Creating a common polity: religion, economy, and politics in the making of the Greek koinon 9780520290839, 9780520953932, 9780520272507

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The Joan Palevsky = Imprint in Classical Literature

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In honor of beloved Virgil —

“O degli altri poeti onore e lume...” — Dante, Inferno

The publisher gratefully acknowledges the generous support of the Classical Literature Endowment Fund of the University of California Press Foundation, which was established by a major gift from Joan Palevsky. The publisher also thanks the following for generous contributions to this book: The Loeb Classical Library Foundation The Committee on Research, University of California, Berkeley The Abigail Reynolds Hodgen Publication Fund in the Social Sciences at University of California, Berkeley

Creating a Common Polity

HELLENISTIC CULTURE AND SOCIETY General Editors: Anthony W. Bulloch, Erich S. Gruen, A.A. Long, and Andrew EF. Stewart

I. Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age, by Peter Green

Il. Hellenism in the East: The Interaction of Greek and Non-Greek Civilizations from Syria to Central Asia after Alexander, edited by Amélie Kuhrt and Susan Sherwin-White Ill. The Question of “Eclecticism’: Studies in Later Greek Philosophy, edited by J. M. Dillon and A. A. Long

IV. Antigonos the One-Eyed and the Creation of the Hellenistic State, by Richard A. Billows

V. A History of Macedonia, by R. Malcolm Errington, translated by Catherine Errington VI. Attic Letter-Cutters of 229 to 86 B.c., by Stephen V. Tracy VIL. The Vanished Library: A Wonder of the Ancient World, by Luciano Canfora

VIII. Hellenistic Philosophy of Mind, by Julia E. Annas IX. Hellenistic History and Culture, edited by Peter Green X. The Best of the Argonauts: The Redefinition of the Epic Hero in Book One of Apolloniuss Argonautica, by James J. Clauss XI. Faces of Power: Alexander’s Image and Hellenistic Politics, by Andrew Stewart XII. Images and Ideologies: Self-definition in the Hellenistic World, edited by Anthony W. Bulloch, Erich S. Gruen, A. A. Long, and Andrew Stewart

XIII. From Samarkhand to Sardis: A New Approach to the Seleucid Empire, by Susan Sherwin-White and Amélie Kuhrt XIV. Regionalism and Change in the Economy of Independent Delos, 314-167 B.c., by Gary Reger XV. Hegemony to Empire: The Development of the Roman Imperium in the East from 148 to 62 B.c., by Robert Kallet-Marx

XVI. Moral Vision in The Histories of Polybius, by Arthur M. Eckstein XVII. The Hellenistic Settlements in Europe, the Islands, and Asia Minor, by Getzel M. Cohen XVIII. Interstate Arbitrations in the Greek World, 337-90 B.c., by Sheila L. Ager XIX. Theocrituss Urban Mimes: Mobility, Gender, and Patronage, by Joan B. Burton XX. Athenian Democracy in Transition: Attic Letter-Cutters of 340 to 290 B.c., by Stephen V. Tracy

XXI. Pseudo-Hecataeus, “On the Jews”: Legitimizing the Jewish Diaspora, by Bezalel Bar-Kochva XXII. Asylia: Territorial Inviolability in the Hellenistic World, by Kent J. Rigsby

XXII. The Cynics: The Cynic Movement in Antiquity and Its Legacy, edited by R. Bracht Branham and Marie-Odile Goulet-Cazé XXIV. The Politics of Plunder: Aitolians and Their Koinon in the Early Hellenistic Era, 279-217 B.C., by Joseph B. Scholten

XXV. The Argonautika, by Apollonios Rhodios, translated, with introduction, commentary, and glossary, by Peter Green XXVI. Hellenistic Constructs: Essays in Culture, History, and Historiography, edited by Paul Cartledge, Peter Garnsey, and Erich S$. Gruen XXVII. Josephuss Interpretation of the Bible, by Louis H. Feldman XXVIII. Poetic Garlands: Hellenistic Epigrams in Context, by Kathryn J. Gutzwiller XXIX. Religion in Hellenistic Athens, by Jon D. Mikalson

