EcoDesign and Sustainability II: Social Perspectives and Sustainability Assessment 9789811567742
This book highlights cutting-edge ecodesign research, covering product and service design, smart manufacturing, and soci
434 25 22MB
English Pages 661 [642] Year 2020
Preface
Contents
Part ISustainable Design and User Behavior
1 The Chinese-Brand Electric Vehicles in the Eyes of the US Consumers
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Literature Review
1.2.1 Product Quality, Perceived Benefits, and Perceived Risks
1.2.2 China’s Economic Success
1.3 Methodology
1.3.1 Respondents
1.3.2 Key Variables
1.3.3 Statistical Analysis
1.4 Results
1.4.1 Summary Statistics
1.5 Conclusion
1.5.1 Study Summary
1.5.2 Plant Location
1.5.3 Strategic Recommendations for CBEVs
1.5.4 Ethnocentric Beliefs and COO
References
2 Comparative Analysis of the Users’ Kansei Evolutions Over Their Short and Long-Lived Products’ Lifetimes in Iran
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Framework
2.3 Method
2.4 Results
2.4.1 Kansei Items Distribution
2.4.2 Kansei Evolutions Over the Products Lifetime
2.5 Discussion and Conclusion
2.5.1 Trends of Kansei Evolution
2.5.2 Comparison
2.5.3 Conclusion
References
3 A Toolkit for Designing Products and Services Fit for Circular Consumption
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Method
3.3 The Use2Use Toolkit
3.3.1 Use2Use Thinking Activation Pack
3.3.2 Circular Journeys Exploration Pack
3.3.3 Multiple Use-Cycles Exploration Pack
3.3.4 Circular Designs Ideation Pack
3.3.5 Circular Designs Evaluation Pack
3.4 Discussion
3.4.1 Contribution
3.4.2 Implications for Design Practice
3.4.3 Future Work
3.5 Concluding Remarks
References
4 Embedding a Sustainability Focus in Packaging Development Processes
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Point of Departure
4.2.1 Product-Packaging Sustainability
4.2.2 Product-Packaging Development Processes
4.2.3 Packaging Within Societal Boundaries
4.2.4 Point of Departure: Conclusion
4.3 Research Method
4.3.1 Research Phases
4.3.2 Tools and Techniques
4.4 Discussion and Conclusions
References
5 Consumer’s Perception of Plastics in Everyday Products in Relation to Their Personality
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Research Aim
5.3 Methodology
5.3.1 Procedure
5.3.2 Respondents
5.3.3 Processing
5.4 Results
5.4.1 Cluster Analysis
5.4.2 Descriptive Categories
5.4.3 Product Categories
5.4.4 Descriptive Categories × Product Categories
5.4.5 Positive Versus Negative Fit
5.4.6 Link to Personality Clusters
5.5 Discussion
5.6 Conclusion
References
6 User Activity Matters: An Activity Theory Informed Design Toolkit for Sustainable Behavior Design
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Activity Theoretical Background
6.3 ACD Toolkit Development and Literature Insights
6.3.1 Use of AT in the Context of Design for Sustainability
6.3.2 Requirements of AT-Informed Design Tools
6.4 Introduction to the ACD Toolkit Prototype
6.5 Case Study Deployment: Reducing Household Food Waste Through Packaging Design
6.5.1 Case Study Background
6.5.2 Applying the Toolkit in Collaborative Design Workshops
6.5.3 Applying the Toolkit in Individual Ideation Session
6.5.4 Feedback Regarding the Concept of the Toolkit
6.6 Conclusion and Future Work
References
7 Strengthening Aesthetic Individualization in Product Design to Enhance Customer Loyalty and Sustainability
7.1 Introduction
7.2 State of the Art
7.2.1 Mass Customization
7.2.2 Potentials and Challenges
7.3 Research Approach
7.3.1 Study Aim and Results
7.3.2 Co-creation Workshop
7.4 Discussion and Conclusion
7.4.1 Stakeholders
7.4.2 Environment/Technology
7.4.3 Process
7.4.4 Product
7.4.5 Outlook
References
8 Analysis of the Personal Cars Sustainability in Relation with Their Formalistic Characteristics in Iran
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Method
8.3 Framework
8.3.1 Sustainability Dimensions and Indicators
8.3.2 Vehicle Formalistic Characteristics
8.4 Result
8.4.1 Samples Overall Sustainability Levels
8.4.2 Formalistic Items Distribution
8.4.3 Samples Formalistic Distribution and Clusters
8.4.4 Sustainability Levels of Clusters and Quarters
8.5 Conclusion
References
Part IISustainable Consumption and Production
9 Enhancing Role and Participation of Industry and Community for Sustainable E-Waste Recovery for Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP): Case Study Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Methods
9.3 Results and Discussion
9.4 Conclusion
References
10 Understanding of Individuals’ Intention Toward Car Sharing Usage in the Southeast-Asia Region: From University Students in Thailand and Indonesia
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Materials and Methods
10.2.1 Literature Review Analysis
10.2.2 Semi-structured Interviews
10.3 Factors Affecting Car Sharing Adoption
10.3.1 Socio-economic and Demographic Factors
10.3.2 Psychological Factors
10.3.3 Infrastructural Factors
10.3.4 Conceptual Model Structure Among Potential Factors and Individuals’ Car Travel Behavior
10.4 Case Study with Semi-structured Interviews
10.4.1 Current Travel Patterns and Their Satisfaction
10.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Car Ownership
10.4.3 Car Sharing Adoption and Critical Factors
10.5 Hypothesis Formulation
10.5.1 Perceived Benefits of Car Sharing
10.5.2 Infrastructural Variables
10.5.3 Perception of Car Ownership
10.6 Conclusions and Future Work
References
11 Economy-Wide Material Flow Analysis and Its Projection: DMI Versus TMR in Japan
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Methodology
11.2.1 Classification of Material Categories
