Colloid and Surface Properties of Clays and Related Minerals [1st ed.] 9780824795276, 0-8247-9527-X

Table of contents :
COLLOID AND SURFACE PROPERTIES OF CLAYS AND RELATED MINERALS......Page 1
PREFACE......Page 9
CONTENTS......Page 14
CONTENTS......Page 0
REFERENCES......Page 21
1.1 IMPORTANCE OF CLAY MINERALS......Page 44
2.1.1 BRICKS AND OTHER STRUCTURAL CERAMIC WARE......Page 47
2.1.4 PORCELAIN......Page 48
2.2 CLAY AS FILLER MATERIAL......Page 50
2.4.1 PHYSICAL ADSORPTION......Page 51
2.4.3 ZEOLITES AS MOLECULAR SIEVES......Page 52
2.6 TALC AND ITS USES......Page 53
2.7.1 USES OF HYDROPHILIC SMECTITES......Page 54
2.7.2 BENTONES......Page 55
3.1 SILICATE MINERAL STRUCTURES......Page 57
3.1.1 THE POLYHEDRAL PARADIGM......Page 59
3.1.2 POLYMERIZATION OF POLYHEDRA......Page 61
3.2 SILICATE CLASSIFICATION......Page 62
3.3.1 LAYER TYPES......Page 63
3.3.3 LAYER CHARGE......Page 67
3.3.4 THE INTERLAYER......Page 70
3.3.5 CHEMICAL VARIATIONS......Page 78
3.4.1 1:1 MINERALS......Page 81
3.4.2 2:1 MINERALS......Page 83
3.4.3 2:1:1 MINERALS......Page 88
3.5.1 STRUCTURE OF INTERLAYER WATER......Page 89
3.6 INTERCALATED ORGANIC MOLECULES......Page 94
3.6.1 ORGANIC COMPLEXES WITH VERMICULITE......Page 96
3.6.2 ORGANIC COMPLEXES WITH KAOLINITE......Page 102
3.6.3 SUMMARY OF MOLECULAR-CLAY INTERACTIONS......Page 103
3.7.1 MODES AND ENVIRONMENTS OF FORMATION......Page 106
3.7.2 COMMERCIAL DEPOSITS OF CLAY MINERALS......Page 108
CHAPTER 4: OTHER MINERAL COLLOIDS......Page 110
4.1 SIMPLE OXIDES......Page 113
4.2 HALIDES......Page 120
4.4 NESOSILICATES......Page 122
4.5 CYCLOSILICATES......Page 125
4.7 PYROXENES......Page 128
4.8 AMPHIBOLES......Page 131
4.9 SILICA MINERALS......Page 134
4.11 CARBONATES......Page 142
4.13 SULPHATES......Page 145
4.14 ASBESTOS......Page 157
5.1 THE HAMAKER APPROXIMATION......Page 159
5.2 THE LIFSHITZ APPROACH......Page 161
5.3 INTER FACIAL LIFSHITZ-VAN DER WAALS INTERACTIONS......Page 163
5.4 POLAR FORCES......Page 165
5.5 LEWIS ACID-BASE INTERACTIONS......Page 167
5.6 POLAR ATTRACTIONS AND REPULSION......Page 169
5.8 IONIC DOUBLE LAYER......Page 170
5.9 ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENA......Page 171
5.10.1 THICK DOUBLE LAYER......Page 172
5.10.2 THIN DOUBLE LAYER......Page 173
5.11 ENERGY BALANCE RELATIONSHIPS......Page 174
5.12.1 LW INTERACTIONS......Page 175
5.12.2 POLAR INTERACTIONS......Page 176
5.13 ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTIONS......Page 177
5.14 ENERGY BALANCE DIAGRAMS......Page 178
5.14.1 TYPES OF ENERGY BALANCE DIAGRAM......Page 179
CHAPTER 6: MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE THERMODYNARNIC PROPERTIES......Page 181
6.2 THE YOUNG-DUPRE EQUATION AS A FORCE BALANCE......Page 182
6.3 CONCEPT OF THE SURFACE TENSION OF A SOLID......Page 184
6.4.1 THE CASSIE EQUATION......Page 185
6.4.2 THE EXTENT TO WHICH SOLID SURFACES BECOME HETEROGENEOUS BY CONDENSATION OF MOLECULES EVAPORATING FROM THE LIQUID DROP......Page 186
6.5.1 ADVANCING AND RETREATING CONTACT ANGLES......Page 188
6.5.2 PREPARATION OF SOLID SURFACES......Page 189
6.5.3 CONTACT ANGLES MEASURED WITH LIQUID 1, IMMERSED IN LIQUID 2......Page 191
6.6.2 THE SINGLE POLAR PARAMETER OR "7^" APPROACH......Page 192
6.6.3 THE "EQUATION OF STATE"......Page 193
6.7 CONTACT ANGLE DETERMINATION BY WICKING AND THIN LAYER WICKING......Page 194
6.7.1 DETERMINATION OF THE AVERAGE PORE RADIUS, R......Page 196
6.7.3 OTHER USES OF WICKING......Page 199
6.8.1 MINIMAL SOLUTION......Page 202
