Colloquial Zulu (Colloquial Series) [1 ed.] 0415837170, 9780415837170

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Colloquial

Zulu Colloquial Zulu is an easy-to-use and up-to-date guide to the Zulu language. Specially written for self-study or class use, the course offers you a step-by-step approach to written and spoken Zulu. No prior knowledge of the language is required. What makes Colloquial Zulu your best choice in language learning? • • • •

It’s interactive – it has lots of exercises for regular practice. It’s clear – it has concise grammar notes. It’s practical – it has useful vocabulary and a pronunciation guide. It’s complete – it includes an answer key and reference section.

Whether you’re a business traveller or you work for an NGO, whether you’re studying to teach or are looking forward to a holiday – if you’d like to get up and running with Zulu, this rewarding course will take you from complete beginner to confdently putting your language skills to use in a wide range of everyday situations. This course is also ideal for an institution-based setting with its clear language pedagogy, cultural information and notes. Accompanying audio material, recorded by native speakers, is available free online. The audio material will help develop your listening and pronunciation skills. Sandra Sanneh is Senior Lector II Emerita at Yale University. Mary Hammond-Bloem is Lecturer at the University of KwaZulu-Natal.

THE COLLOQUIAL SERIES

The following languages are available in the Colloquial series: Afrikaans Albanian Amharic Arabic (Levantine) Arabic of Egypt Arabic of the Gulf Basque Bengali Breton Bulgarian Burmese Cambodian Cantonese Catalan Chinese Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French

German Greek Gujarati Hebrew Hindi Hungarian Icelandic Indonesian Irish Italian Japanese Kazakh Korean Latvian Lithuanian Malay Mongolian Norwegian Panjabi Persian Polish Portuguese Portuguese of Brazil

Romanian Russian Scottish Gaelic Serbian Slovak Slovene Somali Spanish Spanish of Latin America Swahili Swedish Tamil Thai Tibetan Turkish Ukrainian Urdu Vietnamese Welsh Yiddish Yoruba Zulu

COLLOQUIAL 2s series: The Next Step in Language Learning

Chinese Dutch French German

Irish Italian Portuguese of Brazil Russian

Spanish Spanish of Latin America

Colloquials are now supported by FREE AUDIO available online. All audio tracks referenced within the text are free to stream or download from www.routledge.com/ cw/colloquials.

Colloquial

Zulu

The Complete Course for Beginners Sandra Sanneh and Mary Hammond-Bloem

First published 2021 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2021 Sandra Sanneh and Mary Hammond-Bloem The right of Sandra Sanneh and Mary Hammond-Bloem to be identifed as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifcation and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record is available for this title ISBN: 978-0-415-83717-0 (pbk) ISBN: 978-0-203-38017-8 (ebk) Typeset in Avant Garde and Helvetica by Apex CoVantage, LLC Access the companion website: www.routledge.com/cw/colloquials

For Professor Msawakhe Hlengwa, "Mashasha", who taught us so much through his love of the Zulu language, his kindness and his nobility of spirit. Siyabonga Baba.

Contents

Introduction

1

Pronunciation guide

4

1

9

Ukubingelela Greetings In this unit: Saying hello and goodbye Greeting names Linkers Talking about oneself Present tense

2

Uvelaphi?

19

Where are you from? In this unit: Talking about oneself More on present tense Subject markers Emphatic pronouns 3

Uyaphi? Where are you going? In this unit: Where is it? Going places Times of day Saying goodbye

29

viii

Contents

4

Impilo yomndeni

39

Family life In this unit: Family routines Negating Talking about the future Days of the week Week and weekend 5

Kubiza malini?

51

How much does it cost? In this unit: How much is it? Rands and cents Noun groups: UMU-/ABANoun groups: ILI-/AMACounting 1–10 Wanting and requesting 6

Ukuhlangana nabangane

61

Social life In this unit: Being hungry or thirsty Making a purchase Object markers Likes and dislikes Affirming and negating 7

Umndeni nabangane Family and friends In this unit: Family members Noun subgroups U-/OIdentifying people by name/occupation Noun groups: ISI-/IZIDescribing people Working Noun classes

71

Contents

8

Ukugula nokwelapha

ix

85

Being ill and getting treated In this unit: Talking about symptoms Parts of the body More noun groups I can’t. . . You must /mustn’t. . . Instructions and requests Using object markers 9

Ukuthenga

99

Shopping In this unit: Making requests Obligations Precise place adverbs Making suggestions 10

Ukuthatha uhambo

114

Taking a trip In this unit: Weather Recent past progressive Common adjectives: predicative Taking a trip In the countryside 11

Ukungcebeleka Leisure In this unit: Celebrations (birthdays) Sports Colour adjectives Talking about recent past Passive voice

130

x

Contents

12

Ukuvakashela esiqiwini

143

Visiting a game reserve In this unit: Talking about animals Review of noun groups Describing characteristics, habits and states Negative instructions 13

Kudala

156

Long ago In this unit: Talking about the remote past Describing remote times Talking about childhood Folk tales 14

Ukuthuthela eGoli

173

Moving to Johannesburg In this unit: Talking about future events Demonstratives Ka- possessives 15

Amaholidi nezingozi

187

Holidays and accidents In this unit: Describing in recent past time Describing with relative construction Seasons and months Impersonal ku- + passive Describing with ideophones Reference grammar

198

Key to exercises

239

Glossary Zulu–English Glossary English–Zulu Recorded dialogues

305 310 315

Index

317

Introduction

Colloquial Zulu is intended for adult beginners who have little or no prior knowledge of Zulu. It is designed for learners who wish to study at home at their own pace, and it can also be used in a classroom setting. Colloquial Zulu focuses on spoken Zulu and covers the structures and vocabulary of the everyday situations that you are likely to encounter in South Africa or other southern African countries, whether you are on vacation, doing research or engaged in business. In other words, it is designed to help you to develop communication skills. The authors have kept the grammatical explanations as clear and as simple as possible, which means that we have used some of our own terms and have avoided some contemporary linguistic terminology. We have aimed throughout to be user-friendly so that you can gradually gain confdence and establish a solid understanding of the language. Colloquial Zulu consists of a book with free online audio material containing dialogues and oral activities.

How the course is organized The book begins with a pronunciation guide, and this is followed by 15 units, each based on a situational theme. There is a key to the exercises, a reference grammar, Zulu–English and English–Zulu glossaries and an index of grammatical topics.

2

Introduction

Contents of each unit • Dialogues – Each unit contains between two and fve dialogues. These are designed to introduce the key grammar and vocabulary of the unit. Translations are provided in the key. We recommend that you listen to each dialogue several times until you can play the role of all speakers. • Language points – These give explanations of new structures, with examples. A more detailed explanation of some topics is given in the reference grammar. We hope that associating each point with the unit theme will help you to remember them. • Exercises – There are exercises associated with the dialogues and the language points. A key to all exercises is given at the end of the book. • Culture points – In each unit, there are brief explanations of cultural conventions and historical background associated with the unit theme.

Using the recordings The recordings contain the dialogues and a variety of exercises designed to build your pronunciation, intonation and communication skills. When you frst listen to a dialogue, we recommend that you do so without looking at the transcription or the translation. Focus your listening on the following questions: • Who is talking? • Where is the dialogue taking place? • What is the purpose of the conversation? When you can answer these questions, listen again and focus on words that you don’t understand. Stop and write them down, and then return to listening. Then listen with the transcription and compare with the words you have written. Only look at the translation when you have tested yourself as far as you can. We recommend that you also listen to the dialogues when doing some other activity, so that the phrases and intonation become familiar to you. You should try to memorize the sentences of each speaker.

Introduction

3

Tips for learning Zulu Zulu is a language with a grammar system that is quite different from English, and unlike, say German or French, it has relatively few vocabulary items that are similar to English. However, like any language, Zulu has names for items and actions, words to describe things and actions or events, and ways of showing who is acting and who is receiving the action. It has ways of referring to past events and to events yet to take place. The more aware you are of how English does these things, the easier it will be for you to understand how they are done in Zulu. Here are some tips: • Set reasonable goals for yourself. Aim to make some progress each week rather than aiming to complete a unit. • Short and frequent sessions are better than long and infrequent ones. • Go through each unit thoroughly, spending time on the dialogues and completing all the exercises. • Organize your notes: o Create your own fash cards, using library cards or a computer/ smartphone app. The act of writing/typing them will help you to remember. o Keep your exercises and notes in labelled folders on your computer or in tabbed sections in a notebook o Use different colours for different kinds of information, for example, parts of speech. • Look for opportunities to use what you have learned: o Find another learner to meet or communicate with online. o Find a Zulu speaker to meet or communicate with online. o Listen to spoken Zulu on YouTube or elsewhere. You will not understand at frst, but you’ll get used to the sound of the language. o Look at online Zulu newspapers. At frst you’ll only recognize a few words, but gradually you’ll be able to understand the headlines. Sinifsela inhlanhla! We wish you good luck!

Pronunciation guide

Orthography Zulu uses the Roman alphabet. The orthography was standardized in the early 20th century and is based on phonetic principles, which means that each letter – or in some cases each group of letters – represents a single sound. Letters that are phonetically redundant (‘c,’ ‘q,’ ‘x’) are used to convey click consonants. Once you have learned to pronounce these sounds, you will not have difficulty reading Zulu.

Words and afxes Zulu consists of word stems or roots that have affixes attached to them. The stems carry semantic meaning, and the affixes modify that meaning with grammatical or other information. This means that a word can have many parts, each contributing to the meaning of the whole, and that a word can be a full sentence. For example: -bona Ngiyakubona. Bebebonakala.

see (stem) I see you. They were visible.

Asibabonanga abantwana.

We didn’t see the children.

Pronunciation guide

The sounds of Zulu Zulu has few vowels and a large number of consonants, including click sounds. Some consonants are written with up to four letters but are nonetheless a single sound: For example: -tsh-ntsh-

English ‘ch’ English ‘nch’ as in ‘enchant,’ but pronounced as one sound

-ntshw-

as above, but with lips rounded

The vowels Zulu has fve plain vowels: /a/ /e/ /i/ /o/

as in U.S./U.K. English ‘father’ as in U.S./U.K. English ‘bed’ as in U.S./U.K. English ‘sheep’ as in U.S. English ‘caught,’ U.K. English ‘saw’

/u/

as in U.S./U.K. English ‘too’

The consonants The following Zulu consonants are pronounced as in English: /f/, /g/, /h/, /j/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /s/, /v/, /w/, /z/ These consonant pairs may at frst sound the same to English speakers. Those with /h/ are pronounced as in English. Those without /h/ have a tight sound and are close to their voiced equivalent. In English, these sounds occur at the end of words: /ph/ /p/ /th/ /t/ /kh/

as in English ‘put,’ ‘paint’ as in English ‘cup,’ ‘help’ (almost a /b/) as in English ‘take,’ ‘teach’ as in English ‘hit,’ ‘shirt’ (almost a /d/) as in English ‘cake,’ ‘cool’

/k/

as in English ‘sick,’ ‘block’ (almost a /g/)

5

6

Pronunciation guide

There are two sounds representing ‘b’: /b/ /bh/

This is an implosive sound, which means you suck air in as you say it, like drawing on a pipe. This is similar to the English /b/, but it is harsher and has a voiced /h/ sound.

There are two sounds called lateral fricatives. These are produced by placing your tongue as if for /l/ and then pushing it up towards the roof of your mouth to create friction. If you pronounce these sounds correctly, they are continuous. The letters used can be misleading: /hl/ /dl/

No voicing As for /hl/ but with added voice. Be sure not to produce /d + l/.

Some nasal consonants need special attention: /ng/

/m/

This sound occurs in English ‘fnger’ or in ‘English’ but only mid-word. In Zulu, it occurs at the beginning of a word as well. Emphasize the /g/ and be careful not to add an initial vowel: ‘ngi-,’ not ‘ingi-.’ When this consonant is followed by another consonant, it becomes a whole syllable, so you must linger on it: ‘mkhulu,’ ‘ngiyambona.’

The click consonants These sounds were originally borrowed from speakers of the KhoeSan languages, who lived nearby and intermarried with the people who became known as the amaXhosa. A  large number of consonants in the Khoe-San languages are click sounds. Some click sounds were absorbed into what is now known as Xhosa and later into languages spoken by clans living farther north, including those we now know as Zulu. Zulu orthography uses the phonetically ‘spare’ letters of the alphabet to indicate click sounds. There are three click positions:

Pronunciation guide

‘c’

‘x’

‘q’

7

The tongue is pushing behind your teeth; the tip of the tongue can be seen through the lips.The sound is somewhat similar to the English disapproval ‘Tsk-tsk.’ The tongue is pressing on ridge behind your teeth, and air is released at the side. The sound is similar to the English children’s ‘giddyap.’ The tongue is curled back with its tip pressing on the roof your mouth; release makes a loud ‘knock’ sound.

Practice these sounds in isolation, and then practice them with each of the vowels as follows: ca – ce – ci – co – cu xa – xe – xi – xo – xu qa – qe – qi – qo – qu The three clicks can be modifed to form other phonemes. For example: /c/ + extra breath /c/ + voicing /c/ + nasalization

à à à

/ch/ /gc/ /nc/

/c/ + nasalization and voicing

à

/ngc/

This means there are fve different sounds/phonemes for each click position.

Tone Tone adds an additional layer of meaning to a word, and tonal differences can be the only difference between two Zulu words. Tones are placed on the core of each syllable, which is usually a vowel but can be the consonant /m/. Zulu has two contrasting tones: high and low. The height of each tone is relative, not absolute: High tone (H) is relatively higher than low tone (L). Low tone (L) is relatively lower than high tone (H).

8

Pronunciation guide

For example: Bóna! boná /u-/

(HL) (LH) (L)

See! (imperative) they (emphatic pronoun) indicates 2nd person sg.

/ú-/

(H)

indicates 3rd person sg.

Zulu orthography does not mark tone, but we will mark high tone with /’/ wherever we think it is important to avoid confusion. We encourage learners to pay close attention to the melody of each word and to imitate it closely. Note: Tone is not the same as intonation, which is the melody of a whole utterance.

Stress In Zulu, the penultimate (second last) syllable of a word carries stress, giving it extra length. This is the case no matter how long the word. Hámba! Ngikhoná. Uyangizwá?

Go away! I’m here./OK. Do you understand me?

Masihámbisáne.

Let’s go together.

Unit 1

Ukubingelela Greetings

In this unit: • • • • •

Saying hello and goodbye Greeting names Linkers Talking about oneself Present tense

Amagama amasha / New vocabulary Sawubona/Sanibona

hello, hi

umntwana

child

Yebo

yes

umntanami

my child

umfowethu

my brother

umnumzana, UMnu.

sir, Mr.

umfo

brother

unkosikazi, UNkk.

ma’am, Mrs.

udadewethu

my sister

unkosazana, UNkz.

udade

sister

miss, Miss, Ms.

umama

[my] mother

uthisha

teacher

ubaba

[my] father

Greetings Sawubona!

Hello!/Hi/!Good day!

to one person

Sanibona!

Hello!/Hi!/ Good day!

to more than one person

This greeting can be used at any time of day and is an acknowledgement of the other person: ‘I see you!’ Greetings usually include a name:

10

Unit 1: Ukubingelela

Language point Greeting names All nouns in Zulu – including personal names – begin with a vowel, but when using a noun in a greeting, omit the vowel: umfo udade umnumzana

à à à

Sawubona mfo. Sawubona dade. Sawubona mnumzana.

uNkk. Mkhize

à

Sawubona Nkk. Mkhize.

Greeting 1.1 Themba and Bongani (students): uThemba:

Sawubona mfowethu.

Hi, my brother.

uBongani:

Yebo, sawubona mfo.

Yes, hello brother.

Greeting 1.2 USibongile noZanele (students): uSibongile:

Sawubona dadewethu.

Hello, my sister.

uZanele:

Yebo, sawubona dade.

Yes, hi sister.

Greeting 1.3 Umama nomntwana (mother and child): The junior person greets frst. Umntwana:

Sawubona mama.

Hello, Mum.

Umama:

Yebo, sawubona mntanami.

Yes, hello my child.

Greeting 1.4 UMnu. Mkhize noNkk. Cele (Mr. Mkhize and Mrs. Cele): It is polite to use ‘Sir’ or ‘Ma’am’ when greeting a stranger. uMnu. Mkhize:

Sawubona nkosikazi.

uNkk. Cele:

Yebo, sawubona mnumzane. Yes, hello sir.

Hello ma’am.

Unit 1: Greetings

11

Exercise 1.1 Fill in the appropriate honorifc: 1. A boy greets his father:

Sawubona ___________

2. A child greets his teacher:

Sawubona ___________

3. A woman greets a male co-worker:

Sawubona ___________

4. A girl greets an older male relative:

Sawubona ___________

5. A visitor greets a female office worker: Sawubona ___________

Amagama amasha / New vocabulary u-

2nd person sg.(singular), subject marker (you)

ku-

Impersonal subject marker (it/they)

-njani?

How?

ngi-

1st person sg., subject marker (I)

-phila

be well

ni-

2nd person pl. (plural), subject marker (you all)

-ya-

Present tense Marker

wena

you, sg. emphatic

si-

1st person pl. subject marker (we)

nina

you, pl. emphatic

12

Unit 1: Ukubingelela

Greeting 1.5 UBongani noThemba uBongani: uThemba: uBongani: uThemba:

Sawubona mfowethu. Yebo, sawubona mfo. Unjani mfo? Ngiyaphila. Wena unjani?

uBongani:

Ngiyaphila.

Greeting 1.6 Abafundi nothisha Abafundi: Uthisha:

Pupils and teacher Sawubona thisha. Sanibona bantabami. Ninjani?

Abafundi:

Siyaphila thisha

Greeting 1.7 UNkk. Mkhize noMnu. Cele uNkk. Mkhize: uMnu. Cele: uNkk. Mkhize: uMnu. Cele:

Mrs. Mkhize and Mr. Cele Sawubona mnumzane. Yebo, sawubona nkosikazi. Ninjani mnumzane? Siyaphila nkosikazi. Nina ninjani?

uNkk. Mkhize:

Siyaphila mnumzane.

Unit 1: Greetings

13

Exercise 1.2 Complete the following greeting dialogues: 1.

2.

UThemba noZanele: uThemba: uZanele: uThemba: uZanele:

Sawubona sisi.

uThemba:

Ngiyaphila.

Unjani sisi?

Umntwana nomama Umntwana: Uthisha:

Sawubona mntanami. Unjani?

Umntwana: 3.

4.

UNkk. Mkhize nothisha uNkk. Mkhize: Uthisha: uNkk. Mkhize: Uthisha:

Sawubona nkosazana.

uNkk, Mkhize:

Sikhona nkosazana.

Unjani? ?

Ubaba nabafana Ubaba: Abafana: Ubaba:

Sanibona bafana. Ninjani bafana?

Abafana:

Language point Subject markers The subject noun is indicated by prefxing a subject marker (SM) to the verb: u-njani? How are you? ngi-ya-phila I’m well, OK.

14

Unit 1: Ukubingelela

ni-njani?

How are you (pl.)?

si-ya-phila

We’re well, OK.

An informal greeting uses the impersonal SM –ku-: ku-njani?

How’s it?

ku- lungile

It’s OK, alright.

Dialogue 1.1 UBongani noJason (Audio 1.1) Bongani and Jason, both in their 20s, are in line at the coffee shop: uBongani: uJason: uBongani: uJason: uBongani: uJason:

Sawubona mfowethu. Yebo, sawubona mfo. NginguBongani. Ngivela eThekwini. Ngiyisitshudeni. Hho, nginguJason. Ngivela eMelika. Nami ngiyisitshudeni. Ngiyajabula ukukwazi Jason. Nami ngiyajabula ukukwazi Bongani.

Amagama amasha / New vocabulary -vela

come from

isitshudeni

student

eThekwini

in/at/to Durban

nami

I too

eMelika

in/at/from America

-jabula

be happy, glad

eGoli

in/at/from Johannesburg

ukukwazi

to know you

umshayeli

driver

eSoweto

in/at/from Soweto

kodwa

but

eNgilandi

in/at/from the U.K.

eKapa

in/at/from Cape Town

Unit 1: Greetings

15

Language points Linkers To identify a person or item, add the subject marker to the identifying noun: SM + noun In Zulu, there are no double vowels (*au, *ii, *ui, etc.), so add a linker to separate the vowels. The linker has two forms: -ng-y-

before a, e, o, u before i

SM-linker-{noun} Ngi-ng-uBongani. Ngi-y-isitshudeni.

à à

I’m Bongani. I’m a student.

UBongani u-y-isitshudeni.

à

Bongani’s a student.

Did you notice? Zulu does not use the verb to be in this structure.

Exercise 1.3 Join the two nouns using the linker: 1. ngi-

umshayeli

2. u-

umntwana

3. uSipho u-

isitshudeni

4. udadewethu u-

uthisha

5. umama u-

unesi

Exercise 1.4 Where do they come from? Example:

uSipho Cape Town USipho uvela eKapa

16

Unit 1: Ukubingelela

1. 2. 3. 4.

ubaba umfowethu uBongani ngi-

Soweto Johannesburg Durban U.K.

5. uJason

U.S.A.

Exercise 1.5 Complete the dialogue between Bongani and Vusi. Use the following information about Vusi: Name: Place of origin: Occupation: uBongani: uVusi: uBongani: uVusi: uBongani: uVusi:

Vusi Ngcobo Johannesburg driver Sawubona mfowethu. NginguBongani Cele. Ngivela eThekwini. Ngiyisitshudeni. Ngiyajabula ukukwazi Vusi.

Dialogue 1.2 UZanele uhlangana noSibongile (Audio 1.2) Two girls meet at the university cafeteria uZanele: uSibongile: uZanele: uSibongile: uZanele:

uSibongile: uZanele:

Sawubona dadewethu. Yebo, sawubona. Unjani? Ngiyaphila. Wena unjani? Nami ngiyaphila. NginguZanele Mkhize. Ngihlala lapha enyuvesi. Ngivela eMlazi, KwaZulu-Natali. Wena ungubani futhi uvelaphi? NginguSibongile Cele. Ngivela khona lapha eThekwini. Hho, ngiyabonga. Mina ngenza iB.Comm, ngifunda unyaka wesibili.

Unit 1: Greetings

uSibongile: uZanele:

17

Mina, ngenza iB.A. Ngifunda umlando. Ngiyajabula ukukwazi Zanele. Sala kahle. Nawe hamba kahle Sibongile. Sizobonana futhi.

Amagama amasha / New vocabulary -hlala

live/stay

umlando

history

-vela

come from

izibalo

mathematics

Ungubani?

Who are you?

-bonga

ngingu. . .

I am (name)

be grateful/thankful

umfundi

student/learner

nami

I too. Me also.

Where do you come from?

nawe

You too. You also.

Sala kahle

Stay well. Good bye.

uvelaphi? eMlazi

in/at/from Umlazi

KwaZulu-Natali

in/from/to KwaZulu-Natal

Hamba kahle

Travel safely. Go well. Good bye.

khona lapha

right here

umshayeli

Driver

-enza

do, make

sizobonana

See you soon!

unyaka wesibili

second year

Exercise 1.6 Complete the dialogue between Nathi and Sibongile. Use the following information, and fll in the blanks: Name: Place of origin: Current place of Residence: Occupation:

uNathi Ngcobo Eshowe

uSibongile: Unathi: uSibongile:

Sawubona dadewethu.

Unathi: uSibongile: Unathi: uSibongile: Unathi:

Umlazi Student of history

NginguSibongile Cele. Ngivela eThekwini. Ungubani? Uvelaphi? Ngiyisitshudeni. Ngifunda izibalo. Sala kahle Nathi.

18

Unit 1: Ukubingelela

Exercise 1.7 Respond to the following using your information: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Sawubona. Unjani? Ungubani? Uhlalaphi? Uvelaphi?

Unit 2

Uvelaphi? Where are you from?

In this unit: • • • •

Talking about oneself More on present tense Subject markers Emphatic pronouns

Dialogue 2.1 UThemba noSibongile (Audio 2.1) Two students are talking in the cafeteria on the frst day of classes: uThemba: uSibongile: uThemba: uSibongile: uThemba: uSibongile: uThemba: uSibongile: uThemba: uSibongile:

Sawubona. NginguThemba Mkhize. Yebo. NginguSibongile Cele. Unjani Sibongile? Ngiyaphila, wena? Nami ngiyaphila. Uhlalaphi? Ngihlala eThekwini. Wena uhlalaphi? Hawu, nami futhi! Uyayithanda inyuvesi? Mmm. . . Kancane. Wena? Yebo! Kakhulu!

Unit 2: Uvelaphi?

20

Amagama amasha / New vocabulary -hlala

live

-thanda

like, love

-phi?

where?

kancane

a little

eMlazi

in/at/from Umlazi

kakhulu

a lot

wena

you yourself

Angazi

I don’t know.

mina

I myself

inyuvesi

university

futhi

also, furthermore

Language points Tone A high versus low tone contrast is part of the ‘melody’ of Zulu. Tones are not marked in Zulu orthography, but they will be marked in this text to indicate minimal pair contrasts such as the following: Bóna! boná

[high-low] [low-high]

See! them

uú-

[low] [high]

2nd person sg. 3rd person sg.

Subject markers (SM) Subject markers (SMs) attach to the verb and tell you who is doing the action: ngi- 1st person sg. u2nd person sg, ú3rd person sg.

Ngivela eMelika. Uvela eMlazi. Úvela eThekwini.

I come from America. You come from Umlazi. He/She comes from Durban.

The SM is there with a noun subject too: UBongani úvela eMlazi. Uthisha úthanda ukufundisa.

Bongani comes from Umlazi. The teacher likes teaching.

Did you notice? Zulu does not distinguish gender with subject markers: /ú-/ indicates ‘he’ or ‘she.’

Unit 2: Where are you from?

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Emphatic pronouns Use these for extra emphasis only: mina

1st person sg.

I myself, as for me

wena

2nd person sg.

you yourself, as for you

yena

3rd person sg.

he himself/she herself, as for him/her

thina

1st person pl.

we ourselves, as for us

nina

2nd person pl.

you yourselves, as for you

bona

3rd person pl.

they themselves, as for them

Ngihlala eMlazi kodwa yena úhlala eGoli.

I live in Umlazi, but she lives in Johannesburg.

Ngihlala eMlazi. Wena uhlalaphi?

I live in Umlazi. Where do you live?

UZanele yena ufunda kakhulu,

As for Zanele, she studies a lot,

kodwa mina ngifunda kancane.

but me, I study a little.

Exercise 2.1 Complete the following: 1. NginguBongani 2. Ngiyajabula 3. Nami

eThekwini. Bongani. ukukwazi.

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4. Ngivela eGoli, kodwa

eThekwini.

5. Ngihlala eMelika 6.

uhlalaphi? úyisitshudeni?

7. Ngithanda inyuvesi 8. ÚZanele úthanda inyuvesi

Culture note Ukuhlonipha: showing respect In Zulu culture, it’s important – particularly for a young person – to avoid using the personal names of senior men and women in the community. Kinship terms such as mama and baba are used without any title or surname. Married people are generally addressed as ‘father of. . .’ or ‘mother of. . . .’ Married women keep their maiden surname as a term of address and are referred to as MaNkosi (daughter of Nkosi). Men generally address one another by their praise names. In general, it is good to avoid using a frst name unless you are invited to do so. For more on naming, see Adrian Koopman, Zulu Names (Pietermaritzburg: UKZN Press, 2002).

Dialogue 2.2 UJason noBongani (Audio 2.2) Jason and Bongani meet again: uJason: uBongani:

Hawu! Sawubona Bongani! Yebo sawubona mfo. Usaphila?

uJason:

Yebo ngiyaphila. Wena usaphila?

uBongani:

Hhayi, ngisaphila.

Hey! Hi Bongani. Oh, hi brother. Are you [still] alright? Yes, I’m fine. And you, are you [still] OK? No, I’m [still] fine.

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Did you notice? In isiZulu, people often begin an affirmative sentence with the negative ‘hhayi.’ This indicates a lack of enthusiasm for the following affirmative: Hhayi, ngikhona. Hhayi, úyaphila.

No, I’m OK. No, she’s/he’s well.

Dialogue 2.3 UNkk. Mkhize esibhedlela (Audio 2.3) Mrs. Mkhize, a nurse, greets a younger male colleague at the hospital. uVinesh: uNkk. Mkhize: uVinesh: uNkk. Mkhize:

Sawubona Nkk. Mkhize. Yebo sawubona Vinesh. Ninjani? Sisaphila. Nina ninjani?

uVinesh:

Hhayi, sisatotoba nkosikazi.

Hello, Mrs. Mkhize. Hello, Vinesh. How are you all? We’re still well. How are you all? No, we’re struggling on, ma’am.

Amagama amasha / New vocabulary -njani?

How?

-khona

be here, present

-phila

be well

hhayi

no, not at all (often precedes an affirmative)

-totoba

struggle, walk unsteadily

Language points Subject markers (SM) ngiuú-

1st person sg. 2nd person sg. 3rd person sg.

sinibá-

1st person pl. 2nd person pl. 3rd person pl.

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Sihlala eThekwini. Nivela eMelika? Báfunda isiZulu. kuKunjani? Kulungile. Kukhona isikole eMlazi.

We live in Durban. Do you (pl.) come from America? They’re studying isiZulu. it (impersonal subject) How’s it [going]? (informal/familiar greeting) It’s OK/It’s going well/It’s good. There’s a school in Umlazi.

Present tense, verb focus 1 When the verb (action, event) is the focus and ends the clause, add – ya- to the present tense paradigm: Affirmative: ngi-ya-phil-a ngi-ya-fund-a ngi-ya-totob-a

SM-ya-{verb}-a. à Ngiyaphila à Ngiyafunda à Ngiyatotoba.

I’m well. I'm studying/I study. I’m struggling on.

Present tense, verb focus 2 When the verb (action, event) is the focus and ends the clause, -sacan replace -ya- to indicate ‘still’: Affirmative: ngi-sa-phil-a ngi-sa-fund-a ngi-sa-totob-a

SM-sa-{verb}–a. à Ngisaphila. à Ngisafunda. à Ngisatotoba.

I’m still well. I’m still studying. I’m still struggling on.

Culture note The plural forms ni- (you all) and si- (we) indicate an enquiry about the whole family and are used to show respect to elders.

Unit 2: Where are you from?

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Exercise 2.2 Complete the following greeting dialogues: 1. Uthisha nomfundi

Teacher and pupil

Umfundi: Uthisha

Yebo, sawubona mfundi.

Umfundi: Uthisha:

? Sisaphila. Wena unjani?

Umfundi:

2. Izitshudeni / Students Isitshudeni 1:

Hawu Bongani!

Isitshudeni 2: Isitshudeni 1:

Unjani?

Isitshudeni 2: Isitshudeni 1:

? Hhayi, ngisatotoba.

3. UNkk. Ngcobo noNkk. Mkhize / Mrs. Ngcobo [Cele] and Mrs. Mkhize [Zondi] uNkk. Ngcobo:

Sawubona MaZondi.

uNkk. Mkhize: uNkk. Ngcobo: uNkk. Mkhize:

? Sisaphila. Ninjani nina? .

Unit 2: Uvelaphi?

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Amagama / Vocabulary isiZulu

Zulu language

umthetho

law

isiNgisi

English language

isayensi yezilimi

linguistics

ubudokotela

medicine

unesi

nurse

iTheku

Durban

isibhedlela

hospital at/to/from hospital

eThekwini durban

in/at/from

esibhedlela

-sebenza

work

-nakekela

take care of

izibalo

mathematics

izingane

babies/children

umabhalane

-azi

know, be able

admin. assistant, clerk

ezezimali

fnances

izithombe

movies

ibhange

bank

Ukuzethula

Introducing oneself

UThemba: Sanibona. NginguThemba Mkhize. Ngivela eThekwini, eMlazi. Ngiyisitshudeni. Ngifunda e-UKZN. Ngifunda isiNgisi nesiZulu.

Hi, everyone. I’m Themba Mkhize. I’m from Durban, Umlazi. I’m a student. I’m studying at UKZN. I’m studying English and isiZulu.

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UNkk. Mkhize Sanibona. NginguPhumi Mkhize. Ngivela eMlazi, eThekwini. Ngingunesi. Ngisebenza esibhedlela. Nginakekela izingane.

Hi, everyone. I’m Phumi Mkhize. I’m from Umlazi, in Durban. I’m a nurse. I work at the hospital. I take care of babies.

UMnu. Mkhize Sanibona. NginguBaba Mkhize. Ngivela eThekwini, eMlazi. Ngingusomabhizinisi. Ngisebenza ebhange. Ngazi ngezezimali.

Hi, everyone. I’m [Father] Mkhize. I’m from Durban, Umlazi. I’m a businessman. I work at the bank. I know about fnance.

Exercise 2.3 Use the following information to introduce yourself: 1. Zanele Mkhize • isitshudeni

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• iGoli • inyuvesi yaseKapa • isayensi yezilimi 2. UNkk. Zondi • uthisha • iTheku • inyuvesi • izibalo 3. S’bu Zondi • umabhalane • iKapa • ibhange • izithombe

Unit 3

Uyaphi? Where are you going?

In this unit: • • • •

Where is it? Going places Times of day Saying goodbye

Indaba 3.1 Uyaphi umama? Where’s mother going?

Namhlanje umama uya edolobheni. Ulindela ikhumbi emgaqweni. Ugibela ekhumbini. Uya ezitolo kuChurch Street. Ufuna ukuthenga ukudla kwaSpar. Uthatha isinkwa nobisi noshukela namasi. Uyakhokha. Ugibela itekisi, uya ekhaya.

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Amagama / Vocabulary amasi

soured milk (like yogurt)

city

ushukela

sugar

wait for

isinkwa

bread

umgwaqo

road/street

-thatha

take

ikhumbi/itekisi

taxivan

-khokha

Pay

izitolo

stores

ikhaya

home

-thenga

buy

-ya

go to

-phi?

where

idolobha -lindela

Did you notice? Words denoting to/from/at/on/in a place start with e- and end in –ni. These are added to the noun, replacing the initial and fnal vowels: edolobheni emgaqweni ekhumbini

to town in the street in the taxivan

idolobha umgaqo ikhumbi

town street taxivan

Certain words take only the initial e-. Remember these as exceptions: ezitolo

to the shops

izitolo

shops

ekhaya

(to) home

ikhaya

home

Language point Locatives To indicate direction to/from/at/in a place, replace the initial vowel with /e-/ and replace the fnal vowel with /-ini/. The ending changes with the fnal vowel of the noun: a + -ini e + -ini i + -ini o + -ini u + -ini

à à à à à

-eni -eni -ini -weni -wini

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Certain words do not change their ending. Note these as exceptions. The directional meaning is made clear by the context.

Ezinye izindawo Other destinations uMlazi ikhaya idolobha iGoli inyuvesi isitolo iMelika

home city Johannesburg university store United States

eMlazi ekhaya edolobheni eGoli enyuvesi esitolo eMelika

to/at Umlazi to/at home to/in the city to/in Johannesburg to/at the university to/at the store to/from the United States

Amagama

Amagama / Vocabulary -phi?

where?

imakethe

market

-ya

go to

ibhange

bank

inyuvesi

university

isiteshi

bus/train station

ihhotela

hotel

isikole

school

Exercise 3.1 Bavelaphi?

Where are they from?

1. uSipho

iGoli

2. umfowethu

uMlazi

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3. umnumzana

idolobha

4. uthisha

iMelika

5. umama

iTheku

Exercise 3.2 Bayaphi?

Where are they going?

1. uBongani

isiteshi

2. umfowethu

imakethe

3. umnumzana

ibhange

4. uthisha

isikole

5. umama

ihhotela

Culture note Taxivans can carry up to 16 passengers. They do short runs between residential neighbourhoods and city centres. Passengers fag them down with hand signals indicating where they want to go. At the taxi ranks in the city, drivers tend to wait until they have a full van of passengers before setting off.

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Dialogue 3.1 Amagama / Vocabulary -phuma

emerge, come out

-dinga

need

ikilasi

class

ukudla

food, eating

ekilasini

to/at/from class

ukufunda

studying

manje

now

UBongani noThemba (Audio 3.1) Bongani meets Themba on campus. uBongani:

Hheyi Themba, uphumaphi?

uThemba:

Sawubona Bongani. Kunjani?

uBongani:

Hhayi, kulungile. Kunjani kuwe? Ngikhona mfo. Ngiphuma ekhaya.

uThemba:

uBongani:

Hho. Ngiphuma ekilasini mina. Uyaphi manje?

uThemba:

Ngiya esitolo. Ngidinga ukudla. Wena uyaphi?

uBongani: uThemba:

Ngiya ekhaya. Ngidinga ukufunda. Kulungile. Hamba kahle.

uBongani:

Hamba kahle nawe.

Hey Themba, where are you coming from? Hi Bongani. How’s it going? [No], it’s okay/fine. How about you? I’m alright, man. I’m coming from home. Oh. I’m coming from class. Where are you going now? I’m going to the store. I need food. Where are you off to? I’m going home. I need to study. OK. Goodbye (go well). Goodbye. Go well you too.

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Exercise 3.3 Fill in the missing words: 1. UThemba uphuma 2. UBongani uphuma 3. UThemba uya 4. UBongani uya 5. UBongani udinga

Dialogue 3.2 UNkk. Mkhize noNkk. Cele (Audio 3.2) Mrs. Mkhize and Mrs. Cele are chatting. uNkk. Mkhize:

uNkk. Cele:

Siyaphila. uNkk. Mkhize:

uNkk. Cele:

uNkk. Mkhize:

Sawubona MakaBongani.

Hello Mrs. Cele [Bongani’s mother]. Ninjani? How are you [all]? Yebo, sawubona MakaThemba. Yes, hello Mrs. Mkhize [Themba’s mother]. Ninjani nina? We’re fine. How are you [all]? Siyaphila nokho. We are okay. Uphumaphi? Where are you coming from? Ngiphuma esibhedlela. I’m coming from the hospital. Ngiya ekhaya. Wena? I’m going home. You? Ngiphuma emsebenzini. I’m coming from work. Ngiya emakethe. I’m going to the market. Sidinga imifino. We need vegetables.

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Exercise 3.4 Fill in the missing words: 1. UNkk. Cele

esibhedlela.

2. UNkk. Mkhize

emsebenzini.

3. UNkk. Cele

ekhaya.

4. UNkk. Mkhize

emakhethe.

5. UNkk. Mkhize

imifino.

Amagama / Vocabulary ekuseni

in the morning

kuze kube

to, until

emini

at midday, during the day

-buya

return from

-buyela

return to

ntambama

in the afternoon

-pheka

cook

kusihlwa

in the evening

-lala

sleep

ebusuku

at night

-xoxa

chat, converse

ngo-8

at 8:00

abangane

friends

ngophasi 8

at 8:30

esithombeni

kusukela

from, since

to the cinema/ movies

Izikhathi zosuku ekuseni emini ntambama kusihlwa ebusuku

Times of day in the morning at midday in the afternoon in the evening at night

Did you notice? Some expressions for times of day have the same structure as places. The e- . . . -ini form therefore indicates location in time or space.

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Indaba 3.2 Usuku lukaZanele

Zanele’s day

Ekuseni ngivuka ngo-6.

In the morning I wake up at 6:00.

Ngo-7 ngiya edolobheni.

At 7:00 I go to the city.

Emini ngiyasebenza.

During the day I work.

Ntambama ngibuyela ekhaya.

In the afternoon I return home.

Ngipheka isapha ekhishini.

I cook supper in the kitchen.

Kusihlwa ngiya ejimini.

In the evening I go to the gym.

Ebusuku ngilala ngo-10.

At night I go to sleep at 10:00.

Exercise 3.5 Isibonelo: UZanele uvuka nini? Uvuka ngo-6. 1. UZanele uya nini edolobheni? 2. Usebenza nini? 3. Ubuyela nini ekhaya? 4. Upheka nini? 5. Ulala nini?

Indaba 3.3 Usuku lukaBongani

Bongani’s day

1. Ekuseni ngivuka ngo-8.

In the morning I get up at 8:00.

2. Ngiya enyuvesi ngophasi-8.

I go to the university at 8:30.

3. Ngiya ekilasini kuze kube ngu-2. I go to class until 2:00. 4. Ngixoxa nabangane ntambama. I chat with my friends in the afternoon. 5. Kusihlwa siya esithombeni.

In the evening we go to the cinema.

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6. Ebusuku ngiyafunda.

At night I study.

7. Ngilala ngo-12.

I go to sleep at 12:00.

Exercise 3.6 Isibonelo: Wenzani uBongani ngo-8? Ngo-8 uyavuka. 1. Wenzani ngophasi-8? 2. Wenzani kuze kube ngu-2? 3. Wenzani ntambama? 4. Wenzani kusihlwa? 5. Wenzani ebusuku? 6. Wenzani ngo-12?

Exercise 3.7 Chaza usuku lwakho. Describe your day 1. Ekuseni 2. Ngo-7 3. Emini 4. Ntambama 5. Kusihlwa 6. Ngo-10 7. Ebusuku

Language point Saying goodbye The farewell differs according to number and who is staying or leaving. Farewell 1 One person leaving: A (to B):

Hámba kahlé!

Go well!

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Farewell 2 More than one person leaving: A (to B&B):

Hambáni kahlé!

Go well [you pl.]!

Farewell 3 One person staying: B (to A):

Sála kahlé!

Stay well!

Farewell 4 More than one person staying: B (to A&A):

Saláni kahlé!

Stay well [you pl.]!

Unit 4

Impilo yomndeni Family life

In this unit: • • • • •

Family routines Negating Talking about the future Days of the week Week and weekend

Umndeni wakwaMkhize 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

1. UMnu. Mkhize ungumkhandi. Ukhanda imishini yomoya kwaBarlow. 2. UNkk. Mkhize usebenza esibhedlela. Ungunesi. 3. UThemba ungumfundi enyuvesi. Ufunda umlando. 4. UZanele naye ungumfundi. Ufunda izilimi. Ufunda isiZulu nesiNgisi. 5. UGogo ungumama kaMnz. Mkhize. Uthanda ukunitha.

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Amagama / Vocabulary umkhandi

repairman

esibhedlela

at the hospital

-khanda

repair

unesi

nurse

imishini yomoya

air conditioners

umlando

history

-sebenza

work

izilimi

languages

Indatshana 4.1 Read this passage:

Ekuseni kwaMkhize Morning at the Mkhizes’ 1. Iwashi liyakhala. Ugogo uvula amehlo, ubheka iwashi, ngu-5 ekuseni. Ugogo wendlula umbhede bese eya ebhavulomu. Ugeza ubuso, axhube amanzinyo. Lapho eqeda uya ekhishini. Upheka iphalishi ngoba uThemba uyalithanda kakhulu. UZarele yena akalithandi iphalishi. 2. Ngophasi-5 umama uyavuka ayogeza. Ubaba usalele. Ngo-6 umama uhambisela ubaba itiye. 3. Ngophasi-6 umama ungqongqoza eminyango kaThemba nokaZanele ukubavusa. 4. UThemba akathandi ukuvuka. ngokushesha bese edla iphalishi.

Uxhubha

amazinyo,

agqoke

5. UZanele uyogeza ebhavulomu, agqoke izingubo bese ephuza itiye elinobisi noshukela. Akadli ekuseni. 6. Ngo-7 ubaba nomama noThemba noZanele baphuma ekhaya. UGogo akaphumi. Usala ekhaya. UGogo uphuza amahewu. Akadli.

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Amagama amasha / New vocabulary iwashi/ama-

clock, watch

iphalishi

porridge

-khala

ring

yena

she, as for her

-vula amehlo

open eyes

-lele

be asleep

-bheka

look at

-hambisela

take to

isikhathi

time

-ngqongqoza

knock

-vuka

wake up

eminyango

on the doors

manje

now

-vusa

-endlula umbhede

make bed

wake up (someone)

ebhavulomu

to the bathroom

-gqoka

wear, put on

ngokushesha

quickly

-geza ubuso

wash

bese

and then

-xubha amazinyo

brush teeth

elinobisi

with milk

-qeda

fnish

ushukela

sugar

-ya

go to

- phuma

leave, go out

ekhishini

in the kitchen

-sala

-lungisa

prepare

remain, stay behind

-pheka

cook

amahewu

soured maize drink

Phendula imibuzo le:

Umsebenzi 4.1 Nini? Kuphi? Yini? 1. Ugogo uvuka nini? 2. Umama uvuka nini? 3. Ubaba uvuka nini? 4. Abantwana bavuka nini? 5. Umama usebenzaphi? 6. Ubaba wenzani? 7. Ubaba usebenzaphi? 8. UThemba ufundani? 9. UZanele ufundani? 10. Ugogo usalaphi?

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Umsebenzi 4.2 Benzani ekuseni? 1. Ugogo

amehlo.

2. Ugogo

umbhede.

3. Ugogo

ubuso.

4. Ugogo

iphalishi.

5. Umama

ubaba itiye.

6. Umama

eminyango yabantwana.

7. UThemba

amazinyo.

8. UThemba

iphalishi.

9. UZanele 10. Ugogo

itiye nobisi noshukela. amahewu.

Did you notice? Family members do not do certain things: (UZanele) yena akathandi phalishi. UThemba akathandi ukuvuka. (UZanele) akadli ekuseni. UGogo akaphumi.

As for Zanele, she doesn’t like porridge. Themba doesn’t like to wake up. Zanele doesn’t eat in the morning. Grandma doesn’t leave/ isn’t leaving.

Language note Negating To negate, prefx a- to the subject marker, and change the fnal vowel of the verb to -i The negative pattern is: a-SM-{verb}-i There is no verb focus marker (-ya-) in the negative.

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Examples Ngiyafunda. Bayaphuza. Siyashayela.

Angifundi. Abaphuzi. Asishayeli.

à à à

I’m not studying. They’re not drinking. We’re not driving.

3rd person sg. is irregular: u- à -akaUyadla. Uyaphuma. Uyavuka.

Akadli. Akaphumi. Akavuki.

