Conceptual Modeling for E-Business and the Web: ER 2000 Workshops on Conceptual Modeling Approaches for E-Business and the World Wide Web and Conceptual Modeling, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, October 9-12, 2000, Proceedings 3540410732, 9783540410737

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Lecture Notes in Computer Science Edited by G. Goos, J. Hartmanis and J. van Leeuwen

1921

Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Hong Kong London Milan Paris Singapore Tokyo

Stephen W. Liddle Heinrich C. Mayr Bernhard Thalheim (Eds.)

ER 2000 Workshops on Conceptual Modeling Approaches for E-Business and The World Wide Web and Conceptual Modeling Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, October 9-12, 2000 Proceedings

Series Editors Gerhard Goos, Karlsruhe University, Germany Juris Hartmanis, Cornell University, NY, USA Jan van Leeuwen, Utrecht University, The Netherlands Volume Editors Stephen W. Liddle Brigham Young University Marriott School, School of Accountancy and Information Systems 585 TNRB, P.O. Box 23087, 84602-3087 Provo, Utah, USA E-mail: [email protected] Heinrich C. Mayr University of Klagenfurt Insitute for Business Informatics and Application Systems Universit¨atsstr. 65-67. 9020 Klagenfurt, Austria E-mail: heinrich@it.uni-klu.ac.at Bernhard Thalheim Brandenburg University of Technology at Cottbus Computer Science Institute Postfach 101344, 03013 Cottbus, Germany E-mail: [email protected] Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Conceptual modeling for E-business and the web : proceedings / ER 2000 ; Workshops on Conceptual Modeling Approaches for E-Business and the World Wide Web and Conceptual Modeling, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, October 9 - 12, 2000. Stephen W. Liddle . . . (ed.). - Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New York ; Barcelona ; Hong Kong ; London ; Milan ; Paris ; Singapore ; Tokyo : Springer, 2000 (Lecture notes in computer science ; Vol. 1921) ISBN 3-540-41073-2

CR Subject Classication (1998): H.2, H.3-5, C.2.4-5, J.1 ISSN 0302-9743 ISBN 3-540-41073-2 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microlms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York a member of BertelsmannSpringer Science+Business Media GmbH © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2000 Printed in Germany Typesetting: Camera-ready by author, data conversion by PTP-Berlin, Stefan Sossna Printed on acid-free paper SPIN: 10722824 06/3142 543210

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

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

                                                                                     

                                                                                                                                 

                                                              

 

       

  

   

         

   

            

       

                    

               

            

                                                        





                           

                                                      

          

    

  

                       



             



             



      



            



  

                                                





                 



  

                  



             



                



            



                              



            



 



                                                                 

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

                                                           

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

                                       

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

    



                                              





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

                              

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

        

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

             

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

 

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

    

 

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



            



 



   



   





 











  



 

















 



 

 

 











 



 











  















 







 











 

    

 







 



 

 









   











 



  



 







  



 



 







 



















 





 





 



   



  









 



 









   



   









   











 

 













 













  













 









 

















 





   







 



   





  





 





 

























 

  







 



 













 



 

 







   





 















 











 



























 









 





 









 















   





















  



 

                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                         

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                                                                                                                                                                                   

                             

 

                                     

                                                                                                                                         

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                                                                                                                                                      



 

                                                                                                                 



                            



              





                                                                       



                       

 

                     

   

   

 

 

   





  





  



     

    

 





   

  

 

 

 

 

    



 









  







    

 



 

                                                   

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

 

                                           



 





 









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 









 



















 











                                                      

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                                                                                                                                                                                                        

 

                             



                      



                                                              

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      

            

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   

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     



                                                                                                             

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

                                                                                      

                 

                   

                                                                                                 

                                                                                                                    

                                                                                                   

                                                                            

     



                                                                                     



   

                                                                                                     



    

                                

                                         

    

                                     

                     

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     

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       

             

     





         

  



 

        

 

  

   

   

         



  

 

 



        

                                                                                                                                          

                                                                                                           

                  

 

                                                                                                       

   

                                                                                                                                           

                                                                                                                        

     





   

                                                

                                                                                                        

        

            

                                                                                                                                                                    

                                                                                                                                                                                                   















   

  





  



 

 

   

















 

  

         

                                                   

     



                                                  

 

                                   

    

    

                                      

                                                                                                                         

       

                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

            

                                                                                                                            

     



                                                                   

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   

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

                      

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

   

                                                                                

                                                                                                                                                                    

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                                                                                                                          

                                                                                                                                             





 













 







































 





                                                                                                                                                       





                        













         

                                                                                                 





                                                 

  

                             

                                                                                                                                      

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

 









 



                     

                                                            



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  

                                                                                 

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                          



                                                                                         



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                                                                                               

               

 

                                           

                         an e-business model is similar to a business process model, and so can be specied                                                   

                             commerce business case to be developed. It can be seen as a rst step in requirements                                            notion of activity. Such models tend to be workow-oriented: they show the sequence                 branches in a workow sequence, parallel threads and synchronizations. Thus, a process                                                                                                                           these offerings are selected, negotiated, contracted and fullled                                                         

     



                                    we nd them basically lacking. Therefore, we consider in Sec. 3 what the conceptual                                                                                                         

                                                                                                                                                                                                          is also pointed out in [9] in terms of benets and revenues.                 

