Emerging Trends in Nanomedicine [1 ed.] 981159919X, 9789811599194

Table of contents :
Contents
About the Editor
List of Figures
List of Tables
1: Introduction to Nanomedicines: Basic Concept and Applications
1.1 Basic Concept of Nanomedicine
1.2 Applications of Nanotechnology in the Medical Field
1.2.1 Bioimaging
1.2.1.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
1.2.1.2 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence Imaging
1.2.2 Drug Delivery Applications of Nanomedicine
1.2.2.1 Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Carriers
1.2.2.2 Targeted Nanomedicines
1.2.2.3 Delivery of Macromolecules and Genetic Materials Across Biological Barriers
1.2.2.4 Stimuli-Responsive Nanocarriers
1.2.3 Nanozymes
1.2.4 Biosensing
1.3 Potential Risks of Nanomedicines
1.4 Challenges to Clinical Translation
References
2: Strategies to Improve Oral Delivery of Natural Anticancer Molecules
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Challenges Associated with Oral Delivery
2.3 Nanotechnology-Formulation Approach
2.3.1 Enzyme Inhibitors
2.3.2 Absorption Enhancer
2.3.3 Mucoadhesive Systems
2.3.4 Targeted Release
2.3.5 Gastro Retentive System
2.3.6 Enteric Coated System
2.4 Natural Product-Based Nano Formulation
2.4.1 Nano Formulation of Phenolics and Polyphenolics
2.4.2 Nano Formulation of Flavonoids
2.4.3 Nano Formulation of Essential Oil
2.4.4 Nano Formulation of Minerals
2.5 Future Prospects
2.6 Conclusion
References
3: Nanoparticles Catalyzing Enzymatic Reactions: Recent Developments and Future Prospects
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Carbon-Based Nanozymes
3.2.1 Fullerenes and Its Derivatives
3.2.1.1 Fullerenes as Nuclease Mimic
3.2.1.2 Fullerenes as SOD Mimic
3.2.1.3 Fullerenes as Peroxidase Mimic
3.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes
3.2.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes as Peroxidase Mimic
3.2.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes as SOD Mimics
3.2.3 Graphene and Its derivatives
3.2.3.1 Graphene Derivatives as Peroxidase Mimic
3.3 Metal-Based Nanozymes
3.3.1 Gold Nanoparticles
3.3.1.1 Gold-Based Nanozymes as Peroxidase Mimic
3.3.1.2 Gold-Based Nanozymes Exhibiting Other Enzyme Mimetic Activities
3.3.2 Platinum Nanoparticles
3.3.2.1 Platinum Nanoparticles as Enzyme Mimics
3.3.3 Silver Nanoparticles
3.3.3.1 Silver Nanoparticles as Enzyme Mimics
3.3.4 Other Metallic Nanoparticles as Enzyme Mimics
3.3.4.1 Palladium Nanoparticles as Enzyme Mimics
3.3.4.2 Iridium Nanoparticles as Enzyme Mimics
3.3.4.3 Rhodium Nanoparticles as Enzyme Mimics
3.3.4.4 Copper Nanoparticles as Enzyme Mimics
3.4 Metal-Oxide Based Nanozymes
3.4.1 Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles (Nanoceria)
3.4.1.1 Nanoceria as SOD Mimic
3.4.1.2 Nanoceria as Catalase Mimic
3.4.1.3 Nanoceria as Oxidase Mimic
3.4.1.4 Nanoceria as Peroxidase Mimic
3.4.1.5 Nanoceria as Other Enzyme Mimic
3.4.2 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
3.4.2.1 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Peroxidase Mimic
3.4.2.2 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Catalase Mimic
3.4.3 Other Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
3.4.3.1 Other Metal Oxide Nanoparticles as Enzyme Mimics
3.5 Other Biomedical Applications of Nanomaterials
3.6 Conclusion and Future Directions
References
4: Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles: A Potent Therapeutic Agent
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles
4.2.1 Biological Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles
4.2.2 Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Bacteria
4.2.3 Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Fungi
