Coin Hoards: Greek Hoards; The Cimmerian Bosporus (11) (Colloquia Antiqua, 32) 9042944692, 9789042944695

Citation preview

Coin Hoards Volume XI Greek Hoards The Cimmerian Bosporus By Mikhail G. Abramzon and Vladimir D. Kuznetsov

PEETERS

COIN HOARDS VOLUME XI

COLLOQUIA ANTIQUA Supplements to the Journal ANCIENT WEST & EAST

SERIES EDITOR

GOCHA R. TSETSKHLADZE (UK) EDITORIAL BOARD

A. Avram (Romania/France), Sir John Boardman (UK), J. Hargrave (UK), M. Kazanski (France), A. Mehl (Germany), A. Podossinov (Russia), N. Theodossiev (Bulgaria), J. Wiesehöfer (Germany) ADVISORY BOARD

S. Atasoy (Turkey), L. Ballesteros Pastor (Spain), S. Burstein (USA), J. Carter (USA), B. d’Agostino (Italy), J. de Boer (The Netherlands), A. Domínguez (Spain), O. Doonan (USA), A. Kuhrt (UK), J.-P. Morel (France), M. Pearce (UK), D. Potts (USA), A. Rathje (Denmark), R. Rollinger (Austria), A. Snodgrass (UK), M. Sommer (Germany), M. Tiverios (Greece), C. Ulf (Austria), J. Vela Tejada (Spain)

Colloquia Antiqua is a refereed publication

For proposals and editorial and other matters, please contact the Series Editor: Prof. Gocha R. Tsetskhladze The Gallery Spa Road Llandrindod Wells Powys LD1 5ER UK E-mail: [email protected]

COLLOQUIA ANTIQUA ————— 32 —————

COIN HOARDS VOLUME XI Greek Hoards The Cimmerian Bosporus

By

MIKHAIL G. ABRAMZON and VLADIMIR D. KUZNETSOV

PEETERS LEUVEN – PARIS – BRISTOL, CT

2021

A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-90-429-4469-5 eISBN 978-90-429-4470-1 D/2021/0602/107 © 2021, Peeters, Bondgenotenlaan 153, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage or retrieval devices or systems, without prior written permission from the publisher, except the quotation of brief passages for review purposes.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Series Editor’s Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preface by Series Editor of Coin Hoards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preface and Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . List of Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . List of Illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

VII IX XI XIII XIX

1

Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7

Notes on Individual Hoards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A hoard of Late Archaic coins from Phanagoria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A hoard of Cyzicene staters from Myrmecium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A hoard from Solenyi 3 Settlement in the chora of Phanagoria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A hoard from Homestead 2013–11 Settlement in the chora of Phanagoria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A group of ‘hoards’ from Mithradates VI’s residence in Phanagoria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Kerch 1961 hoard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hoards from Artezian Settlement (Ptolemaeus’ Παρόστα?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Two 3rd-Century AD hoards of Bosporan electrum coins from the Volna 1 Settlement (Taman Peninsula) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A hoard of Late Bosporan staters from Phanagoria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

51 51 57 60 64 68 70 74

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

81

Indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rulers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References to IGCH and CH VIII–IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Findspots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

87 87 87 88 89

Maps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

93 97

76 78

SERIES EDITOR’S FOREWORD

This volume continues our numismatic publications. Volumes 3 and 11 of the series, by Sergei Kovalenko, formed part of Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum and covered the Black Sea coins of the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow. The current publication is volume XI of the Coin Hoards series, established by the Royal Numismatic Society, whose format we have followed as far as possible. The Cimmerian Bosporus, as the Greeks called it to distinguish it from the Thracian Bosporus, is the modern-day Kerch Strait, its two shores (eastern Crimea and the Taman Peninsula). Several Greek colonies existed in these territories from the very beginnings of Greek settlement of the Black Sea. The principal one in the eastern Crimea was Panticapaeum, followed by Nymphaeum, Myrmecium, Tyritace and others (all Milesian foundations). On the Taman Peninsula the main colony was Phangoria (established in c. 542 BC, unlike the others by Teos); the other colonies there were Kepoi (Milesian), Hermonassa (a joint foundation of Miletus and Mytilene), etc. These cities became rich from early times and were well connected with the local population. The unique territorial Greek Bosporan kingdom was established from c. 438/7 BC under the Spartocid dynasty. Strabo (11. 2. 10) described in detail the division between the two halves of this state, calling the one the European Bosporus and the other the Asiatic. The capital of the former (and of the whole) was Panticapaeum; of the latter Phanagoria. From the very beginning of the 5th century BC, the main manifestation of civic identity was the coinage of the Bosporan cities. Such coins, as well as foreign ones, are frequently found in hoards, and this book is about them. The chronology covers almost a millennium. The period of the reign of Mithradates VI is exceptional, especially for Phanagoria and its surrounding territory. Only recently have we learnt from archaeological excavation that Phanagoria was one of his residences: before only Panticapaeum was known to be one. It is obvious that the authors have undertaken many years of detailed study to produce this very important volume. A few works of this type have already appeared in Russian, but the information contained here updates them. We should all be grateful to the authors for their endeavours. Numismatics forms a very important strand of Classical Archaeology and Ancient History but, at the same time, it is a specialism with which too few ‘mainstream’ ancient historians and classical archaeologists engage. I hope that this volume will encourage such desirable engagement through its clarity of presentation and numerous illustrations. Prof. Mikhail Abramzon is Russia’s foremost classical numismatist, author of many books and articles. He has participate in excavations for many years, especially at Phanagoria. Currently, he is Leading Research Fellow of the Department of Classical Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, and Director of the Research Institute for Historical Anthropology and Philology, Nosov Magnitogorsk State Technical University. Prof. Vladimir Kuznetsov is Head of the Department of Classical Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Director of excavations at Phanagoria, and founding Director of the Phanagoria Research Centre and Historical-Archaeological Preserve. His specialisms are the initial stage of Greek colonisation of the Black Sea, the domestic architecture of the first Greek colonies there, and early coinage. I would like to thank Peeters for agreeing to publish this volume as a part of Colloquia Antiqua, and for the technical expertise they have deployed in its production. Gocha Tsetskhladze Series Editor, Colloquia Antiqua

PREFACE BY SERIES EDITOR OF COIN HOARDS

This, the eleventh volume to be published in the Coin Hoards series, marks an important new development for the printed series. Coin Hoards has its origins in an initiative based at the Royal Numismatic Society to try to systematise the recording of new coin finds across all branches of numismatics. In the field of Greek numismatics, and unlike many others, as Robert Carson, then RNS President, noted in the preface to the first volume, the new journal could build on the foundations laid by the International Numismatic Council’s Inventory of Greek Coin Hoards (IGCH). Seven volumes of Coin Hoards were published in accordance with this aim, but for most numismatic fields the impetus proved difficult to sustain and the next three volumes to appear were all devoted solely to the field of Greek numismatics. In volume 11 we see the logical next extension of this specialisation, towards a volume devoted to a specific, and highly productive region within the field of ancient Numismatics: the Cimmerian Bosporus. We also see an important development in the reuniting of the fields of Greek, Roman Provincial and Roman Imperial numismatics within this region. We are thus allowed to trace the thesaurisation of money across a period of some 1000 years. That we can adjust our focus so narrowly is due to two important factors, it seems to me. First, this is surely, per square mile of territory concerned, one of the most productive regions of coin hoards within the ‘Greek’ world. The 157 pre-Roman hoards recorded in this volume must constitute in the order of 3–4% of all recorded hoards within the original geographic purview of the IGCH. The further 102 hoards from the region provide a clear overview of the monetary history of the region while dominated by its local kings, as well as showing the arrival of Roman influence on the money supply in the 3rd century AD. The Inventory also contains the useful addition of hoards of coins produced in this region but found outside the region, allowing ready comparison of behaviour. Second, we owe a great debt to the authors of this volume, Mikhail Abramzon and Vladimir Kuznetsov, for the industry and professionalism that they have brought to the assembly of the Inventory, and the important notes on nine of the hoards therein. The range of expertise applied across this long period of numismatic history, and the efforts required to track down and catalogue these coins in local collections are in equal measure deeply impressive. The resulting volume will now become an essential resource for all working on the monetary history of the Black Sea region from the Archaic to the Late Roman period. It is to be hoped that this may serve as a model for the collection and publication of material from all regions of the ancient world. Andrew Meadows

PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Coin Hoards was initiated by the Royal Numismatic Society in 1975 and the first ten volumes were published by the Society. Reports on coin hoards continue to be published regularly in the Society’s journal, The Numismatic Chronicle. The eleventh volume of Coin Hoards is dedicated solely to hoards of Greek coins from the Cimmerian Bosporus. The inventory contains records of 271 new hoards or re-evaluations of old ones, and provides an indispensable supplement to the Inventory of Greek Coin Hoards and previous volumes of Coin Hoards. Nine notes are devoted to brief publication of a group of most significant new hoards mostly related to Phanagoria and the Asian part of the Bosporus. Roman imperial and provincial coins, as well as imitations, have been included in this volume in a few instances when they occur in hoards mixed with other material, with exception of hoards, consisting exclusively of the Roman coins, or imitations. Since two Corpus of Bosporan Hoards volumes appeared in 2008 and 2011, the number of new hoards has increased considerably. Many of them were recently discovered during excavations or by chance. This volume includes hoards from all parts of the Bosporus from the 5th century BC to the 6th century AD. Hoards in this volume have either been seen in the museums of the Crimea (Simferopol, Feodosia, Kerch) and the Krasnodar Region (Taman, Phanagoria, Temryuk, Anapa, Krasnodar, Novorossiysk), or in Moscow and St Petersburg, or elsewhere abroad, or have been published in the archaeological literature and auction catalogues. Systematical search of material allows us to assemble all recorded recent finds and as much published material as possible. Our task of greater significance is the publication of previously unrecorded hoards recently acquired by Russian museums from different archaeological teams which undertook wide-scale excavations in the Krasnodar Region and Crimea. We have attempted to check both reported hoards and bibliographical references as well as to revise a number of previous publications. These studies significantly expand our understanding of the Bosporan coinage and economy of this period. This volume follows the arrangement and format of previous volumes of Coin Hoards. The individual entries in the inventory are arranged by ‘burial date’. Sometimes those are absolute when the concealment is explained by accurately dated historical events. However, more often the dates are naturally approximate. We have also revised the dates of a number of old hoards in the light of present-day clarification of the dates of issues. This is especially regarding the Hellenistic hoards in connection with François de Callataÿ’s revision of the dates of the Bosporan and Pontic coins of the Mithradatic time. A number of hoards have no findspots, and only hoards from controlled excavations have an accurate provenance. The location of others is based on colleagues’ speculations who obtained the information from finders or acquirers. Where available, photographs illustrating hoards have been added, mainly those with which we have been able to work directly in museums. It is impossible to obtain full illustrations for every reported hoard, but we have attempted to assemble as many photographs as possible. We would especially like to thank the keepers and curators of museums: Dr Natalya Bykovskaya (Kerch), Mrs Elmira Ustaeva (Taman) and Dr Andrey Novichikhin (Anapa), as well as the heads of archaeological teams conducted excavations on the Bosporan Settlements: Dr Victor Zinko (‘Demeter’ Charity Foundation, Kerch), Dr Alexander Butyagin (State Hermitage), Prof Alexander Maslennikov, Dr Nikolay Sudarev and Dr Semyon Ermolin (Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences), Prof. Nikolay Vinokurov (Artesian

XII

PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Archaeological Mission), Prof. Eugeny Molev (Cytaeum Archaeological Mission), Dr Sergey Bezuglov (Rostov-on-Don Federal University), who kindly allows us to study the recently discovered hoards. All these colleagues are our co-authors in numerous contributions. We are grateful to various editors-in-chief (Dr Michel Amandry, Mr Richard Ashton, Prof. François de Callataÿ, Dr Donald Ariel and Prof. Askold Ivantchik) for their invaluable help and huge editorial work checking our contributions on Bosporan hoards in Revue Numismatique, Numismatic Chronicle, Revue Belge de Numismatique et de Sigillographie, Israel Numismatic Research, Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia, etc.; Dr Oliver Hoover for his inestimable help in attributing Cretan coin in the Phanagorian 2003 Hoard; Dr Sergei Kovalenko and Dr Vladimir Stolba for their advices and help in preventing some errors. Also, we would like to thank many people who helped us to record important information on some dispersed hoards that would otherwise be lost. We appreciate very much Mr Richard Ashton who identified the excavation coins in the Phanagoria Archaeological Mission and is well aware of the Bosporan material and hoards, as well as Prof. Gocha Tsetskhladze who with his students took part in the excavation of Phanagoria. Publication of this volume in the Coin Hoards series would never be possible without invaluable help of Prof. Andrew Meadows and Dr Roger Bland, to whom we owe our highest gratitude. We are also grateful to Prof. Gocha Tsetskhladze for checking the whole text and publishing this volume in his Colloquia Antiqua series, and hope that our collaboration will continue. Mikhail Abramzon, Vladimir Kuznetsov August 2020

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ACSS ACh 2

ACh 5

Anokhin Baldwin Brett Barron BBMSW BCh IV BCh XXI BI Burachkov

CH CIRB Corpus I

Corpus II

DA DAK DB de Callataÿ

Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia (Boston, Leiden). T.A. Pavlenko, R.B. Skhatum and V.V. Ulitin (eds.), Vtorye “Anfimovskie chteniya” po arkheologii Zapadnogo Kavkaza: Problemy khronologii arkheologicheskikh pamyatnikov epokhi drevnosti i srednevekov’ya (Materialy mezhdunarodnoi arkheologicheskoi konferentsii, Krasnodar, 30–31 maia 2012 g.) (Krasnodar, 2012). V.V. Ulitin and R.B. Skhatum (eds.), Pyatye “Anfimovskie chteniya” po arkheologii Zapadnogo Kavkaza: Kul’turnye vzaimodejstviya narodov Zapadnogo Kavkaza v drevnosti i srednevekov’e (Materialy mezhdunarodnoi arkheologicheskoi konferentsii, Krasnodar, 26–28 maia 2015 g.) (Krasnodar, 2015). V.A. Anokhin, Monetnoe delo Bospora (Kiev, 1986). A. Baldwin Brett, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston: Catalogue of Greek Coins (New York, 1974). J.P. Barron, The Silver Coinage of Samos (London, 1996). Berliner Blätter für Münz-, Siegele- und Wappenkunde (Berlin). Bospor Kimmeriyskii i varvarskii mir v epokhu antichnosti i srednevekov’ya (IV Bosporskie Chteniya) (Kerch, 2003). Bospor Kimmeriyskii i varvarskii mir v epokhu antichnosti i srednevekov’ya (XXI Bosporskie Chteniya) (Kerch, 2020). Bosporskie Issledovaniya (Simferopol, Kerch). P.O. Burachkov, Obshchii katalog monet, prinadlezhashchikh ellinskim koloniyam, sushchestvovavshim v drevnosti na severnom beregu Chernogo mor’ya, v predelakh nyneshnei Rossii, pt I (Odessa, 1884). Coin Hoards, 10 vols. (London, 1975–2010). V.V. Struve (ed.), Korpus bosporskikh nadpisei/Corpus inscriptionum regni Bosporani (Moscow, Leningrad, 1965). M.G. Abramzon and N.A. Frolova, Korpus bosporskikh kladov antichnykh monet, vol. I: 1834–2005 gg. (BI Suppl. 2) (Simferopol, Kerch, 2007–2008). M.G. Abramzon, Korpus bosporskikh kladov antichnykh monet, vol. II: Klady iz novykh postuplenii v Kerchenskii istorikokul’turnyi zapovednik (2009–2010 gg.) (BI Suppl. 7) (Simferopol, Kerch, 2011). Donskaya Arkheologiya (Rostov-on-Don). Dela Arkheologicheskoi Komissi (St Petersburg). Drevnosti Bospora (Moscow). F. de Callataÿ, ‘Coins and Archaeology: the (Mis)use of Mithridatic Coins for Chronological Purposes in the Bosporan Area’, in V.F. Stolba and L. Hannestad (eds.), Chronologies of the Black

XIV

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Sea Area in the Period c. 400–100 BC (Black Sea Studies 3) (Aarhus, 2005), pp. 119–136. de Callataÿ, La révision F. de. Callataÿ, ‘La révision de la chronologie des bronzes de Mithridate Eupator et ses conséquences sur la datation des monnayages et des Settlements du Bosphore Cimmérien’, in A. Bresson, A. Ivantchik and J.L. Ferrary (eds.), Une koinè pontique. Cités grecques, sociétés indigènes et empires mondiaux sur le littoral nord de la Mer Noire (VIIe s.a.C. –IIIe s.p.C.) (Mémoires 18) (Bordeaux, 2007), pp. 271–308. von Fritze H. von Fritze, ‘Die Elektronprägung von Kyzikos’, Nomisma VII (1912), pp. 1–38. Frolova N.A. Frolova, Die frühe Münzprägung vom Kimmerischen Bosporos (Mitte 6. bis Anfang 4. Jh. v. Chr.): Die Münzen der Städte Pantikapaion, Theodosia, Nymphaion und Phanagoria sowie der Sinder (Berlin, 2004). Frolova–Ireland N.A. Frolova and S. Ireland, The Coinage of the Bosporan Kingdom from the First Century BC to the First Century AD (BAR International Series 1102) (Oxford, 2002). Giel C. Giel, ‘Novye priobreteniya moego sobraniya’. ZRAO V (1891), pp. 343–360. Greenwell W. Greenwell, ‘The electrum staters of Cyzicus’, NC 7 (1887), pp. 1–125. Hind J.G.F. Hind, ‘Two Notes on Early Types of Pantikapaion and Phanagoreia’, NC 168 (2008), pp. 1–8. Hunt. Coll. G. MacDonald, Catalogue of Greek Coins in the Hunterian Collection, University of Glasgow, vol. 1 (Glasgow, 1899). Hurter and Liewald S.M. Hurter and H.-J. Liewald, ‘Die frühesten Typen der Elektronprägung von Kyzikos. Thunfische, Thunfischeköpfe und -hinterhälften’, SNR 85 (2006), pp. 5–17. Hurter–Liewald S.M. Hurter and H.-J. Liewald, ‘Neue Münztypen der Kyzikener Elektronprägung’, SNR 81 (2002), pp. 21–39. Hurter–Liewald, Neue Nominale S.M. Hurter and H.-J. Liewald, ‘Neue Nominale in der Elektronprägung von Kyzikos’, SNR 83 (2004), pp. 27–37. IAK Izvestiya Arkheologicheskoi Komissii (St Petersburg). ICN 12 B. von Kluge and B. Weisser (eds.), XII. Internationaler Numismatischer Kongress, Berlin 1997: Akten, I (Berlin, 2000). ICN 13 C. Alfaro, C. Marcos, und P. Otero (eds.), XIII Congreso Internacional de Numismática, Madrid 2003: actas-proceedingsactes (Madrid, 2005). ICN 14 N. Holmes (ed.), Proceedings of the XIVth International Numismatic Congress – Glasgow 2009 (Glasgow, 2011). INR Israel Numismatic Research (Tel-Aviv). ITUAK Izvestiya Tavricheskoi Uchenoi Arkhivnoi Komissii (Simferopol). JSI Journal of Surface Investigation: X-ray, Synchrotron and Neutron Techniques (Moscow).

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Kraay Kroll Kropotkin KSIA Lorber Lyutsenko

MAIET MIA MIAK Mirmikeiskii Klad

NC NE NiSf NNÂ Noe OAK Pakhomov III Pakhomov VI–VIII

PIFK PPM 5

PPM 6

RA

XV

C.V. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (London, 1976). J.H. Kroll, The Greek Coins (The Athenian Agora XXVI) (Princeton, 1993). V.V. Kropotkin, Klady rimskikh monet na territorii SSSR (Svod Arkheologicheskikh Istochnikov G4-4) (Moscow, 1961). Kratkie Soobshcheniya Instituta Arkheologii Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk (Moscow). C. Lorber, Coins of the Ptolemaic Empire, 2 vols. (New York, 2018). E. Lyutsenko, ‘Kerch i Taman. Nekotorye svedeniya o denezhnykh kladakh, naidennykh v poslednee vremya na Kerchenskom i Tamanskom poluostrovakh, a takzhe na yuge Rossii’ (manuscript, 1880), in Corpus I, pp. 581–596. Materialy po Arkheologii, Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii (Simferopol). Materialy i Issledovaniya po Arkheologii SSSR (Moscow, Leningrad). Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii Kubani (Krasnodar). Mirmekiiskii klad: novye otkrytiya na Bospore Ermitazhnoi arkheologicheskoi ekspeditsii: katalog vystavki (7 dekabrya 2004 goda–20 marta 2005 goda, Sankt-Peterburg) (St Petersburg, 2004). The Numismatic Cronicle (London). Numizmatika i Epigrafika (Moscow). Numizmatika i Sfragistika (Kiev). Nordisk Numismatik Ârskrift (Copenhagen). S.P. Noe, A Bibliography of Greek Coin Hoards (Numismatic Notes and Monographs 78) (New York, 1937). Otchet Arkheologicheskoi Komissii (St Petersburg). E.A. Pakhomov, Monetnye klady Azerbaydzhana i drugikh respublik, kraev i oblastei Kavkaza, III (Baku, 1940). E.A. Pakhomov, Monetnye klady Azerbaydzhana i drugikh respublik, kraev i oblastei Kavkaza (Baku, VI (1954), VII (1957), VIII (1959)). Problemy istorii, filologii, kul’tury (Moscow, Magnitogorsk, Novosibirsk). N.A. Alekseenko (ed.), “PriPONTiiskii menyala: den’gi mestnogo rynka”, V Mezhdunarodnyi Numizmaticheskii Simpozium (Moskva, 20–21.09. 2018 g.) (Materialy nauchnoi konferentsii) (Sevastopol, Simferopol, Moscow, 2018). N.A. Alekseenko (ed.), “PriPONTiiskii menyala: den’gi mestnogo rynka”, VI Mezhdunarodnyi Numizmaticheskii Simpozium (Sevastopol, Balaklava 16–20.09. 2019 g.) (Materialy nauchnoi konferentsii) (Simferopol, 2019). Rossiyskaya Arkheologiya (Moscow).

XVI

RBN RIC RN RPC I RRC SA Shelov SNG BM I SNG Christ.

SNG Cop.

SNG France 5

SNG Kayhan SNG Keckman

SNG PSMFA

SNG SHM

SNG Stanc. SNG vA SNR Svoronos

Svoronos, Ta Nomismata

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Revue belge de numismatique et de sigillographie (Brussels). C.H.V. Sutherland et al., Roman Imperial Coinage, 10 vols. (London, 1984–1994). Revue Numismatique (Paris). A. Burnet, M. Amandry and P.-P. Ripolles, Roman Provincial Coinage, vol. 1 (London, Paris, 1992). M. Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1974). Sovetskaya Arkheologiya (Moscow). D.B. Shelov, Monetnoe delo Bospora VI–II vv. do n.e. (Moscow, 1956). Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, Great Britain 9: British Museum I: M. Price, The Black Sea (London, 1993). Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, Greece 3: Musée Numismatique d’Athènes 3: Collection Antoine Christomanos 1: M. Oeconomidès, Italie – Eubée (Athens, 2004). Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, Denmark: The Royal Collection of Coins and Medals, Danish National Museum (West Milford, 1982). Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, France 5: Bibliothèque Nationale de France. Département des monnaies, medailles et antiques: M. Amandry and T. Levante, Mysie (Paris, 2001). Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, Turkey 1: The Muharrem Kayhan Collection (Istanbul, Bordeaux, 2002). Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, Finland: The Erkki Keckman Collection in the Skopbank, Helsinki 1: U. Westermark and R. Ashton, Karia (Helsinki, 1994). Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, Russia: State Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts Coins of the Black Sea Region 1: S.A. Kovalenko, Ancient Coins from the Northern Black Sea Littoral (Colloquia Antiqua 3) (Leuven, Paris, Walpole, MA, 2011). Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, Russland: Staatliches Historisches Museum Moskau: M.G. Abramzon, N.A. Frolova and U. Peter, Münzen des Nördlichen Schwarzmeergebietes (Berlin, Boston, 2019). Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, Great Britain 11: The William Stancomb Collection of the Black Sea Region (Oxford, 2000). Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, Deutschland: Sammlung v. Aulock (Berlin, 1987). Schweizerische numismatische Rundschau (Schweizerische Numismatische Gesellschaft, Bern). J.N. Svoronos, Numismatique de la Crète ancienne: accompagnée de l’histoire, la géographie et la mythologie de l’île. 1: Description des monnaies: histoire et géographie (Paris, 1890). J.N. Svoronos, Ta Nomismata Tou Kratouv Twn Ptolemaiwn (Ta Nomismata tou Kratous ton Ptolemaion), 3 vols. (Athens, 1904).

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

TGIM TONGE I VDI VNK 7

VNK 14

VNK 15

VNK 18

VNK 19

VNK 20

VV Wolf ZfN Zograf ZRAO

XVII

Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Istoricheskogo Muzeya (Moscow). Trudy Otdela Numizmatiki Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha I (Leningrad, 1945). Vestnik Drevnei Istorii (Moscow). Sed’maya Vserossiyskaya numizmaticheskaya konferentsiya (Yaroslavl, 19–23 aprelya 1999 g. Tezisy dokladov) (Moscow, 1999). XIV Vserossiyskaya numizmaticheskaya konferentsiya (St Petersburg, 16–21 aprelya 2007 goda. Tezisy dokladov i soobshhenii) (St Petersburg, 2007). Pyatnadtsataya vserossiiskaya numismaticheskaya konferentsiya (Tezisy dokladov i soobshchenii. Rostov-na-Donu, 20–25 aprelya 2009) (Moscow, 2009). Vosemnadtsataya Vserossiyskaya numizmaticheskaya konferentsiya (Moskva – Kolomna, 20–25 aprelya 2015 goda. Tezisy dokladov i soobshchenii) (Moscow, 2015). Devyatnadtsataya vserossiiskaya numizmaticheskaya konferentsiya (Velikii Novgorod, 18–22 aprelya 2017 g. Tezisy dokladov i soobshchenii) (Moscow, 2017). Dvadtsataya Vserossiyskaya numizmaticheskaya konferentsiya (Velikii Novgorod, 16–20 aprelya 2019 g. Tezisy dokladov i soobshchenii) (Moscow, 2019). Vizantiiskii Vremennik (Moscow). D. Wolf, ‘A Metrological Survey of Ptolemaic Bronze Coins’, Journal of the American Numismatic Society 25 (2013), 49–118. Zeitschrift für Numismatik (Berlin). A.N. Zograf, Antichnye monety (= MIA 16, 1951). Zapiski Russkogo Arkheologicheskogo Obshchestva (St Petersburg).

COLLECTIONS

Anapa Museum

Feodosia Museum Kerch Museum Krasnodar Museum Novorossiysk Museum Odessa Museum Phanagoria Museum

Anapa Archaeological Museum, Branch of the Felitsyn Krasnodar State Historical and Archaeological Museum-Preserve (Anapa). Feodosia Museum of Antiquities (Feodosia). Eastern Crimean Historical and Cultural Museum-Preserve (Kerch). Felitsyn Krasnodar State Historical and Archaeological Museum-Preserve (Krasnodar). Novorossiysk Historical Museum-Preserve (Novorossiysk). Odessa Archaeological Museum (Odessa). State Historical and Archaeological Museum-Preserve ‘Phanagoria’ (Sennoy, Krasnodar region).

XVIII

Pushkin Museum Rostov Museum Simferopol Museum Taman Museum Temryuk Museum

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts (Moscow). Rostov Regional Museum of Local Lore (Rostov-on-Don). Central Museum of Taurida (Simferopol). Taman Museum Complex, Branch of the Felitsyn Krasnodar State Historical and Archaeological Museum-Preserve (Taman). Temryuk Historical and Archaeological Museum, Branch of the Felitsyn Krasnodar State Historical and Archaeological Museum-Preserve (Temryuk).

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Maps Map 1 – The Cimmerian Bosporus. Map 2 – The Eastern Crimea.

Map 3 – The Krasnodar Region.

Plates Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate

I – Coins from Hoard 1. II – Coins from Hoard 1. III – Coins from Hoard 1. IV – Coins from Hoard 1. V – Coins from Hoards 1, 6, 7, 16. VI – Coins from Hoard 16. VII – Coins from Hoard 16. VIII – Coins from Hoard 16. IX – Coins from Hoards 16, 30, 31. X – Coins from Hoards 32, 39. XI – Coins from Hoards 39, 50, 66, 73. XII – Coins from Hoard 73. XIII – Coins from Hoard 73. XIV – Coins from Hoards 73, 74. XV – Coins from Hoards 74, 87, 89. XVI – Coins from Hoard 89. XVII – Coins from Hoard 89. XVIII – Coins from Hoard 89. XIX – Coins from Hoards 89, 92. XX – Coins from Hoards 92, 100. XXI – Coins from Hoard 100. XXII – Coins from Hoards 100, 115, 120. XXIII – Coins from Hoards 120, 123. XXIV – Coins from Hoards 125, 133, 134. XXV – Coins from Hoard 134. XXVI – Coins from Hoard 134. XXVII – Coins from Hoard 134. XXVIII – Coins from Hoard 134. XXIX – Coins from Hoard 134. XXX – Coins from Hoard 134. XXXI – Coins from Hoard 134. XXXII – Coins from Hoard 134. XXXIII – Coins from Hoard 134. XXXIV – Coins from Hoard 134. XXXV – Coins from Hoard 134. XXXVI – Coins from Hoard 134. XXXVII – Coins from Hoard 134. XXXVIII – Coins from Hoard 134. XXXIX – Coins from Hoards 134, 146. XL – Coins from Hoards 146, 147A. XLI – Coins from Hoards 147A–E, 154. XLII – Coins from Hoard 154.

Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate

XLIII – Coins from Hoard 154. XLIV – Coins from Hoard 154. XLV – Coins from Hoard 154. XLVI – Coins from Hoard 154. XLVII – Coins from Hoard 154. XLVIII – Coins from Hoard 154. XLIX – Coins from Hoard 154. L – Coins from Hoard 154. LI – Coins from Hoard 155, 158. LII – Coins from Hoards 158, 166A. LIII – Coins from Hoard 166A. LIV – Coins from Hoard 166A. LV – Coins from Hoards 166A–B. LVI – Coins from Hoard 166B. LVII – Coins from Hoards 168A, 180. LVIII – Coins from Hoard 180. LIX – Coins from Hoard 180. LX – Coins from Hoard 180. LXI – Coins from Hoards 180, 199. LXII – Coins from Hoard 199. LXIII – Coins from Hoard 199. LXIV – Coins from Hoard 199. LXV – Coins from Hoards 199, 215. LXVI – Coins from Hoard 215. LXVII – Coins from Hoard 215. LXVIII – Coins from Hoard 215. LXIX – Coins from Hoard 215. LXX – Coins from Hoard 215. LXXI – Coins from Hoard 215. LXXII – Coins from Hoard 215. LXXIII – Coins from Hoard 215. LXXIV – Coins from Hoard 215. LXXV – Coins from Hoard 215. LXXVI – Coins from Hoard 215. LXXVII – Coins from Hoard 215. LXXVIII – Coins from Hoard 215. LXXIX – Coins from Hoard 215. LXXX – Coins from Hoard 215. LXXXI – Coins from Hoard 215. LXXXII – Coins from Hoard 215. LXXXIII – Coins from Hoard 215. LXXXIV – Coins from Hoard 215.

XX

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Plate LXXXV – Coins from Hoard 215. Plate LXXXVI – Coins from Hoard 215. Plate LXXXVII – Coins from Hoards 215, 216, 217. Plate LXXXVIII – Coins from Hoard 217. Plate LXXXIX – Coins from Hoard 217. Plate XC – Coins from Hoards 217, 220. Plate XCI – Coins from Hoard 220. Plate XCII – Coins from Hoards 220, 221. Plate XCIII – Coins from Hoard 221. Plate XCIV – Coins from Hoards 221, 226. Plate XCV – Coins from Hoard 226. Plate XCVI – Coins from Hoard 226. Plate XCVII – Coins from Hoard 226. Plate XCVIII – Coins from Hoard 226. Plate XCIX – Coins from Hoard 226. Plate C – Coins from Hoard 226. Plate CI – Coins from Hoard 226. Plate CII – Coins from Hoard 226. Plate CIII – Coins from Hoards 226, 231. Plate CIV – Coins from Hoard 231. Plate CV – Coins from Hoard 231. Plate CVI – Coins from Hoard 231. Plate CVII – Coins from Hoard 231. Plate CVIII – Coins from Hoard 231. Plate CIX – Coins from Hoard 231. Plate CX – Coins from Hoard 231. Plate CXI – Coins from Hoard 231. Plate CXII – Coins from Hoard 231. Plate CXIII – Coins from Hoard 231. Plate CXIV – Coins from Hoard 231. Plate CXV – Coins from Hoard 231. Plate CXVI – Coins from Hoard 231. Plate CXVII – Coins from Hoard 231. Plate CXVIII – Coins from Hoard 231. Plate CXIX – Coins from Hoard 231. Plate CXX – Coins from Hoard 231. Plate CXXI – Coins from Hoard 231. Plate CXXII – Coins from Hoard 231. Plate CXXIII – Coins from Hoard 231. Plate CXXIV – Coins from Hoard 231. Plate CXXV – Coins from Hoard 231. Plate CXXVI – Coins from Hoard 231. Plate CXXVII – Coins from Hoard 231. Plate CXXVIII – Coins from Hoard 231. Plate CXXIX – Coins from Hoard 231. Plate CXXX – Coins from Hoard 231. Plate CXXXI – Coins from Hoard 231. Plate CXXXII – Coins from Hoard 231. Plate CXXXIII – Coins from Hoard 231. Plate CXXXIV – Coins from Hoard 231. Plate CXXXV – Coins from Hoard 231.

Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate

CXXXVI – Coins from Hoard 231. CXXXVII – Coins from Hoard 231. CXXXVIII – Coins from Hoard 231. CXXXIX – Coins from Hoard 231. CXL – Coins from Hoard 231. CXLI – Coins from Hoard 231. CXLII – Coins from Hoard 231. CXLIII – Coins from Hoard 231. CXLIV – Coins from Hoard 231. CXLV – Coins from Hoard 231. CXLVI – Coins from Hoard 231. CXLVII – Coins from Hoard 231. CXLVIII – Coins from Hoard 231. CXLIX – Coins from Hoard 231. CL – Coins from Hoard 231. CLI – Coins from Hoard 231. CLII – Coins from Hoard 231. CLIII – Coins from Hoard 231. CLIV – Coins from Hoard 231. CLV – Coins from Hoard 231. CLVI – Coins from Hoard 231. CLVII – Coins from Hoard 231. CLVIII – Coins from Hoard 231. CLIX – Coins from Hoard 231. CLX – Coins from Hoard 231. CLXI – Coins from Hoard 231. CLXII – Coins from Hoard 231. CLXIII – Coins from Hoard 231. CLXIV – Coins from Hoard 231. CLXV – Coins from Hoard 231. CLXVI – Coins from Hoard 231. CLXVII – Coins from Hoard 231. CLXVIII – Coins from Hoard 231. CLXIX – Coins from Hoard 231. CLXX – Coins from Hoard 231. CLXXI – Coins from Hoard 231. CLXXII – Coins from Hoard 231. CLXXIII – Coins from Hoard 231. CLXXIV – Coins from Hoard 231. CLXXV – Coins from Hoard 231. CLXXVI – Coins from Hoard 231. CLXXVII – Coins from Hoard 231. CLXXVIII – Coins from Hoard 231. CLXXIX – Coins from Hoard 231. CLXXX – Coins from Hoard 231. CLXXXI – Coins from Hoard 231. CLXXXII – Coins from Hoard 231. CLXXXIII – Coins from Hoard 231. CLXXXIV – Coins from Hoard 231. CLXXXV – Coins from Hoard 231. CLXXXVI – Coins from Hoard 231. CLXXXVII – Coins from Hoard 231.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate

CLXXXVIII – Coins from Hoard 231. CLXXXIX – Coins from Hoard 231. CXC – Coins from Hoard 231. CXCI – Coins from Hoard 231. CXCII – Coins from Hoard 231. CXCIII – Coins from Hoard 231. CXCIV – Coins from Hoard 231. CXCV – Coins from Hoard 231. CXCVI – Coins from Hoard 231. CXCVII – Coins from Hoard 231. CXCVIII – Coins from Hoard 231. CXCIX – Coins from Hoard 231. CC – Coins from Hoard 231. CCI – Coins from Hoard 231. CCII – Coins from Hoard 231. CCIII – Coins from Hoard 231. CCIV – Coins from Hoard 231. CCV – Coins from Hoard 231. CCVI – Coins from Hoard 231. CCVII – Coins from Hoard 231. CCVIII – Coins from Hoard 231. CCIX – Coins from Hoard 231. CCX – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXI – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXII – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXIII – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXIV – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXV – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXVI – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXVII – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXVIII – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXIX – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXX – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXXI – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXXII – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXXIII – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXXIV – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXXV – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXXVI – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXXVII – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXXVIII – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXXIX – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXXX – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXXXI – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXXXII – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXXXIII – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXXXIV – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXXXV – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXXXVI – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXXXVII – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXXXVIII – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXXXIX – Coins from Hoard 231.

Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate

XXI

CCXL – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXLI – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXLII – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXLIII – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXLIV – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXLV – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXLVI – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXLVII – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXLVIII – Coins from Hoard 231. CCXLIX – Coins from Hoard 231. CCL – Coins from Hoard 231. CCLI – Coins from Hoard 231. CCLII – Coins from Hoard 231. CCLIII – Coins from Hoard 231. CCLIV – Coins from Hoard 231. CCLV – Coins from Hoard 231. CCLVI – Coins from Hoard 231. CCLVII – Coins from Hoards 231, 241. CCLVIII – Coins from Hoard 241. CCLIX – Coins from Hoards 241, 251. CCLX – Coins from Hoard 251. CCLXI – Coins from Hoard 251. CCLXII – Coins from Hoard 251. CCLXIII – Coins from Hoard 251. CCLXIV – Coins from Hoard 251. CCLXV – Coins from Hoards 251, 252. CCLXVI – Coins from Hoard 252. CCLXVII – Coins from Hoard 252. CCLXVIII – Coins from Hoards 252, 253. CCLXIX – Coins from Hoard 253. CCLXX – Coins from Hoard 253. CCLXXI – Coins from Hoard 253. CCLXXII – Coins from Hoard 253. CCLXXIII – Coins from Hoard 253. CCLXXIV – Coins from Hoard 253. CCLXXV – Coins from Hoard 253. CCLXXVI – Coins from Hoard 253. CCXXVII – Coins from Hoard 253. CCXXVIII – Coins from Hoard 253. CCXXIX – Coins from Hoard 253. CCXXX – Coins from Hoard 253. CCXXXI – Coins from Hoard 253. CCXXXII – Coins from Hoard 253. CCXXXIII – Coins from Hoard 253. CCXXXIV – Coins from Hoard 253. CCXXXV – Coins from Hoard 253. CCXXXVI – Coins from Hoard 253. CCXXXVII – Coins from Hoard 253. CCXXXVIII – Coins from Hoard 253. CCXXXIX – Coins from Hoard 253. CCXC – Coins from Hoard 253. CCXCI – Coins from Hoard 253.

XXII

Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

CCXCII – Coins from Hoard 253. CCXCIII – Coins from Hoard 253. CCXCIV – Coins from Hoard 253. CCXCV – Coins from Hoard 253. CCXCVI – Coins from Hoard 253. CCXCVII – Coins from Hoard 253. CCXCVIII – Coins from Hoard 253. CCXCIX – Coins from Hoard 253. CCC – Coins from Hoard 253. CCCI – Coins from Hoard 253.

Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate

CCCII – Coins from Hoard 253. CCCIII – Coins from Hoard 253. CCCIV – Coins from Hoard 253. CCCV – Coins from Hoard 253. CCCVI – Coins from Hoard 253. CCCVII – Coins from Hoard 253. CCCVIII – Coins from Hoard 253. CCCIX – Coins from Hoard 253. CCCX – Coins from Hoard 253. CCCXI – Coins from Hoard 253.

