338 90 23MB
English Pages 440 [478] Year 2019
Competing Ideologies in Greek Culture, Ancient and Modern
Competing Ideologies in Greek Culture, Ancient and Modern By
Evy Johanne Håland
Competing Ideologies in Greek Culture, Ancient and Modern By Evy Johanne Håland This book first published in English 2019 Originally published in Norwegian (2011 Bodø: Licentia Publishers) Translated to English by the author Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2019 by Evy Johanne Håland All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-2612-7 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-2612-9
7KLV ERRN LV GHGLFDWHG WR WKH PHPRU\ RI P\ %HVWD ³*UDQQ\´ ZKR WKURXJK KHU SUDFWLFDO IDLWK GHPRQVWUDWHG WKDW LW LV SRVVLEOH WR EHOLHYH LQ +XOGUD D VXSHUQDWXUDO IHPDOH FUHDWXUH RU NLQG RI 1\PSK DQG &KULVW DW RQHDQGWKHVDPHWLPH
7$%/(2)&217(176 /LVWRI7DEOHVL[
/LVWRI)LJXUHV[
$1RWHRQ7UDQVOLWHUDWLRQ[L[
3UHIDFHWRWKH(QJOLVK(GLWLRQDQG$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV[[L
,QWURGXFWLRQ[[LY &KDSWHU2QH ,QWURGXFWLRQ*UHHN)HVWLYDOV0RGHUQDQG$QFLHQW 0RGHUQ)HVWLYDOV $XJXVWWKH'RUPLWLRQRIWKHPanagia WKH³$OO+RO\2QH´ WKH 9LUJLQ0DU\RQWKH$HJHDQ,VODQGRI7LQRV 7KH%DER'D\LQ0RQRNNOƝVLD*UHHN0DFHGRQLD-DQXDU\ &DUQLYDOApokreos LQ*UHHN0DFHGRQLD .DORJHURV7KH5DLQ0DJLFLDQDeutera tƝs TyrinƝsʊ&KHHVH 0RQGD\LQ0HOLNƝ 0RFN:HGGLQJ&OHDQ0RQGD\LQ.RLPƝVƝ 7KH(DVWHU&HOHEUDWLRQLQ2O\PSRV.DUSDWKRV 7KH$QDVWHQDULD)HVWLYDORI$JLD(OHQƝ*UHHN0DFHGRQLD 0D\ 6XPPHU%XOO6DFULILFHDQG6DLQW¶V)HDVWLQ$JLD3DUDVNHXƝ /HVERV $QFLHQW)HVWLYDOV 7KH3DQDWKHQDLD 'HPHWHU)HVWLYDOV 7KH0\VWHULHVDW(OHXVLV $QFLHQW:RPHQ¶V)HVWLYDOV 7KH7KHVPRSKRULD 7KH+DORD)HVWLYDO 'LRQ\VRV)HVWLYDOV 7KH$QWKHVWHULD)HVWLYDO 7KH &LW\'LRQ\VLD 7KH$GRQLV)HVWLYDO$GǀQLD 6XPPDU\RIWKH)HVWLYDOV
YLLL
7DEOHRI&RQWHQWV
&KDSWHU7ZR )HVWLYDODQG&RPPXQLFDWLRQ &RPPXQLFDWLRQZLWKWKH'LYLQLW\ :KDWLVD)HVWLYDODQG:K\DQG+RZGR3HRSOH&HOHEUDWH)HVWLYDOV" 6XPPDU\DQG3HUVSHFWLYHV &KDSWHU7KUHH 3RSXODU&XOWDQG2IILFLDO,GHRORJ\ 'LRQ\VLDQ&HUHPRQLHVDQG3DUDGR[HVLQ*UHHN&XOWXUH )URPWKH0RGHUDWLRQ,GHRORJLVWVWRWKH$GRQLVRIWKH3RSXODU &XOWDQG0RGHUQ3DUDOOHOV &KDSWHU)RXU ,GHRORJLHVDQG0HQWDOLWLHV&RPSHWLQJ9DOXHV" &KWKRQLDQDQG2O\PSLDQ 5HOLJLRQDQG0DJLF³2XUPDJLFLVVWURQJHUWKDQWKHLUV´ 6XPPDU\DQG3HUVSHFWLYHV &KDSWHU)LYH 1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\ &RQWUDFW" 3ODFH6SDFH7LPHDQG*HQGHUWKH1DWLRQDQGWKH)RUHLJQ 'LIIHUHQW3HUVSHFWLYHV 7KH(PLJUDQWV5HWXUQ+RPH ³,WKDV$OZD\V%HHQOLNH7KDWDQG,WLVIRUWKH*RRGRI,W´ &KDSWHU6L[ &RQFOXVLRQ&RQWLQXLW\DQG&KDQJHLQWKH)HVWLYDOV 6RXUFHVDQG%LEOLRJUDSK\ $SSHQGL[ 2YHUYLHZRI)HVWLYDOV 7DEOH6FKHPDWLF6XUYH\RI6HOHFWHG0RGHUQ*UHHN)HVWLYDOV 7DEOH6FKHPDWLF6XUYH\RI6HOHFWHG)HVWLYDOVZLWKLQWKH$WWLF )HVWLYDO&DOHQGDU ,QGH[
/,672)7$%/(6 6FKHPDWLF2YHUYLHZRI$WWLF0RQWKVL[ 6FKHPDWLF6XUYH\RI6HOHFWHG0RGHUQ*UHHN)HVWLYDOV 6FKHPDWLF6XUYH\RI6HOHFWHG)HVWLYDOVZLWKLQWKH$WWLF)HVWLYDO &DOHQGDU 7DEOH6FKHPDWLF2YHUYLHZRI$WWLF0RQWKV +HNDWRPEDLRQ -XO\$XJXVW 0HWDJHLWQLRQ $XJXVW6HSWHPEHU %RHGURPLRQ 6HSWHPEHU2FWREHU 3\DQHSVLRQ 2FWREHU1RYHPEHU 0DLPDNWHULRQ 1RYHPEHU'HFHPEHU 3RVHLGHRQ 'HFHPEHU-DQXDU\ *DPHOLRQ -DQXDU\)HEUXDU\ $QWKHVWHULRQ )HEUXDU\0DUFK (ODSKHEROLRQ 0DUFK$SULO 0RXQLFKLRQ $SULO0D\ 7KDUJHOLRQ 0D\-XQH 6NLURSKRULRQ -XQH-XO\
/,672)),*85(6 $OOSKRWRJUDSKVDUHE\WKHDXWKRUXQOHVVRWKHUZLVHVWDWHG )RUSLFWXUHVWDNHQDW*UHHNPXVHXPV+HOOHQLF0LQLVWU\RI&XOWXUHDQG 6SRUWV$UFKDHRORJLFDO5HFHLSWV)XQG )LJXUH'XULQJWKHIHVWLYDOGHGLFDWHGWRWKH'RUPLWLRQWKDWLV ³IDOOLQJDVOHHS´ RIWKHPanagia9LUJLQ0DU\ RQWKHLVODQGRI 7LQRVKHUicon LPDJH LVFDUULHGLQSURFHVVLRQZKLOHWKH ZDLWLQJSLOJULPVVTXHH]HWKHPVHOYHVXQGHUQHDWKWREHKHDOHG $XJXVWSKRWRJUDSKE\+DUWPXW0OOHU6WDXIIHQEHUJ )LJXUH7KHKRO\LFRQRQ7LQRV$ZRUVKLSSHUZLSHVRIIWKH ³VZHDW´IURPWKHLFRQZLWKDZDGRIFRWWRQZRROZKLFKEHFRPHV DQDPXOHW$XJXVW )LJXUH.QHHOLQJFUDZOLQJIHPDOHSLOJULPVDQGPDUFKLQJPDOH VROGLHUV7KHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQIHPDOHDQGPDOHZRUOGV $XJXVW )LJXUH$PRWKHUFUDZOLQJRQKHUNQHHVWKHNLORPHWUHORQJZD\IURP WKHKDUERXUWRWKH&KXUFKRIWKH$QQXQFLDWLRQLQZKLFKWKHLFRQRI WKH$QQXQFLDWLRQLVIRXQGZLWKDVLFNFKLOGRQKHUEDFNLQWKHKRSH RIKHDOLQJ$XJXVW )LJXUH:RPHQIHWFKKRO\KHDOLQJDQGIHUWLOLW\HQVXULQJZDWHUIURP WKH³/LIH*LYLQJ6SULQJ´Zǀodochos PƝgƝ 7LQRV$XJXVW )LJXUH'DQFLQJZRPHQDWWKH%DERIHDVWLQWKHYLOODJHRI 0RQRNNOƝVLD*UHHN0DFHGRQLD-DQXDU\ )LJXUH7KHV\PEROLFSORXJKLQJRIWKHHDUWKDVWKH\VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ VRZDV\PEROLFPL[WXUHRIJUDLQV³polysporia´GXULQJWKH KalogerosPRQN ULWXDOLQWKHYLOODJHRI0HOLNƝ*UHHN 0DFHGRQLD&KHHVH0RQGD\0DUFK )LJXUH3DUWLFLSDQWVLQWKHPRFNZHGGLQJGXULQJWKHFDUQLYDOLQWKH YLOODJHRI.RLPƝVƝ*UHHN0DFHGRQLD0DUFK )LJXUH/DPHQWLQJZRPHQLQIURQWRIWKHEpitaphiosWKDWLV &KULVW¶VGHDWKEHGIXQHUDO RUZRRGHQUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRI&KULVW¶V WRPE+RO\)ULGD\LQWKHFKXUFKRIWKHYLOODJHRI2O\PSRV .DUSDWKRV
&RPSHWLQJ,GHRORJLHVLQ*UHHN&XOWXUH$QFLHQWDQG0RGHUQ
[L
)LJXUH:KLWH7XHVGD\RU³1HZ7XHVGD\´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Ɲ*UHHN 0DFHGRQLD0D\ )LJXUH,QWKHkonakiKRXVH WKHAnastenaridesP DQG AnastenarissesIWKDWLVWKRVHZKRFHOHEUDWHWKH$QDVWHQDULD IHVWLYDO GDQFHLQDVWDWHRIWUDQFH6RPHRIWKHPFDUU\WKH LFRQVUHSUHVHQWLQJWKHWZRVDLQWV.ǀQVWDQWLQRVWKH*UHDW AgiosPWKDWLV6DLQW .ǀQVWDQWLQRVDQGKLVPRWKHUAgia IWKDWLV6DLQW (OHQƝ$JLD(OHQƝ0D\ )LJXUH2XWVLGHWKHNRQDNLWKH$QDVWHQDULGHVDQG$QDVWHQDULVVHV GDQFHEDUHIRRWRYHUWKHJORZLQJHPEHUVRIWKHG\LQJILUH$JLD (OHQƝ0D\ )LJXUH7KHVDFULILFLDOEXOOLVSDUDGHGWKURXJKWKHVWUHHWVRIWKH YLOODJHRI$JLD3DUDVNHXƝRQWKHILUVWGD\RIWKHIHVWLYDORI$JLRV &KDUDODPSRV/HVERV-XQH )LJXUH7KHIHUWLOLW\SURPRWLQJEXOOVDFULILFHLVSHUIRUPHGRQ WKHVXPPLWRITaurosWKHPRXQWDLQRIWKH%XOO-XQH )LJXUH7KHVDFULILFHGEXOOLVFRQVXPHGDVDJUHDWFRPPXQDOPHDO kesketsi-XQH )LJXUHVDDQGE&RSLHVRIWKHSHSORVFHUHPRQ\IURPWKH 3DUWKHQRQIULH]HWKHRULJLQDOVFD%&(DUHLQWKH %ULWLVK0XVHXP/RQGRQ FHQWUDOJURXSVKRZLQJWKHUHFHLYLQJ RIWKHSHSORV)URPWKHEXLOGLQJKRXVLQJWKH)LUVW(SKRUDWHRI 3UHKLVWRULFDQG&ODVVLFDO$QWLTXLWLHV$NURSROLVDUHD$WKHQV )LJXUH5HOLHIRI3HUVHSKRQHSXULI\LQJD\RXQJLQLWLDWHIRXUWK FHQWXU\%&($UFKDHRORJLFDO0XVHXPRI(OHXVLV )LJXUH9RWLYHSLJOHW5RPDQSHULRG$UFKDHRORJLFDO 0XVHXPRI(OHXVLV )LJXUH$QFLHQW$WWLFUHGILJXUHFODVVLFDOYDVHpelike SDLQWLQJLOOXVWUDWLQJDZRPDQSODQWLQJSKDOOXVHVRUUDWKHU WKHVSULQNOLQJRIVHHGVRUZDWHULQJRIDOUHDG\SODQWHGSKDOOXVHV VHH:LQNOHU2ULJLQDO%ULWLVK0XVHXP(
[LL
/LVWRI)LJXUHV
)LJXUHStamnosPL[LQJMDU E\WKH'LRQ\VRV3DLQWHU:RPHQZKR DUHGUDZLQJZLQHGULQNLQJDQGGDQFLQJLQIURQWRIDEHDUGHGPDVN RI'LRQ\VRVKDQJLQJRQDFROXPQ$SLHFHRIFORWKLQJLV DUUDQJHGDURXQGWKHFROXPQWRLQGLFDWHWKHERG\ ARV VHH$59FO )LJXUH3UHVHQWGD\WKHDWUHRI'LRQ\VRV(OHXWKHURV$WKHQV )LJXUH$IUDJPHQWRIDQ$WWLFUHGILJXUHlebes gamikosERZOWR PL[ZLQHDQGZDWHULQFRQQHFWLRQZLWKPDUULDJHgamein³WR PDUU\´ FD%&(VKRZVWZRVHDWHGZRPHQRQHRI ZKRPVHHPVWREHEHVLGHKHUVHOIZLWKVXIIHULQJWHDULQJKHUKDLU ZKLOHDWKLUGLVEXV\FDUU\LQJDGLVKRIJUDSHVXSDODGGHU ZKLFKLVSURSSHGXSE\DIRXUWKZRPDQ$ILIWKEULQJVWZRFKHVWV DQGWZR(URWHVKRYHUDURXQG ARV'RZQORDGHG IURP KWWSVXSORDGZLNLPHGLDRUJZLNLSHGLDFRPPRQVE:RPHQB$GRQ LDB/RXYUHB&$MSJ )LJXUH$PXOHWVGHSLFWLQJWKH(\Hto Mati VROGDVSURWHFWLRQ DJDLQVWWKH(YLO(\H'RZQORDGHGIURP KWWSVHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL(YLOBH\HPHGLD)LOH%OXHBH\HV-3* )LJXUH0HGXVDZLWKKHUKDLURIVQDNHVDQGDVQDNHXQGHUHDFKFKHHN $NURSROLV0XVHXP$WKHQV )LJXUH7KHULWXDOEOHVVLQJRIWKHRIIHULQJVRIEUHDGRQWKHHYHRI WKHIHVWLYDOGHGLFDWHGWR$JLRV1LNRODRVLQWKHFRXUW\DUGRI WKH%\]DQWLQH&KXUFKGHGLFDWHGWRKLPLQWKH3ODNDGLVWULFWRI $WKHQV'HFHPEHU )LJXUH5HGILJXUHlƝkythosKLJKQDUURZSHUIXPHRLOIODVN VKRZLQJ DZRPDQDERXWWRWKURZDGRJLQDSLWZKLFKPLJKWLOOXVWUDWHD GRJVDFULILFHWR+HNDWHVHH'HXEQHUSOZKRLQOLQHZLWK PRVWVFKRODUVLQWHUSUHWVWKHSDLQWLQJDVLOOXVWUDWLQJDSLJOHW EHLQJWKURZQLQWRDFKDVPLQWKHJURXQGGXULQJWKH6NLUD 2ULJLQDO1DWLRQDO$UFKDHRORJLFDO0XVHXP$WKHQVILIWK FHQWXU\%&( )LJXUH:RPHQDUHEXV\RUJDQLVLQJWKHLURIIHULQJVRIEUHDGZLQH ROLYHRLODQGFDNHVEHIRUHWKHVWDUWRIWKHOLWXUJ\RQWKHHYHRI WKHIHVWLYDOGHGLFDWHGWRWKH3DQDJLDMesosporitissa mesos PLGGOHKDOIsporos, sporaVHHGVRZLQJ³3DQDJLD +DOI:D\7KURXJKWKH6RZLQJ´ WKDWLVWKH³3UHVHQWDWLRQRI WKH3DQDJLDLQWKH7HPSOH´,(OHXVLV1RYHPEHU )LJXUH7KHWRXULQJRIWKHKRXVHVRIWKHYLOODJHGXULQJWKHVHFRQG DQGWKLUGGD\VRIWKH$QDVWHQDULDIHVWLYDO$JLD(OHQƝ 0D\
&RPSHWLQJ,GHRORJLHVLQ*UHHN&XOWXUH$QFLHQWDQG0RGHUQ
[LLL
)LJXUH&RS\RIWKH*UHDW(OHXVLQLDQYRWLYHUHOLHIILIWKFHQWXU\ %&(UHSUHVHQWLQJWKH(OHXVLQLDQGHLWLHVEOHVVLQJDQGRIIHULQJHDUV RIZKHDWWR7ULSWROHPRVLQRUGHUIRUKLPWREHVWRZLWLQWXUQ RQKXPDQNLQG$UFKDHRORJLFDO0XVHXPRI(OHXVLV2ULJLQDO 1DWLRQDO$UFKDHRORJLFDO0XVHXP$WKHQV )LJXUH$SLOJULPKDVMXVWDUULYHGDWWKH&KXUFKRIWKH$QQXQFLDWLRQ RQ7LQRVEULQJLQJRLOEUHDGIORZHUVDQGPRQH\DQGKHUQDPH LVZULWWHQLQWRWKHOLWXUJ\ERRNIRUWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIDKHDOLQJ OLWXUJ\ )LJXUH³7KH2OLYH7UHH3HGLPHQW´FD%&($WKHQD3ROLDVLQ KHUWHPSOH7KHROG$NURSROLV0XVHXP$WKHQVFDWQR )LJXUH7KH'LRQ\VRV&XSILIWKFHQWXU\%&(kylix ZLQHGULQNLQJ FXS UHSUHVHQWLQJWKHDUULYDORI'LRQ\VRVGXULQJWKH$QWKHVWHULD IHVWLYDOZLWKDOOVDLOVVHW+HKDOIOLHVRUVLWVZLWKLQDVKLSVKDSHGOLNH DGROSKLQYLQHVJURZLQJRXWIURPWKHPDVWZLWKFOXVWHUVRIJUDSHVWR WKHULJKWDQGWKHOHIW'RZQORDGHGIURP KWWSVHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL'LRQ\VXVPHGLD)LOH([HNLDVB'LRQ\VR V6WDDWOLFKHB$QWLNHQVDPPOXQJHQBBQMSJ )LJXUHMaenad .\OL[E\WKH&KDLULDV3DLQWHUFD%&(. $JRUD0XVHXP$WKHQV )LJXUH7KH%HDUDQGLWVOHDGHUGXULQJWKHFDUQLYDOLQ.RLPƝVƝ *UHHN0DFHGRQLD0DUFK )LJXUH7KHOHDWKHUFORWKHGFDUQLYDOILJXUHVNQRZQDV³.RNNHUL´ LQWKHYLOODJHRI)ODPERXUR*UHHN0DFHGRQLD&KHHVH6XQGD\ 0DUFK )LJXUH%HOO\amphoraSRWSLWFKHUIRUVWRUDJHRIZLQHRLOHWF VKRZLQJ+HUDNOHVZHDULQJWKHKLGHRIWKH1HPHDQ/LRQZKLOH ILJKWLQJ*HU\RQZLWKD0HGXVDRQKLVVKLHOG ABVVHH$%9 )LJXUH%DXERILJXULQHIURP3ULHQH'RZQORDGHG IURP KWWSVHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL%DXERPHGLD)LOH7HUUDFRWWDB%DXERBIL JXULQHMSJ )LJXUH3HUVRQLILHGVQDNH$NURSROLV0XVHXP$WKHQV )LJXUH7KHUHPDLQVRIWKHROGHVW%\]DQWLQHFKXUFKRQ7LQRVLVDPRVW KRO\SODFHIRUWKHPDQ\SLOJULPVZKRGHGLFDWHWKHLUSLOJULPDJH FORWKHVSHQLWHQWLDOUREHV KHUH$XJXVW )LJXUH:RPHQSUHSDUHWKHPDVNRI'LRQ\VRVLQDliknon ZLQQRZLQJ EDVNHWRUIDQLQZKLFKWKHFRUQZDVSODFHGDIWHUWKUHVKLQJDQGWKHQ WKURZQDJDLQVWWKHZLQGVRDVWRZLQQRZWKHJUDLQIURPWKHFKDII /LNQRQDOVRVLJQLILHVFUDGOH ARVVHH$59FO
[LY
/LVWRI)LJXUHV
)LJXUH7KHFDYHGHGLFDWHGWRWKH3DQDJLDChrysospƝliǀtissa RU &KDSHORI2XU/DG\RIWKH&DYHUQDW$WKHQV )LJXUHVDDQGE7KHFDYHLQWKHYLFLQLW\RIWKHFKXUFKGHGLFDWHGWR WKH3DQDJLDGastriǀtissa³3DQDJLDZKRKHOSVWKHZRPHQ EHFRPHSUHJQDQWFRQFHLYH´ DQGWKHFKXUFKLWVHOIVLWXDWHGRQ *DVWULD&DSHRQ7LQRV )LJXUH$SLOJULPIHWFKHVVRPHKRO\HDUWKIURPWKHKROHZKHUH WKHPLUDFXORXVLFRQZDVIRXQG7LQRV$XJXVW )LJXUH7KHYHUVLRQRIWKHVDPHULWXDO$SLOJULPIHWFKHV VRPHKRO\VDQGIURPWKHYRWLYHFDQGOHVWDQGWKHURXQG VDQGILOOHGFRQWDLQHU³manouali´ LQZKLFKOLJKWHGFDQGOHVDUH XVXDOO\SODFHGLQ2UWKRGR[FKXUFKHV7LQRV$XJXVW )LJXUH:RUVKLSSLQJWKH3DQDJLDRQKHUGHDWKEHGRQWKHHYHRI WKH³1LQWK'D\¶VULWXDORIWKH3DQDJLD´7LQRV$XJXVW )LJXUHVDF3DVVLQJWKHFORWKHVLQVLGHDEXQGOH RIDVLFNFKLOG RYHUWKHILJXUHDQGXQGHUWKHFDQRS\WKUHHWLPHVLQD F\FOLFDOPRYHPHQWWKXVHQFLUFOLQJLW7LQRV$XJXVW )LJXUH7KHZDWHUVFRRSLVRIWHQXVHGLQWKHFDYHGHGLFDWHGWR WKH3DQDJLDWKHLife-Giving SpringGXULQJWKHIHVWLYDOFHOHEUDWHG RQ³1HZ:KLWH´)ULGD\DIWHUWKH5HVXUUHFWLRQRI&KULVW$WKHQV 0D\ )LJXUH7KHVDQFWXDU\RI$JLD0DULQDRQWKHHDVWHUQVORSHRIWKH +LOORIWKH1\PSKVLQ$WKHQV )LJXUH:RPHQIHWFKLQJDQGWDVWLQJWKHZDWHULQWKHFDYHGHGLFDWHG WRWKH3DQDJLDWKH/LIH*LYLQJ6SULQJGXULQJWKHIHVWLYDOFHOHEUDWHG RQ³1HZ:KLWH´)ULGD\DIWHUWKH5HVXUUHFWLRQRI&KULVW $WKHQV )LJXUH$QFLHQWWHUUDFRWWDJURXSRIDZRPDQJLYLQJELUWKEHLQJ KHOSHGE\DQRWKHUZRPDQVHHYDQ6WUDWHQ)LJ 1LFRVLD &\SUXV0XVHXP% )LJXUH:RPDQFOHDQLQJWKHIDPLO\WRPERQWKHpsychosabbato psychƝ VRXOsabbato 6DWXUGD\WKDWLV6RXO6DWXUGD\RU$OO 6RXOV¶'D\ GHGLFDWHGWRThauma Kollybǀn Ag. Theodorou ³$JLRV7KHRGǀURV¶0LUDFOHZLWKWKH.ROO\EǀQ´ WKDWLVWKH WKLUGSV\FKRVDEEDWRGXULQJZLQWHUVW&HPHWHU\$WKHQV 0DUFK )LJXUH7KHAnodos³ULVLQJ´ RI3HUVHSKRQH ARV VHH$59FO )LJXUH7KH(SLWDSKLRVLVFDUULHGLQWRWKHVHD6SLWDOLDEHDFK+RO\ )ULGD\RQ7LQRV
&RPSHWLQJ,GHRORJLHVLQ*UHHN&XOWXUH$QFLHQWDQG0RGHUQ
[Y
)LJXUH6WDWXHWWHRIDVHDWHGZRPDQ$SRVVLEOHLOOXVWUDWLRQRIWKH FXOWREMHFW"$NURSROLV0XVHXP$WKHQV )LJXUH9HQHUDWLQJ$JLRV1HNWDULRV¶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ekythos RLOIODVN FD%&(0HWURSROLWDQ0XVHXPRI$UW86$ 'RZQORDGHGIURP KWWSVZZZPHWPXVHXPRUJWRDKZRUNVRI DUWKEBMSJ )LJXUH'HPHWHUHQWKURQHGDQGH[WHQGLQJKHUKDQGLQEHQHGLFWLRQ WRZDUGWKHNQHHOLQJ0HWDQHLUDZKRRIIHUVWKHtriuneZKHDWWKDWLV DUHFXUULQJV\PERORIWKHP\VWHULHV9DUUHVH3DLQWHUUHGILJXUH hydria ZDWHUMDU FD%&(IURP$SXOLD 'RZQORDGHGIURP KWWSVHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL(OHXVLQLDQB0\VWHULHVPHGLD)LOH(OHXV LQLDQBK\GULDB$QWLNHQVDPPOXQJB%HUOLQBBQMSJ )LJXUH7KUDFLDQNLQJDQGTXHHQ5HSURGXFWLRQRIIUHVFRIURP WKH7KUDFLDQ7RPERI.D]DQODNFHQWUDO%XOJDULD )LJXUH7KHKRO\LFRQRIWKH$QQXQFLDWLRQLVFDUULHGLQSURFHVVLRQ DQGSDVVHGRYHUWKHZDLWLQJSLOJULPV7LQRV0DUFK )LJXUH:UHDWKVKDYHEHHQODLGIRUWKHGHFHDVHGKHURHVRIWKH ³(OOL´EHIRUHWKHIHVWLYDOGD\7LQRV$XJXVW )LJXUH7KHSULHVWRQKLVNQHHVLQIURQWRIWKHLFRQVSUD\LQJIRU UDLQLQWKHFHPHWHU\LQ2O\PSRVRQ:KLWH7XHVGD\
[YL
/LVWRI)LJXUHV
)LJXUH7KH9DUYDNHLRQ$WKHQDD5RPDQPDUEOHFRS\FD &( RIWKHFRORVVDOJROGDQGLYRU\VWDWXHRIWKH$WKHQD3DUWKHQRV E\3KLGLDV%&( 1DWLRQDO$UFKDHRORJLFDO0XVHXP$WKHQV LQYQR )LJXUH6\QRSWLF'LDJUDPRI3HUWLQHQW2SSRVLWLRQV VHH%RXUGLHX )LJXUHD$3RQWLFRUFKHVWUDDWWKHDQQXDOPHPRULDOULWXDOIRUWKH *UHHN3RQWLFJHQRFLGHDW6\QWDJPD6TXDUHLQ$WKHQV 0D\ )LJXUHE7KHkollybaDPL[WXUHRIZKHDWQXWVIUXLWDQGKRQH\ ³IRUWKHYLFWLPVRIWKHJHQRFLGH´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ƝPDUEOHUHOLHI%&( $UFKDHRORJLFDO0XVHXPRI(OHXVLV'RZQORDGHGIURP KWWSVHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL$UFKDHRORJLFDOB0XVHXPBRIB(OHXVLV PHGLD)LOH'HPHWHUBDQGB.RUHBPDUEOHBUHOLHIB B%&B$0B(OHXVLVBMSJ )LJXUH$FOD\PRGHORIWKHekphora WKDWLV³FDUU\LQJRXWRIWKH FRUSVH´ 2YHUWKHELHULVDVKURXGEHQHDWKZKLFKOLHVWKHERG\ ILUVWSDUWRIWKHVHYHQWKFHQWXU\%&(1DWLRQDO$UFKDHRORJLFDO 0XVHXP$WKHQVLQYQR
&RPSHWLQJ,GHRORJLHVLQ*UHHN&XOWXUH$QFLHQWDQG0RGHUQ
[YLL
)LJXUH7KHHQWUDQFHWRWKH6DFUHG6SULQJWKH$NURSROLV&DYHDW $WKHQV )LJXUHVDDQGE$WKHQD¶VVDFUHGROLYHWUHHLQIURQWRIWKH (UHNKWKHLRQLQWKH3DQGURVLRQ$NURSROLVRI$WKHQV $XJXVWDQG )LJXUH7KUHVKLQJIORRURQWKHLVODQGRI6DQWRULQL6HSWHPEHU )LJXUH&RQFHUQLQJRIIHULQJVWKH*HURODQRVDPSKRUDLQWKH 3LUDHXV0XVHXPFDWQR VKRZVROLYHRLOEHLQJSRXUHGLQ WKHSUHVHQFHRI$WKHQD&RXUWHV\3LUDHXV0XVHXP )LJXUH$SRVWHUSURFODLPLQJ$XJXVWDVWKH³'D\RIWKH $UPHG)RUFHV´DQGWKHV\PEROVRIWKHQDY\WKHDLUIRUFHDQGWKH DUP\DUHVKRZQDORQJZLWKWKH3DQDJLDDQGDQLOOXVWUDWLRQRI DQDQFLHQWKRSOLWHKHOPHW )LJXUH,QWKHKHURHVRIWKH(OOLDOVRUHFHLYHGDPHPRULDOLQ WKHKDUERXULQIURQWRIZKLFKDFDQQRQIURPWKHVKLSZDVSODFHG 7LQRV$XJXVW )LJXUH$PRWKHUZKRKDVFUDZOHGXSZHDULQJNQHHSDGVOLIWV KHUGDXJKWHUXSWRNLVVWKHLFRQ7LQRV$XJXVW )LJXUH³Boules´MDQLVVDULHV LQ1DRXVVD*UHHN0DFHGRQLD GXULQJWKHFDUQLYDORQ0HDW6XQGD\0DUFK )LJXUH3HRSOHYHQHUDWLQJ$JLD3HODJLD¶VKHDGLQKHUFKXUFK 0RQDVWHU\RI.HNKURYRXQR7LQRV-XO\ )LJXUH$JLRV&KULVWRSKHU'RJKHDGKynokephalosWKDWLVZLWK DKHDGRIDGRJ 'RZQORDGHGIURP KWWSVHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL&\QRFHSKDO\PHGLD)LOH6DLQWBFKULVWR SKHUBF\QRFHSKDOXVJLI )LJXUH3HUIRUPLQJD3RQWLFGDQFHDWWKH'RUD6WUDWRX'DQFH 7KHDWUH$WKHQV$XJXVW )LJXUH9DULRXVLWHPVKDYHEHHQSXWEHKLQGWKHKRO\LFRQRQ7LQRV WRDEVRUELWVVDQFWLW\$XJXVW )LJXUH7KH3DQDJLDGalaktotrophousaRU³%UHDVWIHHGLQJ´ 3DQDJLD7LQRV$XJXVW )LJXUH2IIHULQJVRIEUHDGZLQHDQGROLYHRLOQHDWO\ODLGLQ KXJHEDVNHWVLQIURQWRIWKHDOWDU0DUNRSRXOR.HSKDOORQLD $XJXVW )LJXUH'HDWKFXOW%RQHVH[KXPHGDWWKHFHPHWHU\LQ6HUUHV QRUWKHUQ*UHHFHRQWKHVHFRQGRIWKHWKUHHpsychosabbata SORISV\FKRVDEEDWRWKDWLV6RXO6DWXUGD\RU$OO6RXOV¶'D\ GXULQJ&DUQLYDODQG/HQWDWWKHHQGRIZLQWHU6HUUHV *UHHN0DFHGRQLD0DUFK
[YLLL
/LVWRI)LJXUHV
)LJXUH7KHORFDOSULHVWEOHVVHVWKHEXOOLQIURQWRIWKHVDLQW¶V FKDSHORQWKHVXPPLWRI7DXURV/HVERV-XQH )LJXUH3LWVD3DQHOV$UFKDLF*UHHFHFD%&(1DWLRQDO $UFKDHRORJLFDO0XVHXP$WKHQVLQYQR SKRWRJUDSKE\*LDQQLV3DWULNLDQRV ««««««««««« )LJXUH:RPHQDUULYHZLWKEDVNHWVILOOHGZLWKRIIHULQJVRIEUHDG ZLQHROLYHRLODQGFDNHVRQWKHHYHRIWKHIHVWLYDOGHGLFDWHG WRWKH3DQDJLD0HVRVSRULWLVVDWKDWLVWKH³3UHVHQWDWLRQRIWKH 3DQDJLDLQWKH7HPSOH´,(OHXVLV1RYHPEHU
$127(2175$16/,7(5$7,21 7KH SUHVHQW ERRN GHDOV ZLWK DQFLHQW DQG PRGHUQ *UHHN FXOWXUH DQG WKHUHIRUHPDQ\*UHHNQDPHVDQGWHUPV,WVKRXOGWKHUHIRUHEHPHQWLRQHG WKDW WKHUH LV QR XQLILHG XQLYHUVDOO\ DFFHSWHG V\VWHP IRU WUDQVOLWHUDWLRQ RI ZULWWHQDQGVSRNHQ*UHHN,KDYHWKHUHIRUHGHYLVHGP\RZQZKLFKZLWKD IHZ H[FHSWLRQV LV LGHQWLFDO WR WKH V\VWHP XVHG E\ WKH 1RUGLF /LEUDU\ $WKHQV +RZHYHU YDULDWLRQV PD\ RFFXU ZKHQ TXRWLQJ IURP D SXEOLVKHG *UHHNWH[WVLQFHWKHUHDUHVHYHUDOSRVVLEOHZD\VRIWUDQVOLWHUDWLQJWKRVH ǹ Į D Ǻ ȕ E ī Ȗ J ǻ į G Ǽ İ H ǽ ȗ ] Ǿ Ș Ɲ Ĭ ș WK , Ț L Ȁ ț N ȁ Ȝ O Ȃ ȝ P ȃ Y Q Ȅ ȟ [ ȅ R R Ȇ ʌ S ȇ ȡ U Ȉ ıȢ V ȉ IJ W Ȋ ȣ \ ĭ ij SK ȋ Ȥ FK Ȍ ȥ SV ȍ Ȧ ǀ
[[
$1RWHRQ7UDQVOLWHUDWLRQ
ǹȣĮȣ DX Ǽȣİȣ HX ȅȣRȣ RX ȖEHIRUHȖQ ȖEHIRUHțQ ǯ KLQ$QFLHQW*UHHN :KHUHDQDXWKRU¶VQDPHFDQEHVSHOOHGLQPRUHWKDQRQHZD\,KDYH IROORZHG WKH DXWKRU¶V RZQ VSHOOLQJ LI WKH\ GR QRW FRQVLVWHQWO\ XVH WKH VDPH VSHOOLQJ , KDYH WUDQVFULEHG LW DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH DIRUHPHQWLRQHG V\VWHP ([FHSWLRQV WR WKLV LQFOXGH SHUVRQDO DQG SODFH QDPHV RU WHUPV ZKLFKKDYHDZHOOHVWDEOLVKHGRUVWDQGDUG$QJOLFLVHGIRUPVXFKDV7LQRV QRW 7ƝQRV 6HUUHV QRW 6HUUǀQ $QDVWHQDULV QRW $QDVWHQDUƝV ,Q JHQHUDO WKRXJK *UHHN QDPHV DUH QRW /DWLQLVHG ZLWK WKH OHWWHU F ZKLFK GRHV QRW H[LVWLQWKH*UHHNDOSKDEHW6RPHWLPHV,XVHCDVLQ&RUIXDQG&\SUXV VLQFHWKRVHDUHWKHVWDQGDUG$QJOLFLVHGIRUPV:KHQDWHUPRUQDPHFDQ EH UHQGHUHG LQ VHYHUDO ZD\V , KDYH HPSOR\HG P\ RZQ V\VWHP VXFK DV $JLD QRW +DJLD $\LD RU $JKLD 7KLV PDLQO\ FRQFHUQV 0RGHUQ *UHHN VLQFH $QFLHQW *UHHN QDPHV DQG WHUPV DUH PRUH ZLGHO\ NQRZQ LQ ³(XURSHDQ YHUVLRQV´ VXFK DV $UUHSKRULD 7KLV LV DOVR WKH UHDVRQ WKDW , KDYH PDUNHG WKH spiritus asper ǯ ZLWK K RQ WUDQVFULSWLRQV IURP WKH $QFLHQW *UHHN VLQFH IRU H[DPSOH hiera DQG hieros gamos DUH ZHOO HVWDEOLVKHGVSHOOLQJVZLWKLQDQFLHQWVFKRODUVKLS7KXVZLWKRQHH[FHSWLRQ ,KDYHXVHGWKHVDPHV\VWHPIRU$QFLHQW*UHHN$* DQG0RGHUQ*UHHN 0* DOWKRXJKDQWKURSRORJLVWVPD\EHFULWLFDORIWKLVXVDJHFODLPLQJ, DP DWWHPSWLQJ WR GHPRQVWUDWH WKDW 0RGHUQ *UHHN GHULYHV IURP $QFLHQW *UHHN 0\ LQWHQWLRQ LV SXUHO\ SUDJPDWLF KRZHYHU JLYHQ KRZ FORVHO\ UHODWHG WKH WZR V\VWHPV RI RUWKRJUDSK\ DUH , KDYH QRW XVHG WKH *UHHN DOSKDEHWLQWKHWH[WEXWRQO\LQWUDQVOLWHUDWLRQKRSLQJWKDWWKLVUXOHZLOOEH PRUH DSSURSULDWH IRU UHDGHUV OHVV DFFXVWRPHG WR WKH *UHHN ODQJXDJH :KHQD*UHHNWHUPLVILUVWXVHGLWLVVKRZQLQLWDOLFV
35()$&(727+((1*/,6+(',7,21 $1'$&.12:/('*(0(176 :KHQ FRPSOHWLQJ P\ 3K' GLVVHUWDWLRQ LQ KLVWRU\ Greek Festivals, Modern and Ancient: A Comparison of Female and Male Values IURP ,ZDVOHIWZLWKPXFKPDWHULDOZKLFK,FRXOGQRWLQFOXGHLQWKHILQDO YHUVLRQEHFDXVHWKHGLVVHUWDWLRQZRXOGWKHQEHPXFKWRRORQJ7KLVZDVLQ IDFW D UDZ PDQXVFULSW IRU D QHZ ERRN , ZDV RI FRXUVH LQWHUHVWHG LQ WXUQLQJ LW LQWR D ERRN ,Q , UHFHLYHG D SURMHFW JUDQW IURP WKH 1RUZHJLDQ 1RQ)LFWLRQ :ULWHUV DQG 7UDQVODWRUV $VVRFLDWLRQ 1))2 WR ZULWH WKH ERRN Competing Ideologies in Greek Religion, Ancient and ModernDQG,ZRXOGOLNHWRRIIHUP\WKDQNVWR1))2IRUWKLV 0DQ\SHRSOHKDYHFRPPHQWHGRQHDUOLHUGUDIWVRIWKHSUHVHQWERRNRU KDYHSURYLGHGLQYDOXDEOHKHOSLQRWKHUZD\VDQGPDQ\WKHUHIRUHGHVHUYH P\ZDUPWKDQNV2QO\DIHZRIWKHVHFDQEHPHQWLRQHGKHUH,ZRXOGOLNH WRGLUHFWDVSHFLDOZRUGRIWKDQNVWRWKHKLVWRULDQRIUHOLJLRQ3URIHVVRU'DJ LVWHLQ (QGVM¡ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI %HUJHQ2VOR ZKR DOVR HQFRXUDJHG PH WR VXEPLW D SURSRVDO IRU D SURMHFW JUDQW IURP 1))2 VR , FRXOG FRQWLQXH ZRUNLQJRQP\PDQXVFULSWDQGWXUQLWLQWRDQHZERRN,ZRXOGDOVROLNH WR PHQWLRQ WKH *UHHN IRONORULVW (OHQƝ 3V\FKRJLRX ZKR KDV DOZD\V EHHQ DYDLODEOH IRU GLVFXVVLRQV DURXQG RXU FRPPRQ UHVHDUFK LQWHUHVWV WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ DQFLHQW DQG PRGHUQ SRSXODU FXOWV LQ JHQHUDO DQG SDUWLFXODUO\JHQGHUUHODWLRQVDQGSRZHULQ*UHHFHERWKSDVWDQGSUHVHQW 7KH SUHVHQW ERRN ZDV SXEOLVKHG LQ 1RUZHJLDQ LQ E\ /LFHQWLD 3XEOLVKHUV %RG¡ . :KHQ WKH ERRN PDQXVFULSW ZDV FRPSOHWHG KRZHYHU WKH 6FDQGLQDYLDQ SXEOLVKHUV ZKR ZHUH PRVW LQWHUHVWHG LQ SXEOLVKLQJ D WRSLFGHDOLQJZLWKERWKDQFLHQWDQGPRGHUQ*UHHNFXOWXUHHQFRXUDJHGPH WR WUDQVODWH WKH PDQXVFULSW LQWR (QJOLVK VLQFH WKH WRSLF GHVHUYHV DQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO UHDGHUVKLS 3URIHVVRU 6YHLQ 0¡QQHVODQG 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 2VOR ZKR DORQJ ZLWK 3URIHVVRU 6YHUUH %DJJH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI %HUJHQ JDYH P\ PDQXVFULSW D JHQHURXV UHDGLQJ HVSHFLDOO\ HQFRXUDJHG PH WR WUDQVODWHLWLQWR(QJOLVKGXHWRLWVYDOXHZLWKLQFRPSDUDWLYH%DONDQVWXGLHV 2YHUWKH\HDUVVLQFHILQLVKLQJWKH1RUZHJLDQYHUVLRQ,KDYHP\VHOIIHOWWKH QHHG WR WUDQVODWH WKH SUHVHQW ERRN DQG PDNH LW DYDLODEOH WR D ZLGHU LQWHUQDWLRQDO UHDGHUVKLS WKDQ WKH RULJLQDO 1RUZHJLDQ YHUVLRQ 7KLV LV HVSHFLDOO\GXHWRWKHPDQ\\RXQJVFKRODUVWRGD\ZKRDFURVVGLVFLSOLQDU\
[[LL
3UHIDFHWRWKH(QJOLVK(GLWLRQDQG$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV
ERUGHUVIHHOWKHQHHGWRGUDZRQPRGHUQDVZHOODVFURVVSHULRGPDWHULDO LQ WKHLU VWXGLHV RI ERWK DQFLHQW DQG PRGHUQ *UHHN DQG 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ FXOWXUHV,QFRQQHFWLRQZLWKWKHSUHVHQWWUDQVODWLRQ,SDUWLFXODUO\ZDQWWR WKDQNP\FROOHDJXHIURPWKH6,()6RFLpWp,QWHUQDWLRQDOHG¶(WKQRORJLHHW GH )RONORUH :RUNLQJ *URXS RQ 7KH 5LWXDO SURSHU@ SULGH GLJQLW\ VHOIHVWHHP$*ORYHRIKRQRXU DQGdropi VKDPH 7KHILUVW³MHDORXVRI RQH¶VKRQRXUZLWKDNHHQVHQVHRIKRQRXU´RU³ORYHRIKRQRXU´LVDPRQJ PHQUHJDUGHGDVORYLQJWKDWLVFDULQJRIRUIRU RUUHVSHFWLQJPDQKRRG$ PDQ PXVW KDYH timƝ KRQRXU DQG ORYH FDUH RI RU IRU DQG UHVSHFW PDVFXOLQLW\ZKLOHGURSLRUVKDPHUHSUHVHQWVWKHZRPDQRUIHPDOHLPDJH VKHPXVWEHFKDVWHPRGHVWDQGIDLWKIXOWRKHUKXVEDQGDVZDVWKHFDVH LQ WKH DQFLHQWGLYLQHUHDOP DVZHOO7KH DQFLHQWYHUVLRQRI WKHIHPDOH JHQLWDOV ZDV GHVFULEHG DV ³ZKDW LV FRYHUHG ZLWK VKDPH´ $* aidoionaidoia SULYDWH SDUWV SXGHQGD 0* aidoio WKDW LV SXGHQGD YXOYD KDYLQJWKHVDPHPHDQLQJDVWKHPRGHUQGURSLDQGWKHUHE\DODEHO IRU ZRPDQ 7KLV LV XQGHUVWDQGDEOH JLYHQ WKH EDFNJURXQG RI WKH PDQ\ FDVHVRIZKLFKZHKDYHWHVWLPRQ\UHJDUGLQJWKHIHPDOHVH[¶VFRQQHFWLRQ ZLWKLPSRUWDQWSURFHVVHVWRNHHSVRFLHW\JRLQJVXFKDVWKURXJK³VKDPHIXO
&I 0DORQH\ E L[ )RVWHU I )LQUXG 'L 7RWD D DQG
%OXP%OXPWKHMHDORXV\RIWKHGHLWLHV ZLWKWKHORJLFLQ6DKOLQV 6HHDOVR0DUWLQFIQVXSUD $ULVWPolD 3OXWMorDEYVEFGHURJDWRU\ &I0DORQH\EYL(VOHU&K Od )RU PRGHUQ *UHHFH 'LRQLVRSRXORV0DVV I %OXP%OXP &I%RXUGLHXWKH.DE\OHV
)HVWLYDODQG&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
DFWLRQV´ 6HYHUDO WDOHV IRU LQVWDQFH WHOO XV DERXW EUDYH ZRPHQ H[SRVLQJ WKHLU SULYDWH SDUWV WR ZDUG RII WKHLU HQHPLHV 7KHLU JHQLWDOV VHUYH WKH VDPH SXUSRVH DV WKH JLOW KHDG RI 0HGXVD WKH *RUJRQ ZLWK LWV IULQJH RI VQDNHV )LJXUH WKDW LV LWV DSRWURSDLF IXQFWLRQ DORQJ ZLWK RWKHU JHQLWDOLVHGDPXOHWV
Image not available in e-version )LJXUH 0HGXVD ZLWK KHU KDLU RI VQDNHV DQG D VQDNH XQGHU HDFK FKHHN $NURSROLVPXVHXP$WKHQV
$FRUUHVSRQGLQJFXVWRPLVIRXQGLQPRGHUQ6ZD]LODQGZKHUHWKHZRPHQ VKRZWKHLUFRQWHPSWIRUWKHNLQJE\WXUQLQJWKHLUQDNHGEXWWRFNVWRZDUGV WKH PRQDUFK\ 7KLV VSHFLDO IRUP RI SURWHVW LV FRQVLGHUHG WR EH D FXUVH WRZDUGV WKH RQH ZKR LV WKH WDUJHW RI WKH SURWHVW DQG WKXV EHFRPHV D SDUDOOHO WR WKH DQFLHQW FXVWRP ,W KDV WKHUHIRUH EHHQ FODLPHG WKDW WKH ZRPHQ GR QRW IHHO DQ\ VKDPH LQ WKH ZRPHQ¶V IHVWLYDOV EHFDXVH LW LV H[SHFWHGWKDWWKHPHQZLOOVWD\DZD\IURPWKRVHRFFDVLRQV2QWKHRWKHU
3OXWMorDE +nODQG&KUHDPXOHWV³VKDPHIXODFWLRQV´HWF6HHUHSRUWDJHLQWKH
1RUZHJLDQMRXUQDOBergens Tidende,UH6ZD]LODQG %UXPILHOGI
&KDSWHU7ZR
KDQG WKH PHQWLRQHG H[SODQDWLRQ RI SKLORWLPR DQG GURSL LV WKH LGHDO RI D SDWULDUFKDO LGHRORJ\ ,W LV WKH ³PDOHSUHVHQWHG´ 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ FXOWXUH RI KRQRXU DQG VKDPH WKDW LV H[SUHVVHG WKURXJKGURSLYHUVXV SKLORWLPLD DQG WKHLGHRORJLFDOIHPDOHDQGPDOHVSKHUHVDUHVLPLODULQERWKSHULRGV,QWKH PRGHUQFRQWH[WWKLVLVLOOXVWUDWHGE\WKHIDFWWKDWWKHLFRQRIWKH3DQDJLD RQ7LQRVKDVUDUHO\EHHQRXWVLGHRI³KHUKRXVH´WKDWLVRXWVLGHRI7LQRV² RQO\WZLFHZKHQRQHGRHVQRWLQFOXGHKHUKRO\VSDFHZKLFKLVWKHHQWLUH LVODQG:HKDYHPDQ\SDUDOOHOVWDWHPHQWVIURPWKHDXWKRUVRIRXUDQFLHQW VRXUFHV IRU LQVWDQFH FRQFHUQLQJ WKH DQFLHQW Plynteria IHVWLYDO ZKHQ $WKHQD¶V VWDWXH RI ROLYH ZRRG OHIW $WKHQV WR EH EDWKHG LQ 3KDOHURQ %HFDXVHVKHOHIW³KHUKRXVH´WKHGD\ZDVUHJDUGHGDVDQXQOXFN\RQH,Q SUDFWLFH KRZHYHU SKLORWLPR DQG GURSL DUH QRW DOZD\V JHQGHUVSHFLILF VLQFHLQHYHU\GD\VSHHFKDZRPDQPD\KDYHSKLORWLPRLQWKHVDPHZD\DV DPDQPD\KDYHVKDPH,QPRGHUQ,QQHU0DQLRQWKHVRXWKHUQSDUWRIWKH 0DQLSHQLQVXODLQWKH3HORSRQQHVHWUDGLWLRQDOPRGHVW\PD\EHVXVSHQGHG LQWKHVHUYLFHRIIDPLO\KRQRXUDQGLIDZRPDQDFWVOLNHDPDQLWLVQRW QHFHVVDULO\ VKDPHIXO ,W ZDV OLNHZLVH LQ DQWLTXLW\ DV ZHOO IRU DOWKRXJK WKHZULWLQJVRI3OXWDUFKIRULQVWDQFHFRQILUPWKHPDOHLGHRORJ\RIKRQRXU DQG VKDPH LQ GHWDLO KH DOVR UHFRXQWV VWRULHV DERXW WKH EUDYH ZRPHQ LQ ZKLFKZRPHQDFWOLNHPHQDQGKDYHPDOHKRQRXU 7KH GHVLUH WR NHHS SRWHQWLDO SRZHUV RI FKDQJH LQ FKHFN KRZHYHU LV QRW UHVWULFWHG WR WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ PHQ DQG ZRPHQ ,I VRPHRQH WULHGWRVXUSDVVDGHLW\WKH\ZHUHIRUFHGEDFNLQWKHLUSODFHE\WKHGHLWLHV XVLQJ WKHLU NQRZOHGJH RI PDJLF EHFDXVH WKH\ ZHUH HDJHU WR UHWDLQ WKHLU SUHFHGHQFH$QH[DPSOHRIWKLVLVZKHQWKH*RGGHVVDQGSULQFLSDOZHDYHU $WKHQD ZLWK WKH KHOS RI KHU (YLO (\H WRRN UHYHQJH RQ WKH ZHDYHU $UDNKQHE\WUDQVIRUPLQJWKHXQIRUWXQDWHJLUOLQWRWKHILUVWVSLGHUGRRPHG WRVSLQDQGZHDYHIRUHYHU$FFRUGLQJO\WKH³(YLO(\H´FDQEHDGHLW\¶V DYHQJLQJIRUFHDFRQWLQXRXVHYLOVWUHQJWKOLNHDYLUXVRUDSODJXHZKLFK PXVW EH EURNHQ ZLWK WKH KHOS RI DPXOHWV 7RGD\ WKH (YLO (\H LV RIWHQ FRQVLGHUHGWREHWKHLQFDUQDWLRQRIHYLOLQWKHIRUPRIWKH'HYLOEHFDXVH RQHZKRKDVWKH(YLO(\HLVVDLGWRKDYHDQH\HLQIHFWHGE\WKH'HYLO $VUHJDUGVZLWFKFUDIWDQGWKH(YLO(\HRQHKDVWRUHPHPEHUWKDWLQWKH VDPH ZD\ WKDW DFWLRQV UHODWHG WR ZLWFKFUDIW DWWDFN WKH PRUDO DQG VRFLDO RUGHU LQ SUDFWLFDO WHUPV WKH LGHD RI WKH ZLWFK FKDOOHQJHV WKH VDPH
+nODQGE6HH3OXWMor.