                                               

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       

                                               tal improvement of processes (e.g. efciency); (3) support of processes by workow                               5. 6.

                             what is the sequence of activities to be carried out for a specic case; which activities can be carried out in parallel for a specic case.

                                                                                                                     

                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

     



                                                                                              

         

                     is possible to dene a set of generic concepts and relationships that together make up an                                an ontology for e-business models. Here, we briey survey the core concepts, only to                                  (see below) actors makes prot. In a sound,     actor is capable of making prot.                                           protable    add value and must be protable. The rationale for this is that during                           they are protable for them.



       

         

          

                                                                                                                                      

     

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                                                                                                                      value exchange occurs between ports of opposite direction. A value object ows from an                                           signicant ways from the workow-oriented ones in process models.

                                                                                                                        protable, and whether actors are willing to exchange objects of value with each                                              protable activities, for instance to discuss new alternative assignments of such ac                        The rst two differences have been discussed in the previous sections. The latter two                                                    

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       

                                                                                                         conrmation          or negative) conrmation after a submission of an ad. This conrmation                                                                         object owing from the FAP to the contact searcher. A desired contact states a consumer                              Different subsets of object properties are identied for business models and process models. A business model identies those object properties, which can                                                                                                                               prole). Such a property partly determines the value a reader assigns to an ad read.                                                                                                                  of value objects. In a process model data ows and control ows are used                                 The process model in Fig. 3 contains a data ow from the               

     

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experience of a desired contact to the FAP. This ow relates to the                      ow is necessary as                              itself. Note that in the process model, the conrmation ows from contact searcher to FAP, while the desired contact ows from the FAP to the contact  No direct physical or information ow. A value exchange may coincide with a ow                            direct physical or information ow. The previous example illustrates this case also.                            Moreover, some value exchanges do not imply a physical or information ow directly,                                                                                                                    Value adding and protable.                                  protable                     determine the amount of prot for each actor, and we want to address and discuss various            activities if these are protable.                                                                                                                  



       

             are protable. In [7] and [9], this is referred to as value chain deconstruction, as a way                

         

                                                                                receives a conrmation. Also, the ad is offered to the Ad Association, which pays for                                                   protable  activities. The decomposition operation is dened as follows: (1) a value activity can               is protable; (2) consider for each pair of sub-value activities new value interfaces and    

     



         

 nd contact                 . Both activities are likely to be protable for contact searchers; they both enhance the chance to nd a desired contact. The                              activity is considered to be protable; this is especially the case when a FAP                                        process ow in detail, while in a business model it is led by a search for commercially                                                 business models, it should be possible to identify the protability of a business model                           Value adding and protable.                      



       

        protability                                                                                                    publisher, a redistributor, and an administration ofcer.

             both are necessary for good e-business design, but they differ in several signicant                                                                                  operational fullment.                                                   2. In an e-business model, an actor adds value and is protable, while in a process                                      the steer the process ow.                                               a process model a ow of information or goods implies a change of state;                                              adding value and are protable. Decomposition of such activities is done to discover smaller chunks of activities that still add value and are protable. Discovering               del, decomposition serves the goal of clarication of the workow or to show the

     

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                                                                                of concerns of stakeholders and claries the discussions.                  

                                                                                                                                                                                  The Unied Modelling Language Refe                                            

         

                                                                                                              

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

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     



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                                                                                                      

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

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

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













 

                                                                                                                                       

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

                                                                          



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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

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

 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       





  



 

      

 

 

       

 

 

 

  

 

     

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

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

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            



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

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



 

                                                                                                                                                                                          

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



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    







































































                                           





           

     

                                                                            

                                                                                                                                                

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





















                                                                                                      





                                                                          





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

  

                         

  

 

 

  

      

 

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                                                                                                                         

                                 

                                                                                                                                               





                                                                                                                              

                         

                   

        



                                                                    

                                                               

                                                                                



 

                                                                                                                              





   

 

                                                                                                             

                                                                                                                            

  

          

                      

                                                                                                

        



        

                                                                                                                                             



 

                                                    

           

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   

       

                                            

                                                                                   

                                                                            

