Coastal Archaeology in a Dynamic Environment: A Solent case study 9781407310428, 9781407322469
Isle of Wight County Archaeological Unit carried out an intertidal survey over 6km of downwarped coastline on the southe
190 49 515MB
English Pages [566] Year 2012
Cover Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of Figuers
List of Tables
Acknowledgements
1. Introduction to the project
2. The study area
3. The modern flora and its historical context in the coastal zone
4. Environment and landscape: the Holoscene palaeoecology
5. Coastal dynamics
6. The Hinterland
7. Subsistence in the Coastal Zone
8. Maritime activities and coastal communities
9. Artefact Studies
10. The Haven as a threatened archaeological resource
11. An archaeological overview
12. Inventory of Sites and Dates
13. Bibliography
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- David J. Tomalin
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Coastal Archaeology in a Dynamic Environment A Solent case study Edited by
David J. Tomalin Rebecca D. Loader Robert G. Scaife With contributions by Jonathan Adams, Michael Allen, Frank Basford, Alex Bayliss, Duncan Brown, Nigel Cameron, Matthew Canti, Richard Darrah, Jean Dean, Justin Dix, Robin Edwards, Rowena Gale, Tony Hanks, Jennifer Hillam, Antony Long, Malcolm Lyne, John Margham, David Motkin, Quita Mould, Richard Peace, Jill Phillips, Colin Pope, Jennifer Price, Nicholas Riall, Mark Robinson, Paul Simpson, Robert Thomson, and David Williams Illustrations by lvor Westmore, Don Vincent, Frank Basford, and Rebecca Loader Additional photography Alison King, Phillip Waterman, John Fletcher and Caroline Hill
BAR British Series 568 2012
BAR
PUBLISHING
C on ten t s L i s to fF igu re s
v i
L i s to fT ab le s
x i i
A cknow ledgmen ts
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1I n t roduc t ion t ot h ep ro jec t
1
1 . 1
T he Woo t tonQua r rs u rvey
1
1 . 2
T he g eo logy a nd t o pog raphy o ft h e Woo t tonQua r ra r ea
2
1 . 3 1 . 4
T he a r chaeo log ica l b ackg round T he o b jec t ives o ft h e Woo t tonQuar rs u rvey
2 3
1 . 5
O rgan isa t ion a nd i mp lemen ta t ion
4
1 . 5 .1 T he s urvey a r ea
4
1 . 5 .2 T he i n te r t ida l f i e ldwo rk
4
1 . 5 .3 S u rvey m e thod s
5
1 . 5 .4 S t ra teg ies f o rs amp l ing a nd a r tef ac tc o l lec t ion
5
1 . 5 .5 C o r ing a nd a uge r ing
5
1 . 5 .6 U nde rwa te rs u rvey , s amp l ing a nd i n spec t ion
5
1 . 5 .7 S u rvey , f i e ldwa lk ing a nd e xcava t ion i nt h eh i n te r land
5
1 . 5 .8 S c ien t if ic d a t ing
6
2T he s t udy a r ea
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2 . 1
T he c on tempo ra ry p hys ica l s e t t ing 2 . 1 .1 Woo t ton H aven a nd C reek
7 7
2 . 1 .2 F ea tu re s o ft h e i n unda ted c oa s t l ine
7
2 . 1 .3 T he p re sen t i n ter t ida l t opog raphy D ef in ing t h e s i tes w i th in t h e s t udy a r ea
8 9
2 . 2
2 . 2 .1 E a s tS o len t i n ter t ida l s i te s 2 . 2 .2 H in te r land s i tes
9 1
2 . 2 .3 C o r r ido ra nd c a tchmen t s i tes
1 4
2 . 2 .4 S o len ts ea leve l c o res a nd e va lua t ions 3T he modem f l o ra a nd i t sh i s to r ica l c on tex t i nt h ec oa s ta l z one
1 5 1 8
3 . 1
T he c on tempo ra ry v ege ta t ion o fn o r th -ea s tW igh t
1 8
3 . 2
B iogeog raph ic e l emen t so ft h e I s le o fW igh tf l o ra
2 3
4E nv i ronmen ta nd l a nd scape : t h e H o locene p a laeoeco logy 4 . 1 Ab ackg round t ot h e H o locene p a laeoeco logy 4 . 1 . 1 I n t roduc t ion
4 . 2
4 . 3
2 6 2 6 2 6
4 . 1 .2 T he i n ter t ida l z one
2 7
4 . 1 .3 P a laeova l leys 4 . 1 .4 S ea leve l c hange
2 7 2 7
H o locene v ege ta t ion c hange s
2 8
4 . 2 .1 I n t roduc t ion
2 8
4 . 2 .2 T he e x is t ing r eg iona l p o l len a r ch ive
2 8
4 . 2 .3 T he p ea ta nd s ed imen ta r ch ive
2 9
T he p r eh is to r ic v ege ta t ion : p o l len a na lys is a nd v ege ta t ion h i s tory
2 9
4 . 3 .1 Qua r rN eo l i th ic t r ackway Q 190
3 0
4 . 3 .2 Qua r rs i te Q 99 4 . 3 .3 P o l len a na lys is o fd epo s i t sa s soc ia ted w i th t r ee 1 00 1835
3 2 3 4
4 . 3 .4 P ea ta nd s ed imen t sa s soc ia ted w i th R omano -Br i t ish t imbe rs t ruc tu re Q4
3 6
4 . 3 .5 P o l len b i o s t ra t ig raphy o fc hanne l F 30 s ed imen ta ry f i l ls
3 7
4 . 3 .6 R ane lagh S p i t : p o l len a na lys is o ft h e i n te rca la ted p ea t
3 9
4 . 4
Wa te r logged mac ro scop ic p l an tr ema ins a nd i n sec t s f r om i n te r t ida l s i tes a t Woo t tonQua r r
4 1
4 . 5
D ia tom a na lyses
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4 . 5 .1 T ree 1 00 1835
4 5
4 . 5 .2 S i te Q4
4 6
4 . 5 .3 S i te Q 99 ( Q9 )
5 1
4 . 5 .4 S i te Q 190
5 1
4 . 6
4 . 5 .5 R ane lagh S p i t
5 1
4 . 5 .6 Y a rmou th S p i t
5 2
4 . 5 .7 D iscu s s ion o nt h ed i a tom a na lyse s
5 2
T he u t i l iza t ion o fp r eh is to r ic w ood land
5 3
4 . 7
T ree r ing a na lys is o fo ak t imbe r s f r om t h e Woo t ton Qua r rs urvey
4 . 8
T he M idd le a nd L a te H o locene e nv ironmen t : as yn thes is
8 1
4 . 8 .1 T he b ackg round e nv ironmen t : T he E a r ly a nd M idd le H o locene
8 1
4 . 8 .2 T he c hang ing f o resho re e nv ironmen t
8 3
5C oa s ta l d ynam ics
8 8
5 . 1
A pp roach t ot h ec oa s ta l d ynam ics
5 . 2
H igh r e so lu t ion g eophys ica l i n ve s t iga t ion o ft h en ea r sho re e nv i ronmen t
8 8
o ft h e Woo t ton Qua r rc oa s t
8 8
5 . 2 .1 T he l o ca t ion o ft h eg eophys ica l s urvey
8 8
5 . 2 .2 T he f i e ld me thodo logy
8 8
5 . 2 .3 T he g eo logy w i th in t h eg eophys ica l s u rvey a r ea
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5 . 2 .4 T he b a thyme t ry
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5 . 2 .5 T he s e ism ic s t ra t ig raphy o ft h es ubme rged l a nd scape
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5 . 2 .6 S ed imen to log ica l d a ta f r om t h e s ubme rged l a ndscape
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5 . 2 .7 T he i n te r t ida l a uge rt r ansec t s
5 . 3
5 . 4
9 8
5 . 2 .8 S e ism ic i n ves t iga t ion o ft h eb each s t ra t ig raphy
1 00
5 . 2 .9 D iscu ss ion o nt h en ea r sho re g eophys ica l e nv ironmen t T he c oa s ta l s ed imen ta ry e nv i ronmen ta nd g eoa rchaeo log ica l b ackg round
1 0 1 1 04
5 . 3 .1 Me thod so fs ed imen ts amp l ing a nd a na lys is 5 . 3 .2 T he r e su l ts o ft h es ed imen ts t ud ies
I0 4 1 06
5 . 3 .2 .1 Y a rmou th Wes t S p i t
1 06
5 . 3 .2 .2 R ane lagh S p i t
1 09
5 . 3 .2 .3 S umma ry o ft h e s ed imen ta na lys is
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T he c r eek h ead e nv ironmen t : a n i n t roduc t ion t ot h e F i res tone C opse c a tchmen t 5 . 4 .1 F i res tone C opse : p o l len a na lys is a nd s t ra t ig raphy
5 . 5
5 . 6
6 0
13 14
5 . 4 .2 S ed imen to logy o fF i res tone V a l ley c o re 2 3038
18
5 . 4 .3 D ia tom a s se ssmen to fs amp les f r om F i re s tone C opse
1 22
5 . 4 .4 T he c r eek h ead : a no ve rv iew S o len ts ea leve l r e co rd
1 22 1 24
5 . 5 .1 P u rpose o fs ea leve l i n ve s t iga t ion
1 24
5 . 5 .2 P rev iou s w o rk o nt h e S o len ts ea leve l
1 25
5 . 5 .3 Me thodo logy o fs ea leve l i n ve s t iga t ion
1 26
5 . 5 .4 A R SL g raph f o rt h e S o len t ma in land
1 26
5 . 5 .5 A c omb ined R SL g raph f o rt h e ma in land a nd t h e I s le o fW igh t
1 26
5 . 5 .6 A c h rono logy f o rS o len tc oas ta l e vo lu t ion
1 26
5 . 5 .7 R eg iona l s ea leve l c or re la t ions
1 27
5 . 5 .8 C onc lu s ions o nt h e c u r ren te v idence f o r aS o len ts ea leve l h i s to ry
1 27
P ha s ing t h e H o locene s ho re l ine c hanges o fn o r thern I s le o fW igh t
1 28
5 . 6 .1 A s ea leve l g raph f o r Woo t tonQua r r
1 28
5 . 6 .1 .1 C oa s ta l e vo lu t ion a tR ane lagh S p i t
1 28
5 . 6 .1 .2 C oa s ta l e vo lu t ion a t Woo t ton H aven
1 29
5 . 6 .1 .3 C oa s ta l e vo lu t ion a t Woo t tonQua r rf o resho re
1 29
5 . 6 .1 .4 C oa s ta l e vo lu t ion i nt h e F i res tone V a l ley
1 30
5 . 6 .1 .5 Woo t tonQuar r —a n i n teg ra ted h i s to ry o fc oa s ta l c hange
1 30
5 . 6 .2 E v idence f o rs ea leve l c hange i nt h e Wes tern Y a rV a l ley
1 30
5 . 6 .2 .1 P rev iou s s ea leve l s t ud ies a tY a rmou th ( Devoy 1 987 )
1 30
5 . 6 .2 .2 R esu l t so ft h ec u r ren ts u rvey
1 3 1
5 . 6 .2 .3 C oa s ta l e vo lu t ion a nd s ea leve l c hange i nt h eY a r
1 3 1
5 . 6 .3 Nor ther n I s le o fW igh t i n te r -s i te c ompa r isons
1 3 1
5 . 6 .4 A rchaeo logy a nd R SL c hange a t Woo t tonQua r r 5 . 6 .5 C onc lu s ions o nt h e s ho re l ine c hange so ft h en or th W igh tc oa s t
1 32 1 33
6T he H in te r land
1 34
6 . 1
I n t roduc t ion : t h ec ha rac te ro ft h eh in te r land
1 34
6 . 2
T he c ha lk land h ab i ta t : l a nd Mo l lu sca a nd c o l luv ia l s ed imen t s
1 34
6 . 2 .1 Duxmo re C ombe
1 35
6 . 2 .1 .1 T he s t ra t ig raphy
1 36
6 . 2 .1 .2 Mo l lu scan a na lys is : t h ed eve lopmen to ft h ed own land s 6 . 2 .1 .3 D eve lopmen to ft h ec ombe
1 38 1 40
6 . 2 .2 E ag lehead C ombe
1 4 1
1
6.3 6.4
The vegetation development in the Tertiary zone ................................................................................ 142 6.3. l Newnham Farm Mire (IWSMR 1455) ........................................................................................ 142 6.3.2 The Puck House BronzeAge barrow (IWSMR 1078) ................................................................ 144 The sequence ofenvironmental change in the hinterland .................................................................... 145
7 Subsistence in the Coastal Zone ............................................................................................................................ 147 7.1 Research aims and the approach to the study ofsubsistence strategies in the coastal zone ................ 147 7.2 The archaeology: sites in the hinterland................................................................................................ 147 7.2.1 The hinterland fieldwalking programme .................................................................................... 147 7.2.2 Duxmore Combe ........................................................................................................................ 153 7.3 Lithic scatters and findspots ................................................................................................................. 157 7.3. l Flintworking sites and artefacts .................................................................................................. 157 7.3.2 Bumt mounds and bumt flint scatters ......................................................................................... 185 7.4 The intertidal wooden structures .......................................................................................................... 192 7.4.1 Neolithic timbers ......................................................................................................................... 192 7.4.2 BronzeAge ..................................................................................................................................201 7.4.3 Roman timbers ............................................................................................................................209 7.4.4 Saxon stake structures ................................................................................................................. 21O 7.4.5 Medieval longshore stake alignments ......................................................................................... 222 7.4.6 Summary ofthe woodworking techniques.................................................................................. 227 7.4.7 Discussion ofthe function ofthe structures ................................................................................ 228 7.5 Faunal remains ..................................................................................................................................... 231 7.6 The rias and the submerged landscape as a setting for the development ofan early coastal culture ... 231 7.6.1 The opportunities for coastal subsistence ................................................................................... 231 7.6.2 Artefactual evidence for coastal communities ............................................................................ 233 7.6.3 The Neolithic wooden trackways in the intertidal zone .............................................................. 235 7.6.4 The development ofwooden trap-like structures in the intertidal zone ...................................... 235 8 Maritime activities and coastal communities......................................................................................................... 238 8.1 Wootton Haven as a focus for maritime activity: approaches and research aims ............................... 238 8.2 The haven and its maritime setting ...................................................................................................... 238 8.2. l Description ofWootton Haven and Creek .................................................................................. 238 8.2.2 The comparative size and the navigational constraints ofthe haven .......................................... 239 8.2.3 The geographical setting ofthe Haven........................................................................................ 239 8.3 The Offshore Zone ................................................................................................................................ 239 8.3. l The location and elevation ofRyde Middle Bank ...................................................................... 239 8.3.2 An archaeological quantification ofthe seabed dimension ofthe Haven .................................. 241 8.3.2. l Ryde Middle Bank survey..................................................................................................... 243 8.3.2.2 East Solent survey ................................................................................................................. 245 8.4 The regional background to earlier prehistoric maritime activity ........................................................ 245 8.4. l From coastal community to maritime community ...................................................................... 245 8.4.2 The emergence ofan insular Neolithic community .................................................................... 246 8.4.3 Evidence for cross-Solent trafficking in Neolithic times ............................................................ 246 8.4.4 The development ofa BronzeAge maritime community in Wight ............................................ 248 8.4.5 Early prehistoric voyaging on the Seine-Solent route................................................................. 248 8.5 Maritime activity in the IronAge ......................................................................................................... 250 8.5. l Maritime communities and IronAge fortified ports on the Wessex seaboard ............................ 250 8.5.2 The Late IronAge coastal community at Wootton-Quarr ........................................................... 253 8.6 The significance ofthe east Solent coast in Roman times ................................................................... 253 8.6. l Harbours and landing places in Roman Britain .......................................................................... 253 8.6.2 The offshore zone and the .......................................................................................................... 254 8.6.3 Anchorages and palaeoshoals in the offshore zone ..................................................................... 256 8.6.4 Evidence for Vectensian maritime trade...................................................................................... 259 8.6.5 Solent maritime affairs in the 4th century ................................................................................... 261 8.6.6 The demise ofthe Haven's Roman maritime trade ..................................................................... 263 8.7 Trade and the Haven in post-Roman times .......................................................................................... 263 8.7.1 The coastal trade in Saxon and Viking times .............................................................................. 263 8.7.2 Trade and the medieval haven..................................................................................................... 264 8.7.3 Medieval artefacts from Ryde Middle Bank ............................................................................... 268