11.2.2 Mathematical Relation Between TMR and DMI
11.2.3 Projection Analysis
11.3 Results and Discussion
11.3.1 DMI and TMR in Japan in 1990–2013
11.3.2 Sensitivity Analysis
11.3.3 Projection Analysis
11.4 Conclusion
References
12 Ecological Smart and Sustainable Waste Management: A Conceptual Framework
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Research Method
12.3 Results of Literature Review and Formulating the Conceptual Framework
12.4 Validating and Revising the Conceptual Framework Based on Local Phenomenon and Tradition
12.4.1 Validating Framework Based on Local Phenomenon and Tradition
12.4.2 Revising the Conceptual Framework
12.5 Implications of Revised Framework
12.6 Conclusion
References
13 Information Flow System for Chemicals in Products (CiP) with Adequate Attention to the Social Dimension: The Japanese Challenge and the Way Forward
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Conceptual Background
13.2.1 Chemical Management
13.2.2 The Circular Economy
13.3 ChemSHERPA in Japan
13.3.1 A Brief History of ChemSHERPA
13.3.2 ChemSHERPA Characteristics
13.3.3 The Missing Element in ChemSHERPA
13.4 Analysis of Legal Systems
13.4.1 Scope
13.4.2 Japan
13.4.3 The US and EU
13.5 Proposal
13.6 Conclusion
References
Part IIIEcoDesign of Social Infrastructure
14 Forecast of Future Impacts of Using ICT Services on GHG Emissions Reduction and GDP Growth in Japan
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Estimation Method
14.3 Target ICT Services and Future ICT Scenarios
14.3.1 Evaluation Target ICT Services
14.3.2 Direct Effects Expected by ICT Use
14.3.3 Future ICT Scenarios
14.4 Results and Discussions
14.4.1 Model Results
14.4.2 Discussion
14.4.3 Future Issues
14.5 Conclusion
References
15 Methodology for Modeling the Energy and Material Footprint of Future Telecommunication Networks
15.1 Motivation
15.2 State of Research
15.3 Requirement Specifications for the Model
15.4 Multi-level Model Approach
15.4.1 Conditions—Application Scenario
15.4.2 Components—Network Architecture
15.4.3 Configuration—Network Settings
15.4.4 Control—Network Operation
15.5 Specific Energy and Material Aspects of 5G Technologies and Architecture
15.5.1 Multi-connectivity and C-RAN
15.5.2 Massive MIMO and Beamforming
15.5.3 Small Cells and Network Densification
15.6 Discussion of Scientific Challenges
15.7 Summary
References
16 Towards Intercity Cooperation: Comparison of Spatial Transport Energy Efficiency Between Central and Peripheral Cities in Japan
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Method
16.2.1 Boundary of Transport Energy Consumption
16.2.2 Transportation Modes
16.2.3 Computation of Spatial Transport Energy Intensity
16.2.4 Case Study
16.2.5 Data Collection
16.3 Results and Discussion
16.3.1 Transport Energy Intensity
16.3.2 Spatial Transport Energy Intensity
16.3.3 Comparison of Spatial Transport Energy Intensity Between Central and Peripheral Cities
16.4 Conclusion
References
17 Energy Efficiency Within Sustainable Development in Asia: A Boundary Infrastructure and Knowledge Based Frame of Reference
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Energy Efficiency and the Asian Context
17.2.1 Energy Efficiency and Related Concepts
17.2.2 Historical Perspective and the Asian Context
17.3 Scope and Perspective of Approach
17.4 Toward a Shared Perspective and Understanding at the Boundaries of Intersecting Social Worlds
17.4.1 Outline
17.4.2 The Technical and Economic Dimensions
17.4.3 The Societal and Cultural Dimensions
17.5 Conclusions
References
18 Study on the Quantitative Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions in Sewage-Sludge Treatment System
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Materials and Methods
18.2.1 Boundary Definition
18.2.2 Analysis of Different Sewage-Sludge Scenarios
18.2.3 Sources of Estimated Input Data
18.3 Estimation Procedure of Ghg Emissions from Sewage-Sludge Treatment System
18.3.1 Estimation of CO2 Direct Emissions from Sewage Treatment Process
18.3.2 Estimation of N2O Direct Emissions from Sewage Treatment Process
18.3.3 Estimation of GHGs Indirect Emissions from Sewage Treatment Process
18.3.4 Estimation of GHG Emissions from Sludge Treatment Process
18.4 Results and Discussions
18.4.1 GHG Emissions of Different Sewage-Sludge Treatment Scenarios
18.4.2 GHG Emissions from Different Sources
18.4.3 CO2 Emissions from Sewage Treatment and N2O from Sludge Treatment
18.5 Summary
References
Part IVSustainability Education
19 Gamifying Sustainable Design to Enhance Environmental Consciousness of Industrial Design Students
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Background
19.2.1 Gamification in Design Education
19.2.2 Sustainable Design Principles and Tools
19.3 Materials and Methods
19.3.1 Participants
19.3.2 Data Collection
19.3.3 Evaluation
19.4 Results and Discussion
19.5 Summary
References
20 Consideration of Communication Methods with the Next Generation for Sustainable Living Through the Case Study of a Visiting Lecture
20.1 Introduction
20.1.1 Background
20.1.2 Purpose
20.1.3 Literary Review
20.2 Method
20.2.1 Solar Decathlon
20.2.2 Case Study of CUJ’s Visiting Lecture
20.3 Results
20.3.1 Development Process
20.3.2 Questionnaire Results
20.3.3 Comparison with Other Countries
20.4 Discussion
20.5 Conclusion
References
Part VSustainability Assessment and Indicators
21 Progress for Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment by Means of Digital Lifecycle Twins — A Taxonomy
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Challenges of LCSA
21.3 Literature Review
21.3.1 Approach
21.3.2 Results
21.4 Taxonomy and Gap Analysis
