El Arabah: A Cemetery of the Middle Kingdom; Survey of the Old Kingdom Tenemos; Graffiti from the Temple of Sety 9781463228149

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El Arabah

Gorgias Classic Archaeological Reprints

14

Gorgias Classic Archaeological Reprints is a series dedicated to making historic contributions to the field of archaeology, particularly in Ancient Western Asia, available to scholars. The titles in this series are generally selected from the early days of excavation in the Levant and Mesopotamia, although significant contributions of a more recent vintage may also be included.

El Arabah

A Cemetery of the Middle Kingdom; Survey of the Old Kingdom Tenemos; Graffiti from the Temple of Sety

By

John Garstang Contribution by

Percy E. Newberry J. Grafton Milne

A

1 gorgias press 2010

Gorgias Press LLC, 954 River Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA www.gor giaspr es s. com Copyright © 2010 by Gorgias Press LLC Originally published in 1901 All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise without the prior written permission of Gorgias Press LLC.

2010

1

ISBN 978-1-61719-491-7

ISSN 1935-4401 Reprinted from the 1901 London edition.

Printed in the United States of America

§tï>icaiti} TO THE

MEMORY

A N T H O N Y WHO

DIED

OF

W I L K I N ,

IN CAIRO,

MAY

17,

1901.

CONT ENTS.

CHAP. I.

III. FURTHER ACCOUNT OF BURIALS FOUND UNDISTURBED . G e n e r a l t y p e s and f e a t u r e s of the burials . . . . . B u r i a l s of t h e X l l t h d y n a s t y B u r i a l s of the X H I t h - X V I t h d y n a s t i e s 2 5 B u r i a l s of t h e X V I I I t h d y n a s t y 26-27 I V . T H E U S E S OF M A T E R I A L S 28-31 Alabaster, Amethyst, Basalt, Blue 28 Marble 29 Breccia, C a r n e l i a n , E l e c t r u m , G a r n e t . Glazed Ball Beads, Glass, Gold, Haematite, Iron, Ivory, Jasper, Lapis Lazuli, Limestone 30 Obsidian, Sandstone, Serpentine, Silver, Terracotta 3'

INTRODBCTORY.

T h e S i t e of E x c a v a t i o n and the D a t i n g of the D e p o s i t s . . . . S i t u a t i o n and c h a r a c t e r of s i t e — G e n e r a l —Particular . . . . Position between X l l t h a n d X V I I I t h dynasty sites; possibly representative of X H I t h - X V I I t h d y n a s t i e s . D i f f i c u l t y of o b t a i n i n g a n y direct evidence on the period . M e t h o d of inference f r o m archaeological t y p e s e s t a b l i s h e d for the limits of the period ; R e s u l t s m e r e l y inductive : D i f f i c u l t cases. Analytical e x a m i n a t i o n of e v i d e n c e O t h e r results . . . . . I I . DESCRIPTION OF P L A T E S . a. T h e XUth-XIIIth PLS. I - X b. T h e XUIth - XVIIth Pi.s. X - X V I .

dynasties. dynasties. . . .

c. T h e X V I I I t h a n d later d y n a s t i e s . PLS. X V I - X X V I d. D a t e d G r o u p s and t y p e s of P o t t e r y . PLS. X X V I I - X X I X . . e. A r c h i t e c t u r e of the M a s t a b a s a n d Tombs. PLS. X X X - X X X V I / . T h e e a r l y T e m e n o s of A b y d o s . PL. X X X V I I . . . . g. S o m e G r e e k G r a f f i t i f r o m the T e m ple of Seti. PLS. X X X V I I I - X L .

4-23

32-3r>

BY Mr. NEWBERRV

V . T H E INSCRIPTIONS.

H i s t o r i c a l stele of S e b e k - k h u .

[PL. V ] 3 2 - 3 3

Note by Professor Steindorff 8-12

V I . NOTES

ON

THE

B y Mr. MlLNE

GREEK

GRAFFITI.

.

.

.

.

.

W i t h r e f e r e n c e s to PLS. X X X V I 1 1 - X L . V I I . APPENDICES 17-20

.

A : N a m e s and objects .

.

.

.

.

37-39 40-46

titles u p o n inscribed . . . . 40-43

[Listed in order of Plates. ]

B : G r o u p i n g of the t o m b deposits

. 44-46

; Listed in numerical order of tombs.]

23

C : L o c a t i o n of o b j c c t s d e s c r i b e d INDEX.

[ i n c l u d i n g Persona: N a m e s ]

.

46 47-49

C O N T E N T S OF

A. T H E X I I T H - X I I I T H DYNASTIES. PLS. I - X . I>IATK

PLATES.

PLATE CHAP. I[. PAGES

I. JEWELS OF THE X I I T H DYNASTY ^FRONTISPIECE) . . E 108 (2) : g r o u p from t h e t o m b of H o r (p. 32). E 30: burial deposit (p. 25). E 45 : t o m b g r o u p a n d burial deposits (p. 25).

4-5

I V . INSCRIPTIONS OF THE X I I T H DYNASTY . . . . E 3 : ivory b o x . E 282 : sevencylinder b e a d and alabaster vessels (p. 32). E 2 5 1 : bear and cub, pottery. E 303 : H o r u s figure, glazed. E 238 : t a b l e of offerings of P e p a (p. 32). E 11 : stele o f S c b e k k h u (p. 32-33). E 181 : stele of S e b e k - d u d u and R e n - e f a n k h (p. 32). V . HISTORICAL S T E L E OF SF.BEKKHU (p. 32-3) . . . V I . STELES AND SARCOPHAGUS . E 2 9 5 : stele of A m e n e m h a t N e b u i a (p. 33). S t e l e of S e - a n k h a n d N e b u i a (p. 34). E 252: sarcophagus and ushabti of N e k h t a (p'. 34).

SARCOPHAGUS

N E K H T A ( E 252) V I I I . INSCRIBED

OF

,

.

DOOR-FRAME

COLUMN E

.

.

7

AND

.

.

7

236 : d o o r - f r a m e from t o m b of

Amenemhat-ren-ef-Senb

(p. 34).

E

345 :

octagonal

c o l u m n of R e n - S e n b (p. 34). I X . VESSELS

II. P L A N OF SITE E [SITUATION OF TOMBS MENTIONED]. I I I . S T A T U E T T E S FROM TOMBS OF X I I T H - X I I I T H DYNASTIES E 45, c o n t i n u e d : statuettes from t o m b of M u t - s e n t (p. 32). E 105 : statuette of N e k h t and t o m b g r o u p (p. 32). E 108: uninscribed figure o f (?) Hor.

PAGES

CHAP

V I I . LIMESTONE

OF

BLUE

MARBLE,

FIGURE AND S T A T U E T T E E 107 : H a t h o r

figure.

.

7-8

E 281:

vessel o f b l u e m a r b l e (p. 29). 5

E

237:

(p. 29).

blue E

marble

189:

dish

figure

of

. . . Se-Pa-Iri. b. T H E

XIIITH-XVIITH

TIES.

5-6

6 6-7

DYNAS-

PLS. X - X V I .

X . BURIAL, SCARABS AND WOOD COFFIN . . . . E 3 (3): g r o u p from burial (p. 25). E 2 3 6 : alabaster vessels. E 122, 1 2 4 : g l a z e d vessels. E 281 : f r a g m e n t s o f e a r l y p a i n t e d wood coffin (p. 34). E 3, 20, 102, 114, r 123. 131. 79- 193. 210, 230, 236, 257, 2 7 1 , 300, 313: scarabs (p. 34). X I . IVORY B o x , C Y L I N D E R - B E A D A N D W O O D COFFIN . . . E 3 : the i v o r y b o x (PL. I V ) . E 282 : the s e v e n - c y l i n d e r bead ( P L . I V ) . E 281 ; t h e fragments

of

early

8-9

9

painted

w o o d coffin (PL. X). X I I . DISHES, FIGURE AND S T E L E

.

D i s h of X I I t h d y n a s t y (p. 18). E 235 : dish, incised (p. 18).

9

CONTENTS OF

PLATES.

E 2 0 : glazed dish, beads (p. 30), and scarab. E 41 : figure (of Ka-mes, p. 34). E 3 3 0 : stele of Refu (p. 34). E 3 1 2 : stele of Senbu (p. 35). XITI.

FIGURES AND STELES

.

.

XIV.

GROUPS

OF IVORY AND

OBJECTS,

USHABTI

AND PLASTER

E

XV-

XVIII.

BRONZE .

AND

ON

10-N

(P-35)

XIX.

•

•

-

XX.

B R O N Z E MIRRORS, DAGGERS, &C.

XVIIITH

AND

DYNASTIES. PLS. XVII.

XXI.

DYNASTY

E

.

.

11-12

XXII.

XVIIITH . 1 2 - 1 3

1 0 : wand, alabaster vessels, incised jug (pp. 1 8 - 1 9 ) , &c.

PLANS

G R O U P S FROM

CARVINGS,

DYNASTY

OF

.

13

14

.

14

BURIALS.

.

.

TOMBS

DESIGNS

SCRIPTIONS,

.

15

.

.

15

&C.

AND

IN-

.

.

15

E 4 2 : vulture and vases of SeAst. E 296: table of offerings. E 1 4 8 : beads. E 233, 158, 2 5 6 : Heart scarabs. E 1 9 3 : stele of Ren-Senb (p. 35).

LATER

.

.

E 1 5 8 ; Heart scarab and pottery, &c. E 155, scarabs, fish, &c. E 233 ; Heart scarabs, circular pots, &c. E 276 : scarabs and glazed dish, &c. E 236 : glaze vessel of Mehten-Usekht, figure and scarab.

XVI-XXV.

GROUPS FROM TOMBS,

.

E 294, 178 : burials (pp. 26. 27). E 143. 268 : pottery groups (pp. 18, 19).

U

E 30,45, 20, 108, 2 5 1 , 260, 262, 3, 281 : mirrors (p. 12). E 243, 156, 3 2 0 : daggers (p. 12). E 225, 184, 10, 155, 176, 294, 268: groups of implements. E 20, 42, 270, 143, 230, 279, 255. G 100 : implements and miscellaneous (p. 13). c. T H E

SKETCH

POTTERY

E 105 : (Nekht). E 45 : (MutSent). E 220 : (Neshemetdede). E 108: (Hor). E 1 7 7 : (Anhur Mes). E 257 : (Ked Hetep). E 189 (. . . Se-PaIri). G 1 0 0 : Min-mes. XVI.

POTTERY,

G R O U P S FROM B U R I A L A N D TOMB, MID, X V I I I T H

FIGURES •

AND

DYNASTY

E 178 : burial deposit (p. 2 7 ) ; scarabs, ware of foreign influence (pp. 19-20); terracottas of Greek types (p. 31).

STATUETTES

USHABTI

GROUP

E 294 : burial and tomb groups (p. 26). E 2 1 0 : alabaster vessels. E 143 : group of blue marble and pottery vessels (p. 29), &c. E 268: pottery. E 121 : alabaster jar.

FIGURES

FACES

BURIAL

XVIIITH

1, 3, 5, 60, 172, 187, 2 5 1 , 251 (3), 252, 254, 260, 300, 3 5 6 : ivory objects. E 20, 145, 156, 166 (2) : bronze objects. E 136, 177, 252, 257, 296, 345 : ushabti figures (p. 43). E 10, 100, 158, 210, 2 1 2 , 282 : plaster faces.

INSCRIPTIONS

E 255 : scarabs and pendants, jug (p. 19), &c. E 320: bronze toilet implement. E 2 2 0 : jug with black line decoration (p. 19). E 167: wood doll. E 3 1 2 : potterydoll (legs). E 5 : stone doll ( X l l t h dynasty).

9-10

E 2 6 1 : sandstone figure, coloured. E 300: group of two figures. E 3 4 7 : coloured stele of Kemsa (p. 35). E 211 : coloured stele of Ankh (p. 35). E 1 7 2 : coloured stele of Beba {35).

VII

XXI11.

ALABASTER

CANOPIC JARS,

SIGNS, I N S C R I P T I O N S .

DE.

E 301 : tomb door ; canopics of of Anhur-Auf-Ankh (p. 36).

16

CONTENTS OF PLATES.

X X V I I I . GROUPS OF THE XVIIITH DYNASTY . . . . E 259 : g r o u p of t i m e of T h o t h mes I I I . E 2 5 5 : group, t i m e of A m e n h e t e p II. E 1 7 6 : g r o u p , t i m e of A m e n h e t e p I I I .

E 2 9 9 : head of statue (p. 31). E pot.

291 : E

heads

and

double

330 : stele of

Nub

(P- 36;. X X I V . STELES AND CANOPIC JARS E 11 : stele of A u f - d e t , and another (p. 3 6 ) ; canopic jars. E 1 1 2 : canopic jars. E 42 : alabaster heads.

X X I X . GROUPS AND UNUSUAL FORMS E 188: (XVIIIth dynasty), group. E 288 : group, t i m e of T h o t h m e s I I I . E 299: group. E 1 0 0 : ring stand ancl jar. E 1 8 7 : p o t and alabaster. E 5 : new t y p e . [ E 266 : kohl vessel.]

X X V . INSCRIPTIONS ON CANOPIC JARS, SCARABS, &C. . E 301 : inscriptions of A n h u r Auf-Ankh. E 2 9 4 : inscription of A a t u n a . E 112, 11 : inscriptions on c a n o p i c jars. E 1 1 : inscription on silver strip of N a - M e n k h e t - A m e n . E 1, 258, 259, 260, 270, 271, 343 : s c a r a b s (p. 36;.

X X V I . FRAGMENTS OF WOOD COFFIN, E 234, IN COLOURS (p. 36) .

X X X . VIEW,

PLAN

AND

SECTION

OF

O . K . MASTABA ; E 30 X X X I . VIEW,

PLAN

AND

.

SECTION

O . K . MASTABA ; E 172 XXXII. XXXIII. 17

XXXIV.

PLANS

XXXV.

X X V I I . POTTERY : GROUPS DATED TO THE INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 1 8 - 1 9 E 1 1 0 : jar ( X l l t h d y n a s t y ) . E 310, 2 6 9 : dishes ( X l l t h dynasty). E 102 : g r o u p of X H I t h - XVIth dynasties. E 156: group, X V t h - X V I I t h dynasties. E 3 1 1 : group. E 3 1 9 : p o t t e r y tables.

XXXVI.

TOMBS ;

.

OF

KHNUMY

MES ; G 100 PLAN

AND

AND .

.

SECTION

TOMB ; E 301

20

40-45,

E

E 2 5 0 - 2 5 2 ; E 20, 21, 193 TOMB VIEW,

d. GROUPS AND TYPES OF POTTERY. PLS. X X V I I - X X I X .

OF

20

OF

.

.

20-21

MIN .

21

OF .

21

PLANS, &C., OF TOMBS ; E 273, .

21

PLANS, OF 2 7 4 &C., . . TOMBS . . ; E . 173,

10, 11, 39

.

22

X X X V I I . PLAN o r EARLY ABYDOS

.

.

TEMENOS . . .

AT .

23

J GRAFFITI FROM CHAMBERS OF XXXVIII-F HORUS {p. 37). OSIRIS AND XL. t I s i s (pp. 38, 39;, TEMPLE J OF SETI . . . .

23

C H A P T E R I.—INTRODUCTORY. T H E S I T E OF E X C A V A T I O N A N D T H E DATING OF T H E

THE town Anibah, from which this volume and char*. t a k e s its name, is the modern representaacterofsj'te {j v e Qf that ancient Abydos, which, from the first dynasty down to the close of the monarchic history of the country, remained one of the chief centres of religious and funereal rites in Upper Egypt. Of the former town little remains: its site is possibly marked by a portion of the modern one, where it abuts upon the desert near to the Temple of Sety, a district which bears the significant appellation of madfuna, or " buried." Yet there is no indication that the town itself ever attained to a degree of size or importance : as usual, it was due to no special feature of its social life, to no excellence of its domestic arts, that the name of Ab-du became famous. It was rather because of religious traditions the origin of which dated back to the remote beginnings of the country. It was there, near to his reputed burial-place, that stood the chief shrine to Osiris, the greatest of the old gods. In the outlying desert, too, lay buried Egypt's earliest kings, whose names with lapse of time became enshrouded with a sanctity almost divine. From these causes, then, more than any other, in after years there arose the custom,, which long persisted, that chief men in the country should be buried if possible in a spot so sacred, or at least make their tribute of offerings there at the shrine of the god of the dead. Hence the necropolis of Abydos became one of the most vast as well as the most important in the country. To the excavator it is also one of the most fertile. Probably it can be claimed for no other site that not one dynasty, from the first to the last, is unrepresented in its tombs. Nor does this indicate merely

DEPOSITS.

an unparalleled local continuity. There may here lie in neighbouring graves a priest of one of the temples, a foreigner with Semitic name and Syrianlooking tomb furniture, and a general who fought his king's battles abroad. The deposits of this site, could an adequate series be brought together, would yield not merely a complete illustration of the changes, through four thousand years, in the local artistic forms, but would provide also examples of the types prevailing elsewhere throughout Egypt contemporaneously at several different epochs. This continuity in the expansion of the Situation and character of

,• .

c

. . .

.

.

necropolis i s ol peculiar interest, in view of site—Parbearing onr the problem now in ticular. ,jts general , , , , hand, the dating of these remains. To realize this it is well to keep in view the general plan of the surroundings and the disposition of the tombs. At the north-western corner of the town, where it gives way to the waste sands, is the four-walled enclosure that marks the site of the oldest temples, of which little remains. About a mile to the south, m a similar situation, are the better known temples of the kings of the X l X t h dynasty. It is in the desert to the west of this tract, which lies between the old temples and the new, that the tombs chiefly abound. H a i f a mile directly west from the early temple site, alone in the desert, stands the old-kingdom fortress known as the Shunet-ez-Zebib. Two or three miles beyond, the limestone cliff which marks the edge of the Libyan plateau here bends around in the form of a bay several miles across, forming the boundary of the lower desert and the complete horizon of the west. A broad and slowly ascending valley, passing to the south of the fortress, leads towards the centre of this bay. B

2

EL

ARABAH.

This was the natural approach from the old site t o the outlying desert. A t its head are placed the royal t o m b s of the earliest dynasties, and the necropolis which grew in later years reaches out nearly a mile on either hand. A strip of eight or ten acres in area, bounded on t h e south b y this valley, marked off on the north b y the Shuna, and so westward, was selected for the Research A c c o u n t to explore. It was t h u s in the centre of a longer strip, m a r k e d off, as it were, b y slight natural features from t h e whole, and lying westward from the ancient temenos. To judge from an inscription found in the present year, this had early been selected as a burying-ground, and its boundaries marked out b y m o n u m e n t a l stones. T h e division is convenient, for it enables t h e growth and character of this stretch t o be examined independently of the rest, of which less is known. T h i s piece, however, has now been fairly tw°een°XUth examined. T h e nearer portion early and x v n i t h attracted the attention of Mariette and dynasty sites. o t j i e r s . j t s f u r t h e r end has more recently been excavated b y the E g y p t Exploration F u n d ; and the intervening piece is that which is now in question. T h e old results agree with the new in showing t h a t the spread of t h e tombs in this direction was gradual and continuous. Each successive generation sought the unused ground adjoining t h a t which was already filled. T h e process began with t h e mastabas of the old kingdom that cluster under the walls of the temenos : by the X l l t h d y n a s t y the evergrowing necropolis e x t e n d e d as far as the Shuna, and eventually reached its limits, beyond the space now under consideration, in the elaborated structures which Mr. Mace's explorations show to have belonged to the X V I I I t h , X l X t h and later dynasties. T h e sequence is not unbroken : traces of pits not protected by superstructure or retaining wall must soon have become obliterated by the drifting sands, so t h a t here and there are isolated cases of t o m b s unlike their neighbours, or even set down in the midst of those which had previously occupied the same place. Yet their presence is explainable, a n d t h e general principle of the sequence remains the same. In the site itself, as may be seen b y reference to its plan, those few t o m b s which are definitely of t h e X l l t h d y n a s t y lie generally to t h e east, while those of the X V I I I t h d y n a s t y occupy t h e western boundary. T h e probability at once suggests itself, t h a t t h e pit-tombs of the intervening space, between those of the X l l t h and X V I I I t h dynasties, represent t h e burials of the intermediate period.

This point is tempting. S o little is representative known archseologically of t h e period, a n d of Xlllth to so uncertain are t h e records bearing upon dynasties. t h a t a n y further chance of information a b o u t it must be welcomed. I t m a y b e u r g e d t h a t in times so disturbed as tradition holds t h e m t o have been, there was p r o b a b l y a lapse in the burial custom t h a t b r o u g h t strangers t o be interred in this locality. T h a t m a y have been so. Y e t the continued, though slower, growth of the necropolis would be b u t a natural consequence of continuity in t h e history of A b - d u itself, or at least of its priesthood, whose t o m b s chiefly a b o u n d . T h e r e is no suggestion t h a t t h r o u g h o u t this period the town lay d e v a s t a t e d and the temples razed, which is t h e only alternative. T h e g a p in the T a b l e of K i n g s at A b y d o s , again, can h a r d l y be urged against this continuity. T h e lapse of literary record, the decay of art and architecture, as well as the second-hand accounts of the period derived from M a n c t h o a n d other sources, all point to a d a r k age, t h e chronicle of which became confused by rapid succession of rulers and changes of power. T h e omission, too, of n a m e s representative of foreign domination, was more natural than their insertion, particularly on a royal m o n u m e n t . In a n y case this would have little local significance. On the other hand, inscriptions of t h e earlier part of this period are not wanting, both from t h e enclosure and from the burial grounds, whilst a scarab of Shesha from the site itself belongs probably to the s a m e period. In the e x t r e m e paucity of d a t e d records of this time, these monuments, t h o u g h few in number, constitute a factor of evidence b y no means disproportionate or negligible. ,

, Y e t theyJ are not sufficient : and with the

Difficulty of

. obtaining rapid progress of excavation t h r o u g h o u t et?den«on E g y p t 5t becomes needful t o be able t o the period, identify the arch.xological types of this period, if any further light is to be thrown upon it. A n d to establish these it is necessary, then, to look aside from t h e more direct method, to see whether by comparison of unknown forms with known, of t h e u n d a t e d with those which can be dated, some inferences m a y not become possible ; and t o neglect no result, however small, because its i m m e d i a t e utility m a y not be discernible. In the lack of a satisfactory chronology, it m a y be difficult as yet to p e n e t r a t e t h e dark t h a t particularly surrounds the H y k s o s period : it is not probable t h a t t h e r e was any local change of forms corresponding to t h e change of dynasty. But with a more general

INTRODUCTORY.

a i m for t h e p r e s e n t in view, s o m e a d v a n c e m a y b e effected. T h i s a n d o t h e r sites h a v e y i e l d e d u n d i s Ynferenci t u r b e d burials, b o t h of t h e X l l t h d y n a s t y from arthaeo-and of t h e X V I I I t h , f r o m which it h a s ^stahiilhcd4 been possible t o assign definite d a t e s t o for the limits certain archaeological f o r m s , as t o o b j e c t s of the period.