 

        

                                                             

        

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          

                                                                                                                                                               

 

                                    

                                                                                                                 

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   

                                                                                                                                

                      

                                     



  

                                                                                                                                                                       

        



           

                     

             



   

          

               

           

                                                                                                                                                                                      

             

        



          

           

                                                               

         

                               



   

                

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 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

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

                                                                                                            

        

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                                                                 

                

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

   

   

 

                                                                                             

                                                                                                       

 



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                                                                                                               

                                                                                              





 

                                   

         

 



 

                                               



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                                                      

 

                                                                 

                                              

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

 

                       

    

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                                                                          





 

                                                                        

                                     

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        



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              

 

                                                                                                     

                                                                                        

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

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

                                              





             

 

                                                                                                         

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

 

                                                               

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 

                                                                                                    



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                                             

              

                                                                                                                         

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

                                                                                              

 

                                                                                                                                                              

      

                                                                                                 

                                                                       

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                                                                                                                       

                       





                                           

 

 

  

   



   







                                               

                       

        

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

               



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                                                                                                                 

                                                   

 





                                                                      

 

 





 









 







                                                                                         

 

 

 

 



    



      



           

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                                                                                                                                                                                                             



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                                                                                                                              

 









 



 





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

                                                                                                                                     

                                            

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                                                                                                                                              





               

                                                                                                                           

 

              

                               

                                                                                                                 





                                                                                                                                                                         

                               



     

                                                            

                                                                                               

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

        



                           

                                                                  





                                                                                                                                                                           



  

                                                            



     

 

                                                   

                                                                                         



 











  

  









          

                             

        



            

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               





   

   





 



     



      

             



                                                                                                             

                                          

                                                                                                                 

   

                                                         

        



                                                                                                                                                                                                   

    

                                                       

                                                                                                                                                                                                                         



     

   

 

 



 

 

   

 

 

     

      

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      

        





 

                                                                                        

       































 

 

 

 

 

    

                                                                                                                         

  

            



             

                

     





                

                                                                 

                                           

             

      

                                          

        



                                                                      



 

                            

                                                                                                                                     



           

    

                                              



     

             

                                                                                                                             

        

    



  

 





 

   





 



  



 



  



 



  

 



 

    

    

         

                                                                

       

        







                                                                                           

                                                                                                                                                                                                       

                                                                                        



     

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

   

 

                                                                                                                                                           

   

     

                                                 

                                                                               

 



 



            



              

 





                                                              

                                       



                                                                                                                    





                                                       



                                                                                                                        

   



 



                                                       



 

 

 

 



  

  





   

                   



   

 

 

 

                                                                                                                                                                                           





                                    





    

   

 

                          



    











  





 



  



        

   

       

 



      









                                                          



     

  

  

  

  

 

     

     

 

     

      

 



                                                                                       

 

  



 



  

 

 

     

      

   

   

 



  





                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

 



     

      







                      



 

 

  

 



    



                               

     



                                                                                                                





 

 

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   













                                                                                                                           

 

 

        

 

 

   

 

                         



                           



                                    





                           

 

 

            





   

  

                        

           

 



                                                         

                             

  



   





       



                         





            

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   





             

            

  

                                                                                                                                                                                  

                      

  

                                                                                     





                                                                                                                                                           

              

                   

     



                                                                

                                                                  

                                                                                 

                      

                                                                   



  

                            



      

                 

 

  

   



      

   

     

                                                                                                                                    

                    

     



                                                                                                                                                                                                  

 

 

 

    

  

    

    

 

   

 

   

  

 

  

  

   

   



   

                                                                          



      

      

  

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

     



                                            

                                                

                                                                                                                                                    

                      



      

                                            



   

                   

                                                  



                                                                                                                                                                  

     



                                                                                                                                                                                                       

                                                                       



                                         

             



      

                                        

                   

                                                                                                         



                                                                    

     



                                                                                                                                                                                             

                                                                                                                     



  

                                                  



          

 

 

 

    

  

    

    

 

   

 

   

  

 

  

  

   

       

                                                                                                                                                                                                   



 

                                 

     



                                                                          

            

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

       

                         

                                                      

                                                                                    





                                                                                                                 

           

                   

     



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      

            



     

                                               

 

 



   

                                                                   

 

















 

 

 

 















 











  

 

 







 





  

         

                                                                                                   

 

      





             



         

 

     



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

   







  





  

 





                                                             



   

          



      







                                                                                                                 

 

  

                                                                    



   

      

     

                                 

 

                                                

    

    

   

     



                                                                                            

  

                                                                                                                                                                                                              



 



 

 

 

 

    





    

 

                                                                                             



   

        

   

   

                                                                                          

                                                       

           

   

        

        

        



              