INTRODUCTION

The area of circulation under consideration is the kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus and its dependent lands comprising the eastern Crimea from the modern city of Sudak on the west to the Kerch Strait; the coastline and mainland of the present-day Krasnodar Region of Russia from the Taman Peninsula to a south-east line of modern Tuapse–Maykop–Ust-Labinsk; and the westmost of the Rostov Region, i.e. north-easternmost part of Sea of Azov and the Low Don river to Rostov-on-Don. To date 259 hoards have been recorded that have provenance from this territory. The study of these hoards is of great importance for solving different issues of Bosporan. It allows us to restore the sequence of coin series and shows a good picture of currency in various periods. Some hoards, chiefly Hellenistic, provide evidence for the contacts of the Bosporus with a number of Greek centres and allow the routes of Bosporan maritime trade to be reconstructed. The distribution of hoards indicates not only the circulation pattern of Bosporan coins, but it also allows the territory of the Bosporan state at various historical stages to be clarified. Study of the composition of Roman hoards enables the reign dates of a number of Bosporan kings to be clarified and political events in the region to be reconstructed. Finally, the hoards clarify the date of cessation of the Bosporan coinage. The distribution of hoards by chronological groups generally coincides with the basic periods of Bosporan coinage. The pertinent Greek hoards uncovered in the Cimmerian Bosporus may be subdivided into four groups: Archaic – 3; Classical – 13, Hellenistic – 141, Roman – 102. The only Archaic finds are three hoards from Phanagoria, consisting of early Bosporan (so-called ‘Panticapaeum’) silver coins struck on the Aeginetan standard. Two of them are stored in the Ionian terracotta olpai (1, 2), the other is a purse (3), containing apart from Bosporan triobols a single Ionian (?) obol. All the above hoards were concealed c. 480 BC, which could be explained by the Persian invasion in the Cimmerian Bosporus and the siege of Phanagoria. In the Classical period, seven of the ten hoards are of Bosporan small silver fractions. One of these silver hoards also contains Cyzicene electrum fractions (4); another includes small silver denominations of Cyzicus and Athens (10). There is also a Samian coin in the Nymphaeum 1907/08 hoard (13). All the silver hoards provide a good picture of the currency in the Bosporus in 475–400 BC. In the group of Cyzicene electrum staters hoards, the only recently discovered Myrmecium hoard (16) and the aforementioned small hoard of fractions (4) are of Classical date. All the other hoards are concealed in the 330s BC. The remaining two Classical hoards are finds of the first Panticapaeum small bronzes, both provenanced from the Anapa district (14, 15). In the Hellenistic period, the Bosporan circulation patterns lose some of their rigidity. In the 330s BC, the Cyzicene and Panticapaeum staters fall into hoards, which were uncovered chiefly on the Taman Peninsula. The most recently discovered find is a hoard of over 90 Cyzicene stater from Artyushchenko 2 Settlement, near the modern village of Taman (21). The Cyzicene and Panticapaeum staters were driven out of circulation by the cheaper gold of the Macedonian kings, as evidenced by numerous finds of single staters of Philip II, Alexander III, Philip III and Lysimachus, and imitations. Meanwhile, in contrast with Olbia and further west (see IGCH 111), no hoards from 4th and 3rd centuries BC are known in the Cimmerian Bosporus consisting of Macedonian gold, with one exception: vague rumours about a supposed recently discovered hoard of Alexandrian staters from the eastern Crimea. We were able to view a photograph of

2

INTRODUCTION

a pair of staters, but since the details on the hoard’s provenance and content are completely lacking, it is not included it in the inventory. The sole Tuapse hoard of posthumous Lysimachi from Byzantium (103) has a later date, belonging to the early 2nd century BC. Eighty-one of the 141 Hellenistic hoards were deposited between c. 330/315 and 225 BC (22–102), indicating various stages of monetary crisis. The earliest hoards were deposited on the eve of the crisis, containing SNG BM 869–875 types. The next subgroup is formed by hoards in which the type ‘Pan / lion head, below surgeon’ countermarked with a star / bowcase (SNG BM 886 ff.) first appeared, and then began to dominate. Such countermarked coins were overstruck in droves at the beginning of the 3rd century BC. Gradually, new types of ‘Pan / bull head’ and ‘Pan / bow and arrow’ first appeared in these hoards at the very beginning of the 3rd century BC. In about 275–250 BC, hoards formed consisting almost exclusively of the degraded Panticapaeum bronze with ‘Pan / bow and arrow’. The seven hoards from Anapa and environs are deposited closer to date of great fire in Gorgippia in the mid-3rd century BC (86–91, 95). Some of these are remarkable for their size. An enormous hoard was discovered near a group of Hellenistic estates in Anapa District (90). This territory was the near chora of Gorgippia. A Sinopean amphora and a big red-clay jug contained altogether 21,366 coins (46.8 kg). This is the biggest hoard among all known Greek coin hoards from the North Pontic area. The hoard was concealed either in c. 270–250s BC under the threat of invasion of the Sarmatians and the Siraki, or closer to the date of the great fire in Gorgippia in the mid-3rd century BC. The catastrophe in Gorgippia led to the devastation of its chora, ruining some estates and also to the deposition of hoards. The huge hoard may be, apparently, either the property of a wealthy Gorgippian, the owner of a rich estate, or the taxes collected, or the cash-allowances for the detachment garrisoned in the Raevskoe Fortress. In any case, a huge sum could have been buried under extraordinary circumstances, when the urban fire was accompanied by the destruction of the rural territory. This largest hoard from the chora of Gorgippia provides the unique evidence for the historical context and sheds new light on the state of the economy and currency of the Bosporus in the 3rd century BC. Another huge hoard of same date is a find from Bolshoy Utrish near Anapa (91) containing over 13,000 bronze coins. Three of the four recorded hoards with Leukon II’s strikings are provenanced from Anapa Dstrict (97–100), and two of them consisted exclusively of the king’s coins (99, 100). The Kumatyr 2004 hoard (95) followed these, providing a good picture of various stages of countermarking and overstriking coins in the third quarter of the 3d century BC. Its later type‘Poseidon / prow’ (SNG BM 910), countermarked with heads of Athena and Pan, was issued around 250– 225 BC, either just before the accession of Leukon II, or during his reign. A deposit of especial interest is the unique find of Panticapaeum silver drachms from the Taman Peninsula, concealed in the last third of the 3rd century BC (101). Details on 101 are lacking. A subgroup of eight hoards (107–114) was concealed shortly before the Bosporan kingdom came under the rule of Mithradates in 110/09 BC. Six of the 36 Mithradatic hoards consist solely of silver coins; one of about 40 Panticapaeum drachms partly overstruck on the Amisian siglos (115); another find, of ten Panticapaeum drachms (132); the third, of over 500 didrachms of Panticapaeum, Phanagoria and Gorgippia (137); one mixed hoard of silver of Panticapaeum, Phanagoria, Gorgippia and Chersonese (138); two hoards of Phanagorian silver (143, 144). The remaining 30 hoards contained coins of Panticapaeum, Phanagoria and Gorgippia, predominantly bronze, and occasionally issues of Callatis (127), Dioscurias (119) and other Euxine cities, chiefly Amisus and Sinope, less frequently Amaseia, Comana, Amastris, Gaziura, Taulara, Cabeira and Pharnaceia (116, 127, 128, 130, 131, 133–136, 139, 141, 142, 145–145). Pontic

INTRODUCTION

3

strikings continued to circulate till Asander, as the hoards of his time show (149, 152, 153–157). Many of Asander’s coins were overstruck on Pontic types. While the extremely parochial nature of the monetary circulation patterns and almost total absence of international coinages of the Greek world is thus the chief characteristic of the Bosporus (see IGCH, p. 129), a few huge Late Hellenistic hoards are of especial interest. The Phanagorian 2003 and 2007 hoards, one of over 15,000 Panticapaeum and Phanagorian coins (133, 134), the other of 8000, apart from Pontic strikings, contained very small portions of far-distant coins struck mainly in eastern Mediterranean mints (issues of Euboea, Delos, Crete, Bithynia, Troas, Mysia, Ionia, Caria and Lycia). The 2003 hoard (133) included bronze coins from the mints of Athens, Eretria, Hierapytna, Amisus, Sinope, Heraclea Pontica, Alexandreia Troas, Calchedon? (issue of Prusias I), Ephesus, Teos, Chios, Mytilene, Rhodes and Cnidus. The Phanagorian 2007 hoard included bronzes from the mints of Heraclea Pontica, Lampsacus, Mytilene, Colophon, Ephesus, Iasos, Cnidus, Bargylia, Myndus, Cos, Rhodes, Lycian League and from an uncertain provincial mint 7 on the Anatolian coast (?) (issue of Ptolemy I). Thus, both Phanagorian hoards contained altogether over 40 foreign coins dating chiefly to the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, coming from 23 mints located mainly along the coastline of Asia Minor. This numismatic material is indicative of an increase in trade from the cities of western and southern Asia Minor to the Bosporus beginning in the second half of the 2nd century BC. A huge recently discovered hoard of over 16,000 coins from the Anapa-Novorossiysk (?) region also includes an Athenian small bronze together with the Amisian coins (131). Details on 131 are lacking. Two other large hoards of the Mithradatic period were recently uncovered on the Krasnodar region (127, 128), one of 3033 coins, the other of 904. Apart from 4th- to 1st-century BC Bosporan coins, the hoards included strikings of Callatis, Amisus and Sinope. These hoards indicate the boundaries of the south-easternmost provinces of the Bosporan kingdom. Besides, the Moldovanskoe hoard (127) allows clarification of the territories given by Eumelos to the Callatians (Diodorus 20. 25). The hoards provide also important evidence of monetary circulation and historical background in the 80s BC. Together with huge Phanagorian 2003 and 2007 hoards, these assemblages are linked to the ancient agricultural landscape of the Asiatic Bosporus and came from ‘the Asian regions near Sindika’ (Strabo 7. 4. 6), paying grain and silver tribute to Mithradates VI. During the king’s wars against Rome, a heavy phoros led to the ruin of chora and to concealment of treasures, as clearly evidenced by new hoards from the south-easternmost outlying districts of the Bosporus. Recent excavations at Mithradates VI’s residence in Phanagoria, burned down during the anti-Mithradates revolt of 63 BC, yielded a group of eight ‘hoards’ (145–147), providing a good picture of circulation pattern in the very end of Mithradates VI’s rule. These finds contain chiefly Panticapaeum and Phanagorian bronzes mixed with their occasional silver, as well as Pontic coins. The final group of Late Hellenistic hoards (148–157) is dated to the first half of the rule of Asander, i.e. 49/48–45/44 BC. These hoards are composed of strikings of Asander, Bosporan issues under Mithradates and Pharnaces, and Pontic copper. Two Polyanka hoards (154–155) of more certain date, 47–46 BC, might have been concealed during the disaster of the Polyanka Settlement resulting from the confrontation between Pharnaces and Asander. In the Roman period, the three earliest hoards were deposited in the end of the 1st century BC: , after 12 BC (158, 159); one mixed hoard of two of bronze strikings of the uncertain ruler the Bosporan regnal gold, Roman Republican denarius and Polemo I drachms, in 8 BC (160).

4

INTRODUCTION

The unique find is a hoard of 21 gold Aspurgus staters and a single stater of the uncertain ruler , casually discovered in the Phanagoria region (161). The hoards from Kerch, Sukko and Artezian (162–168) concealed during the Roman-Bosporan War in AD 45–49 contain chiefly Mithradates III assarii. Most of the finds are provenanced from the Artezian Settlement, which is strongly associated with the town of Parosta, presumably the domain of Mithradates and his parents, Aspurgus and Gepaepyris. Some hoards were stored in wooden caskets and small chests together with jewellery and weapon. Apart from bronze strikings of Caesarea and Agrippia, Aspurgus, Gepaepyris and Mithradates III, some hoards contained Roman denarii and cistophori. The several dozen clusters of assarii fused with each are, most likely, purses-bags with the cash-allowances of Mithradates III’s warriors. No hoards are then known until the reign of Cotys II (AD 123/124‒132/133), although the abundance of Sauromates I bronze types of a pronounced military character, together with archaeological data, certifies to the tense situation in his reign. A subgroup of six hoards came from the reigns of Cotys II, Rhoemetalces and Eupator (169–178). The single gold hoard of this period is the Pavlovskii khutor hoard (176), consisted of staters of Sauromates I, Rhoemetalces and Eupator. The time of Eupator (AD 154/155–170/171) became the chronological boundary for the hoards of electrum staters and earlier gold staters. The next subgroup of hoards formed 30 years later, under Sauromates II (179–184), and especially Rhescuporis III and Cotys III, whose reigns account for the largest number of hoards (185–204). Undoubtedly, the decline of the Bosporan gold stater under Cotys III was one of the main reasons for thesaurisation of money across his reign. The catastrophic fall of the Bosporan stater occurred in AD 231/232 and especially AD 232/233. The Volna 1 hoard (199) shows the decline of the gold content in the staters’ alloy from 20 to less than 2%. The electrum staters were replaced first with silver coins, and then with billon ones. The final hoards of this subgroup are dated to AD 238/239, the last year of the Ininthimeus’ reign (208–209). The Ininthimeus’ hoards of AD 238/239 mark a break in the concealment, and the next subgroup of deposits is forming under Rhescuporis V, beginning from AD 251/252. There are 13 hoards concealed during his reign (212–224), which are joined by two hoards buried under Teiranes (225–226) and two finds from Thothorses’ reign (227, 231). The dates of these hoards coincide with the the sweeping raids of the Goths, the Herulians and the Borani in the Roman provinces in the Balkans and Asia Minor via the Cimmerian Bosporus, recorded by narrative or epigraphic sources. These troubled times saw many of the coastal cities (Tanais, Patraeus, Hermonassa) ravaged and – as a consequence – treasures concealed. Some hoards concealed in the times of Rhescuporis V to Thothorses are notable for the large number of coins they contain. For example, the Kerch 1988 hoard was composed of about 2000 to 3500 staters of Ininthimeus to Rhescuporis V (215). The find from Tyritake contained over 2000 coins of Ininthimeus to Teiranes (225). The Sudak 1958 hoard consisted of 1009 staters of Ininthimeus to Thothorses (227). The huge Phanagorian 2011 hoard (231) is the largest and latest in this group, consisting of 3695 staters of Ininthimeus to Thothorses. It was concealed in AD 307/308, after the Phanagorian detachment was called to Panticapaeum to help fight the enemy, most likely the Sarmatians and the Alans, and the Phanagorian military leaders, the lochagos Alexarthos and his father Andronicus, a centurion, fell in the battle of the Bosporan capital or somewhere in its vicinity in April AD 307 (CIRB 1051). As appears from that inscription, Phanagoria could not stay out of the troubles that unfolded in the Bosporus at that time. Deep fear of the future must have urged a rich Phanagorian man to hide the jar with the money in a certain grave on the necropolis. Since the staters of AD 308/309 AD (the last year of

INTRODUCTION

5

Thothorses’ rule) are absent from the Phanagorian hoard, its concealment and the dramatic expedition of the Phanagorian lochos to Panticapaeum described in the CIRB 1051 inscription must have happened at around the same time. No hoards came from the reign of Rhadamsades (AD 309/310–318/319) and the first eight years of the Rhescuporis VI’s rule; that certainly testifies to relatively peaceful times. Then, the latest group of 27 Bosporan hoards came from the second half of the Rhescuporis VI’s rule, after AD 326/327 (232–255). All are of similar composition, containing staters of Thothorses (less often Sauromates IV and Teiranes) to the last series of Rhescuporis VI. They are joined by two other treasures of the same composition, but concealed already in the 4th to mid-6th century AD (259, 271), as well as by a single hoard from Patraeus, consisting exclusively of Roman bronze (258). Five of the 27 Rhescuporis VI hoards are of unclear date (232–236). The other have accurate dating and are divided into three chronological subgroups: AD 326/327–328/329 (237–244), 336/337 (245–247) and 341/342 (248–255). Without a doubt, these subgroups of deposits provide evidence for three waves of invasion by the Sarmatian-Alans and the Goths in the Bosporus, which resulted the interruptions in the Bosporan coinage and finally its complete cessation in AD 341/342. While the total absence of hoards covers 20 years from the date of the Phanagorian hoard, AD 307/308 to AD 327/228–328/329, the later years, on the eve of a new mass concealment, became again troublesome for the Bosporus. It is known that in AD 322 the Sauromates from Maeotis (Zosimus 2. 21) made a campaign on the Danube. In the summer of this year, Constantine I defeated the Sarmatians and Alans, and by the summer of the following year, the Goths. Neither the raid of the Meotian tribes on the Danube, nor their jouney back, is marked by hoards in the Cimmerian Bosporus; therefore, this time they did not pass through its territory. The absence of hoards in AD 323–326 suggests that Rhescuporis VI, as well as Rhadamsades, successfully held off the onslaught of tribes. However, in the period from AD 324 to 327, the rate of minting sharply increased by 15–16 times and reached a peak in AD 325/326–326/327, which may be explained by the tense military situation in the region caused by the activity of the Maeotian tribes. Also, the figure of Nike next to the portrait of the emperor first appears on AD 325/326 and 326/327 staters. Undoubtedly, this type indicates the military success of either the Romans or the Bosporans in an uncertain war that was fought before AD 326/327, presumably outside the Bosporan kingdom. Meanwhile, eight hoards of the first subgroup provide certain evidence for military operations inside the Bosporus. It seems likely that their mass deposit was triggered by the Sarmatian-Alan and Goth invasions into the Bosporan kingdom in AD 326/327–328/329. These hoards have a close date, being concealed almost simultaneously. Five of eight hoards were deposited on the European Bosporus (237, 239, 241–243); remaining hoards on the Taman Peninsula (238, 240, 244). The Taraktash hoard (239) deserves special attention, containing about 2000 staters of Rhescuporis III to Rhescuporis VI mixed with the folles of Maximian Herculius, Maximinus II, Maxentius, Licinius I and Constantine I. Three hoards (242–244) were deposited in AD 327/328–328/329, including a small hoard from the Taman 16 Settlement (244) concealed during the raid of the Maeotians to Hermonassa in AD 328/329. Some invasions of the Maeotian tribes in AD 334–336 led to interruption in coin production in AD 334/335–335/336. While the epigraphic evidence reports on the victory of the Bosporans, the hoards from Cytaeum, Batareika and Patraeus (245–247) contain the AD 336/337 staters issued after three years period of the Panticapaeum mint’s non-activity.

6

INTRODUCTION

The next wave of raids occurred in AD 337–341/342 and covered both parts of the Bosporus. Its consequence was first a new three-year interruption in the coin production in AD 337/338– 340/341, and then sudden complete cessation of the coinage after the last emission in AD 341/342. The hoards with AD 341/342 staters are found everywhere, on the European Bosporus, the Taman Peninsula and the Anapa district (248–257). The Gai-Kodzor 1986 hoard is the largest of these, containing 1061 staters (253), following by Kerch hoard of 951 coins (257). The other seven hoards are also connected with the military activity in the Cimmerian Bosporus. Mass concealment and cessation of the Bosporan coinage can be explained by the SarmatianAlan invasions in the Bosporan kingdom in that year. The distribution of hoards deposited in AD 341/342 shows that the tribes attacked Panticapaeum, Tyritake, Kepoi and a large settlement located on the southern Bosporan frontier, near the modern village of Gai-Kodzor, the Anapa district. Three similar hoards were found there in 1972, 1977 and 1986 (251–253). Two of them included the North Caucasian imitations of Roman denarii with the type of walking Mars. Such coins were minted by the Sarmatian-Alans, occupying the south-eastern periphery of the Bosporan kingdom, and dated from the mid-3rd to early 4th century AD. The imitations circulated on the Bosporan money market together with simultaneous staters. Two hoards are known, composed exclusively of North Caucasian imitations (228, 229).

INVENTORY

1. Phanagoria, near Sennoy, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 2005 Burial: 480 BC Contents: 162 AR, pot hoard found during excavations, in an Ionian terracotta olpe. Early Bosporan: 8 dr., 154 hemidr. Disposition: Phanagoria Museum. V.D. Kuznetsov and M.G. Abramzon, Klad pozdnearkhaicheskikh monet iz Fanagorii (Phanagoria 8) (Moscow, 2020) = The Beginning of Coinage in the Cimmerian Bosporus (a Hoard from Phanagoria) (forthcoming).

See pl. I–IV; pl. V, 1–3. 2. Phanagoria, near Sennoy, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 1992 Burial: 480 BC Contents: c. 150+ AR, in an Ionian terracotta olpe. Early Bosporan (‘Panticapaeum’): AR Disposition: Dispersed. V.D. Kuznetsov and M.G. Abramzon, Klad pozdnearkhaicheskikh monet iz Fanagorii (Phanagoria 8) (Moscow, 2020), p. 15.

3. Phanagoria, near Sennoy, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 1998 Burial: c. 480 BC Contents: 8 AR, a purse found at the ‘South city’ Settlement Early Bosporan (‘Panticapaeum’): 8 hemidr. Ionia (?) Uncertain: 1 obol (lion’s head l./quadripartite incuse square) Disposition: Dispersed. G.P. Garbuzov et al., ‘Osvoenie grekami Tamanskogo poluostrova v VI–V vv. do n.e.’, in DB 15 (2011), pp. 133, 138, pl. 10, 1.

4. Patraeus, near Garkusha, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 1998 Burial: c. 480–460 BC Contents: 3 EL; 1 AR, found in the flooded part of the settlement Cyzicus: 3 EL 1 sixth (Hurter and Liewald 18, 19)

1 sixth or twelfths (Baldwin Brett 1432) 1 sixth or twelfths (Baldwin Brett 1469–1471) Panticapaeum: 1 AR 1 hemidr. (Frolova 32–50) Disposition: Dispersed in trade. A.P. Abramov and S.I. Boldyrev, ‘“Klady” 1998 goda iz Patreia’, Bosporskii Fenomen 1 (St Petersburg, 2001), p. 144; Corpus I, no. 1; II, p. 180, no. 4; E.V. Zakharov, ‘The Hoard of Cyzicenes from the Settlement of Patraeus (Taman Peninsula)’, in ICN 14, pp. 500–504.

5. Patraeus, near Garkusha, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 1998 Burial: c. 480–460 BC Contents: 9 AR, found in the flooded part of the settlement Panticapaeum: 6 hemidr. (Frolova 32–50) 3 hemiob. (Frolova 96 ff.; SNG Stanc. 514–515) Disposition: Dispersed in trade. A.P. Abramov and S.I. Boldyrev, ‘“Klady” 1998 goda iz Patreia’, Bosporskii Fenomen 1 (St Petersburg, 2001), pp. 143– 144; Corpus I, no. 2; II, p. 181, no. 9.

6. Unknown findspot, Eastern Crimea, 2015 Burial: c. 480–460 BC Contents: 2+ AR Panticapaeum: 2+ hemidr. (Frolova 32–50) Disposition: Dispersed. See pl. V, 4–5. Information from N.I. Vinokurov.

7. Volna 1 Settlement, 3–4 km N of Volna, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 2016 Burial: c. 460–440 BC Contents: 7 AR, found in a tomb Panticapaeum: 1 hemiob., 6 diob. 1 (Frolova, no. 104; SNG Stanc. 514–515) 1 (SNG Stanc. 519) 2 (Frolova 219) 1 (Frolova 216) 2 (KSIA 252, no. 7)

8

INVENTORY

Disposition: Taman Archaeological Museum. M.G. Abramzon et al., ‘Kompleks pantikapeyskikh serebryanykh monet V v. do n.e. iz nekropolya poseleniya Volna 1’, KSIA 252 (2018), pp. 15–24.

See pl. VI, 6–12. 8. Nymphaeum, Geroevka (former Eltigen), Crimea, 1949 IGCH 997 Burial: c. 460–440 BC Contents: 17 AR, found during excavations Panticapaeum: 16 hemiob., 1 diob. 11 (SNG Stanc. 514–515) 2 (Frolova 194–202) 3 (Frolova 205–207) 1 (Frolova 215–227) Disposition: Hermitage. K.V. Golenko, ‘Monety iz raskopok Nimfeya 1939–1970 gg.’, NE XI (1974), pp. 68–70; Corpus I, no. 3; II, p. 180, no. 5.

9. Kerch, Crimea, 1955 or earlier IGCH 996 Burial: c. 438–400 BC Contents: 7+ AR Panticapaeum: hemidr., diob., tetatemor. (Frolova 32–50, 230–252, 254, 255–265, 266– 274/1, 275–292) АПОΛ diob. (Frolova 494/1–507) Disposition: Dispersed. Corpus II, p. 160, no. 1; 180, no. 6.

10. Peresyp (ancient Tyramba), Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 1948 Burial: c. 450 and 400 BC or later? Contents: 54 AR, three merged hoards, c. 480 BC, c. 460–450 BC and 438–400 BC? Panticapaeum: 47 The Sindi: 2 Phanagoria: 2 Athens: 1 (Kraay 184) Cyzicus: 1 hemiob. (SNG France 5 373) Uncertain: 1 Disposition: Temryuk Museum. Commentary: this very strange assemblage, recorded in the Taman Museum as the Tyramba 1949 hoard, can actually be either a mixture of three merged hoards, or isolated

coins collected on the Settlement of Tyramba. Details on its provenance are lacking. M.G. Abramzon, ‘A hoard of silver coins of 6th–4th centuries BC from Tyramba (the Taman Peninsula)’, in ICN 13, p. 25; M.G. Abramzon and N.A. Frolova, ‘The Hoard of Silver Coins of the 6th–4th centuries BC from the Taman Peninsula’, RN 160 (2004), pp. 27–48.

11. Nymphaeum, Geroevka (former Eltigen), Crimea, 1870 IGCH 1014 Burial: c. 400 BC Contents: c. 100 AR Panticapaeum: ПА, ПАN, ПАNТI hemiob. and tetartemor. (Frolova 266–274/1, 322, 333–344, 344, 443–457, 462, 464–470; Anokhin 86, 105); АПОΛ hemiob. and tetartemor. (Frolova 486, 517) Nymphaeum: hemiob. SNG BM I 834. Disposition: Dispersed in trade. Lyutsenko, pp. 15–16, no. 10; Corpus I, no. 5; II, p. 180, no. 7.

12. Nymphaeum, Geroevka (former Eltigen), Crimea, 1880? IGCH 1003 Burial: c. 400 BC Contents: c. 100 AR ‘silver Bosporan coins of the same small size … with different types’ Disposition: Kerch Museum material lost during World War II. Corpus II, p. 180, no. 2.

13. Nymphaeum, Geroevka (former Eltigen), Crimea, 1907 or 1908 IGCH 1004 Burial: c. 400 BC Contents: 200–300 AR. In the stone-pit. Panticapaeum: diob. (Frolova 314–20, 355/2, 358–364/2 hemiob. (Frolova 384–395) The Sindi: 3 (Frolova 28, 1 (triob.); 131/1 (ob.); 32–37/2 (diob.)) Nymphaeum (ΣAMMA) or Samos: hemiob. (Barron, pl. XVI, 1?) Disposition: Dispersed in trade. 8 in the Hermitage, merged with main collection

9

INVENTORY

Corpus I, no. 6; II, p. 180, no. 3; Noe 557; W. Stolba, ‘ΣΑΜMΑΣ. Zur Prägung eines bosporanischen Tyrannen’, in U. Peter (ed.), Stephanos numismatikos (Berlin, 1998), pp. 601–610.

14. Vinogradnyi Settlement, Anapa District, Krasnodar Region, 1982 Burial: c. 400–375 BC Contents: 1000+ AE, pot hoard Panticapaeum: c. 900 (SNG BM I 876) 100+ (Anokhin 88) Disposition: Dispersed. V.L. Strokin, ‘Sindskie monety: vzglyad iz “Sindiki”’, in DB 16 (2012), pp. 401–402.

15. Semibratnee Settlement (Labrys), 12 km W Varenikovskaya, Krymsk Disrtict, Krasnodar Region, 1996 Burial: c. 400–375 BC Contents: 54+ AE Panticapaeum: 50+ (SNG BM I 876) 4 or 5 (Anokhin 88) Disposition: Dispersed. V.L. Strokin, ‘Sindskie monety: vzglyad iz “Sindiki”’, in DB 16 (2012), p. 402.

16. Myrmecium, Cape Karantin, Kerch, Crimea, 2003 CH IX 19 Burial: c. 400–375 BC Contents: 99 EL, found in the Sanctuary of Demeter Cyzicus: st. Disposition: Kerch Museum (inv. KN 5388–5486). A. Butyagin and D. Chistov, ‘The Hoard of Cyzicenes and Shrine of Demeter at Myrmekion’, ACSS 12 (2006), pp. 77–131; M.G. Abramzon and N.A. Frolova, ‘Le trésor de Myrmekion de statères cyzicènes’, RN 163 (2007), pp. 15–44; Corpus I, no. 7.

See pl. V, 13–28; VI–VIII; IX, 1–11. 17. Taman Peninsula, Krasnodar Region, 1866–1867 IGCH 1012 Burial: 330s BC Contents: AV, EL, found on the shore, near Hermonassa, most likely find of separate coins. Panticapaeum: 4 st. Cyzicus: 3 st., 2 hecte. Disposition: Dispersed.

Commentary: following Zograf and Pakhomov III, 674 and 685, V. Rozov believes these are separate coins from the blurred by sea cultural layer of the settlement. Corpus II, pp. 160–161, no. 2; V.N. Rozov, ‘O Tamanskom klade kizikinov 1997 g.’, in DB 21 (2017), pp. 321–328.

18. Kerch, area of Myrmecium, Crimea, 1835 IGCH 1011 Burial: 330s BC Contents: c. 200 EL, pot hoard. Cyzicus: st. Disposition: 4 in the Hermitage (inv. 1220, 1231, 1230), von Fritze 147, 150, 215, 216. Lyutsenko, pp. 6–7; Corpus I, no. 8; II, p. 181, no. 114.

19. Unknown findspot, Taman peninsula, Krasnodar Region, 1844 Burial: 330s BC Contents: 12 AV Panticapaeum: st. Disposition: Dispersed. Shelov, p. 132; Corpus II, p. 181, no. 13.

20. Taman environs (ancient Hermonassa), Krasnodar Region, 1845 IGCH 1013 Burial: 330s BC Contents: 70 + AV and EL, in Attic vase. Panticapaeum: st. Cyzicus: 200 st. Disposition: 4 EL in the Hermitage (inv. 11186, 1194, 1121), Cyzicus (Baldwin Brett 1421, 1473, 1502, 1541); 2 AV in the Odessa Museum (inv. 52146, 52230), Panticapaeum (Shelov, III, 29–30). Noe 1041; Corpus I, no. 9; II, p. 181, no. 15; I.V. Tunkina, Russkaya nauka o klassicheskikh drevnostyakh (XVIII–seredina XIX v.) (St Petersburg, 2002), pp. 579–582.

21. Artyushenko 2 Settlement, near Artyushenko, Temruyk District, Krasnodar Region, 1997 Burial: 330s BC Contents: 90 + EL Cyzicus: st. (Baldwin Brett 1417, 1446, 1473, 1479, 1478, 1481, 1483, 1487, 1490, 1507, 1538;

10

INVENTORY

Hurter–Liewald 19a, 20a; Hurter and Liewald 124, 160; SNG France 5 248, 261; von Fritze 167) Disposition: Dispersed in trade. Corpus I, p. 610, no. 126; II, p. 181, no. 12. It was mistakenly considered the hoard was found in the Volna 1 Settlement. See article by V.N. Rozov, ‘O Tamanskom klade kizikinov 1997 g.’, in DB 21 (2017), pp. 321–328.

22. Anapa shore (ancient Gorgippia), Krasnodar Region, before 1868 Burial: c. 4th or 3rd cent. BC Contents: Ag, ‘Fund süditalischer Münzen (Kroton, Tarentum u.a.)’ Croton Tarentum Uncertain South Italy/Sicily Disposition: Dispersed. G. von Blau, ‘Trapezunter Komnenaten’, BBMSW 4 (1868), 151; Pakhomov III, 672.

23. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1907 IGCH 1047 Burial: c. 330–315 BC Contents: 11 AE, found in a tomb Panticapaeum: AE (SNG BM I 872, 874) Disposition: Kerch Museum material lost during World War II. V.V. Shkorpil, ‘Otchet o raskopkakh v g. Kerchi i na Tamanskom poluostrove v 1907 g.’, IAK 35 (1910), p. 25; Corpus II, pp. 161– 162, no. 3; 181, no. 18.

24. Voikovo (former Keterles), 2 km NW of Kerch, Crimea, 1910 IGCH 1049 Burial: c. 330–315 BC Contents: 380 AE, pot hoard Panticapaeum: AE (SNG BM I 869, 872) Disposition: Kerch Museum material lost during World War II. Corpus II, p. 162, no. 4; 181, no. 19.

25. Kapkany, near Eni-Kale, Kerch, Crimea, 1910 Burial: c. 330–315 BC Contents: 380, pot hoard Panticapaeum: AE (SNG BM I 883 ff., 872)

Comments: This could be the same hoard as no. 24. Disposition: Kerch Museum material lost during World War II. V.V. Shkorpil, ‘O raskopkakh zaveduyushchego Kerchenskim Muzeem Drevnostei v 1910 g.’, in Archive of the Institute for History of Material Culture, St Petersburg, Fund 1, List 1910, no. 4; A.E. Tereshchenko, ‘Klassifikatsiya i periodizatsiya kladov bosporskoi medi poslednei treti IV–kontsa III vv. do n.e.’, in DB 17 (2013), p. 332.

26. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1926 IGCH 1050 Burial: c. 330–315 BC Contents: 50–100 AE Panticapaeum: AE, at least 2 as SNG BM I 869 Disposition: Dispersed. Noe 559; Corpus II, pp. 162–163, no. 5; 181, no. 20.

27. Nymphaeum, Geroevka (former Eltigen), Crimea, 1939 IGCH 1048 Burial: c. 330–315 BC Contents: 7 AE Panticapaeum: AE (SNG BM I 872) Disposition: Pushkin Museum. K.V. Golenko, ‘Monety iz raskopok Nimfeya 1939–1970 gg.’, NE XI (1974), pp. 71–72; Corpus I, no. 12; 181, no. 21.

28. Belikov, Slavyansk District, Krasnodar Region, 1972 Burial: c. 330–315 BC Contents: 20 AE Panticapaeum: AE (SNG BM I 869) Disposition: Krasnodar Museum. N.V. Anfimov, ‘Klad pantikapeyskikh monet IV v. do n.e. iz Vostochnogo Priazovyya’, in Antichnye gosudarstva i varvarskii mir. (Ordzhonikidze, 1981), pp. 132–136; Corpus I, no. 12; p. 181, no. 22.

29. Belyi Kolodets Settlement, near ancient Akra, Crimea, 2003 or earlier Burial: c. 330–315 BC Contents: c. 60 AE Panticapaeum: AE (SNG BM I 869) Disposition: Dispersed in trade. A.V. Kulikov, ‘Denezhnoe obrashchenie na sel’skikh poseleniyakh khory Kiteya i Akry’, in BCh IV (Kerch, 2003), p. 153.

11

INVENTORY

30. Usatova Balka 3 Settlement, near Usatova Balka, suburb of Anapa, Krasnodar Region, 2011 Burial: c. 330–315 BC Contents: 5 AE, pot hoard found during excavations Panticapaeum: AE (SNG BM I 869) Disposition: Anapa Museum. M.G. Abramzon et al., ‘Dva klada bosporskikh monet s antichnogo poseleniya “Usatova balka 3” (2011 g.)’, PIFK 4 (2011), pp. 146–165.

See pl. IX, 12–16. 31. Manitra Settlement, near Oktyabrskoe, SW of Kerch, Crimea, 2018 Burial: c. 330–315 BC Contents: 10 AE, found during excavations Panticapaeum: AE (SNG BM I 869) Disposition: Kerch Museum (inv. KP 195014–195023). M.G. Abramzon et al., ‘Klady pantikapeyskikh bronzovykh monet IV–III vv. do n.e. iz raskopok poseleniya Manitra (Vostochnyi Krym)’, KSIA (2021) (forthcoming).

See pl. IX, 17–22. 32. Voikovo (former Keterles), 2 km NW of Kerch, Crimea, 2009 or earlier Burial: c. 330–315 BC Contents: 10 AE Panticapaeum: 9 (SNG BM I 876) 1 (SNG BM I 874) Disposition: Kerch Museum. Corpus II, pp. 11–14, 182, no. 23.

See pl. X, 1–7. 33. Feodosia (ancient Theodosia), Crimea, 1892 IGCH 1103 Burial: c. 315–300 BC Contents: 396 AE, pot hoard Panticapaeum: AE (SNG BM I 874) Disposition: Kerch Museum material lost during World War II. Corpus II, p. 165, no. 9; 182, no. 30.

34. Osoviny, Lenino District, Azov shore, NW Crimea, 1897–1898 IGCH 1074 Burial: c. 315–300 BC Contents: 28 AE Panticapaeum: AE (SNG BM I 872, 883 ff.)

Disposition: Kerch Museum material lost during World War II. Corpus II, p. 163, no. 6.

35. Phanagoria vicinity, near Sennoy, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 1872 IGCH 1065 Burial: c. 315–300 BC Contents: c. 10 AE, found in a tomb Panticapaeum: AE (SNG BM I 883 ff.) Disposition: Dispersed. Pakhomov III, 688; Corpus II, pp. 163–164, 182, no. 24.

36. Taman environs, 7 km N of Taman, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 1980 Burial: c. 315–300 BC Contents: 10+ AE Panticapaeum: 10 (SNG BM I 869, 884) Disposition: 10 in the Taman Museum (inv. KМ–6459/1–10). Corpus I, no. 14; II, p. 182, no. 26.

37. Anapa (ancient Gorgippia), Krasnodar Region, 1986 Burial: c. 315–300 BC Contents: 32 AE, found during excavations Panticapaeum: AE (SNG BM I 883 ff.) Disposition: Anapa Museum (inv. KM 9213/1–32). M.G. Abramzon and A.M. Novichikhin, ‘Klady pantikapeyskikh monet IV‒III vv. do n.e. iz raskopok Gorgippii 1980 i 1986 gg.’, in DB 24 (2019), pp. 15–25.

38. Lesopitomnik Settlement, near Feodosia, Crimea, before 2004 Burial: c. 315–300 BC Contents: c. 32 AE Panticapaeum: AE (SNG BM I 883 ff.) Disposition: Dispersed. A.V. Gavrilov, Okruga antichnoi Feodosii (Simferopol, 2004), p. 86.

39. Ilyich Settlement, near Ilyich, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 2015–2016 Burial: early 3rd cent. BC

12

INVENTORY

Contents: 115 or 140+? AE, merged with other excavation coins Panticapaeum: 13 (SNG BM I 869) 2 (SNG BM I 872, 873) 1 (SNG BM I 874, 875) 90 (SNG BM I 883 ff.) c. 30–40 (SNG BM I 890 ff., 894–896, 897–899)? Disposition: Taman Museum. M.G. Abramzon and A.V. Bonin, ‘Monety iz raskopok gorodishcha i poseleniya Ilyichevka v 2015‒2016 gg.’, PIFK 3 (2017), p. 403.

See pl. X, 8–27; pl. XI, 1–6. 40. Slavyansk-na-Kubani, Slavyansk District, Krasnodar Region, 1985 Burial: early 3rd cent. BC Contents: 50+ AE Panticapaeum: 1 (SNG BM I 869) 49 (SNG BM I 887) Disposition: 50 in the Slavyansk Regional Museum. N.V. Anfimov, ‘Klad pantikapeyskikh monet iz g. Slavyanska-na-Kubani’, SA 4 (1988), pp. 138–145; Corpus I, no. 15; II, p. 183, no. 40.

41. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1877 IGCH 1069 Burial: early 3rd cent. BC Contents: c. 500 AE, pot hoard Panticapaeum: AE (SNG BM I 887) Disposition: Dispersed. Lyutsenko, pp. 17–18, no. 12; Corpus II, p. 182, no. 28.

42. Staronizhesteblievskaya, Krasnoarmeysk District, Krasnodar Region, 1941 IGCH 1072 Burial: early 3rd cent. BC Contents: 55 AE, pot hoard Panticapaeum: 55 AE Disposition: 13 in the Krasnodar Museum (SNG BM I 887). N.V. Anfimov, ‘Klad pantikapeyskikh monet iz st. Staro-Nizhne-Steblievskoi’, KSIIMK 24 (1949), pp. 64–66; Corpus I, no. 16; II, p. 182, no. 32.

43. Staronizhesteblievskaya, Krasnoarmeysk District, Krasnodar Region, 1943 IGCH 1071 Burial: early 3rd cent. BC

Contents: c. 200 AE. Panticapaeum: AE Disposition: 4 in the Gelendzhik Regional Museum (SNG BM I 887 ff.). Pakhomov VIII, 1904; Corpus I, p. 165, no. 10; II, p. 182, no. 35.

44. Kubrisostroi, 6–7 km W of Ivanovskaya, Krasnoarmeysk District, Krasnodar Region, 1950s? Burial: early 3rd cent. BC Contents: 4+ AE Panticapaeum: AE Disposition: 4 in the Krasnodar Museum (SNG BM I 887 ff.). I.N. Anfimov, ‘Klad pantikapeyskikh mednykh monet nachala III v. do n.e. iz Vostochnogo Priazovya (stanitsa Staronizhnesteblievskaya)’, VDI 1 (1991), p. 75; Corpus I, no. 17; II, p. 182, no. 36.

45. Sofievka, Simferopol District, Crimea, 1998? Burial: early 3rd cent. BC Contents: 24+ AE Panticapaeum: 24 (SNG BM I 887 ff.) Disposition: Dispersed. A.V. Gavrilov, ‘Novye nakhodki antichnykh monet v yugo-vostochnom Krymu’, in BI 1 (2001), pp. 189, 198, no. 6.

46. Razyezd 107 km (railway station), near Feodosia, Crimea, before 2004 Burial: early 3rd cent. BC Contents: 29 AE Panticapaeum: AE (SNG BM I 887 ff.) Disposition: Dispersed. A.V. Gavrilov, Okruga antichnoi Feodosii (Simferopol, 2004), pp. 23, 196, no. 127.

47. Feodosia (ancient Theodosia), Crimea, 2005 Burial: 3rd cent. BC Contents: 136 AE Panticapaeum: AE (SNG BM I 887 ff.) Disposition: Feodosia Museum of Money. A.E. Tereshchenko, ‘Klassifikatsiya i periodizatsiya kladov bosporskoi medi poslednei treti IV–kontsa III vv. do n.e.’, in DB 17 (2013), p. 334, no. 4.

48. Unknown findspot, Krasnoarmeysk District, Krasnodar Region, 2011 Burial: early 3rd cent. BC

13

INVENTORY

Contents: 614+ AE Panticapaeum: AE (SNG BM I 886, 887 ff.) Disposition: Feodosia Museum of Money.

Contents: 26 AE, pot hoard Panticapaeum: AE (SNG BM I 887, 900 ff.) Disposition: Kerch Museum material lost during World War II.

A.E. Tereshchenko, ‘Klassifikatsiya i periodizatsiya kladov bosporskoi medi poslednei treti IV–kontsa III vv. do n.e.’, in DB 17 (2013), p. 334, no. 8.

Corpus I, p. 600, no. 36; II, p. 183, no. 51.

49. Poltavskaya, Krasnoarmeysk District, Krasnodar Region, 2014 Burial: early 3rd cent. BC Contents: 245 AE, pot hoard Panticapaeum: 2 (SNG BM I 869 ff.), one countermarked with star/ bowcase 243 (SNG BM I 886, 887) Disposition: In trade. A.E. Tereshchenko, ‘Novyi klad bosporskikh monet kontsa IV v. do n.e.’, in VNK 19 (2017), pp. 14–16.

50. Vinogradnyi 7 Settlement, near Phanagoria, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 2016 Burial: early 3rd cent. BC Contents: 4 AE, traces of textile, found during excavations Panticapaeum: 4 AE (SNG BM I 887) Disposition: Taman Museum. M.G. Abramzon and N.I. Sudarev, ‘Monety iz raskopok poseleniya Vinogradnyi 7 (2016 g.)’, PIFK 3 (2017), pp. 376, 377, fig. 2.

See pl. 11, 7–10. 51. Unknown findspot, Krasnoarmeysk District, Krasnodar Region, 2011 Burial: early 3rd cent. BC Contents: c. 560 AE, in 3 pots Panticapaeum: AE c. 500 (SNG BM I 887) c. 30 (SNG BM I 897 ff.) c. 30 (SNG BM I 894 ff.) Disposition: Feodosia Museum of Money. A.E. Tereshchenko, ‘Klassifikatsiya i periodizatsiya kladov bosporskoi medi poslednei treti IV–kontsa III vv. do n.e.’, in DB 17 (2013), p. 338.

52. Anapa (ancient Gorgippia), Krasnodar Region, 1879 or earlier IGCH 1093 Burial: c. 300–290 BC

53. Anapa (ancient Gorgippia), Krasnodar Region, 1980 Burial: c. 300–290 BC Contents: 10 AE, found during excavations Panticapaeum: 2 (SNG BM I 887) 3 (SNG BM I 897, 898) 5 (SNG BM I 900 ff.) Disposition: Anapa Museum (inv. KM 8365/11946–11955). To be published by M.G. Abramzon and A.M. Novichikhin.

54. Yuzhnoe, environs of Feodosia, Crimea, 1892 IGCH 1064 Burial: c. 300–290 BC Contents: 40 AE, pot hoard Panticapaeum: 38 (SNG BM I 869 ff.) 1 (SNG BM I 883 ff.) 1 (SNG BM I 890 ff.) Disposition: Odessa Museum, merged with main collection. Corpus II, p. 164, no. 8; p. 182, no. 29.

55. Nymphaeum, Geroevka, Crimea, 1954 IGCH 1067 Burial: c. 300–290 BC Contents: 31 AE, found under second room of the Sanctuary of Aphrodite Panticapaeum: 1 (SNG BM I 869) 29 (SNG BM I 862) 1 (SNG BM I 890 ff.) Disposition: Pushkin Museum. K.V. Golenko, ‘Monety iz raskopok Nimfeya 1939–1970 gg.’, NE XI (1974), p. 72; Corpus I, no. 18; II, p. 182, no. 37.

56. Primorskii, near ancient Phanagoria, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 1985 Burial: c. 300–290 BC Contents: 5000+ AE, in two clay jugs Panticapaeum: AE 8 (SNG BM I 874, 875)

14

INVENTORY

767 (SNG BM I 872, 873) 2 (SNG BM I 886) 2461 (SNG BM I 890 ff.) Disposition: 3238 in the Temryuk Museum. A.Z. Aptekarev, ‘Klad monet iz pos. Primorskii i nekotorye voprosy denezhnogo obrashcheniya Bospora v poslednei chetverti IV– III vv. do n.e.’, in Drevnosti Kubani i Chernomoriya I (Krasnodar, 1993), pp. 77–84; Corpus I, no. 19; II, p. 183, no. 41.