GIRUDQRWKHUH[DPSOH
+ROVW:DUKDIW 3OXWMorHF 2YMet &DPSEHOO&I%UXZDHQH)LJV6KDSLUR
)HVWLYDODQG&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
V\PEROLFDOO\ DQG LQ D IDUUHDFKLQJ ZD\ ,W LV WKHUHIRUH LPSRUWDQW QRW PHUHO\WRIRFXVRQWKHZLWFKRUZLWFKFUDIWEXWWRSODFHWKHPLQWRDEURDGHU FRQWH[WRIPRUDOXQGHUVWDQGLQJ'DQJHURXVGHPRQVDUHPDLQO\DVVRFLDWHG ZLWKPLVIRUWXQHVDWELUWKHQWHULQJLQWRPDUULDJHRUGHDWKWKDWLVWKHPRVW LPSRUWDQWOLIHF\FOHULWXDOVRIDKXPDQEHLQJ7KHLGHDRIWKH³)LJKWZLWK &KDURQ´DWWKHGHDWKEHGEHDUVZLWQHVVWRWKRXJKWVDQGSHUFHSWLRQVLQIDFH RIZKDWJHQHUDOO\PD\EHVHHQDVD³VHQVHOHVVPRPHQWWKHFRQWHPSODWLRQ RI´DSHUVRQ¶V³GHDWKDJRQLHV´ :KLOH LW GRHV QRW OHDG WR WKH NLQG RI SV\FKRORJLFDO RU VRFLRORJLFDO ³UHSOLHVWRIHDU´RU³VWUHVVH[SODQDWLRQV´IRXQGLQPDQ\ZLWFKFUDIWVWXGLHV DQH[DPLQDWLRQRIWKHLGHDRIZLWFKFUDIWWKH(YLO(\HDQGWKHOLNHUHYHDOV PXFKDERXWWKHWHQVLRQVLQ*UHHNVRFLHW\QRWOHDVWEHFDXVHWKHVHGHPRQV FOLQJ DURXQG SUREOHPDWLFDO DUHDV RI H[SHULHQFH DFFRUGLQJ WR &KDUOHV 6WHZDUW+HDOVRUHIHUVWR'DQ6SHUEHUFRQFHUQLQJWKHFRJQLWLYHGLPHQVLRQ RI V\PEROLVP ZKLFK LV RQH RI LWV PRVW LPSRUWDQW DQG GLVWLQFWLYH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV 6\PEROLVP FRPSULVHV WKLQJV WKDW ZH GR QRW TXLWH XQGHUVWDQG $ UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ LV V\PEROLF SUHFLVHO\ EHFDXVH LW FDQQRW EH H[SODLQHGSURSHUO\ZKLFKLVWRVD\WKDWLWFDQQRWEHH[SUHVVHGE\ZD\RI VHPDQWLFPHDQV6\PEROVILOOWKHJDSVLQDVRFLHW\¶VHQF\FORSHGLDWKDWLV WKH VRFLHW\¶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
6WHZDUW$OH[LRX&ULFN 6WHZDUW 6HH6WHZDUWQIRUUHIHUHQFHWR6SHUEHU +nODQG &K )RU OLIHF\FOH ULWXDOV VHH DOVR 3DSDPLFKDHO.RXWURXEDV 0HUDNOƝV
&KDSWHU7ZR
)LJXUH 7KH ULWXDO EOHVVLQJ RI WKH RIIHULQJV RI EUHDG RQ WKHHYH RIWKHIHVWLYDO GHGLFDWHGWR$JLRV1LNRODRVLQWKHFRXUW\DUGRIWKH%\]DQWLQH&KXUFKGHGLFDWHGWR KLPLQWKH3ODNDGLVWULFWRI$WKHQV'HFHPEHU
7KHVHEHORQJWRWKHGHDWKFXOWZKLFKERWKLQ*UHHFHDQGJHQHUDOO\LQWKH 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ UHJLRQ PD\ EH FRQVLGHUHG IURP WKH SHUVSHFWLYH RI PHQWDOLW\DVWKLVFXOWLVPDUNHGE\FRQWLQXLW\7KLVLVH[SUHVVHGWKURXJK WKHDQFLHQWLGHRORJLFDOFXOWRIKHURHVDQGWKHSUDFWLFHRIVDLQWKRRGZLWKLQ WKH &KULVWLDQ LGHRORJ\ DV ZHOO DV WKH marabouts KRO\ PHQ LQ 1RUWK $IULFD 7KH SULQFLSOH EHKLQG WKH VDFULILFH LV DV DOUHDG\ PHQWLRQHG WKH ODZRI³JLIWVDQGFRXQWHUJLIWV´DQGLQFRQQHFWLRQZLWKWKHGHDWKFXOWRQH VHHV KRZ VDFULILFH EULQJV WKH OLYLQJ LQWR FRQWDFW ZLWK WKH ZRUOG RI WKH GHFHDVHGDV2G\VVHXVH[SHULHQFHGZKHQKHQHHGHGKHOSIURPWKHGHDG %XWKRZGRSHRSOHDFWXDOO\REWDLQDQVZHUVIURPWKHVXSHUQDWXUDO"
)RU WKH GHDWK FXOW LQ *UHHFH VHH HVSHFLDOO\ +nODQG 7KH WRSLF LV DOVR GLVFXVVHGLQ+nODQG&K Od
)HVWLYDODQG&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
&RPPXQLFDWLRQZLWKWKH'LYLQLW\ 6LQFH WKHUH DUH VXSHUQDWXUDO SRZHUV KXPDQV KDYH WR EH DEOH WR FRPPXQLFDWHZLWKWKHPDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQIURPGHLWLHVWRKXPDQEHLQJV RFFXUV WKURXJK GLYLQH HSLSKDQ\ RU UHYHODWLRQ VSLULW SRVVHVVLRQ DQG SURSKHFLHV ZLWK WKH KHOS RI UHOLJLRXV VSHFLDOLVWV VXFK DV PDJLFLDQV DQG SULHVWV 7KH P\WKV FRQVWLWXWH D NLQG RI FRPPXQLFDWLRQ EHFDXVH WKH\ UHYHDO UHOLJLRXV NQRZOHGJH 6SLULW SRVVHVVLRQ LV D FRPPRQ DQG GLUHFW IRUP RI ULWXDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQZKHUHLQWKHGHLW\HQWHUVLQWRDQGFRQWUROVDSHUVRQ¶V EHKDYLRXU DV ZH ILQG LQ FRQQHFWLRQ ZLWK $JLRV .ǀ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ƝDOWKRXJKWKHYHUVLRQRI WKHVDFULILFLDODQLPDOGLGQRWJRDVZLOOLQJO\WRLWVGHDWKDVRQHPLJKWKDYH ZLVKHG,QWKHZRUOGRI+RPHUWKHGLYLQHHSLSKDQ\LVRIWHQLQWKHJXLVH RI LQGLYLGXDO SHUVRQV VXFK DV ZKHQ WKH *RGGHVV $WKHQD DSSURDFKHV 7HOHPDNKRV LQ WKH OLNHQHVV RI 0HQWHV 7KH UHPRWH =HXV XVXDOO\ SRUWHQGHG KLV GHFLVLRQV WKURXJK QDWXUDO SKHQRPHQD VXFK DV OLJKWQLQJ IODVKHVDQGWKXQGHUELUGVWKHUDLQERZRUWKHZLQG¶VZKLVWOLQJLQWKHKRO\ RDNWUHHVE\KLVRUDFOHLQ'RGRQD7KHPHDQLQJVRIWKHGLIIHUHQWSRUWHQWV IURPWKHWRSRIWKHUHOLJLRXVKLHUDUFK\DUHLQWHUSUHWHGE\WKHLQVWLWXWLRQDOLVHG
6SUDGOH\0F&XUG\ 3DXV)RUWKHDQFLHQWPDWHULDOVHHDOVR*HUQHW'HWLHQQH F'HWLHQQH6YHQEURYDQ6WUDWHQ +nODQG&KHVSDQG)LJFIHJ$LNDWHULQLGƝVIISO OdFI Il 5DLQERZ %LUGV Od. /LJKWQLQJ DQG WKXQGHUIl.
&KDSWHU7ZR
SULHVWKRRG VXFK DV WKH hiereus SULHVWKRO\ WHUP IRU WKH PDJLVWUDWHV RI 'HOSKL RI'HOSKL7KH\LQWHUSUHWHGWKHPHDQLQJRIWKHPHVVDJHVIURPWKH HDUWKDQG$SROORWRWKHSULHVWHVV3\WKLD7KHUHZHUHDOVRLWLQHUDQWGLYLQHUV ZKRSOD\HGDQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQHVWDEOLVKLQJFXOWXUDOFRQWDFWDQGDVRFLHW\ PLJKWDOVRKDYHDIDPRXVVHHULQLWVPLGVWOLNH7HLUHVLDVLQ7KHEHV3DXO 9H\QH KDV GHPRQVWUDWHG KRZ LQWHJUDWHG GUHDPV SURSKHFLHV DQG RUDFOHV ZHUHLQDQFLHQWVRFLHW\DVLVDOVRWKHFDVHWRGD\2WKHUIRUPVRIGLYLQH HSLSKDQ\ LQFOXGH GUHDPV RU YLVLRQV DV LQ WKH PRGHUQ DFFRXQW RI $JLD 3HODJLD¶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²DVRSSRVHG WR PRGHUQ VRFLHW\²WKHUH ZDV QRW DQ LGHRORJLFDO GLYLVLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH VHFXODU DQG UHOLJLRXVOLIHRIVRFLHW\7KHUHIRUHDPDJLVWUDWHKDGWKHGLJQLW\RIDSULHVW DV D SDUW RI KLV RIILFLDO IXQFWLRQV $QRWKHU GLIIHUHQFH IURP WKH PRGHUQ UHDOLW\ LV WKDW DQFLHQW VRFLHW\ DOVR LQFOXGHG PDQ\ SULHVWHVVHV 7KH\ KDYH
'LRG
6RSK OT %XUNHUW D $VV\ULDQ PDJLFLDQ 6HH DOVR )ORZHUV
&K %OXP%OXP3DSDPLFKDHO.RXWURXPEDV&I9H\QH 2QHRIP\LQIRUPDQWVRQ7LQRVDQ$WKHQLDQZRPDQLQKHUILIWLHVWHOOVPHLQ WKDWVKHZDVKHDOHGLQKHUOHIWOHJRQ$XJXVWDIWHUDGUHDPLQZKLFK WKH3DQDJLDKDGGHPDQGHGWKDWVKHJRWR7LQRVDQGOLJKWDFDQGOH6LQFHWKHQVKH KDVJRQHWR7LQRVDQQXDOO\GXULQJWKH'RUPLWLRQ %OXP%OXP 6WHZDUW &I 6SUDGOH\0F&XUG\ %OXP%OXP Od IlFI+HVOp.
)HVWLYDODQG&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
KRZHYHUWKHLUHTXLYDOHQWVDPRQJWKHPDQ\QXQVDQGDEEHVVHVRIPRGHUQ GD\V $IWHUKDYLQJSUHVHQWHGWKHZD\LQZKLFKSHRSOHLQYRNHWKHSRZHUVDQG WKHODWWHU¶VUHSOLHVWRWKHSHRSOH,ZLOOQRZSURFHHGWRFRQVLGHUWKHIHVWLYDO PRUH LQGHWDLO 6LQFH WKHIHVWLYDO LV DXQLTXH PHDQV RI FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DW ERWKWKHLQWHUKXPDQOHYHODQGEHWZHHQKXPDQVDQGWKHVWURQJHUSRZHUV LWLVLPSRUWDQWWRGLVFXVVWKHFRPPXQLFDWLRQDVSHFWRIIHVWLYDOVper se
:KDWLVD)HVWLYDODQG:K\DQG+RZGR3HRSOH&HOHEUDWH )HVWLYDOV" $FFRUGLQJWR6WUDERSHRSOHFDPHWRJHWKHUWRVDFULILFHDQGGULQNDVD FRPPXQLW\DQGLQWKLVZD\WKHSROLVZDVFUHDWHG,QRWKHUZRUGVWKHSROLV ZDV D SURGXFW RI IHVWLYDOV 3ODWR $ULVWRWOH DQG 7KHRSKUDVWXV DOO HPSKDVLVH WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI FLWL]HQV¶ SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ IHDVWV ,Q WKLV FRQWH[W WKH IHVWDO PHDO RU dais EDQTXHW ZDV DOVR LPSRUWDQW $QFLHQW IHVWLYDOV FDQ EH FRQVLGHUHG DV UHOLJLRXV GULQNLQJ VHVVLRQV :H VHH WKH VLJQLILFDQFHRIIHVWLYDOVERWKLQWKHDQFLHQWUHOLJLRXVIHVWLYDOF\FOHDQGLQ WKH PRGHUQ F\FOH ZKHUH WKH FKXUFK¶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
&IHJ.DULWDQG+nODQG&K 6WUDE 3OLeg7KHILUVWERRNKLJKOLJKWVWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIVRFLDOJDWKHULQJVLQZKLFK
GULQNLQJLVLQFOXGHGHJE6HHDOVRGSympDII&I$ULVWPol D VHH Eth. Nic. D i.a. IRU ³UHOLJLRXV JXLOGV DQG GLQLQJ FOXEV ZKLFK DUH XQLRQV IRU VDFULILFH DQG VRFLDO LQWHUFRXUVH´ :H HQFRXQWHU WKHLU LPSRUWDQFHLQJHQHUDOWHUPVLQVHYHUDORI7KHRSKUChar &IQVXSUD2QWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIZLQHVHHDOVR-RKI7KHLPSRUWDQFH RIWKHEDQTXHWLVDOVRVHHQHJLQ3DXV2QWKHIHDVWPHDO*HUQHW&K +DUULVRQII6HHDOVR'HWLHQQHEII
&KDSWHU7ZR
\HDUWKDWLVWKHRUGHURIQDWXUH7KHULWXDOVRIWKH2UWKRGR[&KXUFKKDYH EHHQDGDSWHGWRWKHVHDVRQDOULWXDOVRIWKHHDUOLHUDJULFXOWXUDOFDOHQGDU,Q WKDW ZD\ WKH 2UWKRGR[ UHOLJLRQ KDV LQKHULWHG WKH ROG UHOLJLRQ¶V FORVH FRQQHFWLRQZLWKQDWXUHDQGRUWKHHFRQRPLF\HDUZKHQLWWULHGWRUHSODFH WKH SDJDQ FXOW )XUWKHUPRUH LQ DQWLTXLW\ WKHUH ZHUH QXPHURXV LQIRUPDO JDWKHULQJV WKDW DUH XQGRFXPHQWHG LQ WKH PDLQ 7KH EHJLQQLQJ RI WKH FRPHG\LysistrataIRULQVWDQFHLPSOLHVIHDVWVGHGLFDWHGWR%DNFKRV3DQ $SKURGLWHDQG*HQHW\OOLVWKH*RGGHVVRUSURWHFWUHVVRIFKLOGELUWKDVZHOO DV +HNDWH $OO RI WKHVH ZHUH HYLGHQWO\ LQIRUPDOO\ RUJDQLVHG DQG WKHUHIRUH VWRRG RXWVLGH RI WKH VWDWH¶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
$ULys.II 6HH+nODQG&KDQG$SSHQGL[FI.\ULDNLGRX1HVWRURV+DUW +GW $ULVWEth. NicDFI+HVOp. 6HHDOVR+nODQG&K
)HVWLYDODQG&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
JUHDWHUVRFLHW\DQGQRWWKHLQGLYLGXDOSHUVRQ7KHIHVWLYDOVDUHLPSRUWDQW LQ FUHDWLQJ LGHQWLW\ UHLQIRUFLQJ LQGLYLGXDOV¶ H[LVWLQJ HPRWLRQV DQG PRWLYDWLRQVDQGPDNLQJWKHPLGHQWLI\ZLWKWKHUHVWRIVRFLHW\$FFRUGLQJO\ WKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQDQLQGLYLGXDODQGVRFLHW\LVUHQHZHGWKURXJKWKH IHVWLYDO7KHUHDUHRIFRXUVHRWKHUZD\VWRUHLQIRUFHWKLVUHODWLRQVKLSEXW IHVWLYDOVDUHFUXFLDO$VZLWKWKHPRGHUQIHVWLYDOGHGLFDWHGWRWKH3DQDJLD RQ7LQRVWKHDQFLHQW3DQDWKHQDLDIHVWLYDOVHUYHGWRUHQHZDQGVWUHQJWKHQ WKHLQGLYLGXDOPHPEHU¶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³ULWHVRIWUDQVLWLRQ´ZKLFKPDUNWKHFURVVLQJRI ERXQGDULHVEHWZHHQRQHVRFLDOFDWHJRU\WRDQRWKHUrites de passage $ rite of passage or passage rite LV WKH V\PEROLF WUDQVLWLRQ IURP RQH SRVLWLRQ RU VRFLDO VWDJH WR DQRWKHU DFWLQJ DV D SXEOLF DQQRXQFHPHQW WKDW VRPHRQHLVQRWZKDWKHVKHZDVEHIRUHWKHULWXDO7KHULWHLWVHOIGUDPDWLVHV
7KHUH DUH KRZHYHU VHYHUDO FRPSHWLQJ OHYHOV ZLWKLQ WKH YDOXH V\VWHP RI WKH *UHHNV EHFDXVH WKH LQGLYLGXDOLVP DOVR EHORQJV WR WKH *UHHN FRQWH[W 6HH &K LQIUDIRUGLVFXVVLRQ .\ULDNLGRX1HVWRURV6DQGHUV&I0RVV&DSSDQQDUL %OXP%OXPFI'LRQLVRSRXORV0DVV+DUULVRQ 6HHDOVR+nODQG&K /HDFK
&KDSWHU7ZR
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¶VILUVWHQWU\LQWRDGXOWVRFLHW\DUHQRWRQO\PHWDSKRUV IRU SXULILFDWLRQ EXW DOVR IRU GHDWK 7KH FKLOG PXVW GLH EHIRUH WKH DGXOW SHUVRQ FDQ EHERUQ )XUWKHUPRUH WKH ZLQWHU PXVW GLH EHIRUH WKHVSULQJ FDQEHERUQMXVWDV&KULVWPXVWGLHVRWKDWKXPDQVFDQEHIUHHIURPVLQ 7KH SDVVDJH ULWH FDQ EH GLYLGHG LQWR WKUHH SKDVHV VHSDUDWLRQ EHJLQQLQJ RU WKUHVKROG DQG ILQDOO\ UHLQFRUSRUDWLRQ 7KH ILUVW SKDVH WKH VHSDUDWLRQFRPSULVHVDV\PEROLFDFWLRQZKLFKLQGLFDWHVDQLQGLYLGXDO¶VRU
.HHVLQJ6SUDGOH\0F&XUG\ .HHVLQJ&I7XUQHUE:XWKQRZ %OXP%OXPIIVHHIRUWKHIROORZLQJFI6WHZDUW 9LGDO1DTXHWI6HHDOVR'RZGHQ /HDFK 7XUQHU7XUQHUDOVRIRUWKHIROORZLQJ&I/HDFK&K9LGDO
1DTXHWII
)HVWLYDODQG&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
JURXS¶VVHSDUDWLRQIURPDSUHYLRXVIL[HGSRLQWLQWKHVRFLDOVWUXFWXUHIURP D GHILQLWH VHW RI FXOWXUDO UHODWLRQV RU IURP ERWK RI WKHVH $Q H[DPSOH RI WKLV LV WKH ER\V¶ ZDUULRU LQLWLDWLRQ ULWXDOV 7KH\ DUH WKHQ VHSDUDWHG IURP WKHLU PRWKHUVDQG WKH PDWHUQDO VSKHUHRI LQIOXHQFH DQG WUDQVIHUUHG LQWR D SODFHLQZKLFKWKHUHDUHRQO\PHQ,QWKHWKLUGSKDVHWKHUHLQFRUSRUDWLRQ WKH ER\ KDV EHHQ WUDQVIRUPHG LQWR D PDQ DQG LV EURXJKW EDFN LQWR HYHU\GD\ OLIH ZKHUH KH REWDLQV DQ DGXOW PDQ¶V UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV DQG REOLJDWLRQV 7KH LQWHUPHGLDU\ SKDVH RU ³WKUHVKROG´ DOVR LQFOXGHV WKUHH DVSHFWV ³FRPPXQLFDWLRQ ZLWK WKH VDFUHG´ ³DPXVLQJ QHZ FRPELQDWLRQ´ DQG ³communitas´ RU ³VSLULW RI FRPPXQLW\´ 7KH ILUVW DVSHFW FRPSULVHV V\PEROLF REMHFWV DQG DFWLRQV ZKLFK UHSUHVHQW UHOLJLRXV P\VWHULHV 7KH\ RIWHQUHIHUWRP\WKVDERXWKRZWKHZRUOGDQGVRFLHW\EHFDPHDVWKH\DUH WKDWLVKRZWKH\FDPHLQWREHLQJ7KLVDVSHFWPD\EHIXUWKHUGLYLGHGLQWR WKUHH SDUWV ZKLFK DUH LQ HYLGHQFH LQ LQLWLDWLRQ ULWHV DQG VHDVRQDO ULWXDOV ³ZKDW LV VKRZQ´ ³ZKDW LV GRQH´ DQG ³ZKDW LV VDLG´ DOVR VSHFLILHG DV ³WKLQJVVDLG´³WKLQJVHQDFWHG´DQG³WKLQJVVKRZQ´:KDWLVVKRZQRUWKH ³WKLQJV UHYHDOHG´ DUH IRU H[DPSOH UHSUHVHQWHG E\ WKH KLHUD ³WKH KRO\ REMHFWV´ZKLFKZHUHVKRZQWRWKHP\VWƝ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³WKLQJVHQDFWHG´LVIRU LQVWDQFHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHDFWLRQVDQGGDQFHVRIWKH*UHHNWUDJHGLHVDQG
7XUQHU7XUQHU DOVR IRU WKH IROORZLQJ 6HH DOVR 'XELVFK
UHWKHSLOJULPDJHFHQWUHRQ7LQRV 7XUQHUE7XUQHU7XUQHU 0HUDNOƝV&K,QWKH5RPDQ&DWKROLF&KXUFKWKHOLWXUJ\ZDVPDGHPRUH LQWHOOLJLEOHWRSHRSOHLQWKHVZKHQWKHOLWXUJLFDOODQJXDJHZDVPRGHUQLVHG
&KDSWHU7ZR
³WKLQJVVDLG´PD\EHWKHP\WKLFDODFFRXQWVSDVVHGGRZQIURPJHQHUDWLRQ WRJHQHUDWLRQ 7KH ³DPXVLQJQHZ FRPELQDWLRQ´ FRQVLVWVRI FRQWHVWV SOD\V RU JDPHV ZKLFK DUH SHUIRUPHG GXULQJ FDUQLYDOV ZKHUH HYHU\GD\ VRFLHW\ LV WXUQHG XSVLGHGRZQ³7KHVSLULWRI FRPPXQLW\´RU³FRPPXQLWDV´FIWKHDQFLHQW JXLOGRUVSHFLDOLVWVH[SHUWVDQGWKHSORXJKPHQ¶VJXLOGRUIDPHUV¶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¶WZRVHDVRQVVXPPHU DQG ZLQWHU DUH GLYLGHG E\ WKH IHVWLYDOV RI $JLRV *HǀUJLRV DQG $JLRV 'ƝPƝWULRVZKHQWKHDQLPDOVJRWRDQGIURPSDVWXUH:HWKHUHIRUHVHHLQ ERWK WKH PRGHUQ DQG DQFLHQW IHVWLYDOV WKH FRQQHFWLRQ ZLWK WKH IDUPHU¶V F\FOLFDO SHUFHSWLRQ RI WLPH 7KLV LV EHFDXVH WKH HFRQRPLF EDVLV RI WKH VRFLHW\ LV GHSHQGHQW RQ ELUWK DQG GHDWK LQ QDWXUH ZKLFK FRQVHTXHQWO\ GHWHUPLQHV KXPDQ OLIH 7KH GDQJHURXV VSLULWV DQG GHPRQV DUH SUHVHQW GXULQJ WKH QLJKW WKHLU SHULRG VWDUWLQJ DW VXQVHW DQG HQGLQJ DW FRFNFURZ 0LGQLJKW LV WKH PRVW GDQJHURXV SHULRG DQG WKHUHIRUH WKH PRVW VDFUHG ZKHUHDV WKH FULWLFDO WUDQVLWLRQDO SHULRG GXULQJ GD\WLPH LV DW QRRQ 7KHUHIRUHGD\DQGQLJKWDUHHQFRPSDVVHGE\WKHVDPHUXOHVDVWKHOLIHRID SHUVRQ)RUWKHSHDVDQWVZKRDUHFRQFHUQHGZLWKWKHVXSHUQDWXUDODQGRI KHDOLQJLWLVQRWWKHFDOHQGDUPRQWKZKLFKLVWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWGLYLVLRQ RI WLPH EXW WKH PRQWK ZKLFK LV EDVHG XSRQ RU VWUXFWXUHG DURXQG WKH SKDVHVRIWKHPRRQZKLFKVSHFLI\WKDWSODQWLQJVKDOOWDNHSODFHZKHQWKH PRRQ LV IXOO DQG KHDOLQJ VKRXOG LI SRVVLEOH WDNH SODFH ZKHQ LW LV ZDQLQJ 7KH KXPDQ EHLQJV OLYH LQ WKH YLOODJH ZKLFK UHSUHVHQWV WKH FLYLOLVHGZRUOGZKLOHZLOGDQGGDQJHURXVQDWXUHLVWKHGZHOOLQJSODFHRI VSLULWV DQG GHPRQV 7KH VXSHUQDWXUDO EHLQJV DUH WR EH IRXQG LQ VSULQJV
7XUQHU7XUQHU %OXP%OXPI&I+HVOpVRZLQJVSULQJ KDUYHVWIIRUJDQLVLQJWKHGD\V +nODQG&K)RUWKHF\FOHRIQDWXUHVHHDOVRQVXSUDDQGHJ+HV Op FI %RXUGLHX I $ULqV I SUHVHQWV PHQWDOLW\JRYHUQHGE\WKHF\FOHRIQDWXUH %OXP%OXPI3LOLWVLV&I+HVOp.II
)HVWLYDODQG&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
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
)LJXUH5HGILJXUHlƝkythosKLJKQDUURZSHUIXPHRLOIODVN VKRZLQJDZRPDQ DERXWWRWKURZDGRJLQDSLWZKLFKPLJKWLOOXVWUDWHDGRJVDFULILFHWR+HNDWHVHH 'HXEQHU SO ZKR LQ OLQH ZLWK PRVW VFKRODUV LQWHUSUHWV WKH SDLQWLQJ DV LOOXVWUDWLQJ D SLJOHW EHLQJ WKURZQ LQWR D FKDVP LQ WKH JURXQG GXULQJ WKH 6NLUD 2ULJLQDO1DWLRQDO$UFKDHRORJLFDO0XVHXP$WKHQVILIWKFHQWXU\%&(
&I$ULys7KHRSKUCharI6RSKAntI$U
Vesp+HVTh.III
Ran.
