Drilling Rig Components. Illustrated Glossary

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U . S. D e p a r t m e n t o f La b o r Occu p a t ion a l Sa f e t y & H e a lt h Ad m in ist r a t ion [ sk ip n av ig at ion al lin k s]

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D r illin g Rig Com p on e n t s Click on t he nam e below or a num ber on t he gr aphic t o see a definit ion and a m or e det ailed phot o of t he obj ect . Cr ow n Block and Wat er Table Cat line Boom and Hoist Line Dr illing Line Monk ey boar d Tr av eling Block Top Drive Mast Dr ill Pipe Doghouse Blow out Pr ev ent er Wat er Tan k Elect r ic Cable Tr ay En gin e Gen er at or Set s Fuel Tank Elect r ical Cont r ol House Mu d Pu m ps Bulk Mud Com ponent Tank s Mud Tank s ( Pit s) Reser v e Pit Mud- Gas Separ at or Shale Shak er s Choke Manifold Pipe Ram p Pipe Rack s Accum ulat or

Addit ional r ig com ponent s not illust r at ed at r ight . 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36.

Annulus Brake Casin g Head Cat head Cat walk Cellar Conduct or Pipe Degasser Desander Desilt er Dr aw w or k s

Equ ipm e n t u se d in dr illin g

48. 49. 50.

Ram BOP Rat hole Rot ar y Hose

I ndex

Plug and Abandon the Well

I llu st r a t e d Glossa r y

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

| A- Z

37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47.

Dr ill Bit Dr ill Collar s Dr iller 's Console Elev at or s Hoist in g Lin e Hook Kelly Kelly Bushing Kelly Spin n er Mousehole Mud Ret ur n Line

51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61.

Rot ar y Table Slips Spinning chain St air w ay s St andpipe Sur face Casing Subst r uct ur e Swivel Tongs Walk w ay s Weight I ndicat or

eTool Hom e | Sit e Pr epar at ion | Dr illin g | Well Com plet ion | Ser v icing | Plu g & Aban don Well Gener al Safet y | Addit ion al Refer en ces | View in g/ Pr in t in g I n st r u ct ion s | Cr edit s | JSA Safet y an d Healt h Topic | Sit e Map | I llust r at ed Glossar y | Glossar y of Ter m s

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Pr iv acy an d Secu r it y St at em en t Occu pat ion al Saf et y & Healt h Adm in ist r at ion 2 0 0 Con st it u t ion Av en u e, NW Wash in gt on , DC 2 0 2 1 0

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U . S. D e p a r t m e n t o f La b o r Occu p a t ion a l Sa f e t y & H e a lt h Ad m in ist r a t ion [ sk ip n av ig at ion al lin k s]

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Accu m u la t or The st or age dev ice for nit r ogen pr essur ized hy dr aulic fluid, w hich is used in oper at ing t he blow out pr ev ent er s.

An n u la r Blow ou t Pr e v e n t e r A lar ge v alv e, usually inst alled abov e t he r am pr ev ent er s, t hat for m s a seal in t he annular space bet w een t he pipe and w ell bor e. I f no pipe is pr esent , it for m s a seal on t he w ell bor e it self.

An n u lu s The space ar ound a pipe in a w ell bor e, t he out er w all of w hich m ay be t he w all of eit her t he bor e hole or t he casing; som et im es t er m ed t he annular space.

Se a r ch

Well Completion

Ad v a n ce d Se a r ch

Servicing

| A- Z

I ndex

Plug and Abandon the Well

Blo w o u t Pr e v e n t e r A lar ge v alv e, usually inst alled abov e t he r am pr ev ent er s, t hat for m s a seal in t he annular space bet w een t he pipe and w ell bor e or , if no pipe is pr esent , on t he w ell bor e it self.

Br a k e The br ak ing dev ice on t he dr aw w or k s t o st op a load being lift ed.

Bu lk M u d Com p on e n t s in St or a g e Hopper t y pe t ank s for st or age of dr illing fluid com ponent s.

Ca sin g H e a d A heav y , flanged st eel fit t ing connect ed t o t he fir st st r ing of casing. I t pr ov ides a housing for slips and pack ing assem blies, allow s suspension of int er m ediat e and pr oduct ion st r ings of casing, and supplies t he m eans for t he annulus t o be sealed off. Also called a spool.

Ca t h e a d A spool-shaped at t achm ent on a w inch ar ound w hich r ope for hoist ing and pulling is w ound.

Ca t lin e Boom a n d H oist Lin e A st r uct ur al fr am ew or k er ect ed near t he t op of t he der r ick for lift ing m at er ial.

Ca t w a lk The r am p at t he side of t he dr illing r ig w her e pipe is laid t o be lift ed t o t he der r ick floor by t he cat line or by an air hoist .

Ce lla r A pit in t he gr ound t o pr ov ide addit ional height bet w een t he r ig floor and t he w ell head t o accom m odat e t he inst allat ion of blow out pr ev ent er s, r at holes, m ouseholes, and so for t h. I t also collect s dr ainage w at er and ot her fluids for disposal.

Ch ok e M a n if old The ar r angem ent of piping and special v alv es, called chok es, t hr ough w hich dr illing m ud is cir culat ed w hen t he blow out pr ev ent er s ar e closed t o cont r ol t he pr essur es encount er ed dur ing a k ick .

Con d u ct or Pip e The lar gest diam et er casing and t he t opm ost lengt h of casing. I t is r elat iv ely shor t and encases t he t opm ost st r ing of casing.

Cr o w n Blo ck a n d W a t e r Ta b le An assem bly of sheav es or pulley s m ount ed on beam s at t he t op of t he der r ick . The dr illing line is r un ov er t he sheav es dow n t o t he hoist ing dr um .

D e g a sse r The equipm ent used t o r em ov e unw ant ed gas fr om a liquid, especially fr om dr illing fluid.

D e sa n de r A cent r ifugal dev ice for r em ov ing sand fr om dr illing fluid t o pr ev ent abr asion of t he pum ps. I t m ay be oper at ed m echanically or by a fast -m ov ing st r eam of fluid inside a special cone- shaped v essel, in w hich case it is som et im es called a hy dr ocy clone.

D e silt e r A cent r ifugal dev ice, sim ilar t o a desander , used t o r em ov e v er y fine par t icles, or silt , fr om dr illing fluid. This k eeps t he am ount of solids in t he fluid t o t he low est possible lev el.

D o g h o u se A sm all enclosur e on t he r ig floor used as an office for t he dr iller or as a st or ehouse for sm all obj ect s. Also, any sm all building used as an office or for st or age.

D r a w w or k s The hoist ing m echanism on a dr illing r ig. I t is essent ially a lar ge w inch t hat spools off or t ak es in t he dr illing line and t hus r aises or low er s t he dr ill st em and bit .

D r ill Bit The cut t ing or bor ing elem ent used in dr illing oil and gas w ells. Most bit s used in r ot ar y dr illing ar e r oller - cone bit s. The bit consist s of t he cut t ing elem ent s and t he cir culat ing elem ent . The cir culat ing elem ent per m it s t he passage of dr illing fluid and uses t he hy dr aulic for ce of t he fluid st r eam t o im pr ov e dr illing r at es.

D r ill Colla r A heav y , t hick - w alled t ube, usually st eel, used bet w een t he dr ill pipe and t he bit in t he dr ill st em . I t is used t o put w eight on t he bit so t hat t he bit can dr ill.

D r ill Pip e The heav y seam less t ubing used t o r ot at e t he bit and cir culat e t he dr illing fluid. Joint s of pipe 30 feet long ar e coupled t oget her w it h t ool j oint s.

D r ille r ' s Con sole The cont r ol panel, locat ed on t he plat for m , w her e t he dr iller cont r ols dr illing oper at ions.

D r illin g Lin e A w ir e r ope hoist ing line, r eev ed on sheav es of t he cr ow n block and t r av eling block ( in effect a block and t ack le) . I t s pr im ar y pur pose is t o hoist or low er dr ill pipe or casing fr om or int o a w ell. Also, a w ir e r ope used t o suppor t t he dr illing t ools.

Ele ct r ic Co n t r o l H o u se On diesel elect r ic r igs, pow er ful diesel engines dr iv e lar ge elect r ic gener at or s. The gener at or s pr oduce elect r icit y t hat flow s t hr ough cables t o elect r ic sw it ches and cont r ol equipm ent enclosed in a cont r ol cabinet or panel. Elect r icit y is fed t o elect r ic m ot or s v ia t he panel.

Ele ct r ic Ca b le Tr a y Suppor t s t he heav y elect r ical cables t hat feed t he pow er fr om t he cont r ol panel t o t he r ig m ot or s.

Ele v a t or s A set of clam ps t hat gr ips a st and, or colum n, of casing, t ubing, dr ill pipe, or suck er r ods, so t he st and can be r aised or low er ed int o t he hole.

En g in e Ge n e r a t or Se t s A diesel, Liquefied Pet r oleum Gas ( LPG) , nat ur al gas, or gasoline engine, along w it h a m echanical t r ansm ission and gener at or for pr oducing pow er for t he dr illing r ig. New er r igs use elect r ic gener at or s t o pow er elect r ic m ot or s on t he ot her par t s of t he r ig.

Fu e l Ta n k s Fuel st or age t ank s for t he pow er gener at ing sy st em .

H oist in g Lin e A w ir e r ope used in hoist ing oper at ions. Must confor m t o t he API st andar ds for it s int ended uses.

H ook A lar ge, hook - shaped dev ice fr om w hich t he elev at or bails or t he sw iv el is suspended. I t is designed t o car r y m ax im um loads r anging fr om 1 0 0 t o 6 5 0 t ons and t ur ns on bear ings in it s suppor t ing housing.

Ke lly The heav y squar e or hex agonal st eel m em ber suspended fr om t he sw iv el t hr ough t he r ot ar y t able. I t is connect ed t o t he t opm ost j oint of dr ill pipe t o t ur n t he dr ill st em as t he rot ary t able t urns.

Ke lly Bu sh in g A dev ice fit t ed t o t he r ot ar y t able t hr ough w hich t he k elly passes. I t is t he m eans by w hich t he t or que of t he r ot ar y t able is t r ansm it t ed t o t he k elly and t o t he dr ill st em . Also called t he dr iv e bushing.

Ke lly Sp in n e r A dev ice for spinning t he dr ill pipe. Replaces t he spinning chain.

M a st A por t able der r ick capable of being er ect ed as a unit , as dist inguished fr om a st andar d der r ick , w hich cannot be r aised t o a w or k ing posit ion as a unit .

M on k e y b oa r d The der r ick m an's w or k ing plat for m . Double boar d, t r ibble boar d, four able boar d; a m onk ey boar d locat ed at a height in t he der r ick or m ast equal t o t w o, t hr ee, or four lengt hs of pipe r espect iv ely .

M ou se h ole Shallow bor es under t he r ig floor , usually lined w it h pipe, in w hich j oint s of dr ill pipe ar e t em por ar ily suspended for lat er connect ion t o t he dr ill st r ing.

M u d - Ga s Se p a r a t or A dev ice t hat r em ov es gas fr om t he m ud com ing out of a w ell w hen a k ick is being cir culat ed out .

M u d Pit s A ser ies of open t ank s, usually m ade of st eel plat es, t hr ough w hich t he dr illing m ud is cy cled t o allow sand and sedim ent s t o set t le out . Addit iv es ar e m ix ed w it h t he m ud in t he pit , and t he fluid is t em por ar ily st or ed t her e befor e being pum ped back int o t he w ell. Mud pit com par t m ent s ar e also called shak er pit s, set t ling pit s, and suct ion pit s, depending on t heir m ain pur pose.

M u d Pu m p A lar ge r ecipr ocat ing pum p used t o cir culat e t he m ud ( dr illing fluid) on a dr illing r ig.

M u d Re t u r n Lin e A t r ough or pipe, placed bet w een t he sur face connect ions at t he w ell bor e and t he shale shak er . Dr illing m ud flow s t hr ough it upon it s r et ur n t o t he sur face fr om t he hole.

Pip e Ra ck s A hor izont al suppor t for t ubular goods.

Pip e Ra m p An angled r am p for dr agging dr ill pipe up t o t he dr illing plat for m or br inging pipe dow n off t he dr ill plat for m .

Ra m Blow ou t Pr e v e n t e r

A blow out pr ev ent er t hat uses r am s t o seal off pr essur e on a hole t hat is w it h or w it hout pipe. I t is also called a r am pr ev ent er . Ram -t y pe pr ev ent er s hav e int er changeable r am block s t o accom m odat e differ ent O. D. dr ill pipe, casing, or t ubing.

Ra t h o le A hole in t he r ig floor 30 t o 35 feet deep, lined w it h casing t hat pr oj ect s abov e t he floor . The k elly is placed in t he r at hole w hen hoist ing oper at ions ar e in pr ogr ess.

Re se r v e Pit s A m ud pit in w hich a supply of dr illing fluid has been st or ed. Also, a w ast e pit , usually an ex cav at ed, ear t hen w alled pit . I t m ay be lined w it h plast ic t o pr ev ent soil cont am inat ion.

Rot a r y H ose The hose on a r ot ar y dr illing r ig t hat conduct s t he dr illing fluid fr om t he m ud pum p and st andpipe t o t he sw iv el and k elly ; also called t he m ud hose or t he k elly hose.

Rot a r y Ta b le The pr incipal com ponent of a r ot ar y , or r ot ar y m achine, used t o t ur n t he dr ill st em and suppor t t he dr illing assem bly . I t has a bev eled gear ar r angem ent t o cr eat e t he r ot at ional m ot ion and an opening int o w hich bushings ar e fit t ed t o dr iv e and suppor t t he dr illing assem bly . Not e t he pipe spinner ( in r ed) on t he side of t he sw iv el.

Sh a le Sh a k e r A ser ies of t r ay s w it h siev es or scr eens t hat v ibr at e t o r em ov e cut t ings fr om cir culat ing fluid in r ot ar y dr illing oper at ions. The size of t he openings in t he siev e is select ed t o m at ch t he size of t he solids in t he dr illing fluid and t he ant icipat ed size of cut t ings. Also called a shak er .

Slips Wedge-shaped pieces of m et al w it h t eet h or ot her gr ipping elem ent s t hat ar e used t o pr ev ent pipe fr om slipping dow n int o t he hole or t o hold pipe in place. Rot ar y slips fit ar ound t he dr ill pipe and w edge against t he m ast er bushing t o suppor t t he pipe. Pow er slips ar e pneum at ically or hy dr aulically act uat ed dev ices t hat allow t he cr ew t o dispense w it h t he m anual handling of slips w hen m ak ing a connect ion. Pack er s and ot her dow n hole equipm ent ar e secur ed in posit ion by slips t hat engage t he pipe by act ion dir ect ed at t he sur face.

Sp in n in g Ch a in A r elat iv ely shor t lengt h of chain at t ached t o t he t ong pull chain on t he m anual t ongs used t o m ak e up dr ill pipe. The spinning chain is at t ached t o t he pull chain so t hat a cr ew m em ber can w r ap t he spinning chain sev er al t im es ar ound t he t ool j oint box of a j oint of dr ill pipe suspended in t he r ot ar y t able. Aft er cr ew m em ber s st ab t he pin of anot her t ool j oint int o t he box end, one of t hem t hen gr asps t he end of t he spinning chain and w it h a r apid upw ar d m ot ion of t he w r ist " t hr ow s t he spinning chain" —t hat is, causes it

t o unw r ap fr om t he box and coil upw ar d ont o t he body of t he j oint st abbed int o t he box . The dr iller t hen act uat es t he m ak eup cat head t o pull t he chain off of t he pipe body , w hich causes t he pipe t o spin and t hus t he pin t hr eads t o spin int o t he box .

St a ir w a y s St air s leading fr om one lev el t o anot her . Pr ot ect ed w it h handr ails.

St a n dpipe A v er t ical pipe r ising along t he side of t he der r ick or m ast . I t j oins t he dischar ge line leading fr om t he m ud pum p t o t he r ot ar y hose and t hr ough w hich m ud is pum ped going int o t he hole.

Su b st r u ct u r e The foundat ion on w hich t he der r ick or m ast and usually t he dr aw w or k s sit ; cont ains space for st or age and w ell cont r ol equipm ent .

Su r f a ce Ca sin g Usually t he fir st casing t o be r un in a w ell. This is done aft er spudding- in so a blow out pr ev ent er can be inst alled befor e dr illing is st ar t ed.

Sw iv e l A r ot ar y t ool t hat is hung fr om t he r ot ar y hook and t r av eling block t o suspend and per m it fr ee r ot at ion of t he dr ill st em . I t also pr ov ides a connect ion for t he r ot ar y hose and a passagew ay for t he flow of dr illing fluid int o t he dr ill st em .

To n g s The lar ge w r enches used for t ur ning w hen m ak ing up or br eak ing out dr ill pipe, casing, t ubing, or ot her pipe; v ar iously called casing t ongs, r ot ar y t ongs, and so for t h accor ding t o t he specific use. Pow er t ongs ar e

pneum at ically or hy dr aulically oper at ed t ools t hat spin t he pipe up and, in som e inst ances, apply t he final m ak eup t or que.

Top D r iv e The t op dr iv e r ot at es t he dr ill st r ing end bit w it hout t he use of a k elly and r ot ar y t able. The t op dr iv e is oper at ed fr om a cont r ol console on t he r ig floor .

Tr a v e lin g Block An ar r angem ent of pulley s or sheav es t hr ough w hich dr illing cable is r eev ed, w hich m ov es up or dow n in t he der r ick or m ast .

W a lk w a y s An ar ea clear ed for m ov ing t hr ough by per sonnel and pr ot ect ed w it h a handr ail.

W a t e r Ta nk I s used t o st or e w at er t hat is used for m ud m ix ing, cem ent ing, and r ig cleaning.

W e ig h t I n d ica t o r A dev ice for m easur ing t he w eight of t he dr ill st r ing. Mont hly calibr at ion t o calculat ed dr ill st r ing w eight is r equir ed by API .

e | Hom Sit e ePr| epar ion | Dr illin |g Dr | Well pletCom ion |plet Ser v icing g &| Aban Well eTools eTool Page |Hom eTool Sit eatPr epar at ion illin gCom | Well ion | Ser| vPlu icing Plu g don & Aban don Well Gener al Safet y | Addit ional Ref er en ces | View in g/ Pr in t in g I n st r u ct ion s | Cr edit s | JSA Gener al Safet y | Addit ion al Refer en ces | View in g/ Pr in t in g I n st r u ct ion s | Cr edit s | JSA Safet Safetyy an andd Healt Healthh Topic Topic || Sit Sitee Map Map || IIllust llustrrat ated ed Glossar Glossaryy || Glossar Glossaryy of of Ter Term mss eTool Hom e | Sit e Pr epar at ion | Dr illin g Back t o Top

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Pr iv acy an d Secu r it y St at em en t Occu pat ion al Saf et y & Healt h Adm in ist r at ion 2 0 0 Con st it u t ion Av en u e, NW Wash in gt on , DC 2 0 2 1 0

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U . S. D e p a r t m e n t o f La b o r Occu p a t ion a l Sa f e t y & H e a lt h Ad m in ist r a t ion [ sk ip n av ig at ion al lin k s]

Home

General Safety

Site Preparation

Drilling

Se a r ch

Well Completion

Ad v a n ce d Se a r ch

Servicing

| A- Z

I ndex

Plug and Abandon the Well

Glossa r y of Te r m s A B CD EFGH I JKL M NOPRS TUV W * This is an abr idged v er sion of t he D ict ion a r y of Pe t r ole u m Te r m s pr ov ided by Pet ex and t he Univ er sit y of Tex as Aust in © Pet ex 2001 A a b a n d on v : t o t em por ar ily or per m anent ly cease pr oduct ion fr om a w ell or t o cease fur t her dr illing oper at ions. a b n o r m a l p r e ssu r e n: pr essur e out side t he nor m al or ex pect ed r ange. a br a sion n: w ear ing aw ay by fr ict ion. a ccu m u la t o r n: t he st or age dev ice for nit r ogen pr essur ized hy dr aulic fluid, w hich is used in oper at ing t he blow out pr ev ent er s. a ce t ic a cid n: an or ganic acid com pound som et im es used t o acidize oilw ells. a cid f r a ct u r e v : t o par t or open fr act ur es in lim est one for m at ions by using fluid under hy dr aulic pr essur e. a cid iz e v : t o t r eat for m at ions w it h acid for t he pur pose of incr easing pr oduct ion. a cid st im u la t ion n: a w ell st im ulat ion m et hod using acid. See acidize. a e r a t ion n: t he int r oduct ion of air or gas int o a liquid. AESC Associa t ion of En e r g y Se r v ice Com p a n ie s n: a t rade associat ion t hat r epr esent s t he int er est s of m em ber s of t he ener gy ser v ice segm ent of t he oil and gas indust r y . I t offer s publicat ions r egar ding r ecom m ended indust r y pr act ices and t r aining m at er ials. Addr ess: 10200 Richm ond Av e. , # 253; Houst on, TX 77042; ( 713) 781 - 0758. a ir h oist n: a hoist oper at ed by com pr essed air ; a pneum at ic hoist . Air hoist s ar e oft en m ount ed on t he r ig floor and m ay be used t o lift j oint s of pipe and ot her heav y obj ect s. AN SI Am e r ica n N a t ion a l St a n d a r d s I n st it u t e n: a non -pr ofit or ganizat ion ( 501( c) 3) t hat adm inist er s and coor dinat es v olunt ar y st andar dizat ion and confor m it y assessm ent sy st em . Gener al I nquir ies: Telephone: ( 212) 642 - 4 9 0 0 ; Headquar t er s: 1 8 1 9 L St r eet , NW, Washingt on, DC 2 0 0 3 6 , Telephone: ( 2 0 2 ) 2 9 3 - 8 0 2 0 ; Fax : ( 2 0 2 )

293 - 9 2 8 7 ; New Yor k Office: 2 5 West 4 3 r d St r eet , New Yor k , NY 1 0 0 3 6 Telephone: ( 2 1 2 ) 6 4 2- 4 9 0 0 ; Fax : ( 212) 398- 0023 API Am e r ica n Pe t r ole u m I n st it u t e n: a t r ade associat ion and st andar ds or ganizat ion t hat r epr esent s t he int er est s of t he oil and gas indust r y . I t offer s publicat ions r egar ding st andar ds, r ecom m ended pr act ices, and ot her indust r y r elat ed infor m at ion. Addr ess: 1220 L St r eet NW; Washingt on, DC 20005; ( 202) 682- 8000 I AD C I n t e r n a t ion a l Associa t ion of D r illin g Con t r a ct or s n: a t r ade associat ion t hat r epr esent s t he int er est s of m em ber s of t he dr illing segm ent of t he oil and gas indust r y . I t offer s publicat ions r egar ding r ecom m ended indust r y pr act ices and t r aining m at er ials. Addr ess: 15810 Par k Ten Place. , # 242; Houst on, TX 77084; ( 281) 578 -7171. a n n u la r b low ou t p r e v e n t e r n: a w ell cont r ol dev ice, usually inst alled abov e t he r am pr ev ent er s, t hat for m s a seal in t he annular space bet w een t he pipe and w ell bor e or , if no pipe is pr esent , ov er t he w ell bor e it self. a n n u la r p r e ssu r e n: pr essur e in an annular space. a n n u lu s n: t he space ar ound a pipe in a w ell bor e, som et im es t er m ed t he annular space. API - m on a g r a m adj ; t he logo of t he Am er ican Pet r oleum I nst it ut e ( API ) t hat is placed on cer t ain pieces of oilfield equipm ent by t he equipm ent m anufact ur er . API licenses t he use of t he m onogr am on equipm ent t hat m eet s t he API 's m inim um st andar ds. I t offer s publicat ions r egar ding st andar ds, r ecom m ended pr act ices, and ot her indust r y r elat ed infor m at ion. Addr ess: 1220 L St r eet NW; Washingt on, DC 20005; ( 202) 682 -8000 a r t ificia l lift n: any m et hod used t o r aise oil t o t he sur face aft er a w ell ceases t o flow .

