. . John R. Seeley, ll.d., Regius Professor of Modern History, University of Cambridge.

C O N T R I BUT OKS. 497 J. S. S.-G John S. Stuart-Glennie, author of “Pilgrim w. c. s*. Rev. Walter Smith, d.d., ll.d., author of “ Olrig Memories.” Grange.” J. T. S. . John T. Short, ph.D., Professor of History, State w. G. s. . W. G. Sumner, Professor of Political and Social University, Columbus, Ohio. Science, Yale College, New Haven, Conn. J. W. S. . J. W. Sheahan, Editor, The Times, Chicago, 111. W. G. Sm. Worthington G. Smith, author of “ Mushrooms L. T. S. . Miss L. Toulmin Smith, Editor of “ York Plays.” and Toadstools, How to distinguish.” M. S. S. . Prof. M. S. Snow, Washington University, St W. J. S. . W. Johnson Sollas, ll.d., Professor of Geology, Louis, Mo. Trinity College, Dublin. N. von Seidlitz, Tiflis, Caucasia [articles W. K. S. . Wm. K. Sullivan, Ph.D., d.sc., President, Queen’s Lesghians, &c.]. College, Cork. R. S. . . Lieut.-Gen. Richard Strachey, r.e., c.s.l, f.r.s., W. N. S. . Wm. N. Shaw, m.a., Lecturer in Natural Science President of the Royal Geographical Society, and Fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. London. W. R. S. . Wm. Robertson Smith, ll.d., Librarian, UniverR. So. . . Robert Somers, author of “ Trade Unions.” sity of Cambridge, Editor of the EncycloR. H. S. . Richard Henry Stoddard, author of “Nathaniel paedia Britannica. Hawthorne.” W. R. So. W. R. Sorley, M.A., Professor of Logic and PhilR. H. S* . R. H. Smith, Professor of Civil and Mechanical osophy, University College, Cardiff. Engineering, Mason Science College, Bir- W. S. S. . Rev. Canon Saumarez Smith, b.d., Principal, St mingham. Aidan’s College, Birkenhead, Cheshire. Robert Hunter Semple, m.d., London [article W. W. S. . Rev. Walter W. Skeat, ll.d., Professor of Apothecary]. Anglo-Saxon, University of Cambridge. R. L. S. . Robert Louis Stevenson. W. Y. S. . Wm. Y. Sellar, ll.d., Professor of Humanity, Robert S. Stephen, Advocate, Douglas, Isle of University of Edinburgh. Man [article Man, Isle of], S. D. F. S . Rev. S. D. F. Salmond, d.d., Professor of T Systematic Theology, Free Church College, A. T. . Allen Thomson (the late), m.d., ll.d., d.c.l., Aberdeen. f.r.s., Professor of Anatomy, University of S. M. S.-S . Solomon M. Schiller-Szinessy, m.a., Ph.D., Glasgow. Reader in Talmudic and Rabbinic Litera- A. A. T. . Arthur Augustus Tilley, Fellow and Classical ture, University of Cambridge. Lecturer, King’s College, Cambridge. T. S. , Thomas Shaw, ll.b., Advocate, Edinburgh. C. T. . . Coutts Trotter, f.r.g.s., Edinburgh. T. S*. . . Thomas Stevenson, m.d., Lecturer on Medical C. P. T. . Prof. C. P. Tiele, University of Leyden, author Jurisprudence, Guy’s Hospital, London. of “ Manuel de 1’Histoire des Religions.” T. Si. . Thomas Sinclair, London. C. S. T. . Charles Sissmore Tomes, m.a., f.r.s., London. T. St. . Thomas Stevenson, c.e., author of “ Lighthouse C. W. T. . Sir Charles Wyville Thomson (the late), m.d., Construction and Illumination.” LL.D., D.C.L., f.r.s., Director of the Challenger Thomas Shearer, Glasgow [“ Boatbuilding ” in Expedition. article Ship], D. T. . . David Thomson (the late), m.a., Professor of T. B. S. Thomas Bond Sprague, m.a., f.a.s., Manager, Natural Philosophy, University of Aberdeen. Scottish Equitable Life Assurance Society, D. R. T. . Rev. Canon D. R. Thomas, m.a., Meifod Vicarage, Edinburgh. Montgomeryshire. T. W. S. Captain T. W. Symons, U.S. Engineers. D. W. T. . D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson, b.a., Professor W. S. . William Spalding, author of “The History of of Biology, University College, Dundee. English Literature.” E. B. T. . Edward Burnett Tylor, ll.d., d.c.l., f.r.s., W. S.-B. Wilhelm Spitta-Bey (the late), Keeper of the Keeper of the University Museum, Oxford. Vice-Regal Library, Cairo. E. C. T. . E. C. Thomas, London. W. Sh. William Sharp, author of “Sonnets of this E. F. T. . E. Fairfax Taylor, Weybridge, Surrey. Century.” E. M. T. . Edward Maunde Thompson, ll.d., d.c.l., PrinW. Si. . Wm. Simons, late Superintendent of Schools, cipal Librarian, British Museum. Charleston, South Carolina. F. J. T. . Prof. F. J. Turner, State University, Madison, W. Sm. William Smith, ll.d., d.c.l., Editor of the Wisconsin. “Dictionary of Greek and Roman Anti- H. T. . . Henry Trimen, m.b., f.r.s., Director, Royal quities.” Botanic Gardens, Ceylon. William Sime, London [articles Josephine, &c.]. H. F. T. . Rev. Henry Fanshawe Tozer, m.a., Tutor and W. Stead, late of Northern Echo, Darlington Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford. [article Darlington]. H. M. T. . Henry Martyn Taylor, m.a., Fellow of Trinity W. Steel, Carlisle [article Carlisle]. College, Cambridge. W. B. S. W. Browning Smith (the late), Sub-editor of the H. R. T. . Henry R. Tedder, Librarian, Athenaeum Club, Encyclopaedia Britannica. London. W. B. Sc. Wm. Bell Scott, London. J.T. . . Very Rev. John Tulloch (the late), D.D., ll.d., Mrs W. B. Scott, London [article Gioberti], Principal of St Mary’s College, University of W. C. S. Wm. Charles Smith, ll.b., Advocate, Edinburgh. St Andrews. XXV. — 63

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