iii
8 . 7 .4 D iscu ss ion a nd s yn the s is o ft h e p os t med ieva l a r tef ac t s 8 . 8
2 69
S e t t lemen ta nd l a nd u se i nt h e Woo t tonQuar ra r ea
2 72
8 . 8 .1 T he p l ace -names a nd s e t t lemen th i s to ry o fB ins tead a nd Woo t ton p a r ishes
2 72
8 . 8 .2 T he A ng lo -Saxon e s ta te o fS ta the a nd i t s l a ndscape
2 79
8 . 8 .3 S t and ing e a r thwo rk s 8 . 8 .3 .1 Q ua r rA bbey a nd t h eN ewnham v a l ley
2 84 2 84
8 . 8 .3 .2 L and a va i lab le f o rf i e ldwo rk t h roughou tt h ep ro jec ta r ea 8 . 8 .4 T he Q ua r r mona s t ic c ommun i ty a nd t h e H aven
2 88 2 89
8 . 8 .5 A n a s ses smen to ft h ee v idence o ft h e e a r ly s ou rces a nd s h ipmen t o fB emb r idge l ime s tone b u i ld ing s t one o nt h e Woo t tonQua r rc oa s to ft he I s le o fW igh t
8 . 9
9
2 92
8 . 8 .6 P o s tm ed ieva l a c t iv i ty
2 94
8 . 8 .7 S h ipbu i ld ing a tF i shboume
2 96
T he ma r i t ime o ve rv iew
3 00
8 . 9 .1 O ve rv iew
3 00
8 . 9 .2 T he l o ca l s i gn if icance o f Woo t ton H aven
3 0 1
8 . 9 .3 T he H aven a nd i t sr eg iona l s e t t ing
3 0 1
8 . 9 .4 T he v a lue o ft h ep a laeo shoa l a s semb lage a s am ea su re o f ma r i t ime t r ade
3 02
A r tef ac t S tud ies
3 04
9 . 1
C e ram ics
3 04
9 . 1 .1 T he e a r l ie rp r eh is to r ic c e ram ics
3 04
9 . 1 .1 .1 S i te sy i e ld ing p reh is to r ic c e ram ics
3 06
9 . 1 .1 .2 D iscu s s ion o n t h ep reh is to r ic p o t te ry
3 09
9 . 1 .2 T he I r on Age a nd R oman p o t te ry
3 1 1
9 . 1 .3 T he R oman a mpho rae r e cove red f r om t h e s u rvey
3 45
9 . 1 .4
P o s t -Roman p o t te ry f r om Woo t ton H aven , Qua r rb each a nd R yde M idd le B ank
3 47
9 . 2
S a l t Wo rk ing
3 86
9 . 3
f u rn i tu re a nd c l ay b r ique tage T he m e ta lwo rk
9 . 4
T he L ea the r
3 98
9 . 5
T he b one a nd a n t le ra r tef ac t s
4 04
9 . 6
Wo rked w ooden a r tef ac t s
4 09
9 . 7
Num isma t ics
4 17
9 . 7 .1 T he I r on Age a nd R oman c o ins f r om Woo t ton H aven
4 17
9 . 2 .1 E xam ina t ion o ft h ep l an t i mp re ss ions i nR omano -Br i t ish s a l t mak ing k i ln 3 87 3 9 1
9 . 7 .2 T he C omb ley F a rm h oa rd
4 24
9 . 8
T he g l a ss
4 28
9 . 9
H one s tone s
4 29
9 . 10 T he p e t ro logy o fb a l la s ta nd n e t -s inke r s
4 30
9 . 11
O the ra r tef ac t s
4 33
9 . 11 .1 Wo rked s t one
4 33
9 . 11 .2 S ha le
4 36
9 . 11 .3 Med ieva l r i dge t i l es f r om Woo t ton H aven 1 0
4 36
T he H aven a s at h rea tened a r chaeo log ica l r e sou rce
4 38
1 0 .1
4 38
T he t h rea tened a r chaeo log ica l r e sou rce ; r e sea rch a ims
1 0 .2 T he s t ab i l i ty o fi n te r t ida l a r tef ac t s
4 39
1 0 .2 .1 T he n a tu ra l p r eserva t ion o f wooden p os t s o nt h e f o re sho re a t Qua r r 1 0 .2 .1 .1 T he d e te r io ra t ion o fw a te r logged wooden p os t s i ns t o rage 1 0 .2 .2 S tab i l i ty o fs hoa l a nd s eabed a r tef ac t s
4 39 4 49 4 50
1 0 .3 T he n a tu re , s ca le a nd p ace o fh i s to r ica l c hanges i nt h e Woo t tonQua r rc oa s t l ine
4 52
1 0 .4 B a i td igg ing , t r aw l ing , s h ipwa sh , d redg ing a nd o the rd e s truc t ive p roces ses
4 60
1 0 .5 C oa s ta l e ro s ion
4 63
1 0 .5 .1 E ros ion a nd r ed is t r ibu t ion i nt h e E a s t S ho re Z one a t Woo t ton H aven
4 63
1 0 .5 .2 T he e r o s ion o fa l ignmen tQ 11 a tQ ua r r
4 67
1 0 .6 O p t ions f o r manag ing t h ec oa s ta l h e r i tage
4 69
1 0 .6 .1 Ou tcome so ft h ec oa s ta l s u rvey
4 69
1 0 .6 .2 R ecogn is ing a nd manag ing a r chaeo log ica l a nd p a laeoenv ironmen ta l r e sou rces i nd if e r ing c oa s ta l g eomo rpho log ie s
4 71
1 0 .6 .3 I n teg ra t ing a r chaeo logy i n to t h e l o ca l a nd r eg iona l c oa s ta l f r amewo rk : t h e s ho re l ine managemen tp l ans
4 76
i v
10.6.4 Options for physical intervention..............................................................................................477 Recommendations and conclusions ............................................................................................................... 478 1O. 7.1 Refining policies and procedures for countering loss to the historie environment of the coastline .............................................................................................. 478 1O.7.2 Conclusion to the study ............................................................................................................. 483 11 An archaeological overview ................................................................................................................................. 485 11. l A geomorphological determinant of human coastal activity................................................................. 487 12 Inventory of Sites and Dates ................................................................................................................................ 494 12.1 Catalogue of sites identified during the survey ..................................................................................... 494 12.2 Radiocarbon results ...................................................................................................................... 501 12.2.1 Objectives.................................................................................................................................. 501 12.2.2 Sampling ................................................................................................................................ 50 l 12.2.3 Radiocarbon Analysis and Quality Assurance ....................................................................... 502 12.2.4 Results and Calibration .......................................................................................................... 502 13 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................................ 517
1O.7
V
L i s to fF igu re s F igu r e F igu r e F igu r e F igu r e F igu r e
1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 2 . 1 2 . 2
T he l o ca t ion o ft h es t udy a r ea . T he l o ca t ion o ft h em a in i n te r t ida l s i t e s . L oca t ion so fc o r e sa r em a rked M T he mona s t ic t i l e ry a tQ ua r r Woo t ton C r eek B ea ch t o pog raphy p l an s ,F i shbou rne t oB in s tead . a .P ea td epo s i t s b .S h ing le b ank sc . Mob i le s a nd m a sk ing d epo s i t sd .D enud ed a r ea s . F igu r e2 . 3 I n te r t ida ls i te si nt h e Woo t tonQua r rs u rvey a r ea F igu r e2 . 4 T he z ona t ion o ft h e Woo t tonQua r ri n te r t ida lz one .E ach s egmen ti s5 00m l o ng F igu r e2 . 5 T he s ha l low f ide so fW igh t F igu r e2 . 6 T he p r inc ipa ll o ca t ion si nt h eh i n te r land . F i gu re 2 . 7 T he m ed ieva la bbey o fQ ua r rw i th t h em od e rn a bbey t ot h el e f t F igu r e2 . 8 P l an o fr ound b a r row ,r i ng d i tch a nd b u rn tf l in ts c a t te r so nP u ck H ou se H i l l F igu r e2 . 9 S chema t ic v i ew o fs ubme rged l a nd s u rf a ce sa tB ou ldno r( ho r izon ta la x i sn o tt os c a le ) . F igu r e2 . 10 N ew town E a s tS p i tc o r e F igu r e2 . 11 A e r ia lp ho tog raph o ft h em ou th o f Woo t ton C r eek .R ane lagh S p i ti si nt h ec en t r e . F igu r e3 . 1 N umbe r so fa nc ien tw ood land i n d ica to rs p ec ie sr e co rded f r om as e lec t ion o fI s le o fW igh t a nc ien tw ood land s . F igu r e3 . 2 A nc ien tw ood land i n d ica to rs p ec ie s -d i s t r ibu t ion m ap sa .N a r row leaved l u ngwo r t ( Pu lmona r ia l o ng if o l ia )b .W i ld s e rv ice t r ee ( So rbu st o rm ina l i s ) . F igu r e3 . 3 Wood p a s tu r el i chen i n d ica to rs p ec ie s -d i s t r ibu t ion m ap sa .L oba r ia p u lmona r ia b .L ecana c t i sp r emnea . F igu r e3 . 4 H ea th land n ame si nt h es t udy a r ea . F i gu r e4 . 1 L oca t ion o fp a laeoenv i ronmen ta ls amp le si nt h ei n te r t ida lz one a t Woo t tonQua r r . F igu r e4 . 2 Q 190 p o l len d i ag ram . F igu r e4 . 3 Q 99 p o l len d i ag ram F igu r e4 . 4 T r ee 1 00 1835 p o l len d i ag ram F igu r e4 . 5 Q 4p o l len d i ag ram F igu r e4 . 6 C hanne lF 30 p o l len d i ag ram F igu r e4 . 7 R ane lagh S p i tc o re s . F o rk ey s e ef i gu r e2 . 10 F igu r e4 . 8 R ane lagh S p i tp o l len a na ly s i s F i gu r e4 . 9 T ree 1 00 1835 d i a tom a na ly s i s . F igu r e4 . 10 Q 4d i a tom a na ly s i s . F i gu r e4 . 11 Q 99 d i a tom a na ly s i s . F igu re 4 . 12 Q 190 d i a tom a na ly s i s . F i gu r e4 . 13 R ane lagh S p i td i a tom a na ly s i s F igu r e4 . 14 S i te 2 027 ,Q ua r rB ea ch ,s how ing l o ca t ion o ft h et r ee r ing s amp le s .T ho se u nde r l ined a r ed a ted F i gu r e4 . 15 S i te 1 526 ,F i shbou rne B ea ch , s how ing l o ca t ion o ft h et r ee r ing s amp le s . T ho se u nde r l ined a r ed a ted F i gu r e4 . 16 T r ee 2 8a tF i shbour n eB each w h ich w a sd end roch rono log ica l ly d a ted t o2 694 -2557 BC F igu r e4 . 17 B a rd i ag ram s how ing t h er e la t ive p o s i t ion so ft h eu nda ted t r ee r ing s e quence sf r om s t ru c tu r e 1 38 . K ey : Wh i te b a r s -h ea r twood r i ng s ;H a t ch ing -s a pwood ;T h in b a r s -u nmea su red r i ng s ; B-b a rk e dge F i gu r e4 . 18 C h rono log ica ls umma ry o fp r eh i s to r ic t r ee g row th i nt h eI s le o fW igh ta ss hown b yt h e d end roch rono log ica la nd r a d ioca rbon r e su l t s .N o te t h a tt h ec h rono log ie sd a ted b yr a d ioca rbon m ay move b y af ew y ea r si ft h ey a r ea s s igned c a lenda ry ea r sb yd end roch rono logy . F igu r e4 . 19a B a rd i ag ram s how ing t h er e la t ive p o s i t ion so ft h ed a ted t r ee r ing s equen ce sf r om t h ef a l len t r ee s a r ranged i no rde ro ft h e i rh ea r twood sapwood t r an s i t ion s .T he s amp le n umbe r so ft h et h r ee s i t e sa r e p r e f ixed Q f o rQ ua r rB ea ch , Ff o rF i shbou rne B ea ch a nd N f o rN ew town E a s tS p i t . K ey : Wh i te b a r s -h ea r twood r i ng s ;H a tch ing -s a pwood ;T h in b a r s -u nmea su r ed r i ng s ; B -b a rk e dge ; C -c en t r eo ft r ee ; V -w i th in 5y ea r so fc en t re ; F-w i th in 5 10 y ea r so fc en t r e F i gu r e4 . 19b B a rd i ag ram s how ing t h er e la t ive p o s i t ion so ft h ed a ted t r ee r ing s e qu en ce sf r om t h ef a l len t r ee sa r ranged b ys t a r td a te .T he s amp le n umbe r so ft h et h r ee s i te sa r ep r ef ixed Q f o rQ ua r rB each , Ff o rF i shbou rne B ea ch a nd N f o rN ew town E a s tS p i t . K ey : Wh i te b a r s -h ea r twood r i ng s ; H a t ch ing -s a pwood ;T h in b a r s -u nmea su r ed r i ng s ; B -b a rk e dge ; C -c en t r eo ft r ee ; V -w i th in 5y ea r so fc en t r e ; F-w i th in 5 10 y ea r so fc en t re F i gu r e4 . 20 G row th t r end sf r om t h ef a l len t r ee sa tQ ua r rB ea ch ( Q ) ,F i shbou rne B each ( F )a nd N ew town E a s tS p i t( N ) .V e r t ica ls c a le i sl o ga r i thm ic .
v i
4 6 7 8 9 9 1 0 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 1 2 6 3 1 3 3 5 3 7 3 8 3 9 4 0 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 9 5 0 6 1 6 2 7 2
7 5
7 6
7 8
7 8 7 9
F igu re 4 . 2 1
G row th t r end so ft h ed a ted f a l len t r ee ss upe r impo sed t oh igh l igh tp e r iod so f' g ood 'a nd ' p oo r 'g row th . T he I s le o fW igh tm a s t e rc u rve i ss hown a s at h ick b l ack l i ne ,w h i l s tc h rono log ie s f r om T ho rne i n 8 0
F igu re 5 . 1
Y o rk sh i re a nd G a r ry B og i nN o r ther nI r e land a r es hown f o rc ompa ra t ive p u rpo se s . V er t ica ls c a le i sl o ga r i thm ic G eophy s ica l s u rvey a r ea sw i th in t h eE a s tS o len ta nd t h e l o ca t ion o ff i gu re sq uo ted e l sewhe re
F igu re 5 . 2 F igu re 5 . 3 F igu re 5 . 4
w i th in t h is s e c t ion . T he g eo logy o ft h es u rvey a r ea . T he S o len tR ive r . C ro ss -sec t iona lp rof i le o ft h eE a s ter nS o len t . S ee f i gu re 5 . 1 f o rl o ca t ion
8 9 9 0 9 1 9 2
P o s t inc is ion f i l l i n at r ibu ta ry o ft h e S o len tR ive rs y s tem of sho re o fO sbo rne B ay . S ee f i gu re 5 . 1 f o rl o ca t ion Ac ross sec t iona lC h i rp p rof i le o fR yde M idd le B ank
9 3 9 3
F igu re 5 . 8
S e ism ic s e c t ion s how ing i n te rp re ted r e la t ion sh ip sb e tween S e i sm ic S equence sa nd F ac ie s . S ec t ion of sho re o fQ ua r rA bbey . S ee f i gu re 5 . 1 f o rl o ca t ion Auge rt r an sec t sf r om Q ua r r . S ee f i gu re 5 . 10 f o rl o ca t ion
9 6 9 7
F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re
Auge rt r an sec tf r om B in s tead . S ee f i gu re 5 . 10 f o rl o ca t ion L oca t ion o fQ ua r r /B in s tead a uge rt r an sec t s . B ed rock p rof i le sc on s t ruc ted f r om Q ua r r /B in s tead a uge rt r an sec t s . C ros s -sec t iona lC h i rp p rof i le t h rough t h e Mo the rB ank . S ee f i gu re 5 . 1 f o rl o ca t ion
9 8 9 8 9 9 1 02
As chema t ic r ep re sen ta t ion o ft h e Woo t tonQua r rf l uv ia ls y s tem p r io rt ot h eH o locene m a r ine t r an sg re s s ion . Y a rmou th c o re WS3 . F o rk ey s e ef i gu re 2 . 10 S amp le sa nd l a bo ra to ry m e thod su sed f o rt h ec ompo s i te Y a rmou th c o re . T he c omp le te p a r t ic le s i ze c u rve sf o ra l lt h eY a rmou th c o re s amp le s
1 03 1 05 1 05 1 06
F igu re 5 . 5 F igu re 5 . 6 F igu re 5 . 7
5 . 9 5 . 10 5 . 11 5 . 12
F igu re 5 . 13 F igu re 5 . 14 F igu re 5 . 15 F igu re 5 . 16 F igu re 5 . 17 F igu re 5 . 18 F igu re 5 . 19 F igu re 5 . 20 F igu re 5 . 2 1 F igu re 5 . 22
Ma in d e t r i ta lh eavy m ine ra ls f r om t h eY a rmou th c o re 1 08 P a r t ic le s i ze c u rve sf o ra l t h eR ane lagh s amp le s 1 09 T he ma in p e rcen tage so fh eavy m ine ra l sf r om t h eR ane lagh c o re . B a sed o nc oun t s o f1 00 t r an s lucen t g ra in so n ly 10 T he ma in p e rcen tage so fh eavy m ine ra ls f r om t h e R ane lagh c o re . B a sed o nc oun t so f1 00 t r an s lucen t g ra in so n ly 1 1 L oca t ion o ft h eF i re s tone V a l ley f l oodp la in a nd c o re 2 3038 13 C ross p rof i le o ft h eF i re s tone V a l ley f l oodp la in ( ho r izon ta la x i sn o tt os c a le ) .