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eTool Hom e | Sit e Pr epar at ion | Dr illin g | Well Com plet ion | Ser v icing | Plu g & Aban don Well Gener al Safet y | Addit ional Ref er en ces | View in g/ Pr in t in g I n st r u ct ion s | Cr edit s | JSA Safet y an d Healt h Topic | Sit e Map | I llust r at ed Glossar y | Glossar y of Ter m s

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Pr iv acy an d Secu r it y St at em en t Occu pat ion al Saf et y & Healt h Adm in ist r at ion 2 0 0 Con st it u t ion Av en u e, NW Wash in gt on , DC 2 0 2 1 0

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Glossa r y of Te r m s A B CD EFGH I JKL M NOPRS TUV W * This is an abr idged v er sion of t he D ict ion a r y of Pe t r ole u m Te r m s pr ov ided by Pet ex and t he Univ er sit y of Tex as Aust in © Pet ex 2001 B b a b b it t v : line w it h a Babbit t m et al. n: a lead/ t in alloy w it h som e copper and ant im ony . b a ck b it e v : r ev er se back lash of t ongs, left on a pipe or collar , dur ing t he pipe spinning oper at ions. b a ck of f v : t o unscr ew one t hr eaded piece ( such as a sect ion of pipe) fr om anot her . b a ck - in u n it n: a por t able ser v icing or w or k ov er r ig t hat is self -pr opelled, using t he hoist ing engines for m ot iv e pow er . Because t he dr iv er 's cab is m ount ed on t he end opposit e t he m ast suppor t , t he unit m ust be back ed up t o t he w ellhead. b a il n: 1. a cy lindr ical st eel bar ( sim ilar t o t he handle or bail of a buck et , only m uch lar ger ) t hat suppor t s t he sw iv el and connect s it t o t he hook . ba ile r n: a long, cy lindr ical cont ainer fit t ed w it h a v alv e at it s low er end, used t o r em ov e w at er , sand, m ud, dr illing cut t ings, or oil fr om a w ell in cable- t ool dr illing. b a ll- a n d - se a t v a lv e n: a dev ice used t o r est r ict fluid flow t o one dir ect ion. I t consist s of a polished spher e, or ball, usually of m et al, and an annular piece, t he seat , gr ound and polished t o for m a seal w it h t he sur face of t he ball. Gr av it at ional for ce or t he for ce of a spr ing holds t he ball against t he seat . Flow in t he dir ect ion of t he for ce is pr ev ent ed, w hile flow in t he opposit e dir ect ion ov er com es t he for ce and unseat s t he ball. b a ll- ou t v : t o plug open per for at ions by using ball sealer s. b a r it e n: bar ium sulfat e, BaSO4 ; a m iner al fr equent ly used t o incr ease t he w eight or densit y of dr illing m ud. I t s r elat iv e densit y is 4. 2 ( m eaning t hat it is 4. 2 t im es denser t han w at er ) . See bar ium sulfat e, m ud. b a r iu m su lf a t e n: a chem ical com pound of bar ium , sulfur , and ox y gen ( BaSO 4 ) , w hich m ay for m a t enacious scale t hat is v er y difficult t o r em ov e. Also called bar it e. ba r r e l ( bbl) n: 1. a m easur e of v olum e for pet r oleum pr oduct s in t he Unit ed St at es. One bar r el is t he equiv alent of 42 U. S. gallons or 0. 15899 cubic m et er s ( 9, 702 cubic inches) . b a sk e t n: a dev ice placed in t he dr ill or w or k st r ing t hat cat ches debr is w hen a dr illable obj ect is being m illed or dr illed dow nhole. b e a m n: a st eel or ot her st r uct ur al m em ber .

b e a m p u m p in g u n it n: a m achine designed specifically for suck er r od pum ping. An engine or m ot or ( pr im e m ov er ) is m ount ed on t he unit t o pow er a r ot at ing cr ank . The cr ank m ov es a hor izont al m em ber ( w alk ing beam ) up and dow n t o pr oduce r ecipr ocat ing m ot ion. This r ecipr ocat ing m ot ion oper at es t he pum p. b e lt n: a flex ible band or cor d connect ing and w r apping ar ound each of t w o or m or e pulley s t o t r ansm it pow er or im par t m ot ion. b e lt g u a r d n: a pr ot ect iv e gr ill or cov er for a belt and pulley s. b e n t su b n: a shor t cy lindr ical dev ice ( gener ally angular ) inst alled in t he dr ill st em bet w een t he bot t om m ost dr ill collar and a dow n h ole m ot or . bit n: t he cut t ing or bor ing elem ent used in dr illing oil and gas w ells. b it p r o g r a m n: a plan for t he ex pect ed num ber and t y pes of bit s t hat ar e t o be used in dr illing a w ell. b it r e cor d n: a r epor t t hat list s each bit used dur ing a dr illing oper at ion. bit su b n: a sub inser t ed bet w een t he dr ill collar and t he bit . ble e d v : t o dr ain off liquid or gas, gener ally slow ly , t hr ough a v alv e called a bleeder . To bleed dow n, or bleed off, m eans t o r elease pr essur e slow ly fr om a w ell or fr om pr essur ized equipm ent . block n: one or m or e pulley s, or sheav es, m ount ed int o a com m on fr am ew or k in or der t o r ot at e on a com m on ax is. The cr ow n block is an assem bly of sheav es m ount ed on beam s at t he t op of t he der r ick or m ast . The t r av eling block is an assem bly of sheav es m ount ed in a fr am ew or k t hat allow s t he block t o m ov e up and dow n by use of t he dr illing line t hat is r eev ed ov er t he cr ow n block sheav es an t hr ough t he t r av eling block sheav es. blow ou t n: an uncont r olled flow of gas, oil, or ot her w ell fluids fr om t he w ell. b low ou t p r e v e n t e r ( BOP) n: one or m or e v alv es inst alled at t he w ellhead t o pr ev ent t he escape of pr essur e eit her in t he annular space bet w een t he casing and t he dr ill pipe or in open hole ( for ex am ple, hole w it h no dr ill pipe) dur ing dr illing or com plet ion oper at ions. b low ou t p r e v e n t e r con t r ol p a n e l n: cont r ols, opens and closes t he blow out pr ev ent er s. See blow out pr ev ent er . b low ou t p r e v e n t e r con t r ol u n it n: a dev ice t hat st or es hy dr aulic fluid under pr essur e in special cont ainer s and pr ov ides a m et hod t o open and close t he blow out pr ev ent er s. b low ou t p r e v e n t e r st a ck ( BOP st a ck ) n: t he assem bly of w ell cont r ol equipm ent including pr ev ent er s, spools, v alv es, and nipples connect ed t o t he t op of t he w ellhead. BOP abbr : blow out pr ev ent er . BOP st a ck n: t he assem bly of blow out pr ev ent er s inst alled on a w ell. bor e n: 1. t he inside diam et er of a pipe or a dr illed hole. v : t o penet r at e or pier ce w it h a r ot ar y t ool. Com par e t unnel. b ot t om h ole n: t he low est or deepest par t of a w ell. b ot t om h ole a sse m b ly n: t he por t ion of t he dr illing assem bly below t he dr ill pipe. I t can be v er y sim ple, com posed of only t he bit and dr ill collar s, or it can be v er y com plex and m ade up of sev er al specialt y

com ponent s. b ot t om h ole p lu g n: a br idge plug or cem ent plug placed near t he bot t om of t he hole t o shut off a deplet ed, w at er - pr oducing, or unpr oduct iv e zone. b ot t om h ole p r e ssu r e n: 1. t he pr essur e at t he bot t om of a bor ehole. I t is caused by t he hy dr ost at ic pr essur e of t he w ellbor e fluid and, som et im es, by any back pr essur e held at t he sur face, as w hen t he w ell is shut in w it h blow out pr ev ent er s. When m ud is being cir culat ed, bot t om hole pr essur e is t he hy dr ost at ic pr essur e plus t he r em aining cir culat ing pr essur e r equir ed t o m ov e t he m ud up t he annulus. 2. t he pr essur e in a w ell at a point opposit e t he pr oducing for m at ion, as r ecor ded by a bot t om hole pr essur e m easur ing dev ice. b ot t om h ole p r e ssu r e t e st n: a t est t hat m easur es t he r eser v oir pr essur e of t he w ell, obt ained at a specific dept h or at t he m idpoint of t he pr oducing zone. A flow ing bot t om hole pr essur e t est m easur es pr essur e w hile t he w ell cont inues t o flow ; a shut- in bot t om hole pr essur e t est m easur es pr essur e aft er t he w ell has been shut in for a specified per iod of t im e. See bot t om hole pr essur e. b ot t om h ole p u m p n: any of t he r od pum ps, high- pr essur e liquid pum ps, or cent r ifugal pum ps locat ed at or near t he bot t om of t he w ell and used t o lift t he w ell fluids. See cent r ifugal pum p, hy dr aulic pum ping, subm er sible pum p, suck er r od pum ping. b o t t o m p lu g n: a cem ent w iper plug t hat pr ecedes cem ent slur r y dow n t he casing. The plug w ipes dr illing m ud off t he w alls of t he casing and pr ev ent s it fr om cont am inat ing t he cem ent . See cem ent ing, w iper plug. b ox t h r e a d s n pl: t hr eads on t he fem ale sect ion, or box , of a t ool j oint . See t ool j oint . br a k e n: The br ak ing dev ice on t he dr aw w or k s or air hoist t o st op a load being lift ed. I t is a dev ice for ar r est ing t he m ot ion of a m echanism , usually by m eans of fr ict ion, as in t he dr aw w or k s and air hoist br ak es. b r a k e b a n d n: a par t of t he br ak e m echanism consist ing of a flex ible st eel band lined w it h a m at er ial t hat gr ips a dr um w hen t ight ened. On dr aw w or k s, t he br ak e band act s on t he dr um t o cont r ol t he low er ing of t he t r av eling block and it s load. b r e a k cir cu la t ion v : t o st ar t t he m ud pum p for r est or ing cir culat ion of t he m ud colum n. Because t he st agnant dr illing fluid has t hick ened or gelled dur ing t he per iod of no cir culat ion, higher pum p pr essur e is usually r equir ed t o br eak cir culat ion. b r e a k e r p o in t s n: cont act s t hat int er r upt t he cur r ent in t he pr im ar y cir cuit of an elect r ical sy st em such as in a spar k - ignit ion engine. b r e a k ou t v : 1. t o unscr ew one sect ion of pipe fr om anot her sect ion, especially dr ill pipe w hile it is being w it hdr aw n fr om t he w ellbor e. Dur ing t his oper at ion, t he t ongs ar e used t o st ar t t he unscr ew ing oper at ion. 2. t o separ at e, as gas fr om a liquid or w at er fr om an em ulsion. b r e a k ou t b lock n: a plat e t hat fit s in t he r ot ar y t able and holds t he dr ill bit w hile it is being unscr ew ed fr om t he dr ill collar . b r e a k ou t ca t h e a d n: a dev ice at t ached t o t he cat shaft of t he dr aw w or k s t hat is used as a pow er sour ce for t he t ongs used in unscr ew ing dr ill pipe; usually locat ed opposit e t he dr iller’s side of t he dr aw w or k s. b r e a k t ou r ( pr onounced " t ow er " ) v : t o begin oper at ing 24 hour s a day . Mov ing t he r ig and r igging up ar e usually car r ied on dur ing day light hour s only . When t he r ig is r eady for oper at ion at a new locat ion, cr ew s br eak t our . b r id g e p lu g n: a dow nhole t ool, com posed pr im ar ily of slips, a plug m andr el, and a r ubber sealing elem ent , t hat is r un and set in casing t o isolat e a low er zone w hile an upper sect ion is being t est ed or cem ent ed. brine n: w at er t hat has a quant it y of salt , especially sodium chlor ide, dissolv ed in it ; salt w at er . b u ck u p v : t o t ight en up a t hr eaded connect ion ( such as t w o j oint s of dr ill pipe) .

b u lk m u d com p on e n t s in st or a g e n: hopper t y pe t ank s for st or age of dr illing fluid com ponent s. b u lk t a n k n: on a dr illing r ig, a lar ge m et al bin t hat usually holds a lar ge am ount of a cer t ain m ud addit iv e, such as bent onit e, t hat is used in lar ge quant it ies in t he m ak eup of t he dr illing fluid. bu lle t pe r f or a t or n: a t ubular dev ice t hat , w hen low er ed t o a select ed dept h w it hin a w ell, is engaged for cing t he pr oj ect iles ( bullet s) t hr ough t he casing and cem ent t o pr ov ide holes t hr ough w hich t he for m at ion fluids m ay ent er t he w ellbor e. b u m p e d adj : in cem ent ing oper at ions, per t aining t o a cem ent plug t hat com es t o r est on t he float collar . b u m p e r b lock n: Tim ber s w r apped w it h w ir e m esh or ot her r et aining m edium locat ed below t he cr ow n t o act as a cushion in t he ev ent t he block is r aised t oo far . b u sh in g n: 1. a pipe fit t ing on w hich t he ex t er nal t hr ead is lar ger t han t he int er nal t hr ead t o allow t w o pipes of differ ent sizes t o be connect ed. 2. a r em ov able lining or sleev e inser t ed or scr ew ed int o an opening t o lim it it s size, r esist w ear or cor r osion, or ser v e as a guide. TOP

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U . S. D e p a r t m e n t o f La b o r Occu p a t ion a l Sa f e t y & H e a lt h Ad m in ist r a t ion [ sk ip n av ig at ion al lin k s]

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Plug and Abandon the Well

Glossa r y of Te r m s A B CD EFGH I JKL M NOPRS TUV W * This is an abr idged v er sion of t he D ict ion a r y of Pe t r ole u m Te r m s pr ov ided by Pet ex and t he Univ er sit y of Tex as Aust in © Pet ex 2001 C ca ble n: 1. a r ope of w ir e, hem p, or ot her st r ong fiber s. 2. br aided w ir e used t o conduct elect r icit y , oft en called pow er cable. ca lip e r log n: a r ecor d show ing v ar iat ions in w ellbor e diam et er by dept h, indicat ing undue enlar gem ent due t o cav ing in, w ashout , or ot her causes. The caliper log also r ev eals cor r osion, scaling, or pit t ing inside t ubular goods. ca r r ie r r ig n: a specially designed, selfpr opelled w or k ov er or dr illing r ig t hat is dr iv en dir ect ly t o t he w ell sit e. Pow er fr om a car r ier r ig ’s hoist engine or engines also pr opels t he r ig on t he r oad. A car r ier r ig m ay be a back -in t y pe or a dr iv e- in t ype. ca sin g n: 1. st eel pipe placed in an oil or gas w ell t o pr ev en t t h e w all of t h e h ole fr om cav in g in , t o pr ev en t m ov em en t of flu ids fr om one for m at ion t o anot her and t o aid in w ell cont r ol. ca se d h ole n: a w ellbor e in w hich casing has been r un. ca sin g ce n t r a liz e r n: a dev ice secur ed ar ound t he casing at r egular int er v als t o cent er it in t he hole. ca sin g cu t t e r n: a heav y cy lindr ical body , fit t ed w it h a set of k niv es, used t o cut and fr ee a sect ion of casing in a w ell. ca sin g cou p lin g ( colla r ) n: a t ubular sect ion of pipe t hat is t hr eaded inside and used t o connect t w o j oint s of casing. ca sin g cr e w n: t he em ploy ees of a com pany t hat specializes in pr epar ing and r unning casing int o a w ell. ca sin g g u n n: a per for at ing gun r un int o t he casing st r ing. ca sin g h a n g e r n: a cir cular dev ice w it h a fr ict ional gr ipping ar r angem ent of slips and pack ing r ings used t o suspend casing fr om a casing head in a w ell. ca sin g h e a d n: a heav y , flanged st eel fit t ing connect ed t o t he fir st st r ing of casing. I t pr ov ides a housing for slips and pack ing assem blies, allow s suspension of int er m ediat e and pr oduct ion st r ings of casing, and supplies t he m eans for t he annulus t o be sealed off. Also called a casing spool.

ca sin g p oin t n: t he dept h in a w ell at w hich casing is set , gener ally t he dept h at w hich t he casing shoe rest s. ca sin g p r e ssu r e n: t he pr essur e in a w ell t hat ex ist s bet w een t he casing and t he t ubing or t he casing and t he dr ill pipe. ca sin g sp id e r n: see spider . ca sin g slip n: see spider . ca sin g st r in g n: t he ent ir e lengt h of all t he j oint s of casing r un in a w ell. ca sin g sh oe n: see guide shoe. ca sin g t on g s n pl: lar ge w r ench used for t ur ning w hen m ak ing up or br eak ing out casing. See t ongs. ca sin g - t u b in g a n n u lu s n: in a w ellbor e, t he space bet w een t he inside of t he casing and t he out side of t he t ubing. ca t ch sa m p le s v : t o obt ain cut t ings for geological infor m at ion as for m at ions ar e penet r at ed by t he bit . The sam ples ar e obt ained fr om dr illing fluid as it em er ges fr om t he w ellbor e or , in cable- t ool dr illing, fr om t he bailer . ca t h e a d n: a spool- shaped at t achm ent on t he end of t he cat shaft , ar ound w hich r ope for hoist ing and m ov ing heav y equipm ent on or near t he r ig floor is w ound. See br eak out cat head, m ak eup cat head. ca t h e a d clu t ch n: see cat head. ca t h e a d sp ool n: see cat head. ca t lin e boom a n d h oist lin e n: a hoist ing or pulling line pow er ed by t he cat head and used t o lift heav y equipm ent on t he r ig. A st r uct ur al fr am ew or k er ect ed near t he t op of t he der r ick for lift ing m at er ial. ca t w a lk n: 1. t he elev at ed w or k ar ea adj acent t o t he v door and r am p on a dr illing r ig w her e pipe is laid t o be lift ed t o t he der r ick floor by t he cat line or by an air hoist . See cat line. 2. any elev at ed w alk w ay . ce lla r n: a pit in t he gr ound t o pr ov ide addit ional height bet w een t he r ig floor and t he w ell head t o accom m odat e t he inst allat ion of blow out pr ev ent er s, r at holes, m ouseholes, and so for t h. I t also m ay collect dr ainage w at er and ot her fluids for subsequent disposal. ce m e n t n: a pow der consist ing of alum ina, silica, lim e, and ot her subst ances t hat har dens w hen m ix ed w it h w at er . Ex t ensiv ely used in t he oil indust r y t o bond casing t o t he w alls of t he w ellbor e. ce m e n t b on d n: t he adher ence of casing t o cem ent and cem ent t o for m at ion. When casing is r un in a w ell, it is set , or bonded, t o t he for m at ion by m eans of cem ent . ce m e n t b o n d su r v e y n: an acoust ic sur v ey or sonic- logging m et hod t hat r ecor ds t he qualit y or har dness of t he cem ent used in t he annulus t o bond t he casing and t he for m at ion. Casing t hat is w ell bonded t o t he for m at ion t r ansm it s an acoust ic signal quick ly ; poor ly bonded casing t r ansm it s a signal slow ly . See acoust ic sur v ey , acoust ic w ell logging. ce m e n t ca sin g v : t o fill t he annulus bet w een t he casing and w all of t he hole w it h cem ent t o suppor t t he casing and pr ev ent fluid m igr at ion bet w een per m eable zones. ce m e n t h y d r a t ion n: r eact ion w it h w at er t hat begins w hen w at er is added t o pow der ed cem ent . The cem en t gr adu ally set s t o a solid.

ce m e n t in g n: t he applicat ion of a liquid slur r y of cem ent and w at er t o v ar ious point s inside or out side t he casing. ce m e n t in g com p a n y n: a com pany w hose specialt y is pr epar ing, t r anspor t ing, and pum ping cem ent int o a w ell. ce m e n t in g h e a d n: an accessor y at t ached t o t he t op of t he casing t o facilit at e cem ent ing of t he casing. I t has passages for cem ent slur r y and r et ainer cham ber s for cem ent ing w iper plugs. Also called r et ainer head. ce m e n t in g m a t e r ia ls n pl: a slur r y of cem ent and w at er and som et im es one or m or e addit iv es t hat affect eit her t he densit y of t he m ix t ur e or it s set t ing t im e. The cem ent used m ay be high ear ly st r engt h, com m on ( st andar d) , or slow set t ing. Addit iv es include acceler at or s ( such as calcium chlor ide) , r et ar der s ( such as gy psum ) , w eight ing m at er ials ( such as bar ium sulfat e) , light w eight addit iv es ( such as bent onit e) , or a v ar iet y of lost cir culat ion m at er ials. ce m e n t p lu g n: 1. a por t ion of cem ent placed at som e point in t he w ellbor e t o seal it . 2. a w iper plug. See cem ent ing. ce m e n t in g p u m p n: a high -pr essur e pum p used t o for ce cem ent dow n t he casing and int o t he annular space bet w een t he casing and t he w all of t he bor ehole. ce m e n t in g t im e n: t he t ot al elapsed t im e needed t o com plet e a cem ent ing oper at ion. ce m e n t r e t a in e r n: a t ool set t em por ar ily in t he casing or w ell t o pr ev ent t he passage of cem ent , t her eby for cing it t o follow anot her designat ed pat h. I t is used in squeeze cem ent ing and ot her r em edial cem ent ing j obs. ce n t r a liz e r n: see casing cent r alizer . ce n t r if u g a l p u m p n: a pum p w it h an im peller or r ot or , an im peller shaft , and a casing, w hich dischar ges fluid by cent r ifugal for ce. An elect r ic subm er sible pum p is a cent r ifugal pum p. ch a in t o n g s n pl: a hand t ool used t o t ight en or loosen pipe, consist ing of a handle and chain t hat r esem bles t he chain on a bicy cle. ch a n g e h ou se n: a sm all building, or doghouse, in w hich m em ber s of a dr illing r ig or r oust about cr ew change clot hes, st or e per sonal belongings, and so on. ch a n n e lin g n: w hen casing is being cem ent ed in a bor ehole, t he cem ent slur r y can fail t o r ise unifor m ly bet w een t he casing and t he bor ehole w all, leav ing spaces, or channels, dev oid of cem ent . I deally , t he cem ent should com plet ely and unifor m ly sur r ound t he casing and for m a st r ong bond t o t he bor ehole w all. See cem ent channeling. ch e m ica l cu t of f n: a m et hod of sev er ing pipe in a w ell by apply ing high pr essur e j et s of a v er y cor r osiv e subst ance against t he w all of t he pipe. The r esult ing cut is v er y sm oot h. ch e m ica l cu t t e r n: a fishing t ool t hat uses high- pr essur e j et s of chem icals t o sev er casing, t ubing, or dr ill pipe st uck in t he hole. ch e m ica l f lood in g n: a m et hod of im pr ov ed oil r ecov er y in w hich chem icals dissolv ed in w at er ar e pum ped int o a r eser v oir t hr ough inj ect ion w ells t o m obilize oil left behind aft er pr im ar y or secondar y r ecov er y and t o m ov e it t ow ar d pr oduct ion w ells. ch ok e n: a dev ice w it h an or ifice inst alled in a line t o r est r ict t he flow of fluids. Sur face chok es ar e par t of t he Chr ist m as t r ee on a w ell and cont ain a chok e nipple, or bean, w it h a sm all -diam et er bor e t hat ser v es t o r est r ict t he flow . Chok es ar e also used t o cont r ol t he r at e of flow of t he dr illing m ud out of t he hole w hen t he w ell is closed in w it h t he blow out pr ev ent er and a k ick is being cir culat ed out of t he hole. See chok e m anifold. ch ok e lin e n: a line, or pipe, t hat r uns fr om t he blow out pr ev ent er st ack t o t he chok e m anifold t hr ough w hich fluid fr om t he hole is flow ed w hen t he w ell is shut in w it h t he blow out pr ev ent er .

ch ok e m a n if old n: t he ar r angem ent of piping and special v alv es, called chok es, t hr ough w hich dr illing m ud is cir culat ed w hen t he blow out pr ev ent er s ar e closed t o cont r ol t he pr essur es encount er ed dur ing a k ick . ch r ist m a s t r e e n: t he cont r ol v alv es, pr essur e gauges, and chok es assem bled at t he t op of a w ell t o cont r ol flow of oil and/ or gas aft er t he w ell has been dr illed and com plet ed. I t is used w hen r eser v oir pr essur e is sufficient t o cause r eser v oir fluids t o r ise t o t he sur face. cir cu la t e v : t o pass fr om one point t hr oughout a sy st em and back t o t he st ar t ing point . For ex am ple, dr illing fluid is cir culat ed out of t he suct ion pit , dow n t he dr ill pipe and dr ill collar s, out t he bit , up t he annulus, and back t o t he pit s w hile dr illing pr oceeds. cir cu la t in g f lu id n: see dr illing fluid, m ud. cir cu la t in g h e a d n: an accessor y at t ached t o t he t op of t he dr ill pipe or t ubing t o for m a connect ion w it h t he m ud sy st em t o per m it cir culat ion of t he dr illing m ud. cir cu la t in g p r e ssu r e n: t he pr essur e gener at ed by t he m ud pum ps and ex er t ed on t he dr ill st em . cir cu la t ion n: t he m ov em ent of dr illing fluid out of t he m ud pit s, dow n t he dr ill st em , up t he annulus, and back t o t he m ud pit s. See nor m al cir culat ion, r ev er se cir culat ion. cir cu la t ion v a lv e n: an accessor y em ploy ed abov e a pack er , t o per m it annulus- to- t ubing cir culat ion or v ice v er sa. cle a n ou t v : t o r em ov e sand, scale, and ot her deposit s fr om t he pr oducing sect ion of t he w ell t o r est or e or incr ease pr oduct ion. cle a n ou t t ools n pl: t he t ools or inst r um ent s, such as bailer s and sw abs, used t o clean out an oilw ell. clu t ch n: a coupling used t o connect and disconnect a dr iv ing and a dr iv en par t of a m echanism , especially a coupling t hat per m it s t he for m er par t t o engage t he lat t er gr adually and w it hout shock . I n t he oil field, a clut ch per m it s gr adual engaging and disengaging of t he equipm ent dr iv en by a pr im e m ov er . v : t o engage or disengage a clut ch. coile d t u b in g n: a cont inuous st r ing of flex ible st eel t ubing, oft en hundr eds or t housands of feet long, t hat is w ound ont o a r eel, oft en dozens of feet in diam et er . The r eel is an int egr al par t of t he coiled t ubing unit , w hich consist s of sev er al dev ices t hat ensur e t he t ubing can be safely and efficient ly inser t ed int o t he w ell fr om t he sur face. Also called r eeled t ubing. coile d - t u b in g u n it n: t he equipm ent for t r anspor t ing and using coiled t ubing, including a r eel for t he coiled t ubing, an inj ect or head t o push t he t ubing dow n t he w ell, a w ellhead blow out pr ev ent er st ack , a pow er sour ce ( usually a diesel engine and hy dr aulic pum ps) , and a cont r ol console. A unique feat ur e of t he unit is t hat it allow s cont inuous cir culat ion w hile it is being low er ed int o t he hole. A coiled t ubing unit is usually m ount ed on a t r ailer or sk id. coile d - t u b in g w or k ov e r n: a w or k ov er per for m ed w it h a cont inuous st eel t ube, nor m ally 0 . 7 5 inch t o 1 inch ( 1 . 9 t o 2 . 5 4 cent im et er s) out side diam et er , w hich is r un int o t he w ell in one piece inside t he nor m al t ubing. Lengt hs of t he t ubing up t o 16, 000 feet ( 4, 877 m et er s) ar e st or ed on t he sur face on a r eel in a m anner sim ilar t o t hat used for w ir eline. The unit is r igged up ov er t he w ellhead. The t ubing is inj ect ed t hr ough a cont r ol head t hat seals off t he t ubing and m ak es a pr essur e t ight connect ion. colla r n: 1. a coupling dev ice used t o j oin t w o lengt hs of pipe, such as casing or t ubing. A com binat ion collar has left - hand t hr eads in one end and r ight - hand t hr eads in t he ot her . 2. a dr ill collar .

