Compartment Syndrome 3030553779, 9783030553777

Table of contents :
Foreword
Foreword
Contents
1: History of Compartment Syndrome
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Compartment Syndrome in the Extremities
1.3 Intracranial Hypertension
1.4 Pneumothorax, Cardiac Tamponade, and Thoracic Compartment Syndrome
1.5 Abdominal Compartment Syndrome
1.6 Polycompartment Syndrome
References
2: Definition and Pathomechanism of the Intracranial Compartment Syndrome
2.1 Definition
2.1.1 Clinical Definition
2.2 Pathomechanism of the Intracranial Compartment Syndrome
2.2.1 The Monro-Kellie Doctrine
2.2.2 Compensatory Mechanisms
2.2.2.1 Shifts of CSF
2.2.2.2 Shifts of Cerebral Blood Volume (CBV)
2.2.3 Intracranial Causes of IH
2.2.3.1 Brain-Related Causes of IH
2.2.3.2 CSF-Related Causes of IH
2.2.3.3 Blood-Related Causes of IH
2.2.4 Extracranial Causes of IH
2.2.4.1 Intrathoracic Pressure (ITP)
2.2.4.2 Intra-abdominal Pressure (IAP)
2.2.4.3 Fluids and Electrolytes
2.3 Conclusions
References
3: Diagnosis and Treatment of the Intracranial Compartment Syndrome
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Diagnosis of the Intracranial Compartment Syndrome
3.2.1 Neurological Evaluation
3.2.2 ICP Monitoring
3.2.3 Noninvasive Systems
3.2.4 Advanced Monitoring
3.3 Treatment of the Intracranial Compartment Syndrome
3.4 Conclusions
References
4: Definition, Pathomechanism of the Thoracic Compartment Syndrome
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Definition of Thoracic Compartment Syndrome
4.3 Pathophysiology of TCS
4.4 Conclusion
References
5: Thoracic Compartment Syndrome and Damage Control Surgery in Thoracic Trauma
5.1 Thoracic Compartment Syndrome
5.2 Damage Control Surgery in Thoracic Trauma
5.2.1 Damage Control Surgery
5.2.2 History of Damage Control Surgery in Thoracic Trauma
5.2.3 Objectives of Damage Control Surgery in Thoracic Trauma
5.2.4 Methods of Damage Control Surgery in Thoracic Trauma
5.2.4.1 Incisions and Gaining Access to the Chest
5.2.4.2 Lung Parenchymal Injuries
5.2.4.3 Hilar Injuries
5.2.4.4 Cardiac
5.2.4.5 Chest Wall
5.2.4.6 Esophagus
5.2.4.7 Diaphragm
5.2.5 Indications for Damage Control Surgery in Thoracic Trauma
References
6: Definition, Pathophysiology, and Pathobiology of Intra-Abdominal Hypertension and the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Definitions
6.3 Definitions for the Next Decade
6.4 Pathophysiology of IAH and ACS
6.5 Pathobiology of IAH/ACS
6.6 Gut Dysfunction in the Shocked State
6.7 A Pressure-Cooked Motor of MODS?
6.8 Conclusions
References
7: Diagnosis and Treatment of the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Definitions