F o rk ey s e ef i gu re 2 . 10 F igu re 5 . 23a F i re s tone p o l len d i ag ram F igu re 5 . 23b F i re s tone p o l len d i ag ram
14 15 15
F igu re 5 . 23c F i re s tone p o l len d i ag ram F igu re 5 . 24 F i re s tone V a l ley : l o ca t ion o fc o re
16 18
F igu re 5 . 25 F igu re 5 . 26
D esc r ip t ion o fF i re s tone V a l ley c o re 2 3038 . S amp le i n te rva l sa nd g r a in s i ze a na ly s is o fF i re s tone V a l ley c o re 2 3038 .
19 19
F igu re 5 . 27 F igu re 5 . 28 F igu re 5 . 29
C la s s if ica t ion o fF i re s tone V a l ley s ed imen t s f r om c o re 2 3038 ( af t e rS hepa rd 1 954 ) . T he F i re s tone V a l ley C la s s if ica t ion o fF i re s tone V a l ley s ed imen t sf r om c o re 2 3038 ( af t e rP e jrup 1 988 )
1 20 1 20 1 2 1
F igu re 5 . 30 F igu re 5 . 31 F igu re 5 . 32
E nv i ronmen ta l i n te rp r e ta t ion o fF i re s tone V a l ley c o re 2 3038 R SL g raph f o rt h e S o len tm a in land ( mean s ea l e ve l ) . C omb ined S o len t Ma in land a nd I s le o fW igh t( MSL ) . P u rp le d eno te Ma in land , G reen d eno te
1 21 1 26
I s le o fW igh t C omb ined d a ta f r om t h eS o len ta nd S ou the rn E ng land ( MSL )O pen s qua re : S o len t B lack s qua re : R omney ,B lack t r iang le : E a s tK en tF en sB lack c i rc le : S u s sex G rey s qua re : T hame s
1 27
F igu re 5 . 33
1 28
F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re
B es tS o len t( ma in land a nd IW )d a ta c o r rec ted t o MH WST a t Woo t tonQua r r . B es tS o len t( ma in land a nd IW )d a ta c o r rec ted t o MH WST a tY a rmou th . D uxmo re C ombe -l o ca t ion o ft r enche s Duxmo re C ombe s e c t ion s Duxmo re mo l lu sc d i ag ram .
1 29 1 31 1 35 1 56 1 39
F igu re 6 . 4a F igu re 6 . 4b
N ewnham p ea tm i r ep o l len d i ag ram N ewnham p ea tm i r ep o l len d i ag ram
1 43 1 43
F igu re 6 . 5 F igu re 7 . 1
P uckhou se b a r row s e c t ion d raw ing . T he h in te r land f i e ldwa lk ing p rog ramme . F i e ld sw a lked i n ten s ive ly a r e s haded ;t ho se w a lked
1 44
F igu re 7 . 2
r ap id ly a r e s hown i no u t l ine . Wo rked a nd b u rn tf l in ts c a t te r s
1 48 1 48
5 . 34 5 . 35 6 . 1 6 . 2 6 . 3
v i
F igu re 7 . 3 F igu re 7 . 4 F igu re 7 . 5
R oman a nd l a te ro ccupa t ion d eb r i s . R e su l t so ff i e ldwa lk ing a tD uxmo re ;a .w o rked f l in tb .b u rn tf l in t . R e su l t so ff i e ldwa lk ing a tD uxmo re ; a .R oman ,b . med ieva la nd c .p o s tm ed ieva lc e ram ics
1 48 1 49 1 50
F igu re 7 . 6 F igu re 7 . 7
R e su l t so ff i e ldwa lk ing a tP uckhou se ; a . Wo rked f l in t ,b .b u rn tf l in t , c .Q ua r r /B in s tead s t one , a nd d .p o s tm ed ieva lc e ram ic s . R e su l t so ff i e ldwa lk ing a tQ ua r r ;a .w o rked f l in t ,b .b u rn tf l in t .
1 51 1 52
F igu re 7 . 8 F igu re 7 . 9
L a te I r on Age r epou s s6 m e ta lwo rk f r om Me r s ley D own F i shbou rne B each ,a r rowhead s .
1 54 1 58
F igu re 7 . 10 F igu re 7 . 11 F igu re 7 . 12
I n te r t ida l l i t h ic s ca t te r sa nd t h e i rr e la t ion sh ip w i th p i ck / t ranche ta xe f i nd s P a laeo l i th ic b i f ace s ; 1f r om s t o rm b each , 2f r om i n te r t ida lg r ave l s , Qua r rB each F l in ti mp lemen t sf r om s i te s 1 4a nd Q 99 .
1 59 1 59 1 60
F igu re 7 . 13
A r rowhead sf r om Q ua r rB each .
1 61
F igu re 7 . 14 F igu re 7 . 15
1 62
F igu re 7 . 16
F l in ti mp lemen t s ,s i te sB 7 ,B 8a nd g ene ra l . L i th ic a na ly s i s( s i te sQ 5 ,Q 6 ,B 7 ,B 8 a nd Q 99 ) s how ing b r ead th / leng th r a t io a nd c l a s s if ica t ion a f t e rG inge l la nd H a rd ing ( 1979 ) As e lec t ion o fc o re sf r om t h ei n te r t ida l s i te s . Q 3 ( 1 -4 ) , B 8( 5 -6 ) ,Q 99 ( 7 -9 ) .
1 64 1 65
F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re
L i th ic a s semb lage sf r om We r ra r ,N ew town a nd T he Wake s , S ho rwe l l( l oca t ion map ) . T ranche ta xe /p ick d i s t r ibu t ion . T ranche ta xe sa nd p i ck sf r om F i shbou rne B each T ranche ta xe sa nd p i ck sf r om F i shbou rne B each .
1 66 1 67 1 68 1 69
F igu re 7 . 21 F igu re 7 . 22
T ranche ta xe sa nd p i ck sf r om s i te sQ 1 ( 12 16 )a nd Q 3 ( 17 ) T ranche ta xe sa nd p i ck sf r om s i te Q 2
1 70 1 71
F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re
T ranche t T ranche t T ranche t T ranche t T ranche t
1 72 1 73 1 74 1 75 1 76
7 . 17 7 . 18 7 . 19 7 . 20
7 . 23 7 . 24 7 . 25 7 . 26 7 . 27
F igu re 7 . 28
a xe s a xe s a xe s a xe s a xe s
a nd a nd a nd a nd a nd
p i ck sf r om s i te B 7 p i ck sf r om s i te B 8 p i ck s , Qua r r /B in s tead g ene ra l f i nd s p i ck s , Qua r r /B in s tead g ene ra lf i nd s p i ck s , Qua r r /B in s tead g ene ra l f i nd s
F igu re 7 . 29
Ac ompa r ison b e tween t r anche ta xe sa nd p i ck sf r om Qua r r /B in s tead ,F i shbou rne ,g ene ra l I s le o fW igh tc oa s ta ls i te sa nd i n land . M ic ro l i th s , s i te Q 99 ( 1 -17 )a nd Q 2( 18 -28 ) . F o rk ey s e eT ab le 7 . 3 .
F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re
7 . 30 7 . 31 7 . 32 7 . 33 7 . 34
M ic ro l i th s , s i te Q 99 . F o rk ey s e eT ab le 7 . 3 . 1 81 M ic ro l i th s , s i te sK 1 ( 1 ) , Q 3 ( 2 ) ,Q 5 ( 3 ) , B 7 ( 4 -5 ) ,B 8( 6 12 )a nd g ene ra l( 1 3 ) .Fo rk ey s e eT ab le 7 . 3 .182 M ic ro l i th l e ng th /b read th r a t io , s i te Q 99 . 1 83 H in te r land l i t h ic s -P uckhou se /Newnham F a rm 1 83 H in te r land l i t h ic s -P a lme r s F a rm ( 1 -7 , 1 2 ) ,Q ua r r( 8 -11) a nd F er nh i l l( 1 3 ) . 1 84
F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re
7 . 35 7 . 36 7 . 37 7 . 38
B ur n tf l in ts c a t te r si nt h eh in te r land i nr e la t ion t og eo logy , c on tou r s a nd w a te r . Qua r ra nd C omb ley F a rm b u rn tf l in ts i te s -c r o s ss e c t ion s . I s le o fW igh ts i te sw h ich c on ta in b ur n tf l in t . Wh ipp ingham b u rn tf l in ts c a t te r si nr e la t ion t oo t he rs i te s .
1 87 1 88 1 89 1 90
F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re
7 . 39 7 . 40 7 . 4 1 7 . 42 7 . 43 7 . 44
T he l o ca t ion so ft r ackway sa t Qua r r /B in s tead S t ru c tu re sK 45 a nd B 46 ( po s t sn o tt os ca le ) S t ruc tu re P 100 ( po s t sn o tt os ca le ) S ugge s ted r e con s t ruc t ion o ft r ackway Q 190 S t ruc tu re sQ 172 a nd Q 174 179 S t ruc tu r eQ 27
1 93 1 94 1 94 1 95 1 96 1 97
F igu re 7 . 45 F igu re 7 . 46 F igu re 7 . 47
S t ruc tu re sQ 23 -26 S t ruc tu re Q 21 S t ruc tu re Q 22
1 97 1 98 1 98
F igu re 7 . 48 F igu re 7 . 49 F igu re 7 . 50
S t ruc tu re K 19 S t ruc tu re K 20 S pec ie so fw ood c u tw i th s t one t oo l s
1 99 1 99 1 99
F igu re 7 . 51 F igu re 7 . 52
S awn c r o s ss e c t ion t h rough N eo l i th ic t imbe rd r i l led b yt h e mo l lu sc p ho la sd ac ty lu s S t ruc tu re sP 180 183
2 00 2 01
1 77 1 80
F igu re 7 . 53
S t ruc tu re sP 96 -98
2 01
F igu re 7 . 54 F igu re 7 . 55 F igu re 7 . 56
B in s tead p o s tg roup s S t ruc tu re B 49 S t ruc tu re B 66
2 02 2 03 2 03
F igu re 7 . 57 F igu re 7 . 58
S t ru c tu re sB 77 -B81 S t ruc tu re sQ 86 -9 1
2 04 2 05
v i i i
F igu re 7 . 59
S t ruc tu re Q 90
2 05
F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re
S t ru c tu re Q 173 A l ignmen t sa tF i shbour ne Wood s pec ie su sed f o rs t ake sc u tw i th B ronze A ge m e ta lt oo l s L ong sho re a l ignmen t sa tQ ua r r /B in s tead S t ru c tu re B 18 t oo ls i gna tu re s . *i n d ica te s an on -ma tch ing t o o l s i gna tu re
2 06 2 06 2 07 2 07 2 08
F igu re 7 . 65 F igu re 7 . 66
I r on Age o ak s t ake f r om a l ignmen tB 18 R oman t imbe r 1 000004 d e ta i l
2 08 2 09
F igu re 7 . 67 F igu re 7 . 68 F igu re 7 . 69
R oman t imbe r 1 000004 i ns i tu L ong sho re S axon a l ignmen tQ 16 S axon o ak p o le sf i r s tr i ng w id th s
2 09 2 10 2 11
F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re
S axon n on -oak p o le sf i r s tr i ng w id th s A sh s t ake 8 53 f r om a l ignmen tB 17 s how ing g a l le r ie sc au sed b yb a rk b ee t le s S t ru c tu re P 103 t o o l s i gna tu re s . S t ru c tu re Q 1 5 /K 16 . *i n d ica te s an on -ma tch ing t oo l s i gna tu re S t ru c tu re B 17 t oo ls i gna tu re s . *i n d ica te s an on -ma tch ing t o o l s i gna tu re S ix S axon s t ake p o in t s : 1a nd 4a l ignmen tB 17 , Q ue rcu s s p . a nd A lnu ss p . 2 ,3 , 5a nd 6a l ignmen tK 16 , Q ue r cu s s p . ( 2a nd 5 ) ,F rax inu s s p . ( 3a nd 6 ) F i sh w e i rB 48 / 110 A pex o ff i sh w e i rB 48 / 110
2 11 2 13 2 15 2 16 2 16
7 . 60 7 . 6 1 7 . 62 7 . 63 7 . 64
7 . 70 7 . 71 7 . 72 7 . 73 7 . 74 7 . 75
F igu re 7 . 76 F igu re 7 . 77 F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re
7 . 78 7 . 79 7 . 80 7 . 81 7 . 82
F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re
7 . 83 7 . 84 7 . 85 7 . 86 7 . 87 7 . 88 7 . 89 7 . 90 8 . 1 8 . 2 8 . 3 8 . 4 8 . 5
S ugge s ted r e con s t ruc t ion o ff i sh w e i rB 48 / 110 P o s s ib le f i sh p ond a tF i shbou rne .T he b l ack a r ea i s an a tu ra l l ime s tone o u tc rop T he m ed ieva lt o o ls i gna tu re s . F ou r teen th c en tu ry o ak p o le sf i r s tr i ng w id th s Med ieva ls t ake p o in tt y pe s : 1s t ru c tu r eK 3 , U lmu ss p . ; 2a nd 3A l ignmen tQ 11 ,u n iden t if ied a nd Q u e rcu ss p . S t ru c tu re K 43 'Boa tH a rbou r 'a d jacen tt ot h es t one q ua r r ie sa tB in s tead ' Boa tH a rbou r 's hown o nt h e 1 863 O rdnance S u rvey m ap A l ignmen t sa tK ing ' sQ uay C a t t le s ku l ld a ted b yC ' 't o1 740 50 B P , c a l AD 1 40 -4 10 ( GU -5055 ) C he r tp i ck sa nd t h e i rs ou rce ma te r ia li nt h eI s le o fW igh t T he d i s t r ibu t ion o fi mpo r ted s t one a xe si nt h eI s le o fW igh t G rooved w a re a nd o y s te rb ed si nt h eW igh t -So len tr e g ion C ro s s -So len tc onnec t ion sb e t rayed b yt h ep e t ro logy o fN eo l i th ic p o t te ry T he ma r i t ime a t t r ibu te so f Woo t ton C reek . Med ieva lp o r t sa nd a ncho rage so fW igh t . S ed imen tt r an spo r tp a th si nt h ev i c in i ty o fR yde M idd le B ank A rea so fR yde M idd le B ank a nd t h e E a s te rn S o len ts u rveyed . R yde M idd le B ank c on tou r map ( d ep th sb e low OD ) .
2 18 2 19 2 20 2 20 2 22 2 22 2 23 2 24 2 25 2 25 2 26 2 32 2 33 2 34 2 34 2 35 2 40 2 42 2 42 2 43 2 43
F igu re 8 . 6 F igu re 8 . 7 F igu re 8 . 8
R yde M idd le B ank r e l ief m ap ( f rom SW ) . R yd eM idd le B ank r e l ief map ( f rom E ) E a s tS o len tc on tou rm ap s u rf ace s how ing p o ten t ia l a r chaeo log ica l f e a tu re sd e tec ted b yC h i rp
2 44 2 44
F igu re 8 . 9 F igu re 8 . 10 F igu re 8 . 11
( emp ty c i rc le ) a nd s i de scan s u rvey T he l o ca t ion o fp r inc ipa lN eo l i th ic s oc io re l ig iou s monumen t s i nt h eI s le o fW igh t . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o fj ade i te a nd j ade l ike a xe si nt h e S o len tr e g ion . T he a t te s ted m a r i t ime l i nk so fB ronze Age W igh t .