colla r loca t or n: a logging dev ice used t o det er m ine accur at ely t he dept h of a w ell; t he log m easur es and r ecor ds t he dept h of each casing collar , or coupling, in a w ell. colla r loca t or log n: see collar locat or . co m e o u t o f t h e h o le v : t o pull t he dr ill st em out of t he w ellbor e t o change t he bit , t o change fr om a cor e bar r el t o t he bit , t o r un elect r ic logs, t o pr epar e for a dr ill st em t est , t o r un casing, and so on. Also called t r ip out , t r ipping out ( TOH) . com p a n y h a n d n: see com pany r epr esent at iv e. com p a n y m a n n: see com pany r epr esent at iv e. com p a n y r e p r e se n t a t iv e n: an em ploy ee of an oper at ing com pany w ho super v ises t he oper at ions at a dr illing sit e or w ell sit e and w ho m ay coor dinat e t he hir ing of logging, t est ing, ser v ice, and w or k ov er com panies. Also called com pany hand, oper at or 's r epr esent at iv e, or com pany m an. com p le t e a w e ll v : t o finish w or k on a w ell and br ing it t o pr oduct iv e st at us. See w ell com plet ion. com p le t ion f lu id n : low- solids fluid or dr illing m ud used w hen a w ell is being com plet ed. I t is select ed not only for it s abilit y t o cont r ol for m at ion pr essur e, but also for t he pr oper t ies t hat m inim ize for m at ion dam age. com p ou n d n: 1. a m echanism used t o t r ansm it pow er fr om t he engines t o t he pum p, t he dr aw w or k s, and ot her m achiner y on a dr illing r ig. I t is com posed of clut ches, chains and spr ock et s, belt s and pulley s, and a num ber of shaft s, bot h dr iv en and dr iv ing. v : t o connect t w o or m or e pow er pr oducing dev ices, such as engines, t o r un dr iv en equipm ent , such as t he dr aw w or k s. com p r e ssion - ig n it ion e n g in e n: a diesel engine; an engine in w hich t he fuel/ air m ix t ur e inside t he engine cy linder s is ignit ed by t he heat t hat occur s w hen t he fuel-air m ix t ur e is highly com pr essed by t he engine pist ons. com p r e ssor n: a dev ice t hat r aises t he pr essur e of a com pr essible fluid such as air or gas. Com pr essor s cr eat e a pr essur e differ ent ial t o m ov e or com pr ess a v apor or a gas. con d u ct iv it y n: 1. t he abilit y t o t r ansm it or conv ey ( as heat or elect r icit y ) . 2. an elect r ical logging m easur em ent obt ained fr om an induct ion sur v ey , in w hich eddy cur r ent s pr oduced by an alt er nat ing m agnet ic field induce in a r eceiv er coil a v olt age pr opor t ionat e t o t he abilit y of t he for m at ion t o conduct elect r icit y . See induct ion log. con d u ct or ca sin g n: gener ally , t he fir st st r ing of casing in a w ell. I t m ay be low er ed int o a hole dr illed int o t he for m at ions near t he sur face and cem ent ed in place; it m ay be dr iv en int o t he gr ound by a special pile dr iv er ( in such cases, it is som et im es called dr iv e pipe) . I t s pur pose is t o pr ev ent t he soft for m at ions near t he sur face fr om cav ing in and t o conduct dr illing m ud fr om t he bot t om of t he hole t o t he sur face w hen dr illing st ar t s. Also called conduct or pipe, dr iv e pipe. con du ct or h ole n: t he hole w her e t he cr ew st ar t s t he t op of t he w ell. con d u ct or p ip e n: t he lar gest diam et er casing and t he t opm ost lengt h of casing. I t is r elat iv ely shor t and encases t he t opm ost st r ing of casing. con e n: a conical- shaped m et al dev ice int o w hich cut t ing t eet h ar e for m ed or m ount ed on a r oller cone bit . con n e ct ion n: 1. a sect ion of pipe or fit t ing used t o j oin pipe t o pipe or t o a v essel. 2. a place in elect r ical cir cuit s w her e w ir es j oin. 3. t he act ion of adding a j oint of pipe t o t he dr ill st em as dr illing pr ogr esses. con su lt a n t n: a per son w ho cont r act s w it h an oil com pany t o super v ise t he oper at ions at a dr illing sit e or w ell sit e w ho m ay coor dinat e t he hir ing of logging, t est ing, ser v ice, and w or k ov er com panies. con t r a ct n: a w r it t en agr eem ent t hat can be enfor ced by law and t hat list s t he t er m s under w hich t he

act s r equir ed ar e t o be per for m ed. A dr illing cont r act m ay cov er such fact or s as t he cost of dr illing t he w ell ( w het her by t he foot or by t he day ) , t he dist r ibut ion of ex penses bet w een oper at or and cont r act or , an d t h e t y pe of equ ipm en t t o be u sed. cor e n: a cy lindr ical sam ple t ak en fr om a for m at ion for geological analy sis. cor e a n a ly sis n: labor at or y analy sis of a cor e sam ple t hat m ay det er m ine por osit y , per m eabilit y , lit hology , fluid cont ent , angle of dip, geological age, and pr obable pr oduct iv it y of t he for m at ion. cor e b a r r e l n: a t ubular dev ice, usually fr om 10 t o 60 feet ( 3 t o 18 m et er s) long, r un in place of a bit and used t o cut a cor e sam ple. co r e sa m p le n: 1 . a sm all por t ion of a for m at ion obt ained by using a cor e bar r el and cor e bit in an ex ist ing w ellbor e. See cor e bit . 2. a spot sam ple of t he cont ent s of an oil or oil pr oduct st or age t ank usually obt ained w it h a t hief, or cor e sam pler , at a giv en height in t he t ank . cor in g n: t he pr ocess of cut t ing a v er t ical, cy lindr ical sam ple of t he for m at ions encount er ed as a w ell is drilled. cor in g bit n: a bit t hat does not dr ill out t he cent er por t ion of t he hole, but allow s t his cent er por t ion ( t he cor e) t o pass t hr ough t he r ound opening in t he cent er of t he bit and int o t he cor e bar r el. cor r osion n: any of a v ar iet y of com plex chem ical or elect r ochem ical pr ocesses, such as r ust , by w hich m et al is dest r oy ed t hr ough r eact ion w it h it s env ir onm ent . cor r osion in h ib it or n: a chem ical subst ance t hat m inim izes or pr ev ent s cor r osion in m et al equipm ent . cou n t e r b a la n ce w e ig h t n: a w eight applied t o com pensat e for ex ist ing w eight or for ce. On pum ping unit s in oil pr oduct ion, count er w eight s ar e used t o offset t he w eight of t he colum n of suck er r ods and fluid on t he upst r ok e of t he pum p, and t he w eight of t he r ods on t he dow nst r ok e. cou p lin g n: 1. in piping, a m et al collar w it h int er nal t hr eads used t o j oin t w o sect ions of t hr eaded pipe. 2. in pow er t r ansm ission, a connect ion ex t ending bet w een a dr iv ing shaft and a dr iv en shaft . cr a n e n: a m achine for r aising, low er ing, and r ev olv ing heav y pieces of equipm ent . cr a n e op e r a t or n: a per son w ho by t r aining and ex per ience is aut hor ized t o oper at e t he cr ane and w ho m ay be in char ge of t he r oust about cr ew . cr a n k n: an ar m k ey ed at r ight angles t o a shaft and used for changing r adius of r ot at ion or changing r ecipr ocat ing m ot ion t o cir cular m ot ion or cir cular m ot ion t o r ecipr ocat ing m ot ion. On a beam pum ping unit , t he cr ank is connect ed by t he pit m an t o t he w alk ing beam , t her eby changing cir cular m ot ion t o r ecipr ocat ing m ot ion. cr a n k a r m n: a st eel m em ber connect ed t o each end of t he shaft ex t ending fr om each side of t he speed r educer on a beam pum ping unit . cr a n k sh a ft n: a r ot at ing shaft t o w hich connect ing r ods ar e at t ached. I t changes up and dow n ( r ecipr ocat ing) m ot ion t o cir cular ( r ot ar y ) m ot ion. cr e w n: 1. t he w or k er s on a dr illing or w or k ov er r ig, including t he dr iller , t he der r ick hand, and t he r ot ar y helper s. 2. any gr oup of oilfield ser v ice w or k er s. cr ook e d h ole n: a w ellbor e t hat has been dr illed in a dir ect ion ot her t han v er t ical. cr ossov e r su b n: a sub t hat allow s differ ent sizes and t y pes of dr ill pipe or ot her com ponent s t o be j oined. cr ow n n: 1. t he cr ow n block or t op of a der r ick or m ast . 2. t he t op of a pist on. 3. a high spot for m ed on a t ool j oint shoulder as t he r esult of w obble. cr ow n b lock a n d w a t e r t a b le n: an assem bly of sheav es or pulley s m ount ed on

beam s at t he t op of t he der r ick . The dr illing line is r un ov er t he sheav es dow n t o t he hoist ing dr um . cr ow n sa v e r n: a dev ice m ount ed near t he dr aw w or k s dr um t o k eep t he dr iller fr om inadv er t ent ly r aising t he t r av eling block int o t he cr ow n block . A pr obe senses w hen t oo m uch line has been pulled ont o t he dr um , indicat ing t hat t he t r av eling block m ay st r ik e t he cr ow n. The pr obe act iv at es a sw it ch t hat sim ult aneously disconnect s t he dr aw w or k s fr om it s pow er sour ce and engages t he dr aw w or k s br ak e. cr u d e oil n: unr efined liquid pet r oleum . I t r anges in gr av it y fr om 9 °API t o 55° API and in color fr om y ellow t o black . cu t ou t n : an ar ea of deck gr at in g r em ov ed t o clear an obst r u ct ion or t o per m it pipes, du ct s, colu m n s, and t he lik e t o pass t hr ough t he gr at ing. cu t t in g s n pl: t he fr agm ent s of r ock dislodged by t he bit and br ought t o t he sur face in t he dr illing m ud. Washed and dr ied cut t ings sam ples ar e analy zed by geologist s t o obt ain infor m at ion about t he for m at ions dr illed. TOP

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Plug and Abandon the Well

Glossa r y of Te r m s A B CD EFGH I JKL M NOPRS TUV W * This is an abr idged v er sion of t he D ict ion a r y of Pe t r ole u m Te r m s pr ov ided by Pet ex and t he Univ er sit y of Tex as Aust in © Pet ex 2001 D d a ily d r illin g r e p or t n: a r ecor d m ade each day of t he oper at ions on a w or k ing dr illing r ig and, t r adit ionally , phoned, fax ed, em ailed, or r adioed in t o t he office of t he dr illing com pany and possibly t he oper at or ev er y m or ning. d a m p e n e r n: an air or iner t gas dev ice t hat m inim izes pr essur e sur ges in t he out put line of a m ud pum p. Som et im es called a sur ge dam pener . d a y lig h t t ou r ( pr onounced " t ow er " ) n: in ar eas w her e t hr ee eight- hour t our s ar e w or k ed, t he shift of dut y on a dr illing r ig t hat st ar t s at or about day light . Com par e ev ening t our , m or ning ( gr av ey ar d) t our . d a y t ou r ( pr onounced " t ow er " ) n: in ar eas w her e t w o 12 -hour t our s ar e w or k ed, a per iod of 12 hour s, usually dur ing day light , w or k ed by a dr illing or w or k ov er cr ew w hen equipm ent is being r un ar ound t he clock . d e a d lin e n: t he dr illing line fr om t he cr ow n block sheav e t o t he anchor , so called because it does not m ov e. Com par e fast line. d e a d lin e a n ch o r n: see deadline t ie - dow n an ch or . d e a d lin e sh e a v e n: t he sheav e on t he cr ow n block ov er w hich t he deadline is r eev ed. d e a d lin e t ie - d ow n a n ch or n: a dev ice t o w hich t he deadline is at t ached, secur ely fast ened t o t he m ast or der r ick subst r uct ur e. Also called a deadline anchor . d e ck n: ( naut ical) floor . de ga sse r n: t he equipm ent used t o r em ov e unw ant ed gas fr om a liquid, especially fr om dr illing fluid. de nsit y n: t he m ass or w eight of a subst ance per unit v olum e. For inst ance, t he densit y of a dr illing m ud m ay be 10 pounds per gallon, 74. 8 pounds/ cubic foot , or 1, 198. 2 k ilogr am s/ cubic m et er . Specific gr av it y , r elat iv e densit y , and API gr av it y ar e ot her unit s of densit y . d e n sit y log n: a special r adioact iv it y log for open -hole sur v ey ing t hat r esponds t o v ar iat ions in t he specific gr av it y of for m at ions. I t is a cont act log ( i. e. , t he logging t ool is held against t he w all of t he hole) . I t em it s neut r ons and t hen m easur es t he secondar y gam m a r adiat ion t hat is scat t er ed back t o t he det ect or in t he inst r um ent . The densit y log is an ex cellent por osit y -m easur e dev ice, especially for shaley

sands. Som e t r ade nam es ar e For m at ion Densit y Log, Gam m a -Gam m a Densit y Log, and Densilog. de r r ick n: a lar ge load- bear ing st r uct ur e, usually of bolt ed const r uct ion. I n dr illing, t he st andar d der r ick has four legs st anding at t he cor ner s of t he subst r uct ur e and r eaching t o t he cr ow n block . The subst r uct ur e is an assem bly of heav y beam s used t o elev at e t he der r ick and pr ov ide space t o inst all blow out pr ev ent er s, casingheads, and so for t h. d e r r ick f loor n: also called t he r ig floor . d e r r ick h a n d n: t he cr ew m em ber w ho handles t he upper end of t he dr ill st r ing as it is being hoist ed out of or low er ed int o t he hole. On a dr illing r ig, he or she m ay be r esponsible for t he cir culat ing m achiner y and t he condit ioning of t he dr illing or w or k ov er fluid. d e r r ick m a n n: see der r ick hand. d e sa n d e r n: a cent r ifugal dev ice for r em ov ing sand fr om dr illing fluid t o pr ev ent abr asion of t he pum ps. I t m ay be oper at ed m echanically or by a fast -m ov ing st r eam of fluid inside a special cone- shaped v essel, in w hich case it is som et im es called a hy dr ocy clone. de silt e r n: a cent r ifugal dev ice, sim ilar t o a desander , used t o r em ov e v er y fine par t icles, or silt , fr om dr illing fluid t o low er t he am ount of solids in t he fluid. d ia m on d b it n: a dr ill bit t hat has sm all indust r ial diam onds em bedded in it s cut t ing sur face. die s n: a t ool used t o shape, for m , or finish ot her t ools or pieces of m et al. For ex am ple, a t hr eading die is used t o cut t hr eads on pipe. d ie in se r t n: a r em ov able, har d- st eel, ser r at ed piece t hat fit s int o t he j aw s of t he t ongs and fir m ly gr ips t he body of t he dr ill pipe, dr ill collar s, or casing w hile t he t ongs ar e m ak ing up or br eak ing out t he pipe. die se l - e le ct r ic p o w e r n: t he pow er supplied t o a dr illing r ig by diesel engines dr iv ing elect r ic gener at or s. d ie se l e n g in e n: a high -com pr ession, int er nal-com bust ion engine used ex t ensiv ely for pow er ing dr illing r igs. I n a diesel engine, air is dr aw n int o t he cy linder s and com pr essed t o v er y high pr essur es; ignit ion occur s as fuel is inj ect ed int o t he com pr essed and heat ed air . Com bust ion t ak es place w it hin t he cy linder abov e t he pist on, and ex pansion of t he com bust ion pr oduct s im par t s pow er t o t he pist on. die se l fu e l n: a light hy dr ocar bon m ix t ur e for diesel engines; it has a boiling r ange j ust abov e t hat of k er osene. dipm e t e r log n: see dipm et er sur v ey . dipm e t e r su r v e y n: an oilw ell- sur v ey ing m et hod t hat det er m ines t he dir ect ion and angle of for m at ion dip in r elat ion t o t he bor ehole. I t r ecor ds dat a t hat per m it com put at ion of bot h t he am ount and dir ect ion of for m at ion dip r elat iv e t o t he ax is of t he hole and t hus pr ov ides infor m at ion about t he geologic st r uct ur e of t he for m at ion. Also called dipm et er log or dip log. d ir e ct ion a l d r illin g n: 1. int ent ional dev iat ion of a w ellbor e fr om t he v er t ical. Alt hough w ellbor es ar e nor m ally dr illed v er t ically , it is som et im es necessar y or adv ant ageous t o dr ill at an angle fr om t he v er t ical. Cont r olled dir ect ional dr illing m ak es it possible t o r each subsur face ar eas lat er ally r em ot e fr om t he point w her e t he bit ent er s t he ear t h. d ir e ct ion a l h ole n: a w ellbor e int ent ionally dr illed at an angle fr om t he v er t ical. See dir ect ional dr illing. d isp la ce m e n t f lu id n: in w ell cem ent ing, t he fluid, usually dr illing m ud or salt w at er , t hat is pum ped int o t he w ell aft er t he cem ent is pum ped int o it t o for ce t he cem ent out of t he casing and int o t he annulus.

d issolv e d g a s n: nat ur al gas t hat is in solut ion w it h cr ude oil in t he r eser v oir . dissolv e d - g a s d r iv e n: a sour ce of nat ur al r eser v oir ener gy in w hich t he dissolv ed gas com ing out of t he oil ex pands t o for ce t he oil int o t he w ellbor e. Also called solut ion - gas dr iv e. See r eser v oir dr iv e m echanism . d og h ou se n: a sm all enclosur e on t he r ig floor used as an office and/ or as a st or ehouse for sm all obj ect s. Also, any sm all building used as an office or for st or age. dogle g n: 1. an abr upt change in dir ect ion in t he w ellbor e, fr equent ly r esult ing in t he for m at ion of a k ey seat . 2 . a shar p bend per m anent ly put in an obj ect such as a pipe, w ir e r ope, or a w ir e r ope slin g. d ou b le n: a lengt h of dr ill pipe, casing, or t ubing consist ing of t w o j oint s scr ew ed t oget her . d ow n h ole adj , adv : per t aining t o t he w ellbor e. d ow n h ole m ot or n: a dr illing t ool m ade up in t he dr ill st r ing dir ect ly abov e t he bit . I t causes t he bit t o t ur n w hile t he dr ill st r ing r em ains fix ed. I t is used m ost oft en as a deflect ion t ool in dir ect ional dr illing, w her e it is m ade up bet w een t he bit and a bent sub ( or , som et im es, t he housing of t he m ot or it self is bent ) . Tw o pr incipal t y pes of dow nhole m ot or ar e t he posit iv e- displacem ent m ot or and t he dow nhole t ur bine m ot or . d r a w w or k s n: t he hoist ing m echanism on a dr illing r ig. I t is essent ially a lar ge w inch t hat spools off or t ak es in t he dr illing line and t hus low er s or r aises t he dr ill st em and bit . d r a w w or k s b r a k e n: t he m echanical br ak e on t he dr aw w or k s t hat can slow or pr ev ent t he dr aw w or k s dr um fr om m ov ing. d r a w w or k s d r u m n: t he spool - shaped cy linder in t he dr aw w or k s ar ound w hich dr illing line is w ound or spooled. dr ill v : t o bor e a hole in t he ear t h, usually t o find and r em ov e subsur face for m at ion fluids such as oil and gas. dr illa ble adj : per t aining t o pack er s and ot her t ools left in t he w ellbor e t o be br ok en up lat er by t he dr ill bit . Dr illable equipm ent is m ade of cast ir on, alum inum , plast ic, or ot her soft , br it t le m at er ial. d r illa b le p a ck e r n: a per m anent pack er t hat can only be r em ov ed by dr illing it out . dr ill a h e a d v : t o cont inue dr illing oper at ions. dr ill bit n: t he cut t ing or bor ing elem ent used in dr illing oil and gas w ells. Most bit s used in r ot ar y dr illing ar e r oller - cone bit s. The bit consist s of t he cut t ing elem ent s and t he cir culat ing elem ent . The cir culat ing elem ent per m it s t he passage of dr illing fluid and ut ilizes t he hy dr aulic for ce of t he fluid st r eam t o im pr ov e dr illing r at es. d r ill colla r s n: a heavy, t hick -w alled t ube, usually st eel, used bet w een t he dr ill pipe and t he bit in t he dr ill st em , used t o st iffen t he dr illing assem bly an put w eight on t he bit so t hat t he bit can dr ill. d r ill colla r su b n: a sub m ade up bet w een t he dr ill st r ing and t he dr ill collar s t hat is used t o ensur e t hat t he dr ill pipe and t he collar can be j oined pr oper ly . dr ille r n: t he em ploy ee nor m ally in char ge of a specific ( t our ) dr illing or w or k ov er cr ew . The dr iller ’s m ain dut y is oper at ion of t he dr illing and hoist ing equipm ent , but t his per son m ay also be r esponsible for dow nhole condit ion of t he w ell, oper at ion of dow nhole t ools, and pipe m easur em ent s. dr ille r ’s p osit ion n: t he ar ea im m ediat ely sur r ounding t he dr iller ’s console. d r ill f loor n: also called r ig floor or der r ick floor . See r ig floor .

d r ill in v : t o penet r at e t he pr oduct iv e for m at ion aft er t he casing is set and cem ent ed on t op of t he pay zone. d r illin g con t r a ct n: an agr eem ent m ade bet w een a dr illing com pany and an oper at ing com pany t o dr ill a w ell. I t gener ally set s for t h t he obligat ion of each par t y , com pensat ion, ident ificat ion, m et hod of dr illing, dept h t o be dr illed, and so on. d r illin g cr e w n: a dr iller , a der r ick hand, and t w o or m or e helper s w ho oper at e a dr illing or w or k ov er r ig for one t our each day . d r illin g e n g in e n: an int er nal - com bust ion engine used t o pow er a dr illing r ig. These engines ar e used on a r ot ar y r ig and ar e usually fueled by diesel fuel, alt hough liquefied pet r oleum gas, nat ur al gas, and, v er y r ar ely , gasoline can also be used. d r illin g e n g in e e r n: an engineer w ho specializes in t he t echnical aspect s of dr illing. d r illin g f lu id n: cir culat ing fluid, one funct ion of w hich is t o lift cut t ings out of t he w ellbor e and t o t he sur face. I t also ser v es t o cool t he bit and t o count er act dow nhole for m at ion pr essur e. d r illin g h ook n: t he lar ge hook m ount ed on t he bot t om of t he t r av eling block and fr om w hich t he sw iv el is suspended. d r illin g m u d n: a specially com pounded liquid cir culat ed t hr ough t he w ellbor e dur ing r ot ar y dr illing oper at ions. See dr illing fluid, m ud. d r ill p ip e n: t he heav y seam less t ubing used t o r ot at e t he bit and cir culat e t he dr illing fluid. Joint s of pipe ar e gener ally appr ox im at ely 30 feet long ar e coupled t oget her by m eans of t ool j oint s. d r ill st e m n: all m em ber s in t he assem bly used for r ot ar y dr illing fr om t he sw iv el t o t he bit , including t he k elly , t he dr ill pipe and t ool j oint s, t he dr ill collar s, t he st abilizer s, and v ar ious specialt y it em s. Com par e dr ill st r ing. d r ill st e m t e st ( D ST) n: a m et hod of for m at ion t est ing. The basic dr ill st em t est t ool consist s of a pack er or pack er s, v alv es or por t s t hat m ay be opened and closed fr om t he sur face, and t w o or m or e pr essur e - r ecor ding dev ices. The t ool is low er ed on t he dr ill st r ing t o t he zone t o be t est ed. The pack er or pack er s ar e set t o isolat e t he zone fr om t he dr illing fluid colum n. d r ille r ' s con sole n: t he cont r ol panel, w her e t he dr iller cont r ols dr illing oper at ions. dr illin g lin e n: a w ir e r ope hoist ing line, r eev ed on sheav es of t he cr ow n block and t r av eling block ( in effect a block and t ack le) , t he pr im ar y pur pose of w hich is t o hoist or low er dr ill pipe or casing fr om or int o a well. dr illin g ou t n: t he oper at ion dur ing t he dr illing pr ocedur e w hen t he cem ent is dr illed out of t he casing. d r ill st r in g n: t he colum n, or st r ing, of dr ill pipe w it h at t ached t ool j oint s t hat t r ansm it s fluid and r ot at ional pow er fr om t he k elly t o t he dr ill collar s and t he bit . Oft en, t he t er m is loosely applied t o include bot h dr ill pipe and dr ill collar s. d r iv e b u sh in g n: see k elly bushing. d r iv e ch a in n: a chain by m eans of w hich a m achine is pr opelled. d r iv e - in u n it n: a t y pe of por t able ser v ice or w or k ov er r ig t hat is self -pr opelled, using pow er fr om t he hoist ing engines. The dr iv er ’ s cab and st eer ing w heel ar e m ount ed on t he sam e end as t he m ast suppor t ; t hus t he unit can be dr iv en st r aight ahead t o r each t he w ellhead. d r iv e p ip e n: see conduct or casing. d r u m ( r op e ) n: a r ot at ing cy linder w it h side flanges on w hich w ir e or ot her r ope used in m achine

oper at ion is w r apped. dr y h ole n: any w ell t hat does not pr oduce oil or gas in com m er cial quant it ies. A dr y hole m ay flow w at er , gas, or ev en oil, but not in am ount s lar ge enough t o j ust ify pr oduct ion. d u a l com p le t ion n: a single w ell t hat pr oduces fr om t w o separ at e for m at ions at t he sam e t im e. Pr oduct ion fr om each zone is segr egat ed by r unning t w o t ubing st r ings w it h pack er s inside t he single st r ing of pr oduct ion casing, or by r unning one t ubing st r ing w it h a pack er t hr ough one zone w hile t he ot her is pr oduced t hr ough t he annulus. I n a m iniat ur ized dual com plet ion, t w o separ at e casing st r ings ar e r un and cem ent ed in t he sam e w ellbor e. d u m p b a ile r n: a bailing dev ice w it h a r elease v alv e, usually of t he disk or flapper t y pe, used t o place, or spot , m at er ial ( such as cem ent slur r y ) at t he bot t om of t he w ell. TOP

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Glossa r y of Te r m s A B CD EFGH I JKL M NOPRS TUV W * This is an abr idged v er sion of t he D ict ion a r y of Pe t r ole u m Te r m s pr ov ided by Pet ex and t he Univ er sit y of Tex as Aust in © Pet ex 2001 E e le ct r ic ca b le t r a y n: suppor t s t he elect r ical cables t hat feed t he pow er fr om t he cont r ol panel t o t he r ig m ot or s. e le ct r ic con t r ol h ou se n: On diesel elect r ic r igs, diesel engines dr iv e elect r ic gener at or s. The gener at or s pr oduce elect r icit y t hat flow t hr ow cables t o elect r ic sw it ches and cont r ol equipm ent enclosed in a cont r ol cabinet or panel. Elect r icit y is fed t o elect r ic m ot or s v ia t he panel. e le ct r ic log n: see elect r ic w ell log. e le ct r ic r ig n: a dr illing r ig on w hich t he ener gy fr om t he pow er sour ce—usually diesel engines—is changed t o elect r icit y by gener at or s m ount ed on t he engines. The elect r ical pow er is t hen dist r ibut ed t hr ough elect r ical conduct or s t o elect r ic m ot or s. The m ot or s pow er t he v ar ious r ig com ponent s. Com par e m echanical r ig. e le ct r ic su b m e r sib le p u m p in g n: a for m of ar t ificial lift t hat ut ilizes an elect r ic subm er sible m ult ist age cent r ifugal pum p. Elect r ic pow er is conduct ed t o t he pum p by a cable at t ached t o t he t ubing. e le ct r ic su r v e y n: see elect r ic w ell log. e le ct r ic w e ll log n: a r ecor d of cer t ain elect r ical char act er ist ics ( such as r esist iv it y and conduct iv it y ) of for m at ions t r av er sed by t he bor ehole. I t is m ade t o ident ify t he for m at ions, det er m ine t he nat ur e and am ount of fluids t hey cont ain, and est im at e t heir dept h. Also called an elect r ic log or elect r ic sur v ey . e le v a t or lin k s n pl: cy lindr ical bar s t hat suppor t t he elev at or s and at t ach t hem t o t he hook . e le v a t or s n pl: on r ot ar y r igs and t op dr iv e r igs, hinged st eel dev ices w it h m anual oper at ing handles t hat cr ew m em ber s lat ch ont o a t ool j oint ( or a sub) . e n gin e n: a m achine for conv er t ing t he heat cont ent of fuel int o r ot ar y m ot ion t hat can be used t o pow er ot her m achines. Com par e m ot or . e r osion n: t he pr ocess by w hich m at er ial ( such as r ock or soil) is w or n aw ay or r em ov ed ( as by w ind or w at er ) . e v e n in g t ou r ( pr onounced " t ow er " ) n: t he shift of dut y on a dr illing r ig t hat gener ally st ar t s in t he aft er noon and r uns t hr ough t he ev ening. Som et im es called aft er noon t our . Com par e day light t our . e x t e r n a l cu t t e r n: a fishing t ool cont aining m et alcut t ing k niv es t hat is low er ed int o t he hole and ov er

t he out side of a lengt h of pipe t o cut it . The sev er ed par t of t he pipe can t hen be br ought t o t he sur face. Also called an out side cut t er . Com par e int er nal cut t er . TOP

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Plug and Abandon the Well

Glossa r y of Te r m s A B CD EFGH I JKL M NOPRS TUV W * This is an abr idged v er sion of t he D ict ion a r y of Pe t r ole u m Te r m s pr ov ided by Pet ex and t he Univ er sit y of Tex as Aust in © Pet ex 2001 F f a st lin e n: t he end of t he dr illing line t hat is affix ed t o t he dr um or r eel of t he dr aw w or k s, so called because it t r av els w it h gr eat er v elocit y t han any ot her por t ion of t he line. Com par e deadline. f in g e r b oa r d n: a r ack t hat suppor t s t he st ands of pipe being st ack ed in t he der r ick or m ast . I t has sev er al st eel finger lik e pr oj ect ions t hat for m a ser ies of slot s int o w hich t he der r ick m an can place a st and of dr ill pipe or collar s aft er it is pulled out of t he hole and r em ov ed fr om t he dr ill st r ing. f ir e f lood in g n: a t her m al r ecov er y m et hod in w hich t he oil in t he r eser v oir is ignit ed, t he heat v apor izes light er hy dr ocar bons and w at er pushes t he w ar m ed oil t ow ar d a pr oducing w ell. Also called in sit u com bust ion. See t her m al r ecov er y . fish n: an obj ect t hat is left in t he w ellbor e dur ing dr illing or w or k ov er oper at ions and t hat m ust be r ecov er ed befor e w or k can pr oceed. I t can be any t hing fr om a piece of scr ap m et al t o a par t of t he dr ill st em . f ish in g n: t he pr ocedur e of r ecov er ing lost or st uck equipm ent in t he w ellbor e. f ish in g m a g n e t n: a pow er ful m agnet designed t o r ecov er m et allic obj ect s lost in a w ell. f ish in g t ool n: a t ool designed t o r ecov er equipm ent lost in a w ell. f ish in g - t ool op e r a t or n: t he per son ( usually a ser v ice com pany em ploy ee) in char ge of dir ect ing fishing oper at ions. fit t in g n: a sm all, oft en st andar dized, par t ( such as a coupling, v alv e, or gauge) inst alled in a lar ger appar at us. floa t colla r n: a special coupling dev ice inser t ed one or t w o j oint s abov e t he bot t om of t he casing st r ing t hat cont ains a check v alv e t o per m it fluid t o pass dow nw ar d but not upw ar d t hr ough t he casing. The float collar pr ev ent s dr illing m ud fr om ent er ing t he casing w hile it is being low er ed, allow ing t he casing t o float dur ing it s descent and t hus decr easing t he load on t he der r ick or m ast . f loa t sh oe n: a shor t , heav y , cy lindr ical st eel sect ion w it h a r ounded bot t om t hat is at t ached t o t he bot t om of t he casing st r ing. I t cont ains a check v alv e and funct ions sim ilar ly t o t he float collar but also ser v es as a guide shoe for t he casing. f lood v : 1. t o dr iv e oil fr om a r eser v oir int o a w ell by inj ect ing w at er under pr essur e int o t he r eser v oir for m at ion. See w at er flooding. 2. t o dr ow n out a w ell w it h w at er . flow n: a cur r ent or st r eam of fluid or gas.

