Early American Jews [Reprint 2014 ed.] 9780674332553, 9780674282049

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EARLY A M E R I C A N J E W S

LONDON : HUMPHREY MILFORD OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

EARLY AMERICAN JEWS BY

LEE M. F R I E D M A N

CAMBRIDGE · MASSACHUSETTS

HARVARD UNIVERSITY x

934

PRESS

COPYRIGHT, I 9 3 4 B Y T H E PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE

PRINTED AT T H E HARVARD U N I V E R S I T Y P R E S S CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U . S . A .

TO T H E

REV. LOUIS C. CORNISH AN INSPIRING AND LOVING FRIEND, THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED

PREFACE Nay, if you come to that, Sir, have not the wisest men in all ages, not excepting Solomon himself, — have they not had their HOBBYHORSES, — their running horses, — their coins, and their cockleshells, their drums and their trumpets, their fiddles, their pallets, — their maggots, and their butterflies? — and so long as a man rides his HOBBY-HORSE peaceably and quietly along the King's highway, and neither compels you or me to get up behind him, — pray, Sir, what have either you or I to do with it? . . . so would my uncle Toby use no other argument to prove his was a HOBBY-HORSE indeed, but by getting upon his back and riding him about; — leaving the world, after that, to determine the point as it thought fit. In good truth, my uncle Toby mounted him with so much pleasure, and he carried my uncle Toby so well, — that he troubled his head very little what the world either said or thought about it. — Tristram Shandy HOBBY-HORSE

W

HEN most people think of the Jews their thoughts still go back to the days of the Bible and to Palestine, yet the Bible and Palestine are only a part of a long Jewish history. Since their dispersal, the Jews in an endless search for peace throughout the centuries have lived and struggled in every corner of the world. Misunderstood and spurned, they have met hatred, war, scourge, fire, and death, and in so doing have made history not only for themselves but for all the other nations of the earth. Few realize that except for some bands of wandering gypsies, the Jews from early times until well after the Renaissance were the only people who dwelt as foreign-

Vlll

PREFACE

ers in the different countries of Europe. T o the native Europeans, untraveled and homogeneous, and to an all-embracing Christian church, Jews were the only strangers, foreign and incomprehensible, with whom in their own towns and cities they came into immediate contact. Although the history of the Jews in Europe was in large part a story of persecution and suffering, it had other aspects; behind the ghetto walls there was culture, adventure, and romance — a human experience indeed so varied and so extraordinary that no adequate history of the Jews has yet been written. In the United States the Jews are still generally looked upon as newcomers, an immigrant people who have only recently arrived. Y e t long before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth the Jews had definitely found their place in the western hemisphere. T h e y had indeed their share in its discovery.

" N o t jewels but Jews were the real

financial basis for the first expedition of Columbus."

1

Writing a Jewish friend, Luis de Santangel, Treasurer of Aragon, America 2

Columbus

announced

the discovery

of

from a voyage which he had made into un-

known seas in a fleet manned in part by Jewish sailors, 1. Herbert B. Adams, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, i o t h ser. (Baltimore, 1892), " C o l u m bus and his Discovery of America," p. 486. 2. C a r t a de Cristoval Colon al escribano de Racion Luis de Sant' Angel. The Spanish Letter of Columbus to Luis de Sant' Angel, Reprinted in Facsimile. Translated and edited from the unique copy of the original edition (printed at Barcelona early in April, 1493) (London, 1891).

PREFACE

IX

and on which he was guided by nautical tables compiled by one Jew, printed by another, and presented to him by a third. 3 In 1502 the King of Spain granted the first privilege to trade in the newly discovered lands to a Jewish company headed by Juan Sanchez of Saragossa, 4 and in 1577 the Jews paid the Portuguese Crown 1,700,000 cruzados to procure the rescission of the law that prohibited immigration to the colonies.5 From the very beginning the Jews were intimately associated in the development not only of the Spanish and the Portuguese settlements but also of those of North America. T h e y were early pioneers in each of the original thirteen colonies, where, with their indomitable energy, they shared the hardships and perils of the day. From the rich field of Jewish adventure in America I have gleaned here and there neglected bits of color. If to some small extent these essays stimulate interest in the subject and clear a slight portion of the way which future historians may travel, I shall feel amply rewarded. The work of research and of writing has been a peaceable and quiet jaunt along the King's Highway on a favorite hobby-horse. 3. M. Kayserling, Christopher Columbus (New York, 1894), pp. 46, go et seq. 4. the same, p. 127. 5. The same, p. 130.

CONTENTS PART I JEWS I. II.

IN

MASSACHUSETTS

J E W I S H R E S I D E N T S IN M A S S A C H U S E T T S

BEFORE

1800.

J U D A H M O N I S , F I R S T INSTRUCTOR IN H E B R E W A T H A R VARD UNIVERSITY

III.

11

T H E P H Y L A C T E R Y FOUND A T P I T T S F I E L D

PART THE IV. V. VI. VII.

COMING

40

II

OF JEWS

TO

N E W

Y O R K

T H E F I R S T C O M I N G OF THE J E W S TO N E W Y O R K

.

.

T H E P E T I T I O N OF J A C Q U E S DE LA M O T T H E W I L L S OF E A R L Y J E W I S H S E T T L E R S IN N E W

49 53

YORK.

.

