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Shire Egyptology
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Egyptian Warfare and Weapons
Ian Shaw
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3 Cover illustration Seti I shown charging Libyan enemies: from a nineteenthcentury coloured cast, now at the British Museum, made from a relief on the north wall of the temple of Amun at Karnak. (Photograph copyright: Peter Clayton.) British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data: Shaw, Ian. Egyptian warfare and weapons. /. Title.
Contents LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 4 CHRONOLOGY 5 1. INTRODUCTION 7
932. ISBN 0747XOI428.
2. EGYPT'S ENEMIES 9 3. FORTRESSES AND FRONTIERS 15 4. THE EGYPTIAN ARMY 25 5. WEAPONS AND MILITARY TECHNOLOGY 31 6. IMPERIAL STRATEGIES AND INTERNATIONAL DIPLOMACY 45 7. NAVAL BATTLES 59 8. MILITARY DECLINE 65
Published by SHIRE PUBLICAnONS LTD Cromwell House, Church Street, Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire HP17 9AJ, UK. Series Editor: Barbara Adams.
9. MUSEUMS 69 10. FURTHER READING 70 INDEX 72
Copyright © Ian Shaw, 1991. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. ISBN 0 7478 0142 8. First published 1991. Printed in Great Britain by C. I. Thomas & Sons (Haverfordwest) Ltd, Press Buildings, Merlins Bridge, Haverfordwest, Dyfed SA61 1XF.
Acknowledgements In writing this book I have received an incalculable amount of encouragement and enthusiasm from Ann Jones, who is also responsible for the line drawings. I am very grateful to Barry Kemp, who read and commented on the final draft of the text, and to Peter Clayton and Kenneth Kitchen, who kindly provided some of the photographs. The dynastic chronology is based on that of Dr William J. Murnane and acknowledgement is made to him and to Penguin Books for its use here.
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List ofillustrations
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35, Sherden mercenaries at the battle of Qadesh, from the Temple of Ramesses II at Abydos, Nineteenth Dynasty page 44 36. Map of Egypt, the Levant and Western Asia during the New Kingdom
List of illustrations
paRe 46 37. Route of Tuthmosis III towards the battle of Megiddo page 48 38. A cuneiform letter written by Tushraua to Amenophis Ill, New Kingdom page 5 I 39. Egyptian chariots at the battle of Qadcsh, from the temple of Ramesses II, Abydos, New Kingdom l)(lge 52 40. Scene of an Asiatic fortress being stormed, from Karnak, New Kingdom
1. Narmer Palette from Hierakonpolis, Protodynaxtic Period [Jag I' 8 2. Battlefield Palette, showing the Egyptian king in till' form of a lion savaging his enemies, Protodynastic Period [Jag I' 8 II) 3. Ceremonial cane from the tomb ofTurankhumun. Nnv Kingdom ーHャLセ・ 4. Line of foreign captives with toponyms page I I 5. Figure of Ramesses III smiting a Libyan at Medinet IIabu, New Kingdom page 12 6. View of the migdol gateway at Mcdinct l labu, New Kingdom page 14 7. Hieroglyphic symbols for fortifications: niwt, liwt and' h page f() 8. Model of battlements from Abadiych, Predynuxtic Period page 16 9. Scene of siege warfare and a battering ram from the tomb or Khcry at Bcni Hasan, Middle Kingdom page 17 10. Map of the Egyptian fortresses in Nubia during tlK' Middle Kingdom page 19 11. View of the ramparts at Buhcn, Middle Kingdom page 20 12. Plans of the Buhen, Uronarti , Shalfak and Scmnu forts page 2 I 13. Military ration tokens from Uronarti, Middle Kingdom page 24 14. Papyrus bearing the' Scmna Dispatches', Middle Kingdom lJiJge 24 15. Chart showing the military hierarchy in the New Kingdom pcn;« 