21.4.1 Approach
21.4.2 Taxonomy
21.4.3 Mapping and Gap Analysis
21.5 New Concept Digital Lifecycle Twin
21.6 Sustainability Impact and Conclusion
References
22 Adopting Life Cycle Assessment for Various Greenhouse Typologies in Multiple Cropping Environment in Australia
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Methodology
22.3 Greenhouse Configurations
22.3.1 General Typology
22.3.2 High-Tech Greenhouse Structure
22.4 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
22.4.1 Goal and Scope
22.4.2 Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)
22.4.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)
22.4.4 Interpretation
22.5 Summary
References
23 Process Modelling for an Efficient and Dynamic Energy Consumption for Fresh Produce in Protected Cropping
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Research Methodology
23.3 Data Collection, Results and Analysis
23.4 Discussion and Conclusions
References
24 CO2 Removal Using the Sun and Forest: An Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of a Solar & Biomass Hybrid Carbon Capture and Sequestration Plant
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Background and Literature Review
24.2.1 National and International BECCS Research
24.2.2 CSP and BECCS Precedents
24.3 Plant Design
24.3.1 Plant Configuration
24.3.2 CSP Plant
24.3.3 IGFC Plant
24.3.4 CCS Plant
24.4 Method
24.4.1 Environmental Life Cycle Assessment
24.4.2 System Boundary
24.4.3 Database and Software
24.4.4 Impact Assessment Method
24.4.5 Modeling for Solar Hybrid BECCS
24.4.6 Modeling for Comparing Power Plants
24.5 Results and Discussion
24.6 Conclusions
References
25 Environmental and Economic Impacts of Biofouling on Marine and Coastal Heat Exchangers
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Methodology
25.3 Results
25.3.1 Environmental Impacts
25.3.2 Economic Impacts
25.4 Discussion
25.5 Conclusion
References
26 Ecological Cost-Benefit Analysis of a Sensor-Based Parking Prediction Service
26.1 Introduction
26.2 System Architecture of “Park&Joy”
26.2.1 Sensor Composition
26.2.2 Server Infrastructure
26.3 Basic Environmental Data
26.3.1 Vehicle Fleet and Its Emissions
26.3.2 Simplified Life Cycle Assessment of the Sensor
26.3.3 Simplified Life Cycle Assessment of the Server
26.4 Cost-Benefit Model
26.4.1 Methodology for the Hamburg Scenario
26.4.2 Emission Saving Calculation
26.4.3 Influencing Factors
26.5 Summary
References
27 Scenario Analysis of Environmental Impact of Paddy Rice Farming Systems Utilizing Different Fertilizer Materials
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Materials and Methods
27.2.1 Framework of Evaluation
27.2.2 Process Model of Paddy Rice Farming System
27.2.3 Estimation of Potential Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loss, Using FGB
27.2.4 Data Source and Scenario of Paddy Rice Farming Systems
27.2.5 Data Source of Background Data
27.3 Results and Discussion
27.3.1 Comparing the Environmental Impacts Between Organic Fertilizer and Conventional Scenarios
27.3.2 Comparing Environmental Impacts of the Manure Scenario and Artificial Fertilizer Scenario
27.4 Summary
References
28 Techno-Economic Assessment on Waste from Palm Oil Mill to Electricity in Malaysia
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Objectives
28.3 Methodology
28.3.1 Model of Calculation
28.3.2 Cost Calculation
28.3.3 Selling Price of Electricity in Malaysia
28.3.4 Selling Price of Ash as Fertilizer
28.3.5 Sales Calculation
28.3.6 Profit Calculation
28.4 Result
28.4.1 Cost Calculation
28.4.2 Sales Calculation
28.4.3 Profit Calculation
28.5 Conclusion
References
29 Influence of Thermal Conductivity and Subsurface Temperature on Life-Cycle Environmental Load of the Ground Source Heat Pump in Bangkok, Thailand
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Objective
29.3 Methodology
29.3.1 Simulation of Cooling Load
29.3.2 System Designing and Electricity Consumption
29.3.3 Life-Cycle Inventory Analysis
29.3.4 Sensitivity Analysis
29.4 Results and Discussion
29.4.1 Life-Cycle Inventory Analysis
29.4.2 Sensitivity Analysis
29.5 Conclusion
References
30 Material Criticality Assessment for Business Purposes Using Fuzzy Linguistic Method
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Materials and Methods
30.2.1 Criticality Assessment
30.2.2 Fuzzy Linguistic Approach
30.3 Application of Fuzzy Linguistic Approach
30.4 Discussion
30.5 Conclusion
References
31 Development of a Method for Measuring Resource Efficiency for Product Lifecycle
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Resource Efficiency Indicator
31.2.1 Investigation
31.2.2 Resource Efficiency Indicator
31.2.3 Resource Impact Evaluation Formula
31.2.4 Comparison of Resource Impact Coefficients
31.2.5 Representation of the Purpose of This Paper Using Indicators
31.3 Case Study
31.3.1 Selection of Environmental Impact Coefficients
31.3.2 Case Study Product
31.3.3 Scenarios
31.3.4 Setup Conditions
31.3.5 Calculation Results
31.3.6 Discussion
31.4 Summary
References
Part VIEnergy System Design
32 Techno-Economic Analysis of a Hybrid Solar-Hydrogen-Biomass System for Off-Grid Power Supply
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Case Study
32.3 Simulation Module
32.3.1 Wind Turbine
32.3.2 PV Module
32.3.3 Fuel Cell
32.3.4 Electrolyzer
32.3.5 Hydrogen Tank
32.3.6 SCWG
32.4 Results and Discussions
32.5 Conclusion
References
33 Optimal Design and Operation of a Residential Hybrid Microgrid System in Kasuga City
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Mathematical Modeling of the Proposed System
33.2.1 Wind Power Generation
33.2.2 PV Power Generation
