Emerging Technologies in Wastewater Treatment (Wastewater Treatment and Research) 9780367759780, 9780367759810, 9781003164982, 0367759780

Table of contents :
Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Editor
Contributors
Chapter 1 Emerging Nanotechnologies for Detection and Removal of Metal Ions From Aquatic Environment
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Sources of Water Contamination
1.3 Conventional Treatment for the Removal of Metals From Wastewater
1.4 Emerging Nanotechnology-Based Water Treatment and Its Advantages
1.5 Fluorescence-Based Strategies for Sensing of Metal Ions
1.5.1 Turn-Off Strategy
1.5.2 Turn-On Strategy
1.6 Different Metal Sensing Mechanism
1.6.1 Charge Transfer
1.6.2 Energy Transfer
1.7 Adsorption-Based Metal Removal Technique
1.8 Carbon and Its Derivative Nanoparticles for Sensing and Removal of Metals
1.8.1 Carbon and Graphene Quantum Dots
1.8.2 Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT and MWCNT)
1.8.3 Graphene Oxide QDs
1.9 Other Nanoparticles for Sensing and Removal of Metals
1.9.1 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
1.9.2 Polymeric Nanomaterials
1.9.3 Nanocomposites
1.10 Membrane Filtration
1.11 Regeneration of Nanomaterials
1.12 Toxicity and Environmental Impact of Nanomaterials
1.13 Limitations and Future Prospects
1.14 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Emerging Pollutants Removal Using Biochar in Wastewater: A Critical Review
List of Abbreviations
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Biochar as an Adsorbent
2.3 Production of Biochar
2.3.1 From Agricultural Waste Biochar
2.3.2 From Algal Biomass
2.3.3 From Animal Manure Biochar
2.3.4 From Sewage Sludge
2.3.5 From Sugarcane Bagasse
2.4 Factors Affecting Biochar Production
2.4.1 Temperature
2.4.2 Heating Rate
2.4.3 Particle Size
2.4.4 Feedstock Composition
2.4.5 Properties of Biochar
2.4.6 Physical
2.4.7 Chemical
2.4.7.1 Cation or Anion Exchange Capacity
2.4.7.2 Hydrophobicity
2.5 Comparison of Biochar Over Other Adsorbents
2.5.1 Activated Carbon
2.5.2 Bone Char
2.6 Emerging Pollutants
2.6.1 Municipal Wastewater
2.6.2 Industrial Wastewater
2.6.3 Agricultural Wastewater
2.7 Treatment of Emerging Pollutants From Wastewater Using Biochar as an Efficient Adsorbent
2.7.1 Removal of Organic Pollutants
2.7.2 Removal of Heavy Metals
2.7.3 Removal of Nitrogen and Phosphorous
2.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Microbial Biofilms for Wastewater Treatment
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Wastewater Characteristics
3.3 Role of the Microorganism in Wastewater Treatment
3.3.1 Role of Endophytes
3.3.2 Role of Rhizospheric Bacteria
3.3.3 Role of the Fungi
3.4 Biofilm Associated Wastewater Remediation
3.5 Biofilm in Wastewater Treatment
3.6 Different Types of the Biofilm-Based Bioreactor
3.6.1 Dispersed Growth System
3.6.2 Activated Sludge Technology
3.6.3 Extended Aeration System
3.6.4 Attached Growth System
3.6.5 Membrane Biofilm Reactor
3.6.6 Fluidized-Bed Biofilm Reactor
3.6.7 Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor
3.6.8 Trickling Filter
3.7 Biological Process Associated in the Treatment of Wastewater
3.7.1 Nitrogen Fixation
3.7.2 Phosphorus Remediation
3.8 Organic Pollutant Degradation
3.9 Heavy Metals Removal
3.10 Biosorption and Bioaccumulation
3.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Emerging Technologies and Their Advancements Toward Wastewater Treatment From Various Industries
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Different Industrial Wastewater and Its Characteristics
4.2.1 Textile Industry
4.2.2 Tannery Industry Wastewater
4.2.3 Paper and Pulp Industry Wastewater
4.2.4 Steel Industry Wastewater
4.2.5 Dairy Industry Wastewater
4.2.6 Pharmaceutical Industry Wastewater
4.3 Overview on Emerging Technologies for Wastewater Treatment
4.3.1 Membrane-Based Technology
4.3.2 Advanced Oxidation Process
4.3.3 Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites for Treatment
4.3.4 Solventing-Out Process
4.3.5 Sequential Anaerobic and Aerobic Bio-Treatment Process
4.3.6 Hybrid Technologies
4.4 Sustainability of Emerging Technologies
4.5 Future Research Perspectives
4.6 Summary
References
Chapter 5 Nanobiotechnology in Wastewater Treatment
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Strategies for Wastewater Treatment
5.2.1 Nanosorption for Removal of Pollutants From Polluted Water
5.2.1.1 Nanosorbents
5.2.1.2 Zeolite
