Contributions Toward a History of Arabico-Gothic Culture 9781463208219

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CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD A HISTORY OF ARABICO-GOTHIC CULTURE

VOLUME

II

CONTRIBUTIONS

TOWARD

HISTORY OF

ARABICO-GOTHIC CULTURE VOLUME II

By LEO WIENER PROFESSOR OF S L A V I C L A N G U A G E S A N D L I T E R A T U R E S A T H A R V A R D U N I V E R S I T Y ; A U T H O R OF " A C O M M E N T A R Y TO T H E G E R M A N I C L A W S A N D M E D I A E V A L D O C U M E N T S , " " H I S T O R Y OF Y I D D I S H L I T E R A T U R E , " " H I S T O R Y OF T H E C O N T E M P O R A R Y R U S S I A N D R A M A , " " A N T H O L O G Y OF R U S S I A N L I T E R A T U R E , " " I N T E R P R E T A T I O N OF T H E R U S S I A N P E O P L E ; " T R A N S L A T O R OF T H E W O R K S OF T O L S T O Y ; CONTRIBUTOR TO G E R M A N , R U S S I A N , FRENCH, ENGLISH, AND AMERICAN PHILOLOGICAL P E R I O D I C A L S , ETC., ETC.

gli

M GORGIAS PRESS 2002

First Gorgias Press Edition, 2002. The special contents of this edition are copyright €> 2002 by Gorgias Press LLC. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States of America by Gorgias Press LLC, New Jersey. This edition is a facsimile reprint of the original edition published by the Neale Publishing Company, New York, 1917-1921.

ISBN ISBN ISBN ISBN

1-931956-64-2 1-931956-96-0 1-931956-97-9 1-931956-98-7

(Volume (Volume (Volume (Volume

1) 2) 3) 4)

ÖP GORGIAS PRESS

46 Orris Ave., Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA www.gorgiaspress.com

Printed and bound simultaneously in the United States of America and Great Britain.

T A B L E O F CONTENTS I. II.

FOREWORD

vii-viii

S O U R C E S QUOTED

ix-xii

III.

T H E L E T T E R TO T H E GOTHS

1-106

IV.

JEROME'S TECHNIQUE

107-227

CAROLING IAN P L A G I A R I S M

228-261

T H E SYRIO-LATIN T E X T S

262-330

V. VI.

( a ) The Text of Johannes Scottus ( b ) Codex

Veronensis

272-284

( c ) Codex

Corbcicnsis

284-295

( d ) Codex Vereellensis

and Cod^x Moncicensis

( e ) Codex Bezae VII. VIII.

262-271

-

295-311 312-330

GERMANIC GHOST W O R D S

331-386

INDEX

387-400

FOREWORD. The present volume contains the Prolegomena to a work on the Arabic element in the Germanic languages which is in preparation. It attempts to remove the rubbish of ages which has accumulated in palaeography, Bible criticism, history, and philology, and which has been hiding the truth underneath it. The first chapter clears up the mystery of the Letter to the Goths, heretofore ascribed without a shadow of a doubt to Jerome. . To accomplish this task successfully it became necessary to investigate Jerome's technique in his translations of the Psalter and his habit of quoting from the Bible. The result of this investigation appears in the second chapter. It also had to be shown that Carolingian scholarship indulged without a blush in plagiarism and forgery based on Jerome's text, and this was shown in the procedure of one of the best men of his time, Paschasius Radbertus. The fourth chapter deals with the important subject of the Western or Syrio-Latin texts of the Gospels, and it is shown that no Western rite had ever existed, that the texts ascribed to that rite and to the fourth and fifth centuries were all in reality written in the eighth and ninth centuries, and that their Syriacism was due to the Syrio-Arabic influence upon Spanish scholarship as developed in France. Here I touch on but a very small amount of the material available to me. A fuller treatment must be left to a host of prospective Ph.D's, who can follow out ad libitum my discovery and suggestion of method.

viii

HISTORY OF ARABICO-GOTHIC CULTURE

In the fifth chapter I treat the much neglected subject of ghost words in the Germanic languages. Here, too, I have been able to avail myself of but a small part of the material already known to me. I shall return to it at a later time. I must here reiterate my warm thanks to Mr. John B. Stetson, Jr., without whose substantial aid and sympathy this work would have been delayed for many years. T H E AUTHOR.

