Table of contents : Foreword Preface Contents 1: Epidemiological Trends and Risk Factors of Colorectal Cancer: Implications for Population-Based Organized Service Screening 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Role of Population-Based Screening in Reducing Disease Burden of Colorectal Cancer 1.1.2 Decomposition of Epidemiologic Indicators for the Disease Burden of Colorectal Cancer 1.2 Socioeconomic Status and CRC 1.3 Colorectal Cancer in Asian Countries 1.4 Risk Factors for CRC 1.5 Family History of Colorectal Cancer 1.6 Lifestyle and Exposures 1.6.1 Cigarette Smoking 1.6.2 Obesity 1.6.3 Physical Activity 1.7 Metabolic Syndrome and Components Associated with CRC References 2: Population-Based Organized Service Screening for Colorectal Cancer 2.1 Evidence-Based for Population-Based CRC Screening 2.2 Opportunistic Versus Organized Screening 2.3 Existing Screening Programs Worldwide 2.4 Periodical Population-Based Organized Service Screening for CRC 2.5 Basic Elements in a Population-Based CRC Organized Service Screening 2.5.1 National Health Policy 2.5.2 Financial Support 2.5.3 Health Care Resources 2.5.4 Community Resources 2.5.5 Supporting System Outside Ordinary Health Care System 2.5.6 Information System 2.5.7 Evidence-Based Evaluation References 3: Options of Colorectal Cancer Screening: An Overview 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Stool-Based Tests for Screening 3.2.1 The Fecal Occult Blood Test 3.2.2 The Role of Fecal Hemoglobin Concentration 3.2.3 Stool DNA Test 3.2.4 Fecal Microbiota as a Potential Biomarker for CRC Screening 3.3 Blood-Based Tests for Screening 3.3.1 Plasmic Methylated Septin-9 3.4 Estimation of CRC Risk Based on Screening Test Results 3.5 Direct Visualizing Examinations for CRC Screening 3.5.1 Double-Contrast Barium Enema 3.5.2 Computed Tomographic Colonography 3.5.3 Colon Capsule Endoscopy 3.5.4 Flexible Sigmoidoscopy 3.5.5 Colonoscopy 3.6 Options for CRC Screening in Primary Care Setting 3.7 Summary References 4: Endoscopy-Based Colorectal Cancer Screening 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Effectiveness of Lower Endoscopy Screening 4.2.1 Colonoscopy 4.2.2 Flexible Sigmoidoscopy 4.3 Safety of Screening Lower Endoscopy 4.3.1 Colonoscopy 4.3.2 Flexible Sigmoidoscopy 4.4 Current Situation and Future Perspectives on the Global Implementation of Screening Colonoscopy 4.5 Methods to Increase Effectiveness of Screening Colonoscopy 4.5.1 Add-on Devices 4.5.2 Image-Enhanced Endoscopy 4.5.3 Bowel Cleansing 4.6 Conclusions References 5: Noninvasive Screening Test 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Stool-Based Tests 5.2.1 Guaiac FOBT 5.2.2 Fecal Immunochemical Test 5.2.3 Multi-target Stool DNA Test 5.2.4 Other Stool Biomarkers 5.3 Blood-Based Tests References 6: Health Information System in Population-Based Organized Service Screening for Colorectal Cancer 6.1 Integrated Information System for CRC Screening 6.2 Infrastructure and Workflow of Building up Information System 6.2.1 Pre-screening Phase 6.2.2 Screening Phase 6.2.3 Post-screening Phase 6.3 Fundamental Indicators and Databases for Supporting Implementation and Evaluation of CRC Screening 6.3.1 Pre-screening Phase 6.3.2 Screening Phase 6.3.3 Post-screening Phase References 7: Quality Assurance in Colorectal Cancer Screening Program 7.1 Overview 7.2 Fecal Immunochemical Test-Related Quality Issues 7.3 Colonoscopy-Related Quality Issues 7.3.1 Timely Referral (In FIT Program) 7.3.2 Bowel Preparation 7.3.3 Cecal Intubation Rate or Complete Colonoscopy Rate 7.3.4 Adenoma Detection Rate 7.3.5 Colonoscopy-Related Complications 7.3.6 Polyp Resection 7.3.7 Other Colonoscopy-Related Quality Issues 7.4 Important Infrastructures for Quality Assurance References 8: Basic Theory of Screening for Short-Term Evaluation of Population-Based Screening for Colorectal Cancer 8.1 Disease Progression and Mean Sojourn Time Observed in Cancer Screening 8.2 