2 46 2 47 2 47 2 49
I r on Age f o r t if ied c oa s ta lc ommun i t ie so nt h e We s sex -So len tc oa s t . P o ten t ia l ly d ef endab le l o ca t ion s i nt h eI s le o fW igh t . F rom e a s tt ow e s tt h e se a r e : B rad ing H aven , Woo t ton C reek , E a s tC owe s , We s tC owe s ,N ew town ,Y a rmou th , a nd T he N eed le s T he d i s t r ibu t ion o fD r e s se l 1a mpho rae i nW igh t P to lemy ' si d en t if ica t ion o fV ec t is a nd t h e Magnu s P o r tu s . T he c onf ede ra ted m ed ieva lp o r t s i nt h e l i be r ty o fS ou thamp ton T he l o ca t ion o f of sho re R oman a mpho ra f i nd s i nt h e S o len t T he mon i to red t r aw l T he f i r s tc en tu ry s h e rd s c a t te ra tt h ep e r ce ived i n te r t ida ls t one q ua r ry a ts i t eB 7o nB in s tead B ea ch T he mo sa ic i nR oom 1 2a tB rad ing R oman v i l la ( f rom P r ice a nd P r ice 1 881)
2 51 2 52 2 52 2 54 2 55 2 58 2 58 2 59 2 62
T he e xpo r to fQ ua r rs t one i nS axon a nd e a r ly p o s t -Conque s tt ime s . T he s ou rce so fe a r ly m ed ieva lc e ram ic sr e cove red f r om Woo t ton H aven ( AD 100 1250 ) T he s ou rce so fh igh m ed ieva l c e ram ic sr e cove red f r om Woo t ton H aven ( AD 1 250 1350 ) .
2 65 2 65 2 65
F igu re 8 . 12 F igu re 8 . 13 F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re
8 . 14 8 . 15 8 . 16 8 . 17 8 . 18 8 . 19 8 . 20
F igu re 8 . 2 1 F igu re 8 . 22 F igu re 8 . 23
i x
F igu r e8 . 24 F igu r e8 . 25
V ec ten s ian c og sd ep ic ted o nt h eb o rough s ea ls o fY a rmou th ,N ew town a nd N ewpo r t T he h o ld ing so fQ ua r rA bbey .
2 66 2 67
F igu r e8 . 26 F igu re 8 . 27 F igu re 8 . 28
T he s ou rce so fl a te m ed ieva lc e ram ic sr e cove red f r om Woo t ton H aven ( AD 1 350 1520 ) Aq uan t if ica t ion o fm ed ieva la nd p o s tm ed ieva lc e ram ic sr e cove red f r om R yde M idd le B ank H i s tog ram s how ing t h eq uan t i t ie so fl a te m ed ieva l c e ram ic sr e cove red f r om R yde M idd le B ank
2 68 2 68
a nd t h ea gg rega ted i n c idence o fc on tempo ra ry s h ipp ing a cco rd ing t ot h eS ou thamp ton P o r tB ook s o ft h em id f i f teen th c en tu ry . Ll o ca l ; ENL E ng l ish n on loca l ; NF No r th F rench : I MI b e r io - Med i te r ranean ; LC L ow C oun t r ie s . 2 69 F igu re 8 . 29
U n load ing aS o len tb a rge o nt h eb ea ch n ea rS t . C la re ,R yde . Wa te r co lou rb yJ ohn L e igh
F igu re 8 . 30
B eckf o rd ( 1826 ) O ys te rp en sa nd f i she r ie si nt h en e ighbou rhood o f Woo t ton H aven i n1 898 .
2 70 2 71
F igu r e F igu re F igu re F igu re
8 . 31 8 . 32 8 . 33 8 . 34
I s le o fW igh tp ay sw i th h am ,s t ead a nd t ün s e t t lemen tn ame s . B in s tead p a r i sh a nd t h eb ound so fS ta the . E a r thwo rk ss u r round ing Q ua r r Abbey . E a r thwo rk si nt h eg ene ra ls u rvey a r ea
2 74 2 81 2 85 2 85
F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re
8 . 35 8 . 36 8 . 37 8 . 38 8 . 39
2 86 2 93 2 96 2 97
F igu re 8 . 40
T he mona s t ic f i shpond sa tQ ua r r . F o rg ene ra ll o ca t ion s e ef i gu re 8 . 33 P l an o ft h el ime s tone q ua r r ie si nt h e Qua r r -B in s tead a r ea P lo to ft imbe rp o s i t ion ss u rveyed b yt o ta l s t a t ion . T he L i s tS h ipya rd , Woo t ton C reek P i le a nd p l ank r e ve tmen tt y p ica lo ft h a tu sed f o rw a te rf r on tage i nd ock sa nd s h ipya rd s ( Buck le r ' sH a rd , U n ive r s i ty o fS ou thamp ton ) . D iag ram s how ing s y s tem o fs ho re sa nd s t ag ing
2 98 2 99
F igu re 8 . 4 1 F igu re 9 . 1 F igu re 9 . 2
D is t r ibu t ion o fL a te I r on Age s he l lt empe red s aucepan p o t si nt h e I s le o fW igh t E a r l ie rp reh i s to r ic c e ram ic sf r om P uck H ou se H i l l E a r l ie rp reh is to r ic c e ram ic sf r om i n te r t ida l s i te s
3 0 1 3 05 3 07
F igu re 9 . 3 F igu re 9 . 4
D i s t r ibu t ion o fL a te rB ronze Age /Ea r ly I r on Age p o t te ry i nt h ev i c in i ty o fs t ru c tu r e sB 79 -B81 o n B in s tead B each D i s t r ib i t ion o fB ronze Age s he l lt empe red c e ram ic si nt h eI s le o fW igh t
3 08 3 08
F igu re F igu r e F igu r e F igu re
F i shbou rne F i shbou rne F i shbou rne F i shbou rne
3 18 3 18 3 19 3 20
9 . 5 9 . 6 9 . 7 9 . 8
B each . B each . B ea ch . B ea ch .
D i s t r ibu t ion D i s t r ibu t ion D i s t r ibu t ion D i s t r ibu t ion
o fa l lp lo t ted I r on A ge a nd R oman s he rd s . o fI r on Age a nd l a te f i r s tc en tu ry s he rd s . o fs e cond a nd e a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry s he rd s . o fp o s t -270 s he rd s .
F igu re 9 . 9
R oman c e ram ic sc .5 0 BC -AD 1 00 ( 1 -27 ) .
3 2 1
F igu re 9 . 10 F igu re 9 . 11
R oman c e ram ic sc .5 0 BC -AD 1 00 ( 28 -54 ) . R oman c e ram ics AD 1 00 -270 ( 55 -73 ) .
3 24 3 27
F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re
R oman R oman R oman R oman
3 30 3 32 3 33
9 . 12 9 . 13 9 . 14 9 . 15
c e ram ic s AD 1 00 -270 ( 74 -96 ) . c e ram ic s AD 2 70+ ( 97 -105 ) c e ram ic sf r om Q ua r rB each s i te sQ 4a nd B 7 ( 106 144 ) . c e ram ic sf r om Q ua r rB each s i te sQ 111 , Q 2 a nd n on s i ted . C e ram ic sf r om s eabed s i te s
F igu re 9 . 16
( 145 -168 ) . T he p o t te ry a se v idence f o rt r ade . M idd le I r on Age /La te I r on A ge 1
3 36 3 38
F igu re 9 . 17 F igu re 9 . 18 F igu re 9 . 19
T he p o t te ry a se v idence f o rt r ade . L a te I r on A ge 2t o AD 1 00 T he p o t te ry a se v idence f o rt r ade . AD 1 00 -270 . T he p o t te ry a se v idence f o rt r ade . AD 2 70 -400+ .
3 39 3 41 3 43
F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re
E ng l i sh w a re s : S axon ,e a r ly m ed ieva l ,h igh m ed ieva l( 1 -13 ) . E ng l i sh w a re s :h igh m ed ieva ls andy w a re s , l a te m ed ieva l ,p o s tm ed ieva le a r thenwa re s( 14 -25 ) . V e rwood t ype p o t te ry ( 26 -35 ) . E ng l i sh p o s tm ed ieva ln on loca lc e ram ic s( 36 -48 ) . F rench w a re s( 49 -62 e xc l . 5 1) .
3 57 3 59 3 6 1 3 62 3 64
9 . 20 9 . 2 1 9 . 22 9 . 23 9 . 24
F igu re 9 . 25
F rench w a re s : S a in tonge p egau ( 5 1) .
3 66
F igu re 9 . 26 F igu re 9 . 27
S a in tonge wh i t ew a re p egau w i th ag r een b i bg l aze .T h er ou le t t ed a pp l ied s t r ip i su nu sua l .F ab r ic 2 14 L ow C oun t r ie sw a re s( 6 3 -74 ) .
3 66 3 68
F igu re 9 . 28 F igu re 9 . 29
R hen ish w a r e s( 7 5 -80 ) I b e r ian , I t a l ian a nd Med i te r ranean w a re s( 8 1-95 ) .
3 69 3 70
F ig 9 . 30
Two s he rd so ft h es ame V a lenc ian l u s t rewa re b ow l . O ne s he rd h a st u rned b l ack i nt h ew a te r , p robab ly d ue t o ar e ac t ion w i th t h et i nc on ten to ft h eg l aze .T he o t he rs he rd h a sr ema ined u na l te red ,h oweve r .F ab r ic 2 73 . 1 526 .244 1/4045 O r ien ta lw a re s( 96 -99 ) F i shbour ne B each : d i s t r ibu t ion o fS axon p o t te ry .
3 71 3 72 3 75
F igu re 9 . 31 F igu re 9 . 32
F igu re 9 . 33 F igu re 9 . 34 F igu r e 9 . 35
F i shbou rne B each : d i s t r ibu t ion o fe a r ly m ed ieva lp o t te ry F i shbou rne B each : d i s t r ibu t ion o fh igh m ed ieva lp o t te ry . F i shbour ne B each : d i s t r ibu t ion o fl a te m ed ieva lp o t te ry
3 76 3 76 3 77
F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu r e F igu re
F i shboume B each : d i s t r ibu t ion o fp o s tm ed ieva lp o t te ry . F i shbour ne B each : u nab raded s he rd s . F i shbour ne B each : a b raded s he rd s . B r ique tage f r om F i shbou rne a nd Q ua r rs i te Q 111 Me ta lwo rk f r om F i shbou rne B each : c oppe ra l loy d r e s sa cce s so r ie sa nd p e r sona l i t em s
3 78 3 81 3 81 3 90 3 92
F igu re 9 . 4 1 F igu re 9 . 42
Me ta lwo rk f r om F i shbou rne B each : c oppe ra l loy m i sce l laneou so b jec t s , i r on f i sh h ook . Me ta lwo rk f r om F i shbou rne B each : o b jec t so fl e ad a nd i nde te rm ina te a l loy s .
3 93 3 95
F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re
Me ta lwo rk f r om F i shbou rne B each : l e ad o b jec t s Me ta lwo rk : Qua r rB ea ch . L ea the ra r tef ac t s : s hoe s L ea the ra r tef ac t s . B one a nd a n t le r : w a s te p roduc t s . B one a nd a n t le r : p in s .
3 96 3 97 4 02 4 03 4 04 4 05
F igu re 9 . 49 F igu re 9 . 50 F igu r e 9 . 51
B one a nd a n t le ra r tef ac t s :F i shbou rne B each . B one a nd a n t le ra r tef ac t s : Q ua r rB each . Wooden a r tef a c t s : s h ip sf i t t ing s
4 06 4 08 4 10
F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re
9 . 52 9 . 53 9 . 54 9 . 55 9 . 56 9 . 57 9 . 58 9 . 59 9 . 60 9 . 6 1
Wooden a r tef ac t s . Wooden a r tef ac t s . Tw i s ted w i thy Wooden a r tef ac t s . Wooden a r tef ac t s . C o in sf r om F i shbour n eB each a nd t h eC omb ley h oa rd T he g la s s . H one s tone s . D i s t r ibu t ion o ff o re ign s t one a tF i shbour ne B each B a l la s ts t ones f r om R yde M idd le B ank
4 12 4 13 4 14 4 15 4 16 4 22 4 28 4 30 4 31 4 32
F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re
9 . 62 9 . 63 1 0 .1 1 0 .2 1 0 .3 1 0 .4
Wo rked s t one f r om F i shbou rne B each ( 2 -6 ) a nd R yde M idd le B ank ( 1 ) S ha le b race le tf r om s i te B 7 L oca t ion o fs amp led s t ake sa nd mon i tor ing s t a t ion sa tQ ua r r N e re is a nd . L imno r ia ( no tt os c a le . ) D eJ ong ' sc l a s s if ica t ion s y s tem H a rdne s st e s t s .
4 34 4 36 4 40 4 42 4 43 4 44
H a rdne s st e s t s . T he b l aded o ys te rd r edge A rea so fa r chaeo log ica ls en s i t iv i ty . H i s to r ic a ncho rage sa nd a r ea so fa c t ive o y s te rt r aw l ing a c t iv i ty i nt h e S o len t . T he d if e r ing s ub s t ra te so ft h ee a s ter na nd w e s ter nS o len t( af t e rH amb l in a nd H a r r i son 1 98 1) . S chema t ic d i ag ram s yn the s i s ing c hange si nt h e LWMOT 1 7511995 , a si n d ica ted f r om O rdnance S u rvey ( OS )a nd H yd rog raph ic S u rvey ( HS ) . As chema t ic d i ag ram s yn the s i s ing c hange si nt h ep o s i t ion o f HWMOT f r om I 8 62 1995 b e tween Q ua r ra nd R yde . C ompo s i te d i ag ram s how ing a na r ray o ft h rea t sp o sed t ot h ea r chaeo log ica l r e sou r ce o nt h e Woo t tonQua r rc oa s t C lam r a ke s cou r ing st h rough t h es ubme rged a r chaeo log ica l l a nd scape o nQ ua r rB ea ch L oca t ion o fs t udy a r ea o nE a s tS ho re Z one C on tou rp l o t s d e r ived f r om d ig i ta lt e r ra in mode l s . Movemen to fb each m a te r ia la sd emon s t ra ted b yh i l l shaded v i sua l isa t ion s Movemen to fb each m a te r ia la sd emon s t ra ted b yp lo t ss how ing l e ve lc hange B each s t ab i l i ty p lo t . C hange si nl e ve l a c ro s st h em ed ieva la l ignmen tQ 12 o n Qua r rB each 1 992 1996 . D ec rea se i nh e igh ta bove t h es u rf ace o ft h ew a te r logged p o s t so ve rt h ef ou ry ea rp e r iod . T he p a laeochanne ls ed imen t sa tN ew town d e tec ted b y s ub -bo t tom s ona r
4 45 4 50
9 . 36 9 . 37 9 . 38 9 . 39 9 . 40
9 . 43 9 . 44 9 . 45 9 . 46 9 . 47 9 . 48
F igu re 1 0 .5 F igu re 1 0 .6 F igu re 1 0 .7 F igu re 1 0 .8 F igu re 1 0 .9 F i gu re 1 0 .10 F igu re 1 0 .11 F igu r e F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re
1 0 .12 1 0 .13 1 0 .14 1 0 .15 1 0 .16 1 0 .17 1 0 .18 1 0 .19 1 0 .20 .
4 51 4 51 4 55 4 57 4 6 1 4 62 4 63 4 64 4 65 4 66 4 67 4 67 4 68 4 73
F igu re 1 0 .2 1 .L IFE b lock d i ag ram o fB ou ldno r . F igu re 1 0 .22 L IFE b lock d i ag ram o fN ew town .