33.2.3 Diesel Generation
33.2.4 Battery Modeling
33.3 Optimization
33.3.1 Cost Analysis
33.3.2 Optimization Model
33.4 Results and Discussions
33.5 Conclusion
References
34 Social Equity and Lifestyle Conscious Policy Making for the Energy Transition
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Methodology
34.3 Results
34.3.1 Household Footprint Estimates and Projection of ‘Virtual’ Footprints
34.3.2 Social Inequity Impacts Considering Stakeholder Environmental Burden Preferences
34.4 Discussion
34.5 Conclusions
References
35 Exergy and Environmental Analysis of a Bio-Hydrogen Supply Chain Using Data Envelope Analysis
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Target System and Methodology
35.2.1 System Boundary and Functional Unit
35.2.2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
35.2.3 Exergy Analysis
35.2.4 Data Envelope Analysis
35.2.5 Hydrogen Demand of Each Type of Mobility
35.3 Inventory Analysis
35.3.1 Hydrogen Production from Woody Biomass
35.3.2 Hydrogen Production from Sewage Sludge
35.3.3 Hydrogen Storage Using Hydrogen Compression
35.3.4 Hydrogen Storage Using MH
35.3.5 Mobility Using FC
35.3.6 Conventional Case
35.4 Results and Discussion
35.4.1 LCA Results
35.4.2 Exergy Efficiency
35.4.3 DEA Results
35.5 Conclusion
References
36 The Readiness Levels of Japan Supported Biomass Energy Conversion Technology Development Projects in Emerging Southeast Asia: Verification of the J-TRA Results
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Methodology
36.2.1 Conversion of Project Readiness Level Terminology
36.2.2 The J-TRA Methodology
36.3 Results
36.3.1 Project Readiness Level in Generic Terms
36.3.2 J-TRA Results Based on the Percentage of Checklists Compliance
36.3.3 J-TRA Results Shown as TRL
36.4 Analysis and Discussions
36.4.1 Comparison of the Three Methods Results
36.4.2 The Common Bottleneck and Opportunities Among the Technology Development Projects
36.5 Summary
References
37 Evaluation and Improvement Proposals for a Business Facility Solar and Ground-Heat Hybrid Heat Supply System
37.1 Introduction
37.2 Heat Supply System Overview
37.2.1 Supply Area Overview
37.2.2 Supply System Overview
37.3 Actual Measured Evaluation and Analysis of Heat Supply System
37.3.1 Performance Evaluation of a Solar Thermal Collector
37.3.2 Performance Evaluation of Adsorption Type Refrigerator
37.3.3 Performance Evaluation of Adsorption Type Refrigerator
37.3.4 Performance Evaluation of the Entire System
37.4 System Improvement Proposal
37.4.1 Factor Analysis of Air Conditioning Malfunction of Store C
37.4.2 Operation Analysis of the Absorption Refrigerator
37.4.3 Operation Analysis of a Solar Energy Absorber
37.4.4 Proposal for Improvement of the Whole System
37.5 Discussions
37.5.1 Solar Heat Collector Working Procedure
37.5.2 Geothermal Heat Pump Working Procedure
37.5.3 Utilization of Solar/Geothermal Hybrid System
37.6 Summary
References
38 The Import Structure of LNG from Russia to Japan by Cognitive Map and Text Analysis
38.1 Introduction
38.2 Qualitative Analysis: Cognitive Map
38.2.1 Methodology
38.2.2 Setting Period
38.2.3 Result (Sakhalin-2 LNG Project)
38.2.4 Result (Yamal LNG Project)
38.3 Quantitative Analysis: Text Analysis
38.3.1 Methodology
38.3.2 Result (Sakhalin-2 LNG Project)
38.3.3 Result (Yamal LNG Project)
38.4 Discussions
38.4.1 Common Points and Differences Between the Two Case Study Results
38.4.2 Comparison with Past Studies
38.5 Summary
References
39 Recovery Analysis of Domestic Electric Storage Water Heaters
39.1 Introduction
39.2 Methods
39.3 Recoverability Analysis of Deswh
39.3.1 Inspection Guide
39.3.2 Design Suggestions
39.4 Hybrid Production-Remanufacturing System
39.4.1 Problem Description
39.4.2 Description of the Mathematical Formulation
39.4.3 Resolution Procedure and Analysis of Results
39.5 Discussion
39.6 Conclusions
References
40 Feasibility Study for Electric Vehicle Utilization as Grid Supporting in Indonesian Power System
40.1 Introduction
40.1.1 EV as Distributed Energy Resources (DERs)
40.1.2 Indonesia Power System Condition
40.2 Objectives
40.3 Materials and Methods
40.3.1 Methodology
40.3.2 Electricity Market Assumption
40.3.3 Feed-in-Tariffs (FITs)
40.3.4 Input Parameter
40.3.5 State of Charging (SoC) of Driving Patterns
40.4 Results and Discussion
40.4.1 Potential Energy Availability
40.4.2 V2G as Peak Load Shaving
40.4.3 Potential Reduction of Cost Generation
40.5 Summary
References
41 Techno-economic Analysis on Renewable Energy via Hydrogen from Macro and Micro Scope Views
41.1 Introduction
41.2 Macro Perspective
41.2.1 Methodology
41.3 Result
41.4 Micro Perspective
41.4.1 Methodology
41.4.2 Result
41.5 Macro and Micro Perspectives
41.5.1 Methodology
41.5.2 Future Consideration
41.6 Summary
References
42 Dynamic Simulation of Woody Biomass Co-generation System Considering Time-Varying Heat Demand: A Japanese Community Bathhouse Case Study
42.1 Introduction
42.2 Literature Review
42.3 Modeling Energy Conversion Systems for Woody Biomass
42.3.1 Approach
42.3.2 Model for Calculating Annual Cost
42.3.3 Model for Calculating Annual CO2 Emissions
42.4 Case Study: Evaluation of Energy Conversion System for a Japanese Hot Bath
42.4.1 Description of the Scenarios
42.4.2 Equipment Operation Management in the Two Scenarios
42.4.3 Data
42.5 Results and Discussion
42.5.1 Annual Cost
42.5.2 Annual CO2 Emissions
42.5.3 Sensitivity Analysis
42.6 Conclusion
References
43 A Feasibility Study of a Japanese Power to Gas Concept—A Case Study of Rokkasho Village
43.1 Introduction
43.2 Objective and Approach
43.3 A Japanese Power to Gas Concept
43.4 Methodology of Feasibility Study