61

H A Y M SALOMON'S S E R V I C E S IN THE A M E R I C A N R E V O L U TION

VIII.

3

90

T H E A M E R I C A N S O C I E T Y FOR M E L I O R A T I N G THE C O N D I TION OF THE J E W S , AND J O S E P H S . C . F . F R E Y

.

.

96

G A B R I E L M I L A N , THE J E W I S H G O V E R N O R OF S T . T H O M A S

115

F R A N C I S C O DE F A R I A AND THE P O P I S H P L O T

127

T H E D E L A P E N H A F A M I L Y AND ITS L A B R A D O R G R A N T S

146

PART III JEWS IX. X. XI. NOTES

IN

OTHER

AMERICAN

LANDS

153

Xll

CONTENTS

APPENDICES

A.

Judah Monis' Petition of 1753

191

B.

Judah Monis' Petition of 1759

193

C.

Will and Codicils of Judah Monis, from the Probate Records of Worcester County, Massachusetts . . . 195

D.

Newspaper Article on the Jews

200

E.

Will of David Lopez of Boston

203

F.

The Death of Abraham Touro, Esq

205

G.

Deposition of Francisco de Faria, March 24th, 1681 . . 206

BIBLIOGRAPHY

211

INDICES

221

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS A A R O N L O P E Z ' O A T H OF N A T U R A L I Z A T I O N THE

12

P R E S E N T A C A D E M Y AT L E I C E S T E R , M A S S A C H U S E T T S

MOSES

.

MICHAEL HAYS, 1738-1805

BROADSIDE

ADVERTISEMENT

OF

18 JUDAH

MONIS'

HEBREW

GRAMMAR ORDER

14

30

FOR J U D A H M O N I S ' S A L A R Y

34

M O N I S ' R E C E I P T IN C O N N E C T I O N WITH H E B R E W G R A M M A R

34

PAGE

54

AN

OF D U T C H R E C O R D OF N E W

ORIGINAL IN 1 6 8 1

RECEIPT

AMSTERDAM

FOR P A Y M E N T S MADE TO DE

UNDER G R A N T OF P A R L I A M E N T

FARIA Ι3Ο

PART I J E W S IN MASSACHUSETTS

CHAPTER I JEWISH RESIDENTS IN MASSACHUSETTS BEFORE 1800 ".THOUGH from the very beginning an intolerant

theocracy both in Plymouth and in the Massachusetts Bay Settlement offered little hospitality to settlers who did not conform to the dominant Christian faith, the Puritans had at all times a very real and intense interest in everything Jewish. Not only the clergymen but many of the leaders were distinguished Hebraists. 1 Even though the Puritans did not go so far as the five monocracy men, the millenarians, or the Judaizers, they regarded the scattered remnants of the Jews throughout the Christian and heathen lands as a people in whom they had more than a theoretical interest. The Jew, Jewish customs, and Jewish thought were matters of vital interest to them all. The words of prophecy when literally accepted induced a belief that the millennium was to take place as soon as the Jews should be dispersed throughout every land of the earth and "called" and converted to Christianity. 2 As early as 1645 religious tolerance was a subject of discussion in Puritan Massachusetts. In a letter of that year Edward Winslow wrote from Plymouth to Gover-

4

EARLY AMERICAN

JEWS

nor Winthrop to say to him by way of consolation " t h a t all the troubles of New England are not at the M a s s a c h u s e t t s " ; for universal tolerance had also been the subject of debate in the late session of their legislature and had had powerful support. H e adds: I utterly abhorred it as such as would make us odious to all Christian commonweales to allow and maintaine full and free toleracon of religion to all men that would perserve the civill peace and submit unto Government, and there was no limitacon or excepcon against Türke, Jew, Papist, Arrian, Socinian, Nicholayton, Familist, or any other sect. 3

In spite of the unfriendly atmosphere, and of there being no official recognition of the right of Jews to settle within the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, we find from the earliest days Jews coming and going and even settling in the province. In 1648 there is a record of one Isaac Abrahams' appearing before the well-known Boston notary Aspinwall as a witness to a bill of sale of his vessel Bride of Enchuseny which was sold to Robert Scott and John Cooke. 4 In the fall of the year 1649 one Solomon Franco, a Jew, reached Boston with a cargo consigned to Major General John Edward Gibbons, as agent of Immanuel Perada. Evidently Franco proposed to settle in Boston. Thereupon the Great and General Court passed a grant to " alow the said Solomon Franco six shillings ρ weeke out of the treasury for tenn weekes for his substinance

J E W S IN MASSACHUSETTS

ζ

till he cann gett his passage into Holland, so as he doe it within that time."

5

In 1668 one Solomon, described as " y e malata J u e " of Boston, was prosecuted in the Quarterly Courts of Essex County for profaning the Lord's D a y by traveling through Wenham on his journey toward " P u s catqua."

6

The first Boston tax list, that of 1674, discloses the name of Rowland Gideon, " y e Jew," who is rated at 18s. He was one of the Jews to whom letters of denization had been granted by the British Government in 1679, giving him permission to reside in English colonies. 7

In 1675 he appeared in association with one

Barruch in a lawsuit before the court in Boston. 8 On August 4, 1677 Robert L e v y was apprehended in Boston and whipped for attending a Quaker meeting. 9 In a letter dated 1694 to Joseph Dudley, Increase Mather wrote, " I knew not that there was any Jew in Boston the last winter"; 1 0 yet the list of inhabitants in Boston for the following year, 1695, contains the names of two Jews, Raephaell Abandana and Samuel (sometimes spelt Samuell) the Jew." In 1697 the Rev. Samuel Sewall, minister of the Second Church of Boston, wrote his Phoenomena quaedam apocalyptic ad aspectum Novi Orbis configurata, or some new lines towards a description of the New Heaven as it makes to those who stand upon the new Earth.