f loor cr e w n: t hose w or k er s on a dr illing or w or k ov er r ig w ho w or k pr im ar ily on t he r ig floor . See r ot ar y helper . f loor h a n d n: see r ot ar y helper . f loor m a n n: see r ot ar y helper . flow in g w e ll n: a w ell t hat pr oduces oil or gas by it s ow n r eser v oir pr essur e r at her t han by use of ar t ificial m eans ( such as pum ps) . f low lin e n: t he sur face pipe t hr ough w hich oil or gas t r av els fr om a w ell t o pr ocessing equipm ent or t o st or age. f low r a t e n: t he speed, or v elocit y , of fluid or gas flow t hr ough a pipe or v essel. f lu id in j e ct ion n: inj ect ion of gases or liquids int o a r eser v oir t o for ce oil t ow ar d and int o pr oducing w ells. f lu id loss n: t he unw ant ed m igr at ion of t he liquid par t of t he dr illing m ud or cem ent slur r y int o a for m at ion, oft en m inim ized or pr ev ent ed by t he blending of addit iv es w it h t he m ud or cem ent . f or m a t ion f lu id n: fluid ( such as gas, oil, or w at er ) t hat ex ist s in a subsur face for m at ion. f or m a t ion g a s n: gas init ially pr oduced fr om an under gr ound r eser v oir . f or m a t ion p r e ssu r e n: t he for ce ex er t ed by fluids or gas in a for m at ion, r ecor ded in t he hole at t he lev el of t he for m at ion w it h t he w ell shut in. Also called r eser v oir pr essur e or shut - in bot t om hole pr essur e.

f or m a t ion t e st in g n: t he gat her ing of pr essur e dat a and fluid sam ples fr om a for m at ion t o det er m ine it s pr oduct ion pot ent ial befor e choosing a com plet ion m et hod. f o r m a t io n w a t e r n: 1. t he w at er or iginally in place in a for m at ion. 2. any w at er t hat r esides in t he por e spaces of a for m at ion. fr a c fluid n: a fluid used in t he fr act ur ing pr ocess ( for ex am ple, a m et hod of st im ulat ing pr oduct ion by opening new flow channels in t he for m at ion sur r ounding a pr oduct ion w ell) . Under ex t r em ely high hy dr aulic pr essur e, fr ac fluids ( such as dist illat e, diesel fuel, cr ude oil, dilut e hy dr ochlor ic acid, w at er , or k er osene) ar e pum ped dow nw ar d t hr ough pr oduct ion t ubing or dr ill pipe and for ced out below a pack er or bet w een t w o pack er s. The pr essur e causes cr ack s t o open in t he for m at ion, and t he fluid penet r at es t he for m at ion t hr ough t he cr ack s. Sand gr ains, alum inum pellet s, w alnut shells, or sim ilar m at er ials ( pr opping agent s) ar e car r ied in suspension by t he fluid int o t he cr ack s. When t he pr essur e is r eleased at t he sur face, t he fr act ur ing fluid r et ur ns t o t he w ell but leav es behind t he pr opping agent s t o hold open t he for m at ion cr ack s. fr a c j ob n: see fr act ur ing. fu e l t a n k s n pl: fuel st or age t ank s for t he pow er gener at ing sy st em . fr a ct u r e n: a cr ack or cr ev ice in a for m at ion, eit her nat ur al or induced. See hy dr aulic fr act ur ing. f r a ct u r e a cid iz in g n: a pr ocedur e by w hich acid is for ced int o a for m at ion under pr essur e high enough t o cause t he for m at ion t o cr ack . The acid act s on cer t ain k inds of for m at ions, usually car bonat es, t o incr ease t he per m eabilit y of t he for m at ion. Also called acid fr act ur ing. fr a ct u r e pr e ssu r e n: t he pr essur e at w hich a for m at ion w ill br eak dow n, or fr act ur e. f r a ct u r in g n: shor t ened for m of for m at ion fr act ur ing. See for m at ion fr act ur ing. f r a ct u r in g f lu id n: a fluid, such as w at er , oil, or acid, used in hy dr aulic fr act ur ing. The fluid car r ies pr opping agent s t hat hold open t he for m at ion cr ack s aft er hy dr aulic pr essur e dissipat es. See acid fr act ur ing, hy dr aulic fr act ur ing, pr opping agent s.

fr e e - poin t in dica t or n: a dev ice r un on w ir eline int o t he w ellbor e and inside t he fishing st r ing and fish t o locat e t he ar ea w her e a fish is st uck . When t he dr ill st r ing is pulled and t ur ned, t he elect r om agnet ic fields of fr ee pipe and st uck pipe differ . The fr ee -point indicat or is able t o dist inguish t hese differ ences, w hich ar e r egist er ed on a m et er ing dev ice at t he sur face. f r ict ion n: r esist ance t o m ov em ent cr eat ed w hen t w o sur faces ar e in cont act . When fr ict ion is pr esent , m ov em ent bet w een t he sur faces pr oduces heat . fu ll - g a u g e b it n: a bit t hat has m aint ained it s or iginal diam et er . fu ll - g a u g e h ole n: a w ellbor e dr illed w it h a full- gau ge bit . Also called a t r u e- to- gauge hole. TOP

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Plug and Abandon the Well

Glossa r y of Te r m s A B CD EFGH I JKL M NOPRS TUV W * This is an abr idged v er sion of t he D ict ion a r y of Pe t r ole u m Te r m s pr ov ided by Pet ex and t he Univ er sit y of Tex as Aust in © Pet ex 2001 G g a m m a r a y lo g n: a t y pe of r adioact iv it y w ell log t hat r ecor ds nat ur al r adioact iv it y ar ound t he w ellbor e. Shales gener ally pr oduce higher lev els of gam m a r adiat ion and can be det ect ed and st udied w it h t he gam m a r ay t ool. See r adioact iv it y w ell logging. g a s a n ch o r n: a t ubular , per for at ed dev ice at t ached t o t he bot t om of a suck er r od pum p t hat helps t o pr ev ent gas lock . The dev ice w or k s on t he pr inciple t hat gas, being light er t han oil, r ises. As w ell fluids ent er t he anchor , gas br eak s out of t he fluid and ex it s fr om t he anchor t hr ough per for at ions near t he t op. Rem aining fluids ent er t he pum p t hr ough a m osquit o bill ( a t ube w it hin t he anchor ) , w hich has an opening near t he bot t om . I n t his w ay , all or m ost of t he gas escapes befor e t he fluids ent er t he pum p. g a s ca p n: a fr ee-gas phase ov er ly ing an oil zone and occur r ing w it hin t he sam e pr oducing for m at ion as t he oil. See r eser v oir . gas - ca p d r iv e n: dr iv e ener gy supplied nat ur ally ( as a r eser v oir is pr oduced) by t he ex pansion of t he gas cap. I n such a dr iv e, t he gas cap ex pands t o for ce oil int o t he w ell and t o t he sur face. See r eser v oir dr iv e m echanism . gas - cu t m u d n: a dr illing m ud t hat cont ains ent r ained for m at ion gas, giv ing t he m ud a char act er ist ically fluffy t ex t ur e. Gas cut m ud m ay cause a low er ing of m ud w eight . g a s d r iv e n: t he use of t he ener gy t hat ar ises fr om t he ex pansion of com pr essed gas in a r eser v oir t o m ov e cr ude oil t o a w ellbor e. Also called deplet ion dr iv e. See dissolv ed -gas dr iv e, gas- cap dr iv e, r eser v oir dr iv e m echanism . ga s in j e ct ion n: t he inj ect ion of gas int o a r eser v oir t o m aint ain for m at ion pr essur e by gas dr iv e and t o r educe t he r at e of decline of t he or iginal r eser v oir dr iv e. One t y pe of gas inj ect ion uses gas t hat does not m ix ( is not m iscible) w it h t he oil. Ex am ples of t hese gases include nat ur al gas, nit r ogen, and flue gas. Anot her t y pe uses gas t hat does m ix ( is m iscible) w it h t he oil. The gas m ay be nat ur ally m iscible or becom e m iscible under high pr essur e. Ex am ples of m iscible gases include pr opane, m et hane enr iched w it h ot her light hy dr ocar bons, m et hane under high pr essur e, and car bon diox ide under pr essur e. Fr equent ly , w at er is also inj ect ed in alt er nat ing st eps w it h t he gas. g a s in j e ct ion w e ll n: a w ell int o w hich gas is inj ect ed for t he pur pose of m aint aining or supplem ent ing pr essur e in an oil r eser v oir . g a sk e t n: any m at er ial ( such as paper , cor k , asbest os, st ainless st eel or ot her t y pes of m et al, or r ubber ) used t o seal t w o essent ially st at ionar y sur faces. ga s lift n: t he pr ocess of r aising or lift ing fluid fr om a w ell by inj ect ing gas dow n t he w ell t hr ough t ubing or t hr ough t he t ubing -casing annulus. I nj ect ed gas aer at es t he fluid t o m ak e it ex er t less pr essur e t han

t he for m at ion does; t he r esult ing higher for m at ion pr essur e for ces t he fluid out of t he w ellbor e. Gas m ay be inj ect ed cont inuously or int er m it t ent ly , depending on t he pr oducing char act er ist ics of t he w ell and t he ar r angem ent of t he gas -lift equipm ent . gas - lif t m a n dr e l n: a dev ice inst alled in t he t ubing st r ing of a gas-lift w ell ont o w hich or int o w hich a gas- lift v alv e is fit t ed. Ther e ar e t w o com m on t y pes of m andr el. I n t he conv ent ional gas-lift m andr el, t he gas- lift v alv e is inst alled as t he t ubing is placed in t he w ell. Thus, t o r eplace or r epair t he v alv e, t he t ubing st r ing m ust be pulled. I n t he sidepock et m andr el, how ev er , t he v alv e is inst alled and r em ov ed by w ir eline w hile t he m andr el is st ill in t he w ell, elim inat ing t he need t o pull t he t ubing t o r epair or r eplace t he v alv e. gas - lif t v a lv e n: a dev ice inst alled on a gas-lift m andr el, w hich in t ur n is put on t he t ubing st r ing of a gas- lift w ell. Tubing and casing pr essur es cause t he v alv e t o open and close, t hus allow ing gas t o be inj ect ed int o t he fluid in t he t ubing t o cause t he fluid t o r ise t o t he sur face. See gas- lift m andr el. gas - lif t w e ll n: a w ell in w hich r eser v oir fluids ar e ar t ificially lift ed by t he inj ect ion of gas. g a s lock n: 1. a condit ion som et im es encount er ed in a pum ping w ell w hen dissolv ed gas, r eleased fr om solut ion dur ing t he upst r ok e of t he plunger , appear s as fr ee gas bet w een t he v alv es. I f t he gas pr essur e is sufficient , t he st anding v alv e is lock ed shut , and no fluid ent er s t he t ubing. 2. a dev ice fit t ed t o t he gauging hat ch on a pr essur e t ank t hat enables m anual dipping and sam pling w it hout loss of v apor . 3. a condit ion t hat can occur w hen gas- cu t m u d is cir cu lat ed by t h e m u d pu m p. Th e gas br eak s ou t of t h e m ud, ex pands, and w or k s against t he oper at ion of t he pist on and v alv es. g a s w e ll n: a w ell t hat pr im ar ily pr oduces gas. Legal definit ions v ar y am ong t he st at es. g e a r r e d u ce r n: see speed r educer . g e l n: a sem isolid, j elly lik e st at e assum ed by som e colloidal disper sions at r est . g e olog ist n: a scient ist w ho gat her s and int er pr et s dat a per t aining t o t he for m at ions of t he ear t h’s crust . Ge r on im o n: see safet y slide. g o in t h e h ole v : t o low er t he dr ill st em , t he t ubing, t he casing, or t he suck er r ods int o t he w ellbor e. g o n e t o w a t e r adj : per t aining t o a w ell in w hich pr oduct ion of oil has decr eased and pr oduct ion of w at er has incr eased ( for ex am ple, “ t he w ell has gone t o w at er ” ) . g oose n e ck n: t he cur v ed connect ion bet w een t he r ot ar y hose and t he sw iv el. See sw iv el. gr a v e l n: sand or glass beads of unifor m size and r oundness used in gr av el pack ing. g r a v e l p a ck in g n: a m et hod of w ell com plet ion in w hich a slot t ed or per for at ed liner , oft en w ir ew r apped, is placed in t he w ell and sur r ounded by gr av el. I f open hole, t he w ell is som et im es enlar ged by under r eam ing at t he point w her e t he gr av el is pack ed. The m ass of gr av el ex cludes sand fr om t he w ellbor e but allow s cont inued pr oduct ion. g u id e sh oe n: 1. a shor t , heav y , cy lindr ical sect ion of st eel filled w it h concr et e and r ounded at t he bot t om , w hich is placed at t he end of t he casing st r ing. I t pr ev ent s t he casing fr om snagging on ir r egular it ies in t he bor ehole as it is low er ed. g u y lin e a n ch or n: a bur ied w eight or anchor t o w hich a guy line is at t ached. g u y w ir e n: a r ope or cable used t o st eady a m ast or pole. TOP

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h or se p ow e r n: a unit of m easur e of w or k done by a m achine. h or iz on t a l d r illin g n: dev iat ion of t he bor ehole fr om v er t ical so t hat t he bor ehole penet r at es a pr oduct iv e for m at ion in a m anner par allel t o t he for m at ion. h y d r a u lic adj : 1. of or r elat ing t o w at er or ot her liquid in m ot ion. 2. oper at ed, m ov ed, or effect ed by w at er or liquid. h y d r a u lic f lu id n: a liquid of low v iscosit y ( such as light oil) t hat is used in sy st em s act uat ed by liquid ( such as t he br ak e sy st em in a car ) . h y d r a u lic f o r ce n: for ce r esult ing fr om pr essur e on w at er or ot her hy dr aulic fluid. h y d r a u lic f r a ct u r in g n: an oper at ion in w hich a specially blended liquid is pum ped dow n a w ell and int o a for m at ion under pr essur e high enough t o cause t he for m at ion t o cr ack open, for m ing passages t hr ough w hich oil can flow int o t he w ellbor e. h y d r a u lic j a r n: a t y pe of m echanical j ar in w hich a fluid m ov ing t hr ough a sm all opening slow s t he pist on st r ok e w hile t he cr ew st r et ches t he w or k st r ing. Aft er t he hy dr aulic delay , a r elease m echanism in t he j ar t r ips t o allow a m andr el t o spr ing up and deliv er a shar p blow . Com par e m echanical j ar . h y d r a u lic p u m p in g n: a m et hod of pum ping oil fr om w ells by using a dow nhole pum p w it hout suck er r ods. Subsur face hy dr aulic pum ps consist of t w o r ecipr ocat ing pum ps coupled and placed in t he w ell. One pum p funct ions as an engine and dr iv es t he ot her pum p ( t he pr oduct ion pum p) . The dow nhole engine is usually oper at ed by clean cr ude oil under under pr essur e ( pow er oil) t hat is dr aw n fr om a pow er- oil set t ling t ank by a t r iplex plunger pum p on t he sur face. I f a single st r ing of t ubing is used, pow er oil is pum ped dow n t he t ubing st r ing t o t he pum p, w hich is seat ed in t he st r ing, and a m ix t ur e of pow er oil and pr oduced fluid is r et ur ned t hr ough t he casing- t ubing annulus. I f t w o par allel st r ings ar e used, one supplies pow er oil t o t he pum p w hile t he ot her r et ur ns t he ex haust and pr oduced oil t o t he sur face. A hy dr aulic pum p m ay be used t o pum p sev er al w ells fr om a cent r al sour ce. h y d r o ca r b o n s n pl: or ganic com pounds of hy dr ogen and car bon w hose densit ies, boiling point s, and fr eezing point s incr ease as t heir m olecular w eight s incr ease. Alt hough com posed of only t w o elem ent s, hy dr ocar bons ex ist in a v ar iet y of com pounds, because of t he st r ong affinit y of t he car bon at om for ot her at om s and for it self. The sm allest m olecules of hy dr ocar bons ar e gaseous; t he lar gest ar e solids. Pet r oleum is a m ix t ur e of m any differ ent hy dr ocar bons. h y d r og e n su lf id e cr a ck in g n: a t y pe of cor r osion t hat occur s w hen m et als ar e ex posed t o hy dr ogen sulfide gas; it is char act er ized by m inut e cr ack s t hat for m j ust under t he m et al’s sur face. h y d r ost a t ic p r e ssu r e n: t he for ce ex er t ed by a body of fluid at r est . I t incr eases dir ect ly w it h t he densit y and t he dept h of t he fluid and is ex pr essed in m any differ ent unit s, including pounds per squar e inch or k ilopascals. TOP

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Glossa r y of Te r m s A B CD EFGH I JKL M NOPRS TUV W * This is an abr idged v er sion of t he D ict ion a r y of Pe t r ole u m Te r m s pr ov ided by Pet ex and t he Univ er sit y of Tex as Aust in © Pet ex 2001 I I AD C abbr : I nt er nat ional Associat ion of Dr illing Cont r act or s. im pe lle r n: a set of m ount ed blades used t o im par t m ot ion t o a fluid air or gas ( such as, t he r ot or of a cent r ifugal pum p) . im p e r m e a b le adj : pr ev ent ing t he passage of fluid. A for m at ion m ay be por ous y et im per m eable if t her e is an absence of connect ing passages bet w een t he v oids w it hin it . See per m eabilit y . im p r e ssion b lock n: a block w it h lead or anot her r elat iv ely soft m at er ial on it s bot t om . I t is m ade up on dr ill pipe or t ubing at t he sur face, r un int o a w ell, and set dow n on t he obj ect t hat has been lost in t he w ell. The block is r et r iev ed and t he im pr ession is ex am ined. The im pr ession is a m ir r or im age of t he t op of t he fish; it also indicat es t he fish ’s posit ion in t he hole, for ex am ple, w het her it is cent er ed or off t o one side. Fr om t his infor m at ion, t he cor r ect fishing t ool m ay be select ed. in d u ct ion log n: an elect r ic w ell log in w hich t he conduct iv it y of t he for m at ion r at her t han t he r esist iv it y is m easur ed. Because oil - bear ing for m at ions ar e less conduct iv e of elect r icit y t han w at er-bear ing for m at ions, an induct ion sur v ey , w hen com par ed w it h r esist iv it y r eadings, can aid in det er m inat ion of oil and w at er zones. in fla t a ble pa ck e r n: a pack er w it h an elem ent t hat inflat es by m eans of gas or liquid pum ped fr om t he sur face t hr ough a line. I t is deflat ed by m eans of slot s t hat can be opened t o allow t he gas or liquid t o flow out . They ar e used w hen a t em por ar y pack er is needed in a hole. in j e ct ion g a s n: 1. a high - pr essur e gas inj ect ed int o a for m at ion t o m aint ain or r est or e r eser v oir pr essur e. 2 . gas inj ect ed in gas-lift oper at ions. in j e ct ion log n: a sur v ey used t o det er m ine t he inj ect ion pr ofile, t hat is, t o assign specific v olum es or per cent ages t o each of t he for m at ions t ak ing fluid in an inj ect ion w ell. The inj ect ion log is also used t o check for casing or pack er leak s, pr oper cem ent j obs, and fluid m igr at ion bet w een zones. in j e ct ion w a t e r n: w at er t hat is int r oduced int o a r eser v oir t o help dr iv e hy dr ocar bons t o a pr oducing well. in j e ct ion w e ll n: a w ell t hr ough w hich fluids ar e inj ect ed int o an under gr ound st r at um t o incr ease r eser v oir pr essur e and t o displace oil. Also called input w ell. in j e ct or h e a d n: a cont r ol head for inj ect ing coiled t ubing int o a w ell t hat seals off t he t ubing and m ak es a pr essur e t ight connect ion. in la n d b a r g e r ig n: an off shor e dr illing st r uct ur e consist ing of a bar ge on w hich t he dr illing equipm ent

is const r uct ed. I t is posit ioned on locat ion, t hen t he bar ge is sunk . in se r t n: 1. a cy lindr ical obj ect , r ounded, blunt , or chisel - shaped on one end and usually m ade of t ungst en car bide, t hat is inser t ed in t he cones of a bit , t he cut t er s of a r eam er , or t he blades of a st abilizer t o for m t he cut t ing elem ent of t he bit or t he r eam er or t he w ear sur face of t he st abilizer . Also called a com pact . in se r t p u m p n: a suck er r od pum p t hat is r un int o t he w ell as a com plet e unit . in t a k e v a lv e n: 1. t he m echanism on an engine t hr ough w hich air and som et im es fuel ar e adm it t ed t o t he cy linder . 2. on a m ud pum p, t he v alv e t hat opens t o allow m ud t o be dr aw n int o t he pum p by t he pist ons m ov ing in t he liner s. in t e r m e d ia t e ca sin g st r in g n: t he st r ing of casing set in a w ell aft er t he sur face casing but befor e pr oduct ion casing is set t o k eep t he hole fr om cav ing and t o seal off for m at ions. I n deep w ells, one or m or e int er m ediat e st r ings m ay be r equir ed. in t e r n a l cu t t e r n: a fishing t ool cont aining m et al - cut t ing k niv es t hat is low er ed int o t he inside of a lengt h of pipe st uck in t he hole t o cut t he pipe. The sev er ed por t ion of t he pipe can t hen be r et ur ned t o t he sur face. Com par e ex t er nal cut t er . I n t e r n a t ion a l Associa t ion of D r illin g Con t r a ct or s ( I AD C) n: an or ganizat ion of dr illing cont r act or s, oil and gas com panies, and ser v ice com panies t hat sponsor s or conduct s r esear ch on educat ion, accident pr ev ent ion, dr illing t echnology , and ot her m at t er s of int er est t o it s m em ber ship and t heir em ploy ees. I t s official publicat ion is The Dr illing Cont r act or . Addr ess: Box 4287; Houst on, TX 77210; ( 281) 578 - 7171; fax ( 2 8 1 ) 5 7 8 -0589. TOP

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Glossa r y of Te r m s A B CD EFGH I JKL M NOPRS TUV W * This is an abr idged v er sion of t he D ict ion a r y of Pe t r ole u m Te r m s pr ov ided by Pet ex and t he Univ er sit y of Tex as Aust in © Pet ex 2001 J j a r n: a per cussion t ool oper at ed m anually or hy dr aulically t o deliv er a heav y upw ar d or dow nw ar d blow t o fish st uck in t he bor ehole. v : t o apply a heav y blow t o t he dr ill st em by use of a j ar or bum per sub. j a r a cce le r a t or n: a hy dr aulic t ool used in conj unct ion w it h a j ar and m ade up on t he fishing st r ing abov e t he j ar t o incr ease t he pow er of t he j ar r ing for ce. j e r k lin e n: a w ir e r ope, one end of w hich is connect ed t o t he end of t he t ongs and t he ot her end of w hich is at t ached t o t he cat head. j e t n: 1 . a hy dr aulic dev ice oper at ed by a cent r ifugal pum p used t o clean t he m ud pit s, or t ank s, and t o m ix m ud com ponent s. 2. in a per for at ing gun using shaped char ges, a highly penet r at ing, fast - m oving st r eam of ex ploded par t icles t hat for m s a hole in t he casing, cem ent , and for m at ion. j e t cu t off n: a pr ocedur e for sev er ing pipe st uck in a w ell by det onat ing special shaped - char ge ex plosiv es sim ilar t o t hose used in j et per for at ing. The ex plosiv e is low er ed int o t he pipe t o t he desir ed dept h and det onat ed. The for ce of t he ex plosion m ak es r adiat ing hor izont al cut s ar ound t he pipe, and t he sev er ed por t ion of t he pipe is r et r iev ed. j e t cu t t e r n: a fishing t ool t hat uses shaped char ges t o sev er casing, t ubing, or dr ill pipe st uck in t he hole. See j et cut off. Com par e chem ical cut t er . j e t gu n n: an assem bly , including a car r ier and shaped char ges, t hat is used in j et per for at ing. j e t- pe r for a t e v : t o cr eat e holes t hr ough t he casing w it h a shaped char ge of high ex plosiv es inst ead of a gun t hat fir es pr oj ect iles. The loaded char ges ar e low er ed int o t he hole t o t he desir ed dept h. Once det onat ed, t he char ges em it shor t , penet r at ing j et s of high - v elocit y gases t hat m ak e holes in t he casing and cem ent for som e dist ance int o t he for m at ion. For m at ion fluids t hen flow int o t he w ellbor e t hr ough t hese per for at ions. See bullet per for at or , gun- per for at e. j ou r n a l b e a r in g n: a m achine par t in w hich a r ot at ing shaft ( a j our nal) r ev olv es or slides. Also called a plain bear ing. j o in t o f p ip e n: a lengt h of dr ill pipe or casing. Bot h com e in v ar ious lengt hs. j u n k n: m et al debr is lost in a hole. Junk m ay be a lost bit , pieces of a bit , pieces of pipe, w r enches, or any r elat iv ely sm all obj ect t hat im pedes dr illing or com plet ion and m ust be fished out of t he hole. v : t o abandon ( as a nonpr oduct iv e w ell) . j u n k b a sk e t n: a dev ice m ade up on t he bot t om of t he dr ill st em or on w ir eline t o cat ch pieces of j unk fr om t he bot t om of t he hole. Cir culat ing t he m ud or r eeling in t he w ir eline for ces t he j unk int o a bar r el in

t he t ool, w her e it is caught and held. When t he bask et is br ought back t o t he sur face, t he j unk is r em ov ed. Also called a j unk sub or j unk cat cher . j u n k m ill n: a m ill used t o gr ind up j unk in t he hole. See m ill. j u n k r e t r ie v e r n: a special t ool m ade up on t he bot t om of t he dr ill st em t o pick up j unk fr om t he bot t om of t he hole. Most j unk r et r iev er s ar e designed w it h por t s t hat allow dr illing fluid t o ex it t he t ool a shor t dist ance off t he bot t om . This flow of fluid cr eat es an ar ea of low pr essur e inside t he t ool so t hat t he j unk is lift ed and caught in t he r et r iev er by t he higher pr essur e out side t he t ool. See j unk , j unk bask et . TOP