3

f r o m r e - u s e of t h e s a m e t o m b for later burial, for instance, w o u l d a l w a y s s u g g e s t itself as a p o s s i b l e solution ; a n d a n y e v i d e n c e in its f a v o u r would lead t o rejection of t h e case. C a s e s occur, too, n o t i n f r e q u e n t l y of real survival of forms, w h i c h m u s t be t e s t e d for by a n e x a m i n a t i o n of t h e f u r t h e r limits. T h e a b s e n c e or u n c e r t a i n t y of one of t h e l i m i t i n g t y p e s , a g a i n , a d m i t s a g r e a t e r possibility of error. It s e e m s well t h e n , in t h e p r e s e n t v o l u m e , w i t h r e g a r d t o s u c h inductive results, t o a w a i t t h e result of t h e i r c o m p a r i s o n w i t h s i m i l a r cases f r o m o t h e r e x c a v a t i o n s , to see to what e x t e n t t h e y m a y be confirmed, and h o w m u c h t h e y r e q u i r e modification, b e f o r e using t h e m a s t h e b a s i s of f u r t h e r a r g u m e n t . T o some e x t e n t , indeed, s u c h a c o m p a r i s o n is a l r e a d y possible. T h e i n d e p e n d e n t results o b t a i n e d b y M r . M a c e in his e x c a v a t i o n s a t H u , r e c e n t l y p u b l i s h e d in Diospolis Parva, afford s o m e i n t e r e s t i n g analogies.

of a l a b a s t e r a n d m a r b l e , b e a d s a n d p o t tery, t h e v e r y n a t u r e of t h e c u t t i n g on inscribed stones, or t h e a r c h i t e c t u r e of a t o m b . If t h e n an o b j e c t of like n a t u r e be f o u n d t o c o r r e s p o n d in s o m e respect with t h e t y p e s e s t a b l i s h e d for each of t h e d a t e s m e n t i o n e d , s u c h t h a t — t o b o r r o w an illustration familiar in a n o t h e r s c i e n c e — t h e c u r v e r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e c h a n g e s b e t w e e n t h e m is s m o o t h a n d c o n t i n u o u s , t h e r e is s o m e d e g r e e of j u s t i f i c a t i o n for a s s i g n i n g s u c h o b j e c t t o t h e I n t e r m e d i a t e Period. Or, again, a p a r t i c u l a r form m a y h a v e b e c o m e a s s i g n e d to a p a r t i c u l a r d a t e , on a c c o u n t of its r e s e m b l a n c e to, o r c o m m o n association with, s o m e k n o w n t y p e . If t h e n o n e s u c h form, called of t h e X l l t h d y n a s t y , a n d o n e such of t h e X V I I I t h , b e f o u n d c o m m o n l y in association in g r o u p s f r o m t h e s a m e t o m b s , a n d certain p r e c a u t i o n a r y tests as t o t h e i r limits be satisfied also, t h e r e is an i n c r e a s i n g probability that each object belongs rather to the intervening period. Results T h e s e principles a r e p e r f e c t l y g e n e r a l , a n d merely in- h a v e been s t e a d i l y k e p t in view t h r o u g h Difficult o u t this v o l u m e ; b u t t h e y h a v e been casespeculiarly a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e p r o b l e m s of this p a r t i c u l a r period b e t w e e n t h e X l l t h a n d X V I I I t h dynasties, i n a s m u c h a s t h e site itself has in m a n y cases f u r n i s h e d t h e l i m i t i n g t y p e s f r o m w h i c h t h e inferences h a v e been possible. T h e r e s u l t s in this direction m a y a p p e a r f e w — a few g r o u p s of p o t t e r y , a n d s o m e h a l f - d o z e n p l a t e s of t o m b - d e p o s i t s a s s i g n e d t o t h e period in q u e s t i o n — y e t t h e y h a v e a b s o r b e d a m u c h l a r g e r q u a n t i t y of material, for t h e evidence is necessarily c u m u l a t i v e in c h a r a c t e r . . , T h e r e a r e also m a n y cases, s o m e of w h i c h

T h e b e t t e r k n o w n p e r i o d s of t h e X l l t h X V I I I t h d y n a s t i e s also are well represented by the excavated remains. Historically t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t d i s c o v e r y is t h a t of an inscription r e c o u n t i n g t h e d e e d s of a g r e a t soldier, S e b e k - k h u , in t h e X l l t h d y n a s t y ; a n d i n c i d e n t a l l y r e c o r d i n g s o m e of t h e e a r l y w a r s of E g y p t with t h e R e t e n u on t h e o n e h a n d , a n d w i t h t h e p e o p l e of N u b i a o n t h e other. T h e o t h e r r e s u l t s are for t h e m o s t p a r t of archaeological i m p o r t . B y c o m b i n i n g s o m e observ a t i o n s m a d e in m o r e r e c e n t e x c a v a t i o n s , a local c u s t o m has b e e n t r a c e d which in s o m e m e a s u r e e x p l a i n s t h e use of t h e small p l a s t e r faces w h i c h a r e a l m o s t peculiar t o t h e M i d d l e K i n g d o m . A f o r t u n a t e p r e s e r v a t i o n of several b u r i a l s u n d i s t u r b e d , b o t h of t h e M i d d l e K i n g d o m a n d of t h e X V I I I t h d y n a s t y , h a s also r e n d e r e d possible a d e t a i l e d s t u d y of several t y p e s of burial c u s t o m s of t h o s e periods. T h e g r o w t h of f o r e i g n r e l a t i o n s in t h e X V I I I t h d y n a s t y is illust r a t e d b y s e v e r a l w e l l - d a t e d groups, n o t a b l y a burial d e p o s i t of t e r r a c o t t a vases of G r e c i a n c h a r a c t e r , ¿is well as s o m e t y p e s of p o t t e r y f o u n d g e n e r a l l y a r o u n d t h e c o a s t s a n d i s l a n d s of t h e e a s t e r n M e d i t e r r a n e a n .

examination would o t h e r w i s e lead t o i n t e r e s t i n g c o n of evidence-. c j u s i o n S ) t h a t h a v e t o b e r e j e c t e d in t h e process of e l i m i n a t i n g f r o m t h e e v i d e n c e t h o s e factors of it t h a t a d m i t of a m b i g u o u s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . I n t h e second of t h e t w o p r i n c i p l e s e n u n c i a t e d above, for e x a m p l e , t h e solution of t h e c a s e of association of t w o f o r m s s u p p o s e d t o b e of d i f f e r e n t d a t e s , b y assigning e a c h to an i n t e r v e n i n g d a t e , could o n l y be a c c e p t e d w h e n e v e r y o t h e r f a c t o r of e v i d e n c e f r o m t h e t w o d e p o s i t s a t l e a s t a d m i t t e d t h e s a m e possibility. T h e c h a n c e of really m i x e d d a t e s , arising

I n d e a l i n g w i t h t h e o b j e c t s discovered, a chic-f a i m h a s been, w h e r e possible, to r e p r e s e n t t h e m in t h e g r o u p as originally d e p o s i t e d , a n d t o d r a w a n y inferences t h a t m i g h t b e w a r r a n t e d , w h e t h e r archaeological o r chronological, f r o m t h e c o m p a r i s o n s a n d a n a l o g i e s t h u s a f f o r d e d . T h e illustrations, too, h a v e b e e n a r r a n g e d w i t h this chiefly in view, which a c c o u n t s for s o m e of t h e o b j e c t s h a v i n g b e e n p i c t u r e d a second t i m e w h e n it h a s been f o u n d d e s i r a b l e t o c o m p a r e t h e s p e c i m e n s of s o m e p a r ticular form.

Analytical

.

.

.

r2«Us.

a n d

4

EL

CHAPTER

ARÄBAH.

II.—DESCRIPTION

OF

PLATES.

[For copies of short inscriptions, see Plates X V and X X V . ] (A)

THE

XIITII-XIIITH PLATES

DYNASTIES.

I-X.

P L A T E I, w i t h references to PLS. ILL, X V , X V I . [Jewels, u p p e r half of PL. I ; statuette, Tomb P . TIT-] E. 108. T h i s g r o u p w a s recovered from t h e southern c h a m b c r of a disturbed pit tomb, into w h i c h plunderers had a n c i e n t l y m a d e their w a y from a t o m b adjoining, but had retreated, with their w o r k o n l y partly done, o w i n g to a fall of sand from the roof. T h e j e w e l s i n c l u d e : (i) a set of hollow b e a d s like c o w r y shells, m a d e of electrum ; (ii) t w o ribbed b r a c e l e t s of g o l d ; (iii) a shell breast-pendant, or pectoral, of g o l d ; (iv) t w o small fishes with bodies of g r e e n felspar set in g o l d ; and (v) a delicate e l e c t r u m charm-case, pendant, s t u d d e d w i t h rows of small pins b o u n d b y an e n t w i n e d thread of the s a m e metal, and c o n t a i n i n g a roll of p a p y r u s . The scarabs are, o n e of g r e e n glaze, with scroll pattern surrounding the e m b l e m s R a , N e f e r ; a n o t h e r of lapis-lazuli, m o u n t e d in g o l d as a ring, inscribed w i t h the n a m e of H o r , C h a n c e l ! or of the K i n g of L o w e r E g y p t , C h i e f of the S c c r c t s , etc. (see I'L. X V and C h a p t e r V ) ; and a third, small, of glaze. The b e a d s of the u p p e r s t r i n g are blue g l a z e d ; the small d a r k b e a d s in the m i d d l e are of garnet, and those below arc of rich coloured a m e t h y s t . N e a r the door of the chamber, at the pit bottom, w a s found the s t a t u e t t e pictured on PL. I l l , w h i c h is m a d e of serpentine, but not inscribed. A pectoral similar in design, but of electrum, w a s s u b s e q u e n t l y f o u n d in position on an undisturbed burial ( E . 230, C h a p t e r I I I ) . It w a s suspended from the neck b y a plain circlet of the s a m e metal, t h e ends of w h i c h w e r e curved s l i g h t l y o u t w a r d s but not joined, r e m a i n i n g in a p p r o x i m a t i o n b y the natural s p r i n g of the material. A fish-pendant of this k i n d has been found also w i t h a X l l t h d y n a s t y deposit at H u (see Diospolis Parva, PL. X X V I I , W . 3 8 ) ; a n d

a similar pair are those n u m b e r e d 30484-5 in the E g y p t i a n R o o m of the British M u s e u m . T h e p h o t o g r a p h on t h e left h a n d in t h e lowest h a l f of PL. I s h o w s t h e deposit from a rich X l l t h d y n a s t y burial, w h i c h had, h o w e v e r , been p a r t l y disturbed. B y a g l a n c e at PL. I I or P L . X X X it m a y b e seen t h a t the s h a f t of this t o m b a d j o i n s the s l o p e d a p p r o a c h w h i c h d e s c e n d s u n d e r t h e mastaba, n e a r w h i c h it is built, so t h a t its chamber, being on t h e south side, had been found a n c i e n t l y most readily accessible to the plunderers of the m a s t a b a b y a small hole pierced in t h e w a l l of gravel that intervened. B u t their e c o n o m y preserved to us the essential features of the burial intact:. for the h e a d and shoulders, b e i n g t o w a r d s t h e north, w e r e covered b y the sand which, had p o u r e d iri, to its natural a n g l e of rest, through the unclosed d o o r of the c h a m b c r . T h r o u g h such a s a n d - s l o p e it w a s impossible for t h e m to w o r k down, for t h e p l a c e of any sand r e m o v e d w o u l d h a v e been instantly filled b y fresh sand pressing in from without. T h u s o n l y the legs and h a n d s had been r e m o v e d ; even t h e b e a d s from the wrists, t h o u g h disturbed, r e m a i n e d in separate groups ; so that a c o m p l e t e description of the burial is deferred until C h a p t e r I I I ( U n d i s t u r b e d Burials, N o . 1). E. 30.

L y i n g on the breast w a s a g r o u p of g o l d jewels, represented in the c c n t r e of the p h o t o g r a p h , comprising crowned h a w k s of g o l d and silver, pairs of birds, also of g o l d a n d silver, fishes and single birds of g o l d . A r o u n d the neck w a s a l o n g string of a m e t h y s t beads, d e e p coloured, and of g l o b u l a r form in g r a d u a t e d sizes. T h e y passed t w i c e c l o s c l y round the neck, and a third t i m e m o r e loosely, so encircling t h e j e w e l s in a l o o p of the heavier beads. T h e other strings, from the wrists, are of carnelian and g a m e t b e a d s respectively ; w i t h the latter are s t r u n g also several small p e n d a n t s of g l a z e and two scarabs, t h e one of g l a z e and the other of plain garnet. The vessels are of alabaster, a n d the mirror, of w h i c h

DESCRIPTION OF there is a drawing on P L .

XVI

also,

is of copper,

with a decorated wooden handle. No.

30468

in

the

Egyptian

p i e c e s o f g r e e n i n l a y , e a c h s e t in a s l e n d e r d i v i s i o n gold.

[For somewhat similar bird-pendants of gold, see Room

of

the

British

Museum.]

5

PLATES.

with light veins running through are worked

symmetrically, and

d o w n t o translucency, with a rich

o f s u r f a c e w h i c h is s t i l l r e t a i n e d . The

jewellery

'statuettes

on

shown

the

right

on

PL.

of

T h e w o r k is m i n u t e , a n d i t s e f f e c t h a r m o n i o u s .

T h e a l a b a s t e r v e s s e l s a r e o f t h e finest q u a l i t y o f s t o n e , polish

Five of them

arc

hand, and

the

o f g l o b u l a r f o r m , w i t h lids, w h i l e the s i x t h is m o u l d e d

Ill,

the

to the

are

more

usual

pattern

of

kohl

vessels.

The

deposits mainly from three undisturbed burials found

s e r p e n t i n e figure, b y c o n t r a s t , a p p e a r s r a t h e r p o n d e r o u s ,

in t h e l a r g e n o r t h e r n

being of

will

be

described

c h a m b c r of a pit t o m b ; these

with

more

detail

in C h a p t e r

IV.

bears

the

the

nature

name

of

of

an

early

Nekht,

ushabti

figure

Superintendent

T h e d i s c is o f g o l d , a n d

the pendants on either side

N o r t h L a n d , in a s h o r t i n s c r i p t i o n g i v e n o n

o f it o f e J c c t r u m .

beads, taken

The

The

in

order

from

remainder

of

the

group

includes

the

PL.

XV.

two

eyes,

the right h a n d , are : green glaze, a m e t h y s t , carnelian

o r i g i n a l l y i n l a y e d in t h e coffin, a n d a f e w l o n g

(with

beads of green glaze, w h i c h s u g g e s t

a

large

(arranged

pendant

of

horizontally) a

the

same),

garnet,

string of large

and

amethysts.

T h e d a r k - c o l o u r e d v e s s e l s are of serpentine, a n d taller

vase

mirror,

on

the

which

wrapped

left

of

alabaster.

concludes

the

group,

in c l o t h , p a r t o f w h i c h

copper

was

found

still a d h e r e s .

The

photographs

in t h e

upper

row of

and

features

represents

is riot i n s c r i b e d . in

seated,

front \v t h

the

being

clearly

deceased

T h e statuette and

in

hands

on

and on

h i s ka,

The

it

b u t it

the right, shown

profile, represents knees.

work,

chiselled ;

Mut-Sent

head-dress

well

accords with the t y p e prevailing towards the end

of

t h e X l l t h d y n a s t y , b u t t h e p r o f i l e o f t h e f a c e is n o t so usual.

The

seat

is

inscribed on all sides with

f o r m u l a t;> O s i r i s f o r t h e ka

a

o f M u t - S e n t (for w h i c h

s e e P L . X V , a n d M r . N e w b e r r y ' s n o t e in C h a p t e r V). £

JQC

T h i s g r o u p1 o f b e a d s , s t a t u e t t e , a n d "

vessels tomb

near

comprises.

The

E. The

'

of photographs. lid, b u t b o t h decoration,

this

disturbed.

that

incised

uraeus, and

is t h e

cylindrical

on t h e left of t h e u p p e r row

I t s t a n d s u p o n f o u r .short l e g s ; a n o o r i g i n a l l y p r o v i d e d w i t h a s\vi\e. and its b o t t o m may

unrolled drawing on three

described

are missing.

better

seen

The

from

the

P L . X I , c o n s i s t s in t h e m a i n

panels, Res.

be

enclosing

It w a s

figures

found

of

an

of

ape.

in o n e o f a r o w

of

s i m i l a r pits, w i t h s o m e s m a l l o b j e c t s t h a t r e s e m b l e n type

the

deposits

from

several

undisturbed

f o u n d in t h e a d j o i n i n g t o m b s , w h i c h

degree of probability be dated to the X H I t h ( S e c PL.. X a n d C h a p t e r

burials

m a y with

some

dynasty.

III.)

T h e c e n t r a l p h o t o g r a p h o f t h i s p l a t e contain«. , . N , • T an object equally unusual. I t is a c o m p o u n d

forms of the small objects which

bead of seven cylinders, b o u n d together b y a uniform

108.

from

It

globular

is

a

disturbed

conspicuous

beads

of

pit-

for

green

glaze,

E. 282.

design,

around

schist ; and

in t h e i r c e n t r e which

is in

somewhat

the

is s u r r o u n d e d

gold.

form of

resembles

c a r t o u c h e - o v a l , b u t is n o t c l e a r l y d e f i n e d . disc of carnelian

which

on this p l a t e w e r e all found

figured

which

clustered

shenu,

of

alabaster

the t h r e a d i n g - h o l e s with thin shells o f

pendant

to b e

seems to have been

around The

first

ivory b o x

s h o w n at the top of the p h o t o g r a p h , are e a c h c a p p e d

hieroglyph

Hor,

the

was recovered

to

q u a l i t y and artistic it

of

this

basalt.

T h e g r o u p o f t w o f i g u r e s , o n t h e l e f t , is o f g o o d

both

group

PART, is d e s c r i b e d u n d e r P L . I.

a

T h e objects pictured

the j e w e l s last described ; both are o f

possibly

JS

I V , with r e f e r e n c e s to PLS. X , X I .

pl'" 1 * 0 r e p r e s e n t t h e t w o s t a t u e t t e s f o u n d w i t h

hair

burial

s t a t l j e t t e

in t o m b s t h a t h a d b e e n p r e v i o u s l y

The

the

The E. 108.

PLATE

III.

^corud.

dynasty.

pictured

on PL. I I I .

PLATE

tube

a n e a r l y d a t e in

the

The

statuettes found with the same deposits are

the X l l t h

; it

of

whole,

a threading

after

the

I t is m a d e

manner of of green

the

glazed

hole runs through a central

the

cylinder which

the

f r o m t h e e x t e n d e d d r a w i n g o n P i , . X I , it is d e c o r a t e d

Its central

b y a border of

the

lotus column.

small

the seven enclose.

As

may

be

with three royal n a m e s inscribed s y m m e t r i c a l l y the cylinders ; that of Usertesen

seer down

I occurs once, while

6

EL

ARABAH.

t h e two others of Usertesen I I I and A m e n e m h a t I I I a p p e a r three times alternately. W i t h it was found t h e alabaster cup, shown in the same group, as well as some blue glazed beads, both the globular and the tube-like types, a n d a kohl vessel of blue marble, all of which might have been assigned independently t o t h e time of the late X l l t h or the X l l l t h dynasty.

special association. I t bears the n a m e s of Sebekdedu-ren-senb, a n d R e n - e f - a n k h - A m e n e m h a t , being the t w o brothers seated on opposite sides of the tables of offerings ; and below of M e n t u - h e t e p a n d Min-hetep, the former being brother also t o t h e two first named.

T h i s rough p o t t e r y figure, resembling a bear ^ " and cub, came from ground t h a t had been much disturbed ; y e t the small vessels of blue marble and alabaster, with which it was found, m a y well belong to the X l l l t h d y n a s t y or thereabouts.

PLATE V. See Plate Chapter V.

T h e glazed figure of Horus, seated, which ' 3 ° 3 " completes the ccntral pho'tograph, is of a glaze and character typical of t h e X l l t h d y n a s t y ; a d a t e confirmed to some e x t e n t b y its association with some beads and a scarab of garnet, and a tall serpentine vessel, of the s a m e period. But in this case, as in the last, t h e ground had probably been turned over several times before, with consequent increase in the possibility of a m i x i n g of objects from different deposits, so t h a t t h e grouping becomes of less value as a means of inferring the date.

T h e inscribed pieces pictured in the two ' upper p h o t o g r a p h s on this plate are limestone steles from a disturbed m a s t a b a of the X l l t h dynasty, surrounded b y X V I I I t h d y n a s t y tombs. T h e larger is a well-finished piece of w o r k : t h e incisions are sharp a n d the outlines well defined ; the flesh-coloured p a r t s are tinted, as also are symmetric portions of the border. I t represents A m e n e m h a t nebuia, who was superintendent of t h e offerings of the R o y a l Domain, in the act of receiving a n d inspecting offerings and produce. M e m b e r s of t h e same family occupied p r o m i n e n t official positions also : his brother Se-ankh, who is here represented as Superintendent of t h e Canal Workers, is obviously the s a m e to whom t h e smaller broken stele is partly dedicated, under his later title of S u p e r i n t e n d e n t of the Domain, conjointly with his brother Nebuia. T h e brother S e - R e n e n u t e t also appears s t a n d i n g as a prominent figure in both. I t seems at first sight as though t h e name N e b u i a of t h e sccond stele refers t o another brother not mentioned on t h e first, w h o succceded A m e n e m h a t in his office. T h e stone is obviously later, since it accords to Se-ankh a higher rank. Y e t the omission of Nebuia's n a m e on t h e larger stone now becomes unaccountable, since, t o succeed A m e n e m h a t , he must already have occupied a position more p r o m i n e n t than all those relatives who obtain mention. Coupling this with the recurrence of the two names, a n d the general similarity of the dedications, it becomes a p p a r e n t t h a t A m e n e m h a t nebuia of the one and Nebuia of t h e other are identical, a conclusion which Mr. N e w b e r r y confirms in his note on the inscription in C h a p t e r V.

2 x

O n t h e right h a n d of t h e same row is a ' p h o t o g r a p h of a table of offerings of limestone. T h e one row of inscription, which bears t h e n a m e of Pepa, Superintendent of t h e N o r t h L a n d , is incised ; while the offerings themselves, upon a mat, are shown in low relief. Both features are carved in t h e sunken panel which serves as a tray, and from which a grooved channel leads away t o two basins in the upper corners. Mr. N e w b e r r y supplies details of the inscription in C h a p t e r V. 238

T h e left h a n d of the two larger inscribed pieces is a limestone stele of Sebek-khu, with incised hieroglyphs, and a picture of rough quality showing the chief personage seated before a table piled with offerings. H e was already known as a great general of the X l l t h d y n a s t y ; and these inscriptions recount his wars under the K i n g s Usertesen I I I a n d A m e n e m h a t I I I . On account of its importance, the following plate, numbered V, is devoted to Mr. Newberry's transcript of this stone, showing his restorations of the pieces broken away. His full translation a n d notes a p p e a r in C h a p t e r V. E

T h e limestone stele on t h e right hand, the ' x 8 x ' p h o t o g r a p h of which completes this plate, comes, like t h e last, from a disturbed t o m b without E

IV,

Tomb

E.

n ;

and

PLATE VI, with references to PL. V I I .

This limestone sarcophagus was recovered in ' Z S 2 ' m a n y f r a g m e n t s f r o m the chamber, pit, a n d surface about the m o u t h of a p l u n d e r e d tomb. T h e pieces build u p completely, the whole being 6 ft. 6 in.

DESCRIPTION

by 2 ft. by 2 ft. 6 in. in height. T h e white stone is faintly decorated and starred with pink, and the inside is w h o l l y blue. T h e hieroglyphs are incised, and painted blue on a y e l l o w ground, between lines of blue, incised also ; they are arranged in a top row and columns, so as to include four panels on each side, and one at each end. O n the east side the panel at the head is decorated with a pair of w e e p i n g eyes, and the end panels each enclose a mourning figure. T h e lid is rounded and hollowed inside, with raised head and foot pieces, and' fits directly on to the b o x : it is uniformly decorated, with one row of hieroglyphs along the centre. Its head is marked with a sign (like the Ankh in shape) to correspond with a notch in the sarcophagus. T h e whole is supported below each vertical column b y short legs, which are connected with those opposite b y the ridge of stone left uncut between thern. T h e curiously bungled nature of the inscription, of which a facsimile copy is given on the following plate, suggests a real decline in k n o w l e d g e of inscribing. Y e t the situation and nature of the tomb date it as earlier than some pits at hand which themselves are probably not later than the X l V t h dynasty. H e n c e the date of the sarcophagus must be put down to the X I I Ith d y n a s t y ; and the error may be ascribed to the workman, who, with a c o p y of the inscription before him, inserted odd portions from it here and there to fill up spaces that would otherwise have been blank. T h e figure which accompanies it is of interest, being of the nature of an early u s h a b t i : it is inscribed in hieratic with the same name and titles, N e k h t a , Regulator of the Sa order. It is of limestone, carved, with the inscription painted on in black.

PLATE V I I .

S e e above, under PL. V I , E. 252.

PLATE V I I I , with references to PL. X. O f the two fine pieces of carving pictured on this plate, that on the left is a limestone door frame, found complete at the bottom of a pit t o m b that had been disturbed. One of the j a m b s is in two pieces, not broken, while the other is a single stone. T h e frame is seven feet high, inscribed symmetrically with similar formulae, which read in opposite directions from the centre of the lintel and so down the jambs. T h e hieroglyphs are cleanly incised and painted blue,

OF

PLATES.

7

between lines of the same. T h e finish is good, and the work probably of the X l l t h d y n a s t y — t h e small group of alabasters on PL. X was found in the same tomb. T h e octagonal column on the right of the plate, also of limestone, is similar in style of work to the f o r e g o i n g ; the grouping of the hieroglyphs is rather closer, but this is p r o b a b l y owing to the nature of the monument. It was found in a neighbouring tomb, without, however, a n y deposit. Mr. N e w b e r r y describes the inscriptions in Chapter V . "

PLATE I X , with reference to PL. X . T h e small H a t h o r figure, shown in the left ' I 0 7 ' hand photograph of this plate, was found with some beads s u g g e s t i n g the Middle Kingdom, for its date, with which the type of its headdress accords. It is provided below the feet with a small p r o j e c t i o n — n o t shown in the illust r a t i o n — f o r fitting it to a stand or to some other object. T h e two-handled vessel of blue marble, shown in the same photograph, was found in a disturbed pit t o m b with the pieces of wood coffin of the n e x t plate. Its form is unusual, at a n y rate for this p e r i o d ; indeed, it suggests some influence not E g y p t i a n , which might have been a ready explanation for its appearance in an X V I I I t h d y n a s t y deposit. Y e t it is made of blue marble, which was commonest in the M i d d l e K i n g d o m ; and it is of exquisite proportion and finish, work characteristic in particular of the X l l t h d y n a s t y . Since, also, it was found with M i d d l e K i n g d o m objects, in a t o m b surrounded b y others of that date, there seems to be no reason to suppose otherwise than that it is an early as well as a beautiful e x a m p l e of the form.

E. 2 7

P h o t o £ r a P h o n t h e n ' g h t hand is the base v i e w of a blue marble dish, with hollow turned-in rim. It is decorated with a symmetrical design, in low relief, of two m o n k e y s climbing in opposite directions from below, their tails entwined. T h e head and nose of each, projecting from under the rim, provides the vessel with a small handle on T h e

8

EL ARÁBAH.

either side. T h i s unique o b j e c t , w h i c h is n o w a t Cairo, is better d a t e d than the foregoing. Its deposit is larger and w e l l m a r k e d , consisting of several vessels of a l a b a s t e r and a p a l e t t e of serpentine, all of k n o w n types, with b e a d s of blue glaze, b o t h g l o b u l a r a n d cylindrical. It is interesting t o c o m p a r e w i t h this dish, t h e vessel of blue m a r b l e numbered 20759 British Museum. In t h e latter c a s e the design s h o w s m o n k e y s on o p p o s i t e sides a p p a r e n t l y h o l d i n g t h e m o r e upright vessel b e t w e e n them. T h e m o t i v e is in each c a s e the same, t h o u g h different in effect.