43.4.1 Step 1. Electricity and Heat Demand
43.4.2 Step 2. Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Demand
43.4.3 Step 3. Power Generation Pattern
43.4.4 Step 4. Hydrogen Production Pattern
43.4.5 Step 5. Capacity of Hydrogen Storage
43.4.6 Step 6. Unit Cost of Hydrogen
43.4.7 Step 7. Economic Feasibility
43.4.8 Step 8. CO2 Emission Reduction
43.5 Result of Case Study
43.5.1 Size of the System
43.5.2 Economic Feasibility
43.5.3 CO2 Emission Reduction
43.5.4 Effect of Threshold Shift
43.5.5 Possibility of Further Application
43.6 Discussion
43.7 Summary
References
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Sustainable Production, Life Cycle Engineering and Management Series Editors: Christoph Herrmann, Sami Kara
Yusuke Kishita Mitsutaka Matsumoto Masato Inoue Shinichi Fukushige Editors
EcoDesign and Sustainability II Social Perspectives and Sustainability Assessment
Sustainable Production, Life Cycle Engineering and Management Series Editors Christoph Herrmann, Braunschweig, Germany Sami Kara, Sydney, Australia
SPLCEM publishes authored conference proceedings, contributed volumes and authored monographs that present cutting-edge research information as well as new perspectives on classical fields, while maintaining Springer’s high standards of excellence, the content is peer reviewed. This series focuses on the issues and latest developments towards sustainability in production based on life cycle thinking. Modern production enables a high standard of living worldwide through products and services. Global responsibility requires a comprehensive integration of sustainable development fostered by new paradigms, innovative technologies, methods and tools as well as business models. Minimizing material and energy usage, adapting material and energy flows to better fit natural process capacities, and changing consumption behaviour are important aspects of future production. A life cycle perspective and an integrated economic, ecological and social evaluation are essential requirements in management and engineering. **Indexed in Scopus** To submit a proposal or request further information, please use the PDF Proposal Form or contact directly: Petra Jantzen, Applied Sciences Editorial, email:[email protected]
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10615
Yusuke Kishita Mitsutaka Matsumoto Masato Inoue Shinichi Fukushige •
•
•
Editors
EcoDesign and Sustainability II Social Perspectives and Sustainability Assessment
123
Editors Yusuke Kishita Department of Precision Engineering The University of Tokyo Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
Mitsutaka Matsumoto National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
Masato Inoue Department of Mechanical Engineering Informatics Meiji University Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
Shinichi Fukushige Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering Waseda University Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
ISSN 2194-0541 ISSN 2194-055X (electronic) Sustainable Production, Life Cycle Engineering and Management ISBN 978-981-15-6774-2 ISBN 978-981-15-6775-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6775-9 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore
Preface
EcoDesign has been a core concept for the manufacturing industry in its efforts to transform the mass production, mass consumption, and mass disposal paradigm toward achieving sustainability. In the last two decades, the ecosystem of the manufacturing industry has been rapidly changing, especially when we look at Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), circular economy, and digitalization. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic has drastically changed our lifestyles to the “New Normal,” where a typical example is to shift from working in the office to working from home using a teleconference system. In response to such emerging needs and enablers, though the impact of COVID-19 has not yet been considered, the scope of EcoDesign has been expanding to cover more diversified areas, such as environmentally conscious design of products, services, manufacturing systems, supply chain, consumption, economies, and society. This book collates 79 papers out of 205 papers presented at EcoDesign 2019— the 11th International Symposium on Environmentally Conscious Design and Inverse Manufacturing, which was held in Yokohama, Japan, from November 25 to 27, 2019. All the 79 papers were peer-reviewed by the EcoDesign 2019 Executive committee. Celebrating the 20 years anniversary of the symposium since its first occurrence in 1999, EcoDesign 2019 provided the excellent platform to share state-of-the-art research and practices in the field of EcoDesign. The total of 278 researchers and practitioners from 28 countries participated in EcoDesign 2019. The book consists of two volumes, i.e., the first volume focuses on “Products, Services, and Business Models,” and the second volume focuses on “Social Perspectives and Sustainability Assessment.” Reflecting the expansion of the symposium scope, the book chapters cover broad areas—product and service design, business models and policies, circular production and life cycle management, green technologies, sustainable manufacturing, sustainable design and user behavior, sustainable consumption and production, EcoDesign of social infrastructure, sustainability education, sustainability assessment and indicators, and energy system design. We believe that the methods, tools, and practices described in the chapters are useful for readers to facilitate value creation for sustainability.