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Glossa r y of Te r m s A B CD EFGH I JKL M NOPRS TUV W * This is an abr idged v er sion of t he D ict ion a r y of Pe t r ole u m Te r m s pr ov ided by Pet ex and t he Univ er sit y of Tex as Aust in © Pet ex 2001 K k e lly n: t he heav y squar e or hex agonal st eel m em ber suspended fr om t he sw iv el t hr ough t he r ot ar y t able and connect ed t o t he t opm ost j oint of dr ill pipe t o t ur n t he dr ill st em as t he r ot ar y t able t ur ns. k e lly b u sh in g n: a dev ice fit t ed t o t he r ot ar y t able t hr ough w hich t he k elly passes and t he m eans by w hich t he t or que of t he r ot ar y t able is t r ansm it t ed t o t he k elly and t o t he dr ill st em . Also called t he dr iv e bushing. k e lly b y p a ss n: a sy st em of v alv es and piping t hat allow s dr illing fluid t o be cir culat ed w it hout t he use of t he k elly . k e lly cock n: a v alv e inst alled at one or bot h ends of t he k elly . When a high -pr essur e back flow occur s inside t he dr ill st em , t he v alv e is closed t o k eep pr essur e off t he sw iv el and r ot ar y hose. k e lly d r iv e b u sh in g n: see k elly bushing. k e lly d r iv e r n: a dev ice t hat fit s inside t he head and inside of w hich t he k elly fit s. The k elly dr iv er r ot at es w it h t he k elly . k e lly sa v e r su b n: a heav y and r elat iv ely shor t lengt h of pipe t hat fit s in t he dr ill st em bet w een t he k elly and t he dr ill pipe. The t hr eads of t he dr ill pipe m at e w it h t hose of t he sub, m inim izing w ear on t he k elly . k e lly sp in n e r n: a pneum at ically oper at ed dev ice m ount ed on t op of t he k elly t hat , w h en act u at ed, cau ses t h e k elly t o t u r n or spin . k e y se a t n: 1. an under gauge channel or gr oov e cut in t he side of t he bor ehole and par allel t o t he ax is of t he hole. A k ey seat r esult s fr om t he r ot at ion of pipe on a shar p bend in t he hole. 2. a gr oov e cut par allel t o t he ax is in a shaft or a pulley bor e. k ick n: an ent r y of w at er , gas, oil, or ot her for m at ion fluid int o t he w ellbor e dur ing dr illing. I t occur s because t he pr essur e ex er t ed by t he colum n of dr illing fluid is not gr eat enough t o ov er com e t he pr essur e ex er t ed by t he fluids in t he for m at ion dr illed. I f pr om pt act ion is not t ak en t o cont r ol t he k ick , or k ill t he w ell, a blow out m ay occur . k ick f lu id s n pl: oil, gas, w at er , or any com binat ion t hat ent er s t he bor ehole fr om a per m eable for m at ion. k ick of f v : 1. t o br ing a w ell int o pr oduct ion; used m ost oft en w hen gas is inj ect ed int o a gas lift w ell t o

st ar t pr oduct ion. 2. in w or k ov er oper at ions, t o sw ab a w ell t o r est or e it t o pr oduct ion. 3. t o dev iat e a w ellbor e fr om t he v er t ical, as in dir ect ional dr illing. k ick of f p oin t ( KOP) n: t he dept h in a v er t ical hole at w hich a dev iat ed or slant hole is st ar t ed; used in dir ect ional dr illing. k ill v : 1. in dr illing, t o cont r ol a k ick by t ak ing suit able pr ev ent iv e m easur es ( for ex am ple, t o shut in t he w ell w it h t he blow out pr ev ent er s, cir culat e t he k ick out , and incr ease t he w eight of t he dr illing m ud) . 2. in pr oduct ion, t o st op a w ell fr om pr oducing oil and gas so t hat r econdit ioning of t he w ell can pr oceed. TOP

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Glossa r y of Te r m s A B CD EFGH I JKL M NOPRS TUV W * This is an abr idged v er sion of t he D ict ion a r y of Pe t r ole u m Te r m s pr ov ided by Pet ex and t he Univ er sit y of Tex as Aust in © Pet ex 2001 L la n d r ig n: any dr illing r ig t hat is locat ed on dr y land. la t ch on v : t o at t ach elev at or s t o a sect ion of pipe t o pull it out of or r un int o t he hole. la t ch su b n: a dev ice, usually w it h segm ent ed t hr eads, r un w it h seal subs on t he bot t om of a t ubing st r in g an d lat ch ed in t o a per m an en t pack er t o pr ev en t t u bin g m ov em en t . la y n: 1. t he spir al of st r ands in a w ir e r ope eit her t o t he r ight or t o t he left , as v iew ed fr om abov e. 2. a t er m used t o m easur e w ir e r ope, signify ing t he linear dist ance a w ir e st r and cov er s in one com plet e r ot at ion ar ound t he r ope. la y d o w n p ip e v : t o pull dr ill pipe or t ubing fr om t he hole and place it in a hor izont al posit ion on a pipe r ack . Com par e set back . lea d - t on g h a n d ( pr onounced “leed” ) n: t he cr ew m em ber w ho oper at es t he lead t ongs w hen dr ill pipe and dr ill collar s ar e being handled. Also called lead- t ong m an. le a d t o n g s ( pr onounced “leed” ) n pl: t he pipe t ongs suspended in t he der r ick or m ast and oper at ed by a chain or a w ir e r ope connect ed t o t he m ak eup cat head or t he br eak out cat head. lif t in g su b n: a t hr eaded dev ice placed in t he end of t ubular s, such as dr ill collar s t o aid in lift ing; also called hoist ing plug . lin e r n: 1. a st r ing of pipe used t o case open hole below ex ist ing casing. A liner ex t ends fr om t he set t ing dept h up int o anot her st r ing of casing, usually ov er lapping about 100 feet ( 30. 5 m et er s) abov e t he low er end of t he int er m ediat e or t he oil st r ing. Liner s ar e near ly alw ay s suspended fr om t he upper st r ing by a hanger dev ice. 2. a r elat iv ely shor t lengt h of pipe w it h holes or slot s t hat is placed opposit e a pr oducing for m at ion. Usually , such liner s ar e w r apped w it h specially shaped w ir e t hat is designed t o pr ev ent t he ent r y of loose sand int o t he w ell as it is pr oduced. They ar e also oft en used w it h a gr av el pack . 3. in j et per for at ion guns, a conically shaped m et allic piece t hat is par t of a shaped char ge. I t incr eases t he efficiency of t he char ge by incr easing t he penet r at ing abilit y of t he j et . 4. a r eplaceable t ube t hat fit s inside t he cy linder of an engine or a pum p. See cy linder liner . lin e r com p le t ion n: a w ell com plet ion in w hich a liner is used t o obt ain com m unicat ion bet w een t he r eser v oir and t he w ellbor e. lin e r h a n g e r n: a slip dev ice t hat at t aches t he liner t o t he casing. See liner . loca t ion n: t he place w her e a w ell is dr illed. Also called w ell sit e.

log n: a sy st em at ic r ecor ding of dat a, such as a dr iller ’s log, m ud log, elect r ical w ell log, or r adioact iv it y log. Many differ ent logs ar e r un in w ells t o discer n v ar ious char act er ist ics of dow nhole for m at ion. v : t o r ecor d dat a. log a w e ll v : t o r un any of t he v ar ious logs used t o ascer t ain dow nhole infor m at ion about a w ell. log g in g d e v ice s n pl: any of sev er al elect r ical, acoust ical, m echanical, or r adioact iv it y dev ices t hat ar e used t o m easur e and r ecor d cer t ain char act er ist ics or ev ent s t hat occur in a w ell t hat has been or is being dr illed. lon g st r in g n: 1. t he last st r ing of casing set in a w ell. 2. t he st r ing of casing t hat is set at t he t op of or t hr ough t he pr oducing zone, oft en called t he oil st r ing or pr oduct ion casing. lost cir cu la t ion n: t he quant it ies of w hole m ud lost t o a for m at ion, usually in cav er nous, pr essur ed, or coar sely per m eable beds. Ev idenced by t he com plet e or par t ial failur e of t he m ud t o r et ur n t o t he sur face as it is being cir culat ed in t he hole. lost p ip e n: dr ill pipe, dr ill collar s, t ubing, or casing t hat has becom e separ at ed in t he hole fr om t he par t of t he pipe r eaching t he sur face, necessit at ing it s r em ov al befor e nor m al oper at ions can pr oceed; for ex am ple, a fish. lost t im e in cid e n t n: an incident in t he w or k place t hat r esult s in an inj ur y ser ious enough t hat causes t he per son inj ur ed t o be unable t o w or k for a day or m or e. lu br ica t or n: a specially fabr icat ed lengt h of casing or t ubing usually placed t em por ar ily abov e a v alv e on t op of t he casinghead or t ubing head. I t is used t o r un sw abbing or per for at ing t ools int o a pr oducing w ell and pr ov ides a m et hod for sealing off pr essur e and t hus should be r at ed for highest ant icipat ed pr essur e. TOP

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Glossa r y of Te r m s A B CD EFGH I JKL M NOPRS TUV W * This is an abr idged v er sion of t he D ict ion a r y of Pe t r ole u m Te r m s pr ov ided by Pet ex and t he Univ er sit y of Tex as Aust in © Pet ex 2001 M m a ca r on i st r in g n: a st r ing of t ubing or pipe, usually 3/ 4 or 1 inch ( 1. 9 or 2. 54 cent im et er s) in diam et er . m a k e a con n e ct ion v : t o at t ach a j oint or st and of dr ill pipe ont o t he dr ill st em suspended in t he w ellbor e t o per m it deepening t he w ellbor e by t he lengt h of t he pipe. m a k e u p v : 1. t o assem ble and j oin par t s t o for m a com plet e unit ( for ex am ple, t o m ak e up a st r ing of dr ill pipe) . 2. t o scr ew t oget her t w o t hr eaded pieces. Com par e br eak out . 3. t o m ix or pr epar e ( for ex am ple, t o m ak e up a t ank of m ud) . 4 . t o com pensat e for ( for ex am ple, t o m ak e up for lost t im e) . m a k e u p adj : added t o a sy st em ( for ex am ple, m ak eup w at er used in m ix ing m ud) . m a k e u p a j oin t v : t o scr ew a lengt h of pipe int o anot her lengt h of pipe. m a k e u p ca t h e a d n: a dev ice t hat is at t ached t o t he shaft of t he dr aw w or k s and used as a pow er sour ce for m ak ing up j oint s of pipe. I t is usually locat ed on t he dr iller ’ s side of t he dr aw w or k s. Also called spinning cat head. m a k e u p t on g s n pl: t ongs used for scr ew ing one lengt h of pipe int o anot her for m ak ing up a j oint . Com par e br eak out t ongs. See also t ongs. m a le con n e ct ion n: a pipe, coupling, or t ool t hat has t hr eads on t he out side so t hat it can be j oined t o a fem ale connect ion. m a n d r e l n: a cy lindr ical bar , spindle, or shaft ar ound w hich ot her par t s ar e ar r anged or at t ached or t hat fit s inside a cy linder or t ube. m a n ifold n: 1. an accessor y sy st em of piping t o a m ain piping sy st em ( or anot her conduct or ) t hat ser v es t o div ide a flow int o sev er al par t s, t o com bine sev er al flow s int o one, or t o r er out e a flow t o any one of sev er al possible dest inat ions. m a st n: a por t able der r ick t hat is capable of being r aised as a unit , as dist inguished fr om a st andar d der r ick , w hich cannot be r aised t o a w or k ing posit ion as a unit . For t r anspor t ing by land, t he m ast can be div ided int o t w o or m or e sect ions t o av oid ex cessiv e lengt h ex t ending fr om t r uck beds on t he highw ay . m a st e r bu sh in g n: a dev ice t hat fit s int o t he r ot ar y t able t o accom m odat e t he slips and dr iv e t he k elly bushing so t hat t he r ot at ing m ot ion of t he r ot ar y t able can be t r ansm it t ed t o t he k elly .

m a st e r v a lv e n: 1. a lar ge v alv e locat ed on t he Chr ist m as t r ee and used t o cont r ol t he flow of oil and gas fr om a w ell. Also called m ast er gat e. m e ch a n ica l j a r n: a per cussion t ool oper at ed m echanically t o giv e an upw ar d t hr ust t o a fish by t he sudden r elease of a t r ipping dev ice inside t he t ool. I f t he fish can be fr eed by an upw ar d blow , t he m echanical j ar can be v er y effect iv e. m e ch a n ica l log n: a log of, for inst ance, r at e of penet r at ion or am ount of gas in t he m ud, obt ained at t he sur face by m echanical m eans. See m ud logging. m e ch a n ica l r ig n: a dr illing r ig in w hich t he sour ce of pow er is one or m or e int er nal -com bust ion engines and in w hich t he pow er is dist r ibut ed t o r ig com ponent s t hr ough m echanical dev ices ( such as chains, spr ock et s, clut ches, and shaft s) . Also called a pow er r ig. Com par e elect r ic r ig. m ill n: a dow nhole t ool w it h r ough, shar p, ex t r em ely har d cut t ing sur faces for r em ov ing m et al, pack er s, cem ent , sand, or scale by gr inding or cut t ing. m iscib le d r iv e n: a m et hod of enhanced r ecov er y in w hich v ar ious hy dr ocar bon solv ent s or gases ( such as pr opane, LPG, nat ur al gas, car bon diox ide, or a m ix t ur e t her eof) ar e inj ect ed int o t he r eser v oir t o r educe int er facial for ces bet w een oil and w at er in t he por e channels and t hus displace oil fr om t he r eser v oir r ock . See chem ical flooding, gas inj ect ion. m ix in g t a n k n: any t ank or v essel used t o m ix com ponent s of a subst ance ( as in t he m ix ing of addit iv es w it h dr illing m ud) . m ix m u d v : t o pr epar e dr illing fluids. m on it or n: an inst r um ent t hat r epor t s t he per for m ance of a cont r ol dev ice or signals if unusual condit ions appear in a sy st em . m on k e y b oa r d n: t he der r ick hand’ s w or k ing plat for m . As pipe or t ubing is r un int o or out of t he hole, t he der r ick hand m ust handle t he t op end of t he pipe, w hich m ay be as high as 90 feet ( 27 m et er s) or higher in t he der r ick or m ast . m or n in g r e p or t n: see daily dr illing r epor t . m or n in g t ou r ( pr onounced “t ower ”) n: a w or k shift t hat gener ally begins at or near m idnight . See gr av ey ar d t our . m ot or h a n d n: t he cr ew m em ber on a r ot ar y dr illing r ig, w ho is r esponsible for t he car e and oper at ion of dr illing engines. Also called m ot or m an. m ot or n: any of v ar ious pow er unit s, such as a hy dr aulic, int er nal com bust ion, air , or elect r ic dev ice, t hat dev elops ener gy or im par t s m ot ion. Com par e engine. m ot or m a n n: see m ot or hand. m ou se h ole n: shallow bor es under t he r ig floor , usually lined w it h pipe, in w hich j oint s of dr ill pipe ar e t em por ar ily suspended for lat er connect ion t o t he dr ill st r ing. m ou se h ole con n e ct ion n: t he pr ocedur e of adding a lengt h of dr ill pipe or t ubing t o t he act iv e st r ing. m ud n: t he liquid cir culat ed t hr ough t he w ellbor e dur ing r ot ar y dr illing and w or k ov er oper at ions. m u d a cid n: a m ix t ur e of hy dr ochlor ic and/ or hy dr ofluor ic acids and sur fact ant s used t o r em ov e w all cak e fr om t he w ellbor e. m u d ca k e n: t he sheat h of m ud solids t hat for m s on t he w all of t he hole w hen liquid fr om m ud filt er s int o t he for m at ion. Also called filt er cak e or w all cak e. m u d ce n t r if u g e n: a dev ice t hat uses cent r ifugal for ce t o separ at e sm all solid com ponent s fr om liquid

dr illing fluid. m u d cle a n e r n : a con e-shaped dev ice, a hy dr ocy clone, designed t o r em ov e v er y fine solid par t icles fr om t he dr illing m ud. m u d e n g in e e r n: an em ploy ee of a dr illing fluid supply com pany w hose dut y it is t o t est and m aint ain t he dr illing m ud pr oper t ies t hat ar e specified by t he oper at or . m ud - g a s se p a r a t or n: a dev ice t hat r em ov es gas fr om t he m ud com ing out of a w ell w hen a k ick is being cir culat ed out . m u d h op p e r n: see hopper . m u d h ose n: also called k elly hose or r ot ar y hose. See r ot ar y hose. m u d lin e n: a m ud r et ur n line. m u d log g in g n: t he r ecor ding of infor m at ion der iv ed fr om ex am inat ion and analy sis of for m at ion cut t ings m ade by t he bit and of m ud cir culat ed out of t he hole. A por t ion of t he m ud is div er t ed t hr ough a gas -det ect ing dev ice. Cut t ings br ought up by t he m ud ar e ex am ined under ult r av iolet light t o det ect t he pr esence of oil or gas. Mud logging is oft en car r ied out in a por t able labor at or y set up at t he w ell sit e.

m u d m ot or n: see dow nhole m ot or . m u d pit n: or iginally , an open pit dug in t he gr ound t o hold dr illing fluid or w ast e m at er ials discar ded aft er t he t r eat m ent of dr illing m ud. For som e dr illing oper at ions, m ud pit s ar e used for suct ion t o t he m ud pum ps, set t ling of m ud sedim ent s, and st or age of r eser v e m ud. St eel t ank s ar e m uch m or e com m only used for t hese pur poses now , but t hey ar e st ill usually r efer r ed t o as pit s. m u d p u m p n: a lar ge, high-pr essur e r ecipr ocat ing pum p used t o cir culat e t he m ud on a dr illing r ig. A t y pical m ud pum p is a t w o or t hr ee- cy linder pist on pum p w hose r eplaceable pist ons t r av el in r eplaceable liner s and ar e dr iv en by a cr ank shaft act uat ed by an engine or a m ot or . m u d r e t u r n lin e n: a t r ough or pipe t hat is placed bet w een t he sur face connect ions at t he w ellbor e and t he shale shak er . m u d t a n k n: one of a ser ies of open t ank s, usually m ade of st eel plat e, t hr ough w hich t he dr illing m ud is cy cled t o r em ov e sand and fine sedim ent s. m u d w e ig h t n: a m easur e of t he densit y of a dr illing fluid ex pr essed as pounds per gallon, pounds per cubic foot , or k ilogr am s per cubic m et r e. Mud w eight is dir ect ly r elat ed t o t he am ount of pr essur e t he colum n of dr illing m ud ex er t s at t he bot t om of t he hole. m u lt ip le com p le t ion n: an ar r angem ent for pr oducing a w ell in w hich one w ellbor e penet r at es t w o or m or e pet r oleum -bear ing for m at ions. I n one t y pe, m ult iple t ubing st r ings ar e suspended side by side in t he pr oduct ion casing st r ing, each a differ ent lengt h and each pack ed t o pr ev ent t he com m ingling of differ ent r eser v oir fluids. Each r eser v oir is t hen pr oduced t hr ough it s ow n t ubing st r ing. Alt er nat iv ely , a sm all diam et er pr oduct ion casing st r ing m ay be pr ov ided for each r eser v oir , as in m ult iple m iniat ur ized or m ult iple t ubingless com plet ions. See dual com plet ion. TOP

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Glossa r y of Te r m s A B CD EFGH I JKL M NOPRS TUV W * This is an abr idged v er sion of t he D ict ion a r y of Pe t r ole u m Te r m s pr ov ided by Pet ex and t he Univ er sit y of Tex as Aust in © Pet ex 2001 N n a t u r a l g a s n: a highly com pr essible, highly ex pansible m ix t ur e of hy dr ocar bons w it h a low specific gr av it y and occur r ing nat ur ally in a gaseous for m . n e u t r o n lo g n: a r adioact iv it y w ell log used t o det er m ine for m at ion por osit y . The logging t ool bom bar ds t he for m at ion w it h neut r ons. When t he neut r ons st r ik e hy dr ogen at om s in w at er or oil, gam m a r ay s ar e r eleased. Since w at er or oil ex ist s only in por e spaces, a m easur em ent of t he gam m a r ay s indicat es for m at ion por osit y . See r adioact iv it y w ell logging. n ig h t t oolp u sh e r n: an assist ant t oolpusher w hose dut y hour s ar e t y pically dur ing night t im e hour s. Also k now n as a t our pusher . n ipple n: a t ubular pipe fit t ing t hr eaded on bot h ends used for m ak ing connect ions bet w een pipe j oint s and ot her t ools. n ipple u p v : in dr illing, t o assem ble t he blow out pr ev ent er st ack on t he w ellhead at t he sur face. n it r o sh oot in g n: a for m at ion- st im ulat ion pr ocess fir st used about 1 0 0 y ear s ago in Pennsy lv ania. Nit r ogly cer ine is placed in a w ell and ex ploded t o fr act ur e. n or m a l cir cu la t ion n: t he sm oot h, unint er r upt ed cir culat ion of dr illing fluid dow n t he dr ill st em , out t he bit , up t he annular space bet w een t he pipe and t he hole, and back t o t he sur face. n oz z le n: 1. a passagew ay t hr ough j et bit s t hat causes t he dr illing fluid t o be ej ect ed fr om t he bit at high v elocit y . n u cle a r log n: see r adioact iv it y log. n u cle a r t r a ce r n: a gas, liquid, or solid m at er ial t hat em it s gam m a r ay s.

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Glossa r y of Te r m s A B CD EFGH I JKL M NOPRS TUV W * This is an abr idged v er sion of t he D ict ion a r y of Pe t r ole u m Te r m s pr ov ided by Pet ex and t he Univ er sit y of Tex as Aust in © Pet ex 2001 O Occu p a t ion a l Sa f e t y a n d H e a lt h Ad m in ist r a t ion ( OSH A) n: a U. S. gov er nm ent enfor cem ent agency t hat conduct s w or k sit e inspect ions and incident inv est igat ions, r esear ch int o t he causes of occupat ional diseases and accident s. Addr ess: Depar t m ent of Labor ; 200 Const it ut ion Av enue, NW; Washingt on, DC 2 0 2 1 0 ; ( 8 0 0 ) 3 2 1 -OSHA. oil n: a sim ple or com plex liquid m ix t ur e of hy dr ocar bons t hat can be r efined t o y ield gasoline, k er osene, diesel fuel, and v ar ious ot her pr oduct s. oil - b a se m u d n: a dr illing or w or k ov er fluid in w hich oil is t he cont inuous phase and w hich cont ains fr om less t han 2 per cent and up t o 5 per cent w at er . This w at er is spr ead out , or disper sed, in t he oil as sm all dr oplet s. See oil m ud. oil - e m u lsion m u d n: a w at er -base m ud in w hich w at er is t he cont inuous phase and oil is t he disper sed phase. oilfie ld n: t he sur face ar ea ov er ly ing an oil r eser v oir or r eser v oir s. The t er m usually includes not only t he sur face ar ea, but also t he r eser v oir , t he w ells, and t he pr oduct ion equipm ent . oil m ud n: a dr illing m ud, such as, oil- base m u d an d in v er t- em ulsion m ud, in w hich oil is t he cont inuous phase. I t is useful in dr illing cer t ain for m at ions t hat m ay be difficult or cost ly t o dr ill w it h w at er base m ud. Com par e oil- em ulsion m ud. oil sa n d n: 1 . a sandst one t hat y ields oil. 2 . ( by ex t ension) any r eser v oir t hat y ields oil, w het her or not it is sandst one. oil sa v e r n: a gland ar r angem ent t hat m echanically or hy dr aulically seals by pr essur e. I t is used t o pr ev ent leak age and w ast e of gas, oil, or w at er ar ound a w ir eline ( as w hen sw abbing a w ell) . oil sp ot t in g n: pum ping oil, or a m ix t ur e of oil and chem icals, t o a specific dept h in t he w ell t o lubr icat e st uck dr ill collar s. oil st r in g n: t he final st r ing of casing set in a w ell aft er t he pr oduct iv e capacit y of t he for m at ion has been det er m ined t o be sufficient . Also called t he long st r ing or pr oduct ion casing. oilw e ll n: a w ell fr om w hich oil is obt ained. oil z on e n: a for m at ion or hor izon of a w ell fr om w hich oil m ay be pr oduced. The oil zone is usually im m ediat ely under t he gas zone and on t op of t he w at er zone if all t hr ee fluids ar e pr esent and segr egat ed.

op e n f or m a t ion n: a pet r oleum - bear ing r ock w it h good por osit y and per m eabilit y . op e n h ole n: 1. any w ellbor e in w hich casing has not been set . 2. open or cased hole in w hich no dr ill pipe or t ubing is suspended. 3. t he por t ion of t he w ellbor e t hat has no casing. op e n - h ole com ple t ion n: a m et hod of pr epar ing a w ell for pr oduct ion in w hich no pr oduct ion casing or liner is set opposit e t he pr oducing for m at ion. Reser v oir fluids flow unr est r ict ed int o t he open w ellbor e. op e n - h ole fish in g n: t he pr ocedur e of r ecov er ing lost or st uck equipm ent in an uncased w ellbor e. op e n - hole log n: any log m ade in uncased, or open hole. op e r a t or n: t he per son or com pany , eit her pr opr iet or or lessee, act ually oper at ing a w ell or lease, gener ally t he oil or gas com pany t hat engages t he dr illing, ser v ice, and w or k ov er cont r act or s. Or g a n iz a t ion of Pe t r ole u m Ex p or t in g Cou n t r ie s ( OPEC) n: an or ganizat ion of t he count r ies of t he Middle East , Sout heast Asia, Afr ica, and Sout h Am er ica t hat pr oduce oil and ex por t it . Updat e - m em ber s as of 1 9 9 7 ar e Alger ia, Ecuador , Gabon, I ndonesia, I r an, I r aq, Kuw ait , Liby a, Niger ia, Qat ar , Saudi Ar abia, t he Unit ed Ar ab Em ir at es, and Venezuela. The or ganizat ion’ s pur pose is t o negot iat e and r egulat e pr oduct ion and oil pr ices. ou t - of - g a u g e b it n: a bit t hat is no longer of t he pr oper diam et er . ou t - of - g a u g e h ole n: a hole t hat is not in gauge; t hat is, it is sm aller or lar ger t han t he diam et er of t he bit used t o dr ill it . ov e r sh ot n: a fishing t ool t hat is at t ached t o t ubing or dr ill pipe and low er ed ov er t he out side w all of pipe or suck er r ods lost or st uck in t he w ellbor e. A fr ict ion dev ice in t he ov er shot , usually eit her a bask et or a spir al gr apple, fir m ly gr ips t he pipe, allow ing t he fish t o be pulled fr om t he hole. ov e r t h r u st f a u lt n: a low - dip angle ( near ly hor izont al) r ev er se fault along w hich a lar ge displacem ent has occur r ed. Som e ov er t hr ust s, such as m any of t hose in t he Rock y Mount ain Ov er t hr ust Belt , r epr esent slippages of m any m iles. O - r in g n: a cir cular seal com m on in t he oil field. O- r ings m ay be m ade of elast om er , r ubber , plast ic, or st ainless st eel. To seal pr oper ly , t hey all r equir e enough pr essur e t o m ak e t hem defor m against a sealing sur face. TOP

