Communicating about Health: Current Issues and Perspectives 0190275685, 9780190275686

Table of contents :
Cover
Communicating About Health
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Part1: Establishing a Context for Health Communication
Chapter 1: Introduction
The Philosophy Behind This Book
Box 1.1 Career Opportunities: Profiles of More Than 125 Health-Related Jobs
Box 1.2 Learn While You Make a Difference
What Is Health?
What Is Health Communication?
Box 1.3 Perspectives: True Stories About Health Communication Experiences
Defining Communication
Collaborative Sense-Making
Multiple Levels of Meaning
Context and Culture
Defining Health Communication
Box 1.4 Theoretical Foundations: The Basis for Health Communication
The History of Health Communication
Box 1.5 Resources: Health Communication Organizations and Resources
Health Care Models
Biomedical
Biopsychosocial
Box 1.6 Perspectives: A Memorable Hospital Experience
Sociocultural
The Importance of Health Communication
Box 1.7 Ethical Considerations: An Essential Component of Health Communication
Box 1.8 Perspectives: Down, But Not Out
Summary
Key Terms and Theories
Discussion Questions
Chapter 2: The Landscape for Health Communication
Current Issues in Health Care
Preventive Care
Cost Efficiency
Treatment Approaches
Mind-Body Dualism
Holistic Approach
Patient Empowerment
Impact of Social Changes
Global Health
Changing Populations
Technology Use
Managed Care
Conventional Insurance
Health Maintenance Organization
Preferred Provider Organization
High-Deductible Health Plan
BOX 2.1 Managed Care at a Glance
Pros and Cons of Managed Care
Advantages
Disadvantages
Box 2.2 Resources: Before You Select a Managed Care Plan
Health Care Reform
Universal Coverage
Rationale
Single- and Multi-Payer Systems
Funding
The Affordable Care Act
Provisions
Potential and Advantages
Challenges and Disadvantages
Box 2.3 Ethical Considerations: Classroom Debate on Health Care Reform
Summary
Key Terms and Theories
Discussion Questions
Answers to Can You Guess?
Part II: The Roles of Patients and Professional Caregivers
Chapter 3: Patient_Caregiver Communication
Box 3.1 Resources: Journals That Feature Health Communication Research
Medical Talk and Power Differentials
Knowledge and Power
Box 3.2 Ethical Considerations: Therapeutic Privilege
Who Talks and Who Listens
Box 3.3 Doorknob Disclosures
Questions and Directives
Blocking
Patronizing Behavior
Box 3.4 Stepping Over the Line
Why Do We Do It?
Box 3.5 Perspectives: Tyranny of the Urgent
Collaborative Communication Model
Reasons for a Shift
Theoretical Foundations
The Emerging Model
Communication Skill Builders
Motivational Interviewing
Box 3.6 Ouch!
Dialogue
Nonverbal Encouragement
Verbal Encouragement
Box 3.7 Perspectives: A MotherÕs Experience at the Dentist
Narrative Medicine
Box 3.8 Theoretical Foundations: Integrative Health Model
Box 3.9 Communication Tips for Patients
Box 3.10 Career Opportunities: Health Communication Research
Healing Environments
Soothing Surroundings
Summary
Key Terms and Theories
Discussion Questions
Answers to Can You Guess?
Chapter 4: Patient Perspectives
BOX 4.1 Perspectives: The Agony of Uncertainty
Patient Socialization
Voice of Lifeworld
Feelings Versus Evidence
Specific Versus Diffuse
Bridging the Gap
Patient Characteristics
Nature of the Illness
Patient Disposition
BOX 4.2 Health and Communication Technology: Computer in the Room
Communication Skills
Satisfaction
Attentiveness and Respect
BOX 4.3 Is Satisfaction Overrated?
Convenience
A Sense of Control
Cooperation and Consent
BOX 4.4 Career Opportunities: Patient Advocacy
Reasons for Noncooperation
Care ProvidersÕ Investment
Informed Consent
BOX 4.5 Cash for Cooperation?
BOX 4.6 Ethical Considerations: PatientsÕ Right to Informed Consent
Illness and Personal Identity
Reactions to Illness
Summary
Key Terms and Theories
Discussion Questions
Answer to Can You Guess?