6.8.3 ESTIMATION OF ERRORS IN THE 7 VALUES......Page 203
6.9.1 STABILITY OF PARTICLE SUSPENSIONS......Page 205
6.9.2 ADVANCING FREEZING FRONTS......Page 206
6.9.3 FORCE BALANCE......Page 207
6.10 SURFACE TENSION MEASUREMENT OF LIQUIDS......Page 208
6.10.3 INTERFACIAL TENSION BETWEEN IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS......Page 209
6.10.4 APOLAR AND POLAR SURFACE TENSION COMPONENT LIQUIDS......Page 210
6.10.5 DETERMINATION OF THE POLAR SURFACE TENSION PARAMETERS OF LIQUIDS......Page 212
7.1 ELECTROPHORESIS......Page 213
7.1.2 ELECTROPHORESIS IN NON-AQUEOUS MEDIA......Page 215
7.3 STREAMING POTENTIAL AND SEDIMENTATION POTENTIAL......Page 216
7.4.1 THE SCHULZE-HARDY RULE......Page 218
8.2 LIFSHITZ-VAN DER WAALS INTERACTIONS......Page 220
8.4 POLAR INTERACTIONS: LEWIS AND BR0NSTED ACID-BASE APPROACHES......Page 221
8.4.2 POLAR SOLIDS......Page 222
8.4.3 POLAR SOLUTES......Page 223
8.4.4 POLAR LIQUIDS......Page 224
8.5 THE HYDROPHOBIC EFFECT: HYDROPHOBIC ATTRACTION......Page 225
8.6 HYDROPHILIC REPULSION......Page 229
8.7 DEFINITION OF HYDROPHOBICITY AND HYDROPHILICITY......Page 230
8.8 DLVO APPROACH, INCLUDING LEWIS ACID-BASE ENERGIES......Page 232
8.8.1 DECAY OF INTERACTION ENERGIES AND FORCES AS A FUNCTION OF DISTANCE......Page 233
8.8.3 STABILITY VERSUS FLOCCULATION OF AQUEOUS PARTICLE SUSPENSIONS......Page 234
8.8.4 INADEQUACY OF "STERIC" STABILIZATION THEORIES......Page 241
8.8.6 COMPARISON BETWEEN DLVO AND XDLVO PLOTS OF HECTORITE SUSPENSIONS, AS A FUNCTION OF IONIC STRENGTH......Page 242
8.9 INFLUENCE OF PLURIVALENT CATIONS ON THE FLOCCULATION OF NEGATIVELY CHARGED PARTICLES: DLVO AND XDLVO ANALYSIS......Page 243
8.10 SOLUBILITY......Page 247
8.10.2 SOLUBILITY OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS......Page 248
8.10.3 SOLUBILITY OF SURFACTANTS AND OTHER AMPHIPATHIC COMPOUNDS......Page 251
8.11.1 MACROSCOPIC SCALE ADHESION AND ADSORPTION......Page 252
8.11.2 ADHESION AND ADSORPTION ONTO THE WATER-AIR INTERFACE - FLOTATION......Page 253
8.11.3 MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC-SCALE ADSORPTION NHF»NNMF»NA RNMVNRMH PHENOMENA COMBINED......Page 254
8.11.4 ADSORPTION AND ADHESION KINETICS......Page 255
8.12.1 REVERSAL OF ADSORPTION AND ADHESION......Page 257
8.12.2 TEMPERATURE EFFECTS......Page 258
8.13 NATURE OF CLAY-WATER INTERACTIONS......Page 259
8.15.1 NATURE OF THE SWELLING MECHANISM......Page 260
8.15.2 PREREQUISITE PROPERTIES OF SWELLING CLAYS......Page 262
8.15.3 INFLUENCE OF STEAM ON SWELLING CLAYS......Page 263
8.15.4 HYDROPHOBICITY OF TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE......Page 264
8.16 SPECIAL PROPERTIES OF KAOLINITE......Page 265
9.1.1 SAMPLES......Page 267
9.1.2 VALUES......Page 268
9.1.3 GENERALITIES; CLAY MINERALS......Page 273
9.1.4 ROLE OF ORGANIC MATERIAL ADSORBED ON CLAYS......Page 277
9.2 OTHER MINERALS......Page 282
9.2.1 GENERALITIES; OTHER MINERALS......Page 286
10.1 INTERACTIONS WITH BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS......Page 288
10.3 PROTEIN ADSORPTION......Page 289
10.3.2 PROTEIN ADSORPTION ONTO HYDROPHILIC SURFACES......Page 290
10.3.3 IN VIVO CONSEQUENCES OF PROTEIN ADSORPTION ONTO CLAY AND MINERAL PARTICLES......Page 292
10.5.1 THE MOST DANGEROUS FIBROUS PARTICLES......Page 293
10.5.2 THE LESS DANGEROUS FIBROUS (ASBESTOS) PARTICLES......Page 294
10.5.3 A FEW PROPOSED PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL CORRELATIONS WITH THE PATHOGENICITY OF, E.G., AMPHIBOLES THAT TURN OUT TO BE ERRONEOUS......Page 295