27 16. Scene of five Nubian mercenaries from the tomb of Tjanuny at Thebes, New Kingdom page 28 17. Syrian mercenary, depicted on a stele from /vmarna, New Kingdom page 30 18. Early Dynastic warriors on the Hunter's Palette page 32 19. Detail of the painting in the Hierakonpolis Painted Tomb, late Prcdynas!ic Period page 32 20. The Scorpion Macchead from Hierakonpo!is, Protodynastic Period paRe "U 21. Scene of pharaoh smiting foreigners, at Esna, GraccoRoman Period page 33 22. Wooden model of soldiers from the tomb of Mesehti at Asyut, Middle Kingdom page 34 23. DilTerent types or baulcaxcx: Old KingdomNew Kingdom paRe 35 24. Middle Kingdom battleaxe page 35 25. Different types of spear: Old KingdomNew Kingdom pag« 36 26. Scene showing a craftsman checking the straightness of an arrow, from Saqqara, New Kingdom [Jag I' 36 27. Different types of bow: selfbow and rccurved composite bow page 36 28. Scene of siege warfare from the tomb of Inti at Deshasheh, Old Kingdom
Plan of the battle of Qadcvh flag I' 54 EgyptoIlittite peace treaty, from Karnak, New Kingdom Iwge 55 Hittite 'marriage stele', from Abu Simbel, New Kingdom flag I' 56 130al painted 011 a pottery vessel, late Prcdyuustic Period page 58 Naval battle depicted on the Gebel clArak knife handle, late Predynastic
Period flage M) 46. Model of a boat, Middle Kinudoiu page 01 47. Scene of boatbuildcrs. lrom thc tomb ofTi at Saqqar.t, Old Kingdom page til 48. A Sea Peoples' boat. vlcdinct l labu. "Jew Kingdom/luge 62 49. An Egyptian boat ill the baltic againslthe Sea Peoples, at Medinet Habu, New Kingdom I'(/ge (13 50. 'Victory stele' of Piyc from Gebel Burkal. Lite Period puge ()4 51. Fragment of relief from Nineveh showing the storming of an Egyptian town, Late Period I'age ()() 52. Map of Egypt showing the location of sites mentioned in the text page 68
Chronology
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Predynastic Period
c5DOD::noo BC
Protodynastic Period
c.33003050 BC
page 38
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Early Dynastic Period
30502613 BC
Old Kingdom
261321S1 BC
29. Scene showing a mobile siege tower from the tomb of the general lntef at Thebes, Middle Kingdom page 38 30. Horsedrawn chariot, New Kingdom page 40 31. Two Egyptian soldiers in a ch.uiot, New Kingdom page 40 32. Seti I fighting in a chariot, Karnak Temple, New Kingdom page 4 I 33. Papyrus Anastasi I, a text describing a visit to a chariot repair shop, New Kingdom page 42 34. Rarnesses II wearing the blue 'war' crown, New Kingdom page 43
page 53 41. 42. 43. 44. 45.
1.\
50DO'+OOO 400035DO 35DO3300
Badarian Naqada I Naqada II
30502S90 2S9D26S6 26S62613
Dvnastv I D)nast) II Dynasty III
26L\249S 24982345 23'+521 S I
Dynasty IV Dynasty V Dynasty VI
First In termed iate Period
218120 40 BC
Middle Kingdo m
204017 8213C
Second Interm ediate 178215 70 BC Period
218120 40 213420 60
Dynasti es VlIX Dynasty XI (Thcban )
206019 91 199117 82
Dynasty XI Dynasty XII
178216 50
Dynasti es XIII XIV (Egyptia n) Dynasti es XVX VI (Hykxos ) Dynasty XVII (Theban )
1663 I555 166315 70
New Ki ngdom
Late Pe riod
Dynasty XVIII I1./UI/OSC
Tuthmosis IIf Ifl /vkhcua tcn
I1.mcl/of Jhis
Tutankh anum Dynasty XIX II Dynasty XX Rilll/CSSC S I I I
R ([lIleSSCS
107071 313C 107094 5 945712 82871 2 724713
Dynasty XXI Dynasty XXII Dynasty XXIII Dynasty XXIV
713332 BC
332 Be AD 395
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セi
525404 404399 399380 380343
Dynasty XXV (Kushite ) Dynasty XXVI (Saite) Dynasty XXVII Dynasty XXVIII Dynasty XXIX Dynasty XXX (Egyptia n/Persia n)
713656 664525
Gracco Roman Period
1 Intro duct ion
1570 I070 Be 157012 93 1570- I 5