4 74 4 75
F igu re 1 0 .23 O n -go ing h e r i tage lo s s .L a te s t y le b eake ro ft h ee a r ly B ronze A ge u ncove r ed b ye r o s ion i n t h ei n te r t ida lz one a t Woo t ton H aven a f te rt h ec omp le t ion o ft h es u rvey p ro jec t
4 78
x i
F igu r e 1 0 .24 F igu r e 1 0 .25 F igu r e 1 0 .26 F ig 1 2 . 1
F ig 1 2 .2
F ig 1 2 .3
F ig 1 2 .4
F i g 1 2 .5
F i g 1 2 .6
F ig 1 2 .7
F ig 1 2 .8
F ig 1 2 .9
S ucce s s ive b l ock d i ag ram so ft h ec oa s ta lc hange e p i sode so nt h e Woo t tonQua r rc oa s t 4 80 A r cha eo log ica lm a te r ia lr e cove r ed f r om t h e mon i to r ed t r aw lo fR yde M idd le B ank 4 82 T he c oa s ta lm anagemen tp ro ce s su n i t so ft h eI s le o fW igh t 4 84 P robab i l i ty d i s t r ibu t ion o fF i shboum eB ea ch d a t e s .E a ch d i s t r ibu t ion r e p r e sen t st h er e la t ive p r obab i l i ty t h a ta ne ven to ccu r r ed a t ap a r t icu la rt i me .T he se d i s t r ibu t ion sa r et h er e su l to fs imp le r a d io ca rbon c a l ib ra t ion ( S tu ive ra nd R e ime r 1 993 ) . 5 13 P robab i l i ty d i s t r ibu t ion o fQ ua r r /B in s tead B ea ch d a te s .E a ch d i s t r ibu t ion r e p r e sen t st h er e la t iv e p robab i l i ty t h a ta ne ven to ccu r r ed a t ap a r t icu la rt i me .T he se d i s t r ibu t ion sa r et h er e su l to fs imp le r a d io ca rbon c a l ib ra t ion ( S tu ive ra nd R e ime r 1 993 ) . 5 13 P robab i l i ty d i s t r ibu t ion o fK ey sB ea ch d a te s .E a ch d i s t r ibu t ion r e p r e sen t st h er e la t ive p r obab i l i ty t h a ta ne ven to ccu r r ed a t ap a r t icu la rt ime .T h e se d i s t r ibu t ion sa r et h er e su l to fs imp le r a d io ca rbon c a l ib r a t ion ( S tu ive ra nd R e ime r 1 993 ) . 5 13 P robab i l i ty d i s t r ibu t ion o fP e lhamf te ld d a te s .E a ch d i s t r ibu t ion r e p r e sen t st h er e la t ive p r obab i l i ty t h a ta ne ven to ccu r r ed a t ap ar t icu la rt i me .T he se d i s t r ibu t ion sa r et h er e su l to fs imp le r a d io ca rbon c a l ib ra t ion ( S tu ive ra nd R e ime r1 993 ) . 5 14 P robab i l i ty d i s t r ibu t ion o fQ ua r rd a te s . E a ch d i s t r ibu t ion r e p r e sen t st h er e la t ive p robab i l i ty t h a t a ne ven to ccu r r ed a t ap a r t icu la rt i me .T he se d i s t r ibu t ion sa r et h er e su l to fs imp le r a d ioca rbon c a l ib r a t ion ( S tu ive ra nd R e ime r 1 993 ) . 5 14 P robab i l i ty d i s t r ibu t ion o fK ing ' sQ uay d a te s . E a ch d i s t r ibu t ion r e p r e sen t st h er e la t ive p r obab i l i ty t h a ta ne ven to ccu r r ed a t ap a r t icu la rt i me .T he se d i s t r ibu t ion sa r et h er e su l to fs imp le r a d io ca rbon c a l ib ra t ion ( S tu ive ra nd R e ime r 1 993 ) . 5 14 P robab i l i ty d i s t r ibu t ion o f Woo t ton h i n te r land b u rn tf l i n ts i t e sd a te s . E a ch d i s t r ibu t ion r e p r e sen t s t h er e la t ive p robab i l i ty t h a ta ne ven to ccu r r ed a t ap a r t icu la rt i me .T he se d i s t r ibu t ion sa r et h er e su l t o fs imp le r a d ioca rbon c a l ib r a t ion ( S tu ive ra nd R e ime r 1 993 ) 5 15 P robab i l i ty d i s t r ibu t ion o fp a la eo -env i ronmen ta la nd r e la ted i n te r t ida ls i t ed a te s . E a ch d i s t r ibu t ion r e p r e sen t st h er e la t iv ep robab i l i ty t h a ta ne ven to ccu r r ed a t ap a r t icu la rt i me .T he se d i s t r ibu t ion sa r e t h er e su l to fs imp le r a d ioca rbon c a l ib ra t ion ( S tu ive ra nd R e ime r1 993 ) 5 15 P robab i l i ty d i s t r ibu t ion o fO ak t r ee d a te s .E a ch d i s t r ibu t ion r e p r e sen t st h er e la t ive p robab i l i ty t h a t a ne ven to ccu r r ed a t ap a r t icu la rt i me .T he se d i s t r ibu t ion sa r et h er e su l to fs imp le r a d ioca rbon c a l ib ra t ion ( S tu ive ra nd R e ime r 1 993 ) . 5 16
L is to fT ab les T ab le 3 . 1 T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le
4 . 1 4 . 2 4 . 3 4 . 4 4 . 5 4 . 6 4 . 7 4 . 8
T ab le 4 . 9 T ab le 4 . 10 T ab le 4 . 11 T ab le 4 . 12 T ab le 4 . 13 T ab le 4 . 14 T ab le 4 . 15 T ab le 4 . 16 T ab le 4 . 17
D if f e r ence sb e tw een t h ef l o ra so ft h eI s le o fW igh ta nd H amp sh i r e ( f rom i n f o rma t ion i nB rew i se ta l , 1 996 ) Wa te r logged s e ed s . O the rw a te r logged m a c ro scop ic p l an tr ema in s( e xc lud ing w ood ) . C o leop te ra O the ri n sec t s . Q ua r rB each ( 2 027 )t r a ckway s :w ooden p o s t sa nd s t ru c tu ra lc omponen t s Q ua r rB ea ch ( 2 027 ) : w ooden c omponen t sf r om s t ru c tu re so fv a r iou sd a te s . F i shbou rne B each ( 1 526 ) ,K ing ' sQ uay ( 2 197 ) ,Y a rmou th S p i t( 2 24 1) a nd B ou ldno r( 2 60 16 ) . D e ta i l so ft r ee r ing s amp le s . S ke t che sa r en o tt os c a le : s had ing o ns k e t che sr e p re sen t ss a pwood . B -b a rk e dge ,s e a son u nknown ; Bw -b a rk e dge ,f e l led w in te r ;B + sp r -b a rk e dge , f e l led s umme r ,i n comp le te r i ng n o tm ea su r ed ; +-u nmea su r ed r i ng sp r e sen t . t va lu em a t r ix s how ing t h el e ve lo fc o r r e la t ion b e tween t h ed a ted r i ng s e quence sf r om s i t e2 027 , Q ua r rB ea ch .V a lue sl e s st h an 3 . 0a r en o tl i s ted ; \-o ve r lap l e s st h an 1 5y ea r s . t va lu em a t r ix s how ing t h el e ve lo fc o r r e la t ion b e tw een t h ed a ted r i ng s equence sf r om s i t e 1 526 , F i shboume B ea ch .V a lu e sl e s st h an 3 . 0a r en o tl i s ted ; \-o ve r lap l e s st h an 1 5y ea r s . I s le o fW igh tt r ee r ing c h rono logy ,3 463 -2694 BC ;t o ta ln umbe ro fs amp le si s2 7 Ma tch ing T 27 w i th o t he rp r eh i s to r ic c h rono log ie s . D e ta i l so fo t he rc h rono log ie sa r eg i ven i n
2 4 4 2 4 2 4 3 4 3 5 4 5 6 5 8
6 8 6 8 6 9 7 0
T ab le 4 . 2 1 . 7 1 D a t ing s amp le 2 8t va lue sw i th d a ted r e f e r ence c h rono log ie s .D e ta i l so ft h ec hono log ie sa r eg i ven i n T ab le 4 . 2 1 . 7 2 R ing w id th d a ta f r om s amp le 2 8 ,2 694 -2557 BC 7 2 t va lu em a t r ix f o rt h eu nda ted 3t i mbe rm a s te rs e quence 7 3 U nda ted m a s te rs equence o f2 68 y ea r s ,r i ng s2 3 -43 a r ed a ted b yr a d ioca rbon t o3 690 -3360 c a l [ IC ( GU -5299 ,4 730±60 B P ) . 7 3 t va lue m a t r ix s how ing t h ec o r r e la t ion b e tw een t h er i ng s e qu en ce sf r om s t ruc tu r eB 18 .
x i i
T ab le 4 . 18 T ab le 4 . 19 T ab le 4 . 20 T ab le 4 . 21
T ab le 5 . 1 T ab le 5 . 2 T ab le 5 . 3 T ab le 5 . 4 T ab le 6 . 1 T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le
6 . 2 7 . 1 7 . 2 7 . 3 7 . 4 7 . 5 7 . 6 7 . 7 7 . 8 7 . 9 7 . 10 8 . 1 8 . 2
T ab le 8 . 3 T ab le 8 . 4 T ab le 9 . 1 T ab le 9 . 2
V a lues l e s st h an 3 . 0a r en o ts hown U nda ted m a s te rs equence o f1 1 y ea r sf r om s t ruc tu re B 18 . S amp le s 5a nd 9 25 h ave r ad ioca rbon
7 4
d a tes o f4 00 -200 c a l BC ( GU -5253 ,2 270±50 B P )a nd 4 00 190 c a l BC ( GU -5583 ,2 250±50 B P ) . S umma ry o fr ad ioca rbon r e su l t s t va lue m a t r ix s how ing t h el e ve ls o fa g reemen tb e tween r i ng s equence sf r om t h et h ree s i te s . V a lues l e s st h an 3 . 0a r en o tl i s ted ; \-o ve r lap l e s st h an 1 5y ea r s . D e ta i ls o fd a ted p reh i s to r ic t r ee r ing c h rono log ie sf r om B r i ta in .T ho se m a rked w i th a na s te r i sk w e re p rodu ced i nt h eB e lf a s tT ree -R ing L abo ra to ry ( eg B a i l l ie a nd B rown 1 988 ;
7 4 7 5
B rown e ta l1 986 ) ;t h er ema inde rw e re p roduced a tS he f i e ld ( e gH i l lam e ta l1 990 ) , u n le ss s t a ted o the rw i se . S e ism ic f a c ie su n i t s D e t r i ta lh eavy m ine ra lp e rcen tage sf r om t h eY a rmou th c o re s amp le s . B a sed o nc oun t so f 1 00 t r an s lucen tg ra in so n ly . D e t r i ta lh eavy m ine ra lp e rcen tage sf r om t h eR ane lagh c o re s amp le s . B a sed o nc oun t so f 1 00 t r an s lucen tg ra in so n ly . F i res tone V a l ley d i a tom a na ly s i s . L and Mo l lu sca f r om D uxmo re C ombe ( 199 1) S umma ry o ft h e l a nd -u se h i s to ry a nd f a rm ing o fD uxmo re C ombe T he a va i lab i l i ty o fl a nd f o rf i e ldwa lk ing i nt h ep ro jec ta r ea . C o re a na ly s i s( P : P y ram ida l ,G : G lobu la r , I n I r regu la r M ic ro l i th c l a s s if ica t ion T he p e rcen tage so fi mp lemen t sf r om t h ei n ter t ida l s i te s . T ree r i ng e v idence f r om d a ted N eo l i th ic w ood g roup s . S t ake sc u tw i th b ronze t o o l s . S axon w ood land m anagemen t . T he Ang lo -Saxon s t ake a l ignmen t s ,f e l l ing t ime s ,t oo l s i gna tu re sa nd a xe p o in t ing t e chn ique s Med ieva lw ood land m anagemen t . We igh to ff r e sh ly f e l led o ak p o le sa s sum ing u n sea soned o ak w e igh s 1 073km /m 3 T he q ua l i t ie so fn a tu ra lh a rbou r sa d jacen tt of o r t if ied I r on A ge m a r i t ime s i te s i nt h eS o len tr eg ion . S o len tm a r i t ime t r ade i nt h e 1 5 th c en tu ry a sa t te s ted b yt h eS ou thamp ton p o r tr e co rd sc ompa red w i th t h ec e ram ic sr e cove red f r om R yde M idd le B ank
7
8 0 9 5 1 07 12 1 23 1 37 1 40 1 48 1 63 1 78 1 84 2 00 2 06 2 12 2 14 2 23 2 27 2 51 2 69
Q uan t if ica t ion o fS ou thamp ton ' sf o re ign t r ade i n AD 1 439 w i th e v idence o fl o ca lv oyage se xc luded . 2 69 T he q uan t if ica t ion a nd s ou rc ing o fs t rewn p o s tm ed ieva lc e ram ic s f r om t h ei n te r t ida la nd s ub t ida lz one s . 2 72 P o t te ry c5 0 BC -AD 1 00 a t Woo t ton H aven 3 21
T ab le 9 . 3
Ac ompa r i son o ft h ep o s t -conque s tp o t te ry f r om Woo t ton H aven w i th t h a tf r om c on tex t 1 7 a tC omb ley R oman V i l la . P o t te ry cAD 1 00 -270 a t Woo t ton H aven
3 2 1 3 26
T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le
P o t te ry cAD 2 70 -400+ a t Woo t ton H aven P o t te ry c5 0 BC -AD 1 00 f r om s i te Q 4o n Qua r rB each P o t te ry o ft h e l a te 4 th c en tu ry f r om s i te Q 4o nQ ua r rB each . P o t ter yf r om Q ua r rB each s i te B 7 P o t te ry c5 0 BC -AD 2 70 f r om t h e s eabed s i te s . P o t te ry f r om s eabed s i t e sf r om p roduc t ion s i te s e a s ta nd w e s to ft h e I s le o fW igh t S i te 1 526 . F ab r ic t y pe q uan t i t ie s .
3 28 31 34 35 3 45 3 45 3 73
9 . 4 9 . 5 9 . 6 9 . 7 9 . 8 9 . 9 9 . 10
T ab le 9 . 11
F i shbou rne B each ;s he rd c oun tb yw ea rf a c to r (W .F . )W .F . 0=n o tw o rn ;W .F . 1= s l igh t ly w o rn ; W .F . 2=mode ra te ly w or n ;W .F . 3=v e ry w o rn
3 75
T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le
9 . 12 9 . 13 9 . 14 9 . 15 9 . 16 9 . 17 9 . 18 9 . 19
S i te 2 027 . F ab r ic t y pe q uan t i t ie s . S i te 3 6004 . F ab r ic t y pe q uan t i t ie s . S i te 3 6004 ,c on t ro l led t r aw l . F ab r ic t ype q uan t i t ie s . F i shbou rne B each l e a the rq uan t if ica t ion I r on Age c o inage f r om F i shbou rne B each . R oman c o inage f r om F i shbou rne B each . F ou r th c en tu ry c o in i s sue s . S umma ry c a ta logue o ft h eC omb ley F a rm c o in h oa rd .