XXX. Heritage and Hellenism: The Reinvention of Jewish Tradition, by Erich S. Gruen XXXI. The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties, by Shaye D. Cohen

XXXII. Thundering Zeus: The Making of Hellenistic Bactria, by Frank L. Holt XXXII. Jews in the Mediterranean Diaspora: From Alexander to Trajan (323 B.C.E.-117 C.E.), by John M.G. Barclay XXXIV. From Pergamon to Sperlonga: Sculpture and Context, edited by Nancy 'T. de Grummond and Brunilde S. Ridgway XXXV. Polyeideia: ‘The lambi of Callimachus and the Archaic lambic Tradition, by Benjamin Acosta-Hughes XXXVI. Stoic Studies, by A. A. Long

XXXVI. Seeing Double: Intercultural Poetics in Ptolemaic Alexandria, by Susan A. Stephens XXXVUI. Athens and Macedon: Attic Letter-Cutters of 300 to 229 B.c., by Stephen V. ‘lracy

XXXIX. Encomium of Ptolemy Philadelphus, by Theocritus, translated with an introduction and commentary by Richard Hunter XL. The Making of Fornication: Eros, Ethics, and Political Reform in Greek Philosophy and Early Christianity, by Kathy L. Gaca XLI. Cultural Politics in Polybius’s Histories, by Craige B. Champion

XLII. Cleomedes’ Lectures on Astronomy: A Translation of The Heavens, with an introduction and commentary by Alan C. Bowen and Robert B. ‘todd XLII. Historical Fictions and Hellenistic Jewish Identity: Third Maccabees in Its Cultural Context, by Sara Raup Johnson XLIV. Alexander the Great and the Mystery of the Elephant Medallions, by Frank L. Holt XLV. The Horse and Jockey from Artemision: A Bronze Equestrian Monument of the Hellenistic Period, by Sean Hemingway XLVI. The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa, by Getzel M.

Cohen XLVI. Into the Land of Bones: Alexander the Great in Afghanistan, by Frank L. Holt

XLVI. Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War, and the Rise of Rome, by Arthur M. Eckstein XLIX. Hellenistic Egypt: Monarchy, Society, Economy, Culture, by Jean Bingen, edited and introduced by Roger S. Bagnall L. Jewish Perspectives on Hellenistic Rulers, edited by Tessa Rajak, Sarah Pearce, James

Aitken, and Jennifer Dines LI. The Image of the Jews in Greek Literature: The Hellenistic Period, by Bezalel Bar-Kochva

LI. From Alexander to Jesus, by Ory Amitay LIL. The Lost World of the Golden King: In Search of Ancient Afghanistan, by Frank L. Holt

LIV. The Hellenistic Settlements in the East from Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India, by Getzel M. Cohen LV. Creating a Common Polity: Religion, Economy, and Politics in the Making of the Greek Koinon, by Emily Mackil

Creating a Common Polity Religion, Economy, and Politics in the Making of the Greek Koinon

Emily Mackil

-3 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley Los Angeles London

University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu. University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 2013 by The Regents of the University of California

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mackil, Emily Maureen. Creating a common polity : religion, economy, and politics in the making of the Greek koinon / Emily Mackil. p. cm. — (Hellenistic culture and society; 55) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-520-27250-7 (cloth, alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-520-95393-2

(ebook) 1. Greece—Politics and government—‘lo 146 B.c 2. City-states—

Greece—History. 3. Religion and state—Greece—History. |. Title. JC73.M337 2013

320.938—dc23 2012012446 Manufactured in the United States of America

22> Ol. Boo 1G: te. Te- AG “ae TA. is

10-0: “8, -F: Be 25. Sa “Se In keeping with its commitment to support environmentally responsible and sustainable printing practices, UC Press has printed this book on Cascades Enviro 100, a 100% post-consumer waste, recycled, de-inked fiber. FSC recycled certified and processed chlorine-tree. It is acid-free, Ecologo-certified, and manufactured by BioGas energy.