57. Unknown findspot, Krasnodar Region, 19th or 20th c. Burial: c. 300–290 BC Contents: 259 AE Panticapaeum: 3 (SNG BM I 872, 873) 1 (SNG BM I 886 ff.) 255 (SNG BM I 890 ff.) Disposition: Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography Lodz. M. Mielczarek, ‘The so-called Krasnodar hoard and some problems relating to Bosporan coinage of the third century BC’, in ICN 12, pp. 338–340; Corpus I, no. 20; II, p. 182, no. 27.

58. Myrmecium, Cape Karantin, Kerch, Crimea, 1960 IGCH 1066 Burial: c. 300–290 BC Contents: 32 AE, pot hoard Panticapaeum: 4 (SNG BM I 886 ff.) 24 (SNG BM I 890 ff.) Disposition: Pushkin Museum. V.M. Brabich, ‘Klad monet III v. do n.e. iz Mirmekiya’, SA 4 (1964), pp. 193–195; Corpus I, no. 21; II, p. 182, no. 38.

59. Starodzherelievskaya, Krasnoarmeysk District, Krasnodar Region, 1960s Burial: early 3rd cent. BC Contents: 11 AE, pot hoard Panticapaeum: АЕ Disposition: Starodzherelievskaya school museum. Dispersed. I.N. Anfimov, ‘Klad pantikapeyskikh mednykh monet nachala III v. do n.e. iz Vostochnogo Priazoviya (stanitsa Staronizhnesteblievskaya)’, VDI 1 (1991), p. 75; Corpus I, p. 605, no. 86; II, p. 182, no. 39.

60. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1902 IGCH 1073 Burial: c. 300–290 BC Contents: 6 AE, found in a tomb Panticapaeum: 2 AE (SNG BM I 872) 1 AE (SNG BM I 883 ff.) 3 (SNG BM I 890) Disposition: Kerch Museum material lost during World War II. Corpus II, pp. 165–166, no. 11; 182, no. 31.

61. Staronizhesteblievskaya, Krasnoarmeysk District, Krasnodar Region, 1986 Burial: c. 300–290 BC Contents: 1213 AE, pot hoard Panticapaeum: 1209 (SNG BM I 886 ff.) 4 (SNG BM I 890 ff.) Disposition: Krasnodar Museum (inv. KM 8964/1–1213). Corpus I, no. 22; II, p. 183, no. 42.

62. Unknown, before 1993 CH VIII 248 Burial: c. 300–290 BC Contents: AE Panticapaeum (SNG BM I 890 ff.) Disposition: In trade. The Phoenix [newsletter of Coincraft, London] 1989.

63. Primorskii, near ancient Phanagoria, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 2019 Burial: c. 300–290 BC Contents: 13 AE, found during excavations Panticapaeum: 4 AE (SNG BM I 887) 9 (SNG BM I 890 ff.) Disposition: Phanagoria Museum (inv. FМ–KP–69/1–13 N395–407). M.G. Abramzon and S.N. Ostapenko, ‘Klad pantikapeyskikh monet nachala III v. do n.e. s khory Fanagorii (2019 g.)’, KSIA 258 (2020), pp. 19–24.

See pl. XI, 11–23. 64. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1869 IGCH 1068 Burial: c. 300–275 BC

15

INVENTORY

Contents: c. 200 AE Panticapaeum: AE (SNG BM I 883 ff., 886 ff., 894–896) Disposition: Dispersed. Lyutsenko, p. 12, no. 7; Corpus I, no. 23; II, p. 183, no. 49.

65. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1879 IGCH 1070 Burial: c. 300–275 BC Contents: AE, pot hoard Panticapaeum: AE (SNG BM I 883 ff., 894–896) Disposition: Dispersed. Lyutsenko, p. 19, no. 13; Corpus I, no. 24; II, p. 183, no. 43.

66. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1879 IGCH 1092 Burial: c. 300–275 BC Contents: 17 AE, pot hoard Panticapaeum: AE (SNG BM I 894–896, 897) Disposition: Kerch Museum material lost during World War II. Corpus I, p. 600, no. 35; II, pp. 167–168, no. 13.

67. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1910 IGCH 1091 Burial: c. 300–275 BC Contents: 15 AE, found in a tomb Panticapaeum: 5 (SNG BM I 894–896) 10 overstruck on SNG BM I 887 (SNG BM I 897) Disposition: Lenino. V.V. Shkorpil, ‘Otchet o raskopkakh v g. Kerchi i st. Tamanskoi v 1910 g.’, in IAK 47 (1913), pp. 49–50, no. 23; Corpus II, pp. 166–167, no. 12; 183, no. 45.

68. Phanagoria vicinity, near Sennoy, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 1879 IGCH 1090 Burial: c. 300–275 BC Contents: c. 100 AE, pot hoard Panticapaeum: AE (SNG BM I 883 ff., 894–896) Disposition: Dispersed. Lyutsenko, p. 34, no. 9; Corpus I, no. 25; II, p. 183, no. 50.

69. Nymphaeum, Geroevka, Crimea, 1951 IGCH 1094 Burial: c. 300–275 BC Contents: 5 AE Panticapaeum: 4 (SNG BM I 886 ff.) 1 (SNG BM I 897) Disposition: Pushkin Museum. K.V. Golenko, ‘Monety iz raskopok Nimfeya 1939–1970 gg.’, NE XI (1974), pp. 72–73; Corpus I, no. 26; II, p. 183, no. 46.

70. Za Rodinu, Chrysaliscos’ Residence Settlement, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 1973 Burial: c. 300–275 BC Contents: 21 AE, found during excavations in the foundation of the North House in the peristyle yard of the Chrysaliskos residence Panticapaeum: 1 (SNG BM I 886) 3 (SNG BM I 894 ff.) overstruck on SNG BM I 883 11 (SNG BM I 897–899) 6 (SNG BM I 894 ff.) Disposition: Pushkin Museum. N. Sokolskii, Tamanskii tolos i rezidentsiya Khrisaliska (Moscow, 1976), nos. 62–82.

71. Yubileinoe I Settlement, near Yubileinyi, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 1991 Burial: c. 300–275 BC Contents: 35 AE, found during excavations Panticapaeum: AE (SNG BM I 897) Disposition: Pushkin Museum. N.A. Frolova and E.A. Savostina, ‘Nakhodki pod stenami bosporskoi usad’by: klad ili stroitel’naya zhertva?’, RA 1 (1998), pp. 140–155; Corpus I, no. 27; II, p. 183, no. 47.

72. Generalskoe-Zapadnoe Settlement, 26 km NW of Kerch, shore of the Azov Sea, Crimea, 1999 Burial: c. 300–275 BC Contents: 370 + AE, pot hoard 367, near 3 coins Pot: 367 Panticapaeum: AE 316 (SNG BM I 897–898) 51 (SNG BM I 894–896) Separate find: 3

16

INVENTORY

Panticapaeum: 1 (SNG BM I 890 ff.) 1 (SNG BM I 886 ff.) 1 (SNG BM I 894–896) Disposition: 370 in the Kerch Museum (inv. KP–158207/1–370). V.N. Zinko and A.V. Kulikov, ‘Klad mednykh bosporskikh monet III v. do n.e. iz Krymskogo Priazovyya’, in MAIET 9 (2002), pp. 399–428; Corpus I, no. 28; II, p. 183, no. 48.

73. Manitra Settlement, near Oktyabrskoe, SW of Kerch, Crimea, 2018 Burial: c. 300–275 BC Contents: 62 AE, pot hoard found during excavations Panticapaeum: 59 (SNG BM I 887, 888) 3 (SNG BM I 890 ff.) Disposition: Kerch Museum (inv. KP 194951–195012). M.G. Abramzon et al., ‘Klady pantikapeyskikh bronzovykh monet IV–III vv. do n.e. iz raskopok poseleniya Manitra (Vostochnyi Krym)’, KSIA (2021) (forthcoming).

See pl. XI, 24–25; pl. XII; pl. XIII; pl. XIV, 1–12. 74. Manitra Settlement, near Oktyabrskoe, SW of Kerch, Crimea, 2018 Burial: c. 300–275 BC Contents: 24 AE, silver earrings and iron ring, found during excavations Panticapaeum: AE 1 (SNG BM I 869–871), obv. countermark, star 8 (SNG BM I 886, 887) 11 (SNG BM I 890 ff.) 4 (SNG BM I 894–896) Disposition: Kerch Museum (inv. KP 194923–194946). M.G. Abramzon et al., ‘Klady pantikapeyskikh bronzovykh monet IV–III vv. do n.e. iz raskopok poseleniya Manitra (Vostochnyi Krym)’, KSIA (2021) (forthcoming).

See pl. XIV, 13–24; pl. XV, 1–13.

54 (SNG BM I 894–896) 51 (SNG BM I 900 ff.) Disposition: 352 in the Hermitage. Noe 47; E. Prushevskaya, ‘Anapskii klad pantikapeyskikh mednykh monet’, TONGE I, pp. 17–27; Pakhomov III, 692; Corpus I, p. 600, no. 38.

76. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1879 IGCH 1096 Burial: c. 275–250 BC Contents: c. 40 AE, pot hoard Panticapaeum: AE (SNG BM I 900 ff.) Disposition: Dispersed. Comments: This hoard could be merged with hoard 236. Lyutsenko, pp. 19–20, no. 14.

77. Kerch? (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1852 or earlier IGCH 1104 Burial: c. 275–250 BC Contents: AE Panticapaeum: AE (SNG BM I 900 ff.) Disposition: Hermitage (part, merged with main collection). 78. Kerch? (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, before 1884 IGCH 1105 Burial: c. 275–250 BC? Contents: c. 1000 AE Panticapaeum: AE (type unknown) Disposition: Dispersed. Burachkov, p. 19; Noe 550.

79. Anapa (ancient Gorgippia), Krasnodar Region, 1941 IGCH 1106 Burial: 3rd cent. BC? Contents: 136 AE Panticapaeum: AE Disposition: Dispersed. Pakhomov VII, 1724.

75. Anapa (ancient Gorgippia), Krasnodar Region, 1882 IGCH 1095 Burial: c. 275 BC Contents: 394 AE, pot hoard Panticapaeum: 2 (SNG BM I 887–889) 245 (SNG BM I 897)

80. Batareynyi (Krasnaya Batareya), Krymsk District, Krasnodar Region, 1941 IGCH 1107 Burial: 3rd cent. BC? Pot hoard Contents: AE Panticapaeum: AE

17

INVENTORY

Disposition: Dispersed. Pakhomov VII, 1725.

81. Phanagoria, near Sennoy, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 1980 Burial: c. 275–250 BC Contents: 7 AE, found in a tomb Panticapaeum: AE (SNG BM I 900 ff.) Disposition: Phanagoria Museum (field inv. F–80–2–8). 82. Anapa (ancient Gorgippia), Krasnodar Region, 1972 Burial: c. 275–250 BC Contents: 23 AE, pot hoard, found during excavations Panticapaeum: 3 (SNG BM I 872–873) 8 (SNG BM I 883 ff.) 5 (SNG BM I 890 ff.) 3 (SNG BM I 897–899) 3 AE (SNG BM I 900 ff.) Disposition: 16 in the Anapa Museum (inv. KM 8365/11677–11682, 11690–11696, 11701–11703). I.T. Kruglikova and N.A. Frolova, ‘Monety iz raskopok Gorgippii 1967–1972 gg.’, in Gorgippia I (Materialy Anapskoi arkheologicheskoi ekspeditsii) (Krasnodar, 1980), pp. 118–119, nos. 317–339.

83. Dzhemete, Anapa District, Krasnodar Region, 1963 Burial: c. 275–250 BC Contents: 725 AE, pot hoard, found during excavations Panticapaeum: 55 (SNG BM I 894–896) 667 (SNG BM I 900 ff.) 3 (Pan r./bow and arrow) Disposition: Anapa Museum (inv. KM 8365/6280–7004). Corpus I, no. 31; II, p. 183, no. 53.

84. Myrmecium, Cape Karantin, Kerch, Crimea, 2002 Burial: c. 275–250 BC Contents: 722 AE, pot hoard Panticapaeum: 11 (SNG BM I 897) 86 (SNG BM I 894–896) 624 (SNG BM I 900 ff.) Disposition: Kerch Museum (inv. KP 156231/1–722). Corpus I, no. 30; II, p. 184, no. 54.

85. Pravoberezhnyi, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 1963 Burial: mid-3rd cent. BC Contents: 925 AE, pot hoard Panticapaeum: 62 (SNG BM I 894–896) 858 (SNG BM I 900 ff.) 4 (Pan r./bow and arrow) 1 (SNG BM I 908) Disposition: Taman Museum (inv. KM 4770/1–925). V.A. Zakharov, ‘Klad pantikapeyskikh monet iz sovkhoza “Pravoberezhnyi” (predvaritel’naya publikatsiya)’, VDI 3 (1979), pp. 84–86; Corpus I, no. 32; II, p. 184, no. 55.

86. Anapa (ancient Gorgippia), Krasnodar Region, 1978 Burial: mid-3rd cent. BC Contents: 1050 AE, found during excavations Panticapaeum: 1042 (SNG BM I 894–896, 900 ff.) 1 (Pan r./bow and arrow) 3 (SNG BM I 908) Disposition: Anapa Museum (inv. KM 8365/9499–10548). Corpus I, no. 36; II, p. 184, no. 56.

87. Anapa (ancient Gorgippia), Krasnodar Region, 1980 Burial: mid-3rd cent. BC Contents: 10 AE, found during excavations Panticapaeum: 1 (SNG BM I 894–896) 2 (SNG BM I 897) 5 (SNG BM I 898–899) 2 (SNG BM I 901) Disposition: Anapa Museum (inv. KM 8365/11936–11945). M.G. Abramzon and A.M. Novichikhin, ‘Klady pantikapeyskikh monet IV‒III vv. do n.e. iz raskopok Gorgippii 1980 i 1986 gg.’, in DB 24 (2019), pp. 15–25.

See pl. XV, 14–23. 88. Anapa (ancient Gorgippia), Krasnodar Region, 1980 Burial: mid-3rd cent. BC Contents: 35 AR and AE, found during excavations Panticapaeum: 1 AR, 34 AE 1 AR (SNG Stanc. 532) 1 AE (SNG BM I 872–873)

18

INVENTORY

32 AE (SNG BM I 900 ff.) Disposition: Anapa Museum (inv. KM 8365/11956–11989). M.G. Abramzon and A.M. Novichikhin, ‘Klady pantikapeyskikh monet IV‒III vv. do n.e. iz raskopok Gorgippii 1980 i 1986 gg.’, in DB 24 (2019), pp. 15–25.

89. Usatova Balka Settlement, near Usatova Balka, suburb of Anapa, Krasnodar Region, 1986 Burial: mid-3rd cent. BC Contents: 157 AE Panticapaeum: AE (SNG BM I 900 ff.) Disposition: Anapa Museum (inv. KM 7895/1–157). M.G. Abramzon and A.M. Novichikhin, ‘Klad pantikapeyskikh mednykh monet III v. do n.e. s khory Gorgippii (1986 g.)’, PIFK 3 (2018), pp. 234–249.

See pl. XV, 24–25; pls. XVI–XVIII; pl. XIX, 1–38. 90. Usatova Balka Settlement, near Usatova Balka, suburb of Anapa, Krasnodar Region, 2013 Burial: mid-3rd cent. BC Contents: 21,366 AE, in two amphorae Panticapaeum: 1 (SNG BM I 872) 5 (SNG BM I 894–896) 2 (SNG BM I 897) 21,357 AE (SNG BM I 900 ff.) Disposition: Anapa Museum (inv. no KVP–531). M.G. Abramzon and F. de Callataÿ, ‘Un trésor de plus de 21.000 monnaies de bronze de Panticapée trouvé en 2013 à Usatova Balka (Russie, environs d’Anapa, l’ancienne Gorgippia)’, RBN CLXIII (2017), pp. 423–432.

91. Bolshoy Utrish, Anapa area, Krasnodar Region, 2016 Burial: mid-3rd cent. BC Contents: 13,000 + AE, pot hoard Panticapaeum: the bulk is SNG BM I 901–903; other part is as following: 11 Pan r./bow and arrow 2 (SNG BM I 907) 1 (SNG BM I 883), obv. countermark, wreath 1 Pan or Dionysus/bunch of grapes Disposition: Dispersed in trade.

A.E. Tereshchenko, ‘Klad bosporskikh monet III v. do n.e. iz Utrisha’, in VNK 20 (2019), pp. 18–21.

92. Zolotoe, Chistopolye District, Crimea, 1999 Burial: mid-3rd cent. BC Contents: c. 2600 AE Panticapaeum: AE 16 (SNG BM I 872) 1 AE (SNG BM I 874) 1 (SNG BM I 887) 1 (SNG BM I 890) 20 (SNG BM I 894) 2192 (SNG BM I 900 ff.) 163 (Anokhin 139) 21 (SNG Stanc. 565) Disposition: 2415 in the Kerch Museum. Corpus II, pp. 15–54.

See pl. XIX, 39–40; pl. XX, 1–22. 93. Myrmecium, Cape Karantin, Kerch, Crimea, 1934 IGCH 1100 Burial: c. 250–225 BC Contents: 87 AE, found during excavations Panticapaeum: AE 1 (SNG BM I 907) 48 (SNG Stanc. 565) 11 (SNG BM I 910–912) 27 overstruck on uncertain types Disposition: 12 in the Hermitage; 75 in the Kerch Museum, lost during World War II. A.N. Zograf, ‘Mirmekiyskii klad monet III v. do n.e., naidennyi v 1934 g.’, in MIA 4 (1941), pp. 152–155; Corpus I, no. 34; II, p. 184, no. 58.

94. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), SE slop of Mt. Mithridate, near the village of Marat, Crimea, 1966 Burial: c. 250–225 BC Contents: 28 AE Panticapaeum: AE 3 (SNG Stanc. 565) 16 (Shelov VI, 73) 2 (SNG PSMFA 1036) 7 (SNG BM I 910–912) Disposition: State Historical Museum, Collection of N.N. Grandmezon (inv. 14246–14264).

19

INVENTORY

M.G. Abramzon, ‘Klad pantikapeiskikh monet III v. do n.e. iz kollektsii N.N. Grandmezona v sobranii Gosudarstvennogo istoricheskogo muzeya’, in ACh 2, pp. 4–9.

95. Kumatyr, Anapa District, Krasnodar Region, 2004 Burial: c. 250–225 BC Contents: 325 AE, pot hoard Panticapaeum: AE 102 (Anokhin 907) 9 (SNG BM I 908) 5 (SNG BM I 907) 104 (SNG Stanc. 565) 15 (Shelov, 73) 90 (SNG BM I 910–912) Disposition: Dispersed in trade. N.A. Frolova, M.G. Abramzon, S.L. Zavyalov, ‘Klad mednykh pantikapeiskikh monet III v. do n.e. iz pos. Kumatyr (2004 g.)’, VDI 1 (2009), pp. 75–109; Corpus I, no. 35; II, p. 184, no. 59.

96. Volna 1 Settlement, 3–4 km N of Volna, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 2017 Burial: c. 250–225 BC Contents: 26 AE, found during excavations Panticapaeum: 1 (SNG PSMFA 1046) 21 (SNG Stanc. 565), overstruck on SNG BM I 900 ff., some countermarked with tripod. 1 Pan/bow and arrow overstruck on SNG BM I 890 ff. 1 (SNG PSMFA 1006) 1 (SNG PSMFA 1029, 1030) 1 (SNG PSMFA 1038) Disposition: Taman Museum. V.V. Bochkovoi et al., ‘Arkheologicheskie raskopki severo-zapadnoi chasti poseleniya Volna 1 v 2017 g. (Raskop XXII)’, in DB 24 (2019), p. 67, fig. 3.2.

97. Ilyich Settlement, near Ilyich, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 2015–2016 Burial: c. 250–225 BC? Contents: c. 100 AE, merged with other excavation coins Panticapaeum: 60 (SNG BM I 900 ff.) c. 40 AE (SNG BM I 897, 890 ff., 894–896, 897–899;

SNG PSMFA 1036, 1037)? Leukon II: 4 3 (SNG PSMFA 1333–1337) 1 (SNG PSMFA 1338–1340) Disposition: Taman Museum. M.G. Abramzon and A.V. Bonin, ‘Monety iz raskopok gorodishcha i poseleniya Ilyichevka v 2015–2016 gg.’, PIFK 3 (2017), p. 403.

98. Anapa (ancient Gorgippia), Krasnodar Region, 1954 IGCH 1099 Burial: c. 250/230–225/220 BC Contents: 97 AE, in black–glazed vase Panticapaeum: 80 1 (SNG BM I 890 5 (SNG BM I 894) 9 (SNG BM I 897) 65 (SNG BM I 900 ff.) Leukon II: 17 4 (SNG PSMFA 1333–1337) 11 (SNG PSMFA 1338–1340) 2 (SNG BM I 959) Disposition: Anapa Museum (inv. KM 8365/5715–5799). D.B. Shelov, ‘Anapskii klad monet 1954 g.’, NE I (1960), pp. 208–214; Corpus I, no. 36; II, p. 184, no. 60.

99. Unknown findspot, Krasnodar Region, 1988 Burial: c. 250/230–225/220 BC Contents: 28+ AE Leukon II: 8 (SNG PSMFA 1333–1337) 20 (SNG PSMFA 1338–1340) Disposition: Dispersed. A.Z. Aptekarev, ‘Novyi klad pantikapeyskikh monet II v. do n.e. iz Krasnodarskogo kraya’, in MIAK 2 (2002), pp. 77–78; Corpus I, no. 37; II, p. 184, no. 61.

100. Usatova Balka 3 Settlement, near Usatova Balka, suburb of Anapa, Krasnodar Region, 2011 Burial: c. 250/230–225/220 BC Contents: 8 AE Leukon II: 2 (SNG PSMFA 1331, 1333) 6 (SNG PSMFA 1338–1340) Disposition: Anapa Museum. M.G. Abramzon et al., ‘Dva klada bosporskikh monet s antichnogo poseleniya “Usatova

20

INVENTORY

balka 3” (2011 g.)’, PIFK 4 (2011), pp. 146–165.

(2000), pp. 268–270; Corpus I, no. 38; II, p. 184, no. 64.

See pl. XX, 23–29. 101. Golubitskaya 2 Settlement, near Golubitskaya, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, before 2010 Burial: c. 235–200 BC Contents: c. 40 AR Panticapaeum: dr. (SNG BM I 913) Disposition: Dispersed. V.L. Strokin, ‘Monety s poseleniya Golubitskaya 2’, in DB 14 (2010), p. 461.

102. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1909 IGCH 1097 Burial: late 3rd cent. BC Contents: 46 AE, in amphora Panticapaeum: AE (SNG BM I 900 ff.), some countermarked with tripod (SNG PSMFA 1006– 1008), (SNG PSMFA 1032– 1035) Disposition: Kerch Museum material lost during World War II. V.V. Shkorpil, ‘Otchet o raskopkakh v Kerchi i oktrestnostyakh v 1909 g. (s 20 ris.)’, in IAK 47 (1913), p. 6, no. 10; Corpus II, pp. 168–169, 184, no. 62.

103. Tuapse environs, Krasnodar Region, 1908 IGCH 1120 Burial: c. 190–180 BC Contents: 90–96 AV with gold jewelry Lysimachus: st. (Byzantium) Disposition: 52 in the Hermitage; 1 in the Moscow; 1 in the Odessa Museum. A.N. Zograf, ‘The Tooapse hoard’, NC 1925, pp. 29–52; A.G. Salnikov, ‘Zolotye monety Lisimakha iz Odesskogo Arkheologicheskogo Muzeya’, SA 4 (1960), p. 172, no. 5; Corpus I, no. 39; II, p. 184, no. 63.

104. Phanagoria vicinity?, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, before 2000 Burial: first half / mid-2nd cent. BC Contents: 13 AE Panticapaeum: 7 3 (SNG PSMFA 1065 ff.) 4 (SNG BM I 920–922) Phanagoria: 5 as SNG BM I 990 ff. Disposition: From the London auction. C. Lagos, ‘Two Second Century BC Bronze Hoards from the Black Sea’, NC 160

105. Kepoi, Sennoy, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 1959 IGCH 1122 Burial: mid-2nd cent. BC Contents: 11 AE, found in a tomb Panticapaeum: 7 5 (SNG BM I 920 ff.) 1 (SNG PSMFA 1065 ff.) 1 (SNG Stanc. 569) Phanagoria: 4 as SNG BM I 990 ff., one of them overstruck on SNG BM I 920 Disposition: State Historical Museum (inv. 96629). N.A. Frolova and D.B. Shelov, ‘Monety iz raskopok Kep 1958–1963 gg.’, NiSf 2 (1965), pp. 190–191, nos. 320–330; Corpus II, pp. 169–170, 184, no. 65.

106. Kepoi, Sennoy, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 1961 IGCH 1123 Burial: mid-2nd cent. BC Contents: 5 AE, found in a tomb Panticapaeum: 3 2 (SNG BM I 920–922) 1 (SNG BM I 908) Phanagoria: 2 as SNG BM I 990– 994, one of them overstruck on SNG BM I 920 Disposition: State Historical Museum, Moscow. N.A. Frolova and D.B. Shelov, ‘Monety iz raskopok Kep 1958–1963 gg.’, NiSf 2 (1965), p. 192, nos. 349–353; Corpus II, p. 170, 184, no. 66.

107. Phanagoria vicinity, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 1948 IGCH 1127 Burial: c. 120–110 BC Contents: 32 AE, found during excavations Panticapaeum: 24 AE 1 (SNG BM I 868) 1 (SNG BM I 869–871) 2 (SNG BM I 897) 3 (SNG BM I 890 ff.) 4 (SNG BM I 894–896) 1 (SNG PSMFA 1006–1008) 1 (SNG PSMFA 1032–1034) 10 (SNG BM I 920–922) 1 (Anokhin 146)

21

INVENTORY

1 (SNG BM I 909) 1 (SNG BM I 924, 925) Phanagoria: 4 1 (SNG PSMFA 1291) 3 (SNG BM I 990–994) Uncertain: 4 AE Disposition: Pushkin Museum. D.B. Shelov, ‘Nakhodki monet v Fanagorii v 1947–1957 gg.’, NE III (1962), pp. 57, 121–122, nos. 1182–1209; D.B. Shelov, ‘K istorii obrashcheniya mednykh pantikapeyskikh monet’, in Numizmatika antichnogo Prichernomor’ya (Kiev, 1982), pp. 45–46; Corpus I, no. 40; II, p. 184, no. 68.

108. Feodosia environs (ancient Theodosia), Crimea, 2000 Burial: c. 120–110 BC Contents: 36 AE Panticapaeum: 36 (SNG BM I 924, 925) Disposition: Kerch Museum (inv. KP 178443–178478). Corpus II, pp. 55–58, 184, no. 69.

See pl. XXI; pl. XXII, 1–8. 109. Vinogradnyi, Anapa District, Krasnodar Region, 1964 IGCH 1125 Burial: c. 120–110 BC Contents: 139+ AE, pot hoard Panticapaeum: 78 69 (SNG BM I 920–922) 8 (Anokhin 146) 1 (SNG BM I 926) Phanagoria: 61 (SNG BM I 990– 994) Disposition: Anapa Museum (inv. KM 8365/7337–7475). A. Salov, ‘Klad bosporskikh monet iz pos. Vinogradnyi’, NE XI (1974), pp. 94–98; Corpus I, no. 41; II, p. 185, no. 71.

110. Raevskaya, Anapa District, Krasnodar Region, 1964 Burial: c. 120–110 BC Contents: 332 AE Panticapaeum: 237 (SNG BM I 920–922) 43 (SNG PSMFA 1065–1067) 1 (SNG BM I 909) 61 (SNG BM I 926) Disposition: Anapa Museum (inv. KM 8365/7005–7336). Corpus I, no. 42; II, p. 184, no. 70.

111. Kumatyr, Anapa District, Krasnodar Region, 2005 Burial: c. 120–110 BC Contents: 596 AE, pot hoard Panticapaeum: 271 (SNG BM I 920–922) 23 (SNG PSMFA 1065–1067) 42 (SNG BM I 926) Disposition: Dispersed in trade. 336 coins were available for study. V.I. Sukhanov, ‘Kumatyrskii klad 2005 goda’, in VNK 14 (2007), pp. 26–27; Corpus I, no. 43; II, p. 185, no. 72.

112. Kerch outskirts (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, before 1892 IGCH 1124 Burial: c. 110/109 BC Contents: 10+ AR, ‘many’ AE Panticapaeum: 8 dr. (Anokhin 179, 179a, 179b, 186v, 186g, 189b; Giel 40) 2 ob. (Anokhin 182) ‘many’ (BMC 32-33) 39 (SNG BM I 924, 925) Disposition: Hermitage, merged with main collection. C. Giel, ‘Novye priobreteniya moego sobraniya’, in ZRAO V (1891), pp. 350–351; Zograf, p. 180; Corpus II, pp. 171–173, 185, no. 74.

113. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1904 IGCH 1126 Burial: c. 110/109 BC Contents: c. 20 AE, found in a tomb Panticapaeum: 11 6 (SNG BM I 926) 5 (SNG BM I 927) Uncertain: 9 Disposition: Kerch Museum material lost during World War II. V.V. Shkorpil, ‘Otchet o raskopkakh v g. Kerchi v 1904 g. (s 25 ris.)’, in IAK 25 (1907), p. 65, no. 213; Corpus II, pp. 170–171, 184, no. 67.

114. Bolshoy Utrish, Anapa area, Krasnodar Region, 1998 Burial: c. 110/109 BC Contents: c. 2000–2500 AE Panticapaeum: 3 (SNG BM I 908) 1 (Burachkov XXI, 128)

22

INVENTORY

2 (Shelov 73) 4 (SNG PSMFA 1032–1032) 367 (SNG BM I 920–922) 21 (SNG PSMFA 1065–1067) 1 (SNG Stanc. 569) 1 (SNG BM I 909) 1 (SNG PSMFA 1061) 1 (Anokhin 158) 2 (SNG BM I 924, 925) 16 (SNG BM I 926) 1 (SNG BM I 927) Disposition: Dispersed in trade. 423 coins were available for study. A.Z. Aptekarev, ‘Novyi klad pantikapeyskikh monet II v. do n.e. iz Krasnodarskogo kraya’, in MIAK 2 (2002), pp. 72–77; Corpus I, no. 43; II, p. 185, no. 72.

115. Phanagoria chora?, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 2009 or earlier Burial: c. 110/109–100 BC Contents: c. 40 AR, all dr., below, the Kerch Museum part Panticapaeum: 9 dr. and 2 plaster casts 2 and 1 cast (Anokhin 189v) 3 (SNG BM I 928) 4 and 1 cast (SNG BM I 929), one piece overstruck on Amisian siglos SNG BM I 1099–1113 Disposition: Dispersed. 9 dr. and 2 plaster casts in the Kerch Museum (inv. KP–178424–178432). Corpus II, pp. 109–116, 186, no. 77.

See pl. XXII, 9–19. 116. Myrmecium, Cape Karantin, Kerch, Crimea, 1937 IGCH 1141 Burial: c. 100–95 BC Contents: 6 AE, found during excavations Amisus: Dionysus/cista AE (SNG BM I 1199–209) Disposition: Hermitage. L.P. Kharko, ‘Monety iz raskopok Tiritaki i Mirmekiya v 1935–1940 gg.’, in MIA 25 (1952), p. 361; A.N. Zograf, ‘Opisanie monet, naydennykh pri raskopkakh Tiritaki, i Mirmekiya v 1935–1940 gg.’, in MIA 25 (1952), p. 378, nos. 2552–2557; Corpus II, pp. 174–176, 185, no. 80.

117. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1905 IGCH 1139 Burial: c. 100–90 BC Contents: 1 AR, 5 AE, found in a tomb Panticapaeum: 1 hemidr. (SNG BM I 930) 5 (SNG BM I 924, 925) Disposition: Kerch Museum material lost during World War II. V.V. Shkorpil, ‘Otchet o raskopkakh v g. Kerchi v 1905 godu (s 30 ris.)’, in IAK 30 (1909), p. 12, no. 38; Corpus II, pp. 173–174, 185, no. 75.

118. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1881 IGCH 1129 Burial: early 1st cent. BC, after 96/95 BC Contents: c. 30 AE Panticapaeum: AE as SNG BM I 924 ff., 941 ff. Disposition: Dispersed. OAK 1881 (1883), p. xiv.

119. Sudak environs, Crimea, 1910–1920 IGCH 1128 Burial: early 1st BC, after 96/95 BC Contents: c. 32 AE Panticapaeum: 17 1 (SNG BM I 874, 875) 3 (SNG BM I 873) 1 (SNG BM I 908) 9 (SNG BM I 920 ff.) 2 (SNG BM I 926) 1 (SNG BM I 941 ff.) Phanagoria: 14 (SNG BM I 990–994) Dioscurias: 1 (SNG BM I 1021– 1023) Disposition: State Historical Museum (Moscow), arrived in 1959. L.N. Kazamanova, ‘Klad monet IV–II vv. do n.e. iz Sudaka’, VDI 4 (1963), pp. 144–151; Corpus I, no. 45; II, p. 185, no. 84.

120. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1996 Burial: early 1st cent. BC, after 96/95 BC Contents: 1408 AE Panticapaeum: 1089 9 (SNG BM I 872, 873) 8 (SNG BM I 874, 875) 9 (SNG BM I 900 ff.)

23

INVENTORY

22 (SNG PSMFA 1029, 1030) 20 (Burachkov XXI, 128) 1 (SNG Stanc. 565) 1 (SNG PSMFA 1032–1034) 18 (SNG PSMFA 1065–1067) 638 (SNG BM I 920–922) 45 (SNG Stanc. 569) 1 (SNG BM I 909) 1 (Shelov VIII, 98) 4 (SNG BM I 924, 925) 54 (SNG BM I 926) 109 (SNG BM I 927) 149 (SNG BM I 941–944) Phanagoria: 294 1 (SNG PSMFA 1291) 293 (SNG BM I 990–994) Uncertain: 25 Disposition: State Historical Museum, Moscow (inv. 109294/1–1786, KP 1713307–1715092).

Contents: 49 AE Panticapaeum: 33 1 (SNG BM I 873) 3 (SNG BM I 900 ff.), some overstruck 2 (SNG PSMFA 1007) 16 (SNG BM I 920–922) 2 (SNG PSMFA 1066–1067) 1 (SNG BM I 909) 1 (SNG BM I 926) 1 (SNG BM I 927) 2 (SNG BM I 941–944), one piece overstruck on Apollo/ bowcase Phanagoria: 15 14 (SNG BM I 990–994) 1 (SNG PSMFA 1291) Uncertain: 1 Panticapaeum or Phanagoria Disposition: From the London auction.

Corpus I, no. 46; II, p. 186, no. 88.

C. Lagos, ‘Two Second Century BC Bronze Hoards from the Black Sea’, NC 160 (2000), pp. 268–270; Corpus I, no. 47; II, p. 186, no. 91.

See pl. XXII, 20–28; pl. XXIII, 1–23. 121. Chokrak Lake area, ancient settlement, E of Kurortnoe (ancient Zenonis Chersonese), 16 km of Kerch, Lenino District, Crimea, 1999 Burial: early 1st cent. BC, after 96/95 BC Contents: 1894 AE Panticapaeum: 1020 9 (SNG BM I 872, 873) 10 (SNG BM I 874, 875) 6 (SNG BM I 900 ff.) 2 (SNG Stanc. 565) 1 (SNG BM I 910–912) 5 (SNG PSMFA 1065–1067) 765 (SNG BM I 920–922) 26 (SNG Stanc. 569) 1 (SNG BM I 909) 2 (SNG BM I 924, 925) 59 (SNG BM I 926) 50 (SNG BM I 927) 81 (SNG BM I 941–944) Phanagoria: 730 2 (SNG PSMFA 1291) 728 (SNG BM I 990–994) Uncertain: 144 Disposition: Kerch Museum. Corpus II, pp. 59–93, 186, no. 89.

122. Phanagoria vicinity?, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, before 2000 Burial: early 1st cent. BC, after 96/95 BC

123. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 2000 Burial: early 1st cent. BC, after 96/95 BC Contents: 392 AE Panticapaeum: 228 1 (SNG BM I 877) 1 (SNG BM I 874, 875) 2 (SNG PSMFA 1012, 1013) 1 (SNG PSMFA 1046) 1 (SNG Stanc. 565) 2 (SNG PSMFA 1065–1067) 175 (SNG BM I 920–922) 3 (SNG Stanc. 569) 1 (SNG BM I 909) 18 (SNG BM I 926) 9 (SNG BM I 927), some overstruck on SNG BM I 920, 926 14 (SNG BM I 941–944), some overstruck on SNG BM I 927 Phanagoria: 151 (SNG BM I 990– 994), many overstruck on SNG BM I 920 Uncertain: 13 Panticapaeum or Phanagoria Disposition: Kerch Museum. Corpus II, pp. 95–108, 186, no. 90.

See pl. XXIII, 24–47.

24

INVENTORY

124. Solenyi 3 Settlement, 4,7 km SE of Phanagoria, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 2007 Burial: early 1st cent. BC, after 96/95 BC Contents: c. 274 AE Panticapaeum: 171 1 (SNG BM I 872) 1 (SNG BM I 902, 903) 1 (SNG PSMFA 1006) 1 (SNG PSMFA 1032–1034) 2 (SNG PSMFA 1065–1067) 128 (SNG BM I 920–922) 11 (SNG Stanc. 569) 10 (SNG BM I 926) 11 (SNG BM I 927) 6 (SNG BM I 941–944) Phanagoria: 95 (SNG BM I 990–994) Uncertain: 8 Disposition: Phanagoria Museum (inv. FM–KP–4/1–274, N1–74). M.G. Abramzon and V.D. Kuznetsov, Monetnye klady vremeni Mitridata VI Evpatora s khory Fanogorii (Phanagoria 3) (Moscow, 2015), pp. 84–93, pls. 2–4.

125. Veselovka 5 Settlement, near Veselovka, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 2014 Burial: early 1st cent. BC, after 96/95 BC Contents: 26 AE Panticapaeum: 19 2 (SNG BM I 873) 3 (SNG BM I 901–903) 6 (SNG BM I 920–922) 1 (SNG BM I 926) 1 (SNG BM I 927) 6 (SNG BM I 941–944), one piece overstruck on SNG BM I 920 Phanagoria: 7 (SNG BM I 990– 994), one piece overstruck on SNG BM I 920 Disposition: Phanagoria Museum (inv. FM–KP–79/1–27 N652–678). M.G. Abramzon and S.N. Ostapenko, ‘Klad mednykh bosporskikh monet IV–I vv. do n.e. s antichnogo poseleniya “Veselovka 5” (2014 g.)’, PIFK 2 (2016), pp. 260–267.

See pl. XXIV, 1–26. 126. Unknown findspot, Anapa District or Taman Peninsula?, Krasnodar Region, 2014 or earlier Burial: early 1st cent. BC, after 96/95 BC

Contents: c. 1627 AE, pot hoard Panticapaeum: AE (SNG BM I 894–896, 897, 900ff., 920– 922), bulk as SNG BM I 923, 926, 927, 941–944) Phanagoria: AE (SNG BM I 990– 994) Disposition: State Historical Museum, Moscow. For preliminary report, see article by E.V. Zakharov, ‘O kladakh bosporskikh monet rannemitridatovskogo vremeni, proiskhodyashchikh iz Vostochnogo Kryma i Tamanskogo poluostrova’, VDI 77.2 (2017), p. 409.

127. Moldavanskoe, Krymsk District, Krasnodar Region, 2014 Burial: c. 95–90 BC Contents: 3033 AE Panticapaeum: 1429 1 (SNG BM I 877) 5 (SNG BM I 872, 873) 2 (SNG BM I 874, 875) 2 (SNG BM I 890 ff.) 19 (SNG BM I 894–896, 900 ff.) 10 (SNG PSMFA 1006–1008) 12 (SNG Stanc. 565) 2 (SNG PSMFA 1032–1035) 12 (SNG PSMFA 1065–1067) 754 (SNG BM I 920–922) 60 (SNG Stanc. 569) 1 (SNG PSMFA 1060) 1 (Anokhin 170) 10 (SNG BM I 924, 925) 113 (SNG BM I 926) 115 (SNG BM I 927) 310 (SNG BM I 941–944) Phanagoria: 308 (SNG BM I 990– 994) Panticapaeum or Phanagoria: 641 Callatis: 1 (SNG Stanc. 93–94) Amisus: 1 (SNG BM I 1147 ff.) Uncertain: 653 Disposition: Anapa Museum (KVP 541/1–3033). M.G. Abramzon and A.M. Novichikhin, ‘Dva monetnykh klada mitridatovskogo vremeni s yugo-vostochnoi okrainy Bospora’, VDI 78.2 (2018), pp. 333–348.

128. Severskaya, Severskii District, Krasnodar Region, 2014 Burial: c. 95–90 BC Contents: 904 AE Panticapaeum: 620

25

INVENTORY

3 (SNG BM I 872, 873) 1 (SNG BM I 890 ff.) 13 (SNG BM I 894–896, 900 ff.) 3 (SNG PSMFA 1006–1008) 5 (SNG Stanc. 565) 1 (SNG Stanc. 566) 7 (SNG PSMFA 1065–1067) 228 (SNG BM I 920–922) 7 (SNG Stanc. 569) 1 (SNG PSMFA 1060) 1 (Anokhin 158) 1 (Anokhin 170) 75 (SNG BM I 924, 925) 27 (SNG BM I 926) 26 (SNG BM I 927) 84 (SNG BM I 941–944) Phanagoria: 97 2 (SNG PSMFA 1291) 95 (SNG BM I 990–994) Panticapaeum or Phanagoria: 135 Amisus: 1 (SNG BM I 1147 ff.) Sinope: 1 (SNG BM I 1543–1544) Uncertain: 185 Disposition: Anapa Museum (KM 13741/1–904).

Below, Anapa part: 177 AE Panticapaeum: 121 1 (SNG BM I 874, 875) 2 (SNG BM I 894–896) 3 (SNG BM I 900 ff.) 1 (SNG PSMFA 1029, 1030) 76 (SNG BM I 920–922) 1 (SNG PSMFA 1065–1067) 8 (SNG BM I 924, 925) 7 (SNG BM I 926) 7 (SNG BM I 927), one overstruck on SNG BM I 922 13 (SNG BM I 941–944), three overstruck on SNG BM I 922, 990 Phanagoria: 51 (SNG BM I 990– 994), seven overstruck on SNG BM I 900, 926, 922 Uncertain Bosporan: 3 overstruck on SNG BM I 922, 926 Amaseia: 1 (SNG BM I 1046, 1047) Amisus: 3 (SNG BM I 1147–1165) Taulara: 1 (SNG BM I 1290–1292) Disposition: 177 in the Anapa Museum (KM 8365/10549–10725); 304 in the Novorossiysk museum.

M.G. Abramzon and A.M. Novichikhin, ‘Dva monetnykh klada mitridatovskogo vremeni s yugo-vostochnoi okrainy Bospora’, VDI 78.2 (2018), pp. 333–348.

Corpus I, no. 49; II, p. 185, no. 86.

