Table of contents : Contents Notes on Contributors 1 Introduction: Making Culture in (Post) Socialist Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Xinjiang References 2 ‘The Kara Kirghiz Must Develop Separately’: Ishenaaly Arabaev (1881–1933) and His Project of the Kyrgyz Nation Ishenaaly Arabaev: Early Life and Intellectual Pursuits Recovery Efforts After the Revolt of 1916 The Alash Party Experience From Alash Orda to the Kyrgyz Mountain Oblast ‘The Kara Kyrgyz Must Develop Separately’: The Meeting on National Delimitation Conclusion 3 Liminal States: Personal Dreams and Performance in Kyrgyzstan During and After the Soviet Era Soviet Power Meets Artistic Expression in Mid-Twentieth Century Kyrgyzstan 4 Epic Performances in Central Asia Introduction: The Manas Epic as a Cultural Form Soviet Cultural Reform The Cultural Form of Manas Performance as a Cultural Form Kyrgyz National Theatre Osh Uzbek Theatre Conclusion: Manas as an Interweaving Text References 5 Poets of the People: Learning to Make Culture in Kazakhstan Poets’ Coming-Into-Being Language and Ideology Poetry for the People Regional Schools and Offices of Cultural Affairs (Post) Colonial Audience: Aitys Goes to Moscow Conclusion References 6 Lament in an Affluent Era: Cultural Politics of Kazakh Life Cycle Songs in Xinjiang Introduction Weddings as a Cultural Economy Politics of Nostalgia in the Wedding Space Gender of Memory, Trauma of Revolution Memory, Place, and Elegy under Chinese Development Conclusion References 7 Conclusion: Interweaving Texts References Index