For Max

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CONTENTS

Preface xi Abbreviations xV Maps xvii Introduction 1 Institutions 10 An Example 13

Strategies Old and New 2

A Road Map 15

Boiotia 22 Achaia 46 Aitolia 52 2. The Fourth Century 58

PART I. COOPERATION, COMPETITION, AND COERCION: A NARRATIVE HISTORY

1. ‘The Archaic Period and the Fifth Century 21

Common Wars, Common Peaces, Common Polities, 404-371 58 Theban Hegemony and the Hegemony of the Koinon, 371-346 71

A New Macedonian Order, 346-323 85

3. ‘The Hellenistic Period 91 Mainland Greece and the Wars of the Successors, 323-285 91

Independence and Expansion, 284-245 98

X CONTENTS

Shifting Alliances, 245-229 103 The Roman Entrance and the War against Kleomenes, 229-222 108

The Rise of Philip V and the Social War, 221-217 116 The First and Second Macedonian Wars: Rome, Aitolia, and Philip V, 215-196 122

Cooperation, 196-167 128

The Freedom of the Greeks and the Dismantling of Regional

Bargaining with Rome, the Struggle for Sparta, and the End of

the Achaian Koinon, 167-146 139

PART II. INTERACTIONS AND INSTITUTIONS

4. Cultic Communities 147

Building Regional Communities 157 Politicizing Regional Communities 184 Legitimating and Celebrating the Power of the Koinon 206

Reproducing the Power of the Koinon 215

5. Economic Communities ee We Cooperative Coinage and Early Forms of Economic Cooperation 247

Protecting and Promoting Economic Mobility 255 Resource Complementarity and Economic Interdependence 264

Winning the Battle for Resources 284

Taxation and Regional State Revenues 289

Managing Economic Crises and Disputes 304

6. Political Communities 326 Coercion and Cooperation in the Formation of the Koinon 330

The Terms of the Federal Compromise 346

Conclusion 400

Enforcement, Negotiation, and Institutional Stability 390

Appendix: Epigraphic Dossier 409

I. Boiotia: T1-T33 410 II. Achaia: T34-T46 453

UI. Aitolia: T47-T61 482

Bibliography Index of Subjects505 559 Index Locorum 587

PREFACE

This book trades in a currency that is not widely accepted beyond the relatively small scholarly circle of classicists, ancient historians, and Greek epigraphers. Yet in the course of writing it I have learned a great deal from work done in fields well beyond theirs, including geography, economics, political science, anthropology, and sociology. I have therefore attempted to write in such a way as to keep my account accessible to the interested nonspecialist, in the hope that the intellectual exchange may be reciprocal. At the same time, the full scholarly apparatus of ancient historical research, especially that based in ancient documents, has been retained in the notes and above all in the appended epigraphic dossier, which collects, translates, and comments upon sixty-one Greek inscriptions of particular relevance to the argument that is sustained over the course of this book. I hope that, in offering this book for exchange with specialists and nonspecialists alike, I have not unwittingly debased my currency with both. It is with a view to accessibility beyond classical circles that all Greek is translit-

erated (except in the epigraphic dossier), according to what I readily admit is a somewhat arbitrary system. I have preferred the Greek to the Latin system of transliteration, except where the result is an offense to normal English usage. So, for example, Achaia, Aitolia, Boiotia, Orchomenos, and Polybios are as close as possible to the Greek spelling, but Athens, Attica, Carthage, Cassander, Corinth, Crete, Macedonia, Thebes, and Thucydides are preferred over Athenai, Attike, Karchedon, Kassandros, Korinthos, Krete, Makedonia, Thebai, and Thoukydides, against which my spirit simply rebels. The abbreviations of ancient authors and texts are in general those given in The Oxford Classical Dictionary, third edition (OCD*), occasionally with familiar Xl

Xi PREFACE variations; and references to secondary scholarship generally take the form of author-date citations, but abbreviated references have often been more convenient. For full details, see the headnote to the list of abbreviations used in this book.