4.2.4 Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Algae
4.2.5 Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Plants
4.3 Therapeutic Applications of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles
4.3.1 Antibacterial Activity
4.3.2 Antifungal Activity
4.3.3 Antioxidant Activity
4.3.4 Anticancer Activity
4.3.5 Antidiabetic Activity
4.3.6 Wound Healing Activity
4.3.7 Antileishmanial (Antiparasitic) Activity
4.4 Application of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles in Medical Textiles
4.5 Biocompatibility of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles
4.6 Challenges and Future Prospects
4.7 Conclusions
References
5: Translational Studies of Nanofibers-Based Scaffold for Skin and Bone Tissue Regeneration
5.1 Regenerative Medicine (RM)
5.1.1 Definition
5.1.2 Need and Role of RM
5.1.3 Tissue Engineering as a Method of RM
5.2 Scaffolding for RM
5.2.1 Role of the Scaffold in Tissue Engineering
5.2.2 Nanofibrous Scaffolds
5.2.3 Techniques for Nanofibers Fabrication
5.2.3.1 Phase Separation
5.2.3.2 Self-Assembly
5.2.3.3 Electrospinning
5.3 Skin Tissue Engineering
5.3.1 Human Skin: Anatomy and Physiology
5.3.2 Wound and its Healing Process
5.3.3 Conventional Approaches for Wound Healing
5.3.4 Demand for Engineered Skin Substitutes
5.3.5 Wound Healing Study Models
5.3.6 Scaffolds for Skin Tissue Engineering
5.3.6.1 Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Skin Tissue Engineering: In vivo Studies
5.4 Bone Tissue Engineering
5.4.1 Human Bone: Anatomy and Physiology
5.4.2 Fracture Repair Process
5.4.3 Types of Bone Fracture
5.4.4 Conventional Methods Used to Repair a Bone Fracture
5.4.5 Demand for Engineered Bone Substitutes
5.4.6 Bone Fracture Repair Study Models
5.4.7 Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering
5.4.7.1 Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: In vivo Studies
5.5 Clinical Applications
5.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
6: Functional Dendritic Coatings for Biomedical Implants
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Dendrimer
6.3 Strategies of Dendrimer Coating on Implants
6.3.1 Non-covalent Coating
6.3.1.1 Single Step Pristine Dendrimer Coating
6.3.1.2 Multi-Step Surface Engineered Dendrimer Coating
6.3.2 Covalent Coating
6.4 Applications of Dendrimer-Coated Implants
6.4.1 Biomineralization
6.4.2 Antibacterial
6.4.3 Osseointegration
6.4.4 Anti-Inflammatory
6.5 Summary and Future Prospective
References
7: Application of Nanotherapeutics for Combating Human Protozoan Parasitic Infections
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Malaria
7.2.1 Organisms Causing Malaria
7.2.2 Current Drugs Available for Treatment
7.2.3 Use of Nanotechnology in Malaria
7.2.4 Red Blood Cell-Mediated Therapy
7.2.5 Passive Drug Targeting
7.2.6 Active Drug Targeting with Surface-Modified Nanocarriers
7.2.7 Vaccines Developed for Malaria
7.3 Leishmaniasis
7.3.1 Current Drugs Available for Treatment
7.3.2 Use of Nanotechnology in Leishmaniasis
7.3.3 Vaccines Developed for Leishmaniasis
7.4 Trypanosomiasis
7.4.1 Current Drugs Available for Treatment
7.4.2 Use of Nanotechnology in Trypanosomiasis
7.5 Toxoplasmosis
7.5.1 Current Drugs Available for Treatment
7.5.2 Use of Nanotechnology in Toxoplasmosis
7.5.3 Vaccines Developed for Toxoplasmosis
7.6 Amoebiasis
7.6.1 Current Drugs Available for Treatment
7.6.2 Use of Nanotechnology in Amoebiasis
7.7 Cryptosporidiosis
7.7.1 Current Drugs Available for Treatment
7.7.2 Use of Nanotechnology in Cryptosporidiosis
7.8 Conclusion
References
8: Concluding Remarks and Future of Nanomedicines
8.1 Nanomedicines
8.2 Associated Challenges and Future Aspects
References