After

pointing out that the Spanish and Portuguese Jews had

6

EARLY AMERICAN J E W S

come to America immediately after the voyages of Columbus, he declares that it is manifest to all that a very considerable number of Jews are situated in the New World; where the merchants have their synagogues and places of burial. . . . There are [he adds] several families of them at New York; and New England is seldom wholly without them. There are two at Boston; anno 1697, viz. Mr. Joseph Frazon and Mr. Samuel Frazon, his brother, to whom I am beholden for a sight of the Spanish Bible. Joseph Frazon was sometimes scholar to the learned Yeosuah da Sylva in London. They acquaint me that the Jews were formerly very numerous in the Dutch plantations in Brazil, their father and grandfather did dwell there.12 There is a contemporary story that the Rev. Cotton Mather tried to convert to Christianity one of these Frazons, who were Boston merchants of considerable activity, 13 by resorting to some unscrupulous device. " T h e forgery was so plainly detected that Mr. Cotton Mather confest it, after which Mr. Frazon would never be persuaded to hear any more of X i a n i t y . "

14

Samuel Sewall records in his diary: " F e b . 4, 1703/4 Joseph Frazon, the Jew, dyes at Mr. Mayors. Feb. 5 satterday, is carried in Simson's coach to Bristow, from thence by water to Newport where there is a Jew burying-place."

15

In 1702 a young Jew named Simon

was baptized by the Rev. Mr. Bradstreet of the First Church in Charlestown and thereupon assumed the name of Barns. 16

In 1705-1706 the New York mer-

chant Luis Gomez was engaged before the courts in Boston in litigation against John Adams. 17

J E W S IN MASSACHUSETTS

7

In March, 1715 Barshaba Hart, a widow, came to Boston from Surinam on the ship Neptune and in the following July married William Foster of " G t . Brittaine."

18

In June, 1716 Isaac Lopez and Abraham

Gotatus, described as merchants, landed in Boston from the ship Restoration from London. 19 Lopez quickly attained a position of some importance among the merchants of Boston. In 1720, at the annual town meeting, he was elected one of the constables. 20

He declined

office and paid a fine to be excused from service. In 1722 he was granted liberty to erect a timber building on land that he had purchased from John Stanford near the Wind Mill. 21 Through his brother Gabriel Lopez he had considerable connections in London and also in N e w York. In 1728 he appears to have been in temporary financial difficulties; he " h a t h withdrawn himself," the court records say, " a n d still absconds and none of his effects can be found"; 2 2 thereafter in his absence from Boston Samuel Brasilia acted as his trustee and agent. 23 It has been stated that later he moved to New York. 24

In 1722 Joseph Benjamin arrived in Boston

from the Barbados. 25 Michael Asher is first met with in 1716, when he appears as a witness to a deed.26 Perhaps he had come originally from New Y o r k ; if not, at least his family was settled there. 27 He lived in the South End on Newberry Street, now a part of Washington Street, 28 and ran a snuff mill. He was associated with Isaac Solomon. 29

8

EARLY AMERICAN J E W S

In 1731 he had a shop at 3 Butler's Row, where he sold " N e w York strong beer," chocolate, flour, and "milk bread." 30 On February 22, 1733 Michael Asher and Isaac Solomon purchased from Joseph Bradford a plot of land on what is now Chambers Street (15 and 17). Here they erected a shop and set aside a part of the lot as a burying-ground for "the Jewish Nation." 31 In 1735 Isaac Solomon and his wife Elizabeth 32 sold all their interest in this land to Asher. Asher appears to have fallen upon evil days; at any rate he lost this property the following year.33 The burying-ground of the Jewish nation was known to be in existence as late as 1750,34 but all trace of it after that date is lost.35 In the list of non-resident Jews contributing to the support of the Congregation Shearith Israel of New York under date of 1729 appears the name of Isaac Bar Judah Levy of Boston, and under date of 1730 that of Simon Bazellas, also of Boston.36 In 1733 one Isaac Solomon, described as a Dutch Jew, was living at Boston. His bans with Elizabeth Todd were published on May 3, 1733, but were forbidden by him the same month.37 Later we find that he married Elizabeth Lowe of Marblehead, and that he was one of the Revolutionary soldiers from that town. He was a private in Captain William Bacon's 2nd company and in Captain Glover's 21st regiment. He enlisted on June i , 1775, and later was also a private in Captain Barnstead's company and was with the Boston regiment

JEWS IN MASSACHUSETTS

9

guarding supplies for General Heath. 38 In 1735 David Franks of the distinguished Jewish Franks family was living in Boston. 39 In early New England the right of inhabitancy in a town was a privilege to be obtained only by consent of the authorities. It included the right of the inhabitant to be supported by the town if he became unable to care for himself. A t first, it was not the practice to admit persons as inhabitants unless the town was able to allot land to the newcomer. Later, it became usual to admit settlers, provided they were able to acquire land from others. 40 Thus, the right to sojourn in any town was a privilege jealously guarded, and all undesirable strangers were promptly "warned o u t " ; that is, commanded to depart, or permitted to remain temporarily only upon furnishing heavy bonds that they would not become public charges. In 1680 John Foster went £40 security that Joseph Bueno would not become chargeable on the town of Boston. 41 On April 24, 1756 Philip Samuel, a Jew from New York, was warned by the Selectmen of Boston to depart the town,42 and, having paid no attention to their action, was again warned in the following September. 43