129. Patraeus, near Garkusha, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 2017 Burial: early 1st cent. BC, after 96/95 BC Contents: c. 20 AE, found during excavations Panticapaeum: 14 1 (SNG PSMFA 1029, 1030) 2 (Shelov VI, 73) 4 (SNG BM I 920–922) 1 (SNG PSMFA 1066, 1067) 2 (SNG BM I 927) 4 (SNG BM I 941–944) Phanagoria: 5 (SNG BM I 990–994) Uncertain: 1 Disposition: Taman Museum. E.V. Zakharov, ‘Sed’moi Patreiskii klad bosporskikh monet kontsa II v. do n.e.’, NE XX (2018), pp. 119–122.

130. Kumatyr, Anapa District, Krasnodar Region, 1976 Burial: c. 95–90 BC?, based on F. de Callataÿ’s chronology of the Mithradatic bronze Contents: 481 AE, pot hoard

131. Unknown findspot, near Anapa and Novorossiysk, Krasnodar Region, 2018? Burial: c. 95–90 BC Contents: 16,000+ AE Panticapaeum 3 or 4 (SNG BM I 901–903) 1–2 (SNG PSMFA 1006) 4 (Anokhin 158) 1 (SNG PSMFA 1061) many SNG BM I 920, 924, 926, 927, 941 (some overstruck on SNG BM I 927); SNG Stanc. 565, 569; SNG PSMFA 1065 (one overstruck on SNG BM I 909) Phanagoria: many as SNG BM I 990–994, some overstruck on SNG BM I 922 1 (SNG PSMFA 1291) Athens: 1 (Kroll 109) Amisus: (SNG BM I 1129–1133) Pontus–Paphlagonia: as SNG BM I 1129? Disposition: Dispersed in trade. M.G. Abramzon and A.M. Novichikhin, ‘Dva monetnykh klada mitridatovskogo vremeni s yugo-vostochnoi okrainy Bospora’, VDI 78.2 (2018), pp. 339–340.

26

INVENTORY

132. Cape Tuzla (ancient Corocondame), Taman Peninsula, Krasnodar Region, 1913 IGCH 1140 Burial: c. 90–80 BC Contents: 10 AR, found in a tomb Panticapaeum: dr. (SNG BM I 935) Disposition: Kerch Museum material lost during World War II. Pakhomov III, 707; Corpus II, pp. 176–177, 185, no. 76.

133. Solenyi 3 Settlement, 4,7 km SE of Phanagoria, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 2003 Burial: c. 88/87 BC Contents: c. 15,000 AE, two parts were available for study Part 1 delivered to the Phanagorian Archaeological Mission for study: 9 non-Bosporan coins and some Panticapaeum and Phanagoria types similar to those in part 2 and hoard 134 Athens (for Delos): 1 (Kroll 104a–b) Eretria: 1 (BMC Crete 21) 1 (SNG Christ. 855) Hierapytna: 1 (Svoronos 354; SNG Cop. 3 466) Amisus: 12 (SNG BM I 1147) Sinope: 7 (SNG BM I 1528) Calchedon (?):1 (SNG vA 1 250) Alexandreia Troas: 1 (BMC Troas 84) Mytilene: 1 (BMC Mytilene 64) Chios: 1 (Kroll 944k–m) Rhodes: Rhodos/rose 1 (SNG Cop. 5 860) Part 2: 1083 AE Panticapaeum: 2 (SNG BM I 876) 6 (SNG BM I 872) 10 (SNG BM I 874) 2 (SNG BM I 877) 60 (SNG BM I 900–905) 10 (SNG BM I 907) countermarked with tripod 8 (SNG BM I 908) overstruck on SNG BM I 900–905 27 (SNG PSMFA 1006 ff.) countermarked with tripod 6 (SNG PSMFA 1035) 23 (SNG Stanc. 565) many overstruck on other types

27 (Shelov 73) many overstruck on other types 2 (SNG Stanc. 566) 145 (SNG BM I 920 ff.) many overstruck on other types 28 (SNG PSMFA 1065 ff.) many overstruck on other types 34 (SNG Stanc. 569) one countermarked with star 3 (Anokhin 170) 2 (SNG PSMFA 1028) 5 (SNG BM I 909) 9 (Anokhin 158) 3 (SNG PSMFA 1061) 3 (Anokhin 187) 11 (SNG BM I 924) 35 (SNG BM I 926) all overstruck 36 (SNG BM I 927) all overstruck 84 (SNG BM I 941) many overstruck on other types Phanagoria: 30 (SNG PSMFA 1291) 463 (SNG BM I 990–994) Heraclea Pontica: 1 (SNG BM I 16235) Ephesus: 1 (cf. SNG Cop. 265) Teos: 1 (cf. SNG vA 2264 (var.)) Cnidus: 1 (BMC Caria 63) Uncertain: 5 Disposition: Dispersed in trade. 1083 in a private collection. M.G. Abramzon, ‘Numismatic Evidence for Ancient Seafaring between the Levant, Western and Southern Asia Minor and the Northern Black Sea’, INR 13 (2018), pp. 55–72. Part 2 is to be published by V.L. Strokin.

See pl. XXIV, 27–36. 134. Homestead 2013–11 Settlement, 2,5 km to SE of Phanagoria, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 2007 Burial: c. 88/87 BC Contents: 1 AR, 7901 AE Panticapaeum: 1 AR, 4812 AE 1 (SNG BM I 876) 4 (SNG BM I 872) 8 (SNG BM I 874) 70 (SNG BM I 900 ff.) 1 (SNG BM I 900 var. – Pan r.) 11 (SNG PSMFA 1006) 2 (SNG PSMFA 1029)

27

INVENTORY

24 (SNG Stanc. 565) 7 (SNG PSMFA 1055) 12 (SNG PSMFA 1032–1035) 137 (SNG PSMFA 1065–1067) 2919 (SNG BM I 920 ff.) 263 (SNG Stanc. 569) 21 (SNG BM I 909) 12 (SNG PSMFA 1028) 7 (Anokhin 158) 6 (SNG PSMFA 1060) 10 (Anokhin 170) 1 AR (SNG BM I 917) 307 (SNG BM I 926) 415 (SNG BM I 927) 1 (Anokhin 187) 575 (SNG BM I 941–944) Phanagoria: 3056 5 (SNG PSMFA 1291) 3050 (SNG BM I 990–994) 1 Pan r./bow and arrow Uncertain Bosporan: Panticapaeum or Phanagoria 12 Heraclea Pontica: 1 (SNG BM I 1628) Lampsacus: 1 (SNG vA 1301) Colophon: 1 (BMC Ionia 15?) Ephesus: 1 (BMC Ionia 120) Mytilene: 3 (BMC Lesbos 64) Cnidus: 2 (BMC Caria 63) Iasos: 1 (BMC Caria 10, 11) Bargylia: 1 (BMC Caria 5) Myndus: 1 (BMC Caria 42–44) Cos: 3 1 (BMC Cos 33) 2 (BMC Cos 115) Rhodes: 2 (SNG Keckman 607– 616) Lycian League: 1 (BMC Lycia 1) Uncertain mint: 1 Athena/Nike Uncertain provincial mint 7, Ptolemy I: 1 (Svoronos, Ta Nomismata 345; Lorber B105; Wolf 345) Disposition: Phanagoria Museum (Inv. FM–KP–80/1–400, etc., N679– 8580) M.G. Abramzon and V.D. Kuznetsov, ‘A Hoard of 4th–1st centuries BC from Phanagoria’, in N. Povalahev (ed.), Phanagoreia und darüber hinaus… Festschrift für Vladimir Kuznetsov (Altertümer Phanagoreias 3) (Göttingen, 2014), pp. 139‒192; M.G. Abramzon and V.D. Kuznetsov, Monetnye klady vremeni Mitridata VI Evpatora s khory Fanogorii (Phanagoria 3) (Moscow, 2015), pp. 96–316; M.G. Abramzon, ‘Numismatic Evidence for Ancient Seafaring between the Levant, West-

ern and Southern Asia Minor and the Northern Black Sea’, INR 13 (2018), pp. 55–72.

See pl. XXIV, 37–44; pls. XXV–XXXVIII; pl. XXXIX, 1–20. 135. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1910 IGCH 1142 Burial: c. 80s BC Contents: 195+ AE, from harbor Panticapaeum: 111 5 (SNG Stanc. 585) 4 (SNG PSMFA 1198) 111 (SNG BM I 937–940) Phanagoria: 11 (SNG BM I 1007) Gorgippia: 26 3 (Frolova–Ireland VIII, 9–12) 23 (SNG BM I 986) Sinope: 1 (SNG BM I 1524) Uncertain 37 Disposition: Hermitage (a part merged with main collection); Kerch Museum material lost during World War II (a further part). Noe 558; Corpus I, no. 52; II, p. 185, no. 81.

136. Fadeevo, Krymsk District, Krasnodar Region, 1977 Burial: c. 85–70 BC Contents: 1675 AE, pot hoard Panticapaeum: 1 (SNG BM I 876) 1 (SNG BM I 877) 5 (SNG BM I 872, 873) 1 (SNG BM I 874, 875) 2 (SNG BM I 890 ff.) 13 (SNG BM I 894–896) 62 (SNG BM I 900 ff.) 11 (SNG Stanc. 565) 9 (SNG PSMFA 1029, 1030) 2 (SNG PSMFA 1032) 516 (SNG BM I 920–922) 41 (SNG PSMFA 1065–1067) 6 (SNG Stanc. 569) 2 (SNG Stanc. 568) 5 (Anokhin 158) 134 (SNG BM I 924, 925) 71 (SNG BM I 926) 104 (SNG BM I 927) 140 (SNG BM I 941–944), many overstruck on SNG BM I 926, 927 1 (SNG BM I 939–940) Phanagoria: 3056 2 (SNG PSMFA 1291)

28

INVENTORY

523 (SNG BM I 990–994), many overstruck on SNG BM I 920, 926, 927 Amaseia: 1 (SNG BM I 1046, 1047) Amisus: 1 (SNG BM I 1129–1133) Sinope: 1 (SNG BM I 1521, 1522) Disposition: Anapa Museum (inv. KM 8365/7824–9498, KM 10470/1–3, KM 9737/3–8). M.G. Abramzon et al., ‘Fadeevskii klad bronzovykh bosporskikh monet IV–I vv. do n.e.’, PIFK VII (1999), pp. 326–334; Corpus I, no. 48; II, p. 186, no. 87.

137. Fontalovskaya, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 1963 IGCH 1143 Burial: c. 85–70 BC Contents: 487+ AR, pot hoard Panticapaeum: 335 didr. (SNG BM I 932–934) Phanagoria: 138 didr. (SNG BM I 997) Gorgippia: 14 didr. (Frolova– Ireland, V, 18–21) Disposition: 485 in the Anapa museum (inv. KM 8365/5800–6279), 2 in the Pushkin Museum; 20–30 in a private coll. K.V. Golenko, ‘Fantalovskii klad bosporskikh didrakhm I v. do n.e.’, VDI 4 (1965), pp. 141–158; Corpus I, no. 50; II, p. 185, no. 85.

138. Temryuk environs, Krasnodar Region, 2018 Burial: 85–70 BC Contents: 192 AR, pot hoard Panticapaeum: 178 dr. (SNG BM I 928–929, Anokhin 189, 189a, 189b, 189c) 6 didr. (SNG BM I 932–934) Phanagoria: 2 didr. (SNG BM I 997) Gorgippia: 1 didr. (Frolova– Ireland, V, 18–21) Chersonese: 5 dr. (SNG BM I 928) Disposition: Dispersed. I.V. Shonov, ‘“Khersonesskie” drachmy s imenem Demetriya’, in BCh XXI, pp. 415–420.

139. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1897 IGCH 1144 Burial: c. 85–70 BC

Contents: 5 AR, 468+ AE, in two lots, 2 meters apart Panticapaeum: 4 AR, 331 AE 4 AR (SNG BM I 932–934) 1 (SNG BM I 868) 15 (SNG BM I 886 ff.) 10 (SNG BM I 890 ff.) 1 (SNG BM I 920–922) 14 (SNG Stanc. 585) 67 (SNG BM I 924, 925) 3 ‘anonymous’ obols (SNG BM I 946 ff.) 223 (SNG BM I 937–940) Phanagoria: 1 AR, 28 AE 1 dr. (SNG BM I 997) 28 (SNG BM I 1007) Gorgippia: 40 (SNG BM I 986) Amisus: 62 32 (SNG BM I 1147–1165) 28 (SNG BM I 1177–1191) 2 (SNG BM I 1212 ff.) Comana: 1 (SNG BM I 1262–1263) Amastris: 1 (SNG BM I 1311) Sinope: 2 (SNG BM I 1536–1540) Disposition: Hermitage (a part merged with main collection); Kerch Museum material lost during World War II (a further part). Pakhomov III, 947; VIII, suppl. to 947; Noe 555; K.V. Golenko, ‘Pontiiskaya med’ vremen Mitridata VI na Bospore’, Klio 46 (1965), pp. 318–319; Corpus I, no. 52; II, pp. 177–178, 185, no. 81.

140. Tyritace, Arshintsevo, 11 km S of Kerch, Crimea, 1935 IGCH 1145 Burial: c. 80–63 BC Contents: AE Panticapaeum: AE (types unknown) many ‘anonymous’ obols (SNG BM I 946 ff.) Disposition: Kerch Museum material lost during World War II. L.P. Kharko, ‘Monety iz raskopok Tiritaki i Mirmekiya v 1935–1940 gg.’, in MIA 25 (1952), pp. 361–362; Corpus I, no. 53; II, p. 185, no. 82.

141. Myrmecium, Cape Karantin, Kerch, Crimea, 1949 IGCH 1146 Burial: c. 80–63 BC Contents: 16 AE Panticapaeum: 13

INVENTORY

12 ‘anonymous’ obols (SNG BM I 946 ff.) 1 (SNG PSMFA 1198) Amisus: 1 (SNG BM I 1147–1133) Sinope: 2 (SNG BM I 1543 ff.) Disposition: Pushkin Museum. L.N. Belova, ‘Monety iz raskopok Tiritaki, Mirmekiya i Ilurata’, in MIA 85 (1958), pp. 332, 343–344, nos. 219–234; K.V. Golenko, ‘Pontic Currency of the Period of Mithridates VI on the Bosporus’, Num. Circ. CXI/2 (2003), p. 67; Corpus I, no. 54; II, p. 185, no. 83.

142. Patraeus, near Garkusha, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 1950 IGCH 1147 Burial: c. 70–63 BC Contents: 82 AE Panticapaeum: 40 ‘anonymous’ obols (SNG BM I 946 ff.) 2 (SNG PSMFA 1198) Sinope: 34 (SNG BM I 1543 ff.) Uncertain Pontus–Paphlagonia: 2 (types as SNG BM I 1166) Disposition: Pushkin Museum. Y.S. Krushkol, ‘Monety s monogrammami iz Patreiskogo klada 1950 g.’, VDI 3 (1952), pp. 137–147; Y.S. Krushkol, ‘Patreiskii klad 1950 g.’, KSIIMK LXVI (1956), pp. 116–117; Pakhomov VII, 1720; K.V. Golenko, ‘Pontic Currency of the Period of Mithridates VI on the Bosporus’, Num. Circ. CXI.2 (2003), p. 67; Corpus I, no. 55; II, p. 186, no. 92.

143. Kepoi, Sennoy, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 1986 Burial: c. 70–63 BC Contents: 6 AR Phanagoria: 6 dr. (SNG BM I 998) Disposition: Dispersed in trade. Information from V.L. Strokin.

144. Patraeus, near Garkusha, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 1998 Burial: c. 70–63 BC Contents: 11 AR Phanagoria: 11 hemidr. (Frolova– Ireland VII, 16, 16a) Disposition: Dispersed in trade. Corpus I, no. 51; II, p. 186, no. 93; A.P. Abramov and S.I. Boldyrev, ‘“Klady” 1998 goda iz Patreia’, Bosporskii Fenomen 1 (St Petersburg, 2001), p. 144; E.V. Zakharov, ‘Klady vremeni Mitridata VI Evpatora, naidennye na poselenie Garkusha I’, in

29 Patrei. Materialy i issledovaniya 2 (Moscow, 2005), pp. 113–114.

145. Phanagoria, near Sennoy, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 2007 Burial: 63 BC Contents: 2 hoards; A: 19 AE, B: 7 AE; both found in Mithradates VI’s residence Hoard A (a pile of coins in the plate): Panticapaeum: 5 (Frolova–Ireland II, 4), obv. angular countermark, wheat-ear Phanagoria: 4 (Frolova–Ireland II, 8), same countermark Panticapaeum or Phanagoria as above, same countermark Amisus: 1 (SNG BM I 1144–1146) Gaziura: 1 (SNG BM I 1266, 1267) Taulara: 1 (SNG BM I 1288, 1299) Amastris: 1 (BMC Pontus, XIX, 6) Uncertain Paphlagonia–Pontus: 4 ob. as SNG BM I 1144 Hoard B (purse no. 1): Panticapaeum: AE (SNG BM I 937–940) Disposition: Phanagoria Museum (Pot A: field inv. F–07–59–77; Pot B: F–07–1–7). M.G. Abramzon and V.D. Kuznetsov, ‘The Phanagorian revolt against Mithridates VI Eupator (numismatic evidence)’, in Altertümer Phanagoreias 2 (Göttingen, 2011), pp. 15–90; M.G. Abramzon, ‘A hoard of bronze Pontic and Bosporan coins of the reign of Mithradates VI from Phanagoria, 2007’, in G.R. Tsetskhladze (ed.), The Black Sea, Paphlagonia, Pontus and Phrygia in Antiquity. Aspects of archaeology and ancient history (Oxford, 2012), pp. 1–8.

146. Phanagoria, near Sennoy, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 2008 Burial: 63 BC Contents: 2 AR, 65 AE, purse no. 2 found in Mithradates VI’s residence Panticapaeum: 53 18 (SNG BM I 920–922) 1 (SNG Stanc. 569) 29 (SNG BM I 924, 925) 5 (SNG BM I 941–944) Phanagoria: 2 AR, 6 AE 6 (SNG BM I 990–994) 2 tetrob. (SNG BM I 999)

30

INVENTORY

Uncertain Panticapaeum or Phanagoria: 4 small coins completely destroyed during cleaning Amisus: 2 1 (SNG BM I 1145, 1146) 1 (SNG BM I 1147 ff.) Disposition: Phanagoria Museum (field inv. F–08–61–7). M.G. Abramzon and V.D. Kuznetsov, ‘The Phanagorian revolt against Mithridates VI Eupator (numismatic evidence)’, in Altertümer Phanagoreias 2 (Göttingen, 2011), pp. 15–90; M.G. Abramzon and V.D. Kuznetsov, ‘The Rebellion in Phanagoria in 63 BC (New Numismatic Evidence)’, ACSS 17 (2011), 75‒110.

See pl. XXXIX, 21–40; pl. XL, 1–16. 147. Phanagoria, near Sennoy, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 2009 Burial: 63 BC Contents: 5 pots; A: 44 AR, AE, B: 80 AR, AE, C: 6 AE, D: 4 AR, AE, E: 5 AR, AE; purses nos. 3–7 found in Mithradates VI’s residence Pot A (purse no. 3): Panticapaeum: 23 1 (SNG BM I 901) 9 (SNG BM I 920–922) 1 (SNG PSMFA 1065–1067) 6 (SNG BM I 924, 925) 1 (SNG BM I 926) 1 (SNG BM I 927) 3 (SNG BM I 941–944) 1 hemidr. (SNG BM I 930) Phanagoria: 14 13 (SNG BM I 990–994) 1 tetrob. (SNG BM I 999) Amisus: 6 (SNG BM I 1147 ff.) Gaziura: 1 (SNG BM I 1268, 1269) Pot B (purse no. 4): Panticapaeum: 33 17 (SNG BM I 920–922) 4 (SNG BM I 924, 925) 3 (SNG BM I 926) 6 (SNG BM I 927) 3 (SNG BM I 941–944) Phanagoria: 27 26 (SNG BM I 990–994) 1 tetrob. (SNG BM I 999) Uncertain Panticapaeum or Phanagoria: 18 small coins decomposed during cleaning Amisus: 1 (SNG BM I 1147 ff.) Pharnaceia: 1 (SNG BM I 1276– 1283)

Pot C (purse no. 5): Panticapaeum: 2 1 (SNG BM I 901–905) 1 (SNG BM I 924, 925) Amisus: 2 (SNG BM I 1147 ff.) Sinope: 2 (SNG BM I 1528–1530) Pot D (purse no. 6): Panticapaeum: 2 (SNG BM I 924, 925) Phanagoria: 2 tetrob. (SNG BM I 999) Pot E (purse no. 7): Panticapaeum: 2 (SNG Stanc. 569) Phanagoria: 2 tetrob. (SNG BM I 999) Uncertain Panticapaeum or Phanagoria: 2 small coins decomposed during cleaning Disposition: Phanagoria Museum (field inv. F–09–4–47 [A], F–09–89–169 [B], F–09–204–209 [C], F–09– 233–236 [D], F–09–239–243 [E]). M.G. Abramzon and V.D. Kuznetsov, ‘The Phanagorian revolt against Mithridates VI Eupator (numismatic evidence)’, in Altertümer Phanagoreias 2 (Göttingen, 2011), pp. 15–90; M.G. Abramzon and V.D. Kuznetsov, ‘The Rebellion in Phanagoria in 63 BC (New Numismatic Evidence)’, ACSS 17 (2011), 75‒110.

See pl. XL, 17–31; pl. XLI, 1–19. 148. Kerch or environs?, Crimea, 1945– 1965 IGCH 1148 Burial: c. 49/48–45/44 BC Contents: 36 AE Panticapaeum: 27 7 ‘anonymous’ obols (SNG BM I 946 ff.) 20 (SNG BM I 945) Asander: 2 (SNG Stanc. 607) Uncertain: 7 AE Disposition: Kerch Museum material. K.V. Golenko, ‘O kharaktere chekana bosporskikh anonimnykh obolov’, NiSf 2 (1965), p. 45.

149. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1852 IGCH 1149 Burial: c. 49/48–45/44 BC Contents: 55+ AE, pot hoard Asander: 40 AE (RPC I 1846; SNG BM I 962, 963), all overstruck on Panticapaeum coins

31

INVENTORY

Amisus and Sinope: 15 (different types, time of the reign of Mithradates VI) Disposition: Dispersed. Lyutsenko, p. 9, no. 4; Corpus I, no. 60; II, pp. 177, 187, no. 104.

150. Sultanovka, Gornostaevka, Lenino District, Crimea, 1852 IGCH 1151 Burial: c. 49/48–45/44 BC Contents: 100+ AE Asander: AE (RPC I 1846; SNG BM I 962, 963) Disposition: 15 in the Hermitage, merged with collection. Lyutsenko, p. 20–21; Corpus I, no. 61; II, pp. 177, 186, no. 103.

151. Baksy, Glazovka, Lenino District, Crimea, 1888 IGCH 1150 (mistakenly Kerch) Burial: c. 49/48–45/44 BC Contents: 325 AE Bosporus: AE (mints unknown) Asander: AE (bulk of the hoard) Disposition: Hermitage (merged with main collection). OAK 1882–1888 (1891), p. ccxvi; Corpus II, pp. 177, 187, no. 104; E.G. Zastrozhnova, ‘Klad mednykh monet vremeni Asandra iz s. Baksy (1888 g.): k istorii otkrytiya’, in VNK 19 (2017), pp. 16–18.

152. Kerch environs? Crimea CH VIII 538 Burial: c. 49/48–45/44 BC Contents: 2 pots; A: 35 AE, B: 34 AE Pot A: Panticapaeum: 3 Pharnaces: 3 Asander: 4 Pot B: Panticapaeum: 1 Gorgippia?: 1 Asander: 26 (many overstruck on Sinope and Amisus of the reign of Mithradates VI) Amastris: 1 Sinope: 4 Pontus: 1 (Amisus or Sinope?) Disposition: In trade. 153. Anapa (ancient Gorgippia), Krasnodar Region, 1970 Burial: c. 49/48–45/44 BC

Contents: 3 AE, found in tomb Asander: 1 (SNG BM I 963), overstruck on Aegis/Nike type of Pontus Amisus: 1 (SNG BM I 1227) Sinope: 1 (SNG BM I 1543 ff.) Disposition: Anapa Museum (inv. KM 8365/11599–11601). To be published by M.G. Abramzon and A.M. Novochikhin.

154. Polyanka Settlement, 5 km W of Cape Zyuk, on the Karalar coast of the Azov Sea, Crimea, 1985 Burial: c. 47–46 BC Contents: 1140 AE, in amphora, found during excavations Panticapaeum: 1061 obols 150 ‘anonymous’ obols (SNG BM I 946 ff.) 3 (SNG PSMFA 1198), one overstruck on the Pontic obol 908 (SNG BM I 945), many overstruck on ‘anonymous’ obols Gorgippia: 1 (SNG PSMFA 1325) Amisus: 9 (SNG BM I 1166 ff.) Amastris: 2 (SNG BM I 1312 ff.) Sinope: 2 (SNG BM I 1531 ff.) Paphlagonia–Pontus: 1 as SNG BM I 946 Disposition: 1077 in the Kerch Museum (inv. KN 4678/1–1077), including 33 obols from hoard 155; 50 in the Pushkin Museum, merged with hoard 155 (inv. inv. 266119– 266167); a remaining part dispersed. S. Ireland and N.A. Frolova, ‘Two hoards of Bosporan coins of the 1st century BC from the ancient settlement of Poljanka (Kerch)’, Hermathene 166 (1999), pp. 31–39; Corpus I, no. 56; II, p. 187, no. 108; S.A. Kovalenko, ‘Klady monet s poseleniya “Polyanka”. Addendum’, in T.N. Jackson, I.G. Konovalova and G.R. Tsetskhladze (eds.), Gaudeamus Igitur (Moscow, 2010), pp. 203–216.

See pl. XLI, 20–25; pls. XLII–L. 155. Polyanka Settlement, 5 km W of Cape Zyuk, on the Karalar coast of the Azov Sea, Crimea, 1984 Burial: c. 47–46 BC Contents: 70 AE, in handmade pot, found during excavations

32

INVENTORY

Panticapaeum: AE 4 ‘anonymous’ obols (SNG BM I 946 ff.) 29 (SNG BM I 945), overstruck over ‘anonymous’ obols 1 (SNG BM I 937 ff.) Gorgippia: 1 (SNG BM I 986) Asander: 25 (Frolova–Ireland XXIII, 4–23, XXIV, 1–25) Chersonese: 1 (SNG SHM 3593 ff.) Amastris: 1 (SNG BM I 1315 ff.) Sinope: 6 1 (SNG BM I 1528 ff.) 5 (SNG BM I 1543 ff.) Uncertain Paphlagonia–Pontus: 1 as SNG BM I 1543 Uncertain: 1 Comments: Part in the Pushkin Museum, merged with hoard 154: 50 AE Panticapaeum: 1 (SNG BM I 937 ff.) 18 ‘anonymous’ obols (SNG BM I 946 ff.) 27 (SNG BM I 945), 11 overstruck over ‘anonymous’ obols Gorgippia: 1 (SNG BM I 986) Amisus: 2 (SNG BM I 1166 ff.) Cabeira: 1 (SNG BM I 1241–1242) Disposition: 34 tetrachalkoi in the Kerch Museum (inv. KN 5032– 5065), 33 obols merged with hoard 154; 50 in the Pushkin Museum, merged with hoard 155 (inv. 266119–266167). S. Ireland and N.A. Frolova, ‘Two hoards of Bosporan coins of the 1st century BC from the ancient settlement of Poljanka (Kerch)’, Hermathene 166 (1999), pp. 31–39; Corpus I, no. 57; II, p. 187, no. 107; S.A. Kovalenko, ‘Klady monet s poseleniya “Polyanka”. Addendum’, in T.N. Jackson, I.G. Konovalova and G.R. Tsetskhladze (eds.), Gaudeamus Igitur (Moscow, 2010), pp. 203–216.

See pl. LI, 1–3. 156. Batareika I Settlement, Batareika, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 1997 Burial: c. 49/48–45/44 BC? Contents: 111 or 112 AE (101 were available for study) Panticapaeum: 1 (SNG BM I 955, 956) Asander: 101

99 (RPC I 1845; SNG BM I 964) 2 (RPC I 1846; SNG BM I 962, 963) Amisus: 1 (SNG BM I 1166 ff.) Disposition: Dispersed in trade. A.A. Karelin and A.A. Molchanov, ‘Klad nadchekanennykh obolov Asandra (k istorii denezhnogo obrashcheniya na Bospore v I v. do n.e.’, in VNK 7 (1999), pp. 26–27; Corpus I, no. 59; II, p. 187, no. 109.

157. Ilyich Settlement, near Ilyich, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 2015–2016 Burial: c. 49/48–45/44 BC? Contents: c. 100? AE, merged with other excavation coins Panticapaeum: 1 (SNG BM I 868) 13 (SNG BM I 872, 873) 1 (SNG BM I 874, 875) AE (SNG BM I 900 ff.) 3 (SNG BM I 946 ff. ff.) 1 (SNG Stanc. 591 ff.) 1 (SNG BM I 945) Phanagoria: 1 (SNG BM I 1007) Gorgippia: 2 (SNG Stanc. 618, 619) Asander: 1 (SNG Stanc. 609) Amisus: 3 2 (SNG BM I 1147 ff.) 1 (SNG BM 1212 ff.) Sinope: 1 (SNG BM I 1543 ff.) Uncertain Pontus: 1 Aegis/Nike Disposition: Taman Museum. M.G. Abramzon and A.V. Bonin, ‘Monety iz raskopok gorodishcha i poseleniya Ilyichevka v 2015–2016 gg.’, PIFK 3 (2017), p. 403.

158. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), N slop of Mt. Mithridate, Crimea, 1961 Burial: end of 1st cent. BC, after 12 BC Contents: 46 AE Panticapaem as Caesarea: 8 (SNG Stanc. 614) Phanagoria as Agrippia: 5 (SNG Stanc. 631) Uncertain Bosporan ruler : 33 4 (Frolova–Ireland XXXV, 24– 26; XXXVI, 1–7) 8 (Frolova–Ireland XXXVI, 8–14) 1 (Frolova–Ireland XXXVII, 2–10)

33

INVENTORY

1 (Frolova–Ireland XXXVII, 11–20) 7 (Frolova–Ireland XXXVIII, 1–7) 5 (Frolova–Ireland XXXVIII, 8–13) 7 (Frolova–Ireland XXXVIII, 14–19a) Disposition: Kerch Museum (inv. KH– 2429–2474). K.V. Golenko, ‘Kerchenskii klad mednykh bosporskikh monet kontsa I v. do n.e.’, NE IX (1971), pp. 38–50; M.G. Abramzon, ‘The 1961 Kerch Hoard of Bronze Coins and Some Chronological Problems of the Bosporan Coinage of the 1st century BC’, in Acta Musei Varnaensis VII.1 (Varna, 2008), pp. 136–148; Corpus I, no. 62; II, pp. 177, 187, no. 111.

See pl. LI, 4–25; pl. LII, 1–22. 159. Kerch environs (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1847 Burial: end of the 1st cent. BC, after 12 BC Contents: 54 AE, a purse Uncertain Bosporan ruler : AE (SNG Stanc. 965) Disposition: ‘best specimens’ in the Hermitage (merged with main collection); Kerch Museum material lost during World War II (a remaining part). Lyutsenko, p. 8, no. 3; Noe 553; Corpus I, no. 63; II, p. 187, no. 110.

160. Fontal Peninsula, E of the Chushka spit, Krasnodar Region, 1870 Burial: c. 8 BC? Contents: 4 AV, 18 AR, pot hoard Asander: 3 st. with regnal years 21, 28, and 29 (cf. RPC I 1857, 1862, 1863) Uncertain Bosporan ruler : 1 st. (cf. RPC I 1866) Pontus, Polemo I: 17 dr. Roman Republic, mint – Africa, Julius Caesar: 1 denarius (RRC I 458) Disposition: 2 Polemo I in the Hermitage (merged with main collection), 1 in the Odessa Museum (merged with main collection), 1 in the Kerch Museum (lost during World War II). Lyutsenko, p. 31, no. 6; Corpus I, no. 64; II, 187, no. 112.

161. Taman Peninsula, 15 km N of Phanagoria, Krasnodar Region, 1996 Burial: AD 28/29 Contents: 22 AV, in ivory pyxis Uncertain Bosporan ruler : 1 st. Aspurgus: 21 st. Disposition: Mr. Yuri Pokrass’ collection. Kiev, Ukraine. Y. Pokrass, ‘Klad zolotykh bosporskikh monet nachala I veka’, Numismatika i Faleristika 3.97 (Kiev, 1997), pp. 4–6.

162. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1910 Burial: c. AD 14/15–37/38 Contents: 5 AE, in burial Panticapaem as Caesarea: 1 (SNG Stanc. 614) Phanagoria as Agrippia: 2 (SNG Stanc. 631) Uncertain Bosporan ruler :1 Aspurgus: 1 (SNG Stanc. 966). Disposition: Kerch Museum material lost during World War II. V.V. Shkorpil, ‘Otchet o raskopkakh v g. Kerchi i st. Tamanskoi v 1910 g.’, in IAK 47 (1913), p. 45, no. 1; Pakhomov III, 959.

163. Sukko, 13 km S of Anapa, Anapa District, Krasnodar Region, 1963 Burial: c. AD 45/46–46/47 Contents: c. 150 AE Panticapaem as Caesarea: 5 (SNG Stanc. 614) Phanagoria as Agrippia: 1 (SNG Stanc. 631) Uncertain Bosporan ruler : (Frolova–Ireland XXXVII, 11– 20) Aspurgus: 21 Gepaepyris: 2 Mithradates III: 63 Disposition: 80 of 93 in the Anapa Museum now (inv. KM 8365/10726– 10805). Y.S. Krushkol, ‘Klad bronzovykh monet vremeni Mitridata VIII iz seleniya Sukko Anapskogo raiona’, VDI 4 (1978), pp. 61–63; M.G. Abramzon et al., ‘Two Hoards of Bosporan Coins’, RN 157 (2001), pp. 287– 303; Corpus I, no. 65; II, 187, no. 113.

164. Kerch outskirts, Crimea, 1877 Burial: AD 45/46 Contents: c. 100 AE, pot hoard Mithradates III: AE

34

INVENTORY

Disposition: Dispersed. Lyutsenko, pp. 17–18, no. 12; Corpus I, no. 66; II, p. 187, no. 114.

165. Kerch outskirts, Crimea, 1879 Burial: AD 45/46 Contents: c. 30 AE, in leather purse Mithradates III: AE Disposition: 13 in the Kerch Museum (lost during Worl War II). Lyutsenko, pp. 18–19, no. 13; Corpus I, no. 67; II, p. 187, no. 115.

166. Artezian Settlement (ancient Parosta?), 2 km N of Chistopolye, Lenino District, Crimea, 2009 Burial: AD 46/47 Contents: 2 hoards in caskets; A: 145 AE, 1 AR, jewelry; B: 99 AE, 9 AR, jewelry Hoard A (casket 1): Panticapaem as Caesarea: 9 Phanagoria as Agrippia: 6 Aspurgus: 62 Gepaepyris: 12 Mithradates III: 46 Roman Empire, Tiberius, Lugdunum: 1 denarius (RIC I 26) Hoard B (casket 2): Panticapaem as Caesarea: 5 Phanagoria as Agrippia: 1 Aspurgus: 31 Gepaepyris: 7 Mithradates III: 55 Roman Empire: 9 denarii Augustus: 4 Lugdunum: 3 as RIC I 207, 210, 212 Rome or Brundisium: 1 (RIC I 265a) Tiberius, Lugdunum: 6 (RIC I 26, 28, 30) Disposition: Kerch Museum (inv. Hoard A: KP–176642/1–146; Hoard B: KP–176643/1–108). Corpus II, pp. 117–127, 187, no. 116; M.G. Abramzon, M.Y. Treister and N.I. Vinokurov, ‘Two Hoards of Coins and Jewellery Items from the Time of the Roman-Bosporan War of AD 45–49 from the Settlement of Artezian’, ACSS 18.2 (2012), pp. 207–278.

See pl. LII, 23–31; pls. LIII–LVI.

167. Artezian Settlement (ancient Parosta?), 2 km N of Chistopolye, Lenino District, Crimea, 2011 Burial: AD 46/47 Contents: 3 assemblages; A: 4, B: 4, C: 8; all concealed in fossae Assemblage A: Panticapaem as Caesarea: 1 Phanagoria as Agrippia: 2 Mithradates III: 1 Assemblage B: Aspurgus: 2 Mithradates III: 2 Assemblage C: Gepaepyris: 2 Aspurgus: 3 Mithradates III: 3 Comments: Similar clusters and rouleaus of fused bronze coins numbering from 3–4 to 20–25 pieces were found in the other places of the Settlement of fire. See hoard 168. Disposition: Kerch Museum (inv. hoard A: KP–181672, NVF–11067– 11069; hoard B: NVF–11090, 11092–11093, KP–181681; C: NVF–11177–11182, 11184, KP– 181730). M.G. Abramzon and N.I. Vinokurov, ‘Gold Staters of Aspurgus and Mithridates III and New Complexes with Coins and Jewellery Items from the Artezian Settlement’, ACSS 23 (2017), pp. 1–41.

168. Artezian Settlement (ancient Parosta?), 2 km N of Chistopolye, Lenino District, Crimea, 2013 Burial: AD 46/47 Contents: 11 assemblages; A: 125 AE, 4 AR, jewelry, bone tesserae, sword, knifes; B: 6, C: 6, D: 7, E: 8, F: 13, G: 17, H: 20, I: 21, J: 25, K: 25 Assemblage A (small chest from the citadel room 10): Bosporus: 125 AE Roman Republic, mint – Spain?, Julius Caesar: 1 denarius, hardly worn, pierced (RRC I 452/5 or 468/1?) Roman Province of Asia: 3 cistophori Ephesus: Mark Antony (RPC I 2201), Augustus (RIC I 480 = RPC I 2213)

35

INVENTORY

Pergamum: Augustus (RIC I 506 = RPC I 2219) Assemblage B: 6 AE Assemblage C: 6 AE Assemblage D: 7 AE Assemblage E: 8 AE Assemblage F: 13 AE Assemblage G: 17 AE Assemblage H: 20 AE Assemblage I: 21 AE Assemblage J: 25 AE Assemblage K: 25 AE Comments: all the Bosporan bronze coins are strongly burnt and cannot be attributed; their size is the same to the assarii of Aspurgus–Mithradates III. No doubt, assemblages B–K are purses of the besieged who burned in room no. 4 of the citadel during the Roman assault. Similar clusters and rouleaus of fused bronze coins were found in the other places of the Settlement of fire. Disposition: Kerch Museum (Caesar: inv. KP–185628; cistophori: 185624–185626; bronze: list 288– 296/2013, 318–127/2013, 311– 313/2013, etc., 184–225/2013, 230–281/2013). M.G. Abramzon and N.I. Vinokurov, ‘Gold Staters of Aspurgus and Mithridates III and New Complexes with Coins and Jewellery Items from the Artezian Settlement’, ACSS 23 (2017), pp. 1–41; M.G. Abramzon and N.I. Vinokurov, ‘Cistophori from the Artezian Settlement (Ptolemaeus’ Παρόστα?). The evidence of the presence of Bithynian troops in the Bosporan Kingdom’, Eurasia Antiqua 21/2015 (2018), pp. 151–160.

See pl. LVII, 1–3. 169. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1908 Burial: c. AD 123/124–132/133 Contents: 28 AE, found in a tomb Phanagoria as Agrippia: 1 Gepaepyris: 3 Cotys I: 12 Rhescuporis II: 10 Cotys II: 1 Sinope?, Nero and Octavia: 1 (SNG vA. 235?) Disposition: Kerch Museum material lost during World War II. V.V. Shkorpil, ‘Otchet o raskopkakh v g. Kerchi v 1908 g.’, in IAK 40 (1911), p. 89, no. 47; Pakhomov II, 958.

170. Anapa (ancient Gorgippia), Krasnodar Region, 1978 Burial: c. AD 123/124–132/133 Contents: 34 AE, found during the excavations Phanagoria as Agrippia: 1 Aspurgus: 5 Gepaepyris: 2 Cotys I: 3 Rhescuporis II: 4 Sauromates I: 16 Cotys II: 2 Disposition: Anapa Museum (inv. KM 8365/10806–10839). M.G. Abramzon et al., ‘Two Hoards of Bosporan Coins’, RN 157 (2001), pp. 287–300; Corpus I, no. 68; II, p. 188, no. 119.

171. Ilyich Settlement, near Ilyich, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 2015–2016 Burial: c. AD 123/124–132/133 Contents: c. 85? AE, merged with other excavation coins Panticapaeum as Caesarea: 5 Phanagoria as Agrippia: 4 Uncertain Bosporan ruler :2 1 (SNG PSMFA 1388) 1 (SNG Stanc. 965) Aspurgus: 17 Gepaepyris: 6 Mithradates III: 13 Cotys I: 13 Rhescuporis II: 6 Sauromates I: 16 Cotys II: 1 Disposition: Taman Museum. M.G. Abramzon and A.V. Bonin, ‘Monety iz raskopok gorodishcha i poseleniya Ilyichevka v 2015–2016 gg.’, PIFK 3 (2017), p. 404.

172. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1846 Burial: c. AD 131/132–154/155 Contents: 20+ AE, pot hoard Rhoemetalces: sestertii Disposition: Dispersed. Lyutsenko, pp. 7–8, no. 2; Corpus I, no. 69; II, p. 188, no. 120;

173. Anapa (ancient Gorgippia), Krasnodar Region, 1968 Burial: c. AD 131/132–154/155 Contents: 9 AE, all are sestertii, found during excavations

36

INVENTORY

Sauromates I: 4 Cotys II: 1 Rhoemetalces: 4 Disposition: Anapa Museum (inv. KM 8365/11528–11537). I.T. Kruglikova and N.A. Frolova, ‘Monety iz raskopok Gorgippii 1967–1972 gg.’, in Gorgippia I (Materialy Anapskoi arkheologicheskoi ekspeditsii) (Krasnodar, 1980), p. 108, nos. 86–94.

174. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1914 Burial: c. AD 154/155–170/171 Contents: 51 AE, pot hoard, found during excavations Mithradates III: AE Cotys I: AE Rhescuporis II: AE Eupator: AE Disposition: Kerch Museum material lost during World War II. OAK 1913–1915 (1918), p. 99.

175. Rostov Settlement, Rostov-on-Don, before 1917 Burial: c. AD 154/155–170/171 Contents: 4+ AV Eupator: st. 460 AB = AD 163/164 Disposition: Dispersed. B.V. Lunin, ‘Materialy k opisaniyu nekotorykh neopublikovannykh drevnikh monetnykh nakhodok na territorii Dona i Kubani’, in Uchenye Zapiski Rostovskogo finansovo-ekonomicheskogo instituta I (Rostovon-Don, 1941), p. 240, fig. 1; Corpus II, p. 188, no. 122.

176. Pavlovskii, near the anc. Krasnobatareinoe Settlement, Krymsk District, Krasnodar Region, 1960 Burial: AD 170/171 Contents: 89 AV Sauromates I: 3 Cotys II: 6 Rhoemetalces: 11 Eupator: 69 Disposition: Krasnodar Museum (inv. KM 925–1013). M.G. Abramzon et al., ‘A Hoard of Bosporan Gold Staters of 2nd Century AD from the City-Site Krasnobatereinoye’, ACSS 7.3–4 (2001), pp. 169–184; Corpus I, no. 70; II, p. 188, no. 121; T.V. Yurchenko, ‘Zagadki klada u khutora Pavlovskogo’, in ACh 5, pp. 321–324; A.V. Pyankov and T.V. Yurchenko, ‘Klad bosporskikh staterov iz stanitsy Kazanskoi. Istoriya nakhodki

i izuchenie’, in Numizmaticheskie chteniya Gosudarstvennogo istoricheskogo muzeya 2019 goda. K 90-letiyu A.S. Melnikovoi i 100-letiyu V.V. Uzdennikova. Moskva, 26 i 27 noyabrya 2019 goda. Materialy dokladov i soobshchenii (Moscow, 2019), pp. 41–43.