à à à

She/He’s not eating. She/He’s not leaving. She/He’s not waking up.

For 2nd person sg., insert w to separate vowels a-u-vuki a-u-thandi a-u-dli

à à à

Awuvuki. Awuthandi. . . Awudli./Awudli?

You’re not waking up. You don’t like. . . You’re not eating./Aren’t you eating?

For universal negation, drop the initial vowel of the object noun: Angifundi manovela. I don’t read [any] novels. Abaphuzi bhiya. They don’t [any] drink beer. Akashayeli moto. She doesn’t drive a car [any cars]. For particular negation, add the object marker and do not omit the initial vowel: Angiwafundi amanovela. Ababuphuzi ubhiya. Akayishayeli imoto.

I don’t read the novels [that I see advertised]. They don’t drink the beer [that is served in this restaurant]. She doesn’t drive the car [that her son bought].

Umsebenzi 4.3 Negating Negate the following: 1. Ngiyahamba. 2. Bayagqoka. 3. Niyaphuma?

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4. Siyapheka. 5. UThemba uyavuka. 6. UGogo upheka iphalishi. 7. Ubaba ugeza ubuso. 8. Abantwana baxhubha amazinyo. 9. Umama uphuza itiye. 10. Abazali baya emsebenzini.

Umsebenzi 4.4 Negating Answer the following questions in the negative: Isibonelo:

Uyafunda?

Cha, angifundi.

1. Uthanda inyama? 2. Baya ekhaya? 3. UZanele udla isinkwa? 4. Abantwana bavuka ngo-6? 5. Niphuza ikhofi?

Ingxoxo 4.1 / Dialogue 4.1 NgoMgqibelo ekuseni Ugogo uvusa uThemba. (Audio 4.1) Saturday morning Grandma wakes Themba. Ugogvo: uThemba: Ugogo: uThemba: Ugogo:

Themba! Vuka wena! Usalele namanje? Hhayi-bo Gogo, nguMgqibelo namhlanje! Angiyi enyuvesi. Ngiyakwazi lokho. Nokho vuka wena! Hhawu Gogo, ngisafuna ukulala, angiyi ndawo namhlanje. (ehleka) Vuka wena! Ngifuna ukukuthumela edolobheni namuhla. Unyoko udinga iyisti. Uzoxova ujeqe.

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Amagama amasha / New vocabulary hhayi bo

no (emphatic)

-thumela

send to

-lele

be asleep

emhlanganweni

to a meeting

lokho

that

iyisti

yeast

nokho

nevertheless

-xova

knead

edolobheni

to town

ujeqe

steamed bread

Ingxoxo 4.2 Umama uvusa uZanele: Mother wakes Zanele (Audio 4.2) Umama: uZanele:

Zanele! Vuka! Zanele! Vuka! Hawu ma! Angifuni ukuvuka. Ngikhathele. Futhi nguMgqibelo namuhla. Ngiyakwazi lokho. Kodwa namuhla ngiya emhlanganweni. Wena uzowasha izingubo. Kulungile? Ngizobuya ngo-1. Mama uyakhumbula ukuthi ngiya ephathini kaSibongile namhlanje? Cha, ngikhohliwe mntanami. Kulungile, sizokhuluma ntambama.

Umama:

uZanele: Umama:

Amagama amasha / New vocabulary -khumbula

remember

umngane

friend

ephathini

to the party

-khohliwe

to have forgotten

Did you notice? Granny and Mrs. Mkhize talk about the things they will do: Uzobuya ntambama Uzowasha izingubo Ngizobuya ngabo-1 Ngizoxova ujeqe Sizokhuluma ntambama

She’ll return in the afternoon. You’ll wash the clothes. I’ll be back at 1:00. I’ll prepare steamed bread. We’ll talk this afternoon.

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Language note Talking about the future To talk about events that will occur soon, insert -zo- (affirmative) and -zu- (negative). The pattern is: Affirmative: Negative:

SM-zo-[verb]-a a-SM-zu-[verb]-a

Ngi-zo-hamb-a A-ngi-zu-hamb-a

I’ll go. I won’t go.

One-syllable verbs require an extra – ku-: Affirmative: Negative:

SM-zo-[verb]-a a-SM-zu-[verb]-a

Umsebenzi 4.5 Future Rewrite the following in future time: 1. UThemba uya ethawini. 2. UGogo uyaphumula. 3. Ubaba uyasebenza. 4. Siyadla. 5. Bathenga ukudla. 6. UZanele akafundi. 7. Angipheki. 8. Asibuyi ntambama. 9. Abalali. 10. UThemba akagezi.

Ngi-zo-ku-dl-a A-ngi-zu-ku-dl-a

I’ll eat. I won’t eat.

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Umsebenzi 4.6 Answer the questions: 1. UThemba uya enyuvesi ngoMgqibelo? 2. UThemba ufuna ukuvuka? 3. UGogo ufuna ukuthumela uThemba ebhange? 4. Umama kaThemba uya esitolo? 5. Umama udinga ushukela? 6. UZanele uya esibhedlela?

Umsebenzi 4.7 Wenzani ekuseni wena? What do you do in the morning? 1. Ngo-7 2. Ngophasi 7 3. Ngo-8 4. Ngo-9 5. Ngophasi 9 Izinsuku zesonto Days of the week iSonto uMsombuluko uLwesibili uLwesithathu uLwesine uLwesihlanu uMgqibelo

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

NgoMgqibelo On Saturday 1. Ugogo akavuli amehlo ngo-5. 2. Abantwana abagqoki inyufomu. 3. Ubaba akayi ebhange. 4. Ugogo akapheki iphalishi.

ngeSonto ngoMsombuluko ngoLwesibili ngoLwesithathu ngoLwesine ngoLwesihlanu ngoMgqibelo

on Sunday on Monday on Tuesday on Wednesday on Thursday on Friday on Saturday

Unit 4: Impilo yomndeni

48

5. Iwashi alikhali. 6. Ubaba akayi ebhange.

Umsebenzi 4.8 Yini ongayenzi ngoMgqibelo? What do you not do on Saturday? 1. Ekuseni 2. Emini 3. Ntambama 4. Kusihlwa 5. Ebusuku

Negations: nothing, nowhere, no one Angifuni lutho. Angiboni muntu. Angimboni ndawo.

I don’t want anything. I don’t see anyone. I don’t see him anywhere.

Indatshana 4.2 Isonto ekuseni Sunday morning 1. Inkonzo iqala ngo-9. Umndeni wakwaMkhize ugibela emotweni, uya esontweni. Isonto ligcwele namhlanje ngoba kukhona umfundisi ovela phesheya. Abantu bahlezi, bathulile. Abefundisi bayangena, inkonzo iqale. Abantu bayathandaza, bayacula, abanye bayadansa, bonke balalela izwi leNkosi. 2. Isonto liphuma ngo-11 kodwa abantu abahambi. Baphuza iziphuzo futhi badla amakhekhe, bakhuluma nabefundisi. Baya ekhaya bejabulile. 3. OMkhize bahlala etafuleni namhlanje ngoba yiSonto. Ukudla kumnandi kakhulu. Bonke balambile. Badla inkukhu eyosiwe nerayisi namazambane nophizi nokherothi nethanga. Badla uphudini no-ayisikhrimu.

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4. Emuva kwedina uZanele noThemba bageza izitsha. Abazali baphumula elawunji. Umama uMkhize uyozela. Ukhathele. Ubaba uMkhize ubuka ibhola kumabonakude. Ugogo uyalala.

Amagama amasha

Amagama amasha / Vocabulary -qala

begin

iziphuzo

drinks

isonto

church

amakhekhe

cakes/cookies

-gcwele

full

idina

umfundisi/ abefundisi

lunch/midday meal

minister/s

yisonto

it’s Sunday

phesheya

abroad

irayisi

rice

-shumayela

preach

inkukhu eyosiwe

roast chicken

-thandaza

pray

-osa

roast, barbecue

-cula

sing

ithanga

pumpkin

-dansa

dance

uphizi

peas

bonke

all of them

ukherothi

carrots

-lalela

listen to

amazambane

potatoes

izwi leNkosi

God’s word

uphudini

pudding, dessert

kodwa

but

u-ayisikhrimu

ice cream

nabo

they too

-phumula

rest

-khona

be present

-ozela

be sleepy

abantu

people

umabonakude

television

Did you notice? A different form of the verb is used for describing: Isonto ligcwele. Bahlezi. Balambile. Bejabulile. Ukhathele.

The church is full. They’re seated. They’re hungry. They’re happy. She’s tired.

-gcwala -hlala -lamba -jabula -khathala

fll up sit down get hungry get happy get tired

For more on this verb form, called stative/perfective, see Unit 9.

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Umsebenzi 4.9 Yiqiniso noma akunjalo? True or false? 1. Umndeni wakwaMkhize uhamba ngemoto uya esontweni. 2. Umfundisi uvela eGoli. 3. Abanye abantu bayadansa esontweni. 4. Abantu baphuma ngo-11 bese beya ekhaya. 5. Umndeni uhlala etafuleni namuhla. 6. KwaMkhize badla inyama yenkomo namazambane. 7. UThemba noZanele bahlala elawunji. 8. Ubaba uMkhize ulalela umsakazo. 9. UGogo ugeza izitsha. 10. Umama uMkhize uyaphumula.

Culture note A high percentage of Zulu people are Christian and attend a worship service regularly. Many belong to mainline churches, such as Catholicism and Anglicanism, or to newer denominations such as 7th Day Adventists. However, a large number belong to indigenous churches, known as Zionists, including the large Zulu denomination of AmaNazaretha, which was founded by the prophet Isaiah Shembe in the 1930s.

Unit 5

Kubiza malini? How much does it cost?

In this unit: • • • • • •

How much is it? Rands and cents Noun groups: UMU-/ABANoun groups: ILI-/AMACounting 1–10 Wanting and requesting

Imali yaseNingizimu Afrika South African currency

South African currency has two denominations: rands (R1) and cents. 100 cents

= R1

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All notes bear the image of President Mandela and differ in backdrop and colour. Kubiza malini? Kubiza uR10. Kubiza uR500. Kubiza uR2.50. Ikamelo libiza malini? Ithikithi libiza malini? Itekisi libiza malini? Ibhasi libiza malini?

How much does it cost? It costs R10. It costs R500. It costs R2.50. How much does a room cost? How much does a ticket cost? How much does the taxi cost? How much does the bus cost?

Amagama / Vocabulary -biza

cost

-funa

want

-ni?

what?

nathi

with us

irandi

rand

eish!

amarandi

rands

wow! (negative surprise)

isenti

cent

hawu!

wow! (surprise)

amasenti

cents

ebhishi

to/from/at the beach

ikamelo

room

-dula

be expensive

ithikithi

ticket

-shibhile

be cheap

itekisi

taxi

-cela

ibhasi

bus

request, ask for, want

bosisi

sisters (for greeting)

-hambisa

take someone to

bafowethu

my brothers (for greeting)

Kulungile

alright, ok

Asihambe

let’s go.

-dlala

play

-thi

say

Ingxoxo 5.1 / Dialogue 5.1 UBongani noThemba bahlangana no-Unathi noZanele (Audio 5.1) Bongani and Themba meet Unathi and Zanele. uBongani: Unathi noZanele: uThemba: uZanele:

Niyaphi bosisi? Yebo bafowethu. Siya esithombeni. O! Kudlalani? i-Vampire III. Nifuna ukuhamba nathi?

Unit 5: How much does it cost?

uBongani: Unathi: uThemba: uBongani: Unathi noZanele: uThemba noBongani:

53

Ithikithi libiza malini? Libiza uR25. Eish! Liyadula! Asinamali. Siyizitshudeni. Kulungile. Salani kahle. Hambani kahle.

Did you notice? Bongani asks: Ithikithi libiza malini? Nathi answers: Libiza uR25. Li- is the subject marker (SM) for the noun group to which ithikithi belongs.

Language note Noun groups Nouns consist of a stem and a prefx. The stem gives the meaning, and the prefx signals the noun group and also singular, plural or mass. Nouns are divided into groups. In Zulu there are 12 groups that form singular–plural pairs and two groups for mass nouns. As we saw in Unit 2, verbs must have a prefx (subject marker) that links the verb to its subject, and each noun group has its own subject marker.

UMU-/ABA-pair Although meaning does not determine the group of most nouns, this pair has nouns that refer to humans. The singular group prefx is umuor um- or u-*, and the plural group prefx is aba- or o-*: umuntu umntwana uthisha umshayeli unesi

person child teacher driver nurse

abantu abantwana othisha abashayeli onesi

people children teachers drivers nurses

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The subject markers for this pair are u- and ba-: Umntwana ufunda esikoleni. Uthisha uhlala eGoli.

Abantwana bafunda esikoleni. Othisha bahlala eGoli.

*See Unit 7 for more on the U-/O- pair.

ILI-/AMA- pair This pair has many inanimate objects and words taken from English and Afrikaans. The singular group prefx is i-, and the plural group prefx is ama-: ibhasi idolobha ikhaya ithikithi isenti irandi

bus city home ticket cent rand

amabhasi amadolobha amakhaya amathikithi amasenti amarandi

buses city homes tickets cents rands

The subject markers for this pair are li- and aIthikithi libiza uR25. Ibhasi lifka ngo-5.

Amathikithi abiza uR25. Amabhasi afka ngo-5.

Umsebenzi 5.1 Complete the sentences by inserting the appropriate subject marker: 1. Abantwana. 2. Ibhasi. 3. Amathikithi. 4. Idolobha. 5. Umshayeli.

ya esikoleni. fika ngo-12. biza uR10. nabantu abaningi. cela uR50.

Unit 5: How much does it cost?

Ingxoxo 5.2 UJason ufuna ukuya ehhotela Jason wants to go to the hotel (Audio 5.2) uJason: Umshayeli: uJason: Umshayeli: uJason: Umshayeli: uJason: Umshayeli: uJason: Umshayeli: uJason: Umshayeli: uJason:

Sawubona mfo. Yebo sawubona mnumzane. Unjani? Ngiyatotoba mnumzana. Ufuna ukuyaphi? Ngicela ukuya ehhotela, iHoliday Inn. IHoliday Inn? Ngasebhishi? Ehhe. Kubiza malini? Kubiza uR50. UR50? Hawu, kuyadula! Cha mnumzana. Kushibhile. Ngingakhokha uR30. UR30! Cha mnumzana. Kodwa ngingakuhambisa ngo-R40. Kulungile. Asihambe.

Umsebenzi 5.2 Phendula imibuzo. Answer the questions. 1. UJason ufuna ukuyaphi? 2. Itekisi libiza malini? 3. UJason uthi itekisi lishibhile?

55

Unit 5: Kubiza malini?

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4. UJason ufuna ukukhokha malini? 5. Umshayeli ufuna malini?

Language note Wanting and requesting When asking for something, use -cela (request). Elsewhere, use -funa (ask /want/look for).

Umsebenzi 5.3 Sebenzisa -funa noma -cela: Use -funa or -cela 1. Umshayeli 2. [mina] 3. [abantwana] 4. 5. Ubaba

ukubuyela ekhaya. ithikithi. amaswidi. ukuya edolobheni? ugwayi.

Unit 5: How much does it cost?

Culture note When doing a transaction such as buying an item at the market or hiring a taxi, it is expected that some bargaining will take place. This is always done with politeness and good humour, and a successful transaction ends with both vendor and buyer content with the outcome. Some vendors, however, are under instruction from their bosses not to bargain, and, not surprisingly, there is no bargaining in malls and supermarkets.

Did you notice? When suggesting that they go, the driver says Asihambe (Let’s go), and the passenger responds Kulungile (Alright). Here are some more suggestions for doing something, using asi-{verb}-e: Asidle. Kulungile. Asiphuze. Kulungile.

Let’s eat. OK. Let’s drink. Alright.

Umsebenzi 5.4 Make suggestions from the following verbs: 1. -dlala 2. -ya edolobheni 3. -lindela 4. -gibela ibhasi 5. -thenga amasi

57

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Umsebenzi 5.5 Read the following wants/needs, and make a suggestion: 1. Ngifuna isinkwa. 2. Ngicela ukuya esibhedlela. 3. Ngifuna ukubukela isithombe. 4. Ngicela ukuya ekhaya. 5. Sifuna ukuya esiteshini.

Language note Counting Numbers are adjectives that have a stem and a prefx.

Number stems 1–5: -nye -bili

one, a certain two

-thathu

three

-ne

four

-hlanu

fve

elinye isenti, elinye irandi amasenti amabili, amarandi amabili amasenti amathathu, amarandi amathathu amasenti amane, amarandi amane amasenti amahlanu, amarandi amahlanu

The prefx changes for numbers above 5:

Number stems 6–10: -yisithupha -yisikhombisa -yisishiyagalombili -yisishiyagalolunye -yishumi

six seven eight nine ten

amasenti ayisithupha amasenti ayisikhombisa amasenti ayisishiyagalombili amasenti ayisishiyagolunye amasenti ayishumi

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Adjective markers Each noun group has its own adjective marker. For some noun groups, the markers for stems for 6 and higher differ from markers for 1–5:

UMU-/ABA- pair 1–5

6–10

omuomunye umntwana uthisha omunye abaabantwana ababili abashayeli abathathu abaabantu abayisithupha onesi abayishumi

one child one teacher two children three drivers six people 10 nurses

ILI-/AMA- pair 1–5

6–10

elielinye ithikithi elinye ibhasi amaamathikithi amabili amabhasi amane aamathikithi ayisikhombisa amabhasi ayishumi

one ticket one bus two tickets four buses seven tickets ten buses

Culture note Higher Zulu numbers are cumbersome, and so speakers tend to use English numbers: amarandi angu-75 amarandi angu-90 amasenti angu-35

75 90 35

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Did you notice? Most adjectives follow the noun; -nye is an exception, it may precede or follow the noun.

Umsebenzi 5.6 How many? 1. 10c 2. R3.00 3. R1.00 4. R4.00 5. R5.00 6. 5c 7. R6.00 8. R10.00 9. R8.00 10. R7.00

Umsebenzi 5.7 Give an appropriate farewell greeting: 1. Bongani (leaving) to Themba (staying): 2. Themba (staying) to Bongani (leaving): 3. Thisha (staying) to students (leaving) 4. Zanele (leaving) to Mama and Gogo (staying):

Unit 6

Ukuhlangana nabangane Social life

In this unit: • • • • •

Being hungry or thirsty Making a purchase Object markers Likes and dislikes Affirming and negating

Ingxoxo 6.1 UZanele noSibongile balambile Zanele and Sibongile are hungry (Audio 6.1) Bavela enyuvesi belambile. Bama emakethe. uZanele: uSibongile: uZanele: uSibongile: uZanele: uSibongile: uZanele:

Ngilambile nokulamba manje! Nami futhi! Ngiyafa yindlala! Asithenge ukudlana. Kulungile. Ufunani? Ngingathanda u-ayisikhrimu. Hhayi, mina angiwuthandi u-ayisikhrimu. Ngifuna amagwinya. Amagwinya! Hhayi, ngiyawathanda, kodwa angifuni ukukhuluphala!

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Nangu umama wamagwinya. (kumdayisi) Sawubona mama. Yebo, sawubona mntanami. Uthandani? Ngilambile mama! Ngicela amagwinya. Amangaki? Angazi. Igwinya elilodwa libiza malini? Lilodwa libiza uR2:50 mntanami. Kulungile. Zanele, ufuna igwinya? Hho, kodwa mahle! Ngicela elilodwa. Kulungile. Ngifuna amabili mina. (kumdayisi) Mama, sicela amagwinya amathathu. Amagwinya amathathu abiza uR7.50. Nansi imali. Nanka amagwinya. Ngiyabonga mntanami. Nami ngiyabonga mama. Usale kahle. Hambani kahle bantabami.

uSibongile: Umdayisi: uSibongile: Umdayisi: uSibongile: Umdayisi: uSibongile: uZanele: uSibongile: Umdayisi: uSibongile: Umdayisi: uSibongile: Umdayisi:

Amagama / Vocabulary -lambile

be hungry

-ngaki?

how many?

-omile

be thirsty

-azi

know

indlala

hunger

angazi

I don’t know

-thengisa

sell

elilodwa

[only] one

-thenga

buy

nansi

here’s

ukudlana

snack

nanka

here are

kulungile

ok

-khokha

pay

u-ayisikhrimu

ice cream

imali

money

igwinya/ama-

Zulu doughnut

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Umsebenzi 6.1 Phendula imibuzo: 1. UThandi noSibongile bavelaphi? 2. Banjani? 3. UThandi ufunani? 4. USibongile ufunani? 5. USibongile uthanda u-ayisikhrimu? 6. Umdayisi uyinkosikazi noma uyindoda? 7. Umdayisi udayisani? 8. Igwinya elilodwa libiza malini? 9. USibongile ufuna amagwinya amangaki? 10. Bathenga amagwinya amangaki?

Did you notice? The verb form ending in – ile is used to describe a person’s feeling or state in the present: Ngi-lamb-ile Ng[i]-om-ile Ba-hamb-ile

Ngilambile Ngomile Bahambile

I’m hungry I’m thirsty They’re gone.

Language note Talking about feelings and states To express how you are feeling, use a verb with – ile ending: SM-{verb}-ile And to express how you are not feeling, add negative marker a-: a-SM-{verb}-ile

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Examples: Ngi-lamb-ile Ngilambile Ng[i]-om-ile

Ngomile

Ba-hamb-ile Bahambile

I’m hungry

Angilambile. I’m not hungry I’m thirsty Angomile. I’m not thirsty They’re gone. Abahambile. They’re not gone.

Some verbs with fnal vowel /a/ take -ele ending: Ngi-khathal-a Ba-lal-a

Ngikhathele Balele

I’m tired. They’re asleep.

-khathala -lala

get tired go to sleep

These verbs can also be used in the present tense to indicate getting into that state: -lamba -oma -hamba

get hungry get thirsty set off

Ngiyalamba. Ngiyoma. Bayahamba.

I’m getting hungry. I’m getting thirsty. They’re leaving.

Umsebenzi 6.2 Unjani? Ninjani? Banjani? . . . 1. Unjani?

(-lamba)

2. Ninjani?

(-khathala)

3. Benzani abantwana?

(-lala)

4. Uphi umama?

(-hamba)

5. Unjani uSibongile?

(-oma)

Did you notice? The nouns for doughnut/s have subject and adjective markers: Amangaki? Igwinya elilodwa libiza. . . Lilodwa libiza. . . .

How many [of them]? A single doughnut costs. . . A single one costs. . .

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Ngicela elilodwa. Ngifuna amabili mina. . . . sicela amagwinya amathathu. Amagwinya amathathu abiza. . .

I’d like just one. I’d like two [doughnuts].  . . . we’d like three doughnuts. Three doughnuts cost. . .

Amagama / ILI-/AMA groups i-apula/ama-

apple/s

itiye/ama-

tea/cup of . . .

iwonlintshi/ama-

orange/s

ikhof/ama-

izambane/ama-

potato/s

coffee/cup of . . .

iqanda/ama-

egg/s

amanzi

water

irandi/ama-

rand/s

iswidi/ama-

sweets

isenti/ama-

cent/s

irayisi

rice

isoda/ama-

soda/s

amashibusi

French fries

Umsebenzi 6.3 Libiza malini?/Abiza malini? 1. Iqanda. . . . biza malini? (u-25c) 2. Amazambane. . . . biza malini? (u-R3) 3. Amawonlintshi. . . . biza malini? (u-R5) 4. Ikhofi. . . . biza malini? (u-R5) 5. Amaqanda. . . . biza malini? (u-R10)

Likes and dislikes

Amagama / Vocabulary inyama

meat

utamatisi

tomato

inhlanzi

fsh

u-anyanisi

onion

imifno

green leafy vegetables

u-ayisikhrimu

ice cream

is’pagethi

pasta

isinkwa

bread

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Language note Object markers To indicate ‘it’ or ‘them’ use the object marker for the relevant noun group: Object markers: ILI-/AMA-: -li-/-waUthanda ikhof? Nithanda itiye? Uthanda amawolintshi? Bathanda amazambane?

Yebo, ngiyalithanda Yebo, siyalithanda. Yebo, siyawathanda. Yebo, bayawathanda.

Yes, I like it (coffee). Yes, we like it (tea). Yes, we like them (oranges). Yes, they like them (potatoes).

Object markers: UMU-/ABA-: -m-/-baUthanda ugogo?

Yebo, ngiyamthanda.

Yes, I love her (grandmother).

Uthanda abangane?

Yebo, ngiyabathanda.

Yes, I like them (friends).

Uthanda abantwana? Yebo, ngiyabathanda.

Yes, I like them (children).

Exercise 6.4 Uthandani?/Bathandani? . . . 1. USibongile uthanda ama-apula?

Yebo,

2. Uthanda itiye?

Yebo,

3. Bathanda uSipho?

Yebo,

4. Nithanda amaqanda?

Yebo,

5. Uthanda amaswidi?

Yebo,

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Language note Afrming and negating To negate, prefx a- to to -i: Affirming: Ngithanda ikhof. Negating: Angithandi khof.

the subject marker and change the fnal vowel subject marker-{verb}-a + {noun} I like coffee. a-subject marker-{verb}-i + {[ø]noun] I don’t like coffee.

Avoiding vowel + vowel Zulu cannot have two vowels together, so when a- is added to a vowel SM to negate, there are changes: a- + SM u(2nd person sg.) a- + SM ú (3rd person sg.)

à

awu- Awuthandi khof?

à

aka- Akathandi khof.

Umsebenzi 6.5 Angithandi/Akathandi . . . Use the object marker when responding: 1. Uthanda imifino?

Cha,

2. Uthanda itiye?

Cha,

3. Bathanda isinkwa?

Cha,

4. Nithanda amaqanda?

Cha,

5. Uthanda amaswidi?

Cha,

Don’t you like coffee? He/She doesn’t like coffee.

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Exercise 6.6 Uthandani? Give your like/dislike of the following: 1. inyama yenkomo

beef

2. inyama yenkukhu

chicken

3. inyama yemvu

lamb

4. inyama yengulube

pork

5. inhlanzi

fish

6. amazambane

potatoes

7. ama-chips

French fries

8. imifino

spinach

9. ubhanana

bananas

10. ama-apula

apples

Indatshana 6.1 Mayelana nezinkomo nenyama yenkomo

About cattle and beef

Izinkomo ezibizwa ngokuthi ‘ezesiNguni’ zalethwa eNingizimu-Afrika phambili kweminyaka engu-2,000. Kusukela kulezo zikhathi abantu bazithatha njengomnotho wabo. Nanamanje izinkomo zibalulekile kakhulu koZulu nakwezinye izizwe. Ezweni lonke jikelele abantu bathanda ukudla inyama yenkomo – ikakhulu inyama eyosiwe. Ngempelasonto nangemaholidi abantu bosa inyama yenkomo emajaladini, benza ‘ibraai.’ Ezindaweni ezinye abantu baya esilaheni noma emashibini beyokosa inyama yenkomo ngaphandle. Lokhu sekubizwa ngokuthi ‘yishisanyama.’ Amashisanyama adume kakhulu aseSoweto (The Rock), eMlazi (Eyadini), eGugulethu (MaMzoli’s) naseMalahleni (Value Meat).

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Amagama / Vocabulary inkomo/izinkomo

cow, cattle

-bizwa

be called

ezweni lonke jikelele

throughout the country

-lethwa

be brought

-osiwe

roasted

eningizimu

south

ngempelasonto

phambili

before

at the weekend

u(m)nyaka/iminyaka

year/s

on public

kusukela

since, starting from

ngamaholidi holidays

in their

kulezo zikhathi

that time

emajalidini backyards

njengo-

like

to the

umnotho

wealth

esilaheni butcher

nanamanje

even today

ngaphandle

outside

-balulekile

be important

ishisanyama/ama-

outdoor braai place

kwezinye izizwe

in other nations

Did you notice? The verbs at the start of this passage have a different form: zalethwa bazithatha

[cattle] were brought [people] regarded them

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This is because the events took place a long time ago. This is the remote past tense. For more, see Unit 13.

Umsebenzi 6.7 Phendula imibuzo elandelayo 1. Izinkomo zalethwa nini eNingizimu-Afrika? 2. Abantu bathatha izinkomo njengani? 3. Abantu baseNingizimu-Afrika jikelele bathanda ukudlani? 4. Abantu bosa nini inyama? 5. Abantu bayenzaphi ‘ibraai’? 6. Abantu bayosaphi inyama kwishisanyama?

Umsebenzi 6.8 Ukudla kwenu Eating in your home [country/region] Describe how and where people get together to eat where you live.

Unit 7

Umndeni nabangane Family and friends

In this unit: • • • • • • •

Family members Noun subgroups U-/OIdentifying people by name/occupation Noun groups: ISI-/IZIDescribing people Working Noun classes

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Ingxoxo 7.1 Abantu abasha bahlangana erestorenti Young people meet at the restaurant (Audio 7.1) UMandla noS’bu bahlezi eOcean Basket babona izintombi ezimbili ezihlezi eduze nabo: uMandla: uGugu noUnathi: uS’bu: Unathi: uMandla: uGugu: uS’bu: Unathi: uGugu: Unathi: uS’bu: uMandla:

uS’bu: uGugu: uMandla:

(Ebingelela izintombi) Sanibonani bodade! Sanibona. Ninjani bosisi? Siyaphila. Ninjani nina? Hhayi, sikhona nathi. NginguMandla. Lo ngumngane wami uS’bu. Siyajabula ukunazi. NginguGugu. Lona ngumngane wami uNathi. Pho, ningabaseThekwini? Mina ngivela eMnambithi kodwa ngihlala nogogo eMlazi. Ngiyisitshudeni. Ngivela eMtubatuba mina. Ngihlala nodadewethu la edolobheni. Nina nihlala eThekwini? Yebo. Mina ngihlala kwamalume eWestville. Ngisebenza ePava. Ngisebenza ebhange. Mina ngihlala nomndeni wami eWindermere. Ubaba ungumshayeli wezindiza. Usebenza eKing Shaka Airport. Ngingunjinyela womculo. Wenzani Nathi? Uyisitshudeni nawe? Cha. Ngiqede iziqu zami ngonyaka odlule. Manje ngingumthengi wezingubo kwaEdgars. Kwakuhle-ke lokho!

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Amagama / Vocabulary abantu abasha

young people

umngane/aba-

-hlangana na-

meet with

endlini yokudlela

at a restaurant

Siyajabula ukunazi. we’re glad to meet you [all].

-hlezi

be seated

eduze nabo

near to them

-bingelela

greet

bosisi

sisters, girls (for greeting)

bodade

sisters, girls (for greeting)

friend

umshayeli wezindiza pilot unjinyela womculo

sound engineer

iziqu

degree, diploma

umthengi wezingubo clothing buyer kwakuhle-ke lokho!

that’s great!

Umsebenzi 7.1 Yiqiniso noma akunjalo? True or false? 1. Unathi uvela eMnambithi. 2. uGugu uhlala eMtubatuba. 3. US’bu noMandla bahlala eThekwini? 4. UGugu uyisitshudeni? 5. Unathi uqede iziqu zakhe. 6. UMandla uhlala nomfowabo. 7. US’bu ungunjinyela womculo. 8. US’bu usebenza ePava.

Ingxoxo 7.2 UNomathemba noZandile bayaxoxa Nomathemba and Zandile are chatting (Audio 7.2) Bahleli otshanini phambi kwelayibrari. Babuka izithombe zikaZandile:

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They’re sitting on the grass in front of the library looking at Zandile’s photos. uNomathemba: uZandile:

uNomathemba: uZandile: uNomathemba: uZandile:

uNomathemba: uZandile:

uNomathemba: uZandile: uNomathemba:

Hhawu mngani wami, ngitshele, ngobani laba esithombeni? Hhayi-bo Noma, ngumndeni wami lo. Ngumama wami, lo ngubaba wami, lo ngudadewethu, lo ngumfowethu. . . nami (ehleka). Ngiyabona. Ngubani lo mama? Hho, ngumam’ ncane. Hhawu, uyamazi udadewethu omncane uNokuthula? Yebo ngiyamazi, ufunda eSobantu. Umfowenu nodadewenu benzani? Umfowethu uMandla ungumabhalane esibhedlela eNorthdale. Ushadile manje. Inkosikazi yakhe ingunesi khona. Udadewethu uNondumiso usebenza ebhange, uyimeneja. Yena akashadile. Umama nobaba, benzani bona? Umama akasebenzi manje, uyagula. Ubaba unebhizinisi edodolobheni. Udayisa izimoto. Bheka esithombeni, uyayibona inja yami, uGinger, ngimthanda kakhulu uGinger. Ngiyaxolisa ukuzwa ngomama wakho. Ngethemba ukuthi uzolulama. Bheka isikhathi ntombi! Ngiya ekilasini manje. Woza. Kulungile. Nami ngifuna ukubona uprofesa phambi kwekilasi.

Amagama / Vocabulary otshanini

on the grass

-gula

be ill

utshani

grass

ibhizinisi

business

ilayibrari

library

-lulama

umabhalane

secretary

recover from illness

-shadile

be married

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Umsebenzi 7.2 Benzani umndeni kaZandile? What do Zandile’s relatives do? 1. Umama 2. Ubaba 3. Udadewabo omncane 4. Umfowabo 5. Umnakwabo*. 6. Udadewabo omdala * Her sister-in-law. Umndeni wakwaMkhize ugogo = ubabamkhulu ugogo [umthungi] [owayengumabhalane] [owayengumdayisi]

ubabekazi ubaba = [u-anti] [uMkhize] [uthisha] [umkhandi wemishini] [yomoya]

umfowethu [uThemba] [umfundi]

umama umalume [uMakaThemba] [unesi] [usomabhizinisi]

mina [uZanele] [umfundi]

udadewethu [uThandiwe] [umfundi]

UZanele uchaza umndeni wakhe. Zanele describes her family. 1. NginguZanele wakwaMkhize. 2. Igama lami nguZanele. 3. Isibongo sami nguMkhize. 4. Uma kaThemba ungumama wami. 5. UThemba ungumfowethu. 6. Nginodadewethu uThandiwe.

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Amagama / Vocabulary umama/o-

[my] mother

udadewabo/o-

her/his sister

ubaba/o-

[my] father

u-anti/o-

aunt

umfowethu/aba-

my brother

umalume/o-

uncle

umfowenu/aba-

your brother

ugogo/o-

grandmother

umfowabo/aba-

her/his brother

ubabamkhulu/o-

grandfather

udadewethu/o-

my sister

umzala/aba-

cousin

udadewenu/o-

your sister

Did you notice? Most of the terms for family members are in the UMU-/ABA- noun groups, but some have U-/O- prefxes.

Culture note Kinship – the extended family Paternal uncles and aunts In a Zulu family, children regard their father’s brothers and sisters as fathers and not uncles and aunts. They are accorded the same respect as their biological father, which means that as a child, you have several dads: ubab’ omncane – dad’s younger brother ubab’ omdala – dad’s older brother

umfowethu/udadewethu

ubabekazi – dad’s sister > female father A child can have can have multiple big fathers and small fathers, depending on how many siblings there are in their father’s family and whether is he the eldest, middle or youngest child.

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Maternal aunts A child’s mother’s sisters are accorded the same respect as their biological mother and are all their mothers. This means a child can have as many big mums and small mums as there are siblings: umam’ ncane – mum’s younger sister umam’khulu – mum’s older sister

umzala/abazala

umalume – uncle > mum’s brother Cousins This concept extends even further. All children born to a child’s father’s brothers and sisters children are your umfowethu/abafowethu and udadewethu/odadewethu brother(s) and sister(s) rather than cousins, while your umzala/abazala cousin(s) are only on the mother’s side.

Language note Noun subgroups: U-/OThis pair has the following prefxes: Singular: Plural:

uo-

All markers for this pair are identical with the UMU-/ABA- pair, and so the pair is considered part of the UMU-/ABA- pair. (See Unit 5.)

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Umsebenzi 7.3 Benzani abakwaMkhize? What do the Mkhizes do? 1. USipho ungunjinyela. 2. Umfowabo, uThemba. 3. Uma kaThemba. 4. Ubaba uMkhize. 5. Umalume. 6. U-anti. 7. Ubabamkhulu. 8. Udadewabo, uThandiwe.

Imisebenzi / Jobs isitshudeni/izi-

student

umfundi/aba-

pupil

imeneja yebhange/o-

manager

unesi/o-

nurse

umabhalane ministrator/secretary

clerk/ad-

uthisha/o-

teacher

udokotela/o-

doctor

unjinyela/o-

engineer

usolwazi/o-

professor

umculi/aba-

singer

umdayisi/aba-

vendor/ salesperson

umshayeli/aba-

driver

umpheki/aba-

chef, cook

isazi sekhompiyutha/iz-

software technician

usomabhizinisi/o-

businessman/woman

umkhandi wezimoto/aba- mechanic

Language note Identifying To identify a person by status or occupation, prefx the subject marker to the noun indicating occupation, and insert a ‘Tofu’ linker between the vowels: {name} + SM- ng/y-{occupation}

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Examples Ngi-ng-uthisha. Ú-y-isitshudeni. Ba-ng-omama.

à à à à

Nginguthisha. Uyisitshudeni. Bangomama. UBongani uyisitshudeni.

I’m a teacher. He’s a student. They’re mothers. Bongani’s a student.

The linker This linker changes its form under the infuence of the following vowel: yng-

before -i before a-, o-, u-

Umsebenzi 7.4 Benzani? What [work] do they do? 1. UMfanafuthi wakha imigwaqo. Ungunjinyela. 2. UMama uMkhize ufundisa abantwana. 3. UNhle unakekela iziguli. 4. ULindi ushayela ibhasi. 5. UMnu. uZondi ushumayela esontweni. 6. UBonginkosi welapha abagulayo. 7. Unathi unamatekisi amaningi. 8. UMichael wenza amamuvi. 9. UWandi ufundisa enyuvesi. 10. UMfana ushayela ulisho. Ukukhuluma ngobudala Talking about age Use na- (have) + iminyaka (years) to talk about age, and remember to merge the vowels: Ngi-na-iminyaka engu-23 I’m 23. U-na-iminyaka engu-35 He’s 35.

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Umsebenzi 7.5 Ukuchaza umuntu Describe the following people using the information given: 1. UVusi Mbatha Ikhaya: oLundi Ubudala: 54 Umndeni: ushadile Abantwana: 3 Umsebenzi: umshayeli wamatekisi 2. UZanele Ngubane Ikhaya: eThekwini Ubudala: 30 Umndeni: wehlukanisile Abantwana: 1 Umsebenzi: waba ukudla 3. UNothemba Ngobese Ikhaya: eMgungundlovu Ubudala: 22 Umndeni: akashadile Abantwana: 0 Umsebenzi: udweba ezemfashini

Language note More on noun classes The ISI-/IZI- pair Nouns in this pair include language names, people with special expertise or disability, and miscellaneous inanimates. Prefx ISI-

Examples isitshudeni isiguli

Gloss student patient

SM si-

OM -si-

Unit 7: Family and friends

isikhathi isicathulo isiZulu IZI-

izitshudeni iziguli izikhathi izicathulo

81

time shoe Zulu language students patients times shoes

zi-

-zi-

Examples Isitshudeni sifunda isiZulu. Isiguli siyagula. Izicathulo zivela isitolo. Ngiyasibona. Ngiyazithanda.

The student is studying isiZulu. The patient is ill. The shoe comes from the market. I see her (student/patient). I like them (shoes).

Language note Describing with common adjectives In isiZulu, adjectives have a stem and a marker. These are common adjective stems: -khulu -hle -de -dala -ningi

big good, pretty tall, long old many

-ncane -bi -fushane -sha

small bad, ugly short young

Adjective markers are linked to the noun being described. For sentences with the form ‘X is Y,’ the adjective marker form is similar (but not identical) to the subject marker: Prefx UM-/UMUABAILIAMA-

Examples umfundi abafundi ithikithi amathikithi

Gloss pupil pupils ticket tickets

SM ubalia-

Adjective marker m-/mu-* balima-

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ISIIZI-

isicathulo izicathulo

shoe shoes

sizi-

sizin-/zim-

*Use mu- with one-syllable adjective stems and m- elsewhere.

Examples Umfundi mncane. Abafundi bancane. Umama muhle. Omama bahle. Igama lihle. Amagama mahle. Isicathulo sikhulu. Izicathulo zinkulu.

The pupil is small. The pupils are small. [My] mother is beautiful. The mothers are beautiful. The name is beautiful. The names are beautiful. The shoe is big. The shoes are big.

This form of the adjective is also used for counting sentences of the form ‘There are. . .’: Umfundi munye. Abafundi babili. Igama linye. Amagama mathathu. Isicathulo sinye. Izicathulo zinhlanu.

There is one pupil. There are two pupils. There is one name. There are three names. There is one shoe. There are fve shoes.

Umsebenzi 7.6 Ukuchaza Describing Fill in the appropriate adjective markers: 1. Umfowethu. . . . de. 2. Ugogo. . . . . dala. 3. Isitshudeni. . . . sha. 4. Abantwana. . . . . ncane. 5. Udadewabo. . . . fushane. 6. Izicathulo. . . . bili.

Umfowethu mude.

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7. Ikhaya. . . . . hle. 8. Abangane. . . . . ningi.

Umsebenzi 7.7 Ukuchaza abantu Describing people Describe the following people using an adjective: 1. Udokotela

(old)

2. Abadayisi

(many)

3. Umshayeli

(bad)

4. Isiguli

(young)

5. Umpheki

(good)

6. Osomabhizinisi

(tall)

7. Izitshudeni

(many)

8. Umfowabo

(one)

Umsebenzi 7.8 Fill in the missing markers: 1. UVusi

ncane futhi

2. Abantwana

ningi

3. Uthisha

sha

dlala kahle. ya esikoleni ngebhasi. ya emakethe ngoMgqibelo.

4. Odokotela

hle

5. Umshana

de

sebenza esibhedlela. ngumfundi.

Umsebenzi 7.9 Fill in the missing subject, object or adjective markers: 1. Isiketi 2. Amawashi 3. Iziguli

fushane kodwa hle futhi ningi

hle. vela eMelika. dinga ukudla.

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4. Ipeni

hle

5.

biza uR50.

phi isicathulo? Ngiya

6. Idolobha

khulu

7. Isinkwa 8.

dinga. nabantu abaningi.

dala futhi

bi.

phi amanzi? Baya

9. Izitolo 10. Ikati

dinga.

nkulu dala

vula ngo 10:00 ekuseni. thanda ukudla inhlanzi.

Umsebenzi 7.11 Using what you know about noun pairs, give the plural/singular of the following: Singular

Plural

1. idube

Gloss zebra/s

2.

amahhashi

horse/s

3.

amasokisi

socks

4. ibhola

balls

5. umnumzane

gentleman/head of household/sir

6.

osolwazi

professors

7. umntwana

child

8. isangoma

diviner

9. 10. isazi

osomabhizinisi

businessman/woman expert

Unit 8

Ukugula nokwelapha Being ill and getting treated

In this unit: • • • • • • •

Talking about symptoms Parts of the body More noun groups I can’t. . . You must /mustn’t. . . Instructions and requests Using object markers

Ingxoxo 8.1 Ugogo ukhuluma nomama kaThemba basekhishini Grandma is talking to Themba’s mother in the kitchen (Audio 8.1) uMama kaThemba: Ugogo: uMama kaThemba: Ugogo: uMama kaThemba: Ugogo: uMama kaThemba: Ugogo:

Sawubona Mama. Yebo, sawubona makoti. Unjani Mama? Ulale kahle? Hhayi, makoti, angiphilile. Angilalanga neze. Awu, ncese Ma! Uphethwe yini? Angazi, makoti. Kodwa kubuhlungu isifuba. Hhawu, kwakubi lokho. Ufuna itiye? Cha, makoti. Ngicela amanzi kuphela.

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uMama kaThemba:

Hlala phansi Ma. Nanka amanzi. Ngizofonela uNkk. Cele. Yena ungunesi. Uzosinika iseluleko.

Amagama amasha

Amagama / Vocabulary Uphethwe yini?

What’s wrong? (illness)

not at all

-buhlungu

-painful

hhawu!

Oh dear!

isifuba

chest

ncese

sorry (for your suffering/problem)

lokho

that (event)

iseluleko

advice

mntanami

my child

-lala

sleep

neze

Umsebenzi 8.1 Yiqiniso noma akunjalo? True or false? 1. Ugogo uyaphila. 2. Ugogo akalalanga. 3. Ugogo uphethwe yisifuba. 4. Ugogo ufuna itiye. 5. UNkk. Mkhize uzonika ugogo amanzi.

Ingxoxo 8.2 UThandiwe ukhuluma nonina lapho ephuma esikoleni Thandiwe talks to her mother after school (Audio 8.2)

Unit 8: Being ill and getting treated

uMama kaThandiwe: uThandiwe: uMama kaThandiwe: uThandiwe: uMama kaThandiwe:

uThandiwe:

87

Sawubona Thandiwe. Bekunjani esikoleni namhlanje? Sawubona Ma. Konke kuhambe kahle kodwa ngiphethwe yikhanda. Ikhanda? Kwenzenjani? Sidlale ibasketball ntambama. Ngishaywe yibhola ekhanda. Manje kubuhlungu! Ncese mntanami. Hamba uyolala embhedeni. Ngizokulethela amanzi namaPanado. Ngiyabonga Ma.

Amagama amasha

Amagama / Vocabulary namhlanje

today

Ngiphethwe (y)ikhanda ache.

I have a head-

Kwenzenjani?

What happened?

embhedeni

in bed

-letha

bring

isiphuzo

drink/soda

amaPanado

[brand of] aspirin

Umsebenzi 8.2 Yiqiniso noma akunjalo? True or false? 1. UThandiwe uphethwe yisifuba. 2. OThandiwe badlale ibasketball. 3. Omunye ushaye uThandiwe ekhanda ngebhola. 4. UThandiwe uyolala embhedeni. 5. Umama kaThandiwe uzomlethela itiye.