David Campenell, " a Jew from Rhode

Island," was warned out of Boston on June 15, 1726.44 Similarly in 1762, Isaac Moses, the well-known Revolutionary patriot and later a leading member of the New Y o r k

Chamber of Commerce, was warned to

leave Boston within fourteen days or to give security. 45

ΙΟ

EARLY AMERICAN J E W S

This was the same Isaac Moses upon whom was drawn the bill of exchange to pay for the cargo of corn that came from Virginia to John Hancock and Samuel Adams to relieve the suffering caused by the siege of Boston.46 Evidently the Rhode Island Jew David Campenell, who was warned out of Boston in 1726 and died in Ipswich in 1732, left a well settled family in that town. A David Campanall, or as it was sometimes written Campanal or Campanell, was baptized at Ipswich on May 19, 172,8,47 and married Hannah Newmarch in 1734.48 Two children, Hannah and William, were baptized in 1735 and 1739 respectively.49 This William Campanell had a long and interesting career as a soldier. He served in the French and Indian Wars, first in the Quebec expedition and later in Colonel Bagley's regiment in the West Indies during the years 1759-1761. s o From 1775 to 1781 he served as a private in various regiments during the Revolution. In his enlistment papers in 1775 he is described as aged thirty-seven, five feet six inches tall, and of a dark complexion.51 By trade he was a weaver.52 In 1765 he had acquired the homestead at Ipswich which had formerly belonged to Thomas Pierce, the town crier.53 In 1737 Solomon Isaacs appeared before the Selectmen of Boston and procured the release from quarantine of the sloop Sarah from Philadelphia.54 He was for years a resident in Boston and was a brother of Joshua Isaacs,

J E W S IN MASSACHUSETTS

II

the merchant, who in 1744 named him in his will as executor. 55 In 1739 Joseph Brandon was advertising the sale of "choice Dum-fish salt and West India Rum . . . at his warehouse on the D o c k . "

56

Whether he had not been

settled at Boston earlier is open to question. A t least he had traded there as early as 1730, when he was advertising " v e r y good Lisbon salt (just imported)" for sale " o n board the ship Mary Galley Capt. John Hyer Commander now lying at Anchor in Harbour of Boston."

57

It is recorded that in 1742 the Rev. Increase Mather took great pains to convert to Christianity an unnamed Jew who " w e n t over to Jamaica and dyed a hardened wrech."

58

In August, 1747, in the list of prisoners who were taken in the French and Indian Wars, and who were sent to Boston and there set free, was one Jacob Judah, a " J e w Boston of Rhode Island."

59

In 1754 one Emanuel Abrams was settled in Boston and engaged in the tobacco and snuff trade. With one of his Christian competitors he engaged in a lively and vituperative trade dispute which gave rise to the following exchange of newspaper notices: Whereas Emanuel Abrams, a Jew, has of late had the notorious impudence to go thro' the T o w n imposing on the inhabitants, to the disadvantage of all honest Traders and Sellers of Snuff, a certain kind of Trash of his own making; which in order to make it sell quick, he is pleased to give it the name of Kippen's. A n d as he has had the front to say he

12

EARLY AMERICAN J E W S

bought it of me, the subscriber, I would therefore inform the Publick that I never sold that person snuff of any kind to my knowledge, nor so much as know such a fellow existing. ALLAN

MELVILLE.

N . B . This may also serve to inform the above-named snuff merchant, that if he does not leave off his villainous Practice of fathering of his musty Trash upon me, I will certainly make it turn out the dearest snuff that ever he bought. Boston, October 21, 1754. Whereas Mr. Allan Melville, Merchant, has made free with my character in last Tuesday's Paper; and I value my credit and reputation, equal as he himself, or any other gentleman; Therefore Notify the Publick that said advertisement is without foundation, and as I always treated my customers with the utmost civility and the best of goods, hope they'll continue their favours, and shall always be as ready to receive their command. EMA. ABRAHAMS.

N.B. As Mr. Melville is pleased to give my goods the character of Trash and musty Trash, with an intent to hurt the sale of my goods; This may serve to acquaint him, as also the Publick, I have as good snuff as he, or any imported, and customers may have samples on trial. E . A.6° Aaron Lopez, the great Newport merchant, carried on a considerable trade with Boston.