&KDSWHU7ZR
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³ULWHVGH SDVVDJH´ DW ELUWK PDUULDJH DQG GHDWK DQG WKH DQQXDO IHVWLYDOV DV WKH\ RIWHQ DUH FHOHEUDWHG LQ PRGHUQ VRFLHWLHV 7KH GLIIHUHQFH KDV JUHDW LPSOLFDWLRQV IRU WKH ZD\V LQ ZKLFK FHOHEUDWLRQ LV ODXQFKHG VLQFH LQ WKH ILUVW RI WKHVH ULWXDOV WKH SRZHU RI WKH FHOHEUDWLRQ KDV DOUHDG\ EHHQ DFWLYDWHG EXW LQ WKH DQQXDO IHVWLYDOV RQH PXVW RIWHQ LQLWLDWH RQH¶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³EDQJ´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
Od.I6HHDOVR FIIl.I+HV Th.IIIII &I %OXP%OXP VHH DOVR IRU WKH WZR VSKHUHV DV WKH\ DUH H[SUHVVHGWRGD\&I6WHZDUWDOVRIRUWKHIROORZLQJVHHDOVR+DVWUXSF $EUDKDPVEXWFIIRUFRQWUDGLFWLRQ
)HVWLYDODQG&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
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
)LJXUH:RPHQDUHEXV\RUJDQLVLQJWKHLURIIHULQJVRIEUHDGZLQHROLYHRLODQG FDNHV EHIRUH WKH VWDUW RI WKH OLWXUJ\ RQ WKH HYH RI WKH IHVWLYDO GHGLFDWHG WR WKH 3DQDJLD Mesosporitissa mesos PLGGOH KDOI sporos, spora VHHG VRZLQJ ³3DQDJLD +DOI:D\7KURXJKWKH6RZLQJ´ WKDW LV WKH ³3UHVHQWDWLRQ RI WKH 3DQDJLDLQWKH7HPSOH´,(OHXVLV1RYHPEHU
&KDSWHU7ZR
,IWKHVSURXWLQJRIWKHJUDLQKDVQRWUHDFKHGDFHUWDLQVWDJHE\WKHWLPHRI WKHILUVWIURVWLQHDUO\-DQXDU\WKHIDUPHUPD\ORVHWKHHQWLUHFURS7KXV IROORZV WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI WKH %DER IHVWLYDO DQG WKH FDUQLYDOV OLNH WKH +DORDIHVWLYDOLQDQWLTXLW\7KH³:KLWH:HHN´DIWHU(DVWHULVDOVRFUXFLDO VLQFH WKH ZKROH FURS PD\ EH ORVW LI LW VWDUWV WR KDLO ZKLFK LV ZK\ RQH HQFRXQWHUVDOOWKHULWXDOVDIWHU(DVWHUDQGDURXQGWKHILUVWRI0D\7KLVLV QRWRQO\GXHWRWKH³5HVXUUHFWLRQ´DQGWKHVXEVHTXHQWZHHNNQRZQDVWKH ³:KLWH :HHN´ DIWHU (DVWHU WKDW LV DIWHU WKH ³5HVXUUHFWLRQ´ RQ (DVWHU 6XQGD\ 7KLV ZHHN LV LQGHHG ³ZKLWH´ EXW KDLO LV DOVR ZKLWH DQG LQ -XQH WKHJUDLQLVDERXWWREHUHDSHG(YHQLIWKHDJULFXOWXUDOSRSXODWLRQZKR SHUIRUP WKH ULWXDOV WRGD\ KDYH PRGHUQ WHFKQRORJ\ DQG QHZ ZD\V WR LPSURYH WKH DJULFXOWXUDO SURGXFWLYLW\ RI WKHLU ILHOGV PDFKLQHU\ DQG FKHPLFDOIHUWLOLVHUV WKHVHLPSURYHPHQWVKDYHQRWJLYHQWKHPFRQWURORYHU WKHYLFLVVLWXGHVRIQDWXUH7KHVXUYLYDORIWKHFRPPXQLW\VWLOOGHSHQGVRQ QDWXUDOHYHQWVEH\RQGWKHIDUPHU¶VFRQWURO:KHWKHUWKHUHDVRQLVWKDWWKH ULWXDO LV D FRPSHQVDWLRQ IRU WHFKQRORJ\ RU WKDW WKH SHRSOH GR QRW UHDOO\ WUXVWWKHWHFKQRORJ\WKH³KRPHPDGH´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¶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
+nODQG&K +HVOpI 6HH+nODQGFI.\ULDNLGRX1HVWRURV+DUWIIII
)HVWLYDODQG&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
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²DQG LQYROYLQJ²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¶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
6HHDOVR$EUDKDPVIIFI/RXNDWRVII 6HH HJ +DUULVRQ II FI :ROI II .\ULDNLGRX
1HVWRURV+DUW %RXUGLHXIFI+DVWUXS2YHVHQ6HHDOVR&KLQIUD
&KDSWHU7ZR
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¶ IHVWLYDOV ,PSURYHGVRFLDOVWDWXVPLJKWEHREWDLQHGE\FHOHEUDWLQJPotlatch festivals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
:XWKQRZ 7XUQHUE 7XUQHU7XUQHUFI7XUQHUE :XWKQRZ
)HVWLYDODQG&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
PHPRULVHGDQGUHVWULFWHGFRGHVVXFKDVWKHRUJDQLVDWLRQRIDVSHHFK7KH FRPPXQDO PHDO DQG SDUWLFXODU IRRGV KDYH D VSHFLDO IXQFWLRQ LQ DOO FHOHEUDWLRQV7RGD\RQHHQFRXQWHUVWKH$QDVWHQDULGHV¶FRPPXQDOPHDORI WKHVDFULILFLDOODPEDQGLQ$JLD3DUDVNHXƝSHRSOHERLONHVNHWVLZKLOHWKH IHVWLYDO WHUPLQDWHV ZLWK D YDVW FRPPXQDO PHDO WKH &KDUODPHOLD 7KH IHVWLYDO SDUWLFLSDQWV ³RIIHU´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ƝWKLQNWKH\UHSUHVHQW³SDJDQ WUDGLWLRQV´GHVSLWHWKHIDFWWKDWWKH\DUHRIILFLDOO\DFFHSWHG ,Q WKH RUJDQLVLQJ RI DQFLHQW IHVWLYDOV WKH ZHDOWK\ JDLQHG SUHVWLJH E\ JLYLQJ ULFK JLIWV WKDW LV E\ IXOILOOLQJ YDULRXV leitourgiai OLWXUJLHV RU ³VHUYLFHVIRUWKHSHRSOH´IRUH[DPSOHDVDchorƝgos³VSRQVRU´WKHOHDGHU RIDGUDPDWLFFKRUXV WKHSHUVRQDSSRLQWHGWRWUDLQDQGHTXLSRQHRIWKH FKRUXVHVLQWKH'LRQ\VRVIHVWLYDOV¶WUDJHGLHV7REHDSSRLQWHGDFKRUƝJRV ZDVFRQVLGHUHGDEXUGHQIRUWKRVHDSSRLQWHGWRWKLVGXW\EXWDWWKHVDPH WLPHLWZDVDVRXUFHRISROLWLFDODQGVRFLDOFUHGLWDVZKHQIRUWKHSXUSRVH RI SURSDJDQGD WKH RUDWRU 'HPRVWKHQHV GLUHFWV KLV DXGLHQFH¶V DWWHQWLRQ WRZDUGV KLV SDWULRWLVP LQ VHUYLQJ DV FKRUƝJRV IRU WKH ER\V¶ GLWK\UDPELF FKRUXV DURXQG %&( HYHQ RUGHULQJ JROGHQ FURZQV IRU WKH HQWLUH FKRUXVZKLOHKHKLPVHOIZRUHDJROGHPEURLGHUHGUREH7KLVRUJDQLVLQJ LVDSDUDOOHOWRWKHDUUDQJLQJRIFRQWHPSRUDU\IHVWLYDOVVXFKDVUHJDUGVWKH VDFULILFLDO EXOO LQ $JLD 3DUDVNHXƝ ZKLFK LV GHGLFDWHG E\ D ZHDOWK\ HPLJUDQW WKH PRQH\ FROOHFWHG GXULQJ WRGD\¶V IHVWLYDOV LQ .RLPƝVƝ $JLD (OHQƝ DQG $JLD 3DUDVNHXƝ DQG WKH DXFWLRQV LQ 2O\PSRV DQG $JLD 3DUDVNHXƝ 7KH VDPH UHJDUGV WKH GLVKHV RI IRRG RIIHUHG DW WKH JUDYHV GXULQJ WKH ULWXDO RQ ³:KLWH 7XHVGD\´ LQ 2O\PSRV WKH IRRG FROOHFWHG DV ZHOODVWKHVXUSOXVJLYHQ³WRWKHEDJV´LQ$JLD(OHQƝDQG0HOLNƝWKDWLV
6HH +nODQG &K &I 'L 7RWD E II IRU WKH FLUFXPVWDQFHV LQ VRXWKHUQ ,WDO\ ZKHUH PDQ\ ORFDO SULHVWV SDUWLFLSDWH LQ WKH RUJDQLVLQJ RI WKH IHVWLYDOVDQGLQVRGRLQJHDUQPRQH\XQODZIXOO\7KHFRPPXQLVWVDOVRSDUWLFLSDWH &RQVHTXHQWO\WKHWUDGLQJPHQWDOLW\ZLQVDJDLQVWWKH&DWKROLFLGHRORJ\ 'HPII
&KDSWHU7ZR
ZKDWLVFROOHFWHGGXULQJ³WKHFLUFXLWRIWKHKRXVHV´)LJXUH FDUULHGRXW E\WKH³7KUDFLDQV´RU.ǀVWLOLGHVLQDFRQWH[WLQZKLFKLWFDUULHVSUHVWLJHWR JLYH DV PXFK DV SRVVLEOH 7KHUHIRUH SHRSOH SD\ FORVH DWWHQWLRQ WR ZKDW GLIIHUHQWSHRSOH JLYH DQG LW LVJUHDWO\ ODPHQWHG LI DQ\ KRXVHKROGIDLOV WR SXWRIIHULQJVLQWRWKHEDJVRIWKHWKUHHZRPHQZKREULQJXSWKHUHDURIWKH SURFHVVLRQ RI WKH $QDVWHQDULGHV LQ $JLD (OHQƝ ,Q IRUPHU WLPHV LW ZDV DOZD\VDSRRUYLOODJHUZKRZDVFKRVHQWREHWKH.DORJHURVWKXVSURYLGLQJ KLPZLWKIRRG
)LJXUH7KHWRXULQJRIWKHKRXVHVRIWKHYLOODJHGXULQJWKHVHFRQGDQGWKLUGGD\V RIWKH$QDVWHQDULDIHVWLYDO$JLD(OHQƝ0D\
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
)HVWLYDODQG&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW DVSHFW ,Q WKH 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ UHJLRQ WKLV LV XVXDOO\ ODEHOOHG DV D YRWLYH RIIHULQJ 7KH FHQWUDO DFW LQ WKH DQFLHQW IHVWLYDOV LV WKHEORRGVDFULILFHRUDEORRGOHVVRIIHULQJVXFKDVFRUQFDNHV6DFULILFHV DQGRIIHULQJVDUHDOVRFRPPRQLQWKHPRGHUQIHVWLYDOV
Image not available in e-version )LJXUH &RS\ RI WKH *UHDW (OHXVLQLDQ YRWLYH UHOLHI ILIWK FHQWXU\ %&( UHSUHVHQWLQJ WKH (OHXVLQLDQ GHLWLHV EOHVVLQJ DQG RIIHULQJ HDUV RI ZKHDW WR 7ULSWROHPRV LQ RUGHU IRU KLP WR EHVWRZ LW LQ WXUQ RQ KXPDQNLQG $UFKDHRORJLFDO 0XVHXPRI(OHXVLV2ULJLQDO1DWLRQDO$UFKDHRORJLFDO0XVHXP$WKHQV
7KH $QFLHQW *UHHN WHUPLQRORJ\ IRU WKH IHVWLYDO FRQVLVWV RI panƝgyris SXEOLF IHVWLYDO DQG panƝgyrisǀ WR KROG RU EH SUHVHQW DW D IHVWLYDO ,Q 0RGHUQ*UHHNpanƝgyriVLJQLILHVDIHVWLYDORQWKHGD\RIWKHSDWURQVDLQW
6HHYDQ6WUDWHQ DQG0RUHRYHUVHH/HDFK&K
IRUVDFULILFH
&KDSWHU7ZR
EXWLWDOVRVLJQLILHVVRPHWKLQJPRUHQDPHO\DIDLU7KHIDLUZDVLPSRUWDQW LQDQWLTXLW\DVZHOOW\SLFDOO\WKHPDLQDWWUDFWLRQ,QDQFLHQW$WKHQVDIDLU WRRN SODFH RQ WKH ILUVW GD\ RI WKH PRQWK ZKLFK ZDV WKH KROLHVW 6FKRODUVKLS KDV DOVR GUDZQ DWWHQWLRQ WR KRZ WKH Homeric Hymn to Demeter HHD GHVFULEHV WKH LQLWLDWHV¶ ZLVK IRU SXUFKDVLQJ RU DFTXLULQJ DQDIWHUOLIHWKURXJKWKH(OHXVLQLDQ0\VWHULHV$UHOHYDQWLOOXVWUDWLRQPLJKW EH DQ (OHXVLQLDQ FODVVLFDO UHOLHI GHGLFDWHG E\ D ZHDOWK\ P\VWƝV ZKLFK GHSLFWV'HPHWHUDQG.RUƝZLWK7ULSWROHPRVVWDQGLQJEHWZHHQWKHPZKHQ KHUHFHLYHVKLVPLVVLRQ)LJXUH 7KHIDLULVDOVRLPSRUWDQWLQUHODWLRQ WR WKH PRGHUQ IHVWLYDOV ZKHUH RQH HQFRXQWHUV QXPHURXV ERRWKV ERWK SHUPDQHQW DQG PRYDEOH &RQFHUQLQJ WKH IXQFWLRQ RI WKH WUDQVDFWLRQ LQ WKHFRQWH[WRIUHOLJLRQRQHPD\PHQWLRQWKHRULJLQDO*UHHNVLJQLILFDQFHRI WKH/DWLQWHUPbasilicaWKDWLV$*basilikƝ stoaDKDOOGLYLGHGLQWRDLVOHV E\FROXPQV OLWHUDOO\D³UR\DOVWRD´VHUYLQJDVWKHWULEXQDOFKDPEHURID NLQJ/DWHULWFDPHWRVLJQLI\D5RPDQSXEOLFEXLOGLQJZKHUHFRXUWVZHUH KHOGRUWRZQKDOOVXVXDOO\DGMDFHQWWRWKHPDLQforum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
&I$UEqIVesp3OXWMorD0LNDOVRQ1LOVVRQ
2QHPD\DOVRPHQWLRQWKH³Panegyrico´SURIXVHVSHHFKRISUDLVH RI WKH RXWGRRU 0DVV ZKLFK LV SHUIRUPHG GXULQJ WKH FRQWHPSRUDU\ VDLQW¶V IHDVW LQ VRXWKHUQ,WDO\ &I HHD $SROORG &DOOLP Hymn . 6HH DOVR 5HKP RQHHD +nODQG&KFI+DUW 0DWWFI:ROIFKXUFKDQGPDUNHWSODFHYV%URZQUH WKHODWHDQWLTXHEDVLOLFD6HHDOVR6DKOLQVIRUDQLQWHUHVWLQJFRPPHQWUH WKHV\VWHPLQ)LMLZKLFKLQ(XURSHKDVEHHQVSOLWLQWRUHOLJLRQDQGEXVLQHVV
)HVWLYDODQG&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
FHPHWHU\ZKLFKDOVRLQGLFDWHVWKHLPSRUWDQWIXQFWLRQRIWKHJLIWH[FKDQJH LQFRPPXQLFDWLRQZLWKWKHVXSHUQDWXUDO
)LJXUH$SLOJULPKDVMXVWDUULYHGDWWKH&KXUFKRIWKH$QQXQFLDWLRQRQ7LQRV EULQJLQJ RLO EUHDG IORZHUV DQG PRQH\ DQG KHU QDPH LV ZULWWHQ LQWR WKH OLWXUJ\ ERRNIRUWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIDKHDOLQJOLWXUJ\
&RQFHUQLQJWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQKXPDQVDQGWKHVWURQJHUSRZHUVWKH FRPPXQLW\ JLYHV D FRPPXQDO RIIHULQJ LQ RUGHU WR REWDLQ VRPHWKLQJ LQ UHWXUQ 7KLV PLJKW EH D FRPPRQ VLQ IURP ZKLFK SHRSOH QHHG WR EH FOHDQVHG ,W LV WKHUHIRUH DQ HQGXULQJ FXVWRP LQ WKH VSULQJ WR OHDG D VFDSHJRDW LQFRUSRUDWLQJ HYHU\ERG\¶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miasma
$URan.II3DUNHI3DUNHU'LRQLVRSRXORV
0DVV
&KDSWHU7ZR
$V PHQWLRQHG DERYH E\ PHDQV RI SUD\HUV DQG VDFULILFHV WKH KXPDQ EHLQJDFTXLUHVDVKDUHLQWKHEHQHILWVRIQDWXUHDGPLQLVWHUHGE\WKHGHLWLHV 7KHVH DUH JLIWV ZKLFK DUH LPSOHPHQWHG E\ PHGLDWRUV ,Q WKH clientela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³WKH SULQFLSOH RI UHFLSURFLW\ SHUYDGHV DOO VRFLDO EHKDYLRXU´7KHUHIRUHIURPDQLGHRORJLFDOSHUVSHFWLYH*RGJDYH-HVXV WR KXPDQNLQG DQG $EUDKDP DOPRVW VDFULILFHG ,VDDF ,Q &KULVWLDQLW\ WKH VDFULILFH RQO\ HPHUJHV DV D V\PEROLF VXEVWLWXWLRQ ³DV D UHIHUHQFH WR P\WKRORJ\´DFFRUGLQJWRZKLFKWKH³*RGPDQ´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
)LQUXG'L7RWDD /HDFK&K /HDFK /HDFKIFIDQGWKHSonRIPDQP\HPSKDVLV ,QWKH*UHHN
2UWKRGR[ &KXUFK SHRSOH VWLOO FRQVXPH WKH ERG\ RI &KULVW WKURXJK WKH EUHDG DQG ZLQHDVRSSRVHGWRWKH&DWKROLF&KXUFKLQZKLFKSHRSOHRQO\UHFHLYHWKHERG\ (FRQRPLGHV
)HVWLYDODQG&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
WKHVH (XFKDULVW LV WKH FHQWUDO FHUHPRQ\ DQG LW LV XQGHUVWRRG DV WKH VDFULILFH RI &KULVW¶V EORRG 7KLV VDFULILFH WUDYHUVHV WKH EDUULHU EHWZHHQ *RGDQGKXPDQNLQGZKLFKZDVFUHDWHGE\WKH6LQRIWKHDQFHVWRU$GDP $W &KULVW¶V GHDWK KLV EORRG EHFDPH D V\PERO RI WKH FRQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ *RGDQGKXPDQLW\WUDYHUVLQJWKHEDUULHUEHWZHHQWKHPDQGHYHU\(DVWHU ZKHQ WKH SULHVW SURFODLPV WKDW ³&KULVW LV 5LVHQ´ UHVXUUHFWHG SHRSOH NQRZWKDWKLVUHGHPSWLYHEORRGVDYHVWKHPIURPEHLQJKDQGHGRYHUWRWKH 'HYLO 2QHLVUHPLQGHGRIDSHRSOH¶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¶IHVWLYDOV6LQFHPRVWRIWKHDQFLHQWIHVWLYDOVDUH GHGLFDWHG WR GHLWLHV ZKR SHU GHILQLWLRQ DUH LPPRUWDO WKH GHDWK FXOW HPHUJHVLQRWKHUZD\VPDLQO\WKURXJKWKHSDVVDJHULWHSURSHU7KHGHDWK FXOW KRZHYHU LV RIWHQ FOHDUO\ UHIOHFWHG LQ WKH ZRUVKLS RI GHDG KHURHV RU KHURLQHVZKRWKURXJKWKHIHVWLYDOUHFHLYHRIIHULQJVLQRQHZD\RUDQRWKHU VXFKDVGXULQJWKH3DQDWKHQDLD
&DPSEHOOIIFI0HJDV
6HH +nODQG &K IRU GLVFXVVLRQ RI *HRUJRXGL YV 0RVV&DSSDQQDUL I 6HH DOVR $LNDWHULQLGƝV DQG 3DSDPDQROL*XHVW 6HHDOVR&KLQIUDIRUDQHODERUDWLRQRIWKHIROORZLQJDUJXPHQW /HDFK
&KDSWHU7ZR
7KH IHVWLYDO V\PEROLVHV WKH FRQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKLV ZRUOG DQG WKH VXSHUQDWXUDO ,W LV D YRWLYH JLIW EHFDXVH LW UHSUHVHQWV DQ RIIHULQJ DQG FRQVHTXHQWO\IXQFWLRQVDVDJLIWH[FKDQJHEHWZHHQWKHWZRSDUWLHV,ZLOO FRQVLGHUWKHIHVWLYDODVDFHUHPRQ\RUULWXDODQRIIHULQJRUDJLIWZKLFKWKH FRPPXQLW\²DQG WKH LQGLYLGXDO SHUVRQ²JLYHV KHU DQG KLPVHOI DQG WKH GHLWLHVLQRUGHUWRUHQHZWKHFRQWUDFWEHWZHHQWKHP7KURXJKFHUHPRQLHV DQG IHVWLYDOV WKH VRFLDO VWUXFWXUH LV FRQWLQXDOO\ UHQHZHG 7KLV LV SDUWO\ DFFRPSOLVKHG E\ SUHVHQWLQJ WKH ³REMHFWLYH´ WUXWKV RQ WKH FRQVFLRXV OHYHO DQG SDUWO\ WKURXJK ULWXDOV FDUQLYDOV SURFHVVLRQV SXEOLF RU FRPPXQDO PHDOVDQGPXVLFLQRUGHUWRLQIOXHQFHWKHHPRWLRQVDQGPRWLYDWLRQVRIWKH SDUWLFLSDQWV 7KDW WKH IHVWLYDO PDWWHUV WR HYHU\ERG\ LV GHPRQVWUDWHG E\ WKH HQRUPRXVFURZGVRISLOJULPVZKRDUULYHRQ7LQRVWRGD\DPRQJZKRPDUH D JUHDW QXPEHU RI \RXWKV DQG \RXQJ FRXSOHV ZKR ³FUDZO XS WR WKH 3DQDJLD´ DQG HYHU\RQH NLVVHV WKH LFRQ SLRXVO\ EHIRUH GHGLFDWLQJ WKHLU YRWLYH JLIW DQG IHWFKLQJ KRO\ HDUWK DQG ZDWHU 7KH IHVWLYDO LV DOVR DQ RFFDVLRQ WR PHHW SHRSOH DQG WKH HPLJUDQWV DQG WKH VWXGHQWV DOVR UHWXUQ KRPH WR DWWHQG WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW IHVWLYDO RI WKH YLOODJH MXVW DV PDQ\ OLNHO\³FDPHKRPH´IRULQVWDQFHWRWKH3DQDWKHQDLDLQDQFLHQW$WKHQV 7KH VHFWLRQ GHDOLQJ ZLWK IHVWLYDOV DQG FRPPXQLFDWLRQ FDQ EH VXPPDULVHGE\HPSKDVLVLQJWKDWLQPRGHUQVRFLHW\PDJLFLVHPSOR\HGE\ SHRSOHZKRDUHZHOOHGXFDWHGDQGILQDQFLDOO\DIIOXHQWDVZHOODVE\SHRSOH ZKRDUHPDUJLQDOZLWKLQVRFLHW\7KHSRLQWLVWKDWWKHPDJLFZRUNVDQGDQ LPSRUWDQWPDJLFDO PHDQVRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQLVLQIDFWWKHIHVWLYDODQGDOO WKHIDFWRUVRIZKLFKLWFRQVLVWV
6XPPDU\DQG3HUVSHFWLYHV )HVWLYDOV ZHUH DV LPSRUWDQW LQ DQFLHQW *UHHFH DV WKH\ DUH WRGD\ DQG QRZ DV LQ DQWLTXLW\ *UHHN VRFLHW\ LV PDLQO\ DJULFXOWXUDO 7KRVH LGHRORJLFDO IHVWLYDOV ZKLFK DUH SHUKDSV QRW XVXDOO\ FRQVLGHUHG WR EH DJULFXOWXUDO DUH YHU\ RIWHQ FRQQHFWHG ZLWK ULWHV RI SDVVDJH PDUNLQJ LPSRUWDQW SKDVHV LQ LQGLYLGXDO ZRPHQ¶V OLYHV RU WKH OLIH F\FOH RI D GHFHDVHG PHGLDWRU 0RUHRYHU WKH\ KDYH EHHQ DGDSWHG RU LQ VRPH RWKHU ZD\ DGGHG WR WKH PHDQLQJV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH F\FOH RI WKH DJULFXOWXUDO \HDU 7KLV LV DSSDUHQW WKURXJKRXW WKH IHVWLYDOV DV UHJDUGV WKH VHDVRQ LQ ZKLFKWKH\DUHFHOHEUDWHGWKHIHVWLYDO¶VGLYLQHDGGUHVVHHDQGWKHV\PEROV DQG SDUWLFLSDQWV LQYROYHG 7KH PRGHUQ IHVWLYDOV WKHUHIRUH FRQVWLWXWH VXLWDEOH PDWHULDO ZLWK ZKLFK WR FRPSDUH WKH DQFLHQW RQHV DQG VR WU\ WR VKHGQHZOLJKWRQWKHDQFLHQWVRFLHW\
)HVWLYDODQG&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
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¶V ERG\ DQG WKH DJULFXOWXUDO \HDU DV D ZRPDQ¶V OLIH EXW VHH WKH (DUWK DV JHQLWDOLD WKH IHPDOH VH[ RUJDQV +RZHYHU WKH (DUWK 0RWKHU
&KDSWHU7ZR
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¶VDELOLW\WRJURZ DVVRFLDWHGZLWKLPSRUWDQWSKDVHVLQWKHOLIHRIGLYLQHSHUVRQV7RGD\WKH 3DQDJLD LV HVSHFLDOO\ LPSRUWDQW ZKLOH LQ DQFLHQW *UHHFH LWV LPSRUWDQFH ZDV SDUWLFXODUO\ PDQLIHVWHG WKURXJK WKH Homeric Hymn GHGLFDWHG WR WKH &RUQ0RWKHU Demeter +HDOLQJ RU WKH SXULILFDWLRQ DVSHFW LV HVVHQWLDO WR HQVXULQJ IHUWLOLW\ WKURXJK DSRWURSDLF ULWXDOV DQG V\PEROV 6LQFH WKH IHVWLYDOV WDNH SODFH DW LPSRUWDQW WUDQVLWLRQDO SHULRGV ZLWKLQ WKH DJULFXOWXUDO \HDU WKH\ DUH ERWK SDVVDJHULWHVDQGRIIHULQJVIRUWKHSXUSRVHRIVHFXULQJWKHVHSDVVDJHV7KLV LVH[SOLFLWO\GHPRQVWUDWHGE\WKHSURFHVVLRQVWKDWSXULI\DQGGUDZXSWKH WHUULWRULDOERXQGDULHVRIWKHFLW\7KHGHFHDVHGPHGLDWRU¶VSUHVHQFHLQWKH SURFHVVLRQ LQ WKH IRUP RI DQ LFRQ RU DQFLHQW VWDWXH RI D *RGGHVV RU *RG DOVR KDV LWV SODFH LQ VHFXULQJ WKH XQGHUWDNLQJ DW WKH VDPH WLPH DV WKH DFWXDOGLYLQLW\LVKRQRXUHGE\WKHSURFHVVLRQLWVHOI6SHFLILFSKHQRPHQDLQ WKH IHVWLYDOV VXFK DV GHVFHQGLQJ LQWR DQG DVFHQGLQJ IURP D FDYH DOVR H[SUHVVDWUDQVLWLRQDOSKDVHDQGWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQGHDWKDQGELUWK EHWZHHQWZRVWDJHVRUVWDWXVHV,WUHODWHVWRWKHKXPDQOHYHODVZKHQWKH WUDQVLWLRQIURPFKLOGWRDGXOWVWDWXVWDNHVSODFH/LNHZLVHLWFRQFHUQVWKH F\FOLFDOSKDVHZLWKLQWKHDJULFXOWXUDO\HDULQFRQQHFWLRQZLWKVRZLQJDQG
&I+nODQGD
)HVWLYDODQG&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
KDUYHVW DQG WKH SDVVDJH EHWZHHQ WKH ³IHPDOH´ DQG ³PDOH´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³SURGXFWLYHSDUW´RIWKH DJULFXOWXUDO\HDULVDERXWWREHJLQ
Image not available in e-version )LJXUH³7KH2OLYH7UHH3HGLPHQW´FD%&($WKHQD3ROLDVLQKHUWHPSOH 7KHROG$NURSROLV0XVHXP$WKHQVFDWQR
%RXUGLHX
&KDSWHU7ZR
7KH DQFLHQW 3DQDWKHQDLD IHVWLYDO GHGLFDWHG WR WKH ELUWKGD\ RI WKH ROLYH *RGGHVV$WKHQD)LJXUH ZDVDOVRFHOHEUDWHGLQ$XJXVWWKDWLVE\WKH HQG RI WKH ILUVW PRQWK RI WKH RIILFLDO $WKHQLDQ \HDU ZKLOH WKH PRGHUQ RIILFLDO HFFOHVLDVWLFDO \HDU VWDUWV DJDLQ DW WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI 6HSWHPEHU ZKHQ WKH ELUWK RI WKH 3DQDJLD LV DOVR FHOHEUDWHG 7KH RWKHU IHVWLYDOV GHDO ZLWKRWKHUFUXFLDOSDVVDJHVVXFKDVWKHVRZLQJZKHQWKH3UHVHQWDWLRQRI WKH 3DQDJLD LQ WKH WHPSOH DOVR FDOOHG KHU ³(QWU\ >LQWR WKH 7HPSOH@´ LV FHOHEUDWHG DQG ZKLFK PDUNV WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI WKH ZLQWHU SHULRG DV WKH 7KHVPRSKRULD GLG LQ DQFLHQW *UHHFH 1RZ WKH ³IHPDOH´ ZHW DQG IHUWLOH SHULRGLQWKHDJULFXOWXUDO\HDU¶VF\FOHUHSODFHVWKH³PDOH´SHULRGEHFDXVH WKH ZRPDQ UHSUHVHQWV WKH SURGXFWLYH SDUW RI WKH KXPDQ FRXSOH LQ WKH 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ UHJLRQ 7KH PLGZLQWHU IHVWLYDOV DUH FHOHEUDWHG DURXQG WKH VROVWLFHDQGWKHILUVWVSURXWLQJRIWKHJUDLQV7KHHQG²RUGHDWK²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
)HVWLYDODQG&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
:KHQ VWXG\LQJ WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ SHRSOHV¶ LGHRORJLHV DQG PHQWDOLWLHV WKH WUDQVLWLRQDO SHULRGV²RU FULVHV²RI WKH OLIH F\FOH DV H[SHULHQFHG ERWK LQ WKH KXPDQ OLIH F\FOH DQG WKDW RI QDWXUH FRQVWLWXWH D IUXLWIXODUHDRIDQDO\VLV7KHWKUHHFXOWVHQFRXQWHUHGLQWKHIHVWLYDOVUHIOHFW WKHVHWUDQVLWLRQDOSHULRGVDQGWKH\DUHFHQWUDOWRWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ WKH RIILFLDO DQG SRSXODU FXOWV RU FRPSHWLQJ YDOXHV ERWK LQ DQWLTXLW\ DQG WRGD\
&+$37(57+5(( 3238/$5&8/7$1'2)),&,$/,'(2/2*W@KH*UHHNVZKRGLVSXWHPRVWWKH$WKHQLDQFODLPWRDQWLTXLW\ DQG WKH JLIWV WKH\ VD\ WKH\ KDYH UHFHLYHG IURP WKH *RGV´ WKDW LV WKHLU FODLP WR KDYLQJ UHFHLYHG WKH JLIW RI JUDLQ ILUVW ,VRNUDWHV LQ SDUWLFXODU EXWDOVR'LRGRUXV6LFXOXVLVFRQFHUQHGZLWKWKH$WKHQLDQV¶UROH%XWWKH DUFKRQV DW (OHXVLV PLJKW MXVW DV ZHOO KDYH SUHDFKHG WKDW LW ZDV WKH (OHXVLQLDQV WKHPVHOYHV ZKR GLVFRYHUHG WKH FXOWLYDWHG IRRG )LJXUH 1RUGRWKH\H[SOLFLWO\PHQWLRQWKHP\WKLFDO7ULSWROHPRVDQGZKHWKHUKH ZDVDVRQRI(OHXVLVDV$SROORGRURVFODLPVRUQRWWKRXJKVHYHUDORIKLV DOOHJHG PRWKHUV ZHUH IURP WKHUH $VVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKLV DUH WKH WKUHH VDFUHGSORXJKLQJVLQ$WWLFDDW6NLURQLQWKHFHQWUHRI$WKHQVDQGQHDUE\ (OHXVLV UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KH VDPH LGHRORJLFDO HPSKDVLV PD\ EH WKH EDFNJURXQG WR WKH IDFW WKDW DQ $WKHQLDQ SORXJKLQJ WRRN SODFH QHDUE\ RU LQVLGH WKH $WKHQLDQ (OHXVLQLRQ WHPSOH ZKLFK 3OXWDUFK VWDWHV ZDV FDUULHG RXW LQ WKH FHQWUH RI $WKHQV ³QHDU WKH EDVH RI WKH $NURSROLV´ /LNHZLVH WKLV LGHRORJLFDO HPSKDVLV PD\ XQGHUOLH WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI WKH $WKHQLDQ SULHVWV IURP WKH IDPLO\ RI WKH %RX]\JDL FI Bouzygios WKDW LV WKH R[ \RNLQJ 3OXWDUFK KRZHYHU DOVR WHOOV XV RI WKH SORXJKLQJV ZKLFK WRRN SODFHDW6NLURQ³RQWKHURDGWR(OHXVLV´DQG³LQWKH5KDULDQ3ODLQQHDU (OHXVLV´ 7KH SORXJKLQJ SHUIRUPHG LQ $WKHQV LQ 6NLURQ DQG RQ WKH 5KDULDQ 3ODLQ PD\ KDYH EHHQ D GLVSOD\ RI SRZHU RU PDUNLQJ RI WHUULWRU\ WKDWKDGFRPHXQGHU$WKHQLDQFRQWURO6HYHUDOWLOOLQJVZLWKLQDJLYHQDUHD PD\ EH D ZD\ RI VHFXULQJ D JRRG UHVXOW 2QH PD\ DVVXPH WKDW $WKHQV¶ IHUWLOLW\ZDVQRWRQO\HQVXUHGE\SORXJKLQJRXWDW(OHXVLV$OVRSORXJKLQJ
3DXVFIHHD%UXPILHOGI $SROORG VRQ RI (OHXVLV 0RWKHUV 3DXV +H PHQWLRQV VHYHUDO
SRVVLEOHIDWKHUVKHKLPVHOIEHOLHYHV.HOHXVWREHWKHIDWKHUZKLOHRWKHUVQRPLQDWH 2NHDQRVIRUH[DPSOHRU'\VDXOƝV DQGPRWKHUVIRU7ULSWROHPRVVXFKDV*DLDRU WKH GDXJKWHU RI $PSKLNW\RQ I ZKLOH $SROORG FODLPV LW LV 0HWDLQHLUD +H DOVR JLYHV RWKHU DOWHUQDWLYHV 'LRG ,VRF I $WKHQLDQV¶UROH 3OXWMorEDOVRIRUWKHIROORZLQJ
,GHRORJLHVDQG0HQWDOLWLHV&RPSHWLQJ9DOXHV"
LQ$WKHQVDQGRQWKHURDGLQEHWZHHQPD\KDYHEHHQWKRXJKWWRLQFUHDVH WKH PDJLF¶V HIILFDF\ $OO WKH SURFHVVLRQV UHQHZ SXULI\ DQG PDUN WKH ERXQGDULHVRIWKHFLW\¶VWHUULWRU\,QWKDWZD\WKHFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQWKH IHUWLOH (OHXVLV²WR ZKRVH P\WKLFDO KHUR (XPROSRV 'HPHWHU UHYHDOHG WKH P\VWHULHV DV VKH GLG WR 7ULSWROHPRV²DQG $WKHQV LV PDUNHG ,Q WKLV ZD\DIHUWLOHDJULFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHXQGHU$WKHQLDQFRQWURODQG'HPHWHU¶V SURWHFWLRQZDVPDUNHGVLQFHWKHULWHZDVLQKRQRXURIWKH*RGGHVV7KH (OHXVLQLDQ0\VWHULHVZHUHLGHRORJLFDOO\LPSRUWDQWLQWKHVDPHZD\VLQFH WKHSURFHVVLRQEHWZHHQ$WKHQVDQG(OHXVLVGHPRQVWUDWHGWKHIDFWWKDWWKH DUHD ZDV XQGHU $WKHQLDQ FRQWURO DV ZDV DOVR WKH FDVH ZLWK UHJDUG WR (OHXWKHUDL 7KH PRYLQJ RI WKH ³KLHUD´ IURP (OHXVLV WR $WKHQV DQG EDFN DJDLQPDUNHGWKDW(OHXVLVEHLQJORFDWHGQRWIDUIURPWKHERUGHUWR$WKHQV¶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³QDWLRQDO´RU³FRPPRQ´RIILFLDOFXOWLW PLJKWMXVWDVZHOOEHDQLPSRUWDQWXQGHUO\LQJQHHGWRFHOHEUDWHDWGLIIHUHQW
HHD7ULSWROHPRVDQGI(XPROSRV 3OXWSolII+GWII7KXF$WKHQV0HJDUD3DXV(OHXVLV
0HJDUD&IVXSUD 6HH3DUNHUIRUVDFUHGVSDFHFI'L1ROD&K&I*UDI
IRUWKHORJLF
&KDSWHU)RXU
