Physical Management for Neurological Conditions [4 ed.] 9780702071744, 0702071749, 9780702077234, 0702077232

Table of contents :
Front Cover
IFC
Physical Management for Neurological Conditions
Series Page
Physical Management for Neurological Conditions
Copyight
CONTENTS
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CONTRIBUTORS
1 - Background Knowledge
1 - Guiding Principles in Neurological Rehabilitation
WHY IS A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK IMPORTANT?
GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR NEUROLOGICAL REHABILITATION
Principle 1: The ICF
The Value of Participation
Principle 2: Team Work
Principle 3: Person-Centred Care
Principle 4: Prediction
Principle 5: Neural Plasticity
What Type of Training Drives Neural Plasticity and Recovery of Function?
Principle 6: Motor Control: A Systems Model
Principle 7: Functional Movement Reeducation
Principle 8: Skill Acquisition
Task Practice Issues
Role of Feedback
Amount of Practice
The Optimal Theory of Motor Learning
Principle 9: Self-Management (Self-Efficacy)
Principle 10: Health Promotion
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
2 - Common Impairments and the Impact on Activity
INTRODUCTION
WEAKNESS
Upper Motor Neurone Weakness
Lower Motor Neurone Weakness
FATIGUE
General Fatigue
Motor Fatigue
DISORDERS OF MUSCLE TONE
Hypertonus
Hypotonus
Dystonia
Involuntary Muscle Spasms
Dyskinesias
Rigidity
DISORDERS OF COORDINATION
Cerebellar Ataxia
Sensory Ataxia
Resting Tremor
Intention Tremor
Loss of Dexterity
DISORDERS OF MOTOR PLANNING
Apraxia
Bradykinesia/Akinesia
Freezing of Gait
VESTIBULAR DISORDERS
Peripheral Vestibular Disorders
Central Vestibular Disorders
Unilateral Spatial Neglect
Contraversive Pushing
Paraesthesia and Dysaesthesia
Pain
SECONDARY COMPLICATIONS
Contracture
Physical Inactivity and Deconditioning
Learned Non-Use
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
3 - Observation and Analysis of Movement
WALKING
The Gait Cycle
Walking Kinematics and Muscle Activity
Walking Kinetics
Spatiotemporal Characteristics
Clinical Focus: Walking for People with Parkinson’s
SIT TO STAND
Typical Phases of Sit to Stand
Muscle Action During Sit to Stand
Contextual Factors Influencing Sit to Stand
Clinical Focus on Sit to Stand for People Following Stroke
ROLLING AND GETTING OUT OF BED
Clinical Focus on Getting Out of Bed for People with Parkinson’s
REACH AND GRASP
Essential Components of Reach and Grasp
Kinematics
Muscle Activity
Clinical Focus on Reach and Grasp for People with Stroke
POSTURE AND BALANCE
Sensorimotor Control of Balance
Movement Analysis Strategies to Quantify Posture
Movement Analysis Strategies to Quantify Balance
Clinical Foci of Posture and Balance (Ataxia, Parkinson’s and Hemiplegic Stroke)
KEY MESSAGES
REFERENCES
4 - Measurement Tools
INTRODUCTION
Impairments (Problems in Body Functions or Structures)
Activity Limitations
TYPES OF MEASUREMENT TOOLS
PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES
Reliability
Assessing Reliability for Nominal and Ordinal Data with Two Scoring Categories
Assessing Reliability for Ordinal Data with Three or More Categories
Assessing Reliability for Interval and Ratio Data
Validity
Content Validity
Construct Validity
Criterion-Related Validity
Responsiveness
APPLIED MEASUREMENT SCIENCE: TOWARDS CLINICAL IMPLEMENTATION
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
5 - Goal Setting in Rehabilitation
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS
Rehabilitation Goals and Goal Setting
Activities to Enhance Goal Pursuit
PRAGMATIC PERSON-CENTRED GOAL SETTING
Family Involvement in Goal Setting
Should Goals Be Measurable?