5.2.2 Nanocatalysts for Oxidation of Organic Pollutants
5.2.3 Nanomembranes for Filtration of Dissolved Contaminants
5.2.3.1 Nanofilteration
5.2.3.2 Nanofibers
5.2.3.3 Biologically Inspired Membrane (Mixed Matrix Membrane)
5.2.3.4 Carbon Nanomaterials
5.2.3.5 Metal Oxides
5.3 Zerovalent Metal Nanoparticles
5.3.1 Silver Nanoparticles
5.3.2 Zinc Nanoparticles
5.3.3 Iron Nanoparticles
5.4 Antimicrobial Nanomaterials for Wastewater Disinfection
5.4.1 Mechanisms of Disinfection
5.4.1.1 Oxidative Stress
5.4.1.2 Dissolved Metal Ions
5.5 Limitations of Nanomaterials in Wastewater Treatment
5.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 6 Emerging Role of Internet of Things (IoT) for Wastewater Management: Sensing, Treatment and Process Optimization
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Challenges in Conventional Wastewater Management/Treatment Techniques
6.3 Smart Water Management in Wastewater Treatment Plants
6.4 Role of Single-Board Computer(s) for Development of IoT-Based Devices
6.5 Factors Affecting Effective Use of IoTs in Wastewater Treatment Plants
6.5.1 Security Concerns with IoT-Integrated Wireless Communication
6.5.2 Operating Complexity Associated with IoT-Integrated Devices
6.5.3 Device Compatibility Issues with IoT
6.5.4 Network Requirement for IoT Integration
6.5.5 Upgradation Readiness of IoT-Connected Devices
6.6 Role of IoTs in Wastewater Treatment Plants
6.6.1 Assessing Temperature in Wastewater Treatment Plants
6.6.1.1 Thermistor as an IoT Sensor for Temperature Measurement
6.6.1.2 Thermocouple as an IoT Sensor for Temperature Measurement
6.6.1.3 Resistance Thermo-Sensors as an IoT Sensor for Temperature Measurement
6.6.1.4 Semiconductor-Based Thermo-Sensors as an IoT Sensor for Temperature Measurement
6.6.2 Assessing Conductivity, Salinity, and TDS in Wastewater Treatment Plants
6.6.2.1 Conductivity Sensor
6.6.3 Assessing pH in Wastewater Treatment Plants
6.6.3.1 pH Meter
6.6.4 Assessing Turbidity in Wastewater Treatment Plants
6.6.4.1 Nephelometric Turbidity Sensors
6.6.4.2 Backscatter Turbidity Sensors
6.6.4.3 Attenuation Turbidity Sensor
6.6.5 Assessing Dissolved Oxygen in Wastewater Treatment Plants
6.6.5.1 Electrochemical DO Sensors
6.6.5.2 Polarographic DO Sensors
6.6.5.3 Galvanic DO Sensors
6.7 Role of IoT in Primary Wastewater Treatment: Monitoring Energy Usage, Flow Rate, and Water Quality
6.8 Role of IoT in Secondary Wastewater Treatment: Monitoring Dissolved Oxygen and Blowers in the Aeration Chamber
6.9 Role of IoT in Tertiary Wastewater Treatment: IoT-Mediated Disinfection Phase
6.10 Limitation and Future Research and Development
6.11 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 7 Advanced Technological Options for Treatment of Wastewater
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Advanced Wastewater Treatment Strategies
7.2.1 Advanced Oxidation Processes
7.2.1.1 Hydroxyl Radical-Based (AOPs)
7.2.1.2 Ozone-Based AOPs
7.2.1.3 UV-Based AOPs
7.2.1.4 Fenton-Related AOPs
7.2.1.5 Sulfate Radical-Based AOPs
7.2.1.6 Other AOPs
7.2.2 Biological Treatment
7.2.3 Hydrodynamic Cavitation
7.2.4 Electrodialysis (ED)
7.2.4.1 Electrochemical Oxidation
7.2.4.2 Microbial Electrolysis Cell
7.2.5 Photocatalysis
7.2.5.1 TiO[sub(2)] Under UV and Visible Light Irradiation
7.2.5.2 Doped TiO[sub(2)]/UV
7.2.5.3 Semiconductor and Other Nanocomposite TiO[sub(2)]/UV
7.2.6 Gamma Radiation
7.3 Challenges and Barriers
7.4 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
Chapter 8 Electroflotation Process: Principles and Applications
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Background
8.1.2 Induced (Dispersed) Air Flotation
8.1.3 Dissolved Air Flotation
8.1.4 Froth Flotation
8.1.5 Vacuum Flotation
8.1.6 Electroflotation or Electrolytic Flotation
8.2 Fundamental Principles of EF
8.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of EF Process
8.4 Significant Operational Parameters of EF Process
8.4.1 Effect of Bubbles Size
8.4.2 Effect of PH
8.4.3 Effect of Current Density
8.4.4 Effect of Surfactant and Flocculant Concentration
8.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Removal of Emerging Contaminants Present in Wastewater by Electrocoagulation Process
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Electrocoagulation
9.3 Cost Comparison of Different Processes
9.4 Application of Electrocoagulation for the Treatment of Different Effluent
9.5 Comparison of Removal Efficiency with Different Electrodes
