Emission and Control of Trace Elements from Coal-Derived Gas Streams 9780081025918, 0081025912

Table of contents :
Front Cover......Page 1
Emission and Control of Trace Elements from Coal-Derived Gas Streams......Page 2
Emission and Control of Trace Elements from Coal-Derived Gas Streams......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
List of contributors......Page 10
1.2.1 Trace elements content in coal......Page 12
1.3 The classification of trace elements......Page 13
1.4.1 Mercury......Page 15
1.4.3 Selenium......Page 16
1.5.1.1 America......Page 17
1.5.1.3 Canada......Page 19
1.5.2 Emission standards and development of other trace elements in coal-fired power plants......Page 20
Acknowledgments......Page 27
References......Page 28
2.2 Average content of trace elements in coals......Page 32
2.3 Distribution of trace elements in coals from different coal-forming periods and coal ranks......Page 35
2.4 Distribution of trace elements in Chinese coals from different coal-bearing regions......Page 45
2.5 Occurrence of trace elements in coals......Page 50
2.6 Summary......Page 66
References......Page 67
3.2.1 Reaction mechanisms......Page 74
3.2.2 Chemical kinetics......Page 75
3.3.1 Trace element emissions from different coal types......Page 79
3.3.2 Trace element emissions from different coal combustion modes......Page 85
3.4 Trace element transformation during coal combustion......Page 97
References......Page 111
4.2 Locations of typical active coal fires......Page 116
4.3 Trace element emissions during coal fires in different coal deposits......Page 122
4.4 Trace element distribution in coal fire products......Page 140
4.5 Conclusions......Page 150
References......Page 151
5.2 Chemical thermodynamics and kinetics studies of trace elements during coal gasification......Page 154
5.3.1 Influence of coal types......Page 156
5.3.2 Trace element partitions during the gasification process equipped with a hot gas filter......Page 159
5.4 Trace element transformation during coal gasification......Page 171
References......Page 180
6.2 Emission characteristics and removal of trace elements in coal-fired industrial boilers......Page 184
6.2.1 Emission characteristics of trace elements in different coal-feed industry furnaces......Page 185
6.2.2 Distribution of trace elements in combustion products......Page 189
6.3 Emission characteristics and removal of trace elements in cement production processes......Page 194
6.3.1 Cement production process......Page 196
6.3.2.1 Mercury concentrations in solid samples......Page 197
6.3.2.2 Fate and transformation of mercury in the cement production process......Page 199
6.3.2.3 Mercury concentration and speciation in flue gas......Page 200
6.3.2.4 Mass flows of mercury in the cement manufacturing process......Page 202
6.3.3 Mercury control technologies for cement plants......Page 207
6.3.3.2 Fuel and feedstocks switching......Page 209
6.3.3.4 Cobeneficial removal of mercury by cleaning devices......Page 210
6.3.4.2 Trace element concentration in flue gas......Page 212
6.4 Emission characteristics and removal of trace elements in iron and steel production processes......Page 223
6.4.1.1 Emission of mercury from the steel-making process......Page 224
6.4.1.2 Partitions of other trace elements during the steel production process......Page 227
6.4.2.1 Cobenefit from APCDs......Page 228
6.4.2.2 Designed sorbents for trace element removal......Page 231
Acknowledgments......Page 234
References......Page 235
7.2.1 Mercury emission and migration across APCDs......Page 238
7.2.1.1 Behavior of Hg at the selective catalytic reduction system......Page 239
Effect of flue gas components on mercury migration......Page 240
Effect of boiler load on mercury migration......Page 243
7.2.1.2 Transformation of Hg speciation at a low-temperature economizer......Page 244
Effect of coal characteristics on mercury removal......Page 247
Effect of dust control device modes......Page 248
Effect of APCD equipment......Page 251
7.2.1.4 Removal and transformation of Hg in wet flue gas desulfurization......Page 253
7.2.1.5 Migration and emission of mercury across wet electrostatic precipitators......Page 256
7.2.2.1 Other trace element transformations across selective catalytic reduction......Page 258
7.2.2.2 Other trace element emissions and migration across electrostatic precipitator/fabric filter......Page 262
Effect of Cl and unburned carbon content on trace element removal......Page 263
Effect of dust removal device mode......Page 266
7.2.2.3 Other trace element emissions and migration across wet flue gas desulfurization......Page 267
7.3.1 Trace element distribution in fly ash and bottom ash......Page 272
7.3.2 Trace element distribution in flue gas desulfurization effluent and gypsum......Page 277
7.3.4 Partitioning of Hg and other trace elements in the whole system......Page 281
7.4 Co-benefit removal efficiency of trace elements over APCDs......Page 285
7.5 Atmospheric emission factor of trace elements......Page 291
References......Page 293
8.2.1.1 Scheme of activated carbon injection technology......Page 298
8.2.1.2 Effect of physical properties of AC......Page 299
8.2.1.4 Effect of flue gas components......Page 302
8.2.1.5 Modification of activated carbon......Page 308
8.2.2.1 Effect of physical characteristics on mercury removal......Page 311
8.2.2.2 Effect of unburned carbon content......Page 314
8.2.2.4 Effect of inorganic components......Page 318
8.2.2.5 Modification of fly ash for Hg removal......Page 323
8.2.2.6 Industrial application of fly ash for Hg removal......Page 324
8.2.2.7 Recyclable modified magnetosphere catalyst from fly ash for Hg removal......Page 328
8.2.4 Hg removal by mineral adsorbents......Page 331
8.2.5 Hg removal by noble metals......Page 334
8.2.6 Hg removal by metal oxides......Page 337
8.2.6.1 Iron-based catalyst......Page 338
8.2.6.2 Manganese-based catalysts......Page 340
8.2.6.3 Copper-based catalysts......Page 341
8.2.6.4 Cobalt-based catalysts......Page 345
8.3.1 As removal by activated carbon......Page 348
8.3.2 As removal by fly ash......Page 350
8.3.3 As removal by calcium-based sorbent......Page 354
8.3.4 As removal by metal and metal oxides......Page 356
8.4 Adsorbents for capturing F in coal-derived flue gas......Page 358
8.5.1 Se removal by activated carbon......Page 363
8.5.2 Se removal by fly ash......Page 365
8.5.3 Se removal by calcium-based sorbents......Page 368
8.5.4 Se removal by noble metal and metal oxides......Page 369
8.6 Adsorbents for capturing Cr in coal-derived flue gas......Page 375
8.7 Summary......Page 378
References......Page 380
9.1 Introduction......Page 386
9.2.1 Enrichment of Ge in coal......Page 387
9.2.2 Ge recovery from coal products derived from high-Ge coal......Page 389
9.3.1 Enrichment of Ga in coal and fly ash......Page 393
9.3.2 Ga recovery from coal products......Page 395
9.4.1 Enrichment of U in coal and coal products......Page 397
9.4.2 Uranium recovery from coal by-products......Page 401
9.5.1 Enrichment of rare earth elements in coal and coal products......Page 403
9.5.2 Rare earth elements recovery from coal and its by-products......Page 405
9.6 Summary......Page 406
References......Page 407
A......Page 412
C......Page 413
F......Page 416
G......Page 417
L......Page 418
M......Page 419
P......Page 420
S......Page 421
T......Page 422
U......Page 423
Z......Page 424
Back Cover......Page 426