FULWLFDO SHULRGV ZLWK WKH DQQXDO F\FOH HQFRXQWHUHG KHUH :H ILQG IRU H[DPSOH WKH FXOW RI 'HPHWHU LQ $JUDL DW WKH VSURXWLQJ RI WKH JUDLQ LQ $QWKHVWHULRQ ZKLOH WKH (OHXVLQLDQ 0\VWHULHV ZHUH FHOHEUDWHG EHIRUH VRZLQJ LQ WKH DXWXPQ 7KH PRGHUQ SDUDOOHO $JLRV &KDUDODPSRV KDV KLV GD\LQWKHOLWXUJLFDO\HDURQ)HEUXDU\ZKLOHWKHORFDOULWXDORQ/HVERV LVFHOHEUDWHGLQHDUO\VXPPHU7KHVXPPHUIHVWLYDOKDVGLIIHUHQWUHDVRQV DV KDV DOUHDG\ EHHQ SRLQWHG RXW 3HRSOH KDYH WKHLU VXPPHU KROLGD\V DQG RSSRUWXQLW\WRUHWXUQKRPHWKHVHDURXWHLVPRUHSDVVDEOHDQGLWLVPXFK HDVLHU WR SHUIRUP WKH RSHQDLU VDFULILFH RQ WKH VXPPLW RI WKH 7DXURV PRXQWDLQ EXW LW DOVR WDNHV SODFH MXVW EHIRUH WKH JUDLQ KDUYHVW WKDW LV GXULQJDQLPSRUWDQWPRPHQWZLWKLQWKHF\FOHRIWKHDJULFXOWXUDO\HDU :HHQFRXQWHURWKHUREYLRXVSDUDOOHOVLQDQFLHQW$WKHQVZKHUHSHRSOH FHOHEUDWHGWKH/HQDLDIHVWLYDOGXULQJZLQWHUDQGWKH&LW\'LRQ\VLDRUWKH *UHDW 'LRQ\VLD GXULQJ VSULQJ DW WKH RSHQLQJ RI WKH VDLOLQJ VHDVRQ 7KH ILUVW IHVWLYDO ZDV UHVWULFWHG VROHO\ WR $WKHQLDQV ZKLOH WKH ODWWHU ZDV DOVR IRU YLVLWRUV 7KDW WKH ORFDO DQG UXUDO 'LRQ\VRV IHVWLYDOV WKH 5XUDO 'LRQ\VLD DOVR WRRN SODFH GXULQJ ZLQWHU LQGLFDWHV LQ D WZRIROG VHQVH WKH QHHGIRUDVDFULILFHWRWKHYHJHWDWLRQGHLW\ZKRZDVXQGHUJURXQGDWWKDW WLPH WR REWDLQ D QHZ IHUWLOH \HDU 6LPXOWDQHRXVO\ HVVHQWLDO DFWLYLWLHV UHODWHG WRZLQHJURZLQJZHUH FDUULHG RXWVLQFH PDQ\ IDUPHUV ZHUHEXV\ ZLWKWKHSUXQLQJRIWKHJUDSHYLQHV:HH[SHULHQFHWKHYDULRXVPHQWLRQHG FDOHQGDUV LQ FRQQHFWLRQ ZLWK WKH 7LQRV IHVWLYDOV DV ZHOO 7KH 'D\ RI WKH $QQXQFLDWLRQ RQ 0DUFK LV DOVR WKH *UHHN ,QGHSHQGHQFH 'D\ )LJXUH DQG LQ WKH QLQHWHHQWK FHQWXU\ WKH $QQXQFLDWLRQ IHVWLYDO FHOHEUDWLQJ WKH DQQLYHUVDU\ RI WKH *UHHN UHYROXWLRQ ZDV PRUH LPSRUWDQW WKDQ WKH IHVWLYDO GHGLFDWHG WR WKH 'RUPLWLRQ WKH 3DQDJLD RQ $XJXVW 7KHUH DUH VHYHUDOUHDVRQVIRUWKHFKDQJHWKDWKDVWDNHQSODFH7RGD\LWLVLQGLFDWHG E\WKHIDFWWKDWWKHFURZGRISLOJULPVLVJUHDWHULQ$XJXVWWKDQLQ0DUFK 7KH $XJXVW IHVWLYDO LV FHOHEUDWHG GXULQJ D SHULRG RI KROLGD\ DQG OHLVXUH DQGLWLVHDVLHUIRUSHRSOHWRFRPHWRWKHLVODQGDOEHLWHVSHFLDOO\DIWHUWKH VHFRQG KDOI RI $XJXVW ,Q JHQHUDO WKH VXPPHU LV D EHWWHU WLPH IRU VHDIDULQJWRGD\DVLWZDVHDUOLHUDOWKRXJKWKHWZRILUVWZHHNVRI$XJXVWLQ SDUWLFXODUPLJKWVWLOOEHDEDGSHULRGIRUVDLOLQJDVWKHVWURQJQRUWKHDVWHUQ ZLQGV FDOOHG Meltemi²WKH DQFLHQW (WHVLDQ Etesiai DQQXDO ZLQGV²DUH SDUWLFXODUO\VWURQJDQGPDQ\VKLSVDUHFDQFHOOHGHYHQELJRQHV7KHUH LVQRDLUSRUWRQ7LQRVVRSHRSOHDUHGHSHQGHQWRQDUULYLQJE\VHD
&I$UAchUHWKHIHVWLYDOEHLQJRQO\IRU$WKHQLDQV
7KH EHJLQQLQJ RI $XJXVW LV D EDG SHULRG IRU VDLOLQJ FI +HV Op I YV
VXPPHULQJHQHUDOFIOp
,GHRORJLHVDQG0HQWDOLWLHV&RPSHWLQJ9DOXHV"
)LJXUH7KHKRO\LFRQRIWKH$QQXQFLDWLRQLVFDUULHGLQSURFHVVLRQDQGSDVVHG RYHUWKHZDLWLQJSLOJULPV7LQRV0DUFK
0RUHRYHUWKHFXOWGHGLFDWHGWRWKHKHURHVRIWKH(OOLZDVDGGHGDIWHUWKLV *UHHNGHVWUR\HUZDVVXQNGXULQJWKHIHVWLYDO)LJXUH DVLQGLFWHG E\WKHSRVWHUVDQQRXQFLQJWKHIHVWLYDO 7KLV PHDQV LQ RWKHU ZRUGV WKDW ZH DUH SUHVHQWHG ZLWK GLIIHUHQW PHDQLQJV RU OD\HUV RI WKH FXOW GXULQJ ERWK WKH DQFLHQW DQG PRGHUQ IHVWLYDOV7KHIHVWLYDORQ7LQRVLVQRWRQO\WKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWIHUWLOLW\DQG KHDOLQJIHVWLYDORQWKHLVODQGZKHUHPRWKHUZRUVKLSKDVEHHQGRFXPHQWHG LQ WKH *HRPHWULF SHULRG DV ZHOO EXW LW LV DOVR DQ LPSRUWDQW LGHRORJLFDO IHVWLYDO IRU WKH ³QHZ *UHHN QDWLRQ´ ZKLFK FDPH LQWR H[LVWHQFH ZKHQ WKH EDQQHURI*UHHNUHVLVWDQFHZDVILUVWUDLVHGRQ0DUFKWKHGD\RI WKH$QQXQFLDWLRQQDPHO\WKHVWDUWRIWKHUHYROWDJDLQVWWKH7XUNVGXULQJ WKHFHOHEUDWLRQRIWKH$QQXQFLDWLRQIHVWLYDO,QWKLVZD\WKH$QQXQFLDWLRQ RIWKH3DQDJLDRQ0DUFKLVQRZFHOHEUDWHGDVDGD\RIGRXEOHLPSRUW WKH $QQXQFLDWLRQ RI ³WKH QHZ *UHHN QDWLRQ´ WKDW LV WKH *UHHN ,QGHSHQGHQFH'D\DQGWKHGD\RIWKHDQJHO¶VDQQRXQFHPHQWWR0DU\WKDW VKH ZRXOG EHDU WKH 6RQ RI *RG ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV WZR UHELUWKV RI KXPDQNLQGDQGWKH*UHHNVDUHFRPELQHG
&KDSWHU)RXU
)LJXUH:UHDWKVKDYHEHHQODLGIRUWKHGHFHDVHGKHURHVRIWKH³(OOL´EHIRUHWKH IHVWLYDOGD\7LQRV$XJXVW
7KLVGRXEOHUHELUWKLVLPSOLFLWLQPXFKRIWKHVKULQH¶VLFRQRJUDSK\ULWXDO DQG KLVWRU\ VXFK DV WKH VFHQH RQ WKH LFRQ DQG WKH QDPH RI WKH FKXUFK KRXVLQJLW7KLVFRPELQDWLRQDSSHDUV inter aliaLQWKHSURFHVVLRQDQGDOO WKHRWKHUULWXDOVDWWULEXWHGWRWKHVDPHIHVWLYDODQGDOWKRXJKWKHSURFHVVLRQ LVSHUIRUPHGLQERWK0DUFKDQG$XJXVWDQGEURDGFDVWOLYHRQ79GXULQJ ERWKHYHQWVPRUHSHRSOHDUHSUHVHQWLQ$XJXVW7KHFHUHPRQ\LVJHQHUDOO\ D SDVVDJH ULWH IRU ERWK WKH LQGLYLGXDO DQG VRFLHW\ 7KHQHZ *UHHNQDWLRQ UHQHZV SXULILHV DQG KHDOV LWVHOI IRU WKH QH[W \HDU LQ DJUHHPHQW ZLWK 2UWKRGR[ EHOLHI ZKLFK LQ $XJXVW FHOHEUDWHV WKH 'RUPLWLRQ RU )DOOLQJ $VOHHS RI WKH 3DQDJLD EXW VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ RQH DOVR UHFDOOV ³WKH ODVW WLPH WKH QDWLRQ ZDV WKUHDWHQHG´ ,Q WKLV ZD\ WKH QDWLRQDO ERQGV DUH UHQHZHG RQFHDJDLQ7KHUHIRUHWKH&KXUFKRIWKH$QQXQFLDWLRQGHGLFDWHGWKHZKROH FROOHFWLRQ RI YRWLYH RIIHULQJV LQ RUGHU WR DVVLVW WKH $OOLHV GXULQJ :RUOG :DU,,DQGZHKDYHDSDUDOOHOWRWKHDOOHJHGXVHRIWKHWUHDVXUHRI$WKHQV GXULQJ WKH 3HORSRQQHVLDQ :DU DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH RIILFLDO LGHRORJ\ )XUWKHUPRUHWKHVSHHFKHVRIWKH$WKHQLDQVWDWHVPDQ3HULNOHVDVSUHVHQWHG LQ 7KXN\GLGHV FDQ EH FRPSDUHG WR WKH LGHRORJLFDO VSHHFKHV RQ 7LQRV ZKHUHWKH)RUHLJQ$IIDLUV0LQLVWHULQZDVFRQFHUQHGZLWKWKHFORXGV
,GHRORJLHVDQG0HQWDOLWLHV&RPSHWLQJ9DOXHV"
RIZDULQWKH%DONDQVZKLOHLQWKHFULVLVZLWKWKH7XUNVRQ&\SUXV ZDV WKH PDLQ WKHPH RI WKH VSHHFK JLYHQ WR WKH FURZGRISLOJULPV E\ WKH 0LQLVWHURI'HIHQFHURXVLQJWKHDXGLHQFHWRWKXQGHURXVDSSODXVH2QH PD\DOVRPHQWLRQWKHSROLWLFDOLGHRORJLFDOPDQLSXODWLRQVRIWKHELVKRSDV ,H[SHULHQFHGKLPLQ$UJRVWROLRQWKHLVODQGRI.HSKDOORQLDLQ:LWK PXFK RUDWRU\ WKH HORTXHQW ELVKRS HQGHG KLV VSHHFK UHIHUULQJ QRW RQO\ WR WKH HDUWKTXDNH DQG WKH ³VQDNH IHDVW´ LQ WKH QHLJKERXULQJ YLOODJH RI 0DUNRSRXOR EXW DOVR WR %LEOLFDO =LRQ VLQ DQG SHRSOH WU\LQJ WR URE SUHVHQWGD\0DFHGRQLDRUWKH*UHHNLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRI³6NRSMD´RU6NRSLD WKDW LV WKH *UHHN SRSXODU QDPH RI WKH QHZ 0DFHGRQLDQ 5HSXEOLF RI ,WZDVLQWHUHVWLQJWRVHHWKH³EXUQLQJ´H\HVRIWKH\RXQJOLVWHQHUV
&I 0D]DUDNƝV$LQLDQ3DSDVS\URX.DUDGƝPƝWULRX IRU RWKHU YDULDWLRQV 7KXF)RUWKHIROORZLQJVHHDOVR+nODQGD 7KHIRUPHUW@KLV LV SRVVLEOH«RQO\ EHFDXVH ULWXDOV DUH QHLWKHU DFWLRQV QRU VWDWHPHQWV WKH\ DUH QRW PHDQV RI FRPPXQLFDWLQJEXWUDWKHURIH[SUHVVLQJ´
%ORFK&IWKHVWXG\RIWKH0HULQDSHRSOH &I DOVR 'XELVFK I 6WHZDUW 6HH DOVR %ORFK ³>L@GHRORJ\LVSDUWO\«LQDZRUOGRILWVRZQ´ %ORFKIIFLWDWLRQVDUHIURPDQGVHHDOVRI 3LQD&DEUDO DOWKRXJK WKH ZD\ KH UHQGHUV %ORFK¶V LGHDV GRHV QRW GR KLPIXOOMXVWLFH2QHVKRXOGWKHUHIRUHFRQVXOW%ORFK
1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\&RQWUDFW"
)LJXUH 9RWLYH UHOLHI ZLWK Q\PSKV 1DWLRQDO $UFKDHRORJLFDO 0XVHXP $WKHQV VHH7UDYORV)LJ
2QHPD\KRZHYHUDUJXHWKDWWKHUHLVQRGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQDPHDQVRI FRPPXQLFDWLRQDQGDPHDQVRIH[SUHVVLRQEHFDXVHERWKRIWKHVHDZDLWD UHVSRQVH DQG WKDW WKHUH DUH RWKHU ZD\V RI UHSO\LQJ WKDQ YHUEDOO\ FDQ EH H[SHULHQFHG LQ HLWKHU ULWXDOV SHUIRUPHG WR VHFXUH IHUWLOLW\ RU DQ\ RWKHU SDVVDJHULWH,QRWKHUZRUGVDQDQVZHULVDOZD\VUHTXLUHGFRQVFLRXVO\RU XQFRQVFLRXVO\ RWKHUZLVH WKH ULWXDO ZRXOG QRW EH ZRUWK PXFK DV %ORFK DOVR LPSOLHV $ QHZ DXWKRULW\ PD\ DSSURSULDWH SRZHU DQG DQ LPSRUWDQW ULWXDO²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
%ORFK %ORFK
&KDSWHU)LYH
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³IXQFWLRQ´ LV VWDEOH ZKLOH WKH PRGH RI H[SUHVVLRQ LV GLIIHUHQW²WKDW TXLWH GLIIHUHQW SUDFWLFHV DQG VLWXDWLRQV PD\ EH IXQFWLRQDO HTXLYDOHQWV²LV GHPRQVWUDWHG E\ WKH XVH RI PRGHUQ V\PEROV LQ ZHGGLQJV LQ $WKHQV DQG WKH HQWLUH YHU\ PRGHUQ FRQWH[W ZKLFK QHYHUWKHOHVV LV VWULNLQJO\ VLPLODU LQ HVVHQFH WR WKH WUDGLWLRQDO YLOODJH ZHGGLQJ DQG LWV V\PEROV ZKLFK DUH DOVR QRW PXFK GLIIHUHQW WR WKRVH RI WKH DQFLHQWV $OWKRXJK D JLYHQ VRFLDO RU LGHRORJLFDO PHDQLQJ FDQ VKLIW LW DSSHDUV WKDW DQRWKHU LPSOLHG VRFLDO PHDQLQJ RU LQGLYLGXDO PHDQLQJ PD\ EH LGHQWLFDO 7KH SRLQW RI ERWK D V\PERO FI ZDWHU DQG D ULWXDO DFWLRQ FI ³IHWFK LWWKH ZDWHU´ LV LQGHHG WKHLU ³DPELJXLW\´DWRSLFDOVRGLVFXVVHGE\%ORFKZKRXQGHUOLQHVWKHHPRWLRQDO SRZHURIULWXDOVVLQFHLQSUDFWLFHWKH\UHSUHVHQWeverythingIRUSHRSOHP\ HPSKDVLV $V3LQD&DEUDOKDVPDLQWDLQHGLQDQH[WHQVLRQRI%ORFK¶VVWXG\LQKLV RZQGHDOLQJZLWKIL[LW\DQGUHFXUUHQFHLQDVWXG\RIWKHSUREOHPVDURXQG SDJDQ ³VXUYLYDOV´ LQ (XURSHDQ FXOWXUH ORQJWHUP FRQWLQXLW\ FDQQRW EH H[SODLQHGE\DVLQJOHIDFWRUDQGHQGXUDQFHZLOOH[SODLQWKHFRQWLQXLW\RI ULWXDO SUDFWLFH IDU EH\RQG WKH SDUWLFXODU OLYLQJ FRQGLWLRQV ZKHQ LW ZDV IRUPHG 7KH PHQWLRQHG FDYH FXOW RQ WKH VORSH RI WKH $NURSROLV FOLII VKRXOGKDYHLOOXVWUDWHGWKDWWKLVOLNHO\DSSOLHVQRWRQO\WRULWXDOVEXWDOVR WR VDFUHG SODFHV LQ WKH ODQGVFDSH VXFK DV FDYHV WR EH SUHFLVH EXW DOVR VSULQJV PRXQWDLQWRSV DQG VR RQ DV ZHOO DV WKH WH[WV DQG SURYHUEV WKDW 3LQD&DEUDOPHQWLRQV
&IQ&KVXSUD 3LQD&DEUDO FI 'XELVFK I DOVR IRU WKH IROORZLQJ 6HH
+nODQGDIIRUDUHOHYDQWFDVH
1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\&RQWUDFW"
Image not available in e-version )LJXUH &RS\ RI WKH YRWLYH SODTXH NQRZQ DV WKH 1LQQLRQ 7DEOHW GHSLFWLQJ HOHPHQWV RI WKH (OHXVLQLDQ 0\VWHULHV IRXQG LQ WKH VDQFWXDU\ DW (OHXVLV PLG IRXUWKFHQWXU\ %&( $UFKDHRORJLFDO 0XVHXP RI (OHXVLV 2ULJLQDO 1DWLRQDO $UFKDHRORJLFDO0XVHXP$WKHQV
2QH QHHG RQO\ PHQWLRQ WKH GLIIHUHQW HOHPHQWV LQ WKH (OHXVLQLDQ DJULFXOWXUDO ULWXDO )LJXUH $FFRUGLQJ WR $SRVWRORV 1 $WKDQDVVDNLV WKHQDPHVRIWKHPDLQSURWDJRQLVWVLQWKH+RPHULFDQG2USKLFYHUVLRQVRI WKH (OHXVLQLDQ GUDPD FDQ EH H[SODLQHG LQ ,QGR(XURSHDQ WHUPV +H PDLQWDLQV WKDWWKLV ZDV DSURFHVV RI VXSHUILFLDO +HOOHQLVDWLRQ FRQIRUPLQJ WRWKHUHDOLWLHVLPSRVHGE\WKHGRPLQDQWJURXS$OWKRXJKWKLVLVQRWWKH SODFHWRGLVFXVVVXFKWRSLFVDV,QGR(XURSHDQFRQTXHVW+HOOHQLVDWLRQWKH FODLPLVVWLOOZRUWKDFRPPHQW$VVKRXOGEHDSSDUHQWIURPP\GLVFXVVLRQ RI%RXUGLHX¶VDVVHUWLRQUHJDUGLQJGR[DHDUOLHULQWKHERRNLWLVQRWMXVWWR
$WKDQDVVDNLV
&KDSWHU)LYH
IRUFH D QHZ LGHRORJ\ XSRQ DQ RVWHQVLEO\ FRQTXHUHG SHRSOH²RU PRUH SUHFLVHO\DSHRSOHRQHLVWU\LQJWRFRQTXHU,WPD\PRUHRYHUMXVWDVZHOO EHWKHFRQTXHURUVZKRDEVRUEIURPWKHFRQTXHUHGRQHVDVLQWKHFDVHRI $WKHQD $OHD $OHD KDG EHHQ DQ LQGHSHQGHQW *RGGHVV EXW ZDV ODWHU DEVRUEHG E\ $WKHQD 6LPXOWDQHRXVO\ KRZHYHU $WKHQD ZDV DEVRUEHG E\ $OHD&RQVHTXHQWO\RQHPD\VSHDNRIDPXWXDODGMXVWPHQW%XWSUHFLVHO\ IRU WKDW UHDVRQ , WKLQN RQH VKRXOG UHFRQVLGHU $WKDQDVVDNLV¶ IXUWKHU DVVXPSWLRQ WKDW WKH LPSRUWDQW P\VWLF (OHXVLQLDQ V\PEROLF GUXP tympanon PD\ KDYH ORVW WKH PHDQLQJ LW KDG LQ WKH PRUH ³KXPEOH´ (OHXVLQLDQ FXOW KHUH KH GRHV QRW GLVWDQFH KLPVHOI IURP *HRUJH ( 0\ORQDV ZKRP KH FULWLFLVHV LQ DQRWKHU FRQWH[W EHFDXVH WKH PHDQLQJ PD\ VWLOO EH WKHUH DOEHLW LPSOLFLWO\ 7KH PHDQLQJ UHODWHG WR WKH IHUWLOLW\RIDJULFXOWXUHPXVWQHFHVVDULO\EHLQWDFWVLQFHWKHVRFLHW\LVVWLOO DQDJULFXOWXUDOVRFLHW\7KHUHIRUH$WKDQDVVDNLVPD\DOVREHULJKWZKHQKH PDLQWDLQV WKDW ZKHQ WKH LQLWLDWHG FDOOHG RXW LW PD\ EH WKDW WKH\ OLNH &OHPHQW RI $OH[DQGULD GLG QRW NQRZ DW OHDVW QRW ZLWK FRPSOHWH FRQVFLRXVQHVV WKDWZKHQWKHLUDQFHVWRUV³DWHIURPWKHGUXP´WKH\GLGVR IURP D VDFUHG GUXP FDOOHG ,DPEƝ LQ RQH WUDGLWLRQ DQG %DXEǀ LQ DQRWKHU 7KHLU FHUWDLQW\ OD\ LQ NQRZLQJ WKDW WKH\ GLG VRPHWKLQJ WKH\ KDG DOZD\V GRQHDQGWKHDQFHVWRUVKDGGRQHEHIRUHWKHPDQG³LWZDVIRUWKHJRRGRI LW´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¶V DVVHUWLRQWKDWWKHUHZDVDUDGLFDOFKDQJHLQFRQFHSWLRQDQGSUDFWLFHLQWKH (OHXVLQLDQP\VWHU\FXOWGHGLFDWHGWR'HPHWHUDQG.RUƝDQGLWVSODFHLQWKH $WKHQLDQUHOLJLRQDWWKHHQGRIWKHVHYHQWKRUHDUO\VL[WKFHQWXU\%&( 7KHEDFNJURXQGRIWKHFODLPLVWKHDVVHUWLRQWKDWDQDJULFXOWXUDOFXOWZLWK poliadic FI SROLV FRQWHQW ZDV WUDQVIRUPHG LQWR RQH LQFOXGLQJ D FRQVLGHUDEOH HVFKDWRORJLFDOVRWHULRORJLFDO FRPSRQHQW 2QH PD\ QRWH WKH
3DXV &I5RPDLRVIRUWKLVDVSHFW 6RXUYLQRX,QZRRG
1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\&RQWUDFW"
JUHDW HPSKDVLV VKH SXWV RQ SXULILFDWLRQ LQ KHU GHVFULSWLRQ DQG WKH SXULILFDWLRQ DVSHFW LV RI FHQWUDO LPSRUWDQFH LQ WKH ZRUVKLS RI $VNOHSLRV ZKLFK DIWHU LWV HVWDEOLVKPHQW LQ %&( ZDV FRQQHFWHG ZLWK WKH (OHXVLVLQLDQ 0\VWHULHV 2QH HQFRXQWHUV D VLPLODU YLHZ LQ .HQ 'RZGHQ ZKR ZRUNV ZLWK D GLYLVLRQ EHWZHHQ PDJLF LQLWLDWLRQ DQG UHOLJLRQV RI VDOYDWLRQ+LVGLYLVLRQVWURQJO\UHFDOOV)UD]HUEXWKHLVQRWDORQH3LQD &DEUDO HPSOR\V WKH VDPH GLYLVLRQ EHWZHHQ VDOYDWLRQ UHOLJLRQV ³D SHFXOLDU´SKHQRPHQRQ DQGDQLPLVP³DUHVWFDWHJRU\´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¶VKHDOWKDQGIHUWLOLW\LQFROODERUDWLRQZLWKWKH GHDGLQWKHXQGHUZRUOG)LJXUH 7KHUHOLJLRXVIHVWLYDOVDUHWKHUHIRUHD XQLTXHDUHDIRUDQDO\VLQJKHDOLQJVLQFHWKH\DUHDOVRKHDOLQJIHVWLYDOVDQG SHRSOH¶V LQWHQWLRQ LQ SHUIRUPLQJ WKHP LV PDJLFRUHOLJLRXV 7KLV LV PDQLIHVWHG LQ WKH SXULI\LQJ SURFHVVLRQ WKDW SDVVHV WKURXJK WKH VRFLDOO\ GHILQHGWHUULWRU\7KHGLYLQHRUGHFHDVHGPHGLDWRUDOVRSRVVHVVHVKHDOLQJ SRZHU
6RXUYLQRX,QZRRGII 'RZGHQI 3LQD&DEUDO &I.HHVLQJUHWKHSHUIRUPHUVRIWKHFXOW 7KHWHUPʊXVHGE\DQWKURSRORJLVWVʊ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
&KDSWHU)LYH
)LJXUH:RPHQYHQHUDWLQJWKHULJKWKDQGWRPERI$JLRV1HNWDULRV$HJLQD 1RYHPEHU
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³KHDOLQJ´ WKDW LV LPSRUWDQW GXULQJ LOOQHVV 7RGD\ ZH HQFRXQWHU WKLV PLQJOLQJ LQ WKH SURFHVVLRQ RQ 7LQRV ZKHQ WKH LFRQ LV SDVVHG RYHU WKH IDLWKIXO WR KHDO RU SXULI\ WKHP IRU WKH IROORZLQJ \HDU )LJXUH 7KLV
1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\&RQWUDFW"
GHILQLWLRQ RI WKH KHDOLQJ FXOW LQ WKH *UHHN FRQWH[W PDNHV WKH PHQWLRQHG GLYLVLRQVXSHUIOXRXVEHFDXVHWRLQLWLDWHLVWRKHDO
)LJXUH$IRUPHUYHUVLRQRIWKHSURFHVVLRQZLWKWKHLFRQRIWKH3DQDJLDGXULQJ WKHIHVWLYDOGHGLFDWHGWRWKH'RUPLWLRQRQ7LQRV3LOJULPVOLHLQWKHVWUHHWQDPHG (XDQJHOLVWULDV ZDLWLQJ IRU WKH LFRQ WR EH SDVVHG RYHU WKHP $UFKLYH 3KRWRJRQLD7LQRV
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inter aliaWRWKHGLVFXVVLRQZLWKUHJDUGWRPDJLFDQGUHOLJLRQ$OO WKHVHVSHFXODWLRQVVHHPWREHLQIOXHQFHGE\WKHPHQWLRQHG³+XPEROGWLDQ´ LGHDO DFFRUGLQJ WR ZKLFK WKH FODVVLFLVW KDV WR VWDQG DW D GLVWDQFH LQ WKH SDVWDQGIDUIURPHYHU\GD\OLIH1HYHUWKHOHVVLWPD\EHHYHU\GD\OLIHLQDQ DJULFXOWXUDOVRFLHW\WKDWJLYHVVFKRODUVQHZSHUVSHFWLYHV
+¡LULV6HH+nODQG IRU7LQRV %UXPILHOGI6HHDOVR+nODQG&KI
&KDSWHU)LYH
)LJXUH 'HPHWHU DQG .RUƝ PDUEOH UHOLHI %&( $UFKDHRORJLFDO 0XVHXPRI(OHXVLV'RZQORDGHGIURP KWWSVHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL$UFKDHRORJLFDOB0XVHXPBRIB(OHXVLVPHGLD)LOH'H PHWHUBDQGB.RUHBPDUEOHBUHOLHIBB%&B$0B(OHXVLVBMSJ
%DVHG RQ WKH HYROXWLRQLVW YLHZ WKH P\VWHULHV EHJDQ DV D PDJLFDO ULWH WR LQFUHDVHWKHFURSDQGWKHRORJLFDOHODERUDWLRQVWKDWZHUHGHSHQGHQWRQWKH DQDORJ\EHWZHHQWKHOLIHRIWKHJUDLQDQGKXPDQOLIHZHUHDGGHGODWHU7KLV DQDORJ\ KRZHYHU LV QRW VR VRSKLVWLFDWHG WKDW RQO\ OLWHUDWH VRFLHWLHV FDQ FRPSUHKHQG LW 7KDW WKHUH LV D FRQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH VSKHUH RI WKH GHFHDVHGDQGWKHVSKHUHRIIHUWLOLW\LVTXLWHXVXDOLQDQFLHQWWKLQNLQJDQG .RUƝ LV DQ H[DPSOH RI WKLV YHU\ ORJLF LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI DQ DJULFXOWXUDO
1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\&RQWUDFW"
VRFLHW\ )LJXUH 7KHUH DUH PDQ\ SDUDOOHOV IURP FRQWHPSRUDU\ SUH LQGXVWULDODQGSUHOLWHUDU\VRFLHWLHV $FFRUGLQJ WR 6RXUYLQRX,QZRRG¶V FLWHG YDULDQW RI WKH HYROXWLRQLVW YLHZWKLVFKDQJHLVDQHFKRRIFRQWHPSRUDU\DWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVGHDWKDQG EXULDOLGHRORJ\DQGDUHVXOWRIWKHSROLWLFDOWHQVLRQVWKDWGHYHORSHGLQWKH DUFKDLF SHULRG +HU FODLP QHHGV WR EH QXDQFHG ZKHQ RQH FKDQJHV RQH¶V SHUVSHFWLYHEHFDXVH WKH DJULFXOWXUDO HOHPHQW KDVQRW \HWGLVDSSHDUHGQRU KDVWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKH$WKHQLDQSROLVWKRXJKQRZHYHU\RQHFRXOGEH LQLWLDWHG DV ORQJ DV WKH\ VSRNH *UHHN DQG KDG FOHDQ KDQGV SHUKDSV WKH UHVXOWRIWKHFRPSHWLWLRQEHWZHHQWKHSROHLVWRKROGWKHPRVWPDJQLILFHQW IHVWLYDO&RQVHTXHQWO\LWLVLPSRUWDQWQRWRQO\WRFRQVLGHUWKHLGHRORJLFDO OD\HUZLWKLQWKHFXOWEXWDOVRWKHIRXQGDWLRQRIWKHLGHRORJ\
Image not available in e-version )LJXUH$FOD\PRGHORIWKHekphora WKDWLV³FDUU\LQJRXWRIWKHFRUSVH´ 2YHU WKHELHULVDVKURXGEHQHDWKZKLFKOLHVWKHERG\ILUVWSDUWRIWKHVHYHQWKFHQWXU\ %&(1DWLRQDO$UFKDHRORJLFDO0XVHXP$WKHQVLQYQR
:LWKUHJDUGWRWKHDOOHJHGUDGLFDOFKDQJHVLQWKHGHDWKFXOW,GLVFXVVWKLV WRSLF DW OHQJWK LQ DQRWKHU FRQWH[W FI DOVR )LJXUH 7KLV LV EHFDXVH , WKLQNLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRHODERUDWHRQWKHSUREOHPDWLFVHYHUDOVFKRODUVKDYH
,VRF+GW
&KDSWHU)LYH
GLVFXVVHG ZKHQ FRQQHFWLQJ WKH OHJLVODWLRQ FKDQJHV LQ DWWLWXGHV WRZDUGV GHDWKDQGWKHP\VWHU\FXOWZLWKDWWHPSWVWRFXUEZRPHQ¶VGRPLQDQFHLQ WKHPDOHSROLV7KHUHDVRQLVWKDWDWWHPSWLQJWRFXUEZRPHQ¶VGRPLQDQFH LVQRWWKHVDPHDVDFFRPSOLVKLQJWKHVHDWWHPSWV
)LJXUH7KHHQWUDQFHWRWKH6DFUHG6SULQJWKH$NURSROLV&DYHDW$WKHQV
+ROVW:DUKDIW/RUDX[5HWKHGHDWKFXOWVHH+nODQGWKHERRN HQVXHV IURP P\ SURMHFW Greek Women and Death, Ancient and Modern: A Comparative AnalysisZKLFKZDVILQDQFHGE\WKH(8¶VWKIUDPHZRUN3URJUDPPH VHHDOVR
1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\&RQWUDFW"
5LWXDOV DQG VDFUHG SODFHV LQ WKH ODQGVFDSH )LJXUH RU WH[WV DQG SURYHUEVGHPRQVWUDWHWKDWHQGXUDQFHLVSRVVLEO\DFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIFXOWXUH WKDW VKRXOG EH LQYHVWLJDWHG PRUH FORVHO\ 7KH LPSRUWDQFH RI FRQVWDQF\ DQGHQGXUDQFHLVQHYHUWKHOHVVQRWWKHVDPHDVPDLQWDLQLQJWKDWVRPHWKLQJ KDV ORVW LWV DELOLW\ WR FRPPXQLFDWH UDWKHU WKH FRQWUDU\ DQG WKH *UHHNV FRPPXQLFDWHQRWRQO\YHUEDOO\EXWDOVRWKURXJKULWHVV\PEROVGDQFHDQG JHVWXUHV $OO JRRG IDLU\ WDOHV DQG IRON VRQJV VXUYLYH EHFDXVH WKH\ KDYH VHYHUDOKLGGHQPHDQLQJV,WLVWKHUHIRUHLPSRUWDQWWRUHPHPEHUWKDWLQWKLV ZD\ WKH FRQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ IRON VRQJV ODPHQWV DQG GDQFHV DQG WKH WUDGLWLRQDOFXVWRPVDQGULWXDOVWRZKLFKWKH\DUHDGDSWHGDQGRIZKLFKWKH\ DUH D SDUW FRQWLQXDOO\ VHFXUH ERWK UHFLSURFDO FRQWLQXLW\ DQG UHQHZDO ,Q RWKHUZRUGVLWLVQRWIRUFHUWDLQWKDWHQGXUDQFHLVVXFKDXVHIXOWHUPVLQFH LWV XVXDO FRQQRWDWLRQV LQ RQH VHQVH PDNH WKH HOHPHQWV VWDWLF WKXV ORVLQJ WKH G\QDPLFV DQG PXWXDO DGDSWDWLRQ WKDW DUH D SUHUHTXLVLWH IRU ULWXDOV WR DFWXDOO\HQGXUHVLQFHWKH\EHORQJWRWKHHOHPHQWVWKDWUHDOO\FRQVWLWXWHD FXOWXUHLQZKLFKWKHDELOLW\WRFRPPXQLFDWHUHPDLQVLQWDFWWRWKHKLJKHVW GHJUHH 0XFK RI ZKDW RQH VHHV WRGD\ LQ WKH IHVWLYDOV LV QRW DW DOO D QHZ RFFXUUHQFH OLQNHG WR WKH PRGHUQ QDWLRQVWDWH $V LV DOVR HYLGHQW LQ RWKHU FRQWH[WVPXFKRIZKDWZHKDYHREVHUYHGDOVRH[LVWHGLQDQWLTXLW\VXFK DVWKHFRGHRIKRQRXUDQGVKDPHWKHHOLWH¶VFULWLFLVPRIWKHSRSXODUFXOW DQGVRRQ7KHUHIRUHWKHUHLVQRUHDVRQWRDYRLGVWXG\LQJWKHSKHQRPHQRQ RQWKHFRQWUDU\ $QRWKHU WKLQJ LV WKDW LW LV QRW IRU FHUWDLQ WKDW WKH DQFLHQW SHRSOH DWWDFKHG WKH VDPH PHDQLQJ WR WKRVH SKHQRPHQD WR ZKLFK ZH HQFRXQWHU SDUDOOHO FDVHV LQ PRGHUQ *UHHFH $ JUHDW GHDO RI ZKDW RQH HQFRXQWHUV WRGD\FDQDOVREHFRQVLGHUHGWREHVRFDOOHGrevivalRUUHELUWKDVWKLVWDNHV SODFHLQPDQ\VRFLDOJURXSVFRQVROLGDWHGDURXQGRQHFRPPRQV\PERORU DQRWKHU %XW VRFDOOHG UHYLYDO PXVW DOVR DVVXPH ILUVWO\ WKDW RQH NQRZV ZKDW H[LVWHG SUHYLRXVO\ WKDW LV WKDW RQH KDV EDVLF VRXUFH PDWHULDO RQ ZKLFKWREXLOGLQRUGHUWRUHFUHDWHRUFUHDWHWKHIHVWLYDORUFXVWRPDIUHVK DQGVHFRQGO\WKHUHPXVWEHDQHHGIRUWKLVDPRQJWKHSHRSOH ,QWKH*UHHNZLQHJURZLQJUHJLRQVWKHUHDUHZKDWFDQEHFODVVLILHGDV ³QDWXUDO ZLQH IHVWLYDOV FHOHEUDWHG LQ DXWXPQ´ ZKLOH WKH ZLQH IHVWLYDOV RUJDQLVHG E\ D WRXULVW DVVRFLDWLRQ DUH H[DPSOHV RI W\SLFDO UHYLYDOV /RXNDWRV GLVWLQJXLVKHV EHWZHHQ WKH ZLQH IHVWLYDOV FHOHEUDWHG LQ DXWXPQ YHUVXV ZKDW KH FDOOV DPXVHPHQW SDUNV ZKLFK WDNH SODFH IURP -XQH XQWLO WKHHQGRIVXPPHU$VKHPDLQWDLQVLQDGLIIHUHQWFRQWH[WLWLVSRSXODU
3LQD&DEUDO *ROGHQ7RRKH\6HHDOVR+nODQG&K /RXNDWRVQ
&KDSWHU)LYH
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³DSSHDUDQFH´RIWKHFURSLQRUGHUWRJLYHKHURUKLVIRUHFDVWDQGWKHFURS GHSHQGVRQERWKZHDWKHUDQGZLQGDQGJURZWKDQGULSHQLQJ2QHFDQQRW HVFDSH WKH IDFW WKDW WKHUH DUH QXPHURXV VLPLODULWLHV EHWZHHQ WKH PRGHUQ DQGDQFLHQWVRFLHWLHVLQZKLFKWKHPDLQSURGXFWVZHUHWKHVDPHDVWRGD\ JUDLQYLQHVDQGROLYHV)LJXUHVDDQGEFI)LJXUH WKH³WULQLW\´WKDW DFWXDOO\IRUPVWKHEDVLVRIDOOVXEVLVWHQFHDJULFXOWXUHLQWKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQ UHJLRQ 7KH PRGHUQ VRFLHW\¶V QHHG IRU ROG PDJLFDO IHUWLOLW\ ULWXDOV LV LOOXVWUDWHGIRULQVWDQFHE\DOOWKHUDLQPDJLFZKLFKIORXULVKHVDPLGRWKHU PDJLFDO ULWXDOV 0RUHRYHU WKH FURS LV JHQHUDOO\ ULSH DW WKH VDPH WLPH LQ WKH VDPH UHJLRQV IRU H[DPSOH DPRQJ WKH FRQWHPSRUDU\ QHLJKERXUV RI $JLD3DUDVNHXƝVLQFHLWLVWKHZHDWKHUZKLFKLVWKHGHFLVLYHIDFWRUDQGWKH KDUYHVWZDVPDUNHGZLWKORFDOIHVWLYDOVRULQGLYLGXDORIIHULQJVLQDQWLTXLW\ DV LW LV WRGD\ UHVXOWLQJ IURP WKH SUHVVXUH RI ZRUN 'XULQJ WKH JUDSH KDUYHVWHYHU\IDUPHURUZLQHJURZHUGHSHQGVRQSHRSOHSLFNLQJJUDSHVLQ VXFKUXJJHGHQYLURQPHQWVDVWKHWHUUDFHGODQGVFDSHVRQ7LQRV
/RXNDWRVD6HHDOVR.DNULGƝ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
1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\&RQWUDFW"
)LJXUHV D DQG E $WKHQD¶V VDFUHG ROLYH WUHH LQ IURQW RI WKH (UHNKWKHLRQ LQ WKH 3DQGURVLRQ$NURSROLVRI$WKHQV$XJXVWDQG
&KDSWHU)LYH
7KLVLVPRUHRYHUDFRPPRQNLQGRI*UHHNODQGVFDSHLQZKLFKLWLVKDUGWR LPDJLQHKRZRQHVKRXOGEHDEOHWRXVHPRGHUQDJULFXOWXUDOPDFKLQHU\2Q WKH WRXULVWLF LVODQG RI 6DQWRULQL ZKLFK LV ZHOONQRZQ IRU LWV ZLQH SURGXFWLRQ SHRSOH DOVR KDYH WR SLFN JUDSHV E\ KDQG +HUH ODUJHU ³ZLQH IHVWLYDOV´WDNHSODFHWKURXJKRXWWKHVXPPHUEXWRQO\IRU³WRXULVWV´ZKR KDYHWRSD\DIHH+DUYHVWLQJPXVWEHGRQHTXLFNO\LWLVD³WLPHRIZDU´ WKDWLVDEDWWOHDJDLQVWWLPHQRZDVLQ+HVLRGGXHWRIHDURIGHVWUXFWLRQRI WKH FURS DQG WKH WKUHVKLQJ HVSHFLDOO\ UHPDLQV D MRLQW XQGHUWDNLQJ XVLQJ FRPPRQWKUHVKLQJIORRUV7KLVLVLOOXVWUDWHGRQ6DQWRULQLZKHUHWKHJUDLQ FURSLVEURXJKWXSWRWKHZLQHIDFWRU\QH[WWRWKHWKUHVKLQJIORRUVRQWKH EDFNVRIGRQNH\VDWWKHHQGRI6HSWHPEHU3HUKDSVWKLVLVDSDUDOOHOWRWKH FHQWUDOLVDWLRQDQGUHGLVWULEXWLRQRIWKHSDODFHHFRQRP\RIWKHSDVWWKDWLV SHRSOH¶V ³FRQWULEXWLRQ´ RI VWDSOH SURGXFH WR WKH ELJ PDQ RI WKH UHGLVWULEXWLYH 0LQRDQ HFRQRP\ H[FHSW WKDW WKH PRGHUQ UHGLVWULEXWLRQ LV RI FRXUVH VRPHZKDW FKDQJHG 6LQFH WKH KDUYHVW LV FROOHFWHG LQ D FHQWUDO SODFHLWEHFRPHVDFROOHFWLYHXQGHUWDNLQJ7KLVLVDOVRWKHFDVHZKHQLWLV FRPPHUFLDOLVHGVRWKDWWRXULVWVDOVRSDUWLFLSDWHLQWKHZLQHIHVWLYDOV7KHQ LW LV FROOHFWLYHO\ H[SDQGHG EHFDXVH PRUH SHRSOH EHFRPH SDUWLFLSDQWV LQ ZKDWZDVRULJLQDOO\OLPLWHGWRDVPDOOFRUHRISHRSOH
)LJXUH7KUHVKLQJIORRURQWKHLVODQGRI6DQWRULQL6HSWHPEHU
1H[WWRWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHGZLQHIDFWRU\RQ6DQWRULQLWKHUHDUHWKUHHTXLWH QHZWKUHVKLQJIORRUV)LJXUH DQGRQHROGHUYHU\ZHOOSUHVHUYHGRQH
1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\&RQWUDFW"