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Plug and Abandon the Well

Glossa r y of Te r m s A B CD EFGH I JKL M NOPRS TUV W * This is an abr idged v er sion of t he D ict ion a r y of Pe t r ole u m Te r m s pr ov ided by Pet ex and t he Univ er sit y of Tex as Aust in © Pet ex 2001 P pa ck e r n: a piece of dow nhole equipm ent t hat consist s of a sealing dev ice, a holding or set t ing dev ice, and an inside passage for fluids. pa ck e r flu id n: a liquid, usually salt w at er or oil, but som et im es m ud, used in a w ell w hen a pack er is bet w een t he t ubing and t he casing. Pack er fluid m ust be heav y enough t o shut off t he pr essur e of t he for m at ion being pr oduced, and should not st iffen or set t le out of suspension ov er long per iods of t im e, and m ust be non - cor r osive. p a ck e r sq u e e z e m e t h od n: a squeeze cem ent ing m et hod in w hich a pack er is set t o for m a seal bet w een t he w or k ing st r ing ( t he pipe dow n w hich cem ent is pum ped) and t he casing. Anot her pack er or a cem ent plug is set below t he point t o be squeeze -cem ent ed. By set t ing pack er s, t he squeeze point is isolat ed fr om t he r est of t he w ell. p a ck in g n: 1. a m at er ial used in a cy linder on r ot at ing shaft s of an engine or pum p in t he st uffing box of a v alv e, or bet w een flange j oint s t o m aint ain a leak pr oof seal. 2. t he specially fabr icat ed filling in pack ed fr act ionat ion colum ns and absor ber s. p a ck in g a sse m b ly n: t he ar r angem ent of t he dow nhole t ools used in r unning and set t ing a pack er . p a ck in g e le m e n t s n pl: t he set of dense r ubber , w asher- shaped pieces encir cling a pack er , w hich ar e designed t o ex pand against casing or for m at ion face t o seal off t he annulus. p a ck - off n: a dev ice w it h an elast om er pack ing elem ent t hat depends on pr essur e below t he pack ing t o effect a seal in t he annulus. Used pr im ar ily t o r un or pull pipe under low or m oder at e pr essur es. Also called a st ripper. p a ck of f v : t o place a pack er in t he w ellbor e and act iv at e it so t hat it for m s a seal bet w een t he t ubing and t he casing. p a r a f f in n: a sat ur at ed aliphat ic hy dr ocar bon hav ing t he for m ula Cn H2n+ 2 ( for ex am ple, m et hane, CH 4 ; et hane, C 2 H 6 ) . Heav ier par affin hy dr ocar bons ( for ex am ple, C18 H 38 ) for m a w ax lik e subst ance t hat is called par affin. These heav ier par affins oft en accum ulat e on t he w alls of t ubing and ot her pr oduct ion equipm ent , r est r ict ing or st opping t he flow of t he desir able light er par affins. p a r a f f in scr a p e r n: a t ube w it h guides ar ound it t o k eep it cent er ed in t he hole, and a cy lindr ical piece w it h blades at t ached. Spaces bet w een t he blades allow dr illing fluid t o pass t hr ough and car r y aw ay t he scr apings. p a r a lle l st r in g s n pl: in a m ult iple com plet ion, t he ar r angem ent of a separ at e t ubing st r ing for each

zone pr oduced, w it h all zones isolat ed by pack er s. p a r t e d r o d s n pl: suck er r ods t hat hav e been br ok en and separ at ed in a pum ping w ell because of cor r osion, im pr oper loading, dam aged r ods, and so for t h. PD C b it n: a special t y pe of diam ond dr illing bit t hat does not use r oller cones. p e n e t r a t ion r a t e n: see r at e of penet r at ion. p e r f or a t e v : t o pier ce t he casing w all and cem ent of a w ellbor e t o pr ov ide holes t hr ough w hich for m at ion fluids m ay ent er or t o pr ov ide holes in t he casing so t hat m at er ials m ay be int r oduced int o t he annulus bet w een t he casing and t he w all of t he bor ehole. Per for at ing is accom plished by low er ing int o t he w ell a per for at ing gun, or per for at or . pe r f or a t e d com ple t ion n: 1 . a w ell com plet ion m et hod in w hich t he pr oducing zone or zones ar e cased t hr ough, cem ent ed, and per for at ed t o allow fluid flow int o t he w ellbor e. 2. a w ell com plet ed by t his m et hod. pe r for a t e d lin e r n: a liner t hat has had holes shot in it by a per for at ing gun. p e r f or a t e d p ip e n: sect ions of pipe ( such as casing, liner , and t ail pipe) in w hich holes or slot s hav e been cut befor e it is set . p e r f or a t in g g u n n: a dev ice fit t ed w it h shaped char ges or bullet s t hat is low er ed t o t he desir ed dept h in a w ell and fir ed t o cr eat e penet r at ing holes in casing, cem ent , and for m at ion. p e r f or a t ion n: a hole m ade in t he casing, cem ent , and for m at ion t hr ough w hich for m at ion fluids ent er a w ellbor e. Usually sev er al per for at ions ar e m ade at a t im e. p e r f or a t ion d e p t h con t r ol log ( PD C log ) n: a special t y pe of nuclear log t hat m easur es t he dept h of each casing collar . Know ing t he dept h of t he collar s m ak es it easy t o det er m ine t he ex act dept h of t he for m at ion t o be per for at ed by cor r elat ing casing -collar dept h w it h for m at ion dept h. p e r f or a t or n: see per for at ing gun. p e r m a n e n t p a ck e r n: a nonr et r iev able t y pe of pack er t hat m ust be dr illed or m illed out for r em ov al. pe r m e a bilit y n: 1. a m easur e of t he ease w it h w hich a fluid flow s t hr ough t he connect ing por e spaces of a for m at ion or cem ent . The unit of m easur em ent is t he m illidar cy . 2. fluid conduct iv it y of a por ous m edium . 3. abilit y of a fluid t o flow w it hin t he int er connect ed por e net w or k of a por ous m edium . p e t r ole u m n: a subst ance occur r ing nat ur ally in t he ear t h in solid, liquid, or gaseous st at e and com posed m ainly of m ix t ur es of chem ical com pounds of car bon and hy dr ogen, w it h or w it hout ot her nonm et allic elem ent s such as sulfur , ox y gen, and nit r ogen. I n som e cases, especially in t he m easur em ent of oil and gas, pet r oleum r efer s only t o oil —a liquid hy dr ocar bon —and does not include nat ur al gas or gas liquids such as pr opane and but ane. pilot n: a r odlik e or t ubelik e ex t ension below a dow nhole t ool, such as a m ill, t hat ser v es t o guide t he t ool int o or ov er anot her dow nhole t ool or fish. pilot bit n: a bit placed on a special dev ice t hat ser v es t o guide t he dev ice int o an alr eady ex ist ing hole t hat is t o be opened ( m ade lar ger in diam et er ) . The pilot bit m er ely guides, or pilot s, t he cut t er s on t he hole opener int o t he ex ist ing hole so t hat t he hole -opening cut t er s can enlar ge t he hole t o t he desir ed size. p ilo t m ill n: a special m ill t hat has a heav y t ubular ex t ension below it called a pilot or st inger . The pilot , sm aller in diam et er t han t he m ill, is designed t o go inside dr ill pipe or t ubing t hat is lost in t he hole. I t guides t he m ill t o t he t op of t he pipe and cent er s it , t hus pr ev ent ing t he m ill fr om by -passing t he pipe. Also called a pilot ed m ill. p in ch p oin t s n: t he sect ions w her e body par t s or ot her m at er ials m ay be pinched. pipe r a m p a n d p ip e on r a ck n: an angled r am p for dr agging dr ill pipe, casing and ot her m at er ials up t o t he dr illing floor or br inging such equipm ent dow n.

p ick u p v : 1. t o use t he dr aw w or k s t o lift t he bit ( or ot her t ool) off bot t om by r aising t he dr ill st em . 2. t o use an air hoist t o lift a t ool, a j oint of dr ill pipe, or ot her piece of equipm ent . pin n: 1. t he m ale t hr eaded sect ion of a t ool j oint . 2. on a bit , t he t hr eaded bit shank . pipe n: a long, hollow cy linder , usually st eel, t hr ough w hich fluids ar e conduct ed. Oilfield t ubular goods ar e casing ( including liner s) , dr ill pipe, t ubing, or line pipe. p ip e r a ck s n pl: hor izont al suppor t s for t ubular goods. pipe r a ck e r n: 1. ( obsolet e) a w or k er w ho places pipe t o one side in t he der r ick . 2. a pneum at ic or hy dr aulic dev ice used t o m echanize t he r ig floor . pipe r a m n: a sealing com ponent for a blow out pr ev ent er t hat closes t he annular space bet w een t he pipe and t he blow out pr ev ent er or w ellhead. p ip e r a m p r e v e n t e r n: a blow out pr ev ent er t hat uses pipe r am s as t he closing elem ent s. See pipe r am . p ip e t on g s n pl: see t ongs. pipe u pse t n: t hat par t of t he pipe t hat has an abr upt incr ease of dim ension. pipe w ipe r n : a flex ible disk -shaped dev ice, usually m ade of r ubber , w it h a hole in t he cent er t hr ough w hich dr ill pipe or t ubing passes. I t is used t o w ipe off m ud, oil, or ot her liquid fr om t he pipe as it is pu lled fr om t h e h ole. pit le v e l n: height of dr illing m ud in t he m ud t ank s, or pit s. pit - le v e l in d ica t or n: one of a ser ies of dev ices t hat cont inuously m onit or t he lev el of t he dr illing m ud in t he m ud t ank s. The indicat or usually consist s of float dev ices in t he m ud t ank s t hat sense t he m ud lev el and t r ansm it dat a t o a r ecor ding and alar m dev ice ( a pit - v olum e r ecor der ) m ount ed near t he driller ’ s posit ion on t he r ig floor . I f t he m ud lev el dr ops t oo low or r ises t oo high, t he alar m m ay sound t o w ar n t he dr iller of lost cir culat ion or a k ick . pit m a n n: t he ar m t hat connect s t he cr ank t o t he w alk ing beam on a pum ping unit by m eans of w hich r ot ar y m ot ion is conv er t ed t o r ecipr ocat ing m ot ion. plu g n: any obj ect or dev ice t hat block s a hole or passagew ay ( such as a cem ent plug in a bor ehole) . p lu g a n d a b a n d on ( P& A) v : t o place cem ent plugs int o a dr y hole and abandon it . plu g ba ck v : t o place cem ent in or near t he bot t om of a w ell t o ex clude bot t om w at er , t o sidet r ack , or t o pr oduce fr om a for m at ion higher in t he w ell. Plugging back can also be accom plished w it h a m echanical plug set by w ir eline, t ubing, or dr ill pipe. plu g - b a ck ce m e n t in g n: a secondar y cem ent ing oper at ion in w hich a plug of cem ent is posit ioned at a specific point in t he w ell and allow ed t o set . p lu n g e r n: 1. a basic com ponent of t he suck er r od pum p t hat ser v es t o dr aw w ell fluids int o t he pum p. 2. t he r od t hat ser v es as a pist on in a r ecipr ocat ing pum p. 3. t he dev ice in a fuel -inj ect ion unit t hat r egulat es t he am ount of fuel pum ped on each st r ok e. pole m a st n: a por t able m ast const r uct ed of t ubular m em ber s. A pole m ast m ay be a single pole, usually of t w o differ ent sizes of pipe t elescoped t oget her t o be m ov ed or ex t ended and lock ed t o obt ain m ax im um height abov e a w ell. Double -pole m ast s giv e added st r engt h and st abilit y . See m ast . polish e d r od n: t he t opm ost por t ion of a st r ing of suck er r ods. I t is used for lift ing fluid by t he r odpum ping m et hod. I t has a unifor m diam et er and is sm oot hly polished t o seal pr essur e effect iv ely in t he st uffing box at t ached t o t he t op of t he w ell. p oly cr y st a llin e d ia m on d com p a ct ( PD C) n: a disk ( a com pact ) of v er y sm all sy nt het ic diam onds, m et al pow der , and t ungst en car bide pow der t hat ar e used as cut t er s on PDC bit s.

p or osit y n: 1. t he condit ion of being por ous ( such as a r ock for m at ion) . 2. t he r at io of t he v olum e of em pt y space t o t he v olum e of solid r ock in a for m at ion, indicat ing how m uch fluid a r ock can hold. p or t a b le m a st n: a m ast m ount ed on a t r uck and capable of being er ect ed as a single unit . See t elescoping m ast . possu m be lly n: 1 . a r eceiv ing t ank sit uat ed at t he end of t he m ud r et ur n line. The flow of m ud com es int o t he bot t om of t he dev ice and t r av els t o cont r ol m ud flow ov er t he shale shak er . 2. a m et al box under a t r uck bed t hat holds pipeline r epair t ools. p ow e r g e n e r a t in g sy st e m n: a diesel, LPG, nat ur al gas, or gasoline engine along w it h a m echanical t r ansm ission or gener at or for pr oducing pow er for t he dr illing r ig. p ow e r w r e n ch n: a w r ench t hat is used t o m ak e up or br eak out dr ill pipe, t ubing, or casing on w hich t he t or que is pr ov ided by air or fluid pr essur e. Conv ent ional t ongs ar e oper at ed by a m echanical pull pr ov ided by a j er k line connect ed t o a cat head. pr e flu sh n: 1. an inj ect ion of w at er pr ior t o chem ical flooding t hat is used t o induce r eser v oir condit ions fav or able t o t he sur fact ant solut ion by adj ust ing r eser v oir salinit y and r educing ion concent r at ions. A pr eflush m ay also be used t o obt ain adv ance infor m at ion on r eser v oir flow pat t er ns. 2. fluid inj ect ed pr ior t o t he acid solut ion pum ped int o a w ell in an acid - st im ulat ion t r eat m ent ; som et im es called a spear head. Com par e ov er flush. p r e ssu r e d e p le t ion n: t he m et hod of pr oducing a gas r eser v oir t hat is not associat ed w it h a w at er dr iv e. Gas is r em ov ed and r eser v oir pr essur e declines unt il all t he r ecov er able gas has been ex pelled. p r e v e n t e r n: shor t ened for m of blow out pr ev ent er . See blow out pr ev ent er . p r e v e n t iv e m a in t e n a n ce n: a sy st em of conduct ing r egular check s, r out ine m aint enance and t est ing of equipm ent t o lengt hen t he ser v ice life and t o pot ent ially per m it r eplacem ent or r epair of w eak ened or fault y par t s befor e equipm ent failur e r esult s. p r im a r y r e cov e r y n: t he fir st st age of oil pr oduct ion in w hich nat ur al r eser v oir dr iv es ar e used t o r ecov er oil, alt hough som e for m of ar t ificial lift m ay be r equir ed t o ex ploit declining r eser v oir dr iv es. pr odu ct ion n: 1. t he phase of t he pet r oleum indust r y t hat deals w it h br inging t he w ell fluids t o t he sur face and separ at ing t hem and st or ing, gauging, and ot her w ise pr epar ing t he pr oduct for deliv er y . 2 . t he am ount of oil or gas pr oduced in a giv en per iod. p r od u ct ion ca sin g n: t he last st r ing of casing set in a w ell, inside of w hich is usually suspended a t ubing st r ing. p r o d u ct io n m a in t e n a n ce n: t he effor t s m ade t o m inim ize t he decline in a w ell’s pr oduct ion. I t includes, for ex am ple, acid -w ashing of casing per for at ions t o dissolv e m iner al deposit s, scr aping or chem ical inj ect ion t o pr ev ent par affin buildup, and v ar ious m easur es t ak en t o cont r ol cor r osion and er osion dam age. p r od u ct ion p a ck e r n: any pack er designed t o m ak e a seal bet w een t he t ubing and t he casing dur ing pr oduct ion. p r od u ct ion r ig n: a por t able ser v icing or w or k ov er unit , usually m ount ed on w heels and self - pr opelled. A w ellser v icing unit consist s of a hoist and engine m ount ed on a w heeled chassis w it h a self - er ect ing m ast . A w or k ov er r ig is basically t he sam e, w it h t he addit ion of a subst r uct ur e w it h r ot ar y , pum p, pit s, and aux iliar ies t o per m it handling and w or k ing a dr ill st r ing. p r od u ct ion t e st n: a t est of t he w ell ’s pr oducing pot ent ial usually done dur ing t he init ial com plet ion phase. p r od u ct ion t u b in g n: a st r ing of t ubing used t o pr oduce t he w ell. p r od u ct ion w e ll n: in fields in w hich im pr ov ed r ecov er y t echniques ar e being applied, t he w ell t hr ough w hich oil is pr oduced.

p r od u ct iv it y t e st n: a com binat ion of a pot ent ial t est and a bot t om hole pr essur e t est t he pur pose of w hich is t o det er m ine t he effect s of differ ent flow r at es on t he pr essur e w it hin t he pr oducing zone of t he w ell t o est ablish phy sical char act er ist ics of t he r eser v oir and t o det er m ine t he m ax im um pot ent ial r at e of flow. p r op p in g a g e n t n: a gr anular subst ance ( sand gr ains, alum inum pellet s, or ot her m at er ial) t hat is car r ied in suspension by t he fr act ur ing fluid and t hat ser v es t o k eep t he cr ack s open w hen fr act ur ing fluid is w it hdr aw n aft er a fr act ur e t r eat m ent . pu llin g u n it n: a well - ser v icing out fit used in pulling r ods and t ubing fr om t he w ell. See pr oduct ion r ig. p u lse d n e u t r o n lo g g in g d e v ice n: a m easur ing inst r um ent r un inside casing t o obt ain an indicat ion of t he pr esence or absence of hy dr ocar bons out side t he casing, t o det er m ine w at er sat ur at ion in a r eser v oir behind casing, t o det ect w at er m ov em ent in t he r eser v oir , t o est im at e por osit y , and t o est im at e w at er salinit y . pu lse d - n e u t r on su r v e y n: a special cased hole logging m et hod t hat uses r adioact iv it y r eact ion t im e t o obt ain m easur em ent s of w at er sat ur at ion, r esidual oil sat ur at ion, and fluid cont act s in t he for m at ion out side t he casing of an oilw ell. p u m p n: a dev ice t hat incr eases t he pr essur e on a fluid or r aises it t o a higher lev el. Var ious t y pes of pum ps include t he bot t om hole pum p, cent r ifugal pum p, hy dr aulic pum p, j et pum p, m ud pum p, r ecipr ocat ing pum p, r ot ar y pum p, suck er r od pum p, and subm er sible pum p. p u m p b a r r e l n: t he cy linder or liner in w hich t he plunger of a suck er r od pum p r ecipr ocat es. p u m p - d ow n adj : descr ipt iv e of any t ool or dev ice t hat can be pum ped dow n a w ellbor e. Pum p- dow n t ools ar e not low er ed int o t he w ell on w ir eline; inst ead, t hey ar e pum ped dow n t he w ell w it h t he dr illing fluid. p u m p in g u n it n: t he m achine t hat im par t s r ecipr ocat ing m ot ion t o a st r ing of suck er r ods ex t ending t o t he posit iv e displacem ent pum p at t he bot t om of a w ell. I t is usually a beam ar r angem ent dr iv en by a cr ank at t ached t o a speed r educer , coupled t o a m ot or . p u m p j a ck n: a sur face unit sim ilar t o a pum ping unit but hav ing no indiv idual pow er plant . Usually , sev er al pum p j ack s ar e oper at ed by pull r ods or cables fr om one cent r al pow er sour ce. pu m p r a t e n: t he speed, or v elocit y , at w hich a pum p is r un. I n dr illing, t he pum p r at e is usually m easur ed in st r ok es per m inut e. p u p j oin t n: a lengt h of dr ill or line pipe, t ubing, or casing shor t er t han r ange 1 ( 18 feet or 6. 26 m et er s for dr ill pipe) in lengt h. p u sh e r n: shor t ened for m of t oolpusher .

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Plug and Abandon the Well

Glossa r y of Te r m s A B CD EFGH I JKL M NOPRS TUV W * This is an abr idged v er sion of t he D ict ion a r y of Pe t r ole u m Te r m s pr ov ided by Pet ex and t he Univ er sit y of Tex as Aust in © Pet ex 2001 R r a ck n: 1. fr am ew or k for suppor t ing or cont aining a num ber of loose obj ect s, such as pipe. See pipe r ack . 2. a bar w it h t eet h on one face for gear ing w it h a pinion or w or m gear . 3. a not ched bar used as a r at chet . v : 1. t o place on a r ack . 2. t o use as a r ack . r a d ia t ion log g in g n: see r adioact iv it y w ell logging. r a d ioa ct iv it y log n: a r ecor d of t he nat ur al or induced r adioact iv e char act er ist ics of subsur face for m at ions. Also called nuclear log. See r adioact iv it y w ell logging. r a d ioa ct iv it y w e ll log g in g n: t he r ecor ding of t he nat ur al or induced r adioact iv e char act er ist ics of subsur face for m at ions. A r adioact iv it y log, also k now n as a r adiat ion log or a nuclear log, nor m ally consist s of t w o r ecor ded cur v es: a gam m a r ay cur v e and a neut r on cur v e. Bot h help t o det er m ine t he t y pes of r ock s in t he for m at ion and t he t y pes of fluids cont ained in t he r ock s. r a m n: t he closing and sealing com ponent on a blow out pr ev ent er . One of t hr ee t y pes—blind, pipe, or sh ear —m ay be inst alled in sev er al pr ev ent er s m ount ed in a st ack on t op of t he w ellbor e. Blind r am s, w hen closed, for m a seal on a hole t hat has no dr ill pipe in it ; pipe r am s, w hen closed, seal ar ound t he pipe; shear r am s cut t hr ough dr ill pipe and t hen for m a seal. r a m b low ou t p r e v e n t e r n: a blow out pr ev ent er t hat uses r am s t o seal off pr essur e on a hole t hat is w it h or w it hout pipe. I t is also called a r am pr ev ent er . Ram -t y pe pr ev ent er s hav e int er changeable r am block s t o accom m odat e differ ent O. D. dr ill pipe, casing, or t ubing. r a n g e of loa d n: in suck er r od pum ping, t he differ ence bet w een t he polished r od peak load on t he upst r ok e and t he m inim um load on t he dow nst r ok e. r a t e of p e n e t r a t ion ( ROP) n: a m easur e of t he speed at w hich t he bit dr ills int o for m at ions, usually ex pr essed in feet ( m et er s) per hour or m inut es per foot ( m et er ) . r a t h ole n: 1 . a hole in t he r ig floor , som e 3 0 t o 4 0 feet ( 9 t o 1 2 m et er s) deep, w hich is lined w it h casing t hat pr oj ect s abov e t he floor , int o w hich t he k elly and t he sw iv el ar e placed w hen hoist ing oper at ions ar e in pr ogr ess. 2 . a hole of a diam et er sm aller t han t he m ain hole and dr illed in t he bot t om of t he m ain hole. v : t o r educe t he size of t he w ellbor e and dr ill ahead. r a t h ole con n e ct ion n: t he addit ion of a lengt h of dr ill pipe or t ubing t o t he act iv e st r ing using t he r at hole inst ead of t he m ousehole, w hich is t he m or e com m on connect ion. The lengt h t o be added is placed in t he r at hole, m ade up t o t he k elly , pulled out of t he r at hole, and m ade up int o t he st r ing. Com par e m ousehole connect ion.

r a t h ole r ig n: a sm all, usually t r uck - m ount ed r ig, t he pur pose of w hich is t o dr ill r at holes for r egular dr illing r igs t hat w ill be m ov ed in lat er . A r at hole r ig m ay also dr ill t he t op par t of t he hole, t he conduct or hole, befor e t he m ain r ig ar r iv es on locat ion. r e a m v : t o enlar ge t he w ellbor e by dr illing it again w it h a special bit . r e a m e r n: a t ool used in dr illing t o sm oot h t he w all of a w ell, enlar ge t he hole t o t he specified size, help st abilize t he bit , st r aight en t he w ellbor e if k ink s or doglegs ar e encount er ed, and dr ill dir ect ionally . r e cip r oca t in g m ot ion n: back - and-for t h or up- and- dow n m ov em ent , such as t hat of a pist on in a cy linder . r e cip r oca t in g p u m p n: a pum p consist ing of a pist on t hat m ov es back and for t h or up and dow n in a cy linder . The cy linder is equipped w it h inlet ( suct ion) and out let ( dischar ge) v alv es. On t he int ak e st r ok e, t he suct ion v alv es ar e opened, and fluid is dr aw n int o t he cy linder . On t he dischar ge st r ok e, t he suct ion v alv es close, t he dischar ge v alv es open, and fluid is for ced out of t he cy linder . r e com ple t ion n: aft er t he init ial com plet ion of a w ell, t he act ion and t echniques of r eent er ing t he w ell and r edoing or r epair ing t he or iginal com plet ion t o r est or e t he w ell’s pr oduct iv it y . r e e ve ( t h e lin e ) v : t o st r ing a w ir e r ope dr illing line t hr ough t he sheav es of t he t r av eling and cr ow n block s t o t he hoist ing dr um . r e f r a ct u r in g n: fr act ur ing a for m at ion again. r e m ot e BOP con t r ol p a n e l n: a dev ice placed on t he r ig floor t hat can be oper at ed by t he dr iller t o dir ect air pr essur e t o act uat ing cy linder s t hat t ur n t he cont r ol v alv es on t he m ain BOP cont r ol unit , locat ed a safe dist ance fr om t he r ig. r e m ot e ch ok e p a n e l n: a set of cont r ols, usually placed on t he r ig floor , or elsew her e on locat ion, t hat is m anipulat ed t o cont r ol t he am ount of dr illing fluid being cir culat ed t hr ough t he chok e m anifold. This pr ocedur e is necessar y w hen a k ick is being cir culat ed out of a w ell. See chok e m anifold. r e se r v e pit n: 1. ( obsolet e) a m ud pit in w hich a supply of dr illing fluid is st or ed. r e se r v e s n pl: t he unpr oduced but r ecov er able oil or gas in a for m at ion t hat has been pr ov ed by pr oduct ion. r e se r v e t a n k n: a special m ud t ank t hat holds m ud t hat is not being act iv ely cir culat ed. A r eser v e t ank usually cont ains a differ ent t y pe of m ud fr om t hat w hich t he pum p is cur r ent ly cir culat ing. For ex am ple, it m ay st or e heav y m ud for em er gency w ell- cont r ol oper at ions. r e se r v oir n: a subsur face, por ous, per m eable or nat ur ally fr act ur ed r ock body in w hich oil or gas ar e st or ed. Most r eser v oir r ock s ar e lim est ones, dolom it es, sandst ones, or a com binat ion of t hese. The four basic t y pes of hy dr ocar bon r eser v oir s ar e oil, v olat ile oil, dr y gas, and gas condensat e. An oil r eser v oir gener ally cont ains t hr ee fluids —gas, oil, and w at er —w it h oil t he dom inant pr oduct . I n t he t y pical oil r eser v oir , t hese fluids becom e v er t ically segr egat ed because of t heir differ ent densit ies. Gas, t he light est , occupies t he upper par t of t he r eser v oir r ock s; w at er , t he low er par t ; and oil, t he int er m ediat e sect ion. I n addit ion t o it s occur r ence as a cap or in solut ion, gas m ay accum ulat e independent ly of t he oil; if so, t he r eser v oir is called a gas r eser v oir . Associat ed w it h t he gas, in m ost inst ances, ar e salt w at er and som e oil. Volat ile oil r eser v oir s ar e ex cept ional in t hat dur ing ear ly pr oduct ion t hey ar e m ost ly pr oduct iv e of light oil plus gas, but , as deplet ion occur s, pr oduct ion can becom e alm ost t ot ally com plet ely gas. Volat ile oils ar e usually good candidat es for pr essur e m aint enance, w hich can r esult in incr eased r eser v es. I n t he t y pical dr y gas r eser v oir nat ur al gas ex ist s only as a gas and pr oduct ion is only gas plus fr esh w at er t hat condenses fr om t he flow st r eam r eser v oir . I n a gas condensat e r eser v oir , t he hy dr ocar bons m ay ex ist as a gas, but , w hen br ought t o t he sur face, som e of t he heav ier hy dr ocar bons condense and becom e a liquid. r e se r v oir d r iv e n: see r eser v oir dr iv e m echanism . r e se r v o ir d r iv e m e ch a n ism n: t he pr ocess in w hich r eser v oir fluids ar e caused t o flow out of t he r eser v oir r ock and int o a w ellbor e by nat ur al ener gy . Gas dr iv e depends on t he fact t hat , as t he r eser v oir is pr oduced, pr essur e is r educed, allow ing t he gas t o ex pand and pr ov ide t he pr incipal dr iv ing ener gy .