This book has been more than a decade in the making, during the course of

which time I have incurred significant debts. It is a great pleasure now to acknowledge them. Josiah Ober, who supervised the 2003 Princeton PhD dissertation to which this book is distantly related, has been an invaluable interlocutor, reader, critic, and friend. Nicholas Purcell, my first teacher of ancient history in Oxford, was also a member of the Princeton dissertation committee, and though he has not read a draft of this book and will, I am sure, not agree with everything I say here, the lessons I have learned from him, in tutorials, conversations, and print, have left their imprint on every page. Simon Hornblower, my tutor in Greek history in Oxford, first awakened my interest in the subject of Greek federal states by posing a question that I found impossible to answer in a tutorial essay. The University of California, Berkeley, has been my academic home during the entire period of writing this book. Here I have been blessed with wonderful colleagues who have been cheerful discussants, critical readers, and friends: Susanna Elm, Erich Gruen, Leslie Kurke, Maureen Miller, Carlos Norenfa, Michael Nylan,

Nikolaos Papazarkadas, Andrew Stewart, and Ronald Stroud. Mary Elizabeth Berry has offered support and guidance of a different and invaluable kind. Three Berkeley graduate students—Eric Driscoll, John Lanier, and Michael Laughy— offered research assistance and saved me countless hours and the commission of innumerable mistakes. I have learned much from the comments and questions of Ryan Boehm, Lisa Eberle, Noah Kaye, and Joel Rygorsky, Berkeley graduate students with whom I have had the privilege to work closely. Their challenges and observations have significantly improved some of the ideas and arguments I have presented. Many friends and colleagues beyond Berkeley have read and commented on one or more chapters of the book: Lisa Kallet, Barbara Kowalzig, Jack Kroll, Josh Ober, Gary Reger, Peter van Alfen, and Barry Weingast. Athanasios Rizakis has been a stimulating interlocutor on all things Achaian and has generously shared his unpublished work with me. The curatorial staff at the American Numismatic Society, above all Peter van Alfen and Ute Wartenberg Kagan, have welcomed me on repeated visits and generously made their holdings available to me for study. I am grateful to them also for permission to reproduce on the cover a photograph of an Achaian coin in their collection. Some of the ideas and arguments of this book were presented in papers delivered at the American School of Classical Studies in Athens, Princeton University,

the University of California, Berkeley, Stanford University, the University of Toronto, the University of Oxford, and the Westfalische Wilhelms- Universitat

PREFACE X1il

Minster, as well as at two annual meetings of the Association of Ancient Historians. I am grateful to the hosts who invited me and the audiences who, on all these occasions, offered comments and criticism. I express my profound and humble thanks to all, and absolve everyone but myself of responsibility for the errors and missteps that inevitably remain.

Thanks for financial support in the form of research leaves are due to the Department of History, the Townsend Center for the Humanities, and the Committee on Research, all of the University of California, Berkeley. A grant from the Loeb Classical Library Foundation contributed to an uninterrupted one-year sabbatical during which major portions of the book were written. Research travel was funded by a summer stipend from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Aleshire Center for the Study of Greek Epigraphy at Berkeley. An early stage of my work in Greece was generously supported by the Fulbright Foundation and a Whiting Honorific Fellowship in the Humanities from Princeton University. Erich Gruen first encouraged me to submit my book for consideration as part of the series Hellenistic Culture and Society published by the University of Califor-

nia Press. I owe him thanks not only because it is a privilege to see it become a part of this estimable series but also because everyone involved with the process at the Press has been so tremendously helpful. Alain Bresson and Jeremy MclInerney took on the task of reviewing a massive manuscript for the University of California Press, and for their thoughtful and detailed comments and criticisms I am deeply grateful. Their suggestions have made this a much better book. My editor at U.C. Press, Eric Schmidt, has been unfailingly helpful and patient with an overly ambitious first-time author. His good advice and tireless advocacy at every stage are deeply appreciated. The work of Paul Psoinos, a meticulous and indefatigable copyeditor, has saved me from innumerable blunders. Cindy Fulton ushered the book through production carefully and thoughtfully. Iam most grateful to Roberta Engleman for preparing the index and to Eric Driscoll for assistance with the proofreading. Subventions to meet the high cost of publishing a book of this size and complexity were generously granted by the Abigail Reynolds Hodgen

Publication Fund and the Committee on Research, both of the University of California, Berkeley, and by the Loeb Classical Library Foundation.