3 79 3 80 3 80 3 99 4 17 4 18 4 23 4 25
T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le
9 . 20 1 0 .1 1 0 .2 1 0 .3
B r i t ish T heodo s ian c o in h oa rd s . S i tes a nd t imbe r sa na ly sed f o rc ond i t ion a nd d eg rada t ion . R e su l t so fb i ode te r io ra t ion e xpe r imen t s . Max imum mo is tu re c on ten t -t op
4 27 4 40 4 4 1 4 42
T ab le 1 0 .4 Max imum m o i s tu re c on ten t —m idd le ,o u te r T ab le 1 0 .5 Max imum m o i s tu re c on ten t —m idd le ,c en t r e T ab le 1 0 .6 Max imum m o i s tu re c on ten t —b o t tom T ab le 1 0 .7 B a l sa w ood e xpe r imen t —s umma ry o fg roup s . T ab le 1 0 .8 D ipw e l lm on i to r ing ;a ve rage o fr e su l t s . T ab le 1 0 .9 A na ly s i so fw a te ri nt h et imbe rs t o rage t a nk T ab le 1 0 .10 T he s t ru c tu r en umbe ra nd s p ec ie so fa na ly sed s t ake s . T ab le 1 0 .11 T he r e su l t so ft h ea na ly s i so fs t ake s . T ab le 1 0 .12 E a s tS ho r eZ one s u rvey ;t h es u rf a ce a r ea ( s qm )o fs i gn if ican tc u ta nd f i l l . T ab le 1 0 .13 Mean l e ve la nd h e igh ta bove s u r f a ce o fs u rveyed p o s t s . T ab le 1 0 .14 Mean c hang e si nh e igh ta bove s u rf a ce a nd c hange i nl e ve l : e a s tg roup T ab le 1 0 .15 Mean c hange si nh e igh ta bove s u rf a ce a nd c hange i nl e ve l :w e s tg roup T ab le 1 .1 T he l a rge re d ib le f ow lo ft h eS o len tr e g ion p a s ta nd p r e sen t . T ab le s 1 2 .1 12 . 9T he r a d ioca rbon r e su l t s
x i v
4 42 4 42 4 43 4 45 4 47 4 49 4 49 4 50 4 65 4 67 4 68 4 68 4 90 5 13 -516
A cknow ledgemen t s Al a rge n umbe r o fp eop le h ave c on t r ibu ted t ot h e s ucce s s o ft h e p ro jec t . T he f i e ldwo rk w a s c onduc ted b y ac o re t e am o fD rD av id T oma l in , D av id Mo tk in , F rank B a sf o rd , R ebecca L oade r , P au l S imp son , a nd I v o r We s tmo re , w i th a s s is tance f r om v o lun tee r sA lan B rad ing ,A lan a nd B e t ty B u rney , B e l inda H ay ton , K ev in T ro t t ,T om a nd B i l lW inch ,a nd Andy Y u le . D rR ob S ca if ec a r r ied o u te nv i ronmen ta ls amp l ing a nd c o -o rd ina ted t h e e nv i ronmen ta l a na ly se s . N ick B lake a c ted a sp r inc ipa l f i e ld t e chn ic ian f o rm echan ica l a uge r ing a t F i re s tone C op se , R ane lagh S p i t a nd N ew town E a s t S p i t . D r N ick B ranch a s s i s ted w i th o pe ra t ing t h es t i tz c o re ra tN o r ton S p i ta nd R ane lagh S p i t . A dm in is t ra t ive s uppo r tw a s p rov ided b y J ane tA be rne thy a nd V icky B a sf o rd . R onn ie Wa te rman a s s i s ted w i th f i nd sp roce s s ing . U nu sua l ly , t h e Woo t tonQua r r i n te r t ida l z one i s amo sa ic o fp r iva te o wne r sh ip s a nd w e w ou ld l i ke t o t h ank t h e many l a ndowne r s w ho g ran ted u s a cce s s t ot h e b each a tK ing ' s Q uay , Wood s ide , F i shboume , Q ua r r a nd B in s tead . We a r e e spec ia l ly i ndeb ted t ot h e Abbo t t a nd C ommun i ty o f Qua r rA bbey , a nd t o M r a nd M r s D on a nd B e t ty Y oung a tF i shboume . S im i la r ly , w e a r e g ra tef u l t ot h e many f a rme r s w ho k i nd ly a l lowed u s t ow a lk t h e i r l a nd d u r ing t h e h in te r land f i e ldwa lk ing p rog ramme a nd t ot h e F o r e s t ry C omm i s s ion f o r p e rm i t t ing a cce s s t ot h e i n te r t ida l w e t land a tF i re s tone C op se . We a r e g ra tef u l t oM r A nd rew G rove s a tC omb ley F a rm , M r P h i l ip K enne r ley a tD uxmo re F a rm a nd M r J ohn C leave r a t N ewnham F a rm w ho a l lowed u st oc a r ry o u te xcava t ion so nt h e i rl a nd . S ou the rn Wa te rg ave p e rm i s s ion f o rc o r ing a tE ag lehead C ombe . T ony T u t ton ( Na t iona lT ru s t ) a r ranged a cce s st oN ew town E a s t S p i t . K en A be rne thy ( New town H a rbou r Ma s te r )t r an spo r ted u sa nd o u re qu ipmen tt ot h e s p i t . L oca l t r aw le rmen , i np a r t icu la rA ndy J a cob s , M ike J one s , P e te L ong , a nd J ohn D ud ley , g ave a cce s s t o m a te r ia ld redged f r om t h es e abed . W i th in E ng l ish H e r i tage s uppo r t a nd a dv ice w a s p rov ided b y R eg iona l I n spec to r s P au l G o s l ing , S t eve T row , a nd P au l R obe r t s ; P ro jec t Mon i to r s T on i P ea r son , F ach tna McAvoy , C la re d e R ouff igna c , S a rah R e i l ly , a nd D rD av id R ob in son ; C oa s ta l S t ra tegy O ff ice r P e te r Mu rphy , a nd AML s t af f , i np a r t icu la r D r S eba s t ian P ayne , D rH e len K ee ley , D rA nd rew D av id ,A nd rew P ayne , D rN e i l L inf o rd , D rA lex B ay l is s , a nd M ike C o rf ie ld . S ea l ink UK ( now W igh t l ink UK )p rov ided i n i t ia l f und ing t ot h e I s le o fW igh tA rchaeo log ica lC omm i t tee f o rt h ef i r s tf i e ld a s se s smen to fh e r i tage lo s so nF i shboume B each . B r i s tow A i r -Sea R e scue H e l icop te rs e rv ice p rov ided a s s i s tance o b ta in ing a e r ia lv i ew so f Woo t ton H aven . J ohn C rou che r ,P au lC ree r ,L uke E dwa rd s ,t h eI s le o fW igh tC ounc i lC oun t rys ide S ec t ion ,a nd t h e BTCV c u ts amp le sf o rd end roch rono log ica ld a t ing . P rof e s so r M ichae l C o l l in s a nd D r J u s t in D ix o f t h e U n ive r s i ty o f S ou thamp ton , D epa r tmen t o f O ceanog raphy ( now t h eN a t iona l O ceanog raphy C en t re ) c a r r ied o u t t h e s ub -bo t tom g eophy s ica l s u rvey o ft h e of sho re c ou r se o ft h eF i shbou rne -Qua r ra nd N ew town p a laeochanne ls . T he H amp sh i re a nd W igh t T ru s t f o r Ma r i t ime A r chaeo logy c a r r ied o u t u nde rwa te r i n ve s t iga t ion o ft h e R yde M idd le B ank a nd o rgan i sed t h e mon i to red a r chaeo log ica lt r aw l . D rJ on Adams a nd p o s t -g radua te m embe r so ft h e U n ive r s i ty o fS ou thamp ton C en t re f o r Ma r i t ime S tud ie s s u rveyed t h ee x tan tb oa t -bu i ld ing s t ock so nF i shbou rne B each . D r D om in ic F on tana ( Un ive r s i ty o f P o r t smou th ) c a r r ied o u t s t e reo scop ic c on tou r ing o f t h e Woo t tonQ ua r ri n te r t ida lz one . D rA nne t te Mo r t lock c ommen ted o nm a r ine g row th o nl i t h ic sr e cove red f r om Q ua r rB each . P rof e s so rD av id P eacock a dv i sed o nt h es u rvey o fl ime s tone q ua r r ie s . J ohn Ma rgham w ou ld l i ke t ot h ank D r Ma rga re tG e l l ing f o rc heck ing a nd a mend ing h i st r an s la t ion o ft h e b ound s o fS ta the , c o r re spond ing w i th h im a bou tt h e s i gn if icance o fs pec if ic n ame s i nt h e se b ound s a nd c ommen t ing o n a n a sy e t u npub l ished t y pe sc r ip t a bou t I s land p l ace -name s . H e w ou ld a l so l i ke t ot h ank Mau r ice T u rne rf o rc ommen t ing o ne a r l ie rd raf t s o fh i sp ape r s , Ma rk T o sdev in f o rd raw ing h i s a t ten t ion
XV
t oG e l l ing ( 1 989 ) , a nd D rC o l in P ope f o rc ommen t ing o nh i sw o rk o nt h ee co log ica lh i s to ry o ft h eI s le o fW igh t a nd f o r p rov id ing i n f o rma t ion a bou tt h el i ch en a s semb lag e si nt h eo ak t r ee st ot h es ou th o fQ ua r rA bbey .
T h i sr e po r tw a s c omp le ted i nA p r i l 1 998 b u tp ub l ica t ion w a s d e layed d u et ou nf o re seen c i r cum s tance s .A l though t h e r e h ave b een c on s ide rab le a dvance si nk now ledge a nd c hange si nn omenc la tu r ei nt h ei n te rven ing y ea r s ,i tw a sd ec ided t h a t , t oa vo id f u r the rd e lay s , t h e r e po r t s hou ld b ep ub l i shed a si ts t and s a nd n of u r the re d i t s s hou ld b em ad et or e f lec tt h e se c hang e s .
x v i
1I n t roduc t ion t ot h ep ro jec t D av id T oma l in
1 . 1
T he Woo t tonQuarr s urvey
e x tended t h ea r ea s ome 5 km n o r thwa rd st oe ncompa s st h e s hoa l so ft h e Mo the rB ank a nd R yde M idd le B ank .
T he I s le o f W igh t i s as ma l l , l o zenge shaped i s land o f 3 8 ,000 h ec ta re s s i tua ted s ome 4 -5km of t h e s ou th c oa s t o fE ng land . I ti s3 7km f r om e a s t t ow e s t a nd 2 1km f r om n o r th t os ou th . T he I s land i ss epa ra ted f r om t h em a in land b y an a r row s t re tch o fw a te r k nown a s t h e S o len t . T h i s
W i th in t h e s t udy a r ea l i e t h e r u in s o f t h e m ed ieva l C is te r c ian a bbey o fQ ua rt T he se a r el o ca ted a pp rox ima te ly 1 km e a s to f Woo t ton C reek a nd a r ea d jo ined b y amode rn B ened ic t ine a bbey o ft h e s ame n ame .
i s as eaway i n wh ich a r eg ime o f p owe rf u l c u r ren t s i s r e spon s ib le f o r av e ry h igh t i da l r ange a nd a c omp lex h i s to ry o fc oa s ta le vo lu t ion . T he r e su l th a sb een as t o ry o f i n te rac t ive e r o s ion , s ed imen ta t ion a nd s ubme rgence .
T he i n te r t ida ls t udy r evea led s ome 1 80 s i te sa nd s t ruc tu re s a mong s tw h ich t h eN eo l i th ic , B ronze A ge , R oman , S axon a nd m ed ieva l p e r iod s w e re p a r t icu la r ly w e l l r ep resen ted . O u t s tand ing f e a tu re s w e re t h e w ooden t r ackway s , p o s t
F o r ap e r iod o ft w en ty s even mon th s , u n t i lJ une 1 994 ,t h e I s le o fW igh t C oun ty A rchaeo log ica l U n i t c a r r ied o u t a n i n te r t ida ls u rvey o ve r6 km o fd ownwa rped c oa s t l ine o nt h e
a l ignmen t s a nd f i sh t rap s o f N eo l i th ic a nd l a te r d a te . T ree s e n tombed i n N eo l i th ic p ea t p roduced o ne o f t h e mo s t r ewa rd ing d end roch rono log ie s c u r ren t ly o b ta ined i n s ou ther n E ng land w h i ls t t h e i n c idence o ff l in t p i ck s a nd l i t h ic s c a t te r sw a sa l so n o tab le .
s ou the rn s ho re o ft h e E a s te rn S o len t . T he f o ca l p o in t w a s Woo t ton C reek , ad rowned r i ve rv a l ley w h ich h a sp rov ided ah aven f o rh uman a c t iv i ty s i nce a tl e a s t Me so l i th ic t ime s . I na dd i t ion t ot h e i n te r t ida l z one , t h e s u rvey t o ok a ccoun t
Woo t ton C reek s e rved a s o ne o ft h e g a teway s t ot h e I s le o fW igh t i nl a te I r on Age , R oman a nd m ed ieva l t ime s . I t s s i l t s y i e lded ap rofu s ion o fe xo t ic c e ram ic s o ft h e R oman
o ft h ea r chaeo logy o ft h eh in te r land a nd o ft h en ea rby p a r t s o ft h e S o len ts e abed .
a nd m ed ieva l p e r iod s . As im i la r ly w ide r a nge o fc e ram ic s c ame f r om a n of sho re a s semb lage d r edged f r om R yde M idd le B ank .
T he s e lec ted s t udy a r ea w a s s i ted o n t h e n o r th -ea s t c oa s t o ft h e I s land ; o n a6 km s t re tch b e tween K ing ' s Q uay i n t h e w e s t a nd R yde i nt h e e a s t . H e re , a n i n ter t ida l s u rvey
T he Woo t tonQua r r s u rvey h a s p ionee red a s eam le s s
w a sf o cu sed o nF i shbou rne B each a tt h e mou th o f Woo t ton C reek a nd a4 km s t rand e x tend ing e a s twa rd st owa rd sR yde . H in te r land s t ud ie s e x tended i n land a s f a r a s t h e I s land ' s m ed ian c ha lk r i dge ( F ig . 1 . 1) , w h i le s ub t ida l s u rvey
a pp roach t o t h e a r chaeo log ica l e va lua t ion o ft h e c oa s ta l z one . F o r t h is p u rpo se i t s f i e ld t e am h a s d ep loyed i t s e ne rg ie sb o th l a ndwa rd a nd s e awa rd o ft h es ho re l ine .T h i s
F igur e 1 . 1 T he l o ca t ion o ft h es t ud ya r ea .
1
CO A ST AL AR CHA EOLOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONMENT : ASO LENT C A SE S T UDY a pp roa ch h a sc omb ined h i n te r land , i n te r t ida l a nd o f sho r e s u rvey s t o p rodu ce a f u l ly i n teg ra ted a nd q uan t if i ed a s se s smen to ft h ea r cha eo log ica ld imen s ion so f ap o r ta nd i t sa d jo in ing c oa s t l ine .
t o ge the r w i th t h e We s t S o len t , S ou thamp ton Wa te r a nd t h e n a tu ra l h a rbou r s o f P o r t smou th , L ang s tone a nd t h e C h iche s te rC hanne l f o rm p a r to f ap r e -F land r ian d r a inage s y s tem k nown a s t h e ' S o len t R ive r ' (W oo ld r idge a nd L in ton 1 9 39 , 1 955 ;A l len a nd G ibba rd 1 993 ) . O nt h ef l oo r o ft h eE a s tS o len t ,t h es ubme rged p a laeova l ley o ft h i sl o s t r i ve rc an b et r a ced t o ad ep th o f3 0m ( Dye r 1 975 ) . I nt h i s t e x tt h i ss e c to ro ft h er i ve ri st e rmed t h e Sp i thead R ea ch ' . T he d rown ing o ft h i s r i ve r s y s tem , t h e f o rma t ion o ft h e s e away a nd t h ec on sequ en ts e ve rance o ft h e I s le o fW igh t i s aH o locene p henomenon w h ich s t i l l a wa i t s a c cu ra te c h rono log ica l c a l ib ra t ion .
B ea ch m on i to r ing s u rvey s w e r e d e s igned t o m ea su r e t h e n a tu r e , s c a le a nd p ace o f i n te r t ida l c hange a nd o f a r cha eo log ica l l o s s . T he se w e r e s upp lemen ted b y as u i te o fd eep s ed imen t c o r e s a nd of sho r e g eophy s ica l s u rvey s w h ich p e rm i t ted t h e p ro jec t t e am t o c omp i le a g en e ra l r e con s t ru c t ion o fs ho re l ine h i s to ry . T he p ro jec t w a s m anaged b y t h e I s le o f W igh t C oun ty A r chaeo log ica l U n i t w i th p r ima ry f u nd ing , g u idance a nd t e chn ica l s uppo r t f r om E ng l i sh H e r i tage . Of sho r e a c t iv i t ie s w e re s uppo r ted b y t h e I s le o fW igh t C oun c i l , t h eH amp sh i r ea nd W igh tT ru s tf o r Ma r i t ime A r cha eo logy a nd b y t h e U n ive r s i ty o f S ou thamp ton D epa r tmen t o f O ceanog raphy . I mp lemen ta t ion , p r ima r i ly t h e r e spon s ib i l i ty o ft h e I s le o fW igh t C ounc i l a nd i t sp ro jec t t e am , w a s a s s i s ted b y s p ec ia l i s t c on su l tan t s a nd , i nt h e f i e ld ,b yv o lun tee r s .
1 . 3T he a r chaeo log ica l b ackground T he a r cha eo log ica l i mpo r tance o f t h e Woo t tonQua r r c oa s t l ine b ecame a ppa ren t i nt h e m id 19 th c en tu ry w hen l o ca l a n t iqua r ie s f i r s t r e a l i sed t h a t s t on e f r om t h e c oa s ta l o u tc rop s o f l i me s tone h ad b een q ua r r ied a nd e xpo r ted i n R oman t ime s ( Roa ch Sm i th 1 857 ; L ockha r t 1 870 , 10 ) . B in s tead s t one a nd i t s p a r en t u n i t , t h e B emb r idge L ime s tone F o rma t ion , i s au n ique f e a tu re o ft h e I s le o f W igh ta nd i t sa c ce s s ib le c oa s ta l o u tc rop i ss t rung o u to ve r s ome 3 0km o f c oa s t f r om H am s tead t o Wh i tec l if fB ay ( I n so le a nd D a ley 1 985 ) .
1 . 2T he g eo logy a nd t opography o ft h e Woo t tonQuarr a r ea T he Woo t tonQua r rs t udy a r ea l i e so nt h eO l igocene b ed s o ft h e T e r t ia ry c l ay land s o fn o r ther n W igh t . S t ru c tu ra l ly , t h e se l i t ho log ie sf o rm t h el a rge rp o r t ion o ft h eH amp sh i re B a s in b u tt h e r ea r es i gn if ican tg eo log ica ld if e r ence sn o r th a nd s ou th o ft h eS o len t .