177. Adagumskaya, Krymsk District, Krasnodar Region, 1859 Burial: 2nd cent. AD Contents: c. 200 AR, pot hoards Caesarea in Cappadocia: tridrachms? Disposition: Dispersed. Lyutsenko, pp. 30–31, no. 5; Corpus I, no. 71; II, p. 187, no. 118.

178. Gnilovskaya, now Rostov-on-Don Region, before 1823 Burial: c. AD 154/155–170/171? Contents: AV, unknown, pot hoard Eupator: st. Disposition: Dispersed. I.A. Stempakovkii, ‘Dva pis’ma Stempakovskogo k Blarambergu o mestopolozhenii drevnego goroda Tanaisa’, in Propilei IV (Moscow, 1854), pp. 389, 391; S.I. Bezuglov, ‘K rekonstruktsii sostava donskikh kladov bosporskogo zolota’, DA 2 (2000), p. 91.

179. Nymphaeum, Geroevka (former Eltigen), Crimea, 1949 Burial: AD 204/205 Contents: 9 AV, pot hoard found during excavations Eupator: 1 Sauromates II: 8 Disposition: Pushkin Museum. K.V. Golenko, ‘Monety iz raskopok Nimfeya 1939–1970 gg.’, NE XI (1974), pp. 73– 74; K.V. Golenko, ‘Tretii Patreiskii klad (1970 g.) i nekotorye zamechaniya o bosporskoi chekanke III v. n.e.’, NE XII (1978), p. 36, no. 7; Corpus I, no. 72; II, p. 188, no. 123.

180. Volna 1 Settlement, 3–4 km N of Volna, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 2013/14 Burial: AD 205/206 Contents: 109 AV, found during excavations Eupator: 1 Sauromates II: 108 Disposition: Taman Museum (inv. KM–14101/1–109).

37

INVENTORY

M.G. Abramzon, ‘A Hoard of Second and Early Third-Century AD Bosporan Gold from the Taman Peninsula’, NC (2020), pp. 15–24; M.G. Abramzon et al., Poslednee zoloto Bospora: klady staterov III v. n.e. iz poseleniya Volna 1 (Moscow, 2020).

See pl. LVII, 4–23; pls. LVIII–LX; pl. LXI, 1–17. 181. Titarovka, Starotitarovskaya, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 1834 Burial: c. AD 174/175–210/211 Contents: c. 300 AE, pot hoard, bulk are Sauromates II double denarii with labours of Heracles Bosporan kings of the 2nd cent. AD Sauromates II: st. Disposition: Dispersed. Lyutsenko, pp. 35–36; Corpus I, p. 597, no. 2; II, p. 188, no. 125.

182. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, before 1884 Burial: c. AD 174/175–210/211 Contents: 92 AV Cotys II: st. Sauromates II: st. Disposition: Dispersed. Noe 551; K.V. Golenko, ‘Tretii Patreiskii klad (1970 g.) i nekotorye zamechaniya o bosporskoi chekanke III v. n.e.’, NE XII (1978), p. 36, no. 3а; Corpus II, p. 188, no. 124.

183. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 2009 Burial: c. AD 186/187–210/211 Contents: 7 AE, a rouleau concealed in the wall of building, found during excavations Cotys II: 2 (Anokhin 482, 500) Rhoemetalces: 1 (Anokhin 522) Sauromates II: 4 dr. (Anokhin 618, 618a) Disposition: Simferopol Museum. V.A. Sidorenko, ‘Kerchenskii klad 2009 g. degradirovannykh bosporskikh staterov’, in MAIET XVII, p. 458.

184. Phanagoria, near Sennoy, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 2014 Burial: c. AD 196/197–210/211 Contents: 5 AE, a purse, found during excavations Sauromates I: 1 sest.

Cotys II: 1 sest. Sauromates II: 1 denarius and 1 double denarius (both countermarked), 1 dr. King’s bust/ eagle Disposition: Phanagoria Museum (field nos. F–14–2–6). 185. Nizhnegnilovskoe Settlement, Rostov Region, 1958 Burial: AD 216/217 Contents: 35 AV Eupator: 7 Sauromates II: 21 Phescuporis III: 7 Disposition: Rostov Museum (inv. 1263/1–31, 1440/1–3). V.V. Yatsenko, ‘Klad elektrovykh bosporskikh staterov s Gnilovskogo gorodishcha’, VDI 3 (1993), pp. 43–54; S.I. Bezuglov, ‘K rekonstruktsii sostava donskikh kladov bosporskogo zolota’, DA 2 (2000), pp. 88–91; Corpus I, no. 75; II, p. 188, no. 126.

186. Maykop, Adygea, Krasnodar Region, 1910–1912 Burial: AD 220/221 Contents: 2+ AV Eupator: 1+ Phescuporis III: 1+ Disposition: Dispersed. K.V. Golenko, ‘Tretii Patreiskii klad (1970 g.) i nekotorye zamechaniya o bosporskoi chekanke III v. n.e.’, NE XII (1978), p. 36, no. 4; Corpus II, p. 188, no. 128.

187. Nymphaeum, Geroevka (former Eltigen), Crimea, 1941 Burial: AD 220/221 Contents: 2 AE, 4 EL, pot hoard found during excavations Sauromates I: 2 AE sestertii Phescuporis III: 4 EL st. Disposition: Pushkin Museum (field inv. NF 41–1160–1161; 1271– 1220). K.V. Golenko, ‘Monety iz raskopok Nimfeya 1939–1970 gg.’, NE XI (1974), p. 74; Corpus I, no. 76; II, p. 188, no. 127.

188. Unknown, before 1949 Burial: AD 222/223 Contents: 14 AV Phescuporis III: 14 Disposition: Dispersed in trade.

38

INVENTORY

M. Thompson, ‘A Hoard of Bosporus Electrum’, in Commemorative Studies in Honor of Theodore Leslie Shear (Hesperia Suppl. 8, 1949), pp. 379–381; Corpus I, no. 77; II, p. 188, no. 129.

189. Unknown, before 1914 Burial: AD 225/226 Contents: 73 AV, hoard or a part of hoard Sauromates II: 3 Phescuporis III: 70 Disposition: Dispersed in trade. Brüder Egger, Auktions–Katalog–Griechische Münzen: Sammlung des Herrn Theodor Prowe, Moskau und aus anderem Besitz; die öffentliche Versteigerung findet statt: 11. Mai 1914 und folgende Tage (Katalog 46, Vienna, 1914), Taf. IX–XI, 508–577; Corpus I, no. 78; II, p. 188, no. 132.

190. Taman Peninsula, Krasnodar Region, before 1935 Burial: AD 225/226 Contents: 21 AV, EL Sauromates II: AV Phescuporis III: EL Disposition: Dispersed. K.V. Golenko, ‘Tretii Patreiskii klad (1970 g.) i nekotorye zamechaniya o bosporskoi chekanke III v. n.e.’, NE XII (1978), p. 37, no. 8; Corpus I, no. 78; II, p. 188, no. 131.

191. Kazanskaya, near Kropotkin, Krasnodar Region, 1961 Burial: AD 225/226 Contents: 14+ AV Sauromates II: 4 Phescuporis III: 8 Disposition: 14 in the Krasnodar Museum (inv. KM 1021–1034). M.G. Abramzon et al., ‘A Hoard of Bosporan Gold Staters of 2nd and 3rd Centuries AD from the Village of Kazanskaya’, ACSS 7.3–4 (2001), pp. 185–191; Corpus I, no. 79; II, p. 188, no. 130.

192. Ust-Labinskaya, Ust-Labinsk, Krasnodar Region, 1845 Burial: AD 211/212–226/227 Contents: 9+ EL Rhescuporis III: 9 st. Disposition: Dispersed. Archive of the Leningrad Branch of the Institute of Archaeology, DAK, 1846, no. 121; K.V. Golenko, ‘Monety iz raskopok Nimfeya 1939–1970 gg.’, NE XI (1974), p. 74.

193. Ust-Labinsk (former Ust-Labinskaya), Krasnodar Region, before 2016 Burial: AD 211/212–226/227 Contents: 58 EL Rhescuporis III: st. Disposition: In private collection. V.I. Sukhanov, ‘Klad bosporskikh staterov pervoi chetverti III v. n.e. iz Ust-Labinskogo raiona’, in VNK 19 (2017), pp. 18–20.

194. Kobyakovo Settlement, between Rostov-on-Don and Aksay, Rostov Region, 1850 Burial: AD 211/212–226/227? Contents: 12 AV Rhoemetalces: st. Eupator: st. Sauromates II: st. Phescuporis III: st. Disposition: 5 in the Hermitage (merged with main collection); 6 in the Pushkin Museum. Lyutsenko, p. 47; S.I. Bezuglov, ‘K rekonstruktsii sostava donskikh kladov bosporskogo zolota’, DA 2 (2000), p. 87; Corpus I, no. 73; II, p. 188, no. 135.

195. Khaprovskoe Settlement, Rostov Region, 1868 Burial: AD 211/212–226/227 Contents: c. 100 to 500 AV Eupator: st. Sauromates II: st. Phescuporis III: st. Disposition: Dispersed. Lyutsenko, pp. 47–48; S.I. Bezuglov, ‘K rekonstruktsii sostava donskikh kladov bosporskogo zolota’, DA 2 (2000), pp. 87–88; Corpus I, no. 74; II, p. 188, no. 133.

196. Ust-Labinskaya (Ust-Labinsk), Krasnodar Region, 2016 Burial: AD 227/228 Contents: 84 EL, pot hoard Rhescuporis III: 81 or 82 Cotys III: 2 or 3 Disposition: In private collection. V.I. Sukhanov, ‘Klad bosporskikh staterov pervoi chetverti III v. n.e. iz Ust-Labinskogo raiona’, in VNK 19 (2017), pp. 18–20.

197. Progress, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 2004 Burial: AD 228/229 Contents: 18 EL Cotys III: EL, staters of AD 228/229 (Rhescuporis III’s memorial issue).

39

INVENTORY

Disposition: Dispersed in trade.

Disposition: Dispersed.

A.Z. Aptekarev. ‘Klad pamyatnykh staterov Kotisa III iz Temryukskogo raiona Krasnodarskogo kraya’, in Chetvertaya Kubanskaya arkheologicheskaya konferentsiya. Tezisy i doklady (Krasnodar, 2005), pp. 3–4; Corpus I, no. 83; II, p. 188, no. 136.

Lyutsenko, pp. 27–28, no. 3; K.V. Golenko, ‘Tretii Patreiskii klad (1970 g.) i nekotorye zamechaniya o bosporskoi chekanke III v. n.e.’, NE XII (1978), p. 36, no. 2; Corpus I, no. 80; II, p. 188, no. 137.

198. Ust-Labinsk (former Ust-Labinskaya), Krasnodar Region, 2003 Burial: AD 230/231 Contents: 44+ AV, EL Sauromates I: 1 Rhoemetalces: 2 Eupator: 2 Sauromates II: 8 Rhescuporis III: 27 Cotys III: 3 Sauromates III: 1 Disposition: Dispersed. M.A. Khusht, ‘Klad bosporskikh staterov pervykh vekov n.e., obnaruzhennyi pod Ust-Labinskom v 2003 g.’, in VNK 15 (2009), pp. 36–38.

199. Volna 1 Settlement, 3–4 km N of Volna, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 2014 Burial: AD 232/233 Contents: 99 AV, AG, found during excavations Rhescuporis III: 6 (memorial staters struck under Cotys III) Cotys III: 75 Sauromates III: 18 Disposition: Taman Archaeological Museum (inv. KM 14010/1–99). M.G. Abramzon et al., ‘Klad staterov Kotisa III i Savromata III s poseleniya “Volna 1” na Tamanskom poluostrove’, RA 4 (2020); M.G. Abramzon et al., Poslednee zoloto Bospora: klady staterov III v. n.e. iz poseleniya Volna 1 (Moscow, 2020).

See pl. LXI, 18–24; pls. LXII–LXIV; pl. LXV, 1–20. 200. Ust-Labinskaya, Ust-Labinsk, Krasnodar Region, 1849 Burial: c. AD 227/228–233/234 Contents: c. 600 AV, EL Sauromates I: AV Cotys II: AV Rhoemetalces: AV Eupator: AV Sauromates II: AV Rhescuporis III: EL Cotys III: EL

201. Anapa environs, Krasnodar Region, before 1852 Burial: c. AD 227/228–233/234 Contents: c. 800 AV, EL Sauromates I: AV Cotys II: AV Rhoemetalces: AV Eupator: AV Sauromates II: AV Rhescuporis III: EL Cotys III: EL Disposition: Dispersed, c. 100 in the Hermitage (merged with main collection). Lyutsenko, p. 29; K.V. Golenko, ‘Tretii Patreiskii klad (1970 g.) i nekotorye zamechaniya o bosporskoy chekanke III v. n.e.’, NE XII (1978), p. 36, no. 1; Corpus I, no. 81; II, p. 188, no. 138.

202. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1867 Burial: c. AD 227/228–233/234 Contents: c. 96 AV, EL Cotys II: AV Rhoemetalces: AV Eupator: AV Sauromates II: AV Rhescuporis III: EL Cotys III: EL Disposition: Dispersed. Lyutsenko, p. 10, no. 6; K.V. Golenko, ‘Tretii Patreiskii klad (1970 g.) i nekotorye zamechaniya o bosporskoi chekanke III v. n.e.’, NE XII (1978), p. 36, no. 3; Corpus I, no. 82; II, p. 188, no. 139.

203. Khanskaya, Adygea, Krasnodar Region, 1913 Burial: c. AD 227/228–233/234 Contents: 129+ AV, EL Sauromates II: AV Rhescuporis III: EL Cotys III: EL Disposition: Dispersed. Pakhomov VII, 1729; K.V. Golenko, ‘Tretii Patreiskii klad (1970 g.) i nekotorye zamechaniya o bosporskoi chekanke III v. n.e.’, NE XII (1978), p. 37, no. 10; Corpus II, p. 188, no. 140.

40

INVENTORY

204. Raevskaya (near), Anapa District, Krasnodar Region, 1998 Burial: c. AD 227/228–233/234 Contents: c. 400 AV, EL Sauromates II: AV Rhescuporis III: EL Cotys III: EL Disposition: Dispersed. S.I. Bezuglov, ‘K rekonstruktsii sostava donskikh kladov bosporskogo zolota’, DA 2 (2000), p. 94; Corpus I, p. 611, no. 130; II, p. 189, no. 141.

205. Myskhako, near Novorossiysk, Krasnodar Region, early 1990s Burial: c. AD 233/234–234/235 Contents: c. 200 AV, EL, AR staters Sauromates II: AV Rhescuporis III: EL Cotys III: EL, AR Sauromates III: AR Rhescuporis IV: AR Disposition: Dispersed. S.I. Bezuglov, ‘K rekonstruktsii sostava donskikh kladov bosporskogo zolota’, DA 2 (2000), p. 94; Corpus I, p. 610, no. 121; II, p. 189, no. 142.

206. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1904 Burial: c. AD 233/234–238/239 Contents: 2 hoards; A: 8 AE, B: 8 AE, both found in tombs Hoard A: Rhescuporis III: 1 Cotys III: 2 Ininthimeus: 3 Uncertain: 2 Hoard B: Rhescuporis III: 1 Cotys III: 3 Sauromates III: 1 Rhescuporis IV: 2 Alexandria in Egypt, Crispina: 1 Comments: All Bosporan coins are denarii with Aphrodite Apatura seated l. Disposition: Kerch Museum material lost during World War II. V.V. Shkorpil, ‘Otchet o raskopkakh v g. Kerchi v 1904 g. (s 25 ris.)’, in IAK 25 (1907), pp. 15–16, nos. 59, 61.

207. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1863 Burial: c. AD 233/234–238/239

Contents: 25 EL, AR, pot hoard Cotys III: EL, AR Sauromates III: AR Rhescuporis IV: AR Ininthimeus: AR Disposition: Dispersed in trade. K.V. Golenko, ‘Tretii Patreiskii klad (1970 g.) i nekotorye zamechaniya o bosporskoi chekanke III v. n.e.’, NE XII (1978), p. 37, no. 13; Corpus I, no. 84; II, p. 189, no. 143.

208. Anapa (ancient Gorgippia), Krasnodar Region, 1984 Burial: AD 238/239 Contents: 105 AE, 1 AR, found during excavations Rhescuporis II: 2 AE Sauromates I: 5 AE Cotys II: 2 AE Rhoemetalces: 7 AE Sauromates II: 8 AE Rhescuporis III: 32 AE Cotys III: 13 AR, 20 AE Sauromates III: 7 AE Rhescuporis IV: 2 AE Ininthimeus: 1 AR, 27 AE Disposition: Anapa Museum (inv. KM 8531/1–106). Corpus I, no. 86; II, p. 189, no. 144.

209. Anapa (ancient Gorgippia), Krasnodar Region, 1987 Burial: AD 238/239 Contents: 497 AE, 17 AR, 3 EL, found during excavations Panticapaeum: 7 AE 2 (SNG BM I 887 ff.) 2 (SNG PSMFA 1006 ff.) 2 (SNG BM I 910–912) Leukon II: 1 (SNG PSMFA 1338– 1340) Rhescuporis II: 1 AE Sauromates I: 29 AE Cotys II: 2 AE Rhoemetalces: 3 AE Sauromates II: 76 AE Rhescuporis III: 160 AE Cotys III: 3 EL, 11 AR, 20 AE Sauromates III: 1 AR, 37 AE Rhescuporis IV: 3 AR, 10 AE Ininthimeus: 2 AR, 126 AE Uncertain Bosporan: 22 AE (Panticapaeum, 3rd cent. BC; sestertii, denarii, double denarii 1st to 3rd cent. AD)

41

INVENTORY

Tyra: 2 AE Caracalla: 1 (SNG SHM 189 ff.) Severus Alexander: 1 (SNG SHM 223 ff.) Chersonese, Elagabalus: 1 AE (SNG SHM 4087) Disposition: Anapa Museum (inv. KM 12386/1–19, 12465/1–493). N.A. Frolova and S. Ireland, ‘A Hoard of Bosporan Coins in the Period Third Century BC to AD 238 from Ancient Gorgippia’, NC (1995), pp. 21–42; Corpus I, no. 85; II, p. 189, no. 145.

210. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), on the N slope of Mt. Mithridate, Crimea, 2009 Burial: c. AD 233/234–238/239 Contents: 127 AE Sauromates I: 4 Cotys II: 3 Rhoemetalces: 3 Sauromates II: 24 Rhescuporis III: 48 Cotys III: 3 Sauromates III: 8 Rhescuporis IV: 2 Ininthimeus: 32 Uncertain: 1 Disposition: Dispersed in trade. M.G. Abramzon and N.F. Fedoseev, ‘Klad mednykh bosporskikh monet kontsa I–III v. n.e. iz Pantikapeya (2009 g.)’, in M.D. Bukharin (ed.), Scripta antiqua 4 (Moscow, 2015), pp. 451–491; Corpus II, pp. 147–156, 189, no. 146.

211. Ilyich Settlement, near Ilyich, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 2015–2016 Burial: c. AD 233/234–238/239 Contents: 20 AE, merged with other excavation coins Rhescuporis III: 7, some countermarked Cotys III: 3 Sauromates III: 1 Ininthimeus: 9 Disposition: Taman Museum. M.G. Abramzon and A.V. Bonin, ‘Monety iz raskopok gorodishcha i poseleniya Ilyichevka v 2015–2016 gg.’, PIFK 3 (2017), pp. 404–405, 426.

212. Patraeus, near Garkusha, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 1970 Burial: AD 251/252

Contents: 225 AE, EL, AR, Bil, in casket, with jewelry Sauromates II: 6 AE (double denarii, countermarked) Rhescuporis III: 1 EL Cotys III: 1 AE (double denarius, countermarked), 70 EL, AR Sauromates III: 9 AR Rhescuporis IV: 8 Bil Ininthimeus: 26 Bil Rhescuporis V: 2 AE (double denarii), 102 Bil Roman Empire, mint of Rome, Titus: 1 denarius (RIC 2 26b) Disposition: Pushkin Museum. K.V. Golenko, ‘Tretii patreiskii klad (1970 g.) i nekotorye zamechaniya o bosporskoi monetnoi chekanke III v. n.e.’, NE XII (1978), pp. 10–40; Corpus I, no. 87; II, p. 189, no. 147.

213. Hermonassa, Taman, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 1970 Burial: AD 252/253 Contents: 44 Bil, pot hoard Rhescuporis V: st. Disposition: Taman Museum. K.V. Golenko, ‘Tamanskii klad 1970 g.’, Klio 54 (1972), pp. 239–249; Corpus I, no. 88; II, p. 189, no. 148.

214. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1964 Burial: AD 253/254 Contents: 77 Bil, 1 AR Rhescuporis V: 3 Pharsanzes: 44 Uncertain: 19, 5 coins completely destroyed during cleaning Severus Alexander: 1 denarius (RIC 4/2 246d) Disposition: Kerch Museum (inv. KN– 2755, 2757–2801). K.V. Golenko, ‘Monety, naidennye v Kerchi v 1964 g.’, VDI 2 (1970), pp. 87–99; K.V. Golenko, ‘Tretii patreiskii klad (1970 g.) i nekotorye zamechaniya o bosporskoi monetnoi chekanke III v. n.e.’, NE XII (1978), p. 37, no. 18; Corpus I, no. 89; II, p. 189, no. 150.

215. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1988 Burial: AD 253/254 Contents: c. 2000–3500 Bil, pot hoard Part in the Kerch Museum: 521 Ininthimeus: 5

42

INVENTORY

Rhescuporis V: 508 Pharsanzes: 8 Disposition: 521 in the Kerch Museum (inv. KN–3955–3968; 3978–4484); other part dispersed. M.G. Abramzon et al., ‘Klad bosporskikh staterov 234–253 gg. n.e. iz Kerchi (1988 g.)’, VDI 2 (2007), pp. 60–109; Corpus I, no. 90; II, p. 189, no. 149.

See pl. LXV, 21–24; pls. LXVI– LXXXVI; pl. LXXXVII, 1–13. 216. Voikovo (former Keterles), 2 km NW of Kerch, Crimea, 1962 Burial: AD 256 Contents: 8 AR Roman Empire: Antoniniani Julia Maesa: 1 Philip I: 1 Herennius Etruscus: 1 Hostilian: 1 Trebonianus Gallus: 2 Volusian: 1 Valerian I: 1 Disposition: Kerch Museum (inv. KN– 2506–2512; S–396–403). K.V. Golenko, ‘Le trésor d’Antoniniani de Kertch’, RN XV (1973), pp. 290–299; Corpus I, no. 91; II, p. 189, no. 151.

See pl. LXXXVII, 14–21. 217. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1954 Burial: AD 257 Contents: 71 AR Roman Empire: AR Caesarea in Cappadocia, Julia Domna: 1 dr. Rome, Antioch, Milan, Viminacium: 70 Antoniniani Gordian III: 10 Philip I: 10 Otacilia Severa: 1 Philip II: 4 Trajan Decius: 6 Herennia Etruscilla: 2 Herennius Etruscus: 1 Trebonianus Gallus: 23 Volusian: 5 Valerian I: 6 Valerian II: 2 Gallienus: 2 Disposition: Kerch Museum (inv. K–9382/1–71; S–1–71). K.V. Golenko, ‘Le trésor d’Antoniniani de Kertch’, RN XV (1973), pp. 290–299; Corpus I, no. 92; II, p. 189, no. 152.

See pl. LXXXVII, 22–24; pls. LXXXVIII– LXXXIX; pl. XC, 1–20. 218. Necherezy, Teuchezhsky District, Adygea, Krasnodar Region, 1999 Burial: AD 264/265 Contents: 6+ Bil Rhescuporis V: 5 Pharsanzes: 1 Disposition: 6 in the National Museum of the Republic of Adygea (inv. HMPA–12838/1–6). M.A. Khusht, ‘Klad staterov bosporskikh tsarei Riskuporida V i Farsanza’, in MIASK 5 (2004), pp. 334–336; Corpus I, no. 94; II, p. 189, no. 153.

219. Semenovka, Lenino District, Crimea, 1957 Burial: AD 267/268 Contents: 96 Bil Rhescuporis V: st. Disposition: Feodosia Museum. I.T. Kruglikova, ‘Klad bosporskikh staterov III v. n.e. iz der. Semenovka’, SA 3 (1958), pp. 134–143; K.V. Golenko, ‘Tretii patreiskii klad (1970 g.) i nekotorye zamechaniya o bosporskoi monetnoi chekanke III v. n.e.’, NE XII (1978), p. 38, no. 19; Corpus I, no. 95; II, p. 189, no. 155.

220. Ilurat, near Ivanovka, Lenino District, Crimea, 1976 Burial: AD 267/268 Contents: 66 Bil Rhescuporis V: st. Disposition: Kerch Museum (inv. KH– 3525–3590). N.A. Frolova and I.S. Shurgaya, ‘Iluratskii klad monet Riskuporida V’, VDI 1 (1982), pp. 91–97; Corpus I, no. 96; II, p. 189, no. 154.

See pl. XC, 21–24; pl. XCI; pl. XCII, 1–12. 221. Temir-Gora Mount Settlement, 8 km NE of Kerch, Crimea, 2009 Burial: AD 267/268 Contents: 80 Bil Rhescuporis V: st. Disposition: In trade. M.G. Abramzon and N.F. Fedoseev, ‘Klad staterov Reskuporida V s Temir-Gory (2009 g.)’, NE XX (2018), pp. 123–134.

See pl. XCII, 13–24; pl. XCIII; pl. XCIV, 1–21.

43

INVENTORY

222. Unknown findspot, Kerch or vicinity?, Crimea, before 1871 Burial: AD 251/252–267/268 Contents: c. 500 Bil Rhescuporis IV: st. Ininthimeus: st. Rhescuporis V: st. Disposition: Dispersed in trade. Lyutsenko, pp. 16–17, no. 11; K.V. Golenko, ‘Tretii patreiskii klad (1970 g.) i nekotorye zamechaniya o bosporskoi monetnoi chekanke III v. n.e.’, NE XII (1978), p. 38, no. 15; Corpus I, no. 93; II, p. 189, no. 156.

223. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, before 1884 Burial: c. AD 251/252–267/268 Contents: c. 500 Bil Rhescuporis V: st. Comments: This could be the same hoard as no. 222. Disposition: Dispersed in trade. Burachkov, p. 19; Noe 548; K.V. Golenko, ‘Tretii patreiskii klad (1970 g.) i nekotorye zamechaniya o bosporskoi monetnoi chekanke III v. n.e.’, NE XII (1978), p. 38, no. 15a; Corpus I, p. 600, no. 40; II, p. 189, no. 157.

224. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, before 1884 Burial: c. AD 251/252–267/268? Contents: c. 700 Bil ‘Last king with the name Rhescuporis’ Comments: Most likely, this find could be a hoard from Rhescuporis V’s time. For some reason, S. Noe thought the coins were silver. Disposition: Dispersed. Burachkov, p. 19; Noe 549; K.V. Golenko, ‘Tretii patreiskii klad (1970 g.) i nekotorye zamechaniya o bosporskoi monetnoi chekanke III v. n.e.’, NE XII (1978), p. 38, no. 16; Corpus I, p. 600, no. 41; II, p. 190, no. 174.

225. Tyritace, Arshintsevo, 11 km S of Kerch, Crimea, 1937 Burial: AD 276/277 Contents: 2093 Bil Ininthimeus: 3 Rhescuporis V: 2029 Pharsanzes: 9 Sauromates IV: 9

Teiranes: 18 Uncertain: 25 Disposition: Hermitage. V.M. Brabich, ‘Klad bosporskikh staterov III v. n.e. iz Tiritaki’, in Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha IX (1967), pp. 5–49; K.V. Golenko, ‘Tretii patreiskii klad (1970 g.) i nekotorye zamechaniya o bosporskoi monetnoi chekanke III v. n.e.’, NE XII (1978), p. 38, no. 20; Corpus I, no. 97; II, p. 189, no. 158.

226. Batareika, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 1958 Burial: AD 278/279 Contents: 198 Bil, pot hoard Rhescuporis V: 178 Pharsanzes: 2 Sauromates IV: 9 Teiranes: 9 Disposition: Kerch Museum (inv. KN– 2129, 2231–2427). V.E. Kunin, ‘Monetnyi klad s Tamanskogo poluostrova (informatsionnoe soobshchenie)’, in Arkheologiya i istoriya Bospora II (Simferopol, 1962), pp. 343–345; K.V. Golenko, ‘Tretii patreiskii klad (1970 g.) i nekotorye zamechaniya o bosporskoi monetnoi chekanke III v. n.e.’, NE XII (1978), p. 38, no. 21; Corpus I, no. 98; II, p. 189, no. 159.

See pl. XCIV, 22–24; pls. XCV–CII; pl. CIII, 1–3. 227. Uyutnoe, near Sudak, Crimea, 1958 Burial: AD 291/292 Contents: 1009 Bil, AE Ininthimeus: 3 Rhescuporis V: 847 Pharsanzes: 5 Sauromates IV: 46 Teiranes: 42 Thothorses: 65 Roman Empire, Gordian III: 1 antoninian (RIC 4/3 210) Disposition: National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. N.A. Frolova, ‘Klady pozdnebosporskikh monet kak istochnik po istorii Bospora III v. n.e.’, in E.I. Kamentseva (ed.), Numizmaticheskie pamyatniki Istoricheskogo muzeya (Numizmaticheskii Sbornik 8 = TGIM 57) (Moscow, 1983), pp. 3–23; K.V. Golenko, ‘Tretii patreiskii klad (1970 g.) i nekotorye zamechaniya o bosporskoi monetnoi chekanke III v. n.e.’, NE XII (1978), p. 38, no. 22; Corpus I, no. 99; II, p. 189, no. 162.

44

INVENTORY

228. Novorossiysk, Krasnodar Region, 1928 Burial: mid- or late 3rd cent. AD Contents: unknown, Bil North Caucasian imitations of the Roman denarii type of walking Mars Disposition: Dispersed. Archive of the Institute for History of Material Culture, St Petersburg, 1929, no. 31, p. 22; Corpus I, 602, no. 55; II, p. 189, no. 160.

229. Novorossiysk outskirts, Krasnodar Region, 1933 Burial: mid- or late 3rd cent. AD Contents: 23+ Bil, pot hoard North Caucasian imitations of the Roman denarii type of walking Mars Disposition: 23 in the Novorossiysk Museum (lost during World War II). N.A. Zakharov, ‘Vopros o monetakh “neizvestnogo” naroda’, VDI 1 (1933), pp. 262– 268; Pakhomov VI, 1055; Kropotkin 146; Corpus I, no. 107; II, p. 190, no. 161.

230. Phanagoria, near Sennoy, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 2008 Burial: AD 302/303 Contents: 9 AE, a purse found during excavations in the harbor Thothorses: st. Disposition: Phanagoria Museum (field inv. F–08–172–180). M.G. Abramzon and V.D. Kuznetsov, Klad pozdnebosporskikh staterov iz Fanagorii (Phanagoria 5) (Moscow, 2017), p. 14, table 2.

231. Phanagoria, near Sennoy, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 2011 Burial: AD 307/308 Contents: 3695 Bil, AE, found during excavations in the necropolis Ininthimeus: 1 Rhescuporis V: 2132 Pharsanzes: 16 Sauromates IV: 88 Teiranes: 160 Thothorses: 1296 Barbarian imitations of Thothorses’ staters: 2 Disposition: Phanagoria Museum (field inv. F–08–172–180).

M.G. Abramzon and V.D. Kuznetsov, Klad pozdnebosporskikh staterov iz Fanagorii (Phanagoria 5) (Moscow, 2017); ‘A Hoard of 3rd–4th Centuries AD Bosporan Staters from Phanagoria (2011)’, ACSS 25 (2019), pp. 308–356.

See pl. CIII, 4–24; pls. CIV–CCLVI; pl. CCLVII, 1–23. 232. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1852 Burial: c. AD 326/327–341/342 Contents: several hundred AE, pot hoard Thothorses Rhadamsades Rhescuporis VI Disposition: Dispersed. P.V. Bekker, ‘Kerch i Taman’ v iyule mesyatse 1852 g.’, in Propilei III (Moscow, 1853), p. 353; Noe 554; K.V. Golenko, ‘Tretii patreiskii klad (1970 g.) i nekotorye zamechaniya o bosporskoi monetnoi chekanke III v. n.e.’, NE XII (1978), p. 40, no. 31; Corpus II, p. 190, no. 169.

233. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1869 Burial: c. AD 326/327–341/342 Contents: 180 AE, in textile Pharsanzes: 1 Sauromates IV: 2 Thothorses Rhadamsades Rhescuporis VI Disposition: Dispersed. Lyutsenko, p. 13, no. 8; K.V. Golenko, ‘Tretii patreiskii klad (1970 g.) i nekotorye zamechaniya o bosporskoi monetnoi chekanke III v. n.e.’, NE XII (1978), p. 40, no. 27; Corpus I, no. 111; II, p. 190, no. 170.

234. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1870 Burial: c. AD 326/327–341/342 Contents: c. 1500 AE, pot hoard Chersonese: 1 Artemis/feeding deer (SNG SHM 3581–3589), 90–80 BC Uncertain Bosporan ruler :1 Athena/forepart of horse (Frolova–Ireland, XXXV, 9 ff.), end of the first cent. BC Thothorses Rhadamsades Rhescuporis VI Disposition: Dispersed.

45

INVENTORY

Lyutsenko, p. 13–15, no. 9; K.V. Golenko, ‘Tretii patreiskii klad (1970 g.) i nekotorye zamechaniya o bosporskoi monetnoi chekanke III v. n.e.’, NE XII (1978), p. 40, no. 28; Corpus I, no. 112; II, p. 190, no. 171.

235. Fontalovskoe Settlement, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 1878 Burial: c. AD 326/327–341/342 Contents: c. 70, pot hoard Thothorses Rhescuporis VI Disposition: Kerch Museum material lost during World War II. Lyutsenko, p. 34, no. 8; K.V. Golenko, ‘Tretii patreiskii klad (1970 g.) i nekotorye zamechaniya o bosporskoi monetnoi chekanke III v. n.e.’, NE XII (1978), p. 40, no. 32; Corpus I, p. 599, no. 30; II, p. 190, no. 172.

236. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1879 Burial: c. AD 326/327–341/342 Contents: c. 30 AE, pot hoard Rhescuporis VI Disposition: Kerch Museum material lost during World War II. Comments: This hoard could be merged with hoard 76. Lyutsenko, pp. 19–20, no. 14; Corpus I, no. 113; II, p. 190, no. 173.

237. Andreevka Northern, Lenino District, Crimea, before 2014 Burial: AD 326/327 Contents: 12 AE Thothorses: 1 Rhescuporis VI: 11 Disposition: Private collection. Ukraine. K. Jarzęcki, ‘Klad bosporskikh monet iz Andreevki Severnoi’, Arkheologicheskie Vesti 20 (2014), pp. 183–188.

238. Veselovka, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 2014 Burial: AD 326/327 Contents: 30 AE Rhadamsades: 8 Rhescuporis VI: 22 Disposition: Private collection. V.V. Zaitsev, ‘Kompleks pozdnebosporskikh monet iz okrestnostei poselka Veselovka’, in PPM 5, pp. 51–54.

239. Malyi Taraktash, Dachnoe, near Sudak, Crimea, 1908 Burial: after AD 326/327 Contents: c. 2000 AE Rhescuporis III Sauromates IV Teiranes Thothorses Rhadamsades Rhescuporis VI Roman Empire: Maximian Herculius Maximinus II Maxentius Licinius I Constantine I Disposition: Dispersed. 582 in the Simferopol Museum (lost during World War II); 15 in the Pushkin Museum. A. Steven, ‘Taraktashskii klad’, in ITUAK 43 (1909), pp. 99–101; Noe 1044; L.P. Kharko, ‘Monety iz Taraktashskogo klada 1908 g.’, in Antichnaya istoriya i kul’tura Sredizemnomor’ya i Prichernomor’ya (Leningrad, 1968), pp. 284–295; K.V. Golenko, ‘Tretii patreiskii klad (1970 g.) i nekotorye zamechaniya o bosporskoi monetnoi chekanke III v. n.e.’, NE XII (1978), p. 38, no. 23; Corpus I, no. 105; II, p. 190, no. 168.

240. Ilyich Settlement, near Ilyich, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 1977 Burial: AD 327/328 Contents: 36 AE Thothorses: 11 Rhadamsades: 3 Rhescuporis VI: 22 Disposition: Taman Museum. N.A. Frolova, ‘Klady pozdnebosporskikh monet kak istochnik po istorii Bospora III v. n.e.’, in Numizmaticheskie pamyatniki Istoricheskogo muzeya (Numizmaticheskii sbornik 8 = TGIM 57) (Moscow, 1983), pp. 16–17; Corpus I, no. 100; II, p. 190, no. 163.

241. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1999 Burial: AD 327/328 Contents: 28 AE Thothorses: 3 Rhadamsades: 2 Rhescuporis VI: 23 Disposition: Kerch Museum. Corpus II, pp. 139–145, 190, no. 164.

46

INVENTORY

See pl. CCLVII, 24; pl. CCLVIII; pl. CCLIX, 1–3. 242. Kuru Bash Settlement, near Feodosia, Crimea, 1927 Burial: AD 328/329 Contents: 135 AE, pot hoard Thothorses: 25 Rhadamsades: 12 Rhescuporis VI: 86 Disposition: 123 in the Feodosia Museum. Noe 713; K.V. Golenko, ‘Tretii patreiskii klad (1970 g.) i nekotorye zamechaniya o bosporskoi monetnoi chekanke III v. n.e.’, NE XII (1978), p. 40, no. 29; Corpus I, no. 101; II, p. 190, no. 165.

243. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1961 Burial: AD 328/329 Contents: 90 AE Thothorses: 20 Rhadamsades: 3 Rhescuporis VI: 47 Disposition: 70 in the Kerch Museum (inv. KN–2634–2703). K.V. Golenko, ‘Klad pozdnebosporskikh monet, naidennyi v Kerchi v 1961 g.’, VV 27 (1967), pp. 268–272; K.V. Golenko, ‘Tretii patreiskii klad (1970 g.) i nekotorye zamechaniya o bosporskoi monetnoi chekanke III v. n.e.’, NE XII (1978), p. 40, no. 30; Corpus I, no. 102; II, p. 190, no. 166.

244. Taman 16 Settlement, 3 km SSE of ancient Hermonassa, Taman, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 2016 Burial: AD 328/329 Contents: 31 AE Thothorses: 13 Rhadamsades: 3 Rhescuporis VI: 15 Disposition: Phanagoria museumpreserve. M.G. Abramzon and N.I. Sudarev, ‘Klad pozdnebosporskikh staterov iz okrestnostei Germonassy (2016 g.)’, RA 1 (2018), pp. 150–163.

245. Patraeus, near Garkusha, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 1951 Burial: AD 336/337 Contents: 397 AE, pot hoard found during the excavations Sauromates IV: 1

Teiranes: 2 Thothorses: 118 Rhadamsades: 28 Rhescuporis VI: 248 Disposition: Pushkin Museum. K.V. Golenko, ‘Vtoroi patreiskii klad monet (1951 g.)’, NE I (1960), pp. 223–289; K.V. Golenko, ‘Tretii patreiskii klad (1970 g.) i nekotorye zamechaniya o bosporskoi monetnoi chekanke III v. n.e.’, NE XII (1978), p. 39, no. 24; Corpus I, no. 103; II, p. 190, no. 167.

246. Batareika, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 1976 Burial: AD 336/337? Contents: 500+ AE Thothorses Rhadamsades Rhescuporis VI Disposition: Dispersed. R.A. Isanchurin and E.R. Isanchurin, ‘Monetnoe delo bosporskogo tsarya Radamsada’, NE XV (1989), p. 92, tab. 5, no. 14.

247. Cytaeum, 5 km SSE of Zavetnoe, Lenino District, Crimea, 2012 Burial: AD 336/337 Contents: 111 AE, found during the excavations Thothorses: 32 Rhadamsades: 5 Rhescuporis VI: 74 Disposition: Kerch Museum (inv. KП– 181900/1–111). M.G. Abramzon and E.A. Molev, ‘Klad pozdnebosporskikh staterov iz Kiteya (2012 g.)’, VDI 76.2 (2016), pp. 387–409.

248. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1904 Burial: AD 341/342? Contents: ? AE, 2 AV Thothorses: AE Rhescuporis VI: AE Roman Empire, Constantine II: 2 solidi Disposition: Dispersed. Noe 556; K.V. Golenko, ‘Tretii patreiskii klad (1970 g.) i nekotorye zamechaniya o bosporskoi monetnoi chekanke III v. n.e.’, NE XII (1978), p. 40, no. 33; Corpus I, p. 601, no. 45; II, p. 190, no. 175.

249. Tyritace, Arshintsevo, 11 km S of Kerch, Crimea, 1946 Burial: AD 341/342

47

INVENTORY

Contents: 227 AE Teiranes: 1 Thothorses: 32 Rhadamsades: 14 Rhescuporis VI: 180 Disposition: Pushkin Museum. L.P. Kharko, ‘Tiritakskii klad 1946 g.’, VDI 2 (1949), pp. 73–86; K.V. Golenko, ‘Tretii patreiskii klad (1970 g.) i nekotorye zamechaniya o bosporskoi monetnoi chekanke III v. n. e.’, NE XII (1978), p. 39, no. 25; Corpus I, no. 106; II, p. 190, no. 176.

250. Kepoi, Sennoy, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 1962 Burial: AD 341/342 Contents: 745 AE, pot hoard Ininthimeus: 1 Rhescuporis III: 1 Teiranes: 1 Thothorses: 206 Rhadamsades: 35 Rhescuporis VI: 500 Barbarian imitation of Rhescuporis VI stater: 1 Disposition: Pushkin Museum. K.V. Golenko and N.I. Sokolskii, ‘Klad 1962 g. iz Kep’, NE VII (1968), pp. 72–126; Corpus I, no. 104; II, p. 190, no. 177.

251. Gai-Kodzor, 9 km SE of Anapa, Krasnodar Region, 1972 Burial: AD 341/342 Contents: 263 AE Thothorses: 76 Rhadamsades: 18 Rhescuporis VI: 164 North Caucasian imitations of the Roman denarii type of walking Mars: 2 Disposition: Anapa Museum (inv. KM 8365/7476–7708; 8365/11314– 11343). A.I. Salov, ‘Klad III–IV vv. s Shum-rechki (Anapskii raion)’, SA 3 (1975), pp. 172–175; M.G. Abramzon et al., Tretii Gai-Kodzorskii klad pozdnebosporskikh staterov (Moscow, 2019), pp. 13, 184–217; Corpus I, no. 108; II, p. 190, no. 178.

See pl. CCLIX, 4–24; pls. CCLX– CCLXIV; pl. CCLXV, 1–21. 252. Gai-Kodzor, 9 km SE of Anapa, Krasnodar Region, 1977 Burial: AD 341/342 Contents: 116 AE

Thothorses: 42 Rhadamsades: 6 Rhescuporis VI: 64 Uncertain: 1 North Caucasian imitations of the Roman denarii type of walking Mars: 3 Disposition: Anapa Museum (inv. KM 8365/7709–7823). M.G. Abramzon et al., Tretii Gai-Kodzorskii klad pozdnebosporskikh staterov (Moscow, 2019), pp. 14–15, 218–225; Corpus I, no. 109; II, p. 190, no. 179.