My family never stopped offering encouragement, although they may have begun to believe that the project would never reach its completion, and whether they realized it or not, the regular queries about progress helped to keep me on track. My daughter, Lydia, has been an incomparably enlivening and enlightening companion since the day of her arrival. My husband, Max Christoff, has lived with this project virtually since its inception, listening patiently as I tried to work out innumerable problems and bearing the inevitable ups and downs with alacrity and good humor. It is in gratitude for all this and much more that I dedicate the book to him.

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ABBREVIATIONS

Throughout this book’s footnotes and bibliography, the abbreviations used for the names of ancient authors and the titles of their works are in general those shown

in the frontmatter list in Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth, eds., The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd edition (OCD’*: Oxford, 2003), supplemented where necessary by the corresponding list in Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, and Henry Stuart Jones, eds., A Greek-English Lexicon, 9th edition (abbreviated LSJ: Oxford, 1996). Abbreviations used for the titles of modern works of scholarship or reference, or both, and for the titles of scholarly periodicals, are in general those given by LAnnée philologique. Apart from these, the abbreviations listed below are used in this book.

AAA Apxatordoyica Avarexta e& AOnvav ANM National Archaeological Museum, Athens, inventory

ANS American Numismatic Society ArchZeit Archaeologische Zeitung Arist. Frag. Var. Aristotle, Fragmenta Varia

Barr. Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, edited by R.J. A. Talbert (Princeton, 2000)

BE Bulletin épigraphique, published annually in Revue des études grecques BMC Peloponnese Percy Gardner, Catalogue of Greek Coins in the British Museum: Peloponnese (London, 1887)

BNJ Brills New Jacoby, edited by Ian Worthington (Leiden, 2006) XV

xvi ABBREVIATIONS

BNP Brills New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World, edited by Hubert Cancik, Helmuth Schneider, and Christine F. Salazar. 15 vols. (Leiden, 2006)

CID Corpus des inscriptions de Delphes (Paris, 1977-2002)

comm. commentary

ed. pr. editio princeps FDelph Fouilles de Delphes (Paris, 1902-2003)

i oer. fragment, fragments

IGCH Inventory of Greek Coin Hoards, edited by Margaret Thompson, Otto Merkholm, and Colin M. Kraay (New York, 1973)

IPArk Gerhard Thiir and Hans Taeuber, Prozessrechtliche Inschriften der griechischen Poleis: Arkadien (Vienna, 1994)

ISE Luigi Moretti, Iscrizioni storiche ellenistiche (Florence, 1967-2003)

IThesp Paul Roesch, Les inscriptions de Thespies, edited by Gilbert Argoud, Albert Schachter, and Guy Vottéro (Lyon, 2007). (http://www.hisoma.mom.fr/thespies.html)

Milet 1.3 Georg Kawerau and Albert Rehm, Das Delphinion in Milet. Volume 3 of Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen und Untersuchungen seit dem Jahre 1899 (Berlin, 1914)

Milet V1.1 Albert Rehm, Inschriften von Milet, Teil 1: Inschriften n. 187-406 (Nachdruck aus den Banden I.5-I1.3), with contributions by Hermann Dessau and Peter Herrmann (Berlin, 1997)

ML Russell Meiggs and David M. Lewis, A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions to the End of the Fifth Century B.c. Revised edition (Oxford, 1988)

NCIG Institut Fernand-Courby, Nouveau choix d’inscriptions grecques (Paris, 2005)

RO Peter J. Rhodes and Robin Osborne, Greek Historical Inscriptions, 404-323 (Oxford, 2003)

p2 scholia SNG Cop. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum: The Royal Collection of Coins and Medals, Danish National Museum (Copenhagen, 1942-79)

SNG Delep. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum: France, Bibliotheque nationale, Cabinet des médailles, Collection Jean et Marie Delepierre (Paris, 1983-)

Staatsvertrage Herrmann Bengston and Hatto H. Schmitt, Die Staatsvertrdge des Altertums (Munich, 1960-69)

MAPS

Full-color, high-quality versions of these maps may be downloaded from the book's permanent website: http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520272507.