T he o l d e s t r e cogn i sab le s t one p i t s s e em t ob e t h o se w h ich l i ej u s t2 00m i n sho r ef r om B in s tead B ea ch . I tw a sh e r e , i n t h ev i c in i ty o fB in s tead C hu r ch ,t h a tt h ec ommon B in s tead s t ra tum o f b u i ld ing s t on e w a s f ound t o g i ve w ay t o a d i s t inc t ive l o ca l i sed s h e l ly f a c ie s , k nown a s' Qua r rs t on e ' . I ts e em s t h a t c oa s ta l e r o s ion w a s p r obab ly r e spon s ib le f o r t h ee xpo su r eo f al i t t le o ft h i ss upe r io rs t one i nl a te R oman t i me sb u ti tw a sn o tu n t i lt h el a te S axon a nd N o rman p e r iod s t h a ti tw a sd e l ibe ra te ly s ough ta nd q ua r r ied .A n t iqua r ie sa nd g eo log i s t so ft h e 1 9 th c en tu ry f i r s tr e cogn i sed t h i sp a r t icu la r s h e l ly f a c ie s w h i l s t e xam in ing t h e N o rman w o rk i n W in che s t e rc a thed ra l . I tt h en b ecame a ppa r en tt h a ts p ec if i c c on s ignmen t so ft h i ss t one h ad b een d e l iv e red t oW in che s te r a nd t h a td u et oi t sh i gh ly l o ca l i sed n a tu r ei tc ou ld o n ly h ave b een w on a nd s h ipped f r om t h ec oa s t l ine b e tw een Q ua r ra nd B in s t ead . R ecen t ly h ow eve r , as e cond , b u t m ino r , o u t c rop h a sa l so b een i d en t if i ed s ome 5 km f u r the re a s to nt h eS o len t s ho r ea tS eav iew ( I n so le p e r s . c omm . ) .
O nt h en o r ther ns ho re o ft h e I s le o fW igh t , t h e O l igocene b ed so u tc rop a s as e r ie so fm a r l sa nd i n te r ca la ted l i me s tone s o ve r la in b y t h e H am s tead c l ay . O n t h e H amp sh i r e m a in land , t h e s ame l i me s tone s a r e e n t i re ly s e a led b y t h e H am s tead c l ay w h i l s t much o ft h es u rf a ce o ft h ec l ay b a s in i s ,i nt ur n ,m a sked b ya ne x ten s ive a nd s upe rf ic ia lc ove ro f ' p la teau 'a nd t e r ra ce g r ave l s . I n t h e W igh t s e c to r o f t h e H amp sh i re B a s in , g r ave l c app ing s a r e s c a r ce a nd a r e l i m i ted t om ino ra r ea s o ft h e h i ghe r g r ound s u ch a s Q ua r r H i l l , P u ck H ou se H i l l a nd L u sh ing ton H i l l . T h i s d if e rence b e tw een t h e g eo logy n o r th a nd s ou th o ft h e S o len t h a s c onf in ed c omme r c ia l o ppo r tun i t ie sf o rt h eq ua r ry ing o ft h ec oa s ta l l i me s tone t o t h eI s le o fW igh t . A long t h e S o len t s ho r e t h e s t ream s o ft h e I s le o fW igh t h ave b een t i da l ly f l ood ed t op rodu ce as e r ie s o fd r owned c r eek s o rr i a s . A t Woo t ton a nd K ing ' s Q uay t h e se e x tend i n land t h rough t h e c l ay t e r ra in f o r a pp rox ima te ly 2 . 5km a nd 1 . 5km r e spec t ive ly . T he f r e shwa te r f e ede r s o ft h e se c r eek s c an b e t r aced f u r the r i n land t o at o ta l d i s tance o f s ome 6 . 5km f r om t h e s e a . H e r e , m ino rs p r ing s e me rge a t t h eb a se o ft h es t eep d i ps l ope o ft h eI s land ' sc en t ra lc ha lk d own land r i dge .
I n 1 89 1 a n t iqua r ian a t ten t ion s w e re a ga in f o cu sed o nt h e Woo t tonQua r rc oa s t l in ew hen a r chaeo log ica le xcava t ion s c ommen ced w i th in t h e r u in s o ft h e C i s te r c ian a bbey o f Q ua r r( S ton e 1 89 1) .A tt h i st ime t h er ema in so f as t ru c tu r e w e r e o b se rved o n t h e e dg e o f al ow c r umb l ing c l ay c l if a tt h e h ead o fQ ua r r B ea ch . U nf o r tuna t e ly t h e V ic to r ian d i gg ing t e am f a i led t or e co rd t h i s e r od ing s t ru c tu re b u t d u e t ot h e w o rk o ft h e c u r ren t p ro jec t i t s l a s t r emnan t s h ave n ow b een r e co rded . T h i sh a sn ow b een i d en t if i ed a s am ed ieva l mona s t ic t i l e ry s u r round ed b y ab anked a nd d i tched e nc lo su re .
T he n am ou th s o f Woo t ton C r eek a nd K ing ' s Q uay o pen i n to t h e mu ch l a rge rn as e away k nown a st h eE a s t S o len t o r S p i thead . T h i s s e pa ra te s t h e e a s ter n e nd o ft h e I s land f r om t h e m a in land b y a pp rox ima te ly 5 km . S p i thead ,
B y t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e 2 0 th c en tu ry i tw a s b ecom ing e v id en t t h a t t h e p ro spe r i ty o f t h e s t one w o rk ing s , t h e f l ow e r ing o ft h e r e l ig iou s h ou se a nd t h e m a r i t ime u s e o f Woo t ton H aven w e r e a l l i nked e p i sod e s i nt h e h i s to ry
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I N TRODUCT ION T OT H EP RO JECT o f as u cce s sf u l c oa s ta l c ommun i ty . H ow eve r , v i s i t s t o t h i s s t r e t ch o fc oa s t b y t h e g eo log i s t G .W . C o lenu t t w e re s oon t oa dd ap r eh i s to r ic d imen s ion . T he f i r s t d i scove ry o f p r eh i s to r ic a r tef ac t s i nt h e i n te r t ida l z one w a s m ade w hen an umbe r o ff l in t p i ck s w e re r e t r ieved f r om b e low t h eh i gh w a te rm a rk . T he se i mp lemen t sw e r ep ub l i shed i n 1 929 b yH ube r tP oo le , al o ca la r cha eo log i s t ,w ho w a ss oon t o c i t e t h em a s e v iden ce o f ac oa s ta l Me so l i th ic c u l tu r e w h ich h ep e r ce ived t ob ec on tempo ra ry w i th a ne p i sode o f c oa s ta ls u bme rgence o rd r own ing ( Poo le 1 929 a nd 1 936 ) . I nt h e 1 970 sf u r the rs u ch m a te r ia lw a sr e cove r ed b yD av id S immond sf r om Wood s id e ,o nt h ew e s ter ns i de o f Woo t ton C reek ( IWSMR 10 1) .T h i ss e emed t oa c co rd w i th P oo le ' s s u sp i c ion st h a tt h eu se o ft h ep i ck sh ad b een c on cen t ra ted a r ound t h em ou th so ft h eI s le o fW igh tc r eek s .
A s ar e su l to f th i ss u rvey ,a na s se s smen tr e po r tw a sp rodu ced f o r E ng l i sh H e r i tage i nO c tobe r 1 995 , t o ge the r w i th a n u pda ted p ro jec t d e s ign f o rp o s t s u rvey a na ly s is ( Toma l in 1 995a ) . T he a na ly s i s p ha se o ft h e p ro jec t c ommenced i n J anua ry 1 996 a nd c u lm ina t ed i nt h e p r epa ra t ion o ft h i s r e po r t . 1 . 4T he o b jec t iv e so ft h e Woo t ton Quarr s urvey S i x o b jec t ive s w e r e a pp l ied t o t h e i mp lemen ta t ion o f t h e Woo t tonQua r r c oa s ta l s u rvey . A s t h e n a tu re o f t h e a r chaeo log ica l r e sou r ce u nf o lded , o b jec t ive s 1a nd 2 p roved t ob et h eg u id ing i s su e s .T he r ema in ing o b jec t ive s w e r ef ound t or e p r e sen ts ub s id ia ry a s pec t so ft h et wo f i r s t p r inc ip le s .
T he f i r s t r e po r t o f R oman a r tef a c t s f r om t h e i n te r t ida l z one w a sm ade i n 1 98 1 w hen as ma l l q uan t i ty o fp o t te ry w a s f o und o n t h e e a s t s ho re o f Woo t ton H aven ( Ba sf o rd p e r s . c omm . ) . D u r ing 1 984 f u r the rs h e rd sw e re r e cove red f r om t h e s t o rm b each e a s t o fY oung ' s B oa thou se a nd , i n 1 985 ,S am ian s h e rd sw e r ec o l lec ted f r om t h es ame s po tb y M ike C o rb i sh ley . S ub sequen tv i s i t s b y s t af fo ft h e I s le o f W igh t C oun ty A r chaeo log ica l U n i t r e vea led R oman a nd m ed ieva l p o t te ry , b r iqu e tage a nd f a una l r ema in s o n t h e e a s te rn f o r e sho re o ft h ec r eek .A tt h i ss ame l o ca t ion ,m e ta l d e tec t ing b yT om a nd B i l lW inch i n1 9 87 a nd 1 988 l o ca ted as c a t te r ed h oa rd o fl a t e -4 th c en tu ry R oman b r onze c o in s a nd aV ik ing c l oak p in c ompo sed o fc oppe ra loy . B y J anua ry 1 989 s ome 3 22 a r tef a c t s h ad b een r e cove r ed f r om t h ee a s ts ho re o ft h e c r eek . F u r the rf i nd sw e r e m ade a f te rn av iga t iona l d r edg ing a pp roa ch ed w i th in 5 0m o ft h e f o re sho r ei nt h es umme ro f1 989 .T h i sd r edg ing o pe ra t ion h ad b een e x emp tf r om p l ann ing c on t ro lb u ti th ad r e qu i red t h ep e rm i s s ion o ft h eQ ueen ' sH a rbou r Ma s te r ,P o r t smou th . T he p u rpo s ew a st od eepen t h ea pp roa ch c hanne l u s ed b y t h e P o r t smou th -F i shbou rne c a r f e r ry , t h u s p e rm i t t ing t h e u se o fl a rg e rc r af t .N ego t ia t ion sb e tw een t h eI s le o fW igh t A r chaeo log ica l C omm i t tee a nd S ea l ink UK L td p r oduced t wo s u c ce s s ive g r an t sf r om t h ef e r ry o pe ra to r sf o ra ni n i t ia l e va lua t ion o f t h e e r od ing i n te r t ida l a r cha eo logy a nd i n 1 989 /90 E ng l i sh H e r i tage p rov ided as u rvey g r an t . S u rvey a nd e va lu a t ion w a s c a r r ied o u t f r om 1 990 b y t h e I s le o f W igh tC oun ty A r chaeo log ica lU n i t . T he r e su l t s o ft h e i n i t ia l e va lua t ion s w e re e mbod ied i na f u r th e rp r o jec tp ropo sa lt oE ng l i sh H e r i tage t oi n ve s t iga te t h en a tu r e ,s c a le a nd p a ce o fh e r i tag e lo s so nt h e Woo t tonQ ua r r c o a s t . T h i s p ropo sa l w a s a c cep ted a nd a m a jo r i n te r t id a l a nd h i n te r land s u rvey p ro jec t w a s c ommen ced i n1 992 .W i th t h ea i do ft h eI s le o fW igh tC oun ty C ounc i l , t h eH amp sh i re a nd W igh tT ru s tf o r Ma r i t ime A r cha eo logy , a nd t h e U n ive r s i ty o f S ou thamp ton , D epa r tmen t o f O ceanog r aphy , ac omp lemen ta ry a s se s smen t w a s a l so m ade o ft h es ub t ida lz one .T h i sp e rm i t ted t h ep ro jec tt e am t oa dop t as e am le s sa pp roach i nr e co rd ing t h eo n sho r ea nd of sho r e a r chaeo logy a t al o ca t ion w he re a s ubme rged l a nd scape a nd ah i s to ry o ff l ee tm ovemen t sa nd a ncho r ing s s e emed t ob ei n teg ra lw i th h uman a c t iv i ty o nt h es ho re l ine .
O b jec t ive 1
A n o verv iew o f t h e a r chaeo log ica l p o ten t ia la nd t h es e a leve lc hrono logy o f t h e i n ter t ida l w e t land s a nd t h e s ubmerged l a nd scape o f t h e S o len t . T h i s s hou ld p rov ide au n if y ing t h eme f o r t h e o ther o b jec t ive s a nd s hou ld c u lm ina te i n ac oncep tua lf r amework w h ich m igh tb e a pp l ied t ot he c oa s ta l a r chaeo log ica l r e sour ce o f t h e w ho le S o len t e s tuar ine s y s tem a nd i t s e nv iron s .
O b jec t ive 2
A d e ta i led i nve s t iga t ion o f t h e Woo t tonQuarr c oa s t l ine c hrono logy .
O b jec t ive 3
A n u nd e r s tand ing o f Me so l i th ic a nd l a t e r s ub s i s t ence s t ra t eg ie s d eve loped w i th in t h e c oa s ta l a nd n a v a l l ey z one a nd n ow l a rge l y c on ta ined w i th in t h e i n t e r t id a la r ea .
O b jec t ive 4
A nu nd e r s tand ing o ft h es i gn if i cance o f t h en a mou th a rchaeo logy a nd t h eu ppe r a nd l owe r v a l ley s ed imen t s a s i nd ice s o fh uman a c t iv i ty a nd e nv i ronmen ta l c hange w i th in t h e h in te r land . T h i s i s d ef ined a st h ec a t chmen ta rea b e tween t h e r i ve r m ou th a nd t h e h ead o ft h e r i ve rc o r r ido r .
O b jec t ive 5
A n u nd e r s tand ing o f t h e p o s t i nund a t ion R oman a nd m ed ieva l m ar i t ime c ommun i t ie s a t W oo t tonQ uar r i n c lud ing t h e o n sho re a nd o f f s hor e c e ram ic e v id ence f or p or tn jt r ad ea c t i v i t ie s .
O b jec t ive 6
T he d eve lopmen t o f s ur vey a nd r e cord ing t e chn ique s ,t h r ea ta s se s smen t m e thodo log i e s a nd m anagemen t o p t ion s f or t h e a rchaeo logy o f t h e i n t e r t id a lz one .
T h ep r o jec ta l so s ough tt oe nhan ce t h eS i t e sa nd Monumen t s R eco rd o ft h e I s le o fW igh t C oun c i l a t at ime w hen t h e C ounc i l ' s c oa s ta l p l ann ing p o l ic ie s a nd i t s s t ra tegy f o r
3
CO A STAL AR CHAEOLOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONM ENT : ASO LENT C A SE S T UDY c oa s ta l p ro tec t ion w e r e c om ing u nde r r e v iew . A s t h e p ro jec tp r og r e s sed , i t sr e levan ce t oe me rg ing G ove rnmen t c oa s ta lp o l icy a l so b ecame i n c r ea s ing ly c l ea r( Depa r tmen t o ft h eE nv i ronmen t 1 992 , 1 993 , 1 996 ; MAFF 1 995 )
K ing ' s Q uay ( IWS MR 2 197 ) , a nd o u t s id e o ft h e s u rvey a r ea a tO sbo rne , E a s t C owe s , We r ra r , G u rna rd , T ho rne s s B ay ,N ew town a nd B ou ldno r( F ig . 1 . 2 ) . T he i n te r t ida l p ro jec t w o rk w a s c a r r ied o u t d u r ing t h e p ha se so fL ow Wa te rS p r ing T ide sw h ich o ccu rf o rt h eI s le o fW igh t i ne a r ly mor n ing s a nd e v en ing s . T he se p ha se s p e rm i t ted s ome f ou r d ay s a cce s s a tt wo w eek i n te rva l s . T he m a jo r i ty o fa r cha eo log ica l f e a tu r e sw e re l o ca ted n ea r t ot h el ow w a te rm a rk a nd t h es ha rp t i d a lc u rve m ean tt h a ta v e ry s ma l lw indow o ft ime w a sa va i lab le f o ri d en t if i ca t ion a nd f o rs ub sequ en tr e co rd ing a nd s u rv ey .T h i sc ou ld a low t wo o rt h r ee h ou r s f o r t h e g ene ra l w a lk -ove r s u rvey b u t o n ly a s l i t t le a s t wen ty m inu te s f o r r e co rd ing s i t e s a t e x t reme l ow w a te r .
