Disappearing Architecture: From Real to Virtual to Quantum 9783764376741

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gpEhiHpcl'upn with contributions by Michael Beigl Aaron Betsky Ole Bouman Neil Brown Ignacio Cirac Andrew Daley Dennis Del Favero David Deutsch Elizabeth Diller Winka Dubbeldam Georg Flachbart Monika Fleischmann Torsten Frohlich Dagan Gilat Sulan Kolatan Rolf Kruse William J. Mac Donald Holger Marten William J. Mitchell Kas Oosterhuis Hani Rashid Ivan Redi Andrea Schrottner Ricardo Scofidio Jeffrey Shaw Wolfgang Strauss Stuart A. Veech Tom Verebes Peter Weibel Peter Zoller

sdii-gEi tiM GE°ng Fiae^'ban*' and pQ>-er ujEibeL Birkhauser - Publishers for Architecture Basel • Boston • Berlin 3

Disappearing Architecture _From Real to Virtual to Quantum Editors Georg Flachbart and Peter Weibel Visual Concept and Design mind(21)factory for Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Design Stuttgart_Franl r u , r o ' r a | . i fofTseci froiii staialin wave iiii, vAie'V t^ft- p o t e a t i a i e n e r y y of ihe a ^ o a " f thr- iraeasf^v of t h e agaATliiN ;y^~te*n c a a 'j}Ah

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ii) Neutral Atoms Possible technology for quantum computing with neutral atoms is similar in spirit to ideas with ions. Unlike ions, though, neutral atoms must be stored in magnetic microtraps [11], or in traps formed from laser light. Perhaps the most experimentally advanced of these ideas is the use of Bose-Einstein condensates (a new state of matter in which all atoms exist in the same motional quantum state) as a dense source of cold atoms which can be loaded into arrays of microtraps formed from standing waves of laser light (see Fig. 7). These arrays are known as optical lattices, and work because the standing waves have maxima and minima in intensity, and, depending on the frequency of the light, the atoms will be pushed either towards the dark or the light spots in the standing waves. Moreover, if the traps are sufficiently deep, then repulsion between atoms can be used to arrange the atoms so that there is exactly one atom in every site of the lattice (Fig. 7), a state that can be improved by various filteringtechniques.This state was recently produced in a seminal experiment by Immanuel Bloch and his collaborators [12], and 71

Part One: The Infrastructure _i.2 Special Reports

cannot be simply addressed using tightly focussed laser beams because the separation between neighboring atoms (several hundred nanometers) is too small. Thus the requirement of individual qubit addressing is a difficult task to fulfil in this system.

laihcos can UP ^^nqin^^ered u^m^ luiiisio''^ bf^iAt-t*** the atom 5 thenisehe^ ri^-^e, tnt iaii t e pote ii'j^ i> hifte I ^oj oot* (|iiLil statf, '^o that ne^ci^bt^ ^lu iti

ciation in London, England, and received a Bachelor of

Germany, and a Master of Science in Architecture and Buil-

Architecture from Syracuse University, before obtaining a

ding Design from Columbia University, New York. Since

Master of Science in Architecture and Urban Design from

1990, she has been teaching at Columbia University's Gra-

Columbia Universit)', New York. He has taught at Columbia

duate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation.

University's Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and

In 2002/03, she was Acting Depart- ment Chair of Design

Preservation since 1985, where he was Director of the Post-

and Technology at the Technical University Darmstadt,

professional Design Program betw^een 1985 and 1988, and

Germany.

where he is currently Co-Director of the Master of Architecture Core Program. He and Sulan Kolatan are founding principals of KOL/MAC Studio New York (since 1988).

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Part Zero: The Architecture _o.2 Special Reports

198

Kolatan, Mac Donald: Impact of Network Logic on Space and its Making

199

IMPACT OF NETWORK LOGIC ON SPACE AND ITS MAKING KOL/MAC's digital design research has recently focused on two operative models: the chimera and co-citation mapping. A combination of these two models informs KOL/MAC's computational design methods based on network performance between heterogeneous systems. Currently, KOL/ MAC is employing these methods withthe addition of artificial intelligence to its dynamic software. Networks are represented as interrelated crowds of "intelligent agents" while heterogeneity is scripted as decision-making capacity in agents. This nonreductive approach allows the management of complexity in the design process, specifically through the "nature-ing" of agents and the "nurtureing" of relations. The scalable organizational patterns and performances are then transformed into final designs ranging from building membranes and mass-customized furniture to institutional and high rise projects. 200

AquaNet(work) Architecture is intellectually, methodologically and materially connected to other fields in ways never before imaginable. It is becoming a less pure and more composite discipline. Architectural processes are thus constitutionally affected by logics traditionally defined as lying outside the field. The shift from standard to non-standard approaches signifies above all a fundamental change in understanding and managing complexity, both in theory and practice. While the former approach uses a reductive logic with regard to systems and their constituent elements, the latter recognizes that the emergent-adaptive behavior of complex systems is more than the sum of its parts, and thus has to be examined as a whole. The complexity discourse encompasses network behavior of which we still know relatively little. It is becoming increasingly evident, nonetheless, that the hub-and-spoke metaphor

for connectivity is of limited use in understanding the kinds of connectivities that play a role in complex systems. In some fields, such as hypertext theory, this shortcoming has already been addressed. While early hypertextual diagrams relied heavily on the hub-and-spoke metaphor, more recently an alternative called "aquanets" is being explored. These are three dimensionally intersecting surfaces with resulting regions that are of more than one surface. Here, connection is constitutional, not a link. And the emphasis is on connection as an operative mode. Fig. i : (top) The Grand Egyptian Museum of Archeology (Competition 2002-03): Aerial overviemf of the museum's plateau with the pyramids' precinct in the background

Networked-ness in Eco-logic Recent fields of study have emerged such as Urban and Industrial Ecology. In both cases a non-standard paradigm is at work that is markedly different from the city and industry paradigms of the 19th and 20th centuries. Prompted by pathologies caused by both cities and industries conceived within the latter paradigm, these new fields are founded on the notion of increasing urban and industrial viability by employing the logic of ecosystems and natural lifecycles. Fig. 2: (bottom) Elevation view at one of the multiple entrances to the museum via the Administatiori Center and Visitor Cluster

Part Zero: The Architecture _o.2 Special Reports

Crucial as it is, the implication of an ecological paradigm goes far beyond the narrow question of problem-solving, however. This is not a return to earthier, simpler ways. Nor is it about balance. It is, in a very fundamental way, about the question What is natural? While nothing is purely natural any more, in that everything is affected by the presence of the man-made to some degree, everything \s in the process of becoming more naturalized. The ecological paradigm defines the workings of this naturalized world as "massive systematic transformations of materials" with "networks of actors doing the producing and consuming - or disposal - of materials and associated energy"[l]. Much of what makes ecosystems perform in the ways they do - what gives them

202

emergence, as it were - is a function of the networked-ness of its "actors." Architecture is systemically already linked to city and industry. On a macroscale a chimerical logic binds architecture into cultural, commercial and industrial ecology. It considers architecture in terms of product systems and related processes. Viewed in this way architecture is but one system organically interconnected with many others, such as artificial object-systems and infrastructures as well as natural ecosystems. With the increasing sophistication of emergent software and emergent materials it is possible to design cities, processes and architecture that together exhibit the qualities and behavior of naturalized systems.

Kolatan, Mac Donald: Impact of Network Logic on Space and its Making

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