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Hiller 29 [t]ixov. ypappate[vc Hiller 30 [K]Aevo[9]é[vnc] ‘Pun[atoc Hiller (vestigia dubia; fortasse) 31-36 All printed restorations are Hiller’ God. Good fortune. The Achaian lawgivers establish this law regarding Hygieia. The representative of Epidauros was Archelochos son of Timais; of Hermione, Amphainetos

470 APPENDIX son of Mnamon; of Argos, Lysippos son of Damokritos, Timokrates son of Timon, and Philodamos son of Philarchos; of Kleonai, Nikias son of Xenokles; of Sikyon, Dexias son of Dexis and Pythokles son of Pythodoros; of Phleious, Archeas son of Euteleidas; of

Pheneos, Pantainetos son of Diophanes; of Pellene, Aischylos son of Archimedes; of Boura, Diphilos son of Damokrates; of Aigion, Teisias son of Echekrates and Neolaidas;

of Patrai, Aganoridas son of Timanoridas; of Dyme, Thyion son of Lykon and Samophanes son of Theuxenos; of Pharai, Xenon son of Satyros; of Tritaia, Aristeas son of Aristes; of Lousoi, Akragas son of Kleis; of Megalopolis, Pyrranthos son of Hieronymos, Lysimachos son of Lysip[os], and Kallidamos son of Kallima[chos]; of Ascheion, Aristobou[los son of Leontlichos. The secretarly... |leus[i].... Let [the priests of] Ask-

lepios [sa]crifice to Hygiei[a] at the festival a cow ... and bu[rn] the skin. Let [the priests] of As[klepios] [pre]side [over all the] sacrifices.

This text provides important evidence for the manner in which member cities of the Achaian koinon were represented on the board of lawgivers. Swoboda 1922: 521-22 suggested that the cities sent representatives in proportion to their population. Aymard 1938: 383-84 observes, however, that the pattern of representation shown by the text does not seem to map onto what we know about the relative populations of the cities involved at this time, proposing instead that individuals were elected to the college from the entire citizen population of the koinon, regardless of their city of origin. This was accepted by both Larsen 1955: 217 n. 22 (cf. Larsen 1968: 231) and Moretti 1967-76: vol. I no. 48 but has since been challenged. Lehmann 1983a: 245-46 (cf. Lehmann 2000: 82-89) observed that the college as here composed preserves perfect parity between the large and medium cities on the one hand, which sent three and two representatives, respectively (12 representatives total), and the small cities on the other, which sent only one (12 representatives total). Like Lehmann, Gschnitzer 1985 returns to Swobodas argument, taking the list as indicative of patterns of representation based on polis size. Corsten 1999: 170-72 suggests that because some communities known to have been members of the koinon are not listed, they probably took turns with those communities represented in this list by a single representative, in the same way that the aphedriates and boiotarchs (and on one occasion hostages) were sent in the Hellenistic Boiotian koinon. While noting that Corsten’s hypothesis is not supported by any conclusive evidence, Rizakis 2003: 106 confesses sympathy with his solution. See above, p. 379, for further discussion.

The text must postdate the entry of Epidauros to the koinon in 243 and of Argos, Hermione, and Phleious to the koinon in 229/8. Gschnitzer 1985: 112-16 argues, from the pattern of representatives indicated by the text and what we know from external sources about the membership of different cities in the koinon, that the law must have been passed between 210, when the Achaians lost Aigina to the Aitolians (Polyb. 9.42.5-8), and 207, when Tegea rejoined the koinon (Polyb. 11.18.8); for both these poleis were large enough that we would have expected

ACHAIA: T41-T42 471 them to be represented if they were then members of the koinon. The lower date is accepted by Corsten 1999: 171. A fragmentary inscription recently found at Aigion (144) is probably another law of the Achaian nomographoi. 42. The Achaian Koinon Grants Proxeny to Hostages from Boiotia and Phokis

Copied at Aigion (then Vostizza) by Cyriac of Ancona. Now lost. Ca. 228-224 BCE.