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samikosPDOHZDUGDQFH LQWRZKLFK RWKHUSDUWLFLSDQWVDUHGUDZQ,QWKLVZD\DVHQVHRIEHORQJLQJWRWKHJURXS LVLQGLFDWHGDQGFRQILUPHGSHRSOHDUHZLVKLQJRQHDQRWKHU³0DQ\W@KHUH LV DOZD\VDFRUHWKDWLVWKHVDPHDQGVRZHILQGRXWZKDWZHGRWKLV\HDU´ 7KLVLVWKHHVVHQFHRIULWXDOVDQGWKLVLVDOVRWKHFDVHGXULQJRWKHUSRSXODU IHVWLYDOVGHVSLWHPDQ\VFKRODUV¶VWDWHPHQWVWKDW³WKHIHVWLYDOVDUHG\QDPLF DQGFKDQJHIURP\HDUWR\HDU´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³>W@KH FXVWRPLVYHU\ROG´$QRWKHUWKLQJLVWKDWWKHUHLVWRRPXFKGLVDJUHHPHQW EHWZHHQ WKH RUJDQLVHUV inter alia DERXW WKH GHWDLOV RU VHTXHQFH RI WKH FHOHEUDWLRQ UHVXOWLQJ LQ WKH IDFW WKDW WKH FHOHEUDWLRQ LV QRW DOZD\V WKH VDPH 1RQHWKHOHVV SHRSOH JUDGXDOO\ DUULYH DW D FRPSURPLVH VXFK DV UHJDUGLQJ WKH ORFDWLRQ IRU WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH ZHGGLQJ FHUHPRQ\ LQ .RLPƝVƝLIVRPHRQHGRHVQRWEHFRPHDQJU\DQGZDONDZD\DVKDSSHQHG LQ0HOLNƝGXULQJWKH.DORJHURV,WLVGHWHUPLQHGE\ZKDWWKH\UHPHPEHU
&I'UDFRXOLGqV)LJVDQG+nODQG)LJVI &I7KUDNLǀWƝV&KDQG'UDFRXOLGqVIIRUGHVFULSWLRQVZKLFK KDYH PDQ\ FRPPRQ IHDWXUHV ZLWK P\ H[SHULHQFHV DW WKH %DER DQG .DORJHURV IHVWLYDOVWKH.RLPƝVƝZHGGLQJDQGWKHFDUQLYDOLQ)ODPERXUR'UDFRXOLGqVVWDWHV WKDW DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH YLOODJHUV WKHUH DUH FHUWDLQ YDULDWLRQV ZLWKLQ WKLV VFKHPH ZKLFKRQHHQFRXQWHUVXQGHUGLIIHUHQWQDPHVLQGLIIHUHQWYLOODJHV
&KDSWHU)LYH
EXWWKHPDLQV\PEROVDQGDFWLRQVDUHDOZD\VVLPLODU7KDWWKHIHVWLYDOVDUH YLWDO GRHV QRW QHFHVVDULO\ PHDQ WKDW WKH\ FKDQJH LQ WKH VHQVH WKDW LW LV VRPHWKLQJ FRPSOHWHO\ QHZ ZKLFK HPHUJHV EXW UDWKHU WKDW D FRQWLQXRXV SURGXFWLRQRIPHDQLQJWDNHVSODFHYLDWKHSURFHVVE\ZKLFKQHZPHDQLQJV DUHDGGHGWRROGHUULWXDOV7KXVRQHPD\RIFRXUVHDOVRPDLQWDLQWKDWWKLV LVVRPHWKLQJHQWLUHO\QHZWKDWHPHUJHVDVWKHUHVXOWRIDQHZFRPELQDWLRQ EXWWKHFRPELQHGHOHPHQWVDUHDOZD\VWKHRULJLQDORQHVQRQHWKHOHVV
)LJXUH$PRWKHUZKRKDVFUDZOHGXSZHDULQJNQHHSDGVOLIWVKHUGDXJKWHUXS WRNLVVWKHLFRQ7LQRV$XJXVW
*HUQHWKDVVRPHLPSRUWDQWZLVHZRUGVFRQFHUQLQJWKLVFLUFXPVWDQFH
6HH+nODQG&KIRUWKHSUREOHPVLQ0HOLNƝ.RLPƝVƝ
1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\&RQWUDFW"
5LWXDOVDUHWKHUHIRUHDOVRJRRGH[DPSOHVRIKRZFKLOGUHQDUHVRFLDOLVHG LQWRVRFLHW\EHLWGXULQJWKHDIWHUQRRQULWXDOLQWKHFKXUFKRI2O\PSRVRQ +RO\)ULGD\WKHFDUU\LQJRILFRQVLQWKHVDPHYLOODJHDQGLQ$JLD(OHQƝ OLUD RU GUXPSOD\LQJ ZKHQ VRQV DQG GDXJKWHUV WDNH RYHU WKH SDUHQWV¶ LQVWUXPHQWV LQ WKH NRQDNL D VFKRRO FODVV LQ 0HOLNƝ ZKR YLVLWV WKH .DORJHURVULWXDOWKHFKLOGUHQZKRLQWXUQDUHOLIWHGXSLQIURQWRIWKHLFRQ VRWKH\FDQNLVVLWWKHZD\WKHLUSDUHQWVGR)LJXUH RUWKHFKLOGUHQZKR IHWFK ZDWHU DORQJ ZLWK WKHLU PRWKHUV IURP WKH ³/LIH*LYLQJ 6SULQJ´ 7KH\ DUH WDXJKW WKURXJK D OHDUQLQJ SURFHVV RI GLUHFW REVHUYDWLRQ DQG LPLWDWLRQDQGLQWKLVZD\WKHWUDGLWLRQLVSUHVHUYHGWKHKHULWDJHJRHVRQ,W LV WKHUHIRUH HVSHFLDOO\ WKH PRGHUQ FDUQLYDO IHVWLYDOV RU WKH IHVWLYDO LQ 0RQRNNOƝVLD ZKHUH WKH PDLQ ULWXDOV DUH NQRZQ LQ DGYDQFH ZKLOH PDQ\ YDULDQWVRIWKHSHUIRUPDQFHGHWDLOVDQGPRGHVRISHUIRUPDQFHDUHDOORZHG ZKLFKFDQVKHGOLJKWRQKRZLWPLJKWKDYHEHHQGXULQJWKHDQFLHQWSRSXODU IHVWLYDOV HVSHFLDOO\ WKRVH WKDW VWRRG RXWVLGH RI WKH RIILFLDO FDOHQGDU DQG VXSHUYLVLRQ RI WKH SROLV VXFK DV WKH $GǀQLD 6LQFH WKH IHVWLYDO ZDV LQIRUPDOO\RUJDQLVHGRQHVKRXOGQRWLQWURGXFHWRRPXFKV\VWHPLQWRWKH ULWXDO ,W LV WKHUHIRUH LPSRUWDQW WR GLVWLQJXLVK FHQWUDO NH\ SRLQWV LQ WKH IHVWLYDOV VXFK DV WKH PHDQLQJ DQG LPSRUWDQFH RI GHVFHQGLQJ LQWR D FDYH DQGDVFHQGLQJEDFNXSDJDLQFDUU\LQJLPSRUWDQWV\PEROV :HVWHUQ VFKRODUV DUH JHQHUDOO\ FRQFHUQHG ZLWK ZKDW WKH\ FRQVLGHU WR EH WKH ³ODFN RI KLVWRULFDO NQRZOHGJH´ LQ WKH YLOODJHV WKH\ YLVLW ,V WKLV EHFDXVHWKHYLOODJHUVGRQRWUHPHPEHU"2ULVLWHQRXJKWRWDONDERXWZKDW LWZDVOLNH³LQHDUOLHUWLPHV´",VWKLVQRWWKHFDVHLQDOOVRFLHWLHV",VWKHUH VROHO\RQHLQGLYLGXDOZKRUHPHPEHUVGLJVDQGGLYXOJHVIRUWKHRWKHUV² DQGLVWKLVWKHZD\³KLVWRU\´LVSUHVHUYHG"(YHQWKRXJK,VSHDNZLWKPDQ\ GLIIHUHQWSHRSOH,DPRIWHQLQWURGXFHGWRDVSHFLDOSHUVRQ³EHFDXVHLWLV KHVKHZKRNQRZVPRVWDERXWZKDWKDSSHQHGLQHDUOLHUWLPHV´+HUHLWLV UHOHYDQW WR UHWXUQ WR D WRSLF ZKLFK EHORQJV WR ZKDW 'XELVFK KDV FDOOHG ³7KHLUKLVWRU\´RUWKHORFDOKLVWRU\YHUVXV³(XURSH¶V´RU(XURSHDQKLVWRU\ ZKLFK DOVR WRXFKHV RQ KHU IRUPXODWLRQV DERXW ³WKH QDWLRQ DQG WKH IRUHLJQHUV´ DV ZHOO DV WKH FHUWDLQW\ RI ZKDW LV VHOHFWHG IURP WKH SDVW +HUH RQH PD\ DOVR EH UHPLQGHG RI WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKH %DER IHVWLYDO¶V DQFLHQW KHULWDJH RU QRQDQFLHQW KHULWDJH ZKLFK IRU D *UHHN SHDVDQWZRPDQLVQRWQHFHVVDULO\ZKDWD:HVWHUQVFKRODUZLVKHVRUWKLQNV LW VKRXOG EH 7KLV UHODWLRQVKLS LV DOVR GHPRQVWUDWHG E\ WKH YDULDWLRQ RU H[SODQDWLRQ RI WKH KHULWDJH RQH HQFRXQWHUV LQ WKH LQIRUPDQW ZKR WKLQNV WKDW WKH %DER IHVWLYDO LV WKH VDPH DV WKH RQH VKH KDV UHDG DERXW LQ
6HHDOVR-DFNVRQDQFIQ 'XELVFKQVHHDOVR&KIFI+DVWUXSE6HHDOVR+nODQG
&KIVHHDOVR&KUHWKHIROORZLQJ
&KDSWHU)LYH
$ULVWRSKDQHV+HUHZHHQFRXQWHUWKH*UHHNV¶YHUVXVRXUPRGHUQQRUWKHUQ (XURSHDQLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIERWKIHVWLYDOVDQGDQWLTXLW\$QRWKHUFDVHLVWKH FDUQLYDO LQ )ODPERXUR ZKHUH , DP DVVXUHG WKDW ³WKH IHVWLYDO LV YHU\ ROG VHYHUDOKXQGUHGVRI\HDUV´ZKHQ,DVNKRZROGWKHIHVWLYDOLV³,@QRWNQRZKRZROGWKHFDUQLYDOLVLQ1DRXVVD)LJXUH 6RKRV3DWUDV (XURSHDUH\RX>DP,@VWXSLG"´
)LJXUH ³Boules´ MDQLVVDULHV LQ 1DRXVVD *UHHN 0DFHGRQLD GXULQJ WKH FDUQLYDORQ0HDW6XQGD\0DUFK
7KHVHFDVHVLOOXVWUDWHWKHLQIRUPDQWV¶UHODWLRQVKLSWRWLPH,HQFRXQWHUD VLPLODU VLWXDWLRQ GXULQJ P\ UHVHDUFKHV LQ WKH $NURSROLV FDYHV ZKHUH P\ LQIRUPDQWV DUH 0DULD KHU PRWKHU (LULQƝ 0HODV DQG 3DQDJLRWLV 'HVSLWH WKHODWWHU¶VSDUWLFLSDWLRQWKHPDLQSHUIRUPHUVRIWKHULWXDOVLQWKHFDYHVDUH ZRPHQ 7KH\ DVVHUW WKDW VLQFH FKLOGKRRG WKH\ KDYH EHHQ EURXJKW WR WKH /LIH*LYLQJ6SULQJWRIHWFKKRO\ZDWHUDORQJZLWKWKHLUPRWKHUV³>L@WKDV DOZD\V EHHQ OLNH WKLV´ WKH\ VD\ 7KLV GHPRQVWUDWHV LQ RWKHU ZRUGV WKH ZD\*UHHNFKLOGUHQDUHVRFLDOLVHGEXWDOVRWKHSUREOHPZLWKUHJDUGWRP\ TXHVWLRQVDERXWKRZROGDFXVWRPLV*UHHNLQIRUPDQWVGRQRWQHFHVVDULO\ DOZD\V WKLQN RU ³VHH´ LQ D ³(XURSHDQ KLVWRULFDO OLQHDU´ ZD\ EXW KDYH WKHLURZQYHU\RIWHQORFDOKLVWRU\7KHXQGDWHGQHZVSDSHUFXWWLQJIUDPHG DQG JOD]HG ZKLFK KDQJV LQ WKH FDYHFKXUFK GHGLFDWHG WR WKH 3DQDJLD &KU\VRVSƝOLǀWLVVDJLYHVDGHVFULSWLRQRIGLYLQHKHOSDQGWKHILQGLQJRIWKH LFRQ LQ FRQQHFWLRQ ZLWK WKH DVVDXOW RI WKH *RWKV LQ &( 7KLV LV D
1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\&RQWUDFW"
FRPPRQ FDXVDO FRQQHFWLRQ LQ *UHHFH LQ SHULRGV RI FRQIOLFW VXFK DV UHEHOOLRQV DQGWKH ILJKW IRU OLEHUDWLRQIURP 7XUNLVKUXOH DV LOOXVWUDWHG E\ $JLD3HODJLDDQGWKH³7LQRVOHJHQG´EXWDOVRLQRWKHUVWRULHVIURPPRUH UHFHQWWLPHVZKHQWKHQDWLRQKDVEHHQWKUHDWHQHG,WLVDOVRDQLQWHUHVWLQJ SDUDOOHO WR VHYHUDO UHOHYDQW VRXUFHV IURP DQWLTXLW\ DV DOUHDG\ VWDWHG 7KH SRLQW RI PHQWLRQLQJ LW KHUH LV KRZHYHU WKDW ZKHQ , DVN P\ LQIRUPDQW 3DQDJLRWLV ZKHQ DQG ZKHUH WKH DUWLFOH KDQJLQJ LQ WKH &KU\VRVSƝOLǀWLVVD FDYHZDVSXEOLVKHGEHFDXVHDVDUHVHDUFKHU,KDYHWRSURGXFHGRFXPHQWV LQ VXSSRUW RI WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ , JLYH WKHGLVFRXUDJLQJ DQVZHUKH JLYHV LV WKDWKHGRHV³QRWUHPHPEHUZKHUH´KH³IRXQGLWRQO\WKDWLWLVVRPH\HDUV ROG´+H³IRXQG>WKDWLVUHDG@LWVRPH\HDUVDJR´³WKH\HDU,ZDVRQ7LQRV GXULQJWKH3DQDJLD´>WKDWLV$XJXVW@,QDGGLWLRQWRWKLVH[DPSOH RI LQIRUPDQWV¶ GDWLQJ RI DQ HYHQW KRZHYHU ZH VHH WKH SDUWLFXODU LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ P\ $WKHQLDQ LQIRUPDQWV JLYH WR WKH DUWLFOH VLQFH WKH\ UHFRXQWWKHOHJHQGGHVFULEHGLQWKHDUWLFOHLQWKHLURZQZD\ZKLFKPHDQV WKDWWKH\HPSKDVLVHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHSDJDQVDQGWKH&KULVWLDQV DQG WKH PDJLFDO SRZHU RI WKH LFRQ QDPHO\ WKH\ VD\ WKDW WKH LFRQ ZDV EURXJKWWRWKHFDYHZKHQSHRSOHZKRGLGQRWEHOLHYHLQ&KULVWLDQLW\ZHUH SUHVHQW0RUHRYHULWVKRXOGEHPHQWLRQHGWKDW,KDYHDOZD\VUHJDUGHGWKH WZR FDYHV DV FDYHV WKRXJK P\ LQIRUPDQWV DOZD\V UHIHU WR WKHP DV FKXUFKHV7KH\DUHFRQFHUQHGZLWKWKH&KULVWLDQUHOLJLRQDQGGRQRWVHHP WR EH LQWHUHVWHG LQ D SRVVLEOH FRQQHFWLRQ ZLWK SUH&KULVWLDQ DQWLTXLW\ 7KURXJK WKHLU H[SODQDWLRQV IRU DOO RI WKH ZRQGHUV DQG PLUDFOHV WKH\ FRQQHFWZLWKGLYHUVHLFRQVDQGRWKHUV\PEROVLQWKHFDYHWKH\SUHVHQWLQ PDQ\ZD\VDNLQGRIVWDWLFSHUFHSWLRQRIWLPHZLWKRXWPRYHPHQWZKLFK LQYROYHV DQ RULHQWDWLRQ WRZDUGV WKH SDVW LQ WKH IRUP RI SULPRUGLDO &KULVWLDQLW\+HUHZHVHHKRZ*UHHNKLVWRU\OLQNHGWRSRSXODUUHOLJLRVLW\ EHFRPHV VLWXDWHG EH\RQG WLPH DQG LV D SDUDOOHO WR ERWK WKH F\FOLFDO WLPH DVVRFLDWHGZLWKUHOLJLRXVULWXDOVZKLFKIROORZWKHDJULFXOWXUDOFDOHQGDUDQG WKHPHQWLRQHG³IUR]HQ´KLVWRU\ZKLFKLVVLPLODUO\P\WKLFDO 2QH PD\ DJUHH ZLWK .ODXV 5RWK ZKR RQ WKH EDVLV RI KLV ILHOGZRUN H[SHULHQFHV LQ WKH %DONDQ UHJLRQ ZDUQV DJDLQVW HQFRXUDJLQJ WKLV WKLUG DVSHFWRIWLPHWKHVRFDOOHG³IUR]HQ´FRQFHSWLRQRIWLPH³OLPLQDO´WLPHRU ³GUHDPWLPH´ ZKLFK VKRZV WKH VLJQLILFDQFH RI IRONORUH IRU QDWLRQDO OLEHUDWLRQ DQG QDWLRQDO LGHQWLW\ RU SURGXFHV D P\WKLFDO SDVW 5RWK LV REYLRXVO\FRUUHFWDVHYLGHQFHGE\UHFHQW\HDUV¶HYHQWVDQGWKHVLWXDWLRQLQ
5RWK6HHDOVR+nODQGE&K&KIRUGLVFXVVLRQRI KLVWRU\KLVWRULHV,QWKLVFRQWH[WLWLVUHOHYDQWWRUHIHUWR%HD9LGDFV¶8QLYHUVLW\RI 3pFV SDSHU³5HOLJLRQDQG1DWLRQDOLVP7KH+RO\&URZQRI+XQJDU\´SUHVHQWHG DW WKH &RQIHUHQFH Religion and Nation(alism): Entanglements, Tensions, Conflicts8QLYHUVLW\RI7DUWX(VWRQLD1RYHPEHU
&KDSWHU)LYH
WKH %DONDQV EXW WKHUH LV QR JHWWLQJ DZD\ IURP WKH IDFW WKDW WKLV IRUP RI WLPHDFWXDOO\H[LVWVDQGLWLVQHFHVVDU\WREHDZDUHRILWVH[LVWHQFHLIRQHLV WRREWDLQDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIZKDWDFWXDOO\KDSSHQVLQWKH%DONDQVOLNHLQ PDQ\RWKHUSODFHV 7KHVLJQLILFDQFHRIP\WKVDQGOHJHQGVLVLPSRUWDQWZKHQRQHDWWHPSWV WR UHFRQVWUXFW SHRSOH¶V KLVWRU\ 2QH HVSHFLDOO\ H[SHULHQFHV WKLV ZKHQ ZRUNLQJRQIHVWLYDOV$OWKRXJKWKH*UHHNVLQJHQHUDOFDQQRWEHFODVVLILHG DV SHRSOH ODFNLQJ D ZULWWHQ ODQJXDJH ZKHUH WKH VRFLDO KLVWRU\ LV KDQGHG GRZQWKURXJKWKHJHQHUDWLRQVDOWKRXJKDFFRUGLQJWRPRVWVFKRODUVLWLV RQO\DPDWWHURIDIHZJHQHUDWLRQV LQWKHIRUPRIQDUUDWLYHVRUOHJHQGVLW LV RUDOLW\ WKDW RQH HQFRXQWHUV DPRQJ LQIRUPDQWV WRGD\ $ JUHDW PDQ\ RI WKH HOHPHQWV OLQNHG WR WKH IHVWLYDOV WKDW KDYH EHHQ GHVFULEHG DUH UHODWHG SUHFLVHO\ WR VXFK D WUDQVPLVVLRQ RU²HVSHFLDOO\ LQ WKH FRQWHPSRUDU\ FRQWH[W²D FRPELQDWLRQ RI WKH WZR VLQFH LW RIWHQ FDQ EH D SUREOHP WR VHSDUDWH RUDO IURP ZULWWHQ WUDGLWLRQ VXFK DV ZKHQ D ZULWWHQ SDPSKOHW LV UHSURGXFHG WR RWKHU SLOJULPV WKURXJK SHRSOH¶V RUDO LQIRUPDWLRQ DIWHU UHDGLQJLWDVRQ7LQRVZKHUHDOOWKHHPSOR\HHVRIWKHFKXUFKNQRZLWE\ KHDUW2QHPXVWEHPLQGIXORIZKRZURWHGRZQP\WKVDQGZK\DQGDWWKH VDPHWLPHLWLVFUXFLDOWRUHDOLVHWKDWP\WKVFDQWROHUDWHDOPRVWDOONLQGVRI WUHDWPHQW H[FHSW KLVWRULDQV¶ LQGLIIHUHQFH RU PHWLFXORXVQHVV 7KH UH FUHDWLRQRUDGDSWDWLRQRIWKHP\WKVLVERWKDFFHSWHGDQGYHU\LPSRUWDQWWR WKH FRQWLQXLW\ RI WKH FXOWXUH 7KH LPSRUWDQFH RI P\WKV DQG OHJHQGV HVSHFLDOO\ DV UHJDUGV WKH VRFLDOLVDWLRQ RI FKLOGUHQ LV VHHQ LQ WKH 7LQRV OHJHQG WKH VWRU\ DERXW $JLRV &KDUDODPSRV¶ DSSHDUDQFH RQ 7DXURV WKH $QDVWHQDULGHV¶ ROGHVW FROOHFWLYH PHPRULHV IURP .ǀVWL DQG WKH DFFRXQW IURPWKH$NURSROLVFDYHV ,Q DQWLTXLW\ ZH HQFRXQWHU WKH F\FOLFDO WLPH ZKLFK LV XVXDO LQ DJULFXOWXUDOVRFLHWLHVEXWDOVRP\WKLFDOWLPHZKLFKLVDYDULDWLRQRQZKDW KDV EHHQ FDWHJRULVHG DV VRFDOOHG ³SRLQW LQ WLPH´ LQ FRQWUDVW WR ³OLQHDU WLPH´DVFDQEHXQGHUVWRRGIURP3DXVDQLDV¶SUHVHQWDWLRQRIKLVDFFRXQWV ZKHQ KH WUDYHOV DURXQG DQG WHOOV VWRULHV FRQQHFWHG ZLWK D VSHFLDO JHRJUDSKLFDOSRLQWRUDUHDEHWKDWDFDYHRUDPRQXPHQW+HUHSODFHVDUH
,RZHWKLVDUJXPHQWWR)DQQ6HHDOVR)LQQHJDQFI+HU]IHOG
'HVSLWHPDQ\LPSRUWDQWSRLQWVRQHVKRXOGQXDQFH6WHZDUW¶V I DVVHUWLRQWKDWLQORFDOUHOLJLRQWKHUHLVDGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQRUDOLW\DQGOLWHUDF\ VLQFH OLWHUDF\ DOORZV DQ DFFXPXODWLRQ RI GHWDLOV V\VWHPDWLVDWLRQ HWF ZKLFK LV UHIOHFWHGLQWKHZRUOGYLHZEHFDXVHOLWHUDF\DOORZVDGLIIHUHQWZD\RIWKLQNLQJWKDQ RUDOLW\ 6HH %DUEHU%DUEHU FI *RRG\ IRU WKH FRPSOH[ UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ RUDOLW\ DQG OLWHUDF\ 0RUHRYHU VHH HJ )LQQHJDQ II FI 0LOPDQ 3DUU\¶V ILQGLQJV UH KHURLF SRHWU\ VHH DOVR /RUG &DUDYHOL
1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\&RQWUDFW"
FRPELQHG ZLWK GHLWLHV SHUVRQV DQG HYHQWV 7KH\ GR QRW IROORZ D OLQHDU GHYHORSPHQW RU VHTXHQFH DQG WKH SUHVHQWDWLRQ VHHPV WR KDYH PRUH LQ FRPPRQ ZLWK WKDW RI ³IUR]HQ´ RU F\FOLFDO WLPH :H DOVR HQFRXQWHU WKH VLJQLILFDQFH RI P\WKV OHJHQGV DQG VRFLDOLVDWLRQ LQ VHYHUDO RI 3DXVDQLDV¶ DFFRXQWV IRU LQVWDQFH ZKHQ KH GHDOV ZLWK 3KLJDOLD LQ $UNDGLD :KHQ FRPSDULQJ KLV GHVFULSWLRQ ZLWK WKH FRQWHPSRUDU\ *UHHN FRQWH[W VXFK RU VLPLODUDFFRXQWVKDYHEHFRPHSUDFWLFDOO\³QRUPDOIDUH´²RUTXLWHXVXDO² IRUDQ\ILHOGZRUNHU7KHVDQFWXDU\GHGLFDWHGWR(XU\QRPHZDVRQO\RSHQ RQFHD\HDURQWKHIHDVWGD\&RQVHTXHQWO\3DXVDQLDVZDVQHYHULQVLGH DQGQHYHUVDZWKH[RDQRQRUZRRGHQVWDWXHRIWKH*RGGHVVDQGFDQRQO\ WHOO DERXW LW IURP KLV LQIRUPDQWV¶ GHVFULSWLRQV 7RGD\ DV ZHOO PDQ\ VDQFWXDULHV DUH RQO\ RSHQ RQ WKH IHDVW GD\ DQG WKHUH PD\ EH GLIIHUHQW UHDVRQVIRUWKLV3DXVDQLDV¶GHVFULSWLRQRIYDULRXVLQIRUPDQWV¶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
3DXVI 3DXVI 3DXVI7KHZRRGHQLPDJHRIWKH%ODFN'HPHWHUGHSLFWHGKHUZLWKWKH KHDGDQGKDLURIDKRUVH3DXV
&KDSWHU)LYH
)LJXUH 3HRSOH YHQHUDWLQJ $JLD 3HODJLD¶V KHDG LQ KHU FKXUFK 0RQDVWHU\ RI .HNKURYRXQR7LQRV-XO\
7KHQ LI WKHUH LV QR RQH LPPHGLDWHO\ IROORZLQJ WKH WKLUG DUULYLQJ VRPH PLQXWHVODWHUPD\RQO\NLVVWKHLFRQDQGSD\QRDWWHQWLRQWRWKHOLGDWDOO :KLOH LW FRXOG RI FRXUVH EH WKDW WKH WKLUG SHUVRQ LV QRW TXLWH VR NQRZOHGJHDEOH DERXW WKH VWRULHV UHODWLQJ WR WKH V\PEROV D SDWWHUQ RI LPLWDWLRQQHYHUWKHOHVVVXJJHVWVLWVHOI7KLVGRHVQRWPDNHSHRSOHVWXSLGRU OHVVUHOLJLRXV2QHKDVWRDFFHSWWKDWDOOLQIRUPDQWVGRQRWKDYHWKHVDPH FULWHULDRIWUXWKIRUVRPHLWLVVXIILFLHQWWRNQRZWKDWLWLV³KRO\´DQGWKDW GRHV QRW PHDQ WKDW WKH\ DUH HDVLO\ WDNHQ LQ DQG ZDQW WR EH GHIUDXGHG $ PRUH³SULYLOHJHG´DQGSRSXODUYHUVLRQIURPORFDOLQIRUPDQWV¶GHVFULSWLRQ RI D OHJHQG RU P\WK DV 3DXVDQLDV LQGLFDWHV LV WKHUHIRUH WKH VDPH DV D ILHOGZRUNHU RIWHQ H[SHULHQFHV WRGD\ ,Q WKLV FDVH RUGLQDU\ SHRSOH GR QRW NQRZ DERXW WKH VWDWXH WKDW LV VDLG WR KDYH IRUPHUO\ EHHQ LQVLGH WKH FDYH ZKHUH WKH\ SHUIRUP VDFULILFH RQFH D \HDU ZLWK WKH H[FHSWLRQ RI RQH SHUVRQWKHROGHVWPDOHLQKDELWDQWRIWKHSODFH
3DXV VHH DOVR DQG I UH WKH VWDWXHFDYHGUHDPV DQG YLVLRQDQQXDOVDFULILFH
1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\&RQWUDFW"
)LJXUH $JLRV &KULVWRSKHU 'RJKHDG Kynokephalos WKDW LV ZLWK D KHDG RI D GRJ 'RZQORDGHGIURP KWWSVHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL&\QRFHSKDO\PHGLD)LOH6DLQWBFKULVWRSKHUBF\QRFHS KDOXVJLI
,IZHFRPSDUH3DXVDQLDV¶GHVFULSWLRQVZLWKFRQWHPSRUDU\FLUFXPVWDQFHV WKH GHVFULSWLRQV RI 'HPHWHU DQG (XU\QRPH UHVSHFWLYHO\ DUH QRW ³RXWODQGLVK´ DV FODLPHG E\ 1 5REHUWVRQ EXW FRPSOHWHO\ LQ OLQH ZLWK
5REHUWVRQ(XU\QRPH3DXV+HU[RDQRQZDVDZRRGHQVWDWXH ERXQGLQJROGHQFKDLQVGHSLFWLQJDZRPDQ¶VXSSHUERG\DQGWKHORZHUERG\RID ILVK 'HPHWHU FI VXSUD ,Q VSLWH RI 5REHUWVRQ¶V LPSRUWDQW SRLQWV UH WKH ZD\ LQ ZKLFK 3DXVDQLDV LQ KLV RSHQQHVV WHOOV XV WKH IDFWV 5REHUWVRQ
&KDSWHU)LYH
PRGHUQ SDUDOOHOV VXFK DV WKH FRQWHPSRUDU\ 3DQDJLD Gorgona WKH $OO +RO\*RUJRQZKRRQDQLFRQPLJKWEHGHSLFWHGDVULGLQJDGHYRXULQJVHD PRQVWHU /LNHZLVH WKH DQLPDO PDVN UHDSSHDUV LQ WKH .DORJHURV ULWXDO DOWKRXJK PDQ\ UHOLJLRXV IRONORULVWV ZRXOG HPSKDVLVH LWV DEVHQFH WRGD\ QRWEHFDXVHLWLV³RXWODQGLVK´EXWEHFDXVHWKH\WKLQNLWLVSDJDQ$QGKRZ WKHQVKRXOGRQHH[SODLQ$JLRV&KULVWRSKHU'RJKHDGKynokephalosWKDW LVZLWKDKHDGRIDGRJ )LJXUH " ,Q*UHHFHLWKDVQRWEHHQWKHVDPHDVLWLVLQVRXWKHUQ,WDO\ZKHUHWKH UXOH LV WKDW SULHVWV DQG SHRSOH VWLFN WRJHWKHU DV UHJDUGV PDLQWDLQLQJ WKH SRSXODU ULWXDOV $OWKRXJK WKH SULHVW ZKR RIILFLDWHG DW WKH OLWXUJ\ LQ WKH $NURSROLV FDYH ZDV D SRVVLEOH H[FHSWLRQ EDVHG RQ P\ RZQ H[SHULHQFHV WKHDUUDQJHPHQWVKDGEHHQPDGHIRUKLPWREHWKHUHLQVLQFHKHZDV DVNHG EDVHG RQ SRVLWLYH H[SHULHQFHV WKH SUHYLRXV \HDU ,Q WKH PDQ ZKRXVXDOO\RUJDQLVHVWKHIHVWLYDOLQ.RLPƝVƝZDVLQPRXUQLQJEHFDXVHD IDPLO\ PHPEHU KDG GLHG DQG QR RQH FRXOG WDNH RYHU IURP KLP :KDW KDSSHQHGZDVWKDWD\RXQJJLUOGUHVVHGKHUVHOIXS7KLVZDVXQSUHFHGHQWHG EHFDXVH LW LV DOZD\V WZR PHQWKHEULGH LV D PDQ GLVJXLVHGDV DZRPDQ ZKRVKRXOGSOD\WKHFRXSOHWREHPDUULHGEXWWKDQNVWRWKH\RXQJJLUOWKH ULWXDOZDVDFWXDOO\SHUIRUPHG'HVSLWHWKHVWURQJSRVLWLRQRIWKHWUDGLWLRQ PDQ\QRQHWKHOHVVIHDUWKDWULWXDOVVXFKDVWKHRQHFHOHEUDWHGLQ.RLPƝVƝ DQGRWKHUSODFHVDUHLQWKHSURFHVVRIG\LQJRXW7KHUHIRUHLQUHFHQW\HDUV PDQ\ IRONORULVWLF VRFLHWLHV KDYH EHHQ RUJDQLVHG VXFK DV WKH RQH ZH HQFRXQWHULQ$JLD(OHQƝ8QIRUWXQDWHO\SUREOHPVPD\DULVHEHWZHHQWKHVH VRFLHWLHV DQG WKH SHRSOH ZKR DFWXDOO\ SHUIRUP WKH ULWXDOV DV VHHQ LQ 0HOLNƝ7KLVFRQFHUQVDQWDJRQLVPVEHWZHHQWKHSXEOLFYHUVXVWKHSULYDWH RUGRPHVWLFRUWKHVWDWHDQGORFDOVRFLHW\ULFKDQGSRRUPHQDQGZRPHQ DQG WKRVH ZLWK DQG WKRVHZLWKRXW DQRIWHQ XQLYHUVLW\ HGXFDWLRQ2Q WKH RWKHUKDQGLWLVZURQJWRPDLQWDLQWKDWWKHULWXDOVDUHUHVHUYHGIRUWKHSRRU DQG PDUJLQDO VLQFH VWXGHQWV FRPLQJ IURP 7KHVVDORQLNL DQG KLJKO\ HGXFDWHG SHRSOH VXFK DV WKH PHGLFDO GRFWRU 7DVRV WKH OHDGHU RI WKH $QDVWHQDULGHV LQ $JLD (OHQƝ DUH DPRQJ WKH PHPEHUV RI WKH JURXS 1RQHWKHOHVV SUREOHPV DULVH VXFK DV FRQFHUQLQJ WKH IRONORULVWLF VRFLHW\
KH IDLOV WR WDNH LQWR DFFRXQW PDQ\ IDFWRUV LQ KLV GHVFULSWLRQ RI 3DXVDQLDV¶ VRXUFH UH KLV DVVHUWLRQ DERXW UHDGHUV ZKR DUH HDVLO\ WDNHQ LQ ZKR ZDQW WR EH GHIUDXGHG HWF FI WKH FRPPHQWDU\ VXSUD UH ZKDW WKH GLIIHUHQW SHUIRUPHUV FDQ PDNHRIDULWXDO (J0LFKDƝO'HGHFI&KVXSUD)RU3DQDJLD*RUJRQDVHH9HUPHXOH )LJ 6WHZDUW)LJ 6HHWKRXJK VXSUD IRU WKH FXUUHQWFKDQJHV LQ *UHHFH JHQHUDOO\GXHWRWKH IDFW WKDWWKHSULHVWVDUHEHWWHUHGXFDWHGFIDOVR+nODQG
1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\&RQWUDFW"
WKH ³7KUDFLDQV´ DQG WKH ³0HOLNƝRWHV´ LQ 0HOLNƝ DQG WKH GLVDJUHHPHQWV ZLWKLQ WKH JURXS RI FHOHEUDQWV LQ $JLD (OHQƝ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Ɲ LQ PD\ SHUKDSV LQGLFDWH VRPHWKLQJDERXWKRZDQ³LPPLJUDWHGFXOW´LV²RUFDQEH²VSUHDG6RPH RIWKH\RXQJ³0DFHGRQLDQ´ER\VLQWKHYLOODJHVDWDWWKHLURZQUHJXODURU ³0DFHGRQLDQ NDSKHQHLR´ ZKHUH WKH ³7KUDFLDQV´ XVXDOO\ QHYHU VHW IRRW DQG GLVFXVVHGWKH ULWXDOVRI WKHSUHYLRXVGD\V SDVVLRQDWHO\ LQFOXGLQJ WKH LFRQVDQGWKHRWKHUYLOODJHV*HQHUDOO\WKRVHZKRRSSRVHWKH$QDVWHQDULD E\QRWDFFHSWLQJDQGWKHUHIRUHQRWZHOFRPLQJWKH$QDVWHQDULGHVSXOOGRZQ WKHFXUWDLQVRUGRQRWRSHQWKHLUGRRUVZKHQWKHPHPEHUVRIWKHJURXSJR URXQGDQGEOHVVWKHKRXVHVRIWKHYLOODJH:LWKDOOWKHDWWHQWLRQDQGPHGLD IRFXVWKHULWXDOLVDVVLJQHGWRGD\WKHRSSRVLWHPLJKWKDSSHQ³7KH2WKHUV´ FUHDWH WKHLU RZQ IHVWLYDO RU EHJLQ WR FRPH WR WKH NRQDNL LQ RUGHU WR SDUWLFLSDWHLQWKHULWXDOLIWKH\GDUHDQGLIWKHUHLVURRPIRUWKHPDPRQJ WKHJURXSDVWKHUHVKRXOGEHDOWKRXJKLWLVWKHLURZQ³DQFHVWRUV´ZKRDUH FHOHEUDWHG 7KLV LV WKH FDVH IRU LQVWDQFH LQ 0RQRNNOƝVLD ZKHUH DQ LPPLJUDQWZRPDQIURP&\SUXVZKRKDVVHWWOHGLQWKHYLOODJHLVDQHTXDOO\ HQWKXVLDVWLFIHVWLYDOSDUWLFLSDQWDVWKHGHVFHQGDQWVRIWKRVHZKRRQFHFDPH IURP3HWUD6KHLVDOVRDPHPEHURIWKHIHDVWFRPPLWWHH1HYHUWKHOHVVKHU
6HHPRUHRYHU&RZDQIRUWKHVRFLHW\LQ0HULR&I)LQUXG'L7RWD
D DQG E IRU FULWLFLVP RI WKH YLHZ WKDW WKH ULWXDOV FHUWDLQO\ LQ VRXWKHUQ ,WDO\EXWVHHDOVR'XELVFK DUHUHVHUYHGIRUWKHSRRUDQGPDUJLQDO 6HHLQIUDDOVRIRUWKHPHFKDQLVPRIVROYLQJFRQIOLFWV &IQRQHWKHOHVVLQIUD
&KDSWHU)LYH
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Ɲ ZKHUH WKH ³UHIXJHHV´ ³LPPLJUDQWV´ RU ³7KUDFLDQV´ DV WKH ³QDWLYH´ SHRSOH WKH ³0DFHGRQLDQV´ RIWHQ FDOO WKHP GR QRW FRQVWLWXWH D GLIIHUHQW HWKQLF JURXS HYHQ LI WKH\ VRPHWLPHV GR IRU WKH ³LQGLJHQRXV´ ZKR UHJDUG WKHPVHOYHVDVWKH³ORFDOV´WKRVHZKRDOZD\VKDYHOLYHGKHUH FRQWUDWKH ³7KUDFLDQV´ HYHQ LI WKH *UHHN LGHQWLW\ RI WKH ODWWHU ZDV LQ IDFW WKH YHU\ UHDVRQ WKHLU DQFHVWRUV DUULYHG LQ WKH YLOODJH LQ WKH V 7KLV LV QRW VWUDLJKWIRUZDUGKRZHYHUVLQFHWKHODWWHUDOVRUHJDUGWKHPVHOYHVILUVWDQG IRUHPRVW DV ³.ǀVWLOLGHV´ FHOHEUDWLQJ WKHLU ³.ǀVWLOLGLDQ´ FRPPXQLW\ DQG LGHQWLW\ WKURXJK WKH $QDVWHQDULD DQG UHJDUGLQJ RWKHU YLOODJHUV DV ³RXWVLGHUV´ RU VWUDQJHUV ³[HQRL´ FRQWUD ³LQVLGHUV´ RU RXU RZQ SHRSOH ³GLNRL PDV´ 'DQIRUWK KDV DOVR GUDZQ DWWHQWLRQ WR WKH IDFW WKDW HWKQLF LGHQWLW\ LV LQ HVVHQFH D SDVWRULHQWHG IRUP RI LGHQWLW\ +RZHYHU , FDQ RQO\ UHJUHW WKDW , GR QRW KDYH WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ WR GLVFXVV WKH FRPSOH[ SUREOHPHWKQLFLW\FRQVWLWXWHVLQWKLVFRQWH[WWRWKHH[WHQWWKDWPLJKWKDYH EHHQ GHVLUDEOH , KDYH IRUPHUO\ WRXFKHG RQ WKH SUREOHPDWLF LQ VHYHUDO FRQWH[WVUHJDUGLQJKRZWKHGLIIHUHQWJURXSLQJVZLWKLQDVLQJOHYLOODJHVXFK DV0HOLNƝVHHWKHPVHOYHVDQGHDFKRWKHULQYDULRXVVLWXDWLRQV$SUREOHP ZKHQ ZRUNLQJ RQ WKH YLOODJH OHYHO LV WKDW WKHUH DUH VR PDQ\ GLIIHUHQW JURXSLQJV*UHHNVDQG7XUNVDUHWZRGLIIHUHQWHWKQLFJURXSVDOWKRXJKZH PLJKW WKLQN WKHP DUH VLPLODU FORWKLQJ GDQFHV IRRG DQG VR RQ :KHQ SHRSOHWKHPVHOYHVWKLQNWKH\DUHGLIIHUHQWDVSHRSOHGRLQWKH%DONDQVDQG DOVRDWWKHYLOODJHOHYHODUHJLRQEHFRPHVPXOWLHWKQLF 7KH FRQGHVFHQGLQJ DWWLWXGH RQH HQFRXQWHUV EHWZHHQ WKH GLIIHUHQW SRSXODWLRQ JURXSV LQ 0HOLNƝ DQG $JLD (OHQƝ LV DOVR IRXQG LQ .RLPƝVƝ ZKHUH PDQ\ RI WKH YLOODJHUV DUH VXSSRVHGO\ GHVFHQGDQWV RI LPPLJUDQWV IURP WKH QRUWKHUQ SDUW RI (SLUXV 6RXWKHUQ $OEDQLD DQG WKHUHIRUH
&IVXSUDWKLVFKDSWHU &I'DQIRUWKVHHDOVR'DQIRUWK 'DQIRUWKQ6HHDOVRVXSUDWKLVFKDSWHUUHWKH.ǀVWLOLGHVFHOHEUDWLQJ WKHLU.ǀVWLOLGLDQLGHQWLW\ 6HHHJ+nODQG&K 6HH +DVWUXS2YHVHQ I IRU WKH SUREOHPDWLF RI HWKQLFLW\ 6HH DOVR 9ODVVRSRXORVIRUDGLVFXVVLRQRIHWKQLFLW\LQDQWLTXLW\
1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\&RQWUDFW"