GOAL SETTING IN STROKE REHABILITATION – ADDRESSING THE CHANGING NEEDS FROM ACUTE CARE TO COMMUNITY LIFE
Acute Rehabilitation
Postacute Inpatient Rehabilitation
Postacute Community-Based Rehabilitation
Long-Term Recovery Following Stroke
GOAL ACHIEVEMENT AS AN OUTCOME MEASURE – CHALLENGING CURRENT ASSUMPTIONS
The Appeal of Goal Attainment as an Outcome
An Overview of Goal Attainment Scaling
Problems with Goal Attainment as an Outcome
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
6 - Respiratory Management
INTRODUCTION
CENTRAL NERVOUS CONTROL OF BREATHING
RESPIRATORY ASSESSMENT OF THE NEUROLOGICAL PATIENT
Lung Function
Peak Cough Flow
Arterial Blood Gases
Chest Radiographs
Respiratory Pattern
Respiratory Reserve (PaO2/FiO2 Ratio)
EARLY MOBILISATION
RESPIRATORY TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT
Maximal Insufflation Capacity
Manual Cough
Mechanical Insufflation and Exsufflation
Other Considerations
Respiratory Muscle Training
Management of Acute Respiratory Failure
Tracheostomy and Weaning
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION IN NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Central Conditions
Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
Spinal Cord Injury and Disease
Anterior Horn Cell Conditions
Neuropathy
Neuromuscular Junction
Muscle Conditions
MANAGEMENT OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
2- Management of Specific Conditions
7 - Stroke
INTRODUCTION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
SETTING
INTERDISCIPLINARY TEAM
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
ASSESSMENT
Hyperacute Phase
Rehabilitation Phase
Chronic Phase
Prognosis and Time Course of Recovery
INTERVENTIONS
General Therapy Principles
Lower Limb and Locomotor Recovery
Gait Training
Overground Walking
Speed-Dependent Treadmill Training
Body Weight Supported Treadmill Training
Robot-Assisted Gait Training
Circuit Class Training
Electrostimulation of the Paretic Lower Limb
Upper Limb Recovery
Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy
Bilateral Arm Training (With Rhythmic Auditory Cueing)
Virtual Reality, Including Interactive Video Gaming
Electrostimulation of the Paretic Arm and Hand
Robot-Assisted Therapy for the Upper Limb
Therapy Delivery
CONCLUSIONS
CASE STUDY
REFERENCES
8 - Traumatic Brain Injury
INTRODUCTION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Primary Brain Injury
Secondary Brain Injury
Associated Injuries
DIAGNOSIS
Coma
Posttraumatic Amnesia
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Intracranial Pressure
Multidisciplinary Care
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
ASSESSMENT
Abnormal Tone
Muscle Paresis
Disorders of Movement
Balance and Vestibular Function
Muscle and Joint Range of Motion
Concurrent Musculoskeletal Injuries
Pain
Function
Summary
PROGNOSIS/TIME COURSE
INTERVENTIONS
Hypertonicity and Spasticity
Muscle Paresis
Disorders of Movement
Balance and Vestibular Function
Muscle and Joint Range of Motion
Concurrent Musculoskeletal Injuries
Pain
Function
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
CONCLUSION
CASE STUDY
REFERENCES
9 - Spinal Cord Injury
INTRODUCTION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Incidence Data
AETIOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS
PROGNOSIS
INCOMPLETE SYNDROMES
EARLY ACUTE MANAGEMENT
Breaking the News
Physical Management
Facilitation of Range, Length and Movement
Mobilisation
RESPIRATORY ASSESSMENT
RESPIRATORY TREATMENT
Weaning From Ventilatory Support (RISCI 2017)
Long-Term Respiratory Management
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
Spinal Shock
Autonomic Dysfunction
Cardiovascular
Thermoregulation
Autonomic Dysreflexia
Bladder, Bowels and Sexual Dysfunction
Weakness
Sensory Changes