See pl. CCLXV, 22–24; pls. CCLXVI– CCLXVII; pl. CCLXVIII, 1–2. 253. Gai-Kodzor, 9 km SE of Anapa, Krasnodar Region, 1986 Burial: AD 341/342 Contents: 1061 AE, pot hoard Teiranes: 3 Thothorses: 354 Rhadamsades: 46 Rhescuporis VI: 658 Disposition: Anapa Museum (inv. KM 7894/1–1061). M.G. Abramzon et al., Tretii Gai-Kodzorskii klad pozdnebosporskikh staterov (Moscow, 2019); M.G. Abramzon et al., ‘Klad pozdnebosporskikh staterov iz sela GaiKodzor’, VDI 79.3 (2019), pp. 689–702.

See pl. CCLXVIII, 3–24; pls. CCLXIX–CCCXI. 254. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 1995 Burial: AD 341/342 Contents: 450+ AE Cotys I: 1 Thothorses: 87 Rhadamsades: 11 Rhescuporis VI: 213 Disposition: 312 in the Kerch Museum (inv. KN–2702/1–312). N.A. Frolova, ‘A hoard of Bosporan copper coins (1st–mid-4th century AD) found in Kerch (1995)’, ACSS 7.3–4 (2001), pp. 193–238; Corpus I, no. 110; II, p. 190, no. 180.

255. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 2008 Burial: AD 341/342 Contents: ‘several dozen’ AE, found during the excavations Thothorses

48

INVENTORY

Rhadamsades Rhescuporis VI Disposition: Simferopol Museum. V.A. Sidorenko, ‘Kerchenskii klad 2009 g. degradirovannykh bosporskikh staterov’, in MAIET VII (2011), p. 458.

256. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 2009 Burial: AD 341/342 Contents: 6 AE, found during the excavations Thothorses Rhadamsades Rhescuporis VI Comments: This could be the part of hoard 255. Disposition: Simferopol Museum. V.A. Sidorenko, ‘Kerchenskii klad 2009 g. degradirovannykh bosporskikh staterov’, in MAIET VII (2011), p. 458.

257. Kerch (ancient Panticapaeum), Crimea, 2009 Burial: AD 341/342 Contents: 951 AE, pot hoard Rhescuporis III: 2 Teiranes: 1 Thothorses: 287 Rhadamsades: 58 Rhescuporis VI: 603 Disposition: Simferopol Museum. V.A. Sidorenko, ‘Kerchenskii klad 2009 g. degradirovannykh bosporskikh staterov’, in

HOARDS

OF/WITH

MAIET VII (2011), pp. 458–569; Corpus II, p. 190, no. 181.

258. Patraeus, near Garkusha, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 2015 Burial: c. AD 395/400–425 or later Contents: 8 AE, a purse found during the excavations Roman Empire, Honorius: 2 AE 2– AE 4 (RIC IX 68e?) Uncertain Roman: 6 AE 2–AE 4 Disposition: Taman Museum. M.N. Panova, ‘Vos’moi patreiskii klad porzdnerimskikh monet’, in PPM 6, pp. 105– 106.

259. Ilyich Settlement, near Ilyich, Temryuk District, Krasnodar Region, 1975 Burial: c. AD 576 Contents: 129 AE, 1 Bil, 5 AV, pot hoard Rhescuporis V: 1 Thothorses: 22 Rhadamsades: 10 Rhescuporis VI: 97 Byzantine Empire, Constantinople, Justinian I: 5 solidi Disposition: Pushkin Museum. N.A. Frolova and E.Y. Nikolaeva, ‘Ilyichevskii klad monet 1975 g.’, VV 39 (1978), pp. 173–179; Corpus I, no. 114; II, p. 190, no. 182.

BOSPORAN COINS OUTSIDE THE BOSPORUS

260. Asia Minor, western, 1963 IGCH 1182 Burial: c. 460 BC Contents: c. 50 AR Abdera: 1 octadr. Thasos: 1 didr. Acanthus: several tetradr. Macedonia, Alexander I: 5+ octadr. Panticapaeum: 1 dr. Athens: many tetradr. Aegina: 2 didr. Ephesus: 1 dr. Phaselis: 1 dr. Cyprus: 3 st. Disposition: Dispersed.

261. Prinkipo, Büyükada, Bithynia, 1930 IGCH 1239 Burial: c. 335–334 BC Contents: 200+ EL, 47+ AV with gold ring Macedonia, Philip II: 27+ AV st. Panticapaeum: 16+ AV st. Cyzicus: 200+ EL st. Lampsacus: 4+ AV st. Disposition: 207 in Istanbul. K. Regling, ‘Die Griechische Goldschatz von Prinkipo’, ZfN XLI (1931), pp. 1–46.

262. Saida (ancient Sidon), Palestine, 1829 IGCH 1508 = CH VIII 190 Burial: c. 324/3 BC

49

INVENTORY

Contents: 7200+ AV, in three lots Panticapaeum: 1 st. Macedonia, Philip II: 6+ st. Macedonia, Alexander III: 17+ Cius: 10+ Philippi: 1+ Pergamum: 2+ Rhodes: 3+ Salamis, Cyprus, Pnytagoras Egypt, Ptolemy I: 1+ (probably not from the hoard) U. Westermark, ‘The Saida Hoard (IGCH 1508)’, NNÂ (1979–80), pp. 22–35.

263. Olbia, Parutino, Nikolaev Region, Ukraine, 1949 IGCH 1061 Burial: c. 330–315 BC Contents: 50 AE Olbia: 25 cast dolphins 21 struck coins Panticapaeum: 1 (SNG BM I 868) Uncertain: 3 Disposition: Kiev. 264. Kutais Governorate, formal guberniya of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, 1901 Burial: c. 315–310 BC Contents: 21+ AV Panticapaeum: st. (Shelov III, 33) Disposition: Dispersed in trade. K. Regling, ‘Die Griechische Goldschatz von Prinkipo’, ZfN XLI (1931), pp. 34–38; Corpus I, nos. 10–11; II, p. 181, no. 16.

265. Svaneti, Georgia, Russian Empire, 1901–1904 IGCH 1051 Burial: c. 315–310 BC Contents: 10+ AV Panticapaeum: AV st. Disposition: Dispersed in trade. Comments: This is could be part of hoard 264. K. Regling, ‘Die Griechische Goldschatz von Prinkipo’, ZfN XLI (1931), pp. 34–38; Pakhomov III, 700; Corpus I, nos. 10–11; II, p. 181, no. 17.

266. Olbia, Parutino, Nikolaev Region, Ukraine, 1946 IGCH 1063 Burial: early 3rd cent. BC Contents: 53 AE Olbia: 49

Panticapaeum: 1 (SNG BM I 890 ff.) Uncertain: 3 Disposition: Kiev. 267. Olbia, Parutino, Nikolaev Region, Ukraine, 1893 IGCH 1121 Burial: c. 315–300 BC Contents: 1 AR, 128 AE Olbia: 1 dr., 125 AE Panticapaeum: 3 AE 1 (SNG BM I 869 ff.) 2 (SNG BM I 883 ff.) Disposition: Institute for History of Material Culture, St Petersburg. 268. Kamenskoe, Zaporozhie District, Ukraine, 1914 IGCH 1075 Burial: early 3rd cent. BC Contents: 21+ AE, pot hoard Olbia: 19 Panticapaeum: 2 (SNG BM I 887 ff.) Disposition: Regional Museum of Melitopol. 269. Dzungari, NW Xinjiang (Singkiang, Eastern Turkistan), China?, 1918 IGCH 1821 Burial: 2nd cent. BC Contents: 16 AE Panticapaeum: 15 Phanagoria: 1 Comments: The authors of IGCH noted the find place is not beyond suspicion. Disposition: Tomsk University. 270. Merzifon, c. 40 km NW of Amasya (ancient Amaseia), Pontus, 1968 IGCH 1386 Burial: c. 75 BC Contents: 61 AE Panticapaeum: 1 Amisus: 43 Comana: 1 Amastris: 14 Sinope: 2 Disposition: Dispersed. 271. Ksizovo 19A Settlement, Lipetsk Region, Russia, 2015 Burial: second half of the 4th cent. AD

50

INVENTORY

Contents: 178 AE Teiranes: 1 Thothorses: 65 Rhadamsades: 3 Rhescuporis VI: 93 Uncertain: 16

Disposition: 175 in the Tula Museum; 3 in the State Directorate for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of the Lipetsk region. K.V. Myzgin and G.V. Beidin, ‘O pozdnebosporskikh monetakh na territorii Barbarikuma’, in VNK 18 (2015), pp. 30–32.

NOTES TO INDIVIDUAL HOARDS

A HOARD OF LATE ARCHAIC COINS FROM PHANAGORIA

CH XI, 1 Plates I–IV; V, 1–3 In 2005, a hoard of 162 Bosporan silver coins was uncovered during the excavation of Phanagoria’s earliest layers. Recent excavations revealed the initial urban mud-brick fortifications, which were destroyed by the great fire. After the destruction of city walls, a new mud-brick building was erected on their ruins, most likely a residential house. A fragment of a marble stele with a Persian cuneiform royal inscription was inside the house. Based on the archaeological data, the date of the fire coincides with the time when the Archaeanactids, supported by the Persians, had come to power in Panticapaeum in 480/479 BC (Diodorus 12. 31. 1). Taking into account the fact that synchronous destructions with traces of fires were recorded in many Pontic cities, as well as the coincidence of archaeological dating and Diodorus’ report with discovery of a unique Achaemenid royal inscription in the Bosporus, one can certainly speak on the Persian invasion in the Pontus c. 480, i.e. at about the same time as Xerxes organised the campaign against Athens. Traces of the fire in Phanagoria are revealed throughout the entire excavated area of 3000 m2 in the historical centre of the city (the ‘Upper city’ excavation site). Many buildings, both residential and public, were destroyed during the catastrophe. Among them there was a House 205 where the Ionian terracotta olpe containing coins was found, belonging to a silversmith. Details are given in our book: V.D. Kuznetsov and M.G. Abramzon, Klad pozdnearkhaicheskikh monet iz Fanagorii (Phanagoria 8) (Moscow, 2020) = The Beginning of Coinage in the Cimmerian Bosporus (a Hoard from Phanagoria). All the coins – eight drachms and 154 triobols (the equivalent of 85 drachms) – belong to the same coinage ‘Lion head facing / Four-part incuse square’. The hoard proves that coins were struck on the full Aeginetan standard (not a reduced one as guessed by past literature). CATALOGUE Drachms c. 494?–480 BC Obv. Lion head facing. Rev. Incuse square. 1.

5.62 g.

19 mm

2. 3. 4. 5.

5.92 g. 5.47 g. 5.74 g. 5.15 g.

19 mm 19 mm 19 mm 19 mm

Rev. ‘Mill-pattern’. Cf. The ‘Coins of the Bosporus’ Catalogue-Archive Web site: https://bosporan-kingdom. com/003-2175/3.html. Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto

52

6. 7. 8.

NOTES TO INDIVIDUAL HOARDS

5.57 g. 5.13 g. 6.22 g.

17 mm 18 mm 19 mm

Rev. Cf. Anokhin 7; Frolova 2; SNG SPMFA 756. Rev. ‘Union Jack’. Cf. Frolova 31/3. Analogies unknown

Triobols c. 494?–490 BC Obv. Lion head facing. Rev. Incuse square. 9.

2.73 g.

15 mm

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

2.47 g. 2.79 g. 2.90 g. 2.44 g. 2.45 g. 2.41 g. 2.90 g. 2.62 g. 2.64 g. 2.64 g. 2.67 g. 2.45 g. 2.85 g. 2.45 g. 2.86 g.

14 mm 15 mm 14 mm 15 mm 14 mm 16 mm 14 mm 16 mm 14 mm 15 mm 15 mm 14 mm 15 mm 14 mm 16 mm

25. 26. 27.

2.00 g. 2.52 g. 2.60 g.

14 mm 15 mm 16 mm

28.

2.70 g.

15 mm

29. 30. 31. 32. 33

2.71 g. 2.84 g. 2.61 g. 2.67 g. 2.64 g.

14 mm 15 mm 14 mm 14 mm 16 mm

34.

2.96 g.

15 mm

О.с. Incuse square divided with diagonal lines. Cf. Hunt. Coll. I, 423, no. 1, pl. XXVIII. 10; Frolova 18l. Ditto Cf. Frolova 6. Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Rev. Sub-rectangular incuse with one open side. Cf. Burachkov, pl. XIX. 2. Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Rev. Quadratum incusum is divided into four rough triangles (two raised and two depressed) with their vertices facing the centre. Ditto Ditto Cf. The ‘Coins of the Bosporus’ Catalogue-Archive Web site: https://bosporan-kingdom.com/002-1013/3.html. Cf. The ‘Coins of the Bosporus’ Catalogue-Archive Web site: https://bosporan-kingdom.com/000-1041/2.html. Ditto Rev. As nos. 24–27. Cf. Garbuzov et al., 139, fig. 11. 3. Ditto Cf. The ‘Coins of the Bosporus’ Catalogue-Archive Web site: https://bosporan-kingdom.com/002-1017/4.html. Cf. The ‘Coins of the Bosporus’ Catalogue-Archive Web site: https://bosporan-kingdom.com/002-1046/20.html.

NOTES TO INDIVIDUAL HOARDS

35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61.

2.90 g. 2.73 g. 2.65 g. 2.70 g. 2.65 g. 2.77 g. 3.04 g. 2.81 g. 2.79 g. 2.90 g. 2.70 g. 3.06 g. 2.62 g. 2.87 g. 2.79 g. 2.69 g. 2.99 g. 2.93 g. 2.72 g. 2.51 g. 2.87 g. 2.34 g. 2.38 g. 2.80 g. 2.92 g. 2.51 g. 2.69 g.

53

14 mm 16 mm 15 mm 15 mm 15 mm 14 mm 16 mm 15 mm 15 mm 15 mm 16 mm 15 mm 15 mm 15 mm 16 mm 15 mm 15 mm 15 mm 16 mm 15 mm 14 mm 14 mm 15 mm 14 mm 14 mm 13 mm 14 mm

Cf. Anokhin 2/2; Frolova 17; SNG BM 836 = Hind, pl. 1. 1. Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Cf. Garbuzov et al., 144, fig. 16. 3. Cf. Garbuzov et al., fig. 12. 3; 143, fig. 15. 3. Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto. Cf. Garbuzov et al., 143, fig. 15. 3. Ditto Analogies uknown? The ‘Coins of the Bosporus’ Catalogue-Archive Web site: https://bosporan-kingdom.com/000-1089/6.html.

Rev. Incuse is bordered by a flat frame. Cf. Kerch Museum. Inv. KP–177936, KN–7077. Cf. Garbuzov et al., 144, fig. 16. Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Cf. The ‘Coins of the Bosporus’ Catalogue-Archive Web site: https://bosporan-kingdom.com/000-1058/18.html. Cf. The ‘Coins of the Bosporus’ Catalogue-Archive Web site: https://bosporan-kingdom.com/000-1058/16.html.

c. 490–480 BC 62.

2.85 g.

15 mm

63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69.

3.01 g. 3.12 g. 2.90 g. 2.62 g. 2.84 g. 2.85 g. 2.86 g.

16 mm 15 mm 15 mm 15 mm 15 mm 15 mm 15 mm

70.

2.55 g.

15 mm

54

NOTES TO INDIVIDUAL HOARDS

71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76.

2.42 g. 2.91 g. 2.65 g. 2.52 g. 2.68 g. 2.61 g.

16 mm 16 mm 15 mm 15 mm 14 mm 15 mm

77.

2.44 g.

14 mm

78.

2.74 g.

15 mm

79. 80.

2.86 g. 2.86 g.

16 mm 14 mm

81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91.

2.64 g. 2.52 g. 3.08 g. 2.76 g. 2.97 g. 2.67 g. 2.63 g. 2.65 g. 2.03 g. 2.60 g. 2.83 g.

15 mm 14 mm 15 mm 14 mm 14 mm 14 mm 14 mm 14 mm 14 mm 14 mm 19 mm

92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104.

2.80 g. 2.62 g. 2.84 g. 2.66 g. 2.60 g. 2.95 g. 2.57 g. 2.29 g. 3.06 g. 2.50 g. 2.26 g. 2.84 g. 2.65 g.

16 mm 14 mm 14 mm 14 mm 14 mm 15 mm 14 mm 14 mm 16 mm 14 mm 14 mm 14 mm 15 mm

105. 106. 107.

2.42 g. 2.91 g. 2.44 g.

14 mm 14 mm 14 mm

Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Cf. The ‘Coins of the Bosporus’ Catalogue-Archive Web site: https://bosporan-kingdom.com/000-1058/18.html. Cf. The ‘Coins of the Bosporus’ Catalogue-Archive Web site: https://bosporan-kingdom.com/000-1058/16.html. Cf. Numismatik Lanz: http://www.ebay.com Ended: Jan. 12, 2012. Obv. Cf. The ‘Coins of the Bosporus’ Catalogue-Archive Web site: https://bosporan-kingdom.com/000-1058/8.html. Ditto Ditto Cf. Garbuzov et al., 139, fig. 11. 1. Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Cf. The ‘Coins of the Bosporus’ Catalogue-Archive Web site: https://bosporan-kingdom.com/000-1058/6.html. Ditto Ditto Cf. Frolova 19. Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Cf. The ‘Coins of the Bosporus’ Catalogue-Archive Web site: https://bosporan-kingdom.com/000-1124/6.html. Ditto Ditto Ditto

NOTES TO INDIVIDUAL HOARDS

108.

2.50 g.

13 mm

109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118.

2.99 g. 2.81 g. 2.95 g. 2.59 g. 2.72 g. 2.94 g. 2.82 g. 2.64 g. 2.63 g. 3.19 g.

15 mm 15 mm 14 mm 15 mm 14 mm 14 mm 17 mm 14 mm 13 mm 15 mm

119. 120. 121. 122.

2.86 g. 2.95 g. 2.77 g. 2.68 g.

14 mm 14 mm 14 mm 14 mm

123. 124.

2.44 g. 2.89 g.

14 mm 14 mm

125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135.

2.91 g. 3.04 g. 3.04 g. 2.47 g. 2.73 g. 2.83 g. 2.81 g. 2.82 g. 3.06 g. 2.64 g. 2.86 g.

14 mm 14 mm 14 mm 14 mm 15 mm 16 mm 13 mm 16 mm 16 mm 15 mm 13 mm

136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145.

2.92 g. 2.77 g. 2.73 g. 2.96 g. 2.29 g. 2.67 g. 2.68 g. 2.89 g. 3.12 g. 3.07 g.

18 mm 14 mm 14 mm 14 mm 14 mm 13 mm 14 mm 13 mm 16 mm 14 mm

Cf. The ‘Coins of the Bosporus’ Catalogue-Archive Web site: https://bosporan-kingdom.com/000-1058/21.html Cf. SNG PSMFA 755. Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Cf. The ‘Coins of the Bosporus’ Catalogue-Archive Web site: https://bosporan-kingdom.com/000-1124/2.html. Ditto Ditto Ditto Cf. The ‘Coins of the Bosporus’ Catalogue-Archive Web site: https://bosporan-kingdom.com/000-1061/1.html. Ditto Cf. The ‘Coins of the Bosporus’ Catalogue-Archive Web site: https://bosporan-kingdom.com/000-1043/8.html. Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Cf. The ‘Coins of the Bosporus’ Catalogue-Archive Web site: https://bosporan-kingdom.com/000-1043/1.html. Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto

55

56

NOTES TO INDIVIDUAL HOARDS

146.

2.83 g.

14 mm

147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162.

3.00 g. 2.82 g. 2.71 g. 3.09 g. 2.96 g. 2.95 g. 3.00 g. 2.38 g. 2.43 g. 2.82 g. 2.87 g. 2.88 g. 2.78 g. 2.79 g. 2.65 g. 2.48 g.

15 mm 13 mm 13 mm 15 mm 14 mm 13 mm 14 mm 15 mm 13 mm 15 mm 15 mm 15 mm 14 mm 14 mm 17 mm 15 mm

Cf. The ‘Coins of the Bosporus’ Catalogue-Archive Web site: https://bosporan-kingdom.com/000-1043/14.html. Ditto Ditto Ditto Obv. Cf. Garbuzov et al., 145. Fig. 17, 12. Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Obv. cf. Anokhin 4. Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto

All coins have been submitted to XRF analysis, and four drachms and 31 triobols to lead isotope analyses. The results show that most coins have been struck with metal that is likely the result of some mix of Aegean provenances: Laurion, Maroneia, Pangeion, Rhodopes and Cyclades. But two coins strongly differ: no 13 (whose silver is likely to come from the Zagros) and no 17 (whose silver is likely to come from the Taurus).

A HOARD OF CYZICENE STATERS FROM MYRMECIUM

CH IX, 19; CH XI, 16 Plates V, 13–28; VI–VIII; IX, 1–11 In 2003, a hoard of 99 electrum Cyzicenes was discovered during the excavations at Myrmecium. A bronze olpe with coins was concealed in the shrine of Demeter. A preliminary account of this hoard is given by A. Butyagin and D. Chistov in ACSS 12 (2006), pp. 77–131, as well as the Hermitage exhibition catalogue (Mirmikeiskii klad, St Petersburg, 2004), but the description of coins was revised and detailed (see M.G. Abramzon and N.A. Frolova in RN 163 (2007), pp. 15–44). The Cyzicenes from the Myrmecium hoard are divided into four chronological groups: Group I (600–500 BC)–1 piece Group II (500–460 BC)–52 pieces (28 types) Group III (460–400 BC)–45 pieces (23 types) Group IV (400–330 BC)–1 piece According to A. Baldwin Brett, the earlier coin in the hoard is dated to 550–500 BC (Baldwin Brett 1432). The hoard contains the staters of total 53 different types including sole unpublished type 99. This type of warrior holding a bow is the latest coin, dating to 400–380 BC (Hurter– Liewald, Neue Nominale, p. 35, no. 2, taf. 3,2). This date definitely coincides with the archaeological context: the Demeter Sanctuary is dated to the 4th century BC, and the layer where the hoard was found is also dated to the first quarter of the 4th century BC. CATALOGUE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

KN–5396 KN–5451 KN–5452 KN–5453 KN–5391 KN–5401 KN–5393 KN–5394 KN–5423 KN–5389 KN–5402 KN–5403 KN–5467 KN–5468 KN–5469 KN–5470 KN–5424

Baldwin Brett 1432 Baldwin Brett 1460 Ditto Ditto Baldwin Brett 1453 Baldwin Brett 1481 Baldwin Brett 1478 Ditto Baldwin Brett 1450 Baldwin Brett 1448 Baldwin Brett 1473 Ditto von Fritze 85 Ditto Ditto Ditto von Fritze 86

550–500 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC

15.96 g. 15.96 g. 15.98 g. 15.94 g. 15.97 g. 16.09 g. 15.88 g. 16.11 g. 15.97 g. 16.12 g. 15.76 g. 16.11 g. 15.89 g. 15.85 g. 15.94 g. 15.91 g. 15.95 g.

58

NOTES TO INDIVIDUAL HOARDS

18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

KN–5477 KN–5478 KN–5479 KN–5485 KN–5447 KN–5448 KN–5449 KN–5445 KN–5446 KN–5399 KN–5400 KN–5484

30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58.

KN–5483 KN–5461 KN–5462 KN–5444 KN–5395 KN–5405 KN–5406 KN–5407 KN–5408 KN–5428 KN–5429 KN–5430 KN–5431 KN–5412 KN–5413 KN–5397 KN–5398 KN–5414 KN–5439 KN–5415 KN–5416 KN–5443 KN–5459 KN–5460 KN–5463 KN–5404 KN–5427 KN–5456 KN–5457

Baldwin Brett 1474 Ditto Ditto von Fritze 88 von Fritze 90 Ditto Ditto Baldwin Brett 1467 Ditto Baldwin Brett 1464 Ditto Hurter–Liewald, Neue Nominale, p. 33, no. 95 von Fritze 97 Baldwin Brett 1455 Ditto von Fritze 100 Baldwin Brett 1538 von Fritze 105 Ditto Ditto Ditto Baldwin Brett 1486 Ditto Ditto Ditto Baldwin Brett 1479 Ditto Baldwin Brett 1483 Ditto von Fritze 115 von Fritze 121 von Fritze 125 Ditto Greenwell 11 Baldwin Brett 1456 Ditto Baldwin Brett 1490 Baldwin Brett 1497 Hurter–Liewald, p. 24, no. 26 Baldwin Brett 1520 Ditto

500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC

16.03 g. 16.04 g. 16.11 g. 15.95 g. 15.95 g. 15.96 g. 15.90 g. 15.92 g. 15.95 g. 16.07 g. 16.09 g. 15.95 g.

500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC

16.00 g. 16.23 g. 15.92 g. 15.86 g. 15.82 g. 16.09 g. 16.09 g. 15.92 g. 15.86 g. 15.97 g. 15.90 g. 16.00 g. 16.04 g. 16.09 g. 15.97 g. 15.90 g. 15.99 g. 15.90 g. 15.80 g. 15.97 g. 15.91 g. 15.92 g. 15.90 g. 15.73 g. 15.96 g. 16.08 g. 15.93 g. 16.03 g. 16.05 g.

500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 500–460 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC

59

NOTES TO INDIVIDUAL HOARDS

59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99.

KN–5458 KN–5480 KN–5481 KN–5482 KN–5417 KN–5418 KN–5419 KN–5420 KN–5421 KN–5473 KN–5440 KN–5441 KN–5486 KN–5471 KN–5388 KN–5464 KN–5465 KN–5466 KN–5442 KN–5409 KN–5410 KN–5411 KN–5432 KN–5433 KN–5434 KN–5435 KN–5436 KN–5437 KN–5438 KN–5392 KN–5425 KN–5426 KN–5422 KN–5474 KN–5475 KN–5476 KN–5472 KN–5454 KN–5455 KN–5390 KN–5450

Ditto Baldwin Brett 1492 Ditto Ditto Baldwin Brett 1508 Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto von Fritze 137 Baldwin Brett 1529 Ditto von Fritze 146 Baldwin Brett 1515 Baldwin Brett 1504 Baldwin Brett 1500 Ditto Ditto Baldwin Brett 1499 Baldwin Brett 1498 Ditto Ditto von Fritze 167 Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Baldwin Brett 1511 von Fritze 171 Baldwin Brett 1505–1506 Baldwin Brett 1507 Baldwin Brett 1491 Ditto Ditto Baldwin Brett 1537 Baldwin Brett 1513 Ditto Hurter–Liewald, p. 24, no. 27 Hurter–Liewald, Neue Nominale, p. 35, no. 2, taf. 3,2

460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 460–400 BC 420–400 BC 400–380 BC

16.04 g. 15.99 g. 16.03 g. 15.94 g. 15.99 g. 16.02 g. 15.99 g. 15.98 g. 15.99 g. 16.07 g. 15.94 g. 16.07 g. 16.02 g. 16.07 g. 16.03 g. 16.05 g. 16.05 g. 16.00 g. 16.06 g. 15.78 g. 16.01 g. 16.04 g. 15.93 g. 15.87 g. 15.98 g. 16.00 g. 15.98 g. 15.97 g. 16.07 g. 15.90 g. 16.06 g. 16.05 g. 16.05 g. 16.06 g. 16.05 g. 16.00 g. 16.03 g. 16.00 g. 16.06 g. 15.83 g. 16.13 g.

A HOARD FROM SOLENYI 3 SETTLEMENT IN THE CHORA OF PHANAGORIA CH XI, 133 Plate XXIV, 27–36 A private collector in Temryuk, Mr Vladimir Strokin, has acquired 1087 coins from a hoard casually discovered near Phanagoria in 2003. It was rumoured that the hoard originally contained over 15,000 pieces, but it was impossible to make a record of the whole find. All coins are small copper denominations. We were able to study foreign coins delivered in the Phanagorian Archaeological Mission from the dispersed part of the hoard, as well as the coins in the Strokin collection. Apart from 20 coins of Paphlagonia and Pontus (Amisus, Sinope and Heraclea Pontica), the hoard contained coins from western and southern Asia Minor and the adjacent islands. There are mints of Alexandreia Troas, Calchedon? (issue of Prusias I), Chios, Teos, Mytilene, Ephesus, Cnidus and Rhodes. Four coins come from Euboea, Delos and Crete. All these non-native coins are exceptional finds in the Bosporus, as well as in the numismatic profile of the northern Black Sea region as a whole. Details are given with reference to M.G. Abramzon and V.D. Kuznetsov, Monetnye klady vremeni Mitridata VI Evpatora s khory Fanogorii (Phanagoria 3) (Moscow, 2015), pp. 60–84; M.G. Abramzon, ‘Numismatic Evidence for Ancient Seafaring between the Levant, Western and Southern Asia Minor and the Northern Black Sea’, INR 13 (2018), pp. 55–72. NON-BOSPORAN COINS A Athens (for Delos) (1 piece) c. 140–90 BC Obv.: Head of Artemis r. Rev.: plemochoё; А–Θ–Е. 1.

1.38 g.

12 mm

Kroll 104a–b

12 mm

BMC Crete 21

B Eretria (2 pieces) c. 369–336 BC Obv.: bull’s head. Rev.: octopus. 2.

1.36 g.

c. 196–146 BC Obv.: bull l.; [M]ANTI[ΔΩPOΣ]. Rev.: vine-branch; [EPETPI]. 3.

1.51 g.

15 mm

SNG Christ. 855–856

NOTES TO INDIVIDUAL HOARDS

C Hierapytna (1 piece)1 c. 200–67 BC Obv.: Head of Apollo r. Rev.: palm tree; to l., 4.

1.72 g.

; [ΣΩTE]. 13 mm

Svoronos 35; SNG Cop. 466

D Amisus (12 pieces) c. 100–85 BC 5–16. All of type: Ares/sword. SNG BM 1147 E Sinope (7 pieces) c. 100–85 BC 17–23. All of type: Ares/sword. SNG BM 1528 F Heraclea Pontica (1 piece) c. 2nd–early 1st cent. BC Obv.: Head of Heracles r. Rev.: stool on which bow and lionskin; to l., ΔI; HPAKΛEΩTAN. 24.

4.07 g.

17 mm

SNG BM 1635

G Calchedon? (Prusias I) (1 piece) c. 229–183 BC Obv.: Head of Apollo r. Rev.: quiver and bow; [BA]ΣIΛE[ΩΣ] / ПPOYΣIОY. 25.

2.71 g.

15 mm

SNG vA 250

H Alexandreia Troas (1 piece) c. 300–100 BC Obv.: Head of Apollo l. Rev.: horse grazing l.; below, monogram illegible; АΛЕΞ. 26.

2.15 g.

15 mm

BMC Troas 84; Bellinger A108

I Mytilene (1 piece) c. 350–250 BC

1

We would like to thank Dr Oliver Hoover (American Numismatic Society) for attributing this coin.

61

62

NOTES TO INDIVIDUAL HOARDS

Obv.: Head of Aphrodite r. Rev.: lyre; MYTI; to l., , to r. eagle head. 27.

1.91 g.

13 mm

BMC Mytilene 64

J Ephesus (1 piece) c. 190–150 BC Obv.: bee; E–A; all within laurel wreath. Rev.: stag standing r., head turned l.; above, quiver. 28.

2.13 g.

11 mm

cf. SNG Kayhan 318; Magistrate’s name is not visible

K Teos (1 piece) c. 3rd cent. BC Obv.: Griffin r., front forepaw raised. Rev.: Kantharus. THIΩN ANTAΓOΡAΣ? 29.

1.55 g.

17 mm

SNG vA 2264?

L Chios (1 piece) c. 133–88 BC Obv.: Sphinx l. Rev.: amphora; to. l., XIО[Σ]; to r., [AP]Г[EI]O[Σ]? 30.

1.11 g.

12 mm

Kroll 944k–m

M Cnidus (1 piece) c. 250–210 BC Obv.: Head of Aphrodite r. Rev.: prow r.; below club, magistrate’s name illegible; above, KNI, to r., symbol (ram’s head l.?). 31.

1.31 g.

12 mm

cf. SNG Keckman 200

N Rhodes (1 piece) c. 190–84 BC Obv.: Head of Rhodos r. Rev.: rose; P–O; shallow incuse square. 32.

1.91 g.

12 mm

SNG Cop. 860–862; SNG Keckman 702–720

NOTES TO INDIVIDUAL HOARDS

63

The foreign portion of coins of the hoard is indicative of an increase in trade from the cities of western and southern Asia Minor to the Bosporus beginning in the second half of the 2nd century BC. There is no doubt that it was formed before the First Mithradatic War (88–85 BC), after which maritime trade in the Black Sea declined. The geographical distribution of the mints suggests that the distant-coin portions of the hoard is evidence for the voyage of the Phanagorian merchants to the eastern Mediterranean. Thus, we suggest that the eastern Mediterranean coins were gathered by a sailor along points on his way to Crete. The date of collection was around 100/95–90 BC. The distance of the route from the port of Phanagoria to Hierapytna on Crete is more than 2300 km. The set of coins certainly suggests that the Phanagorian cargo ship circumnavigated the Aegean Sea. We propose two possible reconstructions of this route. The first (counterclockwise) has the ship visiting Amisus, Sinope and Heraclea Pontica and then sailing via Calchedon, Alexandreia Troas, along the western coast of Lesbos, to Eretria and then to Delos. The Delian port of call is explained by the occurrence of a small Athenian bronze coin depicting Artemis and a plemochoe in the hoard (no. 1). Those bronzes were minted in Athens for that city’s cleruchs on the island (Kroll, p. 77, commentary to no. 104) A bronze coin of Hierapytna (no. 4) suggests that after mooring at Delos the ship headed for Crete, possibly via Naxos. This seafaring route was also known to the Phanagorians as evidenced by the find of the 3rd-century BC Naxian coin at Phanagoria (Pakhomov VIII, 1899). Coin finds at Leucos Island also attest to commercial contacts between Crete/the Cyclades and the northern Black Sea. However, coins of Aegean mints hardly penetrated to the Bosporus: only the coins of Naxos and Hierapytna arrived at Phanagoria. A Rhodian plinthophoric bronze coin (no. 31) suggests that after mooring at Crete the ship headed for Rhodes. Ultimately, the ship returned home by a well-known sea route along the western Anatolian coast via Cnidus, Ephesus, Teos, Chios and Mytilene, the Hellespont and the Bosporus to the Black Sea. The second reconstruction of the Phanagorian ship’s voyage assumes it took a clockwise route in the Aegean: first along the western coast of Asia Minor via Calchedon, Alexandreia Troas, Mytilene, Chios, Teos, Ephesus, to Cnidus and Rhodes and next to Crete. After mooring at Hierapytna the ship headed for Eretria, via Naxos and Delos, and next directly to the Hellespont.

A HOARD FROM HOMESTEAD 2013–11 SETTLEMENT IN THE CHORA OF PHANAGORIA CH XI, 134 Plates XXIV, 37–44: XXV–XXVIII; XXXIX, 1–20 A hoard of 7902 bronzes and one silver coin was discovered in 2007 in the Phanagorian vicinity. Like hoard 133, it was composed of the same set of Panticapaeum and Phanagorian types accompanied by very small group of the eastern Mediterranean coins. Both hoards from the south-eastern chora of Phanagoria join the significant group of Bosporan hoards of the Mithradatic time. This huge hoard is remarkable for a great variety of Bosporan coin types of the 4th to the early 1st centuries BC. The bulk of the coins in the hoard is composed of chalkoi dating from the 2nd century BC. This did not happen by accident because the 2nd-century BC Bosporan coins are mostly small denominations of bronze. The hoard provides a good picture of the currency in the Bosporus in the Late Hellenistic period. Besides, the hoard contains plenty of relatively rare coin types and their variations, as well as overstrikes. Silver Panticapaeum coinage of the 2nd century BC is represented by a single trihemiobol with Apollo/altar (SNG BM 917). Apart from the Bosporan coins, the hoard included 20 bronzes from the mints of Heraclea Pontica, Lampsacus, Mytilene, Colophon, Ephesus, Iasos, Bargylia, Myndus, Cnidus, Cos, Rhodes, the Lycian League and uncertain provincial Mint 7 on the Anatolian coast? (Ptolemy I). The hoard was concealed in the early 1st century BC, most likely, right before the beginning of the First Mithradatic War in 88/87 BC Details are given in M.G. Abramzon M. and V.D. Kuznetsov, ‘A Hoard of 4th–1st centuries BC from Phanagoria’, in N. Povalahev (ed.), Phanagoreia und darüber hinaus… Festschrift für Vladimir Kuznetsov (Altertümer Phanagoreias 3) (Göttingen, 2014), pp. 139‒192; M.G. Abramzon and V.D. Kuznetsov, Monetnye klady vremeni Mitridata VI Evpatora s khory Fanogorii (Phanagoria 3) (Moscow, 2015), pp. 96–316; M.G. Abramzon, ‘Numismatic Evidence for Ancient Seafaring between the Levant, Western and Southern Asia Minor and the Northern Black Sea’, INR 13 (2018), pp. 55–72.

NON-BOSPORAN COINS A Heraclea Pontica (1 piece) 3rd–2nd cent. BC Obv.: Heracles head r. Rev.: forepart of lion r.; НЕРАKΛЕΩТАΝ. 1.

Inv. Ph-07-7953

B Lampsacus (1 piece) c. 350–200 BC

1.76 g.

13 mm

SNG BM 1628; SNG Stanc. 836

NOTES TO INDIVIDUAL HOARDS

65

Obv.: Zeus head r. Rev.: Pegasus forepart r.; ΛAM. 2.

Inv. Ph-07-7954

2.80 g.

15 mm

SNG vA 1301

C Colophon (1 piece) c. 389–350 BC Obv.: Apollo head r. Rev.: Lyre; to l., magistrate’s name illegible; to r., [KOΛ]. 3.

Inv. Ph-07-7958

1.71 g.

15 mm

cf. BMC Ionia 15

D Ephesus (1 piece) c. 258–202 BC Obv.: Artemis bust r. Rev.: forepart of stag r.; E–Ф; to l., []IΛΛ[]?; to r., bee. 4.

Inv. Ph-07-7959

2.84 g.

16 mm

cf. BMC Ionia 120

Rev.: to l., purse or pileus; to r., monogram. cf. BMC Lesbos 51 Rev.: to l., symbol; to r., monogram. SNG Ashmolean 1558? Rev.: to l., monogram; to r., symbol uncertain. cf. BMC Lesbos 92

E Mytilene (3 pieces) c. 350–250 BC Obv.: Female head r. in sphendone. Rev.: lyre; MYTI. 5.

Inv. Ph-07-7955

2.25 g.

13 mm

6.

Inv. Ph-07-7956

1.35 g.

15 mm

7.

Inv. Ph-07-7957

1.64 g.

12 mm

F Cnidus (2 pieces) c. 250–210 BC Obv.: Head of Aphrodite r. Rev.: prow r.; below club, magistrate’s name illegible; above, KNI, to r., symbol (ram’s head l.?). 8. 9.

Inv. Ph-07-7960 Inv. Ph-07-7961

G Iasos (1 piece) c. 250–190 BC

1.83 g. 1.98 g.

12 mm 12 mm

Rev.: to l., trident. cf. BMC Caria 63 Rev.: to l., caduceus.

66

NOTES TO INDIVIDUAL HOARDS

Obv.: Head of Apollo r. Rev.: Hermias swimming r., arm draped over a dolphin; above, [IA], below harpa and ЕΣТIАI[OΣ]?. 10.

Inv. Ph-07-7963

3.42 g.

13 mm

cf. BMC Caria 10–11

1.99 g.

14 mm

BMC Caria 5

1.29 g.

12 mm

BMC Caria 42–44

H Bargylia? (1 piece) 1st cent. BC Obv.: Head of Artemis r. Rev.: bow and quiver. 11.

Inv. Ph-07-7971

I Myndus (1 piece) 2nd–1st cent. BC Obv.: Head of Apollo r. Rev.: tripod; MYNΔΙΩN. 12.

Inv. Ph-07-7964

J Cos (3 piece) c. 366–300 BC Obv.: Veiled head of Demeter r. Rev.: crab; KΩIОN; below, ОPΘAГO and club. 13.

Inv. Ph-07-7965

1.64 g.

12 mm

BMC Cos 33

c. 190–166 BC Obv.: Head of Heracles l. Rev.: bow in case; above, KΩIОN; below, APΘAГO. 14. 15.

Inv. Ph-07-7966 Inv. Ph-07-7967

1.83 g. 1.61 g.

13 mm 14 mm

cf. BMC Cos 115

1.81 g. 1.02 g.

11 mm 12 mm

SNG Keckman 607–616

K Rhodes (2 pieces) c. 205–188 BC Obv.: Head of Helios r. Rev.: rose; P–O. 16. 17.

Inv. Ph-07-7968 Inv. Ph-07-7969

NOTES TO INDIVIDUAL HOARDS

67

L Lycia (1 pieces) c. 167–81 BC Obv.: Head of Apollo facing. Rev.: bow and quiver; ΛYKIΩN. 18.

Inv. Ph-07-7970

1.15 g.

11 mm

BMC Lycia 1

M Uncertain mint (1 piece) 1st cent. BC Obv.: Head of Athena r. in Corinthian helmet. Rev.: Nike r; to r., [] HPIΔ. 19.

Inv. Ph-07-7962

2.28 g.

14 mm

N Uncertain provincial mint 7 [Anatolian coast?] (Ptolemy I) (1 piece) c. 294 BC Obv.: Head of deified Alexander r. wearing mitra, with ram’s horn at temple and long, flowing hair. Dotted border. ; ПTOΛEMAIOY Rev.: Eagle with spread wings standing left on thunderbolt; to l. BAΣΙΛΕΩΣ. 20.

Inv. Ph-07-7962

1.04 g.

11 mm

Svoronos, Ta Nomismata 345; Lorber B105

Like hoard 133, this assemblage provides evidence for another voyage of a cargo vessel from Phanagoria to the coastal cities of western and southern Asia Minor. Based on the coins the ship called at the ports of Heraclea Pontica, Lampsacus, Mytilene, Notium (seaport of neighbouring Colophon), Ephesus, Iasos, Bargylia, Myndus, Cos, Cnidus and Rhodes. The coin of the Lycian League may indicate that the final destination was somewhere in Lycia, possibly Patara, seaport for the Xanthus Valley. If so, the entire voyage from the port of Phanagoria to Patara, hugging the coastline without detours, would have come to roughly 2,600 km. A chalkous of Ptolemy I ascribed to uncertain provincial mint 7 (Lorber B105; Wolf 345) may also have possibly been picked up in Patara, as the city was restored by Ptolemy II and renamed Arsinoe (Strabo 14. 3. 6). Undoubtedly, the arrival of the western and southern Anatolian coins in the northern Black Sea is connected to the maritime trade. Unusual ‘periplus’-related Phanagorian 2003 and 2007 hoards of bronze coins highlighted here emphasize the role of ancient seafaring in this trade. They show that cargo ships regularly plied a well-known maritime route along the western coast of Asia Minor on their way to the northern Black Sea. In particular, the Phanagorian 2003 and 2007 hoards supplement the isolated coin-find evidence, and help determine for maritime component of trade between western and southern Anatolia and the northern Black Sea during the Late Hellenistic period.