Mean Sojourn Time in Screening Program 8.2.1 The Concept of Prevalence Pool under the Context of Screen Theory 8.2.2 Applying the Prevalence Pool Method to the UK Trial on FOBT Screening 8.3 Test Sensitivity, Program Sensitivity, and Disease Natural History 8.4 Sensitivity and Specificity in Screening Program 8.4.1 Estimate the Sensitivity in the Screening Program 8.4.2 Mathematical Formula for Interval Cancer 8.4.3 Positive and Negative Predictive Values 8.5 Application of Basic Screening Theory to Fecal Immunochemical Test-based Colorectal Cancer Screening in Taiwan 8.5.1 Sensitivity of Fecal Immunochemical Test with Varying Cutoff 8.5.2 FIT Sensitivity for CRC Screening in KCIS, Taiwan 8.5.3 Sensitivity of National Colorectal Cancer Screening Program in Taiwan References 9: Evaluating Population-Based Colorectal Cancer Screening Beyond a Randomized Controlled Trial: A Mathematical Modelling Approach 9.1 Rationales for Evaluating a Population-Based Colorectal Cancer Screening Program beyond Randomized Controlled Trials 9.2 Design, Data, and Conventional Analysis for Evaluation 9.2.1 Quasi-experimental Study Design 9.2.1.1 Data Sources for Evaluation 9.2.1.2 Computer-aided System of Evaluation of a Screening Program 9.3 A Modelling Approach to Evaluating Colorectal Cancer Screening 9.3.1 Multistate Process of CRC with the Homogeneous Markov Model 9.3.2 The Nonhomogeneous Stochastic Processes 9.3.3 Heterogeneity Between Individuals 9.4 Several Applications to Subsidiary Issues of Population-Based Screening for CRC 9.4.1 Case-cohort Design with Multistate Disease Process 9.4.2 Efficacy of Reducing Malignant Transformation 9.4.3 Efficacy of population-based Screening by Various Screening Regimes 9.4.4 Decision Analysis of Population-based Screening for CRC 9.4.5 Health Economic Decision Model 9.4.6 Evaluation of Multiple Screening Modalities References 10: Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Colorectal Cancer Screening 10.1 Economic Evaluation of Population-Based Cancer Screening 10.1.1 Factors Affecting the Effectiveness of Colorectal Cancer Screening 10.1.2 Cost Considerations in Population-Based Organized Service Screening 10.1.3 Framework of the Economic Evaluation of Population-Based CRC Screening 10.1.4 Formal Economic Analysis 10.2 Current Evidence on Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Colorectal Cancer Screening 10.3 A Case Study of a Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Colorectal Cancer Screening with Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT) in Taiwan 10.4 Empirical Community-Based Screening Data 10.4.1 Screened Population 10.4.2 Screening Protocol and Referrals 10.4.3 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis with the Markov Decision Model 10.4.3.1 The Disease Natural History of CRC 10.4.3.2 Analytical Markov Decision Model 10.4.3.3 Computer Simulation 10.4.3.4 Key Assumptions 10.5 Results 10.5.1 FIT Screening by Inter-Screening Interval 10.6 Discussion Supplementary Table 10.1 Literatures of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis for Colorectal Cancer References 11: Future of Colorectal Cancer Screening: Screening in the Big Data Era and Personalized Screening Strategy 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Personalized Screening Strategy for Colorectal Cancer 11.1.2 State-Specific Multistate Natural History of Colorectal Neoplasm 11.2 Materials and Methods 11.2.1 Study Procedure 11.2.2 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Universal and Personalized Colorectal Cancer Screening with FIT 11.3 Results 11.3.1 The Multistate And Multifactorial Model 11.3.2 Risk Classification 11.3.3 Mean Sojourn Time for Large Adenoma 11.3.4 Association Between f-Hb Level and Risk Percentile 11.3.5 Effectiveness of Personalized CRC Screening 11.3.6 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Universal and Personalized Screening with FIT 11.4 Discussion References