He had a resident

agent there for many years in the person of Henry Lloyd. There was an almost daily exchange of letters between them, and many of Lopez' young Jewish clerks were sent from Newport to M r . Lloyd in Boston and there resided for a longer or shorter period. Thus, at one time there were in Boston Joseph de Lucena, 61 Jonas Phillips, 62 David Lopez, Jr., 6 3 and Abraham P . Mendes. 64

Α Β. Do truly anil fincerely Acknowledge Profefs, .Tt^ify and Dtclare in my Coafcitr.ce, before GOD «id the World, That Our Sovereign Lord KING GEORGE the Third, is Lawful and Rightful KING of this Realm, and ill other His Majefty's Dominions and Countries (hereunto bdoegikg ·, And 1 do folemnly and fincerely declare, That I do believe in my Conüience, That the Perfon pretended to be the Prince of Welti, during the l i f e ol the late King Jama, and fines his deceafe pretending to be, and taking upon bimfelf the Stile and Title of King of ίφηά, by the N « e of Jems lit ΐbin! or vf k»hud, by tlie Name of Jim, lie Eigili ·, or the Stile aod Title of King of GreatBrilm, hath not any Right or Title whatfoevee to the Crown of this Realm, or any other the Dominions thereto!*· longing: And! do Renounce, Refufe and Abjure any Allegiance or Obedience to him. And I do Swear, ThatI win bear Faith ami true Allegiance to Hit Majeily KING G BORGE the Third, and Him will A fend to the- Utmoft of«iy Power againft all Traiterous Confpiracies and Attempts whatfoerai which (hall bi mad« agaiiUJ His Perfpn, Crowo or Dignity : Ami I will do toy uflnoft Endeavour to difelofc and make ktown to His Majefty and His Succeflöo, »11 T ^ f o n s '«id Trai- * tetotu ConfpiracieV which I (hall know to bf againft Him, or any of them: And I do faithfully promife to fhe utmoft of my Power to Support, Nfaiotain and Defend the Succeflion of Sjt Crown, agatnft him tbe faitl Jam, af>d allerer Perlons whatfoeveri which Sutxeffion, by an A& entitled, An Ja fcr lie further limuiia ef ψ Crtvn, o*i Vuipr Storing, lie Right and Liierlitt tf lit SuijtJ?, t> and gauds limited to the Princefs StpbU, Elqfkrefs and Dutchefs-lWwagerof Hoover, and the Heirs of Her Body, being Proteftants. And all thele Things I do plainly and fincerely Acknowledge and Swear, according to thefe exprefs Word· by me fpolten, and according to the plain ajjd common Senfe and UnderAanding of the fame Words, without any Equivocatiotf, mental E»afion, or fecret Refcrvation whatfocver. And I d I make this Recognition, Acknowledgement, Abjuration, Renunciation «od Promile, toeartily, willingly and truly, ufuu ih» tnw banti of a ChiOi·». So Hilf me GOD.

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1 8 3 n · 7» 2 0 5 , 2 0 6 , 2 0 7 , 208 Pollard, Joseph, 89 Sear(e)s, Mary, 1 3 1 , 134, 138, 143, Pottey, Aldert, 71 206 Powell, Gov. Thomas, 193 Sebring, Isaac, 178 n. 9 Powis, Lord, 135, 140

232

INDEX

Seixas, Abraham Mendes, 77 Steenwyck, Cornells, 63 Seixas, Daniel Mendes, 77, 78 Stephens, John, 75 Seixas, Isaac, 77, 88 Stevenson, Oloff, 57 Seixas, Isaac Mendes, 78 Stiles, Pres. Ezra, 1 3 , 1 5 , 2 6 , 1 7 0 n. 49 Seixas, Rachel, 88 Stone, — , 198 Seixas, Rebecca, 77 Stone, Eliphalet, 197 Seiz, Benjamin, 83 Storm, Thomas, 178 n. 9 Sewall, Rev. Samuel, 5, 6 Stuyvesant, — , 51 Sewall, Stephen, 38 Stuyvesant, Gov., 62 Seyer, Mary, see Sear(e)s, Mary Symes, Lancaster, 67 Shaftesbury, Lord, 133,134,137,138, Symonds, David, 156 nn. 34 and 35 141, 145, 207 Shee, Walter, 88 Taylor, Randal, 142 Sherburn, Joseph, 157 n. 66 Tenney, Josiah, 198 Shirley, Gov. William, 37, 191 Thatcher, John, 85 Simon, Erasmus H., 178 n. 12 Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury, Simon (Judeus), 6, 154 n. 16 77» 78 Simpson, Sir Edward, 79 Thomas, Isaiah, 173 n. 3 Simpson, Joseph, 78 Thomson, Ackeson, 79 Simpson, Samson, 78 Thorowgood, — , 40 Simpson, Solomon, 78 Titus, 199 Simson, Joseph, 72, 73 Todd, Elizabeth, 8 Simson, Matthew, 67 Tonge, Dr., 127 Simson, Nathan, 65 Tookman, Elizabeth, 78 Simson, Solomon, 89 Touro, Abraham, 20, 21, 203, 204 Smith, Rev. Ethan, 43, 44,173 η. 3 Touro family, 20 Smith, Isaac, 161 η. ioj Touro, Isaac, 18 Smith, Moses, 81 Touro, Judah, 20, 21 Smith, Dr. William, 83 Touro, Reyna, 18 Soles, Abraham, 18, 159 n. 88 Towler, Richard, 78 Solis, see Soles Treby, Sir George, 206, 207 Soloman, Nathan, 79 Trotter, Capt., 153 n. 13 Solomon, — , 5 Trowbridge, Edmund, 165 n. 34, 195 Solomon, Elizabeth, 8 Solomon, Isaac, 7, 8 , 1 8 , 1 5 5 n. 29 Van Aken, Η., 184 η. 2 Solomon, John, 157 n. 55 Van Bortel, Gommer, 184 n. 2 Sophie Amalie, Queen, 120 Van Cortlandt, Frederick 68 Sprague, — , 180 n. 20, 181 n. 32 Van Cortlandt, J., 68 Stanford, John, 7 Van Dam, Rip, 65, 69, 85 Staple, Job, 74 Van der Grift, — , 57 St. Clair, Gen., 94 Van der Recke, Count, 105 Stedman, Capt. Ebenezer, 165 n. 34 I Van Hattem, Arent, 57