(b) T H E X I I I T H - X V I I T H DYNASTIES. PLATES X - X V I . PLATE

X,

with

references

to

PLS. I I ,

IV,

VIII

and X I . In the description of PL. I V s o m e objects, E. 3 (3)- w e r e m e n t i o n e d from t h e disturbed portion of a row of pits, numbered 3 in the plan on PL. I I ; this g r o u p illustrates the t y p e s of deposits in t h e undisturbed c h a m b e r s of this scries, b e i n g itself from the third, or easterly pit. It consists of vessels of alabaster and serpentine, a palette, mirror, and beads, and will be m o r e f u l l y described in the c h a p t e r dealing w i t h U n d i s t u r b e d Burials. T h e three alabaster vessels in the n e x t g r o u p E. 236. a r e f r o m t j i e t o m b 0 f A m e n e m h a t ren-efsenb, the door f r a m e of which is pictured on PL. V I I I . W i t h these w e r e t w o scarabs on the top row of the p h o t o g r a p h adjoining, t h e one of g l a z e with scroll pattern, and the o t h e r of plain green jasper. The forms of these vessels are interesting, a n d s o m e w h a t unusual for the period ; t h a t in the centre is a k o h l vessel with two small handles, and t h a t to the right is a miniature of a t y p e familiar in the V l t h d y n a s t y . In the third p h o t o g r a p h on the left are t w o g l a z e d vessels, found in disturbed t o m b s w i t h o u t deposit, and classed in this period b y a n a l o g y o n l y . T h a t on t h e left s o m e w h a t resembles in f o r m the alabaster pictured above, and is decorated w i t h b l a c k section lines and rim. Accompanying E ' I 2 4 ' it is a smaller vessel, p r o b a b l y a kohl pot, d e c o r a t e d w i t h a lotus pattern in b l a c k . E'

I22'

T h e serpentine s t a t u e t t e on pedestal, shown E. 189. i j i u s t r a t i o n j n f r o r l t a n d profile, w a s f o u n d without other d e p o s i t ; b u t it is a s s i g n e d to this d a t e on a c c o u n t of t h e dressing of the hair a n d its g e n e r a l t y p e . T h e hieratic inscription s c r a t c h e d on the b a c k a n d base, a s s h o w n on PL. X V , is difficult t o understand. I t s interesting a n d u n i q u e feature is t h e detail o f the dress t h a t h a n g s from its waist. Professor P e t r i e h a s s u g g e s t e d t h a t it represents a starched g a r m e n t after h a v i n g been folded ; and the alternation of r i d g e and crcase seems to bear out the supposition.

T h e right hand p h o t o g r a p h shows seventeen Scarabs. s c a r a b s arranged for comparison, s o m e of t h e m from deposits described on other plates. The d e s i g n s of these are for the most part not u n c o m m o n . T h e m o s t interesting is t h a t of S h e s h a (r93), w h i c h was f o u n d w i t h an X V I I I t h d y n a s t y group, and is itself of s o m e w h a t worn a p p e a r a n c e . The most n o t i c e a b l e for s y m m e t r y a n d finish are those n u m b e r e d E . 313, w h i c h is of rare q u a l i t y , 236 and 20. A brief list of the o b j e c t s d e p o s i t e d w i t h each o f these scarabs is a d d e d h e r e for r e a d y reference ; it will be seen t h a t those n u m b e r e d 102, 123, 230 (300) a n d 114, are assigned to t h e period b e t w e e n the X H I t h and X V I I t h d y n a s t i e s ( s o m e t i m e s c o n v e n i e n t l y s p o k e n of as the I n t e r m e d i a t e Period). A further selection, c h i e f l y of later dates, is g i v e n on PL.

XXV. W i t h dish and large glazed beads (Pl.. X I I ) ; mirror and tweezers (XVI>, ivory pin and inlay { X l V i and alabaster kohl {Two).

With X V I I I t h dynasty deposit ( X X I ) ; group probably

(Three). With group of pottery ( X X V I I ) ; probably Xl.IIthX V t h dynasties. With ivory box (IV and X I ) ; vessels of alabaster and glaze ; glazed beads (X), and mirror (XVI). With early ushabti figure of Ked-hetep (Pi-S. X I V - X V ) . (Two). With alabaster vessel ; probably X l U b - X I I I t h dynasties, and 179, without deposits. (Three). With alabaster vessels (Pi- X V I I I j ; a mixed group, unless all may be assigned to the X V I t h - X V I I I t h dynasties. (Two). From undisturbed burial, of about X l V i h dynasty (see ch. iii). With group of two figures, sandstone ( X I I ) ; and ivory pin with jackal s head (XIV). With crude alabaster and blue marble kohl p o t ; glaze and shell With X V I I I t h dynasty deposit With lid of serpentine vessel; bead» of glaze and amethyst, and two scarabs on PL. X X V .

T h e l o w e s t p h o t o g r a p h s on this plate s h o w t w o pieces of a b r o k e n w o o d coffin, from the s a m e t o m b as t h e b l u e m a r b l e vessel o f the plate 2®x*

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. preceding. T h e scenes a n d inscriptions are p a i n t e d on the wood, b l a c k and white b e i n g the colours c h i e f l y e m p l o y e d , t h o u g h blue a n d red are freely used for tinting or decorative purposes. T h e d e s i g n m a y b e better seen, perhaps, from the facsimile in outline given on the f o l l o w i n g plate, n u m b e r X I , of this a n d t h e other side of the coffin. In t h e upper portion the f o u r bearers are represented as w a l k i n g t w o abreast, s u p p o r t i n g the e n d s of t h e coffin, a p p a r e n t l y , on poles b o r n e b y each pair at shoulder height, b u t with the hands. A m o u r n i n g w o m a n m o v e s b y the side. T h e lower pieces of P L . X I form a c o n t i n u o u s side, p r o b a b l y the east, of t h e coffin ; on them both the mourners and t h e bearers of offerings are represented in the panels, b e t w e e n c o l u m n s of hieroIts d a t e g l y p h s c o n t a i n i n g the usual invocations. is p r o b a b l y the X H I t h d y n a s t y .

PLATE

XI.

T h e ivory ( E . 282) are f r a g m e n t s of referred to as

PLATE

b o x ( E . 3) and the s e v e n - c y l i n d e r bead described u n d e r P L . I V ; while the a w o o d coffin (E. 281) have j u s t been illustrating the p h o t o g r a p h of PL. X .

XII.

The pottery PL. X X V I I .

dishes

will

be

referred

to

9

T h e s a n d s t o n e stele of R e f u w a s found w i t h ' 3 3 ° ' that of N u b on P L . X X I I I , in a disturbed p i t - t o m b a d j o i n i n g a b r o k e n mastaba. T h e inscription is dealt w i t h in C h a p t e r V . E

'

3I2'

T h e l i m e s t o n e stele other deposit.

of

S e n b u w a s without

PLATE X I I I . T h e first p h o t o g r a p h o f this p l a t e s h o w s a sandstone figure, seated on a h i g h - b a c k e d chair, with hands on knees ; the w h o l e is upon a pedestal. T h e hair is coloured blue, t h e b o d y red ; and the loin cloth is white. T h e r e is n o inscription. F r o m the s a m e t o m b c a m e a blue g l a z e d bottle and s o m e small beads, n o t distinctive, b u t a p p r o a c h i n g the t y p e s of the X V I I I t h d y n a s t y rather than the Xllth. T h i s is a g r o u p of t w o figures, also in y e l l o w ' 3 ° ° ' limestone, w h i c h s t a n d upon a lower p e d e s t a l or plinth. T h e c a r v i n g is better in detail t h a n that last described, t h o u g h t h e m o d e l l i n g in this case is not good. F r o m t h e s a m e d e p o s i t c a m e the scarabs s h o w n on PL. X a n d the i v o r y pin on P L . X I V , the w h o l e b e i n g p r e s u m a b l y of about the X l l l t h or X l V t h d y n a s t y in date.

under

T h i s g r o u p includes s o m e exceptionally ' 2 0 ' large g l a z e d ball beads, a g l a z e d s c a r a b of scroll pattern, and a g l a z e d dish w i t h a s y m m e t r i c lotus design inside. F r o m the s a m e t o m b c o m e also the scarab shown on PL. X and the c o p p e r mirror on PL. X V I ; the w h o l e d e p o s i t is t y p i c a l l y of t h e X l l t h dynasty. F o u n d with this figure were some small ball " 4 I ' b e a d s a n d other remains r e s e m b l i n g the t y p e s of the X I T t h d y n a s t y , but of inferior q u a l i t y . The statuette itself is of poor w o r k m a n s h i p and m o d e l l i n g ; on the b a c k it bears the n a m e K a - m e s . The deposit m a y well b e l o n g t o the period i n t e r m e d i a t e b e t w e e n t h e X l l l t h and X V I I t h dynasties, for none of its o b j e c t s bears a n y r e s e m b l a n c e to the t y p e s of the X V I I I t h d y n a s t y , nor can be so early as the Xllth.

T h e small l i m e s t o n e stele o f K e m s a is with• 347* o u t other deposit ; but the s t y l e of its w o r k , p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e figures, s u g g e s t s t h e H y k s o s (or I n t e r m e d i a t e ) Period, a v i e w w h i c h a g r e e s w i t h Mr. N e w b e r r y ' s opinion of the inscription. The h i e r o g l y p h s and outlines are i n c i s e d ; and t h e bodies are coloured red, s o m e o t h e r portions o f the stone also b e i n g d e c o r a t e d with the same colour. T h e limestone stele of A n w a s also w i t h o u t ' 2 i r ' other deposit. I t was found in a small fourw a l i e d r o o m or c h a p e l , on t h e western side at the southern end, s t a n d i n g in situ close to the wali. The g r o u n d around w a s so filled w i t h pit tombs, n o o n e of w h i c h had a c h a m b e r under this mastaba, and w a s in general so much disturbed, t h a t it could not be d e c i d e d w h i c h of them, if a n y , b e l o n g e d t o t h e original design of the structure. T h e c h a p e l also had no door : t h e s u r r o u n d i n g t o m b s were chiefly of t h e late M i d d l e K i n g d o m . C

IO

EL

ARABAH.

With the coloured limestone stele of Beba, in which the bodies as before are red, was found a small object not here reproduced. It was the base of a small limestone statuette, representing a seated figure, with an inscription painted on the back of Her-ab, born of Ta-sep.

PLATE

XIV.

I n t h e G R O U P OF IVORY OBJECTS all a r e a p p a -

rently of the X l l t h dynasty or just later: several have been previously referred to, with their tomb deposits. Of the rest, the two wands numbered 5 and 60 are well dated by their groups to the X l l t h or X l l l t h dynasty. T h e hand (no. 260) was with a deep-coloured blue marble dish, without decoration, and the mirror on PL. X V I : the group is well dated by the scarab of Amenemhat I I I on PL. X X V , which was found with it. The piece of wand {172) is the only object found in the pit of the mastaba E. 172 (PL. X X X I ) ; the stele of PL. X I I I was found in the easterly part of the enclosure where there had been some reconstruction, and so may have been a later deposit. T h e bracelet numbered 252 is from the tomb of Nekhta (PLS. V I - V I I ) , but that numbered 287 was without other objects. T h e pieces numbered 1 and 259 are apparently mirror-handles. T h e GROUP E. 356 includes some good examples of the ivory carving of the X l l t h dynasty ; notably the pair of forearms, and the pair of castanets which, when put together, resemble the lotus flower and stem. (These remain at Cairo.) GROUP OF BRONZE O B J E C T S . — T h e t w o

mirrors

pictured here provide an interesting comparison. T h a t numbered 145 is heavy, with a thick reflecting disc ; its deposit included a group of alabaster and serpentine vessels, some blue-glazed ball beads, the head and body of a doll, and other small objects all dateable to the X l l t h - X I I I t h dynasty. T h e other, number 166-2, on the other hand, is thin and l i g h t ; the curve of the handle head is more pronounced, the hair of the figure in its handle is without the characteristic dressing of the X l l t h dynasty ; it was found with a group of scarabs and pottery of the kind introduced by trade in the early part of the X V I I I t h dynasty. Of the rest, the dagger 156 was found alone, but it is similar to those figured on PL. X V I ; the tweezers No. 20 were found with the group shown on P L . X I I .

GROUP OF PLASTER

FACES.—These

interesting

objects have been not uncommonly met with in the course of excavation, and more recently have attracted some amount of attention among archaiologists. It is now possible to say something at least with regard to their local origin and use, and to determine approximately the dates during which the types here pictured were chiefly in use in the vicinity of A b y d o s (also see Diospolis Parva, p. 51). From their associations it was considered probable at the time that the faces shown in the photograph were all dateable to the Middle Kingdom and the succeeding period. But their use was still a matter of doubt until, towards the close of the season's excavations, one of similar character was found undisturbed in position, on the burial numbered 294 on PL. X V I I I , with a deposit readily dateable to the X V I I I t h d y n a s t y ; and in this, the year of publication, in the excavation of an older site at E l Mahasna, some way to the north, another has. been found on an equally preserved burial of the X l t h dynasty. These two dates seem to mark off the period through which these objects were chiefly used. T h e lower limit, at any rate, seems to be quite definite; for the undisturbed site at Mahasna yielded over 400 burials of all consecutive periods from the V I t h to the X l t h dynasty, and in no case before the latter—in which the types in the tomb deposits approached closely to those of the X l l t h d y n a s t y — was such an object found. The further limit is less definitely marked ; yet few, if any, such objects are to be found of a date later than the X V I I I t h dynasty, for while the paucity of undisturbed burials representative of that period renders inference from isolated cases less conclusivc, yet the subsequent changes in modes of decoration, in particular the style of colouring prevailing in the X l X t h dynasty, would have rendered any of later date conspicuous, had such existed. T h e period intervening between these limits is, however, well represented by specimens both from these excavations and from others in the locality. With regard to their use, a local burial custom seems to have come into vogue at the rise of the Middle Kingdom, by which the body after preparation was covered wholly with a layer of stucco or plaster, preserving the human form beneath. This custom, as will be shown in a subsequent volume, had its origin in a more primitive method of several dynasties earlier, and its development is full of

DESCRIPTION interest.

In the earlier stages the b o d y was encased

OF P L A T E S . given.

ri

The

tomb

N o . 220, f r o m

came

in a m o u l d o f N i l e m u d , p r e p a r e d a n d m i x e d in s u c h

triple limestone

h a v e been reused ; for t h e g r o u p f r o m its inscription

properties of clay.

a n d s t y l e is b e l i e v e d

for

stucco,

S o m e w h a t l a t e r this c a s e b e c a m e

its better a p p e a r a n c e

which

again

became

patterns of geometric t y p e

with

a

decorated

painted

on

hair, c a m e

to

be

later

in

a n d in t i m e , t o o , e v e n t h e f e a t u r e s , t h e feet and

layer

of Neshmet-dudu,

the

a w a y a s t o g i v e it a l l t h e c o n s i s t e n c e a n d h a r d e n i n g covered

figure

which

to belong

by

f r o m its C y p r i o t e d e s i g n , c a n n o t w e l l b e o f d a t e m u c h

colours ;

before the m i d d l e of the X V I I I t h d y n a s t y . ushabti figures. 177, 257, are b o t h of

With

this

of such, the former d a t i n g from the X V I t h or X V I I t h dynasty,

hieratic, with w h i c h w a s

preservative

it w a s ) f e l l g r a d u a l l y i n t o d i s f a v o u r , u n t i l

the Middle K i n g d o m planted

it d i s a p p e a r e d , a n d

was

entirely b y t h e l a y e r of plaster and

in

the

latter,

with

The (G.

foot of the

100) w a s

f o u n d in

v a l l e y to the south (site G).

of

the

on

the

inscription already

in

figured

Xlllth.

the

M i n m e s , not

furtherance

the

large ushabti

of a coffin-shell.

in t h e

the earliest t y p e

the scarab

in P L . X , f r o m t h e X l l t h o r

sup-

stucco,

and

n o w b e c o m e s o t h i c k as t o p r e s e r v e t h e c o n s i s t e n c y It was

T h e two

and

use of the hard m u d though

King-

d o m , while t h e j u g of PL. X V I I from the s a m e tomb,

hands

delineated. (excellent

to t h e M i d d l e

to

of

increase of attention t o the o u t e r visible covering, the below

seems

figure

tomb

same

of

of

Minmes

Khnumy

site (E), b u t

and

across

the

T h i s t o m b (PL. X X X I I I )

c u s t o m a t this s t a g e t h a t the plaster faces c a m e into

was

use, in an a t t e m p t t o g i v e t h e f e a t u r e s m o r e r e a l i s m

e x c a v a t o r had left b e h i n d h i m a large granite statue,

and

relief.

They

a report which proved

and

being

placed

were apparently made in

position

p l a s t e r w a s still w e t , b e c a m e hardening.

while

fixed

separately,

the

layer

excavated

because of a report that a

previous

to b e p a r t l y true, for

therein

of

w a s a h u g e g r a n i t e lid of a s a r c o p h a g u s , c a r v e d and

b y its d r y i n g a n d

i n s c r i b e d in t h e s t y l e o f t h e X l X t h d y n a s t y , t o w h i c h

B u t t h e y a r e for t h e m o s t p a r t s m a l l , a

period also this ushabti b a s e belongs.

f e w i n c h e s o n l y in h e i g h t ; p o s s i b l y t h e f r i a b i l i t y o f t h e material a c c o u n t s for the

fact

that t h e y

never

b e c a m e m a d e o f life size ( t h o u g h t h e s p e c i m e n of XVIIIth nearly

dynasty, shown

so), a n d

on

PL.

XVIII,

is

the

more

for t h i s r e a s o n a l s o , m o r e t h a n

other, i h e y were

ultimately

discarded

in

t h e more solid r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e N e w

any

favour

of

Kingdom.

T h e d e c o r a t i o n on t h e s e o b j e c t s w a s various, t h e colours

blue,

green,

and

red

being

a c c o r d i n g t o t h e d e s i g n o n t h e Shell.

PLATE

freely

used

A s a rule, t h e

face itself w a s left untinted, but t h a t n u m b e r e d

ioo

XVI.

In this plate are shown outline drawings of c o p p e r a n d b r o n z e o b j e c t s ; t h e s e a r e in m a n y c a s e s to

with

their

pictured on

one

tomb

deposits,

therewith. page,

Their

however,

and

in

referred

some

reproduction

facilitates

cases

together

comparison,

and

renders obvious at a g l a n c e a n y c h a n g e s of form corresponding to differences of date.

The

mirrors

are

in t h e i l l u s t r a t i o n is c o l o u r e d y e l l o w , w i t h t h e e y e s a n d

for the m o s t part of t h e X l l t h and X l l l t h d y n a s t i e s ;

eyebrows

the

black.

while the face

to

Brown

eyes

are

the right hand

not

unknown,

at the top of

the

p h o t o g r a p h w a s e l a b o r a t e l y c o v e r e d w i t h g o l d foil. T h e e n c l o s i n g o f t h e b o d y in t h e w a y was no obstacle to the use of

an

outer

group with

E . 30 is

E . 2 6 0 on P L S . X I V

described protection

figured

K.

281

on

numbered

PLS.

IX

3 0 is o f

X.

lotus pattern.

M a h a s n a , 1901], later a coffin

interest.

of

two

t o g e t h e r in a c l o t h , t h e y h a d

while dynasty

the

were

burials

enclosed

(E. in

a

294) solid

of

the

sarco-

p h a g u s of stone.

The

and

IX,

XIV,

of

with

that

incised some

preserved

the

original

polish of s o m e part of their reflecting surfaces. fashioned

for g r a s p i n g in t h e p a l m . r e f e r e n c e s t o I, I I I , I V ,

II,

in t h e t o m b , w r a p p e d

T h e d a g g e r s a r e of b r o n z e , w i t h

XVII.

handle

p a i r n u m b e r e d 262 a r e of

B y l y i n g in c o n t a c t

ivory rounded and PLATE X V , with

The

wood, ornamented

also ; originally this s e e m s to h a v e been a mere recess wood ;

PLS. I a n d

a n d X X V , E . 3 o n PL. I V , a n d

of stuccoed earth [ E l XVIIIth

on

E . 20 o n P L . X I I , E . 108 011 P L . I, E . 2 5 1 o n P L . I V ,

riveted inlaid

in

each

with

case

ivory

near

s m a l l h a n d l e s of

after the usual

manner

T h e blades are detachable,

to

the

the

haft, which socket

for

is

the

partly handle.

W i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f a s l i g h t d i f f e r e n c e in t h e b l a d e T h i s p l a t e c o n t a i n s c h i e f l y c o p i e s in f a c s i m i l e o f various small inscriptions to w h i c h the references are

of t h a t n u m b e r e d 320, t h e y a r e all o f o n e t y p e , a n d probably

of about

the

same

date.

The

longest c

2

of

12

EL

ARABAH.

them, numbered 156, was found with the group of pottery pictured on PL. X X V I I , which probably represents its period as about the X V I Ith dynasty. It is analogous to the types of the X V I I I t h dynasty, but differs slightly in the handle from those of the X l l t h and just later. In Diospolis Parva PL. X X X I I , is figured a type of the X l V t h dynasty from which it immediately developed. In the earlier kind the handle had not the exact elliptical and symmetrical form of that in view ; the open spaces, too, which serve no obvious purpose, were larger. Of the other objects in bronze, E. 42 is a Sa amulet, of date somewhat before the X V I I I t h dynasty. The tweezers numbered 20 are from the group of PLS. X and X I I . The knife 230 is from an undisturbed burial (described in the following chapter), from which came also the scarabs of PL. X.

(C) T H E X V I I I T H PLATES PLATE

AND LATER

DYNASTIES.

XVI-XXVI.

XVI

contains, as has been noticed, some bronze objects of the X V I I I t h dynasty, to which reference will be made in connection with their associated deposits pictured on the ensuing plates. T h e y may be found under numbers 10, 320, and 255 on PL. X V I I ; 294, 143, and 268 on PL. X V I I I ; 178 on PL. X I X ; and 155 on P L . X X I .

PLATE X V I I , with references to X V I , X X V I I I , and XXXV. With this tomb group was found a scarab of E ' I 0 ' Thothmes III. It includes also a limestone kohl pot, decorated with a broken scroll pattern incised upon the cylinder, which is supported by the small figure of an ape. There are five bronze pieces, pictured on PL. X V I , including a needle, razor, tweezers, and (possibly) a blade for cutting out. The ivory wand bears designs of the usual character. The black incised jug will be referred to later in the section dealing with the Pottery types; it was associated in this deposit with examples of the forms

The two objects 143, 225, are implements whose use is not quite evident, the cutting edge of their blade being outwards: they are possibly for the toilet, as combined hair-curlers and trimmers ; though it has been suggested that they may be models of an obstetric instrument. The former belongs to the group on PL. X V I I I , and with the latter are the two razors pictured below it. The group of four objects from tomb 10 is associated with a characteristic deposit of the early X V I I I t h dynasty figured on PL. X V I I . The group dated to the time of Hatshepsut is from tomb 155, of which some remains appear on PL. X X L The pottery of tomb 268, of the time of Thothmes III, is shown on PLS- X V I I I and X X ; while the burial and tomb group numbered 294 appear on PL. X V I I I also. The razor, 255, reappears in the photograph of the next plate.

pictured on the left of the group 176 on PL. X X V I I I . A m o n g the alabaster vessels are two ordinary kohl vessels ; and a shallow dish of a type very similar to those found in prehistoric sites. The tomb adjoins a pit-tomb of the X I Ith dynasty, a fact which may help to account for the presence of the object last mentioned; yet the same form recurs in a dated group of the same, period from tomb E. 178 on PL. X I X ; and the possibility is therefore suggested that the form after a lapse of many centuries was reintroduced, or even copied from the prehistoric type. The tomb itself is of elaborate construction, and is described on PL. X X X V . A scarab of Amenhetep II (shown in the E. 255. p j c t u r e j w a s found with this group. The beads are of blue glaze, some small, with larger discs of a well-known type. The bronzes, for which see also PL. X V I , are two razors ; and a small object like a scissor with sharp edge outwards, whilst at the other end is a close-fitting pliers, the use of which has been already mentioned. There is a tall vessel of alabaster with flat projecting bottom and ridged-out rim ; and a globular object of pottery, hollow, enclosing small hard substances which rattle within, the handle of which had apparently been a ring, possibly surmounted by the gazelle-head of the same material and decoration which adjoins it in the photo-

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. g r a p h : b o t h are d a p p l e d w i t h w h i t e s p o t s on the d u l l p o t surface. T h e piece of p o t t e r y h e r e f i g u r e d f o r m s one of a d i s t i n c t i v e g r o u p , selected a s a t y p e for illustration, for w h i c h s e e P L . X X V I I I . T h i s b r o n z e o b j e c t w a s p o s s i b l y an i m p l e ' 3 2 ° " inent for the toilet, c o n s i s t i n g of tweezers and t r i m m e r s : it is o r n a m e n t e d with the m o d e l of a r u n n i n g gazelle. I t w a s f o u n d with the d a g g e r beari n g the s a m e n u m b e r figured on P L . X V I , with w h i c h it is p r o b a b l y c o n t e m p o r a r y . A l l o w i n g a l s o f o r the s l i g h t d i f f e r e n c e in the c u r v e of the d a g g e r - b l a d e f r o m those s h o w n with it, t h e s e t w o m a y w e l l b e l o n g to the e a r l y X V I I i t h d y n a s t y . E. 220

^ illustrates a t y p e of p o t t e r y w h i c h will b e l a t e r d i s c u s s e d m o r e f u l l y . I t is of d u l l r e d w a r e , p o l i s h e d , w i t h d e s i g n of i n t e r l a c i n g lines u p o n it in b l a c k , w h i c h do not a p p e a r d i s t i n c t l y in the p h o t o g r a p h . I t s p a t t e r n is e s s e n t i a l l y sets o f t h r e e lines v e r t i c a l ( n e c e s s a r i l y c o n v e r g i n g a t the top), e n c l o s i n g s p a c c s in w h i c h d i a g o n a l p a i r s o f t h r e e lines i n t e r s e c t ; around the n e c k a r e five rings. I t is a t y p e of decoration c o m m o n l y f o u n d In other countries of the e a s t e r n M e d i t e r r a n e a n ; c o m p a r e , for e x a m p l e , N o . 3 3 6 of the C y p r u s M u s e u m C a t a l o g u e of the B r o n z e A g e . T h e a n a l o g i e s thus a f f o r d e d a r e f u r t h e r c o n s i d e r e d in S e c t i o n D o f the p r e s e n t chapter. ^

is a w o o d e n d o l l - f i g u r e s h o w i n g the c o l l a r and h e a d - d r e s s of the time. T h e s i n g l e lock of h a i r is v e r y unusual for a girl. B e l o w , also, f r o m t o m b s 5 and 3 1 2 , are p i e c e s of dolls of t h e X l l t h a n d X V I I i t h d y n a s t y types respectively, the former being of stone and the latter of p o t t e r y .