Dittenberger Syl? 519, based on Cyriac; some new readings proposed by Knoepfler 2004. gdoge TAt KoLVat Ayat@v- Tolc Oppols TOV

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awal evepyétaic didotat. eri Sapwop[y@v - - —]nya Bov-

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Resolved by the koinon of the Achaians to grant to the hostages of the Boiotians and

Phokians proxeny, to them and their descendants, Eudamos son of Brychon of Plataia, Archeas son of Olympion of Tanagra, Aristomenes son of Meilichos of Oropos, Apollodoros son of Asklepiodoros of Koroneia, Akrotatos son of Hismenodoros of Thebes, Rhodon son of Timokrates of Haliartos, Aristion son of Kallippidos of Orchomenos, Nikeas son of Korrinados of Thespiai, Klearetos son of Antileon of Phanoteus, Leontiades son of Nikoboulos of Elateia. Let them have ateleia and asylia, in war and peace, by land and by sea, and all the other things that are given to other proxenoi and benefactors. The damior|goi were . . ./egas of Boura, Nikandris [. . .]

Hostages. The practice of taking hostages to secure the clauses of a treaty between Athens and Chalkis (JG IP 40) is discussed by Garlan 1965: 332-38, though no refer-

ence is made to the Achaian koinon decree, apparently the only other epigraphic attestation of the practice. Hostage-taking practices in Greece are discussed by Aymard 1967: 418-35, focusing in particular on Philip II's stay at Thebes. Amit 1970 studies the phenomenon in the classical period. Roesch (1965b: 104, 139) notes the connection between the cities represented by these hostages and the representation

of boiotarchs and aphedriates in the same period and takes this text as support for

472 APPENDIX his argument that there were two ranks of cities in Hellenistic Boiotia. Knoepfler 2000: 362 compares the pattern of representation to that attested by the aphedriate inscriptions (T16-T25) and the one complete list of boiotarchs of the third century that identifies the individuals also by their city ethnic (T26), drawing the conclusion that they are district, not polis, representatives. Knoepfler 2004 resumes the same argument and through prosopographic links demonstrates that the men who served as hostages in this decree were all elites in their own communities, themselves involved in politics, high-profile lending, civic benefaction, and service in priesthoods, or coming from families in which such activities are attested. Date. Holleaux 1938-68: I.94-95 places the document in the late third or early second century on grounds of prosopography. Hiller von Gaertringen in the note to Syll.’ 519 first suggested that the decree should be associated with the rapprochement between Achaia and Boiotia (inter alia) in 224 in an attempt to combat the threat of Kleomenes; cf. Treves 1934: 407. M. Feyel 1942b: 124-25 suggested that it should be associated with the Phokian-Boiotian alliance (T28) and early resistance to Kleomenes, between summer 228 and winter 227/6, and interpreted Phokian participation as a sign that they feared being attacked by the Aitolians after having been detached from their league by Antigonos. In 228/7 Kleomenes first began

attacking Peloponnesian towns that were part of the Achaian koinon (Polyb. 2.46.2; see above, p. 110), and it would make sense to place the alliance implied by

this document in that year, because the Phokian-Boiotian alliance of 228 would explain why both koina participated in the alliance with Achaia. 43. Honorary Decree of Elateia for the City of Stymphalos

Found at Kionia, northwest of Lake Stymphalos, in 1947. Now in the Epigraphical Museum, Athens, inv. 13053. Ca. 189-186 BCE. Ed.pr. Mitsos 1946-47 (SEG 11.1107). Accame 1949 publishes a new text based on

squeezes and photographs, with translation and commentary. Maier 1959-61: 1132-36 no. 30 produces a new edition incorporating a number of new readings, with commentary; Moretti 1967-76: vol. I no. 55, with translation, bases his text on Maier but includes several different restorations (SEG 25.445, with several improved readings from Klaffenbach 1968; Garlan 1969: 159-60; Michaud 1974b: 275-76; Lehmann 1999: 79-81; AEph 1999.1470). *Thiir and Taeuber 1994: 252-60 no. 18.

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