A GROUP OF ‘HOARDS’ FROM MITHRADATES VI’S RESIDENCE IN PHANAGORIA

CH XI, 145; XI, 146; XI, 147 Plates XXXIX, 21–40; XL: XLI, 1–19 Eight assemblages of coins discovered during the 2007–2010 excavations in the residence of Mithradates VI in Phanagoria provide evidence on the unified Bosporan-Pontic coin circulation in the Late Hellenistic period, as well as for the events in 63 BC. A handful of copper coins on a plate and seven purses containing Bosporan and Pontic (Amisus, Sinope, Gaziura, Taulara, Amastris, Pharnaceia, etc.) coins were found in a burnt palace at the acropolis, accompanied with numerous isolated silver Bosporan coins, a tetradrachm of Mithradates, Pontic bronzes, a burnt wooden casket decorated with ivory reliefs, containing gold jewellery, and a herma portraying Mithradates. Since these coin assemblages were not concealed but either lost by the inhabitants of the residence or not retrieved in panic caused by the fire during Phanagorian revolt, we would refer these finds as purses rather than hoards. The chronology of Pontic bronze coins under Mithradates VI and their possible use for dating archaeological context and synchronous Bosporan coinage was examined by F. de Callataÿ (pp. 119–136; La révision, pp. 271–308). This hoard provides a good picture of the currency in the Bosporus before 63 BC, showing mix of Pontic and Bosporan copper strikings. Phanagoria was the main outpost of Mithradates VI on the Asiatic Bosporus. As Appian writes (Mithr. 108), the king’s garrison was situated in the city, and Mithradates sent troops to reinforce it: Castor of Phanagoria, who had once been maltreated by Trypho, the king’s eunuch, fell upon the latter as he was entering the town, killed him, and summoned the citizens to revolt. Although the citadel was already held by Artaphernes and other sons of Mithradates, the inhabitants piled wood around it and set it on fire, in consequence of which Artaphernes, Darius, Xerxes, and Oxathres, sons, and Eupatra, a daughter, of Mithradates, in fear of the fire, surrendered themselves and were led into captivity. Of these Artaphernes alone was about forty years of age; the others were handsome children. Cleopatra, another daughter, resisted. Her father, in admiration of her courageous spirit, sent a number of row-boats and rescued her (transl. by H. White).

The fact that excavations revealed the ruins of palace is proven not only by the traces of a huge fire, but also by the find of a tombstone with the epitaph of Hypsikrateia, Mithradates VI’s wife, who probably died during the Phanagorian revolt against the king in 63 BC. It seems that she was on the acropolis together with king’s children. It should be assumed that neighbouring Patraeus was also burnt down and destroyed simultaneously with the siege of Phanagoria. We believe that the Patraeus 1950 and 1998 hoards (142, 144) and the Phanagorian ‘hoards’ 145–147 were connected with the aggression of Mithradates VI against the Bosporans in 63 BC. The Patraeus 1950 hoard was also found in a thick layer of fire which covered a burnt Hellenistic building. The archaeological context indicates that it was not a hoard, but a purse, like the Phanagorian purses, lost during the fire. It also contained bronze Bosporan and Sinope coins. Perhaps, the term ‘purse’ should also be applied to the Patraeus 1998 ‘hoard’ found in the same layer and containing silver Phanagorian hemidrachms. Details see in M.G. Abramzon and V.D. Kuznetsov, ‘The Phanagorian revolt against Mithridates VI Eupator (numismatic evidence)’, in N. Povalahev and V.D. Kuznetsov (eds.), Phanagoreia und seine historische Umwelt (Altertümer Phanagoreias 2) (Göttingen, 2011), pp. 15‒90;

NOTES TO INDIVIDUAL HOARDS

69

‘The Rebellion in Phanagoria in 63 BC (New Numismatic Evidence)’, ACSS 17 (2011), pp. 75‒110; M.G. Abramzon, ‘A hoard of bronze Pontic and Bosporan coins of the reign of Mithradates VI from Phanagoria, 2007’, in G.R. Tsetskhladze (ed.), The Black Sea, Paphlagonia, Pontus and Phrygia in Antiquity. Aspects of Archaeology and Ancient History (BAR International Series 2432) (Oxford, 2007), pp. 1–8.

THE KERCH 1961 HOARD

CH XI, 158 Plates LI, 4–25; LII, 1–22 A hoard of 46 Bosporan bronze coins of the late 1st century BC was found on the north slope of , as the Mt Mithradates, Kerch, in 1961. It was composed of strikings of the uncertain ruler well as Caesarea (Panticapaeum) and Agrippia (Phanagoria). See K.V. Golenko, ‘Kerchenskii klad mednykh bosporskikh monet kontsa I v. do n.e.’, NE IX (1971), pp. 38–50; M.G. Abramzon, ‘The 1961 Kerch Hoard of Bronze Coins and Some Chronological Problems of the Bosporan Coinage of the 1st century BC.’, in Acta Musei Varnaensis VII.1 (Varna, 2008), pp. 136–148; Corpus I, no. 62; II, pp. 177, 187, no. 111. preceded The hoard was first published by K.V. Golenko (1971), who believed the coinage the issues of Caesarea and Agrippia, and it had been attributed to the ‘first reign’ of Dynamis and Polemo I’s reign in the Bosporus, i.e. 15–8 BC. However, Dynamis’ gold staters refer to her reign in 21/20–17/16 BC. There is no evidence to consider her second sole reign as a proven fact. According to Golenko, the most plausible date of the coinages of Caesarea and Agrippia is 14 BC, thus the hoard was concealed soon after this date, if the cities coins were minted immediately after the renaming of Panticapaeum and Phanagoria. had no relation to DynaMeanwhile, N.A. Frolova convincingly argued that the coinage mis. This coinage, presumably, belongs to a hitherto uncertain person, who appeared in the Bosporus after the death of the queen and disputed Polemo’s rights to the throne. Most likely, these coins could have been issued after 12 BC. This is also confirmed by the chronological , and . The coinages KАIΣAРEΩN and sequence of coinages with monograms , but they could not be divided by any long gap. Dynamis АГРIППЕΩN preceded the series could have renamed cities in the year when Augustus confirmed her rights to the Bosporan throne and to strike gold with her name. Perhaps, Panticapaeum and Phanagoria were renamed earlier than 14 BC, before Polemo’s arrival in the Bosporus, most likely in the period between 21/20–17/16 and 14 BC. The apogee of Agrippa’s career occurred in 18–12 BC, when he shared the tribunate power with Augustus, and the images of both co-rulers appeared on the reverse of coins. As for the coins of Caesarea and Agrippia, they could be minted later than renaming cities. A. Zograf believed the coins of Caesarea and Agrippia had been issued in 14–8 BC, preceding the ‘second reign’ of Dynamis. Meanwhile, the Roman coins in the name of both rulers, Augustus and Agrippa, have been issued in 13–12 BC. The strikings KАIΣAРEΩN and АГРIППЕΩN could only have been produced after the appearance of above Roman coins in the name of Agrippa, most likely also in 13–12 BC. Golenko, and later V. Anokhin, suggested the coinages of Caesarea and Agrippia ceased under Tiberius and just had possibly been restored by Mithradates III. However, since the last Roman issue with the name of Agrippa RIC 1.412 were issued in 12 BC, the Bosporan coinages KАIΣAРEΩN and АГРIППЕΩN could hardly have been issued before this date. The coins of Caesarea and Agrippia were also found in the Sukko and Artezian hoards (166– 168) concealed during the Roman-Bosporan War and some late hoards (173). The Sukko hoard . Besides, the strikings of Agrippia, Caesarea, and Aspurgus were also contains the issue

NOTES TO INDIVIDUAL HOARDS

71

found together in the grave at Mt Mithradates and Artezian hoards. The composition of the Sukko hoard inspired Anokhin (1986, p. 95) erroneously to attribute the coins of Agrippia and Caesarea to the reign of Aspurgus. Thus, the Kerch 1961 hoard was deposited in the beginning of the period of ‘uncertain rulers’, whose coinages bear the above monograms. CATALOGUE A Panticapaeum as Caesarea (8 pieces) 13–12 BC Obv.: head of Aphrodite Urania r., wearing kalathos and veil. Rev.: Scepter; to l. and r., KАI ΣA РE ΩN; below r., Н. 1.

Inv. KN–2429

8.36 g.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Inv. KN–2430 Inv. KN–2431 Inv. KN–2432 Inv. KN–2433 Inv. KN–2434 Inv. KN–2435 Inv. KN–2436

9.06 g. 10.46 g. 6.49 g. 5.14 g. 6.98 g. 9.39 g. 5.20 g.

Cf. RPC I 1936; SNG Stanc. 614; Frolova–Ireland XXXI, 1–29; XXXII, 1–7

B Phanagoria as Agrippia (4 pieces) 13–12 BC Obv.: Head of Aphrodite Urania r., wearing diadem and veil. Rev.: Prow l; two-line inscription, АГРIП ПЕΩN; below r., Н. 9.

Inv. KN–2437

6.42 g.

10. 11. 12. 13.

Inv. KN–2438 Inv. KN–2439 Inv. KN–2440 Inv. KN–2441

8.49 g. 6.17 g. 6.39 g. 9.46 g.

Cf. RIC I 1935; SNG Stanc. 631; Frolova–Ireland XXXII, 8–25; XXXIII, 1–23

(33 pieces) C Uncertain ruler The end of the 1st cent. BC (after 12 BC) Obv.: Head of Zeus Ammon, r. within border of lines and dots. . Rev.: Serpent wearing crown of Isis, r.; to l., 14. 15.

Inv. KN–2444 Inv. KN–2445

5.44 g. 6.15 g.

Cf. Frolova–Ireland XXXV, 24–26; XXXVI, 1–11

72

16. 17.

NOTES TO INDIVIDUAL HOARDS

Inv. KN–2446 Inv. KN–2447

5.70 g. 6.36 g.

Obv.: Head of Artemis r. Rev.: Dog std, r., head turned to r.; to l., 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

Inv. KN–2467 Inv. KN–2468 Inv. KN–2469 Inv. KN–2470 Inv. KN–2471 Inv. KN–2472 Inv. KN–2473 Inv. KN–2474

4.68 g. 4.55 g. 4.12 g. 4.10 g. 3.57 g. 4.12 g. 3.77 g. 4.99 g.

. Cf. Frolova–Ireland XXXVI, 8–14

Obv.: Diademed head of Poseidon, r.; trident decorated with band over l. shoulder. , below, Е. Rev.: Dolphin r.; above 26.

Inv. KN–2442

10.43 g.

Cf. Frolova–Ireland XXXVII, 2–10

Obv. Head of Apollo r., within wreath. ; to r., laurel branch; below, Δ. Rev. Tripod; to l. 27.

Inv. KN–2443

6.83 g.

Cf. Frolova–Ireland XXXVII, 11–20, LXII, 12–13

Obv.: Lion reclining r.; above, 8-rayed star; all within wreath. ; below, Г. Rev.: Palm branch and wreath; to r., 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.

Inv. KN–2448 Inv. KN–2449 Inv. KN–2450 Inv. KN–2451 Inv. KN–2452 Inv. KN–2453 Inv. KN–2454

4.35 g. 5.10 g. 5.14 g. 5.90 g. 7.21 g. 6.50 g. 6.29 g.

Rev.: to l. Г. Cf. Frolova–Ireland XXXVIII, 1–7

Obv. Head of Dionysus r. Rev. Cista with two thyrses ornamented with bands; to l., 35. 36. 37. 38. 39.

Inv. KN–2455 Inv. KN–2456 Inv. KN–2457 Inv. KN–2458 Inv. KN–2459

4.45 g. 4.14 g. 3.98 g. 3.70 g. 6.09 g.

, below cista, B.

Cf. Frolova–Ireland XXXVIII, 8–13

NOTES TO INDIVIDUAL HOARDS

Obv. Head of Serapis r; border of dots. Rev. Cornucopia, decorated with band; to l., 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46.

Inv. KN–2460 Inv. KN–2461 Inv. KN–2462 Inv. KN–2463 Inv. KN–2464 Inv. KN–2464 Inv. KN–2464

3.30 g. 4.33 g. 4.04 g. 4.40 g. 3.77 g. 4.04 g. 4.42 g.

, to r., А.

Cf. Frolova–Ireland XXXVIII, 14–19a

73

HOARDS FROM ARTEZIAN SETTLEMENT (PTOLEMAEUS’ ΠΑΡΟΣΤΑ?) CH XI, 163; XI, 164; XI, 165 Plates LII, 23–31; LIII–LVI; LVII, 1–3 In 2009–2013, a few hoards were discovered during the excavations at the Artezian Settlement, which can possibly be identified with the small town of Parosta mentioned by Ptolemy (3. 6. 8). The early Citadel and adjoining quarters of the settlement met their end during the RomanBosporan War of AD 45–49. The unique Mithradates III stater marked with the year 343 AB (Bosporan era) = AD 46/47 and the analysis of the archaeological context of the burnt layer allow us to date the fortress’ fall to the autumn AD 46. Two hoards were found in Room 4 of the Citadel in 2009. Both wooden caskets contained a total 244 bronze Bosporan coins dated from the end of the 1st century BC to the first half of the 1st century AD (Caesarea, Agrippia, Aspurgus, Gepaepyris and Mithradates III), 10 Roman denarii (Augustus, Tiberius), and also gold, silver and bronze jewellery, many beads, an astragal and glass vessels. In 2013, the remains of a small chest were discovered in Room 10, containing about 130 coins, beads, jewellery and weaponry. Among goods there are 125 Bosporan assarii dating from the end of the 1st century BC to the first half of the 1st century AD. This numismatic material includes the two quite big assemblages, each numbering more than four or five dozen of soldered coins. Most likely, the piles of fused coins are to be contents of two purse-bags stored in the chest. One more dozen coins was found in the burnt layer covering Room 10, but it could not be directly related to the chest. Apart from bronze coins, a denarius of Caesar and three cistophori of Ephesus and Pergamum were in the chest, like Roman denarii stored in two caskets found in Room 4 in 2009. Apart from 129 coins, the small chest contained the jewellery and other goods: gold earrings, a necklace of 70 beads and pendants made of carnelian, coral, crystal, and Egyptian faience and glass, an ivory tessera with numerals XII and IB, bone needles for braiding, a bracelet, fragments of small metal vessels, rings of buckles, fragments of blades of iron knives and a sword or a dagger. Numerous jewellery items made of gold and silver with gems in caskets and the burnt level, as well as the expensive silver tableware (for instance, silver kantharoi inscribed with names of owners) and many gold staters of Aspurgus and Mithradates III, may undoubtedly be related to the elite, i.e. the aristocracy and wealthy traders, supportes of Mithradates III, stayed in the fortress. The inhabitants of the beleaguered fortress, who took cover inside Room 4 (the interior courtyard of the Citadel) at the moment of the storming of the citadel, met their death under the collapse of burning wooden support structures of the upper floors. Some people had held their caskets with valuables; somebody had had purses-bags with money which is corroborated by finds of several dozens of assemblages of bronze coins fused with each other. The 2013 excavations yielded more than a dozen such assemblages/purses. The number of coins in purses varied from 6–8 to 25 pieces. Similar assemblages and rouleaus of fused bronze coins were found in the other places of the settlement of fire, and also in the levelling layer and displaced burnt level. We

NOTES TO INDIVIDUAL HOARDS

75

succeeded in attributing some of the coins. So, during the 2011 excavations, three rouleaus of well-preserved bronze coins were found, containing the same set of types, which formed both 2009 hoards: bronze coins of Caesarea, Agrippia, Aspurgus, Gepaepyris and Mithradates III. All asses of Aspurgus, Gepaepyris and Mithradates III from the hoards are absolutely new and have no traces of circulation. Such new bronze currency is to be a cash-allowance for military service, given to soldiers of the garrison from the royal treasure shortly before the catastrophe. The cistophori are to be certainly linked with the hoard composed of 125 bronze Bosporan asses and a denarius of Caesar, which was placed in the small chest found in Room 10 of the semi-basement of early Citadel. It is possible that the presence of Roman silver currency in the Artezian caskets and in the fire layer could be explained by social, economic, political and diplomatic relations between their owners and the Romans before the war. Such contacts had, no doubt, occurred, which is confirmed by finds of numerous Roman items (rings with jet gem, Alexandrian tesserae for the game popular in Rome) and Roman silver coins in the charred ruins of the citadel. However, the presence of Roman money definitely refers to the military presence or operations in this area and may be related to military payments to Roman troops which arrived in the Bosporus in AD 45 to dethrone the disloyal Mithradates III and to install instead his brother Cotys I. Cistophori which come from Bithynia-Pontus possibly served to pay the wages to Bithynian cohorts garrisoned in the Bosporan capital and other points. Details see in M.G. Abramzon, M.Y. Treister and N. Vinokurov, ‘Two Hoards of Coins and Jewellery Items from the Time of the Roman-Bosporan War of AD 45–49 from the Settlement of Artezian’, ACSS 18.2 (2012), pp. 207–278; M.G. Abramzon and N. Vinokurov, ‘Gold Staters of Aspurgus and Mithridates III and New Complexes with Coins and Jewellery Items from the Artezian Settlement’, ACSS 23 (2017), pp. 1–41; M.G. Abramzon and N. Vinokurov, ‘Cistophori from the Artezian Settlement (Ptolemaeus’ Παρόστα?). The evidence of the presence of Bithynian troops in the Bosporan Kingdom’, Eurasia Antiqua 21 (2015) [2018], pp. 151–160.

TWO 3RD-CENTURY AD HOARDS OF BOSPORAN ELECTRUM COINS FROM THE VOLNA 1 SETTLEMENT (TAMAN PENINSULA)

CH XI, 180; XI, 199 Plates LVII, 4–23; LVIII–LXIV; LXV, 1–20 In 2013/14, a hoard of 109 Bosporan gold/electrum staters was found in the ruins revealed at the central area of the Volna 1 Settlement (Taman Peninsula). A dozen coins were hidden under a stone at the locus 572, a group of 87 staters had been found together in the garbage pit at the neighbouring locus 747, and 10 more coins were scattered around this locus. This quarter of the settlement was destroyed by a big conflagration at the early 3rd century AD, and no later buildings were erected there. The archaeological context firmly suggests that the hoard was hidden in a hurry, under extraordinary circumstances: some coins were dropped, others were deliberately hidden, and the bulk of the treasure (wrapped in a textile container?) was thrown into a garbage pit. A single stater of Eupator of 457 AB = AD 160/1 is the earliest coin in the hoard. The remaining 108 coins are staters of Sauromates II covering the period AD 179/180 to 205/206. The latest coin in the hoard dates to 502 BE = AD 205/206, providing a terminus post quem for its concealment and the abandonment of the central part of the settlement.

Chronological distribution of Sauromates II staters in the Volna 1 Hoard Year AD

Quantity

Year AD

Quantity

Year AD

Quantity

179/180 180/181 181/182 182/183 183/184 184/185 185/186 186/187 187/188

1 1 – – 4 1 – – –

188/189 189/190 190/191 191/192 192/193 193/194 194/195 195/196 196/197

5 3 5 – 5 8 14 9 8

197/198 198/199 199/200 200/201 201/202 202/203 203/204 204/205 205/206

11 19 2 1 4 – 4 2 1

According to XRF-analyses, the hoard shows a predominance in the period AD 174/175 to 204/205 of staters struck in alloy, the gold content of which ranges from 50% to 40%. The AD 205/206 stater no. 109 is a single coin in the hoard, containing less than 37% of gold. Details see M.G. Abramzon, ‘A Hoard of Second and Early Third-Century AD Bosporan Gold from the Taman Peninsula’, NC (2020), pp. 15–24. The second hoard was found inside a burned building in the central part of Volna 1 Settlement in 2014. The assemblage contains 99 staters of Cotys III (81) and Sauromates III (18). The earliest coins are six staters of Cotys III issued in memory of his father Rhescuporis III in AD 228/229. The latest coins in the hoard are the staters dating from year 529 BE (AD 232/233), which actually provide the date for its concealment and the death of the building. The hoard

77

NOTES TO INDIVIDUAL HOARDS

joins a subgroup of hoards concealed in the AD 220s–230s. Their concealment is explained with instability in the Bosporus caused by invasions of the barbarians and the operations of the Bosporan kings against them. Another reason for the concealment of hoards under Cotys III (and his successors) undoubtedly was the catastrophic debasement of the stater in his reign. The hoard clearly indicates this process. The unique homogeneous assemblage of staters of Cotys III and Sauromates III is of decisive importance for the study of currency, the economic and militarypolitical situation on the Bosporus at the end of the first third of the 3rd century AD.

Chronological distribution of staters in the hoard Year AD

Cotys III

Sauromates III

Total

228/229 229/230 230/231 231/232 232/233

34 7 – 17 23

– – 18 –

34 7 18 17 23

Total

81

18

99

See M.G. Abramzon et al., ‘Klad staterov Kotisa III i Savromata III s poseleniya “Volna 1” na Tamanskom poluostrove’, RA 4 (2020), pp. 98–114. M.G. Abramzon et al., Poslednee zoloto Bospora: klady staterov III v. n. e. iz poseleniya Volna 1 (Moscow, 2020).

A HOARD OF LATE BOSPORAN STATERS FROM PHANAGORIA

CH XI, 231 Plates CIII, 4–24 – CCLVII, 1–23 A hoard of 3695 Late Bosporan staters was discovered in the Phanagorian Eastern necropolis in 2011. It contained coins struck in the 3rd and early 4th century AD under Ininthimeus, Rhescuporis V, Pharsanzes, Sauromates IV, Teiranes, and Thothorses, as well as barbarian imitations of latter staters. The hoard is now considered the biggest of all the Late Bosporan hoards found to date. The X-ray analysis of the staters showed that the Late Bosporan technical production of blanks for coins of Rhescuporis V to Thothorses supposed different coating techniques and methods such as the affinage and other silvering processes for silver surface enrichment of coins made of silver-copper alloys. XRF also demonstrated a more than twofold reduction of the silver content of Rhescuporis V billon staters as far back as first 15 years of his rule. Besides, the neutron tomography survey first revealed staters of Sauromates IV, Teiranes, and Thothorses with silver content and the surface-silvered coating. The recent investigation of alloy of the group of AD 286/287 silvered Thothorses’ staters by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with the X-ray spectral microanalysis (EDXMA) is of great interest. For the first time, such elements as chlorine, calcium, sodium and magnesium were revealed on the surface of these coins that allows suggesting the use of the silvering paste composed of silver chloride. Other additives might be sodium chloride, ammonium chloride, potassium hydrogen tartrate, mercuric chloride and chalk as thickener. A similar technique of silvering of the surface of coins might be used in the Roman coinage from the late 3rd to beginning of the 4th century AD The hoard confirms that the ultimate furious paces of the Bosporan coinage were followed by inflation and gradual deterioration of silver percentage of the staters, being induced by increased state needs of money under conditions of the strenuous military situation. The crucial evidence on the historical background of the Phanagorian 2011 hoard may emerge from the CIRB 1051 inscription of AD 307. This is a marble tombstone with an epitaph to Marcus Aurelius Andronicus and his son Alexarthos found near Taman in 1830. Both officers, Marcus Aurelius Andronicus, a centurion, and his son Alexarthos, the lochagos of the Agrippians, were killed in combat on the European side of the Bosporus defending Caesarea-Panticapaeum. Though other sources are silent about any military operations near the Bosporan capital in the end of the month of Artemeisios, 603 AB (i.e. April, AD 307), the new reading of the inscription leads us to the assumption that the danger was indeed grave and the Phanagorian lochos was called to Panticapaeum to help fight the enemy, most likely, the Sarmatians and the Alani. Both Andronicus and his son Alexarthos must have died in the Bosporan capital or somewhere in its vicinity, and the archontes of the Caesareans decided to bury the deceased at the public expense in their native city, Phanagoria. The Phanagorian 2011 hoard testifies that in the autumn-winter AD 307 and during the next year the situation was unstable not only in the Panticapaeum area but on the Taman Peninsula as well. The owner of the treasure, apparently, a wealthy Phanagorian man, perhaps a large trader or a workshop owner, had accumulated a considerable sum of money by the autumn of AD 307.

NOTES TO INDIVIDUAL HOARDS

79

More than two thirds of it were composed of Rhescuporis V billon staters. These were the first coins to have been taken out of circulation when the country was hit by the monetary crisis and the currency started to drop in value. The first party of money (457 staters of AD 248/249– 252/253), possibly, came into the hoard in the period of activity of the Borani and the Alani coalition near the borders of the Bosporan Kingdom and their passage to the Taman Peninsula in AD 252–253 (at that time Tanais, Patraeus and Hermonassa were razed). The bulk of the hoard was formed in AD 262–267, the time of the major barbarian raids on the Bosporus (almost half of the coins in the hoard, 1571 staters, were saved during that period). The same is true for the hoards from Tyritace (1937), Semenovka (1957), Batareika (1958), Sudak (1958), Iluraton (1976) and Temir-Gora (2009). The third large influx of money dates from AD 294–302 (1095 staters), with only a few coins having been treasured in the last years of Thothorses’ rule – clearly the result of reduced emissions. The latest coins are the staters with the year ΔH (604 AB = AD 307/308) which actually provide the terminus post quem for the concealment. Since these coins have been issuing during the whole year, i.e. from the month of Dios (September–October AD 307) to the last month – Hyperberetaios (August–September AD 308), the Phanagorian hoard could be deposited in the period from the autumn AD 307 to the autumn AD 308. Details see in M.G. Abramzon and V.D. Kuznetsov, ‘A Hoard of 3rd–4th Centuries AD Bosporan Staters from Phanagoria (2011)’, ACSS 25 (2019), pp. 308–356; M.G. Abramzon and V.D. Kuznetsov, Klad pozdnebosporskikh staterov iz Fanagorii (Phanagoria 5) (Moscow, 2017); M.G. Abramson et al., ‘A Study of the Chemical Composition of the 3rd Century AD Bosporan Billon Staters by XRF-Analysis, Neutron Tomography and Diffraction’, JSI 12.1 (2018), pp. 114–117; M.G. Abramzon et al., ‘X-Ray Microanalysis of Surface of the AD 286/287 Staters of Thothorses: New Data on the Silvering Process of the Bosporan Coins’, JSI 14.3 (2020), pp. 529–533.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abramov, A.P. and Boldyrev, S.I. 2001: ‘“Klady” 1998 goda iz Patreia’. In Zuev, V.Y. (ed.), Bosporskii Fenomen: kolonizatsiya regiona, formirovanie polisov, obrazovanie gosudarstva (Materialy mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii), pt 1 (St Petersburg), 143–46. Abramson, M.G., Saprykina, I.A., Kichanov, S.E., Kozlenko, D.P. and Nazarov, K.M. 2018: ‘A Study of the Chemical Composition of the 3rd Century AD Bosporan Billon Staters by XRF-Analysis, Neutron Tomography and Diffraction’. JSI 12.1, 114–17. Abramzon, M.G. 2005: ‘A hoard of silver coins of 6th–4th centuries BC from Tyramba (the Taman Peninsula)’. In ICN 13, 25. —. 2008: ‘The 1961 Kerch Hoard of Bronze Coins and Some Chronological Problems of the Bosporan Coinage of the 1st century BC’. Acta Musei Varnaensis VII.1, 136–48. —. 2011: Korpus bosporskikh kladov antichnykh monet. II: Klady iz novykh postuplenii v Kerchenskii istoriko-kul’turnyi zapovednik (2009–2010 gg.) (BI Suppl. 7) (Simferopol/Kerch). —. 2012a: ‘Klad pantikapeiskikh monet III v. do n.e. iz kollektsii N.N. Grandmezona v sobranii Gosudarstvennogo istoricheskogo muzeya’. In ACh 2, 4–9. —. 2012b: ‘A hoard of bronze Pontic and Bosporan coins of the reign of Mithradates VI from Phanagoria, 2007’. In Tsetskhladze, G.R. (ed.), The Black Sea, Paphlagonia, Pontus and Phrygia in Antiquity: Aspects of Archaeology and Ancient History (BAR International Series 2432) (Oxford), 1–8. —. 2018: ‘Numismatic Evidence for Ancient Seafaring between the Levant, Western and Southern Asia Minor and the Northern Black Sea’. INR 13, 55–72. —. 2020: ‘A Hoard of Second and Early Third-Century AD Bosporan Gold from the Taman Peninsula’. NC 180, 15–24. Abramzon, M.G., Baryshnikov, M.P., Efimova, Y.Y., Koptseva, N.V., Saprykina, I.A. and Smekalova, T.N. 2020: ‘X-Ray Microanalysis of Surface of the AD 286/287 Staters of Thothorses: New Data on the Silvering Process of the Bosporan Coins’. JSI 14.3, 529–33. Abramzon, M.G., Bezuglov, S.I., Gunchina, O.L., Saprykina, I.A., Smekalova, T.N. and Ustaeva, E.R. 2020: Poslednee zoloto Bospora: klady staterov III v. n.e. iz poseleniya Volna 1 (Moscow). Abramzon, M.G., Bezuglov, S.I., Gunchina, O.L. and Ustaeva, E.R. 2020: ‘Klad staterov Kotisa III i Savromata III s poseleniya “Volna 1” na Tamanskom poluostrove’. RA 4, 98–114. Abramzon, M.G. and Bonin, A.V. 2017: ‘Monety iz raskopok gorodishcha i poseleniya Ilyichevka v 2015‒2016 gg.’. PIFK 3, 392–430. Abramzon, M.G. and de Callataÿ, F. 2017: ‘Un trésor de plus de 21.000 monnaies de bronze de Panticapée trouvé en 2013 à Usatova Balka (Russie, environs d’Anapa, l’ancienne Gorgippia)’. RBN CLXIII, 423–32. Abramzon, M.G., Ermolin, S.A., Buravlev, S.A. and Gunchina, O.L. 2021: ‘Klady pantikapeyskikh bronzovykh monet IV–III vv. do n.e. iz raskopok poseleniya Manitra (Vostochnyi Krym)’. KSIA (forthcoming). Abramzon, M.G. and Fedoseev, N.F. 2015: ‘Klad mednykh bosporskikh monet kontsa I–III v. n.e. iz Pantikapeya (2009 g.)’. In Bukharin, M.D. (ed.), Scripta antiqua: Voprosy drevnei istorii, filologii, iskusstva i material’noi kul’tury 4 (Moscow), 451–91. —. 2018: ‘Klad staterov Reskuporida V s Temir-Gory (2009 g.)’. NE XX, 123–34. Abramzon, M.G. and Frolova, N.A. 2004: ‘The Hoard of Silver Coins of the 6th–4th Centuries BC from the Taman Peninsula’. RN 160, 27–48. —. 2007: ‘Le trésor de Myrmekion de statères cyzicènes’. RN 163, 15–44. —. 2007–08: Korpus bosporskikh kladov antichnykh monet. I: 1834–2005 gg. (BI Suppl. 2) (Simferopol/ Kerch). Abramzon, M.G., Frolova, N.A. and Gorlov, Y.V. 1999: ‘Fadeevskii klad bronzovykh bosporskikh monet IV-I vv. do n.e.’. PIFK VII, 326–34. —. 2001a: ‘Two Hoards of Bosporan Coins’. RN 157, 287–303.

82

BIBLIOGRAPHY

—. 2001b: ‘A Hoard of Bosporan Gold Staters of 2nd Century AD from the City-Site Krasnobatereinoye’. ACSS 7.3–4, 169–84. —. 2001c: ‘A Hoard of Bosporan Gold Staters of 2nd and 3rd Centuries AD from the Village of Kazanskaya’. ACSS 7.3–4, 185–91. Abramzon, M.G., Frolova, N.A., Smekalova, T.N. and Kulikov, A.V. 2007: ‘Klad bosporskikh staterov 234–253 gg. n.e. iz Kerchi (1988 g.)’. VDI 2, 60–109. Abramzon, M.G., Kovalenko, M.A. and Sudarev, N.I. 2011: ‘Dva klada bosporskikh monet s antichnogo poseleniya “Usatova balka 3” (2011 g.)’. PIFK 4, 146–65. Abramzon, M.G. and Kuznetsov, V.D. 2011a: ‘The Phanagorian revolt against Mithridates VI Eupator (numismatic evidence)’. In Povalahev, N. and Kuznetsov, V.D. (eds.), Phanagoreia und seine historische Umwelt (Altertümer Phanagoreias 2) (Göttingen), 15–90. —. 2011b: ‘The Rebellion in Phanagoria in 63 BC (New Numismatic Evidence)’. ACSS 17, 75‒110. —. 2014: ‘A Hoard of 4th–1st centuries BC from Phanagoria’. In Povalahev, N. (ed.), Phanagoreia und darüber hinaus… Festschrift für Vladimir Kuznetsov (Altertümer Phanagoreias 3) (Göttingen), 139‒92. —. 2015: Monetnye klady vremeni Mitridata VI Evpatora s khory Fanogorii (Phanagoria 3) (Moscow). —. 2017: Klad pozdnebosporskikh staterov iz Fanagorii (Phanagoria 5) (Moscow). —. 2019: ‘A Hoard of 3rd–4th Centuries AD Bosporan Staters from Phanagoria (2011)’. ACSS 25, 308–56. Abramzon, M.G., Mimokhod, R.A., Sudarev, N.I. and Uspenskii, P.S. 2018: ‘Kompleks pantikapeyskikh serebryanykh monet V v. do n.e. iz nekropolya poseleniya Volna 1’. KSIA 252, 15–24. Abramzon, M.G. and Molev, E.A. 2016: ‘Klad pozdnebosporskikh staterov iz Kiteya (2012 g.)’. VDI 76.2, 387–409. Abramzon, M.G. and Novichikhin, A.M. 2018a: ‘Dva monetnykh klada mitridatovskogo vremeni s yugovostochnoi okrainy Bospora’. VDI 78.2, 333–48. —. 2018b: ‘Klad pantikapeyskikh mednykh monet III v. do n.e. s khory Gorgippii (1986 g.)’. PIFK 3, 234–49. —. 2019: ‘Klady pantikapeyskikh monet IV‒III vv. do n.e. iz raskopok Gorgippii 1980 i 1986 gg.’. DB 24, 15–25. Abramzon, M.G., Novichikhin, A.M. and Saprykina, I.A. 2019: ‘Klad pozdnebosporskikh staterov iz sela Gai-Kodzor’. VDI 79.3, 689–702. Abramzon, M.G., Novichikhin, A.M., Saprykina, I.A. and Smekalova, T.N. 2019: Tretii Gai-Kodzorskii klad pozdnebosporskikh staterov (Moscow). Abramzon, M.G. and Ostapenko, S.N. 2016: ‘Klad mednykh bosporskikh monet IV–I vv. do n.e. s antichnogo poseleniya “Veselovka 5” (2014 g.)’. PIFK 2, 260–67. —. 2020: ‘Klad pantikapeyskikh monet nachala III v. do n.e. s khory Fanagorii (2019 g.)’. KSIA 258, 19–24. Abramzon, M.G. and Sudarev, N.I. 2017: ‘Monety iz raskopok poseleniya Vinogradnyi 7 (2016 g.)’. PIFK 3, 371–91. —. 2018: ‘Klad pozdnebosporskikh staterov iz okrestnostei Germonassy (2016 g.)’. RA 1, 150–63. Abramzon, M.G., Treister, M.Y. and Vinokurov, N.I. 2012: ‘Two Hoards of Coins and Jewellery Items from the Time of the Roman-Bosporan War of AD 45–49 from the Settlement of Artezian’. ACSS 18.2, 207–78. Abramzon, M.G. and Vinokurov, N.I. 2017: ‘Gold Staters of Aspurgus and Mithridates III and New Complexes with Coins and Jewellery Items from the Artezian Settlement’. ACSS 23, 1–41. —. 2018: ‘Cistophori from the Artezian Settlement (Ptolemaeus’ Παρόστα?). The evidence of the presence of Bithynian troops in the Bosporan Kingdom’. Eurasia Antiqua 21 (for 2015), 151–60. Anfimov, I.N. 1991: ‘Klad pantikapeyskikh mednykh monet nachala III v. do n.e. iz Vostochnogo Priazovya (stanitsa Staronizhnesteblievskaya)’. VDI 1, 70–76. Anfimov, N.V. 1949: ‘Klad pantikapeyskikh monet iz st. Staro-Nizhne-Steblievskoi’. KSIIMK 24, 64–66. —. 1981: ‘Klad pantikapeyskikh monet IV v. do n.e. iz Vostochnogo Priazovya’. In Antichnye gosudarstva i varvarskii mir (Ordzhonikidze), 132–36. —. 1988: ‘Klad pantikapeyskikh monet iz g. Slavyanska-na-Kubani’. SA 4, 138–45. Anokhin, V.A. 1986: Monetnoe delo Bospora (Kiev).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

83

Aptekarev, A.Z. 1993: ‘Klad monet iz pos. Primorskii i nekotorye voprosy denezhnogo obrashcheniya Bospora v poslednei chetverti IV–III vv. do n.e.’. In Drevnosti Kubani i Chernomor’ya I (Krasnodar), 77–84. —. 2002: ‘Novyi klad pantikapeyskikh monet II v. do n.e. iz Krasnodarskogo kraya’. MIAK 2, 72–78. —. 2005: ‘Klad pamyatnykh staterov Kotisa III iz Temryukskogo raiona Krasnodarskogo kraya’. In Chetvertaya Kubanskaya arkheologicheskaya konferentsiya. Tezisy i doklady (Krasnodar), 3–4. Baldwin Brett, A. 1974: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston: Catalogue of Greek Coins (New York). Barron, J.P. 1996: The Silver Coinage of Samos (London). Bekker, P.V. 1853: ‘Kerch i Taman’ v iyule mesyatse 1852 g.’. In Leontyev, P.M. (ed.), Propilei III (Moscow), 349–82. Belova, L.N. 1958: ‘Monety iz raskopok Tiritaki, Mirmekiya i Ilurata’. MIA 85, 330–51. Bezuglov, S.I. 2000: ‘K rekonstruktsii sostava donskikh kladov bosporskogo zolota’. DA 2, 86–97. von Blau, G. 1868: ‘Trapezunter Komnenaten’. BBMSW 4, 151–82. Bochkovoi, V.V., Bulakh, E.N. and Danilin, A.I. 2019: ‘Arkheologicheskie raskopki severo-zapadnoi chasti poseleniya Volna 1 v 2017 g. (Raskop XXII)’. DB 24, 63–71. Brabich, V.M. 1964: ‘Klad monet III v. do n.e. iz Mirmekiya’. SA 4, 193–95. —. 1967: ‘Klad bosporskikh staterov III v. n.e. iz Tiritaki’. In Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha IX, 5–49. Brüder Egger 1914: Auktions–Katalog–Griechische Münzen: Sammlung des Herrn Theodor Prowe, Moskau und aus anderem Besitz; die öffentliche Versteigerung findet statt: 11. Mai 1914 und folgende Tage, Katalog 46 (Vienna). Burachkov, P.O. 1884: Obshchii katalog monet, prinadlezhashchikh ellinskim koloniyam, sushchestvovavshim v drevnosti na severnom beregu Chernogo mor’ya, v predelakh nyneshnei Rossii, pt I (Odessa). Butyagin, A. and Chistov, D. 2006: ‘The Hoard of Cyzicenes and Shrine of Demeter at Myrmekion’. ACSS 12, 77–131. de Callataÿ, F. 2005: ‘Coins and Archaeology: the (Mis)use of Mithridatic Coins for Chronological Purposes in the Bosporan Area’. In Stolba, V.F. and Hannestad, L. (eds.), Chronologies of the Black Sea Area in the Period c. 400–100 BC (Black Sea Studies 3) (Aarhus), 119–36. —. 2007: ‘La révision de la chronologie des bronzes de Mithridate Eupator et ses conséquences sur la datation des monnayages et des Settlements du Bosphore Cimmérien’. In Bresson, A., Ivantchik, A.I. and Ferrary, J.-L. (eds.), Une koinè pontique. Cités grecques, sociétés indigènes et empires mondiaux sur le littoral nord de la Mer Noire (VIIe s.a.C.–IIIe s.p.C.) (Mémoires 18) (Bordeaux), 271–308. von Fritze, H. 1912: ‘Die Elektronprägung von Kyzikos’. Nomisma 7, 1–38. Frolova, N.A. 1983: ‘Klady pozdnebosporskikh monet kak istochnik po istorii Bospora III v. n.e.’. In Kamentseva, E.I. (ed.), Numizmaticheskie pamyatniki Istoricheskogo muzeya (Numizmaticheskii Sbornik 8 = TGIM 57) (Moscow), 3–23. —. 2001: ‘A hoard of Bosporan copper coins (1st–mid-4th Century AD) found in Kerch (1995)’. ACSS 7.3–4, 193–238. —. 2004: Die frühe Münzprägung vom Kimmerischen Bosporos (Mitte 6. bis Anfang 4. Jh. v. Chr.): Die Münzen der Städte Pantikapaion, Theodosia, Nymphaion und Phanagoria sowie der Sinder (Berlin). Frolova, N.A., Abramzon, M.G. and Zavyalov, S.L. 2009: ‘Klad mednykh pantikapeiskikh monet III v. do n.e. iz pos. Kumatyr (2004 g.)’. VDI 1, 75–109. Frolova, N.A. and Ireland, S. 1995: ‘A Hoard of Bosporan Coins in the Period Third Century BC to AD 238 from Ancient Gorgippia’. NC 155, 21–42. —. 2002: The Coinage of the Bosporan Kingdom from the First Century BC to the First Century AD (BAR International Series 1102) (Oxford). Frolova, N.A. and Nikolaeva, E.Y. 1978: ‘Ilyichevskii klad monet 1975 g.’. VV 39, 173–79. Frolova, N.A. and Savostina, E.A. 1998: ‘Nakhodki pod stenami bosporskoi usad’by: klad ili stroitel’naya zhertva?’. RA 1, 140–55. Frolova, N.A. and Shelov, D.B. 1965: ‘Monety iz raskopok Kep 1958–1963 gg.’. NiSf 2, 190–91. Frolova, N.A. and Shurgaya, I.S. 1982: ‘Iluratskii klad monet Riskuporida V’. VDI 1, 91–97. Garbuzov, G.P., Zavoikin, A.A., Strokin, V.L. and Sudarev, N.I. 2011: ‘Osvoenie grekami Tamanskogo poluostrova v VI–V vv. do n.e.’. DB 15, 90–172.