PLATE XVIII, XXVIII.

with

references

to

XX,

XXI,

The l e f t - h a n d p h o t o g r a p h b e a r i n g this ' 2 9 4 ' number shows a burial-deposit of alabaster vessels, b r o n z e s , s c a r a b s , p l a s t e r - f a c e , a n d p o t t e r y ; a r r a n g e d s o m e w h a t a s t h e y w e r e f o u n d , t h e s e will b e f u r t h e r d i s c u s s e d in C h a p t e r I I I . T h e right-hand p h o t o g r a p h is a selection o f t h e p o t t e r y t y p e s a n d miscellaneous objects from the same tomb ; three s m a l l o b j e c t s on t h e t o p r o w a r e c h i e f l y of i n t e r e s t ; o n the l e f t is a c u p of p o t t e r y c o p i e d f r o m a v e s s e l of

53

s e w n l e a t h e r ; a d j o i n i n g it is a g l a z e d b a l l with its a l t e r n a t e s e g m e n t s b l u e a n d w h i t e ; a n d at the end of the row is a c y l i n d r i c a l k o h l - v e s s e l of w o o d , t h e lid of w h i c h is of i v o r y , m o v i n g on a s w i v e l , and fixed in position b y the k o h l stick itself w h i c h fits into a notch a n d g r o o v e in t h e s i d e o p p o s i t e the pin. T h e d a t i n g of this g r o u p of five s m a l l a l a b a s t e r v e s s e l s is uncertain ; if t h e y w e r e c o n t e m p o r a r y with t h e other o b j e c t s f o u n d in the same tomb they would belong to the Middle K i n g d o m -—a d a t e A v h i c h w o u l d a s s i g n to the c e n t r a l t y p e an earlier b e g i n n i n g t h a n u s u a l for a n a l o g o u s forrrs. T h e g r o u p is p o s s i b l y m i x e d . A l a b a s t e r j a r , with d r i l l e d projection a t t h e ' t o p f o r fitting a s w i v e l lid. T h i s i d e a is not u n c o m m o n ; c o m p a r e , f o r instance, the s m a l l e r t y p e in g r o u p 1 5 5 on P L . X X I . I21

W i t h this t o m b g r o u p of s m a l l o b j e c t s a r e ' f o u r p i e c e s of p o t t e r y s h o w n on P L . X X . T h e b e a d s a r e the s m a l l b a l l a n d g l a z e d disc b e a d s of the e a r l y X V I I i t h d y n a s t y . O n the l e f t t o p is an u n g l a z e d pot w i t h t h r e e e l e m e n t a r y h a n d l e s ; o n the r i g h t an a l a b a s t e r k o h l pot. T h e b r o n z e object h a s a l r e a d y b e e n r e f e r r e d t o a s s u g g e s t i n g a toilet i m p l e m e n t , a supposition s o m e w h a t s u p p o r t e d b y their f r e q u e n t a p p e a r a n c e in o r d i n a r y t o m b deposits. T w o s m a l l kohl pots, t h e one to t h e l e f t of the bronze, a n d t h e other b e l o w its h a n d l e , a r e of b l u e m a r b l e ; the l a t t e r s t a n d s o n a t i n y f o u r - l e g g e d p e d e s t a l , a n d is of d e l i c a t e finish. T h e u s e of this s t o n e h a d a l r e a d y b e c o m e u n c o m m o n — i n d e e d this is one of t h e e x c e p t i o n a l instances of its use in t h e X V I I i t h dynasty. T h e s m a l l n e s s a n d c h a r a c t e r of the o b j e c t s illustrate the c o m p a r a t i v e r a r i t y of the stone at this period. U n l i k e s o m e c a s e s of s u r v i v a l of this s t o n e t h e y s h o w little s i g n of w e a r , t h e i r e d g e s s e e m i n g to I n t h e l e f t b o t t o m corner b e fresh and n e w l y cut. a r e t w o s p e c i m e n s — t h e one b r o k e n — o f a pot q u i t e u n l i k e a n y t h i n g else f r o m the site in f o r m a n d decoration, i n d e e d p o s s i b l y unique. T h e section is well s h o w n in the l o w e r o n e ; and a f a i r s u g g e s t i o n o f the c o l i a r s u p p l i e d b y the u p p e r . T h e w a r e itself is d r a b colour ; a r o u n d the neck a r e t w o rings of b l a c k ; b e l o w t h e m , a r o u n d the shoulder of the vessel, is a r i n g of red, a b o v e a n o t h e r of b l a c k with p e n d a n t s of the s a m e ; at the b o t t o m a g a i n is a ring of red. T h e colours t h e m s e l v e s a r e f r e q u e n t in the t i m e of T h o t h m e s I I I ; b u t t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n to this m o d e of

14

EL ARABAH.

decoration and form of vessel is strange. T h e s m a l l ivory b o x is s i m p l y d e c o r a t e d w i t h an incised line. T o its right is a large a l a b a s t e r k o h l vessel (in h a l f ) ; and at the right hand a g o o d s p e c i m e n of a d e v e l o p m e n t from the d a r k p o t t e r y j u g fashioned to r e s e m b l e its predecessor of s e w n hide. T h e p o t t e r y w a r e of PL. X X fits well to this period, but their t y p e s will be discussed later, under PL. X X V I I I , S e c t i o n D. T h i s g r o u p consists c h i e f l y of p o t t e r y t y p e s of the t i m e of T h o t h m e s I I I , c o n t i n u e d on PL. X X ; these will be further discussed in S e c t i o n D. A c c o m p a n y i n g the p o t t e r y are three small vessels of alabaster of s o m e w h a t unusual forms, a k o h l vessel o f limestone with incised line decoration, inlaid y e l l o w , and a c y l i n d r i c a l kohl vessel of wood. F r o m the same t o m b c a m e also the five bronze o b j e c t s figured on PL. X V I , consisting of a large needle, a cutter, knife, t w e e z e r s and small scissor-like i m p l e m e n t o f undefined use. T h i s last m a y be s o m e variation of t h e f o r m s 143 and 225, or it m a y be a toilet t r i m m e r merely.

PLATE X I X . T h i s plate is w h o l l y d e v o t e d to the illustration ' of o b j e c t s from a single p i t - t o m b No. 178, w h i c h had, as usual, t w o chambers, one to t h e north, the other to the south. I n the latter a s t o n e sarcop h a g u s h a d escaped the attention of the e a r l y plunderers, w h o h a d o t h e r w i s e disturbed the t o m b ; it w a s s u n k into the floor o f the c h a m b e r c o v e r e d with an u n b r o k e n lid, and so preserved a threefold burial within. T h e p h o t o g r a p h on t h e left at t h e top s h o w s the deposits found with these burials, w h i c h w e r e a r r a n g e d in t w o g r o u p s as represented b y the d i a g r a m on the f o l l o w i n g plate. In the s a m e c h a m b e r were the o b j e c t s contained in this p h o t o g r a p h on the right, i n c l u d i n g a s c a r a b of A m e n h e t e p II, w h i c h a p p r o x i m a t e l y dates the whole. A m o n g the p e n d a n t s is one of d a r k g r e e n glass, with a bead a t t a c h m e n t . T h e dish is blue-glazed, with familiar lotus decoration inside ; and there is a kohl vessel of serpentine. The pottery is w h o l l y characteristic of the period ; other pieces w e r e found b o t h in this c h a m b e r and in that opposite, of the t y p e s illustrated b y the g r o u p s 259 and 255 on P L . X X V I I I . T h e lower p h o t o g r a p h s illustrate s o m e of the less familiar f o r m s r e c o v e r e d from the northern c h a m b e r . T h e r e is a dish of w o o d , an a l a b a s t e r vessel after

the prehistoric m o d e l (analogous to t h e o n e shown o n t h e p r e c e d i n g plate), t w o vessels of serpentine, o n e w i t h a w o o d e n cap, a d o u b l e c y l i n d e r k o h l v e s s e l o f w o o d and t h e lid of a n o t h e r w h i c h h a d three c y l i n d e r s . T h e b e a d s and scarab, again, are k n o w n at this d a t e . T h e r e remain three o b j e c t s of e x c e p tional interest and character. T h e first is the v e s s e l s h a p e d like a frog, w i t h n e c k and m o u t h rising from b e h i n d t h e h e a d ; it is of dull b r o w n p o t t e r y w a r e , white-spotted. B e l o w it is a small p i e c e of terracotta, h o l l o w , decorated with a single b l a c k line, s l i g h t l y raised, r u n n i n g c e n t r a l l y and s y m m e t r i c a l l y around. A d j o i n i n g is a p h o t o g r a p h of a t e r r a c o t t a bottle, s h a p e d as a figure, from w h i c h the s p o u t of t h e bottle and the shoulders of the figure are missing. The f e a t u r e s are peculiar, the nose almost negroid. In the right hand is a j u g of t h e t y p e figured o n PL. X X I X , o n the left of t h e g r o u p n u m b e r e d 299. H e l d b y the fingers of the left h a n d are t w o j u g s of the k i n d pictured in t h e b u r i a l - g r o u p above, t h e third or inner of the b o t t o m row 011 the l e f t ; while in t h e h a n d itseif is a dish not w e l l defined, T h e j u g s are characteristic of t h e foreign t y p e s of t h e X V I I I t h d y n a s t y , and w o u l d a l o n e be sufficient to d a t e t h e figure. B u t the w h o l e d e p o s i t is w e l l m a r k e d , is free f r o m c o n t r a d i c t o r y forms, and contains m a n y k n o w n t y p e s characteristic of t h e period ; so that there is n o reason t o d o u b t t h a t these three o b j e c t s b e c o m e d a t e d b y their association to the t i m e of A m e n h e t e p I I in the X V I I I t h d y n a s t y . B y this result a large class of o b j e c t s b e c o m e s dated. In the L o u v r e a t Paris, b e a r i n g the references 1614, No. 8062, a m o n g s t the latest acquisitions is a figure w h i c h affords an interesting c o m p a r i s o n w i t h this one. It is slender, but it holds in either hand j u g s of similar forms. F r o m the a d j o i n i n g site e x c a v a t e d b y Mr. M a c e c o m e t w o little figures of similar m o t i v e ; w h i l e t h a t n u m b e r e d 5 1 1 4 in t h e British M u s e u m is also s o m e w h a t analogous. A vase in the form of a h e d g e h o g , also, v i e w e d from the front, bears the curves and decoration a n d g e n e r a l character of t h e smaller vessel described second a b o v e . T h i s again is a n a l o g o u s to the v a s e n u m b e r e d C 407 in the British M u s e u m . T h e j u g in the u p p e r p h o t o g r a p h , with fa.ee: in the spout, has also several analogies, n o t a b l y n u m b e r 29937, also in the British Museum. T h e burial itself, b e i n g undisturbed, will b e further d e s c r i b e d in C h a p t e r I I I . T h e whole g r o u p reveals the presence of several f o r e i g n influences, in w h i c h the S y r i a n and the G r e e k m a y possibly be distinguished.

DESCRIPTION PLATE

OF

PLATES.

XX.

15

T h i s small g r o u p also contains an * 233.

T h e s e d i a g r a m s are s u p p l e m e n t a r y t o PLS. X V I I I and X I X .

T h e b u r i a l s , 294, 1.78, w i l l a l s o b e f u r t h e r

d e s c r i b e d in t h e t h i r d c h a p t e r e n s u i n g .

fype

shown

Q

f

pottery

with

ring

body,

in t h e p h o t o g r a p h a b o v e , a s s o c i a t e d w i t h

heart scarabs of a later date. glaze

example

without decoration.

of the glazed

ball

The

The

dish

is o f

alternate

as two

blue

segments

b e a d a r e in t h i s c a s e b l a c k

and

g r e e n , c o n t r a s t i n g w i t h t h a t o n P L . X V I I I , N o . 194. PLATE

XXI.

The

T h e first p h o t o g r a p h o n t h i s p l a t e r e p r e s e n t s a group XVIIIth

of s o m e interest, a p p a r e n t l y of

dynasty,

though

from

a

disturbed

T h e r e are t w o familiar kohl-vessels serpentine, and blue marble.

the

tomb.

of alabaster

and

a third, m u c h w o r n a n d b r o k e n ,

E

276'

limestone,

with

motive to that

Lower down supporting

figured

very

T h e other vessels are kohl pots

of alabaster and limestone, much worn. From . 236.

similar

in

w i t h g r o u p 10 on P L . X V I I ;

this Qf

v a s e s

Meht-n-usekht religious figure,

tomb

came

type here in

black,

formula.

is

slender

bearing

with

There

with head-dress

two

figured,

four

also

a

name

columns

of

glazed

and collar, o f s o m e interest ;

and a scarab

the analogy.

is, h o w e v e r , p r o b a b l y n o t c o n t e m p o r a r y .

B e l o w t h e s e a g a i n is a p e r f e c t e x a m p l e

glazed

the

small

n e a r it is a s m a l l p i a s t e r f a c e , w h i c h h e l p s t o b e a r o u t of the early form of a heart scarab.

may

of

is a s m a l l v e s s e l

ape,

interest o f this group, which

d e c o r a t i o n o f t h e g l a z e d d i s h , in w h i c h fish a r e r e p r e -

I n t h e u p p e r r o w a l s o is a w o o d e n b o x

for h o l d i n g the stick.

chief

b e l o n g t o t h e X X t h or X X I s t d y n a s t y , is t h e

s e n t e d in b l a c k line.

of four cylinders for containing kohl, with an eye-ring of

'

bearing the

name Amenhetep,

which

I t is p r o p e r l y s o

c a l l e d : in c o n t o u r it r e s e m b l e s t h e h i e r o g l y p h i c s i g n ab o f t h e h e a r t ; its i n s c r i p t i o n is f r o m t h e c h a p t e r o n the Heart back

is a

Apu-sher. vessel

of

dynasty.

P L A T E X X I I , with references to

finely-cut Next

beetle.

t o it

delicate

is

It

bears

the base

shape,

known

T h e pottery, too,

the

name

an

alabaster

the

XVIIIth

of in

is c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

of

of

the

t i m e , t h o u g h it is o f f o r e i g n i n f l u e n c e a n d u n c e r t a i n origin.

T h i s t o m b a n d t h o s e a d j o i n i n g it w e r e m u c h '

disturbed,

42,

At

the

l55'

group

top of PL. of

the

X X I , on the r i g h t

XVIIIth

dynasty,

is a

containing

plunderers

had

made

is

rendered

PL.

belong

with

XVI,

vulture

difficult.

may

them

Possibly to the

was

and

some

a

specimen

is

the

the

XXth bronze

objects Sa

non-characteristic of d e l i c a t e

amulet beads.

work

in

carved with a

the

t h r e a d i n g h o l e s u g g e s t i n g its u s e a s a p e c t o r a l .

of

Amenhetep

limestone, and scales

111

hollow

particular

and

Hatshepsut.

finely-worked in

The

m o d e l o f a fish, in

the usual

are delicately

tray form ; the cut.

There

are

on The

t h e u n d e r s i d e it is p r o v i d e d

limestone: on

names

here

dynasty, or just

several familiar forms, with a g r o u p of scarabs bearing s p e c i a l o b j e c t is t h e

con-

chambers,

so that t h e separation of the g r o u p s a n d their dating pictured

^

and

necting holes b e t w e e n their u n d e r g r o u n d

later ; "

XVI-XXI.

from the B o o k of the D e a d ; and on the

The

d u m m y vases o f S e - A s t are c o v e r e d with a c a c i a gurn, w h i c h h a s d a r k e n e d b y a g e , t h r o u g h w h i c h t h e blackletters show but faintly.

also t w o vessels of a l a b a s t e r , t h e o n e tali w i t h s o c k e t f o r t h e p i n of a s w i v e l lid, t h e o t h e r a k o h l v e s s e l ; a bone handle, limestone

and

kohl

a triple-cylinder

pot,

from

a w a y , is s o m e w h a t a k i n t o t h a t from tomb

kohl tube.

which the figured

2 6 6 ; b u t its i n c i s i o n s a r e

and the b o d y

of the vessel black.

The E - 148>

beadwork

pattern

probably

belongs

to

the X X I V t h or X X V t h d y n a s t y ; the rosette

design

on PL.

XXIX

b l u e a n d y e l l o w d o not s h o w well in the p h o t o g r a p h .

made

yellow

is

T h e whole group

o f s i x b r o n z e o b j e c t s a p p e a r s also on P L . X V I . piece of pottery

The broken

rim

is p a r t o f a d o u b l e p o t w i t h

The black

line decoration ; t h e g r o u p included also m a n y pots of the characteristic forms of the X V I I I t h

dynasty.

E

2

6

is p o s s i b l y n e w ; t h e o t h e r

combinations

T h i s table of offerings, which was carved

of

on

t h e c e n t r e o f a l a r g e s l a b of l i m e s t o n e , w a s c u t o u t for the p u r p o s e o f transportation.

It c a m e

f r o m a t o m b in w h i c h w e r e u s h a b t i

of

n-khensu, Divine F a t h e r of A m e n .

figures

Bak-

i6

EL ARABAH.

T h e limestone stele of R e n - s e n b is c a r v e d * I 9 3 ' with a m o u l d e d base in the form of a plinth. T h e inscriptions are incised, w i t h t h e figures outlined and tinted flesh-colour w h e n n e c e s s a r y . I t is a g o o d e x a m p l e of the local w o r k of t h e a g e of T h o t h m e s I, w h o s e c a r t o u c h e a p p e a r s upon it.

T h i s stele of N u b well illustrates t h e r e n e w e d * 3 3 °" a t t e m p t a t t h e clean c h i s e l l i n g o f h i e r o g l y p h s w h i c h characterises the X X V I t h d y n a s t y . T h e g r o u p i n g of the letters is, h o w e v e r , b y n o m e a n s t h e s a m e in effect as t h e better w o r k of earlier d y n a s t i e s , w h i l e t h e spelling a n d the f o r m s of m a n y of the letters are t y p i c a l of their o w n age,

P L A T E X X I I I , w i t h inscriptions on PL. X X V . T h e t w o u p p e r p h o t o g r a p h s represent f e a t u r e s ' 3 ° r ' of the t o m b bearing this number. O n t h e left is an a r c h e d e n t r a n c e l e a d i n g to t h e s o u t h e r n chamber, m a r k e d d on t h e plan on PL. X X X I V ; and in front the u p p e r steps of a short flight l e a d i n g d o w n to t h e northern room. T h e u p p e r part of t h e a d j o i n i n g picture s h o w s t w o r o u g h pieces of limestone that h a d been used for t h e practice of i n e x p e r t h a n d s in the d r a w i n g , g r o u p i n g , and p r o b a b l y the c a r v i n g , of the hieroglyphs. T h e m e t h o d of p r o c e d u r e w a s to d i v i d e the surface u p into a p p r o x i m a t e squares, and t o w o r k w i t h these as guides. O n the right side is an outline in part of a h u m a n f i g u r e ; on the left are h i e r o g l y p h s ; but the lines b e i n g red d o n o t a p p e a r w e l l in t h e p h o t o g r a p h upon the y e l l o w stone. In o n e p l a c e t h e r e are obvious, on t h e original, t h e a t t e m p t s of a pupil t o d e l i n e a t e a f a c e outlined as c o p y b y the firm hand o f his master. T h e well-built c h a m b e r in w h i c h t h e y w e r e found, on the south, h a d e v i d e n t l y been m a d e to serve a t s o m e t i m e s u b s e q u e n t to the X X I I n d d y n a s t y as a studio. T h e a l a b a s t e r c a n o p i c jars, one of w h i c h is of unusual form, w e r e found in the southern c h a m b e r : the inscriptions, bearing the n a m e of ( Z e d ) A n h u r - a u f a n k h , Priest of A m e n , are g i v e n at l e n g t h on PL. X X V . F r o m the w e l l of this pit c a m e the large s a n d E. 299. s t o n e h e a ( j s h o w n in the p h o t o g r a p h ; b u t a s pieces o f the s a m e statue were f o u n d scattered a b o u t t h r o u g h a considerable area, it s e e m s u n l i k e l y t h a t t h e figure w a s part of t h e d e p o s i t of this tomb. From the s a m e t o m b c a m e the g r o u p of five pieces of pott e r y figured on PL. X X I X . T h e r e was, again, no receptacle, such as o c c a s i o n a l l y is found in t h e end w a l l s o f a pit, for h o l d i n g such a statue. F r o m this t o m b c a m e the curious u n p o l i s h e d * 9 1 ' p o t t e r y heads, and t h e d o u b l e p o t h e r e pictured, all of a b o u t the X X V t h d y n a s t y . The h e a d s h a d p r o b a b l y served as lids to s o m e f o r m of canopic jars, but t h e y d o not fit the d o u b l e pot b e l o w them. E'

P L A T E X X I V , w i t h inscriptions on PL. X X V . T h e s e t w o steles are p r o b a b l y of t h e X X V t h ' XI* d y n a s t y , or thereabouts. T h a t on t h e left, w h i c h is o f simple character, bears the n a m e A u f d e t ; while the. other, w h i c h is painted o n l y , is w i t h out names. F r o m the s a m e t o m b c a m e t h e set o f l i m e s t o n e c a n o p i c jars, o n e o f w h i c h bears a short cursive inscription s h o w n on the n e x t plate. The t o m b had been disturbed, all t h e o b j e c t s b e i n g t h r o w n t o g e t h e r at t h e b o t t o m of the well, and w i t h them w a s the stele of S e b e k - k h u on P L . I V (of the X l l t h dynasty). T h e silver strip s h o w n o n t h e n e x t plate, inscribed w i t h t h e n a m e of N a - m e n k h e t - A m e n , also a c c o m p a n i e d the g r o u p .

E. H 42.

T h e a l a b a s t e r h e a d s from this t o m b are lids c of canopic jars.

T h i s set of c a n o p i c jars, of limestone, is p r o ' I I 2 , b a b l y of t h e X X V I t h d y n a s t y . T h e inscript i o n s painted on t h e m are t r a n s c r i b e d on t h e f o l l o w i n g plate.

PLATE

XXV.

T h i s plate is m a i n l y s u p p l e m e n t a r y t o PLS. X V I I I a n d X X V , on w h i c h the o b j e c t s are p i c t u r e d f r o m w h i c h these inscriptions are transcribed. O f the scarabs, t h o s e f r o m t o m b s 343 and 260 are s u p p l e m e n t a r y to those s h o w n b y p h o t o g r a p h s on PI,. X , b e i n g of t h e X l l t h and X l l l t h d y n a s t y , t h e l a t t e r b e a r i n g the n a m e of A m e n e m h a t I I I , and the three in the f o r m e r g r o u p d e n o t i n g the characteristic scroll w o r k of the period. T h e t w o scarabs E . 1 are curious, and, from their association, of t h e M i d d l e K i n g d o m , b u t t h e n a m e w h i c h s e e m s t o be c a r v e d o n t h e left is not intelligible. O t h e r r o y a l names, a m o n g the later scarabs, are of A m e n h e t e p I (271), T h o t h m e s I I I (259), and the prince T u - r y (270). T h e r e m a i n i n g g r o u p of e i g h t scarabs f r o m t o m b 258 is p r o b a b l y w o r k of the X X I I n d d y n a s t y .

DESCRIPTION

PLATE X X V I . These fragments of a painted wood coffin, of about the X l l t h dynasty, are of peculiar interest and beauty. On the largest piece is a mirror of electrum, coloured white, with a handle, apparently of wood, of characteristic shape. N e x t are necklets of " her-set," which is carnelian. Then follow a series of collars with representations of the " mankhet" between them. The first is of electrum, shown white as before, with a " mankhet " of the same. The material of which the

(d)

DATED

GROUPS

AND

PLATES

XXVII-XXIX.

TYPES

OF

POTTERY.