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Umzimba ikhanda ubuso intamo isifuba isisu ihlombe ingalo isandla umunwe umlenze idolo unyawo

The body head face neck chest stomach shoulder arm hand fnger leg knee foot

Did you notice? The nouns for body parts just listed belong to several noun groups. Some classes are familiar: ILI-/AMA- pair ikhanda/amakhanda ihlombe/amahlombe idolo/amadolo

head/s shoulder/s knee/s

ISI-/IZI- pair isifuba/izifuba isisu/izisu isandla/izandla

chest/s stomach/s hand/s

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The remaining nouns belong to the following noun groups: UMU-/IMI- pair Prefx um-, umu-

Number sg.

imi-

pl.

Examples umzimba umunwe umlenze umndeni imizimba iminwe imilenze imindeni

Gloss [living] body fnger leg family bodies fngers legs families

SM u-

OM -wu-

i-

-yi-

Note: The singular prefx and markers are the same as for the human um-/umu- class, but the plural is different. Class meaning: Many nouns in this class denote elongated objects, including body parts. A few, such as umndeni ‘family,’ refer to abstract human concepts. IN-, IM-/IZIN-, IZIM- pair Prefx in-, im-

Number sg.

izin-/izim-

pl.

Examples intamo ingalo indololwane indlebe izintamo izingalo izindololwane izindlebe

Gloss neck arm elbow ear necks arms elbows ears

SM i-

OM -yi-

zi-

-zi-

Class meaning: This class contains domestic animals, people by family status and inanimates. ULU-/IZIN-, IZIM- pair Prefx u-

Number sg.

Examples unyawo uzwane unwele

Gloss SM foot lutoe strand of hair

OM -lu-

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izin-, izim- pl.

izinyawo izinzwane izinwele

feet toes hair

Class meaning: Some liquids; otherwise miscellaneous. UBU- group Prefx Number u-, ubu- —

Examples ubuso ubuhlungu ubuhlalo

Gloss facial appearance pain beadwork

SM bu-

OM -bu-

Class meaning: Abstract mass nouns. The remaining noun class is the gerund (verbal noun) class. Prefx uku-

Number —

Examples ukulala ukuletha ukudlala ukushaya

Gloss sleeping bringing playing striking

SM ku-

OM -ku-

Class meaning: Verbal nouns (gerunds).

Culture note Talking about illness People generally do not talk about their ailments in response to the greeting ‘Unjani?,’ but older people may greet and then add ‘kodwa’ [but] and go on to describe their aches and pains. Illnesses are generally divided into two categories: those that are opportunistic (colds, fu, coughs, diarrhoea) and those that have a social component (infertility, insomnia, chronic GI issues and so on). An isangoma (diviner) might be consulted to explain the source of the latter types of illnesses. An inyanga (herbalist) has knowledge of herbal remedies and might be asked for a remedy.

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Language note To ask someone who is feeling ill what is wrong, use the following: Uphethwe yini?

What is wrong?

The response is: Ngiphethwe 

I’m afflicted by [part of body].

The verb is in the passive form [-w-], and so the agent noun has a linker [-ng-/-y-].

Examples Ngiphethwe [y]ikhanda. Ngiphethwe [ng]umlenze. Uphethwe [y]isisu. Uphethwe [y]isifuba.

I have a headache. My leg hurts. She has a stomach pain/problem. He has a chest pain/problem.

Umsebenzi 8.3 Uphethwe yini? Ngiphethwe 1.

(eye)

2.

(stomach)

3.

(knee)

4.

(back)

5.

(tooth)

6.

(head cold)

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Language note ‘It hurts!’ To indicate pain in a part of the body, use: Kubuhlungu + {noun} Kubuhlungu ikhanda. Kubuhlungu isisu. Kubuhlungu isifuba. Kubuhlungu idolo.

My head hurts. (It hurts [in my] head.) My stomach hurts. My chest hurts. My knee hurts.

Umsebenzi 8.4 Angikwazi uku. . ./Akakwazi uku. . . Isibonelo: Kubuhlungu ikhanda. My head hurts. 1. Kubuhlungu umlenze 2. Uphethwe yisandla. 3. Kubuhlungu amehlo. 4. Ngiphethwe yisisu. 5. Kubuhlungu indlebe.

Angikwazi ukusebenza. I can’t work.

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Ingxoxo 8.3 UMam’Mkhize uxoxa nonesi ocingweni Mrs. Mkhize chats with the nurse on the phone (Audio 8.3) uNkk. Cele: uMam’Mkhize: uNkk. Cele: uMam’Mkhize: uNkk. Cele: uMam’Mkhize: uNkk. Cele: uMam’Mkhize: uNkk. Cele: uMam’Mkhize: uNkk. Cele: uMam’Mkhize: uNkk. Cele:

uMam'Mkhize: uNkk. Cele: uMam'Mkhize:

(ephendula) Halo. Ngubani okhulumayo? Sawubona sisi. Yimina, uPhumi. Hho, Phumi sawubona! Ninjani kodwa? Hhayi, siphilile. Ninjani nina? Siyancenga sisi. Ngingakusiza ngani? Hhayi sisi, angifuni ukukukhathaza, kodwa ngumama. Umama? Uphethwe yini? Uthi akaphilile. Uthi kubuhlungu isifuba. Isifuba? Uyakwazi ukuphefumula? Uyakwazi, kodwa uyakhwehlela. Hmm. Unemfiva? Kancane. Ukushisa ngu-100.5. Phumi, mhlawumbe uphethwe wumkhuhlane nje, kodwa akasemusha ugogo. Kufanele umhambise esibhedlela. Bazomhlola. Kulungile sisi. Ngiyabonga. Hhayi, akulutho sisi. Usale kahle. Usale kahle nawe.

Amagama amasha

Amagama / Vocabulary -phendula

answer

kancane

a little

-khuluma

speak

mhlawumbe

perhaps

yimina

It’s me.

umkhuhlane

cold, fu, cough

kodwa

but, so

nje

only, just, merely

-ncenga

struggle along

akasemusha

She’s no longer young.

How can I help you?

kufanele

it’s necessary that, [you] must

-khathazeka

bother

-hambise

take to

-azi uku-

be able to

-hlola

examine

-khwehlela

cough

lutho

nothing

imfva

fever

Ngingakusiza ngani?

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Language note Obligation (‘must’) To express obligation (must, have to) use: Kufanele + subjunctive form of verb Subjunctive: SM-{verb}-e Kufanele ngihambe. Kufanele uhambe. For umu-/u- nouns, the subject marker is a-: Kufanele ahambe. Other subject markers have a change in tone only for subjunctive. For more on subjunctive, see the reference grammar.

Umsebenzi 8.5 Phendula imibuzo. Answer the questions. 1. Ungubani uPhumi? 2. UNkk. Cele wenza msebenzi muni? 3. Ugogo uphethwe yini? 4. Ugogo unemfiva? 5. Ugogo uzoyaphi?

Umsebenzi 8.6 Ukunika iseluleko Giving advice Isibonelo: Ngiphethwe yisifuba. Kufanele uye kudokotela.

Unit 8: Being ill and getting treated

1. Ngilambile. 2. USipho ukhathele. 3. Baswela imali. 4. Sishiywa yibhasi. 5. Ngifuna ukuncipha.

Umsebenzi 8.7 Give advice as to what not to do. 1. Ngikhathele.

Kufanele

2. Ingane ilele.

Kufanele

3. Ugogo uyagula.

Kufanele

4. Abantwana basekilasini. Kufanele 5. Ngifuna ukuncipha.

Kufanele

Culture note Traditional healing Most communities have a resident isangoma (diviner) and inyanga (traditional healer). Many individuals consult one or both of these people in addition to or instead of consulting Western-trained healers/medical doctors. The diviner (frequently a woman) is a respected member of the community where she is well known. She will offer an explanation of the origin of the illness, as Zulu people believe that they are entered by illness, and she may suggest a remedy that might involve an offering to the amadlozi (ancestral spirits). The inyanga has extensive knowledge of herbal remedies and will prescribe some combination of ground roots, bark and leaves. Some healers combine both functions.

Kwadokotela Ugogo uya kudokotela. Unesi uyamngenisa, uhlala phansi. Ulungisa ugogo phambi kokufka kukadokotela.

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Grandma goes to the doctor. The nurse admits her, she sits down. The nurse prepares grandma before the doctor arrives. UNESI:

Phakamisa ingalo. Vula umlomo. Donsa umoya. Bamba umoya. Khipha umoya. Lala phansi. Vala amehlo.

Raise [your] arm. Open [your] mouth. Take a deep breath. Hold your breath. Breathe out. Lie down. Close your eyes.

These instructions are given in direct (Imperative) form. A more polite/ indirect way to give instructions is to use subjunctive as follows: Mawuphakamise ingalo. Mawuvule umlomo. Mawuphefumule ngamandla. Mawudonse umoya. Mawulale phansi. Mawuvale amehlo.

Please raise your arm. Please open you mouth. Please take a deep breath. Please hold your breath. Please lie down. Please close your eyes.

Note: The ‘m’ may be omitted: Awuphakamise ingalo. Awuvule umlomo.

Please raise your arm. Please upen you mouth.

Umsebenzi 8.8 Give polite instructions using the verb -cela (request): Ngicela + [subjunctive] Isibonelo: -ya esibhedlela à Ngicela uye esibhedlela. Please go to the hospital. 1. -ngena 2. -hlala phansi 3. -vula incwadi 4. -funda indaba 5. -bukela isithombe

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Language note Subject and object markers Here are the subject and object markers for the noun groups we’ve introduced so far. Noun group UMUABAILIAMAISIIZIUMUIMIIN-, IMIZIN-, IZIMULUIZIN-, IZIMUBUUKU-

Subject marker ubaliasiziuiiziluzibuku-

Object marker -m-ba-li-wa-si-zi-wu-yi-yi-zi-lu-zi-bu-ku-

Umsebenzi 8.9 Using object markers in instructions If the instruction is to do something for someone, add -el- to the verb and use the object marker for the person beneftting from the action:

Example -vula umnyango (mina) à Ngivulele umnyango. Open the door for me. 1. -pheka inyama

(ubaba)

2. -letha umuthi

(ugogo)

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3. -thenga amathikithi

(thina)

4. -buyisa incwadi

(mina)

5. -landa amabhola

(thina)

Unit 9

Ukuthenga Shopping

In this unit: • • • •

Making requests Obligations Precise place adverbs Making suggestions

Ingxoxo 9.1 / Dialogue 1 UJason noThemba bathenga izicathulo Jason and Themba buy shoes (Audio 9.1)

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uJason: uThemba: uJason: uThemba: uJason: uThemba: uJason: uThemba: uJason: uThemba: uJason: uThemba:

Themba, buka izicathulo zami. Zigugile futhi zihlephukile! Uqinisile Jason. Ufuna ukuthenga ezintsha? Yebo. Kufanele ngiye emoli Emoli? Ufuna izicathulo ezinjani? Angazi. . . . Mhlawumbe amateku? Hho. Amateku athengiswa emamoli, impela kodwa ayabiza. Awuzifuni izicathulo zamaZulu? Izicathulo zamaZulu? Zinjani? Zibizwa ngezimbadada. Zinhle futhi ziqinile. Ungazigqoka iminyaka eminingi. Kuhle. Zithengiswaphi? Emoli? Hhayi-bo! Kufanele siye emakethe. Kulungile. Ngicela ungiphelezela. Kulungile. Asihambe.

Amagama amasha

Amagama / Vocabulary -buka

look at

mhlawumbe

perhaps

isicathulo/izi-

shoe/s

amateku

sneakers, trainers

-gugile

old/tattered

-thengiswa

be sold

-hlephukile

torn

-biza

cost

-qinisile

be certain, sure

izimbadada

Zulu sandals

kufanele

must, be necessary

-qinile

be strong, frm

unyaka/imi-

year/s

type, style

-phelezela

accompany

inhlobo/izin-

Did you notice? There are many references to izicathulo (shoes) and therefore many Markers that are variations on the izi- group noun prefx: izicathulo zami zigugile zihlephukile ezintsha izicathulo ezinjani?

my shoes They’re old. They’re tattered. new ones What kind of shoes?

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izicathulo zamaZulu Zinjani? Zibizwa ngezimbadada Zinhle futhi ziqinile Ungazigqoka Zithengiswaphi?

Zulu shoes What are they like? They’re called izimbadadas. They’re beautiful, and they’re strong. You can wear them. Where are they sold?

Umsebenzi 9.1 Let’s talk about sneakers (amateku) instead of Zulu sandals (izimbadadas). How would the markers change? Rewrite the preceding phrases. Amateku

. . .

1.

gugile

They’re old.

2.

hlephukile

They’re tattered.

3.

sha

new ones

4. Amateku

njani?

What kind of sneakers?

5.

njani?

What are they like?

6.

hle futhi qinile

They’re beautiful, and they’re strong.

7. Unga 8.

gqoka . thengiswaphi?

You can wear them. Where are they sold?

Language point Possession In Zulu possession is always X of Y (‘the leg of the dog’) and not Y’s X (‘the dog’s leg’). To show possession, a possessive marker (PM) is prefxed to the possessor (owner) noun. The PM echoes the noun group of the item owned. There is a possessive marker for each noun group:

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Noun group UMUABAILIAMAISIIZIUMUIMIIN-, IMIZIN-, IZIMULUIZIN-, IZIMUBUUKU-

Noun prefx umuabaiamaisiiziumuimiin-, imizin-, izimuizin-, izimubuuku-

Possessive marker wabalawasazawayayazalwazabakwa-

Examples izicathulo zami amateku ami ihembe lami inja yami ubuso bami

my shoes my sneakers my shirt my dog my face

Possessive pronouns 1st person sg. pl. 2nd person sg. pl. 3rd person sg. pl.

Umsebenzi 9.2 Izingubo

-mi -ithu -kho -inu -khe -bo

my our your your her/his (UMU- Group) their (ABA- Group)

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isikibha/izi-

ibhulukwe ingubo/ ibhantshi/ /amaizinamaAdd the possessive marker and pronoun: Remember: Merge vowels where necessary: a+i a+u a+a

à à à

ihembe/ ama-

e o a

1. isikhindi

my T-shirt

2. ibhulukwe

your trousers

3. ingubo

her dress

4. ibhantshi

his jacket

5. ihembe

his shirt

6. izikhindi

our T-shirts

7. amabulukwe

your (pl.) trousers

8. izingubo

their dresses/clothing

9. amahembe

their shirts

10. isikhindi

your T-shirt

Ingxoxo 9.2 UJason noThemba bayofuna izimbadada Jason and Themba go in search of Zulu sandals

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(Audio 9.2) Emakethe 1 uJason: uThemba: uJason:

uThemba: uJason: uThemba: uJason: uThemba: Themba: Umdayisi: uThemba: Umdayisi: uThemba: Umdayisi: uJason: Umdayisi: uJason: Umdayisi: uJason: Umdayisi:

At the Market 1 Hawu Themba! Angikaze ngiye emakethe enje! Ngempela? Yebo. Ngijwayele ukuya emamoli. Lapho ngihlala khona eMelika maningi amamoli, futhi umuntu uya emakethe ukuthenga imifino kuphela. Hho. Hhayi, lapha eMzansi izimakethe ziningi, futhi kuthengiswa konke okufunayo. Ngiyakubona lokho. Buka amahembe lawo. Mahle! Ashibhile futhi. Izintengo zasemakethe ziphansi kunalezo zasemamoli. Hawu, kuhle lokho! Siphi isitolo sezicathulo? Lapho phambili, phesheya kwesitolo sezimbali. (Baqonda kuso.) (ebingelela umdayisi, oyindoda.) Sawubona mnumzane. Yebo sibali. Unjani? Sikhona. Singezwa kuwe. Hhayi, siyancenga. Ngingakusiza ngani? Umngane wami oqhamuka phesheya ufuna izicathulo. Hho. (ebingelela uJason). Halo my friend. How are you? Ngiyaphila mnumzane. Unjani wena? Hhayi bo! Ukhuluma isiZulu! Nansi imihlola! Ugqoka usayizi bani mngane wami? Angazi. Mhlawumbe u-10? Awuzame ezinye. Ufuna izicathulo ezimnyama noma ezinsundu? Cha, angifuni izicathulo zesilungu. Ngifuna izicathulo zamaZulu. Hho! Izimbadada? Kulungile.

Ingxoxo 9.3 (Audio 9.3) Emakethe 2 Umdayisi:

At the Market: Part 2 (eletha izimbadada) Nazi ezinhle.

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Zinhle impela, kodwa zincane. Kulungile. Zama lezi. Zisanda kufika. Ee. . . Lezi ziyangilingana. Zibiza malini? UR500. Kulung . . . (engenela ingxoxo) Awulinde kancane Jason! (ekhuluma nomdayisi) Mfowethu, uyabona ukuthi ngumngane wami lo. Yebo, ngiyakubona lokho. Hhawu, awumnike intengo enhle. Yini ‘intengo enhle’ kodwa? UR250. Nkosi yami! Yisipho phela leso! Ngingamnika ngo-R400. Eish, yimali eningi. Uyazi ukuthi uyisitshudeni? Uthini ngo-R300? Eee. . . niyangihlupha impela. Uzongibulala ubasi wami. Masithi ngu-R350. Intengo yami yokugcina. Uthini Jason? Ngiyajabula Themba. Mnumzane, ngiyabonga. Nansi imali uR350. Ngiyabonga mngane. Nazi izimbadada. Uqhubeke nezifundo zakho zesiZulu! Kulungile. Usale kahle. (enikina ikhanda ehleka) Nihambe kahle.

uJason: Umdayisi: uJason: Umdayisi: uJason: uThemba:

Umdayisi: uThemba: Umdayisi: uThemba: Umdayisi: uThemba: Umdayisi:

uThemba: uJason: Umdayisi: Jason: Umdayisi:

Amagama amasha

Amagama / Vocabulary -kaze

never before

intengo/izin-

price/s

enje

like this

phansi

low, down

ngempela?

You don’t say! For real?

kuna

than

phesheya kwa-

opposite, facing

-jwayele

be accustomed to

imbali/izim-

fower/s

imifno

vegetables

-qonda

head for

kuphela

only

usibali/o-

brother/s in law

-shibhile

inexpensive, cheap

-ncenga

struggle/stagger

ngaphesheya

abroad

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isilungu

Western style

-bulala

kill

-sanda uku-

have just

ubasi/o-

boss/es

-lingana

ft, be equal

-gcina

be fnal, end

-ngenela

interrupt

-qhubeka

continue

-hlupha

trouble

-nikina

shake the head

Umsebenzi 9.3 Ukuqondisisa

Comprehension

Phendula imibuzo. 1. UJason ufuna izicathulo ezinhloboni? 2. Lezo zicathulo zithengiswaphi? 3. Abantu baseMelika bayaphi ukuthenga izingubo? 4. Abantu baseMelika bathengaphi imifino? 5. Kuthengiswani ezimakethe eMzansi? 6. UThemba uthi zinjani izintengo zemakethe? 7. Sikuphi isitolo sezicathulo phakathi kwemakethe? 8. Umdayisi ucela yiphi intengo* okokuqala? 9. UThemba usho yiphi intengo okukuqala? 10. Bavumelana ngayiphi intengo? *‘yiphi intengo’ means ‘what price.’

Umsebenzi 9.4 Imishwana evamileyo

Common expressions

Rewrite the sentences/phrases, using the structure given but changing the components as indicated: 1. Angikaze ngiye emakethe. a. Asikaze b. Abakaze c. UJason akakaze

I’ve never been to the market.

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Where I live. . .

2. Lapho ngihlala khona . . . a. Lapho

khona . . .

uJason, -vela

b. Lapho

khona . . .

ba-, -thenga izicathulo

c. Lapho

khona . . .

si-, -gibela ibhasi

3. konke . . . .. okufunayo

everything/anything you want

a.

(izicathulo)

b.

(amahembe)

c.

(abangane)

Language note Place adverbials In addition to the locative structure [e-{noun}-ini] described in Unit 3, there is a set of adverbials that indicate a precise location: phezulu/phezu phansi kude eduze*

above below far near

phandle phakathi phesheya kude

outside phambili/phambi in front inside/middle emuva behind across phambene opposite far

These adverbials are followed by kwa- and vowels must merge: phezulu kwa- + imithi phansi kwa- + amanzi phandle kwa- + indlu house phesheya kwa- + umgwaqo emuva kwa- + -kho

à phezulu kwemithi à phansi kwamanzi à phandle kwendlu

above the trees under the water outside the

à phesheya k(w) omgwaqo à emuva kwakho

across the street behind you

* eduze and kude are followed by na-. eduze na- + ikhaya eduze na- + mina kude na- + ikhaya kude na- + mina

à à à à

eduze nekhaya eduze nami kude nekhaya kude nami

near home near me far from home far from me

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Directions kwesobunxele kwesokudla ngqo

on/to the left on/to the right straight ahead

To make a statement about precise location, prefx the subject marker directly to the adverbial. Insert -s- to separate adjacent vowels: UJason noThemba ba-phakathi kwesitolo. Izicathulo zi-phezulu kwetafula.

Jason and Themba are in the middle of the store. The shoes are on top of the table.

Compare with locative structure: UJason noThemba ba-s-esitolo. Izicathulo zi-s-etafuleni.

Jason and Themba are at the store. The shoes are on the table.

Note: Nga- can be prefxed to these adverbials to expand the area referred to: ngaphandle ngaphakathi ngasemuva ngaphesheya

outdoors indoors in the rear abroad

Umsebenzi 9.5 Baphi?/Iphi. . .? Where is. . . ? Isibonelo: Uphi umama?[emuva + indlu] à Usemuva kwendlu. 1. Uphi uZanele?

[phandle + ikhishi]

2. Ziphi izinkomo?

[phesheya + umfula]

3. Baphi abantwana?

[phansi + tafula]

4. Iphi inja?

[emuva + galaji]

5. Liphi igundane?

[phakathi + ikhabethe]

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Amagama amasha

Izimpahla zendlu / Household items ikhethini/ama-

curtains

ithibhothi/ama-

teapot

isihlalo/izi-

chair

ishalofu/ama-

shelf

itafula/ama-

table

udonga/izin-

wall

inkomishi/izin-

cup

isithombe/izi-

picture

umabonakude/o-

television

-qonda

ikhabethe/ama-

cupboard/ closet

go straight ahead

-jikela

turn towards

ifasitela/ama-

window

-gibela

take

usofa/o-

sofa

umgwaqo/imi-

road

ukhaphethe/o-

carpet, rug

-dlula

pass

isibane/izi-

lamp

-fka

arrive at

Umsebenzi 9.6 Ekamelweni likaGogo In Grandma’s room Chaza izinto ezibonwa ekamelweni likaGogo. Describe the items that can be found in Grandma’s room.

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1. Liphi itafula? 2. Uphi ukhaphethe? 3. Uphi umabonakude? 4. Aphi amakhethini? 5. Uphi usofa? 6. Ziphi izincwadi? 7. Iphi inkomishi? 8. Uphi umuthi omncane? 9. Siphi isigqoko? 10. Ziphi izinhlanzi?

Umsebenzi 9.7 Sikuphi isiteshi? Where’s the station?

Kufanele uJason aye esiteshini. Abantu bamnika izeluleko ezihlukene. Yiqiniso noma akunjalo? eduze nakude naphambili kwaemuva kwaphesheya kwaphakathi

near to far from in front of behind across from between

Jason needs to go to the station. People give him differing advice. Mark each one true or false.

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1. Isiteshi

nesikhumulo sezindiza iKing Shaka.

2. Isiteshi

kwebhishi nenkundla yamahhashi.

3. Isiteshi

kweShaka Marine World.

4. Isiteshi

neTheku.

5. Isiteshi

neMoses Mabhida Stadium.

6. Isiteshi

kwamahhotela.

7. Isiteshi

nomgwaqo iN2.

Did you notice? The seller suggests that Jason try on some shoes: Awuzame ezinye?

How about trying some?

Themba suggests that the seller give Jason a good price: Awumnike intengo enhle.

You should give him a good price.

Themba suggests that Jason wait: Awulinde kancane.

Why not wait a while.

Language note Making suggestions The pattern is: ma/a-subject marker-{verb}-e Remember to put w/y between vowels where necessary. 1st person sg. 1st person pl. 2nd person sg. 2nd person pl. 3rd person sg. 3rd person pl.

(m)angi(m)asi(m)awu(m)ani(m)aka(m)aba-

I should we should you should you (pl.) should he/she should they should

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The suggestion can also be about someone else. Note that 3rd person sg. uses the aka- form: Makalinde/Akalinde kancane. He should wait a while. or about oneself: Mangihambe/Angihambe.

I should go.

Note: Compare this structure with the more urgent kufanele [+ subjunctive] in Unit 8: Kufanele ulinde. Kufanele ngihambe. Kufanele baphume.

You must wait. I must go. They must leave.

For more on subjunctive, see reference grammar.

Umsebenzi 9.8 Making suggestions Give advice to the following people:

Isibonelo Ngikhathele. 1. Ngomile. 2. Akanamali. 3. Silambile 4. Úyagula. 5. Baphuzile.

I’m tired.

Mawulale.

You should sleep.

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Culture note Ukuvunula Ukuvunula kwenziwa ngezinsuku zokungcebeleka njengokugcagca nomemulo kanye namaholidi anjengoSuku Lwamagugu Esizwe. Amalunga amanye amabandla anjengamaNazaretha,agqoka imvunulo njengengxenye yezingubo zenkonzo. Imvunulo ngokwesintu yabesilisa idinga isikhumba sesilwane – esoqobo noma esimbumbulu – futhi amalunga obukhosi nabaholi bezepolitiki bagqoka isikhumba sengwe. Abesilisa bagqoka futhi isicoco ekhanda. Imvunulo yabesifazane idinga isiketi esimnyama esihlotshiswa ngobuhlalu kanye nebhayi noma isikhafu. Amakhosikazi agqoka nenkehli ebomvu eyisicaba phezulu. Abesilisa baphatha iwisa nesihlangu. Abesifazane baphatha ihawu noma isambulela esivaliwe.

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Unit 10

Ukuthatha uhambo Taking a trip

In this unit: • • • • •

Weather Recent past progressive Common adjectives: predicative Taking a trip In the countryside

Izulu The weather Linjani izulu? Izulu means ‘sky’ or ‘weather’ or ‘heavens.’ This is in the ILI- group, and so most statements about the weather use ili- markers even if izulu is not stated. Umoya means ‘wind’: 1.

Izulu libalele.

Libalele.

Izulu liguqubele.

Liguqubele.

2.

Unit 10: Taking a trip

3.

Izulu liyana.

Liyana.

4.

Izulu liyakhithika. Liyakhithika.

5.

Izulu liyabaneka. Liyabaneka.

Language notes 1. When the weather involves something happening, use the verb focus form: • Li-ya-na. It’s raining.

115

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• Li-ya-shisa. • Li-ya-baneka.

It’s hot. Lightning is striking.

2. Where the weather describes a state, use the stative form of the verb: • Li-balele. It’s sunny. • Li-guqubele. It’s cloudy. • Li-fudumele. It’s warm. Remember: Stative aspect has suffix -ile, but some verbs take -ele.

Umsebenzi 10.1 Linjani izulu? How’s the weather? Describe the weather for seven days, giving a name for each day of the week: 1.

4.

7. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

2.

5.

3.

6.

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Linjani? Uzwa linjani? To indicate how you feel, use -zwa/-izwa: Linjani izulu?

Uzwa linjani?

How’s the weather?

How does it feel to you?

1. Liyashisa. It’s hot. 2. Lifudumele. It’s warm. 3. Lipholile. It’s cool.

4. Liyabanda. It’s cold.

Ngizwa ukushisa. I feel hot. Ngizwa ukufudumala. I feel warm. Ngizwa ukuphola. I feel cool.

Ngiyagodola. I feel cold.

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Limakhaza.

Ngizwa amakhaza.

It’s cold.

I feel cold.

Amagama: Izulu

Amagama / Vocabulary ilanga

the sun, a day

isomiso

drought

ifu/amafu

cloud/s

izikhukhula

foods

imvula/izim-

rain/s

isiphepho

storm

-khiza

drizzle

-zwa/-zizwa

feel/one feels

isithwathwa

frost

-shisa

be hot

umoya

wind

-zwa ukushisa

feel hot

iqhwa

snow

-juluka

perspire

isichotho

hail

-fudumele

be warm

-balele

sunny

-zwa kufudumele

feel warm

-ququbele

cloudy

-pholile

be cool

-fudumele

warm

-zwa kupholile

feel cool

-vunguza

blow (of wind)

-banda

be cold

-na

rain

-godola

feel cold

-khithika

snow, fall lightly

-makhaza

be cold

-baneka

fash (lightning)

-zwa amakhaza

feel cold

-duma

thunder

Umsebenzi 10.2 Benzelani kanjalo? / Why are they doing it? Describe the weather that explains why people are doing the following: 1. Baya ebhishi 2. Bagqoka amabhantshi. 3. Bajahe ekhaya 4. Babamba izigqoko. 5. Bayaqhaqhazela.

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Isikhukhula Read the following news article from NEWS24, and then do the exercises that follow.

Izikhukhula zibulale abangu-8 eThekwini Ngo 28 Novemba 2015 EThekwini – Isiphepho ebesinamandla sibulale abantu abayisishiyagalombili eThekwini naseMgungundlovu ngeSonto ebusuku, sacekela phansi inqwaba yezindlu. Lesi simo sezulu esibi, esihlasele iTheku sekusele amahora nje kuvulwe ingqungquthela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ye-UN, sidale izikhukhula sacekela phansi okuningi. Ukufa kwabantu kwangeSonto kubeke isibalo saba ngu-13 sababulawe yizikhukhula KwaZulu-Natali esikhathini esingaphansi kwamasonto amabili. Ngesonto eledlule, kushone abantu abayisihlanu kulesiya sifundazwe ngenxa yezimvula ezinamandla. Okhulumela uMnyango woHulumeni beziNdawo KwaZulu-Natal, uMthatheni Mabaso, uthe abashonile ngabaseMlazi naseClermont. ‘Sitshelwe ukuthi bashone ngesikhathi bedilikelwa yizindonga zezindlu. Sithole nombiko wokuthi zingu-100 izindlu ezicekeleke phansi eSiphingo,’ esho ngoMsombuluko. South African Press Association

Amagama: Isikhukhula

Amagama / Vocabulary amandla

strength, power

indlu/izin-

houses

-bulala

kill

isimo/izi-

situation, state

ebusuku

at night

-hlasela

attack

-cekela phansi,

collapse

-sele (-sala)

last

-cekeleke phansi

be collapsed

inqwaba/izin-

heap, large number

ingqungquthela/izin- conference/ summit -shintsha

change

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-dala

create

okhulumela/abe-

-beka

place

Isibalo izibalo

number mathematics, arithmetic

umnyango kahulumeni wendawo KZN

spokesperson

local government

ngesonto eledlule last week

-tshelwa

be told

isifundazwe/izi-

province

-dilikelwa

be fallen on

because of

umbiko/imi-

message

ngenxa ya-

Did you notice? The ‘actors’ in this article are isiphepho (the storm) and isimo (the situation), and therefore many of the agreement markers are from the isi- class.

Umsebenzi 10.3 Find all the words that agree with the following, and underline the markers: 1. isiphepho

2. isimo

Umsebenzi 10.4 Phendula imibuzo elandelayo: Answer the following questions: 1. Isiphepho sihlaselephi? 2. Isiphepho sibulale abantu abangaki? 3. Isiphepho sihlasele nini? 4. Izindlu ezingaki ezicekeleke phansi eSiphingo?

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Ingxoxo 10.1

Masiye ebhishi! Let’s go to the beach! (Audio 10.1) uNomathemba: uZanele: uNomathemba: uZanele: uNomathemba: uZanele: uNomathemba: uZanele: uNomathemba: uZanele: uNomathemba:

uZanele: uNomathemba:

Eish, Zanele, liyashisa kodwa! Uqinisile Nomathemba! Likhipha inhlanzi emanzini! Umuntu uyajuluka ngisho ehlezi engenzi lutho. Kufanele ngibhale iphepha, kodwa ngempela angikwazi ukubhala. Nami futhi. Senzeni? Masiye ebhishi. Ebhishi! Ngumbono omuhle lowo! Ngizofaka izidlwana nokuphuzwayo esikhwameni. Kwakuhle-ke! Ngizolanda amathawula. Uzogqokani? Isikhindi noma isiketi? Eeee. . . Ngithi isikhindi, ngoba umoya uyavunguza. Nesikibha. Kulungile. Ungakhohlwa ngophaqa. Isihlabathi singashisa futhi kukhona namatshana olwandle. Nginabo. Nginemali yokugibela futhi. OK. Asihambe. Singagibela ikhumbi ekhoneni.

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Amagama amasha

Amagama / Vocabulary kodwa

but, though

umbono/imi-

idea

-khipha

remove

-faka

put in

in-/izinhlanzi

fsh

isi-/izidlwana

snack/s

isikhwama/izi-

bag

It’s very hot. [It’s making the fsh jump out of the water.]

-landa

fetch

ithawula/ama-

towel

isikhindi

short pants

isiketi/izi-

skirt

ngisho

even

isikibha/izi-

tank top

-hlezi

be seated

ungakhohlwa

don’t forget

engenzi lutho

not doing anything

ophaqa

sandals, fip-fops

kufanele

must, be necessary that

isihlabathi

sand

i-/amatshana

small stones

olwandle

in the ocean

Let’s go to. . .

ikhona/ama-

corner

Likhipha inhlanzi emanzini.

masiye. . .

Umsebenzi 10.5 Yiqiniso noma akunjalo? Either affirm or negate and correct the following sentences: 1. Izulu liyashisa. 2. UZanele uyajuluka. 3. UZanele noNomathemba kufanele babhale amaphepha. 4. UNomathemba unombono wokuya ebhishi. 5. UZanele uzolanda amabhantshi. 6. UZanele ugqoka isiketi. 7. Badinga ophaqa ngoba isihlabathi siyabanda. 8. UZanele unemali yokugibela. 9. Bazohamba ngebhasi.

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Umsebenzi 10.6 Common adjectives were introduced in Unit 7. Complete the sentence by adding the adjective with an adjective marker: 1. Izinhlanzi

-ningi

2. Umbono

-hle

3. Izidlwana

-hle

4. Isikhwama

-khulu

5. Isikhindi

-fushane

6. Isiketi

-de

7. Ophaqa

-sha

8. Amatshana

-ningi

Language note Colour adjectives The common adjectives and numbers 1–5 introduced in Unit 7 are a special subset of adjectives because of the adjective markers they require. Colour adjectives use subject markers.

Imibala / Colour stems -bomvu

red

-phuzi

yellow

-mnyama

black

-bomvana

pink

-mhlophe

white

-mpunga

grey

-luhlaza

green, blue

-nsomi

purple

-nsundu

dark brown

-siliva

silver

-mpofu

light brown

-golide

gold

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Umsebenzi 10.7 Complete the sentences by adding the adjective with subject marker: 1. Izinhlanzi

-siliva

2. Isikhwama

-bomvu

3. Isikhindi

-mhlophe

4. Isiketi

-bomvana

5. Ophaqa

-phuzi

6. Amatshana

-mpofu

7. Isikibha

-mnyama

8. Amathawula

-luhlaza

Language note Adjectives can be used in two ways: a. As the predicate* The sentences in the preceding section make statements about the item: Amathawula makhulu. Amathawula mabili. Amathawula aluhlaza. Izikibha zincane. Izikibha zinhlanu. Izikibha zibomvu.

The towels are big. There are two towels. The towels are blue. The T-shirts are small. There are fve T-shirts. The T-shirts are red.

* Note that Zulu does not use the verb to be in these sentences. b. As an attribute of the noun In the following sentences, the adjectives describe the item. Uthenge amathawula amakhulu. Uthenge amathawula amabili. Uthenge amathawula aluhlaza. Balethe izikibha ezincane.

She bought large towels. She bought two towels. She bought blue towels. They brought small T-shirts.

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Balethe izikibha ezinhlanu. Balethe izikibha ezibomvu.

They brought fve T-shirts. They brought red T-shirts.

Here is a list of adjective markers for all noun groups: Adjective marker (P) mubalimasizin-, zimmumiin-, imzin-, zimluzin-, zimbuku-

Noun group UMUABAILIAMAISIIZIUMUIMIIN-, IMIZIN-, IZIMULUIZIN-, IZIMUBUUKU-

Adjective marker (A) omu-/omabaeliamaesiezin-, ezimomu-/omemien-, emezin-, ezimoluezin-, ezimobuoku-

Umsebenzi 10.8 Qedela izandiso.

Complete the adjectives.

Predicative use Isibonelo: 1. Umbono 2. Izidlwana 3. Amathawula 4. Izikhindi luhlaza. 5. Isiketi bomvu.

IsiZulu. . . . hle. à IsiZulu sihle.

The Zulu language is beautiful.

The idea is good.

hle. mnandi. khulu.

The snacks and are tasty. The towels are large.

sha futhi. . . . The shorts are new and blue/ green. de futhi. . . .

The skirt is long and red.

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6. Isikibha fushane futhi. . . . mhlophe.

The tank top is short and white.

7. Ophaqa. . . . dala futhi bomvana.

The flip-flops are old and pink.

8. Imali. . . . ncane.

There is a little money.

Umsebenzi 10.9 Attributive use Isibonelo: IsiZulu singulimi. . .   hle. à IsiZulu singulimi oluhle. Zulu is a beautiful language. 1. UNomathemba uthi ngumbono

(-hle)

2. UZanele uthi uzofaka izidlwana

(-mnandi)

3. UZanele uzofaka iziphuzo 4. UNomathemba uzoletha amathawula

(-nye) (-khulu)

5. UZanele uzogqoka izikhindi

(-luhlaza)

6. UZanele akazugqoka isiketi

(-de)

7. UZanele uzogqoka isikibha 8. Bobabili bazoletha ophaqa 9. UZanele uzoletha imali

(-mhlophe) (-dala) (-ncane)

Izulu layizolo Yesterday’s weather UThemba ubevakashela eKapa. Utshela umngane wakhe ngohambo: Themba has been to stay in Cape Town. He tells his friend about the trip: Ngesikhathi siphuma eThekwini line kakhulu futhi belishisa. Sifke eKapa bekupholile umoya ubuvunguza. Ngosuku olulandelayo ekuseni belibalele sikhwela intaba iTable Mountain. Kodwa lapho sifka phezulu beliguqubele. Ntambama belibanda futhi liqale ukukhithika! Hawu kodwa sizwe amakhaza! Sisheshe sabuyela phansi nge-cable car. Ngosuku lwesithathu belifudumele lapho siya ebhishi.

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Angibhukudanga ngoba bekubanda qwa olwandle. Eish! Angiliqondi izulu laseKapa!

Umsebenzi 10.10 Here are the statements that refer to weather. How many do you know? 1. line kakhulu 2. belishisa 3. bekupholile 4. umoya ubuvunguza 5. belibalele 6. beliguqubele 7. belibanda 8. liqale ukukhithika 9. sizwe amakhaza 10. belifudumele

Did you notice? Weather events are described with the perfective: Line kakhulu. Liqale ukukhithika. Sizwe amakhaza.

It rained a lot. It began to snow. We felt/became cold.

Weather descriptions begin with progressive be-: Belishisa bekupholile umoya ubuvunguza belibalele beliguqubele belibanda belifudumele

It was hot. It was cool. It was windy [the wind was blowing]. It was sunny. It was cloudy. It was cold. It was warm.

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Language notes Perfective and progressive past Near past perfective indicates completed events in the recent past. Near past progressive indicates: 1. events in progress in the recent past. 2. descriptions in the recent past.

Examples Past perfective (See also Unit 8.) • Ngikhwele intaba. I climbed the mountain. • Sikhulume noSipho. We spoke with Sipho. • Linile. It rained.

Past progressive aspect 1. Events in progress: • Bengikhwela intaba. • Besikhuluma noSipho. • Belina. 2. Descriptions: • Bengikhathele. • Besijabulile. • Belipholile.

I was climbing the mountain. We were talking with Sipho. It was raining.

I was tired. We were happy. It [the weather] was cool.

Subject markers for present and for near past progressive 1st person sg. pl. 2nd person sg. pl.

Present SM ngisiuni-

be- SM bengibesiubu-/bewubeni-

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3rd person: UMU-/U- sg. ABA-/O- pl. UMU- sg. IMI-_ pl. I[LI]- sg. AMA- pl. ISI- sg. IZI- pl.

129

ube- (irregular) bebe- (irregular) ubu-/bewuibi-/beyibeli-abe- (irregular) besibezi-

ubauilia sizi-

For a full list of be- subject markers, see the reference grammar.

Umsebenzi 10.11 Rewrite the states in near past progressive form: Manje

Izolo

1. Ngilambile

I’m hungry.

2. Ukhathele.

She’s tired.

She was tired.

3. Bahambile.

They’re gone.

They were gone.

Bengilambile.

I was hungry.

4. Sithukuthele. We’re angry.

We were angry.

5. Ulele.

She’s asleep.

She was asleep.

6. Liguqubele.

It’s overcast.

It was overcast.

7. Lipholile.

It’s cool.

It was cool.

8. Lifudumele.

It’s warm.

It was warm.

Umsebenzi 10.12 Impelasonto

The weekend

Bhalela umngane wakho i-imeyili mayelana nempelasonto yakho. Chaza izulu nezinto ezinye ozenzile. Bhala imisho engu-10. Write an email to your friend about your weekend. Describe the weather and things that you did. Write ten sentences.

Unit 11

Ukungcebeleka Leisure

In this unit • • • • •

Celebrations (birthdays) Sports Colour adjectives Talking about recent past Passive voice

Ingxoxo 11.1

Moses Mabhida Stadium, Durban

Impelasonto The weekend (Audio 11.1) UThemba noBongani baphuma enyuvesi.

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uThemba: uBongani: uThemba: uBongani: uThemba: uBongani: uThemba: uBongani:

Eish, Bongani ngibulawa ngumsebenzi, uyazi? Ngempela Themba, kade ngakugcina. Masikhohlwe yizifundo zethu kusasa. Masiye ebholeni. Ebholeni? Kulungile. Kuzodlala maphi amaqembu? AmaZulu neMaritzburg United. Ngempela! Adlalela kuphi? EMoses Mabhida Stadium. Hho. Lapha eThekwini. Kuhle. Kodwa iMaritzburg izonqotshwa ngamaZulu, angithi? uThemba: Hawu, mfowethu! Ulahlekelwa yithemba yini? uBongani: Cha, akunjalo, kodwa iMaritzburg ishiywe ngabadlali abahle kulo nyaka. uThemba: Uqinisile. uBongani: Eish, anginamali yethikithi. Amathikithi ayabiza, uyazi nawe. uThemba: Yebo. Kodwa sinenhlanhla. uBongani: Kanjani? Khuluma bo! uThemba: Uyazi ubaba usebenza ebhange. uBongani: Yebo, ngiyakwazi lokho. uThemba: Izimenenja zanikezwa amathikithi mahhala. Manje ubaba unginike amathikithi akhe. uBongani: Yo! Kwakuhle-ke lokho! uThemba: Umdlalo uqala ngo-1:00. uBongani: Angisali! Sizohlangana kuphi? uThemba: Masibonane esangweni ngo- 12:00. Kuzogcwala masishane. uBongane: Kulungile. Ubonge kakhulu kubaba wakho. Sizobonana kusasa. Hamba kahle. UThemba: Hamba kahle nawe.

Amagama amasha

Amagama / Vocabulary -bulawa

be killed

-khohlwa

forget

Uyazi?

You know?

iqembu/ama-

team/s

Kade ngakugcina.

-phi?

which?

Long time no see.

angithi?

not so?

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-nqotshwa

be defeated

imenenja/izima- manager

-lahlekelwa

have lost

-nikwa

be given

ithemba

hope

ithikithi/ama-

ticket

akunjalo

it’s not so

mahhala

free

-shiywa

be left behind, abandoned

-hlangana

meet one another

Masibonane

Let’s meet (see one another).

kulo nyaka

in this year

-qinisile

be right, sure

isango/ama-

gate

-biza

cost, be expensive

-gcwala

fll up

inhlanhla

good luck

masisha

quickly

Khuluma bo!

Speak up, please

Umsebenzi 11.1 Ukuzwisisa Comprehension Phendula imibuzo. 1. UThemba ubulawa yini? 2. UThemba ufuna ukuyaphi? 3. Kuzodlala maphi amaqembu? 4. Umdlalo uzodlalelwaphi? 5. UThemba uthi iMaritzburg izowina? 6. UThemba uwatholaphi amathikithi? 7. Umdlalo uqala ngasikhathi sini? 8. UThemba noSipho bazohlangana ngasikhathi sini? 9. Bazohlangana kuphi?

Did you notice? Suffix -phi? has two meanings: 1. -^phi? (preceded by falling tone) • Kûphi? • Sihlanganâ kûphi?

where? Where is it? Where do we meet?

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which? Which teams?

2. -phi? (preceded by low tone) • Maphi amaqembu?

Did you notice? There are several passive verbs in this dialogue: • Ngibulawa ngumsebenzi. • Masikhohlwe yizifundo. • iMaritzburg izonqotshwa ngamaZulu. • Ulahlekelwa yithemba. • Izimenenja zanikezwa amathikithi.

I’m being killed by work. Let’s forget about studies.* Maritzburg will be defeated by amaZulu. You’ve lost hope.* The managers were given tickets.

* Forgetting and losing are passive concepts in Zulu. This is because they are in fact not actions that we do but are rather things that happen to us.

Language note Passive voice To make the passive form of a verb, insert -w- between the verb stem and the fnal vowel: • • • •

-dlala -hlangana -thenga -bona

play meet with buy see

à à à à

-dlalwa -hlanganwa -thengwa -bonwa

be played be met with/by be bought be seen

The agent noun is preceded by the linker (ng-, y-, w-). Linkers in the initial position are written in this text but are generally omitted, although they are always pronounced, together with low tone onset: • Amahembe athengwa ngamadoda. • Amahembe athengwa yinkosikazi. • Abadlali babonwa wumfana.