Wat er dr iv e r eser v oir s depend on w at er and r ock ex pansion t o for ce t he hy dr ocar bons out of t he r eser v oir and int o t he w ellbor e. Also called nat ur al dr iv e ener gy . r e se r v oir oil n: oil in place in t he r eser v oir ; r et ained in a r eser v oir as r esidual gas sat ur at ion is an inv er se funct ion of t he pr essur e, due t o t he phy sics of gas. r e se r v oir p r e ssu r e n: t he av er age pr essur e w it hin t he r eser v oir at any giv en t im e. Det er m inat ion of t his v alue is best m ade by bot t om hole pr essur e m easur em ent s w it h adequat e shut -in t im e. I f a shut - in per iod long enough for t he r eser v oir pr essur e t o st abilize is im pr act ical, t hen v ar ious t echniques of analy sis by pr essur e buildup or dr aw dow n t est s ar e av ailable t o det er m ine st at ic r eser v oir pr essur e. r e se r v oir r ock n: a per m eable r ock t hat m ay cont ain oil or gas in appr eciable quant it y and t hr ough w hich pet r oleum m ay m igr at e. r e sist iv it y n: t he elect r ical r esist ance offer ed t o t he passage of cur r ent ; t he opposit e of conduct iv it y . r e sist iv it y log n: a r ecor d of t he r esist iv it y of a for m at ion. Usually obt ained w hen an elect r ic log is r un. See r esist iv it y w ell logging. r e sist iv it y w e ll log g in g n: t he r ecor ding of t he r esist ance of for m at ion w at er t o nat ur al or induced elect r ical cur r ent . The m iner al cont ent of subsur face w at er allow s it t o conduct elect r icit y . Rock , oil, and gas ar e poor conduct or s. Resist iv it y m easur em ent s can be cor r elat ed t o for m at ion lit hology , por osit y , per m eabilit y , and sat ur at ion and ar e v er y useful in for m at ion ev aluat ion. r e t r ie v a b le p a ck e r n: a pack er t hat can be pulled out of t he w ell t o be r epair ed or r eplaced. r e v e r se cir cu la t ion n: t he cour se of dr illing fluid dow nw ar d t hr ough t he annulus and upw ar d t hr ough t he dr ill st em , in cont r ast t o nor m al cir culat ion in w hich t he cour se is dow nw ar d t hr ough t he dr ill st em and upw ar d t hr ough t he annulus. Seldom used in open hole, but fr equent ly used in w or k ov er oper at ions.

r e w or k v : t o r est or e pr oduct ion fr om an ex ist ing for m at ion w hen it has fallen off subst ant ially or ceased alt oget her . rig n: t he der r ick or m ast , dr aw w or k s, and at t endant sur face equipm ent of a dr illing or w or k ov er unit . r ig d ow n v : t o dism ant le a dr illing r ig and aux iliar y equipm ent follow ing t he com plet ion of dr illing oper at ions. Also called t ear dow n. r ig floor n: t he ar ea im m ediat ely ar ound t he r ot ar y t able and ex t ending t o each cor ner of t he der r ick or m ast —t hat is, t he ar ea im m ediat ely abov e t he subst r uct ur e on w hich t he r ot ar y t able, and so for t h r est . r ig u p v : t o pr epar e t he dr illing r ig for m ak ing hole, for ex am ple, t o inst all t ools and m achiner y befor e dr illing is st ar t ed. r od b low ou t p r e v e n t e r n: a r am dev ice used t o close t he annular space ar ound t he polished r od or suck er r od in a pum ping w ell. r od h a n g e r n: a dev ice used t o hang suck er r ods on t he m ast or in t he der r ick . r o d p u m p n: see suck er r od pum p. r od st r in g n: a suck er r od st r ing, t hat is, t he ent ir e lengt h of suck er r ods, w hich usually consist s of sev er al single r ods scr ew ed t oget her . The r od st r ing ser v es as a m echanical link fr om t he beam pum ping unit on t he sur face t o t he suck er r od pum p near t he bot t om of t he w ell. r olle r ch a in n: a t y pe of chain t hat is used t o t r ansm it pow er by fit t ing ov er spr ock et s at t ached t o shaft s, causing r ot at ion of one shaft by t he r ot at ion of anot her . Tr ansm ission r oller chain consist s of offset link s, pin link s, and r oller link s. r ot a r y n: t he m achine used t o im par t r ot at ional pow er t o t he dr ill st em w hile per m it t ing v er t ical m ov em ent of t he pipe for r ot ar y dr illing. Moder n r ot ar y m achines hav e a special com ponent , t he r ot ar y or m ast er bushing, t o t ur n t he k elly bushing, w hich per m it s v er t ical m ov em ent of t he k elly w hile t he st em is t ur ning.

r ot a r y b u sh in g n: see m ast er bushing. r ot a r y dr illin g n: a dr illing m et hod in w hich a hole is dr illed by a r ot at ing bit t o w hich a dow nw ar d for ce is applied. The bit is fast ened t o and r ot at ed by t he dr ill st em , w hich also pr ov ides a passagew ay t hr ough w hich t he dr illing fluid is cir culat ed. Addit ional j oint s of dr ill pipe ar e added as dr illing pr ogr esses. r ot a r y h e lpe r n: a w or k er on a dr illing or w or k ov er r ig, subor dinat e t o t he dr iller , w hose pr im ar y w or k st at ion is on t he r ig floor . Som et im es called floor hand, floor m an, r ig cr ew m em ber , or r oughneck . r ot a r y h ose n: t he hose on a r ot ar y dr illing r ig t hat conduct s t he dr illing fluid fr om t he m ud pum p and st andpipe t o t he sw iv el and k elly ; also called t he m ud hose or t he k elly hose. I t is a st eel- r einfor ced, flex ible hose t hat is inst alled bet w een t he st andpipe and t he sw iv el or t op dr iv e. r ot a r y sh oe n: a lengt h of pipe w hose bot t om edge is ser r at ed or dr essed w it h a har d cut t ing m at er ial and t hat is r un int o t he w ellbor e ar ound t he out side of st uck casing, pipe, or t ubing t o m ill aw ay t he obst r uct ion. r ot a r y sp e e d n: t he speed, m easur ed in r ev olut ions per m inut e, at w hich t he r ot ar y t able is oper at ed. r ot a r y su ppor t t a ble n: a st r ong but r elat iv ely light w eight dev ice used on som e r igs t hat em ploy a t op dr iv e t o r ot at e t he bit . Alt hough a conv ent ional r ot ar y t able is not r equir ed t o r ot at e t he bit on such r igs, cr ew m em ber s m ust st ill hav e a place t o set t he slips t o suspend t he dr ill st r ing in t he hole w hen t r ipping or m ak ing a connect ion. A r ot ar y suppor t t able pr ov ides such a place but does not include all t he r ot ar y m achiner y r equir ed in a r egular r ot ar y t able. r ot a r y t a ble n: The pr incipal com ponent of a r ot ar y , or r ot ar y m achine, used t o t ur n t he dr ill st em and suppor t t he dr illing assem bly . I t has a bev eled gear ar r angem ent t o cr eat e t he r ot at ional m ot ion and an opening int o w hich bushings ar e fit t ed t o dr iv e and suppor t t he dr illing assem bly . r ou g h n e ck n: see r ot ar y helper . r ou n d t r ip n: t he pr ocedur e of pulling out and subsequent ly r unning back int o t he hole a st r ing of dr ill pipe or t ubing. Also called t r ipping. r u n ca sin g v : t o low er a st r ing of casing int o t he hole. Also called t o r un pipe. r u n in v : t o go int o t he hole w it h t ubing, dr ill pipe, and so for t h. r u n pipe v : t o low er a st r ing of casing int o t he hole. Also called t o r un casing. TOP

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Plug and Abandon the Well

Glossa r y of Te r m s A B CD EFGH I JKL M NOPRS TUV W * This is an abr idged v er sion of t he D ict ion a r y of Pe t r ole u m Te r m s pr ov ided by Pet ex and t he Univ er sit y of Tex as Aust in © Pet ex 2001 S sa f e t y cla m p n: a clam p placed t ight ly ar ound a dr ill collar t hat is suspended in t he r ot ar y t able by dr ill collar slips. sa fe t y j oin t n: an accessor y t o a fishing t ool, placed abov e it . I f t he t ool cannot be disengaged fr om t he fish, t he safet y j oint per m it s easy disengagem ent of t he st r ing of pipe abov e t he safet y j oint . Thus, par t of t he safet y j oint and t he t ool at t ached t o t he fish r em ain in t he hole and becom e par t of t he fish. sa fe t y slide n: a dev ice nor m ally m ount ed near t he m onk ey boar d t o affor d t he der r ick hand a m eans of quick ex it t o t he sur face in case of em er gency . I t is usually affix ed t o a w ir eline, one end of w hich is at t ached t o t he der r ick or m ast and t he ot her end t o t he sur face. To ex it by t he safet y slide, t he der r ick hand gr asps a handle on it and r ides it dow n t o t he gr ound. Also called a Ger onim o. sa lin it y log n: a special nuclear w ell log t hat pr oduces an est im at e of t he r elat iv e am ount s of oil, gas, or salt w at er in a for m at ion. This log is elect r onically adj ust ed t o r eflect gam m a r ay em issions r esult ing fr om t he collision of neut r ons w it h chlor ine at om s in t he for m at ions. sa m p le s n pl: 1. t he w ell cut t ings obt ained at designat ed foot age int er v als dur ing dr illing. Fr om an ex am inat ion of t hese cut t ings, t he geologist det er m ines t he t y pe of r ock and for m at ions being dr illed and est im at es oil and gas cont ent . 2. sm all quant it ies of w ell fluids obt ained for analy sis. sa n d n: 1. an abr asiv e m at er ial com posed of sm all quar t z gr ains for m ed fr om t he disint egr at ion of pr eex ist ing r ock s. sa n d con solid a t ion n: any one of sev er al m et hods by w hich t he loose, unconsolidat ed gr ains of a pr oducing for m at ion ar e m ade t o adher e t o pr ev ent a w ell fr om pr oducing sand but per m it it t o pr oduce oil and gas. sa n d co n t r o l n: any m et hod by w hich lar ge am ount s of sand in a sandy for m at ion ar e pr ev ent ed fr om ent er ing t he w ellbor e. Sand in t he w ellbor e can cause plugging and pr em at ur e w ear of w ell equipm ent . sa n dfr a c n: m et hod of fr act ur ing subsur face r ock for m at ions by inj ect ing fluid and sand under high pr essur e t o incr ease per m eabilit y . Fr act ur es ar e k ept open by t he gr ains of sand. sa n d lin e n: a w ir eline used on dr illing r igs and w ell-ser v icing r igs t o oper at e a sw ab or bailer , t o r et r iev e cor es or t o r un logging dev ices. I t is usually 9/ 16 of an inch ( 14 m illim et er s) in diam et er and sev er al t housand feet or m et er s long. sa n d st on e n: a sedim ent ar y r ock com posed of indiv idual m iner al gr ains of r ock fr agm ent s bet w een 0 . 0 6 and 2 m illim et er s ( 0. 002 and 0. 079 inches) in diam et er and cem ent ed t oget her by silica, calcit e, ir on ox ide, and so for t h.

sa v e r su b n: an ex pendable subst it ut e dev ice m ade up in t he dr ill st em t o absor b m uch of t he w ear bet w een t he fr equent ly br ok en j oint s ( such as bet w een t he k elly or t op dr iv e and t he dr ill pipe) . sca le n: 1. a m iner al deposit ( for ex am ple, calcium car bonat e) t hat pr ecipit at es out of w at er and adher es t o t he inside of pipes, heat er s, and ot her equipm ent . 2. an or der ed set of gauge m ar k s t oget her w it h t heir defining figur es, w or ds, or sy m bols w it h r elat ion t o w hich posit ion of t he index is obser v ed w hen r eading an inst r um ent . scr a p e r n: any dev ice t hat is used t o r em ov e deposit s ( such as scale or par affin) fr om t ubing, casing, r ods, flow lines, or pipelines. scr a t ch e r n: a dev ice t hat is fast ened t o t he out side of casing t o r em ov e m ud cak e fr om t he w all of a hole t o condit ion t he hole for cem ent ing. scr e e n in g e ffe ct n: t he t endency of pr oppant s t o separ at e fr om fr act ur e fluid w hen t he speed, or v elocit y , of t he fluid is low . se con d a r y r e cov e r y n: 1. t he use of w at er -flooding or gas inj ect ion t o m aint ain for m at ion pr essur e dur ing pr im ar y pr oduct ion and t o r educe t he r at e of decline of t he or iginal r eser v oir dr iv e. 2. w at er flooding of a deplet ed r eser v oir . 3. t he fir st im pr ov ed r ecov er y m et hod of any t y pe applied t o a r eser v oir t o pr oduce oil not r ecov er able by pr im ar y r ecov er y m et hods. See pr im ar y r ecov er y . se lf - p ot e n t ia l ( SP) n: see spont aneous pot ent ial. se lf - pr ope lle d u n it n: see car r ier r ig. se r v ice com p a n y n: a com pany t hat pr ov ides a specialized ser v ice, such as a w ell - logging ser v ice or a dir ect ional dr illing ser v ice. se r v ice r ig n: see pr oduct ion r ig. se r v ice w e ll n: 1 . a nonpr oducing w ell used for inj ect ing liquid or gas int o t he r eser v oir for enhanced r ecov er y . 2 . a salt w at er disposal w ell or a w at er supply w ell. se t b a ck v : t o place st ands of dr ill pipe and dr ill collar s in a v er t ical posit ion t o one side of t he r ot ar y t able in t he der r ick or m ast of a dr illing or w or k ov er r ig. Com par e lay dow n pipe. se t ca sin g v : t o r un and cem ent casing at a cer t ain dept h in t he w ellbor e. Som et im es called set pipe. se t p ip e v : see set casing. se t u p v : t o har den ( as cem ent ) . sh a k e r n: shor t ened for m of shale shak er . See shale shak er . sh a le n : a f in e- gr ained sedim ent ar y r ock com posed m ost ly of consolidat ed clay or m ud. Shale is t he m ost fr equent ly occur r ing sedim ent ar y r ock . sh a le sh a k e r n: a v ibr at ing scr een used t o r em ov e cut t ings fr om t he cir culat ing fluid in r ot ar y dr illing oper at ions. Also called a shak er . sh e a r r a m n: t he com ponent in a blow out pr ev ent er t hat cut s, or shear s, t hr ough dr ill pipe and for m s a seal against w ell pr essur e. sh e a r r a m p r e v e n t e r n: a blow out pr ev ent er t hat uses shear r am s as closing elem ent s. sh e a v e ( pr onounced " shiv " ) n: 1. a gr oov ed pulley . 2. suppor t w heel ov er w hich t ape, w ir e, or cable r ides. sh ou lde r n: 1. t he flat por t ion m achined on t he base of t he bit shank t hat m eet s t he shoulder of t he dr ill collar and ser v es t o for m a pr essur e - t ight seal bet w een t he bit and t he dr ill collar . 2. t he por t ion of t he box end or t he pin end of a t ool j oint ; t he t w o shoulder s m eet w hen t he t ool j oint is connect ed and for m

a pr essu r e- t ight seal. sh u t in v : 1. t o close t he v alv es on a w ell so t hat it st ops pr oducing. 2. t o close in a w ell in w hich a k ick has occur r ed. sh u t - in b o t t o m h o le p r e ssu r e ( SI BH P) n: t he pr essur e at t he bot t om of a w ell w hen t he sur face v alv es on t he w ell ar e com plet ely closed. I t is caused by for m at ion fluids at t he bot t om of t he w ell. side t r a ck v : t o use a w hipst ock , t ur bodr ill, or ot her m ud m ot or t o dr ill ar ound t he or iginal planned pat h of t he w ell. sin gle n: a j oint of dr ill pipe. Com par e double. sin gle - pole r ig n: a well - ser v icing unit w hose m ast consist s of but one st eel t ube, usually about 65 feet ( 19.8 m et er s) long. sin k e r b a r n: a heav y w eight or bar placed on or near a light w eight w ir eline t ool. The bar pr ov ides w eight so t hat t he t ool w ill low er pr oper ly int o t he w ell. sla ck of f v : t o low er a load or ease up on a line. A dr iller w ill slack off on t he br ak e t o put addit ional w eigh t on t h e bit . sle e v e n: a t ubular par t designed t o fit ov er anot her par t . slick lin e n: see w ir eline. slip - a n d - cu t of f p r og r a m n: a pr ocedur e t o ensur e t hat t he dr illing line w ear s ev enly t hr oughout it s life. Aft er a specified num ber of t on -m iles ( m egaj oules) of use, t he line is slipped—for ex am ple, t he t r av eling block is suspended in t he der r ick or pr opped on t he r ig floor so t hat it cannot m ov e, t he deadline anchor bolt s ar e loosened, and t he dr illing line is spooled ont o t he dr aw w or k s dr um . Enough line is slipped t o change t he m aj or point s of w ear on t he line, such as w her e it passes t hr ough t he sheav es. To pr ev ent ex cess line fr om accum ulat ing on t he dr aw w or k s dr um , t he w or n line is cut off and discar ded. slip b ow l n: a dev ice in a r ot ar y t able or ot her t ool int o w hich t ubing or dr ill pipe it is w r apped w it h specially shaped w ir e t hat is designed t o pr ev ent t he ent r y of loose sand int o t he w ell as it is pr oduced. I t is also oft en used w it h a gr av el pack . slip s n: w edge -shaped pieces of m et al w it h t eet h or ot her gr ipping elem ent s t hat ar e used t o pr ev ent pipe fr om slipping dow n int o t he hole. Rot ar y slips fit ar ound t he dr ill pipe and w edge against t he m ast er bushing t o suppor t t he pipe. Pow er slips ar e pneum at ically or hy dr aulically act uat ed dev ices. Pack er s and ot her dow n hole equipm ent ar e secur ed in posit ion by slips t hat engage t he pipe by act ion dir ect ed at t he sur face. slou g h in g h ole n: a condit ion w her ein shale t hat has absor bed w at er fr om t he dr illing fluid ex pands, sloughs off, and falls dow nhole. A sloughing hole can j am t he dr ill st r ing and block cir culat ion. slu g n: a quant it y of fluid inj ect ed int o a r eser v oir t o accom plish a specific pur pose, such as chem ical displacem ent of oil. slu r r y n: 1. in dr illing, a plast ic m ix t ur e of cem ent and w at er t hat is pum ped int o a w ell t o har den. Ther e it suppor t s t he casing and pr ov ides a seal in t he w ellbor e t o pr ev ent m igr at ion of under gr ound fluids. 2. a m ix t ur e in w hich solids ar e suspended in a liquid. solu t ion g a s n: light er hy dr ocar bons t hat ex ist as a liquid under r eser v oir condit ions but t hat effer v esce as gas w hen pr essur e is r eleased dur ing pr oduct ion. son ic log n: a t y pe of acoust ic log t hat r ecor ds t he t r av el t im e of sounds t hr ough obj ect s, cem ent , or for m at ion r ock s. Oft en used t o det er m ine w het her v oids ex ist in t he cem ent behind t he casing in a w ellbor e. sou r cor r osion n: em br it t lem ent and subsequent w ear ing aw ay of m et al caused by cont act of t he m et al w it h hy dr ogen sulfide.

sou r cr u d e oil n: oil cont aining hy dr ogen sulfide or anot her acid gas. SP abbr : spont aneous pot ent ial or self pot ent ial. spe a r n: a fishing t ool used t o r et r iev e pipe lost in a w ell. The spear is low er ed dow n t he hole and int o t he pipe being fished. sp e e d r e d u ce r n: a set of gear s inst alled bet w een a pr im e m ov er and t he equipm ent it dr iv es t o r educe t he r unning speed. For ex am ple, on a beam pum ping unit , t he engine m ay r un at a speed of 600 r ev olut ions per m inut e, but t he pum ping unit it dr iv es m ay need t o oper at e at 20 st r ok es per m inut e. The speed r educer m ak es it possible t o obt ain t he cor r ect pum p speed. sp e n t adj : descr ipt iv e of a subst ance w hose st r engt h or m er it has been ex haust ed in a pr ocess. For ex am ple, aft er a w ell has been acidized, any acid t hat r em ains in t he w ell is said t o be a spent acid because it s st r engt h has been used up in t he acidizing pr ocess. sp in n in g ca t h e a d n: see m ak eup cat head, spinning chain. sp in n in g ch a in n: a r elat iv ely shor t lengt h of chain at t ached t o t he t ong pull chain on t he m anual t ongs used t o m ak e up dr ill pipe. The spinning chain is at t ached t o t he pull chain so t hat a cr ew m em ber can w r ap t he spinning chain sev er al t im es ar ound t he t ool j oint box of a j oint of dr ill pipe suspended in t he r ot ar y t able. Aft er cr ew m em ber s st ab t he pin of anot her t ool j oint int o t he box end, one of t hem t hen gr asps t he end of t he spinning chain and w it h a r apid upw ar d m ot ion of t he w r ist " t hr ow s t he spinning chain" —t hat is, causes it t o unw r ap fr om t he box and coil upw ar d ont o t he body of t he j oint st abbed int o t he box . The dr iller t hen act uat es t he m ak eup cat head t o pull t he chain off of t he pipe body , w hich causes t he pipe t o spin and t hus t he pin t hr eads t o spin int o t he box. sp in n in g w r e n ch n: air - pow er ed or hy dr aulically pow er ed w r ench used t o spin dr ill pipe in m ak ing or br eak ing connect ions. sp on t a n e ou s p ot e n t ia l ( SP) n: one of t he nat ur al elect r ical char act er ist ics ex hibit ed by a for m at ion as m easur ed by a logging t ool low er ed int o t he w ellbor e. Also called self- pot ent ial or SP. sp on t a n e ou s p ot e n t ia l ( SP) cu r v e n: a m easur em ent of t he elect r ical cur r ent s t hat occur in t he w ellbor e w hen fluids of differ ent salinit ies ar e in cont act . The SP cur v e is usually r ecor ded in holes dr illed w it h fr eshw at er -base dr illing fluids. I t is one of t he cur v es on an elect r ic w ell log. Also called selfpot ent ial cur v e. sp on t a n e ou s p ot e n t ia l ( SP) log n: a r ecor d of a spont aneous pot ent ial cur v e. sp ool n: t he dr aw w or k s dr um . Also a casing head or dr illing spool. v : t o w ind ar ound a dr um . spot v : t o pum p a designat ed quant it y of a subst ance ( such as acid or cem ent ) int o a specific int er v al in t he w ell. For ex am ple, 10 bar r els ( 1, 590 lit r es) of diesel oil m ay be spot t ed ar ound an ar ea in t he hole in w hich dr ill collar s ar e st uck against t he w all of t he hole in an effor t t o fr ee t he collar s. spu d v : 1. t o begin dr illing a w ell; such as, t o spud in. 2. t o for ce a w ir eline t ool or t ubing dow n t he hole by using a r ecipr ocat ing m ot ion. sp u d in v : t o begin dr illing; t o st ar t t he hole. sp u d m u d n: t he fluid used w hen dr illing st ar t s at t he sur face, oft en a t hick bent onit e- lim e slur r y . sp lit m a st e r b u sh in g n: a m ast er bushing t hat is m ade in t w o pieces. squ e e z e n: 1. a cem ent ing oper at ion in w hich cem ent is pum ped behind t he casing under high pr essur e t o r ecem ent channeled ar eas or t o block off an uncem ent ed zone. sq u e e z e ce m e n t in g n: t he for cing of cem ent slur r y by pr essur e t o specified point s in a w ell t o cause seals at t he point s of squeeze. I t is a secondar y cem ent ing m et hod t hat is used t o isolat e a pr oducing for m at ion, seal off w at er , r epair casing leak s, and so for t h. Com par e plug -back cem ent ing.

squ e e z e j ob n: a r em edial act iv it y w her eby a cem ent slur r y is pum ped int o open per for at ions, split casing, or a fr act ur ed for m at ion, t o effect a block age. sq u e e z e p a ck e r n: a dow nhole per m anent , or dr illable, pack er t hat is set by low er ing som e of t he w eight of t he t ubing st r ing ont o t he pack er . The w eight ex pands t he pack er ’ s sealing elem ent t o pr ev ent flow bet w een t he t ubing st r ing and t he casing below t he pack er . sq u e e z e p oin t n: t he dept h in a w ellbor e at w hich cem ent is t o be squeezed. squ e e z e t ool n: a special r et r iev able pack er set at a par t icular dept h in t he w ellbor e dur ing a squeeze cem ent ing j ob. See also squeeze cem ent ing. st a b iliz e r n: 1. a t ool placed on a dr ill collar near t he bit t hat is used, depending on w her e it is placed, eit her t o m aint ain a par t icular hole angle or t o change t he angle by cont r olling t he locat ion of t he cont act point bet w een t he hole and t he collar s. st a ck n: 1. a v er t ical ar r angem ent of blow out pr ev ent ion equipm ent . Also called pr ev ent er st ack . See blow out pr ev ent er . 2. t he v er t ical chim ney-lik e inst allat ion t hat is t he w ast e disposal sy st em for unw ant ed v apor such as flue gases or t ail - gas st r eam s. st a ck a r ig v : t o st or e a dr illing r ig on com plet ion of a j ob w hen t he r ig is t o be w it hdr aw n fr om oper at ion for a t im e. st a ir w a y s n: st air s leading fr om one lev el t o anot her . st a n d n: t he connect ed j oint s of pipe r ack ed in t he der r ick or m ast w hen m ak ing a t r ip. On a r ig, t he usual st and is about 90 feet ( about 27 m et er s) long ( t hr ee lengt hs of dr ill pipe scr ew ed t oget her ) . st a n d a r d d e r r ick n: a der r ick t hat is built piece by piece at t he dr illing locat ion, as opposed t o a j ack k nife m ast , w hich is pr eassem bled. Com par e m ast . st a n d in g v a lv e n: a fix ed ball-and- seat v alv e at t he low er end of t he w or k ing bar r el of a suck er r od pum p. The st anding v alv e and it s cage do not m ov e, as does t he t r av eling v alv e. Com par e t r av eling v alv e. st a n d p ip e n: a v er t ical pipe r ising along t he side of t he der r ick or m ast , w hich j oins t he dischar ge line leading fr om t he m ud pum p t o t he r ot ar y hose and t hr ough w hich m ud is pum ped going int o t he hole. st e a m f lood in g n: a t her m al r ecov er y m et hod in w hich st eam is inj ect ed int o a r eser v oir t hr ough inj ect ion w ells and dr iv en t ow ar d pr oduct ion w ells. The st eam r educes t he v iscosit y of cr ude oil, causing it t o flow m or e fr eely . The heat v apor izes light er hy dr ocar bons; as t hey m ov e ahead of t he st eam , t hey cool and condense int o liquids t hat dissolv e and displace cr ude oil. The st eam pr ov ides addit ional gas dr iv e. This m et hod is also used t o r ecov er v iscous oils. Also called cont inuous st eam inj ect ion or st eam dr iv e. Com par e t her m al r ecov er y . st e e l - t oot h bit n: a r oller cone bit in w hich t he sur face of each cone is m ade up of r ow s of st eel t eet h. Also called a m illed bit , alt hough som e st eel t eet h ar e for ged. st im u la t ion n: t he act ion of at t em pt ing t o im pr ov e and enhance a w ell’s per for m ance by t he applicat ion of hor sepow er using pum ping equipm ent , placing sand in ar t ificially cr eat ed fr act ur es in r ock , or using chem icals such as acid t o dissolv e t he soluble por t ion of t he r ock . st r a igh t h ole n: a hole t hat is dr illed v er t ically . The t ot al hole angle is r est r ict ed, and t he hole does not change dir ect ion r apidly . st r in g n: t he ent ir e lengt h of casing, t ubing, suck er r ods, or dr ill pipe r un int o a hole. st r in g u p v : t o t hr ead t he dr illing line t hr ough t he sheav es of t he cr ow n block and t r av eling block . One end of t he line is secur ed t o t he hoist ing dr um and t he ot her t o t he dr ill -line anchor . st r u ct u r a l m a st n: a por t able m ast const r uct ed of angular as opposed t o t ubular st eel m em ber s.