Balance
Pain
Spasticity
ASSESSMENT
PHYSICAL MANAGEMENT
Strength Training
Aquatic Therapy
Facilitation of Movement
Splinting
Seating
Functional Mobility
Standing
Gait Training
Cardiovascular Fitness
Other Modalities
Loss of Range of Movement and Postural Deformity
Shoulder Pain
Tissue Viability
Heterotropic Ossification
Syrinx and Syringomyelia
PAEDIATRIC CONSIDERATIONS
DISCHARGE PLANNING AND LIFELONG CARE
CONCLUSION
CASE STUDY
Progress With Rehabilitation
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
10 - Multiple Sclerosis
INTRODUCTION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS
CLASSIFICATION
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Disease-Modifying Therapies
Lifestyle Modifications and Comorbidities
PROGNOSIS
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
ASSESSMENT
MANAGEMENT
Health Promotion
Restorative Rehabilitation
Maintenance Rehabilitation
INTERVENTIONS
Impaired Mobility, Balance and Falls
Sedentary Behaviour, Weakness and Deconditioning
Upper Limb Impairment
Ataxia
Spasticity
Fatigue
Pain
Respiratory Dysfunction
Bladder and Bowel
Cognitive Impairment
Anxiety and Depression
Pressure Ulcers
CONCLUSION
Key Assessment Findings
Treatment Plan
Initial Outpatient Physiotherapy Session
Progress Review at 3 Months
REFERENCES
11 - Parkinson’s
INTRODUCTION
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND AETIOLOGY
NEUROANATOMY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Pharmacological Management
Surgical Management
TEAM MANAGEMENT
Time Course From Diagnosis of Parkinson’s and Communication
PHYSIOTHERAPY MANAGEMENT
Framework for Physiotherapy Intervention
Referral to Physiotherapy
Physiotherapy History Taking
Physical Assessment
Goal Setting and Choosing Treatments
Exercise
Practice
Movement Strategies Training
CONCLUSION
CASE STUDY: MAIN ISSUE OF SIT-TO-STAND TASK
Quick Reference Card 1: History Taking
Quick Reference Card 2: Physical Examination
Quick Reference Card 3: Treatment Goal and Quick Reference Card 4: GRADE-Based Recommendations
REFERENCES
12 - Inherited Neurological Conditions
INTRODUCTION
HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE
Epidemiology
Genetics
Anatomy and Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation
Medical Management
A Standard of Care for Huntington’s Disease
Physiotherapy Assessment and Prognosis
Time Course and Corresponding Physiotherapy Management
Treatment Selection and Secondary Complications/Special Problems
HEREDITARY ATAXIAS
Epidemiology and Genetics
Autosomal Dominant Cerebellar Ataxias
Autosomal Recessive Ataxias
Friedreich’s Ataxia
Diagnosis and Genetic Testing
Spasticity and Dystonia
Scoliosis and Orthotic Management
Cardiac Symptoms
Pharmacological and Surgical Management of Ataxia
Coenzyme Q and Idebenone in Friedreich’s Ataxia
Physiotherapy Assessment
Disease-Specific Scales
Time Course and Corresponding Management
Balance, Walking and Mobility
Anatomy, Pathophysiology and Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Physiotherapy Assessment
Disease-Specific Scales
Time Course and Corresponding Management
Treatment Selection, Secondary Complications and Special Problems
SUMMARY
Classification
Examination
History
Body Structures and Function
Activities
Prognosis
Intervention
Outcomes (8 months)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
13 - Motor Neurone Disease
INTRODUCTION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ANATOMY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
GENETIC FACTORS
GEOGRAPHICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
CLINICAL PHENOTYPES
DIAGNOSIS
(EARLY) MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
SIGNS, SYMPTOMS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
ASSESSMENT AND PROGNOSIS
Disease-Specific Measures