[With illustrations from Plates X V I I - X X I . ]

T h e pottery represented on the three plates numbered X X V I I - X X I X has been selected for illustration mainly for one reason, the approximate accuracy with which it might be dated. With the exception of a few special types, as the X l l t h dynasty dishes with incised decoration, the pot-stand and new forms on PL. X X I X , these examples are familiar in their general character; and present interest centres chiefly in their grouping and associations. Archzeologically they may be divided into two classes, the one of which may be regarded as truly indigenous, represented b y the two main groups of PL. X X V I I , which illustrate the persistence of some forms, and the slow merging of others during the period between the X l l t h and X V I I I t h dynasties ; the other class is characterised by the addition of handles and of line decoration, the sudden result of the development of commerce in the X V J I I t h dynasty, whether by actual importation or the local imitation of patterns introduced from abroad. A subdivision might be added : it would comprise those obvious cases in which the foreign methods of decoration became applied to the local surviving forms and ware. Pottery of the first of these classes was excavated in great quantity. It lends itself readily to the principles of inductive dating enunciated in the first chapter; and by the gradual process of elimination

OF

ï7

PLATES.

collars are composed is not certain: possibly they might be of threaded beads, but some kind of inlay work is more probable. In the fragment numbered (3) are represented the upper parts of two vessels ; from their form they are probably of metal, and—from their colour—of gold. It is interesting to compare these representations with those of Steindorff (Das Grab des Mentuhetep, &c., I). T h e detail and colouring of the Mankhet (Tafel I I I ) and of the series of collars (Tafel V ) are essentially different, though the forms are the same.

almost every separate type of the two groups numbered 102 and 1 5 6 (on PL. X X V I I ) might have been established with even narrower date than has been finally assigned to them. But the fact that so manytypes are embodied in these two groups, while it confirms the date in general, is in itself opposed to any attempt to assign a definite limit to the use of these forms. This continuity of form, on the other hand, this persistence and even survival in general of the X l l t h dynasty type throughout the whole of this period, is the more significant when the state of the country is taken into consideration. It would seem to argue for one if not both of two possibilities : either for a short intermediate period, a suggestion which is not without independent confirmation—or at least that the influence of foreign invasion did not put an end to the local industries. With the second class, of which representative dated groups are shown on PLS. X X V I I I and X X I X , there should be included the general types pictured with their tomb deposits in PLS. X V I I to X X I also. The ready term Phoenician has been commonly employed to designate this class, the many varieties of which have been indicated by the facile compounds, Gra:co-Phcenician, Phcenicio-Syrian, and the like. Yet such terms are unsatisfactory and often misleading. In the present paucity of comparative evidence on this subject, and the differences of specialist opinions as to fundamental dates, it is in the majority of cases impossible to trace these influences definitely to their homes ; in many instances little more may be realised than the presence of a D

i8 c o m m o n influence o f uncertain origin c o n t e m p o r a n e o u s l y in different countries.

EL ARABAH. prevailing

P L A T E X X V I I , w i t h PL. X I I . T h e s e plates contain illustrations of a t y p e of dish not u n c o m m o n in the X l l t h d y n a s t y . It is flat, oval, and shallow, and is decorated w i t h a natural p a l m b r a n c h pattern scratched on the inside. T h e left-hand p h o t o g r a p h at the top of PL. X I I shows a g o o d e x a m p l e of this design, a n d that numbered 269 on PL. X X V I I is e q u a l l y interesting, as s h o w i n g the loss with use of the original motive of the decoration. The dish from t o m b 235 (PL. X I I ) , again, reproduces c l o s e l y the features characteristic of t h e t y p e shown on PL. X X V I I (from t o m b numbered 31 o), of w h i c h it is a d e g r a d a t i o n characteristic of a s l i g h t l y later period. T h e decoration of the j u g 1 1 0 is e q u a l l y natural a n d economic, b e i n g given to t h e vessel while still u n b a k e d b y scratches more or less s y m m e t r i c a l m a d e w i t h a twig. ( S e e also Kahun, PL. X I I I . ) L o w e r d o w n on P L . X X V I I are three pots t h a t call for s o m e special notice ; t h e y are figured in the u p p e r left-hand corner of the g r o u p from t o m b 156. T h e white s p o t t e d dish m a y be regarded as an early form of a pattern w h i c h later d e v e l o p e d s t r o n g l y , and b e c a m e a t y p e of local ornamentation. T h e small vessel (with b r o k e n neck) of black w a r e is also o f interest. It is without decoration, and a p p a r e n t l y h a d n o handle. T h e material is that of a class of p o t t e r y familiar in prehistoric E g y p t , which b e c a m e again prominent in the period that followed t h e X l l t h d y n a s t y , while the i n t e r v e n i n g d y n a s t i e s are n o t unrepresented. B u t t h e e x a m p l e s of this w a r e occur a l m o s t i n v a r i a b l y with an incised decoration, for t h e most part pricked-in m e r e l y — a t y p e w h i c h will b e mentioned in connection with PL. X V I I , G r o u p 10. T h e present specimen, however, is w i t h o u t ornament, and it preserves a form of pot c o m m o n in s l i g h t l y earlier times. T h e r e m a i n i n g pot of these three is important. Its association with this g r o u p supplies its a p p r o x i m a t e date ; it m i g h t otherwise h a v e been assigned more definitely to the X V I Ith dynasty. Its form m a y be r e g a r d e d as characteristic a l l y E g y p t i a n , the d e v e l o p m e n t of a plain t y p e of the X l l t h d y n a s t y ; but the origin of its decoration is not so evident. T h e r e is some reason to believe that this is a case of local p o t t e r y o r n a m e n t e d with foreign design, of w h i c h class it is one of the earliest e x a m p l e s to appear. T h e character of this influence

will be further discussed w h e n the later t y p e s o f such decoration on t h e e n s u i n g plates h a v e been e x a m i n e d . T h e pottery s t a n d s at t h e foot of this p l a t e b e l o n g t o t h e X I I Ith and X l V t h dynasties. PLATES X X V I I I , X X I X , w i t h PLS. X V I I - X X I . W i t h t h e a d v e n t of the X V I I I t h d y n a s t y a g r e a t c h a n g e c o m e s over t h e p r e v a i l i n g c h a r a c t e r o f t h e p o t t e r y found in E g y p t . O l d f o r m s still survive in p l e n t y , but t h e y attract little attention in the presence of those n e w l y introduced from the M e d i t e r r a n e a n coasts and islands. T h e a p p e a r a n c e of handles, o f decorations in line and later in colours, of a subtle polish and refinement t h a t h a d l o n g been w a n t i n g , presents a new vista beside w h i c h the utilitarian f o r m s of the p r e c e d i n g d y n a s t i e s appear cold and u n l o v e l y . T h o u g h in the prehistoric a g e p o t t e r y - m a k i n g w a s a h i g h l y cultivated art, y e t in the h i s t o r y o f d y n a s t i c E g y p t it b e c a m e s o m e w h a t n e g l e c t e d , and o n l y revived w h e n foreign t r a d e g a v e it stimulus b y i n t r o d u c i n g new models and ideas o f decoration. T h e types that illustrate this revival m a y be r e a d i l y s i n g l e d out: f r o m the groups with w h i c h t h e y are pictured.

PLATE X V I I . O n e m o d e of e m b e l l i s h i n g a certain c l a s s of p o t t e r y h a d a l r e a d y l o n g been k n o w n ; but it c a n n o t be claimed for E g y p t t h a t the t y p e w a s indigenous. I t is the " b l a c k incised " p o t t e r y , a rich b l a c k w a r e o r n a m e n t e d w i t h lines p r i c k e d in s o m e p a t t e r n on t h e surface, and often whitened. In the p r e - d y n a s t i c a g e s it w a s familiar in several f o r m s : it w a s still represented in the earlier d y n a s t i e s , a n d r e a p p e a r e d in the X l l t h a n d X l l l t h . In association w i t h t h e " p a n - g r a v e s " of the H y k s o s period it again b e c a m e plentiful. It w a s t h u s c o m m o n e s t in the periods most subject to outer influences, and a p p e a r s t o h a v e been introduced at different times from a b r o a d , from a c o u n t r y or countries w h e r e it w a s in c o n s t a n t o r consecutive use. B u t w h a t this c o u n t r y was, or in w h i c h direction it lay, is n o t apparent. E x a m p l e s of this p o t t e r y a p p e a r freely in n e a r l y e v e r y district that has received a r c h a e o l o g i c a l attention a r o u n d t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n sea-board. In C y p r u s and the G r e e k I s l a n d s it is c o m m o n ; it a p p e a r s in S y r i a , in A s i a Minor, and in I t a l y , and is not u n k n o w n in Spain. I t is representative of an earliest a g e of p o t t e r y in these countries ; y e t in t h a t w h i c h at different t i m e s supplied E g y p t w i t h its e x a m p l e s (if, indeed, their

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. similarity is any argument), the main characteristics of this ware seem to have been preserved through a long number of years. A good specimen of the ware, modelled to a contemporary form, and retaining the old design of incised pricked patterns whitened, is the jug figured with group E . 1 0 on P L . X V I I . It was found in a numerous deposit which included several jugs of the types (to be considered) pictured at the bottom of P L . X X V I I I , and that which appears below it in the group 255. These are equally of non-Egyptian origin. Its duplicate appears with exactly similar deposit, so far as these foreign forms are concerned, in a tomb of the Mycenaean age at Enkomi. T h e analogy might be extended: the common influence which supplied each of these countries with identical forms is well indicated by these examples. Other specimens from E g y p t have been illustrated by Professor Petrie in Neqada, PL. X X X ; Dendersh, X X I ; lUahun, I ; and Kakun, XXVII. T h e type of jug pictured on the same plate from tomb 255, of which a specimen occurs in the group last described, is also regarded as early in other countries, though it makes no dated appearance in E g y p t or Syria before the X V I I I t h dynasty. Both at Enkomi and in Cyprus, where it is common, it is assigned to the pre-Mycenaean age. It is a dark brown ware, thin and hard, with long neck and wide rim. A slender curving handle connects the body with the upper part of the neck, to which it appears to be bound by two raised bands running around. This feature is quite common, as m a y be seen from the specimens shown on the two following plates. Cases occur, too, in which these raised bands are prominent on other parts of the vessel, as, for example, on the body of that from tomb 1 4 3 pictured on PL. X V I I I . It has been supposed that this feature preserves the appearance of seams in earlier vessels made of leather or skin, in which the insertion of a reed neck, as Professor Petrie suggests, with the addition of a leather thong, would give to it the form and appcarance characteristic of this type. On the same .plate, No. X V I I , the jug from tomb 220 introduces an example of a mode of decoration of which there has already been some mention, consisting essentially of sets of black lines arranged generally with reticulated effect. In the present instance the design, which is in sets of three lines, consists of vertical and reticulated sets alternating, as was not uncommon ; it decorates a j u g the shape and lip of which are less usual, while the neck also is bound with pJain threads of the same black

19

lines encircling it. T h e design is similarly worked out on other pieces of the X V I I I t h dynasty pottery. E x a m p l e s occur on P L . X X I X , numbers 299 (the central piece) and 100 (on the right) ; while that of other specimens is intimately connected with it, notably the 2nd and 4th pieces of tomb 1 5 8 , on the top row of the same plate, and the 2nd and 3rd of the lower row from tomb 255 on P L . X X V I I I . T h e lower row of No. 268, P L . X V I I I , again, provides some interesting illustrations of the same motive. W h a t this motive was in the decoration is fairly apparent. It preserves the idea of a vessel bound with wicker, after the manner still common in Italy to-day, T h e originals of it cannot well have been E g y p t i a n ; there is nothing to show that such a custom ever prevailed in the country. T h e practice of carrying vessels in a netted rope certainly existed ; in the predynastic age it probably suggested a decoration familiar on cylindrical jars, while an actual specimen of the X V I I I t h dynasty still remains to show how long the use survived. But the method of decoration in question is illustrative of another and different custom. N o r are these specimens to illustrate any local development from a simpler form ; the earliest examples found in E g y p t are effective representatives of the type. The late date, too, of its appearance in E g y p t is against the supposition of local origin. It is common in the X V I I I t h dynasty, and not infrequent in the X V I I t h , so far as that m a y be distinguished. Could a definite sequence be established for this period it might be traced back even earlier ; but in the X l l t h dynasty it is unrepresented. Its origin also is uncertain ; but what evidence there is points to Cyprus as its home. A n almost exact prototype of the case first considered is found in that island, of the bronze age, numbered 3 3 6 in the Cyprus Museum Catalogue. Other examples are numerous both from this island and from Greece. T h e Mycenaean period yields some striking analogies, which may be traced back to more elementary forms in the preceding age. PLATE X X V I I I at the bottom contains examples (which have already been mentioned incidentally) of another class of pottery foreign to E g y p t , which became common in the X V I I I t h dynasty. Specimens occur also on PL. X V I I I , from the groups numbered 294 and 268. T h e ware is characterised in several marked ways. D 2

2O

EL

ARABAH.

In colour it is sandy-red, and its surface retains a smooth

polish.

Its

prevailing forms are t w o :

the

one a l o n g slender jug, of peculiar grace, with one

further east, and that it w a s introduced from S y r i a almost simultaneously t o E g y p t the Mediterranean.

and to the islands of

( S e e also Illahun,

Pl. XXVII.)

handle, the other a round b o d y of oval section, with a

T h i s result, so far as it leads, is independent, y e t

short neck between t w o small handles, in the well-

in seeming agreement with what Professor Petrie has

known fashion of a pilgrim bottle.

It has received

pointed out with regard to the natural h o m e of skin

the enigmatic name of Phoenician, and its introduction

vessels, namely the clayless regions of southern Syria.

has

been

specimens

ascribed equally

to

Phoenician

plentiful

in

traders.

Cyprus

The

have

been

E v e n the long j u g m a y well preserve the form of its prototype made from the leg-skin

of some

animal.

described as Graeco-Phoenician ; whilst in Greece it

But b y what process or stages a pottery w a s evolved

has

of

been

not

unusual to

look

explanation of its appearance.

to

E g y p t for some

T h e excavations

E n k o m i were particularly fruitful of this ware, impossible

to

trace

evidence.

It

seems

its

origin

probable

from that

the its

PLATE

PLATES

much

grace

a n d finish is not Any

easily

traced,

investigation

of

the kind is rendered difficult b y the lack of illustrated

collected

accounts of the commoner varieties of pottery found

home

was

in other countries.

vailed, b e i n g limited b y the X l l t h

AND

d y n a s t y on the types

one hand, and b y the lack of proto-dynastic

XXX-XXXVI.

on the other.

T o j u d g e from the a n a l o g y afforded

b y the mastabas of the M e d t i m period, this w o u l d

XXX.

seem to be possibly of the I V t h d y n a s t y also.

Mastaba E'

so

though it m i g h t be guessed.

It is

(e) A R C H I T E C T U R E O F TI-IE M A S T A B A S TOMBS.

at

E.

30.

The

burial chamber

has

walls of brick, plastered, and a vaulted roof.

upper picture attempts to show the burial b y imagining the

earth

removed

from

The

chamber

the

line

of

T h e path to it descends through the desert gravels at

view, and putting it in the same perspective as the

an angle of I in 2 ; the loose sand only at the surface

sketch of the superstructure.

is retained b y a low brick wall a l o n g the whole length. The

superstructure rises upon a platform of

immediately above the burial chamber. exterior

are

a

symmetrical

series

of

brick,

A r o u n d its recesses

offerings, or false doors ; b u t it is difficult to restore the interior, indeed it seems possible that little else existed anciently than

what

now remains.

In

threshold to the east is a large stone slab. were

no

inscribed

pieces

found, nor a n y

the

There dateable

objects : two long cylindrical beads, with spiral pattern in black and green, and some few fragments of wood were the sum of its remains.

T o date the structure

it is necessary, therefore, t o look for other indications. T h e pit tombs ranged alongside the head of its shaft, represented b y dotted lines in the plan, are of later date; turbed Xlllth

and t h e s e — o n e of which burial

E . 30, on

dynasty.

yielded

PL. I — a r e

of

the the

undisXllth-

in design and detail, that this can hardly have been side of t h e V l t h

M a s t a b a E . 172. E*

T h o u g h the same in prin-

ciple, the detail of this t o m b differs essentially

from that of the previous plate.

A c c e s s t o the burial

chamber is b y means of a shaft, bricked as

deeply

as n e c e s s a r y ; and the burial chamber also is bri c k e d to a certain height.

T h e superstructure is surrounded

b y a low wall, and has no central chamber. construction to the east, roughly put

A

together,

small was

e v i d e n t l y a later addition contemporary with certain other features not shown.

T h e e x a c t date of

this

mastaba also is uncertain, but for similar reasons as in the foregoing case was possibly about

the

IVth

dynasty.

T h e known plans of mastabas of

the V l t h d y n a s t y , again, present so m a n y differences coeval with them.

PLATE X X X I .

for

I t remains then to see on which d y n a s t y the

type

m a y have pre-

PLATE

XXXII.

T h i s plate g i v e s the surface plans of a few t y p e s of tombs provided with a walled enclosure, sometimes

DESCRIPTION s u r r o u n d i n g t h e s h a f t , b u t o f t e n a d j o i n i n g it.

In the

case

E.

on

E . 4 0 t h e e n c l o s u r e is o n t h e the

west, but

directly to

the

in

each

mouth

case

of

the

east, for

the entrance shaft.

A

45

leads

threshold

(built o f an earlier inscribed stone reused) connects

OF P L A T E S .

21

w a y , c, l e a d s d i r e c t l y i n t o t h e s i m i l a r t o m b a d j o i n i n g , a n d a n o t h e r l o w d o o r w a y , d, a p h o t o g r a p h o f

which

appears on PL. X X I I I , leads into the lower c h a m b e r e on t h e s o u t h side.

Above

e is a

similar

vaulted

c h a m b e r f , t o w h i c h a c c e s s is g a i n e d d i r e c t l y f r o m t h e

t h e t w o , w h i c h w e r e a p p a r e n t l y r e l a t e d in s o m e w a y .

s t a i r w a y a a b y t h e d o o r w a y g.

T h e f o u r t o m b s , E . 4 1 t o E . 44, a r e o b v i o u s l y o f l a t e

d, a flight o f s i x s t e p s , h h, l e a d s d o w n i n t h e b o t t o m

construction.

of the shaft t o a large chamber on the north

T h e t o m b s 2 5 1 , 250, a g a i n o p e n

within their enclosure:

from

in t h e c a s e o f 2 5 2 it is

not

F a c i n g the d o o r w a y

T h e adjoining shaft presents similar

q u i t e c l e a r w h a t w a s its e x a c t r e l a t i o n t o t h e b u i l d i n g

a p p e a r in t h e s k e t c h a t t h e t o p o f t h e p l a t e .

at hand, the ground h a v i n g been m u c h disturbed.

surface were

T h e three small m a s t a b a s at the foot of the plate

some

structure, above

northern chambers.

(Zed-)

O n the

mastaba-like

Anhur-auf-ankh;

super-

This but

was

the

for reception o f offerings, the K a statue, the inscribed

f o u n d in t h e t w o c h a m b e r s , e, /, s h o w e d t h e m t o h a v e

t o m b s t o n e , a n d all t h e funereal tributes.

been used as w o r k i n g - r o o m s b y a sculptor.

burial

of

the

of a

are of a different kind, being of the nature of chapels The

tomb

traces

side.

features, w h i c h

objects Such

a

c h a m b e r , a s i n t h e m a s t a b a s o f P L S . X X X , X X X I , is

m a n m i g h t h a v e b e e n e n g a g e d in c a r v i n g

in e a c h c a s e u n d e r t h e c h a p e l , w h e t h e r i t b e t o n o r t h

for the cemetery ; a n d the stones found were

or south of t h e shaft.

on w h i c h his assistants or pupils h a d been practising.

the

extreme

The

left occurs

simple

form

shown

very c o m m o n l y :

in

on

some

The

undressed

surfaces of

these

inscriptions those

were divided

into

cases the shaft leads to more than one chamber, but

s m a l l s q u a r e s (in r e d ) f o r a s s i s t a n c e in d r a w i n g ;

and

o n e o f t h e s e c h a m b e r s is a l w a y s b e l o w t h e m a s t a b a ,

in o n e or m o r e c a s e s t h e r e w e r e a p p a r e n t t h e

firm

t h e d o o r o f w h i c h is t o t h e e a s t .

outlines

Occasionally traces

m a y be found of a short p a t h w a y leading up on

the

drawn

b y the

skilled

hand

and

the

copies

m a d e b y the novice.

desert from the east, h a v i n g been p r e p a r e d b y s c r a p i n g

T h i s w a s t h e b e s t - b u i l t t o m b in t h i s r e g i o n .

a w a y the blown sand and setting a row of bricks on

w a s situated u p o n the outskirts of a small site almost

either hand.

w h o l l y given over to X V I I I t h

It

d y n a s t y tombs, l y i n g

b e t w e e n t h e m a n d the greater portion of the cemetery. PLATE

A few remains of an earlier date were found

XXXIII. T h e t o m b , G . 100, w h i c h is n o t in t h e

G. 100.

r e

gjon

same

others, w a s d u g for t h e special

a s

purpose of recovering the inscribed stone sarcophagus left behind feature

is

thrown

d o w n i n t o its e a s t e r l y p i t

by a previous excavator. the slope

by

which,

The

when

PLATE

XXXV.

unusual

cleared

T h e s e a r e f o u r t o m b s , r a n g i n g in d a t e a p p a r e n t l y

out,

entrance m a y be m u c h more readily effected than b y

from the X V I I I t h

the shaft.

( E . 39), n o t t y p i c a l o f a n y t i m e o r s t y l e , b u t e a c h o n e o f

B e i n g b l o c k e d f r o m t h e i n s i d e its

traces

dynasty

(E. 10) to the

were not obvious until the c h a m b e r h a d been reached

i n t e r e s t f r o m its p e c u l i a r f e a t u r e s .

b y means of the shaft and passages.

two

L i t t l e else w a s

f o u n d i n t h e c h a m b e r (see P L . X V I ) : s o m e figures

of

Min-mes, fittings,

the

XlXth

High

dynasty

Priest

of

bore

Anhur;

the

ushabti name

whilst

a n d scraps of jewelry, betokened

a

burials

of few of

tombs

chambers other.

built

at

the

are r e a c h e d f r o m

O f E.

11,

the

h a v e no

type.

c u r i o u s f e a t u r e is t h e

the

super-

apparent entrance, but were gained from

a

T h e s h a f t i t s e l f is

E. 273 represents a different

H e r e the burial c h a m b e r

a l s o is v a u l t e d , but:

is e n t e r e d b y a flight o f s t e p s f r o m a n e n c l o s u r e w h i c h

XXXIV. elaborate

vaulted,

one shaft, t w o from

position of the chambers, the t w o upper ones of which

in t h i s c a s e h a l f - v a u l t e d .

An

E . 1 0 is a p p a r e n t l y time ; three

p l u n d e r e r ' s hole t h r o u g h t h e roof.

some magnificence.

PLATE

same

XXVIth

and

. 301. x x i l n d d y n a s t y .

well-built

tomb

of

the

A s t a i r w a y , a a, l e a d s d o w n

preserves the character of the earlier m a s t a b a

wall.

E.

been

39

is

interesting;

its

portico

carried to some height and roofed

must

have

over,

unless

f r o m t h e d e s e r t t o t h e d o o r w a y b, w h e n c e i t is a s h o r t

b a s e s a r e m e a n i n g l e s s ; it is n o t c l e a r w h e t h e r

j u m p to the bottom of the shaft.

roof w o u l d cover the m o u t h of the shaft.

A n opposite door-

the such

22

EL

ARABAH.

PLATE X X X V I . T h e s e are t w o characteristic d o m e - t o m b s of the later dynasties, s o m e w h a t elaborate in design. The chief feature of E . 173 is the u n m i s t a k a b l e fact t h a t t h e d o m e w a s r e a l l y carried u p upon the inside at least. N o t only w a s the w h o l e foundation of it entire, b u t the vertical curve w a s a l r e a d y indicated in t h e sections shown, s u g g e s t i n g — s o far as m a y be inferred from so short an a r c — a circular d o m e of the s a m e radius as the horizontal section ; in other words, a hemisphere. A s for the outside, there is no sufficient evidence to s h o w w h e t h e r indeed it w a s p y r a m i d a l , a c c o r d i n g to the reconstruction effected b y Mariette, or w h e t h e r it w a s more nearly a d o m e of t h e kind w h i c h still covers the t o m b s of v i l l a g e S h e i k h s . It is noticeable t h a t the s u r f a c e - c h a m b e r h a d no direct c o m m u n i c a t i o n with t h e burial-chambers below it. A d a t e at the end of the d y n a s t i e s has been t e n t a t i v e l y a s s i g n e d to this t o m b as b e i n g m o s t consistent w i t h other observed cases of the t y p e . Y e t there is g o o d reason to b e l i e v e that the n a m e s of N e h e m e s - B a s t , and t h e c o m p o u n d of A n h u r - a u f - a n k h , that a p p e a r on inscriptions from within it, cannot well have been of a d a t e more than a generation later than the X X I V t h dynasty. E . 2 7 4 is a t o m b interesting from its original plan, y e t e q u a l l y so from the traces that remained of a further use to w h i c h it had been put in R o m a n times. In the upper enclosure remained a large j a r for storing grain, f r a g m e n t s of water-jugs, a n d smaller domestic articles of t h e time, whilst in a small recess were a b u n d a n t traces o f a fire. In the interior, partitions had been thrown up, w i n d o w s and d o o r s made, even seats and recesses p r o v i d e d . It m a y well have been the a b o d e of a b a n d of t o m b robbers.