7.3 IAH and Abdominal Perfusion Pressure
7.3.1 How to Measure
7.3.2 When to Measure
7.4 Epidemiology
7.5 Physiopathology
7.6 ACS: Systemic Effects and Organ Derangement
7.6.1 Pulmonary
7.6.2 Heart and Hemodynamics
7.6.3 Renal
7.6.4 Gastrointestinal and Liver
7.6.5 Central Nervous System
7.7 Treatment
7.7.1 Analgesia (First!), Sedation, and Paralysis
7.7.2 Abdominal Decompression
7.7.3 Optimization of APP and Fluid Balance
7.7.4 Nutritional Support
7.7.5 New Drugs
7.7.6 Surgical Decompression
7.8 Summary
References
8: Compartment Syndrome of the Extremities: Pitfalls in Diagnosis and Management
8.1 Historical Perspective
8.2 Definition
8.3 Pathophysiology
8.4 Diagnostic Pitfalls: The “5 P’s” Revisited
8.5 Management of Acute Compartment Syndrome: A Surgical Emergency
8.6 Specific Compartment Syndrome Locations
8.6.1 Lower Extremity
8.6.1.1 Gluteal Region
8.6.1.2 Thigh
8.6.1.3 Lower Leg
8.6.1.4 Foot
8.6.2 Upper Extremity
8.6.2.1 Shoulder
8.6.2.2 Upper Arm
8.6.2.3 Forearm
8.6.2.4 Hand
8.7 Considerations in the Pediatric Population
8.8 “Crush” Syndrome
8.9 Acute Exertional Compartment Syndrome: A Rare Occurrence That Is Frequently Missed
8.10 Outcomes of Compartment Syndrome and Sequelae
References
9: Polycompartment Syndrome
9.1 Summary
9.2 Definitions
9.2.1 Compartment Syndrome
9.2.2 Polycompartment Syndrome
9.2.3 Classification
9.2.4 Abdominal Compliance
9.3 Abdominal Compartment Syndrome (ACS)
9.3.1 Background
9.3.2 Pulmonary Effects of ACS
9.3.2.1 Pathophysiology
9.3.2.2 Mechanical Ventilation During Raised IAP
9.3.3 Cardiovascular Effects of ACS
9.3.3.1 Effects of IAH and ACS on Hemodynamic Monitoring
9.3.4 Central Nervous System Effects of ACS
9.3.5 Extremity Effects of ACS
9.3.6 Renal Compartment Syndrome
9.3.7 Hepatic Compartment Syndrome
9.3.7.1 Pathophysiology
9.3.7.2 Hepato-Abdominal-Renal Syndrome (HARS)
9.3.7.3 Hepato-Abdominal-Pulmonary Syndrome (HAPS)
9.3.8 Pelvic Compartment Syndrome
9.4 Intracranial Compartment Syndrome
9.4.1 Background
9.4.2 How Cranial Compartment Syndrome (CCS) Affects Other Compartments?
9.4.3 Orbital Compartment Syndrome
9.4.4 Ocular Compartment Syndrome
9.5 Thoracic Compartment Syndrome
9.5.1 Background
9.5.2 How the Thoracic Compartment Affects Other Compartments?
9.5.3 Cardiac Compartment Syndrome
9.6 Limb/Extremity Compartment Syndrome
9.7 Diagnosis and Management of Polycompartment Syndrome
References
10: Timing of Surgical Intervention for Compartment Syndrome
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Orbital Compartment Syndrome
10.3 Thoracic Compartment Syndrome
10.4 Extremities Compartment Syndrome
10.5 Abdominal Compartment Syndrome (ACS)
10.6 Intracranial Pressure and Compartment Syndrome of the Brain
10.7 Timing of Intervention
10.8 Conclusions
References
11: Abdominal Compartment Syndrome and Infection
11.1 Abdominal Compartment Syndrome in Patients with Intra-Abdominal Infections
11.2 Prevention of the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome in Patients with Abdominal Sepsis
11.3 Conclusions
References
12: Cardiac and Hemodynamic Consequences of Intra-abdominal Hypertension and the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome
12.1 Illustrative Case
12.2 Hemodynamic Effects of Abdominal Compartment Syndrome
12.2.1 Introduction and Definition
12.2.2 Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Consequences of IAH
12.2.3 Hemodynamic Assessment and Clinical Management
12.3 Conclusion
References
13: Liver Failure Associated to the Polycompartment Syndrome
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Hepato-Abdominal–Renal Syndrome (HARS)
13.3 Hepato-Abdominal–Pulmonary Syndrome (HAPS)
13.4 Conclusion
References
14: Kidney Failure Associated with Polycompartment Syndrome
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Clinical Case Conundrum
14.3 Definitions
14.3.1 Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF)
14.3.2 Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
14.3.3 Worsening Renal Function (WRF)
14.3.4 Intra-Abdominal Pressure (IAP)
14.3.5 Intra-Abdominal Hypertension
14.3.6 Cardiorenal Syndrome
14.4 Incidence
14.5 Impact of Increased IAP on Kidney Function in Patients with Normal Heart Function
14.6 Impact of Increased IAP on WRF in Patients with Decompensated Heart Failure
14.7 CARS Cardio-Abdominal–Renal Syndrome
14.8 Prevention of IAH-Induced Kidney Injury
14.9 Treatment of Patients with IAH-Induced AKI
References
15: Compartment Syndromes in Children and Adolescents
15.1 Abdominal Compartment Syndrome in Children and Adolescents
15.1.1 Background
15.1.2 Epidemiology
15.1.3 Classification and Pathophysiology
15.1.4 Measurement Methodology and Behavior
15.1.5 ACS Defining Organ Dysfunctions
15.1.6 Therapy Options and Goals
15.2 Conclusion
References
16: How to Handle Compartment Syndrome in Resource-Limited Settings
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Acute Compartment Syndrome of the Limb
16.2.1 Think About It!
16.2.2 Who Is a Suspect?
16.2.3 How to Identify Compartment Syndrome in the Absence of Pressure Measuring Devices?
16.2.4 When to Decide to Perform a Fasciotomy?
16.3 Acute Abdominal Compartment Syndrome (AACS)
16.3.1 What Is It and Why Is It a Problem?
16.3.2 How to Go About It?
16.4 Other Compartment Syndromes
16.5 Conclusions
References
17: Compartment Syndromes: Short-Term Outcomes
17.1 Abdominal Compartment Syndrome
17.1.1 History and Definition
17.1.2 Etiology and Pathophysiology
17.1.2.1 Cardiac Effects
17.1.2.2 Renal Effects
17.1.2.3 Pulmonary Effects
17.1.3 Diagnosis
17.1.4 Current Treatment Recommendations
17.1.5 Outcomes
17.2 Muscle Compartment Syndrome
17.2.1 Pathophysiology and Diagnosis
17.2.2 Treatment
17.2.3 Outcomes
17.2.3.1 Hand
17.2.3.2 Forearm and Upper Arm
17.2.3.3 Gluteal Region
17.2.3.4 Foot
17.2.3.5 Lower Extremity
17.3 Thoracic Compartment Syndrome
17.3.1 Pathophysiology
17.3.2 Management
17.3.3 Outcomes
17.4 Intracranial Hypertension
17.4.1 Pathophysiology
17.4.2 Outcomes Based on ICP Monitoring
References
18: Long-Term Outcomes After Open Abdomen for ACS: Complex Abdominal Wall Reconstructions and Entero-Atmospheric Fistulas
References
19: Future Directions
19.1 Briefing
19.2 Abdominal Compartment Syndrome
19.3 Extremity Compartment Syndrome
19.4 Intracranial Compartment Syndrome
19.5 What Next?
References