Chapter 5: Caregiver Perspectives
Box 5.1 Career Opportunities: Dentists, Hygienists, and Assistants
Caregiver Preparation
Emphasis on Science
Campaign of Orthodox Medicine
The Flexner Report
Decline of Holistic and Folk Medicine
Science-Based Curricula
Evolving Models
Communication Training
Socialization
Hidden Curriculum
Isolation
Identity in Limbo
Privileges
Resentment
Implications
Box 5.2 Medical School Reform
Compassion Rebound
Systems-Level Influences on Caregivers
Organizational Culture
Time
Box 5.3 Ethical Considerations: Privacy Regulations Incite Controversy
Psychological Influences on Caregivers
Emotional Preparedness
Mindfulness
Confidence
Satisfaction
Stress and Burnout
Box 5.4 Perspectives: Blowing the Whistle on an Impaired Physician
Causes
Conflict
Emotions
Workload
Healthy Strategies
Box 5.5 Communication Skill Builder: Dealing with Difficult Patients
Medical Mistakes
Why Mistakes Happen
What Happens After a Mistake?
Communication Skill Builder: Managing Medical Mistakes
From the Beginning
If an Error Does Occur
Box 5.6 Health and Communication Technology: Mobile App Helps Save Time and Prevent Errors
Multidisciplinary Teamwork
Advantages
Difficulties and Drawbacks
Communication Skill Builder: Working in Teams
Summary
Key Terms and Theories
Discussion Questions
Answers to Can You Guess?
Part III: Sociocultural Issues
Chapter 6: Diversity in Health Care
Intersectionality Theory
Socioeconomic Status
Health Literacy
Communication Skill Builder: Surmounting Status and Literacy Barriers
Suggestions for Public Health Care Professionals
Suggestions for Health Care Providers
Suggestions for Patients
Gender Identities
Box 6.1 Nuanced Gender Identities
Assumptions
Risks of Silence
Communication Skill Builder: Talking About Gender
Race and Ethnicity
Different Care and Outcomes
Explanations
Distrust
High Risk, Low Knowledge
Limited Access
Patient_Caregiver Communication
Box 6.2 Ethical Considerations: Who Gets What Care?
Box 6.3 Ethical Considerations: Is Affirmative Action Justified or Not?
Box 6.4 Genetic Profiling: A View Into Your Health Future
Language Differences
Box 6.5 Perspectives: Language Barriers in a Health Care Emergency
Box 6.6 Career Opportunities: Diversity Awareness
Disabilities
Box 6.7 Perspectives: My Disability DoesnÕt Show
Communication Skill Builder: Interacting With People Who Have Disabilities
Age
Children
Parents' Role in Children's Care
Communication Skill Builder: Talking With Children About Illness
Older Adults
Communication Accommodation Theory
Implications of Ageism and Overaccommodation
Communication Patterns
Promising Options
Communication Technology and Older Adults
Summary
Key Terms and Theories
Discussion Questions
Answers to Can You Guess?
Chapter 7: Cultural Conceptions of Health and Illness
BOX 7.1 Resources: More About Culture and Health
Culture and Cultural Competence
The Challenge of Multiculturalism
Cultural Competence in Health Care
Cultural Conceptions of Health
Health as Organic
Health as Harmonic Balance
Physical, Emotional, and Spiritual
Harmony With Nature
Hot and Cold
Energy
Making Sense of Health Experiences
Health Condition as Social Asset
BOX 7.2 Theoretical Foundations: Theory of Health as Expanded Consciousness
Health Condition as Social Liability
Disease as Curse
Stigma
The Morality of Prevention
Victim Role
Social Roles and Health
Sex, Gender, and Health
Female Identity and Health
Male Identity and Health
Family Roles and Health Communication
BOX 7.3 Perspectives: Thai Customs and a Son's Duty
Illness and Coping Metaphors
"Fight for Your Life"
"Strive for Peace and Flexibility"
Sick Roles and Healer Roles
Mechanics and Machines
Parents and Children
Spiritualists and Believers
BOX 7.4 Ethical Considerations: Physician as Parent or Partner?
Providers and Consumers
BOX 7.5 Perspectives: Partners in Care
Partners
Holistic Care
Terminology
BOX 7.6 Perspectives: Holistic Medicine at a Glance
Popularity
Advantages
BOX 7.7 Career Opportunities Holistic Medicine
Drawbacks
Summary
Key Terms and Theories
Discussion Questions
Answer to Can You Guess?