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Last but not least, we would like to express our sincere appreciation to all the contributors, supporters, and participants of EcoDesign 2019. This book cannot be published without the help of the executive committee members who cooperated in the peer review of the papers. Bunkyo, Japan
Yusuke Kishita EcoDesign 2019 Program Chair
Tsukuba, Japan
Mitsutaka Matsumoto EcoDesign 2019 Executive Committee Chair
Kawasaki, Japan
Masato Inoue EcoDesign 2019 Executive Committee Co-chair
Shinjuku, Japan
Shinichi Fukushige EcoDesign 2019 Executive Committee Co-chair
Contents
Part I 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Sustainable Design and User Behavior
The Chinese-Brand Electric Vehicles in the Eyes of the US Consumers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kenichiro Chinen, Hideki Endo, Mitsutaka Matsumoto, and Yongliang Stanley Han
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Comparative Analysis of the Users’ Kansei Evolutions Over Their Short and Long-Lived Products’ Lifetimes in Iran . . . . . . . . Seyed Javad Zafarmand
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A Toolkit for Designing Products and Services Fit for Circular Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oskar Rexfelt and Anneli Selvefors
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Embedding a Sustainability Focus in Packaging Development Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kenichiro Chinen, Hideki Endo, Mitsutaka Matsumoto, and Yongliang Stanley Han Consumer’s Perception of Plastics in Everyday Products in Relation to Their Personality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kenichiro Chinen, Hideki Endo, Mitsutaka Matsumoto, and Yongliang Stanley Han
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User Activity Matters: An Activity Theory Informed Design Toolkit for Sustainable Behavior Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wanjun Chu, Wiktoria Glad, and Renee Wever
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Strengthening Aesthetic Individualization in Product Design to Enhance Customer Loyalty and Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lisa Hagedorn, Gerald Kremer, and Rainer Stark
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Analysis of the Personal Cars Sustainability in Relation with Their Formalistic Characteristics in Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Mohammad Zolfaghari and Seyed Javad Zafarmand
Part II 9
Sustainable Consumption and Production
Enhancing Role and Participation of Industry and Community for Sustainable E-Waste Recovery for Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP): Case Study Kuala Lumpur Malaysia . . . . . 135 Ahmad Fariz Mohamed and Muhammad Izzat Rasnan
10 Understanding of Individuals’ Intention Toward Car Sharing Usage in the Southeast-Asia Region: From University Students in Thailand and Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Yoon-Young Chun, Mitsutaka Matsumoto, and Kiyotaka Tahara 11 Economy-Wide Material Flow Analysis and Its Projection: DMI Versus TMR in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Shoki Kosai and Eiji Yamasue 12 Ecological Smart and Sustainable Waste Management: A Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Yun Arifatul Fatimah, Rochiyati Murniningsih, and Agus Setiawan 13 Information Flow System for Chemicals in Products (CiP) with Adequate Attention to the Social Dimension: The Japanese Challenge and the Way Forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Makiko Kohno and Masahiko Hirao Part III
EcoDesign of Social Infrastructure
14 Forecast of Future Impacts of Using ICT Services on GHG Emissions Reduction and GDP Growth in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Xiaoxi Zhang, Machiko Shinozuka, Yuriko Tanaka, Yuko Kanamori, and Toshihiko Masui 15 Methodology for Modeling the Energy and Material Footprint of Future Telecommunication Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Lutz Stobbe, Nils F. Nissen, Jan Druschke, Hannes Zedel, Nikolai Richter, and Klaus-Dieter Lang 16 Towards Intercity Cooperation: Comparison of Spatial Transport Energy Efficiency Between Central and Peripheral Cities in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Shoki Kosai and Eiji Yamasue
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17 Energy Efficiency Within Sustainable Development in Asia: A Boundary Infrastructure and Knowledge Based Frame of Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Harald E. Otto 18 Study on the Quantitative Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions in Sewage-Sludge Treatment System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Zhiyi Liang, Toru Matsumoto, Lei Zhang, and Bing Liu Part IV
Sustainability Education
19 Gamifying Sustainable Design to Enhance Environmental Consciousness of Industrial Design Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Suphichaya Suppipat, Allen H. Hu, and Treechada Chotiratanapinun 20 Consideration of Communication Methods with the Next Generation for Sustainable Living Through the Case Study of a Visiting Lecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Shota Tajima, Satoko Nasu, and Daisuke Fujikawa Part V
Sustainability Assessment and Indicators
21 Progress for Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment by Means of Digital Lifecycle Twins — A Taxonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 Theresa Riedelsheimer, Sabrina Neugebauer, and Kai Lindow 22 Adopting Life Cycle Assessment for Various Greenhouse Typologies in Multiple Cropping Environment in Australia . . . . . . 347 Ana Evangelista, Yi-Chen Lan, Zhonghua Chen, Vivian W. Y. Tam, and Rina Datt 23 Process Modelling for an Efficient and Dynamic Energy Consumption for Fresh Produce in Protected Cropping . . . . . . . . . 361 Premaratne Samaranayake, Goran Lopaticki, Wei Liang, Vivian Tam, Zhonghua Chen, and Yi-Chen Lan 24 CO2 Removal Using the Sun and Forest: An Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of a Solar & Biomass Hybrid Carbon Capture and Sequestration Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 Shutaro Takeda, Andrew John Chapman, and Hoseok Nam 25 Environmental and Economic Impacts of Biofouling on Marine and Coastal Heat Exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 Ninan Theradapuzha Mathew, Johan Kronholm, Klas Bertilsson, Mélanie Despeisse, and Björn Johansson