Prognosis
TIME COURSE AND CORRESPONDING MANAGEMENT
TREATMENT SELECTION AND SECONDARY COMPLICATIONS AND SPECIAL PROBLEMS
Assistive Devices and Orthoses
Exercise in Motor Neurone Disease
Overwork Damage Versus Disuse Atrophy
Types of Exercise
Evolving Wheelchair Needs
Respiratory Issues
CONCLUSION
CASE STUDY
REFERENCES
14 - Polyneuropathies
INTRODUCTION
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
CAUSES OF NEUROPATHY
SPECIFIC TYPES OF NEUROPATHY
Acquired Neuropathies
Guillain–Barré Syndrome
Chronic Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy
Diabetic Neuropathy
ASSESSMENT OF PEOPLE WITH POLYNEUROPATHIES
PHYSICAL MANAGEMENT AND REHABILITATION APPROACHES FOR PEOPLE WITH POLYNEUROPATHIES
Acute Rehabilitation of Acquired Polyneuropathies
Long-Term Physical Management and Rehabilitation
Self-Management
Exercise and Physical Activity Interventions in Polyneuropathy
Balance Interventions
Orthotic Management
Pain and Fatigue Management
CASE STUDY
Presenting Impairments
Muscle Strength and Sensation
Gait
Balance
Pain
Physiotherapy Options for Mr V
Orthotic Prescription
Range of Movement
Muscle Strength and Aerobic Exercise
Balance
Outcome
Management of Upper Limb Function
Orthotics and Equipment
Stretches
Outcome
Management of Fatigue
Outcome
Follow Up
REFERENCES
15 - Muscle Disorders
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION, DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF MUSCLE CONDITIONS
THE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHIES
Classification
Diagnosis
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Clinical Presentation
Disease Course and Prognosis
Medical Management of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Physiotherapy Management of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
ASSESSMENT OF MUSCLE DISORDERS
Measurement of Muscle Strength
Measurement of Joint Range
Measurement of Functional Performance and Motor Ability Tests
Timed Function Tests
Lung Function
Delaying Onset of Contracture and its Progression
Promoting and Prolonging Ambulation
Maintenance of Activities
Management of Scoliosis
Management of Respiratory Complications
SOCIAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL ISSUES IN MUSCLE DISORDERS
Transition From Childhood to Adulthood
Classification
Diagnosis
Reason for Review
Medical History
Medication
Home and Social Situation
Impairments (on Assessment)
Activities and Participation (on Assessment)
Recommendations and Plan
REFERENCES
16 - Functional Motor Disorders
INTRODUCTION
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
A Biopsychosocial Formulation
DIAGNOSIS
PROGNOSIS
CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS
Functional Weakness
Functional Gait Disorder
Functional Tremor
Functional Jerks (Myoclonus)
Functional Dystonia
Fixed Functional Dystonia
Other Categories
Other Common Symptoms and Comorbidities in Patients With Functional Motor Disorder
ROLE OF THE MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM
Neurology
Psychiatry
Psychological Therapy
Physical Therapy
Other Treatments
EVIDENCE FOR PHYSICAL REHABILITATION OF FUNCTIONAL MOTOR DISORDER
BEFORE COMMENCING REHABILITATION
Physical Assessment
Outcome Measures
PHYSIOTHERAPY INTERVENTIONS
Education
Movement Retraining
Addressing Persistent Pain and Fatigue
Self-Management
CONSIDERATIONS FOR TREATMENT
Contractures
Recognising Comorbidities
Medications
Nonepileptic (Functional) Seizures and Physiotherapy
Adaptive Aids, Equipment and Environmental Modifications
Functional Motor Disorder and Falls
Treatment Intensity, Duration and Setting
Concluding Treatment
CONCLUSION
CASE STUDY
REFERENCES
CASE STUDY
3 - Specific Aspects ofManagement
17 - Self-Management
INTRODUCTION
SELF-MANAGEMENT: WHAT IS IT AND WHY NOW?