FRQVLGHUHG WR EH $OEDQLDQV E\ PDQ\ $FFRUGLQJ WR 0LFKDƝO'HGH IRU LQVWDQFH WKHUH DUH PDQ\ $OEDQLDQV LQ WKH YLOODJH 7KLV LV GHQLHG E\ WKH SHRSOHWKHPVHOYHV)RUWKHSRSXODWLRQRI.RLPƝVƝLWLVYHU\LPSRUWDQWWR HPSKDVLVHWKDWWKH\DUH*UHHNVIURPWKLVSODFHWKDWLV³IURPKHUH´ DQG QRW$OEDQLDQV,QDGGLWLRQWKRVHZKRXVXDOO\VSHDN0DFHGRQLDQDWKRPH DPRQJVWWKHPVHOYHVDUHHDJHUWRHPSKDVLVHWKHLU*UHHNQHVV,Q0HOLNƝDQG $JLD(OHQƝWKH³LPPLJUDQWV´WKH³7KUDFLDQV´RU³.ǀVWLOLGHV´FRQVWLWXWH WKHULFKHVWJURXSVLQWKHYLOODJHVDQGLQWKHODWWHUYLOODJHWKH\DUHDOVRWKH PRVWLQIOXHQWLDOSROLWLFDOJURXS,Q0HOLNƝWKH³7KUDFLDQV´DUHRSSRVHGWR WKH ³0HOLNƝRWHV´ WKDW LV WKH GHVFHQGDQW RI *UHHNV ZKR ³KDYH DOZD\V OLYHG KHUH´ 7KH 0HOLNƝRWHV FRQVLGHU WKHPVHOYHV WR EH *UHHNV DQG ³LQGLJHQRXV LQKDELWDQWV´ YHUVXV WKH ³7KUDFLDQV´ ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV WKH ³*UHHNV ZKR FDPH KRPH´ KDYH QRW EHHQ HQWLUHO\ DFFHSWHG DV *UHHNV E\ WKHLU ³*UHHN´ QHLJKERXUV XS WLOO QRZ DW WKH VDPH WLPH WKDW WKH\ UHJDUG WKHPVHOYHVDV³.ǀVWLOLGHV´,QWKHYDULRXVYLOODJHVWKHGLIIHUHQWJURXSVRI SHRSOHOLYHLQVHSDUDWHQHLJKERXUKRRGVDQGSUHIHUDEO\GRQRWYHQWXUHLQWR WKHRWKHUV¶DUHDV6LQFHWKH7KUDFLDQVKDYHRQO\OLYHGLQWKHUHJLRQVLQFH WKH V WKRVH , VSRNH ZLWK LQ ³WKDW LV WKH VHFRQG DQG WKLUG JHQHUDWLRQ´7KUDFLDQVDOVRKDYHWRHPSKDVLVHWKHLU*UHHNQHVV2IILFLDOO\ WKH YLOODJH LV *UHHN EXW ZH OHDUQ VRPHWKLQJ HOVH ZKHQ ZH VSHDN ZLWK SHRSOHDVLQ$JLD(OHQƝ$FFRUGLQJWRDNLRVNRZQHULQWKDWYLOODJHZKR LV³0DFHGRQLDQ´WKH7KUDFLDQVDUHOD]\DQGWKH\FDPHODWH,QWKH RQO\VXUYLYRURIWKRVHZKRRULJLQDOO\FDPHIURP.ǀVWLLVYHU\KDSS\ZKHQ KH KDV WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ WR VSHDN 7XUNLVK +HUH WKH ³QHZFRPHUV´ UHIHU WR WKH ³0DFHGRQLDQV´ ZKR OLYHG LQ WKH YLOODJH EHIRUH WKH SRSXODWLRQ H[FKDQJHVDV³EODFNV´RU³J\SVLHV´VLQFHPDQ\RIWKHPDUHGDUNVNLQQHG 3HRSOH LQ.RLPƝVƝ XVH WKH VDPH GHVLJQDWLRQIRU WKH GDUNVNLQQHGSHRSOH LQ WKH YLOODJH RI )ODPERXUR IXUWKHU VRXWK ,Q IDFW WKHVH DUH SHUPDQHQW UHVLGHQW 5RPDQLVSHDNLQJ J\SVLHV DQG LQ PDQ\ ZD\V ZH HQFRXQWHU D SDUDOOHO WR WKH DQWDJRQLVPV ZKLFK JHW VWLUUHG XS RQ 7LQRV GXULQJ WKH IHVWLYDO 0LJKW WKLV VKHG OLJKW RQ WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ LPPLJUDWHG *UHHNVZKRFRQVLGHUHGWKHPVHOYHVDV³DXWRFKWKRQRXV´DQGWKH3HODVJLDQV ZKRDOUHDG\OLYHGWKHUH"7KH)ODPERXURJ\SV\PXVLFLDQVDUHKRZHYHUDV SRSXODUGXULQJWKHIHVWLYDOVRIWKHRWKHU*UHHNVDVGLYHUVHEDUEDULDQVDUH VDLGWRKDYHEHHQLQDQFLHQW$WKHQV
6HHDOVR:DWWVI7KHWRSLFZDVDOVRVXSSRVHGWREHGHDOWZLWKE\*DLO +ROVW:DUKDIWLQWKHSURMHFWGender, Lament, and the Orient in Greek and Eastern Mediterranean Thought.$FFRUGLQJWR9HPXQG$DUEDNNH$ULVWRWHOLRQ8QLYHUVLW\ RI7KHVVDORQLNL ³0HOLNƝKDVDOZD\VEHHQ*UHHN´3HUVRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQEDVHG RQKLVDUFKLYDOUHVHDUFKHV6HHDOVR+nODQG&KIRUGLVFXVVLRQ
&KDSWHU)LYH
,Q QRUWKHUQ *UHHFH LQ SHRSOH ZHUH FRQFHUQHG ZLWK DOO WKH UXQDZD\$OEDQLDQVZKRZHUHEHLQJFRQYHUWHGWR2UWKRGR[\DWWKDWWLPH ZKHQ WKHUH ZHUH UHSRUWV RI PDVVEDSWLVP LQ 7KHVVDORQLNL ,Q FRQQHFWLRQ ZLWKWKHVHDQWDJRQLVPV,PLJKWPHQWLRQDQH[SHULHQFH,KDGLQRQHRIWKH FKXUFKHV LQ 0HOLNƝ , DP DVNHG E\ DQ ROGHU ZRPDQ ZKHWKHU , DP $OEDQLDQ :LGHH\HG VKH WHOOV PH WKDW ³WKH\ DUH QRW EDSWLVHG DQG WKH\ FDQQRWFURVVWKHPVHOYHV>PDNHWKHVLJQRIWKHFURVV@´1H[W,PXVWSURYH WKDW , FDQ PDNH WKH VLJQ RI WKH FURVV ³VLQFH DOO &KULVWLDQV FDQ GR WKDW´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Ɲ ZKLFK HPSKDVLVHV WKH 7XUNV YHUVXV WKH&KULVWLDQVLVTXLWHFRPPRQLQ*UHHFHDQGVRXWKHUQ,WDO\DPRQJRWKHU SODFHV+HUHWKH7XUNVDUHDOZD\VSLUDWHVRUEDQGLWVDQGXVXDOO\WKH\DUH YHU\ GDUNVNLQQHG $W WKH VDPH WLPH WKH DFWLRQ RI WKH 7XUN RQ /HVERV WHVWLILHV WR WKH IDFW WKDW WKH UHOLJLRXV SUDFWLFH DQG WKH DFWXDO VDLQW ZHUH NQRZQ WR KLP ,W LV QRW LPSRVVLEOH WKDW KH KLPVHOI KDV ZRUVKLSSHG WKH VDPHVDLQWDOEHLWSHUKDSVD0XVOLPYDULDQWWKHUHRIDVWKLVKDVEHHQTXLWH XVXDORQERWKVLGHVVLQFH³VKDUHGVDLQWV´LVDFRPPRQSKHQRPHQRQLQWKLV UHJLRQ:HHQFRXQWHUWKLVLQWHUPLQJOLQJERWKWKURXJKODQJXDJHDQGULWHDV UHJDUGV WKH ³NRXUPSDQLD´ ZKLFK LV DOVR FRPPRQ DPRQJ $OEDQLDQV LQ $WWLFD2QHPD\DVNZKDWLVERUURZHGIURPZKRPVLQFHZHHQFRXQWHUWKH 7XUNLVKFRQFHSWFINXUEDQ VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ZLWKDPL[WXUHRIWKH*UHHN DQG 7XUNLVK RU RU +HEUHZ FRQFHSW 0RUHRYHU $JLRV &KDUDODPSRV¶ WRPE LV GLVSOD\HG LQ PRGHUQ 7XUNH\ :KHQ SHRSOH OLYHG LQ WKH VDPH YLOODJH DV LV RIWHQ WKH FDVH LQ WKH QRUWKHDVW WKH\ SHUIRUPHG WKH VDPH ULWXDOVDOWKRXJKWKHUHOLJLRXVLGHRORJ\ZDVGLIIHUHQW-XVWDVWKH0XVOLPV LQWKHYLOODJHZHQWRQSLOJULPDJHhajjWR0HFFDWKH&KULVWLDQ2UWKRGR[ ZHQWWR-HUXVDOHPFDOOHGLWKDMMDQGDGGHGLWWRWKHQDPHIRULQVWDQFHWKH
$FFRUGLQJWR.DULWDQG KRZHYHUWKH*UHHNVZHUHRIWHQSLUDWHVDVPDQ\KDG RQO\WZRDOWHUQDWLYHVLQWKHODWHVHLWKHURQHEHFDPHDSLUDWHRURQHEHFDPHD PRQN DQG RQH PLJKW DOVR EHFRPH D PRQN DIWHU KDYLQJ EHHQ D SLUDWH LQ RQH¶V \RXQJHUGD\V 6HH &K VXSUD 6HH DOVR +nODQG &K 6HH DOVR +ULVWRY RQ LWV LPSRUWDQFHLQRWKHUSODFHVLQWKH%DONDQV
1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\&RQWUDFW"
IDPLO\ QDPH Chatzipapas VLJQLILHV D &KULVWLDQ SULHVW ZKR KDV EHHQ RQ SLOJULPDJHWR-HUXVDOHP7KHLQWHUPLQJOLQJRIVHYHUDO³FXOWXUDOOHYHOV´LV HVSHFLDOO\PDWHULDOLVHGWKRXJKWKHREVFHQHFDUQLYDOILJXUHVRUPDVTXHUDGHV ZKHUH WKH GHFRUDWLRQ FDUULHG RQ WKH KDWV LV JHQHUDOO\ OHQW E\ WKH FKXUFK ZKLFK LV H[SORLWHG E\ WKH SRSXODU FXOWXUH LQ WKDW ZD\ EXW WKH SRSXODU FXOWXUH DOVR HPSOR\V ZKDW LV RIWHQ GHQRWHG DV ³2ULHQWDO´ DQG ³7XUNLVK´ HOHPHQWVFRQFUHWLVHGWKURXJKWKHQDPHRIWKHFDUQLYDOILJXUHVVXFKDVLQ )ODPERXUR &RQIOLFWV ZLWKLQ WKH $QDVWHQDULGHV LQ WKH WRZQ RI /DQJDGDV FDXVHG 6ǀWƝULRV/LRXURVWREULQJWKHIDPLO\LFRQZLWKKLPWR$JLD(OHQƝLQ EXW SHRSOH VWUXJJOH ZLWK SUREOHPV DQG FRQIOLFWV LQ $JLD (OHQƝ DV ZHOO 6LPLODU FRQIOLFWV ZHUH DOVR SUHVHQW DW WKH .DORJHURV IHVWLYDO LQ 0HOLNƝ ERWK GXULQJ WKH FHOHEUDWLRQ LQ JHQHUDO DQG GXULQJ WKH ILQDO PHDO LQ WKHLU NRQDNL 0DQ\ FRQIOLFWV HPHUJH RU DUH LQWHQVLILHG WKURXJK SUHFLVHO\ VXFK IHVWLYH HYHQWV %\ DQG ODUJH WKH GLVDJUHHPHQWV EHWZHHQ SRSXODWLRQ JURXSVXQLRQVJURXSVRIIHVWLYDOSDUWLFLSDQWVDQGIHVWLYDORUJDQLVHUVDUHD JUHDW SUREOHP LQ *UHHFH :H HQFRXQWHU WKLV ERWK LQWHUQDOO\ GXULQJ WKH .DORJHURVDQG³H[WHUQDOO\´EHWZHHQWKH.ǀVWLOLGHVDQGWKH0HOLNƝRWHVEXW DOVR LQ $JLD (OHQƝ DQG /DQJDGDV ERWK LQWHUQDOO\ DQG H[WHUQDOO\ :H H[SHULHQFHDQRWKHUYDULDQWWKURXJKWKH³FXOWXUDOFROOLVLRQV´RQ7LQRVDQG GXULQJ WKH (DVWHU FHOHEUDWLRQV LQ 2O\PSRV 7KH GLVDJUHHPHQWV KDYH JHQHUDOO\ EHHQ UHIHUUHG WR DV ³WKH *UHHN LQGLYLGXDOLVP´ GHVSLWH WKH IDFW WKDW LW LV QRW RQO\ D *UHHN SKHQRPHQRQ EXW DSSOLHV WKURXJKRXW WKH %DONDQVDVKDVEHHQXQHTXLYRFDOO\GRFXPHQWHGLQUHFHQW\HDUV 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG SHRSOH ZRXOG EH RIIHQGHG LI VRPHRQH TXHVWLRQHG WKHLU &KULVWLDQLW\ ZKLOH DW WKH VDPH WLPH WKH\ DUH YHU\ SURXG RI WKHLU ULWXDOVZKLFKDUH³VXUYLYDOV´IURPWKHDQFLHQW*UHHNFXOWXUHDFFRUGLQJWR WKHLURZQVWDWHPHQWV7KHIDFWLVWKDWWKHUHDUHPDQ\FRQIOLFWVKHUH7KH\ H[LVW QRW RQO\ DPRQJ GLIIHUHQW SRSXODWLRQ JURXSV UXOHUV DQG VXEMHFWV HFFOHVLDVWLFVDQGODLW\PHQDQGZRPHQEHWZHHQJHQHUDWLRQVRUWRZQDQG FRXQWU\VLGH EXW DOVR ZLWKLQ DQ LQGLYLGXDO SHUVRQ FRQVFLRXVO\ RU XQFRQVFLRXVO\ ,W LV WKHUHIRUH LPSRUWDQW WR EH DZDUH RI DQ LQGLYLGXDO¶V GLIIHUHQWUROHV 7KXVLQVSLWHRIFXOWXUDOGLIIXVLRQLQIOXHQFHDQGWKHOLNHIRULQVWDQFH LQFRQQHFWLRQZLWKWKHFXOWRQPRGHUQ/HVERVWKHOHJHQGRI%DERRUWKH ILUHGDQFHLQ*UHHN0DFHGRQLDLWLVSUREOHPDWLFWRGHVFULEHSRSXODUOLIHLQ WKH %DONDQV HVSHFLDOO\ EHFDXVH WKH FXOWXUH LV HPSOR\HG LQ WKH VHUYLFH RI WKH QDWLRQDO LGHRORJ\ DOWKRXJK ³WKH JUHDW *UHHN LGHD´ KDV RIILFLDOO\
&KVXSUD
&KDSWHU)LYH
HQGHG $V UHJDUGV WKH ³JUHDW LGHD´ RQH UDUHO\ HQFRXQWHUV ROGHU LQIRUPDQWVZKRWDONDERXW,VWDQEXODVPRVWSHRSOHXVHTXLWHQDWXUDOO\WKH WHUP.ǀQVWDQWLQRSOHRUVLPSO\Ș ȆȠȜȘ³WKH7RZQ´ ZKLFKGHPRQVWUDWHV WKH FOHDU FRKHVLRQ EHWZHHQ 2UWKRGR[\ DQG QDWLRQDOLVP 5HODWHG WR WKLV DUH WKH PRWLYHV EHKLQG WKH *UHHN VWDWH¶V ZRUN FROOHFWLQJ FXVWRPV FRVWXPHVDQGGDQFHVDPRQJWKH6DUDNDWVDQLVKHSKHUGVLQWKH(SLUXVDUHD DWWKHERUGHUZLWK$OEDQLDRULQRWKHUQRUWKHUQERUGHUUHJLRQVVXFKDVLQ 7KUDFHRUUHVHDUFKRQ*UHHNFXVWRPVIURPUHJLRQVIRUPHUO\SRSXODWHGE\ *UHHN2UWKRGR[VXFKDV&DSSDGRFLDIRULQVWDQFHLQWKHIRUPRIDGDQFH SURMHFWDWWKH'RUD6WUDWRX'DQFH7KHDWUHLQ$WKHQV7KLVLVWUXHQRWRQO\ RI*UHHFH EXW DOVR PRGHUQ7XUNH\ DQG %XOJDULD ZKR VHH WKHPVHOYHV DV 3HULNOHV¶ VXFFHVVRUV DQG WKH VFKRRO ERRNV DUH UHZULWWHQ VR WKDW WKH\ VXLW WKH LGHRORJ\ RI WKH QHZ QDWLRQVWDWHV :H HQFRXQWHU H[DPSOHV RI KRZ ULYDOLQJ IDFWLRQV FRPSHWH IRU WKH KLVWRULFDO WUXWK $ VLPLODU YDULDQW LV WKH VWUXJJOHIRUSRZHUEHWZHHQWKHUHOLJLRXVFUHDWLYLW\RIWKHRUGLQDU\SHRSOH DQGWKH&KXUFKDQGLWVSULHVWKRRG¶VQHHGIRUFRQWUROOLQJWKHSRSXODULGHDV DQGPHPRULHVRIWKHVDPHSHRSOH ,QWKHFDUQLYDOLQ.RLPƝVƝZDVDOVRDQH[FHOOHQWRSSRUWXQLW\IRU WKH SROLWLFDO LGHRORJ\ WR GLUHFW SHRSOH¶V DWWHQWLRQ WR WKH KLJKO\ WRSLFDO ³0DFHGRQLDQ SUREOHP´ ZLWK SRLQWHG UHIHUHQFHV LQFOXGLQJ D W\SLFDOO\ *UHHN FRPPHQWDU\ OLNHZLVH RQ WKH ORFDO OHYHO 7KDW WKH WKHPH KDV EHHQ KLJKO\FRQWURYHUVLDOZLWKLQFRQWHPSRUDU\UHVHDUFKLVDWWHVWHGWRE\WKHVR FDOOHG ³$QDVWDVLD .DUDNDVLGRX FDVH´ .DUDNDVLGRX¶V GRFWRUDO GLVVHUWDWLRQ GLVFXVVHVKRZWKH*UHHNQDWLRQVWDWHKDVSROLWLFLVHGWKH*UHHN0DFHGRQLDQ FXOWXUH DQG GHQLHG WKH 6ODYLFVSHDNLQJ SRSXODWLRQ WKHLU RZQ HWKQLF LGHQWLW\ 7KH GLVVHUWDWLRQ FODULILHV KRZ VRPH LQKDELWDQWV LQ *UHHN 0DFHGRQLD FRQVLGHU WKHPVHOYHV WR EH PRUH 6ODYLF WKDQ *UHHN PRUH UHODWHGWRWKHSRSXODWLRQLQWKH0DFHGRQLDQ5HSXEOLFRQWKHRWKHUVLGHRI
6HH+nODQG&KIDQGFIHJWKHGHVFULSWLRQVLQWKH³VXUYLYDOLVWV´ 0HJDV *DXOW $QWRQLDGHV DQG HJ ,RVVLIRJORX .\ULDNRSRXORX 'UDFRXOLGqV YV 'DQIRUWK DV ZHOO DV WKH GLVFXVVLRQ EHWZHHQ +nODQG DQG6FKZDUW]HJ6HHDOVR+nODQGE &IHJ3ROLWƝV9RODQG9RO 3HUVRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQIURP0DULW6Wn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
1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\&RQWUDFW"
WKHERUGHUWKDWZDVIRUPHUO\SDUWRIR@Q -XQH D 6HUELDQ KHOG D VSHHFK RQ D SODLQ LQ .RVRYR FDOOHG .RVRYR 3ROMH WKH )LHOG RI %ODFNELUGV ³7KH\ ZLOO QHYHU GR WKLV WRZDUGV \RXDJDLQ´KHSURPLVHGWKHDVVHPEO\³1HYHUDJDLQVKDOODQ\RQHLQIOLFWD GHIHDWRQ\RX´
7KHVSHDNHUZDV6ORERGDQ0LORãHYLü,QRQH\HDUDIWHUKHKHOGWKH VSHHFKWKHFRIILQRIGHIHDWHG6HUELDQFRPPDQGHU.QH]/D]DUZDVFDUULHG RQDSLOJULPDJHWKURXJKHYHU\YLOODJHLQ6HUELDIROORZHGE\ZHHSLQJDQG PRXUQLQJ SHRSOH \HDUV DIWHU /D]DU¶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¶ WUHDWPHQW RIWKH+HOOHQHVDVDKRPRJHQRXVJURXSDVRSSRVHGWRWKH³%DUEDULDQV´DV LQFRQQHFWLRQZLWKDQDVVHVVPHQWRIFXOWXUDOSDWWHUQVDQGFXVWRPVVXFKDV
SXQLVKPHQWVFI9LGDO1DTXHWI&I9HUPHXOHI9H\QH 3DXV+GWI 3OXWThes .MHOGVWDGOLIP\WUDQVODWLRQ 6HHDOVR+nODQGHVS&K IRUIXUWKHUSDUDOOHOV &I7KXFIDQG 7KHUHPDUNUH³WKHUHJLRQDORUORFDO´UHIHUVWRWKHORFDOSDUWLFLSDQWVLHEHIRUH 1$72¶VLQWHUIHUHQFH&IVXSUDIRUFULWLFLVPRI2ULHQWDOLVP
1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\&RQWUDFW"
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¶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³GLNRL´RXURZQ DQG³[HQRL´VWUDQJHUVRUIRUHLJQHUV RQHVKRXOGDOVREH IDPLOLDU ZLWK WKH GLIIHUHQW OHYHOV ZLWKLQ WKH YDOXH V\VWHP DV ZHOO DV WKH
6HH/HDFKIRUWKHORJLF&I9HUQDQWFIRUWKHEXULDOJURXQGRI
WKHGHDGDQGFRQTXHVW +GW 6HH&KVXSUD,QWKLVFRQQHFWLRQLWLVUHOHYDQWWRUHIHUWR6H]LP6H]HU³:DWHU DQG5HOLJLRXVWUDGLWLRQVLQDQ,PSHULDOFLW\,VWDQEXO&RQVWDQWLQRSOH¶VHagiasmas DQG )RXQWDLQV´ 3DSHU SUHVHQWHG DW WKH WK ,:+$&RQIHUHQFH Water and Civilization: Water and Religion, 8QHVFR +HDGTXDUWHUV 3DULV 6HH DOVR +nODQG D IRU D GLVFXVVLRQ RI OLYLQJ GHFHDVHG DQG ³HWHUQDO´ GLYLQH PHGLDWRUVZKLFKLVHTXDOO\UHOHYDQWWRWKHFDVHXQGHUFRQVLGHUDWLRQKHUH6HHDOVR +nODQG &KVXSUD OdIl6WUDQJHU6HHDOVR+nODQG&K
&KDSWHU)LYH
FRPSHWLQJ YDOXHV 7KHUHIRUH LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR HPSKDVLVH WKDW SHDFHIXO UHODWLRQVKDYHEHHQDVFRPPRQDVZDUOLNHRQHV7KXVWKHUHDUHGLIIHUHQW YDOXHV LQ WKH 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ DUHD DQG WKH XQLODWHUDO PDOH KRQRXU DQG VKDPH V\VWHP RQH HQFRXQWHUV LQ ROGHU DQWKURSRORJLVWV LQFOXGLQJ $PHULFDQDQG%ULWLVKVFKRODUVPD\GHPRQVWUDWHDQLQFRPSOHWHNQRZOHGJH RI WKH FXOWXUH DERXW ZKLFK WKH\ ZULWH &DPSEHOO¶V HPSKDVLV RQ WKH GLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQGLNRLDQG[HQRL²WKDWLVWKHIDPLO\YHUVXVHYHU\ERG\ HOVH²PD\ DOVR EH FRQVLGHUHG DQRWKHU ZD\ GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH FRQWH[W ³'LNRL´ RXU RZQ PD\ EH WKH FORVHVW IDPLO\ WKH JUHDWHU IDPLO\ HWKQLF JURXSV ZLWKLQ WKH YLOODJH RU DFURVV YLOODJHV WKH YLOODJH SURSHU RU WKH JUHDWHU DUHD)RU WKH LPPLJUDQWV LQ $JLD (OHQƝ DQG 0HOLNƝIRU H[DPSOH DOO³QRQ.ǀVWLOLGHV´WKDWLV³QRWFRPLQJIURP.ǀVWL´ DUH[HQRLWKDWLV ³RXWVLGHUV´RUVWUDQJHUVZKLOHWKH³.ǀVWLOLGHV´DUHVHHQDVGLNRLPDVWKDW LV³LQVLGHUV´RURXURZQSHRSOHDFURVVWKHYDULRXVYLOODJHERXQGDULHVDV ZHOO DV LV DSSDUHQW LQ WKH YLVLWV SHUIRUPHG GXULQJ WKH IHVWLYDO LQFOXGLQJ WKH YLVLWV WR RWKHU YLOODJHV ,W GHSHQGV RQ ZLWK ZKRP DQG ZKDW RQH PHDVXUHV 7KHUH DUH VHYHUDO FRPSHWLQJ YDOXHV ZLWKLQ WKH *UHHN DQG WKH 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ FXOWXUDO DUHD DV ZHOO DQG DV RQ WKH LQWHUKXPDQ OHYHO FRQIOLFW GLIIHUHQFHV DQG SDUDGR[HV DUH DV SUHGRPLQDQW DV ³FRKHUHQFH DQG VWUXFWXUH´7KHUHIRUHRQHDOVRVKRXOGQXDQFH3KLOLS)(VOHU¶VHPSKDVLVLQJ WKDW WKH FRQFHSW RI LQGLYLGXDOLVP LV D PRGHUQ ZHVWHUQ (XURSHDQ SKHQRPHQRQ DQG WKDW TXDUUHOV DQG FRPSHWLWLRQ GR QRW RFFXU ZLWKLQ WKH 0HGLWHUUDQHDQIDPLO\7KLVLVD0HGLWHUUDQHDQLGHRORJ\ZKLFKRQHVHHV LV HUURQHRXV ZKHQ ³RQH HQWHUV LQWR SHRSOH¶V KRXVHV´ ZKHUH WKH ZRPDQ UXOHV 7KHUHIRUH GXULQJ WKH $QDVWHQDULD IHVWLYDO LQ WKH GLVSXWH EHWZHHQWKH$QDVWHQDULGHVLQ/DQJDGDVOHG6ǀWƝULRV/LRXURVWR$JLD(OHQƝ ZKHUHDVKLVEURWKHU.ǀQVWDQWLQRVVLGHGZLWKWKHFRPSHWLQJIDFWLRQ+HVLRG WHOOV XV DERXW DQ DQFLHQW SDUDOOHO WKH LQKHULWDQFH GLVSXWH EHWZHHQ WZR EURWKHUV LQ D FXOWXUH LQ ZKLFK Eris ³6WULIH´ ZDV LQVWLWXWLRQDOLVHG DV WKH *RGGHVV RI GLVFRUG 7KH IXQGDPHQWDO VLJQLILFDQFH RI ³agǀn´ WKDW LV agǀn RU agǀnes FRQWHVWV LV UHODWHG WR WKLV DV ZHOO :H HQFRXQWHU D FRPSHWLWLYHIRUPRIHTXDOLW\DNLQGRILQYHUWHG1RUZHJLDQ'DQLVK³-DQWH UXOH´WKDWLVWKHUXOHLQVPDOOWUDGLWLRQDOFRPPXQLWLHVPRVWPHPEHUVRI ZKLFKDUHDIUDLGRIPDNLQJWKHPVHOYHVFRQVSLFXRXV DFFRUGLQJWRZKLFK WKHVWDUWLQJSRLQWLVQRWWKHQRWLRQWKDW³HYHU\RQHLVDVJRRGDVPH´EXWRQ
&IIl 'XELVFK FI +HU]IHOG DQG D YV &DPSEHOO
FI(VOHU (VOHUIVHHIRULQGLYLGXDOLVP +HVOp.
1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\&RQWUDFW"
WKH FRQWUDU\ ³, DP DV JRRG DV HYHU\RQH HOVH´ ,W LV DOVR XQWUXH WKDW TXDUUHOVDQGFRPSHWLWLRQRQO\RFFXUDPRQJPHQ,WRFFXUVDPRQJZRPHQ DV ZHOO DQG DW DOO DJHV DV , KDYH H[SHULHQFHG P\VHOI LQ VHYHUDO RI WKH YLOODJHVZKHUH,KDYHFDUULHGRXWILHOGZRUNVXFKDVUHJDUGLQJWKHZRPHQ LQWKH*UHHN0DFHGRQLDQYLOODJHRI)ODPERXUR7KLVGRHVQRWH[FOXGHWKH LPSRUWDQFH RI EHLQJ DFNQRZOHGJHG E\ WKH JURXS DV (VOHU DOVR VWDWHV DQGDVEHFRPHVDSSDUHQWLQD0HGLWHUUDQHDQYLOODJHZKHUHWKHVHWWOHPHQW LV ³KXGGOHG WRJHWKHU´ DV RSSRVHG WR WKH SUHYDLOLQJ SDWWHUQ LQ QRUWKHUQ (XURSHZKHUHWKHIDUPVDUHVLWXDWHGIDUDSDUW1RQHWKHOHVVWKH³SDWURQ´ patronus LV D VLQJOH LQGLYLGXDO DOWKRXJK DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH LGHRORJ\ KH PLJKWEHDprincepsRUD primus inter pares ³WKHILUVWDPRQJHTXDOV´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³VHOI´ KDYH WKHLU RULJLQ LQ WKH $JH RI (QOLJKWHQPHQWKDVUHFHQWO\EHHQFKDOOHQJHG :KLOH LW LV P\ LPSUHVVLRQ WKDW FDUQLYDO FDQ LQWHQVLI\ FRQIOLFWV RQ WKH YLOODJHOHYHOZKHUHWKHJURXSLVKHWHURJHQRXV0HOLNƝ$JLD(OHQƝ VXFK HYHQWV DV WKH %DER IHVWLYDO ZKLFK LV FHOHEUDWHG E\ 0RQRNNOƝVLD¶V SRSXODWLRQ FRQVLVWLQJ RI SUHGRPLQDQWO\²EXW QRW RQO\²LPPLJUDQWV IURP WKH IRUPHU YLOODJH RI 3HWUD LQ (DVWHUQ 5RXPHOLD RU HDVWHUQ 7KUDFH FDQ DFFRUGLQJ WR WKHPVHOYHV EH D SUHWH[W WR ³SODFH 0RQRNNOƝVLD RQ WKH PDSDJHQGD´ VLQFH WKH\ ZDQW WR HPSKDVLVH WKDW *UHHFH LV PRUH WKDQ $WKHQV,QWKLVZD\WKLVULWXDOGHPRQVWUDWHVKRZDIHVWLYDOFUHDWHVDIHHOLQJ RI FRPPXQLW\ DJDLQVW WKH FDSLWDO DQG LV DQ LOOXVWUDWLRQ RI *LOPRUH¶V PHQWLRQHG WKHVLV 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG PDQ\ RI WKH V ODUJH PXVWHUV
.QXGVHQI (VOHU)RUWKHZRPHQLQ)ODPERXURHWF+nODQG&K
&KDOVRGLVFXVV³DJǀQ´(ULV 0DFKLQI 3LQD&DEUDO 6HH DOVR 9DQJJDDUG IRU DQ LOOXVWUDWLRQ 6HH PRUHRYHU
+nODQG&KI *ROGHQ7RRKH\
&KDSWHU)LYH
PDVV UDOOLHVJDWKHULQJV GHPRQVWUDWHG WKDWWKHUH LV QRSUREOHP JDWKHULQJ WKH *UHHNV DJDLQVW DOO NLQGV RI H[WHUQDO [HQRL ZKHWKHU WKH\ DUH LQ WKH QRUWKHDVWRUVRXWK7KLVPLJKWLQFOXGHDWLJKWO\SDFNHGFRQFHUWKDOOLQ $WKHQV LQ GXULQJ WKH ³6HYHQWLHWK $QQLYHUVDU\ RI 7KH *UHDW &DWDVWURSKH´ WKDW LV WKH FDWDVWURSKH LQ $VLD 0LQRU RI ZKHUH IRON GDQFHVZHUHSHUIRUPHGHVSHFLDOO\IURPWKHFRQWHVWHGERUGHUUHJLRQVLQWKH QRUWKDQGHDVW²7KUDFH0DFHGRQLDDQG(SLUXV²RUDPXVLFIHVWLYDOLQWKH VDPHSODFHZKHUHWKHTXHHQRIUHEHWLNRWKHrebetisa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
$YDULDQWRIWKLVZDVDOVRIRXQGLQ*UHHFHEHIRUHGXULQJDQGDIWHUWKHZLQGLQJ
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
1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\&RQWUDFW"
WKHP WR WKH IRUHIURQW 7KLV LV GRFXPHQWHG DV UHJDUGV D FHOHEUDWLRQ RI WKH 3DQDWKHQDLD DQG WKH 7KHVPRSKRULD $FFRUGLQJ WR 7KXN\GLGHV WKH W\UDQW +LSSDUFKRV ZDV NLOOHG EHFDXVH WKH VLVWHU RI +DUPRGLXV ZDV IRXQG XQZRUWK\ RI EHLQJ EDVNHWEHDUHU GXULQJ WKH 3DQDWKHQDLD 7KLV ZDV D YLRODWLRQRIIDPLO\KRQRXUEHFDXVHLWZDVWKHVDPHDVVD\LQJWKDWVKHZDV QRW D YLUJLQ )XUWKHUPRUH D KXVEDQG¶V KRQRXU ZDV YLRODWHG GXULQJ WKH 7KHVPRSKRULD,WZDVZKHQVKHIROORZHGWKHekphoraIXQHUDOSURFHVVLRQ FI )LJXUH DW WKH EXULDO RI KHU PRWKHULQODZ WKDW WKH ZLIH RI WKH $WKHQLDQ (XSKLOHWRV ZDV GLVFRYHUHG E\ (UDWKRVWHQHV ZKR IROORZHG KHU DQG EHFDPH KHU ORYHU ,W ZDV GRXEO\ XQSUHFHGHQWHG EHFDXVH LW RFFXUUHG GXULQJ WKH ZRPHQ¶V IDVWLQJ SHULRG GXULQJ WKH 7KHVPRSKRULD ZKHQ WKH\ DOVRVKRXOGEHFKDVWHDQGDEVWDLQIURPVH[XDOLQWHUFRXUVH 7KH WUDGLWLRQDO 2UWKRGR[ FXVWRP RQ &OHDQ 0RQGD\ WKH ILUVW GD\ RI /HQW ZKHQ SHRSOH DVN IRUJLYHQHVV RI RQH DQRWKHU KDV LWV SDUDOOHO LQ DQRWKHUIRUPRI³VHWWOHPHQW´WKHPRFNZHGGLQJEHWZHHQWZR³RSSRVLQJ´ SRSXODWLRQ JURXSV RI WKH YLOODJH WKH ³QHZFRPHUV´ ³LPPLJUDQWV´ RU ³7KUDFLDQV´ DQG ³WKRVH ZKR KDYH µDOZD\V¶ OLYHG LQ WKH YLOODJH´ WKH ³LQGLJHQRXVLQKDELWDQWV´WKDWLVWKH³0HOLNƝRWHV´³IURP0HOLNƝ´ RU³WKH *UHHNV´WKURXJKWKHLUV\PEROLFXQLRQZKLFKWDNHVSODFHDWWKHHQGRIWKH FDUQLYDO LQ 0HOLNƝ 7KLV LV LQ LWVHOI D YDULDQW RI WKH FRPPRQ FDUQLYDO ZHGGLQJ EXW KHUH WKH EULGH DQG JURRP FRPH IURP HDFK RI WKHVH WZR JURXSVWKHEULGHLV7KUDFLDQDQGWKHJURRPLV0HOLNƝRWƝ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
7KXFIFI$ULVWAth.
Pol.I
/\VFI $OH[DNƝVQ %RXUGLHXIl
&KDSWHU)LYH
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¶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³WRXULQJ RI WKH KRXVHV´ PD\ EH HPSOR\HG WR FROOHFW IRRG RU PRQH\ $OWHUQDWLYHO\WKHUHPD\EHFRPSHWLWLRQDPRQJHPLJUDQWVWRRIIHUWKHEXOO VXFK DV LQ $JLD 3DUDVNHXƝ RU WKH IRONORULVWLF VRFLHW\ PD\ RUJDQLVH WKH SXUFKDVHRIWKHVDFULILFLDODQLPDO7KHPHWKRGRIRUJDQLVDWLRQWKDWZHVHH WRGD\ PD\ DFWXDOO\ EH D KHULWDJH IURP SUHYLRXV WLPHV ZKHQ WKH RIILFLDO LGHRORJ\UHSUHVHQWHGE\WKH2UWKRGR[&KXUFKZDVRIWHQLQRSSRVLWLRQWR WKHVH SRSXODU IHVWLYDOV EHFDXVH WKH\ UHSUHVHQWHG ³SDJDQ WUDGLWLRQV´ 7KLV HVSHFLDOO\ UHODWHV WR WKH FXVWRPV LQ 0HOLNƝ $JLD (OHQƝ DQG $JLD 3DUDVNHXƝ ,W LV WKHUHIRUH DOVR LQWHUHVWLQJ WR QRWH WKH LQIRUPDQWV¶ RZQ
&I 'RZGHQ 6HH DOVR /RXNDWRV I *HUQHW &K
+nODQG&KDQG %RXUGLHXI 'RXJODVFI:XWKQRZ&IDOVR+DUULVRQ
6HHDOVR*HUQHW&K
1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\&RQWUDFW"
H[SODQDWLRQDVWRZKHUHWKHLWHPVWKH\FROOHFW²PDLQO\PRQH\DQGIRRG² ZLOOEHXVHGVXFKDVGXULQJWKH.DORJHURVDQGWKHFDUQLYDOLQ)ODPERXUR ZKHUHWKHFDUQLYDOILJXUHVFROOHFWPRQH\LQDQRUDQJHLWZLOOEHJLYHQWR WKHFKXUFK$FWXDOO\ERWKLQ.RLPƝVƝDQGHOVHZKHUHDOOWKHPRQH\WKDWLV FROOHFWHGJRHVWRWKHFKXUFK:KHQ,DVNWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVLQ0HOLNƝ,DP FOHDUO\ WROG ³WR WKH NRQDNL WKH FHOHEUDWLRQ WRQLJKW WKH FKXUFK DQG DOO´ 7KH\DOVRWHOOPHWKDWHYHU\WKLQJHOVHWKDWLVFROOHFWHGJRHVWRWKHVHERGLHV DV ZHOO 7KLV DOVR EHFRPHV D YDULDWLRQ RQ WKH XVXDO PHWKRGRI FROOHFWLQJ JLIWVIRUWKHFKXUFKZKLOHWKHDQFLHQWIHVWLYDOVZHUHRUJDQLVHGLQGLIIHUHQW ZD\VGHSHQGLQJRQKRZVLJQLILFDQWWKH\ZHUHIRUWKHVWDWH7KHFROOHFWLQJ RI JLIWV YROXQWDU\ RU ³LPSRVHG´ VXFK DV WKH WULEXWHV IURP SDUWLFLSDQWV GXULQJWKH$WKHQLDQ(PSLUHLQWKHV%&(ZDVKRZHYHUDNH\IDFWRU KHUHWRR%RWKZLWKUHJDUGWRWKHDQFLHQW3DQDWKHQDLDIHVWLYDODQGXQWLO TXLWH UHFHQWO\ WKH IHVWLYDO KDV EHHQ D ZHOFRPH RFFDVLRQ IRU RUGLQDU\ SHRSOHWRREWDLQPHDW%HORQJLQJWRWKLVLVWKHKHDY\DURPDRIURDVWODPE RQ7LQRVZKHQWKHIDVWLVEURNHQRQ$XJXVWDQGLQ2O\PSRVDIWHUWKH 5HVXUUHFWLRQ 7KURXJK WKHLU RUJDQLVDWLRQ WKH IHVWLYDOV KDYH HQVXUHG WKDW ³WKRVHZKRKDYH´JLYHWKDWLVUHGLVWULEXWHWR³WKRVHZKRGRQRWKDYH´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³UHJXODUSDUWLFLSDQWV´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
+nODQG&K
&KDSWHU)LYH
DFWXDO SURGXFWLRQ RI PHDQLQJ LWVHOI GHPRQVWUDWHV WKDW QRWKLQJ GLVDSSHDUV RULVFUHDWHGEXWUDWKHUWKDWHYHU\WKLQJLVDWUDQVIRUPDWLRQRISUHH[LVWLQJ RFFXUUHQFHV 2QH PD\ DOVR VHH LW WKH ZD\ WKDW WKHUH FRQWLQXDOO\ H[LVW VHYHUDOSDUDOOHOLGHRORJLHVRUYDOXHV\VWHPVZKLFKVHHPWREHSDUDGR[LFDO ZKHQFRQVLGHUHGWRJHWKHU 7KXVIRULQVWDQFHWKHRIILFLDO$WKHQLDQSROLV¶LGHRORJ\DVUHJDUGVWKH QDWLYH FRXQWU\ RU IDWKHUODQG DQG SHRSOHV¶ LGHRORJ\ UHJDUGLQJ WKH IDPLO\ DQGWKHDQFHVWRUVFDQFRH[LVWEHFDXVHWKHGLIIHUHQWOHYHOVRIPHDQLQJDUH FRPSOHPHQWDU\2QHHQFRXQWHUVDSDUDOOHODVUHJDUGVWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRI WKH&KULVWLDQLGHRORJ\&RQVHTXHQWO\ERWKWKH&KULVWLDQLGHRORJ\²RIWHQ ZKDWRQHVD\VRIILFLDOO\²DQGWKHSHRSOH¶VRZQYDOXHV\VWHP²RIWHQZKDW RQH DFWXDOO\ GRHV DQG VD\V LQ LQIRUPDO FRQWH[WV²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psychosabbata SO RI SV\FKRVDEEDWR WKDW LV 6RXO 6DWXUGD\ RU $OO 6RXOV¶ 'D\ DQG GXULQJ WKH RWKHU PHPRULDO VHUYLFHV SHUIRUPHG IRU WKH GHFHDVHG 7KH DQFLHQW GDLV DQG GHDWK IHVWLYDOV DUH UHOHYDQW SDUDOOHOV 'DOH ) (LFNHOPDQ¶V GHVFULSWLRQ RI WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKH PDUDERXW DQG RIILFLDO ,VODP GHPRQVWUDWHV PDQ\ SDUDOOHOV WR WKH UHODWLRQV EHWZHHQ RIILFLDO DQG SRSXODU FXOWV RU GLIIHUHQW LGHRORJLHV ERWK LQ ,WDO\ DQG *UHHFH :H DOVR KDYH PDWHULDO ZKLFK WHOOV DERXW SUH ,VODPLF PHGLDWRUV LQ 1RUWK $IULFD :LWK UHJDUG WR WKH FRQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQGLIIHUHQW LGHRORJLHVLQ 0RURFFR DW WKH HQGRI WKH V ZKHQ, YLVLWHGWKHFRXQWU\IRUWKHILUVW WLPH LWZDVIRULQVWDQFHIRUELGGHQIRUD IRUHLJQHUDQGQRQ0XVOLPWRHQWHUWKHPRVTXHEXWLWZDVQRWIRUELGGHQWR HQWHUWKH³PDUDERXW´:KHQ,DVNHGWKHUHDVRQIRUWKLV,UHFHLYHGGLIIHUHQW DQVZHUV)RURQHSHUVRQWKHUHDVRQZDVWKDW³>L@QWKHPRVTXHRQHSUD\V LQWKHPDUDERXWRQHMXVWDVNVIRUOLWWOHWKLQJVDVIRULQVWDQFHLIRQHFDQ KDYH D JODVV RI EHHU WRQLJKW´ $QRWKHU H[SODQDWLRQ ZDV WKDW ³>L@Q WKH
6HHHJ&KVXSUDDQGFIHJ$ULVWEth.