SOURCES QUOTED Amelli, A. M.

Arevalo, F. Beer, R. BeneSevió, V.

Berger, S. Bianchini. Buchanan, E. S. Buchanan, E. S.

Liber Psalmorum iuxta antiquissimam latinanj versionem nunc primum ex Casinensi Cod. 557, in Collectanea biblica latina cura et studio monachorum S. Benedirti, voi. I. M. Aureli Clementis Prudenti Carmina, voi. II, Romae 1789. Isidori Etymologiae, Codex Toletanus (nunc MatriteDsis) 15, 8, Lugduni Batavorum 1909. Catalogus codicum manuscriptorum graecorum qui in monasterio sanctae Catharinae in Monte Sina asservantur, vol. I, Petropoli 1911. Histoire de la Vulgate pendant les premiers siècles du moyen iige, Paris 1893. Evangeliarium quadruplex, vols. I-IV. The Pour Gospels from the Codex Corbeiensis, Oxford 1907, in Old-Latin Biblical Texts, No. IV. The Four Gospels from the Codex Veronensis, Oxford 1911, in Old-Latin Biblical Texts, No. VI.

Capelle, P.

Le texte du psautier latin en Afrique, in Collectanea biblica latina cura et studio monachorum S. Benedicti, vol. IV, Rome 1913. Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis..sumptibus academiae phototypice repraesentatus, 2 vols., Cambridge 1899. Codex Justinianus. Côrtes de los antiguos reinos de Aragon y de Valencia y Principado de Cataluna, vol. I, Madrid 1896. Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum latinorum, vols. LIV, LV, LIX. Deüsle, L. Ducange.

Les Bibles de Théodulphe, in Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Chartes, vol. XL. Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis, ed. Léopold Favre, Niort 1883-1887.

Earle, J.

A Hand-Book to the Land-Charters and other Saxonic Documents, Oxford 1888. Erizzo, F. M. Evangeliarium hierosolymitanum, Veronae 1861. Espana sagrada, vol. XVIII, Madrid 1864. Facsimiles of Ancient Charters in the British Museum, 1873, Part I.

ix

X

HISTORY OF ARABICO-GOTHIC CULTURE

Fleischer.

Beschreibung der von Prof. Dr. Tischendorf im J. 1853 aus dem Morgenlande zurückgebrachten christlich-arabischen Handschriften, in Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft, vol. VIII.

Gasquet, A.

Codex Vercellensis, Romae 1914, in Collectanea biblica latina cura et studio monachorum ord. S. Benedicti, vol. III. Corpus glossariorum latinorum. Althochdeutscher Sprachschatz, Berlin 18341842. Diutiska, vol. I, Stuttgart and Tübingen 1826. Polyptyque de l'abbé Irminon. vol. I, Paris 1844 Polyptyque de l'abbaye de St.-Remi de Reims, Paris 1853. Le traduzioni degli Evangeli in arabo e in etiopico, Roma 1888, in Atti della R. Accademia dei Lincie, serie IV, vol. IV.

Ooetz, G. G raff, E. G. Graff, E. G. Guérard, B. Guérard, B. Guidi, I.

Harris, J. R. Harris, J. R. Harris, J. R. Hessels, J. H. Hessels, J. H. Hessels, J. H. Hinschius, P. K a u f m a n n , F. Kitto. Kögel, R.