st u ck p ip e n: dr ill pipe, dr ill collar s, casing, or t ubing t hat has inadv er t ent ly becom e im m ov able in t he hole. St ick ing m ay occur w hen dr illing is in pr ogr ess, w hen casing is being r un in t he hole, or w hen t he dr ill pipe is being hoist ed. st u ck poin t n: t he dept h in t he hole at w hich t he dr ill st em , t ubing, or casing is st uck . Also called fr eeze point . st u f f in g b ox n: a dev ice t hat pr ev ent s leak age along a pist on, r od, pr opeller shaft , or ot her m ov ing par t t hat passes t hr ough a hole in a cy linder or v essel. I t consist s of a box or cham ber m ade by enlar ging t he hole and a gland cont aining com pr essed pack ing. On a w ell being ar t ificially lift ed by m eans of a suck er r od pum p, t he polished r od oper at es t hr ough a st uffing box , pr ev ent ing escape of oil and div er t ing it int o a side out let t o w hich is connect ed t he flow line leading t o t he oil and gas separ at or or t o t he field st or age t ank . For a bot t om hole pr essur e t est , t he w ir eline goes t hr ough a st uffing box and lubr icat or , allow ing t he gauge t o be r aised and low er ed against w ell pr essur e. The lubr icat or pr ov ides a pr essur et ight gr ease seal in t he st uffing box . sub n: a shor t , t hr eaded piece of pipe used t o adapt par t s of t he dr illing st r ing t hat cannot ot her w ise be scr ew ed t oget her because of differ ences in t hr ead size or design. A sub ( a subst it ut e) m ay also per for m a special funct ion. Lift ing subs ar e used w it h dr ill collar s t o pr ov ide a shoulder t o fit t he dr ill pipe elev at or s; a k elly sav er sub is placed bet w een t he dr ill pipe and t he k elly t o pr ev ent ex cessiv e t hr ead w ear of t he k elly and dr ill pipe t hr eads; a bent sub is used w hen dr illing a dir ect ional hole. su b m e r sib le p u m p n: a pum p t hat is placed below t he lev el of fluid in a w ell. I t is usually dr iv en by an elect r ic m ot or and consist s of a ser ies of r ot at ing blades t hat im par t cent r ifugal m ot ion t o lift t he fluid t o t he sur face. su b st r u ct u r e n: t he foundat ion on w hich t he der r ick or m ast and usually t he dr aw w or k s sit ; cont ains space for w ell cont r ol equipm ent . su ck e r r o d n: a special st eel pum ping r od. Sev er al r ods scr ew ed t oget her m ak e up t he m echanical link fr om t he beam pum ping unit on t he sur face t o t he suck er r od pum p at t he bot t om of a w ell. Suck er r ods ar e t hr eaded on each end and m anufact ur ed t o dim ension st andar ds and m et al specificat ions set by t he pet r oleum indust r y . Lengt hs ar e 2 5 or 3 0 feet ( 7 . 6 or 9 . 1 m et er s) ; diam et er v ar ies fr om 1 / 2 t o 1 1 / 8 inches ( 1 2 t o 3 0 m illim et er s) . Ther e is also a cont inuous suck er r od ( t r ade nam e: Cor od ™) . su ck e r r od p u m p n: t he dow nhole assem bly used t o lift fluid t o t he sur face by t he r ecipr ocat ing act ion of t he suck er r od st r ing. Basic com ponent s ar e bar r el, plunger , v alv es, and hold -dow n. Tw o t y pes of suck er r od pum ps ar e t he t ubing pum p, in w hich t he bar r el is at t ached t o t he t ubing, and t he r od, or inser t , pum p, w hich is r un int o t he w ell as a com plet e unit . su ck e r r od p u m p in g n: a m et hod of ar t ificial lift in w hich a subsur face pum p locat ed at or near t he bot t om of t he w ell and connect ed t o a st r ing of suck er r ods is used t o lift t he w ell fluid t o t he sur face. The w eight of t he r od st r ing and fluid is count er balanced by w eight s at t ached t o a r ecipr ocat ing beam or t o t he cr ank m em ber of a beam pum ping unit or by air pr essur e in a cy linder at t ached t o t he beam . su r f a ce ca sin g n: see sur face pipe. su r f a ce h ole n: t hat par t of t he w ellbor e t hat is dr illed below t he conduct or hole but abov e t he int er m ediat e hole. su r f a ce p ip e n: t he fir st st r ing of casing ( aft er t he conduct or pipe) t hat is set in a w ell. I t v ar ies in lengt h fr om a few hundr ed t o sev er al t housand feet ( m et er s) . su r f a ce st a ck n: a blow out pr ev ent er st ack m ount ed on t op of t he casing st r ing at or near t he sur face of t he gr ound or t he w at er . su sp e n d in g a g e n t n: an addit iv e used t o hold t he fine clay and silt par t icles t hat som et im es r em ain aft er an acidizing t r eat m ent in suspension; for ex am ple, it k eeps t hem fr om set t ling out of t he spent acid unt il it is cir culat ed out . sw a b n. a hollow m andr el fit t ed w it h sw ab cups used for sw abbing. v . t o oper at e a sw ab on a w ir eline t o low er t he pr essur e in t he w ell bor e and br ing w ell fluids t o t he sur face w hen t he w ell does not flow nat ur ally . Sw abbing is a t em por ar y oper at ion t o det er m ine w het her t he w ell can be m ade t o flow . I f t he

w ell does not flow aft er being sw abbed, a pum p is inst alled as a per m anent lift ing dev ice t o br ing t he oil t o t he sur face. sw a b cu p n: a r ubber or r ubber lik e dev ice on a special r od ( a sw ab) , w hich for m s a seal bet w een t he sw ab and t he w all of t he t ubing or casing. sw a g e n: a solid cy lindr ical t ool point ed at t he bot t om and equipped w it h a t ool j oint at t he t op for connect ion w it h a j ar . I t is used t o st r aight en dam aged or collapsed casing or t ubing and dr iv e it back t o it s or iginal shape. v : t o r educe t he diam et er of a r od, a t ube, or a fit t ing by for ging, ham m er ing, or ot her m et hod. sw a m p e r n: ( slang) a helper on a t r uck , t r act or , or ot her m achine. sw e e t cr u d e oil n: oil cont aining lit t le or no sulfur , especially lit t le or no hy dr ogen sulfide. sw iv e l n: a r ot ar y t ool t hat is hung fr om t he r ot ar y hook and t r av eling block t o suspend and per m it fr ee r ot at ion of t he dr ill st em . I t also pr ov ides a connect ion for t he r ot ar y hose and a passagew ay for t he flow of dr illing fluid int o t he dr ill st em . TOP

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Glossa r y of Te r m s A B CD EFGH I JKL M NOPRS TUV W * This is an abr idged v er sion of t he D ict ion a r y of Pe t r ole u m Te r m s pr ov ided by Pet ex and t he Univ er sit y of Tex as Aust in © Pet ex 2001 T t a lly v : t o m easur e and r ecor d t he t ot al lengt h of pipe, casing, or t ubing t hat is t o be r un in a w ell. t a p e r t a p n: a t ap w it h a gr adually decr easing diam et er fr om t he t op. I t is used t o r et r iev e a hollow fish such as a dr ill collar and is t he m ale count er par t of a die collar . The t aper t ap is r un int o a hollow fish and r ot at ed t o cut enough t hr eads t o pr ov ide a fir m gr ip and per m it t he fish t o be pulled and r ecov er ed. t a pe r e d bow l n: a fit t ing, usually div ided int o t w o halv es, t hat cr ew m em ber s place inside t he m ast er bushing t o hold t he slips. TD abbr : t ot al dept h. tag v : t o t ouch an obj ect dow nhole w it h t he dr ill st em . tag lin e n: in cr ane and t r uck oper at ions, a r ope at t ached t o t he bot t om of a load suspended by t he cr ane or t r uck , w hich, w hen gr asped by a cr ew m em ber , allow s t he cr ew m em ber t o pr ev ent r ot at ion and t o assist in guiding t he load. t e a r d ow n v : see r ig dow n. t e le scopin g m a st n: a por t able m ast t hat can be er ect ed as a unit , usually by a t ack le t hat hoist s t he w ir eline or by a hy dr aulic r am . The upper sect ion of a t elescoping m ast is gener ally nest ed ( t elescoped) inside t he low er sect ion of t he st r uct ur e and r aised t o full height eit her by t he w ir eline or by a hy dr aulic sy st em . t e m p e r a t u r e log n: a sur v ey r un in cased holes t o locat e t he t op of t he cem ent in t he annulus. Since cem ent gener at es a consider able am ount of heat w hen set t ing, a t em per at ur e incr ease w ill be found at t he lev el w her e cem ent is found behind t he casing. t e m p e r a t u r e su r v e y n: an oper at ion used t o det er m ine t em per at ur es at v ar ious dept hs in t he w ellbor e. I t is also used t o det er m ine t he height of cem ent behind t he casing and t o locat e t he sour ce of w at er influx int o t he w ellbor e. t e r t ia r y r e cov e r y n: 1. t he use of im pr ov ed r ecov er y m et hods t hat not only r est or e for m at ion pr essur e but also im pr ov e oil displacem ent or fluid flow in t he r eser v oir . 2. t he use of any im pr ov ed r ecov er y m et hod t o r em ov e addit ional oil aft er secondar y r ecov er y . Com par e pr im ar y r ecov er y , secondar y r ecov er y . t h e r m a l r e cov e r y n: a t y pe of im pr ov ed r ecov er y in w hich heat is int r oduced int o a r eser v oir t o low er t he v iscosit y of heav y oils and t o facilit at e t heir flow int o pr oducing w ells. The pay zone m ay be heat ed by inj ect ing st eam ( st eam dr iv e) or by inj ect ing air and bur ning a por t ion of t he oil in place ( in sit u

com bust ion) . t h r o w t h e ch a in v : t o j um p t he spinning chain up fr om a box end t ool j oint so t hat t he chain w r aps ar ound t he pin end t ool j oint aft er it is st abbed int o t he box . The st and or j oint of dr ill pipe is t ur ned or spun by a pull on t he spinning chain fr om t he cat head on t he dr aw w or k s. t ig h t f or m a t ion n: a pet r oleum - or w at er - bear ing for m at ion of r elat iv ely low por osit y and per m eabilit y . t ig h t sa n d n: sand or sandst one for m at ion w it h low per m eabilit y . t igh t spot n: a sect ion of a bor ehole in w hich ex cessiv e w all cak e has built up, r educing t he hole diam et er and m ak ing it difficult t o r un t he t ools in and out . Com par e k ey seat . t on gs n pl: t he lar ge w r enches used for t ur ning w hen m ak ing up or br eak ing out dr ill pipe, casing, t ubing, or ot her pipe; v ar iously called casing t ongs, r ot ar y t ongs, and so for t h accor ding t o t he specific use. Pow er t ongs or pow er w r enches ar e pneum at ically or hy dr aulically oper at ed t ools t hat ser v e t o spin t he pipe up and, in som e inst ances, t o apply t he final m ak eup t or que. t oolpu sh e r n: an em ploy ee of a dr illing cont r act or w ho is in char ge of t he ent ir e dr illing cr ew and t he dr illing r ig. Also called a r ig super int endent , dr illing for em an, or r ig super visor . t op dr iv e n: a dev ice sim ilar t o a pow er sw iv el t hat is used in place of t he r ot ar y t able t o t ur n t he dr ill st em . t op plu g n: a cem ent w iper plug t hat follow s cem ent slur r y dow n t he casing. I t goes befor e t he dr illing m ud used t o displace t he cem ent fr om t he casing and separ at es t he m ud fr om t he slur r y . See cem ent ing, w iper plug. t or q u e n: t he t ur ning for ce t hat is applied t o a shaft or ot her r ot ar y m echanism t o cause it t o r ot at e or t end t o do so. Tor que is m easur ed in foot - pounds, j oules, newt on - m et r es, and so for t h. t ot a l d e p t h ( TD ) n: t he m ax im um dept h r eached in a w ell. t ou r ( pr onounced " t ow er " ) n: a w or k ing shift for dr illing cr ew or ot her oilfield w or k er s. Som e t our s ar e 8 hour s; t he t hr ee daily t our s ar e called day light , ev ening ( or aft er noon) , and gr av ey ar d ( or m or ning) . 12 hour t our s m ay also be used; t hey ar e called sim ply day t our and night t our . t ou r ly ( pr onounced " t ow er ly " ) adv : dur ing each shift . See t ou r . t r a ce r n: a subst ance added t o r eser v oir fluids t o per m it t he m ov em ent s of t he fluid t o be follow ed or t r aced. Dy es and r adioact iv e subst ances ar e used as t r acer s in under gr ound w at er flow s and som et im es helium is used in gas. When sam ples of t he w at er or gas t ak en som e dist ance fr om t he point of inj ect ion r ev eal signs of t he t r acer , t he r out e of t he fluids can be m apped. t r a ce r log n: a sur v ey t hat uses a r adioact iv e t r acer such as a gas, liquid, or solid hav ing a high gam m a r ay em ission. When t he m at er ial is inj ect ed int o any por t ion of t he w ellbor e, t he point of placem ent or m ov em ent can be r ecor ded by a gam m a r ay inst r um ent . The t r acer log is used t o det er m ine channeling or t he t r av el of squeezed cem ent behind a sect ion of per for at ed casing. t r a ile r r ig n: a r ig m ount ed on a w heeled and t ow ed t r ailer . I t has a m ast , a r ot ar y , and one or t w o engines. t r a n sm ission n: t he gear or chain ar r angem ent by w hich pow er is t r ansm it t ed fr om t he pr im e m ov er t o t he dr aw w or k s, t he m ud pum p, or t he r ot ar y t able of a dr illing r ig. t r a v e lin g b lock n: an ar r angem ent of pulley s, or sheav es, t hr ough w hich dr illing cable is r eev ed, w hich m ov es up or dow n in t he der r ick or m ast . t r a v e lin g v a lv e n: one of t he t w o v alv es in a suck er r od pum ping sy st em . I t m ov es w it h t he m ov em ent of t he suck er r od st r ing. On t he upst r ok e, t he ball m em ber of t he v alv e is seat ed, suppor t ing t he fluid load. On t he dow nst r ok e, t he ball is unseat ed,

allow ing fluid t o ent er int o t he pr oduct ion colum n. Com par e st anding v alv e. t r ip n: t he oper at ion of hoist ing t he dr ill st em fr om and r et ur ning it t o t he w ellbor e. v : t o inser t or r em ov e t he dr ill st em int o or out of t he hole. Shor t ened for m of " m ak e a t r ip. " t r ip in v : t o go in t he hole. t r ip ou t v : t o com e out of t he hole. t r ip p in g n: t he oper at ion of hoist ing t he dr ill st em out of and r et ur ning it int o t he w ellbor e. t r uck - m ou n t e d r ig n: a well - ser v icing and w or k ov er r ig t hat is m ount ed on a t r uck chassis. t u bin g n: r elat iv ely sm all -diam et er pipe t hat is r un int o a w ell t o ser v e as a conduit for t he passage of oil and gas t o t he sur face. t u b in g cou p lin g n: a special connect or used t o connect lengt hs of t ubing. t u b in g h a n g e r n: an ar r angem ent of slips and pack ing r ings used t o suspend t ubing fr om t he t ubing head. t u b in g h e a d n: a flanged fit t ing t hat suppor t s t he t ubing st r ing, seals off pr essur e bet w een t he casing and t he out side of t he t ubing, and pr ov ides a connect ion t hat suppor t s t he Chr ist m as t r ee. t u b in g p u m p n: a suck er r od pum p in w hich t he bar r el is at t ached t o t he t ubing. See suck er r od pum p. t u b u la r g ood s n pl: any k ind of pipe. Oilfield t ubular goods include t ubing, casing, dr ill pipe, dr ill collar s and line pipe. Also called t ubular s. t u n g st e n ca r b id e n: a fine, v er y har d, gr ay cr y st alline pow der , a com pound of t ungst en and car bon. This com pound is bonded w it h cobalt or nick el in cem ent ed car bide com posit ions and used for cut t ing t ools, abr asiv es, and dies. t u n g st e n ca r b id e b it n: a t y pe of r oller cone bit w it h inser t s m ade of t ungst en car bide. Also called t ungst en car bide inser t bit . t u r n t a b le n: see r ot ar y t able. TOP

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Glossa r y of Te r m s A B CD EFGH I JKL M NOPRS TUV W * This is an abr idged v er sion of t he D ict ion a r y of Pe t r ole u m Te r m s pr ov ided by Pet ex and t he Univ er sit y of Tex as Aust in © Pet ex 2001 U u n ca se d h ole n: see open hole. u n con solid a t e d f or m a t ion n: a loosely ar r anged, appar ent ly unst r at ified sect ion of r ock . u n con solid a t e d sa n d st on e n: a sand for m at ion in w hich indiv idual gr ains do not adher e t o one anot her . I f an unconsolidat ed sandst one pr oduces oil or gas, it w ill pr oduce sand as w ell if not cont r olled or cor r ect ed. u n d e r g a u g e b it n: a bit w hose out side diam et er is w or n t o t he point at w hich it is sm aller t han it w as w hen new . A hole dr illed w it h an under gauge bit is said t o be under gauge. u n d e r g a u g e h ole n: t hat por t ion of a bor ehole dr illed w it h an under gauge bit . u n it op e r a t or n: t he oil com pany in char ge of dev elopm ent and pr oduct ion in an oilfield in w hich sev er al com panies hav e j oined t o pr oduce t he field. u n loa d in g a w e ll n: r em ov ing fluid fr om t he t ubing in a w ell, oft en by m eans of a sw ab, t o low er t he bot t om hole pr essur e in t he w ellbor e at t he per for at ions and induce t he w ell t o flow . u p p e r k e lly cock n: a v alv e inst alled abov e t he k elly t hat can be closed m anually t o pr ot ect t he r ot ar y hose fr om high pr essur e t hat m ay ex ist in t he dr ill st em . TOP

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Glossa r y of Te r m s A B CD EFGH I JKL M NOPRS TUV W * This is an abr idged v er sion of t he D ict ion a r y of Pe t r ole u m Te r m s pr ov ided by Pet ex and t he Univ er sit y of Tex as Aust in © Pet ex 2001 V va lve n: a dev ice used t o cont r ol t he r at e of flow in a line t o open or shut off a line com plet ely , or t o ser v e as an aut om at ic or sem iaut om at ic safet y dev ice. Those used ex t ensiv ely include t he check v alv e, gat e v alv e, globe v alv e, needle v alv e, plug v alv e, and pr essur e r elief v alv e. V - be lt n: a belt w it h a t r apezoidal cr oss sect ion, m ade t o r un in sheav es, or pulley s, w it h gr oov es of cor r esponding shape. V - door n: an opening at floor lev el in a side of a der r ick or m ast . The V- door is opposit e t he dr aw w or k s and is used as an ent r y t o br ing in dr ill pipe, casing, and ot her t ools fr om t he pipe r ack . TOP

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Glossa r y of Te r m s A B CD EFGH I JKL M NOPRS TUV W * This is an abr idged v er sion of t he D ict ion a r y of Pe t r ole u m Te r m s pr ov ided by Pet ex and t he Univ er sit y of Tex as Aust in © Pet ex 2001 W w a it in g on ce m e n t ( W OC) adj : per t aining t o t he t im e w hen dr illing or com plet ion oper at ions ar e suspended so t hat t he cem ent in a w ell can har den sufficient ly . w a lk w a y s n: an ar ea clear ed for m ov ing t hr ough by per sonnel. w a lk in g b e a m n: t he hor izont al st eel m em ber of a beam pum ping unit t hat has r ock ing or r ecipr ocat ing m ot ion. w a sh ov e r v : t o r elease pipe t hat is st uck in t he hole by r unning w ashov er pipe. The w ashov er pipe m ust hav e an out side diam et er sm all enough t o fit int o t he bor ehole but an inside diam et er lar ge enough t o fit ov er t he out side diam et er of t he st uck pipe. A r ot ar y shoe, w hich cut s aw ay t he for m at ion, m ud, or w hat ev er is st ick ing t he pipe, is m ade up on t he bot t om j oint of t he w ashov er pipe, and t he assem bly is low er ed int o t he hole. Rot at ion of t he assem bly fr ees t he st uck pipe. Sev er al w ashov er s m ay hav e t o be m ade if t he st uck por t ion is v er y long. w a sh o v e r p ip e n: an accessor y used in fishing oper at ions t o go ov er t he out side of t ubing or dr ill pipe st uck in t he hole because of cut t ings, m ud, and so for t h, t hat hav e collect ed in t he annulus. The w ashov er pipe cleans t he annular space and per m it s r ecov er y of t he pipe. I t is som et im es called w ashpipe. w a sh ov e r st r in g n: t he assem bly of t ools r un int o t he hole dur ing fishing t o per for m a w ashov er . A t y pical w ashov er st r ing consist s of a w ashov er back- off connect or , sev er al j oint s of w ashov er pipe, and a rot ary shoe. w a t e r d r iv e n: t he r eser v oir dr iv e m echanism in w hich oil is pr oduced by t he ex pansion of t he under ly ing w at er and r ock , w hich for ces t he oil int o t he w ellbor e. I n gener al, t her e ar e t w o t y pes of w at er dr iv e: bot t om -w at er dr iv e, in w hich t he oil is t ot ally under lain by w at er ; and edgew at er dr iv e, in w hich only a por t ion of t he oil is in cont act w it h t he w at er . w a t e r p u m p n: on an engine, a dev ice, pow er ed by t he engine, t hat m ov es coolant ( w at er ) t hr ough openings in t he engine block , t hr ough t he r adiat or or heat ex changer , and back int o t he block . w a t e r t a n k n: t he w at er t ank is used t o st or e w at er t hat is used for m udm ix ing, cem ent ing, and r ig cleaning. w a t e r w e ll n: a w ell dr illed t o obt ain a fr esh w at er supply t o suppor t dr illing and pr oduct ion oper at ions or t o obt ain a w at er supply t o be used in connect ion w it h an enhanced r ecov er y pr ogr am . w e igh t in dica t or n: an inst r um ent near t he dr iller’s posit ion on a dr illing r ig t hat show s bot h t he w eight

of t he dr ill st em t hat is hanging fr om t he hook ( hook load) and t he w eight t hat is placed on t he bot t om of t he hole ( w eight on bit ) . w e igh t in dica t or n: a dev ice for m easur ing t he w eight of t he dr ill st r ing. w e ig h t on b it ( W OB) n: t he am ount of dow nw ar d for ce placed on t he bit . w e ll n: t he hole m ade by t he dr illing bit , w hich can be open, cased, or bot h. Also called bor ehole, hole, or w ellbor e. w e llb or e n: a bor ehole; t he hole dr illed by t he bit . A w ellbor e m ay hav e casing in it or it m ay be open ( uncased) ; or par t of it m ay be cased, and par t of it m ay be open. Also called a bor ehole or hole. w e llb or e soa k n: an acidizing t r eat m ent in w hich t he acid is placed in t he w ellbor e and allow ed t o r eact by m er ely soak ing. I t is a r elat iv ely slow pr ocess, because v er y lit t le of t he acid act ually com es in cont act w it h t he for m at ion. Also called w ellbor e cleanup. Com par e acid fr act ur e. w e ll com ple t ion n: 1. t he act iv it ies and m et hods of pr epar ing a w ell for t he pr oduct ion of oil and gas or for ot her pur poses, such as inj ect ion; t he m et hod by w hich one or m or e flow pat hs for hy dr ocar bons ar e est ablished bet w een t he r eser v oir and t he sur face. 2. t he sy st em of t ubular s, pack er s, and ot her t ools inst alled beneat h t he w ellhead in t he pr oduct ion casing; t hat is, t he t ool assem bly t hat pr ov ides t he hy dr ocar bon flow pat h or pat hs. w e ll con t r ol n: t he m et hods used t o cont r ol a k ick and pr ev ent a w ell fr om blow ing out . Such t echniques include, but ar e not lim it ed t o, k eeping t he bor ehole com plet ely filled w it h dr illing m ud of t he pr oper w eight or densit y dur ing oper at ions, ex er cising r easonable car e w hen t r ipping pipe out of t he hole t o pr ev ent sw abbing, and k eeping car eful t r ack of t he am ount of m ud put int o t he hole t o r eplace t he v olum e of pipe r em ov ed fr om t he hole dur ing a t r ip. w e ll fluid n: t he fluid, usually a com binat ion of gas, oil, w at er , and suspended sedim ent , t hat com es out of a r eser v oir . Also called w ell st r eam . w e llh e a d n: t he equipm ent inst alled at t he sur face of t he w ellbor e. A w ellhead includes such equipm ent as t he casinghead and t ubing head. adj : per t aining t o t he w ellhead. w e ll loggin g n: t he r ecor ding of infor m at ion about subsur face geologic for m at ions, including r ecor ds k ept by t he dr iller and r ecor ds of m ud and cut t ing analy ses, cor e analy sis, dr ill st em t est s, and elect r ic, acoust ic, and r adioact iv it y pr ocedur es. w e ll se r v icin g n: t he m aint enance w or k per for m ed on an oil or gas w ell t o im pr ov e or m aint ain t he pr oduct ion fr om a for m at ion alr eady pr oducing. I t usually inv olv es r epair s t o t he pum p, r ods, gas- lift v alv es, t ubing, pack er s, and so for t h. w e ll - se r v icin g r ig n: a por t able r ig, t r uck -m ount ed, t r ailer - m ount ed, or a car r ier r ig, consist ing of a hoist and engine w it h a self - er ect ing m ast . See car r ier r ig. Com par e w or k ov er r ig. w e ll sit e n: see locat ion. w e ll st im u la t ion n: any of sev er al oper at ions used t o incr ease t he pr oduct ion of a w ell, such as acidizing or fr act ur ing. See acidize. w ick e r s n pl: br ok en or fr ay ed st r ands of t he st eel w ir e t hat m ak es up t he out er w r apping of w ir e r ope. w ild ca t n: 1. a w ell dr illed in an ar ea w her e no oil or gas pr oduct ion ex ist s. w in d o w n: 1. a slot t ed opening or a full sect ion r em ov ed in t he pipe lining ( casing) of a w ell, usually m ade t o per m it sidet r ack ing. w ir e lin e n: a slender , r odlik e or t hr eadlik e piece of m et al usually sm all in diam et er , t hat is used for low er ing special t ools ( such as logging sondes, per for at ing guns, and so for t h) int o t he w ell. Also called slick line. w ir e lin e f or m a t ion t e st e r n: a for m at ion fluid sam pling dev ice, act ually r un on conduct or line r at her t han w ir eline, t hat also logs flow and shut - in pr essur e in r ock near t he bor ehole. A spr ing m echanism

holds a pad fir m ly against t he sidew all w hile a pist on cr eat es a v acuum in a t est cham ber . For m at ion fluids ent er t he t est cham ber t hr ough a v alv e in t he pad. A r ecor der logs t he r at e at w hich t he t est cham ber is filled. Fluids m ay also be dr aw n t o fill a sam pling cham ber . Wir eline for m at ion t est s m ay be done any num ber of t im es dur ing one t r ip in t he hole, so t hey ar e v er y useful in for m at ion t est ing. w ir e lin e log n: any log t hat is r un on w ir eline. w ir e lin e log g in g n: see w ell logging. w ir e lin e op e r a t ion s n pl: t he low er ing of m echanical t ools, such as v alv es and fishing t ools, int o t he w ell for v ar ious pur poses. Elect r ic w ir eline oper at ions, such as elect r ic w ell logging and per for at ing, inv olv e t he use of conduct or line. w ir e lin e su r v e y n: a gener al t er m used t o r efer t o any t y pe of log being r un in a w ell. w ir e lin e t ools n pl: special t ools or equipm ent m ade t o be low er ed int o and r et r iev ed fr om t he w ell on a w ir eline, for ex am ple, pack er s, sw abs, gas- lift v alv es, m easur ing dev ices. w ir e r ope n: a cable com posed of st eel w ir es t w ist ed ar ound a cent r al cor e of fiber or st eel w ir e t o cr eat e a r ope of gr eat st r engt h and consider able flex ibilit y . W OB abbr : w eight on bit . W OC abbr : w ait ing on cem ent ; used in dr illing r epor t s. w or k ov e r n: t he per for m ance of one or m or e of a v ar iet y of r em edial oper at ions on a pr oducing w ell t o t r y t o incr ease pr oduct ion. Ex am ples of w or k ov er j obs ar e deepening, plugging back , pulling and r eset t ing liner s, and squeeze cem ent ing. See r ecom plet ion. w or k ov e r f lu id n: a special dr illing m ud used t o k eep a w ell under cont r ol w hile it is being w or k ed ov er . A w or k ov er fluid is com pounded car efully so t hat it w ill not cause for m at ion dam age. w or k ov e r r ig n: a por t able r ig used for w or k ing ov er a w ell. w or k st r in g n: 1. in dr illing, t he st r ing of dr ill pipe or t ubing suspended in a w ell t o w hich is at t ached a special t ool or dev ice t hat is used t o car r y out a cer t ain t ask , such as squeeze cem ent ing or fishing. 2. in pipeline const r uct ion, t he st r ing of w ashpipe t hat r eplaces t he pilot st r ing in a dir ect ionally dr illed r iv er cr ossing. The w or k st r ing r em ains in place under t he r iv er unt il t he act ual pipeline is m ade up and is r eady t o be pulled back acr oss t he r iv er . TOP

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