N O T E ON THE ROOFING OF TOMBS.. S o m e a m o u n t of sand w a s found to h a v e accumulated u p o n the site d u r i n g t h e time t h a t h a s elapsed since it c e a s e d to be used as a b u r y i n g g r o u n d ; and as it had been in use for an e q u a l l y l o n g period before, it is r e a s o n a b l e to suppose t h a t the process b e g a n at the time w h e n the g r o u n d w a s first disturbed and so presented a r o u g h e r surface t o c a t c h the drifting sands. In p l a c e s w h e r e some ancient surfacefeature has survived, as for e x a m p l e a p a t h w a y , it is possible to form an e s t i m a t e of the a v e r a g e a c c u m u l a tion, w h i c h varies from one quarter to three quarters o f a metre. It w a s at this depth, in n e a r l y e v e r y case,

t h a t first indications of a t o m b w e r e found, w h i c h is precisely w h a t would occur had each g e n e r a t i o n t a k e n d o w n to the sand level the b u i l d i n g s of its predecessors for the s a k e of the bricks. It therefore b e c o m e s a m a t t e r of difficulty, and often impossible, to d e c i d e w h e t h e r b u i l d i n g s h a d been carried m u c h h i g h e r than the traces t h a t remained. T h e elabor a t e superstructures of the later t o m b s are not o p e n t o this doubt. T h e t w o pictured on PL. X X X V I were p l a i n l y covered b y roofs of brick, w h e t h e r d o m e d or o t h e r w i s e ; and t h a t n u m b e r e d E . 39 on P L . X X X V w a s p r e s u m a b l y a portico w h o s e roof w a s p a r t l y supported b y the columns. B u t for c a s e s l i k e those shown on PL. X X X I I there is less evidence. L a r g e enclosures similar to E . 40 a n d E. 251 w o u l d h a v e required a large a r e a of roofing, w h i c h w o u l d h a v e necessitated internal c o l u m n s also for its support, of w h i c h h o w e v e r there were found n o traces. T h e s m a l l e r c h a p e l s of the t y p e E . 20, E. 21, w o u l d h a v e been m o r e readily roofed ; y e t h e r e again is a difficulty. T h e use o f the arch w a s w e l l k n o w n t h r o u g h o u t all this period, a n d freely used t o c o v e r the burial c h a m b e r s w h e n near the s u r f a c e ; it is r e a s o n a b l e to s u p p o s e t h a t s o m e at least of these c h a p e l s would h a v e been roofed with brick had t h e y been d e s i g n e d for a roof at all. Y e t no remains were ever to be f o u n d to indicate that such h a d been the case, nor indeed that t h e w a l l s t h e m s e l v e s h a d e v e r stood higher than the t w o or three feet w h i c h w a s their m e a s u r e w h e n found. It is quite possible t h a t these chape's, w h e t h e r large or small, were m e r e l y enclosures in m a n y cases. A n o t h e r a r g u m e n t applies e m p h a t i c a l l y to t h e c a s e of pit-tombs. T h o u g h in the earliest d y n a s t i e s the c u s t o m w a s to roof t h e t o m b s w i t h t i m b e r and mud, y e t t h e e x a m p l e s o f those times must h a v e acted as a s t r o n g deterrent t o t h e continuance of the custom. T h e practice of organised and s y s t e m a t i c r o b b e r y of t o m b s w a s e a r l y established, and b y the third d y n a s t y most elaborate precautions were t a k e n a g a i n s t it in the better tombs. I t is therefore not probable t h a t pit-tombs c o n t a i n i n g v a l u a b l e offerings w o u l d be left open with no better protection against the robbers than a slender roof. T o have refilled the pits w i t h sand, on t h e other hand, w a s on the w h o l e t h e best protection, for without the c o n n i v a n c e of t h e g u a r d s it w o u l d h a v e been in m a n y cases impossible t o h a v e d u g out t h e t o m b w i t h o u t b e i n g observed ; and the l a w w a s u n m i s t a k a b l y against the offenders. H a d t h e pits b e e n roofed, too, s o m e indication o f the c u s t o m m u s t h a v e remained.

DESCRIPTION

(/) THE PLATE

EARLY T E M E N O S OF

ABYDOS.

XXXVII.

This historic but little known enclosure has never been systematically excavated, but is to be the centre of Professor Petrie's investigations during the coming season. It would, for this reason, be futile to attempt any detailed description of its features ; but its present appearance is not altogether uninstructive. In its north-west corner is the small enclosure known as the Kom es-Sultan. T h e deep clearing made in it by Mariette, with results so remarkable, has bared also on either side the walls that enclose it, to a depth of more than twenty feet. There are plainly three distinct periods of building, in the Old and Middle Kingdoms, but it cannot be said that the bottom is yet reached nor the earliest walling revealed. The whole of the outer wall around the large enclosure is possibly of the Middle Kingdom ; it is built as usual in alternate sections curved and straight. It is difficult to account for the shape it assumes, or to explain its relation towards the smaller walls which are symmetrically placed. On the north side, a large space stands bare, or is under cultivation, being liable to flood water at high Nile. This has

(£•) S O M E G R E E K G R A F F I T I F R O M T H E T E M P L E O F SETI.

PLATES

XXXVIII-XL.

Both Professor Sayce and M. Frohner have published some selection of the graffiti which abound on the walls of the Temple of Seti. On the present occasion it had been purposed to obtain a fairly complete set of all the more interesting or typical of

OF

PLATES.

23

destroyed in that direction any traces that might be found in a cursory excavation such as was made for the purpose of this plan. T h e causeway, however, from the eastern towards the western gate, stands clear of the annual waters. It is curbed with dressed blocks of limestone, and was paved apparently with slabs of the same. In the area it seems to terminate in a great threshold stone of granite ; at the other end with the stout j a m b of a doorway ; while about its middle it is crossed b y a pavement leading from a square platform which lies partly covered by a mound. There are other similar platforms, notably two which lie connected to one another at right angles, in the south-westerly portion of the area. These are supposed to be in some way connected with the early temple or temples that formerly existed on the site. There are remains, also, of restorations or additions made by Rameses the I l n d in the X l X t h dynasty. A stone portico of four columns, as it were in antis, of somewhat pleasing; effect, is well preserved in its foundations just without the western gate at the approach to the desert. A t a much later date again, reconstructions seem to have been made in the south-easterly portion, and possibly the break in the wall at that place dates from the same period, though this is by no means clear.

these inscriptions. This design was frustrated b y an accident, and later removal to a new site for excavations prevented resumption of the work. These fifty are therefore given as a typical series obtained from the three small cell« of Isis, Osiris and Horus, in the north-western corner of the structure. Mr. Milne deals with the transcription and dating of these in Chapter VI.

24

EL

CHAPTER

ARÀBAH.

III.—FURTHER ACCOUNT

OF BURIALS

FOUND

UNDISTURBED.

(With illustrations from Plates I, I I I ; X , X V I ; X V I I I - X X . j

FOR the purpose of further describing some modes of burial employed in the X l l t h , X V I I I t h , and intervening dynasties, seven groups of burials have been selected from a number of twelve or fifteen that were found undisturbed. O f these, two, namely those from tombs E. 30 and E . 45, are typically of the X l l t h d y n a s t y , while those numbered E. 294 and 178 are dated to the X V I I I t h . T h e other three, E. 3, E. 230, and E. 100, are believed to represent the intermediate period. T h e burials of the earlier date had been enclosed simply in wooden coffins which the white ant had almost destroyed. T h a t numbered E. 30 was a single burial, rich in the jewels and characteristic tomb furniture of the age. T h e three numbered 45, on the other hand, were from a large chamber which had originally contained a fourth, probably that of Mut-scnt, whose statuette was found in the doorway. T h e ornaments laid with them are also characteristic of their (slightly later) period, though not so splendid as those with the former. T h e burials that represent the few following dynasties, again, arc more varied in character. In those numbered E. 3 (for there were several in the second and third pits of that row), there survived m a n y features of the X l l t h dynasty, and they themselves are probably not later than the X H I t h , an a g e which their tomb furniture indicates. T h e y also were enclosed in wooden coffins. T h e next, however, numbered 230, showed a difference more marked. It still retained some forms of jewelry and ornaments that spoke of the X l l t h dynasty, and was equally free from the foreign influences of the X V I I I t h dynasty. T h o u g h its date is somewhat uncertain, it probably belongs to the X l V t h or possibly to the X V t h d y n a s t y . T h e latest burial of this period, numbered 100, presents differences even more marked. Its pottery, though of E g y p t i a n character, already shows some sign of the changes that had become

accomplished b y the X V I I I t h d y n a s t y . T h e furniture was scanty, and the burial hasty. It l a y some w a y down in a pit that w a s really the shaft of an earlier tomb, with chambers at a lower depth. In this w a y it bears some analogy to the burials of that other "intermediate period," which lies between the V l t h d y n a s t y and the X l t h , or between the O l d K i n g d o m and the M i d d l e K i n g d o m — a period which was equally one of decline from the higher level of that which preceded it, and which later g a v e w a y to one of fresh character. T h i s burial, though not representative of the invaders themselves, possibly dates from the H y k s o s period, the X V t h or X V I t h dynasty. T h e two burials of the X V I I I t h d y n a s t y are characteristic and instructive. T h e y tell plainly of the prevailing influences of the age. T h a t numbered 294 bears some features but n e w l y introduced to the country from abroad : one j a r is even marked with the Semitic name of A a t u n a , y e t it still preserves m a n y features of E g y p t i a n usage. T h e bodies, though enclosed in a stone sarcophagus, had been first covered with thin layers of stucco, and to one was attached a plaster face, after the older fashion. S o m e of its pottery, too, though decorated with a black line wicker-pattern, of n o n - E g y p t i a n motive, y e t preserves the earlier forms of the vessels themselves. T h e other burials, numbered 178, are furnished chiefly with deposits of a n o n - E g y p t i a n character. T h e familiar lotus pattern remains on a glazed dish ; while some forms of pottery and kohl vessels bear a scmblance to those of a previous time. B u t the character of the whole, with the a p p r o x i mated accuracy of its date, is further evidence, if such were needed, of the close inter-relation, whether directly, or through the medium of a third or other influence, that existed between E g y p t and the Greek islands generally in the X V I I I t h dynasty.

2.S*

FURTHER ACCOUNT OF BURIALS FOUND UNDISTURBED.

BURIALS OF THE X I I T H

DYNASTY.

P L A T E I. It has a l r e a d y been s h o w n in C h a p t e r I I , how the c h i e f part of this rich burial h a d escaped the plunderers. T h e b o d y had laid, apparently, half o v e r on its right side, and t h e h e a d w a s fallen t o w a r d s t h e west. T h e arms l a y n a t u r a l l y b y the side and in front of t h e b o d y . N e a r the left hand, w h i c h had been disturbed, l a y the g a r n e t beads, small g l a z e d pendants, and s c a r a b s t h a t appear in t h e central string of the p h o t o g r a p h . A p a r t from them, and p r o b a b l y from t h e right wrist, w e r e t h e larger b e a d s of carnelian t h a t m a k e up the l o n g e r string a d j o i n i n g . T h e s m a l l e r b e a d s of g a r n e t strung with them were more g e n e r a l l y scattered about, and m a y h a v e formed part of the other s t r i n g of their kind. W o u n d t w i c e a r o u n d the neck, a n d h a n g i n g loose in a third l o o p of the l a r g e r b e a d s , w a s the n e c k l a c e of rich c o l o u r e d a m e t h y s t beads, g r a d u a t e d and of g l o b u l a r form. T h e y encircled the j e w e l s of gold, which w e r e p e n d e n t on t h e breast. T h i s set is represented b y t h e s p e c i m e n s in the p h o t o g r a p h , but duplicates remain a t C a i r o and are not s h o w n here. T h e full set included d u p l i c a t e s of c a c h form, crowned h a w k s , fish, birds in pairs and s i n g l y , in both g o l d and silver. In front of the face w a s the mirror with w o o d e n handle. T h e tall alabaster v a s e lay o b l i q u e l y near the forehead, and near it w a s t h e s m a l l e r kohl vessel of b l u e marble w i t h a w o o d e n stick. The c h a m b e r w a s to t h e south, at t h e b o t t o m of the s h a f t of an o r d i n a r y p i t - t o m b 6 m e t r e s deep, b r i c k e d d o w n to a b o u t i-i metres. T h e h e a d w a s to the north, as w a s i n v a r i a b l y the case in this c e m e t e r y , and the coffin w a s too m u c h destroyed, b y w h i t e ants and b y the plunderers' efforts, for its nature or decoration to be m a d e out. £

_

„

E. 45.

T h r e e burials were found in the lar^e northern ^

c h a m b e r of this tomb, a n d the other remains found scattered here and there a b o u t the entrance indicated t h a t a fourth h a d lain in a s p a c e found These vacant alongside the others on t h e east. o b j e c t s include the statuette of M u t - s c n t , and the pair of t w o figures shown on PL. I l l ; the g o l d disc and pendants of electrum in the centre of the photog r a p h on the frontispiece, b e a r i n g this number, as well as the b e a d s of a m e t h y s t , four small p e n d a n t s of silver and a t u b e - b e a d of the s a m e w h i c h are pictured below.

T h e other o b j e c t s illustrated b e l o n g to three g r o u p s ; on t h e right h a n d f r o m burial (2) are beads, a mirror, a n d a k o h l vessel. I n t h e centre are b e a d s and pendant, w i t h a k o h l vessel b e l o w (and a p a l e t t e for p o u n d i n g this material n o t shown in the photograph). O n the left are a set o f b e a d s a n d t w o tall vessels of l i m e s t o n e a n d serpentine. B u r i a l (2), c o u n t i n g from t h e east, w i t h t h a t disturbed as n u m b e r (1), w a s t h a t of a child. I n front of the f a c e w a s a mirror, w r a p p e d in cloth ; near it w a s the small k o h l vessel of serpentine, a n d around t h e n e c k a string of green g l a z e d b a l l beads. B u r i a l (3) w a s t h a t of an adult, p r o b a b l y a w o m a n . S h e w a s d e c k e d with a n e c k l a c e of carnelian b e a d s and a finelypolished pendant of the s a m e ; on her left wrist w a s a s t r i n g of g a r n e t beads, large and lustrous. Near her h e a d had been p l a c e d her small vessel for h o l d i n g the k o h l a n d t h e p a l e t t e for p r e p a r i n g it, b o t h of serpentine. B u r i a l (4) w a s a g a i n that of a child, possibly a b o y . U n d e r t h e chin was t h e u p r i g h t vessel of serpentine, w i t h its lid s o m e ten inchcs a w a y , a n d near at h a n d w a s t h e other vessel similar to it in form, m a d e of limestone. I n s i d e the p a l m of t h e left hand w a s a plain a m e t h y s t scarab, a n d around t h e n e c k w a s a s t r i n g of small beads, c o m p o s e d m i s c e l l a n e o u s l y of carnelian, g a r n e t , a m e t h y s t , a n d green glaze. A b e a d of carnelian rested, s e e m i n g l y , in the left eye. A l l these burials l a y parallel to one another, in the s a m e attitudes, with h e a d s to the north and faces t o w a r d s t h e east.

B U R I A L S OF THE X I I I T H - X V I T H

DYNASTIES.

PLATE X. T w o of this row of three pits w e r e undisturbed, one w h o l l y , the other below its u p p e r chamber. In the one w e r e t w o c h a m b e r s superposed b o t h north and s o u t h ; in the other, to the east, w h i c h w a s v e r y deep, w e r e four at each end, or e i g h t in all. T h e r e were t h u s a n u m b e r of burials found in t h e m intact, and of these four are selected to illustrate their types. T h e first is t h a t from which the deposit is figured on PL. X . It c a m e from the b o t t o m m o s t c h a m b e r on the n o r t h e r l y side of the third or easterly shaft. In the s a m e chamber, to its west, w a s another burial w h i c h was uninstructive. In front of the face w a s l y i n g the well fashioned jar of alabaster, s h o w n in the p h o t o g r a p h . In other burials this p l a c e w a s c o m m o n l y assigned to the mirror, which in this case fc.

26

EL

ARABAH.

however, lay flat, touching the top of the head. N e a r it was the palette for preparing kohl, and, some distance away, to the north of the decayed stratum which marked the outline of the coffin, the two small kohl vessels were placed singly. T h e string of green glazed beads encircled the neck, and near the left arm were two small vessels of pottery. T h e burial, which was that of an adult, l a y half over on its left side, with head to the north. A second burial lay in similar position. Around its neck were small ball beads of green glaze and of carnclian, while some beads of unbaked mud had apparently been threaded also. Before the face was a mirror wrapped in cloth, and near it t w o small kohl vessels, with a palette and pestle. In a group at the head were a glazed slab, a glazed staff head, decorated with a lotus pattern in black, and a small d o g or lion also of glaze. In the left hand was a scarab with half-scroll design. T h e burial was that of an infant, and it lay alone in a .southern c h a m b e r of the second shaft, with its head near the aperture. A third burial was more s i m p l e : it was provided with the kohl vessels, palette, and pestle, as before ; and around the neck were ball beads of green glaze ; but there was no other deposit. T h i s also was a child. T h e fourth presented a less common feature. As well as some beads and small objects of similar character, at the head were two weights, the one of i lb. 14^ oz., the other of 2 oz. (av.). In addition there were two spatula?, the one of bone, the other of slate ; and a disc of gold, on which lay grains of kohl. T h e coffin was of wood, painted with a rectilinear pattern in blue and green and white ; the inside of it was also stuccoed. T h e b o d y was further dressed with a layer of stucco, and before the face was the plaster face which appears in the centre of the b o t t o m row in the photograph of PL. X I V . T h i s was the burial of a boy. T h e small ivory b o x figured on PL. I V also came from this group of tombs, but from near a chamber which was in some measure disturbed. T h e r e were indications that several bodies of this series had been stuccoed previous to b e i n g placed in the wooden coffins. T h e objects found with this and the burial ' 2 3 ° ' n e x t to be described are not pictured as tombgroups in the plates. S o m e of the pieces found with them, however, appear in groups with others of their kind, and will be indicated accordingly. T h i s burial was enclosed in a wooden coffin, the east side of

which preserved an inscription in nicely-coloured hieroglyphs. T h e body itself had been also covered with a layer of stucco, after the manner already described, and this case was decorated with a geometrical pattern in green and blue upon the white. H a n g i n g from the neck was a shell pendant of electrum, identical in form with that which appears with G r o u p 105 on the frontispiece. It was suspended b y a plain circlet of the same metal clasped around the neck. In the left hand were the t w o scarabs of green glaze shown on PL. X . O n the breast was a mirror, and under it the knife which is outlined on PL. X V I . T h e s e x could not be determined ; and the position w a s as usual. Here w a s a burial of unusual appearance. E. 100(2). j^y shaft of an earlier pit, about t w o metres only below the surface, half on its right side, with head to the north. O n e elbow was bent, but the other arm l a y straight ; the knees were only slightly bent. T h e pottery found with it included e x a m p l e s of the six forms shown in the right of the top complete row, numbered 156 on PL. X X V I I . In the hair, which was v e r y black, were some curious pendants, like curled shreds of metal. A set of beads which encircled the neck had lost their character b y decomposition of the glaze ; in the right hand, curiously, was a small scarab with plain loop decoration, and near it w a s a needle. T h e r e was no coffin, apparently ; but a recess had been prepared with mud for the b o d y , which was that of a man. T h e deposits proper of this pit were of a date about the X l l l t h d y n a s t y ; in that which adjoined, somewhat later.

BURIALS

OF

THE

PLATES PLATES X V I I I ,

X V I I I T H

DYNASTY.

X V I I I - X X .

X X .

T h e t w o burials bearing this n u m b e r were E- 294. f o u n c j ¡ n t a c t i n a sarcophagus of stone, sunk into the floor of the southern chamber. T h e t o m b itself had been plundered and disturbed ; the objects found in its clearance are pictured on the right hand of PL. X V I I I , and have been described in Chapter II. T h e shaft or pit of the t o m b was well constructed, with brick walls built down to a depth of six metres, or within t w o metres of its total depth ; it g a v e access also to a chamber on the north, which was, however,

FURTHER disturbed, though productive.

ACCOUNT

OF B U R I A L S

In the southern

cham-

ber another coffin, also of stone, stood e m p t y at side, w i t h

its l i d b r o k e n

This

had

one

only

and thrown

escaped

by

the

about

in

one

body

was

covered

thinly

carelessness with

a

or

layer

stucco or plaster.

T h i s h a d , h o w e v e r , in m a n y

broken away,

the

and

the vibration completely it h a d

remainder w a s so friable

not been

From what

T w o male burials would

PLATES

that it

to

M as to b e seen,

decorated : a plaster face had

XIX,

of

In

been

'

PL.

and

X X

3 appeared

scarab

tion

of

a

the

with face to the east. pottery

v a s e s of

wrist, to

which

chin

At

polished they

than

dircctly

Jay h a l f o v e r o n

had

were four scarabs, shown

side,

three

small

its f e e t w e r e red

ware.

been

before

the left Near

the

apparently

left

attached,

in t h e g r o u p on P L .

XVIII.

A t t h e h e a d , a r r a n g e d i n t h e o r d e r s h o w n in t h e d i a gram,

pots

and

m a r k e d w i t h t h e l e t t e r s c t o h.

was

Of

vessels

the

group

of

of pronouncedly foreign

bronze

objccts

this d a n d h arc

t y p e , a s d e s c r i b e d in

S e c t i o n D o f C h a p t e r I I ; c is a n a l a b a s t e r vessel somewhat cylindrical the same

stone.

of

f o r m , a n d n e a r it a s m a l l c u p o f

The

t w o pots g are decorated

objects—a cutting-knife

with

A t e were two bronze

a w i c k e r p a t t e r n in b l a c k line.

and a razor—both

of

which

are s h o w n on t h e p h o t o g r a p h illustrating this g r o u p on PL. X V I I I ; and at f

was a small hone.

This

burial

same

difficulty

does

to be

that

those

of

of

a

bones

had

diagram

male ;

while

females ; they

or

of

of

Bes

left

number

the

glaze,

within

was

a

in

body

scroll

the

places

border ;

attached

the

was

was a

a

not short

left h a n d of

were

of T h o t h m e s

it

to

two

scarab

r i n g s , s h o w n t o g e t h e r in t h e p h o t o g r a p h s o f P L . the one bearing the n a m e

1

decora-

palm

With

disarranged,

2

were

number

with

diagonally

bronze cap.

2, w h i c h

With

but whether

enclosed

Across

r o u n d staff, w i t h

blue

hand,

merely

apparent.

together.

ring,

figure

was near the finger

fallen

not

distinctive

s u p e r p o s e d , t h e t h i r d u p o n t h e s e c o n d , a n d in a

body

the

was certainly

was

below

The

case

T h e b u r i a l n u m b e r e d 1 in t h e

in c h a r a c t c r . of

though

rather

more probable, though

' arise, t h o u g h t h e d e p o s i t s are less

I78

their

face.

seem

XX.

this

a t t a c h e d to t h a t n u m b e r e d 2 in t h e d i a g r a m o f P L . X X , the

27

a g r o u p of s c a r a b s w i t h a m a l e is less usual.

places

of r e m o v i n g the coffin-lid caused

disintegrate.

UNDISTURBED.

picces.

haste of the plunderers. Each

FOUND

XIX,

III.

In the

left p a l m o f n u m b e r 3 w e r e also t w o scarabs, t h e o n e plain,

of

carnelian,

the

other

a

these burials must

be described

impossible

to

to

say

which

ring.

The

rest

t o g e t h e r , f o r it

of

the

two

the

of was

smali

objects deposited at their h e a d and feet really belong. The

group,

consists graph

lettered

g

in

the

of three jugs, shown

of

the

plate

diagram

of

PL.

t o g e t h e r in t h e

preceding,

All

XX

photo-

three are

non-

w a s a p p a r e n t l y t h a t o f a f e m a l e ; t h e o t h e r , n u m b e r e d 1,

E g y p t i a n in c h a r a c t e r .

T h a t on t h e left, of polished

was probably a male.

red

copied

A t t h e foot, p r o p p e d u p in t h e

corner of the sarcophagus, was with

the

Aatima.''

diagram,

inscribed

the large jar, pictured in h i e r a t i c

" Cassia

of

T h i s is a S e m i t i c n a m e , a n d d e f i n i t e l y t h a t

of a man.

O n his left h a n d , u p o n t h e m i d d l e

finger,

ware, seems

leathern

the preceding. of

shown

the

Section

head, which

had,

however,

on PL. X V I I I . not

lain

wooden headrest very much decayed. small vessels

Near

upon

it, w a s

a

Near were six

The

jug.

central

shape of a pilgrim's

five

photograph

be

from

jug

the

form

is s o m e w h a t

polished

T h e third

brown

D of Chapter

the appearance reed, and

and

t h i n ; it

J I, t h a t

it

of a prototype

in

a connecting

thong.

is

possibly

four vessels

t h e h e a d a r c a i s o s h o w n in t h e p h o t o g r a p h .

arrange-

marked

deposits,

furniture

that

would

which

more

give

aptly

to

the

belong to

woman a

man.

a

well shown is o v a l . head

bones, the skull

appearance

pelvis, w a s that t h e y

t o a f e m a l e , t h e r e is a l w a y s

some

this result, o w i n g to peculiarities

belonged

liability to error of individual

in

cases.

is

Museum.

unusual

and

interesting.

in t h e p i c t u r e , a n d

In the

Y e t t h o u g h the impression left b y e x a m i n a t i o n of the and

is

fitted

neck the

a face, and It

of a j u g n u m b e r e d The

two

has

in of at

The jug

Its

form

its h o r i z o n t a l

appears

handle.

seen

preserves

skin, with n e c k

The

T h e c u r i o u s t h i n g a b o u t t h e s e b u r i a l s is t h e the

a the

is o f a t y p e b e t t e r k n o w n ,

ware,

inverted.

of

of

bottle, with one handle, however,

of pottery, two of which were

ment

of

p l a c e d in t h e o v a l s e c t i o n ; it is o f t h e s a m e w a r e a s

w a s a s c a r a b ring, the l o w e s t one in the g r o u p o f in t h e

to

is

section

behind the

somewhat

2 9 , 9 3 7 in t h e

the

British

vessels b are of alabaster, anc c

is o f p o t t e r y .