A Study of Codex Bezae, in Texts and Studies, Contributions to Biblical and Patristic Literature, vol. II, No. 1. Biblical Fragments from Mount Sinai, No. 9, London 1890. Studia Sinaitica, No. 1, London 1894. An Eighth-Century Latin-Anglo-Saxon Glossary, Cambridge 1890. A Late Eighth-Century Latin-Anglo-Saxon Glossary, Cambridge 1906. Lex Salica, London 1880. Decretales Pseudo-Isidorianae, Lipsiae 1863. Beiträge zur Quellenkritik der gotischen Bibelübersetzung, in Zeitschrift für deutsche Philologie, vol. XXXII. Encyclopedia of Biblical Science. Ueber das Keronische Glossar, Halle 1879.

Lagarde, P. de Onomastica sacra, Gottingae 1887. Latin Psalter in the University Library of Utrecht, London [1875]. Leemans, C. Papyri graeci musei antiquarii publici LugduniBatavi, vol. II, Lugduni Batavorum 1885. Liebermann, R. Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen, Halle a. S. 18981906. Lindsay, W. M. Isidori Hispalensis Episcopi Etymologiarum sive Originum Libri XX, Oxonii [1911]. Lindsay, W. M. Notae latinae, Cambridge 1915. Loewe, G. Prodromus Corporis glossariorum latinorum, Lipsiae 1876.

SOURCES QUOTED Mal, A. Mai, A. Menzel, K., and Corssen, P. Mêtais, Ch. MGH.

Migne. Migne.

Morin, S. Mühlau, J. Nettleship, H. Niebuhr, B. G. Philipp, H. Piper, P. PMH. Reichardt, A. Reiter, S. Rettig, H. C. M. Sabatier, P. Scherer. Schönbach, A. Scrivener, F. H. Seybold, Ch.

xi

Classicorum auctorum, vol. X, Romae 1838. Scrlptorum veterum nova collectio, vols. III, IX, Romae 1828, 1837. Die Trierer Ada-Handschrift, Leipzig 1889. Cartulaire de l'abbaye cardinale de la Trinité de Vendóme, vol. I, Paris 1893. Monumenta Germaniae histórica. Leges, 1835-1889. Capitularía, in Leges. Scriptores rerum merovingicarum, 1884-1913. Patrología graeca, vols. XI, XII, XIII, XVI. Patrología latina, vols. XIII, XXII, XXIII, XXIV, XXV, XXVI, XXVIII, XXIX, XXXIII, XXXIV, XXXVI, XXXVII, XLI, LXIX, LXX, LXXIX, L X X X I V , LXXXVI, XCI, XCIII, CXI, CXX, CXXII. Anécdota Maredsolana, vols. I, III, Maredsoli, 1893, 1895. Zur Frage nach der gotischen Psalmenübersetzung, Kiel 1904. Contributions to Latin Lexicography, Oxford 1889. Corpus scriptorum historiae Byzantinae, vol. XXVII, Bonnae 1836. Die historisch-geographischen Quellen in den Etymologiae des Isidorus von Sevilla, Berlin 1912-1913. Die Schriften Notkers und seiner Schule, vol. I, Freiburg I. B. u. Tübingen 1882. Portugaliae monumenta histórica. Diplomata et chartae, vol. I, 1867. Der Codex Boernerianus, Leipzig 1909. Sancti Eusebii Hieronymi in Hieremiam prophetam libri sex, Vindobonae, Lipsiae 1913, in CSEL., voi. LIX. Antiquissimus quatuor evangeliorum canonicorum Codex Sangallensis, Turici 1836. Bibliorum sacrorum latinae versiones antiquae. Verzeichniss der Handschriften der Stiftsbibliothek von St. Gallen, Halle 1875. Ueber einige Evangelienkommentare des Mittelalters, in Sitzungsberichte der Wiener Akademie der Wissenschaften, vol. CXLVI. Bezae Codex Cantabrigiensis, Cambridge 1864. Glossarium latino-arabicum, Berolini 1900.

xii

HISTORY OF ARABICO-GOTHIC CULTURE

Spagnuolo, A. Steinmeyer, E. and Sievers, E. Streitberg, W.

L'Orazionale Gotico-Mozarabico della Capitolare di Verona, in Rivista bibliograflca italiana, vol. IV. Die althochdeutschen Glossen, Berlin 1879-1898. Die gotische Bibel, Heidelberg 1908.