9.6 Chemical Principles and Electrochemical Reactions
9.7 Key Parameters
9.7.1 Electrode Materials
9.7.2 Solution pH
9.7.3 Current Density
9.7.4 The Initial Concentration of Pollutants and Reaction Time
9.7.5 Electrode Distance
9.7.6 Kinetics, Isotherm, and Statistical Modeling
9.8 Recent Advancements in Electrocoagulation
9.9 Electrode Configurations
9.10 Effect of Various Additives
9.11 Drawbacks
9.11.1 Sludge Management
9.12 Limitations
9.13 Summary
List of Abbreviations
List of Symbols
References
Chapter 10 Emerging Innovative Technologies for Wastewater Treatment
10.1 Wastewater Introduction
10.2 Wastewater Management: Aim and Need
10.3 Wastewater Management Techniques
10.3.1 Traditional Technologies
10.3.1.1 Physical Water Treatment
10.3.1.2 Biological Water Treatment
10.3.1.3 Chemical Water Treatment
10.3.2 Advanced and Innovative Technologies for Wastewater Treatment
10.3.2.1 Requirement of Advanced Technology
10.3.3 Five Advanced Technologies Employed for Water Treatment
10.3.3.1 Membrane Separation
10.3.3.2 Irradiation
10.3.3.3 Industrial Applications of UV Disinfection System
10.3.3.4 Advantages of Disinfection System Using UV
10.3.3.5 Treatment Technology Using Nanoparticles
10.4 Bioaugmentation
10.5 Hybrid Technology
10.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Chapter 11 Bio Strategies for the Removal of Contaminants of Emerging Concern From Wastewater
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Occurrence of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Wastewater
11.3 Biological Methods to Remove Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Wastewater
11.4 Challenges and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgements
Bibliography
Chapter 12 Nanotechnology-Based Remediation Techniques to Eliminate Heavy Metal Pollutants From Wastewater
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Water Pollution: Needs a Reliable Solution
12.3 Science of Nanomaterials: Nanotechnology
12.3.1 Nanomaterials: Types
12.4 Scope of Nanotechnology Enabled Nanomaterials in Water Decontamination
12.4.1 Nanosorbents
12.4.2 Nanotubes
12.4.3 Nano Catalysis
12.4.4 Membrane Separation
12.4.5 Microbial Disinfection
12.4.6 Nanosensor
12.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 Microplastics in Wastewater: A Review of the Current Knowledge on Detection, Occurrence, and Removal
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Sources and Transfer of MPs Into WWTPs
13.3 Sampling and Separation Techniques
13.3.1 Sampling
13.3.2 Density Separation
13.3.3 Filtration
13.4 Sample Processing – Digestion
13.4.1 Digestion with Acid Substances
13.4.2 Digestion with Alkaline Substances
13.4.3 Digestion by Oxidation
13.4.4 Enzymatic Digestion
13.5 Occurrence of MPs/Identification Techniques
13.5.1 Physical Method
13.5.2 Chemical Method
13.5.3 Thermo – Analytical Method
13.6 Removal of MPs From WWTPs
13.7 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
Chapter 14 Emerging Nanofiber Technology for the Removal of Metal Ions in Wastewater Treatment Plants
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Electrospinning Technique
14.3 Removal of Metal Ion by Using Nanofibers
14.3.1 Polymer-Based Nanofibers
14.3.2 Carbon Based Nanofibers
14.3.3 Metal Based Nanofibers
14.3.4 Membrane Based Nanofibers
14.4 An Overview Summary
14.5 Conclusion and Future Recommendations
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 15 Quantitative Image Analysis as a Valuable Tool to Assess Aerobic Wastewater Treatment Systems
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Biological Processes in Wastewater Treatment
15.3 Wastewater Biomass and Microbiota
15.4 Quantitative Image Analysis
15.4.1 Image Acquisition
15.4.2 Image Processing
15.4.3 Image Analysis
15.5 Imaging in Wastewater Treatment
15.5.1 Bright-Field and Phase-Contrast
15.5.2 Epifluorescence and CLSM
15.5.3 Unconventional Techniques
15.5.4 Color Imaging
15.5.5 Online/In Situ Monitoring
15.6 Aerobic Systems
15.6.1 CAS Systems
15.6.1.1 Sludge Contents and Settling Ability Studies
15.6.1.2 Estimation of Key Quality Parameters
15.6.1.3 Characterization of the AS Microbiota
15.6.1.4 Extra and Intracellular Compounds Determination
15.6.2 SBR Systems
15.6.3 Membrane Bioreactors (MBR)
15.6.4 Aerobic Granular Sludge
15.7 Chemometrics
15.7.1 Clustering and Classification
15.7.2 Modeling and Prediction
15.7.3 Other Supervised Learning Methods
15.8 Challenges and Future Trends
Acknowledgments
References