                                                                    



    

                              

     





   

                                                                                          

 

   

                       

        

                                                                                                                                                                   

   



     

      

  

    

 

  

     

                                

                                                                                                                                                                                             

     

 

 

  

     

 







 

  



  

   

    

 

   

                                                      

 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         



   

                                                                 



   

                                                                              



                                               

                                                                                                                                  

     



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

                                    

                                                                                                





           

                                                                                                                  



                          

                   

     



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

                                                                                                                                                                                                           



   

     

                                                                            



  

                                                         



  

                                                                                                                                                                      

     





       

                                                                         



   

            

                                       

                                        



 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       

                

     



            

                                                                                                                                                                                                                       

  

                                                    

            



   



         

              

                           

                        

     



              

             

                                                  



    

                                                

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             



   

                              

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

            

          

         

                                                         

        

     





 

                                                                                                                                            





 

                                                                                                              



   





             

                                                             

           

                                                                                               



   

                          

     



                        

           

                         

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                



   

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              

                         

 A method for supporting WWW retrieval by constructing a exible                        viewpoint is a nite set of consistent category names. A set of documents retrie                                                                                        

                                                                                     which can extract only documents relevant to the user’s purpose of retrieval is difcult,             provides a user with a human-classied collection                                                                        information on ofcial research facilities in Nara which are responsible for environmental                                       

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      

                                                In the above case, the user hesitates over which category to select rst, and even if the                                         purpose of retrieval and one xed structure cannot cope with this versatility of criteria.                 exible                                        that classies a subset of documents which are related to the user’s interest. Providing                           exibility                the user’s purpose of retrieval. For the above example, where ofcial research facilities                                                   

     

            gorization viewpoint is a nite set of consistent category names. A set of documents                                                  

      

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                     and a query issued by the user is automatically rened to achieve higher precision and               However, it seems difcult to decompose a document set in a consistent way and/or                                                                                                             cluster appropriately, sufcient information on each cluster should be provided for the user. However, it is difcult to automatically associate a title or a summary with a cluster.                                                                                                                                                            



      

                  which roughly reect the user’s purpose of retrieval. (ii) Construct a category structure                                   is a nite set of categories. For example, a categorization viewpoint                                                and a nite set of category names                                                                                             [13] is used for dening the similarity coefcient between a                            







             

 

 



  

                  is dened as the frequency of                                    similarity coefcient       is dened as the         



        

  

       



  

  



 



  





       



   













 





 

    

     

                                                                                                                                            which has the maximum similarity coefcient                  is dened as follows:  

 

             

 

 

  

        

 

                       



      

                     dened as                                                                     tion will be dened in subsection 2.3. In the decomposition based on the initial value                                  smooth the categorization by redening the category vector                   

 





  

 



                                                      the nal result of the session or to further decompose                                                            of documents is dened as expression (2) when the clearness is used, and is dened as expression (3) when the entropy is used. The effectiveness of the two criteria                                        belongs; that is, the similarity coefcient between



             

similarity coefcient between      a categorization viewpoint resulting in high clearness does not always reect the user’s                                        of documents is dened             

which is the average of the similarity coefcient between each document and the category     

      







    

                          , let us dene       





  











                       



A categorization viewpoint resulting in high entropy offers an efcient means of nar                                                          





     

                          



      

                            retrieve documents containing specied keywords. The system also uses a Japanese mor                      To evaluate the method, we dened the following four experimental systems and we                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      

    

                              

         

       

      



                         

                                                                            

 

   

                                                                                                                                                            are dened as follows:  

      

 

          

                                                                                                                                   is dened as follows [16]:      



    



  



      

            in Figure 5. In the gure, the curves labeled with Clearness, Entropy, Clustering and                                                 and can provide the decomposition which reects the user’s purpose of retrieval. When                                             very low is not important since the recall is dened relative to not the entire document               



   

























    

                                                          recall and the precision becomes higher. By denition, the entropy of a categorization                             

                                           

      

               



         

                                                                                                                                           Calculate the correlation coefcient of                                                                                                                                                        results in a signicant difference between clearness and entropy in the case of                                                 Averages of Correlation Coefcients between the Score and the Precision                                         *1: The average of the correlation coefcient between the score and the precision for each topic.                      

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      

  In this paper, we proposed a method for supporting WWW retrieval using a exible                                                                                                                                      

      

  

    



  

                   

             the proposed method. For example, it should be claried whether a user looses the advantage of being familiar with a xed category when documents are dynamically                                                                

      



                                                                                                                                                                                                             11. Pollitt, A. S.: The key role of classication and indexing in view-based searching, in                                                                                                                   

 

 



 

            

  



   

 



    



                 

  

        

           



              

  

          

      

 





      

              