INDEX v a n Huls, W i l l i a m , 149

Wesson, Jeremiah, 171 n. 57

V a n Rensselaer, — , 5 1

W e s t , A b n e r , 158 n. 67

v a n T i e n h o v e n , Cornells, 57, 59

Westergaard, W a l d e m a r , 118

V a s s , E m a n u e l , 117

W e s t o n , Charles, 89

Vestiens, William, 51

Wheeler, — , 1 9 8

233

v o n Breitenbach, see R e g i n a , Juliana W h i t e , A n t h o n y , 73 Whitefield, George, 35

V o n Steuben, B a r o n , 94

W h i t n e y , — , 159 n. 76 W a d s w o r t h , Pres. B e n j a m i n , 3 1 , 33, Wigglesworth, R e v . E d w a r d , 3 1 , 168 n. 44 168 n. 44, 171 n. 57 W a g s t a f f , M r s . , 206

Wigglesworth, M i c h a e l , 22, 29

W a k e f i e l d , John, 155 η. 26

Willard, P r o f . , 100

W a k e m a n , Sir George, 1 3 5 , 1 3 6 , 1 4 3

William I I I , 1 4 7 - 1 4 8 , 1 4 9 , 150, 151

W a l k e r , T h o m a s , 17

Williamse, Frederick, 70

W a l l a c h , Catherine E m o n s , 159 n. 91

Williamson, — , 183 n. 4

W a l l a c h , Charlotte T e m p l e m a n , 159 Williamson, H u g h , 41 n. 91

Willies, R e v . John, 178 n. 9

W a l l a c h , Eleanor, 159 n. 91

Willson, Ebenezer, 65

W a l l a c h , Frances, 159 n. 91

Wilson, James, 94

W a l l a c h , Harriet, 159 n. 91

Wilson, Peter, 178 n. 9

W a l l a c h , M a r y , 159 n. 91 W a l l a c h , Moses A b r a h a m ,

Winer, John, 78 18,

n. 91

159 W i n g a t e , Judge, 36 Winslow, E d w a r d , 3

W a l l a c h , O l i v i a , 159 n. 91

Winthrop, G o v . , 4

W a l l a c h , R i c h a r d , 159 n. 91

W i t t , M a r t y n , 196

W a l l a c h , R o b e r t , 159 n. 91

W i t t , Susannah, 196

W a l l a c h , William, 159 n. 91

Wolfertsen, Pieter, 57

W a l t o n , Jacob, 72

W o o d l y , John, 85

W a l t o n , C a p t . William, 72

W o r m s , H a n n a h , 82

W a l t o n , W i l l i a m , Jr., 72

W r i g h t , R e v . Alexander Η . , 180 n. 22

W a r c u p , Justice, 207, 208

W y a r d , — , 134, 139-140

W a s h i n g t o n , Gen. George, 18, 91 W a t s o n , E l k a n a h , 4 1 , 43

Y o r k , D u k e of, 141, 142, 145, 208

W e l l m a n , Sally, 17 Wenham, Thomas, 6 j

Z a d i g , John E d w a r d , 178 n. 12

INDEX OF SUBJECTS, PLACES, ETC. Activities: business, 7, 8, 10-12, 1 3 - Bethel Baptist Church (Williams19, 21, 23» 36,63,66-69, 71» 74,76, burg, L . I.), h i 80, 81-83, 86, 88-91, 94, 115, 116, Bethnal Green (Ν. Y . ) , 77 117, 147; educational, 6, 14, 20, Bible, vii, 6, 24, 29,32, 40, 42, 43, 63, 22 ff.; in early New Y o r k , 62; liter97,100 ary, 27,30-34,35,99~ I O °, 107-108, Bohemia, 72 110; military, 8, 10, 17, 44, 62, 73, Boston, 4, 5, 6 - 1 5 , 17-21, 24, 39, 73, 74, 80, 83, 9 0 , 1 1 9 , 1 2 8 ; political, 7, 154 n. 8, 155 nn. 23, 27 and 29, 2 °> 37> 91 ff·, 118 ff., 122 ff.; pro157 nn. 56 and 66, 158 n. 76 fessional, 128, 129; religious, 8, 21, Boston Athenaeum, 20 23,38,39,63,68, 7 1 , 7 3 , 7 4 , 7 6 , 80Boston Marine Society, 161 n. 108 82, 83, 87, 9 4 , 1 0 2 - 1 0 3 , 1 1 5 , u 9 Boston Museum of Fine Arts, 38 Albany (Ν. Y . ) , 44, 63,104 Brattle Street Church (Boston), 24, Algiers, 162 n. 5 25 America, 23 Brazil, 6, 51, 53 American Antiquarian Society, 44 Breuckelem (L. 1.), 51 American Bible Society, 103 Bristow (R. I.), 6 American Indians, 97, 148; descent Brittany, 147 from Lost Tribes of Israel, 40, 42, 43, 44. See also Phylactery at Bunker Hill Monument, 21 Burlington (Vt.), 103 Pittsfield American Society for Evangelizing Burying-grounds, 6, 8, 16, 66, 67, 68, 71, 87, 115, 117 the Jews, 102, 104 American Society for Meliorating the Condition of the Jews, 96 ff., 102 ff. American Unitarian Association, 39 Amersfoort (L. I.), 51 Amsterdam, 49, 51, 8 4 , 1 1 8 , 1 1 9 , 1 5 0 , 151 Antwerp, 128 Atheists, 52 Augsburg Confession, 121 Baltimore, 97 Baptism, 6, το, 25, 30, 99, I i 6 , 154 Barbary States, 23 Batavian Republic, 50