The shirts were bought by the men. The shirts were bought by the woman. The players are seen by the boy.

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Passivization causes changes to some verb stems. Example-nqoba defeat

à

-nqotshwa

be defeated

For more on passivization, see the reference grammar.

Umsebenzi 11.2 Rewrite the following sentences as follows: 1. Umsebenzi uyambulala uThemba.

UThemba

2. Amaqembu azodlala umdlalo eStadium.

Umdlalo

3. AmaZulu azonqoba iMaritzburg.

IMaritzburg

4. Ibhange lanikeza izimenenja amathikithi.

Izimenenja

Indaba 11.2 Intatheli ibika ngomdlalo A reporter comments on a game (Audio 11.2) Intatheli yokuqala: First reporter: Sanibonani zethameli zethu! Nginibingelela nina nonke eningabalandeli bomdlalo wethu omuhle: ibhola. Nginibingelela nonke enilandela amaqembu amabili azoqhudelana namhlanje: AmaZulu neMaritzburg United. La maqembu amabili abhekane izikhathi eziningi, kodwa akekho onesibindi sokusho ukuthi kuzonqoba bani. Ngesonto elidlule amaZulu anqobe iPolokwane, kodwa emasontweni amabili edlule anqotshwa yiBlack Aces. IMaritzburg yehlulwa yiNyuvesi yasePitoli, kodwa ngenyanga edlule yanqoba iSuperSport United. Namuhla izulu lihle, kodwa umoya uyavunguza. Obani abazophumele? Asazi, kodwa sizobona. . . (Kuzwakala impempe) Intatheli yesibili: Second reporter: Zasha!    .  .  . ngamaZulu akhahlela ibhola ukuqalisa umdlalo.  .  .    umgadli uqonda nqo!  .  .  . Kodwa ibhola lintshontshiwe

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nguMabi weMaritzburg. . .  yena ugijima njengempala. . .  amaZulu azama ukumvimba kodwa lutho. . . . ulidlulisela kuZondi. . .    uZondi ukhahlela ngamandla. . .  Laduma! IMaritzburg linye, amaZulu yiqanda. (Kudlula isikhashana. Isiwombe sesibili: iMaritzburg 2 – amaZulu 2. Kusele imizuzu embalwa. . .) Intatheli yesithathu: Third reporter: .  .  .    kunomsindo omkhulu kabi.  .  . amavuvuzela awasathuli.  .  . unompempe ushaya impempe.  .  . iMaritzburg inebhola.  .  . iyalivikela.  .  .    nangu uBhengu umgadli wamaZulu!    .  .  . uthatha ibhola.  .  .    uyagijima.  .  .  ulidlulelisela kuDlamini ukhozi olumaphiko othi thushu emva komqaphi weMaritzburg.  .  . uDlamini yena ulinikeza uGumede. . .    nguGumede manje. . .  uyandiza. . .    useduze.  .  .    ulidlulelisela kuDlamini oqhamukayo.  .  . uDlamini ushaya ngekhanda. . .    Laduma! Unozinti wasala ekhamisile! Aduma amaZulu! AmaZulu mathathu; iMaritzburg mabili! Anqobile amaZulu! Waphela umdlalo! Bekungumdlalo omnandi impela-ke lona mlaleli. . .

Amagama: Ibhola

Amagama / Vocabulary -ehlulwa

be overcome, defeated

intatheli/izin-

reporter

-bika

announce

izethameli

listeners, audience

ngenyanga edlule

last year

greet

-khahlela

kick

umlandeli/aba-

supporter, fan

Laduma!

Goal!

-qhudelana

compete

ukhozi olumaphiko

soaring eagle

-bhekana

face one another

tushu (ideo)

whizzing

umzuzu/imi-

minute

isibindi

courage, liver

-hlasela

attack

-vunguza

blow

-vikela

defend

-zwakala

be audible

-ndiza

fy

impempe

whistle

-qhamuka

appear

-qala

begin

phambili

in front

umgadli

striker

emuva

behind

nqo (ideo)

straight ahead

igoli

goal

-ntshontsha

steal

unozinti

goalkeeper

-bingelela

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ivuvuzela/ama-

bugle for cheering

-catch

isiwombe sesibili

second half

-prevent

-phelile

be fnished

osemuva

defender, fullback

-bamba -vimba unompempe

referee

Umsebenzi 11.4 Yiqiniso noma akunjalo? Affirm or correct: 1. Amaqembu amabili alingene ngamakhono. 2. Ngesonto elidlule amaZulu awinile. 3. Ngesonto elidlule iMaritzburg iwinile. 4. UZondi ulishaye ngekhanda. 5. Unozinti usale elele. 6. UBhengu untshontshe ibhola kuMaritzburg. 7. UDlamini uthole ibhola kuGumede. 8. UDlamini ulishaye ngekhanda.

Culture note Ezemidlalo eNingizimu-Afrika Sport in South Africa Izulu elihle laseNingizimu-Afrika lenza ukuthi imidlalo ingadlalwa unyaka wonke. Imidlalo ethandeka kakhulu kunayo yonke yibhola lezinyawo, nebhola lombhoxo, nekhilikithi. Umbhoxo udlalwa ngesikhathi sasebusika, ikhilikithi idlalwa ngehlobo, kanti ibhola lona lidlalwa wonke unyaka. Njengoba lidinga impahla encane ibhola lidlalwa ezikoleni zonke nasemiphakathini yonke. Izikole ezinkulu ezisemadolobheni nezikole ezingasese zinamaqembu amahle kakhulu, futhi abanye abadlali bezikole lezo bathola umsebenzi wokudlala ibhola emuva kokuqeda izifundo zabo.

Unit 11: Leisure

Kusukela ngo-1960 kuze kufke ko-1994 amaqembu aseNingizimu-Afrika ayengavunyelwe ukungena emincintiswaneni yomhlaba jikelele ngenxa kahulumeni wobandlululo. Kodwa emuva kokhetho olukhululekile ngo-1994 iNingizimu-Afrika yangeniswa futhi endebeni yomhlaba. Ngo-1995 iqembu lesizwe lebhola lombhoxo laseNingizimu-Afrika (amaBhoko-bhoko) elalingenabadlali abansundu ngaleso sikhathi, lawina iRugby World Cup. UMongameli Mandela wabamba izinhliziyo zabaseNingizimu-Afrika bonke lapho ehalalisa iqembu egqoka ihembe lamaBhoko-bhoko. Ngo-1996 iNingizimu-Afrika yasingatha i-African Cup of Nations bese iqembu lesizwe lebhola lezinyawo lakithi, iBafana-bafana, lanqoba iTunisia lawina umncintiswano. Ngo-2010 iNingizimu-Afrika yemukela amaqembu yasingatha umncintiswano weNdebe yoMhlaba, iWorld Cup. Ngaleso sikhathi iBafana-bafana ayiphumelelanga. Nokho kwabonwa njengesehlakalo esihle kakhulu ngoba izinkulungwane zabantu zavakashela elakithi zabusa zonke.

Umsebenzi 11.5 Ukuqondisisa Comprehension 1. Kungani imidlalo ingadlalwa unyaka wonke eNingizimu-Afrika? 2. Yimiphi imidlalo ethandeka kakhulu? 3. Ikhilikithi idlalwa nini? 4. Ibhola lombhoxo lidlalwa nini? 5. Kungani ibhola lingadlalwa emiphakathini yonke? 6. Yini amaqembu aseNingizimu-Afrika ayengavunyelwe ukuncintisana namazwe angaphandle? 7. Lithini igama leqembu lesizwe lebhola lombhoxo? 8. Lithini igama leqembu lesizwe lebhola lezinyawo? 9. IBafana-bafana yanqoba ubani ngo-1996? 10. Abantu abangaki bavakashela eNingizimu-Afrika ngesikhathi seNdebe yoMhlaba ngo-2010?

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Umsebenzi 11.6 Bagqoka izikibha ezinjani? What T-shirts are they wearing? Give the colours of the following soccer uniforms: 1. Bafana Bafana

Banezikibha

(yellow)

2. Orlando Pirates

Banezikibha

(red)

3. Kaiser Chiefs and black)

Banezikibha

(yellow

4. Ajax Cape Town

Banezikibha

(light blue)

5. Moroka Swallows

Banezikibha

(red)

Ingxoxo 11.3 Usuku lokuzalwa kukaSipho Sipho’s birthday (Audio 11.3) UNobuhle noMandisa bahlangana elayibrari enyuvesi. uNobuhle: uMandisa: uNobuhle: uMandisa: uNobuhle: uMandisa: uNobuhle:

Sawubona dade. Yebo sawubona sisi. Kunjani mngani wami? Ngikhona, wena unjani? Nami ngikhona. Wenzeni ngempelasonto? Angenzanga lutho, ngihlale ekhaya. Ngisize umama ukubhaka amakhekhe. Wena wenzeni? Bekuwusuku lokuzalwa lukaSipho. Siye eMidmar Dam ngoMgqibelo. Siqashe ikhumbi, ubaba kaSipho ukhokhele ikhumbi. Mina ngilungise iziphuzo. USibongile noZanele balungise ukudla. Bapheke ubhriyani omnandi. UNtokozo noSerah balethe amasaladi amnandi futhi balethe amapuleti nezinkomishi. Sonke sifake imali ukuthenga inyama yokwenza ibraai ntambama. Sifike eMidmar ngo-11, sidlale ivolleyball futhi sibhukudile. Sithathe izithombe emanzini futhi sithathe izithombe sidlala ibhola. Ngo-1 sidle idina. Emva kwalokho siphumulile.

Unit 11: Leisure

uMandisa: uNobuhle:

Mandia: uNobuhle: uMandisa:

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Yish dade, ngibona ukuthi nizibusisile ngempelasonto. Nenzeni emva kwalokho? Ngo-3 ntambama, sigibele isikebhe. Mina angihambanga ngoba ngiyesaba ukungena emanzini. Abafana babase umlilo. Bose inyama, balungisa konke ukudla. Sidle ukudla, emva kwalokho siye ekhaya. Manje ngikhathele! Lalela, ngifuna ukuya edolobheni kusasa, ngicela sihlangane eNandos ngo-1. Kulungile? Kulungile. Ngizokubona kusasa. Ngizoletha izithombe zami. Sala kahle. Nawe, usale kahle. Sizobonana.

Amagama amasha

Amagama amasha / Vocabulary ikholiji

college

-phumula

relax

ngitshele

tell me

Yish!

Gosh!

-phasa

pass (exam)

-zibusisa

enjoy oneself

bandla

my dear

emva kwalokho

after that

-qasha

rent, hire

-gibela

ride

-khokha

pay

isikebhe/izi-

boat

-lungisa

fx, arrange

-esaba

fear

ubhriyani

biriyani (Indian rice dish)

-basa umlilo

make a fre

-osa

roast

isaladi/ama-

salad

-siza

help

inkomishi/izin-

cup

-bhaka

bake

-faka

put in

-bhukuda

swim

ikhekhe/ama-

cake

Umsebenzi 11.7 Complete these sentences using information from the preceding passage: 1. UMandisa usize unina

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2. Bahambe 3.

no

balungise

no

balethe

ukudla. 4. Bapheke ubhriyani 5. amasaladi. 6. Bafike eMidmar 7.

ivolleyball futhi

8. Badle idina 9.

baphumulile.

10. Abafana

umlilo.

Did you notice? When talking about events that took place last weekend, Nobuhle and Mandisa use verbs ending in -e: • • • •

siye eMidmar Dam siqashe ikhumbi ngilungise iziphuzo sidle idina

We went to Midmar Dam. We hired a taxivan. I organized beverages. We ate dinner.

Language note Talking about the past IsiZulu divides past events into recent and remote. • Recent events are fresh in the mind and took place within the past week or so. • Remote events took place more than a month ago. (See Unit 13.)

Recent events Afrmative 1. When information follows the verb (object, place, etc.) replace the final -a with -e, which has high tone.

Unit 11: Leisure

The pattern is: • • • •

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SM-{verb}-e + {object, location, etc.}

Siye eMidmar Dam. Siqashe ikhumbi. Ngilungise iziphuzo. Bapheke ubhriyani.

We went to Midmar dam. We hired a taxivan. I organized beverages. They cooked biriyani.

2. Where nothing follows the verb, the ending is -il- + e. The pattern is: • • • •

SM-{verb}-il-e

Ngiphasile. Sibhukudile. Siphumulile. Nizibusisile.

I passed. We swam. We relaxed. You (pl.) enjoyed yourselves.

Negative To negate recent past events prefx a- to the SM and add suffix -nga. The pattern is:

a-SM-{verb}-a-nga

• Angihambanga. • Angenzanga lutho.

I didn’t go. I didn’t do anything.

(verb focus) (adjunct focus)

Adjunct and verb focusses are the same in negative recent past.

Umsebenzi 11.8 Rewrite the following verbs in the negative. Remember to omit the frst vowel of the object noun where relevant: 1. Siye eMidmar Dam 2. Siqashe ikhumbi 3. Ngilungise iziphuzo 4. Bapheke ubhriyani 5. Ngiphasile 6. Sibhukudile 7. Siphumulile 8. Nizibusisile

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Umsebenzi 11.9 Wenzeni ngempelasonto?

What did you do on the weekend?

Sipho tells his father about the soccer game he went to yesterday. Write his summary of the game using near past tense.

Unit 12

Ukuvakashela esiqiwini Visiting a game reserve

In this unit: • • • •

Talking about animals Review of noun groups Describing characteristics, habits and states Negative instructions

Izilwane zasendle Wild animals

Izilwane zasendle zivamile eNingizimu-Afrika.AbaseNingizimu Afrika bayazithanda futhi bayazihlonipha, ngakho-ke zikhona eNingizimuAfrika. Ziningi iziqiwi lapho izilwane zivikelwa khona. Iziqiwi ezinkulu, njengeKruger National Park neHluhluwe nePilanesberg ziphethwe nguhulumeni, kodwa ziningi iziqiwi ezingasese nezizimele. Abavakashi bangahlala phakathi esiqiwini: emahhotela noma

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ematendeni. Kwezinye iziqiwi abavakashi bahambahamba ngezabo zimoto, kwezinye bagibela inqola eshayelwa ngumqaphi wezilwane. Eziqiwini eziningi akuvunyelwe ukuhamba ngezinyawo, kodwa kwezinye abavakashi baholwa ngumqaphi bazule ngaphandle. Iningi labavakashi lifuna ukubuka izilwane ezinhlanu ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezinye: ibhubesi nobhejane nendlovu nenyathi nengwe.

Amagama amasha

Izilwane ezivamile / Common animals ibhubesi/ama-

lion

indlulamithi/izin- giraffe

indlovu/izin-

elephant

idube/ama-

zebra

ingwe/izin-

leopard

ingwenya/izin-

crocodile

imvubu/izim-

hippopotamus

impala/izim-

antelope

ubhejane/o-

rhinoceros

inkawu/izin-

monkey

inyathi/izin-

buffalo

inyoka/izin-

snake

Did you notice? The names of these animals fall into several different noun groups, making clear that there is very little link between noun group and meaning. Here are the groups of the preceding animals: ILI-/AMA- group ibhubesi idube

amabhubesi amadube

lion/s zebra/s

IN-, IM-/IZIN-, IZIM- group indlovu ingwe inyathi imvubu indlulamithi ingwenya impala inkawu inyoka

izindlovu izingwe izinyathi izimvubu izindlulamithi izingwenya izimpala izinkawu izinyoka

elephant leopard buffalo hippopotamus giraffe crocodile impala (antelope) monkey snake

obhejane

rhinoceros

U-/O- subgroup ubhejane

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ULU-/IZIN- group unwabu

izinwabu

chameleon

Umsebenzi 12.1 Insert the appropriate subject marker. 1. Izimpala. . . . . gijima ngesivinini. 2. Obhejane. . . . nezimpondo ezinkulu. 3. Unwabu. . . . . hamba kancane. 4. Indlulamithi. . . . dla amakhasi. 5. Ibhubesi. . . . . . . thanda ukulala emini.

Umsebenzi 12.2 Insert the adjective marker. Choose predicative or attributive as appropriate. 1. Kukhona izimpala. . . . ningi esiqiwini. 2. Ibhubesi. . . dala lilala phansi komuthi. 3. Indlovu. . . ncane futhi. . . hle. 4. Indlulamithi. . . de. 5. Sibone izinkawu. . . . . . kulu izolo. 6. Amadube. . . ningi. 7. Izimpala. . . ncane. 8. Obhejane. . . dala balele. 9. Unwabu. . . . hle lukhwela esihlahleni. 10. Izilwane. . . . ningi zihlala esiqiwini.

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Ingxoxo 12.1 Abafundi bavakashela esiqiwini Students visit a game reserve (Audio 12.1) UNomathemba ukhombisela uZanele isaziso lesi. Nomathemba shows Zanele this notice. UHAMBO LOKUZIJABULISA! esiqiwini eHluhluwe ngoMgqibelo mhla ziyi-16 Mashi Siphuma ngo-6:00 ekuseni Sibuya ngo-8:00 kusihlwa Kubiza uR500 WOZANI BAFUNDI! Phatha: ijazi isigqoko noma ikepisi ikhamera

UNomathemba: UZanele: UNomathemba: UZanele: UNomathemba: UZanele: UNomathemba: UZanele: UNomathemba:

Buka Zanele! Yithuba lokuya esiqiwini! Esiqiwini? Ehhe! eHluhluwe. Ungathanda ukuhamba nami? Nini? NgoMgqibelo. Mhla ziyi-16 Mashi. Hho! Kubiza malini? UR500. Eish, imali eningi kangaka! Uqinisile, kodwa kuhlanganisa imali yebhasi nokudla nemali yokungena esiqiwini . . . UZanele: Kulungile. Mhlawumbe bazothanda ukuhamba nathi oThemba noBongani? UNomathemba: Ngizobabuza khona manje.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Unit 12: Visiting a game reserve

UNomathemba ushayela uThemba ngeselula. Halo? UThemba: UNomathemba: Yebo, sawubona mfo. UThemba: Ngubani okhulumayo? UNomathemba: Yimina, uNothemba. UThemba: Hho, sawubona dade. Kunjani? UNomathemba: Ngikhona mfo. Kunjani kuwe? UThemba: Hhayi, ngikhona nami. Kwenzekani? UNomathemba: Lutho olutheni, kodwa uZanele nami sifuna ukwazi ukuthi kungabe wena noBongani ningathanda ukuhamba nathi siye esiqiwini. UThemba: Esiqiwini? Hhayi dade uyazi ukuthi ngingowasedolobheni mina! Angithandi ukuya emaphandleni. Angithandi daka. Angithandi luthuli. UNomathemba: Hhawu Themba! Kodwa sizobe sisebhasini! UThemba: Cha, ngiyezwa. . . nakuba kunjalo. . . . ngesaba izilwane. Ngesaba izicabucabu. . . . namagundane. . . namaphela. . . UNomathemba: Nkosi yami Themba! Sizobe siphephile. Sizobona izilwane ezinkulu njengezindlovu namadube. Hhayi amaphela. . . UThemba: Hmm. Uyahamba noBongani? UNomathemba: Ngizomfonela manje. UNomathemba uyamehlula uThemba. Bavumelana ngokuthi bazohamba bobabili.

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Amagama amasha

Amagama / Vocabulary isilwane/izi-

animal

ikhamera

camera

-vamile

be plentiful

ithuba/ama-

opportunity

-hlonipha

respect

uqinisile

you’re right

ngakhoke

therefore

-hlanganisa

includes

isiqiwi/izi-

game reserve

Ngubani okhulumayo?

ehhe/ehhene

yes/indeed

-vikelwa

be protected

-phethwe

be managed

uhulumeni

government

-ngasese

private

-zimele

independent

umvakashi/aba-

visitor/tourist

itende/ama-

tent

-hambahamba

travel around

inqola/izin-

truck

umqaphi/aba-

game ranger

-zula

wander

iningi

the majority

-khombisa

Who’s speaking?

lutho olutheni

nothing much

owasedolobheni

a city person

emaphandleni

countryside

udaka

mud

uthuli

dust

nakuba kunjalo

nonetheless

Ngiyezwa.

I understand.

-esaba

fear

isicabucabu/izi-

bug, insect

igundane/ama-

mouse, rat

iphela/ama-

cockroach

show to

-phephile

be safe

isaziso/iz-

announcement, notice

-ehlula

convince

-vumelana

uhambo

trip

agree (with one another)

-zijabulisa self

enjoy one-

bobabili ple)

both (peo-

Umsebenzi 12.3 Ukuzwisisa Comprehension Rearrange the following sentences to make a paragraph that retells the events in the preceding dialogues. 1. UNomathemba umema uThemba ukuba ahambe nabo. 2. UThemba uthi wesaba izicabucabu. 3. Uhambo lubiza uR500.

Unit 12: Visiting a game reserve

4. UNothemba uthi bazobe bephephile. 5. Isaziso simema abafundi ukuba baye esiqiwini. 6. UNothemba uzofonela uBongani. 7. UNothemba ubona isaziso. 8. UThemba uthi akathandi ukuya emaphandleni.

Ingxoxo 12.2 Abafundi babika ngohambo Students tell about the trip (Audio 12.2) Basekhef abaya esiqiwini baxoxa nabanye abafundi. uNoma: uZanele: uThemba: uBongani: uZanele:

Hawu, bekuwuhambo olumnandi! Sibone izilwane ezithile! Kodwa kukude neTheku. Bekufanele sivuke kusempondo zankomo. Angikhumbuli lutho ngohambo. Bengilele. Yo, uyivila wena Themba! Ucishe walala usuku lonke. Kodwa uvuke lapho kusondela indlovu ebhasini lethu! Uphaphame wethuka, wawa esihlalweni sakho!

(Bayahleka bonke. UThemba uthukuthele kancane.) uThemba: uBongani:

uZanele: uNoma: uBongani:

Nginitshelile ukuthi ngingowasedolobheni mina. Ngimangaliswe ukubona ukuthi izilwane azesabi izimoto kakhulu. Kubonakala ukuthi zivamile ukubabona abantu nezimoto. Nami futhi. Amabhubesi abeseduze kakhulu, nokho abethamela ilanga nje. Mina ngizithande kakhulu izindlulamithi. Zinhle kakhulu futhi zinokuphiqilika. Azinalaka futhi. Uqinisile. Azibonakali kalula futhi noma ziseduze. Mina ngiyithandile ingwe. Bengingazi ukuthi ingwe

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uThemba:

uNoma:

uBongani: uZanele: uNoma: uThemba:

ikwazi ukukhwela emthini. Bathi ingadonsela inyamazane phezulu emthini futhi. Lapho siphuma ebhasini bekugcwele izinkawu ebezifuna ukuntshontsha amasemishi ethu. Angizithandanga lezo zinkawu. Beziganga impela lezo zinkawu. Yingoba izivakashi zithanda ukuzipha ukudla. Sezazi ukuthi abantu bazilethela ukudla. Zihlakaniphile. Ngizothanda ukuvakashela esiqiwini futhi. Nami ngingakuthanda lokho. Nami futhi. Hhayi bo! Mina, ngeke ngiphinde ngilubhade lapho! (Bayahleka bonke.)

Amagama amasha

Amagama / Vocabulary uhambo

journey

-sondela

approach

visilwane

animal

-phaphama

wake up

-thile

certain

-wa

fall

-fanele

be necessary

isihlalo

seat

-vuka

wake up

-tshela

tell

-mangaliswa

be surprised

-esaba

fear

-bonakala

be visible, appear

-vamile

be common, usual

eduze

near

-thamela

bask

kusempondo zankomo

at the crack of dawn

-khumbula

remember

lutho

nothing

ivila

lazy person

-cishe

almost (defcient verb)

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ukuphiqilika

grace, elegance

-gcwele

be full

ulaka

anger

-ntshontsha

steal

-qinisile

be sure, right

amasemishi

sandwiches

-khwela

climb

-ganga

be naughty

umuthi

tree

-letha

bring

-donsela

pull towards

-hlakaniphile

be clever

inyamazane

antelope

-ngeke

never (in future)

-phelele

whole/complete

ngilubhade (unyawo) lapho

set foot there

Umsebenzi 12.4 Match the sentence beginning in (a) with the ending in (b): (a) 1. UNothemba uthi babone . . . 2. UZanele uthi isiqiwi sikude . . . 3. UThemba uthi akakhumbuli . . . 4. UBongani utshela uThemba ukuthi . . . 5. UZanele uthi indlovu isondele . . . 6. UBongani ubemangele ngoba . . . 7. UZanele uthi amabhubesi abethamele . . . 8. UNothemba uthanda izindlulamithi ngoba . . . 9. UBongani uthanda ingwe ngoba ikwazi . . . 10. UThemba uthi akafuni . . . (b) 11. . . . ilanga. 12. . . . ebhasini labo. 13. . . . izilwane azesabi izimoto. 14. . . . izilwane eziningi. 15. . . . lutho ngohambo. 16. . . . neTheku. 17. . . . ukuphindela esiqiwini.

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18. . . . ukukhwela emthini. 19. . . . uyivila yena. 20. . . . zinokuphiqilika.

Umsebenzi 12.5 Zini lezi zilwane? Which animals are these? Name the animal described. Note that the subject marker will give you a clue. Remember to add the linker (ng-, y-, w-, l-) 1. Linolaka futhi uboya balo buphuzi. Yibhubesi (It’s a lion.) 2. Izingela yodwa ebusuku. 3. Zihamba nomhlambi omkhulu. 4. Inamazinyo amaningi acijileyo. 5. Zibhuqa imithi eminingi uma zidla. 6. Unamandla amakhulu kodwa awuboni kahle. 7. Afana kakhulu namahhashi. 8. Ziluma abantu ngolimi. 9. Lungashintsha umbala womzimba. 10. Zihlala emanzini kodwa ziphuma ebusuku ukuyofuna ukudla.

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Umsebenzi 12.6 Iziphicaphicwano Riddles There are a wealth of riddles in Zulu. They are introduced as follows: Ngikuphicaphica nga . . . 

I outwit you with. . .

See if you can solve the following riddles: Ngikuphicaphica nga. . . 1.

. . . ngomuntu wami ohamba ngonyawo

. . . with my person who walks on one

olulodwa ame ngezintathu.

leg and stands on three.

2.

. . . ngebhasi lami elingenamasondo.

with my bus that has no wheels.

3.

. . . ngomuntu wami oneso elilodwa.

with my person who has only one eye.

4.

. . . ngomuntu othi angalamba, afe.

. . . with my person who, when he gets Thirsty, dies.

5.

. . . ngendlwana yami engenamnyango.

. . . with my little house that has no door.

Describing people by personality In the preceding conversation, Zanele calls Themba ‘lazy.’ Here are some other ways to describe people.

Names for certain types of people: • • • •

ivila isikhwishikhwishi iqhalaqhala umnyewu

a lazy person an energetic person (hurricane) a talkative person a reticent person, introvert

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People described as having certain qualities: • • • •

isineke umusa umona amahloni

patience kindness jealousy shyness

unesineke unomusa unomona unamahloni

He’s/She’s patient. He’s/She’s kind. He’s/She’s jealous. He’s/She’s shy.

Describing people’s temporary states or emotions In the preceding conversation, Themba says he ‘was asleep’ during the trip. Here are some other temporary states: Ulele. Ulambile. Ukhathele. Ukhathazekile.

He/She’s asleep. He/She’s hungry. He/She’s tired. He/She’s worried.

Language note Temporary states Certain verbs can be used to describe a present state that is the result of an event (often of short duration) in the past. This is called stative/ perfective, and the pattern is as follows: SM-{verb}-ile And if there is new information following the verb: SM-{verb}-e + {new information} -lamba -oma -hamba -fa -zaca

get hungry get dry, thirsty go away die lose weight

-lambile -omile -hambile -fle -zacile

be hungry be dry, thirsty be gone be dead be thin

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Most verbs with fnal stem vowel /-a-/ change to /-e-/: -lala -sala -enama -sangana -khuluphala

go to sleep stay behind get contented get confused put on weight

-lele -sele -eneme -sangene -khuluphele

be asleep be left behind be content be confused be fat

If the verb is in passive form, then the ending is /-iwe/: -daka -khohlwa

intoxicate slip the mind

-dakiwe -khohliwe

be intoxicated have (‘be’) forgotten

Umsebenzi 12.7 Abantu bahlukene. People are different. Write a one-word description of each person from the information given.

Isibonelo: USteve uthanda ukudla. Ukhuluphele. 1. UVusi akathandi ukusebenza. 2. UNtombenhle uthanda ukusiza abantu. 3. UMike akaziqondi izibalo. 4. Indoda iphuze kakhulu. 5. Udokotela akekho. 6. USipho ufuna imoto efana nekaMenzi. 7. UBeatrice akasho lutho. 8. Umama usebenze usuku lonke. 9. Izingane zisembhedeni. 10. Impala ihlaselwe yibhubesi.

Unit 13

Kudala Long ago

In this unit: • • • •

Talking about the remote past Describing remote times Talking about childhood Folk tales

Ingxoxo 13.1 UThandiwe uxoxa noGogo ngobusha bakhe Thandiwe talks to Grandma about her childhood (Audio 13.1)

Unit 13: Long ago

uThandiwe: uGogo: uThandiwe: uGogo: uThandiwe: uGogo: uThandiwe: uGogo: uThandiwe:

uGogo: uThandiwe: uGogo: uThandiwe: uGogo: uThandiwe: uGogo: uThandiwe: uGogo: uThandiwe: uGogo: uThandiwe: uGogo:

157

Gogo, wazalwa nini? Ngazalwa ngo-1939, mntanomntanami. Ngo-1939! Hawu Gogo, yisemandulo impela! Uqinisile. Sengimdala. Kodwa angigugile. Wazalelwaphi? Ngazalelwa epulazini, eduze kwaseMnambithi. EMnambithi? Ikuphi lapho? Abelungu bathi yiLadysmith. Uyayazi? Hho, yebo, ngiyayazi. Siyawubona umgwaqo oya eLadysmith lapho siya eGoli. Futhi abaculi abadumile ababizwa ngokuthi yiLadysmith Black Mambazo bavela laphaya. Kulungile, kodwa thina sasihlala epulazini. Sonke sasisebenza epulazini. Wawenzani Gogo? Ehlobo sasihlakula emasimini. Ekwindla sasivuna. Wawuvunani? Ama-apula? Obhanana? Hawu, mntanomntanami! Ungowasedolobheni impela! Sasivuna ummbila. Sasikha izikhwebu. Hho. Wawunesikhathi sokudlala kodwa? Impela sasinaso! Sasishaya ingqathu futhi sasidlala umacashelana. Nanijabulile kodwa? Lapho ngisemncane ngangijabule, kodwa lapho sengikhulile ngafuna ukuyofunda edolobheni. Gogo, wawuthanda ukufunda? Yebo! Ngangikuthanda kakhulu. Ngangifuna ukuba uthisha. Kwakuyiphupho lami. Bese waba nguthisha impela! Yebo mntanomntanami. Ngashiya ipulazi.

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Amagama amasha

Amagama / Vocabulary my grandchild (greeting)

-hlakula

weed

insimu/amasimu

feld

-zala

bear a child

-vuna

harvest

-zalwa

be born

owase-/abase-

emandulo

time long past

one who is from

impela

truly

ummbila

corn, maize

-qinisile

be sure

-kha

gather/pick

-gugile

be decrepit

isikhwebu/izi-

corn cobs

ipulazi

(commercial) farm

-shaya ingqathu

skip, jump rope

eduze na-

near to

umacashelana

hide and seek

umgwaqo/imi-

road

iphupho/ama-

dream

-dumile

famous

mntanomntanami

Did you notice? Gogo talks about things that she did repeatedly in her childhood: sasihlala epulazini sasisebenza epulazini sasihlakula emasimini sasivuna sasikha izikhwebu sasishaya ingqathu sasidlala . . . 

We lived on a farm. We used to work on the farm. We used to weed in the felds. We harvested. We collected corn cobs. We played jump rope. We played . . .

They talk about emotions and desires: Nanijabulile? Wawuthanda ukufunda? Ngangijabula Ngangifuna ukuba uthisha.

Were you happy? Did you like studying? I was happy. I wanted to be a teacher.

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Language note Talking about long ago Zulu makes a distinction between events that happened recently and things that happened long ago. (See Unit 8.)

Remote past progressive The remote past progressive is for activities that were habitual, occurred repeatedly or took place over an extended period some time ago. It is marked by a doubled subject marker. The pattern is: Affirmative: Negative:

SMá – SM – [verb] – a SMá – SM – nga – [verb] – i

Examples Ngá-ngi-hlala eThekwini. Sá-si-hlala eThekwini. Wá-ye-hlala eThekwini. Bá-be-hlala eThekwini. Ngá-ngi-nga-hlali eThekwini. Sá-si-nga-hlali eThekwini. Wá-ye-nga-hlali eThekwini. Bá-be-nga-hlali eThekwini.

I used to live in Durban. We used to live in Durban. He/She used to live in Durban They used to live in Durban. I used to not live in Durban. We used to not live in Durban. He/She used to not live in Durban They used to not live in Durban.

Subject markers for remote past progressive Noun group SM 1st person sg. pl. 2nd person sg. pl.

Present SM

Remote past

Progressive

ngisiuni-

ngasawana-

ngangisasiwawunani-

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3rd person: UMUABAILIAMAISIIZIUMUIMIIN-, IMIZIN-, IZIMULUIZIN-, IZIMUBUUKU-

ubaliasiziuiiziluzibuku-

wabalaasazawayayazalwazabakwa-

wayebabelaliayesasizaziwawuyayiyayi – zazilwaluzazibabukwaku-

Umsebenzi 13.1 Habitual events in remote past Complete the following by inserting the appropriate subject marker: 1. UZanele 2. Abazali bami 3. (Mina) 4. Izitshudeni 5. Amadoda 6. Ukudla 7. Inja yami 8. Ubisi 9. Umfula kwezimvula. 10. Utshani

hlala eGoli. thanda ukulalela umsakazo. dlala ibhola esikoleni. ya ekhefi kusihlwa. phuza ubhiya ebha. phekwa ngamakhosikazi. lala ngaphandle. biza uR10. gcwala emuva dliwa yizinkomo.

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Umsebenzi 13.2 Habitual events (negative) Rewrite the preceding sentences in the negative.

Remember: • The object noun loses its initial vowel.

Language note ‘Having’ and ‘not having’ in remote past: Affirmative The remote subject marker is added to na- and the noun. The pattern is: SMa – SM – na - {noun} Examples: Wawunesikhathi?

Did you have time?

Babenemoto.

They had a car.

Negative The negating affix is –nge- and part of the emphatic pronoun* is added: SMa – SM – nge – na - EP + {noun} Examples: Wawungenaso sikhathi?

Didn’t you have time?

Babengenayo moto.

They didn’t have a car.

* For a full list of emphatic pronouns, see reference grammar.

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Umsebenzi 13.3 ‘Having’ in remote past Complete the following by inserting the appropriate subject marker: 1. (Thina)

nabangane abaningi.

2. Umama

nezinkukhu eziningi.

3. Umuthi

nezithelo ezimnandi.

4. [There were] emgwaqweni. 5. Izinja 6. Ihembe

namaphoyisa nokudla okuningi. nokudabuka.

7. Abantwana

. nodoli.

8. Amasokisi

nemigqa ebomvu.

9. Ubuhlalu 10. Insimu

nombala osiliva. namatshe amaningi.

Umsebenzi 13.4 Association (not having) in remote past Rewrite the preceding sentences in the negative.

Language note Identifying (‘being’) in remote past: Affirmative: The remote subject marker is added to the Tofu linker and the noun: The pattern is: SMa – SM - ng/w - {noun}

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Examples: Kwakuyiphupho lami.

It was my dream.

Wayenguthisha wami.

She was my teacher.

Negative: The negative affix is -nge- and emphatic pronoun* is added. The pattern is: SMa – SM - nge- E P + {noun} Examples: Kwakungelona phupho lami. It was not my dream. Wayengeyena thisha wami.She was not my teacher. * For a full list of emphatic pronouns see reference grammar.

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Umsebenzi 13.5 Identifying (‘being’) in remote past Complete the following by inserting the appropriate subject marker: 1. UShaka

yinkosi yamaZulu.

2. (Mina)

ngumfana ogangile.

3. UGogo

nguthisha.

4. Abazala

ngabalimi.

5. Le ntombi

yingane etefa kakhulu.

Umsebenzi 13.6 Negative identifying (‘not being’) in remote past Rewrite the preceding sentences in the negative.

Language note Remote past perfective The remote past perfective is for single events that took place some time ago. It is marked by a subject marker with vowel /a/. The pattern is: Affirmative:

SMa-{verb}-a

The negative form is identical to the form for recent past perfective: Negative:

a-SM-{verb}-a-nga

Did you notice? In the preceding dialogue, Gogo refers to specifc events using perfective aspect.

Unit 13: Long ago

Ngazalwa ngo-1939. Ngazalelwa eMnambithi. Ngashiya ipulazi.

165

I was born in 1939. I was born in Ladysmith. I left the farm.

Umsebenzi 13.7 Single events in remote past (affirmative) Complete the following by inserting the appropriate subject marker: 1. Abazali bami 2. (Mina) 3. (Thina)

zalelwa eThekwini. funda isikole eBoston. thuthela eGoli ngonyaka odlule.

4. La mantombazana

qala ukufunda ehlobo.

Umsebenzi 13.8 Single events in remote past (negative) Rewrite the preceding sentences in the negative.

Izinganekwane Folktales Izinganekwane yizindatshana ezilanda ngezenzo zezilwane noma zabantu. Kukhona abavezwa nezimilo ezinhle njengesibindi noma umusa kanye nalabo abavezwa nezimbi ngengobugwala noma unya. Ekupheleni kwenganekwane kukhona isaga esichaza isifundo esichazwa emlandweni. Isilwane esivamile ezinganekwane nguChakijane, ozama ukwahlula izilwane ezinkulu kakhulu kunaye. Umuntu ovela ezinganekwaneni eziningi yiZimuzimu. Amazimu afana nabantu kodwa abangakwazi ukuphilisana kahle nabanye emphakathini ngokuthi athanda ukuphikisana futhi ayadlana. Abantu abahle – ikakhulu izintombi – kufanele baqhaphele amazimu ngoba akwazi ukuzenza afane nabantu. Ebucikweni bakwaZulu izinganekwane zibaluleke kakhulu ekufundiseni abantwana ngokuziphathe kahle. Ngokuvamile zilandwa ngogogo kusihlwa lapho umndeni usuphumule uhleli eduze komlilo.

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Indaba 13.2 UManyosi (Audio 13.2) This is an unusual (though popular) folktale because Manyosi is an historical fgure. UManyosi, owayeyindodana kaDlekezele Mbatha, wayeyibutho empini kaShaka.Wayeyibutho elinesibindi futhi wayebonwa njengeqhawe. UManyosi wayeyithanda kakhulu inyama. Wayekwazi ukudla imbuzi yonke eyedwa. Wayebuthanda futhi wayebuphuza kakhulu uthswala. Lapho uDingane engena ebukhosini, uManyosi wayephethwe kahle ngenxa yobuqhawe bakhe.Wayenikwa konke ukudla nokuphuzwayo ayekufuna. Ngakho-ke wakhuluphala kakhulu. Ngaphambi kwempi phakathi kwaDingane nabalandeli bomfowabo uMpande, uManyosi wamshiya uDingane wayolwela uMpande. Kodwa laphaya kwaMpande abantu babengamhloniphi njengalabo bakwaDingane. Ngakho-ke abantu baqala ukumchukuluza uManyosi bathi:‘Siyobohla Manyosi!’ Isaga sithi umuntu angazisola ngezenzo zakhe. Sisetshenziswa kubantu abacebile abaphila benganaki lutho bengacabangi ngekusasa. From the late Prof. Mashasha Hlengwa. Used with permission.

Amagama amasha

Amagama / Vocabulary

1

ibutho/ama-

soldier, regiment

-lwela

fght for

isibindi

courage [the liver]

laphaya

over there

iqhawe/ama-

hero

-hlonipha

show respect

imbuzi/izim-

goat

njenga-

just as

eyedwa

he being alone

labo

those

utshwala

sorgum beer

-qala

begin

-khuluphala

get fat

-chukuluza

taunt

abalandeli

followers

isaga/iz-

saying

-shiya

leave behind

-zisola

have regret for

Mpande, Dingane, and Shaka were all sons of Senzangakhona.

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isenzo/iz-

action

lutho

nothing

-setshenziswa

be used

ikusasa

the future

-cebile

wealthy

-abela

share

-naka

care, pay attention to

Umsebenzi 13.9 Yiqiniso noma akunjalo? True or false? 1. UManyosi wayengubaba kaDlekezele Mbatha. 2. UManyosi wayeyibutho elihle. 3. UManyosi wayebonwa njengenkosi. 4. Wayekwazi ukudla imbuzi yonke. 5. UManyosi wayephathwa kabi nguDingane. 6. Wayenikwa imali eningi. 7. UDingane walwa nomfowabo uMpande. 8. KwaMpande abantu babemhlonipha kakhulu uManyosi. 9. Abantu bamchukuluza uManyosi ngoba wayekhuluphele. 10. Isaga ‘Siyobohla Manyosi’ sithi kufanele umuntu aqaphele ukudla nokuphuza kwakhe.

Did you notice? Manyosi is described with remote progressive double subject markers: • • • • •

wayeyibutho wayebonwa wayekwazi wayephuza wayephathwa

He was a soldier. He was seen. He was able. He used to drink. He was treated.

Language point More on remote past: describing feelings and states in remote past Use the stative form of the verb, prefx the double subject marker:

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Wayekhathele. Ngangilambile. Sasilele. Babejabulile.

She was tired. I was hungry. We were asleep. They were happy.

To negate insert -nga-: Wáyengakhathele. Ngángingalambile. Sásingalele. Bábengajabulile.

She wasn’t tired. I wasn’t hungry. We weren’t asleep. They weren’t happy.

Umsebenzi 13.10 Ukuchaza Describing in remote past Complete with the appropriate double subject markers: 1. Abafundi

khathele.

2. UZanele

lambile.

3. Amadoda

dakiwe.

4. Izinkomo

zacile.

5. Imoto

gcolile.

Note: For common adjectives and numbers 1–5: Keep part of the adjective marker. 6. Ingubo

mfushane.

7. Ubisi

bi.

8. Imuvi

hle.

9. Amabhulukwe 10. Abantwana

de. ningi.

Umsebenzi 13.11 Ukuchaza Negate the preceding sentences. 1. Abafundi

khathele.

Unit 13: Long ago

2. UZanele

169

lambile.

3. Amadoda

dakiwe.

4. Izinkomo

zacile.

5. Imoto

ngcolile.

Notes: For common adjectives and numbers 1–5: Keep part of the adjective marker. Negative: -nge6. Ingubo. . . . . . . . . . . . mfushane. 7. Ubisi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bi. 8. Imuvi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hle. 9. Amabhulukwe. . . . . . . . de. 10. Abantwana. . . . . . . . . . . . ningi.

Ingxoxo 13.3 UGogo ukhumbula usuku lokhetho Grandma remembers election day (Audio 13.3) uThandiwe: uGogo: uThandiwe: uGogo:

uThandiwe: uGogo: uThandiwe: uGogo:

uThandiwe: uGogo:

Gogo, uyalukhumbula ukhetho lokuqala laseMzansi? Ehhe, ngilukhumbula kahle kakhulu Sibongile. Wawukuphi ngalolo suku? Ngangunguthishomkhulu esikoleni esiphakeme eMlazi. Thina othisha savuka kusempondo zankomo, sagibela ibhasi ngo-5 ekuseni. Babenjani abantu endaweni yokuvota? Sasijabula kodwa kwakuthule kuthe du. Sasiklela emqgeni omude sixoxela phansi, silinde ithuba lethu. Nanithuleleni kangaka nakuba nijabule? Angikwazi ukuchaza kahle. . .  Ngicabanga ukuthi sasesaba kancane ukuthi yiphupho nje futhi singavuka sithola ukuthi kushabalele konke. Hawu Gogo! Pho, umuntu uvota ngani? Kukhona iphepha elinamagama awo wonke amaqembu ezombusazwe kanye nezithombe zawo. Bese wena-ke, uthatha ipeni ufaka uphawu

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uThandiwe: uGogo: uThandiwe: uGogo: uThandiwe: uGogo:

lwesiphambano -u-‘x’ ebhokisini leqembu olithanda kakhulu kunamanye. Ayemangaki amaqembu ngalolo khetho? Wuu! Ayemaningi! Ngithi ayengamashumi amabili. Amashumi amabili! Angikaze ngizwe ngalawo maqembu. Uqinisile. Kodwa noma ubani angasungula iqembu. Yilungelo lakho. Ngiyezwa. Ngizovota nami okhethweni olulandelayo. Ngiyajabula ukuzwa lokho mntanomntanami. Kubalulekile ukuvikela umbuso wentando yeningi.

Amagama amasha

Amagama / Vocabulary -khumbula

remember

-thi

think

ukhetho

election

-esaba

fear

lokuqala

frst

iphupho

dream

vele

defnitely

-thola

discover

ngololo suku

on that day

-shabalala

disappear

uthishomkhulu

head teacher

pho!

so, by the way

isikole esiphakeme high school kusempondo zankomo

at the crack of dawn

iqembu le zombusazwe

political party

indawo

place

kanye na-

together with

be silent

isithombe

picture

-thi du

very quiet

-faka

put in

-klela

stand in line

iqembu

party

umugqa

queue, line

angikaze

-khulumela phansi

low voice

I have never. . .