NicDI
/DFRVWH'XMDUGLQ(LFNHOPDQ
1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\&RQWUDFW"
PRVTXH SHRSOH XVHG WR JDWKHU GXULQJ WKH UHEHOOLRQ DJDLQVW WKH )UHQFK WKHUHIRUH LW LV D VDFUHG V\PERO RI WKH QDWLRQDO 0RURFFDQ LGHRORJ\´ 7KH FLW\ RI $JDGLU ZDV GHVWUR\HG GXULQJ WKH HDUWKTXDNH LQ ³EXW WKH WVXQDPLVWRSSHGDWWKHPDUDERXW´DFFRUGLQJWRSHRSOHIURPWKHSODFH $V RQ 7LQRV LQ $JLD (OHQƝ DQG LQ $JLD 3DUDVNHXƝ WKH HQGXULQJ FXOW RI QDWXUH LV DOVR LOOXVWUDWHG ZLWKLQ ,VODP E\ WKH IDFW WKDW WKH KRO\ FLW\ RI 0HFFD LV QRW ORFDWHG DQ\ZKHUH EXW DFWXDOO\ VLWXDWHG LQ D SODFH ZKHUH LQ HDUOLHU WLPHV D VDFUHG VWRQH DQG VDFUHG VSULQJ ZHUH IRXQG $NLQ WR FDYHVWUHHVDQGPRXQWDLQWRSVWKHVHZHUHDOVRFHQWUDOHOHPHQWVOLQNHGWR WKHDQFLHQWVDQFWXDULHV)LJXUHVDDQGE 6XFK NH\ HOHPHQWV FDQ EH FODVVLILHG DV HQGXULQJ FRUHV ZKLFK DUH UH HQFRXQWHUHG LQ FRQQHFWLRQ ZLWK WUDGLWLRQDO YDOXH V\VWHPV ZLWKLQ FRQWHPSRUDU\ ³SUHLQGXVWULDO´ DQG ³SRVWLQGXVWULDO´ VRFLHWLHV 3HUKDSV WKHLUVLJQLILFDQFHFDQVKHGQHZOLJKWRQWKHDQFLHQWSDUDOOHOVWKHDUFKDLF FODVVLFDO DQG SRVWFODVVLFDO VRFLHWLHV 2WKHU ³QXFOHL´ LQFOXGH DQLPDO VDFULILFHVV WR JLYH RQH H[DPSOH 7KH GLIIHUHQW FRUHV DUH UHODWHG WR FXOWV FRQQHFWHGZLWKIHUWLOLW\GHDWKDQGKHDOLQJDQGLWLVLPSRUWDQWWREHDZDUH RI WKLV IDFW ZKHQ H[DPLQLQJ WKH FXOWXUDO KLVWRU\ RI WKHVH VRFLHWLHV 7KDW RQH FDQ XVH FRQWHPSRUDU\ VRFLHW\ LQ WKH VDPH UHJLRQ WR LQYHVWLJDWH SHRSOHV¶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
6HH DOVR &K VXSUD IRU VLPLODULWLHV LQ WKH 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ UHJLRQ FI %OXP%OXP&K:DOFRW&K6HHDOVR*HUQHW 6HHDOVR+nODQG &I&KVXSUDIRUWKHIROORZLQJ
&KDSWHU)LYH
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³GLVWRUWHG´VWDWHRUWKH\PD\KDYH EHHQSUHVHQWKHUHLQDQHDUOLHUKLVWRULFDOFRQWH[WDQGPD\VWLOOEH³ODWHQW´ ,QWKDWZD\RQHPLJKWERWKJDLQQHZSHUVSHFWLYHVRQRWKHUFXOWXUHVDQG LQ WKH ODVW LQVWDQFH VHH RXU RZQ ZLWK QHZ H\HV :KHWKHU WKH PHQWLRQHG FRUHVDUHWKHUHIRUHXQLYHUVDOLVDQRWKHUPDWWHUZKLFKLVWRRFRPSUHKHQVLYH WRDGGUHVVKHUH2QHPD\QHYHUWKHOHVVHPSKDVLVHWKHORJLFEHKLQGKROLVP WKH KROLVWLF YLHZ RI GHDWK LQ PDQ\ SUHLQGXVWULDO VRFLHWLHV WKDW RQH JHQHUDOO\ DOVR HQFRXQWHU LQ *UHHFH DQG /\DOO :DWVRQ¶V WKRXJKWV DERXW ³WKH8QLYHUVDO´EXWVLQFHWKDWLVQRWWKHWRSLFRIWKHSUHVHQWZRUNVRPH FRPPHQWVFDQRQO\EHLQGLFDWHG7KLVLVQRWDERRNDERXW³DOOFXOWXUHV RIWKHZRUOG´RQO\DERXWVRPHDVSHFWVRIWKH*UHHNZKLFKLVVLWXDWHGRQ WKH VRXWKHDVWHUQ ERUGHU RI (XURSH 7KH WRSLF LV KRZHYHU HVSHFLDOO\ LQWHUHVWLQJLQWKHSUHVHQWHUDRIJOREDOLVDWLRQ ,Q VSLWHRI DOOWKH FKDQJHV WKDW KDYH WDNHQSODFHZLWKLQFRQWHPSRUDU\ VRFLHW\DVDUHVXOWRIWKHODUJHXSKHDYDOVWKDWKDYHRFFXUUHGRYHUWKHODVW KXQGUHG\HDUVWKHUHDUHDFFRUGLQJO\PDQ\IHDWXUHVRIFRQWLQXLW\WKDWFDQ EH UHODWHG WR SHRSOHV¶ ZRUOGYLHZ DQG YDOXHV ,W VHHPV WR EH WKDW ZKDW HQGXUHVLVWKDWZKLFKLVRIJUHDWLPSRUWDQFH,WPD\KDYHDOVREHHQWKXVLQ DQFLHQW VRFLHWLHV IRU LQVWDQFH ZLWK UHJDUGV WR WKH WUDQVLWLRQ IURP WKH DUFKDLF WR WKH FODVVLFDO SHULRGV 7KLV LV IRU LQVWDQFH LOOXVWUDWHG E\ WKH FHQWUDOSRVLWLRQRIWKHODPHQWLQWKHWUDGLWLRQDOFODQFXOWVRIWKHSRZHUIXO NLQ JURXSV FI )LJXUH DQG WKH ³XVH´ RQH HQFRXQWHUV LQ WKH QHZ LGHRORJLFDOSROLVDVGHPRQVWUDWHGE\+ROVW:DUKDIW7KHVDPHLVWUXHDV UHJDUGV WKH WUDQVLWLRQV WKDW KDYH WDNHQ SODFH LQ FRQQHFWLRQ ZLWK WKH SROLWLFDOFKDQJHVDQGWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRI&KULVWLDQLW\GXULQJODWHDQWLTXLW\ ,QRUGHUWREHDFFHSWHGDPXWXDOFRQWUDFWPXVWEHHVWDEOLVKHGEHWZHHQWZR HQWLWLHVEHWKH\YDULRXVQHZDQGROGLGHRORJLHVDQGYDOXHV\VWHPVRIWHQ
&IQ&KVXSUDDQG3LQD&DEUDO:DWVRQ)RUWKHORJLF
EHKLQGKROLVPFI6WHZDUW-XQJHWDO3UHLQGXVWULDOVRFLHWLHV%ORFK *UHHFHFI'DQIRUWKYV6HUHPHWDNLV +ROVW:DUKDIW
1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\&RQWUDFW"
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
³,WKDV$OZD\V%HHQOLNH7KDWDQG,WLVIRUWKH*RRGRI,W´ ,QKLVLQWURGXFWLRQWRWKHUHSULQWRIWKHERRN Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion: A Study in Survivals UHSU E\ WKH (QJOLVKFODVVLFDOSKLORORJLVW-RKQ&XWKEHUW/DZVRQZKLFKZDVRULJLQDOO\ SXEOLVKHG LQ WKH *UHHN VFKRODU 1 $O 2LNRQRPLGHV ZULWHV WKDW KH ³RQFH´KDG³ZLWQHVVHGRQHRIWKHPRVWLPSUHVVLYHRIDQFLHQWULWXDOV²WKH VDFULILFHRIDÀRZHUJDUODQGHGEXOORQWKHVWHSVRIDFKXUFK%XWEHIRUH´ KH ³ZDV SHUPLWWHG WR SDUWLFLSDWH´ LQ WKH ULWXDO KH ³KDG WR VZHDU E\ WKH 9LUJLQ0DU\WKDW´KH³ZRXOGQHYHUUHYHDOZKHUHLWKDSSHQHGQRUWKHQDPH RIWKHRI¿FLDWLQJSULHVWIRUIHDURIUHSHUFXVVLRQVIURPWKHELVKRS´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¶VZLVK WR FODLP D GLUHFW OLQN WR WKH DQFLHQW *UHHN FXOWXUH" +RZ WKHQ FDQ RQH H[SODLQWKHVWDWHUXQ &KXUFK¶VFULWLFLVPRIWKHVDPHVDFULILFHVZKLFKKDV DOVR OHG WR WKH IDFW WKDW LQ WKH V IRONORULVWV FODLPHG LQ WKH QDPH RI 2UWKRGR[\ WKDW *UHHN EORRG VDFULILFHV KDG FRPH WR DQ HQG WKLUW\ \HDUV SUHYLRXVO\" &RXOG WKHUH EH RWKHU UHDVRQV ZK\ SHRSOH FRQWLQXH WR
2LNRQRPLGHV[6HHDOVR+nODQG&K 3pWURSRXORV)RUWKHQDWLRQVWDWHDQGDQFLHQWFXOWXUHHWFVHH+nODQG
&K
&KDSWHU)LYH
VDFULILFH D EXOO RU RWKHU DQLPDOV GHVSLWH DOO WKH FKDQJHV WKDW KDYH WDNHQ SODFHLQWKHG\QDPLFVRIKLVWRU\" 7KHVDFULILFHWKDWZDVGHVFULEHGE\2LNRQRPLGHVVKRZVWKUHHGLIIHUHQW VLWXDWLRQV )LUVWO\ WKHUH LV WKH VFKRODU ZKR NQRZV DQWLTXLW\ DQG LV JHQHUDOO\FRQFHUQHGZLWKWKH³VXUYLYDO´RIDQFLHQWFXOWXUH6HFRQGO\WKHUH DUHWKHRUGLQDU\SHRSOHZKRDUHQRWDWDOOFRQFHUQHGZLWKDQWLTXLW\7KH\ FDUU\RQGRLQJZKDWWKH\KDYHDOZD\VGRQHDQGFRQVLGHUWKHPVHOYHVJRRG &KULVWLDQV 7KH\ GR QRW ZDQW WR EH UHJDUGHG DV SDJDQV DV WKH\ KDYH XVXDOO\ EHHQ GHVFULEHG ZKHWKHU LQ WKH &KXUFK¶V PHQWLRQHG ILJKW DJDLQVW WKH DQLPDO VDFULILFHV RU E\ REVHUYHUV ZKR FDPH IURP RXWVLGH 6XFK REVHUYHUVZHUHIRUHLJQWUDYHOOHUVZKRIRULQVWDQFHFDPHDVSLRXVSLOJULPV RQ WKHLU ZD\ WR ³7KH +RO\ /DQG´ LQ WKH HDUO\ FHQWXULHV RI WKH &RPPRQ (UD )URP &( WR WKH SUHVHQW WUDYHOOHUV KDYH LQGHHG UHSHDWHGO\ GHVFULEHG WKH GLIIHUHQW ORFDO ULWXDOV WKH\ VDZ EHLQJ SHUIRUPHG RQ WKHLU ZD\ 'XULQJ WKLV SHULRG DOO PDQQHU RI WUDYHOOHUV LQ WKH (DVW LQFOXGLQJ PHUFKDQWVVFLHQWLVWVDQGDGYHQWXUHUVSDVVHGWKURXJK*UHHFHDQGVRPHRI WKHPKDYHLQWKH³VHUYLFHRIWKHHQOLJKWHQPHQWRIWKHSHRSOH´ZDQWHGWR URXWZKDWWKH\EHOLHYHGZHUH³SDJDQ´RU³VXSHUVWLWLRXVDFWV´:HRIFRXUVH GR QRW NQRZ ZKHWKHU WKH DQFLHQW SHRSOH DVFULEHG WKH VDPH PHDQLQJ WR ZKDWWKHWUDYHOOHUVREVHUYHGZHGRQRWHYHQNQRZZKHWKHUWKHWUDYHOOHUV¶ REVHUYDWLRQV ZHUH FRQVLVWHQW ZLWK WKH REVHUYHG SHRSOH¶V LQWHQWLRQV ZLWK WKH ULWXDOV :KDW ZH QRQHWKHOHVV GR NQRZ LV WKDW FRPPRQ SHRSOH²XQWLO UHFHQWO\²KDG DQ DYHUVLRQ WR EHLQJ FDOOHG +HOOHQHV )RU RUGLQDU\ SHRSOH WKH WHUP ³+HOOHQH´ ZDV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK D P\WKLFDO SHRSOH ZKR ORQJ DJR KDG GLVDSSHDUHG IURP WKH VXUIDFH RI WKH HDUWK WKDW LV DQWLTXLW\ DQG WKHUHE\ WKH SUH&KULVWLDQ ZRUOG KDG DOVR YDQLVKHG ,Q VKRUW WKH WHUP ³+HOOHQH´VLJQLILHG³SDJDQ´LQ%\]DQWLQH*UHHN&RQYHUVHO\SHRSOHVDZ WKHPVHOYHV DV Romii D WHUP WKDW OLQNHG WKHP WR .ǀQVWDQWLQRSOH DQG &KULVWLDQLW\7KHQDPHEHORQJVWRWKH5RPHLFLGHRORJ\DQGFRQMXUHVWKH %\]DQWLQH (DVWHUQ 5RPDQ (PSLUH DQG WKHUHE\ WKH 2UWKRGR[ &KULVWLDQ WUDGLWLRQWRZKLFKWKHPDMRULW\RI*UHHNVVWLOOEHORQJ 7KLUGO\ ZH HQFRXQWHU WKH YLHZ RI WKH ELVKRS /LNH WKH &KULVWLDQ LQWHOOLJHQWVLDRIDQWLTXLW\DQGODWHUHUDVFKXUFKIDWKHUVWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHG
&KVXSUD +nODQG&K+HU]IHOGII6LPRSRXORX&IHJ
$OH[LRX2QHPLJKWDVNZKHWKHUWREHD+HOOHQHZDVSRVLWLYHLQDQWLTXLW\DQG EHFDPHQHJDWLYHODWHU:KDWGRZHNQRZDERXWKRZSRVLWLYHLWZDVLQDQWLTXLW\",I LWZDVSRVLWLYHIRUDVPDOOHOLWHRQHFRXOGWKHQDVNKRZPDQ\WKH\UHSUHVHQWHG5H ³WKH PDUJLQDOV´ VHH VXSUD 5H WUDYHOOHUV¶ REVHUYDWLRQV RI FXVWRPV VHH HJ 6LPRSRXORLIRULOOXVWUDWLRQVIURP&(5HYHWW6WXDUW IRUWKHHQGRIWKHV%HQW IRUWKHV
1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\&RQWUDFW"
DQFLHQW SLOJULPV HDJHU SKLOKHOOHQLVWV RU FRQWHPSRUDU\ GRJPDWLF SULHVWV KHLVWKHRQHZKRUHJDUGVWKHPDVSDJDQVEHFDXVHKHNQRZVWKHDQFLHQW FXOWXUHDQGFRUUHFWGRFWULQH7KHUHIRUHKHLVDOVRDSDUDOOHOWRWKHSULHVWLQ $JLD(OHQƝZKLOHWKHFRQWHPSRUDU\ELVKRSSURYLGHVDSDUDOOHOWRERWKWKH SULHVWPHQWLRQHGE\2LNRQRPLGHVDQGWKHSULHVWZKRLQEOHVVHGWKH EXOO RQ 7DXURV EHFDXVH KH GLG QRW RSSRVH WKH ULWXDO :H WKHUHIRUH H[SHULHQFH D NLQG RI UHYHUVH UHODWLRQVKLS 2QH HQFRXQWHUV WKH VDPH SUREOHPDWLFV DV HDUO\ DV WKH %\]DQWLQH SHULRG DPRQJ YDULRXV *UHHN ³OHDUQHG VFKRODUV´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¶VSRVLWLRQ LV SUHVHQWHG LQ 1 7K 0SRXJDWVRV WKH $QDVWHQDULD IHVWLYDO FRPSULVHV D FRPELQDWLRQRISDJDQLVPDQG&KULVWLDQLW\DQGRQHGRHVQRWHQFRXQWHUWKH KROLVWLF YLHZ H[SUHVVHG E\ WKH $QDVWHQDULGHV WKHPVHOYHV %XW HYHQ WKRXJKUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRIWKH*UHHN2UWKRGR[&KXUFKODEHOWKHIHVWLYDOVDV SURIDQH ³VXUYLYDOV´ RI SUH&KULVWLDQ LGRODWU\ WKH\ DUH VLWXDWHG ZLWKLQ WKH UHOLJLRXV DQG FRVPRORJLFDO FRQWH[W RI WKH 2UWKRGR[ &KXUFK DQG PDNH H[WHQVLYHXVHRI2UWKRGR[V\PEROLVPIDLWKDQGULWXDOSUDFWLFH :KHQ D ILHOGZRUNHU VLWV IRU KRXUV REVHUYLQJ WKH ORRNV JHVWXUHV DQG DFWLRQVRIWKHEHOLHYLQJSLOJULPVZKHQWKH\FRPHZLWKWKHLUKDLURIIHULQJV WRWKHLFRQRQ7LQRVRUSXWWKHFORWKHVRURWKHULWHPVRIVLFNSHRSOHEDVLO RUFURVVHVRQ²RUQH[WWR²WKHLFRQ)LJXUH DQGRIWHQZKHQVSHDNLQJ ZLWK WKHP DIWHUZDUGV GXULQJ WKH IHVWLYDO RQH H[SHULHQFHV D YDULHW\ RI UHDFWLRQV0DQ\H[SODLQLPSXOVLYHO\DQGFRPSOHWHO\QDWXUDOO\ZK\WKH\GR WKLVZKLOHRWKHUVVD\WKH\GRLWIRURWKHUVEHFDXVHWKLVLVVXSHUVWLWLRQDQG VR RQ 2QH RIWHQ H[SHULHQFHV WKDW WKHUH H[LVWV D NLQG RI ³FRDOLWLRQ´ SUHIHUDEO\ DPRQJ ZRPHQ EXW DOVR RWKHU QRQHFFOHVLDVWLFV RIWHQ DPRQJ WKH FKXUFK VWDII ZKR XVXDOO\ KHOS SHRSOH SHUIRUP WKHLU ULWXDO DFWLRQV VR WKDW WKH SULHVWKRRG ZLOO QRW VHH LW VXFK DV ZKHQ WKH \RXQJ IDWKHU FDPH
9U\RQLVDQGIQJLYHVDWKRURXJKDFFRXQWRIWKHVRXUFHPDWHULDO
IURP*UHHNLQWHOOHFWXDOVDQGRWKHUV0RUHRYHUVHHHJ0XOOHWWIIIRU %\]DQWLQHOLWHUDWXUH 0SRXJDWVRVFI&KRXUPRX]LDGƝV&KVXSUD 'DQIRUWK6HHDOVR'XELVFK&DUDYHOL6HHDOVR 6WHZDUWIIKRZHYHUFI
&KDSWHU)LYH
ZLWKWKHFORWKHVRIKLVVLFNFKLOGLQRUGHUWRLQYHVWWKHPZLWKSRZHUIURP WKH LFRQ GHSLFWLQJ WKH 3DQDJLD RQ KHU GHDWKEHG GXULQJ WKH ³1LQWK 'D\¶V ULWXDORIWKH3DQDJLD´FI)LJXUHVDF 'XULQJWKHIHVWLYDOKRZHYHULW LVDOVRHVSHFLDOO\SURSLWLRXVWRKDYHWKHSULHVWGULYLQJRXWWKH(YLO(\HLQ WKH FKXUFK ZKLFK LOOXVWUDWHV WKH DIRUHPHQWLRQHG DPELYDOHQFH RQH HQFRXQWHUVZLWKLQWKHRIILFLDO&KXUFKDVZHOO
)LJXUH9DULRXVLWHPVKDYHEHHQSXWEHKLQGWKHKRO\LFRQRQ7LQRVWRDEVRUELWV VDQFWLW\$XJXVW
3HRSOH¶V DFWLRQV DQG H[SODQDWLRQV DV VWDWHG DERYH DUH GXH WR GLIIHUHQW FLUFXPVWDQFHV 6RPH SLOJULPV GHGLFDWH WKHLU KDLU RIIHULQJV WR WKH VWRQHV IURPWKHROGHVW%\]DQWLQHFKXUFKRQ7LQRV7KHVWRQHVDUHFRUGRQHGRIIE\ DEUDVVIHQFHVRLWVHHPVOLNHDNLQGRIHQFORVXUH)LJXUHVDQG %XW PRVW SLOJULPV GHGLFDWH WKHLU KDLU RIIHULQJV WR WKH PLUDFXORXV LFRQ DQG DOWKRXJKWKHFKXUFK¶VVWDIIRIWHQWHOODERXWDOOWKHKDLURIIHULQJVWKDWZHUH LQWKH³YRWLYHJLIWER[´ZKHQLWZDVRSHQHGWKHSUHYLRXVQLJKWWKHRIILFLDO
6HH DOVR +nODQG &K I DQG )LJ LQ $SSHQGL[ IRU H[RUFLVP FI
'XELVFKII
1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\&RQWUDFW"
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³>Z@K\RQHDUWKGR\RXJRWR 7LQRVDQGORRNXSWKHVHVXSHUVWLWLRXVSHRSOHZKHQ\RXFDQVLWLQSHDFHDQG TXLHWDQGGRUHVHDUFKDWDOLEUDU\LQ$WKHQV´DQG³ZKDWRQHDUWKGRHVWKLV KDYH WR GR ZLWK DQWLTXLW\"´ 7KHQ , XVXDOO\ UHSO\ WKDW WRGD\¶V *UHHNV DUH TXLWH ZLWKLQ WKHLU ULJKWV WR SHUIRUP WKHLU UHOLJLRXV ULWXDOV DV WKH\ VHH ILW 7KH SRLQW LV QRW ZKDW ZH WKLQN DQG EHOLHYH EXW ZKDW WKH\ WKLQN DQG EHOLHYH WKHPVHOYHV :H GR QRW NQRZ ZKDW WKLV KDV WR GR ZLWK DQWLTXLW\ H[FHSW WKDW LW LV OLNHO\ WR JLYH XV QHZ SHUVSHFWLYHV RQ WKH DQFLHQW VRXUFH PDWHULDOZHSRVVHVV 7KH SRLQW LV KRZHYHU WKDW WKH EHOLHYHUV must GHGLFDWH LPSRUWDQW V\PEROV WR WKH LFRQ RU VHFXUH LPSRUWDQW V\PEROV RI VRPH RI WKH LFRQ¶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¶ PHQWLRQHG KDLU RIIHULQJ EHFRPHV HVSHFLDOO\ LQWHUHVWLQJ +HUH LW PLJKW EH UHOHYDQW WR PHQWLRQ DOO WKH KROHV
IlI
)HVWLYDOV 6FKRO /XF DMeretr. 5DEH LOOQHVV 0HQ Phasm FORWKHV $3 KDLU $3 5H SUREDEOH RIIHULQJV GXULQJ DQFLHQWIHVWLYDOVVHHDOVRQ&KUH)LJXUH ARVVHH$59FO &KVXSUD
&KDSWHU)LYH
IRXQG E\ WHPSOH HQWUDQFHV LQ PRGHUQ 7XUNH\ IRU LQVWDQFH ZKLFK RQH PHUHO\ H[SODLQV ZLWK ³LW KDV WR GR ZLWK PDJLF´ ,I RQH FRPSDUHV WKH RFFXUUHQFH ZLWK ZKDW WDNHV SODFH LQ WKH PRGHUQ FKXUFKHV SHRSOH PLJKW KDYHSXWGLIIHUHQWWKLQJVWKHUHGXULQJDQLPSRUWDQWIHVWLYDOVXFKDVVRPH RIWKHFURSVDPXOHWVDQGWKHOLNHVRWKDWWKH\VKRXOGDFTXLUHSRZHUDQG EHFRPH DQ HIIHFWLYH IHUWLOLW\ V\PERO RU KHDOLQJ UHPHG\ VXFK DV ZKHQ SHRSOHSXWHTXLYDOHQWREMHFWVRQDQDOWDURUQHDUDQLFRQGXULQJWKH(DVWHU IHVWLYDO WKH IHVWLYDO RI WKH 3DQDJLD RQ $XJXVW RU WKH ³1LQWK 'D\¶V ULWXDORIWKH3DQDJLD´VRPHGD\VODWHU7KHFRQWHPSRUDU\FXVWRPLQZKLFK SHRSOHRQ7LQRVGHGLFDWHLFRQVRIVDLQWVDQGRWKHUJLIWVWRWKHLFRQRIWHQ GHSLFWLQJDGLIIHUHQWVDLQWLVDSDUDOOHOWRWKHDQFLHQWRIIHULQJVRIGHLWLHV¶ SLFWXUHV WR DQRWKHU GHLW\ DOWKRXJK LW ZDV QRW DOZD\V DFFHSWHG E\ WKH UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV RI WKH HOLWH 7KHUHIRUH FRPSDULVRQ ZLWK WKH PRGHUQ VRFLHW\ PD\ SURYLGH D QHZ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH FULWLFDO ³WRSGRZQ´ VWDWHPHQWVZHKDYHVHHLQJWKHPIURPD³ERWWRPXS´SHUVSHFWLYH$VZH DOVRKDYHVHHQWKHQHZGRFWULQHRULGHRORJ\SHUSHWXDWHVWKHVWDWHPHQWVRI WKHSKLORVRSKHUVRIWKHWLPHDVVHHQLQ3OXWDUFKRU&OHPHQWRI$OH[DQGULD EHFDXVHWKHLQWHOOHFWXDOXSSHUVWUDWDRIVRFLHW\RUHOLWHRIWHQFRQGHPQVWKH DFWLRQV RI WKH RUGLQDU\ SHUVRQ $OWKRXJK WKH ILUVW WXUEXOHQW \HDUV DIWHU WKH LQWURGXFWLRQ RI &KULVWLDQLW\ ZDV D WUDQVLWLRQDO SHULRG ZLWK VWUXJJOHVEHWZHHQWKHWZRUHOLJLRQVDQGLWLVSHUKDSVLQVXFKDFRQWH[WWKDW RQHVKRXOGFRQVLGHUWKHFULWLFLVPVWKHLGHRORJLVWVRIWKH&KXUFKJLYHRIWKH ROGHUDQGFRPSHWLQJLGHRORJ\¶VH[WUHPHO\LPSRUWDQWGHDWKFXOWRQHVHHV DVDOUHDG\PHQWLRQHGWKDWWKHGHDWKFXOWZKHQSHUIRUPHGE\WKHFRPPRQ SHRSOHZDVQRQHWKHOHVVH[SRVHGWRFULWLFLVPE\WKHVSRNHVPHQRIWKHULYDO QRQ&KULVWLDQ LGHRORJ\ DV ZHOO ,Q WKLV VHQVH WKH WZR HOLWH LGHRORJLHV WKRVHRIWKHSKLORVRSKHUVDQGWKHFKXUFKIDWKHUVGRQRWGLIIHUPXFKIURP RQHDQRWKHU 7KXVRQ7LQRVZHHQFRXQWHUERWKSRSXODUYLHZVZKHUHWKHJ\SVLHV¶LV WKH RQH WKDW LV IXUWKHVW IURP WKH GRJPDWLF 2UWKRGR[ YLHZ ZKLFK LV QRQHWKHOHVV PL[HG LQ PRVW FDVHV ZLWK ZKDW RQH FRPPRQO\ FDOOV SRSXODU EHOLHI ,Q DGGLWLRQ PDQ\ GR QRW WKLQN HVSHFLDOO\ PXFK DERXW ZK\ WKH\ DOZD\VFRPHKHUHGXULQJWKHIHVWLYDO,WLVMXVWWKHZD\LWVKRXOGEH 7KHUHDUHLQRWKHUZRUGVPDQ\PHDQLQJVLQERWKWKHVDFULILFLDODFWRU EXOOVDFULILFHGHVFULEHGE\2LNRQRPLGHVDQGWKHVDFULILFLDODFWRQ7DXURV LQZKLFKERWKDQFLHQW³VXUYLYDOV´DQGQHZ&KULVWLDQPHDQLQJVDUHPL[HG
3OLeg.HDFI9H\QHIQ &OHP$OProtr33OXWHJMorEFFI&KVXSUD&IDOVR+nODQG
&KUHP\H[SHULHQFHVRQ7LQRVZLWK9H\QHII MorGHGD2OGHUGHDWKFXOWHJ+GW3OXWThes YVFULWLFLVP&OHP$OProtr3$XJXVWConf
3OXW
1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\&RQWUDFW"
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ƝWKHPRWKHURIWKHHPSHURU7KHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQWRRNSODFH GXULQJWKHUHLJQRI.ǀQVWDQWLQRVWKH*UHDWDQGDWWKHVDPHWLPHWKHVWDWXH GHGLFDWHG WR WKH VXQ *RG .ǀQVWDQWLQRV WKH 6XQ.ǀQVWDQWLQRV RU +HOLRV .ǀQVWDQWLQRVVWDWXHZDV&KULVWLDQLVHGE\SXWWLQJWKHVLJQRIWKHFURVVRQ LWWKHUHE\SXULI\LQJLWIURPSDJDQLVPDQGFRQVHFUDWLQJLWWR&KULVWLDQLW\ 7KHVDPHORJLFPLJKWEHEHKLQGWKH&KULVWLDQFURVVZKLFKZDVSODFHGLQ WKH PLGGOH RI WKH FDOHQGDU IULH]H RQ WKH FKXUFK GHGLFDWHG WR $JLRV (OHXWKHULRVLQWKHFHQWUHRI$WKHQV7KXVWKHFDOHQGDUIULH]HKDVEHFRPH &KULVWLDQLVHG6HYHUDOUHVHDUFKHUVKDYHGHPRQVWUDWHGKRZ$JLD(OHQƝDQG $JLRV.ǀQVWDQWLQRVKDYHWDNHQRYHUWKHUROHVRI.\EHOHDQG$WWLV$WWLV¶ GHDWKDQGUHVXUUHFWLRQZDVFHOHEUDWHGLQDQWLTXLW\IROORZHGRQ0DUFK E\DVDFUHGZHGGLQJKLHURVJDPRVLQWKHIRUPRIDZHGGLQJZLWK.\EHOH 7KHVHFHOHEUDWLRQVSDUDOOHOERWKWKHGHDWKDQGUHVXUUHFWLRQRI&KULVWWRGD\ DQG WKH $QQXQFLDWLRQ RI 0DU\ ZKLFK LV FHOHEUDWHG RQ WKH VDPH GDWH 0DUFKIROORZHGE\WKHELUWKRI&KULVWQLQHPRQWKVODWHURQ'HFHPEHU RQWKHVDPHGD\WKDWWKHRQHDQGRQO\VXQ*RG0LWKUDSol Invictus ZDV FHOHEUDWHG $URXQG &( WKH ELUWK GDWH RI +HOLRV0LWKUDV ZDV WDNHQ RYHU E\ -HVXV DQG KH ZDV FLUFXPFLVHG RQ -DQXDU\ 7KH 0RWKHU RI
(J0DF&RUPDFN6HHDOVR+RUGHQ3XUFHOOEXWFI&KDQLRWLV
7KHODWWHUKRZHYHUSXWVPRUHHPSKDVLVRQZKDWRQHPLJKWODEHO³WKH&OHPHQWRI $OH[DQGULD SHUVSHFWLYH´ WKDQ KH GRHV RQ WKH SHUVSHFWLYH RI 3RSH *UHJRU\ WKH *UHDWVHHLQIUD6HHDOVR3pSLQ 5RPDLRVQ 5RPDLRV 'UDFRXOLGqV 6FKRWW%LOOPDQQ 6HH DOVR +nODQG &K /RXNDWRVI
&KDSWHU)LYH
&KULVWVHHPVWRUHSODFHWKH0RWKHURIWKH*RGVZKLOHDQRWKHUSDUDOOHOLV WKH FRQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ $JLRV .ǀQVWDQWLQRV DQG $JLD (OHQƝ 5LWXDOV GHGLFDWHG WR WKH SURFHVVLRQ RI WKH 3DQDJLD RU LQ WKH ,WDOLDQ FRQWH[W WKH 0DGRQQD LQ D FDUULDJH GHFRUDWHG ZLWK IORZHUV DUH VLPLODU WR ULWXDOV RQFH DGGUHVVHGWR.\EHOH
)LJXUH 7KH 3DQDJLD Galaktotrophousa RU ³%UHDVWIHHGLQJ´ 3DQDJLD 7LQRV $XJXVW
1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\&RQWUDFW"
2WKHUVKDYHGLVFXVVHGWKH0RWKHURI&KULVW¶VWDNHRYHURIWKH,VLVFXOWIRU LQVWDQFH ZKLFK FDQ EH VHHQ LQ WKH VLPLODULW\ RI WKH LOOXVWUDWLRQV RI WKH 3DQDJLD Galaktotrophousa )LJXUH RU ³%UHDVWIHHGLQJ´ 3DQDJLD WR WKRVHRI,VLVDVWKHQXUVLQJPRWKHURUWKH0RWKHURI&KULVW¶VWDNHRYHURI WKHFXOWRIWKH0RWKHU*RGGHVV$UWHPLV1RWIDUIURPWKHDQFLHQWUXLQVRI (SKHVRV LQ FRQWHPSRUDU\ 7XUNH\ WKH KRXVH RI WKH 9LUJLQ 0DU\ FDQ EH VHHQ FORVH WR WKH DQFLHQW WHPSOH GHGLFDWHG WR WKH JUHDW 0RWKHU *RGGHVV $UWHPLV ZKR ZDV DOVR WKH *RGGHVV RI FKDVWLW\ 7KH 0RWKHU RI &KULVW LV FORVHO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKKHDOLQJPRWKHUKRRGDQGIHUWLOLW\DVLVWKHDQFLHQW *RGGHVV $UWHPLV 0DNLVWRX PRUHRYHU WKLQNV WKDW WKH 3DQDJLD UHSODFHV $UWHPLV RQ /HVERV inter alia E\ WKH IDFW WKDW D FKXUFK GHGLFDWHG WR WKH 3DQDJLD ZDV EXLOW RYHU D WHPSOH RI $UWHPLV +H DOVR GUDZV SDUDOOHOV EHWZHHQ IHVWLYDOV GHGLFDWHG WR WKH WZR GHLWLHV EDVHG XSRQ DQ HW\PRORJLFDO SHUVSHFWLYH ,QVLGH WKH DUFKDHRORJLFDO DUHD LQ FRQWHPSRUDU\ (OHXVLV LV WKH FKXUFK GHGLFDWHG WR WKH 3DQDJLD ZKLFK LV VLWXDWHG RQ D VPDOO KLOO ULJKW DERYH WKH FDYH GHGLFDWHG WR WKH DQFLHQW *RG +DGHV +HUH DQ DQQXDO IHVWLYDO GHGLFDWHG WR WKH 3UHVHQWDWLRQ RI WKH 3DQDJLD LQ WKH WHPSOH DOVR FDOOHG KHU ³(QWU\ >LQWR WKH 7HPSOH@´ RU WKH 3DQDJLD Mesosporitissa mesos PLGGOH KDOI sporos, spora VHHG VRZLQJ ³3DQDJLD +DOI:D\ 7KURXJKWKH6RZLQJ´LVFHOHEUDWHG)URPODWHLQWKHDIWHUQRRQDQGHDUO\ LQWKHHYHQLQJRQWKHHYHRIWKHIHVWLYDOZKLFKLVKHOGRQ1RYHPEHU ZRPHQ DUULYH ZLWK EDVNHWV ILOOHG ZLWK EHDG ZLQH ROLYH RLO DQG FDNHV )LJXUHVDQG 6LQFHVKHLVWKHSURWHFWUHVVRIWKHVRZLQJVKHLVDOVR RIIHUHGSRO\VSRULDRUpanspermia panDOOspernǀWRVRZ³DOOVHHGV´ D ERLOHGPL[WXUHRIDOONLQGVRIFURSVDQGVHYHUDOYDULHWLHVRIJUDLQWKDWLV DOOVRUWVRIIUXLWVRIWKHHDUWKRUWKHIUXLWVRIWKHODWHVWKDUYHVW:KHQWKH SULHVW KDV EOHVVHG WKH JLIWV WKH\ DUH GLVWULEXWHG DQG HDWHQ E\ WKH SDUWLFLSDQWVZKRPDLQO\FRQVLVWRIZRPHQ,QZKHQ,DWWHQGHGWKH ULWXDOWKHUHZDVDQHVSHFLDOO\JUHDWQXPEHURISDUWLFLSDQWVEHFDXVHLWZDV D 6XQGD\ ,Q $WKHQV PRUHRYHU $JLD 0DULQD KDV UHFHLYHG D VDQFWXDU\ ULJKWDERYHWKH³+LOORIWKH1\PSKV´2QHHQFRXQWHUVVLPLODUFRQGLWLRQV UHJDUGLQJWKH3DQDJLDZKRWRGD\LVRIWHQZRUVKLSSHGZKHUHSUH&KULVWLDQ *RGGHVVHV ZHUH ZRUVKLSSHG SUHYLRXVO\ VXFK DV LQ WKH $NURSROLV FDYHV 6KH KDV DOVR EHHQ ZRUVKLSSHG LQ WKH 3DUWKHQRQ WHPSOH DW WKH WRS RI WKH FOLII ZKLFK GXULQJ D WUDQVLWLRQDO SHULRG ZDV D FKXUFK GHGLFDWHG WR WKH 3DQDJLD7KHUHZHUHFKXUFKHVLQERWKWKH3DUWKHQRQDQGWKH(UHNKWKHLRQ WHPSOHV IRU D ORQJ SHULRG RI WLPH XQWLO WKH\ ZHUH WXUQHG LQWR GLIIHUHQW HVWDEOLVKPHQWV PRVTXH SDODFH DQG KDUHP ZHDSRQV VWRUH DQG PXVHXP
5RZODQGVRQSODQG 0DNLVWRX6HHDOVR+nODQG&K
&KDSWHU)LYH
7RGD\ DQRWKHU FXOW KDV WDNHQ RYHU WKH FRQWHPSRUDU\ SLOJULPV WR WKH $NURSROLVDUHXVDQGRUGLQDU\WRXULVWV %\ H[SDQGLQJ WKH RULJLQDO WZRGD\ IDVW EHIRUH (DVWHU LQ WKH WKLUG FHQWXU\WRWRGD\¶VIRUW\HLJKWGD\IDVWWKH&KXUFKDLPHGWRHOLPLQDWHWKH SDJDQ GURPHQD WKDW ZHUH FHOHEUDWHG GXULQJ VSULQJ EORVVRPLQJ )LQDOO\ WKHVHZHUHGLVSODFHGDQGVXEVWLWXWHGZLWKWKHWKUHHZHHNFDUQLYDOVHDVRQ Apokreos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³&KULVWLDQ´ \HDU +HUH DOVR EHORQJ WKH 6RXO 6DWXUGD\V RU SV\FKRVDEEDWDGHGLFDWHGWRWKHGHDGLQWKHVDPHSHULRGWKDWLVGXULQJWKH VSURXWLQJRIWKHJUDLQEXWDOVRDURXQGWKHJUDLQKDUYHVW 0XFK RI WKH DPDOJDPDWLRQ FHUWDLQO\ DOVR WRRN SODFH XQFRQVFLRXVO\ WKURXJK PDQ\ DEVRUSWLRQV WKDW KDYH SUREDEO\ EHHQ DQ\WKLQJ EXW FOHDUO\
)XUWKHUPRUHVHHHJ6H]QHF+nODQG&KVHH&KIIRU
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in loco" 7KHSRLQWLVKRZHYHUWKDWWKHQHZVHWWOHUVPLJKWKDYHIRXQGLWLPSRUWDQWWROLQN WKHPVHOYHV WR WKH FXOW RI WKH UHPDLQLQJ RU IRUPHU UHVLGHQWV DQG WKLV DQFLHQW FXOW VLWH VLQFH LW ZRXOG PDNH WKHP PRUH OHJLWLPDWH KHLUV RI WKH DQFLHQW WUDGLWLRQ D WRSLF , KDYH GLVFXVVHG HOVHZKHUH VHH +nODQG 9RO )XUWKHUPRUH WKDW WKH VLWH ZDV DEDQGRQHG GRHV QRW SUHFOXGH WKH LQKDELWDQWV IURP UHWXUQLQJ IRU WKH FHOHEUDWLRQRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWIHVWLYDOV6HHDOVR+ULVWRYHVSHFLDOO\ I IRU UHOHYDQW PRGHUQ SDUDOOHOV 6HH DOVR &K VXSUD DQG UHIHUHQFHV UH WKH FRQWLQXLW\RIWKHWUDGLWLRQVRI'HPHWHUDQG.RUƝLQWKLVYHU\SODFHDIDFWZKLFKLV OLNHZLVH VHHQ LQ 0\ORQDV UH WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI WKH EURNHQ VWDWXH RI WKH *RGGHVVWRVHFXUHWKHIHUWLOLW\RIWKHFURSVDOVRIRUWKH7XUNV .\ULDNLGRX1HVWRURVIIII&I+DUW6HHDOVR+nODQG &KDQG&K
1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\&RQWUDFW"
IRUPXODWHG RQ WKH FRQVFLRXV OHYHO VXFK DV LQ ZRUGV RU ZULWLQJV DQG IRUPHUSDJDQLVP³VHHSHGLQ´LQWKHIRUPRIWKHQDWXUHFXOWLQRQHZD\RU DQRWKHU 7KH $XJXVW FXOW GHGLFDWHG WR D 0RWKHU *RGGHVV PD\ KDYH HQGXUHG WKURXJK D FRPELQDWLRQ RI WKH ORJLF EHKLQG WKH DJULFXOWXUDO \HDU SHRSOH¶V HPRWLRQV LQ FRQQHFWLRQ ZLWK WKH FXOW GHGLFDWHG WR D 0RWKHU *RGGHVVDQGDOOWKHV\PEROLVPWKDWEHORQJVWRWKHFXOWVXFKDVWKHULWXDO DFWLYLWLHVRIFXOWVWKDWJHQHUDOO\WRRNSODFHLQFDYHVDQGWKHYHU\IDFWWKDW LWZDVRIWHQWKHV\PEROVREWDLQHGIURPWKHPHGLDWRUWKDWZHUHLPSRUWDQW VXFK DV ZDWHU 7KH FRQVFLRXV DQG FOHDUO\ FRQVLGHUHG GHVLUH IRU DQ DPDOJDPDWLRQLVQRQHWKHOHVVFOHDUO\GHPRQVWUDWHGLQWKHOHWWHUIURP3RSH *UHJRU\ WKH *UHDW WR $EERW 0HOOLWXV IURP &( ZKHUH KH PDLQWDLQV WKDW WKH\ VKRXOG SXUJH WKH ROG WHPSOHV ³IURP WKH ZRUVKLS RI WKH GHYLOV´ DQGFRQVHFUDWHWKHP³WRWKHVHUYLFHRIWKHWUXH*RG´EXWWKH\VKRXOGOHW WKH SHRSOH VDFULILFH ,Q VKRUW LI \RX WUHDW WKHP VRIWO\ WKH\ ZLOO ³PRUH UHDGLO\FRPHWRGHVLUHWKHMR\VRIWKHVSLULW´7KDW*UHJRU\¶VOHWWHUGHDOV ZLWK WKH FRQYHUVLRQ RI (QJOLVK SDJDQV VKRXOG QRW PDWWHU PXFK VLQFH LQ DQ\HYHQWKHVDWLQ5RPHDQGZDVKLPVHOISDUWRID0HGLWHUUDQHDQFXOWXUH 7KHOHWWHUIURP*UHJRU\GHPRQVWUDWHVWKDWWKHQHZ&KULVWLDQLGHRORJ\KDG WREHSUHVHQWHGLQDZD\WKDWZRXOGEHFRPSDWLEOHZLWKSHRSOH¶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¶V DERYH PHQWLRQHG GHILQLWLRQ RI PHQWDOLW\ &RQVFLRXV DFWLRQV DUH OLNHZLVH VXEMHFW WR DQ HPRWLRQDO HOHPHQW ZKLFK DOVR DSSOLHV WR 3RSH *UHJRU\ KLPVHOI$OWKRXJKWKHDPDOJDPDWLRQVKRXOGWDNHSODFHFRQVFLRXVO\WRZLQ RYHU WKH SDJDQV LW FHUWDLQO\ KDV QRW DOZD\V ZRUNHG WKLV ZD\ LQ SUDFWLFH :HKDYHVHHQWKDWWKHVDPHSRSHLQVSLWHRIKLVRZQ&KULVWLDQLGHRORJ\¶V DGPRQLWLRQV WR ³ORYH WK\ QHLJKERXU´ DQG IRUJLYH UHSHQWDQW VLQQHUV RQFH UHIXVHG WR EXU\ D PRQN DV D UHVXOW RI GHHSHUO\LQJ UXOHV RU PHQWDOLW\ ZKLFK RQ WKH FRQVFLRXV OHYHO LOOXVWUDWHV DQ LGHRORJ\ ZKHUHLQ KRQRXU DQG
%RZHU&K&I:ROI+nODQGD &K VXSUD 6HH DOVR -DFNVRQ E 0RHUPDQ FI -DFREVRQ
:LGGLQJI
&KDSWHU)LYH
GLJQLW\ DUH IXQGDPHQWDO YDOXHV 7KH VWRU\ RI KRZ KLV WZR LGHRORJLHV FRQIOLFWHGZLWKRQHDQRWKHUDQGZKHUHWKHSRSH¶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
&I&KVXSUDZLWK3OLegDQG6RSKAnt6HHDOVR&KVXSUD
&IDOVR+nODQG&K 6HH Q LQIUD +nODQG &K IRU GLVFXVVLRQ VHH DOVR .\ULDNLGRX 1HVWRURV 5H PRGHUQ PHGLFLQH FKURQRELRORJ\ VXQOLJKW DQG WKH F\FOH RI QDWXUHVHH/ UXP +DUWII/RXNDWRV(FRQRPLGHVII:DUH &KI7VRWDNRX.DUEHOƝ6HHDOVR&KVXSUDYV&DPSEHOO I
1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\&RQWUDFW"