Defining Self-Management
Self-Management Is Not New
SELF-MANAGEMENT PROGRAMMES: THEORY AND RESEARCH
Understanding Responses to Neurological Disability
Social Cognitive Theory and Self-Efficacy – a Critical Factor in Self-Management
Stress Coping Model
Transtheoretical Model of Behaviour Change and Motivational Interviewing
Components of Self-Management Programmes
SELF-MANAGEMENT PROGRAMMES: THE EVIDENCE BASE FOR NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Adapting the Self-Management Approach to Neurological Conditions
Issues in Self-Management Research
Self-Management and Stroke
Measurement of Self-Management
SUPPORTING SELF-MANAGEMENT: PROVIDING INFORMATION ALONE IS NOT ENOUGH
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
18 - Virtual Rehabilitation: Virtual Reality and Interactive Gaming Technologies in Neurorehabilitation
INTRODUCTION
ROLE OF VIRTUAL REALITY TECHNOLOGIES IN NEUROLOGICAL REHABILITATION
VIRTUAL REALITY TECHNOLOGIES WITH POTENTIAL FOR USE IN THE REHABILITATION SETTING
Nintendo Wii and Nintendo Wii Fit
Microsoft Xbox with Kinect Sensor
PlayStation2 EyeToy, PlayStation3 Eye and PlayStation MOVE
Head-Mounted Displays
Smartphones, Tablets and Apps
Customised Software for Rehabilitation
Current Evidence
PRACTICAL TIPS FOR CHOOSING VIRTUAL REALITY TECHNOLOGIES
Choosing Technology
Choosing a Virtual Reality Task/Game
Client Considerations
Resources for Clinicians
CONCLUSION
CASE HISTORY
REFERENCES
19 - Falls and Their Management
INTRODUCTION
FALLS AND FALLING
Extent of the Problem
Causes of Falling
Consequences of Falling
ASSESSING PEOPLE WHO HAVE FALLEN
Interviewing Patients and Carers
Falls Diaries
Observing Fall-Related Activities
Video
Standard Tests and Outcome Measures
PREVENTING FALLS AND MANAGING PEOPLE WHO HAVE FALLEN
The Person at Risk for Falling
Exercise and Other Training Programmes
Continued Physical Activity
Movement Strategies
External Environment
Engagement With Fall Prevention
Not Every Fall is Preventable
EFFECTIVE FALLS SERVICES AND TEAMS
Service Models
A Multifactorial Approach
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
20 - Physical Activity and Exercise in Neurological Rehabilitation
NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Exercise
Fitness
Physical Activity, Exercise and Fitness in Long-Term Neurological Conditions
Considerations for Prescribing Neurological Conditions
Stage/Severity of Disease
Condition Progression
Neurological Symptoms
Likelihood of Secondary Conditions
Exercise Response/Recovery
ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING OF EXERCISE
Safety
International Classification of Function Model and Exercise, Physical Activity and Fitness
Assessment of Key Body Functioning Fitness Components
Assessment and Monitoring of Health
Monitoring Symptoms
Monitoring Participation, Health and Well-being
Monitoring Exercise and Physical Activity Levels
Wider Assessment
Exercise Prescription
Exercise Prescription Setting
Exercise Prescription Content
Limit to Capacity
Exercise Response and Recovery
Frequency
Intensity
Timing
Type
Reducing Sedentary Time
Barriers and Facilitators
Changing Behaviour
Conclusion
Summary of Exercise Prescription Guidance
REFERENCES
21 - Vestibular Rehabilitation
INTRODUCTION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE VESTIBULAR SYSTEM
VESTIBULAR OCULAR REFLEX AND VESTIBULOSPINAL REFLEX
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
PERIPHERAL DISORDERS
CENTRAL DISORDERS
Vestibular Migraine
PERSISTENT POSTURAL PERCEPTUAL DIZZINESS
DIAGNOSIS
MEDICAL AND SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
Ménière’s Disease
Persistent Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
Acoustic Neuromas
ASSESSMENT
Physical Impairments
Functional Ability
Outcome Measures
PROGNOSIS
INTERVENTIONS
Vestibular Paresis/Hypofunction
Balance and Gait Reeducation
Management of Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
Secondary Problems
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
Multidisciplinary Team
Specialist Centres and Support Groups