-linda

wait

-sungula

establish

ithuba

turn, opportunity

ilungelo

right

-landelayo

next

kangaka

so much

-balulekile

important

nakuba

even though

-vikela

protect

explain

umbuso

government

intando yeningi

democracy

-thula

-chaza

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umkhankaso/imi-

campaign

ilungelo/ama-

right

-thatha umhlalaphansi

retire

uKhongolosi

African National Congress

Inkatha ilunga/ama-

member

-holwa

be led

-hlanganyela

participate

umongameli/ab-

president

-namathela

stick, adhere

Inkatha Freedom Party

Did you notice? There are many descriptive phrases in this dialogue, but only one uses a common adjective: emgqeni omude

in a long line

Some descriptions use relative construction: esikoleni esiphakeme phepha elinamagama awo wonke amaqembu a paper leqembu olithanda kakhulu okhethweni olulandelayo

high school [school that is high] that had the names of all the parties the party that you liked most the election that follows

Some descriptions use the possessive structure: ukhetho lokuqalala-ukuqala umbuso wentando yeningi wa-intando

frst election democratic government

Language note Relative construction This construction uses a verb to describe: iphepha linamagama à iphepha elinamagama uthanda iqembu à iqembu olithandayo ukhetho luyalandela à ukhetho olulandelayo

the paper has names a paper that has names you like the party the team that you like [it] the election follows the election that follows

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For more on relative construction see reference grammar.

Umsebenzi 13.12 Yiqiniso noma akunjalo? Mark the statements as true or false according to the dialogue. 1. UGogo wayenguthisha ngesikhathi sokhetho.

Yiqiniso./Akunjalo.

2. Othisha bavuka ngo-8 ekuseni.

Yiqiniso./Akunjalo.

3. Bahamba ngemoto bayovota.

Yiqiniso./Akunjalo.

4. Abantu babecula ngesikhathi belindele ukuvota. Yiqiniso./Akunjalo. 5. Kwakukhona amaqembu angamashumi amabili. Yiqiniso./Akunjalo.

Umlando Ukhetho lwango-1994 eNingizimu-Afrika Eminyakeni phambi kokhetho lwawonke wonke lokuqala kwakukhona umkhankaso omkhulu kabi wokufundisa wonke umuntu ngelungelo lokuvota nangendlela yokuvota. Ukhetho lwawinwa nguKhongolosi (i-ANC), owawuholwa nguNelson wakwaMandela owaba nguMongameli. Emuva kweminyaka emihlanu wathatha umhlalaphansi. Iqembu leNkatha, elalinamaZulu amaningi njengamalunga alo, lavuma ukuhlanganyela okhethweni emasontweni okugcina nje phambi kosuku lokuvota. Ngakho-ke kwakufanele ukuthi igama leqembu linanyathiselwe kuwo wonke amaphepha ngesandla.

Unit 14

Ukuthuthela eGoli Moving to Johannesburg

In this unit: • Talking about future events • Demonstratives • Ka- possessives

Ingxoxo 14.1

UZanele uthola umsebenzi Zanele gets a job (Audio 14.1) Zanele tells her family that she has been offered a job in Johannesburg. uZanele: Umama: Ugogo:

Ma! Gogo! Wozani! Yini mntanami? Kwenzekani?

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Ngiwutholile! Utholeni? Umsebenzi! Bayangifuna kwaMfeka! Ngubani lo Mfeka? Ufuna ukushada nawe? Kuzodingeka ukuba alethe ilobolo elikhulu! uZanele: Cha Gogo! Ngikhuluma ngomsebenzi. Ngiyosebenza eGoli. Ugogo nomama: EGoli? uZanele: Yebo! uMfeka & Partners yinkampani. Banginika umsebenzi. Umama: Inkampani? Benzani laphaya eGoli? uZanele: Bangama-accountants, abagcinimabhuku. Umama: Hho! Banjengawe! uZanele: Yebo! Manje njengoba ngiziphothulile iziqu zeB.Comm. in Accounting bayangifuna. Umama: Nkosi yami! Ugogo: Awekho ama-accountants lapha eThekwini? Uzanele: Akhona Gogo, kodwa izinkampani ezinkulu ziseGoli. Umama: Uzohlalaphi eGoli? uZanele: Angikazi. Ngizofuna ifulethi. Umama: Ifulethi? Hhayi bo! Uzohlala wedwa? uZanele: Angazi. Umngane wami uLisa naye futhi bamfuna eGoli. Mhlawumbe singahlala ndawonye mina naye . . . Ugogo: Uzohamba ngani ukuya eGoli? uZanele: Ngizohamba ngebhanoyi Gogo. Umama: Bese eGoli uzohamba ngani laphaya? uZanele: Bathi bazongisiza ukuthenga imoto. Umama: Nkosi yami! Umntanami uzoshayela imoto eGoli! uZanele: Yebo Ma. Niyongivakashela wena noGogo? Angithi? Ugogo: Maye! Kukude lapho! uZanele: Umama: uZanele: Ugogo:

(UZanele uyamamatheka begonana.)

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Amagama amasha

Amagama / Vocabulary What’s going on?/What’s the matter?

ifulethi/ama-

fat, apartment

-dwa

only, alone

-shada na-

marry

mhlawumbe

perhaps

inkampani/izin-

company

Kusekude kabi

It’s still very far.

njenga-

like

-mamatheka

Smile

-phothula

Complete

-gonana

hug one another

iziqu

academic degree

Angithi?

Is that not so?

Kwenzenjani

Umsebenzi 14.1 Ukuqondisisa Comprehension Phendula imibuzo. 1. UZanele utholeni? 2. UGogo ucabanga ukuthi ngubani uMfeka? 3. Bangobani impela oMfeka? 4. UZanele wathola ziphi iziqu? 5. UZanele uthi uzohlalaphi eGoli? 6. UZanele uthi uzohlala nobani? 7. UZanele uzohamba ngani ukuya eGoli? 8. UZanele uzoyithola kanjani imoto?

Did you notice? Zanele, her mother and grandmother are talking about something that will take place in the near future. They use the defnite future tense: Uzohlalaphi? Ngizofuna ifulethi Uzohlala wedwa? Uzohamba ngani? Ngizohamba ngebhanoyi.

Where will you live? I’ll look for an apartment. Will you live alone? How will you travel? I’ll travel by air.

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Bazongisiza ukuthenga imoto. Umntanami uzoshayela imoto eGoli!

They’ll help me to buy a car. My child will drive in Johannesburg!

Language note Talking about the near/defnite future As we’ve seen with past time, Zulu distinguishes between events close to the present and those further away. In future time, this distinction tends to be between events planned and imminent and events envisaged at some indefnite future date. For the defnite perfective future, add -zo- or -zu- between subject marker and verb. Here is the pattern for defnite future (perfective): Affirmative: SM-zo-{verb}-a Negative:

a-SM-zu-{verb}-a

Umsebenzi 14.2 Kusasa Tomorrow (affirmative) Make sentences indicating what the people below will do tomorrow: 1. uGogo:

-pheka iphalishi

2. abantwana:

-ya esikoeni

3. izinsizwa:

-dlala ama-videogames

4. uThemba:

-thenga ikhompyutha entsha

5. uMnu:

Mkhize -lungisa imoto yakhe

Umsebenzi 14.3 Kusasa Tomorrow (negative) Answer the following questions in the negative:

Unit 14: Moving to Johannesburg

1. Uzohlala wedwa?

Cha,

2. Uzohamba noNothemba?

Cha,

3. Uzosebenza eThekwini?

Cha,

4. Uzogibela ibhasi eGoli?

Cha,

5. Uzothenga kwaCheckers?

Cha,

Umsebenzi 14.4 Kusasa Tomorrow Describe your plans for tomorrow using the affirmative or negative as appropriate: 1. -vuka ekuseni kakhulu 2. -gibela ibhasi-ya edolobheni 3. -ya emakethe 4. -thenga imifino nenyama yemvu 5. -vakashela umngane esibhedlela

Ingxoxo 14.2 UZanele uzilungiselela ukuthuthela eGoli Zanele prepares to move to Johannesburg (Audio 14.2)

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uZanele: Umama: uZanele: Umama: uZanele: Umama: uZanele: Umama: uZanele: Umama: uZanele: Umama: uZanele: Umama: uZanele: Umama: uZanele: Umama: UZanele: Umama: UZanele: Umama: uZanele: Umama: uZanele: Umama: uZanele:

(ematasatasa) Hawu, mama, liphi ipotimende lami? Usho lelo eliphansi kombhede? Cha mama. Ngisho leli eliphezu kwekhabethe. Kodwa lelo elikadadewenu. Eish, ngiyalifuna noma isikhwama sakhe. Kulungile. Ngizombuza. Unazo zonke izingubo ozidingayo? Ngicabanga ukuthi nginazo. Bheka mama! Yizini lezi? Yizingubo zami ezinhlanu. Yizini lezi? Ngamahembe ami. Maningi, ngiyazi. Yizini lezo? Yiziketi zami ezintathu. Yizini leziya? Yizicathulo zami. Uzophatha labo phaqa? Badala! Ngiyazi, kodwa ngiyabathanda. Unawo amateku akho? Namasokisi akho? Yebo nginawo. Nekhompyutha yakho? Nginayo. Nejazi lakho? Uyazi ukuthi lithanda ukubanda eGoli. Nginalo. Yini le? Yisikhwama sakho? Cha. Yisikhwama sikaThandiwe. Hho. Sihle kodwa! Manje uzokwazi ukulivala ipotimende? (edonsa ngamandla) Mh! Mh! Nali. Livaliwe.

Did you notice? Possessives (See Unit 9.) When describing items she owns, Zanele uses different possessive markers with the base -mi (my): ipotimende lami izingubo zami amahembe ami

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iziketi zami izicathulo zami Zanele’s mother also uses different possessive markers with the base -kho (your): amateku akho amasokisi akho ikhompiyutha yakho  . . . and for an item that belongs to Zanele’s sister she uses the base -khe (her, his): ipotimende lakhe When the owner is mentioned by name, a different possessive marker is used: isikhwama sikaThandiwe

Thandiwe’s bag

Language note Possessives with personal names When the owner is named, a different set of possessive markers is used. These markers all contain ka-, and they replace the initial vowel of the owner noun.

Examples • • • • •

umngane kaThemba ibhayisikili likaVusi izingubo zikaZanele ukudla kukaThemba abantwana bakamalume

Themba’s friend Vusi’s bike Zanele’s clothes Themba’s food uncle's children

ka- possessive markers Noun group UMU-

Noun prefx umu-

ka- possessive marker ka-

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ABAILIAMAISIIZIUMUIMIIN-, IMIZIN-, IZIMULUIZIN-, IZIMUBUUKU-

abaiamaisiiziumuimiin-, imizin-, izimuizin-, izimubuuku-

bakalikakasikazikakakakazikalukazikabakakuka-

Umsebenzi 14.5 Possessives + Names Add the appropriate ka- possessive markers: 1. isihlalo. . . . . uThandiwe

Thandiwe’s chair

2. izincwadi. . . . . uZanele

Zanele’s books

3. imoto. . . . uBongani.

Bongani’s car

4. abantwana. . . . . malume

uncle's children

5. ihembe. . . . . uThemba

Themba’s shirt

Note: ka- possessive markers are used for all nouns in the u-/o- subgroup:

Umsebenzi 14.6 Possessives + u-/o- nouns Add the appropriate possessive markers: 1. isihlalo. . . . . unesi

the nurse’s chair

2. izincwadi. . . . . uGogo

granny’s books

3. imoto. . . . ubaba

father’s car

4. abantwana. . . . . umama

mother’s children

5. ihembe. . . . . udokotela

the doctor’s shirt

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Did you notice? Zanele and her mother use demonstratives (‘this,’ ‘that,’ ‘these’) to locate items: • • • • •

lelo lezi lawo lezo leziya

(ipotimende) (izingubo) (amahembe) (iziketi) (izicathulo)

that one these those those those over there

Language note Demonstratives Zulu marks three positions for demonstratives: • this • that • that over there

(near me, the speaker) (near you, the listener) (away from both of us)

As with all words that modify nouns, demonstratives have a different form for each noun class. Demonstratives generally come before the noun and replace the initial vowel. For a full list of demonstratives, see the reference grammar at end of book.

Examples of ‘this’ lo laba leli la lesi lezi le lezi lokhu

lo muntu bantu leli hembe la mahembe lesi siketi lezi ziketi le nja lezi zinja lokhu kudla

this person these people this shirt these shirts this skirt these skirts this dog these dogs this food

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Examples of ‘that’ lowo labo lelo lawo leso lezo leyo lezo lokho

lowo muntu laba bantu lelo hembe lawo mahembe leso siketi lezo ziketi leyo nja lezo zinja lokho kudla

that person those people that shirt those shirts that skirt those skirts that dog those dogs that food

Umsebenzi 14.7 Ezikhombayo Demonstratives Add the appropriate demonstratives: 1.

abantu

these

2.

izimbali

those

3.

umgwaqo

this

4.

ukudla

that

5.

amajazi

these

6.

ukushayela

this

7.

ibhola

that

8.

inyathi

this

9.

amakati

those

10.

ulwandle

that

Ingxoxo 14.3 Ngolunye usuku Another day (Audio 14.3) Themba and Sipho talk about how they’d like to visit Johannesburg someday. uThemba:

Uzizwile izindaba ezimnandi zikadadewethu uZanele?

Unit 14: Moving to Johannesburg

uSipho: uThemba: uSipho: uThemba: uSipho: uThemba: uSipho: uThemba: uSipho: uThemba: uSipho: uThemba: uSipho:

uThemba: uSipho: uThemba: uSipho: uThemba: uSipho: uThemba: uSipho: uThemba: uSipho: uThemba:

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Cha, lutho. Zithini? Uthole umsebenzi. Uqinisile? Kwakuhle-ke lokho! Uzosebenzela obani? KwaMfeka & Partners. EGoli. EGoli? Hawu, unenhlanhla! Yebo, unenhlanhla kodwa wafunda kanzima futhi. Ngiyothanda kakhulu ukuhlala eGoli mina. Nami futhi. Kodwa hhayi manje. Hhayi manje? Ngobani? Ngifuna ukushada ngisekhona eThekwini. Emuva kwalokho ngiyoya eGoli. Hho! Mina ngiyoqala ngokuyovakashela eGoli. Bathi akulula ukuhlala khona. Uyokwenzani eGoli uma uvakashela khona? Ngiyobuka imidlalo yeshashalazi. . . ngiyogibela isitimela esisheshayo iGautrain. . . ngiyodla ezindlini zokudlela eRosebank. . . ngiyophuza. . . Wo! Yima bo mfowethu! Uyoyitholaphi imali yokwenza zonke lezi zinto? Eish, Themba, kuvunyelwe ukuphupha angithi? Kuvunyelwe impela. Ngiyoqeda izifundo zami. . . . Kuhle lokho. Bese ngiyothola umsebenzi. . . . Mhmm. Angiyuchitha imali emahhashini. . . Mhmm. Angiyuya ekhasino. . . Kwakuhle lokho mfowethu. Uyosheshe ube nemali eyanele yokuya eGoli!

Amagama amasha

Amagama amasha / Vocabulary ipotimende/ama-

suitcase

-qinisile

be sure

lutho

nothing

inhlanhla/izin-

good luck

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kanzima

hard, difficult

Kuvunyelwe

akulula uku-

It’s not easy to. . .

It’s allowed/ permitted.

-phupha

dream

-lula

easy

Impela

truly

umdlalo weshashalazi

stage play

-anele

be sufficient

isitimela esisheshayo

high-speed train

Did you notice? Sipho is talking to Themba about events that he hopes or intends will take place in the near future. There is no defnite plan or date, and so he uses the indefnite future tense: Ngiyothanda kakhulu ukuhlala eGoli. Emuva kwalokho ngiyoya eGoli. Mina ngiyoqala ngokuyovakashela eGoli. Uyokwenzani eGoli?

I would love to live in Johannesburg. After that, I’ll go to Johannesburg. As for me, I’ll frst visit Johannesburg. What will you do in Johannesburg?

Sipho also talks about things he intends to not do in the future. He uses the indefnite future negative: Angiyuchitha imali emahhashini. Angiyuya ekhasino.

I won’t waste money on the horses. I won’t go to the Casino.

Language note Indefnite future tense This tense is used for events intended or hoped for at some indefnite future date. The pattern for indefnite future is:

Unit 14: Moving to Johannesburg

Affirmative: Negative:

185

SM-yo-{verb}-a a-SM-yu-{verb}-a

Umsebenzi 14.8 See how many other verbs in indefnite future tense you can fnd in the preceding dialogue.

Umsebenzi 14.9 Themba loves sports, and so he would spend his time differently from Sipho in Johannesburg. List things he would not do.

Language note Defnite or indefnite future? The defnite future tense is often followed by expressions of time; the indefnite future is not:

Examples Ngozopheka kusasa. Ngiyopheka. Uzothenga imoto kuleli sonto. Uyothenga imoto. Angozupheka kusasa. Angiyupheka. Akazuthenga imoto kuleli sonto. Akayuthenga imoto.

I’ll cook tomorrow. I’m going to cook. He’ll buy a car this week. He’s going to buy a car. I won’t cook tomorrow. I’m not going to cook. He won’t buy a car this week. He’s not going to buy a car.

Note: The present tense can be used to indicate an event in the near future: Baya eMnambithi kusasa.

They’re going to Ladysmith tomorrow.

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Siphuma ntambama. We’re leaving in the afternoon. Angizi ngesonto elizayo. I’m not coming next week. Akalali lapha namuhla ebusuku. She’s not sleeping here tonight.

Umsebenzi 14.10 Uhambo lwabangane A trip for friends You’re planning a trip to South Africa for yourself and a friend. Send her/him an email outlining your plans based on the following information: Ngo-2 Januwari Ngo-2–5 Januwari Ngo-5 Januwari Ngo-7 Januwari Ngo-12 Januwari Ngo-12–16 Januwari Ngo-17 Januwari

O R Thambo eGoli eThekwini (ibhanoyi) eHluhluwe (imoto) eCape Town (ibhanoyi) eCape Town ekhaya

Umsebenzi 14.11 Iphupho likaMnz. Mkhize Mr. Mkhize’s dream Mr. Mkhize ponders the things he would do – and a few he would not do – if he won the lottery. List his dreams using the indefnite future: 1. I’d get my wife a new car. 2. I’d buy a house. 3. I’d fly to Johannesburg every weekend. 4. I’d buy tickets for every Orlando Pirates game. 5. I’d take my family to Cape Town on holiday. 6. I wouldn’t ride the bus. 7. I wouldn’t work at the bank. 8. My wife wouldn’t wash the clothes.

Unit 15

Amaholidi nezingozi Holidays and accidents

In this unit: • • • • •

Describing in recent past time Describing with relative construction Seasons and months Impersonal ku- + passive Describing with ideophones

Indatshana 15.1 Usuku lwamaGugu esizwe Heritage Day

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Read the following newspaper article:

Uphuthelwe wena obungekho! 2012–09–25 Zanele Mtshali Cape Town – Sithi gabigabi kuwena obungekho, bekusindwe ngobethole ezindaweni eziningi ngempelasonto njengoba abantu besebenzise lolu suku ukugubha uSuku lwamaGugu. Isibonelo nje, bekukhona iqembu lengoma ebelinandisa embizweni ebekuhlangene kuyo amaZulu e-Acacia Park eKapa. Leli qembu lithokosize abakade behambele umgubho libhikla ingoma ebikukhumbuza phansi KwaZulu-Natali. Izintokazi zakwaZulu bezihlobe zizinhle nezulu lizivumile, njengoba belicwathile lilihle emgujweni. Le nsizwa intshontshe amehlo nezinhliziyo zabaningi ngesikhathi iyibhikla ize ishaye ungqimphothwe, kukikize wonke umuntu. Izindaba24

Amagama amasha

Amagama / Vocabulary -phuthelwe

to have missed out

ingoma/izin-

dance song

-nandisa

clean up, make nice

-ngekho

not be present

Sithi gabigabi

We say, ‘Look what we’ve got!’

imbizo

gathering

-thokozisa

entertain

to have an awesome time [literal meaning, to use dung of a calf to smear the foor]

-bhikla

to talk excitedly

-khumbuza

remind

izintokazi

young girls

-zihloba

dress up

indawo/izin-

place/s

-cwathile

sky blue

-gubha

celebrate

steal a glance

njengoba

since, because

-ntshontsha amehlo

umgubho

celebration

inhliziyo/izin-

heart

igugu/ama-

treasure

isizwe

nation

-shaya ungqimphothwe

turn somer saults

iqembu/ama-

group

-kikiza

ululate

ukusindwa ngobethole

Unit 15: Holidays and accidents

Did you notice? The writer uses the near past tense (progressive) to describe the scene. (See also Unit 10.) Some are in relative form (e-): bekusindwe iqembu [e]belinandisa [e]bekuhlangene kuyo [e]bikukhumbuza izintokazi bezihlobe belicwathile

foor was smeared [with dung] of a calf the group [that] had made it nice [at which] were gathered [that] was reminding [you] Young girls were dressed up. It [the weather] was fne.

As you saw in the preceding passage, progressive aspect is generally used for description and is used for denoting states in near past time: Bengilambile. I was hungry. Besikhathele. We were tired. Bebehambile. They were gone.

Umsebenzi 15.1 Arrange the sentences in the correct order to form a summary of the preceding report. 1. Abesifazane bebekikiza. 2. Babeshaya izingoma ezazibakhumbuza ekhaya. 3. Bahlangane e-Acacia Park eKapa. 4. Izinsizwa zincome izintombi. 5. Izintokazi bezigqoke kahle. 6. Izulu belibalele. 7. Laba bantu abahlala eKapa bavela KwaZulu-Natali. 8. Ngempelasonto abantu bagubhe uSuku lwamaGugu Esizwe.

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Language notes Impersonal subject marker kuThis subject marker is used to place the focus on the event, not the actor. It is often used in newspaper reports: Kufke indoda. There arrived a man. Kukhona abantwana lapho. There are children there. Akushonanga muntu. No one died. The impersonal subject marker ku- is also used with the passive form of the verb to place emphasis on the event: Kuculwe esikoleni. Kulinyazwe abaningi. Kwakhiwa izindlu eziningi. Kwenziwa amanye amamuvi.

There was singing in the school. There were many injured. There were many houses built. There were some movies made.

Note: Changes triggered by passive form Certain verbs are changed in passive form: -gubha -hamba

celebrate travel

à à

-gujwa -hanjwa

be celebrated be travelled

Umsebenzi 15.2 Answer the following questions about the preceding report. 1. Kugujweni? 2. Kugujwephi? 3. Kwenzekeni? 4. Kukhunjulweni? 5. Zenzeni izintokazi? 6. Yenzeni insizwa?

Unit 15: Holidays and accidents

Ingxoxo 15.1 Unathi uxoxa ngoSuku lwamaGugu Unathi tells Zanele about Heritage Day (Audio 15.1) uZanele: Unathi: uZanele: Unathi: uZanele: Unathi: uZanele: Unathi: uZanele: Unathi: uZanele: Unathi: uZanele: Unathi: uZanele: Unathi: uZanele: Unathi: uZanele: Unathi: uZanele: Unathi: uZanele: Unathi: uZanele: Unathi:

(Ucingo lukhala) Halo? Ngubani okhulumayo? Yimina, Unathi. Sawubona mnganami. Hho, sawubona Unathi. Unjani? Ngikhona. Wena? Hhayi, ngikhona nami. Zithini ezintsha? Akukho lutho olumangalisayo. Wena? Ngiye kwaCele izolo. Hho! Bekunedili? Yebo. Bekugujwa uSuku lwamaGugu. Bekugcwele! Kwakuhle-ke lokho! Abanye bebevunule ngokuphelele. Nawe futhi? Hhayi bo! Uyazi nginamahloni mina. Ugqokeni? Isiketi esimnyama nehembe elibomvana nejakhethe eli-denim eliluhlaza. Zinhle lezo zimpahla! Izinwele-ke? Ngifake isikhafu sami esibomvu. . . . leso esihambisana namacici amakhulu. Wuu! Ububukeka impela! Bebekhona abakuncomayo? Hmmm. . . (ehleka kancane) Hhayi phela... Ubekhona uRonnie. Lona ofunda i-architecture? Yebo, yena. Sixoxe kancane. Ubekhona uS’bu? Ngubani lowo? Lona osebenza ebhange ePava. Uyimeneja manje. Awumkhumbuli? Cha, angimkhumbuli.

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Amagama amasha

Amagama / Vocabulary Ngubani okhulumayo?

Who’s speaking?

Yimina

It’s me.

Akukho lutho olumangalisayo

There’s nothing surprising.

idili

celebration, feast

-gujwa -gubha

be celebrated celebrate

-gcwele

be full

-gcwala

fll up

-vunula

wear traditional clothes

amahloni

shyness

-hambisana

go together with, match with

-bukeka

be attractive

-ncoma

admire

Did you notice? When describing, Thandiwe and Nathi use the following: Common adjectives: Zithini ezintsha? Kwakuhle-ke lokho! Zinhle lezo!

What’s new? That’s great! Those are beautiful!

-sha -hle -hle

new good beautiful

Colour adjectives: isiketi esimnyama ihembe elibomvana ijakethe ledenim eliluhlaza

black skirt pink shirt blue denim jacket

-mnyama -bomvana

black pink

-luhlaza

blue/green

Relative clauses: Ngubani okhulumayo? Lutho olumangalisayo. leso esihambisana namacici amakhulu Bebekhona abakuncomayo? Lona ofunda i-architecture? Lona osebenza kwaSteers.

Who [is it that]’s speaking? Nothing [that is] exciting. the one that goes with big earrings Were there some that admired you? The one who studies architecture? The one who works at Steers.

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Language note Relative construction Relatives are verbal structures used for describing. Verbs in all tenses can be relativized. The subject marker is replaced with a relative marker (RM) and the verb focus marker (VFM) is -yo: The pattern for present tense is: Verb focus Affirmative: Negative:

Adjunct focus RM-{verb}-a-yo. RM-nga-{verb}-i-yo.

RM-{verb}-a . . . RM-nga-{verb}-i . . .

Relative markers Noun group UMU-/UABA-/OUMUIMIILIAMAISIIZIIN-, IMIZIN-, IZIMULUIZIN-, IZIMUBUUKU-

Subject marker ubauiiasiziiziluzibuku-

Relative marker oabaoeeliaesiezieeziolueziobuoku-

Examples Yimina engifunda isiZulu. Abahlala eThekwini bathanda ukuya olwandle. Thina esiye esitolo sikhathele.

It’s I who study Zulu. Those who live in Durban like to go to the seaside. We who went to the store are tired.

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Babophe isela elintshontshe izimoto.

They arrested the thief who stole cars.

Umsebenzi 15.3 Describe the following using relative construction. Isibonelo Umfana

uphandle. Uthanda ukudlala ibhola.

à Umfana othanda ukudlala ibhola uphandle. 1. UNathi uye kwaCele lwamaGugu.

Bebegubha uSuku

2. Bekugcwele abantu ngokwesiko.

Bebegqoke

3. UNathi ngokwesiko.

akagqokanga Unamahloni.

4. Ibikhona insizwa

ibimncoma uNathi.

5. UNathi ubone uS’bu nguThandiwe.

akakhunjulwa

Indatshana 15.2 Article Ingozi An accident

Kushone abahlanu engozini Durban – Kushone abantu abahlanu ngesikhathi behlelwa yingozi enyantisa igazi enyakatho neKwaZulu-Natali, kubika isiteshi somsakazo i-East Coast Radio. ISUV neveni zitholane phezulu emgaqweni uP46 ngaseBhanya Bridge ngoLwesibili ntambama. Kushone amadoda amabili nabesifazane ababili endaweni yesehlakalo kwathi omunye washonela esibhedlela.

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AbeRoad Traffic Inspectorate bathe abanye abantu abahlanu kuyembulwa kuyembeswa kubo. Iningi lezisulu bekungothisha besikole sendawo. OwoMnyango wezokuThutha eKZN uZinhle Mngomezulu uthe kusolakala sengathi omunye wabashayeli uhlulekile ukulawula imoto ngesikhathi ethatha ijika. —Adapted from News24

Amagama amasha

Amagama / Vocabulary pass away, set (of sun)

isehlakalo/iz-

ingozi/izin-

accident

isi-/izisulu

-ehlelwa

befall

private individuals

-nyantisa igazi

chill the blood

Enyakatho

in the north

umnyango wezokuthutha

ministry of transport

-bika

announce

-solakala

be suspected

isiteshi somsakazo/izi-

broadcasting station

Sengathi

as if

umshayeli/aba-

driver

iveni/ama-

van

-hluleka

fail

-tholana

encounter one another

-lawula

control

ijika/ama-

turn

-shona

abesifazane/ abesilisa

incident

-embulwa embeswa critically ill

females/males

Umsebenzi 15.4 Ukuzwisisa Comprehension Find and list all the occurrences of the subject marker ku- and rewrite with actor as subject. 1. Kushone abahlanu engozini à Abantu abahlanu bashone engozini. 2. 3. 4.

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5. 6. 7.

Language note Describing with ideophones Zulu has a wide array of words that describe sounds, sights, and feelings. They resemble words like ‘pow!’ and ‘zoom!’ in English, but in Zulu ideophones are used both informally and in high literary style. They do not follow basic stress patterns, they have no morphological structure other than reduplication, and many are monosyllables.

Examples The stressed syllable is bolded. ngci mfee tamu mbumbumbu bulukasha

tightly babbling lies comfortably emptying lying around lazily

Ideophones in sentences Ideophones often occur after the verb -thi: Kwathula kwathi dú endlini. Wawa odakeni wathi bhalakaxa. Indoda ekhuluphele yahamba yathi bhadabhada.

It was dead quiet in the house. He fell splosh into the mud. The fat man walked going wobble-wobble.

Unit 15: Holidays and accidents

Umsebenzi 15.5 Ideophones Ukuchaza izulu lezulu Describing yesterday’s weather Describe yesterday’s weather using recent past time (progressive, stative and perfective aspect). Include the following ideophones where appropriate: thwa-thwa-thwa pattering of rain bha sweltering heat nyazi-nyazi fashing lightning 1. 7:00 a.m.

70o

sunny, pleasant

2. 12:00 p.m.

95o

sunny, hot

3. 3:30 p.m.

90o

overcast, humid

4. 4:00 p.m.

90o

cloudy, thunder and lightning

5. 5:00 p.m.

80o

heavy rain, hail

6. 7:00 p.m.

70o

partly cloudy, cool

Umsebenzi 15.6 Ngiye eNingizimu- Afrika! I visited South Africa! Assume you have recently returned from a visit to South Africa. Find an image and write an email to a friend describing the scene. Use a variety of modifers.

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Reference grammar

1. Adjectives Common and numbers 1–5 In isiZulu, adjectives have two parts:  a stem that gives the meaning, and  a marker that echoes the class of the noun being described.

Common stems This is a group of 15 adjectives. It contains opposing descriptives, the numbers 1–5 and a couple of other stems.  Common opposing descriptives -khulu -hle -de -dala

large good, beautiful long old

-ncane -bi -fushane -sha

 Numbers 1–5 -nye -bili -thathu -ne -hlanu

one, a certain, another two three four fve

 Others -ningi

many

small bad, ugly short new

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-ngaki? -ngakanani?

199

how many/often? would be how much.

Using adjectives in sentences Adjectives can be used to convey an attribute of a noun (attributive) or to indicate that the noun is the attribute (predicative). The grammatical difference between these two is shown by differences in the adjective markers. abantwana abasha Abantwana basha. izingubo ezinhle Izingubo zinhle. amahembe amane Amahembe mane. Noun group UMUABAUMUIMIILIAMAISIIZIIN-, IMIZIN-, IZIMULUIZIN-, IZIMUBUUKU-

young children The children are young. beautiful clothes The clothes are beautiful. four shirts There are four shirts. [The shirts are four.]

Adjective marker (P) mubamumilimasizin-, zimin-, imzin-, zimluzin-, zimbuku-

Adjective marker (A) omuabaomuemieliamaesiezin-, ezimen-, emezin-, ezimoluezin-, ezimobuoku-

1. Colours and numbers 6 and above In Zulu, adjectives have two parts: • a stem that gives the meaning, and • a marker that echoes the class of the noun being described.

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This group consists of stems denoting colour, numbers six and higher and some miscellaneous stems: • Descriptions of colour: -luhlaza green/blue -mhlophe white -mnyama black -mpofu light brown -bomvu red -phuzi yellow -wolintshi orange -mpunga grey -nsundu dark brown -bomvana/phinki pink -nsomi purple -nsundu brown • Numbers 6 and above: -yisithupha -yisikhombisa -yisishiyagalombili -yisishiyagalolunye -yishumi/ama-ngamashumi amabili -yikhulu -ngamakhulu amabili -yinkulungwane -yizinkulungwane ezimbili -yisigidi -yizigidi

six seven eight nine ten twenty one hundred two hundred one thousand two thousand one million millions

• Miscellaneous stems: -mnandi -ngcono -qotho -lukhuni -nzima -lula -makhaza -manzi

pleasant better honest difficult, hard heavy, difficult light, easy cold weather wet

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-mbalwa -thile/-thize -ngakanani? -njani?

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few certain How much/many? Like what?

As with common adjectives, colour adjectives can be used to convey an attribute of a noun (attributive) or to indicate that the noun is the attribute (predicative). The grammatical difference between these two is shown by differences in the Adjective Markers. Noun group UMUABAUMUIMIILIAMAISIIZIIN-, IMIZIN-, IZIMULUIZIN-, IZIMUBUUKU-

Adjective marker (P) ubauiliasiziiziluzibuku-

Adjective marker (A) oabaoeeliaesiezieeziolueziobuoku-

2. Adverbials  Place locatives To show in, at, to, from, into, onto something or someone, replace the initial of the place noun with /e-/. For many nouns, the fnal vowel is replaced with {-ini}

Examples isikole izulu isonto

à à à

esikoleni ezulwini esontweni

to/in/at/from the school to/in/at/from the sky to/in/at/from the church

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The pattern is: e NP-stem{ini} The form of the suffix {ini} is determined by the fnal vowel of the stem: Final vowel -a Final vowel -e Final vowel -i Final vowel -o Final vowel -u

à à à à à

-eni -eni -ini -weni -wini

umfula isikole isiteshi isonto izulu

à à à à à

emfuleni esikoleni esiteshini esontweni ezulwini

Exceptions 1. Certain nouns take only the initial e- and not the ending {-ini}. They include several parts of the body and most place names: umhlane ikhanda isitolo ikhaya iGoli

à à à à à

emhlane ekhanda esitolo ekhaya eGoli

in/on/to the back in/on/to the head in/to/at the store in/to/at home in/on/to Johannesburg

2. Nouns in the /ulu-/ group (Class 11) form the locative with initial oand not e-: ulwandle ucingo ubisi

à à à

olwandle ocingweni obisini

to/in/at the ocean on the telephone in the milk

3. Nouns denoting humans prefix ku-: umuntu abantu umama omama

à à à à

kumuntu kubantu kumama kuwomama

4. kwa- replaces /u-/ on personal nouns to express in, at, to, from place/house/property of kwaMkhize kwadokotela KwaZulu-Natali kwaNathi

at/to/from the Mkhize home at/to/from the doctor’s rooms to/from the place of Zulu to/from/ at Nathi’s place

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Position locatives phaThese adverbs indicate a precise location. They follow the prefx kwa-, which replaces the locative affixes: phezu/phezulu

above

phansi phandle phakathi phambi/phambili emva/emuva phesheya eceleni

phezulu kwefasitela

above the window beneath phansi kwefasitela beneath the window outside phandle kwendlu outside the house inside, phakathi kwendlu inside the between house in front of phambili kwami in front of me behind emuva kwami behind me on the phesheya komgwaqo across the other side of road beside eceleni komgwaqo beside the road

A few locative adverbs are followed by na-: kude eduze

far from near to

kude nekhaya eduze nekhaya

far from home near home

Other expressions of place lapha lapho laphayá

here there yonder

Woza lapha Bheka lapho. Balaphayá.

lokhu

this one (activity)

Kuhle lokhu!

lokho

that one (activity)

Kuhle lokho!

Come here. Look there. They’re over yonder. This (activity) is good. That (activity) is good.

Placing a person in a location A subject marker can be added to a locative to show that the person/ item is in that location. Insert -s- to avoid adjacent vowels: Ba + emfuleni

à

Basemfuleni

They are at the river.

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U + esibhedlela à Besi + olwandle à

Usesibhedlela Besisolwandle.

Abantwana bakugogo. Amadoda abeKwaBulawayo. Izincwadi ziphansi kwetafula. Imoto yayiphambili kwendlu. Balaphayá.

She/he is in hospital. We were at the beach.

The children are at grandma’s. The men were in Bulawayo. The books are under the table. The car used to be in front of the house. They’re over yonder.

Adverbs of manner kaAdjectival stems can form adverbs.  Numbers and common stems -nye -bili -thathu -ne -hlanu -hle -bi -de -fushane -khulu -ncane -ningi -ngaki?

à à à à à à à à à à à à à

kanye kabili kathathu kane kahlanu kahle kabi kade kafushane kakhulu kancane kaningi kangaki?

once twice thrice four times fve times well badly far, for a long time briefy, for a short while greatly, a lot a little, seldom often, frequently How often?

 Colour and higher number stems -lula -nzima -mbalwa -ngaka -njani? -yisithupha -yishumi

à à à à à à à

kalula kanzima kambalwa kangaka kanjani? kayisithupha kayishumi

easily with difficulty seldom this much, so much How? In what manner? six times ten times

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 Instrumental adverbs ngaThe prefx nga- on a noun indicates an action done ‘with, by means of.’ The vowels merge as follows: nga- + i nga- + u nga- + a

ngengonga-

à à à

Sihamba ngebhasi. Usebenza ngomshini. Bakhokhe ngekhadi, hhayi ngemali.

We travel by bus. He works with a machine. They paid with a card, not with cash.

Nga- can also mean ‘about’: Safunda ngomlanda wendawo. Bakhuluma ngogogo. Omama bebekhathazekile ngabantwana.

We learned about the history of the place They were speaking about grandma. The mothers were worried about the children.

Ideophones Ideophones describe an event/action with regard to appearance, sound, smell, touch, taste, movement or intensity. Many ideophones are onomatopoeic; that is, they mimic the quality they describe. Ideophones do not follow the syllabifcation, stress, length or tone rules of other adverbs or word classes. Ideophones are widely used in daily conversation and in texts of all kinds. Their use is not limited to literary texts or formal communication.

Examples ngci mfee tamu mbumbumbu bulukasha

tightly babbling lies comfortably emptying lying around lazily

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Ideophones in sentences Ideophones generally follow the verb -thi, which means ‘convey,’ ‘express,’ ‘show.’ It could also be translated ‘go,’ as in ‘The balloon went bang.’ This is the most common occurrence.

Examples Kwakuthula kwathi dú endlini. Ilanga belibomvu klebhu lapho lishona. Bhekana nezinkinga zakho ngqo. Indoda yawa yathi dinsi phansi.

It was dead quiet in the house. The sun was blood red as it set. Face your problems head on. The man fell fat on his face.

3. Associative structure (having): nana-

and, together with

To connect two nouns, use na- and merge the vowels.

Examples ikati na-inja umama na-ubaba ihembe na-amasokisi

-na-

à ikati nenja à umama nobaba

a cat and a dog mother and father à ihembe namasokisi a shirt and socks

have/not have

To indicate that someone has something, use -na- and merge the vowels:

Examples UVusi una-imoto

à UVusi unemoto.

Vusi has a car.

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UMandla una-abantwana Izitshudeni zinaizincwadi.

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à UMandla unabantwana. à Izitshudeni zinezincwadi.

Mandla has children. The students have books.

To indicate that one entity does not have another, use -na- and negate the SM. Initial object vowel is dropped, so there is no merging:

Examples UVusi akana-imoto. UMandla akanaabantwana. Izitshudeni azina -izincwadi.

à à à

UVusi akanamoto. UMandla akanabantwana. Izitshudeni azinazincwadi.

Vusi has no car. Mandla has no children. The students don’t have books.

4. Demonstratives Demonstratives (‘this,’ ‘that’) indicate the position of a noun in relation to the speaker. They usually come before the noun, in which case the initial vowel of the noun prefx is omitted. If some other affix or adjective precedes the noun, then the demonstrative will follow the noun. Noun group UMUABAUMUIMIILIAMAISIIZIIN-, IMIZIN-, IZIMULUIZIN-, IZIMUBUUKU-

This lo laba lo le leli la lesi lezi le lezi lolu lezi lobu lokhu

That lowo labo lowo leyo lelo lawo leso lezo leyolezo lolo lezo lobo lokho

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Examples lo muntu labo bantu le mithi lelo hembe lesi sikole lezo zinja

this person those people these trees that shirt this school those dogs

5. Future tense Defnite future (perfective) The defnite future tense (perfective) indicates actions and events that are planned or imminent. The patterns are: Affirmative: Negative:

SM-zo-{verb}-a a-SM-zu-{verb}-a

Examples Bazothuthela eThekwini ngonyaka ozayo. Uzongena esikoleni uma eneminyaka engu-7. Ngizoletha iziphuzo. Abazukwazi ukugibela ibhasi. Alizuna kusasa. Asizuvakashela kwagogo ngesonto elizayo.

They’re moving to Durban next year. She’ll start school when she’s 7. I’ll bring some drinks. They won’t be able to take the bus. It won’t rain tomorrow. We won’t visit Grandma next week.

Indefnite future (perfective) The indefnite future tense indicates actions/events that are intended at some future time but that have not been planned and are not connected to a particular date.

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Patterns: Affirmative: Negative:

SM-yo-{verb}-a a-SM-yu-{verb}-a

Examples Bayothuthela eThekwini ngonyaka ozayo. Uthi uyobuya engumuntu ocebileyo. Ngiyovakashela eChina ngolunye usuku. Abayukwazi ukuthenga elabo ikhaya. Aliyukuna ngokwanele. Asiyuvakashela abazala ngoba baseMelika.

They’re going to move to Durban. He’ll says he’ll return a wealthy man. I’ll visit China someday. They’ll never be able to buy their own home. It won’t rain enough. We won’t be able to visit our cousins because they’re in America.

6. Greeting names These are terms of address used in greetings and are considered good manners. Drop the initial vowel of the noun.

Examples unkosikazi

à nkosikazi

umnumzane à mnumzane abantwana

à bantwana

Sawubona nkosikazi. Sawubona mnumzane. Sanibona bantwana.

Good day, ma’am. Good day, sir. Good morning, children.

7. Identifying (being) In isiZulu, being is conveyed as a linkage, or a copular that is a low tone onset but is sometimes marked in texts as y, ng, w or l.

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Identifying: It’s x. This structure answers the question What/Who is it? The noun is preceded by a low tone and a tensed onset of the vowel, written as y-, ng-, w- or l-. This linker changes its form under the infuence of the following vowel. Linker forms yngng- or wng- or l-

before ibefore a-, obefore ubefore u- (ulu- nouns only)

Examples Yinsizwa. Ngabantwana. Ngonesi. Ngumama /Wumama. Ngulimi /Lulimi.

It’s a young man. It’s children. It’s nurses. It’s mother. It’s a language.

Note: Identifers are generally omitted when they are word initial.

Linking: X is Y. This structure answers the question What/Who is he/she? The pattern is: Ngingumfundi. Bangabafana. Ungunesi. Bayizinsizwa. Umama ungunesi.

SM-{Linker}-{noun} I’m a pupil. They’re boys. She’s a nurse. They’re teenage boys. My mother is a nurse.

8. Infnitive The infnitive takes the prefx uku-.

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Patterns: Affirmative: Negative:

uku-{verb}-a uku-{verb}-i

(to. . .) (to not. . .)

For practical reasons, we list verbs without /uku/, as do most dictionaries.

9. Instructions and requests Instructions To give an instruction, use the verb stem without a subject marker for affirmative: Affirmative:

{verb}-a {verb}-a-ni

(sg.) (pl.)

For the negative, add musa/musani and the infnitive verb:

Ngena! Ngenani!

Musa + uku-{verb}-a Musa-ni + uku-{verb}-a Come in! Come in!

Hamba kahle! Hambani kahle!

Go well! Go well!

Musa ukungena! Musani ukungena!

Don’t come in! Don’t come in!

Musa ukuhamba! Musani ukuhamba!

Don’t leave! Don’t leave!

Negative:

(sg.) (pl.) (to one person) (to more than one person) (to one person) (to more than one person) (to one person) (to more than one person) (to one person) (to more than one person)

Requests Use the subjunctive form for a polite request. It is often preceded by Ngicela. . . .

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Patterns Affirmative:

Negative:

SMs-{verb}-e a/ma-SMs-{verb}-e Ngicela + SMs-{verb}-e SMs-nga-{verb}-i a/ma-SMs-nga-{verb}-i Ngicela + SMs-nga-{verb}-i

Examples Uhlale phansi. Awuhlale phansi. Ngicela uhlale phansi. Ningene. Mawungene. Ngicela ningene. Ungahlali phansi. Awungahlali phansi. Ngicela ungahlali phansi. Ningangeni. Maningangeni. Ngicela ningangeni.

Please sit down

Please come in.

Please don’t sit down.

Please don’t come in.

10. Noun groups Nouns consist of a stem and a prefx. Prefxes indicate singular or plural and also trigger a series of affixes (markers) that attach to the verb to indicate subject and object and to all words that expand the noun, such as adjectives and possessives. Nouns are organized into groups by prefx. Countable groups are paired for singular/plural: Group UMUABAUMUIMIILI-

Sample umuntu abantu umfula imifula igama

Noun prefxes um-/umu-/uaba-/oum-/umuimií-

Stem -ntu -ntu -fula -fula -gama

Gloss person people river rivers name, word

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AMA-

amagama

ama-

-gama

ISIIZIIN-/IMIZIN-/IZIMULUIZIN-/IZIMUBUUKU-

isithelo izithelo imbuzi izimbuzi uphondo izimpondo ubuhle ukuhamba

isiiziim-/inizim-/izinuizin-/izimubuuku-

-thelo -thelo -buzi -buzi -phondo -pondo -hle -hamba

names, words fruit fruits goat goats horn horns beauty travelling

11. Object markers The noun that is acted upon by the verb – the direct or indirect object – may be represented by an infx – the object marker – on the verb. The object marker is always placed next to the verb stem. It brings focus back to the verb, and so the verb focus marker (VFM) -ya- returns. Noun group UMUABAUMUIMIILIAMAISIIZIIN-, IMIZIN-, IZIMULUIZIN-, IZIMUBUUKU-

Subject marker ubauiliasiziiziluzibuku-

Object marker -m-ba-wu-yi-li-wa-si-zi-yi-zi-lu-zi-bu-ku-

Examples Ngiyambona Bayangibona Uyanibiza.