84

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Gavrilov, A.V. 2001: ‘Novye nakhodki antichnykh monet v yugo-vostochnom Krymu’. BI 1, 185–206. —. 2004: Okruga antichnoi Feodosii (Simferopol). Giel, C. 1891: ‘Novye priobreteniya moego sobraniya’. ZRAO V, 343–60. Golenko, K.V. 1960: ‘Vtoroi patreiskii klad monet (1951 g.)’. NE I, 223–89. —. 1965a: ‘Fantalovskii klad bosporskikh didrakhm I v. do n.e.’. VDI 4, 141–158. —. 1965b: ‘Pontiiskaya med’ vremen Mitridata VI na Bospore’. Klio 46, 307–22. —. 1965c: ‘O kharaktere chekana bosporskikh anonimnykh obolov’. NiSf 2, 41–9. —. 1967: ‘Klad pozdnebosporskikh monet, naidennyi v Kerchi v 1961 g.’. VV 27, 268–72. —. 1970: ‘Monety, naidennye v Kerchi v 1964 g.’. VDI 2, 87–99. —. 1971: ‘Kerchenskii klad mednykh bosporskikh monet kontsa I v. do n.e.’. NE IX, 38–50. —. 1972: ‘Tamanskii klad 1970 g.’. Klio 54, 239–49. —. 1973: ‘Le trésor d’Antoniniani de Kertch’. RN XV, 290–99. —. 1974: ‘Monety iz raskopok Nimfeya 1939–1970 gg.’. NE XI, 68–70. —. 1978: ‘Tretii Patreiskii klad (1970 g.) i nekotorye zamechaniya o bosporskoi chekanke III v. n.e.’. NE XII, 10‒40. —. 2003: ‘Pontic Currency of the Period of Mithridates VI on the Bosporus’. Numismatic Circular CXI.2, 64–69. Golenko, K.V. and Sokolskii, N.I. 1968: ‘Klad 1962 g. iz Kep’. NE VII, 72–126. Greenwell, W. 1887: ‘The electrum staters of Cyzicus’. NC 7 (ser. 3), 1–125. Hind, J.G.F. 2008: ‘Two Notes on Early Types of Pantikapaion and Phanagoreia’. NC 168, 1–8. Hurter, S.M. and Liewald, H.-J. 2002: ‘Neue Münztypen der Kyzikener Elektronprägung’. SNR 81, 21–39. —. 2004: ‘Neue Nominale in der Elektronprägung von Kyzikos’. SNR 83, 27–37. —. 2006: ‘Die frühesten Typen der Elektronprägung von Kyzikos. Thunfische, Thunfischeköpfe und -hinterhälften’. SNR 85, 5–17. Ireland, S. and Frolova, N. 1999: ‘Two hoards of Bosporan coins of the 1st century BC from the ancient settlement of Poljanka (Kerch)’. Hermathene 166, 31–39. Isanchurin, R.A. and Isanchurin, E.R. 1989: ‘Monetnoe delo bosporskogo tsarya Radamsada’. NE XV, 53–96. Jarzęcki, K. 2014: ‘Klad bosporskikh monet iz Andreevki Severnoi’. Arkheologicheskie Vesti 20, 183–88. Karelin, A.A. and Molchanov, A.A. 1999: ‘Klad nadchekanennykh obolov Asandra (k istorii denezhnogo obrashcheniya na Bospore v I v. do n.e.)’. VNK 7, 26–27. Kazamanova, L.N. 1963: ‘Klad monet IV–II vv. do n.e. iz Sudaka’. VDI 4, 144–51. Kharko, L.P. 1949: ‘Tiritakskii klad 1946 g.’. VDI 2, 73–86. —. 1952: ‘Monety iz raskopok Tiritaki i Mirmekiya v 1935–1940 gg.’. MIA 25, 357–62. —. 1968: ‘Monety iz Taraktashskogo klada 1908 g.’. In Antichnaya istoriya i kul’tura Sredizemnomor’ya i Prichernomor’ya (Leningrad), 284–95. Khusht, M.A. 2004: ‘Klad staterov bosporskikh tsarei Riskuporida V i Farsanza’. MIASK 5, 334–36. —. 2009: ‘Klad bosporskikh staterov pervykh vekov n.e., obnaruzhennyi pod Ust-Labinskom v 2003 g.’. VNK 15, 36–38. Kovalenko, S.A. 2010: ‘Klady monet s poseleniya “Polyanka”. Addendum’. In Jackson, T.N., Konovalova, I.G. and Tsetskhladze, G.R. (eds.), Gaudeamus Igitur: Studies to Honour the 60th Birthday of A.V. Podossinov (Moscow), 203–16. Kraay, C.V. 1976: Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (London). Kroll, J.H. 1993: The Greek Coins (The Athenian Agora XXVI) (Princeton). Kropotkin, V.V. 1961: Klady rimskikh monet na territorii SSSR (Svod Arkheologicheskikh Istochnikov G4– 4) (Moscow). Kruglikova, I.T. 1958: ‘Klad bosporskikh staterov III v. n.e. iz der. Semenovka’. SA 3, 134–43. Kruglikova, I.T. and Frolova, N.A. 1988: ‘Monety iz raskopok Gorgippii 1967–1972 gg.’. In Kruglikova, I.T. (ed.), Gorgippia I (Materialy Anapskoi arkheologicheskoi ekspeditsii) (Krasnodar), 103–21. Krushkol, Y.S. 1952: ‘Monety s monogrammami iz Patreiskogo klada 1950 g.’. VDI 3, 137–47. —. 1956: ‘Patreiskii klad 1950 g.’. KSIIMK LXVI, 116–17. —. 1978: ‘Klad bronzovykh monet vremeni Mitridata VIII iz seleniya Sukko Anapskogo raiona’. VDI 4, 61–63.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

85

Kulikov, A.V. 2003: ‘Denezhnoe obrashchenie na sel’skikh poseleniyakh khory Kiteya i Akry’. BCh IV, 152–59. Kunin, V.E. 1962: ‘Monetnyi klad s Tamanskogo poluostrova (informatsionnoe soobshchenie)’. In Arkheologiya i istoriya Bospora II (Simferopol), 343–45. Kuznetsov, V.D. and Abramzon, M.G. 2020: Klad pozdnearkhaicheskikh monet iz Fanagorii (Phanagoria 8) (Moscow). Lagos, C. 2000: ‘Two Second Century BC Bronze Hoards from the Black Sea’. NC 160, 268–70. Lorber, C. 2018: Coins of the Ptolemaic Empire, 2 vols. (New York). Lunin, B.V. 1941: ‘Materialy k opisaniyu nekotorykh neopublikovannykh drevnikh monetnykh nakhodok na territorii Dona i Kubani’. In Uchenye Zapiski Rostovskogo finansovo-ekonomicheskogo instituta I (Rostov-on-Don), 238–48. Lyutsenko, E. 1880: ‘Kerch i Taman. Nekotorye svedeniya o denezhnykh kladakh, naidennykh v poslednee vremya na Kerchenskom i Tamanskom poluostrovakh, a takzhe na yuge Rossii’ (manuscript). In Abramzon and Frolova 2007–08, 581–96. Mielczarek, M. 2000: ‘The so-called Krasnodar hoard and some problems relating to Bosporan coinage of the third century BC’. ICN 12, 338–40. Myzgin, K.V. and Beidin, G.V. 2015: ‘O pozdnebosporskikh monetakh na territorii Barbarikuma’. VNK 18, 30–32. Noe, S.P. 1937: A Bibliography of Greek Coin Hoards (Numismatic Notes and Monographs 78), 2nd ed. (New York). Pakhomov, E.A. 1926–1966: Monetnye klady Azerbaydzhana i drugikh respublik, kraev i oblastei Kavkaza, 9 vols. (Baku). Panova, M.N. 2019: ‘Vos’moi patreiskii klad porzdnerimskikh monet’. PPM 6, 105–06. Pokrass, Y. 1977: ‘Klad zolotykh bosporskikh monet nachala I veka’. Numismatika i Faleristika 3/97 (Kiev), 4–6. Prushevskaya, E. 1945: ‘Anapskii klad pantikapeyskikh mednykh monet’. TONGE I, 17–27. Pyankov, A.V. and Yurchenko, T.V. 2019: ‘Klad bosporskikh staterov iz stanitsy Kazanskoi. Istoriya nakhodki i izuchenie’. In Numizmaticheskie chteniya Gosudarstvennogo istoricheskogo muzeya 2019 goda. K 90-letiyu A.S. Melnikovoi i 100-letiyu V.V. Uzdennikova. Moskva, 26 i 27 noyabrya 2019 goda. Materialy dokladov i soobshchenii (Moscow), 41–43. Regling, K. 1931: ‘Die Griechische Goldschatz von Prinkipo’. ZfN XLI, 1–46. Rozov, V.N. 2017: ‘O Tamanskom klade kizikinov 1997 g.’. DB 21, 321–28. Salnikov, А.G. 1960: ‘Zolotye monety Lisimakha iz Odesskogo Arkheologicheskogo Muzeya’. SA 4, 171– 73. Salov, A.I. 1974: ‘Klad bosporskikh monet iz pos. Vinogradnyi’. NE XI, 94–98. —. 1975. ‘Klad III–IV vv. s Shum-rechki (Anapskii raion)’. SA 3, 172–75. Shelov, D.B. 1956: Monetnoe delo Bospora VI–II vv. do n.e. (Moscow). —. 1960: ‘Anapskii klad monet 1954 g.’. NE I, 208–14. —. 1962: ‘Nakhodki monet v Fanagorii v 1947–1957 gg.’. NE III, 56–129. —. 1982: ‘K istorii obrashcheniya mednykh pantikapeyskikh monet’. In Numizmatika antichnogo Prichernomor’ya’ (Kiev), 45–50. Shkorpil, V.V. 1907: ‘Otchet o raskopkakh v g. Kerchi v 1904 g. (s 25 ris.)’. IAK 25, 1–66. —. 1909: ‘Otchet o raskopkakh v g. Kerchi v 1905 godu (s 30 ris.)’. IAK 30, 1–50. —. 1910a: ‘O raskopkakh zaveduyushchego Kerchenskim Muzeem Drevnostei v 1910 g.’. Archive of the Institute for History of Material Culture, St Petersburg, Fund 1, List 1910, no. 4. —. 1910b: ‘Otchet o raskopkakh v g. Kerchi i na Tamanskom poluostrove v 1907 g.’. IAK 35, 12–47. —. 1911: ‘Otchet o raskopkakh v g. Kerchi v 1908 g.’. IAK 40, 62–91. —. 1913a: ‘Otchet o raskopkakh v Kerchi i oktrestnostyakh v 1909 g. (s 20 ris.)’. IAK 47, 1–41. —. 1913b: ‘Otchet o raskopkakh v g. Kerchi i st. Tamanskoi v 1910 g.’. IAK 47, 42–72. Shonov, I.V. 2020: ‘“Khersonesskie” drachmy s imenem Demetriya’. BCh XXI, 415–20. Sidorenko, V.A. 2011: ‘Kerchenskii klad 2009 g. degradirovannykh bosporskikh staterov’. MAIET XVII, 458‒569.

86

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Sokolskii, N. 1976: Tamanskii tolos i rezidentsiya Khrisaliska (Moscow). Stempakovkii, I.A. 1854: ‘Dva pis’ma Stempakovskogo k Blarambergu o mestopolozhenii drevnego goroda Tanaisa’. In Leontyev, P.M. (ed.), Propilei IV (Moscow), 387–96. Steven, A. 1909: ‘Taraktashskii klad’. ITUAK 43, 99–101. Stolba, W. 1998: ‘ΣΑΜMΑΣ. Zur Prägung eines bosporanischen Tyrannen’. In Peter, U. (ed.), Stephanos numismatikos: Edith Schönert-Geiss zum 65. Geburtstag (Berlin), 601–10. Strokin, V.L. 2010: ‘Monety s poseleniya Golubitskaya 2’. DB 14, 451–67. —. 2012: ‘Sindskie monety: vzglyad iz “Sindiki”’. DB 16, 401–02. Sukhanov, V.I. 2007: ‘Kumatyrskii klad 2005 goda’. VNK 14, 26–27. —. 2017: ‘Klad bosporskikh staterov pervoi chetverti III v. n.e. iz Ust-Labinskogo raiona’. VNK 19, 18–20. Svoronos, J.N. 1890: Numismatique de la Crète ancienne: accompagnée de l’histoire, la géographie et la mythologie de l’île. 1: Description des monnaies: histoire et géographie (Paris). —. 1904: Ta Nomismata tou Kratous ton Ptolemaion, 3 vols. (Athens). Tereshchenko, A.E. 2013: ‘Klassifikatsiya i periodizatsiya kladov bosporskoi medi poslednei treti IV– kontsa III vv. do n.e.’. DB 17, 328–47. —. 2017: ‘Novyi klad bosporskikh monet kontsa IV v. do n.e.’. VNK 19, 14–16. —. 2019: ‘Klad bosporskikh monet III v. do n.e. iz Utrisha’. VNK 20, 18–21. Thompson, M. 1949: ‘A Hoard of Bosporus Electrum’. In Commemorative Studies in Honor of Theodore Leslie Shear (Hesperia Suppl. 8) (Athens), 378–489. Tunkina, I.V. 2002: Russkaya nauka o klassicheskikh drevnostyakh (XVIII–seredina XIX v.) (St Petersburg). Westermark, U. 1979–80: ‘The Saida Hoard (IGCH 1508)’. NNÂ, 22–35. Wolf, D. 2013: ‘A Metrological Survey of Ptolemaic Bronze Coins’. Journal of the American Numismatic Society 25, 49–118. Yatsenko, V.V. 1993: ‘Klad elektrovykh bosporskikh staterov s Gnilovskogo gorodishcha’. VDI 3, 43–54. Yurchenko, T.V. 2015: ‘Zagadki klada u khutora Pavlovskogo’. ACh 5, 321–24. Zaitsev, V.V. 2018: ‘Kompleks pozdnebosporskikh monet iz okrestnostei poselka Veselovka’. PPM 5, 51–54. Zakharov, E.V. 2005: ‘Klady vremeni Mitridata VI Evpatora, naidennye na poselenie Garkusha I’. In Abramov, A.P. and Kitaeva, G.V. (eds.), Patrei: Materialy i issledovaniya 2 (Moscow), 111–19. —. 2009: ‘The Hoard of Cyzicenes from the Settlement of Patraeus (Taman Peninsula)’. In ICN 14, 500–04. —. 2017: ‘O kladakh bosporskikh monet rannemitridatovskogo vremeni, proiskhodyashchikh iz Vostochnogo Kryma i Tamanskogo poluostrova’. VDI 77.2, 408–13. —. 2018: ‘Sed’moi Patreiskii klad bosporskikh monet kontsa II v. do n.e.’. NE XX, 119–22. Zakharov, N.A. 1933: ‘Vopros o monetakh “neizvestnogo” naroda’. VDI 1, 262–68. Zakharov, V.A. 1979: ‘Klad pantikapeyskikh monet iz sovkhoza “Pravoberezhnyi” (predvaritel’naya publikatsiya)’. VDI 3, 84–86. Zastrozhnova, E.G. 2017: ‘Klad mednykh monet vremeni Asandra iz s. Baksy (1888 g.): k istorii otkrytiya’. VNK 19, 16–18. Zinko, V.N. and Kulikov, A.V. 2002: ‘Klad mednykh bosporskikh monet III v. do n.e. iz Krymskogo Priazovya’. MAIET 9, 399–428. Zograf, A.N. 1925: ‘The Tooapse Hoard: with Some Notes on the Lysimachean Staters Struck at Byzantium. With Six Tables of Weights’. NC 5 (ser. 5), 29–52. —. 1941: ‘Mirmekiyskii klad monet III v. do n.e., naidennyi v 1934 g.’. MIA 4, 152–55. —. 1951: Antichnye monety (= MIA 16) (Moscow). —. 1952: ‘Opisanie monet, naydennykh pri raskopkakh Tiritaki, i Mirmekiya v 1935–1940 gg.’. MIA 25, 363–86.

INDICES

INDEX OF MINTS Abdera 260 Acanthus 260 Aegina 260 Africa 160 Agrippia (Phanagoria) 158, 162, 163, 164, 168, 169, 170, 171 Alexandreia, Troas 133 Alexandria, Egypt 206 Amaseia 130, 136 Amastris 139, 145, 152, 154, 155, 270 Amisus 115, 116, 127, 129, 130, 131, 133, 136, 139, 140, 145, 146, 147, 149, 152, 153, 154, 156, 157, 270 Anatolian coast, Egyptian mint 134 Antioch 216 Athens 10, 131, 133 Bargylia 134 Brundisium 165 Byzantium 102 Caesarea (Panticapaeum) 158, 162, 166, 167, 171 Caesarea in Cappadocia 177, 217 Cabeira 154, 155 Calchedon 132 Callatis 127 Chersonese, Tauric 138, 155, 209, 233 Chios 133 Cius 262 Cnidus 133, 134 Colophon 134 Comana 139, 270 Constantinople, Byzantine Empire 259 Cos 134 Croton 22 Cyprus 260, 262 Cyzicus 4, 10, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 261 Dioscurias 119 Ephesus 133, 134, 168, 260 Eretria 133 Gorgippia 135, 138, 139, 152, 154, 155, 157 Heraclea Pontica 133, 134 Hierapytna 133 Iasos 134 Ionia (?) uncertain 3 Lampsacus 134, 261 Lycian League 134 Milan 237

Myndus 134 Mytilene 133, 134 North Caucasus (imitations) 228, 229, 251, 252 Nymphaeum 11, 13 Olbia 263, 266, 267, 268 Panticapaeum 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 207, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 270 Pergamum 167, 262 Phanagoria 9, 104, 108, 109, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135, 136, 137, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147, 157, 158, 270 Pharnaceia 147 Phaselis 260 Philippi 262 Rhodes 133, 134, 262 Rome 166, 212, 217 Salamis 262 Samos 13 Sindi 10, 13 Sinope 128, 133, 135, 136, 139, 141, 142, 147, 149, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157, 169, 270 Spain 168 Taulara 130, 145 Tarentum 22 Teos 133 Thasos 260 Tyra 209 Uncertain 107, 113, 120, 121, 122, 123, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 134, 135, 142, 145, 146, 147, 148, 155, 263, 266 Uncertain, South Italy/Sicily 22 Viminacium 217

INDEX OF RULERS Alexander I 260 Alexander III 262 Antony, Mark 168 Asander 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 155, 156, 157, 160 Aspurgus 161, 162, 166, 167, 168, 170, 171 Augustus 166, 168

Caesar 159, 169 Caracalla 209 Constantine I 239 Constantine II 248 Cotys I 169, 170, 171, 174, 254 Cotys II 169, 170, 171, 173, 176, 182, 183, 184, 199, 201, 202, 208, 209, 210

88

INDICES

Cotys III 196, 197, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212 Crispina 206 Elagabal 209 Eupator 174, 175, 177, 178, 179, 180, 185, 186, 194, 195, 198, 200, 201, 202 Gallienus 217 Gepaepyris 162, 166, 167, 169, 170, 171 Gordian III 217, 228 Herennia Etruscilla 217 Herennius Etruscus 216, 217 Honorius 258 Hostilian 216 Ininthimeus 206, 208, 209, 210, 213, 214, 215, 222, 225, 227, 231, 250 Julia Domna 216 Julia Maesa 216 Justinian I 259 Leukon II 97, 98, 99, 100, 209 Licinius I 239 Lysimachus 103 Maxentius 239 Maximian Herculius 239 Maximinus II 239 Mithradates III 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 170, 174 Nero 169 Octavia 169 Otacilia Severa 217 Pharnaces 152 Pharsanzes 214, 215, 218, 225, 226, 227, 231, 233 Philip I (Roman) 216, 217 Philip II (Roman) 217 Philip II 261, 262 Pnytagoras 262 Polemo I 160 Ptolemy I 134 Rhadamsades 232, 233, 234, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 259, 270

Rhescuporis II 169, 170, 171, 174, 208, 209 Rhescuporis III 192, 195, 196, 197, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 239, 250, 257 Rhescuporis IV 205, 206, 208, 209, 210, 212, 222 Rhescuporis V 212, 213, 214, 215, 218, 219, 220, 221, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 231, 259 Rhescuporis VI 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 253, 254, 255, 257, 258, 259, 271 Rhoemetalces 172, 173, 176, 183, 194, 198, 200, 201, 202, 208, 209, 210 Sauromates I 170, 171, 173, 176, 184, 187, 198, 200, 201, 208, 209, 210 Sauromates II 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 189, 190, 192, 194, 195, 198, 200, 201, 202, 203, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212 Sauromates III 198, 199, 200, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212 Sauromates IV 225, 226, 227, 230, 233, 239, 245 Severus Alexander 209, 214 Teiranes 225, 226, 227, 229, 239, 245, 249, 250, 257, 271 Thothorses 227, 230, 231, 232, 233, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 254, 255, 256, 257, 259, 271 Titus 212 Trajan Decius 217 Trebonianus Gallus 216, 217 159, 162, 163, 171, Uncertain Bosporan ruler 234 160 Uncertain Bosporan ruler 161 Uncertain Bosporan ruler Valerian I 217, 218 Valerian II 217 Volusian 216, 217

INVENTORY OF GREEK COIN HOARDS, CH VIII, IX AND CH XI INDEX IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH

996 9 997 8 1003 12 1004 13 1011 18 1012 17 1013 20 1014 11 1047 23 1048 27 1049 24 1050 26 1051 264, 265 1061 263 1063 266 1064 54 1065 35 1066 58

IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH

1067 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1099

54 64 41 42 43 42 60 34 268 68 67 66 52 69 75 76 102 98

INDICES

IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH IGCH

1100 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1120 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1139 1140 1141

93 33 77 78 79 80 103 265 105 106 112 109 113 107 120 118 117 132 116

IGCH 1142 135 IGCH 1143 137 IGCH 1144 139 IGCH 1145 140 IGCH 1146 141 IGCH 1147 142 IGCH 1148 148 IGCH 1149 149 IGCH 1150 151 IGCH 1151 150 IGCH 1182 260 IGCH 1239 261 IGCH 1386 270 IGCH 1508 262 IGCH 1821 269 CH VIII 190 262 CH VIII 248 62 CH VIII 538 152 CH IX 19 16 FINDSPOT INDEX

THE BOSPORUS European Bosporus (East Crimea) Andreevka Nothern, Lenino District, before 2014 237 Artezian Settlement (near Chistopolye), Lenino District, 2009 166 Artezian Settlement (near Chistopolye), Lenino District, 2011 167 Artezian Settlement (near Chistopolye), Lenino District, 2013 168 Belyi Kolodets Settlement, near ancient Akra, Eastern Crimea, 2003 or earlier 29 Cytaeum (near Zavetnoe), Lenino District, 2012 247 Chokrak Lake area, Lenino District, 1999 121 Dachnoe (near Sudak), 1908 239 Feodosia, 1892 33 Feodosia, (near), 2000 108 Feodosia, 2005 47 Generalskoe–Zapadnoe Settlement, 1999 72 Glazovka, Lenino District, 1888 151 Gnilovskaya, Rostov-on-Don Region, before 1823 178 Gornostaevka, Lenino District, 1852 150 Ilurat (near Ivanovka), Lenino District, Crimea, 1976 220 Kapkany (near Kerch), 1910 25 Kerch environs? 152 Kerch, 1835 18 Kerch, 1846 172 Kerch, 1847 159 Kerch?, 1852 or earlier 77 Kerch, 1852 149 Kerch, 1852 232 Kerch, 1863 208 Kerch, 1863 206 Kerch, 1867 202 Kerch, 1869 64 Kerch, 1869 233 Kerch, 1870 235

Kerch, 1877 41 Kerch (near), 1877 164 Kerch (near), 1879 165 Kerch, 1879 65 Kerch, 1879 66 Kerch, 1879 76 Kerch, 1879 236 Kerch, 1881 118 Kerch?, before 1884 78 Kerch, before 1884 182 Kerch, before 1884 223 Kerch, before 1884 224 Kerch, 1897 140 Kerch (near), before 1892 112 Kerch, 1902 60 Kerch, 1904 248 Kerch, 1904 207 Kerch, 1904 113 Kerch, 1905 117 Kerch, 1907 23 Kerch, 1908 170 Kerch, 1909 102 Kerch, 1910 67 Kerch, 1910 135 Kerch, 1914 174 Kerch, 1926 26 Kerch (or near?), 1945–1965 147 Kerch, 1954 217 Kerch, 1955 or earlier 9 Kerch, 1961 158 Kerch, 1961 243 Kerch, 1961 241 Kerch, 1964 214 Kerch, 1966 94 Kerch, 1988 215 Kerch, 1995 254 Kerch, 1996 120 Kerch, 1999 241

89

90

INDICES

Kerch, 2000 123 Kerch, 2008 255 Kerch, 2009 256 Kerch, 2009 257 Kerch, 2009 183 Kuru Bash Settlement (Vinogradnoe, near Feodosia), 1927 242 Lesopitomnik Settlement (near Feodosia), before 2004 38 Manitra Settlement (near Oktyabrskoe), 2018 31 Manitra Settlement (near Oktyabrskoe), 2018 73 Manitra Settlement (near Oktyabrskoe), 2018 74 Myrmecium, 1934 93 Myrmecium, 1937 116 Myrmecium, 1949 142 Myrmecium, 1960 58 Myrmecium, 2002 84 Myrmecium, 2003 16 Nymphaeum, 1870 11 Nymphaeum, 1880? 12 Nymphaeum, 1907 or 1908 13 Nymphaeum, 1939 27 Nymphaeum, 1941 187 Nymphaeum, 1949 8 Nymphaeum, 1949 179 Nymphaeum, 1951 69 Nymphaeum, 1954 55 Osoviny, Lenino District, 1897–1898 34 Polyanka Settlement, near Cape Zyuk, 1984 154 Polyanka Settlement, near Cape Zyuk, 1985 155 Razyezd 107 km (near Feodosia), before 2004 45 Semenovka, Lenino District, 1957 219 Sofievka, Simferopol District, 1998? 45 Sudak (near), 1910–1920 119 Taraktash 239 Temir-Gora Mount Settlement (near Kerch), 2009 221 Tyritace (Arshintsevo), 1935 140 Tyritace (Arshintsevo), 1937 225 Tyritace (Arshintsevo), 1946 249 Unknown findspot (near Kerch), before 1871 222 Unknown findspot, East Crimea, 2015 6 Voikovo (Kerch), 1910 24 Voikovo (Kerch), 1962 216 Voikovo (Kerch), 2009 or earlier 32 Yuzhnoe (near Feodosia), 1892 54 Uyutnoe (near Sudak), 1958 227 Zolotoe, Chistopolye District, 1999 92 Asiatic Bosporus (Krasnodar Region) Adagumskaya, Krymsk District, 1859 177 Anapa (near), before 1852 201 Anapa, before 1868 22 Anapa, 1879 or earlier 52 Anapa, 1882 75 Anapa, 1941 79 Anapa, 1954 98 Anapa, 1968 173 Anapa, 1970 153 Anapa, 1972 82 Anapa, 1978 170 Anapa, 1978 86 Anapa, 1980 88

Anapa, 1980 53 Anapa, 1980 87 Anapa, 1984 208 Anapa, 1986 37 Anapa, 1987 209 Artyushenko 2 Settlement, Temruyk District, 1997 22 Batareika, Temryuk District, 1958 226 Batareika, Temryuk District, 1976 246 Batareika I Settlement, Temryuk District, 1997 156 Batareynyi (near Krasnaya Batareya), Krymsk District, 1941 80 Belikov, Slavyansk District, 1972 28 Bolshoy Utrish (near Anapa), 1998 114 Bolshoy Utrish (near Anapa), 2016 91 Cape Tuzla, Taman Peninsula, 1913 132 Dzhemete, Anapa District, 1963 83 Fadeevo, Krymsk District, 1977 136 Fontal Peninsula, Temryuk District, 1870 160 Fontalovskaya, Temryuk District, 1963 171 Fontalovskoe Settlement, Temryuk District, 1878 235 Gai-Kodzor (near Anapa), Krasnodar Region, 1972 251 Gai-Kodzor (near Anapa), Krasnodar Region, 1977 252 Gai-Kodzor (near Anapa), Krasnodar Region, 1986 253 Golubitskaya 2 Settlement, Temryuk District, before 2010 101 Hermonassa (Taman), Temryuk District, 1970 213 Ilyich Settlement, Temryuk District, 1975 259 Ilyich Settlement, Temryuk District, 1977 240 Ilyich Settlement, Temryuk District, 2015–2016 211 Ilyich Settlement, Temryuk District, 2015–2016 171 Ilyich Settlement, Temryuk District, 2015–2016 38 Ilyich Settlement, Temryuk District, 2015–2016 97 Ilyich Settlement, Temryuk District, 2015–2016 157 Kazanskaya (near Kropotkin), Kavkaz District, 1961 191 Kepoi (Sennoy), Temryuk District, 1959 105 Kepoi (Sennoy), Temryuk District, 1961 106 Kepoi (Sennoy), Temryuk District, 1962 250 Kepoi (Sennoy), Temryuk District, 1986 143 Khanskaya, Adygea, 1913 203 Khaprovskoe Settlement, Rostov Region, 1868 195 Kobyakovo Settlement, Rostov Region, 1850 194 Kubrisostroi, Krasnoarmeysk District, 1950s? 44 Kumatyr, Anapa District, 1976 130 Kumatyr, Anapa District, 2004 95 Kumatyr, Anapa District, 2005 111 Labrys (Semibratnee Settlement) 15 Maykop, Adygea, 1910–1912 186 Moldavanskoe, Krymsk District, 2014 127 Myskhako (near Novorossiysk), early 1990s 205 Nechereziy, Teuchezhsky District, Adygea, 1999 218 Nizhnegnilovskoe Settlement, Rostov Region, 1958 185 Novorossiysk, 1928 228 Novorossiysk (near), 1933 229 Patraeus, 1950 142 Patraeus, 1951 246 Patraeus, 1970 212 Patraeus, 1998 5 Patraeus, 1998 144 Patraeus, 1998 4 Patraeus, 2015 259 Patraeus, 2017 129

91

INDICES

Pavlovskii, Krymsk District, 1960 176 Peresyp (ancient Tyramba), Temryuk District, 1948 10 Phanagoria, 1872 35 Phanagoria, 1879 68 Phanagoria, 1948 109 Phanagoria, 1980 82 Phanagoria, 1998 1 Phanagoria, before 2000 122 Phanagoria, before 2000 104 Phanagoria, 2005 2 Phanagoria outskirts (Homestead 2013–11 Settlement), 2007 134 Phanagoria, 2007 144 Phanagoria, 2008 230 Phanagoria, 2008 145 Phanagoria, 2009 or earlier 115 Phanagoria, 2009 147 Phanagoria, 2011 231 Phanagoria, 2014 184 Poltavskaya, Krasnoarmeysk District, 2014 49 Pravoberezhnyi, Temryuk District, 1963 85 Primorskii, Temryuk District, 1985 56 Primorskii, Temryuk District, 2019 63 Progress, Temryuk District, 2004 197 Raevskaya (near), Anapa District, 1998 204 Raevskaya, Anapa District, 1964 111 Rostov Settlement, Rostov-on-Don, before 1917 175 Severskaya, Severskii District, 2014 128 Slavyansk-na-Kubani, 1985 40 Solenyi 3 Settlement (near Phanagoria), 2003 133 Solenyi 3 Settlement (near Phanagoria), 2007 124 Starodzherelievskaya, Krasnoarmeysk District, 1960s 59 Staronizhesteblievskaya, Krasnoarmeysk District, 1941 42 Staronizhesteblievskaya, Krasnoarmeysk District, 1943 43 Staronizhesteblievskaya, Krasnoarmeysk District, 1986 61 Sukko (near Anapa), 1963 163 Taman (near), Temryuk District, 1845 20 Taman (near), Temryuk District, 1980 36 Taman 16 Settlement (near Taman), Temryuk District, 2016 244 Taman Peninsula, 1866–1867 17 Taman Peninsula, before 1935 200 Taman Peninsula, 1996 161 Titarovka, Temryuk District, 1834 181 Tuapse (near), 1908 103 Unknown findspot (near Anapa and Novorossiysk), 2018? 131 Unknown findspot, Anapa or Temryuk District, 2014 or earlier 126 Unknown findspot, Krasnoarmeysk District, 2011 48 Unknown findspot, Krasnoarmeysk District, 2011 51 Unknown findspot, Krasnodar Region, 19th or 20th century 57 Unknown findspot, Taman Peninsula, 1844 19

Unknown findspot, Krasnodar Region, 1988 99 Unknown findspot, Krasnodar Region, before 1993 62 Usatova Balka 3 Settlement (near Anapa), 2011 100 Usatova Balka 3 Settlement (near Anapa), 2011 30 Usatova Balka Settlement (near Anapa), 1986 89 Usatova Balka Settlement (near Anapa), 2013 100 Ust-Labinsk, 1845 192 Ust-Labinsk, 1849 200 Ust-Labinsk, 2003 198 Ust-Labinsk, before 2016 193 Ust-Labinsk, 2016 196 Veselovka 5 Settlement (near Veselovka), Temryuk District, 2014 125 Veselovka, Temryuk District, 2014 238 Vinogradnyi 7 Settlement, Temryuk District, 2016 50 Vinogradnyi Settlement, Anapa District, 1964 109 Vinogradnyi Settlement, Anapa District, 1996 14 Volna 1 Settlement (near Volna), Temryuk District, 2013/14 180 Volna 1 Settlement (near Volna), Temryuk District, 2014 199 Volna 1 Settlement, Temryuk District, 2016 7 Volna 1 Settlement, Temryuk District, 2017 97 Yubileinoe I Settlement (near Yubileinyi), Temryuk District, 1991 69 Za Rodinu (near), Temryuk District, 1973 70 Unknown findspots in the Bosporus Unknown findspot, before 1914 189 Unknown findspot, before 1949 188 OUTSIDE THE BOSPORUS Sarmatia Olbia (Parutino), Nikolaev Region, Ukraine, 1949 263 Olbia (Parutino), Nikolaev Region, Ukraine, 1946 266 Olbia (Parutino), Nikolaev Region, Ukraine, 1893 267 Kamenskoe, Zaporozh’e Region, Ukraine, 1914 268 Ksizovo 19A Settlement, Lipetsk Region, Russia, 2015 271 Georgia Kutais Governorate, former Russian Empire, 1901 264 Svaneti, former Russian Empire, 1901–1904 265 Asia Minor Asia Minor, Western, 1963 260 Merzifon (near Amaseia), Pontus, 1968 270 Prinkipo (Büyükada), Bithynia, 1930 261 The Levant Saida (Sidon), Palestine, 1829

262

China? Dzungari, NW Sinkiang/Xinjiang, 1918

269

MAPS

Map 1.

The Bosporan Kingdom

94 MAPS

Map 2.

Eastern Crimea

MAPS

95

Map 3.

Krasnodar Region

96 MAPS

PLATES

PLATES

99

100

PLATES

PLATES

101

102

PLATES

PLATES

103

104

PLATES

PLATES

105

106

PLATES

PLATES

107

108

PLATES

PLATES

109

110

PLATES

PLATES

111

112

PLATES

PLATES

113

114

PLATES

PLATES

115

116

PLATES

PLATES

117

118

PLATES

PLATES

119

120

PLATES

PLATES

121

122

PLATES

PLATES

123

124

PLATES

PLATES

125

126

PLATES

PLATES

127

128

PLATES

PLATES

129

130

PLATES

PLATES

131

132

PLATES

PLATES

133

134

PLATES

PLATES

135

136

PLATES

PLATES

137

138

PLATES

PLATES

139

140

PLATES

PLATES

141

142

PLATES

PLATES

143

144

PLATES

PLATES

145

146

PLATES

PLATES

147

148

PLATES

PLATES

149

150

PLATES

PLATES

151

152

PLATES

PLATES

153

154

PLATES

PLATES

155

156

PLATES

PLATES

157

158

PLATES

PLATES

159

160

PLATES

PLATES

161

162

PLATES

PLATES

163

164

PLATES

PLATES

165

166

PLATES

PLATES

167

168

PLATES

PLATES

169

170

PLATES

PLATES

171

172

PLATES

PLATES

173

174

PLATES

PLATES

175

176

PLATES

PLATES

177

178

PLATES

PLATES

179

180

PLATES

PLATES

181

182

PLATES

PLATES

183

184

PLATES

PLATES

185

186

PLATES

PLATES

187

188

PLATES

PLATES

189

190

PLATES

PLATES

191

192

PLATES

PLATES

193

194

PLATES

PLATES

195

196

PLATES

PLATES

197

198

PLATES

PLATES

199

200

PLATES

PLATES

201

202

PLATES

PLATES

203

204

PLATES

PLATES

205

206

PLATES

PLATES

207

208

PLATES

PLATES

209

210

PLATES

PLATES

211

212

PLATES

PLATES

213

214

PLATES

PLATES

215

216

PLATES

PLATES

217

218

PLATES

PLATES

219

220

PLATES

PLATES

221

222

PLATES

PLATES

223

224

PLATES

PLATES

225

226

PLATES

PLATES

227

228

PLATES

PLATES

229

230

PLATES

PLATES

231

232

PLATES

PLATES

233

234

PLATES

PLATES

235

236

PLATES

PLATES

237

238

PLATES

PLATES

239

240

PLATES

PLATES

241

242

PLATES

PLATES

243

244

PLATES

PLATES

245

246

PLATES

PLATES

247

248

PLATES

PLATES

249

250

PLATES

PLATES

251

252

PLATES

PLATES

253

254

PLATES

PLATES

255

256

PLATES

PLATES

257

258

PLATES

PLATES

259

260

PLATES

PLATES

261

262

PLATES

PLATES

263

264

PLATES

PLATES

265

266

PLATES

PLATES

267

268

PLATES

PLATES

269

270

PLATES

PLATES

271

272

PLATES

PLATES

273

274

PLATES

PLATES

275

276

PLATES

PLATES

277

278

PLATES

PLATES

279

280

PLATES

PLATES

281

282

PLATES

PLATES

283

284

PLATES

PLATES

285

286

PLATES

PLATES

287

288

PLATES

PLATES

289

290

PLATES

PLATES

291

292

PLATES

PLATES

293

294

PLATES

PLATES

295

296

PLATES

PLATES

297

298

PLATES

PLATES

299

300

PLATES

PLATES

301

302

PLATES

PLATES

303

304

PLATES

PLATES

305

306

PLATES

PLATES

307

308

PLATES

PLATES

309

310

PLATES

PLATES

311

312

PLATES

PLATES

313

314

PLATES

PLATES

315

316

PLATES

PLATES

317

318

PLATES

PLATES

319

320

PLATES

PLATES

321

322

PLATES

PLATES

323

324

PLATES

PLATES

325

326

PLATES

PLATES

327

328

PLATES

PLATES

329

330

PLATES

PLATES

331

332

PLATES

PLATES

333

334

PLATES

PLATES

335

336

PLATES

PLATES

337

338

PLATES

PLATES

339

340

PLATES

PLATES

341

342

PLATES

PLATES

343

344

PLATES

PLATES

345

346

PLATES

PLATES

347

348

PLATES

PLATES

349

350

PLATES

PLATES

351

352

PLATES

PLATES

353

354

PLATES

PLATES

355

356

PLATES

PLATES

357

358

PLATES

PLATES

359

360

PLATES

PLATES

361

362

PLATES

PLATES

363

364

PLATES

PLATES

365

366

PLATES

PLATES

367

368

PLATES

PLATES

369

370

PLATES

PLATES

371

372

PLATES

PLATES

373

374

PLATES

PLATES

375

376

PLATES

PLATES

377

378

PLATES

PLATES

379

380

PLATES

PLATES

381

382

PLATES

PLATES

383

384

PLATES

PLATES

385

386

PLATES

PLATES

387

388

PLATES

PLATES

389

390

PLATES

PLATES

391

392

PLATES

PLATES

393

394

PLATES

PLATES

395

396

PLATES

PLATES

397

398

PLATES

PLATES

399

400

PLATES

PLATES

401

402

PLATES

PLATES

403

404

PLATES

PLATES

405

406

PLATES

PLATES

407

408

PLATES

PLATES

409

COLLOQUIA ANTIQUA 1. G.R. TSETSKHLADZE (ed.), The Black Sea, Greece, Anatolia and Europe in the First Millennium BC. 2. H. GENZ and D.P. MIELKE (eds.), Insights into Hittite History and Archaeology. 3. S.A. KOVALENKO, Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. State Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts. Coins of the Black Sea Region. Part I: Ancient Coins from the Northern Black Sea Littoral. 4. A. HERMARY and G.R. TSETSKHLADZE (eds.), From the Pillars of Hercules to the Footsteps of the Argonauts. 5. L. MIHAILESCU-BÎRLIBA, Ex Toto Orbe Romano: Immigration into Roman Dacia. With Prosopographical Observations on the Population of Dacia. 6. P.-A. KREUZ, Die Grabreliefs aus dem Bosporanischen Reich. 7. F. DE ANGELIS (ed.), Regionalism and Globalism in Antiquity: Exploring Their Limits. 8. A. AVRAM, Prosopographia Ponti Euxini Externa. 9. Y.N. YOUSSEF and S. MOAWAD (eds.), From Old Cairo to the New World. Coptic Studies Presented to Gawdat Gabra on the Occasion of his Sixty-Fifth Birthday. 10. R. ROLLINGER and K. SCHNEGG (eds.), Kulturkontakte in antiken Welten: vom Denkmodell zum Fallbeispiel. 11. S.A. KOVALENKO, Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. State Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts. Coins of the Black Sea Region. Part II: Ancient Coins of the Black Sea Littoral. 12. A.V. PODOSSINOV (ed.), The Periphery of the Classical World in Ancient Geography and Cartography. 13. A.M. MADDEN, Corpus of Byzantine Church Mosaic Pavements from Israel and the Palestinian Territories. 14. A. PETROVA, Funerary Reliefs from the West Pontic Area (6th–1st Centuries BC). 15. A. FANTALKIN and O. TAL, Tell Qudadi: An Iron Age IIB Fortress on the Central Mediterranean Coast of Israel (with References to Earlier and Later Periods). 16. C.M. DRAYCOTT and M. STAMATOPOULOU (eds.), Dining and Death: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the ‘Funerary Banquet’ in Ancient Art, Burial and Belief. 17. M.-P. DE HOZ, J.P. SÁNCHEZ HERNÁNDEZ and C. MOLINA VALERO (eds.), Between Tarhuntas and Zeus Polieus: Cultural Crossroads in the Temples and Cults of Graeco-Roman Anatolia. 18. M. MANOLEDAKIS, G.R. TSETSKHLADZE and I. XYDOPOULOS (eds.), Essays on the Archaeology and Ancient History of the Black Sea Littoral. 19. R.G. GÜRTEKIN DEMIR, H. CEVIZOĞLU, Y. POLAT and G. POLAT (eds.), Archaic and Classical Western Anatolia: New Perspectives in Ceramic Studies. 20. C. KÖRNER, Die zyprischen Königtümer im Schatten der Großreiche des Vorderen Orients. Studien zu den zyprischen Monarchien vom 8. bis zum 4. Jh. v. Chr. 21. G.R. TSETSKHLADZE (ed.), Pessinus and Its Regional Setting. Volume 1. 22. G.R. TSETSKHLADZE (ed.), Pessinus and Its Regional Setting. Volume 2: Work in 2009–2013. 23. I. MOGA, Religious Excitement in Ancient Anatolia. Cult and Devotional Forms for Solar and Lunar Gods. 24. G.R. TSETSKHLADZE (ed.), Phrygia in Antiquity: From the Bronze Age to the Byzantine Period. 25. L. MIHAILESCU-BÎRLIBA (ed.), Limes, Economy and Society in the Lower Danubian Roman Provinces. 26. M. COSTANZI and M. DANA (eds.), Une autre façon d’être grec: interactions et productions des Grecs en milieu colonial/Another Way of Being Greek: Interactions and Cultural Innovations of the Greeks in a Colonial Milieu. 27. G.R. TSETSKHLADZE (ed.), Ionians in the West and East. 28. G.R. TSETSKHLADZE (ed.), Archaeology and History of Urartu (Biainili). 29. M.-P. DE HOZ, J.L. GARCÍA ALONSO and L.A. GUICHARD ROMERO (eds.), Greek Paideia and Local Tradition in the Graeco-Roman East. 30. A.V. BELOUSOV, Defixiones Olbiae Ponticae (DefOlb). 31. J. PORUCZNIK, Cultural Identity within the Northern Black Sea Region in Antiquity. (De)constructing Past Identities.

PRINTED ON PERMANENT PAPER

• IMPRIME

SUR PAPIER PERMANENT

N.V. PEETERS S.A., WAROTSTRAAT

• GEDRUKT

OP DUURZAAM PAPIER

50, B-3020 HERENT

- ISO 9706