Part IV: Coping and Health Resources
Chapter 8: Social Support, Family Caregiving, and End of Life
Conceptual Overview
Theoretical Perspectives
Box 8.1 When Communication Ability is Compromised
Coping
Sense of Control
Dialectics
Crisis
Normalcy
Coping and Communication
Action-Facilitating Support
Box 8.2 Theory of Problematic Integration
Nurturing Support
Communication Skill Builder: Supportive Listening
Communication Skill Builder: Allowing Emotional Expression
Social Networks
When Social Support Goes Wrong
Friends Disappear
Hurtful Jests
Too Much Support
A Note of Encouragement
Animal Companions
Transformative Experiences
Friends and Family as Caregivers
Box 8.3 Organ Donations: The Nicholas Effect
Profile of the Family Caregiver
Stress and Burnout
Caring for Caregivers
Box 8.4 Perspectives: A Long Goodbye to Grandmother
End-Of-Life Experiences
Life at All Costs
Death with Dignity
Advance-Care Directives
Box 8.5 Ethical Considerations: Do People Have a Right to Die?
Box 8.6 Career Opportunities: Social Services and Mental Health
Communication Skill Builder: Delivering Bad News
Communication Skill Builder: Coping With Death
Summary
Key Terms and Theories
Discussion Questions
Answer to Can You Guess?
Chapter 9: eHealth, mHealth, and Telehealth
Box 9.1 Ethical Considerations: The Pros and Cons of Telemedicine
eHealth
Theoretical Foundations
The Three Spheres
Weak and Strong Ties
Box 9.2 Profile of an ePatientces
Why and When Do People Seek eHealth Information?
Is Online Health Information Useful?
Advantages
Rich Array of Information
Practical Advice
Social Support
Disadvantages
Unreliable Information
Conflicting Information
Overwhelming Amounts of Information
Digital Divide
Communication Skill Builder: Using the Internet Effectively
How Has Technology Influenced Health Communication?
mHealth
Telehealth
Telemedicine
Patient Portals
Telemonitoring
Telehealth at Point of Sale
Potential Advantages of Telehealth for Consumers
Patient-Centered Communication
Access to Services
Cost Savings
Patient Education
Potential Advantages of Telehealth for Health Professionals
Efficiency
Improved Care
Teamwork
Accessible Information
Potential Disadvantages of Telehealth
Scheduling Challenges
Liability
Threats to Privacy
Unorganized Information
Compensation Questions
Restricted Communication
Box 9.3 Career Opportunities: Health Information Technology
Summary
Key Terms and Theories
Discussion Questions
Answers to Can You Guess?
Part V: Communication in Health Organizations
Chapter 10: Health Care Administration, Human Resources, Marketing, and PR
Health Care Administration
Box 10.1 Career Opportunities
Reimagining Health Care
Enhancing Health Care Experiences
Box 10.2 Resources: Journals in the Field
Improving Community Health
Controlling Costs
Mergers, Alliances, and Buyouts
Efficiency and Six Sigma
Communication Skill Builder: Shared Vision and Dispersed Leadership
Invert the Pyramid
Build Relationships by Listening
Box 10.3 Perspectives: "We Hate the Rules"
Push Decision Making to theLowest Level Possible
Hold People Accountable
Celebrate Successes
Human Resources
Box 10.4 Staffing Shortages in Health Care
Theoretical Foundations
Communication Skill Builder: Building Great Teams
Hire Carefully
Teach the Culture and Values
Continually Recruit Internal Talent
Box 10.5 A Model for Innovative Leadership
Marketing and Public Relations
Foundations for Theory and Practice
Focus on Relationships
Integrate
Develop Reputation, Not Only Image
Communication Skill Builder: Two-Way Communication and Social Media
Crisis Management
Service Excellence is EveryoneÕs Job
Blow Their Minds
Recognize and Create Moments of Truth
Use Service Failures as a Springboard
Tell Stories and Honor Heroes
Summary
Key Terms and Theories
Discussion Questions
Answers to Can You Guess?