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26 Ecological Cost-Benefit Analysis of a Sensor-Based Parking Prediction Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 Jan Druschke, Stephan Fath, Lutz Stobbe, Nils F. Nissen, Nikolai Richter, and Klaus-Dieter Lang 27 Scenario Analysis of Environmental Impact of Paddy Rice Farming Systems Utilizing Different Fertilizer Materials . . . . . . . . 415 Tatsuo Hishinuma, Saaya Ono, and Atsuo Ikeguchi 28 Techno-Economic Assessment on Waste from Palm Oil Mill to Electricity in Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 Hashizume Michino and Tokimatsu Koji 29 Influence of Thermal Conductivity and Subsurface Temperature on Life-Cycle Environmental Load of the Ground Source Heat Pump in Bangkok, Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 Yutaro Shimada, Youhei Uchida, Hideaki Kurishima, and Koji Tokimatsu 30 Material Criticality Assessment for Business Purposes Using Fuzzy Linguistic Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 Xiaobo Chen, James Goddin, and Jacquetta Lee 31 Development of a Method for Measuring Resource Efficiency for Product Lifecycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 Gaku Miyake, Naoya Miyaji, Akio Tajima, Mitsutaka Matsumoto, and Keijiro Masui Part VI
Energy System Design
32 Techno-Economic Analysis of a Hybrid Solar-Hydrogen-Biomass System for Off-Grid Power Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 Naoto Takatsu and Hooman Farzaneh 33 Optimal Design and Operation of a Residential Hybrid Microgrid System in Kasuga City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 Yuichiro Yoshida, Nagashima Keisuke, and Hooman Farzaneh 34 Social Equity and Lifestyle Conscious Policy Making for the Energy Transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 Andrew John Chapman and Yosuke Shigetomi 35 Exergy and Environmental Analysis of a Bio-Hydrogen Supply Chain Using Data Envelope Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 Daisuke Hara, Chiharu Misaki, Hiromu Sugihara, Seiya Kako, Noboru Katayama, and Kiyoshi Dowaki
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36 The Readiness Levels of Japan Supported Biomass Energy Conversion Technology Development Projects in Emerging Southeast Asia: Verification of the J-TRA Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541 Issui Ihara, Andante Hadi Pandyaswargo, and Hiroshi Onoda 37 Evaluation and Improvement Proposals for a Business Facility Solar and Ground-Heat Hybrid Heat Supply System . . . . . 557 Daiki Yoshidome, Ryo Kikuchi, Andante Hadi Pandyaswargo, and Hiroshi Onoda 38 The Import Structure of LNG from Russia to Japan by Cognitive Map and Text Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 Kengo Takeda, Norovsambuu Purevsuren, Koji Tokimatsu, Masako Ikegami, and Mikael Hook 39 Recovery Analysis of Domestic Electric Storage Water Heaters . . . 589 Emilia Fernández, Carolina Devoto, and Pedro Piñeyro 40 Feasibility Study for Electric Vehicle Utilization as Grid Supporting in Indonesian Power System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 Muhammad Huda, Koji Tokimatsu, Arif Darmawan, and Muhammad Aziz 41 Techno-economic Analysis on Renewable Energy via Hydrogen from Macro and Micro Scope Views . . . . . . . . . . . . 619 Meng Chen, Tatsuya Ookubo, Kei Hasegawa, Manabu Ihara, Takuya Oda, and Koji Tokimatsu 42 Dynamic Simulation of Woody Biomass Co-generation System Considering Time-Varying Heat Demand: A Japanese Community Bathhouse Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633 Noriaki Nakatsuka, Yusuke Kishita, and Fumiteru Akamatsu 43 A Feasibility Study of a Japanese Power to Gas Concept—A Case Study of Rokkasho Village . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647 Yuji Mizuno, Yuki Ishimoto, and Shigeki Iida
Part I
Sustainable Design and User Behavior
Chapter 1
The Chinese-Brand Electric Vehicles in the Eyes of the US Consumers Kenichiro Chinen, Hideki Endo, Mitsutaka Matsumoto, and Yongliang Stanley Han
Abstract Researchers have found how driving electric vehicles (EVs) can be one solution to the negative environmental impact of petrol or diesel cars because they produce substantially lower emissions and are more energy-efficient than conventional cars. EVs are predicted to be the disruptive market force for transportation and technology. Of one million EVs sold in 2017, more than half of global sales were in China. China has a strong leadership position in the EV industry. The purpose of this study is to examine the US consumers’ reliance on Country-Of-Origin (COO) information in evaluating the quality of the Chinese-brand EVs (CBEVs) made-in various countries. Researchers suggest that consumers use COO as an information cue when evaluating a product, particularly if they lack detailed knowledge of the product. The results show that the perceived product quality of electric vehicles made in various countries influences consumers’ purchasing behavior. The study also found that consumers’ ethnocentrism has an effect on their buying behavior. Keywords Electric vehicles · Chinese-brand · Country-Of-Origin · Ethnocentric
1.1 Introduction Researchers have found how driving an electric vehicle (EV) can produce substantially lower emissions than a petrol or diesel car. According to the International Energy Agency, the total number of EVs in the global market surpassed three million in 2017. Of one million EVs sold in 2017, more than half of global sales were in China. China has a strong leadership position in the EV industry (Perkowski 2018). However,
K. Chinen (B) · Y. S. Han California State University, Sacramento, USA e-mail: [email protected] H. Endo Nihon Fukushi University, Mihama, Japan M. Matsumoto National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki, Japan © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 Y. Kishita et al. (eds.), EcoDesign and Sustainability II, Sustainable Production, Life Cycle Engineering and Management, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6775-9_1
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“Chinese EVs are still several years behind the global leaders in terms of technologies” (Schmidt 2018). The purpose of this study is to examine the US consumers’ reliance on Country-Of-Origin (COO) information in evaluating the quality of the Chinese-brand EVs (CBEVs) made-in various countries. China contributes to approximately 65% of the US trade deficits in 2017. This trade imbalance led to the US-China trade war in 2018. Therefore, the attitudes and opinions of the US consumers towards China and its products, directly and indirectly, may influence demand for products of Chinese-brand products or products made in China. The US President Trump’s campaign in tweeting and preaching China’s unfair policies does not help improve China’s country image. It is very important for China to know its product image in foreign markets, particularly in the US. This research is timely because Chinese companies are reported to open stores focusing on sales of EVs in the US market as early as 2019. Despite the length of exposure to “Made-in China” products and significant demand observed for Chinese products in the US market, previous studies show that the image of “Made-in China” is stereotyped. The outline of this paper is as follows. First, we state the theoretical background and research questions. Second, we examine the methodology used to conduct our investigation. Third, we present the results of the data analysis and hypotheses testing. Fourth, we summarize the research findings and discuss both practical implications. In the last section, we conclude and investigate possible avenues for future research.