E 2

EL ARÀBAH.

28

CHAPTER

IV.—THE

USES

OF

MATERIALS.

[ A s illustrated by objects found in this excavation o n l y . ] [Alabaster, Amethyst, Basalt, Blue Marble, Breccia, Carnelian, Electrum, Garnet. Glazed Ball Beads, Glass, Gold, Haematite, Iron, Ivory, Jasper, Lapis Lazuli, Limestone, Obsidian, Sandstone, Serpentine, Silver, Tcrracotta.}

A L A B A S T E R is f o u n d f r e e l y u s e d for s m a l l o b j e c t s , s u c h as k o h l p o t s a n d t h e like, b o t h in t h e X l l t h a n d in t h e X V I I I t h d y n a s t y . T h e r e are, h o w e v e r , s o m e forms of vessels which, though analogous, have features characteristic of each period separately, as w e l l a s o t h e r s w h i c h a r e p e c u l i a r to one period o n l y . O n PL. I, for instance, in g r o u p 30, is a p o l i s h e d v a s e o f t h i s m a t e r i a l , w i t h flat c i r c u l a r b o t t o m , u p r i g h t , a n d c u r v i n g i n w a r d s s l i g h t l y t o the b a s e ; its rim also is p r o n o u n c e d , a n d s q u a r e l y m o u l d e d . Another e x a m p l e w a s f o u n d in t h e t o m b s n u m b e r e d 3. It o c c u r s in m i n i a t u r e also in t h e g r o u p 282 on PL. I V , w h i l e its form a p p e a r s a g a i n in limestone, a n d in s e r p e n t i n e in g r o u p 45 o f t h e frontispiece. Its r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s in t h e X V I I I t h d y n a s t y are s h o w n o n PLS. X V I I and X V I I I . T h e i r d i f f e r e n c e s are w e l l m a r k e d ; it m i g h t be said there is a f a l l i n g a w a y f r o m t h e artistic e f f e c t of the earlier forms. In t h e e x a m p l e of g r o u p 255 t h e c u r v e o f the b a s e r e a p p e a r s a l m o s t in the form of a p l i n t h ; t h e outline n a r r o w s s t r a i g h t l y w i t h o u t c u r v i n g ; t h e surface is lustreless, a n d the vessel not w o r k e d to the s a m e fineness a s t h e earlier e x a m p l e . I n g r o u p 294, a g a i n , the l o w e r plinth has become more developed, a n d the form of the vessel itself is m o r e c y l i n d r i c a l , a n d the g e n e r a l e f f e c t e v e n heavier. T h e g l o b u l a r v e s s e l s p i c t u r e d in g r o u p 105 on PL. I l l a r e o f e x c e p t i o n a l f o r m s a n d of t h e finest q u a l i t y o f stone. T h e site y i e l d e d n o o t h e r o b j e c t s a n a l o g o u s to t h e m . T h e r e is a g a i n a class of vessel in a l a b a s t e r w h i c h d o e s not a p p e a r b e f o r e t h e X V I I I t h dynasty. Its form possibly betrays some G r e e k influence. It is c h a r a c t e r i s e d c h i e f l y b y t h e p r e s e n c e o f a m o u l d e d b a s e or p e d e s t a l w h i c h supports t h e b o d y . T h i s m a y a p p e a r in an e l e m e n t a r y f o r m as a d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e s m a l l e r plinth, as is t h e c a s e in t h e t w o e x a m p l e s f r o m g r o u p 178 on PL. X I X ; or it m a y t a k e the m o r e defined

a p p e a r a n c e illustrated b y t h e f r a g m e n t in g r o u p 158 on PL. X X I . In t h e latter c a s e t h e c u p or b o d y is b r o k e n a w a y , b u t its f o r m is n o t u n c o m m o n . The c a s e s on PLS. X V I I and X I X , in w h i c h t h e f o r m o f a prehistoric dish r e a p p e a r s in t h e X V I I I t h d y n a s t y , h a v e previously been noticed. F u r t h e r e x a m p l e s of unusual forms to which the stone was w o r k e d occur on PL. X X I I I , in the f o u r a l a b a s t e r c a n o p i c j a r s o f the X X I I n d dynasty. W h a t renders them more n o t i c e a b l e is t h e d i f f e r e n t form o f o n e o f t h e set, t h o u g h t h e r e is no r e a s o n t o s u p p o s e t h e y w e r e not contemporary. A M E T H Y S T . — N o b e a d s o f this s t o n e w e r e f o u n d of the X V I I I t h dynasty, and the good specimens w e r e a l l of t h e X l l t h . T h e b e g i n n i n g of its use was, however, much older, dating back even to the 1 s t d y n a s t y ; a n d it c a n n o t b e a s s e r t e d t h a t it is q u i t e u n r e p r e s e n t e d in t h e X V I I I t h d y n a s t y . But the X l l t h d y n a s t y is u n q u e s t i o n a b l y t h e period w h e n t h e most p e r f e c t e x a m p l e s w e r e f a s h i o n e d . Some l a r g e r b e a d s o f the o v a l t y p e a r e s h o w n w i t h g r o u p 45 on t h e first p l a t e . T h e g r o u p 108 a l s o c o n t a i n s s o m e s p e c i m e n s o f t h e well finished g l o b u l a r f o r m ; b u t t h e l o n g s t r i n g of 192 b e a d s in t h e g r o u p 30, s u r p a s s e s all o t h e r s f o u n d in r i c h n e s s a n d p u r i t y o f colour and s y m m e t r y of cutting. B A S A L T . — O n l y t w o e x a m p l e s o f the use of t h i s stone

were

n u m b e r 45. group

of two

found,

both

from

the

same

tomb,

T h e o b j c c t s are p i c t u r e d on PL. I l l , a figures

and

a statuette

representing

Mut-sent seated. B L U E M A R B L E . — T h e b e s t e x a m p l e s o f t h e use o f t h i s stone a g a i n o c c u r in t h e X l l t h d y n a s t y ; i n d e e d , its c o m m o n u s e w a s a l m o s t l i m i t e d t o t h a t period. O n PL. I X are pictured the t w o best

THE

USES OF

s p e c i m e n s : t h e o n e is a t w o - h a n d l e d v a s e of d e l i c a t e finish, in a u n i f o r m l u s t r o u s p i e c e o f s t o n e o f l i g h t s h a d e ; the o t h e r a dish of u n u s u a l character, d e c o r a t e d on its b a s e w i t h a p a t t e r n in relief, and w i t h an i n - c u r v i n g rim, in a v e i n e d stone. Another dish in uniform s t o n e o f a d e e p e r b l u e a l s o w a s found, but is not i l l u s t r a t e d . I t s use, h o w e v e r , w a s m o r e c o m m o n for s m a l l k o h l vessels and t h e like. I n t w e l v e cases s m a l l v e s s e l s o f this c h a r a c t e r w e r e f o u n d in association w i t h X l l t h d y n a s t y deposits. N o c a s e o c c u r r e d in which the stone appeared before the X l l t h dynasty, t h o u g h there w e r e few t o m b s o f t h e earlier period. In t h r e e cases, on t h e o t h e r h a n d , b l u e m a r b l e is found w i t h g r o u p s t h a t c a n n o t b e w e l l a s s i g n e d t o a d a t e earlier t h a n t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h e X V I I I t h d y n a s t y , and t h e s e i n s t a n c e s are t h e r e f o r e o f i m p o r t ance. In t h e first a k o h l p o t o f t h i s m a t e r i a l is g r o u p e d w i t h p o t t e r y s h o w i n g f o r e i g n i n f l u e n c e s in its form, and w i t h all is a h e a r t - s c a r a b o f e a r l y t y p e . T h e d a t e o f t h e g r o u p , w h i c h is n u m b e r e d 158 on PL. X X I , is c e r t a i n l y l i m i t e d b y t h e X V I I I t h d y n a s t y : it m i g h t b e later, but c o u l d not b e earlier. T h e vessel o f blue m a r b l e , h o w e v e r , t h o u g h not n e w l y b r o k e n , is p l a i n l y w o r n and c h i p p e d , as t h o u g h it w a s a l r e i d y old w h e n p l a c e d in the t o m b . T h e o t h e r t w o cases, h o w e v e r , a r e m o r e v a l u a b l e as e v i d e n c e . In e a c h t h e r e is a c e r t a i n s i m i l a r i t y . T h e o b j e c t s are small, d e l i c a t e in design, a n d well finished ; a n d t h e y a r e f o u n d w i t h p o t t e r y a n d o t h e r o b j e c t s of f o r e i g n f o r m a n d device. O n e o f these cases, f r o m t o m b 143, is f u l l y p i c t u r e d 011 PL. X V I I I . The g r o u p s are t y p i c a l l y o f t h e X V I I I t h d y n a s t y , t h o u g h t h e o b j e c t s of b l u e m a r b l e themselves preserve s o m e w h a t the f o r m s of an earlier d a t e . A few m o r e i n s t a n c e s m i g h t b e c i t e d , b u t t h e y h a r d l y a f f o r d d i r e c t e v i d e n c e on t h e point. They indicate, h o w e v e r , the p o s s i b i l i t y o f t h e s t o n e occurr i n g s o m e w h a t later t h a n t h e X l l t h d y n a s t y . For cases o c c u r f r e q u e n t l y in w h i c h it is f o u n d w i t h g r o u p s of s m a l l o b j e c t s a p p a r e n t l y " m i x e d , " t h a t is to s a y , s o m e p r e s u m a b l y o f t h e X l l t h d y n a s t y , others p o s s i b l y of t h e X V I I I t h , a s t h e c a s e m a y be, p o i n t i n g t o t h e re-use o f t h e t o m b . Y e t , o n the principle already explained, even here there are some cases t h a t i n v i t e c a r e f u l reconsideration, for t h e d a t e s o f i n d i v i d u a l s m a l l o b j e c t s s u c h a s u s u a l l y occur in p i t - t o m b s c a n h a r d l y b e fixed w i t h e x a c t n e s s , a n d a n a p p r o x i m a t i o n is o f t e n t o be o b t a i n e d o n l y b y indirect links. This admits always the possibility that a m o n g s u c h eases o f a p p a r e n t l y m i x e d g r o u p i n g s o m e s h o u l d

MATERIALS.

29

b e rather a s s i g n e d t o t h e I n t e r m e d i a t e P e r i o d , a s c o m b i n i n g t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of b o t h limits. G r a n t e d this, s p e a k i n g a s b e f o r e for this b u r y i n g g r o u n d o n l y , it is p o s s i b l e t o s a y t h a t t h e w o r k i n g of b l u e m a r b l e , t h o u g h n o t u n c o m m o n in toilet v e s s e l s of t h e X l l t h d y n a s t y , s e e m s t o h a v e b e c o m e rare w i t h i n c r e a s i n g s c a r c i t y of t h e stone, u n t i l it w a s used for s m a l l o r n a m e n t a l f o r m s o n l y ; a n d finally, in t h e X V I I I t h dynasty, disappeared almost entirely. B R E O c r A . — O n e s m a l l vessel o n l y o f this stone w a s found, in t o m b 284, b u t w i t h o u t a n y associations. I t w a s of t h e f o r m r a t h e r o f v e s s e i s of the O l d K i n g d o m , similar, for instance, t o s o m e from E l - K a b in s e r p e n t i n e ; and this m a y b e a c a s e of survival. C A R N E L I A N . — B e a d s o f this m a t e r i a l were f o u n d c o m m o n l y in g r o u p s of t h e X l l t h d y n a s t y . A t this period t h e y w e r e l a r g e r t h a n in l a t e r t i m e s ; t h e s p e c i m e n s of t h e X V I I I t h d y n a s t y w e r e s m a l l e r a n d less c o m m o n . T h e b e s t e x a m p l e s o f t h e earlier class o c c u r w i t h t h e u n d i s t u r b e d burials E . 30 a n d 4 5 o n t h e frontispiece. W i t h t h e latter, in t h e c e n t r e o f t h e g r o u p is also a fine p e n d a n t o f this stone, flat, t a p e r i n g a n d w e l l polished. T h e c e n t r e o f the j e w e l l e d p e n d a n t w i t h g r o u p E . 105 on PL. ILL is a l s o of t h e same. E L E C T R U M . — T h e b e s t e x a m p l e s o f t h e use o f this m e t a l a p p e a r on t h e frontispiece, w i t h g r o u p s of the X l l t h dynasty. T h e ten bead-like c o w r y shells in t h e u p p e r row, a n d t h e d e l i c a t e l y m a d e c h a r m case, w i t h its s t u d s a n d e n t w i n e d threads, are i n s t a n c e s from t o m b 108. B e l o w , in g r o u p 45, are t w o small h o r n l i k e p e n d a n t s of t h e s a m e m a t e r i a l . A further s p e c i m e n occurred in a burial o f s l i g h t l y later d a t e , n u m b e r 230, w i t h w h i c h were found a shell-like pectoral, in t h e form of t h e g o l d o n e p i c t u r e d w i t h g r o u p 108, a n d a plain circlet o f t h e s a m e w h i c h b o u n d it to t h e n e c k . GARNET was found solely with groups of the X l l t h d y n a s t y , as, for e x a m p l e , those illustrated on t h e first plate. T h o u g h i n s t a n c e s of plain s c a r a b s o f this s t o n e a r e not u n k n o w n , one, for instance, b e i n g f o u n d w i t h g r o u p 30 w i t h s m a l l b e a d s o f t h e same, y e t its use w a s a l m o s t c o n f i n e d to b e a d s . Strings of t h e s e o f v a r y i n g l e n g t h c o m m o n l y e n c i r c l e d t h e left wrist of females. T h e beads are nearly a l w a y s g l o b u l a r , and for the m o s t p a r t small.

EL ARABAfl.

3o GLAZED

BALL

BEADS

are

characteristic

at

their

best of the X l l t h d y n a s t y . F r o m several g o o d sets obtained two m a y be specially referred to. The necklace of PL. I l l from t o m b 105 is composed of somewhat dark beads of this class, each one of which is double-capped about its threading hole with a thin shell of gold. A pendant of harmonious appearance, with carnelian centre set in a border of green inlay, accompanies the set. T h e second noteworthy e x a m p l e is pictured on PL. X I I , in the group numbered 20. W h e n the smaller scale of the photograph is taken into consideration, it becomes plain that these beads are of exceptional size ; their quality too is excellent, and the green colour vivid and strong. A n equally perfect scarab is a pendant to the string. Necklaces of these beads, both ribbed and plain, are common in the X l l t h and X l l l t h dynasties, but from that time onwards the specimens show a marked deterioration. B y the X V I I I t h d y n a s t y , as illustrated b y the e x a m p l e of g r o u p 143 on PL. X V I I I , they have become small, irregular, and ill-glazed. T h e y could almost be regarded as another class of bead. Compare also the observations made in Diospc'ds Parva, pp. 42-44.

GLASS was here, as elsewhere, rare until the X V I I I t h dynasty. T h e earliest specimen, the only one, indeed, of a n y note, is pictured on PL. X I X , in the group from tomb 178. It is a small pendant of dark green glass, with a bead attached. It is of good shape, and shows some familiarity with the w o r k i n g of the m a t e r i a l ; yet, curiously enough, though glazing was a very long-practised art, the continued scarcity of early specimens of glass confirms the late appearancc of glass itself. GOLD is particularly evident as the material of the earlier jewels, as in the cases of the bracelets, pectoral, and pendants on the first plate. It is used as the mount for scarab rings, both at this time and in the X V I I I t h dynasty, and it is fashioned into caps for the g l a z e d ball beads from tomb 105 on PL. I I I . E x c e p t these smaller illustrations of its use no others were found ; but it cannot be doubted that it was e m p l o y e d also at this time for the m a k i n g of larger objects, which had previously attracted the cupidity of the early tomb-robbers. T h e coloured plate, number 26, shows two vessels with spouts which are probably of this nature, and other similar indications are not uncommon.

HAEMATITE occurrcd rarely ; the gold-mounted kohl stick found with a vessel of obsidian in a deposit of the X l l t h d y n a s t y from t o m b 234 w a s perhaps the only e x a m p l e of its use. IRON is not common until the end of the dynasties. A n interesting e x a m p l e of its incipient use, however, occurs in a well-dated g r o u p of the X V I I I t h d y n a s t y . T h e deposit is not w h o l l y illustrated in the plates, but it includes, amongst other objects, the mirror with figure handle numbered 166 on PL. X I V , two scarabs, an alabaster vessel, and several pieces of p o t t e r y of the foreign t y p e s that prevailed in the X V I I I t h d y n a s t y . T h e r e had been, apparently, a small kohl vessel of ivory accompanying, of which the lid was found. It was of two parts, the lower square with central hole, and the upper swivel, the lid of which w a s decorated with the small figure of a frog in actual relief. T h e s e two portions were connected by a small pin which was made of iron. It was fixed to the lower piece, and pierced a corner of the upper, which thus rotated about it. IVORY is chiefly reserved for artistic forms of the X l l t h dynasty. T h e best illustrations of its use are grouped together on PL. X I V , i ncluding wands, bracelets, castanets, arms, needles, and the like. One piece, numbered 172, is probably of t h e O l d K i n g d o m , while specimens of the X V I I I t h d y n a s t y are not unknown in this site. JASPER occurs in only one e x a m p l e , a plain scarab of the X l l t h d y n a s t y , shown on PL. X under the number 236. It is dark green, and its surface bears a good polish. LAPIS LAZULI, too, is only found in one jewel, also of the X l l t h d y n a s t y . It forms the bezel of t h e scarab ring with the group from tomb 108 on the first plate ; it is well cut, with a good polish and surface, and is inscribed with the name of H o r and the titles of this official. LIMESTONE is the familiar material of most inscribed or monumental pieces. Stoles and sarcophagi, statuettes a n d small vessels are freely m a d e of it. T w o noteworthy illustrations of the fineness to which it might be carved occur with groups of the N e w K i n g d o m , namely, the fish shown on PL. X X I with group 155, and the vulture (pectoral) on the plate that follows from tomb 42.

THE

USES

OF

O B S I D I A N . — T h i s rare m a t e r i a l is f o u n d in a v e r y p e r f e c t s m a l l vessel, p o s s i b l y a k o h l pot, o f t h e X l l t h d y n a s t y , f r o m t o m b 234. In spite o f its h a r d n e s s the s h a p i n g is a c c u r a t e l y p e r f o r m e d , and t h e s u r f a c e well polished. W i t h it w a s a k o h l s t i c k of haematite, gold mounted. S A N D S T O N E is n o t c o m m o n l y e m p l o y e d , on a c c o u n t o f t h e r o u g h s u r f a c e w h i c h refused t o b e polished. E x a m p l e s o f its use, h o w e v e r , d o occur. T h e s t e l e o f R e f u , n u m b e r e d 330, on PL. X I I , and t h e p a i n t e d figure u p o n a seat, s h o w n on PL. X I I I , f r o m t o m b 2 6 1 , are c a r v e d from t h i s s t o n e ; a s also is the h e a d of a large s t a t u e found in t o m b 299 a n d pictured on P i „ X X I I I . S E R P E N T I N E is f r e e l y used for t h e s m a l l e r vessels t h a t w e r e part o f t h e g e n e r a l furniture of the X l l t h d y n a s t y burials, n o t a b l y for statuettes, k o h l vessels a n d o t h e r j a r s , a n d t h e like. O n account of the f a v o u r a b l e q u a l i t y of the stone, w h i c h lent itself t o

MATERIALS.

31

r e a d y a n d finished w o r k i n g , its use persisted t h r o u g h t h e X V I I I t h d y n a s t y a n d l a t e r in s o m e w h a t a l t e r e d forms. S I L V E R is not so c o m m o n l y f o u n d a s e l e c t r u m , a n d o c c u r s m o r e r a r e l y t h a n g o l d in t h e X l l t h dynasty. T h e b i r d p e n d a n t s from g r o u p 30, s h o w n on the first plate, are d u p l i c a t e d b o t h in g o l d a n d in silver ; b u t it w o u l d o f t e n b e a m a t t e r of d i f f i c u l t y t o d e t e r m i n e p r e c i s e l y w h e t h e r a j e w e l is of silver or s o m e a l l o y w i t h o u t f u r t h e r d a m a g i n g an a l r e a d y w e a k e n e d surface. T E R R A C O T T A of t h e w e l l finished t y p e , w i t h p o l i s h e d red surface, d o e s n o t a p p e a r until t h e N e w K i n g d o m , a n d t h e n c h i c f l y in c o n n e c t i o n w i t h f o r m s b o r r o w e d or i n t r o d u c e d f r o m a b r o a d . T h e best e x a m p l e s w e r e f o u n d in t o m b 178, a n d are s h o w n on PL. X I X . T h e b o t t l e - f i g u r e and s m a l l vessel t o its l e f t are o f d i s t i n c t l y n o n - E g y p t i a n , a n d p r o b a b l y G r e c i a n , character.

32

EL

ARABAH.

CHAPTER v.—THE By PERCY

E.

PL. I. Gold ring with lapis lazuli bezel (for inscription cf. PL. XV) : her sesheta \ern~] per seten, sâhu bâti, mer khetem (?) Hern, " Chief over the secrets [in] the royal residence, Chancellor of the King of Lower Egypt, the superintendent of the seal, Hor." [E. 1 0 8 . ] PL. I I I . a. Basalt statuette of Mut-sent {cf. PL. XV) : De hetep seten to Osiris, Lord of Abydos, " t h a t he may give offerings and an honourable life in the service of Ptah-seker for the ka of Mut-sent born of Hetept." [E. 45.] b. Funerary statuette of Nckht {cf. PL. XV) : De hetep seten to Osiris for the ka of the mer ta mehu " Superintendent of the North Land {i.e. the Delta), Nekht." Basalt. [E. 105.] Pl.. IV. A. Seven-cylinder bead {cf. PL. X I ) : Cartouches of Usertscn I, Usertsen III, and Amenemhat III. [E. 282.] b. Table of offerings of Pepa. De hetep seten to Osiris for offerings for tlje ka of the mer ta me/tu, " Superintendent of the North L a n d {i.e. the Delta), Pepa, son of Sehetep-ab." Limestone. [E. 238.] Note.—Of this Pepa no other monuments appear to be known, but we may perhaps identify his father Sehetep-ab with the mer ta mehu of the same name whose stele is in the Amherst Collection (Sharpe, E. Ins. ii, pi. 85), whose scarab is in the Grant Collection (Petrie, Scarabs, No. 432), and whose plaque-seal is preserved in the British Museum (No. 3°554)c. Stele of Sebek-dudu. Invocation to visitors to repeat the De hetep seten formula to "Osiris, Lord of Dedu, the Great God, Lord of Abydos, and to the Great and Little Cycle of Gods within the Sacred Land, that they should give offerings of all good and pure things which the heaven gives, the earth produces, and which are brought down by the Nile at the monthly and half-monthly festivals and all the festivals of heaven," for the has of (1) the mer per heseb nâa, " Steward of the accounts of boats," Sebekdudu-ren-senb, born of the L a d y Meryt ; (2) the mer

INSCRIPTIONS.

NEWBERRY.

per ne hetepu neter, " S t e w a r d of the divine offerings," Ren-ef-ankh-Amenemhat, born of the L a d y Meryt. Below, the same prayer is asked for the kas of (3) the Qenbet ne u, " Surveyor of the district," Mentu-hetep, born of the L a d y Meryt, and of (4) the mer per, " steward," Min-hetep, born of the L a d y Mema. Limestone. [E. 181.] PL. V. Stele of the great uartu 1 of the (Royal) City, Sebek-khu, son of A-tau (inscription see PL. V). In the upper half of the stele Sebek-khu is represented seated on a low-backed chair, before him is a table laden with offerings, and behind it, in two rows, are seated his nurse, the superintendent of his office, and four of his relations. T h e names given are : upper row, (1) " His daughter Sabu, born o f . . ." ; (2) " H i s brother Dedu, born of Mert-atef-es " ; (3) " T h e superintendent of the office, Atef, born of Shayt " ; lower row, (1) " H i s nurse, Ren-ef-ankh, born of Dcda " ; (2) " Aubu, born of M e r t - a t e f - e s " ; (3) " Nebt-ant, born of Aubu." Above this scene are four horizontal lines of hieroglyphs giving the De hetep seten formula to Osiris for all kinds of offerings for the ka of " the hereditary mayor, who daily speaks that which is good and repeats (only) that which is desired, the Great uartu of the (Royal) City, Sebek-khu, whose good name is Zaa, born of A-tau." T h e lower half of the stele is also divided into two parts ; the upper part is inscribed with five horizontal lines of hieroglyphs ; the lower, with twelve vertical lines. U p p e r part:—(1) " His Majesty proceeded down the river in order to overthrow the Mentu-Sati (Asiatics a ) ; His Majesty arrived at a district, 3 1 It is obvious from this and other X l l t h dynasty inscriptions that uartu ha ne net was a military title, but its precise meaning is not clear. Net must here be taken as the city par excellence, i.e. the " Royal " city, the " capital," c f . the title mer Jiet of the vezirs of Egypt. 2 Cf. the Inscription of Aahmes at E l K a b ( L . D . iii, 12 d. 1. 16). 3 Hesep, " a district" ? In the story of the Sekhti the word is often used, and seems there 10 mean a " village,"

THE

33

INSCRIPTIONS.