I see him/her. They see me. She’s/He’s calling you (pl.).

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12. Participial (simultaneous actions) The participial form of the verb indicates an action or state that is simultaneous with the main event. Participials are usually introduced by one of the following conjunctions: uma lapho nxa ngesikhathi mhla ngoba

if, when when, while when, whenever when, at the time when when, on the day when because

The participial form causes changes in these subject markers: UMU-/UABA-/OAMA-

ubaa-

à à à

ebee-

Changes to other classes are tonal. The patterns for participial are: Affirmative:

SMP-{verb}-a

Negative:

SMP-nga-{verb}-i

SMP

(SMP = subject marker with preceding changes.)

Examples Afrmative: Ngizombona uma efka. Lapho belele kungene isela. Nxa ekhala sizomnika ubisi. Siyamsiza ngoba ecela.

I’ll see him when he arrives. While they were asleep, a thief entered. Whenever he cries, we’ll give him some milk. We’re helping her because she requests [it].

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Negative: Ngizothukuthele uma engafki. Kufanele sibavakashele lapho bengalele. Uhamba engasikhokhile isikweletu.

I’ll be annoyed, if she doesn’t come. We should visit them when they’re not sleeping. He leaves without paying the bill.

The conjunction may be omitted: Ngizombona efka. Kufke utsotsi belele. Simnika ubisi ekhala. Ngizohamba engangiboni. Kubuye umama engakhali. having cried.

I’ll see him [when] he arrives. A thief arrived [while] they slept. We give him milk [when] he cries. I’ll leave without his seeing me. [His] mother returned without his

13. Passive voice A verb stem is made passive by inserting /-w-/ between the stem and the fnal vowel.

Examples -shaya -funa -funda

strike want learn

à à à

-shaywabe struck -funwa be wanted -fundwa be learned

1. One-syllable (monosyllabic) verbs take -iw-: -dla -lwa -pha -sha -thi

eat fght give burn say

à à à à à

-dliwa -lwiwa -phiwa -shiwa -thiwa

be eaten be fought be given be burned be said

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2. Two-syllable (disyllabic) verbs that begin with a vowel also take -iw-: -akha -eba -enza -osa

build steal do, make roast

-akhiwa -ebiwa -enziwa -osiwa

à à à à

be built be stolen be done, made be roasted

3. When passivization results in two bilabials, the stem is changed.

Examples -hlaba -hlupha -bopha -luma

slaughter afflict tie, arrest bite

à à à à

-hlatshwa -hlushwa -boshwa -lunywa

be slaughtered be afflicted be tied, arrested be bitten

14. Past tense Recent past (perfective) The recent past tense (perfective) indicates actions that were recently completed and are fresh in the memory. This generally means that they took place within the past week.

Patterns Affirmative: Negative:

SM-{verb}-ile SM-{verb}-é a-SM-{verb}-anga

(Verb focus) (Adjunct focus) (Verb and adjunct focus)

Examples Ugogo uphekile. Ugogo upheké ujeqe. Ugogo upheké emini. Ugogo upheké nomama. Ugogo akaphekanga.

Grandma cooked. Grandma cooked steamed bread. Grandma cooked in the afternoon. Grandma cooked with mother. Grandma didn’t cook.

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Ugogo akaphekanga jeqe.*

Grandma didn’t cook any steamed bread. Ugogo akaphekanga emini. Grandma didn’t cook in the afternoon. Ugogo akaphekanga nomama. Grandma didn’t cook with mother. * Object nouns lose the initial vowel in negative.

Recent past (progressive) The recent past (progressive) indicates actions or states that were in progress in the recent past.

Patterns Affirmative: Negative:

{beSM}-{verb}-a {beSM}-nga-{verb}-i {beSM}-nga-{verb}-ile/ele

(Actions) (States)

The subject marker has /be-/ prefx. If SM is a single vowel, there is an alternative form where /b/ is inserted between doubled vowels. Bolded markers are irregular:

1st person sg. pl. 2nd person sg. pl.

SM

Recent progressive SM

ngi-

bengi-

si-

besi-

u-

bewu-

ni-

beni-

u bauiliasizi-

ubebebebewubeyibeliabebesibezi-

3rd person: UMUABAUMUIMIILIAMAISIIZI-

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IN-, IMIZIN-, IZIMULUIZIN-, IZIMUBUUKU-

iziluzibuku-

beyibezibelubezibebubeku-

Examples Actions that have been/were in progress Umama ubethenga. Abantwana bebedlala. Bengifunda le ncwadi.

Mother has been/was shopping. The children have been/were playing. I’ve been/I was reading this book.

Actions that have not been/were not in progress Umama ubengathengi. Abantwana bebengadlali. Bengingafundi le ncwadi. book.

Mother has not been/was not shopping. The children haven’t been/were not playing. \I’ve not been/I wasn’t reading this

States that have been/were in place Umama ubelele. Abantwana bebelambile. Bengikhathazekile izolo.

Mother was sleeping/asleep. The children were hungry. I was worried yesterday.

States that have not been/were not in place Umama ubengalele. Mother wasn’t sleeping/asleep. Abantwana bebengalambile. The children weren’t hungry. Bengingakhathazekile izolo. I wasn’t worried yesterday.

Remote past tense (perfective) The remote past tense with perfective aspect tense indicates actions/ events that have been archived in the memory. This generally means that they took place at least a month ago.

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Patterns: Affirmative: Negative:

SMá-{verb}-a a-SM-{verb}-anga*

* This form is the same as recent past perfective. All subject markers have the vowel /a/, which has a high tone.

1st person sg. pl. 2nd person sg. pl.

Subject marker

Remote perfective SM

ngi-

nga-

si-

sa-

u-

wa-

ni-

na-

ubauiliasiziiziluzibuku-

wabawayalaasazayazalwababakwa-

3rd person: UMUABAUMUIMIILIAMAISIIZIIN-, IMIZIN-, IZIMULUIZIN-, IZIMUBUUKU-

Examples Ngáfunda eMelika. Ubaba wázalalelwa eMnambithi. Sáthuthela eGoli ngonyaka odlule. Angifundanga eMelika.

I studied in America. My father was born in Ladysmith. We moved to Johannesburg last year. I didn’t study in America.

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Ubaba akazalalelwanga eMnambithi.

My father wasn’t born in Ladysmith. Asithuthelanga eGoli ngonyaka odlule. We didn’t move to Johannesburg last year.

Remote past (progressive) The remote past (progressive) indicates actions that were in progress or were habitual in the remote past. It also indicates states that were in place in the remote past. ‘Remote’ generally means at least a month prior to the time of speaking.

Patterns: Affirmative: Negative:

SMáSM-{verb}-a SMáSM-nga-{verb}-i SMáSM-nga-{verb}-ile

(Actions/events) (States)

Remote progressive has double subject markers with the vowel /a/, which has a high tone, followed by the present subject marker.

1st person sg. pl. 2nd person sg. pl.

Subject marker

Remote progressive SM

ngi-

ngangi-

si-

sasi-

u-

wawu-

ni-

nani-

ubauiliasiziizi-

wayebabewawuyayilaliayesasizaziyayizazi-

3rd person: UMUABAUMUIMIILIAMAISIIZIIN-, IMIZIN-, IZIM-

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ULUIZIN-, IZIMUBUUKU-

221

luzibuku-

lwaluzazibabukwaku-

Examples Actions that were/used to be in progress Ngángifunda eMelika. Ubaba wáyesebenza eMnambithi.

I was studying in America. My father used to work/was working in Ladysmith. Sásiya esithombeni ngempelasonto. We went/used to go to the cinema on weekends.

Actions that were not/used not to be in progress Ngángingafundi siZulu. Ubaba wáyengasebenzi eMnambithi.

Sásingayi esithombeni ngempelasonto.

I never studied Zulu. My father never worked/ wasn’t working in Ladysmith. We never went/did not go to the cinema on weekends.

States that were/used to be in place Umama wayefundile. Abantwana babelambile lapho bebuya esikoleni. Ngangikhathazekile ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa.

My mother was [well] educated. The children used to be hungry when they returned from school. I used to be worried at exam time.

States that were not/used not to be in place Umama wayengafundile. Abantwana babengalambile lapho bebuya esikoleni. Ngangingakhathazekile ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa.

My mother was not [well] educated. The children were never hungry when they returned from school. I wasn’t/was never worried at exam time.

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15. Possessives Possessives with nouns Possession is always X of Y (‘the leg of the dog’) and not Y’s X (‘the dog’s leg’). To show possession, prefx a possessive marker (PM) to the possessor (owner) noun. The possessive marker echoes the Noun Group of the item owned. There is a possessive marker for each noun class with the form {consonant-a}: Noun group UMUABAUMUIMIILIAMAISIIZIIN-, IMIZIN-, IZIMULUIZIN-, IZIMUBUUKU-

Noun prefx umuabaumuimiiamaisiiziin-, imizin-, izimuizin-, izimubuuku-

Possessive marker wabawayalawasazayazalwazabakwa-

Examples ikhanda lomntwana

[the head of the child]

the child’s head isikhwama sesitshudeni [the bag of the student] the student’s bag ukushona kukagogo [the death of grandma] grandma’s death abantwana bakamama [the children of the mother] the mother’s children

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Possessives with personal names Personal names and nouns in the U-/O- group trigger a possessive marker with the form {ka-}. The form of the {ka-} prefx is determined by the class of the owned item: Noun group UMUABAILIAMAISIIZIUMUIMIIN-, IMIZIN-, IZIMULUIZIN-, IZIMUBUUKU-

Noun prefx umuabaiamaisiiziumuimiin-, imizin-, izimuizin-, izimubuuku-

ka- possessive marker kabakalikakasikazikakakakazikalukazikabakakuka-

Examples abantwana bakamama umngane kaVusi isikhwama sikanesi imoto kadokotela

mother’s children Vusi’s friend the nurse’s bag the doctor’s bag

Possessives with pronominal base Where the owner is expressed as a pronoun (‘my’, ‘your,’ ‘his,’ ‘her’), there is a base for each noun class. Subject marker Possessive base 1st person sg. ngi-mi pl.

si-

-ithu

2nd person sg.

u-

-kho

pl.

ni-

-inu

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3rd person: UMUABAUMUIMIILIAMAISIIZIIN-, IMIZIN-, IZIMULUIZIN-, IZIMUBUUKU-

-khe -bo -wo -yo -lo -wo -so -zo -yo -zo -lo -zo -bo -kho

ubauiliasiziiziluzibuku-

Examples -mi -ithu -kho -inu -khe -bo

my our your your (pl.) his/her their

umngane wami umngane wethu umngane wakho umngane wenu umngane wakhe umngane wabo

my friend our friend [wa-ithu] your friend your (pl.) friend[wa-inu] her/his friend their friend

For non-human nouns, the English ‘its’ (sg.) and ‘their’ (pl.) take many forms: umsila wenja ikhanda ledube imilenze yezindlovu izindlebe zamabhubesi

the dog’s tail the zebra’s head the elephants’ legs the lions’ ears

umsila wayo ikhanda lalo imilenze yazo izindlebe zawo

its tail its head their legs their ears

16. Present tense Present tense indicates actions/events that are taking place at the time of speaking or are habitual.

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Verb focus The focus is on the action and answers the question: ‘What is X doing?’

Patterns: Affirmative: Negative:

SM-ya-{verb}-a a-SM-{verb}-i

Examples Umama uyapheka. Abantwana bayacula. Inja iyadla. Umama akapheki. Abantwana abaculi. Inja ayidli.

Mother is cooking/cooks. The children are singing. The dog is eating. Mother isn’t cooking/doesn’t cook. The children aren’t singing. The dog isn’t eating.

Adjunct focus The focus is on new information following the verb.

Patterns: Affirmative: Negative:

SM-{verb}-a + {adjunct} a-SM-{verb}-I + {adjunct*}

Examples Umama upheka nogogo. Umama upheka inyama. Umama upheka kahle. Umama akapheki. Umama akapheki nyama.* Umama akapheki kahle.

Mother is cooking/cooks with grandma. Mother is cooking/cooks meat. Mother cooks well. Mother isn’t cooking/doesn’t cook. Mother isn’t cooking/doesn’t cook any meat. Mother doesn’t cook well.

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*In negative, the object noun loses its initial vowel. The habitual meaning generally includes a time adverbial: Umama upheka kaningi. Mother cooks a lot. Umama upheka ngempelasonto. Mother cooks at the weekend.

17. Pronouns In Zulu, the function of pronouns is fulflled by subject markers, object markers and other affixes: Ngimbonile. Uzithengile. Úshayelé imoto yami. Wanikeze yena.

I saw him. She bought them. He drove my car. Give them to her.

(clothes, shoes) (shirts) to her

Emphatic pronouns can be added for emphasis. Subject marker

Emphatic pronoun

1st person sg.

ngi-

mina

pl.

si-

thina

2nd person sg.

u-

wena

pl.

ni-

nina

ubauiliasiziiziluzi-

yena bona wona yona lona wona sona zona yona zona lona zona

3rd person: UMUABAUMUIMIILIAMAISIIZIIN-, IMIZIN-, IZIMULUIZIN-, IZIM-

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UBUUKU-

227

buku-

bona khona

Examples Ngithanda ikhof mina, kodwa yena uthanda itiye. Sikhuluma isiZulu kodwa bona bakhuluma isiXhosa.

I like coffee, but she likes tea. We speak Zulu, but they speak Xhosa.

18. Questions Question sufxes: -njani? -ubani? -phi? -ni?

How? Who? Where? What?

Examples Kunjani? Unjani? Únjani uMandla? Ngúbaní? Ngúbaní okhulumayo? Ungubaní? Uvelaphí? Nihlálaphí? ÚMandla úfundani? Izitshudeni zidlani?

How is it? How are things? How are you? How is Mandla? Who is it? Who’s speaking? Who are you? Where are you from? Where do you (pl.) live? What does Mandla study? What are the students eating?

Question words • nini? • ubani?/obani?

When? Whom?

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Examples Bafka nini? Isitimela siphuma nini? Ufuna ubani? ÚSipho úthanda ubani? Bathanda obani?

When do they arrive? When does the train leave? Whom do you want? Whom does Sipho like? Whom do they like?

Yes/no questions These are statements with question intonation: • • •

? na?* yini?**

Do you/Does he. . . ? Do you/Does he. . . ? Do you/Does he. . . ?

Examples Uyabhema? Nihlála éSowéto? Úvelá éMelíka? Uyabhema na?* Uvelá éGóli na?*

Do you smoke? Do you (pl.) live in Soweto? Does she/he come from the U.S.? Do you smoke? Do you come from Johannesburg?

*This is more common in Gauteng Province than in KwaZulu-Natal. Uyabhema yini?** Do you smoke? Úvelá éMelíka yini?** Does she/he come from the U.S.? **This is a variation heard in KwaZulu-Natal.

19. Relative clauses Relatives are verbal structures functioning as adjectives. Verbs in all tenses can be relativized. The subject marker is replaced with a relative marker (RM) and the verb focus marker (VFM) is -yo:

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Verb focus The pattern for present tense is: Verb focus RM-{verb}-a-yo RM-nga-{verb}-i-yo

Affirmative: Negative:

Adjunct focus RM-{verb}-a . . . . . RM-nga-{verb}-i . . . .

Adjunct focus Affirmative: Negative:

RM-{verb}-a + {Adjunct} RM-nga-{verb} + {Adjunct}

1st person sg.

Subject marker ngi-

Relative marker engi-

pl.

si-

esi-

2nd person sg.

u-

o-

pl.

ni-

eni-

ubauiliasiziiziluzibuku-

oabaoeeliaesiezieeziolueziobuoku-

3rd person: UMUABAUMUIMIILIAMAISIIZIIN-, IMIZIN-, IZIMULUIZIN-, IZIMUBUUKU-

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Examples Ngubani okhulumayo? Sicela amanzi abandayo. Banezinja ezilala ngaphandle. Nginomngane ongaphuzi ubhiya. Izilwane ezingazingeli emini zilele.

Who’s speaking? [who is it that is speaking] We’d like some cold water. [water that is cold] They have dogs that sleep outside. I have a friend who doesn’t drink beer. Animals that don’t hunt during the day are asleep.

20. Subject markers These are prefxes that echo nouns in each class. They are prefxed to the verb to indicate that the noun represented by the prefx is the subject. The subject noun itself may or may not be stated.

Examples Ngihlala eThekwini. Badlala ngaphandle. Abantwana badlala ngaphandle.

I live in Durban. They’re playing outside. The children are playing outside.

1st person sg.

Noun prefx ---

Subject marker ngi-

pl.

---

si-

2nd person sg.

---

u-

pl.

---

ni-

umuabaumuimi-

ubaui

3rd person: UMUABAUMUIMI-

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ILIAMAISIIZIIN-, IMIZIN-, IZIMULUIZIN-, IZIMUBUUKU-

231

iliamaisiizin-izimin-/imizin-/izimuizin-/izimuku-

liasiziiziluzibuku-

21. Subjunctive mood The subjunctive form of the verb is used for an action or state that is secondary to the main verb in a sentence or for a polite or formal statement.

Subjunctive structure Subject marker changes for Class 1: ú- à a-/maka-/akaFor other classes, the change is tonal.

Pattern Affirmative: Negative:

SMs-{verb}-e SMs-nga-{verb}-i

Subjunctive requests Examples Ma-/a- may be added to the subject marker for requests. Uhambe kahle/Mawuhambe kahle. Nihambe kahle/Anihambe kahle. Makangene.

[May you] go well. (to one person) [May you] all go well.(to more than one person) Let her come in.

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Ungasebenzi/Awungasebenzi. Ningasebenzi/Maningasebenzi.

[Please] don’t work. (to one person) [Please] don’t work. (to more than one person)

Subjunctive wishes for others These are usually introduced with -funa (want) or -fsa (wish). A wish for oneself (speaker) is expressed with the infnitive: Ngifuna ukulala. I want to sleep. But wishes for others use the subjunctive: Ngifuna alale. Umama ufuna abantwana bangene. Sifsa ubuye ngempelasonto. Abazali bathanda ngidlale ibhola.

I want him/her to go to sleep. Mother wants the children to come in. We’d like you to return at the weekend. [My] parents like me to play soccer.

Subjunctive intentions These are usually preceded by one of the following conjunctions: ukuthi ukuba ukuze

that that in order that

Ngicela ukuba nifke ekuseni. Bafsa ukuthi babone ubaba ethawini. in town. Ngifunda isiZulu ukuze ngixoxe nabantu. Siyashesha ukuze sithole isitimela.

Please come in the morning. The wish to see father I’m studying Zulu so that I can converse with people. We’re hurrying so that we can catch the train.

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22. Time Clock time To refer to time by hour, use nga- with a number: ngo-8 at 8 o’clock ngo-10 at 10 o’clock

Sun time To refer to time in relation to the position of the sun, use the following: ekuseni emini ntambama kusihlwa ebusuku

in the morning at midday, during the day in the afternoon in the evening at night

Days of the week Add nga- to the day name: nganganganganganganga-

uMsombuluko uLwesibili uLwesithathu uLwesine uLwesithlanu uMgqibelo iSonto

à à à à à à à

ngoMsombuluko ngoLwesibili ngoLwesithathu ngoLwesine ngoLwesihlanu ngoMgqibelo ngeSonto

on Monday on Tuesday on Wednesday on Thursday on Friday on Saturday on Sunday

ngoJanwari ngoFebruwari ngoMashi ngo-Apreli

in January in February in March in April

Months Add nga- to the month name: nganganganga-

uJanuwari uFebruwari uMashi u-Apreli

à à à à

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nganganganganganganganga-

uMeyi uJuni uJuly u-Agasti uSepthemba u-Okthoba uNovemba uDisemba

à à à à à à à à

ngoMeyi ngoJuni ngoJulayi ngo-Agasti ngo-Septhemba ngo-Okthoba ngoNovemba ngoDisemba

in May in June in July in August in September in October in November in December

Seasons ehlobo ekwindla ebusika entwasahlobo

in summer in autumn/fall in winter in spring

Time relative to present phambi/phambili emva/emuva manje masinyane namuhla/namhlanje izolo kusasa ngesonto eledlule/elizayo ngenyanga edlule/ezayo ngonyaka odlule/ozayo

before phambi kokudla before eating after emva kokudla after eating now quickly today yesterday tomorrow last/next week last/next month last/next year

23. Tone Zulu is a tonal language. This means that words have a high or low tone associated with each syllable and that some pairs of words or prefxes differ only in tone pattern. Speakers of Zulu hear these differences as clearly as differences between, say, /p/ and /b/, but for speakers of languages like English, which are not tonal (though they have intonation), hearing these differences must be learned.

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Current orthography does not mark tone. We have marked high tone with an accent /á/ where we think it is important to the learner. High and low are relative to each other and are not associated with any absolute pitch.

Examples uúUnjani? Únjani?

2nd person sg 3rd person sg How are you? How is she/he?

Bóna! boná

See! they themselves

24. Verb extensions One or more affixes can be added to a verb stem. They change the meaning of the verb in a consistent way.

Example -bon-a ‘see’

-bon-is-a -bon-akal-a -bon-an-a

à à à

show be visible see one another

Directional/benefactive extension -el-

to/ towards do for/on behalf of to the detriment of/to the beneft of

Examples -buya -bamba -khuluma -fa -khala

return catch speak die cry

à à à à à

-buyela -bambela -khulumela -fela -khalela +ni

return to catch for speak on behalf of die to the detriment of cry for what (why)

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Causative extension -is-

cause to

Examples -funda -thenga -khanya -gcwala

study buy shine (int.) fll (int.)

à à à à

-fundisa -thengisa -khanyisa -gcwalisa

teach (cause to study) sell (cause to buy) shine (tr.) fll (tr.)

-bonana -sizana -fanana

see one another help one another resemble one another

Reciprocal extension -an- one another

Examples -bona -siza -fana

see help resemble

à à à

Passive extension (See passive voice) Neuter/agentless passive extension -ek-/-akal-

be. . . able, get. . . -ed/become. . . -ed

This extension makes a transitive verb intransitive. Verbs take one form or the other.

Examples -swela -fhla -siza -zwa -bona -thanda

lack hide help hear see love

à à à à à à

-sweleka -fhleka -sizeka -zwakala -bonakala -thandeka

be scarce get/be hidden get/be helped be audible be visible be likable, lovable

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25. Verbs: Tense There are fve simple tenses in isiZulu: Remote Past | Recent Past | Present | Defnite Future | Indefnite Future

past -----------|-------------|------|ToS|------|----------|-----------à future |Time of Speaking|

Present tense Indicates actions/events that are taking place at the time of speaking or are habitual. (See present tense.)

Recent past tense This is for events that are fresh in the memory. This generally means that they took place within the past week. (See recent past tense.)

Remote past tense This is for actions/events that have been archived in the memory. This generally means that they took place at least a month ago. (See Remote Past Tense.)

Defnite future tense This is for actions/events that have been planned and are imminent. (See future tense)

Indefnite future tense This is for actions/events that are intended at some time but that have not been planned and are not connected to a particular date. (See future tense)

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26. Vowels Vowel ajacency In Zulu, a vowel cannot be next to another vowel within a word. Therefore, when a prefx ending in a vowel is added to a word beginning with a vowel, there are changes. Here are the more common changes:

na- + {noun}

and/with

Merge the vowels: na- + i na- + u na- + a

e o a

à à à

nezingane nomama nabangane

and/with the children and/with my mother and/with friends

Subject marker + {Vowel verb} Drop the vowel of the subject marker: ngi- + -esi- + -ani- + -aba- + -o-

à à à à

ngesanabo-

ngenza sazi nazi bosa

I do/I’m doing. . . We know. . . You (all) know. . . They roast/are roasting. . .

Subject marker + linker + {noun} Insert-yInsert-ngngi- + -usi- + -aba- + -ou- + -i-

before ibefore other vowels à ngingunginguthisha à singasingabangane à bangobangomama à uyiuyisitshudeni

I’m a teacher. We’re friends. They’re mothers. She’s a student.

Subject marker + e- (location) Insert -s-: ngi- + esi- + eba- + ou- + e-

à à à à

ngisesisebasouse-

ngisekhaya sisekilasini basolwandle usesinema

I’m at home. We’re in class. They’re at the ocean. She’s at the cinema.

Key to exercises

Unit 1 Exercise 1.1 1. Sawubona baba. 2. Sawubona thisha. 3. Sawubona mnumzana. 4. Sawubona baba. 5. Sawubona nkosikazi/nkosazana.

Exercise 1.2 1. UThemba noZanele: UThemba: UZanele: UThemba: UZanele: UThemba:

Sawubona sisi. Yebo, sawubona mfo. Unjani sisi? Ngiyaphila mfo. Unjani wena? Ngiyaphila.

2. Umntwana nomama Umntwana: Uthisha: Umntwana:

Sawubona mama. Sawubona mntanami. Unjani? Ngiyaphila mama.

3. UNkk. Mkhize nothisha UNkk. Mkhize: Uthisha: UNkk. Mkhize: Uthisha: UNkk, Mkhize:

Sawubona nkosazana. Yebo, sawubona Nkk. Mkhize. Unjani? Siyaphila nkosikazi. Nina ninjani? Sikhona nkosazana.

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4. Ubaba nabafana Sanibona bafana. Yebo, sanibona baba. Ninjani bafana? Siyaphila baba.

Ubaba: Abafana: Ubaba: Abafana

Exercise 1.3 1. Ngingumshayeli.

I’m a driver.

2. Ungumntwana.

She’s/He’s a child.

3. USipho uyisitshudeni.

Sipho’s a student.

4. Udadewethu unguthisha.

My sister’s a teacher.

5. Umama ungunesi.

[My] mother’s a nurse.

Exercise 1.4 1. Ubaba uvela eSoweto.

[My] father comes from Soweto.

2. Umfowethu uvela eGoli.

My brother comes from Johannesburg.

3. UBongani uvela eThekwini.

Bongani comes from Durban.

4. Ngivela eNgilandi.

I come from England.

5. UJason uvela eMelika.

Jason comes from America.

Dialogue 1.1 UBongani: UJason: UBongani: UJason: UBongani: UVusi:

Hi brother. Yes, hi brother. I'm Bongani. I come from Durban. I'm a student. I'm Jason. I'm from America. I'm a student too. Glad to meet you Jason. Good to meet you too Bongani.

Dialogue 1.2 Two girls meet at the university cafeteria. uZanele:

Hello sister.

Key to exercises

uSibongile: uZanele: uSibongile: uZanele:

Yeah, hi. How are you? I’m alright. How are you? I’m well too. I’m Zanele Mkhize. I live here on campus. I’m from Umlazi, KwaZulu-Natal. Who are you and where do you come from? I’m Sibongile Cele. I’m from here in Durban. Oh, great. I’m doing a B.Comm. I’m in second year. As for me I’m doing a B.A. I’m studying Law. Good to know you Zanele. ‘Bye. Bye Sibongile. See you soon.

uSibongile: uZanele: uSibongile: uZanele:

Exercise 1.6 uSibongile: Unathi: uSibongile:

Sawubona dadewethu. Yeob, sawubona dade. NginguSibongile Cele. Ngivela eThekwini. Ungubani? Uvelaphi? NgingUnathi Ngcobo. Ngivela Eshowe. Ngiyisitshudeni. Ngifunda izibalo. Nami ngiyisitshudeni. Ngifunda umlando. Sala kahle Nathi. Hamba a kahle Sibongile.

Unathi: uSibongile: Unathi: uSibongile: Unathi:

Exercise 1.7 (Sample answer.) 1. Sawubona

Yebo, sawubona.

2. Unjani?

Ngiyaphila, unjani wena?

3. Ungubani?

NginguJames wakwaJohnson.

4. Uhlalaphi?

Ngihlala eThekwini.

5. Uvelaphi?

Ngivela eBirmingham, eNgilandi.

Unit 2 Dialogue 2.1 Themba: Sibongile:

Hello. I’m Zanele Ngcobo. OK. I’m Sibongile Mkhize.

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Themba: Sibongile: Themba: Sibongile: Themba: Sibongile: Themba: Sibongile: Themba:

How are you Sibongile? I’m OK. And you? I’m also well. Where do you live? I live in Durban. Where do you live? I live in Durban too! Do you like university? A little. You? Yes! A lot!

Exercise 2.1 1. NginguBongani. Ngivela eThekwini. 2. Ngiyajabula ukukwazi Bongani. 3. Nami ngijabula ukukwazi. 4. Ngivela eGoli, kodwa ngihlala eThekwini. 5. Ngihlala eMelika. Wena uhlalaphi? 6. ÚBongani úyisitshudeni? 7. Ngithanda kakhulu inyuvesi. 8. ÚThemba úthanda kancane inyuvesi.

Exercise 2.2 1. Uthisha nomfundi Umfundi: Uthisha: Umfundi: Uthisha: Umfundi: 2. Izitshudeni Isitshudeni 1: Isitshudeni 2: Isitshudeni 1: Isitshudeni 2: Isitshudeni 1:

Teacher and pupil Sawubona Thisha. Yebo, sawubona mfundi. Ninjani Thisha? Sisaphila. Wena unjani? Ngiyaphila, Thisha. Students Hheyi Vusi! Yebo, Sipho! Unjani? Ngiyaphila. Unjani wena? Hhayi, ngisatotoba.

Key to exercises

Dialogue 2.2 Jason: Bongani: Jason: Bongani:

Hey! Hi Bongani. Yes, hi brother. Are you still ok? Yes, I'm still ok. Are you still ok? Yes [no], I'm still ok.

Mrs. Mkhize, a nurse, greets a younger male colleague at the hospital. Vinesh: Mrs. Mkhize: Vinesh: Mrs. Mkhize: Vinesh:

Hello Mrs. Mkhize. Hello Vinesh. How are you all? We’re still well. How are you all? No, we’re struggling on, ma’am.

Exercise 2.3 1. Zanele Mkhize Sanibona. NginguZanele Cele. Ngiyisitshudeni. Ngivela eGoli. Ngifunda eNyuvesi yaseKapa. Ngifunda isayensi lezilimi. 2. UNkk. Zondi Sanibona. NginguNkosikazi Zondi. Nginguthisha. Ngivela eThekwini. Ngifundisa enyuvesi. Ngifundisa izibalo. 3. S’bu Zondi Sanibona. NginguS’bu Zondi. Ngingumabhalane. Ngivela eKapa. Ngisebenza ebhange.

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Unit 3 Indaba 3.1 Today mother is going to town. She waits for the taxivan in the street. She rides the taxivan. She goes to the stores on Church Street. She wants to buy food at Spar. She looks for soured milk (yogurt) and milk in the fridge. She looks at bread and sugar on the shelves. She takes bread. She goes to the till. She pays. After that she goes to the taxi rank. She takes (rides) the taxi and goes home.

Exercise 3.1 Bavelaphi?

Where do they come from?

1. USipho uvela eGoli. 2. Umfowethu uvela eMlazi. 3. Umnumzana uvela edolobheni. 4. Uthisha uvela eMelika. 5. Umama uvela eThekwini.

Exercise 3.2 Bayaphi?

Where are they going?

1. USipho uya esiteshini. 2. Umfowethu uya emakethi. 3. Umnumzana uya ebhange. 4. Uthisha uya esikoleni. 5. Umama uya ehhotela.

Exercise 3.3 1. UThemba uphuma ekhaya. 2. UBongani uphuma ekilasini. 3. UThemba uya esitolo. 4. UBongani uya ekhaya. 5. UBongani udinga ukufunda.

Key to exercises

Exercise 3.4 1. UNkk. Cele uphuma esibhedlela. 2. UNkk. Ngcobo uphuma emsebenzini. 3. UNkk. Cele uya ekhaya. 4. UNkk. Ngcobo uya emakhethe. 5. UNkk. Ngcobo udinga imifino.

Exercise 3.5 1. UNomathemba uya edolobheni ngo-7. 2. Usebenza emini. 3. Ubuyela ekhaya ntambama. 4. Upheka kusihlwa. 5. Ulala ebusuku ngo-10.

Exercise 3.6 Usuku lukaBongani Bongani’s day 1. Ngophasi-8 uyavuka. 2. Kuze kube ngu-2 uya ekilasini. 3. Ntambama uxoxa nabangane. 4. Kusihlwa uya esinema. 5. Ebusuku uyafunda. 6. Ngo-12 uyalala.

Exercise 3.7 Chaza usuku lwakho Describe your day [Sample answer.] 1. Ekuseni ngivuka ngo-6. 2. Ngo-7 ngiphuza ikhofi. 3. Emini ngiyafunda. 4. Ntambama ngibhala iphepha. 5. Kusihlwa ngibuka umabonakude. 6. Ngo-10 ngiphuza itiye. 7. Ebusuku ngilala ngophasi 11.

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Unit 4 Indatshana 4.1

1. Mr. Mkhize is a repairman. He repairs air conditioners at Barlows.

2. Mrs. Mkhize works at the hospital. She’s a nurse.

3. Themba is a student at the university. He studies history

Key to exercises

4. Zanele is also a student. She studies languages. She studies Zulu and English.

5. Grandma is Mr. Mkhize’s mother. She likes to knit.

Morning at the Mkhizes’ 1. The alarm goes off. Grandma opens her eyes, she looks at her watch, it’s 5:00 in the morning. Grandma makes the bed and then she goes to the bathroom. She goes to wash her face and brush her teeth. When she’s done she goes to the kitchen. She cooks porridge because Themba likes it a lot. As for Zanele, she doesn’t like porridge. 2. At half past 5:00, mother wakes up, and she goes to wash. Father is still asleep. At 6:00, mother takes father some tea. 3. At half past 6:00, mother knocks on Themba’s and Zanele's doors to wake them. Themba doesn’t like waking up. He brushes his teeth, dresses quickly and then he eats some porridge. 4. Thandiwe goes to wash in the bathroom, gets dressed and then drinks tea with milk and sugar. She doesn’t eat in the morning. 5. At 7:00, father, mother, Themba and Zanele leave the house. Grandma doesn’t leave. She stays at home. Grandma drinks amahewu. She doesn’t eat.

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Umsebenzi 4.1 1. Ugogo uvuka ngo-5. 2. Umama uvuka ngophasi 5. 3. Ubaba uvuka ngo 6. 4. Abantwana bavuka ngophasi 6. 5. Umama usebenza esibhedlela. 6. Ubaba ukhanda imishini yomoya. 7. Ubaba usebenza kwaBarlow. 8. UThemba ufunda umlando. 9. UThandiwe ufunda izilimi. 10. Ugogo usala ekhaya.

Umsebenzi 4.2 Benzani ekuseni? 1. Ugogo uvula amehlo. 2. Ugogo wendlula umbhede. 3. Ugogo ugeza ubuso. 4. Ugogo upheka iphalishi. 5. Umama ulethela ubaba itiye. 6. Umama ungqongqotha eminyango yabantwana. 7. UThemba uxubha amazinyo. 8. UThemba udla iphalishi. 9. UThandiwe uphuza itiye elinobisi noshukela. 10. Ugogo uphuza amahewu.

Umsebenzi 4.3 1. Angihambi. 2. Abagqoki. 3. Aniphumi? 4. Asipheki. 5. UThemba akavuki.

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6. UGogo akapheki phalishi. 7. Ubaba akagezi ubuso. 8. Abantwana abaxubhi mazinyo. 9. Umama akaphuzi tiye. 10. Abazali abayi emsebenzini.

Umsebenzi 4.4 1. Uthanda inyama?

Cha, angifuni nyama.

2. Baya ekhaya?

Cha, abayi ekhaya.

3. UThandiwe udla isinkwa?

Cha, uThandiwe akadli sinkwa.

4. Abantwana bavuka ngo-6?

Cha, abavuki ngo-6.

5. Niphuza ikhofi?

Cha, asiphuzi khofi.

Ingxoxo 4.1 Themba goes shopping for grandma. Saturday morning Grandma: Themba: Grandma: Themba: Grandma:

Themba! Wake up! Are you still asleep? No, Grandma, it’s Saturday today! I’m not going to the university. I know that. Nevertheless, wake up [you]! Hey Grandma, I still want to sleep, I’m not going anywhere today. (laughing) Wake up you! I want to send you to town today. Your mother needs yeast. She’s going to make steamed bread.

Ingxoxo 4.2 Mother wakes Zanele Mother: Zanele: Mother:

Zanele, wake up! I don’t want to wake up, ma. I’m tired. Anyway, today’s Saturday. I know that. But today I’m going to a meeting, and you need to wash the clothes. OK? I’ll be back around 1:00.

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Zanele: Mother:

Ma, did you remember that I’m going to a party at Sibongile’s? No, I forgot, my child. Alright, we’ll talk this afternoon.

Umsebenzi 4.5 1. UThemba uzoya eThawini. 2. UGogo uzophumula. 3. Ubaba uzosebenza. 4. Sizokudla. 5. Bazothenga ukudla. 6. UZanele akazufunda. 7. Angizupheka. 8. Asizubuya ntambama. 9. Abazulala. 10. UThemba akazugeza.

Umsebenzi 4.6 1. Cha, uThemba akayi enyuvesi ngoMgqibelo. 2. Cha, uThemba akafuni ukuvuka. 3. Cha, uGogo akafuni ukuthumela uThemba ebhange. 4. Cha, umama kaThemba akayi esitolo. 5. Cha, umama akadingi shukela? 6. Cha, uZanele akayi esibhedlela.

Umsebenzi 4.7 (Sample answer) 1. Ngo-7 ngiyavuka. 2. Ngophasi 7 ngiyageza. 3. Ngo-8 ngiyagqoka. 4. Ngo-9 ngiphuza itiye. 5. Ngophasi 9 ngiya enyuvesi.

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Umsebenzi 4.8 (Sample answer.) 1. Ekuseni angivuki ngo-7 2. Emini angiyi enyuvesi. 3. Ntambama angifundi. 4. Kusihlwa angipheki kudla. 5. Ebusuku angilali ngo-9.

Indatshana 2 Short story 2 Sunday morning 1. The service begins at 9:00. The Mkhize family climbs into the car and goes to church. The church is full today because there is a preacher who comes from abroad. People are seated in silence. The ministers enter, and the service begins. The people pray, they sing, some dance, everyone listens to the word of the Lord. 2. Church gets out at 11:00, but people don’t leave. They have drinks and eat cakes, and they talk to the ministers. They go home happy. 3. The Mkhizes sit together at the table today because it’s Sunday. The food is delicious. Everyone is hungry. They eat roast chicken, rice, potatoes, peas, carrots and pumpkin. They eat pudding and ice cream. 4. After dinner, Zanele and Themba wash the dishes. The parents relax in the sitting room. Mrs. Mkhize is sleepy. She’s tired. Mr. Mkhize watches soccer on the television. Grandma is sleeping.

Umsebenzi 4.9 1. Yiqiniso. 2. Akunjalo. (Umfundisi uvela phesheya.) 3. Yiqiniso. 4. Akunjalo. (Abantu baphuza iziphuzo futhi badla amakhekhe.) 5. Yiqiniso. 6. Akunjalo. (Badla inyama yenkukhu.) 7. Akunjalo. (UThandiwe noZanele bageza izitsha.) 8. Yiqiniso.

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Unit 5 Ingxoxo 5.1 Dialogue 5.1 Bongani and Themba meet Unathi and Zanele Bongani: Unathi and Zanele: Themba: Zanele: Bongani: Unathi: Themba: Bongani: Unathi and Zanele: Themba and Bongani:

Where are you off to sisters? Hi guys. We’re going to the cinema. Oh! What’s playing? Vampire III. Do you want to come with us? How much does a ticket cost? It costs R25. Wow! It’s expensive! We have no money. We’re students. OK. ’Bye. ’Bye.

Umsebenzi 5.1 1. Abantwana baya esikoleni. 2. Ikbhasi lifika ngo-12. 3. Amathikithi abiza uR10. 4. Idolobha linabantu abaningi. 5. Umshayeli ucela uR50.

Ingxoxo 5.2 Jason wants to go to the hotel Jason: Driver: Jason: Driver: Jason: Driver: Jason: Driver: Jason: Driver: Jason: Driver: Jason:

Hello brother. Yes, hello sir. How are you? I’m getting by, sir. Where do you want to go? I’d like to go to a hotel, the Holiday Inn. The Holiday Inn? Near the beach? Yes. How much is it? It’ll be R50. R50? Gosh, that’s expensive! No sir. It’s cheap. I can pay R30. R30? No sir. But I can take you for R40. OK. Let’s go.

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Umsebenzi 5.2 1. UJason ufuna ukuya ehhotela. 2. Itekisi libiza uR50. 3. Cha. UJason uthi itekisi lidulile. 4. UJason ufuna ukukhokha uR30. 5. Umshayeli ufuna uR40.

Umsebenzi 5.3 1. Umshayeli ufuna ukubuyela ekhaya. 2. Ngicela ithikithi. 3. Bafuna amaswidi. 4. Ufuna ukuya edolobheni? 5. Ubaba ufuna ugwayi.

Umsebenzi 5.4 1. Asidlale. 2. Asiye edolobheni. 3. Asilindele. 4. Asithathe ebhasi. 5. Asikthnge amasi.

Umsebenzi 5.5 1. Asiye esitolo. 2. Asihambe. 3. Asiye esinema. 4. Asihambe. 5. Asihambe.

Umsebenzi 5.6 1. Amasenti ayishumi. 2. Amarandi amathathu. 3. Irandi elinye. 4. Amarandi amane.

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5. Amarandi amahlanu. 6. Amasenti amahlanu. 7. Amarandi ayisithupha. 8. Amarandi ayishumi. 9. Amarandi ayisishiyagalombili. 10. Amarandi ayisikhombisa.

Umsebenzi 5.7 1. Sala kahle Themba. 2. Hamba kahle Bongani. 3. Hambani kahle bafundi. 4. Salani kahle Mama noGogo.

Unit 6 Ingxoxo 6.1 Zanele and Sibongile They return from the university feeling hungry. They stop at the market. Zanele: Sibongile: Zanele: Sibongile: Zanele: Sibongile: Zanele: Sibongile: Vendor: Sibongile: Vendor: Sibongile: Vendor: Sibongile: Zanele: Sibongile:

I’m really hungry now. Me too! I’m dying (of hunger). Let’s get a snack. OK. What do you want? I feel like ice cream. Ah no, I don’t like ice cream. I want doughnuts. Doughnuts! Well, I like them, but I don’t want to get fat! Here’s the doughnut lady. (to vendor) Hello, ma’am [mother]. Yes, hello, my child. What would you like? I’m hungry mother! I’d like some doughnuts. How many? I don’t know. How much does one doughnut cost? One costs R2.50, my child. Alright. Zanele do you want a doughnut? Ooo! They look so good! I’d like one. Alright. I want two. (to vendor) Mother, we’d like three doughnuts.

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Vendor: Sibongile: Vendor: Sibongile: Vendor:

Three doughnuts are R7.50. Here’s the money. Here are the doughnuts. Thank you, my child. Thank you, mother. Goodbye. Goodbye, my children.

Umsebenzi 6.1 1. UZanele noSibongile bavela enyuvesi. 2. Balambile. 2. UZanele ufuna u-ayisikhrimu 3. USibongile ufuna amagwinya. 4. Cha, uSibongile akathandi ayisikhilimu. 5. Umdayisi uyinkosikazi. 6. Umdayisi udayisa amagwinya. 7. Igwinya elilodwa libiza uR2.50. 8. USibongile ufuna amagwinya amabili. 9. Bathenga amagwinya amathathu. 10. Bakhokha uR7.50.

Exercise 6.2 1. Ngomile. 2. Sikhathele. 3. Balele. 4. Uhambile. 5. Womile [u-omile].

Exercise 6.3 1. Iqanda libiza u-1.20. 2. Amazambane abiza u-R8. 3. Amawonlintshi abiza u-R10. 4. Ikhofi libiza u-R6. 5. Amaqanda abiza u-R15.

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Exercise 6.4 1. Yebo, uyawathanda. 2. Yebo, ngiyalithanda. 3. Yebo, bayamthanda. 4. Yebo, siyawathanda. 5. Yebo, ngiyawathanda.

Exercise 6.5 1. Cha, angiyithandi. 2. Cha, angilithandi. 3. Cha, abasithandi. 4. Cha, asiwathandi. 5. Cha, angiwathandi.

Exercise 6.6 Uthandani? 1a. Ngithanda inyama yenkomo. 1b. Angithandi nyama yenkomo. 2a. Ngithanda inyama yenkukhu. 2b. Angithandi nyama yenkukhu. 3a. Ngithanda inyama yemvu. 3b. Angithandi nyama yemvu. 4a. Ngithanda inyama yengulube. 4b. Angithandi nyama yengulube. 5a. Ngithanda inhlanzi. 5b. Angithandi nhlanzi. 6a. Ngithanda amazambane. 6b. Angithandi mazambane. 7a. Ngithanda ama-shipsi. 7b. Angithandi ma-shipsi. 8a. Ngithanda imifino. 8b. Angithandi mifino.

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9a. Ngithanda obhanana. 9b. Angithandi bhanana. 10a. Ngithanda ama-apula. 10b. Angithandi ma-apula.

Indatshana 6.1 About cattle and beef The cattle known as ‘Nguni’ were brought to southern Africa more than 2,000 years ago. Since that time, people have considered them as their wealth. Even today cattle are very important in Zulu culture as well as in other nations. Throughout the country, people love to eat beef – especially braaied (barbecued) beef. On weekends and holidays, people roast beef in their yards, having a braai. In some places people go to the butcher or to a bar and roast beef outside. This is called a ‘shisanyama.’ Famous Shisanyamas are The Rock in Soweto, Eyadini in Umlazi, MaMzoli’s in Gugulethu and Value Meat in Emalahleni.