Tischendorf, C. Traube, L.

Novum Testamentum graece, vol. I, Lipsiae 1869 Nomina sacra, München 1907.

Vercellone, C.

Variae lectiones vulgatae Iatinae bibliorum editionis, vol. II, Romae 1864.

Wadstein, E.

Kleinere altsächsische Sprachdenkmäler, Norden and Leipzig 1899. The Four Gospels from the Munich MS., Oxford 1888, in Old-Latin Biblical Texts, No. III. Commentary to the Germanic Laws and Mediaeval Documents, Cambridge 1915. Contributions, vol. I. Sortes Sangallenses, Bonnae 1887. Archiv f ü r lateinische Lexikographie, vol. II. Anglo-Saxon and Old English Vocabularies, London 1884. Onomastica sacra, vol. I, Leipzig 1914.

White, H. J. Wiener, L. Wiener, Li. Winnefeld, H. Wölfflin. Wright, Th. and Wülcker, R. P. Wutz, F.

Zeitschrift f ü r deutsches Alterthum, vol. XXVI.

THE LETTER TO THE GOTHS. J . Miihlau1 has summarized Jerome's Letter to Sunnia and Fretela as follows: "Shortly before 400, several years after the appearance of the Gallican Psalter (in 392), two Gothic clericals, Sunnia and Fretela, write Jerome a letter, in which they point out the variations of his text from their Greek (and Gothic) text and accuse him occasionally of too free a method of translation. Jerome justifies himself about the year 405 in his 106. Epistle. He shows that his text corresponds to the original text, the Hebraica Veritas, and explains his technique of translation, which differs from theirs." 2 The present investigation will show that the Letter is a Carolingian forgery, belonging to the same school that produced the famous forgery of the Pseudo-Isidorian decretals, and that the purpose of this forgery was to draw the Visigoths away from the school of Theodulphus, which relied chiefly on the old Greek texts, and bring them in line with the rest of France, where the Gallican Psalter was in use. "1. Uere in uobis apostolicus et propheticus sermo conpletus est: in omnern terrain exiit sonus eorum et in fines orbis terrae uerba eorurn (Ps. XVIII. 5, Eom. X. 18). Quis hoc crederet ut barbara Getarum lingua Hebraicam quaereret ueritatem et dormitantibus, immo contendentibus Graecis ipsa Germania spiritus sancti eloquia scrutaretur? In ueritate cognoui, quod non est personarum, acceptor deus, sed in omni gente, qui timet deum et operatur dei iustitiam, acceptus est illi (Act. X. 34-35). Dudum callosa i Zur a Ibid.,

Frage p. 57.

nach

der

gotischen

Psalmeniibersetzung,

Kiel 1904.

2

HISTORY OF ARABICO-GOTHIC CULTURE tenendo capulo manus et digiti tractandis sagittis aptiores ad stilum calamumque mollescunt et bellicosa pectora uertuntur in mansuetudinem Christianam. Nunc et Esaiae uaticinium cernimus opere conpletum: concident gladios suos in aratra et lanceas suas in falces et non adsumet gens contra gentem gladium et non discent ultra pugnare (Esai. II. 4). Rursumque in eodem: pascetur lupus cum agno et pardus requiescet cum haedo et uitulus et leo et taurus pascentur simul et puer paruulus ducet eos et bos et ursus in commune pascentur paruulique eorum erunt pariter et leo et bos comedent paleas (Esai. XI. 6-7), non ut simplicitas in feritatem transeat, sed ut feritas discat simplicitatem." 3

Here we have a paean to the Goths who abandon war for religious pursuits and who, about to translate the Bible, or parts of the Bible, into their language, inquire of Jerome for the Hebrew truth. "While the Greeks are sleeping, nay, contending, Germany searches the wisdom of the Holy Spirit." This last sentence makes no sense. What does it mean, "the Greeks are sleeping," and with whom are the Greeks "contending?" The next paragraph correctly states that when there is a contention between the Greek and the Latin versions, Jerome has recourse to the Hebrew truth, hence it may be possible that "the Greeks contending" may be a brief statement of the same sentiment, but Jerome would never have abbreviated a sentence in such a manner. He frequently uses dormitare, but as most of the ideas in the Letter to the Goths are cribbed out of Jerome's Letter to Pammachius, "De optimo genere interpretandi," 4 it is most likely that the 3 OSEL., vol. LV, p. 247 ff. * Ep. LiVII, in CSEL., vol. LIV,

p. 503 ft.