S e k r n e m 4 is its n a m e . (2) H i s M a j e s t y g a v e an e x c e l l e n t e x a m p l e 6 in p r o c e e d i n g t o t h e p a l a c e (lit. " t h e p a l a c e of L i f e , P r o s p e r i t y , a n d H e a l t h " ) . Then S e k m e m allied itself (?) w i t h t h e v i l e R e t e n u ; I w a s f o r m i n g t h e r e a r - g u a r d o f t h e a r m y w h e n t h e ankhtio f f i c e r s 6 o f t h e a r m y j o i n e d 7 in c o m b a t w i t h t h e Aamu; (4) I c a u g h t h o l d o f an Aamu a n d I c a u s e d his w e a p o n s t o b e s e i z e d b y t w o dnk/tu-off\cers of the army. I d i d n o t turn b a c k 8 f r o m fighting (but) I set m y f a c e f o r w a r d s a n d d i d n o t g i v e m y b a c k t o a n Aamu; b y the L i f e of U s e r t s e n (5) I s p e a k t h e t r u t h ! 9 T h e n he g a v e m e a s t a f f 1 0 o f e l e c t r u m into m y h a n d ( t o g e t h e r with) a b o w 1 1 a n d a d a g g e r 1 2 w o r k e d w i t h e l e c t r u m a n d his (other) w e a p o n s . L o w e r p a r t : — ( 6 ) T h e h e r e d i t a r y m a y o r , firm of sandal, 1 3 c o n t e n t w i t h e n t e r i n g a n d m a k i n g the w a y o f him w h o m a k e s him perfect. 1 4 (7) T h e lord of t h e t w o land.'; h a s g i v e n his g l o r y , a n d his l o v e h a s h e i g h t e n e d his place, t h e G r e a t udrtu of t h e ( R o y a l ) City, Zaa. (8) H e s a y s : I m a d e f o r m y s e l f this s p l e n d i d t o m b a n d e s t a b l i s h e d its seat at t h e s t a i r c a s e of (9) t h e G r e a t G o d , lord o f life within A b y d o s , u p o n t h e hill-side, N e b ( t ) h e t e p t u p o n t h e hill-side, m i s t r e s s o f life, s m e l l i n g o f i n c e n s e 1 5 ( 1 0 ) i s s u i n g o u t o f t h e . . . as divine d e w , the G r e a t uartxi o f t h e ( R o y a l ) C i t y , Z a a . ( 1 1 ) H e s a y s : I w a s born in t h e y e a r x x v r i u n d e r the M a j e s t y o f the K i n g o f U p p e r a n d L o w e r E g y p t Nub-kau-Ra ( A m e n e m h a t I I ) j u s t i f i e d ; (12) and when the M a j e s t y of the K i n g of U p p e r and L o w e r E g y p t , Khd-kau-Rd (Usertsen I I I ) ascended t h e t h r o n e a n d p u t o n the w h i t e a n d red c r o w n s u p o n t h e s e a t o f H o r u s o f t h e living, H i s M a j e s t y c a u s e d 4 T h i s p l a c e - n a m e h a s not been found elsewhere, a n d the r e a d i n g is doubtful ; it ought perhaps to be read S e k e m k e m . '' F o r the m e a n i n g of tep uefer see Proc. Soc. Bibl. Arch. N o v . 1891, p. 8. 6 T h i s seems to be the only possible r e a d i n g here, cf. Frazer's Scarabs, pi. i, 1. 6 ; for the soldier sign in the next line cf. G o l e n i s c h t f f , Epigraphische Resultate, &c., pi. viii, 1. 8. 7 Abekh. 8 R e a d nen tesh. 9 F o r the oath, cf. B l a c k d e n a n d Frazer, Het-nub Graffiti, N o . x. 10 R e a d sethes a s in Golenischeff, Epigraphische Resultate, &c., p!. xvi, 1. 12, 11 R e a d ant, and cf. Steindorff, Das Crab des Meutuhetep, T a f . iii, and p. ¡8. 12 R e a d megsu, and cf Steindorff, Das Grab des Mentuhetep, T a f . v. M y friend S p i e g e l b e r g suggested this r e a d i n g to me. 13 R e a d men theb, a n d cf. Golenischeff, Epigraphische Resultate, &c., pi. iv, 1. 4. 11 Cf. Golenischeff, Epigraphischc Resultate, &c., pi. iv. 1. 5, and stele of A n t e f , son of Sent, in Brit. M u s . 1. 4. 15 Cf. S h a r p e , Egyptian Inscriptions I, pi. 18.

t h a t I s h o u l d b e m a d e to w o r k in fighting a f t e r him a n d b y t h e side o f H i s M a j e s t y w i t h s e v e n m e n o f the palace. I w a s e v e r r e a d y at his side, and H i s M a j e s t y p r o m o t e d m e t o b e a f o l l o w e r o f t h e ruler (15) and g a v e m e s i x t y men. H i s M a j e s t y (at a n o t h e r t i m e ) w e n t u p t h e river t o o v e r t h r o w (16) t h e Antiu of N u b i a (and I accompanied him) ; I caught h o l d o f a N e g r o of . . . at t h e s i d e o f m y town( 1 7 ) T h e n I w e n t d o w n t h e river w i t h s i x f o l l o w e r s o f t h e p a l a c e , a n d he m a d e m e an i n s t r u c t o r o f the f o l l o w e r s a n d g a v e m e o n e h u n d r e d m e n as a reward. 1 6 [ E . 11.] Notes.—Sebek-khu m e n t i o n s in 1. 1 1 , t h a t he w a s b o r n in t h e 27th y e a r of t h e r e i g n o f A m e n e m h a t I I ; therefore, on t h e accession of U s e r t s e n I I he m u s t h a v e been five y e a r s old. U s e r t s e n I I r e i g n e d for n i n e t e e n y e a r s ; 1 7 therefore, o n the a c c e s s i o n of U s e r t s e n I I I , S e b e k - k h u w o u l d h a v e b e e n t w e n t y - f o u r y e a r s of a g e , a n d it w a s a t this period o f his life t h a t he b e g a n his m i l i t a r y career. Unfortunately we have no means of fixing t h e d a t e o f t h e fighting a g a i n s t S e k m e m a n d t h e R e t e n u , nor c a n w e a s c e r t a i n f r o m t h e stele t h e p r e c i s e d a t e o f the c a m p a i g n o f U s e r t s e n I I I a g a i n s t N u b i a , in w h i c h S e b e k - k h u d i s t i n g u i s h e d himself. B e s i d e s t h i s A b y d o s stele, w e h a v e a n o t h e r record c>f S e b e k - k h u in an inscription on o n e o f t h e r o c k s a t S e m n e h ( L . D . ii, 1396). T h i s is d a t e d in t h e ninth y e a r o f A m e n e m h a t I I I , at w h i c h t i m e t h e g a l l a n t soldier m u s t h a v e b e e n a b o u t s e v e n t y y e a r s of a g e . T h e h i s t o r y o f S e b e k - k h u ' s c a r e c r is i n t e r e s t i n g t o t h e s t u d e n t of E g y p t i a n titles. H e s t a r t s life as o n e o f t h e m e n o f t h e p a l a c e (se ne khenu), is t h e n raised to t h e position o f a seshemu ne. heq, " f o l l o w e r of t h e R u l e r , " w i t h a c o m m a n d o f s i x t y m e n {tep). From this r a n k h e is p r o m o t e d t o be a se~hez seshemu, " i n s t r u c t o r of t h e f o l l o w e r s , " a n d g i v e n one h u n d r e d m e n {tep), a n d w h e n t h e s t e l e w a s set u p a t A b y d o s this d i s t i n g u i s h e d officer h a d a t t a i n e d the rank o f udrtu da ne net, " G r e a t uartu o f t h e ( R o y a l ) C i t y . " S o m e y e a r s l a t e r w e find him m e n t i o n e d in t h e S e m n e h inscription a s udrtu ne heq, " udrtu of t h e Ruler." PL. V I . a. S t e l e of A m e n e m h a t - n e b u i a . In the u p p e r register A m e n e m h a t is seated b e f o r e a t a b l e piled u p w i t h o f f e r i n g s ; b e h i n d him a r e ( 1 ) his m o t h e r N e f e r t born o f A y , a n d (2) his w i f e (?), t h e L a d y S e n b , b o r n of A m e n v . In front of t h e t a b l e are his t w o brothers, (3) the mer vieru, " S u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f t h e c a n a l w o r k e r s , " S e - a n k h born of N e f e r t , a n d {4) 16 17

For the word feka, cf Boulac Papyri, See B o r c h a r d t , A. 2. xxxvii, p. 92.

N o . 18.

F

34

EL

ARÀBAH.

Ren-ankh ; also (5) his sister Remt-ankh and two cooks (6) Ren-ef-senb and (7) Usertesen. A t the top of this register is a horizontal line of hieroglyphs giving the De hetep seten formula to Osiris Unnefer that he may give offerings for the ka of the mer per ne hetepu neter, "Steward of the divine offerings," Amenemhat-nebuia. In the lower register Amenemhat-nebuia " inspects the abundant products " of his lands. He is accompanied by " his brother Se-Renenutet, born of Mesyt." The produce is being brought to him by (1) "his brother Ptah-shedu," (2) "his brother Ren-ef-senb, born of A y , " (3) the aam Neb-sunu, (4) " his brother Ren-senb, (6) the herdsman Amenemhat," who leads an aua-ox, and (7) " his brother, Zefau-em-a-ptah," who carries a gazelle and leads another by a string. Limestone. [E. 295.] b. Stele of Se-ankh and Nebui. In the upper register are two seated figures, one of the mer per ne lietepu neter, "Steward of the divine offerings," Nebui, born of Nefert, the other of " his brother the mer gesù, superintendent of the domain " (?) Se-ankh born of Nefert. In the register beneath are represented: on the left, Nebui's father Usertsen born of Neb-ant ; on the right his mother Nefert. Between these two figures is shown a standing figure of " his brother," Se-Renenutet, born of Mesyt. Limestone. [E. 295.] Note.—That Nebui is the same person as Amenemhat-nebuia of the preceding stele is evident not merely from the fact that his mother's name is Nefert, but his brother Se-Renenutet " born of M e s y t " is mentioned on both monuments. c. Sarcophagus of the rnetì ne sa, " Regulator of the Stf-order" Nekhta (for inscription cf. PL. VII). The inscriptions on this sarcophagus are very badly written, and blunders in the text are so frequent that it is doubtful whether the sculptor could read hieroglyphs. The horizontal line upon the lid gives a prayer to Anubis (spelt Nu-ptà), that on the west side is also to Anubis (spelt Nepà) and that on the east side to Osiris. The inscriptions on the ends of the coffin and in the vertical lines down the sides give the speeches of Osiris, Ptah-seker, Ra, Tuamantef, Kebh-sennuef, Hapi, and Mestha (spelt Mesem) ; also of Isis and Nephthys. Limestone. [E. 252.] d. Ushabti figure of Nekhta. The hieratic inscription gives the name of the owner and his title vieti ne sa, " Regulator of the ¿-¿i-order." Limestone. [E. 252.] PL. V I I . Sarcophagus of Nekhta (see supra, PL. VI).

PL. V I I I . a. Lintel and jambs of a doorway to the tomb of the rekhat18 m het neter, " washerman (?) of the temple," Amcnemhat-rcn-ef-senb. The inscriptions give (1) the De hetep seten formula to Up-uat that he may give provisions for the ka of A men em hat-ren-ef-senb, (2) the De hetep seten formula to Ptah-seker-osiris that he may give perilher u offerings for the ka of Amenemhat, son of Horhetep by (the Lady) Er-de-es. Below the inscription of the left jamb is a small figure of Amenemhat's brother Se-Hather ar de hetep seten " making a de hetep seten." Limestone. [E. 236.] b. Octagonal column from the tomb of Ren-senb. Prayer to [Upuat, Lord of Ta-]Zeser that he may give per-kheru offerings of all good and pure things which heaven gives, the earth produces and upon which the gods live, for the ka of the Chancellor, the Superintendent of the domain, Ren-senb, born of Henut, made of Neb-atef. Limestone. [E. 345.] Pi.. IX. c. Serpentine statuette with roughly-cut inscription giving the name . . .se-pa-ar. (For inscription, see PL. XV.) [E. 189.] PL. X. a. Inscribed Scarabs. Centre scarab, second row : sesh ur ne mer khetern Se-Ptah, " the chief scribe of the chancellor Se-Ptah." Centre scarab, bottom row: Se Ra Sesha, The son of R a Shesha. b. Fragments of painted wood coffin. (For inscriptions, see P l . XI.) The vertical lines of hieroglyphs give speeches of the gods and goddesses, Hapi, Nebt-tuat, Neith, Shenyt, Hekt, Nut and Amset for offerings of delicacies, sweets, fine bread, etc. [E. 281.] PL. X I . For the seven-cylinder bead, see supra, PL. IV, and for the fragments of wood coffins, see supra, PL. X. PL. X I I . Statuette inscribed roughly down the back with name of Ka-mes. [E. 41.] P l . XII. a. Stele of the cidenu 19 ne mer khetem, " wakil of the Chancellor" Neteru-refu. The five horizontal lines above the seated figure of Neteru-refu give the De hetep seten formula to Osiris and to Upuat, that they may give per-kheru offerings, the sweet breath of life, and glorification, power, and justification in the under-world, also fine bread and delicacies and all good and pure things upon which the gods live in the good festivals of heaven, for the ]8

M r . Griffith s u g g e s t e d to m e t h a t this title is p e r h a p s the

same as Rekkt'i. T h e scribe's error of dder f o r aden is curious. Gizeh stele the s i g n aden is g i v e n c o r r e c t l y . 19

O n the

THE

INSCRIPTIONS.

ka of Neteru-refu. A b o v e the smaller figure offering to Neteru-refu are four vertical lines of hieroglyphs giving the partly obliterated name of the Khetemu kher-a ne mer khetem, " seal-bearer under the authority of the Chancellor " Senb-ef-ankh (?). Limestone. [E. 330.] Note.—Another stele of Neteru-refu, found by Mariette, is preserved in the Gizeh Museum. It is published in Mar. Cat. Abydos,ty\4* b. Stele of the meti ne sa, " Regulator of the Saorder" Senbu. Upper register; On the left is a figure of Senbu seated before a table of offerings. In front are three vertical lines of hieroglyphs giving the De hetep seten formula to Upuat for per-kheru offerings for Senbu's ka. On the right is a kneeling figure of Senbu's wife and in front of her a vertical line of inscriptions reading "his wife, his beloved one, the L a d y of the house Set-sebek." Second register: On the left two kneeling female figures facing one another, between them their names, (1) the Lady Ren-senb and (2) the L a d y Senbu-res. On the right two kneeling female figures also facing one another, {;) " his sister of his mother {i.e. stepsister) Reri-ef-rcs " and (2) "his sister of his mother (i.e. step-sister) Nekhta. Third row : On the left two figures kneeling, (1) the khenti " baker " Ren-ef-senb, (2) "his wife the Lady Deda"(?). On the right two figures kneeling, (1) "his sister Set-Anhur" and (2) " his mother Hetep-na." Fourth register : On the left two kneeling figures, (1) "her son Nef-ne-senbu," (2) hent " the female slave Ren-es-res." On the right again two kneeling figures, (1) the Kesti Se-ankha and (2) "his sister Anhur-dedu." Limestone.

35

name of the person for whom the stele was cut is given in the second line An. His brother's name appears to be Ankh-ren-ef-em-per-hetep (?), and the mother Se-anhur. An's father's name A n k h is given in the last line together with that of the grandfather A y . [E. 211.] c. Stele of the uartu ne hekt khaut, " uartu of the prince's table " (?) Beba. The two uppermost horizontal lines give the De hetep seten formula to Osiris for offerings for the ka of Beba. The third line gives a prayer to " Hathor, Lady of Per-Ka, for the ka of Beba's wife, the royal ornament Nebt-ant." The scene beneath shows Beba and his wife seated on a double chair, with members of his family and household before him and in the two rows beneath him. The names of these persons are: (1) "his son Sebek-nekht, (2 and 3) the weavers (?) Anhur and Set-Ra(?). Second row: (1) Se-Hather-res, (2) Ra, (3) "his brother" Khnemu, (4) " his brother" Ameny, (5) "his brother" Upuat, (6) Nefer-hetep, (7) Sebekhetep. Third row : (1) Nesh[emt]-dedu. (2) Deda, (3) "the nurse" Ab-aa, (4) "her son" Amenu, (5)

" her daughter" (?), (6) " her (?) daughter" Khnemu. Limestone. [E. 172.] PL. X V . Back of triple limestone figure. (1) De hetep seten to Osiris for the ka of the Lady Nenna, justified, by the son of her son who made to live her name, the meti ne sa, " regulator of the .to-order," Nesliemet-dcde. (2) De hetep seten to Osiris for the ka of her daughter Khred-neshemet-dede, justified, by the son of the brother of her mother who made to live her name, the meti ne sa, "regulator of the ja-order," Neshemet-dede. (3) De hetep seten to Osiris for the ka of the Osirian, the L a d y Hent, [E. 312.] PL. XTII. a. Stele of the uartu ne hekt khaut justified, by the son of the son of her sister of her u nartit of the Prince's table " (?) Kemsa. The three mother who made to live her name, the regulator horizontal lines of hieroglyphs give the De hetep seten of the itf-order, Neshemet-dede. X l l l t h - X V I I t h formula to Ptah, Lord of Ankh-taui, and to Osiris dynasty. [E. 220.] the Great God, Lord of Abydos, that he {sic) may Ushabti figure of Anhur-mes giving the early give offerings of fine bread and delicacies for the ka shauabti text. [E. 177.] of Kemsa. The stele is dedicated by "his brother Ushabti figure of Ked-hetep giving the early who makes to live his n a m e " the sab art Nekhen shauabti text. [E. 257.] " doctor and judge " Nefer-hctep. Limestone, painted. Base of Ushabti figure of the High Priest of Anhur Min-mes, son of the doctor the High Priest of [E. 347-] [G. 100.] b. Stele of A n (?). Large limestone stele showing Anhur, Horus. X l X t h dynasty. Pi-. X X I I . Stele of Ren-senb. Ren-senb, seated A n (?) and his wife seated before a table loaded with offerings, and beneath them two rows of male and in a chair and clad in a long white garment, holds a Before female relatives carrying lotus flowers in their hands. lotus flower to his nose with his left hand. The inscription in four vertical lines at the top of the him is a figure of " his brother who made to live his name Tufna," pouring a libation from a vase over an stele gives the usual prayer to Osiris for offerings, but the text is extremely inaccurately written. The altar. In the horizontal line above we read the name r 2

36

EL

ARÀBAH.

of the " G o o d God, the L o r d of the two lands, R a a a - k h e p e r - K a ( T h o t h m e s I) g i v i n g life eternally." X V I Ilth dynasty. [E. 193.] PL. X X I I I . Stele of the steward N u b , son of the steward Zed-ast-auf-ankh. In the upper part of the stele N u b stands before a large table of offerings behind which is represented Osiris with Isis. Behind N u b is a standing figure of his wife Hert, daughter of A n k h - e f b y (the lady) A m e n t . T h e eight horizontal lines g i v e the De hetep seten formula to Osiris and A n h u r that they m a y give all that which is upon their altars for the ka of the steward Nub. Also in .11. 4 - 6 an invocation to visitors for prayers, etc., for the steward of Nub, son of the steward Zed-ast-auf-ankh born of Nes-ta-urt. X X I Ind dynasty. [E. 330.] PL. X X I V . Stele of Auf-det. A u f - d e t stands in an attitude of adoration before an altar and a standing figure of R a - H o r a k h u t i the great god. A b o v e A u f d e t is his name with that of " his mother A n - a m e n as-nebt." X X V t h - X X V I t h dynasty. [E. 11.] PL. X X V . Inscriptions on alabaster Canopic jars of Zet-anhur-auf-ankh giving the speeches of Mesth, H a p y , T u a - m u t - e f and Kheb-senu-ef. T h e titles of

Zet-anhur-auf-ankh are Priest of A m e n a n d rekh-seten maa, " true royal friend." [ E . 301.] Silver strip. De hetep seten to Osiris for perkheru. offerings for the ka of the " r o y a l friend N a menkhet-Amen." [ E . 11.] Inscription on j a r : nezem ne Aa-tu-na " C a s s i a of Aa-tu-na." [E. 294.] A m o n g t h e scarabs m a y b e noted E. 271 (1) A m e n h e t e p I, E . 260 A m e n e m h a t I I I , R. 259 T h o t h m e s I I I , E. 270 " T h e R o y a l Son T u - r y , " Son of T h o t h m e s I (cf. Rec. de Travaux, xiii, 202;. PL. X X V I . F r a g m e n t s of a w o o d e n coffin elaborately painted with representations of mirrors, necklaces, collars, etc. A m o n g t h e o b j e c t s represented m a y be noted a maau ne a as em, " mirror of e l e c t r u m ' ' ; a menqebyt herset, " necklace of hersetb e a d s " \ several specimens of usekh-collars, one with the royal hawk (bak), another with the uraeus (dart), a third with the uraeus and vulture combined (nebti) and a fourth with the vulture (nernt). O n the names of the various ornaments represented, see Steindorff, Grabfitnde des M. R. in den K. Mn seen zn Berlin I. Das Grab des Mentuhetep, pp. 26-30, and cf. N e w berry, Beni Hasan II, pl. vii, top row. [E. 2 3 4 ]

Note by PROFESSOR STEINDORFF.

PL. X X V I . F r a g m e n t s of a wooden coffin, elaborately painted with religious texts and representations of various dresses, mirror, necklaces, collars, etc. T h e name of the dead is not preserved. (1) F r a g m e n t s of the book of the dead, written in the fine cursivc of the middle empire. (2) T h r e e different usech-collars and three pendcloques ; their names are noted above : asec/i en bak, " n e c k l a c e of h a w k , " tisech en ddr(t), " necklace of uraeus," usech en nebti, " necklace of the two mistresses" (the uraeus and vulture combined), etc. (3) F r a g m e n t s of golden (?) vases and clothes. (4) F r a g m e n t s of the book of the dead (see 1).

(5) Representations of different loin-clothcs, bandages, e t c . ; their n a m e s (bsau, msbau, seshdu en Ijen) are written above. (6) N a m e s of different sticks, sceptrcs, etc., which were represented underneath. ( j ) Different usech-collars (usech en zet, usech cn usem, " c o l l a r of e l e c t r u m " ) , pendeloqucs, necklaces ( m e n g e b y t herset, " necklace of h e r s c t - b e a d s " ) , a mirror of electrum ; the names are written above. T h e coffin belongs to the X l l t h d y n a s t y , like the similar coffins in the Berlin M u s e u m , the British M u s e u m , and the M u s e u m of Gizeh.

XOTES

CHAPTER

VI.—NOTES

ON

ON

THE By J.

T H E

G R E E K

G R E EK GRAFTON

T H E G r e e k graffiti f r o m the t e m p l e o f S e t i I a t A b y d o s h a v e b e e n c o p i e d on at least three o c c a s i o n s before M r . G a r s t a n g ' s v i s i t : but no c o m p l e t e collection h a s ever been p u b l i s h e d . T h e earliest transcripts of w h i c h I h a v e a n y i n f o r m a t i o n w e r e m a d e b y H . B r u g s c h , a n d are a m o n g his p a p e r s a t G o t t i n g e n , as I learn f r o m M . S e y m o u r d e R i c c i , t o w h o m I a m m u c h i n d e b t e d for several p a r t i c u l a r s in relation t o t h e s e inscriptions. H e has f u r t h e r told m e t h a t t h e note-books of T h e o d u l c Deveria, the second scholar w h o copied t h e A b y d o s graffiti, are n o w in t h e possession of M . F r o h n e r o f P a r i s : s o m e p a g e s o f t h e m were r e p r o d u c e d b y p h o t o g r a v u r e in t h e Corpus Inseriptionwn Semiticarum, v o l . i, p l a t e s x v i a n d x v i i : none, h o w e v e r , of the t e x t s i n c l u d e d in t h e p r e s e n t i n s t a l m e n t o f Mr, G a r s t a n g ' s c o p i e s a p p e a r on those plates. In 1884 a n d 1886 P r o f e s s o r S a y c e m a d e a c a r e f u l s t u d y o f t h e inscriptions, a n d p u b lished a selection of his t r a n s c r i p t s in t h e Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, vol. x , pp. 377 ff. ; t o t h e s e copies, w h i c h w e r e , u n f o r t u n a t e l y , a c c o m p a n i e d b y v e r y f e w f a c s i m i l e s , r e f e r e n c e s will be g i v e n as n e c e s s a r y in t h e f o l l o w i n g list. [In this c a t a l o g u e I h a v e a s s i g n e d d a t e s t o most of t h e graffiti. T h e r e are, h o w e v e r , s u c h s c a n t y m a t e r i a l s for c l a s s i f y i n g the G r e e k graffiti o f E g y p t in a n y c h r o n o l o g i c a l sequence, t h a t t h e s e d a t e s m u s t be r e g a r d e d as p u r e l y tentative.] A.

Chamber

1. TaXarrfi- A^r/r/jio?.

of

Horns.

3rd cent. B.C.

( S a y c c , p, 381 : he q u o t e s a n o t h e r g r a f f i t o b y t w o G a l a t i a n s in t h e s a m e c h a m b e r , w h i c h d o e s not s e e m t o h a v e been found b y M r . G a r s t a n g , a n d c o n n e c t s t h e m w i t h t h e force of G a l a t i a n m e r c e n a r i e s raised b y Ptolemy I V Philopator.) 2. Ar)p,os apxrjyeTTjs. 2 n d cent. B.C. 3. Aaap-xps HpctKXea. 3rd cent. B.C. ( T h i s m a y b e a n i n v o c a t i o n o f H e r a k l e s ; or p e r h a p s 'Hpatckeia s h o u l d b e read.) 4. Au>vv