Calcutta, 89 Cambridge (Mass.), 30, 38, 39 Canada, 80 Cape St. Anthony, 55 Catharine Church (Hamburg), 120 Catholics, 127, 145 Charleston (W. Va.), 97 Charlestown (Mass.), 6, 85,154 n. 16 Charlestown (S. C.), 78 Christianity, conversion to 3, 6, 11, 16, 25, 26, 39, 99, 101 ff., 108, 109, 112, 128, 162 n. 4, 163 n. 16. See also Baptism, American Society for

INDEX Meliorating the Condition of the Jews Civil War, 111 Classis of Amsterdam, 49, 51 Columbus, vii, 6 Congregation of the Children of Israel (New York), 72 Congregation Michve Israel (Philadelphia), 94 Congregation Shearith Israel (New York), 8, 61, 68, 71, 73, 74, 76, 80, 82, 83, 87, 116, 160 n. 101 Congregational Church of Poultney (Vt.), 43 Connecticut, 14

235

Federal Supreme Court, 94 First Church in Cambridge (Mass.), 25,30 First Church in Charlestown (Mass.),

6 First National Bank of Boston, 19, 161 n. 107 Five monocracy men, 3 Flanders, 119, 129, 133, 137, 138 F o r t Orange, see Albany France, 70, 91, 109 F r a n k f u r t am Main (Ger.), 98, 102 Freemanship, admission to, 23, 67, 69, 74, 86, 88, 162 n. 11 French and Indian Wars, 10, 11

Continental Congress, 69, 88, 91, 93, General Synod of the Dutch Church in America, 51 General West India Company, 71 Germany, 67, 96, 99, 109 Glückstadt (Den.), 115,120 Gosport (Eng.), 99 Governor's Council (Mass.), 37 Gravesend (L. I.), 51 Great Britain, 5, 7, 136 Great and General Court of MassaDanish West India Company, 122, chusetts, 4, 41 123,126 Greenland, 146 Danish West Indies, 115 ff. Greenwich (Conn.), 45 Denization, letters of, granted, 5, 64, Guinea, 115 70 Denmark, 115, 119 ff. Haarlem (Holland), 150 Dunkirk (France), 147 Hague, The, 118 D u t c h West India Company, 50 Hamburg (Ger.), 119 Harrison (Ν. Y.), 107 East Chester (Ν. Y.), 77 Harvard College, 22 ff., 160 n. 104, Edict of Nantes, 70 162 ff. (notes) England, 70,72, 78, 86,109, n o , 117, Hebrew, teaching of, 73, 99; in H a r 128, 129, 130, 133 vard College, 11 ff., 191-192; in Episcopalians, 100 University of Michigan, 111; publiEurope, viii, 23, 96, 97, 146 cation of grammars, 3 , 3 0 - 3 4 , 3 8 , 9 9 Exclusion Bill, 141,142 Hesse (Ger.), 98 94 Copenhagen, 115, 118, 119, 120,125 Council of Massachusetts Bay, 17 Court appearances, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, 54 ff., 60. See also Naturalization Court of Burgomasters and Schepens of New Amsterdam, 49, 54 ff. Curagao, 71, 84, 85, 117, 158 n. 67

236

INDEX

Hingham (Mass.), 39 Holland, 5, 52, 54, 129, 147 Holy Scriptures, see Bible Honourable Council of the State of Massachusetts B a y , 17 House of Commons (British), 139, 1 4 0 - 1 4 1 , 142, 144 House of Lords (British), 128, 130,

Long Island, 14, 51 Lutherans, 52, 63

Madrid, 70 Mainstockheim (Ger.), 98 Marblehead (Mass.), 8 Martinico (Barbados), 154 Masonry, 17, 19, 160 n. 99 Massachusetts, 3 , 4, 1 3 , 16, 21 1 3 1 , 132, 138, 139» 142, 144 Massachusetts Charitable Fire SoHudson Bay, 146 ciety, 161 n. 107 Hudson Bay Company, 146 Mennonites, 52 Inhabitancy, right of, 9 Midwout (L. I.), 51 Inquisition (Spanish), 70 Millenarians, 3 Ipswich (Mass.), 10, 156 n. 44 Mohegans, 40 Ireland, n o , 132 Montreal, 80 Island of Nevis (S. C.), 66, 84, 85, Morris County (N. J . ) , 103 122, 154 Italy, 23, 109, 1 1 9 , 1 6 2 nn. 4 and 5 Naarden (Holland), 147 Jamaica, 1 1 , 14, 18, 65, 68, 72, 74, 75> 76 Jerusalem, 89 Jesuits, 127 Jewish Academy of Leghorn and Amsterdam, 23 Jewish Council of Amsterdam, 1 1 5 J udaizers, 3 Kingston (Jam.), 74 Labrador grants, 146 ff. Leicester (Mass.), 14, 15, 16 Leicester (Mass.) Academy, 14, 158 n. 74 Lisbon, 18 Lissa (Poland), 90 London, 6, 7, 67, 79, 89, 99, 1 0 0 , 1 2 8 , 129, 135, 160 n. 99 London Missionary Society, 99, 100 London Society for Promoting Christianity among the Jews, 100, 1 0 1 , 103