Umsebenzi 6.7 1. Izinkomo zalethlwa e-Afrika phambili kweminyaka engu-2,000. 2. Abantu babona izikomo njengomnotho wabo. 3. Abantu baseNingizimu Afrika jikelele bathanda ukudla inyama yenkomo. 4. Abantu bosa inyama ngempelasonto nangamaholideyi. 5. Abantu benza ‘ibraai’ emajalidini. 6. Abantu bosa ‘ishisanyama’ ngaphandle.

Umsebenzi 6.8 (Sample answer) Ngihlala e-Atlanta eMelika. Abantu bathanda kakhulu ukosa inyama. Abantu bathanda kakhulu inyama yenkukhu. Bafaka upelepele. Bosa futhi ummbila. Umsebenzi 6.6.

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Unit 7 Conversation 1 Young people meet at a restaurant (Mandla and S’bu are seated at Ocean Basket when they notice two girls seated nearby.) Mandla: Gugu and Unathi: S’bu: Unathi: Mandla: Gugu: S’bu: Unathi: Gugu: Unathi: S’bu:

Mandla:

S’bu: Gugu: Mandla:

(greeting the girls) Hi there sisters! Hi. How’s it going ladies? We’re good. How about you? No, as for us, we’re OK. I’m Mandla. This is my friend S’bu. We’re glad to meet you. I’m Gugu. This is my friend Nathi. So, are you from Durban? I’m from Ladysmith myself, but I’m living with my grandmother in Umlazi. I’m a student. As for me, I’m from Mtubatuba. I’m staying with my sister here in town. And you, do you live in Durban? Yes. For me, I’m staying at my uncle’s place in Westville. I work at the Pavilion [shopping center]. I work at a bank. As for me I live with my family in Windermere. My dad’s a pilot. He works at King Shaka Airport. I’m a sound engineer. What are you doing Gugu? Are you a student too? No. I finished my degree last year. Now I’m a clothing buyer for Edgars. That’s great!

Umsebenzi 7.1 True or false? 1. Yebo, Unathi uvela eMnambithi. 2. Cha, uGugu uvela eMtubatuba kodwa uhlala eThekwini. 3. Yebo, uS’bu noMandla bahlala eThekwini.

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4. Cha, uGugu uqede izifundo zakhe. 5. Cha, Unathi ungumfundi. 6. Cha, uMandla uhlala nomfowabo. 7. Cha, uMandla ungunjinyela womculo. 8. Yebo, uS’bu usebenza ePava.

Ingxoxo 7.2 Nomathemba and Zandile They’re sitting on the grass in front of the library. They’re looking at Zandile’s photos. Nomathemba: Zandile:

Nomathemba: Zandile: Nomathemba: Zandile:

Nomathemba: Zandile:

Nomathemba: Zandile: Nomathemba:

Wow, my friend, tell me who are these in the photo? Oh Noma, it’s my family. It’s my mother, and this is my father, this is my sister, this is my brother, . . . and me. (She laughs.) I see. Who’s this lady? O, that’s my aunt [mother’s younger sister]. So do you know my younger sister Nokuthula ? Yes, I know her. She studies in Sobantu. What are your brother and sister doing? My brother Mandla is a clerk at Northdale Hospital. He’s married now. His wife is a nurse there. My sister Nondumiso works in a bank. She’s not married. What do your mother and father do? My mother isn’t working now. She’s ill. My father has a business in town. He sells cars. Look at this photo. You can see my dog Ginger. I love Ginger a lot. I’m sorry to hear about your mother. I hope she’ll get better. Look at the time girl! I’m going to class now. Come. Alright. And I want to see a professor before class.

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Umsebenzi 7.2 What do Zandile’s relatives do? 1. Umama akasebenzi. Uyagula. 2. Ubaba uthengisa izimoto. 3. Udadewabo omncane ufunda eSobantu. 4. Umfowabo ugumabhalane esibhedlela. 5. Umnakwabo ungunesi. 6. Udadewabo omdala usebenza ebhange.

Umsebenzi 7.3 What do the Mkhizes do? 1. UZanele uyisitshudeni. 2. Umfowabo uThemba ungumsakazi. 3. UMakaThemba ungunesi. 4. Ubaba uMkhize ungumkhandi wemishini yomoya. 5. Umalume ungusomabhizinisi. 6. U-anti unguthisha. 7. Ubabmkhulu ungowayemabhalane. 8. Udadewabo uZanele ungumfundi.

Umsebenzi 7.4 1. UMfanafuthi wakha imigwaqo.

Ungunjinyela.

2. UMaMkhize ufundisa abantwana.

Unguthisha.

3. UNhle unakekela iziguli.

Ungunesi.

4. ULindi ushayela ibhasi.

Ungumshayeli.

5. UMnu. Zondi ushumayela esontweni. Ungumfundisi. 6. UBonginkosi welapha abagulayo.

Ungudokotela./Uyinyanga.

7. UNathi unamatekisi amaningi.

Ungusomabhizinisi.

8. UMichael wenza amamuvi.

Ungumdidiyeli.

9. UWandi ufundisa enyuvesi.

Unguphrofesa.

10. UMfana ushayela ilisho.

Ungulisho.

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Umsebenzi 7.5 1. UVusi Mbatha. • Uhlala oLundi. • Uneminyaka engu 54. • Ushadile. • Unabantwana abathathu. • Ungumshayeli wetekisi. 2. UZanele Ngubane. • Uhlala eThekwini. • Uneminyaka engu 30. • Wehlukene nomyeni wakhe. • Unomntwana oyedwa. • Unguweta. 3. UNothemba Ngobese. • Uhlala eMgungundlovu. • Uneminyaka engu 22. • Akashadile. • Akanabantwana. • Ungumdwebi wezingubo.

Umsebenzi 7.6 1. Umfowethu mude.

My brother is tall.

2. Ugogo mdala.

Grandma is old.

3. Isitshudeni sisha.

The student is young.

4. Abantwana bancane.

The children are small.

5. Udadewabo mfushane.

His/Her sister is short.

6. Izicathulo zimbili.

There are two shoes.

7. Ikhaya lihle.

The home is beautiful.

8. Abangane baningi.

The friends are numerous.

Umsebenzi 7.7 1. Udokotela mdala. 2. Abadayisi baningi.

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3. Umshayeli mubi. 4. Isiguli sisha. 5. Umpheki muhle. 6. Osomabhizinisi bade. 7. Izitshudeni ziningi. 8. Umfowabo munye.

Umsebenzi 7.8 1. UVusi mncane futhi udlala kahle. 2. Abantwana baningi. Baya esikoleni ngebhasi. 3. Uthisha musha. Uya emakethe ngoMgqibelo. 4. Odokotela bahle. Basebenza esibhedlela. 5. Umshana mude. Uyisitshudeni.

Umsebenzi 7.9 1. Isiketi sifushane kodwa sihle. 2. Amawashi mahle. Avela eMelika. 3. Iziguli ziningi. Zidinga ukudla. 4. Ipeni lihle. Libiza uR50. 5. Ziphi izicathulo? Ngiyazidinga. 6. Idolobha likhulu. Linabantu abaningi. 7. Isinkwa sidala futhi sibi. 8. Aphi amanzi? Bayawadinga. 9. Izitolo zinkulu. Zivula ngo 10:00 ekuseni. 10. Ikati lidala. Lithanda ukudla inhlanzi.

Umsebenzi 7.11 Singular

Plural

Gloss

1. idube

amadube

zebra/s

2. ihhashi

amahhashi

horse/s

3. igama

amagama

name/s

4. ibhiya

obhiya

[bottle/s of] beer

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5. umnumzana

abanumzana

gentleman/-men

6. uphrofesa

ophrofesa

professor/s

7. umntwana

abantwana

child/ren

8. isangoma

izangoma

diviner/s

9. usomabhizinisi

osomabhizinisi

businessman/ woman/-men/-women

izazi

expert/s

10. isazi

Unit 8 Ingxoxo 8.1 Grandma is talking to Themba’s mother in the kitchen. Themba’s mother: Grandma: Themba’s mother: Grandma: Themba’s mother: Grandma: Themba’s mother: Grandma: Themba’s mother:

Hello, Mom. Yes, hello my daughter [in-law]. How are you Mom? Did you sleep well? Ah no, my daughter, I’m not well. I didn’t sleep at all. Oh, I’m sorry Mom! What’s wrong? I don’t know, my daughter. But I have pain in my chest. Oh that’s too bad. Would you like some tea? No, my daughter. I’d just like some water. Sit down, Mom. Here’s some water. I’ll call Mrs. Cele. She’s a nurse. She’ll give us advice.

Umsebenzi 8.1 1. Cha, ugogo akaphilile. 2. Yebo, ugogo akalalanga. 3. Yebo, ugogo uphethwe yisifuba. 4. Cha, ugogo akafuni tiye. Ufuna amanzi. 5. Yebo, uNkk, Mkhize unika ugogo amanzi.

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Ingxoxo 8.2 Thendiwe talks to her mother when she gets home from school. Mother: Thandiwe: Mother: Thandiwe: Mother: Thandiwe:

Hello, Thandiwe. How was school today? Hello, Ma. Everything was fine, but I’ve got a headache. A headache? What happened? We were playing basketball this afternoon. Then I was hit on the head by the ball. Now it hurts! Sorry [to hear that], Thandiwe. Go and lie down on your bed. I’ll bring you some tea and Panado. Thanks Ma.

Umsebenzi 8.2 1. Cha, uThandiwe akaphethwe yisifuba. Uphethwe yikhanda. 2. Yebo, oThandiwe badlale ibasketball. 3. Yebo, omunye ushaye uThandiwe ekhanda ngebhola. 4. Yebo, uThandiwe uzoyolala embhedeni. 5. Cha, umama kaThandiwe akazumlethela amanzi. Uzomlethela itiye namaPanado.

Umsebenzi 8.3 1. Ngiphethwe yiso. 2. Ngiphethwe yisisu. 3. Ngiphethwe yidolo. 4. Ngiphethwe ngumhlane. 5. Ngiphethwe yizinyo. 6. Ngiphethwe ngumkhuhlane.

Umsebenzi 8.4 1. Kubuhlungu emlenzeni.

Angikwazi ukuhamba.

2. Uphethwe yisandla.

Angikwazi ukubhala.

3. Kubuhlungu emehlweni.

Angikwazi ukufunda.

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4. Ngiphethwe yisisu.

Angikwazi ukudla.

5. Kubuhlungu endlebeni.

Angikwazi ukuzwa.

Ingxoxo 8.3 Mrs. Mkhize speaks with a nurse on the phone: Mrs. Cele: Mrs. Mkhize: Mrs. Cele: Mrs. Mkhize: Mrs. Cele: Mrs. Mkhize: Mrs. Cele: Mrs. Mkhize: Mrs. Cele: Mrs. Mkhize: Mrs. Cele: Mrs. Mkhize: Mrs. Cele:

Mrs. Mkhize: Mrs. Cele: Mrs. Mkhize:

(answering) Hello? Who’s speaking? Hello, my sister. It’s me, Phumi. Oh, Phumi, hello! How are you all? No, we’re fine. How are you? We’re getting by. How can I help? Oh, my sister, I don’t want to bother you, but it’s my Mom. Your Mom? What’s wrong? She says she’s not feeling well. She says she has pain in her chest. In her chest? Is she able to breathe? Yes, she can, but she’s coughing. Hmm. Does she have a fever? A little. Her temperature is 100.5. Phumi, perhaps it’s just a cold, but Granny’s no longer young. You must bring her to the hospital. They’ll examine her. Alright sister. Thank you. No, it’s nothing, sister. Stay well Stay well you too.

Umsebenzi 8.5 1. UPhumi uyindodakazi kagogo. 2. UNkk. Cele ungunesi. 3. Ugogo uphethwe yisifuba. 4. Ugogo unemfiva kancane. 5. Ugogo uzoya esibhedlela.

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Umsebenzi 8.6 Giving advice 1. Ngilambile.

Kufanele udle.

2. USipho ukhathele.

Kufanele alale.

3. Baswela imali.

Kufanele basebenze.

4. Sishiywa yibhasi.

Kufanele sihambe ngezinyawo.

5. Ngifuna ukuncipha.

Kufanele uye egym.

Umsebenzi 8.7 1. Ngikhathele.

Kufanele ungasebenzi.

2. Ingane ilele.

Kufanele ungabangi msindo.

3. Ugogo uyagula.

Kufanele akaphumi embhedeni.

4. Abantwana basekilasini.

Kufanele bangaxoxi.

5. Ngifuna ukuncipha.

Kufanele ungadli kakhulu.

Umsebenzi 8.8 1. Ngicela ungene. 2. Ngicela uhlale phansi. 3. Ngicela uvule incwadi. 4. Ngicela ufunde indaba. 5. Ngicela ubuke isithombe.

Umsebenzi 8.9 1. Mphekele inyama.

(ubaba)

2. Mlethele umuthi

(ugogo)

3. Sithengele amathikithi

(thina)

4. Ngibuyisele incwadi

(mina)

5. Silandele obhiya

(thina)

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Unit 9 Dialogue 9.1 Jason and Themba buy shoes. Jason: Themba: Jason: Themba: Jason: Themba: Jason: Themba: Jason: Themba: Jason: Themba:

Themba, look at my shoes! They’re old and tattered! You’re right, Jason. Do you want to buy new ones? Yes. I must go to the [shopping] mall. To the mall? What kind of shoes do you want? I don’t know. . .  trainers perhaps? Oh. Trainers are definitely sold at the mall. But they’re expensive. Don’t you want Zulu shoes? Zulu shoes? What are they like? They’re called ‘izimbadada.’ They’re nice, and they’re strong. You can wear them for many years. Great. Where are they sold? At the mall? No way! We’ll have to go to the market. OK. I’d like you to go with me. Alright. Let’s go.

Umsebenzi 9.1 Let’s talk about sneakers (amateku) instead of Zulu sandals (izimbadadas). How would the Markers change? Amateku. . . . . . . 1. agugile

They’re old.

2. ahlephukile

They’re tattered.

3. amasha

new ones

4. amateku anjani?

What kind of sneakers?

5. Anjani?

What are they like?

6. mahle futhi aqinile.

They’re beautiful, and they’re strong.

7. Ungawagqoka.

You can wear them.

8. Athengiswaphi?

Where are they sold?

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Umsebenzi 9.2 Izingubo Add the possessive marker and pronoun: 1. isikhindi sami

my T-shirt

2. ibhulukwe lakho

your trousers

3. ingubo yakhe

her dress

4. ibhantshi lakhe

his jacket

5. ihembe lakhe

his shirt

6. izikhindi zethu

our T-shirts

7. amabulukwe enu

your (pl.) trousers

8. izingubo zabo

their dresses/clothing

9. amahembe abo

their shirts

10. isikhindi sakho

your T-shirt

Ingxoxo 9.2 Jason and Themba go in search of Zulu sandals. At the market 1 Jason: Themba: Jason:

Themba: Jason: Themba: Jason: Themba: Themba: Vendor: Themba: Vendor:

Wow, Themba! I’ve never been to a market like this. Really? Yes. I’m used to going to the mall. Where I live in America, there are many malls, and people only go to the market to buy vegetables. Oh. Well here in South Africa there are many markets, and everything you want is sold there. So I see. Look at those shirts. They’re beautiful! They’re also cheap. Prices in the market are lower than in the mall. Wow, that’s great! Where’s the shoe store? There in front. Across from the flower stall. (They head towards it.) (greeting the vendor, who is male) Hello, sir. Yes, cousin. How are you? We’re OK. How about you? Well, I’m getting by. How can I help you?

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Themba: Vendor: Jason: Vendor: Jason: Vendor: Jason: Vendor:

My friend, who’s from overseas, wants some shoes. Oh. (greeting Jason) Hello, my friend. How are you? I’m well, sir. How are you? Wow! You speak Zulu! That’s amazing! What size do you wear, my friend? I don’t know. Perhaps a 10? So you should try some. Do you want brown or black shoes? No, I don’t want western shoes. I want Zulu shoes. Oh! Izimbadada? Alright.

Dialogue 9.3 At the market 2 Vendor: UJason: Vendor: UJason: Vendor: Vendor: UThemba:

Vendor: UThemba: Vendor: UThemba: Vendor: UThemba: Vendor: UThemba: UJason: Vendor: UJason: Vendor:

(bringing Zulu sandals) Here are some beautiful ones. They really are beautiful. But they’re too small. OK. Try these. They’ve just arrived. Hmm. These fit. How much do they cost? R500. Ok. . . (hastily joining the conversation) Wait a bit, Jason! (speaking to the vendor) My brother, you see that this is my friend. Yes, I see that. So, please give him a good price. So what is ‘a good price’ then? R250. My goodness! That’s a gift! I can give them to him at R400. Yikes, that’s a lot of money. Do you know that he’s a student? What do you say to R300? Umm. . . you guys are really giving me a hard time. My boss will kill me. Let’s say R350. My last price. What do you say, Jason? I’m very happy, Themba. Mr. Vendor, thank you. Here’s the money, R350. Thank you my friend. Here are the izimbadadas. Continue with your Zulu studies! Alright. Stay well. (nodding his head) You all go well.

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Umsebenzi 9.3 Comprehension 1. UJason ufuna amateku. 2. Lezo zicathulo zithengiswa emaMall. 3. Abantu balapho uJason evela khona baya emaMall ukuthenga izingubo. 4. Abantu balapho uJason evela khona bathenga imifino emamakethe. 5. Kuthengiswani konke okufunayo emamakethe eMzansi. 6. Izintengo emamakethe ziphansi kunalezo zasemaMall kusho uThemba. 7. Isitolo sezicathulo siphambili kwesitolo sezimbali. 8. Umdayisi ucela uR500. 9. UThemba usho uR250. 10. Bavumelana ngo-R300.

Umsebenzi 9.4 1. ‘Angizange ngiye emakethe.’ a. Asizange siye emakethe. b. Abazange baye emakethe. c. UJason akazange aye emakethe. 2. ‘Lapho ngihlala khona . . .’ a. Lapho uJason evela khona . . . b. Lapho bethenga izicathulo khona . . . c. Lapho sigibela ibhasi khona . . . 3. ‘konke. . . okufunayo’ a. zonke izicathulo ozifunayo b. onke amahembe owafunayo c. bonke abangane obafunayo

Umsebenzi 9.5 1. Uphi uZanele?

Uphandle kwekhishi.

2. Ziphi izinkomo?

Ziphesheya komfula.

3. Baphi abantwana?

Baphansi kwetafula.

4. Iphi inja?

Isemuva kwegalaji.

5. Liphi igundane?

Liphakathi kwekhabethe.

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Umsebenzi 9.6

1. Itafula liphakathi kwekamelo. 2. Ukhaphethe uphansi kwetafula. 3. Umabonakude uphezulu kwekhabethe/useduze nefasitela. 4. Amakhethini aphambili kwefasitela. 5. Usofa ukwesobunxele kwetafula/uphansi kweshalofu. 6. Izincwadi ziphezu kweshalofu. 7. Inkomishi iphezu kwetafula. 8. Umuthi omncane usemuva kwesihlalo. 9. Isigqoko siphezulu kwekhabethe. 10. Izinhlanzi ziphambili kwefasitela.

Umsebenzi 9.7

Jason needs to go to the station. People give him differing advice. Mark each one true or false.

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1. Isiteshi siseduze nesikhumulo sezindiza iKing Shaka.

Akunjalo

2. Isiteshi siphakathi kwebhishi nenkundla yamahhashi.

Yiqiniso.

3. Isiteshi siphambili kweShaka Marine World.

Akunjalo

4. Isiteshi sikude neTheku.

Akunjalo

5. Isiteshi siseduze neMoses Mabhida Stadium.

Yiqinislo

6. Isiteshi sisemuva kwamahhotela.

Yiqiniso

7. Isiteshi siseduze nomgwaqo iN2.

Yiqiniso

Umsebenzi 9.8 1. Ngomile.

Mawuphuze amanzi.

2. Akanamali.

Makathole umsebenzi.

3. Silambile.

Manidle.

4. Úyagula.

Makalale embhedeni.

5. Baphuzile.

Mabasheshe.

Traditional clothing Traditional dress is worn by many on celebratory occasions such as ukugcagca (traditional weddings) and umemulo (girls’ coming-of-age celebration), as well as on public holidays such as Heritage Day. Members of certain churches, such as AmaNazaretha, wear traditional dress for worship. Men’s traditional dress requires animal skins (real or artifcial), and Zulu royalty and political leaders wear leopard skin. Men also wear a headring (isicoco) made of skin. Women’s dress consists of a black skirt decorated with beadwork, a shawl or stole and, for married women, a red headdress with a broad fat top (inkehli). Men carry a stick (iwisa) and shield (isihlangu), and women carry a small shield (iwisa) or a rolled umbrella.

Unit 10 Umsebenzi 10.1 1. NgoMsombuluko liguqubele. 2. NgoLwesibili libalele. 3. NgoLwesithathu liyana. 4. NgoLwesine liyakhithika.

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5. NgoLwesihlanu libalele. 6. NgoMgqibelo liyabaneka. 7. NgeSonto liguqubele.

Umsebenzi 10.2 1. Liyashisa. Bezwa ukushisa. 2. Liyabanda. Bayagodola. 3. Liyabaneka. Bayesaba. 4. Liyavunguza. Bezwa ukuphola. 5. Limakhaza. Bezwa amakhaza.

Storms kill 8 in Durban 28th November Durban – A  powerful storm killed eight people in Durban and Pietermaritzburg on Sunday night and destroyed a number of buildings. This bad weather situation, which hit Durban happened just two hours before the opening of the UN conference on climate change, caused fooding and brought down many structures. The deaths of people on Sunday brought to 13 the number of people killed by foods inKwaZulu-Natal in less than two weeks. Last week fve people died in that province because of heavy rains. A spokesperson for the provincial government of KwaZuluNatal, Mthatheni Mabaso, said the deceased were from Umlazi and Clermont. ‘We are told that they passed away when the walls of their houses gave way. We’ve been informed that 100 houses have been destroyed in Isiphingo,’ he said on Monday. SAPA

Umsebenzi 10.3 1. isiphepho. . . ebesinamandla

which was powerful

sibulale

it killed

sacekela phansi

it knocked down

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2. isimo. . . sezulu esibi

of bad weather

esihlasele

which attacked

sezulu ye-UN

of weather at the UN

sidale

it created

sacekela

it knocked down

Umsebenzi 10.4 1. Isiphepho sihlasele eThekwini naseMgungundlovu. 2. Isiphepho sibulale abantu abayisishiyagalombili. 3. Isiphepho sihlasele ngeSonto. 4. Izindlu ezingu-100 zicekeleke phansi eSiphingo.

Dialogue 10.1 Let’s go to the beach! Nomathemba: Zanele: Nomathemba: Zanele: Nomathemba: Zanele: Nomathemba: Zanele: Nomathemba: Zanele: Nomathemba: Zanele: Nomathemba:

Gosh, Zanele, it’s hot! You’re right, Nomathemba! It makes the fish jump out of the water! It makes one perspire even when you’re sitting down doing nothing. I have to write a paper, but in truth I can’t write. Me too. What shall we do? Let’s go to the beach. To the beach! Great idea! I’ll put some snacks and drinks in my bag. Great! I’ll bring towels. What will you wear? Shorts or a skirt? Umm. . . I think shorts, because it’s windy. And a T-shirt. OK. Don’t forget flip-flops. The sand gets hot, and there are pebbles in the water. I’ve got them. I’ve got money for transport too. OK. Let’s go. We can take a taxivan at the corner.

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Umsebenzi 10.5 1. Yebo, izulu liyashisa. 2. Cha, uNomathemba uyajuluka. 3. Yebo, uZanele noNomathemba kufanele babhale amaphepha. 4. Cha, uZanele unombono wokuya ebhishi. 5. Cha, uNomathemba uzolanda amaamathawula. 6. Cha, uZanele ugqoka izikhindi. 7. Cha, badinga izinyathelo ngoba isihlabathi singashisa. 8. Yebo, uZanele unemali yokugibela. 9. Cha, bazohamba ngekhumbi.

Umsebenzi 10.6 1. Izinhlanzi ziningi.

There are many fish.

2. Umbono muhle.

The idea is good.

3. Izidlwana zinhle.

The snacks are good.

4. Isikhwama sikhulu.

The bag is large.

5. Isikhindi sifushane.

The shorts are short.

6. Isiketi side.

The skirt is long.

7. Ophaca basha.

The flip-flops are new.

8. Amatshana maningi.

There are many pebbles.

Umsebenzi 10.7 1. Izinhlanzi zisiliva.

The fish are silver.

2. Isikhwama sibomvu.

The bag is red.

3. Isikhindi simhlophe.

The shorts are white.

4. Isiketi sibomvana.

The skirt is pink.

5. Ophaca baliphuzi.

The flip-flops are yellow.

6. Amatshana ampofu.

The pebbles are light brown.

7. Isikibha simnyama.

The T-shirt is black.

8. Amathawula aluhlaza.

The towels are blue/green.

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Umsebenzi 10.8 Predicative use 1. The idea is good. 2. The snacks are tasty. 3. The towels are large. 4. The shorts are new and blue/green. 5. The skirt is long and red. 6. The tank top is short and white. 7. The flip-flops are old and pink. 8. There is a little money.

Umsebenzi 10.9 Attributive 1. UNomathemba uthi ngumbono omuhle. 2. UZanele uthi uzofaka izidlwana ezimnandi. 3. UZanele uzofaka iziphuzo ezinye. 4. UNomathemba uzoletha amathawula amakhulu. 5. UZanele uzogqoka izikhindi eziluhlaza. 6. UZanele akazugqoka isiketi eside. 7. UZanele uzogqoka isihibha esimhlophe. 8. Bobabili bazoletha ophaqa abadala. 9. UZanele uzoletha imali encane. Yesterday’s weather Themba has been to stay in Cape Town. He tells his friend about the trip: When we left Durban, it rained a lot and it was hot. We arrived in Cape Town, and it was cool and the wind was blowing. The following day was sunny in the morning and we climbed Table Mountain. But when we arrived at the summit it was overcast. In the afternoon it was cold, and it began to snow! Goodness we really felt cold! We quickly went back down in the cable car. On the third day it was warm and we went to the beach. I didn’t swim because the water was mighty cold. Gosh! I don’t understand Cape Town weather!

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Umsebenzi 10.10 1. It rained a lot. 2. It was hot. 3. It was cool. 4. The wind was blowing. 5. It was sunny. 6. It was overcast. 7. It was cold. 8. It began to snow. 9. We felt cold. 10. It was warm.

Umsebenzi 10.11 Now

Yesterday

1. Ngilambile.

I’m hungry.

Bengilambile.

I was hungry

2. Ukhathele.

She’s tired.

Ubekhathele.

She was tired.

3. Bahambile.

They’re gone.

Bebehambile.

They were gone.

4. Sithukuthele. We’re angry.

Besithukuthele.

We were angry.

5. Ulele.

He’s asleep.

Ubelele.

He was asleep.

6. Liguqubele.

It’s overcast.

Beliguqubele.

It was overcast.

7. Lipholile.

It’s cool.

Belipholile.

It was cool.

8. Lifudumele.

It’s warm.

Belifudumele.

It was warm.

Unit 11 Ingxoxo 11.1 The weekend Themba: Bongani: Themba: Bongani:

Ah Bongani, this work is killing me, you know? Indeed Themba, long time no see! Let’s forget our studies tomorrow. Let’s go to a soccer match. A soccer match? OK. Which teams will be playing?

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Themba: Bongani: Themba: Bongani: Themba: Bongani: Themba: Bongani: Themba: Bongani: Themba: Bongani: Themba: Bongani: Themba: Bongani: Themba: Bongane: Themba:

AmaZulu and Maritzburg United. Really? Where are they playing? At Moses Mabhida Stadium. Oh. Here in Durban. Great. But Maritzburg will be defeated by amaZulu, you know. Hey, my brother! Have you lost faith? No, not so, but Maritzburg have lost some good players this year. You’re right. Ah but I don’t have money for tickets. Tickets are expensive, you know? Yes. But we’re in luck. How? Speak man! You know my dad works at the bank. Yes, I know that. The managers were given tickets free. Now my dad has given me his tickets. That’s great! The game begins at 1:00. I’m in! Where shall we meet? Let’s meet at that gate at 12. It’ll fill up quickly. OK. Please thank your father. See you tomorrow. ’Bye. ’Bye.

Umsebenzi 11.1 1. UThemba ubulawa ngumsebenzi. 2. UThemba ufuna ukuya ebholeni. 3. Kuzodlala amaZulu neMaritzburg United. 4. Umdlalo uzodlalwa eMoses Mabhida Stadium. 5. Cha, uThemba uthi iMaritzburg azonqotshwa. 6. UThemba uthola amathikithi kubaba. 7. Umdlalo uqala ngo-1:00. 8. UThemba noSipho bazohlangana ngo-12:00. 9. Bazohlangana esangweni.

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Umsebenzi 11.2 1. UThemba ubulawa ngumsebenzi. 2. Umdlalo uzodlalelwa eMoses Mabhida Stadium. 3. IMaritzburg izonqotshwa ngamaZulu. 4. Izimenenja zinikwa amathikithi yibhange.

Article 11.2 A reporter comments on the game Reporter: Hello, listeners! Greetings to all you who are fans of our beautiful game: soccer. Greetings to all you who are followers of the two teams competing today: AmaZulu and Maritzburg United. These two teams have faced one another many times, but no one has the courage to say who will win. Last week amaZulu defeated Polokwane, but two weeks ago they were defeated by the Black Aces. Maritzburg were defeated by Pretoria University, but last month they won over SuperSport United. Today the weather is fne, but the wind is blowing. Who will succeed? We don’t know, but we’ll see. . . (The whistle sounds.) And it’s on! . . . it’s amaZulu who had the kick off. . . the striker goes straight ahead!  .  .  . But the ball is stolen by Mabi of Maritzburg. . . he who runs like an impala. . . amaZulu tried to prevent him but in vain. . .   he passes to Zondi. . . Zondi kicks with power. . . He scores! Maritzburg one, amaZulu nil [an egg]. (A short time passes. Second half: Maritzburg 2 – amaZulu 2. A few minutes remain.)  . . .  [T]he noise is incredible. . . the vuvuzelas are never quiet. . . the referee blows his whistle. . . Maritzburg have the ball. . . they’re defending. . .  here comes Bhengu striker for amaZulu! . . . he takes the ball.  .  .  . he runs.  .  . he passes to Dlamini, the soaring eagle whizzing past the Maritzburg defender.  .  . Dlamini gives it to Gumede. . .  it’s Gumede now. . .  he’s fying. . .  he’s close. . .  passes to Dlamini who appears. . . Dlamini strikes with his head. . . Goal! The goalie stares open-mouthed. AmaZulu have scored! AmaZulu three; Maritzburg two! AmaZulu have won! The game is over! It was truly a great game.

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Umsebenzi 11.4 1. Yebo, amaqembu amabili alingene ngamakhono. 2. Yebo, ngesonto elidlulileyo amaZulu awinile. 3. Cha, ngesonto elidulileyo amaMaritzburg awawinanga. 4. Cha, uZondi akashayi ngekhanda. Ukhahlela ibhola. 5. Cha, unompempe ushaya impempe. 6. Cha, uBhengu ulidlulisela kuDlamini. 7. Cha, uDlamini uthola ibhola kuBhengu. 8. Yebo, uDlamini ushaya ngekhanda.

Culture note Sport in South Africa The South African climate makes outdoor sports possible all year round. The major sports are soccer, rugby and cricket. Rugby is played in the winter, cricket in the summer, whereas soccer is played year round. Because it requires minimal equipment, soccer is played in all schools and by all communities. The larger state schools and private schools feld excellent teams, and some players go on to play professionally after fnishing their studies. From 1960 to 1994, South African teams were banned from international sports competition because of the country’s apartheid government. But after the free and fair elections of 1994, South Africa was readmitted to world sport. In 1995, the South African rugby team (Amabhoko-bhoko), which at that time had no black players, won the Rugby World Cup. President Mandela won the hearts of all South Africans when, after the match, he congratulated the team and donned a team shirt. In 1996, South Africa hosted the 20th Africa Cup of Nations competition, marking their frst ever appearance after having been banned for decades, the ban was lifted with the end of apartheid in the country. Bafana bafana, the South African team, won their frst title on home soil, defeating Tunisia in the fnal. In 2010. South Africa hosted the Soccer World Cup, an event that prompted the renovation of stadia and the construction of new ones, as well as many other improvements to facilities throughout the country.

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Although the Bafana bafana did not reach the fnal, the event was considered to have been very successful.

Umsebenzi 11.5 Comprehension 1. Imidlalo ingadlalwa unyaka wonke ngoba izulu lihle. 2. Imidlalo ethandekakakhulu yibhola nombhoxo nekhilikithi. 3. Ikhilikithi idlalwa ngehlobo. 4. Umbhoxo udlalwa ebusika. 5. Ibhola lingadlalwa emiphakathini yonke ngoba alidingi impahla enkulu. 6. Ngoba onke amazwe ayengahambisana nobandlululo. 7. Igama leqembu lombhoxo ngamaBhoko-bhoko. 8. Iama leqembu lebhola yiBafana-bafana. 9. Ngo 1996 iBafana-bafana yanqoba iTunisia. 10. Abantu abayizinkulungwane?

Umsebenzi 11.6 1. Banesikibha esiiliphuzi nesiluhlaza. 2. Banesikibha esimnyama nesibomvu. 3. Banesikibha esiliphuzi nesimnyama. 4. Banesikibha esiluhlaza nesimnyama. 5. Banesikibha esibomvu nesimhlophe.

Ingxoxo 11.3 Sipho’s birthday Nobuhle and Mandisa meet at the university library. Nobuhle: Mandisa: Nobuhle: Mandisa: Nobuhle:

Hi there. Hi, sister. How are you, my friend? I’m OK. How are you? I’m OK too. What did you do at the weekend?

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Mandisa: Nobuhle:

Mandisa: Nobuhle:

Mandisa: Nobuhle: Mandisa:

I didn’t do anything. I stayed at home. I helped my mother to bake cakes. What did you do? It was Sipho’s birthday. We went to Midmar Dam on Saturday. We rented a taxivan, Sipho’s dad paid for the taxivan. I organized the drinks. Sibongile and Zanele brought food. They cooked a delicious biriyani. Ntokozo and Serah brought salad, and plates and cups. We all chipped in money for the barbecue in the afternoon. We got to Midmar at 11:00; we played volleyball and swam. We took photos in the water and playing volleyball. At 1:00 we ate lunch. After that we relaxed. Wow. Sister, I see that you really had a great time. What did you do after that? At 3:00 in the afternoon we went for a boat ride. I didn’t go because I’m afraid of the water. The boys made a fire. They roasted the meat and fixed all the food. We ate, and then we went home. Now I’m tired! Listen, I want to go to town tomorrow. Let’s meet at Nando’s at 1:00. OK? Alright. I’ll see you tomorrow. I’ll bring my photos. ’Bye. ’Bye. See you.

Umsebenzi 11.7 Complete these sentences using information from the preceding passage: 1. UMandisa usize unina ukubhaka amakhekhe. 2. Bahambe ngekhumbi. 3. USibongile noZanele balungise ukudla. 4. Bapheke ubhriyani omnandi. 5. UNtokozo noSerah balethe amasaladi. 6. Bafike eMidmar ngo-11. 7. Badlale ivolleyball futhi babhukudile. 8. Badle idina ngo-1. 9. Emuva kwalokho baphumulile. 10. Abafana bose umlilo.

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Umsebenzi 11.8 1. Asiyanga eMidmar Dam 2. Asiqashanga khumbi 3. Angilungisanga ziphuzo 4. Abaphekanga bhriryani 5. Angiphasanga. 6. Asibhukudanga. 7. Asiphumulanga. 8. Anijabulanga.

Unit 12 Wild animals Wild animals are common in South Africa. South Africans love and respect them. Therefore there are a number of reserves where wild animals are protected. The large reserves such as Kruger Park, Hluhluwe and Pilanesberg are managed by the state, but there are many private reserves as well. Visitors can stay inside the reserves: in lodges or in tents. In some reserves visitors drive around in their own vehicle; in others they ride in an open vehicle driven by a ranger [expert on wild animals]. In many reserves, walking around is not permitted, but in some the visitors can go for walks led by a ranger. Most visitors want to see the ‘big fve’ animals: the lion, the rhinoceros, the elephant, the buffalo and the leopard.

Umsebenzi 12.1 1. Izimpala zigijima ngesivinini. 2. Obhejane banezimpondo ezinkulu. 3. Unwabu luhamba kancane. 4. Indlulamithi idla amakhasi. 5. Ibhubesi lithanda ukulala emini.

Umsebenzi 12.2 1. Kukhona izimpala eziningi esiqiwini. 2. Ubhejane omdala ulala phansi komuthi.

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3. Unwabu luncane futhi luhle. 4. Indlulamithi inde. 5. Sibone ibhubesi elikhulu izolo. 6. Amadube maningi. 7. Izimpala zincane. 8. Obhejane abadala balele. 9. Unwabu oluhle lukhwela esihlahleni. 10. Izilwane eziningi zihlala esiqiwini.

Ingxoxo 12.1 Students visit a game reserve. Nomathemba: Zanele: Nomathemba: Zanele: Nomathemba: Zanele: Nomathemba: Zanele: Nomathemba:

Look Zanele! It’s an opportunity to go to a game park! A game park? Where? Hluhluwe. Would you like to come with me? When? On Saturday. On 16th March Oh! How much does it cost? R500. Yish, it’s a lot of money! You’re right, but that includes the bus, food together with the entrance fee. . . Zanele: Alright. Perhaps Bongani and Themba would like to go with us? Nomathemba: I’ll ask them right away. (Nomathemba calls Themba on her cell.) Themba: Noma: Themba: Noma: Themba: Noma: Themba: Noma:

Hello? Yes, hello my brother. Who’s speaking? It’s me, Nomathemba. Oh hi, sister. How are you? I’m OK, brother. How about you? No, I’m OK too. What’s going on? Nothing much, but Zanele and I wondered whether you and Bongani would like to come with us.

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Themba:

Noma: Themba:

Noma:

Themba: Noma:

To a game park? No, sister, you know I’m a city guy! I don’t like the outdoors. I don’t like mud. I don’t like dust. Oh Themba! But we’ll be in a bus! Nevertheless. . . Furthermore I’m afraid of wild animals. I’m afraid of bugs. . . and rats. . . and cockroaches. . . My goodness Themba! We’ll be safe. We’ll see big animals like elephants and zebra. Not cockroaches. . . Hmm. Will Bongani be going? I’ll phone him now. (Bongani convinces Themba. They both agree to go.)

Umsebenzi 12.3 1. UNothemba ubona isaziso. 2. Isaziso simema izitshudeni ukuya esiqiwini. 3. Uhambo lubiza uR500. 4. UNomathemba umema uThemba ukuhamba nabo. 5. UThemba uthi akathandi maphandle. 6. UThemba uthi wesaba izicabucabu. 7. UNomathemba uthi bazobe bephephile. 8. UNomathemba uzofonela uBongani.

Ingxoxo 12.2 Students tell about the trip. Those who went to the game park are in the cafeteria talking with other students. Nomathemba: Zanele: Themba:

Wow! That was a great trip! We saw so many different animals! But it was far from Durban. We had to get up before dawn. I don’t remember anything about the trip. I was asleep.

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Bongani: Zanele:

Themba: Bongani:

Zanele: Nomathemba: Bongani:

Themba:

Nomathemba:

Bongani: Zanele: Nomathemba: Themba:

Gosh, you’re such a lazybones Themba! You slept for almost the whole day. But he did wake up when the elephant approached our bus! He jumped up and fell off his seat! (They all laugh. Themba gets a little annoyed.) I told you I was a city person. I was surprised to see that the animals aren’t very afraid of vehicles. It seems that they’ve become accustomed to see people and cars. Me too. The lions were very near us, but they were just relaxing in the sun. I loved the giraffes. They’re so beautiful, and they have such grace. And they’re not fierce either. You’re right. And they can’t be seen easily, even when they’re nearby. As for me I loved the leopard. I had no idea that leopards can climb trees! They say they can drag a whole antelope up into a tree too! When we got off the bus, there were monkeys everywhere that tried to steal our sandwiches. I didn’t like those monkeys. They were really naughty, those monkeys. It’s because tourists like feeding them. Now they know that people bring food. They’re smart. I’d like to visit the game park again. I’d like that too. Me too. No way! I’ll never do that again! (They all laugh.)

Umsebenzi 12.4 1. UNomathemba uthi babone izilwane eziningi. 2. UZanele uthi isiqiwi sikude neTheku. 3. UThemba uthi akakhumbuli lutho ngohambo. 4. UBongani utshela uThemba ukuthi uyivila yena. 5. UZanele uthi indlovu isondele ibhasi labo. 6. UBongani ubemangele ngoba izilwane azesabi zimoto. 7. UZanele uthi amabhubesi abethamele elangeni.

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8. UNomathemba uthanda izindlulamithi ngoba zinokuphiqilika. 9. UBongani uthanda ingwe ngoba ikwazi ukukhwela emthini. 10. UThemba uthi akafuni ukuphindela esiqiwini.

Umsebenzi 12.5 What animals are these? 1. Yibhubesi. 2. Yingwe. 3. Yizimpala/Yizinyathi. 4. Yingwenya. 5. Yizindlovu. 6. Wubhejane. 7. Ngamadube. 8. Yizinyoka. 9. Lunwabu. 10. Yizimvubu.

Riddles 12.6 1. Yibhala.

It’s wheelbarrow.

2. Yisinkwa.

It’s a loaf of bread.

3. Yinaliti.

It’s a needle.

4. Yilambu.

It’s a (paraffin) lamp.

5. Yiqanda.

It’s an egg.

Umsebenzi 12.7 1. UVusi uyivila. 2. UNtombenhle unomusa. 3. UMike usangene. 4. Indoda idakiwe. 5. Udokotela uhambile. 6. USipho unomona. 7. UBeatrice unamahloni. 8. Umama ukhuthele.

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9. Izingane zilele. 10. Impala ifile.

Unit 13 Conversation 13.1 Grandma talks with Thandiwe about her childhood. Thandiwe: Grandma, when were you born? Grandma: I was born in 1939, my grandchild. Thandiwe: In 1939! Wow, Grandma, that really was long ago! Grandma: You’re right. Now I’m old. But I’m not senile. Thandiwe: Where were you born? Grandma: I was born on a farm, near Mnambithi. Thandiwe: Mnambithi? Where is that? Grandma: White folks call it Ladysmith. Do you know it? Thandiwe: Oh, yes, I know it. We see the road leading to Ladysmith when we go to Johannesburg. And there is a famous singing group called Ladysmith Black Mambazo that come from there. Grandma: Alright, but we used to live on a farm. We all worked on the farm. Thandiwe: What work did you do Grandma? Grandma: In summer we weeded the fields. In autumn we harvested. Thandiwe: What did you harvest? Apples? Bananas? Grandma: Goodness, grandchild! You really are a child of the city! We harvested maize. We collected the corn cobs. Thandiwe: Oh. But did you have time to play? Grandma: Definitely we did! We used to jump rope and play hide-and-seek. Thandiwe: But were you happy? Grandma: When I was small I was happy, but when I grew older I wanted to go and study in town. Thandiwe: Grandma, did you enjoy studying? Grandma: Yes! I loved it. I wanted to be a teacher. It was my dream.

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Thandiwe: Grandma:

And then you really did become a teacher! Yes, my granddaughter. I left the farm.

Umsebenzi 13.1 1. UZanele wayehlala eGoli. 2. Abazali bami babethanda ukulalela umsakazo. 3. (Mina) Ngangidlala ibhola esikoleni. 4. Izitshudeni zaziya ekhefi kusihlwa. 5. Amadoda ayephuza ubhiya ebha. 6. Ukudla kwakuphekwa ngamakhosikazi. 7. Inja yami yayilala ngaphandle. 8. Ubisi lwalubiza uR10. 9. Umfula wawugcwala emuva kwezimvula. 10. Utshani babudliwa yizinkomo.

Umsebenzi 13.2 1. UZanale wayengahlali eGoli. 2. Abazali bami babengathandi ukulalela umsakazo. 3. (Mina) Ngangingadlali bhola esikoleni. 4. Izitshudeni zazingayi ekhefi kusihlwa. 5. Amadoda ayengaphuzi bhiya ebha. 6. Ukudla kwakungaphekwa ngamakhosikazi. 7. Inja yami yayingalali ngaphandle. 8. Ubisi lwalungabizi uR10. 9. Umfula wawungagcwali emuva kwezimvula. 10. Utshani babungadliwa yizinkomo.

Umsebenzi 13.3 1. (Thina) Sasinabangane abaningi. 2. Umama wayenezinkukhu eziningi. 3. Umuthi wawunezithelo ezimnandi. 4. Kwakunamaphoyisa emgwaqweni.

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5. Izinja zazinokudla okuningi. 6. Ihembe lalinokudabuka. 7. Abantwana babenodoli. 8. Amasokisi ayenemiqa ebomvu. 9. Ubuhlalu babunosiliva. 10. Insimu yayinamatshe amaningi.

Umsebenzi 13.4 1. (Thina) Sasingenabo bangane abaningi. 2. Umama wayengenazo zinkukhu eziningi. 3. Umuthi wawungenazo zithelo ezimnandi. 4. Kwakungenawo maphoyisa emgwaqweni. 5. Izinja zazingenakho kudla okuningi. 6. Ihembe lalingenakho kudabuka. 7. Abantwana babengenabo odoli. 8. Amasokisi ayengenayo migqa ebomvu. 9. Ubuhlalu babungenawo siliva. 10. Insimu yayingenawo matshe amaningi.

Umsebenzi 13.5 1. UShaka wayeyinkosi yamaZulu. 2. (Mina) Ngangingumfana ogangile. 3. UGogo wayenguthisha. 4. Abazala babengabalimi. 5. Le ntombi yayiyingane ekhala kakhulu.