1.2 Literature Review Past studies find that COO provides an important informational cue in consumers’ evaluations of products and have empirically demonstrated country equity in their studies (Heslop and Papadopoulos 1993). With the increasing economic interdependence of national economies across the world, production occurs sequentially across multiple countries. Multiple countries of origin may have confused consumers in identifying the actual origin of the product. Jaffe and Nebenzahl (2006) state that “companies often ignore the country image effect altogether, treating the world as a single market and source of products” (Jaffe and Nebenzahl 2006). They warn the tendency of making sourcing decisions “based on comparative advantage and cost differentials only, to the exclusion of image considerations” (Jaffe and Nebenzahl 2006).
1.2.1 Product Quality, Perceived Benefits, and Perceived Risks Cross-national studies of the perceptions of “Made in” images are important because of their managerial implications for global and multinational companies. International marketers, marketing scholars, economists, and politicians understand that
1 The Chinese-Brand Electric Vehicles in the Eyes …
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image of a country where a product is made is essential because the COO of a product influences product evaluations and purchase decisions; consumers tend to infer the quality of a country’s products from its national image (Heslop and Papadopoulos 1993). We formulate the following hypothesis: H1a: Perceived product quality positively influence the purchase intention of the CBEVs. In general, people are aware of damage to the environment and going green is a social norm. The electrification, or powered by electricity, will lead to a significant amount of reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and a decreased dependence on crude oil (Barbarossa et al. 2015). The EVs offer an advantage to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, and vehicular noise. We establish the following hypothesis: H1b: Perceived benefits positively influence the purchase intention of the CBEVs. In general, researchers find that high perceived risk and low perceived quality of green products are both negatively associated with consumers’ purchasing behavior (Matsumoto et al. 2018). Morton et al. (2016) examine environmental concerns and report how consequences of car use, self-reported responsibility and willingness to pay to reduce emissions are associated with attitudes towards EVs (Morton et al. 2016). People who consider their cars to be in their everyday life may have negative attitudes towards EVs (Morton et al. 2016). People still see risks and concerns about EVs regard a limited driving distance, time required to recharge, and a limited number of charging stations. Therefore, we have set forth the following hypothesis: H1c: Perceived risks negatively influence the purchase intention of the CBEVs.
1.2.2 China’s Economic Success In 2015, the Chinese government launched “Made in China 2025”, a state-led strategic industrial policy that seeks to make China dominant in global hightech manufacturing, including, but not limited to, electric and new energy (e.g., hydrogen-fuel cell) vehicles as well as artificial intelligence. For the US, the China’s industrial policy “undermine[s] Beijing’s stated adherence… to international trade rules, leading President Donald J. Trump to levy tariffs on Chinese goods and block several Chinese-backed acquisitions of technology firms” (McBride 2018). Regarding China’s trade practices, Trump has been tweeting and preaching his ‘fair’ business doctrine, particularly to his US supporters: If the U.S. sells a car into China, there is a tax of 25%… The days of the U.S. being ripped-off by other nations is OVER! (Sept 9, 2018)
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K. Chinen et al. … I am a Tariff Man. When people or countries come into raid the great wealth of our Nation, I want them to pay for the privilege of doing so…MAKE AMERICA RICH AGAIN (Dec 4, 2018).
The COO image inaugurates US consumer’s beliefs and perceptions about attributes of EVs, and in turn, these beliefs affect their attitudes and inferences about product quality towards the CBEVs. Therefore, we formulated the following hypotheses: H2a: In evaluating the CBEVs made in China and advanced countries, the high-ethnocentric US consumers are likely to perceive the product quality made in foreign countries to be inferior to those who are low-ethnocentric consumers. H2b: The low-ethnocentric US consumers are willing to purchase the CBEVs made in China and advanced countries than those who are high-ethnocentric consumers.
1.3 Methodology 1.3.1 Respondents The online and paper-and-pencil surveys were anonymous and self-administered. We ensured confidentiality and promoted confidence in providing sensitive information accurately. No personal information was sufficient to identify any participants. A total of 188 business students from a major university in Sacramento, California, completed surveys. Ten observations from the 188 respondents had to be removed because of missing information. It is important to acknowledge that the survey sample was not randomly selected. Research indicates that paper-and-pencil and Internet data collection methods generally produce equivalent results (Weigold et al. 2013). Moreover, anonymous online surveys have the advantage to yield significantly lower social desirability scores than non-anonymous or face-to-face surveys (Dodou and de Winter 2014). The topic of the survey was announced as a survey on “opinions of consumers on electric vehicles” without explicitly referring to sustainability iss