THE LETTER TO THE GOTHS

3

dormitare here is due to a confusion with "he did not stick to the dead letter," which is found there. 5 The forgers of the ninth century were in the habit of pasting together bits, chiefly from Jerome and Isidore, in their attempt to give their productions an aspect of authenticity. In the introduction to the Pseudo-Isidorian decretals we find the sentence, "quod si Veritas est quaerenda e pluribus, Graecorum sequamur stilum eorumque imitemur dictiones atque exemplaria; sin minus, ipsi dicant atque exponant quibus tot sunt exemplaria quot codices." 6 The whole is a paraphrase of the same idea as in the Letter to the Goths quoted above, except that "Greek" is substituted for "Hebrew," while "tot sunt exemplaria quot codices" is bodily cribbed from the Praefatio in Librum Josue (Migne, vol. X X V I I I , col. 463), and the Praefatio in Quatuor Evangelia (Migne, vol.

XXIX, col. 526).

It is this patching of Jerome scraps which makes the identification of the passages so difficult and gives to the casual observer the appearance of good Hieronymian phraseology, based on the identity or similarity of expressions. We still have a serious difficulty to overcome in the first paragraph. The quotations from the Acts and Isaiah are not Jerome's lemmata. Jerome repeatedly asserted that he did not necessarily follow his own translation, especially where the meaning in the Vulgate was identical with the Hebrew, but hoAv could he have quoted Isaiah XI. 6, 7 from any text which differed so widely from his own version from the Hebrew? In the Letter to the Goths he is made to say that he always goes back to the Hebrew for his Old Testament, and here he quotes 5 "Nec adsedit litterae dormitanti et putida rusticorum interpretatione se torsit, sed quasi captiuos sensus in suam linguam uictoria iure transposuit," Hid., p. 512. 8 P. Hinschius, Decretales

Pseudo-Isidorianae,

Lipsiae 1863, p. 17.

4

HISTORY OF ARABICO-GOTHIC CULTURE

the Septuagint. In his translation of Isaiah from the Hebrew, made in 392, that is, long before he was supposed to have written to the Goths, and in his Commentary to Isaiah, written in 410, that is, long after the Letter must have been written, he translated from the Hebrew ovis and vitulus, for what in the Latin form of the Septuagint appears as taurus and bos. This is a fundamental change, such as he, in this very Letter, deprecated in the case of vuxTHtipai; and in many other cases. How could Jerome have defended any translation from the Hebrew and encouraged the Goths to follow the Hebrew verity, when in the very Introduction to his Letter he violated his own precept in a most flagrant manner? "2. Quaeritis a me rem magni operis et maioris inuidiae, in qua scribentis non ingenium, sed eruditio conprobetur, ut, dum ipse cupio iudicare de ceteris, iudicandum me omnibus praebeam et in opere Psalterii iuxta digestionem schedulae uestrae, ubicumque inter Latinos Graecosque contentio est, quid magis Hebraeis conveniat, significem. In quo illud breuiter admoneo, ut sciatis aliam esse editionem, quam Origenes et Caesariensis Eusebius omnesque Graeciae tractatores xoivTa Kai rip 'Akv\$ eipo/uv ri .. . iv St rrj wé/iirTy ixSóvei," Origen, Comment, in Matth., in Migne, Patrologia Oraeca, vol. XIII, col. 1429; " R A R À Sè TTJK iriftvTriv éxSotrty," Theodoreitus, Interpret, in Canticum Cantic., ibid., vol. L X X X I , col. 157; "/cai touto (