Umsebenzi 13.6 1. UShaka wayengeyona inkosi yamaZulu. 2. (Mina) Ngangingeyena umfana ogangile. 3. UGogo wayengeyena uthisha. 4. Abazala babengebona abalimi. 5. Le ntombi yayingeyona ingane ekhala kakhulu.

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Umsebenzi 13.7 1. Abazali bami bazalelwa eThekwini. 2. (Mina) Ngafunda isikole eBoston. 3. (Thina) Sathuthela eGoli ngonyaka odlule. 4. La mantombazana aqala ukufunda ehlobo.

Umsebenzi 13.8 1. Ubazali bami abazalelwanga eThekwini. 2. (Mina) Angifundanga isikole eBoston. 3. (Thina) Asithuthelanga eGoli ngonyaka odlule. 4. La mantombazana awaqalanga ukufunda ehlobo.

Folktales Folktales are short stories that tell of the exploits of animals and people. Some characters show positive attributes such as courage, and others show bad behaviour such as cowardice and cruelty. At the end of each folktale, there is a saying that explains the lesson embedded in the narrative. A popular animal found in folktales is Chakijana, a mongoose who attempts to outwit animals much larger than he is. A common ‘human’ character is Mr. Ogre. Ogres resemble people, but they are incapable of living in a community because they constantly quarrel and sometimes even eat one another. Good people – young girls in particular – have to watch out for ogres because they are able to make themselves appear like people. In Zulu culture, folktales play an important role in teaching children good behaviour. They are usually told by grandmothers after dark.

Manyosi 13.2 This is an unusual (though popular) folktale because Manyosi is an historical fgure. Manyosi, son of Dlekezele Mbatha, served under Shaka. He was a brave fghter and distinguished himself in battle. He was capable of eating a whole goat by himself, and of drinking large quantities of beer. When Dingane came to the throne, Manyosi was treated well because of his military exploits, and was given as much food as he wanted. He therefore became very fat.

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In the buildup to the Zulu civil war, Manyosi left Dingane and sided with Mpande. But there he could not expect the same consideration as he had received under Mpande, so people began to taunt him, saying that his belly would decrease in size. The expression came to mean that a person would have cause to regret his actions. It is used for people who, because they are prosperous and live recklessly, not caring to provide for tomorrow. From the late Prof. Mashasha Hlengwa. Used with permission.

Umsebenzi 13.9 True or false? 1. Cha, uManyosi wayeyindodana kaDlekezele Mbatha. 2. Yebo, uManyosi wayeyibutho elihle. 3. Cha, uManyosi wayebonwa njengeqhawe. 4. Yebo, wayekwazi ukudla imbuzi yonke. 5. Cha, uManyosi wayephathwa kahle nguDingane. 6. Cha, wayenikwa ukudla nokokuphuza. 7. Yebo, uDingane walwa nomfowabo uMpande. 8. Cha, kwaMpande abantu babemhlonipha kancane uManyosi. 9. Yebo, abantu bamchukuluza uManyosi ngoba wayekhuluphele. 10. Yebo, isaga ‘Siyobohla Manyosi’ sithi kufanele umuntu acabange ngekusasa.

Umsebenzi 13.10 1. Abafundi babekhathele. 2. UZanele wayelambile. 3. Amadoda ayedakiwe. 4. Izinkomo zazizacile. 5. Imoto yayingcolile. 6. Ingubo yayimfushane. 7. Ubisi lwalulubi. 8. Imuvi yayiyinhle. 9. Amabhulukwe ayemade. 10. Abantwana babebaningi.

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Umsebenzi 13.11 1. Abafundi babengakhathele. 2. UZanele wayengalambile. 3. Amadoda ayengadakiwe. 4. Izinkomo zazingazacile. 5. Imoto yayingagcolile. 6. Ingubo yayingemfushane. 7. Ubisi lwalungelubi. 8. Imuvi yayingeyinhle. 9. Amabhulukwe ayengemade. 10. Abantwana babengebaningi.

Dialogue 13.3 Grandma remembers election day. Thandiwe: Grandma: Thandiwe: Grandma:

Thandiwe: Grandma: Thandiwe: Grandma:

Thandiwe: Grandma:

Thandiwe: Grandma: Thandiwe:

Grandma, do you remember South Africa’s frst [democratic] elections? I sure do remember, Thandiwe. Where were you on that day? I was principal of a high school in Umlazi. We teachers woke up before dawn. We took the bus at 5:00 in the morning. How were the people at the polling station? We were happy, but it was very quiet. We stood in a long line talking in low voices and awaiting our turn. Why were you so quiet even though you were happy? It’s hard to explain. . . I think we were a little afraid that it was just a dream and that we could wake up and find that everything had disappeared. Wow, Grandma! So, how does a person vote? There is a paper that has the names of all the parties together with their photos. Then you take a pen and you put an ‘x’ in the box of the party you like more than the others. How many parties were there in that election? Wuu! There were a lot! I think twenty. Twenty! I’ve never heard of all those parties.

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Grandma: Thandiwe: Grandma:

You’re right. But anyone could establish a party. It’s a right. I understand. I’m going to vote in the next election. I’m glad to hear that, my grandchild. It’s important to protect the democratic government.

Umsebenzi 13.12 1. Yiqiniso.

UGogo wayenguthisha ngesikhathi sokhetho.

2. Akunjalo.

Othisha bavuka kusempondo zankomo.

3. Akunjalo.

Bahamba ngebhasi bayovota.

4. Akunjalo.

Abantu babethula bathi du ngesikhathi belindela ukuvota.

5. Akunjalo.

Asazi ukuthi amaqembu ayemangaki.

Historical note South Africa’s frst democratic elections (1994) In the lead-up to South Africa’s frst elections, there was a massive campaign to educate people about their rights and about the voting process. The election was won by the African National Congress, led by Nelson Mandela, who became president. He retired after fve years in office. The Inkatha Freedom Party, the majority of whose members are Zulu speaking, agreed to participate in the election just weeks before election day, making it necessary to manually attach the party’s name to the bottom of each ballot paper.

Unit 14 Dialogue 14.1 Zanele gets a job Zanele tells her family that she has been offered a job in Johannesburg. Zanele: Mother: Grandma:

Ma! Grandma! Come here! What is it, my child? What happened?

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I got it! You got what? The job! They want me at Mfeka’s! Who is this Mfeka? Does he want to marry you? He’ll have to come up with a big lobolo! Zanele: No Grandma! I’m talking about a job. I’m going to work in Johannesburg! Grandma and Mother: In Johannesburg?? Zanele: Yes! Mfeka & Partners is a company. They’ve offered me a job. Mother: It’s a company? What do they do there in Johannesburg? Zanele: They’re accountants. Mother: Oh! They’re like you! Zanele: Yes! Now that I have my bachelor of commerce degree in accounting, they want me. Mother: My goodness! Grandma: Aren’t there any accountants here in Durban? Zanele: There are Grandma, but the big companies are in Johannesburg. Mother: Where will you live in Johannesburg? Zanele: I don’t know. I’ll look for an apartment. Mother: An apartment? No way! Will you live alone? Zanele: I don’t know yet. My friend Lisa has also been offered a job in Johannesburg. Perhaps she and I can live together. . . Grandma: How will you get to Johannesburg? Zanele: I’ll go by air, Grandma. Mother: And how will you get around in Johannesburg? Zanele: They say they’ll help me to buy a car. Mother: Good Lord! My daughter will be driving around Johannesburg! Zanele: Yes, Ma. Will you and Grandma come and visit me? Grandma: Gracious, it’s so far! (Zanele smiles and they hug.) Zanele: Mother: Zanele: Grandma:

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Umsebenzi 14.1 Comprehension Phendula imibuzo. 1. UZanele uthole umsebenzi. 2. UGogo ucabanga ukuthi uMfeka yisoka likaZanele. 3. OMfeka bangama-accountants? 4. UZanele wathola iziqu zeB.Comm. in Accounting. 5. UZanele uthi uzohlala efulethini. 6. UZanele uthi uzohlala noLisa. 7. UZanele uzohamba ngebhanoyi eya eGoli. 8. OMfeka bathi bazomsiza ukuthenga imoto.

Umsebenzi 14.2 Tomorrow (afrmative) 1. UGogo uzopheka iphalishi. 2. Abantwana bazoya esikoleni. 3. Izinsizwa zizobuka umabonakude. 4. USipho uzothenga ikhompyutha elisha. 5. UMnu. Mkhize uzolungisa imoto yakhe.

Umsebenzi 14.3 Tomorrow (negative) 1. Cha, angizuhlala ngedwa. 2. Cha, angizuhlala noThemba. 3. Cha, angizosebenza eGoli. 4. Cha, angizugibela bhasi. 5. Cha, angizuthenga kwaCheckers.

Umsebenzi 14.4 Tomorrow 1. Ngizovuka ekuseni kakhulu. /Angizuvuka . . . 2. Ngizogibela ibhasi ngiye edolobheni. /Angizugibela . . . 3. Ngizoya emakethe./Angizuya . . . 4. Ngizothenga imifino nenyama yemvu. /Angizuthenga . . . 5. Ngizovakashela umngane esibhedlela. /angizuvakashela . . .

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Dialogue 14.2 Zanele prepares to move to Johannesburg. Zanele: Mother: Zanele: Mother: Zanele: Mother: Zanele: Mother: Zanele: Mother: Zanele: Mother: Zanele: Mother: Zanele: Mother: Zanele: Mother: Zanele: Mother: Zanele: Mother: Zanele: Mother: Zanele: Mother: Zanele:

(hurriedly) Ma, where’s my suitcase? You mean the one under the bed? No, Ma. I mean the one on top of the cupboard. But that one belongs to your sister. But I need it, even if it is hers. Alright. I’ll ask her. Do you have all the clothes you need? I think so. Have a look, Ma! What are these? They’re my five dresses. What are those? They’re my shirts. They are many, I know. What are those? Those are my three skirts. What are those over there? Those are my shoes. Are you taking those flip-flops? They’re old! I know, but I love them. Do you have your sneakers? And your socks? Yes, I have them. And your laptop? I have it. And your jacket? It can be cold in Johannesburg, you know. I have it. What’s this? Is it your bag? No. It’s Thandiwe’s. Oh. It’s beautiful! Now are you able to close the suitcase? (pushing hard) Mh! Mh! There. It’s closed.

Umsebenzi 14.5 1. isihlalo sikaThandiwe 2. izincwadi zikaZanele 3. imoto kaBongani

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4. abantwana bakaMkhize 5. ihembe likaThemba

Umsebenzi 14.6 1. isihlalo sikanesi

the nurse’s chair

2. izincwadi zikagogo

granny’s books

3. imoto kababa

father’s car

4. abantwana bakamama

mother’s children

5. ihembe likadokotela

the doctor’s shirt

Umsebenzi 14.7 1. laba bantu

these people

2. lezi zimbali

those flowers

3. lo mgwaqo

this road

4. lokhu kudla

that food

5. lawa/la majazi

these coats

6. lokhu kushayela

this driving

7. lelo bhola

that ball

8. le nyathi

this buffalo

9. lawo makati

those cats

10. lolo lwandle

that ocean

Ingxoxo 14.3 Someday Themba and Sipho talk about how they’d like to visit Johannesburg someday. Themba: Sipho: Themba: Sipho: Themba: Sipho: Themba:

Have you heard the news about my sister, Zanele? No, nothing. What’s going on? She got a job. Really? That’s great! Who will she be working for? Mfeka & Partners. In Johannesburg. In Johannesburg? Wow! She’s lucky! Yes, she’s lucky, but she also worked hard.

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Sipho: Themba: Sipho: Themba: Sipho: Themba: Sipho:

Themba: Sipho: Themba: Sipho: Themba: Sipho: Themba: Sipho: Themba: Sipho: Themba:

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I’d love to live in Johannesburg myself. Me too. But not now. Not now? Why? I want to get married while I’m still in Durban. After that I’ll go to Johannesburg. Oh! As for me, first I’ll visit Johannesburg. They say it’s not easy to live there. What would you do in Johannesburg if you visited? I’d go to the theatre. . . I’d ride the high-speed Gautrain. . . I’d eat in restaurants in Rosebank. . . I’d drink. . . Whoah! Stop my brother! Where are you going to get the money to do all these things? Yish, Themba, dreaming is allowed, isn’t it? Sure, it’s allowed. I’ll finish my studies. . . Great. Then I’ll get a job. . . Mhmm. I won’t spend money on the horses. . . Mhmm. I won’t go to the Casino. . . That’s great, my brother. You’ll quickly have enough to go to Johannesburg!

Umsebenzi 14.8 1. Ngiyobuka umdlalo weshashalazi.

I’ll go to the theatre.

2. Ngiyogibela isitimela esisheshayo iGautrain.

I’ll ride the high-speed Gautrain.

3. Ngiyodla endlini yokudlela Melville.

I’ll eat in a restaurant in Melville.

4. Ngiyophuza . . .

I’ll drink. . .

5. Uyoyitholaphi imali . . . ?

Where will you get the money?

6. Ngiyoqeda izifundo zami.

I’ll finish my studies.

7. Bese ngiyothola umsebenzi . . .

Then I’ll get a job. . .

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Umsebenzi 14.9 1. Akazushiya imoto egaraji. 2. Akazuya emakethe. 3. Akazuthenga ubisi esitolo. 4. Akazumthengela amasokisi. 5. Akazubuyisela izincwadi elayibhurari.

Umsebenzi 14.10 1. Ngo2 Januwari sizofika e-O R Thambo. 2. Ngo 2–5 Januwari sizovakashela eGoli. 3. Ngo5 Januwari sizokuya eThekwini ngebhanoyi. 4. Ngo7 Januwari sizokuya eHluhluwe ngmoto. 5. Ngo12 Januwari sizokuya eCape Town ngebhanoyi. 6. Ngo 12–16 Januwari sizovakashela eCape Town. 7. Ngo 17 Januwari sizobuyela ekhaya.

Umsebenzi 14.13 Mr. Mkhize’s dream 1. Ngiyothengela umkami imoto entsha. 2. Ngiyothenga indlu. 3. Ngiyondiza ngiye eGoli zonke izimpelasonto. 4. Ngiyothenga amathikithi ayo yonke imidlalo ye-Orlando Pirates. 5. Ngiyokusa umndeni wami eKapa ngamaholidi. 6. Angiyuhamba ngebhasi. 7. Angiyusebenza ebhange. 8. Umkami akayuwasha zingubo.

Unit 15 Article Heritage day Read the following newspaper article:

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You missed out if you weren’t there! 2012–09–25 Zanele Mtshali Cape Town – We say tough luck if you weren’t there! There were good times all over the place at the weekend because people used it to celebrate Heritage Day. For example there was a dance group in Cape Town, a group that enjoyed themselves who for a while had missed going to celebrations and who were talking excitedly about the dance that reminded them of home in KwaZulu-Natal. Young Zulu girls were beautifully dressed up and the weather agreed with them since the sky was blue and clear for the celebration. The young men were stealing glances and many a heart skipped a beat when the dancers turned somersaults, then there was general ululation. Izindaba24

Umsebenzi 15.1 1. Ngempelasonto abantu bagubhe uSuku lwamaGugu Esizwe. 2. Laba bantu abahlala eKapa bavela KwaZulu-Natali. 3. Bahlangane e-Acacia Park eKapa. 4. Babeshaya izingoma ezazibakhumbuza ekhaya. 5. Izintombi bezigqoke kahle. 6. Izulu belibalele. 7. Izinsizwa zincome izintombi. 8. Abesifazane bebekikiza.

Umsebenzi 15.2 1. Kugujwe uSuku lwamaGugu. 2. Kugujwe e-Acacia Park eKapa. 3. Bekubhiklwa ingoma. 4. Kukhunjulwe iKwaZulu-Natali. 5. Izintokazi bezihlobe zizinhle. 6. Insizwa ishaye ungqimphothwe.

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Ingxoxo 15.1 Unathi Zanele tells about heritage day. The phone rings. Zanele: Unathi: Zanele: Unathi: Zanele: Unathi: Zanele: Unathi: Zanele: Unathi: Zanele: Unathi: Zanele: Unathi: Zanele: Unathi: Zanele: Unathi: Zanele: Unathi: Zanele: Unathi: Zanele: Unathi: Zanele: Unathi:

Hello? Who’s speaking? It’s me, Nathi. Hi, my friend. Oh hi, Nathi. How are you? I’m OK. How are you? No, I’m OK. What’s new? Nothing surprising. You? I went to the Celes’ yesterday. Oh! Was there a celebration? Yes. There was a Heritage Day celebration. It was packed! Oh, that’s great! Some people came in traditional dress. You too? No way! You know how shy I am. What did you wear? A black skirt, pink shirt and blue denim jacket. Beautiful! And your hair? I wore my red head scarf. . . the one that goes with my big earrings. Wow! You were looking good! Did you have any admirers? Hmmm. . . Ronnie was there. The one who’s studying architecture? Yes, him. We chatted a little. Was S’bu there? Who’s that? The guy who works at the bank at the Pavilion. He’s the manager now. Don’t you remember him? Yes, I don’t remember him.

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Umsebenzi 15.3 1. Unathi uye kwaCele abebegubha uSuku lwamaGugu. 2. Bekugcwele abantu abebegqoke ngokwesiko. 3. Unathi onamahloni, akagqokanga ngokwesiko. 4. Ibikhona insizwa ebimncoma uNathi. 5. Unathi umbonile uS’bu ongakhunjulwa nguZanele.

15.2 Article An accident Five die in [road] accident Durban – Five people died at a time when the increase in [road] accidents in northern KwasZulu-Natal chills the blood, according to a report by East Coast Radio. An SUV and a van collided on P46 near Bhanya Bridge on Tuesday afternoon. Two men and two women died at the scene of the accident, and another died at the hospital. Spokespeople for the Road Traffic Inspectorate said fve other people were picked up by them. Most of the individuals were teachers from a local school. A spokesperson of the Ministry of Transport in KZN, Zinhle Mngomezulu, said it appeared that one of the drivers lost control of his vehicle as he turned a corner. Adapted from News24

Umsebenzi 15.4 Comprehension 1. Kushone abayisihlanu engozini. Abayisihlanu bashone engozini. 2. Kwehlakale ingozi. Ingozi yehlakalile. 3. Kushone amadoda nabesifazane ababili. Amadoda nabesifazane ababili bashonile. 4. Kwathi omunye washonela esibhedlela. Omunye washonela esibhedlela.

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5. Abantu abayisihlanu kuyembulwa kuyembeswa kubo. Kuyebulwa kuyembeswa. kubantu abayisihlanu. 6. Iningi lezisulu bekungothisha. Izisulu eziningi bebengothisha. 7. Kusolakala sengathi omunye wabashayeli uhlulekile. Basola sengathi ngo omunye wabashayeli ohlulekile.

Umsebenzi 15.5 Ideophones 1. Ngo-7:00 belilihle libalele saka. Belifudumele.

70o

2. Ngo-12:00 bekushisa lithe bha. Belisabalele.

95o

3. Ngo-3:30 bekushisa. Beliguqubele.

90o

4, Ngo-4:00 belibaneka lithi nyazi-nyazi.

90o

5. Ngo-5:00 linile lithe thwa-thwa-thwa.

80o

6. Ngo-7:00 belibalele futhi. Belifudumele. 70o

Umsebenzi 15.5 Here is a sample answer. Sawubona mfo! Unjani kodwa? Thina sivakashele ibhishi ebizwa ngokuthi i Boulders ngempelasonto. Yibhishi engavamile ngoba kukhona abantu ababhukuda noma abathamele elangeni ndawonye namaphengwini! Kukhona amaphengwini amane phambili ahamba ekhululekile. Emuva kwawo ungabona ubaba osiza abantwana bakhe bedlala emanzini. Emuva kwamaphengwini nabantu ungabona amatshe amakhulu namanzi aluhlaza. Ungabona nokuthi izulu lihle libalele, amafu ambalwa ezulwini. Buka isithombe engisithathile! Yimina, uJason

Glossary Zulu–English

abesifazane abesilisa amandla amandulo amaphandle amasi amateku amathe amazambane amehlo -azi -azi uku-balele -balulekile -bamba -banda -baneka -beka -bheka -bingelela -biza bodade -bomvana -bomvu -bonga bonke bosisi -buhlungu -buka -bulala -busa -buya -buyela

females males strength, power time long past countryside soured milk (like yogurt) sneakers (S.A. Eng. takkies) saliva potatoes eyes know, be able be able to sunny be important -catch be cold fash (lightning) place look for greet cost, be expensive sisters, girls (greeting) pink red be grateful/ thankful all of them sisters, girls (greeting) painful look at kill govern, enjoy oneself return from return to

-cela -chaza -cula -dansa -dinga -dlala -dula -duma -dumile ebusuku eduze naeish! ekuseni emini emuva emuva kwalokho endlini yokudlela -endlula umbhede enyakatho -enza -esaba esithombeni ethawini -faka -fanele -fudumele -funa futhi -geza -godola -goduka -gqoka -gubha -gugile -guqubele -hamba

request explain sing dance need play be expensive thunder be famous at night near to Wow! (negative surprise) in the morning at midday, during the day behind thereafter at a restaurant make bed in the North do, make fear to the cinema/ movies to town put in be necessary, must be warm want also, furthermore wash feel cold go home wear, put on celebrate be decrepit be overcast set off, travel

306

Glossary Zulu–English

-hambisa Hawu! hhayi hhayi bo -hlakaniphile -hlala -hlala phansi -hlangana na-hlola i-apula/amaibhange ibhasi ibhayisikili/amaibhubesi idili idina idolo idolobha idube ifriji ifu/amafu igoli igugu/amaigundane igwinya/amaihhotela ihlombe ikamelo ikhanda ikhaya ikhekhe ikhumbi ikilasi ilanga ilungelo imakethe imali imbizo imenenja/amaimifno imifno impela imvubu imvula/izimindawo indlovu indlu/izin-

take [someone] to Wow! (surprise) no, not at all (often precedes an affirmative) no way be clever live/stay sit down meet with examine apple/s bank bus bicycle/s lion celebration, feast lunch/midday meal knee city zebra fridge cloud/s goal treasure mouse, rat Zulu doughnut hotel shoulder room head home cake taxivan class the sun, a day right market money gathering manager vegetables green leaf vegetables truly hippopotamus rain/s place elephant houses

indlulamithi ingane/iziningoma/iziningozi ingubo yokulala ingwe ingwenya inhlanhla inhlanzi inhliziyo/izininhlobo/izininkawu inkukhu eyosiwe insimu/amasimu intamo intando yeningi intengo/izininyama inyamazane inyoka inyufomu inyuvesi iphalishi iphathi iphunga/amaiphupho/amaipulazi iqanda/amaiqembu/amaiqhwa irandi irayisi is’pagethi isaga/izisamishi/amaisandla isango/amaisaziso isenti/amaisi-/izidlana isibali/iziisibalo isibhedlela isicabucabu isicathulo/iziisichotho isifuba isifundazwe isihlabathi

giraffe baby dance song accident blanket leopard crocodile good luck fsh heart type, style monkey roast chicken feld neck democracy price/s meat antelope snake uniform university porridge party smell, odour dream (commercial) farm egg/s group, team, party snow rand rice pasta saying, proverb sandwich/es hand gate announcement, notice cent snack/s cousin/s number hospital bug, insect shoe/s hail chest province sand

Glossary Zulu–English

isihlalo isiketi/iziisikhathi isikhukhula isikhwama isikole isilungu isilwane isimo isiNgisi isinkwa isiphepho isiqiwi isisu isiteshi isithombe isitshudeni isiZulu isizwe isoda/amaisomiso isonto itekisi ithanga ithemba ithikithi/amaithimu/amaithuba iveni iwashi/amaiwonlintshi/amaizibalo izifundo izikhindi iziko/amaziko izimbadada izindawo izinhloni izintokazi izinyathelo iziphuzo izithombe izitolo -jabula -jwayele kakhulu kancane kangaka kanjalo -khahlela -khala -khithika

seat skirt time food bag school Western style animal situation, state English language bread storm game reserve stomach bus/train station picture student Zulu language nation soda/s drought church taxi Pumpkin hope ticket team/s turn, opportunity van clock, watch orange/s Mathematics studies short pants hearth Zulu sandals places shyness pretty girls sandals drinks movies stores be happy, glad be used to a lot a little so much in that way, thus kick ring, sound snow, fall lightly

307

-khohliwe -khohlwa -khokha -khombisa khona -khona khona lapha -khuluma -khuluphele -khumbula -khumbuza -khwehlela -khwela -kikiza kodwa kufanele kulungile kuphela kusihlwa Laduma! -lala -lalela -landa -lele -letha -linda -liphuzi -luhlaza -lungisa lutho mahhala -makhaza manje masisha -mbalwa mhlawumbe -mhlophe mina mntanami -mnyama -mpofu -mpunga -na -nakekela -nandisa -ncane -ncela, -ncenga -ncoma

to have forgotten forget pay show here, present be here, present right here speak be stout remember remind cough climb ululate but, though it’s necessary that, [you] must alright, OK only in the evening Goal! go to sleep listen to Fetch be asleep bring wait yellow green, blue prepare, fx nothing free be cold (weather) now quickly few perhaps White I myself my child black light brown grey rain take care of clean up, make nice small beg, plead admire

308

Glossary Zulu–English

ndawonye na-ngaki? ngaphesheya ngeke -ngeke -ngena ngenxa yangesonto eledlule ngisho ngokwesiko -ni? nina -njani? nje njengoba nokho -nsundu ntambama Nxese! o-anyanisi olwandle -omile -osa otamatisi owasedolobheni phambili phansi -pheka -phendula -phephile phesheya -phi? -phila pho -pholile -phuma -qala -qeda -qinisile -qonda -ququbele -sala -sebenza -shabalala -shesha uku-shibhile

together with How many? abroad never (in future) never (in future) enter, start because of last week even in traditional style What? you, pl. emphatic How? only, just merely since, because nonetheless dark brown in the afternoon Sorry! (for your suffering/ problem) onions in/to/at the ocean be thirsty roast, barbecue tomatoes a city person in front low, down cook answer be safe abroad Where? be well so, by the way be cool emerge, come out begin fnish be right, sure head for cloudy remain, stay behind work disappear rush to be inexpensive, cheap

-shintsha -shisa -shiya -shona -shumayela -thanda -thandaza -thatha -thenga -thengisa -thi -thokozisa -thola -thukuthele -thula -thuma -totoba -tshela u-ayisikhrimu ubaba ubhasi/oubhejane ubudokotela ubuso udade udadewethu udaka uhambo uhlu unjinyela ujeqe ukherothi ukhetho ukudla ukufunda ukufundisa ulaka ulutho uLwesibili uLwesihlanu uLwesine uLwesithathu umabhalane umakhelwane/oumama umbiko umbono/imiumbuso umfva

change be hot, burn leave behind pass away, set (of sun) preach like, love pray take buy sell say, think entertain get, discover be angry be silent send struggle, walk unsteadily tell ice cream [my] father boss/es rhinoceros medicine face sister my sister mud trip queue, line engineer steamed bread carrots election food, eating studying teaching anger nothing Tuesday Friday Thursday Wednesday administrative assistant, clerk neighbour [my] mother message idea government fever

Glossary Zulu–English

umfo umfowethu umfundi umfundisi/abeuMgqibelo umgwaqo/imiumhlangano umkhono umkhuhlane umlando umlenze/imiummbila umngane/abaumntwana umnumzana, UMnu. umoya/imimoya umsebenzi umshayeli/abauMsombuluko umthengi umthetho/imiumuntu/abaumunwe/imiumuthi/imiunesi/ounkosazana, UNkz. unkosikazi, UNkk. unwabu unyaka/imiunyawo/izinuphizi uphudini ushukela uthisha uthishamkhulu uthuli -valelisa

brother my brother student/learner minister/s Saturday road meeting arm cold, fu, cough history leg corn, maize friend child sir, Mr. wind, spirit work driver Monday buyer law person/people fnger tree nurse miss, Miss/Ms. ma’am, Mrs. chameleon year/s foot peas pudding, dessert sugar teacher head teacher dust say goodbye/bid farewell

309

-vamile -vela vele -vikela -vimba -vuka -vula -vumelana -vuna -vunguza -vusa wena -xhuba amazinyo -xosha -xova -xoxa -ya eyebo yini? -yinsomi -zala -zalwa -zange -zihloba -zijabulisa -zwa amakhaza -zwa ukufudumele -zwa ukupholile -zwa ukushisa -zwa/-zizwa

be common, usual come from truly, indeed, defnitely defend, protect prevent wake up open agree (with one another) harvest blow (of wind) wake up (someone) you yourself brush teeth chase away, fre from job knead chat, converse go to yes What is it? purple bear a child be born never before dress up enjoy oneself feel cold feel warm feel cool feel hot feel

Glossary English–Zulu

a little a lot abroad accident accompany administrative assistant, clerk admire advice agree (with one another) all of them almost (def. verb) alright, OK also, furthermore anger animal announce announcement, notice answer antelope approach arm attack baby bag bank be able to be angry be asleep be attractive be born be celebrated be clever be cold (weather) be cold (person) be cool be expensive

kancane kakhulu phesheya, ngaphesheya ingozi/izin-phelekezela umabhalane/o-ncoma iseluleko/iz-vumelana bonke -cishe kulungile futhi ulaka isilwane/izi-bika isaziso/iz-phendula inyamazane/izin-sondela umkhono/imi-hlasela ingane/izinisikhwama/iziibhange/ama-azi uku-thukuthele -lele -bukeka -zalwa -gujwa (< -gubha) -hlakaniphile -banda -godola -pholile -dula

be happy, glad be here, present be hot, burn be important be inexpensive, cheap be naughty be necessary be overcast be right, sure be safe be seated be silent be stingy be stout be strong, frm be used to be visible, appear be warm be well bear a child because of beg, plead begin behind bicycle black blanket blow (of wind) boss bread bring brother brush teeth bug, insect bus bus/train station but, though buy

-jabula -khona -shisa -balulekile -shibhile -ganga -fanele -guqubele -qinisile -phephile -hlezi -thula -ncishana -khuluphele -qinile -jwayele -bonakala -fudumele -phila -zala ngenxa ya-ncela, -ncenga -qala emuva ibhayisikili/ama-mnyama ingubo yokulala/ izin-vunguza ubhasi/oisinkwa -letha umfo/aba-xhuba amazinyo isicabucabu/iziibhasi/amaisiteshi/izikodwa -thenga

Glossary English–Zulu

cake carrots celebrate celebration celebration, feast cent chameleon change chase away, fre from job chat, converse chest child church city class clean up, make nice climb clock, watch cloud cloudy cold, fu, cough come from cook corn, maize corner cost, be expensive cough countryside cousin create crocodile dance dark brown defend defnitely democracy descend disappear do, make dream drinks driver drought Durban dust election elephant emerge, come out English language

ikhekhe/amaukherothi -gubha umgubho idili isenti/amaunwabu/izin-shintsha -xosha -xoxa isifuba/iziumntwana/abaisonto/amaidolobha/amaikilasi/ama-nandisa -khwela iwashi/amaIfu/ama-ququbele umkhuhlane -vela -pheka ummbila ingceko/izin-biza -khwehlela amaphandle isibali/izi-dala ingwenya/izin-dansa -nsundu -vikela vele intando yeningi -ehla -shabalala -enza iphupho/amaiziphuzo umshayeli/abaisomiso iTheku uthuli ukhetho indlovu/izin-phuma isiNgisi

311

enjoy oneself enter entertain even examine explain eye/s face fail famous fear feel feel cold feel hot females fetch feld fnger fnish frst fsh ft, be equal fash (lightning) fea food fower/s food, eating foot forget free friend from, since game reserve gate gather gathering get, discover giraffe go home go to go to sleep goal Goal! goalkeeper good luck government grateful/thankful green leaf vegetables green, blue

-zijabulisa -ngena -thokozisa ngisho -hlola -chaza iso/amehlo ubuso -hluleka -dumile -esaba -zwa/-zizwa -godola, -zwa amakhaza -zwa ukushisa abesifazane -landa insimu/amasimu umunwe/imi-qeda lokuqala inhlanzi/izin-lingana -baneka izenze/amaisikhukhula/iziimbali/izimukudla unyawo/izin-khohlwa mahhala umngane/abakusukela isiqiwi/iziisango/ama-theza imbizo/izim-thola indlulamithi/izin-goduka -ya e-lala igoli/amaLaduma! unozinti inhlanhla umbuso -bonga imifno -luhlaza

312

Glossary English–Zulu

greet grey group, team, party hail hand harvest head heart here, present hide hippopotamus his history home hospital hotel houses how? I myself ice cream in front in that way, thus in the afternoon in the evening in the morning in the ocean in traditional style it’s necessary kick kill knead knee know, be able last week law leave behind leave, go out leg leopard light brown like, love lion listen to live, stay look at look for low, down ma’am, Mrs. make bed males manager

-bingelela -mpunga iqembu/amaisichotho isandla/iz-vuna ikhanda/amainhliziyo/izinkhona -fhla imvubu/izim-khe umlando ikhaya/amaisibhedlela/iziihhotela/amaindlu/izin-njani? mina u-ayisikhrimu phambili kanjalo ntambama kusihlwa ekuseni olwandle ngokwesiko kufanele -khahlela -bulala -xova idolo/ama-azi ngesonto eledlule umthetho/imi-shiya - phuma umlenze/imiingwe/izin-mpofu -thanda ibhubesi/ama-lalela -hlala -buka -bheka phansi unkosikazi, UNkk. -endlula umbhede abesilisa imenenja/ama-

market mathematics meat medicine meet one another message minister miss, Miss/Ms. monkey mouse, rat movies mud my brother my child my grandchild my sister nation near to neck need neighbour never (in future) never before next nothing now number nurse one who is from onion only only, just merely open opportunity opposite, facing painful pant, be out of breath party pass away, set (of sun) pasta pay peas perhaps person perspire picture pink place, put

imakethe/iziizibalo inyama/iziubudokotela -hlangana umbiko/imiumfundisi/abeunkosazana, UNkz. inkawu/izinigundane/amaizithombe, amamuvi udaka umfowethu/abamntanami umntanomntanami udadewethu/oisizwe/izieduze naintamo/izin-dinga umakhelwane/o-ngeke -zange -landelayo ulutho manje isibalo/iziunesi/oowase-/abaseu-anyanisi kuphela nje -vula ithuba phambene kwa-buhlungu -khefuzela iphathi -shona is’pagethi -khokha uphizi mhlawumbe umuntu/aba-juluka isithombe -bomvana -beka

Glossary English–Zulu

place play porridge potato pray preach prepare price protect province pudding, dessert pull pumpkin purple put in queue, line quickly rain rain rand red remain, stay behind remember remind remove request return from return to rhinoceros rice right ring, sound road roast, barbecue room rush saliva sand sandals sandwiches say goodbye, bid farewell say, think saying, proverb school seat send to shoe/s short pants shoulder

indawo/izin-dlala iphalishi izambane/ama-thandaza -shumayela -lungisa intengo/izin-vikela isifundazwe uphudini -donsa ithanga/ama-yinsomi -faka uhlu masisha -na imvula/izimirandi/ama-bomvu -sala -khumbula -khumbuza -khipha -cela -buya -buyela ubhejane/oirayisi ilungelo/ama-khala umgwaqo/imi-osa ikamelo/ama-shesha amathe isihlabathi izinyathelo amasamishi -valelisa -thi isaga/izisikole/iziisihlalo/izi-thumela isicathulo/iziizikhindi ihlombe/ama-

313

show sing sir, Mr. sister sisters, girls (greeting) sit down situation, state skirt small smell, odour snake sneakers snow snow, fall lightly Sorry! (for your suffering/problem) soured milk (like yogurt) speak steamed bread stomach stores storm strength, power struggle, walk unsteadily student student/learner studies sugar sunny take take care of take someone to, walk (e.g., dog) taxi taxivan teacher team tell the sun, a day thereafter thunder ticket time together with tomatoes treasure tree

-khombisa -cula Umnumzana, UMnu. udade/obodade, bosisi -hlala phansi isimo isiketi/izi- ncane iphunga/amainyoka/izinamatakkies iqhwa -khithika Nxese! amasi -khuluma ujeqe isisu/iziisitolo/iziisiphepho amandla -totoba isitshudeni/iziumfundi/abaizifundo ushukela -balele -thatha -nakekela -hambisa itekisi/amaikhumbi/amauthisha/oithimu/ama-tshela ilanga/amaemuva kwalokho -duma ithikithi/amaIsikhathi ndawonye nautamatisi/oigugu/amaumuthi/imi-

314

Glossary English–Zulu

trip trouble, bother (tr.) truly type, style ululate uniform university vegetables wait wait for wake up wake someone up want wash wear, put on Western style what?

uhambo -hlupha impela inhlobo/izin-kikiza inyufomu inyuvesi/amaimifno -linda -lindela -vuka -vusa -funa -geza -gqoka isilungu -ni?

where? which? white wind work Wow! (negative surprise) Wow! (surprise) year/s yellow yes you yourself you, yourselves zebra Zulu language Zulu sandals

-phi? -phi? -mhlophe umoya/imi-sebenza Eish! Hawu! unyaka/imi-liphuzi yebo, ehhe wena nina idube/amaisiZulu izimbadada

Recorded dialogues

Unit 1 Dialogue 1.1 Dialogue 1.2

Page 14 16

Unit 2 Dialogue 2.1 Dialogue 2.2 Dialogue 2.3

19 22 23

Unit 3 Dialogue 3.1 Dialogue 3.2

33 34

Unit 4 Dialogue 4.1 Dialogue 4.2

44 45

52 55

Unit 6 Dialogue 6.1

61

Unit 7 Dialogue 7.1 Dialogue 7.2

Dialogue 8.1 Dialogue 8.2 Dialogue 8.3

Page 85 86 93

Unit 9 Dialogue 9.1 Dialogue 9.2 Dialogue 9.3

99 103 104

Unit 10 Dialogue 10.1

121

Unit 11

Unit 5 Dialogue 5.1 Dialogue 5.2

Unit 8

72 73

Dialogue 11.1 Dialogue 11.2 Dialogue 11.3

130 134 138

Unit 12 Dialogue 12.1 Dialogue 12.2

146 149

Unit 13 Dialogue 13.1 Dialogue 13.2 Dialogue 13.3

156 166 169

316

Recorded dialogues

Unit 14 Dialogue 14.1 Dialogue 14.2 Dialogue 14.3

Page 173 177 182

Unit 15 Dialogue 15.1

Page 187

Index

adjective marker 23, 59, 81–82, 123, 125, 199–201 adjectives: as attributes of nouns 124–125; colour as 123, 192, 199–200, 204; common stems 81–82, 192, 198–200; numbers as 58–59, 82, 124–125, 198–200, 204; as predicates 124; in sentences 199, 228 adjunct focus 141, 193, 216, 225, 229–230 adverbials: adverbs of manner ka- 204; directions 108; ideophones 196, 205–206; instrumental nga- 108, 205; place locatives e- 30–31, 107, 201– 203; position locatives pha- 203–204 affirming 46, 67, 140–141, 161 age 79 animals 144–145 asking something 56, 210, 227–228 associative structure (having na-) 206–207 being (identifying) 15, 78–79, 162–163, 209–210 benefactive verb extension 235 causative verb extension 236 click consonants 6–7 clock time 233 colours 123, 192, 199–200, 204 consonants 5–7

counting numbers: 1–5 58, 198–199; 6+ 58, 199–201 currency 51–52 days of the week 233 day, time of 35–36 demonstratives 181–182, 207–208 directional verb extension 235 directions 108; see also locatives emotions 63–64, 117–118, 154–155, 167–168 emphatic pronouns 21, 161, 163, 226–227 feelings 63–64, 117–118, 154–155, 167–168 focus see verb focus marker (VFM) future tense: affirmative 46; defnite (perfective) 175–176, 185–186, 208, 237; indefnite (perfective) 184–186, 208–209, 237; negative 46; time relevant to 176, 185, 237 good-bye, saying 37–38 greeting names 10, 209 greetings 9 habitual events 226 having (associative structure na-) 206–207 hello, saying 9

318

Index

identifying (being) 15, 78–79, 162–163, 209–210 ideophones 196, 205–206 illness, talking about 90–92 imperative verbs 96–98 impersonal ku- 190 infnitives 210–211 instructions 96–98, 211–212 instrumental adverbs nga- 108, 205 intonation see tone kinship 22, 76–77 linkers: identifying and 15, 78–79, 162, 210; illness and, talking about 91; passive voice and 133; subject marker and 15, 238; Tofu 78, 162; tone and 133; vowels and 15, 67, 78–79, 108, 111, 133, 210, 238 locatives: place e- 30–31, 107, 201–202, 238; position pha- 203–204; subject marker and 108, 203–204, 238; vowels and 30, 238 months 233–234 negations 42–43, 46, 63–64, 67, 141, 161, 226 neuter/agentless passive verb extension 236 noun group: adjective marker and 23, 59, 125, 199–201; animals 144–145; demonstratives 181–182, 207–208; ILI-/AMA-pair 54, 59, 66, 88; IZI-/ IZI-pair 80–81, 88, 100–101; object marker and 66, 213; organization of 212–213; possessive marker and 101–102, 179, 222–223; possessives and 101–102, 212–213, 222; relative marker and 193–194; subject marker and 13–15, 23–24, 53–54,

197, 230–231, 238; UMA-/ABA-pair 53–54, 59, 66, 76–77, 89–90; U-/Opair 77 numbers: adjective marker and 123; as adjectives 58–59, 82, 124–125, 198–200, 204; common stems and 204; currency 51–52; 1–5 58, 198–199; 6+ 58, 199–200 object marker 43, 66, 97–98, 213, 226–227 obligation (must, have to) 94 participial (simultaneous actions) 214–215 passive verb extension see passive voice passive voice 91, 133–134, 155, 190, 215–216 past tense: recent (perfective) 197, 216–217, 237; recent (progressive) 128–129, 189, 197, 217–218, 237; remote (perfective) 164–165, 218–220, 237; remote (progressive) 159–160, 167, 220–221, 237; stative perfective 154–155, 197; time relevant to 237 perfective tense: future defnite 175–176, 185–186, 208, 237; future indefnite 184–186, 208–209, 237; recent past 197, 216–217, 237; remote past 164–165, 218–220, 237; stative 49, 154–155; weather events and 127 place e- locatives 30–31, 107, 201–203 position pha- locatives 203–204 possessive marker (PM) 101–102, 179, 222–223 possessives: descriptions and 171; with kho- 179; with noun group 101–102, 212–213, 222; with personal names

Index

319

ka- 179–180, 223; possessive marker and 101–102; with pronouns 102, 223–224; subject marker and 223–224; vowels and 179 present tense: ile verbs and 63–64; near future and 176, 185; pattern 193–194, 229; relative construction and 193–194; stative perfective 154–155; subject marker for 128–129, 159–160, 220; time relevant to 234–237; verb focus marker and 24, 225–226, 228 progressive tense: present 128–129; recent past 128–129, 189, 197, 217–218, 237; remote past 159–160, 167, 220–221, 237; weather descriptions and 127 pronouns: emphatic 21, 161, 163, 226–227; possessives with 102, 223–224

97; locatives and 108, 203–204, 238; negation and 42–43, 67; noun groups and 13–15, 23–24, 53–54, 197, 230–231, 238; obligation and 94; participial and 214–215; plural 23–24; possessives and 223–224; present and recent past progressive tense and 128–129, 217–218; pronouns and 226–227; relative marker and 193–194, 228; remote past progressive tense and 159–160, 164–165; singular 23; stative verb form and 49, 116, 154–155, 167–168, 197; subjunctive and 94, 231–234; suggestions and 111–112; tone and 94, 219–220; verbs and 20, 238; vowels with 219, 238 subjunctive form of verbs 96, 231–232 suggestions 111–112 sun time 233

questions 56, 210–212, 227–228

tense: future 176, 185, 208, 236; past 176, 187, 189, 220, 236; present 234, 237; see also specifc tense; time time: clock 233; of day 35–36; days of week 233; future 176, 185, 237; greetings and 9; months 233–234; present 234; recent past 141–142, 187, 189; remote past 159–164, 167–168, 220; seasons 234; sun 233; see also tense tone: affirmations and 140–141; identifying and 209–210; linkers and 133; marking 20, 235; meaning of words and 7–8, 234–235; -phi suffix and 132–133; subject marker and 94, 219–220; vowels and 7

reciprocal verb extension 236 relative clauses 193, 228–230 relative construction 171–172, 193–194 relative marker (RM) 193–194, 228 requests 96–98, 211–212 seasons 234 states of being 63–64, 117–118, 153–155, 167–168 stative verb form 49, 116, 154–155, 167–168, 197 stress on syllables 8 subject marker (SM): affirmation and 67, 161; colour adjectives and 123; defnite perfective future tense and 176; gender and 20; identifying and 78–79, 162–163; impersonal ka- 190; linkers and 15, 238; list of

verb focus marker (VFM): negation and 42, 141; object marker and 213; present tense and 24, 225–226,

320

Index

229; recent past (perfective) tense and 216; relative clauses and 228; relative construction and 193; weather descriptions and 115–116 verbs: extensions to stem 235–236; imperative 96–98; infnitive 210–211; passive 91, 133–134, 155, 190, 215–216; subject marker and 20, 238; subjunctive form of 96, 231–232; see also tense; verb focus marker (VFM) vowels: with and/with 238; associative structure and 206–207; demonstratives and 181, 207; directions and 108; double, avoiding 15, 67, 238; greeting names and 10, 209; identifying and 78–79, 210; instrumental adverbs nga- and 205; linkers and 15, 67, 78–79, 108,

111, 133, 210, 238; locatives and 30, 238; merging 80, 107, 205, 238; negation and 42–43, 67, 226; object nouns and 217; passive voice and 133, 215–216; place locatives and 30, 201–202; position phalocatives and 203; possessives and 179; recent past progressive tense and 217; remote past perfective tense and 164; remote past progressive tense and 220; subject marker and 219, 238; tone and 7; in Zulu 5, 238 wanting something 56 weather events and descriptions 115–116, 127 weekdays 233