Naturalization, 1 3 , 68, 73, 74, 76 New Amsterdam, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 57» 59» 62, 63 New Brandenburg (Ger.), 99 New England, 4, 6, 9, 22 New Netherlands, 50, 5 1 , 53, 56 New Orleans, 21 New Paltz (Ν. Y . ) , 107 New Testament, 24, 27 New York, 7 , 9 , 23,62,64-83, 85, 879°» 94, 96» 97» I 0 1 » I 0 2 > I 0 4 , 106, 1 1 0 , HI, 155 n. 27, 156 nn. 41 and 45, 160 n. 99 New York Chamber of Commerce, 9 New York Historical Society, 61 Newark (N. J . ) , 102 Newport (R. I.), 6, 12, 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 5 , 1 6 , 18, 76, 157 n. 66, 159 n. 76, 161 n. 1 1 2 Northboro (Mass.), 30 Norwalk (Conn.), 45, 83 Old Testament, 24, 27, 32, 42

INDEX Orient, 146 Oyster Bay (L. I.), 73 Palestine, vii Papists, 52, 141, 142 Parliament (British), 127, 133, 143, 144. See also House of Commons, House of Lords Pennsylvania, 18 Pernambuco (Brazil), 129 Philadelphia, 10,13,14,80,86,87,88,

2

37

Richmond (Va.), 20 Rostock (Ger.), 98, 99 Rotterdam, 147, 148 Roxbury (Mass.), 157 n. 55 Salem (Mass.), 13, 17, 39 Savannah (Ga.), 97 Scotland, n o Scripture, see Bible Second Church of Boston, 5 Second Church in Northboro (Mass.),

30 Selectmen of Boston, 9 , 1 0 , 1 3 , 21 Settlement, viii-ix, 112; in Boston, 4, 5; in Brazil, 6; in Danish West Indies, 116 ff.; in Denmark, 115; in Massachusetts, 3 ff.; in New England, 4, 6, 45, 96, 101; in New York, 6, 49 ff., 52, 96 Sing Sing (Ν. Y . ) , 102 Slaves, 62 Society for Promoting Learning and Religion (Morris County, N . J . ) , 103 South Baptist Church (New York), 110 South Carolina, 84 Southampton (Mass.), 83, 84 Spain, ix, 15, 86, 94, 95, 96,109, 119 Spanish Bible, 6 19, 52> 97» 101, 108, 109, HI, 199 Spanish Jews, 5 Puritans, 3, 52, 101 St. Croix (—), 116 St. Thomas, 1 1 5 ff. Quebec, 10, 16, 17, 157 n. 59 St. Vincent (Barbados), 154 Stamford (Conn.), 45 Reformed Dutch Church (New York), Stepney (Mass.), 77 101, 117 Straits of Belle Isle, 147 Rensselaerswyck (Ν. Y . ) , 49, 50 Surinam (—), 7 Reverend Classis of New York, 101, Swansea (Mass.), 13 102 Revolution (American), 1 0 , 1 8 , 9 0 , 9 1 Taunton (Mass.), 13 Rhode Island, 9 , 1 0 , 1 1 , 1 5 , 1 5 4 η. 18, Ten Lost Tribes, 40, 42, 4 3 , 1 0 3 . See also American Indians 157 n. 59, 158 n. 67 % 9 ! . 9 4 , 95.97, " 6 , 157 n. 66 Philadelphia Bank of North America, 93 Phylactery at Pittsfield, 40 ff. Pittsfield (Mass.), 40 ff. Plainfield (Conn.), 159 n. 76 Plymouth (Mass.), 3 Pontiac (Mich.), h i Popish Plot, 127 ff. Portugal, ix, 15, 96, 109, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 136 Portuguese Jewish Congregation (Rotterdam), 147 Portuguese Jews, 5 Poultney (Vt.), 43 Princeton (N. J . ) , 88, 105 Providence (R. I.), 16 Public attitude toward Jews, 3, 4 , 1 6 ,

23 Β Terra Corte Real, 146, 147 Three Rivers (Can.), 80 Tolerance, 3-4 Trinity Church (New York), 71 Twenty-ninth Congress, 95 Ulster County, 65

INDEX Charles, 49; Verd d'Grace, 157 n. 59; Young Moses, 13, 158 n. 67 Virginia, 10, 93, 94 War of 1812, 96 Warning out, 9, 10, 156 n. 45 Wenham (Mass.), 5 West Indies, 10 Westboro (Mass.), 38, 39 Westfield (Mass.), 41 White Chappel(l) (I.ondon), 79 Williams College, 43 Wills, 61 ff., 194 ff., 202-203

Vessels: Abigail, 67; Bride of Enchusen, 4; Charlotte, 67; Defiance, 14; Harlequin, 17; Maria Joseph, 37; Mary Galley, 11; Neptune, 7; Restoration, 7;