Support Groups
CONCLUSION
CASE STUDIES
Case 1: Peripheral Vestibular Neuritis
Case 2: Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
REFERENCES
22 - Pain Management
INTRODUCTION
Contemporary Views on Pain
Patient Experience of Pain
Types of Pain
Epidemiology of Pain Associated with Neurological Conditions
ANATOMY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PAIN
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
Musculoskeletal Pain
Neuropathic Pain
Peripheral Neuropathic Pain
Central Neuropathic Pain
Progressive Neurological Conditions
Multiple Sclerosis
Parkinson’s
Huntington’s Disease
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Motor Neurone Disease
Other Neurological Diseases
Central Nervous System Damage
Stroke
Traumatic Brain Injuries
Spinal Cord Injuries
DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT AND PROGNOSIS
Subjective Assessment
Red and Yellow Flags
Factors that Influence the Reliability of Subjective Pain Report
Objective Assessment
PRINCIPLES OF PAIN MANAGEMENT
Pharmacological Management of Pain
Surgical Management of Pain
Electrophysical Techniques
Manual Therapy
Physical Activity and Exercise
Splinting, Casting and Bracing
Invasive Electrical Stimulation Techniques
Noninvasive Electrical Brain Stimulation Techniques
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation
Acupuncture
Therapeutic Ultrasound
Thermal Therapies
Low-Level Laser Therapy
Visual Feedback, Motor Imagery and Body Illusions
Psychological Approaches
Self-Management
Setting Treatment Goals
Evaluating Response to Treatment
Strategies to Improve Treatment Effect
CONCLUSIONS
CASE STUDIES
Case 1: Diabetic Neuropathic Pain
Case 2: Phantom Limb Pain
REFERENCES
23 - Clinical Neuropsychology in Rehabilitation
INTRODUCTION
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
Cognitive Functions
Assessment of Emotional and Behavioural Adjustment
Affective and Mediating Factors
Assessment of Outcomes and Quality of Life
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS
Cognitive Interventions
Behavioural Interventions
Psychotherapy: Staff, Team and Organisational Support and Research
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
Age of Acquisition and Neuroplasticity
Focal Versus Diffuse
Acute Versus Chronic
Progressive Versus Static
Site and Lateralisation
Traumatic Brain Injury
Stroke
Hypoxic Brain Injury
Degenerative Conditions
Spinal Injuries
Neuropsychological Disorders of Movement
Apraxia
Neglect
Functional Disorders
PROCESS OF REHABILITATION
CONCLUSIONS
Psychological Adjustment
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
24 - Complex Case Management
INTRODUCTION
MUSCULOSKELETAL INTEGRATION IN NEUROLOGICAL UPPER LIMB APPROACH -MOVEMENT AND MUSCLE ACTIVATION OF THE SHOULDER COMPLEX AFTER STROKE: A MUSCULOSKELETAL VIEW ON POSTSTROKE SHOULDER ASSESSMENT AND REHABILITATION
Evaluation of the Shoulder Complex from a Musculoskeletal Viewpoint
Musculoskeletal Management of Shoulder Complex Dysfunctions After Stroke
Illustration by Means of a Case Presentation
Summary
SPASTICITY: WHEN AND HOW TO TREAT THE CLINICAL PROBLEM IN NEUROLOGICAL REHABILITATION
Upper Motor Neurone Syndrome
Spasticity
Principles of Management
Physical and Pharmacological Treatment
Evaluation of Outcome
Summary
ON THE ROAD WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS - CHALLENGES IN SCREENING, ASSESSMENT AND TRAINING OF DRIVING
Driving as an Important Instrumental Activity ofDaily Living
Aspects of the Driving Evaluation Process
Case Presentation
REFERENCES
Answers to Self-Assessment Questions
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 2
Sit to Stand
Rolling and Getting Out of Bed
Reach and Grasp
Posture and Balance
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 10
CHAPTER 11
Hereditary Ataxia
HSP (Henoch-Schonlein Purpura)
CHAPTER 13
CHAPTER 14
CHAPTER 15
CHAPTER 16
CHAPTER 17
CHAPTER 18
CHAPTER 19
CHAPTER 20
CHAPTER 21
CHAPTER 22
CHAPTER 23
CHAPTER 24
Abbreviations
INDEX
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
IBC