HPSKDVLVHWKHVLJQLILFDQFHRIWKHKXPDQERG\SDUWLFXODUO\WKHLPSRUWDQFH RI LWVSDUWV HVSHFLDOO\ ERQHV KHDG DQG JHQLWDOV DV ZHOO DV JHQHUDOQDWXUH V\PEROVVXFKDVHDUWKDQGZDWHUZKLFKDUHUHODWHGWRWKHKXPDQERG\LQD FRQFUHWHZD\7KHUHIRUHUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRIWKHQHZLGHRORJ\¶VVFHSWLFLVP RIWKHYHUEDOODQJXDJH¶VLQDELOLW\WRGHDODFFXUDWHO\ZLWKWKHQHZGLYLQLW\ PLJKW SHUKDSV DOVR EH FRPSHQVDWHG ZLWK WKHVH V\PEROV ZKLFK KDYH D PRUHPDQLIROGULFKQHVVRIPHDQLQJ2QHPD\EHUHPLQGHGRI&OHPHQWRI $OH[DQGULD¶VQHJDWLYHFRQFHSWRIWKHGHLW\RU*RGEHFDXVHKHLVVFHSWLFDO RI WKH ODQJXDJH DQG LWV LQDELOLW\ WR GHDO DGHTXDWHO\ ZLWK WKH GLYLQLW\ RU GHLW\ 7KH V\PEROV KRZHYHU DUH DV IXOO RI SUH&KULVWLDQ RU SDJDQ PHDQLQJDVWKHYHUEDOWHUPVDQGILJXUDWLYHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIZKLFKKHLV VFHSWLFDO ,V LW WKHQ WKH FDVH WKDW KHUH &OHPHQW LV H[SUHVVLQJ WKH SUREOHPVWKDWUHVXOWIURPWKHFRQVFLRXVXVHRIZKDWIRUKLPDUHD³SDJDQ UHOLJLRQ¶V´ WHUPV IRU WKH ³QHZ DQG WUXH UHOLJLRQ´ IRU ZKLFK KH LV D VSRNHVSHUVRQ",IVRWKHODQJXDJHPXVWQHFHVVDULO\EHLQDGHTXDWH,QRWKHU ZRUGVKHLVVFHSWLFDORIZKDWIRU*UHJRU\ZDVTXLWHDOULJKW&OHPHQWLQ RWKHUZRUGVLVIDFLQJWKHVDPHSUREOHPDVIHPLQLVWVZKRGRQRWZDQWWR XVH WKH PDOH UHVHDUFK¶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artos SO artoi ZKLFK LV DOVR WKH $QFLHQW *UHHN WHUP IRU EUHDG ZKLOH WKH
,W FRQVLVWV RI ZDWHU FI WKH &KULVWLDQ EXULDO ULWXDO ³>I@URP HDUWK \RX DUH
ERUQ>I@URPHDUWK\RXZLOOEHUHVXUUHFWHG´,HLQDFRQFUHWHZD\6HHPRUHRYHU 5LFKOLQUHZKDWWKH³ERG\KLVWRU\´GHDOVZLWK 3HUVRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQIURP+HQQ\+lJJ6HHDOVR&OHP$OStrom ZKHUH WKH FROXPQ WHVWLILHV WR WKH LPSRVVLELOLW\ RI UHSUHVHQWLQJ *RG WKURXJK DQ LPDJH 6HH VXSUD DQG HJ 9H\QH LH LI WKH VFHSWLFLVP LV GXH WR WKH IDFW WKDW WKH\DUHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKSUH&KULVWLDQGHLWLHV &IDOVR+nODQG&KIRUWKHSUREOHPVUHXVLQJ/DWLQWHUPVIRU*UHHN FRQGLWLRQV DQG GLVFXVVLRQ RI VWUXFWXUDOLVPIXQFWLRQDOLVP YV KHDOLQJIHUWLOLW\ &I PRUHRYHU-DFNVRQ 6HH HJ 6LPRSRXORX Q 5H WKH IROORZLQJ DQG WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQpsǀmiDQGartosRQHVKRXOGQRWHWKDWDUWRVFDQEHSXUFKDVHGDWEDNHULHV RQ7LQRV7KHVPDOOORDYHVRIEUHDGWKDWKDYHEHHQEOHVVHGDUHFDOOHGprosphoro SOprosphora7KLVLVEUHDGWKDWLV³RIIHUHG´WR&KULVW:KHQDVDLQW¶VIHDVWLVKHOG
&KDSWHU)LYH
PRGHUQWHUPXVHGIRUHYHU\GD\EUHDGLVpsǀmi3HRSOHFRPHWRWKHFKXUFK EULQJLQJ ZLWK WKHP EUHDG WR EH EOHVVHG ZKLFK WKURXJK WKH FRQVHFUDWLRQ EHKLQGWKHLNRQRVWDVLVEHFRPHantidǀro ³FRXQWHUJLIW´ WREHGLVWULEXWHGWR WKHSHRSOHDIWHUWKHOLWXUJ\
)LJXUH 2IIHULQJV RI EUHDG ZLQH DQG ROLYH RLO QHDWO\ ODLG LQ KXJH EDVNHWV LQ IURQWRIWKHDOWDU0DUNRSRXOR.HSKDOORQLD$XJXVW
LQDGGLWLRQWRWKHOLWXUJLFDOEUHDGWKHUHDUHRIIHULQJVRIRLOZLQHDQGODUJHUORDYHV RIEUHDGDUWRL
1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\&RQWUDFW"
7R EH SUHFLVH WKH SDJDQ WHUP VLJQLILHV WKH FRQVHFUDWHG EUHDG RI WKH FKXUFK ZKLOH HYHU\GD\ EUHDG KDV D GLIIHUHQW GHVLJQDWLRQ 8QWLO UHFHQWO\ WKHYHUQDFXODUODQJXDJH'HPRWLF DQGWKHZULWWHQLQFOXGLQJWKHOLWXUJLFDO ODQJXDJH KDYH EHHQ TXLWH GLIIHUHQW ,Q WKH V D *UHHN REVHUYHU ZKR QRQHWKHOHVV ZURWH PRUH LQ Kathareuousa OLWHUDOO\ ³SXULVW>LF@ *UHHN RIILFLDOHVH´ WKDQ LQ DƝmotikƝ YHUQDFXODU ODQJXDJH FRXOG GHVFULEH WKH RULJLQDO 7XUNLVK NRQDNL DV megara konakia )RU KLP WKHVH ZHUH WKH ³SULHVWV¶ WKDW LV WKH $UFKLDQDVWHQDULV¶ KRXVHV´ 7KH WHUP PD\ KDYH SDUDOOHOVZLWKWKHDQFLHQWWHUP megaronSO megaraWKDWLVKRXVHRUURRP IRU PHQ RU ZRPHQ LQQHU URRP RI D WHPSOH VDQFWXDU\ ZLWK DOO LWV FRQQRWDWLRQV LW ZDV IRU LQVWDQFH FHQWUDO LQ FRQQHFWLRQ ZLWK WKH 7KHVPRSKRULD IHVWLYDO $PRQJ H[DPSOHV RI WKH LQVXIILFLHQFLHV RI WKH ODQJXDJH RQH PD\ PHQWLRQ WKH WHUP hƝrǀs ZKLFK ZDV WKH WHUP XVHG E\ WKH FKXUFK IDWKHUV WR VLJQLI\ WKH ILUVW PDUW\UV EHFDXVH WKH QHZ LGHRORJ\ KDG WR XVH WKH WHUPV DOUHDG\ SUHVHQW LQ WKH ODQJXDJH 7KH FRQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH &KULVWLDQ VDLQW¶V FXOW DQG SUH&KULVWLDQ KHUR FXOW KDV EHHQ H[DPLQHGE\0DUWLQ31LOVVRQZKLOH3HWHU%URZQUHMHFWVWKHLPSRUWDQFH RI WKH FKXUFK IDWKHUV¶ WHUPLQJ WKH ILUVW PDUW\UV heroes (hƝrǀes )XUWKHUPRUH WKH GLVSOD\LQJ RI WKH KRO\ WKLQJV DW (OHXVLV EHFRPHV D SDUDOOHO WR WKH UHYHDOLQJ RI KRO\ V\PEROV HVSHFLDOO\ WKH %LEOH LQ WKH &KXUFKRIWRGD\ 7KLVLVFRPSDUDEOHWRWKHSKLORVRSKHUVZKRGHVSLWHWKHFULWLFLVPWKH\ JDYHWKHLUSRHWLFDOSUHGHFHVVRUVQRQHWKHOHVVDGDSWHGWKHPVHOYHVWRWKHP SUREDEO\DVWKHUHVXOWRIDFRUUHVSRQGLQJDQGWKHUHE\LQWHUQDOO\FRPSHWLQJ YDOXHV\VWHPDVLVHYLGHQFHGE\3ODWR¶VVWDWHPHQWVVLQFHLWLVSUHFLVHO\LQ KLVZULWLQJVWKDWPXFKRIWKHSRSXODUFXOWLVIRXQGLQWKHVDPHZD\LWLVLQ 3OXWDUFKIRULQVWDQFH5HJDUGLQJ.OHLVWKHQHV¶UHRUJDQLVDWLRQRIWKHphyles WKDWLVphylƝ/phylaiFODQRUWULEH DWWKHHQGRIWKHV%&(KHXVHGWKH ROGSK\OHVLQDQHZVHWWLQJEDVHGRQWKHDUHDRIUHVLGHQFHLQVWHDGRIIDPLO\ UHODWLRQVVLQFHKHKDGWRXVHDUUDQJHPHQWVSHRSOHNQHZDFFRUGLQJO\WKH QHZ SK\OHV DFTXLUHG WKHLU P\WKLFDO DQFHVWRUV VDQFWLRQHG E\ 'HOSKL ,I
6FKRO/XFDMeretr5DEH6HH+nODQG&KI
IRUGLVFXVVLRQ6HHDOVR&KVXSUD5HWKHWHUPLQRORJ\LQ&KRXUPRX]LDGƝV RU ZKLFK EHORQJV WR WKH KLVWRU\ RI WKH *UHHN ODQJXDJH DIWHU RQH VKRXOGQRWHWKDW.DWKDUHXRXVDZDVDFRPSURPLVHEHWZHHQWKH³OHDUQHG´ODQJXDJH PRUHVLPLODUWR$QFLHQW*UHHN DQGWKHYHUQDFXODUODQJXDJHRIWKHWLPH0RGHUQ *UHHNmegaroFDQEHWUDQVODWHGDVPDQVLRQSDODFH %URZQQYV1LOVVRQ $ULVW Ath. Pol 6HH DOVR 5LFKDUGVRQ I ,Q NHHSLQJ ZLWK +nODQG &KQDQGSUREOHPDWLFVRIWKHSKUDWULHVDQG$ULVWRWOH¶VDFFRXQWRIWKH DPRXQWRIWKHVHFI$ULVWAth. Pol FRPSDUHGZLWKZKDWUHFHQWUHVHDUFKKDV
&KDSWHU)LYH
ZH FRPSDUH WKH SKLORVRSKHUV ZLWK .OHLVWKHQHV¶ QHZ LQWURGXFWLRQ RI WKH KHUR FXOW RU WKH ODWHU FKXUFK IDWKHUV LW PLJKW VHHP WKDW OLNH WKH DIRUHPHQWLRQHG 3RSH *UHJRU\ WKH *UHDW WKH\ VRRQ GLVFRYHUHG WKDW LI SHRSOH DUH WR XQGHUVWDQG ZKDW WKH\ DUH WDONLQJ DERXW WKH\ PXVW VSHDN D ³ODQJXDJH´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³WDNHRYHU´RU³DSSURSULDWLRQ´RIWKHZRPHQ¶VWUDGLWLRQDOODPHQWV LQWKHFODVVLFDODQGHDUO\%\]DQWLQHSHULRGVVLQFHWKHZRPHQFRQWLQXHGWR SHUIRUPODPHQWVDWWKHWRPEVRIWKHLUGHFHDVHG7KLVDOVRSURYLGHVDEHWWHU H[SODQDWLRQ DV WR ZK\ GLIIHUHQW FRQFHSWLRQV DQG EHOLHIV DERXW GHDWK PDUULDJHDQGELUWKHQGXUHDQGUHIXWHVFODLPVWKDWVRPHDUH³HDUOLHU´DQG PRUH³SULPLWLYH´WKDQRWKHUVWKDWLVLQDQHJDWLYHVHQVH %\ IRFXVLQJ RQ WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ RIILFLDO UHOLJLRQ DQG SRSXODU UHOLJLRQ RQH PD\ WKHUHIRUH GLVFORVH VLPLODULWLHV DQG GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ GRFWULQDODQGORFDORUSRSXODUFRQFHSWLRQVRIYDULRXVIDFWRUV:HDOVRVHH KRZ ZKDW KDV EHHQ WHUPHG ³VHYHUDO UHOLJLRXV V\VWHPV´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
EURXJKW WR OLJKW EDVHG RQ WKH VWXG\ RI WKH UHOHYDQW LQVFULSWLRQV UHODWHG WR WKH SKUDWU\ VDQFWXDULHV WKLV LV RQH RI WKH SRLQWV RQH PLJKW KDYH DGGUHVVHG LQ WKH GLVFXVVLRQRIHQGXULQJUXOHVWRZKLFKQHZHULGHRORJLHVKDYHKDGWRDGDSWVXFKDV DW WKH LQVWLWXWLRQDO OHYHO IROORZLQJ WKH UHIRUPV RI .OHLVWKHQHV RU WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQDSULHVW¶VGXWLHVLQRQHRUPRUHRIWKHSKUDWU\VDQFWXDULHVVXFKDVWKHRQH LQ 2URSRV VHH +nODQG &K Q IRU GLVFXVVLRQ RI LSCG DQG WKH DJULFXOWXUDO\HDUFIWKHIROORZLQJ 6HH&KVXSUDDQG6LVVDIIRUIXUWKHUYDULDQWV &I&KVXSUD6HHDOVRWKHORJLFLQ%ORFK
1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\&RQWUDFW"
KRZSUDFWLFHVKDYHERWKFRQVFLRXVDQGXQFRQVFLRXVDVSHFWVDQGKRZQRW RQO\ RQH EXW VHYHUDO FRQIOLFWLQJ LGHRORJLHV DUH HPERGLHG LQ HYHU\GD\ DFWLYLWLHV DQGZD\VRI WKLQNLQJ$FFRUGLQJO\ SHRSOHNQRZZKDW WKH\ DUH GRLQJE\DQGODUJHWKH\NQRZZK\WKH\DFWDVWKH\GREXWWKH\GRQRW NQRZZKDWWKHLUDFWLRQVEULQJDERXW7KXVLWLVQRWDPDWWHURIRQHEXWRI VHYHUDO RIWHQ FRQIOLFWLQJ LGHRORJLHV 7KLV DOVR GHPRQVWUDWHV WKDW LQ WKH ORQJ WHUP LW LV QRW VR HDV\ WR PDQLSXODWH ³GR[D´ ZKLFK LV UHOHYDQW WR WKH DIRUHPHQWLRQHG 3RSH *UHJRU\¶V OHWWHU DV ZHOO 2QH PD\ DJUHH ZLWK 0DU[ZKRDVVHUWVWKDWWKHXQLQWHQGHGHIIHFWVRIKXPDQDFWLRQVVKRZWKH PDQ\DQGIUHTXHQWLURQLHVRIKLVWRU\)XUWKHUPRUHRQHPD\SRLQWRXWWKDW IURPWKHHDUOLHVWWKHRORJLFDOZULWLQJVWRWKHSUHVHQWGD\WKHUHLVWKHVDPH PLUDJH WKDW YDULRXV SDJDQ ³VXUYLYDOV´ DUH FRQVLVWHQWO\ FRQVLGHUHG WR EH GLVDSSHDULQJDV3LQD&DEUDOKDVGHPRQVWUDWHGLQKLVVWXG\RIWKHEHOLHILQ GHPRQVLQ$UFKELVKRS(XVHELRVRI&DHVDUHDWKHLQTXLVLWRUVRIWKHV DQGFRQWHPSRUDU\3RUWXJDO,QWKLVZD\KLVILQGLQJVEHFRPHDSDUDOOHOWR 6WHZDUW¶VVWXG\RIGHPRQVLQD*UHHNLVODQGFRPPXQLW\ %DVHGXSRQ*UHJRU\¶VOHWWHUWKHSDJDQVVKRXOGKDYHEHHQFRQYHUWHGWR WKH &KULVWLDQ IDLWK DIWHU \HDUV DQG WKH V\PEROV VXUHO\ PXVW KDYH REWDLQHGDQHZDQG&KULVWLDQPHDQLQJIRUSHRSOH7RGD\WKHV\PEROVGR KDYH D &KULVWLDQ PHDQLQJ EXW QRW HYHU\ERG\ DJUHHV ZLWK WKLV 2QH HQFRXQWHUV IRU LQVWDQFH WKH ELVKRS RI ZKRP 2LNRQRPLGHV ZULWHV ZKHQ KHLVRQO\SHUPLWWHGWRSDUWLFLSDWHLQWKHVDFULILFLDOULWXDORQWKHVWHSVRID FKXUFK LI KH VZHDUV E\ WKH 3DQDJLD WKDW KH ZLOO QHYHU UHYHDO ZKHUH LW KDSSHQHGQRUWKHQDPHRIWKHRI¿FLDWLQJSULHVW7KHPHQWLRQHGELVKRS KDV VHYHUDO SDUDOOHOV EH WKDW WKH SULHVW RQ 3ODND LQ WKH PLGVW RI $WKHQV ZKR UHIXVHV WR RIILFLDWH LQ WKH $NURSROLV FDYHV RU WKH YLOODJH SULHVW LQ $JLD (OHQƝ ZKR UHVLVWV WKH ULWXDO RI WKH $QDVWHQDULGHV 8QOLNH RUGLQDU\ SHRSOH WKH\ GR QRW DJUHH ZLWK *UHJRU\ 7KHVH HFFOHVLDVWLFV FRQGHPQ VHYHUDO *UHHN FXVWRPV DV SDJDQ 2WKHU SULHVWV SDUWLFLSDWH LQ WKH ULWXDOV EHFDXVHOLNH*UHJRU\WKH\WKLQNWKH\KDYHEHFRPH&KULVWLDQ7KHSULHVW ZKRSDUWLFLSDWHVLQ$JLD(OHQƝLVDNLQWRWKHSULHVWZKRSHUIRUPVWKHEXOO VDFULILFH RQ 7DXURV ERWK RI ZKRP KDYH WKH VDPH YLHZ DV RUGLQDU\ SHRSOH$OWKRXJKLQUHDOLW\DOORIWKHVRFDOOHG³VXUYLYDOV´WKHVSHFLILF FXOWRIWKHERQHVLQWKHGHDWKFXOW)LJXUH DQGWKHULWXDOVLQ$JLD(OHQƝ RQ 7DXURV DQG LQ WKH $NURSROLV FDYHV EHORQJ ZLWKLQ WKH &KULVWLDQ
&I %RXUGLHX YV 6HH DOVR /DUVHQ &I -DFREVRQ
:LGGLQJIRUVHYHUDOLGHRORJLHV 6WHZDUW3LQD&DEUDO&I%ORNUH0DU[ 2LNRQRPLGHV[&IVXSUD &I 6WHZDUW UH WKH VDPH SUREOHP ZLWK UHJDUG WR D &DWKROLF SULHVW LQ
$IULFDDQGWKHFDUGLQDOLQ5RPH6HHDOVR3LQD&DEUDO
&KDSWHU)LYH
FRVPRORJ\DVDUHVXOWRIWKHDPDOJDPDWLRQRQHHQFRXQWHUVLQWKH2UWKRGR[ &KXUFKLQDFWXDOIDFWQRWHYHU\ERG\WKLQNVVR7KLVLVHVSHFLDOO\WKHFDVH ZLWKLQ WKH RIILFLDO LGHRORJ\¶V RZQ UDQNV DQG WKH\ KDYH PDQ\ SUHGHFHVVRUV VXFK DV .\ULOORV RI $OH[DQGULD IURP WKH ILIWK FHQWXU\ DQG 7KHRSKLORVWKHELVKRSRI0DFHGRQLDLQWKHV
)LJXUH'HDWKFXOW%RQHVH[KXPHGDWWKHFHPHWHU\LQ6HUUHVQRUWKHUQ*UHHFH RQWKHVHFRQGRIWKHWKUHHSV\FKRVDEEDWDGXULQJ&DUQLYDODQG/HQWDWWKHHQGRI ZLQWHU6HUUHV*UHHN0DFHGRQLD0DUFK
7KH\ DOVR KDYH PDQ\ RWKHU SDUDOOHOV EXW WKLV DOVR SHUWDLQV WR WKH SULHVW ZKR SHUIRUPV WKHEXOO VDFULILFH$YDULDQWRI WKH ILUVW LV WKHILIWKFHQWXU\ ELVKRSZKRSURFODLPHGWKDW³>Q@XOODHVWUHOLJLRLQVWDJQR´WKHUHFDQEHQR UHOLJLRQ LQ D VZDPS ,W QRW RQO\ ZDV EXW LV LQGHHG SRVVLEOH ZKHWKHU FRQFHUQLQJ WKH FXOW GHGLFDWHG WR 'LRQ\VRV LQ WKH 0DUVKHV WKH VHWWLQJ RI WKH 0\VWHULHV DW (OHXVLV DQG RWKHU VZDPSV LQ ZKLFK SHRSOH ZRUVKLSSHG DQFLHQW 0RWKHU *RGGHVVHV HVSHFLDOO\ 'HPHWHU $ PRGHUQ SDUDOOHO LV WKH FXOWGHGLFDWHGWRWKH3DQDJLDLQWKHYLOODJHRILimnƝPDUVK RQWKHLVODQG RI(XERHD/LPQƝRQ/HVERVDQGWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQDPRQDVWHU\DQG FRQYHQW ZKHUH WKH PRQDVWHU\ LV VLWXDWHG RQ WKH SODLQ GHGLFDWHG WR WKH 3DQDJLDRIWKH0\UWOHLVDOVRFHQWUDOKHUH7KLVDOVRUHODWHVWRWKHULWXDOLQ 0HOLNƝLQZKLFKLWLVYHU\LPSRUWDQWWKDWWKH³GDPDODNLD´WKH\RXQJPHQ
%URZQUHSURGXFHVWKHFLWDWLRQFI$VDGQ
1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\&RQWUDFW"
RU NLQJ¶V ³R[HQ´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¶VXQZLOOLQJQHVVWR UHFRJQLVH VRPHWKLQJ KH RU VKH DEKRUV EXW WR WKH IDFW WKDW LQ D WLPH RI VWURQJ UHOLJLRXV VXSSUHVVLRQ VXFK DFWLRQV DUH OHVV YLVLEOH 7KLV GRHV QRW PHDQ WKDW ³VXSHUVWLWLRQ´ LV IORXULVKLQJ QRU WKDW ³UHDO´ YDOXHV DUH ORVW RU JUHHG\ SHRSOH ZRUN ZLWK HYLO LQWHQWLRQV DQG GHFHLYH RWKHUV DV PDQ\ ZLWKLQ WKH RIILFLDO &KXUFK ZRXOG KDYH LW EXW UDWKHU WKDW WKH &KXUFK UHSUHVHQWDWLYHVDUHXQDEOHWRFRQWLQXHFRQWUROOLQJSHRSOH¶VUHOLJLRXVLGHDV DQG EHOLHIV ZLWK SK\VLFDO SRZHU 7KLV LV H[HPSOLILHG E\ WKH IDFW WKDW WKH YLOODJHFKXUFKLQ$JLD(OHQƝLVDOPRVWHPSW\GXULQJWKHIHVWLYDOGHGLFDWHG WR$JLRV.ǀQVWDQWLQRVDQG$JLD(OHQƝVLPXOWDQHRXVO\DVWKHNRQDNLWKH UHOLJLRXV PHHWLQJ SODFH RU VKULQH RI WKH $QDVWHQDULGHV LV ILOOHG WR WKH EUHDNLQJ SRLQW E\ EHOLHYHUV DQG RWKHU SDUWLFLSDQWV IURP ERWK WRZQ DQG FRXQWU\VLGH ,Q FRQQHFWLRQ ZLWK WKH &KXUFK¶V XQVXFFHVVIXO DWWHPSW WR DEROLVK WKH IHVWLYDO WKH IROORZLQJ QDUUDWLYH LV LOOXVWUDWLYH 'DQIRUWK UHSURGXFHVDQLQWHUHVWLQJYHUVLRQIURPWKHYLHZSRLQWRIWKH$QDVWHQDULGHV LQ WKH VWRU\ RI WKH WLPH WKH ELVKRS RI 6R]RSROLV ZDQWHG WR VXSSUHVV WKH $QDVWHQDULD IHVWLYDO +H FDPH WR .ǀVWL DQG GUHVVHG XS DV D ZRPDQ EHIRUH VLWWLQJ GRZQ DQG ZDWFKLQJ WKH GDQFHUV GDQFLQJ EDUHIRRW RYHU WKH JORZLQJHPEHUVRIWKHG\LQJILUH$V'DQIRUWKSRLQWVRXWWKLVLVDSDUDOOHO WR 3HQWKHXV¶ LQGHHG FRQVLGHUDEO\ PRUH GUDPDWLF IDWH LQ WKH Bakchai ZKHQ KH WULHG WR HQWHU WKH IHPDOH GRPDLQV VLQFH WKH ELVKRS ZDV VR LPSUHVVHGWKDWKHOHIWZLWKRXWPDNLQJDQ\DWWHPSWWRVXSSUHVVWKHFXOW,Q WKLV ZD\ WKH $QDVWHQDULGHV HPSKDVLVH WKDW WKH\ DUH XQGHU $JLRV .ǀQVWDQWLQRV¶ SURWHFWLRQ $QRWKHU YDULDQW RI WKH VDPH VLWXDWLRQ FDQ EH IRXQGLQWKHRIILFLDOOLWXUJLFDOULWXDOVWKDWWDNHSODFH³XSVWDLUV´LQWKHPDLQ FKXUFKRQ7LQRVDWWKHVDPHWLPHWKDWWKHSRSXODUULWXDOVWDNHSODFHLQWKH FDYHFKXUFK EHORZ ZKHUH SHRSOH IHWFK KRO\ HDUWK DQG ZDWHU ERWK RI ZKLFKDUHYHU\LPSRUWDQWULWXDOVIRUDOLYLQJUHOLJLRQ2QHPD\DOVRUHIHUWR
)RUWKHGDPDODNLDFI&KVXSUD 'DQIRUWK 6HH DOVR 6WRO\DURYD DQG (QLNHHYD IRU ULWXDOV
WDNLQJSODFHLQVHFUHWLQWKH5XVVLDQFRQWH[WGXULQJWKH6RYLHWSHULRG (XUBacchFIIRUKLVIDWH &I'XELVFKIIRUDQLPSRUWDQWSRLQW6HHDOVRVXSUD
&KDSWHU)LYH
WKH VDQFWXDU\ RI $JLD 0DULQD ZKLFK WRGD\ LV EXLOW RYHU WKH ³+LOO RI WKH 1\PSKV´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³VXSHUVWLWLRQ´ LQ VRPH VRXUFHVDQGHUDVWKHUHIRUHLVQRWQHFHVVDULO\GXHWRDODFNRIEHOLHIDPRQJ WKHSHRSOHEXWUDWKHUWRWKHIDFWWKDWWKH&KXUFKFRQVLGHUHGWKLVWREHWUXWK LQWKRVHGD\VRUZDVXQDZDUHRIZKDWWRRNSODFH7KXVWKHUHDUHGLIIHUHQW YLHZV DPRQJ PDQ\ RI WKH SULHVWKRRG DQG RWKHU RI WKH UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV RI WKH LGHRORJ\ DQG DPRQJ WKRVH LQ WKH JHQHUDO SRSXODWLRQ DW ODUJH ZKR SHUIRUPWKHULWXDOVDVWKHUHVHHPWRKDYHEHHQLQDQWLTXLW\H[HPSOLILHGE\ 3OXWDUFK:HDJDLQKDYHDFRQILUPDWLRQRI9H\QH¶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¶DOOHJHGHVWDEOLVKPHQWDQGGHYHORSPHQWRIQHZFXOWVLQWKH FLW\ PD\ EH DQ DQFLHQW SDUDOOHO WR PDQ\ RI WKH FRQWHPSRUDU\ ³UHYLYDOV´ 1HYHUWKHOHVVSHRSOH¶VXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHSKHQRPHQRQPD\RIFRXUVHEH GLIIHUHQW 3HLVLVWUDWRV¶ DFWLRQV PD\ DOVR UHSUHVHQW D YDULDWLRQ RQ WKH
&IVXSUDUHGLIIHUHQWLQIRUPDQWV¶VWDWHPHQWVZLWK$OH[LRX
6WHZDUW3LQD&DEUDOYV0DYURJRUGDWR ZKR IURP KLV RQHGLPHQVLRQDO SHUVSHFWLYH WKLQNV WKDW WKH *UHHNV ZHUH DQG DUH SDJDQVFI&KRXUPRX]LDGƝVDVZHOODVGH0DUWLQLDQG
1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\&RQWUDFW"
PHQWLRQHG ³*UHJRULDQ PHWKRG´ 3RSH *UHJRU\ WKH *UHDW¶V ³UHFLSH´ IRU UHFUXLWLQJQHZVXEMHFWVWRWKH&KULVWLDQLGHRORJ\,IRQHVHHVWKHIHVWLYDOV EDVHGRQ9H\QH¶VPHQWLRQHGWKHVLVRI³EUHDGDQGFLUFXVHV´WKHIHVWLYDOV VKRXOGKDYHEHHQXVHGLGHRORJLFDOO\E\WKHUXOHUVLQRUGHUWRNHHSSHRSOH LQ WKHLU VRFLDO SODFH ERWK WRGD\ DQG LQ DQWLTXLW\ 7KLV VKRXOG KDYH KDSSHQHG WKURXJK WKH PRGHUQ FDUQLYDOV ODUJHVFDOH PDUNLQJV RI QDWLRQDO GD\V RU WKH WUDJHGLHV RI WKH 'LRQ\VRV IHVWLYDOV DV ZHOO DV WKH $WKHQLDQ SROLWLFLDQV¶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³SRRU´,WLVQRWHDV\WRGLVWLQJXLVKEHWZHHQWKH³GHLWLHVRIWKH SHRSOH´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¶V QHLJKERXU LV LPSRUWDQW IRU WKH *UHHN SRSXODWLRQ WRGD\ DV LW ZDV HDUOLHU VLQFHDVPHQWLRQHGDNLQGRILQYHUWHG1RUZHJLDQ'DQLVK ³-DQWHUXOH´LV LQ HYLGHQFH ZKHWKHU LW FRQFHUQV D PDJQLILFHQW IRUPHU 'LRQ\VLDQ SURFHVVLRQ RU D PRGHUQ FDUQLYDO SURFHVVLRQ $W WKH VDPH WLPH ZH HQFRXQWHU WKH GLVWLQFWLYH VRXWKHUQ (XURSHDQ IRUP RI GHPRFUDF\ ZKLFK WKULYHVDORQJVLGHWKHUXOHUFXOWDQGWKHUHIRUHPXVWKDYHDVWURQJOHDGHUWR SXWRQDSHGHVWDOEXWDOVREHDVFDSHJRDWZKHQLWSURYHVQHFHVVDU\2QH
9H\QH %XUJXLqUHI6HHDOVR(FRDQGFIHJ$UAch
&IHJ7KXF3OXWMorVHHDOVR3DXV&IDOVR3DUNHU
II 6H II IRU DQ LQWHUHVWLQJ UHDVVHVVPHQW RI WKH VRFDOOHG F\QLFDO EHKDYLRXURIW\UDQWV6HHPRUHRYHU&KIVXSUDIRUWKHFRPSOHPHQWDU\TXDOLWLHV RI'LRQ\VRV
&KDSWHU)LYH
PD\FRPSDUH3OXWDUFK¶VGHVFULSWLRQRI3HULNOHVZLWKWKHPRGHUQFXOWRI SHUVRQDOLW\ LQ WKH UHJLRQ EH WKDW WKH FXOW RI .HPDO $WDWUN 1DVVHU .KRPHLQL 9HQL]HORV RU WKH 3DSDQGUHRXV , PLJKW DOVR PHQWLRQ P\ H[SHULHQFHLQ)ODPERXURZKLFKLVDYDULDQWRIWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHGFDVHVLQ ZKLFK ZH HQFRXQWHU WKH *UHHN GHPRFUDF\ LQ SUDFWLFH ZKHQ DOO WKH GLJQLWDULHVRIWKHYLOODJHZHUHVHDWHGVHSDUDWHO\IURPRUGLQDU\SHRSOHDQG FDWHUHG IRU RQ WKH ELOO RI WKH YLOODJH ZKLFK ZDV SHUFHLYHG WR EH TXLWH QDWXUDOWKXVHFKRLQJ2G\VVHXV¶H[SHULHQFHVDPRQJWKH3KDHDFLDQV (DUOLHUFXOWVZHUHGHYHORSHGDQGORFDOFXOWVIURPFRQTXHUHGWHUULWRULHV ZHUH LQFRUSRUDWHG LQWR WKH FXOW RI WKH $WKHQLDQ SROLV ,Q WKLV ZD\ ZH H[SHULHQFHDSDUDOOHOWRWKHSURJUDPPHRI³WKH*UHJRULDQPHWKRG´LQRUGHU WR PDNH SHRSOH DFFHSW WKH &KULVWLDQ LGHRORJ\ 6R DV UHJDUGV WKH LGHRORJLFDOXVHRIWKHFXOWRIWKHSHRSOH3HLVLVWUDWRVDQG3RSH*UHJRU\WKH *UHDWDUHWZRFKDUDFWHULVWLFH[DPSOHV%XWWKHZD\LQZKLFKWKHWZRXVHG WKH SRSXODU FXOW DOVR GHPRQVWUDWHV WKDW D PXWXDO LQWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH WZR FXOWXUHV LV QHFHVVDU\ LQ RUGHU WR FRPH WR DQ DJUHHPHQW 7KHUHE\ VRPHWKLQJQHZLVFUHDWHG 7KH %DER IHVWLYDO WKH .DORJHURV ULWXDO DQG WKH $QDVWHQDULD IHVWLYDO ZHUH DOO FHOHEUDWHG LQ ³QR PDQ¶V ODQG´ XQWLO UHFHQWO\ VLQFH WKH DFWXDO UHJLRQKDVEHHQVRLQDFFHVVLEOH3HRSOHWKHUHIRUHOLYHGYHU\LVRODWHGOLYHV IRUWKHPRVWSDUWVHSDUDWHGIURPWKH³JUHDWKLVWRU\´DQGUHSURGXFHGWKHLU WUDGLWLRQDOFXOWXUH,QWKLVFRQWH[W³P\WKVDQGOHJHQGV´EHFRPHFHQWUDO DQG $QQH .QXGVHQ¶V PDWHULDO IURP &RUVLFD LQ ZKLFK VKH SUHVHQWV WKH &RUVLFDQV¶RZQKLVWRU\ZKLFKLVOLYHGLQDGLIIHUHQWKLVWRULFDOVSDFHWKDQ WKH JHQHUDO ³JUHDWHU´ (XURSHDQ SURJUHVVLYH KLVWRU\ PD\ EH VHHQ DV D PDQLIHVWDWLRQ RI WKH JHQHUDO ³GXDO´ KLVWRU\ ZH HQFRXQWHU LQ WKH 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ UHJLRQ 6LQFH WKH\ VHHP WR KDYH SUHVHUYHG VR PXFK RI WKH WUDGLWLRQDO FXOWXUH LQ QHZHU WLPHV DV ZHOO LW LV GRXEWIXO WKDW WKH VWUXFWXULQJ RI KLVWRU\ DQG WKH VHOHFWLYH PHPRU\ DUH MXVW LPSRVHG E\ SRVWHULW\3HRSOHGRQRWDFFHSWMXVWDQ\WKLQJDQGHYHU\QHZLGHRORJ\PXVW EH DGDSWHG WRSHRSOH¶VRZQYDOXH V\VWHP VR WKDW D PXWXDO IXVLRQ UHVXOWV
3OXWPer
Od I 6HH KRZHYHU +nODQG &K IRU WKH FKDQJHG VWDWXV RI WKH
3DSDQGUHRXVGXULQJWKHSUHVHQWFULVLVFOHDUO\LOOXVWUDWHGE\)LJVDDQGEZKLFK GHSLFWWKHJUDYHRI$QGUHDV3DSDQGUHRXDWWKHVW&HPHWHU\LQ$WKHQVLQDQG &IHJ'L1ROD6WHZDUW 6HHDOVR+DVWUXSFI&I+nODQGG6HHDOVR'DQIRUWK &KDQG,RVVLIRJORX.\ULDNRSRXORX6HHPRUHRYHU&KULVWHQVHQ .QXGVHQ&IKRZHYHU5RWK
1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\&RQWUDFW"
)URP EHLQJRSSRVHG E\ UHSUHVHQWDWLYHVZKR FRQVWLWXWH WKH SXEOLF IDFHRI WKH2UWKRGR[SULHVWKRRGWKHSRSXODUFXOWEHFDPHDSDUWRIWKH³FRPPRQ *UHHNFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH´LQWKHZDNHRI1LNRODRV3ROLWƝV WKH IRXQGHURI)RONORUH6WXGLHVDVDQDFDGHPLFGLVFLSOLQHLQ*UHHFH3HUKDSVLW LVDQHZHUYDULDQWRIWKHPHQWLRQHG³*UHJRULDQPHWKRG´ZHHQFRXQWHUDV UHJDUGV WKH ODWHU +HOOHQLF VFKRODUV ZKR ORRNHG GRZQ RQ WKH ³SULPLWLYH´ SHDVDQWVWKH\³HPSOR\HG´LQRUGHUWR³HVWDEOLVKDFRQWLQXLW\WRDQWLTXLW\´ 1HYHUWKHOHVV WKH +HOOHQLF PRGHO WKH\ ³LQWURGXFHG´ ZDV GHSHQGHQW RQ SHRSOH¶V DSSURYDO DQG WKHUHE\ GHSHQGHQW RQ VLPLODULWLHV EHWZHHQ WKH +HOOHQLF FXOWXUH DQG WKH RQH LQWR ZKLFK LW ZDV LPSODQWHG 7KXV ZH HQFRXQWHU D SDUDOOHO WR WKH GXWLHV DQG GHHGV RI IRUPHU &KULVWLDQ PLVVLRQDULHVDQGDQFLHQWSKLORVRSKHUV 7KHUHIRUH6RORQ3ODWR3OXWDUFKWKHFKXUFKIDWKHUVDQGFRQWHPSRUDU\ UXOHUVRUVSRNHVSHUVRQVRIWKHQHZLGHRORJ\PXVWDGDSWWKHLULGHRORJ\WR SHRSOH¶V EHOLHI DQG YDOXH V\VWHP ZKHWKHU LW FRQFHUQV DQFLHQW EXULDO SUDFWLFH ZRPHQ¶V IHVWLYDOV LQ ZKLFK PRUH RU OHVV XQSRSXODU GHLWLHV DUH ZRUVKLSSHGWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRI&KULVWLDQLW\RUWKHODWHU³LQWURGXFWLRQ´RI WKH QHZ *UHHN QDWLRQ DIWHU $FFRUGLQJO\ QHLWKHU GR SHRSOH DOORZ PLVVLRQDULHVWRIRUFHQHZLGHRORJLHVRQWKHPZKHWKHUWKH\SUHDFKDSROLV LGHRORJ\&KULVWLDQLW\QDWLRQDOLVPRUVRPHWKLQJHOVHLIWKHUHLVQRIHUWLOH VRLO IRU WKLV LQ WKH VRFLHW\ 7KH SHDVDQW VRFLHW\ XVHV WKH UHVHDUFKHUV DV PXFKDVWKHUHVHDUFKHUXVHVKHURUKLV³REMHFWV´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¶ VWDWHPHQWV WKDW ³>L@W KDV DOZD\VEHHQOLNHWKLVDQGLWLVIRUWKHJRRGRILW´DQGWKDW³WKHFRUHLVWKH VDPHDQGWKHQZHVHHZKDWZHGRWKLV\HDU´LVQRWMXVWDQLOOXVWUDWLRQRI KRZORFDOSHUFHSWLRQVRIWUDGLWLRQKDYHRIWHQZRUNHGWKHPVHOYHVLQWRZKDW DSSHDUVWREHDQGJHQHUDOO\LVDUHYLWDOLVDWLRQRIROGULWXDOVDVLVWKHFDVH
&I %XUJXLqUH I YV 'DQIRUWK DQG 7KXF UH KLV UHDVRQ IRU
ZULWLQJKLVWRU\/pYL6WUDXVV6HHDOVR+DVWUXSFIFIE I 'DQIRUWK6HH+nODQG&KIRUFRPSUHKHQVLYHGLVFXVVLRQ
&KDSWHU)LYH
ZLWKPDQ\FDUQLYDOULWXDOVWRGD\RU3HLVLVWUDWRV¶GHYHORSPHQWRIROGFXOWV IRU WKDW PDWWHU ,Q WKLV ZD\ WKH\ GR QRW GLH RXW EHFDXVH DV RQH VKRXOG UHPHPEHUWKRVHZKRLQWURGXFH³UHYLYDOV´PXVWDOVRKDYH³NQRZOHGJH´RI WKHSDVWLQRUGHUWRPDNHWKLVKDSSHQDQGVLQFHWKHFRUHUHPDLQVWKHVDPH WKHLQIRUPDQWVFDQVD\ZKDWWKH\VD\:KDWLVLPSRUWDQWWRSHRSOHLVWKDW WKHHVVHQFHRIWKHULWXDOVUHPDLQVXQFKDQJHGEHFDXVH³µ>Z@KRHYHUGHSDUWV IURPDQFLHQWSDWKVNQRZVZKDWKHLVDERXWWRORVHEXWKHGRHVQRWNQRZ ZKDWKHZLOOILQG¶«WUDGLWLRQLVWUXWK´7KHVDIHW\RIWKHWUDGLWLRQLVLQ RWKHUZRUGVDVVWURQJDVWKHIHDURIWKHXQNQRZQ %RWK DQFLHQW $WKHQV¶ ILJKW DJDLQVW WKH EDUEDULDQV DQG WKH PRGHUQ KHDWHGQDWLRQDOLVWLFILJKWWKHUHIRUHGHPRQVWUDWHKRZGHSHQGHQWWKHUXOHUV LQ ERWK PRGHUQ DQG DQFLHQW *UHHFH DUH RQ WKH FXOW RI WKH SHRSOH WR PDQLIHVW WKHPVHOYHV DQG WKHLU RZQ LGHRORJ\ ZKHWKHU LW EH WKH VROHPQ 7LQRV ULWXDO DQG EXUOHVTXH FDUQLYDO ULWXDO RU WKHLU DQFLHQW SDUDOOHOV WKH 3DQDWKHQDLD DQG /HQDLD 7KH LVODQG RI 7LQRV¶ DQG LWV PRVW LPSRUWDQW VDQFWXDU\¶VXVHRIDQFLHQWV\PEROVZKLFKFDQEHOLQNHGZLWKWKHJUHDWQHVV RIDQWLTXLW\LVDFRPPRQSKHQRPHQRQLQ*UHHFH2QHRIWKHPDUEOHOLRQV IURP'HORVIRULQVWDQFHSUHVLGHVE\RQHRIWKHVWDLUFDVHVOHDGLQJXSWRWKH PDLQFKXUFKRQ7LQRVDQGSDUDOOHOVWKHFKXUFK¶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ǀQVWDQWLQRSOH E\ WKH 3DWULDUFK LQ WKH \HDU WKH *UHHN :DU RI ,QGHSHQGHQFH FDPH WR D VXFFHVVIXO FRQFOXVLRQ DQG WKH .LQJGRP ZDV
6HH +DXVFKLOG IRU FLWDWLRQ LQ D FRQWH[W LQ ZKLFK KH H[DPLQHV KRZ
QHZULWXDOVDUHEDVHGRQWKHWUDGLWLRQ6HHHVSHFLDOO\DQG7KHZD\LQ ZKLFKKHSUHVHQWVWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHGFLWDWLRQPXVWKRZHYHUEHFIZLWK'XELVFK VLQFH LW LV WKH LQIRUPDQW¶V YLHZSRLQW ZH DUH GHDOLQJ ZLWK KHUH 6HH PRUHRYHU%ORFK /RXNDWRV UH WKHHVWDEOLVKPHQW RI WKH IHVWLYDODOWKRXJK KH GRHV QRW LQWHQG WKDW RQH VKRXOG GUDZ DQ\ FRQFOXVLRQ DERXW FRQWLQXLW\ 6HH +nODQG &KUHWKHFORVHFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHRIILFLDO2UWKRGR[&KXUFKRI*UHHFHDQG WKHQDWLRQVWDWH6HHDOVRWKHIROORZLQJ
1DWLRQDOLVP",GHRORJLFDO8VHRIWKH3RSXODU&XOWRUD7ZR:D\&RQWUDFW"
HVWDEOLVKHG +HUH ZH HQFRXQWHU KRO\ ZDWHU RU D YHU\ ROG SXULILFDWLRQ V\PEROZKLFKRQRQHOHYHOLV³UHLQYHQWHG´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²WKDWLV UHOLJLRXV DQG SROLWLFDO²FKDQJHV 7KHVH DUH SHUKDSV H[DPSOHV RI WKH QDWLRQDOLVWLFXVHRIDQROGFXOWDQG³UHYLYDO´EXWWKHSUHUHTXLVLWHIRUEHLQJ DEOHWRXVHWKHFXOWLVWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIVSULQJVZLWKKRO\KHDOLQJZDWHULQ *UHHNWUDGLWLRQ )RU WKLVUHDVRQ, WKLQN WKDWWKH SULHVWZKR EOHVVHG WKH VDFULILFLDO EXOO RQ WKH VWHSV RI WKH VDLQW¶V FKXUFK XS RQ WKH VXPPLW RI WKH 7DXURV PRXQWDLQ ZRXOG KDYH ORRNHG DW PH ZLWK VXUSULVH LI , KDG DVNHG KLP ZKHWKHUKHZDVD³VXUYLYDOLVW´RUQRW7KHIDFWLVWKDWKHRQO\SHUIRUPHG WKHULWXDOKHKDGSHUIRUPHGVRPDQ\WLPHVEHIRUHDQGDVWKH³ROGSULHVW´ KDGSHUIRUPHGEHIRUHKLP³EHFDXVHLWKDVDOZD\VEHHQOLNHWKLVDQGLWLV IRUWKHJRRGRILW´GHVSLWHLWVDWWHPSWHGDEROLWLRQE\WKHRIILFLDO&KXUFK ZKLFK DFFRUGLQJ WR PDQ\ LQ WKH YLOODJH GRHV QRW XQGHUVWDQG DQ\WKLQJ 7KDWWKHVDPHULWXDOWDNHVSODFHLQDVWHDGLO\JURZLQJQXPEHURIYLOODJHV WRWKHDQQR\DQFHRIWKHSRSXODWLRQRI$JLD3DUDVNHXƝLVDQRWKHUPDWWHU,W LVGHILQLWHO\GXHWRWKLVRQJRLQJLQWHUHVWWKDWWKHULWXDOKDVEHHQJLYHQE\ UHVHDUFKHUVDQGPHGLDDVZHOODVWRXULVWVEXWLWDOVRPHHWVDQHHGIRUWKH YLOODJHSRSXODWLRQVWRGD\DVEHIRUHDQGWKLVLVRIWKHJUHDWHVWLPSRUWDQFH 7KH SULHVW ZKR EOHVVHG WKH VDFULILFLDO EXOO RQ WKH VWHSV RI WKH VDLQW¶V FKDSHOXSRQWKHVXPPLWRIWKH7DXURVPRXQWDLQ)LJXUH DQGWKHHQWLUH VLWXDWLRQ PD\ LQ RWKHU ZRUGV EH D OLYLQJ LOOXVWUDWLRQ RI KRZ WKH QHZ LGHRORJ\KDVKDGWRDGDSWWRGHHSHUO\LQJUXOHVRUPHQWDOLW\LQRUGHUWREH DFFHSWHG E\ SHRSOH 7KLV FDQ SURYLGH QHZ SHUVSHFWLYHV RQ VLPLODU FRQGLWLRQVLQDQWLTXLW\ZKHUHZHRQO\KDYHWHVWLPRQLHVIURPWKHRQHSDUW
&I+nODQG)LJLQ$SSHQGL[VHHDOVRHDQGI
&KDSWHU)LYH
RI VRFLHW\ ZKLOH WKH YRLFHVRI WKH RWKHUSDUW EH WKDW ZRPHQ RU RUGLQDU\ SHRSOHDUHVRPHWKLQJWKDWPXVWEHUHDGEHWZHHQWKHOLQHV
Image not available in e-version )LJXUH 7KH ORFDO SULHVW EOHVVHV WKH EXOO LQ IURQW RI WKH VDLQW¶V FKDSHO RQ WKH VXPPLWRI7DXURV/HVERV-XQH
&+$37(56,; &21&/86,21 &217,18,7