Part VI: Media, Public Policy, and Health Promotion
Chapter 11: Health Images in the Media
Theoretical Foundations
Advertising
Pharmaceutical Advertisements
Box 11.1 Perspectives: Viagra Ads Promise Male Transformation
Advantages of DTC Advertising
Disadvantages of DTC Advertising
Communication Skill Builder:Evaluating Medical Claims
Nutrition
Obesity
Effects on Children
Activity Levels
Tobacco
Alcohol
Body Image
Health Effects
Box 11.2 Perspectives: Barbie: Feminist Icon or Woman as Sex Object?
Box 11.3 Perspectives: BoysÕ Toys on Steroids
News Coverage
Accuracy and Fairness
Sensationalism
Advantages of Health News
Communication Skill Builder: Presenting Health News
Entertainment
Box 11.4 Career Opportunities: Health Journalism
Portrayals of Health-Related Conditions
Mental Illness
Disabilities
Portrayals of Health-Related Behaviors
Sex
Violence
Portrayals of Health Care Situations
Entertainment and Commercialism
Entertainomercials
Product Placement
Entertainment-Education Programming
Impact of Persuasive Entertainment
Box 11.5 Ethical Considerations: Is the Entertainment Industry Responsible for Health Images?
Media Literacy
Teaching Media Literacy
Summary
Key Terms and Theories
Discussion Questions
Answers to Can You Guess?
Chapter 12: Public Health and Crisis Communication
Ebola
Communication with the Worried Well
Communication in the Midst of Trauma
What Is Public Health?
Box 12.1 Career Opportunities: Public Health
Risk and Crisis Communication
Managing Perceptions
Box 12.2 Parents Grapple with Vaccine Information
How Scared Is Scared Enough?
In the Heat of the Moment
Box 12.3 Theoretical Perspectives: Risk Management/Communication Framework
Case Studies: A Global Perspective
Box 12.4 Typhoid Mary and TB Andy
AIDS
SARS
Anthrax
Avian Flu
Box 12.5 Ethical Considerations: Who Should Be Protected?
Box 12.6 Lessons for Public Health and Crisis Communication
Summary
Key Terms and Theories
Discussion Questions
Chapter 13: Planning Health Promotion Campaigns
Box 13.1 Career Opportunities: Health Promotion and Education
Background On Health Campaigns
Motivating Factors
Exemplary Campaigns
Get to Know the Audience
Invest in Communication Infrastructures
box 13.2 Storytelling Connects Underserved Women and Care Providers
Make Healthy Options Accessible
Take a Multimedia Approach
Set Clear Goals and MeasureYour Success
Step 1: Defining The Situation and Potential Benefits
Benefits
Current Situation
Diverse Motivations
Step 2: Analyzing and Segmenting The Audience
Data Collection
Ethical Commitments
Data-Gathering Options
Choosing a Target Audience
Theoretical Foundations
Reaching Underinformed Audiences
Segmenting the Audience
Audience as a Person
Young Audiences
Sensation-Seekers
Box 13.3 Ethical Considerations: The Politics of PreventionÑWho Should Pay?
Step 3: Establishing Campaign Goals and Objectives
Step 4: Selecting Channels of Communication
Channel Characteristics
Message Impact
Arousal
Involvement
Multichannel Campaigns
Summary
Key Terms and Theories
Discussion Questions
Answers to Can You Guess?
Chapter 14: Designing and Implementing Health Campaigns
Theories of Behavior Change
Health Belief Model
Social Cognitive Theory
Theory of Reasoned Action
Transtheoretical Model
Wrapping It Up
Box 14.1 Theoretical Foundations: Synopsis of Campaign-Related Theories
Critical-Cultural Perspective
Box 14.2 Ethical Considerations: Three Issues for Health Promoters to Keep in Mind
Box 14.3 Resources: Designing Campaign Materials
Step 5: Designing Campaign Messages
Choosing a Voice
Box 14.4 Career Opportunities: Health Campaign Design and Management
Designing the Message
Theoretical Foundations: Message Framing
Community Expectations
Narrative Messages
Box 14.5 Theoretical Foundations: What Does Science Say About Peer Pressure?
Logical Appeals
Emotional Appeals
Novel and Shocking Messages
Step 6: Piloting and Implementing The Campaign
BOX 14.6 S-mething Is Missing
Step 7: Evaluating and Maintaining The Campaign
Evaluation
Maintenance
Summary
Key Terms and Theories
Discussion Questions
Answers to Can You Guess?
References
Credits
Author Index
Subject Index