1 . 5O rgan i sa t ion a nd i mp lemen ta t ion 1 . 5 .1
T he s urvey a r ea
T he s u rvey e ncompa s sed 6 km o ft h en o r th W igh tc oa s ta nd 2 1km 2 o fi t s a d ja cen th i n te r land . T he s t udy a r ea w a s a l so p ro jec ted s ome 5 km o f sho re . W i th in t h es u rvey a r ea ,w o rk i n c luded : • • • • •
I n ten s ive i n t e r t ida ls u rvey H in te r land w a lkove rs u rvey E x ten s ive u nd e rwa te rr emo te s e n s ing L im i ted u nd erwa te rd i v e ri n spec t ion E xam ina t ion o fu nde rwa te rt r aw led a r tef a c t s
T o o ve r come t h e p rob lem o f a c ce s s ib i l i ty , at i gh t b u t f l ex ib le w o rk p rog ramme w a s e mp loyed . T h is p e rm i t ted t h e m ax imum w o rk t ime a va i lab le a nd i n c luded w o rk ing w i th t h e a i d o ft o r ch e s , s i nce t h e l ow e s t t i de s t e nded t o o ccu r i ne a r ly s p r ing a nd a u tumn w h en h ou r s o fd ay l igh t w e re l i m i ted . A t t i me s i tw a s f ound t h a t h igh w ind s o r l ow a tmo sphe r ic p r e s su r ew ou ld r e du ce t h ef a l lo ft h et i de a nd p r even t t h e p l anned p rog ramme o ff i e ld a c t iv i ty . O n o t he ro cca s ion s a ne p i sod e o fe xcep t iona l ly h igh p r e s su re o r af a vou rab le o f sho r ew ind c ou ld o f e rt h es u rvey t e am a n u np red ic ted a dvan tag e . A l though w o rk ing c ond i t ion s w e re o f t en u np lea san tt h ey w e re n o ta sd ange rou sa st h o se e ncoun te red d u r ing s ome o t he ri n te r t ida ls u rvey s .
O u t s ide t h es u rvey a r ea ,f i e ldwo rk c omp r i sed : • R ap id i n te r t ida lw a lkove rs u rvey • C o r ing a nd s amp l ing o ff l uv io -ma r ine s e d imen t s 1 . 5 .2
T he i n ter t ida lf i e ldwork
I n t h e i n te r t ida l z one t wo m a in a r ea s w e re e xam ined . T he se w e r e F i shbou rne ( IWS MR 1 526 ) a nd Q ua r r B in s t ead -Pe lhamf ie ld ( IWSMR 2 027 ) . L im i ted i n te r t ida l s u rvey w a s u nde r tak en a t Wood s ide ( IWS MR 2 049 ) a nd
E as t Cowes
Ryde M idd le B ank Osborne
Gurnard
K ing 's Quay
T horness B ay
Q ua r r • •
N ew town E as t Sp i t
Ryde S ands
Bou ldnor • Y armou th
3 0 km
F ig ur e1 . 2 T he l o ca t ion o ft h em a in i n t e r t id a ls i te s . L oca t ion so fc or e sa r em a rk ed •
4
I N TRODUCT ION
TO THE P RO JECT
1 . 5 .3 S urvey m e thod s
1 . 5 .6 U nderwa ter s urvey ,s amp l ing a nd i n spec t ion
I n te r t ida l f i e ld r e co rd ing w a s a i d ed b y m ean s o f at o ta l s t a t ion t h eodo l i te w h ich w a s d own loaded a f t e r e a ch s e s s ion t o aCAD d r aw ing p a ckage . S ome o ft h e mo s t s i gn if ican t f e a tu r e s l o ca ted w e re as e r ie s o fw ooden p o s t a l ignmen t s a nd p o s t g roup s w h ich w e re d i s t r ibu ted a l ong t h e l e ng th o ft h es u rvey a r ea . F o l low ing s p ec ia l i s ta dv ice , m o r e t h an 3 000 i n d iv idua l t i mbe r s w e re s u rveyed a nd r e co rded b ym ea su r ing h e igh ta bove s e d imen tl e ve l ,c r o s s s e c t ion d imen s ion s ,i n c l ina t ion a nd m agn e t ic b ea r ing .T h is r e qu i red a3 pe r son t e am l i nked b y r a d io c ommun ica t ion . T he f i xn umbe r sa u toma t ica l ly a loca ted b yt h et h eodo l i te w e re r e layed t ot h e t e am r e spon s ib le f o r r e co rd ing . B y t h i s m ean s t h e m ea su remen t s , d e sc r ip t ion a nd c on tex t o f e a ch p o s t c ou ld b e i mmed ia te ly e n te r ed o n as p ec if i ca l ly d e s igned r e co rd s hee t .
T he a uge red s u rvey w a s s upp lemen ted o f sho re b y a s u rvey e xecu ted w i th as ub -bo t tom p r of i le ro pe ra ted b yt h e U n ive r s i ty o fS ou thamp ton ,D epa r tmen to fO ceanog raphy . B y t h i s m ean s t h e s ubme rged c oa s ta l s t ra t ig raphy w a s e xam ined b y r emo te s en s ing t o ad ep th o f 3 0m b e low OD ( s ee s e c t ion 5 . 2 ) . I na dd i t ion , as i d e scan s ona rs u r vey w a s c ondu c ted o ve rR yde M idd le B ank ( s ee s e c t ion s 5 . 2 , 8 . 3 .2 ) .
1 . 5 .4
Of sho r e a s semb lage s o f R oman , S axon a nd m ed ieva l c e ram ic s w e r e e xam ined a f t e r t h ey h ad b een r e cove red b y f i she rmen f r om s hoa l sw i th in t h e E a s t S o len t c hanne l . A p a r t icu la r s ou r ce w a s R yde M idd le B ank . L im i ted s e abed i n spec t ion w a s c a r r ied o u t o n t h i s s hoa l t oa s se s s i t sa r cha eo log ica lp o ten t ia la nd i t sv u lne rab i l i ty t oe r o s ion a nd h uman d i s tu rbance ( s ee s e c t ion 8 . 3 .1) .
S t ra teg ie sf o rs ampl ing a nd a r tef ac tc olec t ion
Af u r the rm ean so fa s se s s ing t h ed i s t r ibu t ion a nd r a nge o f a r tef ac t sa r ound R yde M idd le B ank w a s am on i to r ed t r aw l c a r r ied o u t u s ing af i sh ing b oa t m oun ted w i th ap a i r o f o y s te r d r edge s ( s ee s e c t ion s 8 . 3 .2 a nd 8 . 6 .3 ) T he l e ng th o fe a ch t r aw l o rg r ab a ve rag ed s ome 2 00m a nd t h et r aw l s c i r cumnav iga ted t h e b ank a nd m ad e f ou rt r an sec t s a c ro s s i t s e a s te rn e nd . S i x ty -e igh t g r ab s w e re m ade a nd 2 47 a r tef ac t s o fa l p e r iod s w e r e r e cove red , m o s t ly f r om t h e e a s te rn e nd o ft h e b ank . T h i s p r ov id ed ag ene ra l c on tex t f o rt h e l a rge n umbe r o fa r tef a c t s p r ev iou s ly r e cove r ed b y l o ca l f i she rmen .T he se a r tef a c t sa r ed i scu s sed i nC hap te r9 .
D u r ing t h e e a r ly s t age s o f t h e p ro jec t an umbe r o f r e cumben t t r ee s , l a rg e b r anche s a nd r oo t s y s tem s w e re o b se rved l y ing i nt h e p ea t s a nd o r gan ic s i l t s c l o se t ot h e l ow w a te rm a rk . Af t e rs u rvey a nd r e co rd ing 5 8t r ee sw e re s amp led f o r t h e p u rpo se o f d end ro ch rono log ica l d a t ing ( s ee H i l lam s e c t ion 4 . 7 ) . A p r og ramme o f s amp l ing w a s a l so u nde r taken f o r t i mbe r s w h ich m igh t b e u sed f o r d a t ing s e lec ted f e a tu re s a nd s t ru c tu r e s . A f u r the r s e r ie s o f p o s t s w a s r e t r ieved f o r t h e s t udy o fe v iden ce o f p a s t m e thod s o fw ood land m anagemen ta nd w oodwo rk ing t e chno logy .
1 . 5 .7 S urvey , f i e ldwa lk ing a nd e xcava t ion h i n ter land
A tF i shbou rn eB each ,n o tab le q uan t i t ie so fs t r ewn a r tef a c t s w e re r e cove r ed b y v o lun tee r s w ho w e r e a b le t ob oo s tt h e n umbe r o ff i e ld v i s i t s . I tw a s f o und t h a t f i nd s c ou ld b e f i xed i np o s i t ion b y d i r ec tm ea su r emen tf r om a n i n s ta l led g r id o fp r e su rveyed p o in t s . Mo re t h an 1 3 ,000 i n d iv idua l a r tef ac t s i n c lud ing c e ram ic s , l i t h ic s , f a una l r ema in s , l e a the r , c oppe r a loy a nd w ood en o b jec t s w e r e r e cove red d u r ing t h ef i e ldwo rk a nd s ub sequen t ly p roce s sed .
i n t h e
A p r og ramme o f f i e ldwa lk ing w a s c a r r ied o u t i n t h e h i n te r land z one ( s ee s e c t ion 7 . 2 ) . T he p u rpo se w a s t o i d en t if y e v idence f o re a r ly h uman a c t iv i ty i nt h ee nv i ron s o f Woo t ton C r eek a nd t od e te rm ine w he the rt h e i n ten s i ty o fs u ch a c t iv i ty w a s a sg r ea ta st h a t i nt h e i n te r t ida l z one . A t ten t ion w a sf o cu sed o nt h ec oa s ta lc o r r ido rb u ts ome f i e ld s f u r the rt owa rd st h e c ha lk d own sw e r e i n c lud ed b ecau se a l a rge p e r cen tage o fl a nd i nt h ei mmed ia te h i n te r land z one w a s u n su i tab le o rn o t a va i lab le . F i e ldwa lk ing t o ok p l a ce e i the ra f t e rp l ough ing o rw hen c r op sw e r eh a rve s ted . Two f i e ld s w e re w a lked i n ten s ive ly , t h e r e s t e xam ined r a p id ly ( s ee s e c t ion 7 . 2 .1) a nd a p o l icy o f n on -co l lec t ion w a s m a in ta ined . I n a dd i t ion e a r thwo rk s w e r e i d en t if ied b o th o n t h e g r ound i np a s tu re a nd w ood land , a nd u s ing a e r ia l p ho tog raph s( s ee s e c t ion 8 . 8 .3 ) .
1 . 5 .5 C or ing a nd a nger ing A ne x ten s ive p r og ramme o fh and a ug e r ing w a sc a r r ied o u t a tF i shbou rn e , Q ua r r a nd B in s tead . Mo r e t h an 5 00 c o r e s w e re e x t ra c t ed a tr e gu la r i n te rva l s a c ro s s s e lec ted l i ne s , e nab l ing p a la eochanne l sa nd o t he rs t ra t ig raphy c oncea led b e low t h e s u r f ace o ft h e b each t o b e e x t rapo la ted . T he a im w a st or e a ch t h en a tu ra lc l ay s ub s t ra te ,b u ta l though a m ax imum d ep th o f6 m w a s r e a ched w i th t h e h and a uge r , t h i s w a s n o t a lway s s uf i c ien t . T h e p a laeochanne l s a t F i shbou rne , R ane lagh S p i t , a nd i nt h e F i r e s tone V a l ley w e r es amp led f o rt h ep u rpo se o fd a t ing a nd e nv i ronmen ta l a s se s smen t b y m ean s o f am echan ica l a ug e r . A dd i t iona l c o r e s w e r e t a ken o u t s id e o ft h e s t udy a r ea a tN ew town , Y a rmou th a nd B ou ldno r ( F ig . 1 . 2 ) . T he se h ave p roved c r uc ia l i nt h e c on s t ru c t ion o f as e a leve l c h rono logy f o r t h eS o len tr e g ion ( s ee L ong a nd S ca if e ,s e c t ion 5 . 5 ) .
I n t h e s umme r o f 1 993 , r e scue e xcava t ion w a s c a r r ied o u t o n am ed ieva l t i l e k i ln , r e cen t ly e xpo sed b y c oa s ta l e r o s ion ,w h ich l a yw i th in ab anked a nd d i tch ed e nc lo su r e a tQ ua r ra nd w a s i ni mm inen td ange ro fd e s t ru c t ion ( F ig . 1 . 3 ) . T h i s e xcava t ion i sb e ing r e po r ted s e pa ra te ly ( R ia l l f o r th com ing ) . F o r p u rpo se s o f d a t ing a nd e nv i ronmen ta l s amp l ing l i m i ted e xcava t ion w a s c a r r ied o u t i n t h e p l oughed b a r row c eme te ry o n P uck H ou se H i l l a nd o n b u rn t f l in t s i t e I WSMR 2 2 16 n ea r t h e m od e rn a bbey o fQ ua r r . ( s ee s e c t ion s 6 . 3 .2 a nd 7 . 3 .2 )
5
CO A STAL AR CHAEO LOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONMENT : ASO LENT C A SE S T UDY
F igur e1 . 3 T he m ona s t ic t i l e ry a tQ ua r r
Af u l ll i s to fs i te si n ve s t iga ted a ppea r si nS ec t ion 1 2 .1 .
( 1 993 ) . R ange s a r e q uo ted a t 9 5% c onf idence u n le s s o t he rw i se s p ec if i ed a nd h ave b een c a lcu la ted u s ing O xCa l v 2 . 18 ( B ronk R am sey 1 995 ) . T hey a r e r ounded o u twa rd s t o1 0y ea r si ft h ee r ro rt e rm i s± 25 o rm o r eo rt o 5y ea r si fi t i sl e s st h an t h i s( Mook 1 986 ) .T he p r obab i l i ty d i s t r ibu t ion s i n F igu re s 1 2 .1 t o 1 2 .9 h ave b een c a lcu la ted u s ing t h e p robab i l i ty m e thod o fS tu ive ra nd R e ime r( 1 993 ) .
1 . 5 .8 S c ien t if i cd a t ing A l l r a d ioca rbon r e su l t s h ave b een c a l ib ra ted u s ing t h e m ax imum i n te r cep tm e thod o fS tu ive ra nd R e ime r( 1986 ) a nd d a ta f r om S t u ive r a nd P ea r son ( 1986 ) , P ea r son a nd S t u ive r( 1 986 ) ,P ea r son e ta l( 1 986 ) , ab i -decada lw e igh ted a ve rage o f d a ta f r om L in ick e ta l ( 1985 ) , S tu ive r e ta l ( 1986 ) , a nd K rome re ta l( 1986 ) , a nd K rome ra nd B ecke r
D end roch rono logy r e su l t s a r e q uo ted a c co rd ing t o t h e c onven t ion p ropo sed b yE ng l i sh H e r i tag e( 1998 ,t a b le 5 ) .
6
2T he s t udy a r ea Dav id T oma l in
2 . 1 T he c on temporary p hy s ica ls e t t ing
s upp ly f o r t h e a cc re t ion o f t h e s p i t . B e tween Woo t ton C reek a nd B in s tead t h e i n te r t ida l z one i sc ha rac te r i sed b y d enuded O l igocene c l ay a nd ma r l b ed rock . D epo s i t s o fs i l t a nd p ea t o ve r l ie t h is b ed rock a nd c an b e t r aced t o
2 . 1 .1 Woo t ton H aven a nd C r eek Woo t ton C reek i sat i da ld rowned v a l ley o rn a .I tp ene t ra te s a n a r ea o fc l ay w ood land o n t h e n o r th e a s t c oa s t o ft h e I s le o fW igh t . T he c r eek l i e s 4 km w e s t o ft h e V ic to r ian c oa s ta lr e sor tt own o fR yde a nd l km w e s to ft h em ed ieva l C i s te rc ian a bbey o f Qua r r . R unn ing n o r th i n to t h e S o len t s e away ,t h et i da l c r eek i sa pp rox ima te ly 2 . 5km l o ng . T h is i n c lude s a n u p s t ream s e c t ion o f 1 l c m w h ich h a s b een d ammed s i nce m ed ieva lt ime st op rov ide at i da lm i l lp ond .
am ean l ow w a te r b ounda ry l y ing s ome 2 00m of -sho r e . C u r ren t ly , t h is s u r f ace i ss ub jec t t oe r os ion b y m ean s o f w ave p l ana t ion b e low h igh w a te r m a rk a nd r o ta t iona l s l ump ing o ft h e c l if f l ine . T he se p roce s se s h ave e xpo sed h a rd b ed s o rr e ef s o fB emb r idge L ime s tone a sw e l l a st h e s of tc l ay s a nd ma r ls . O n t h e m a rg in s o ft h e n a i n le t s a nd i nt h e i n f i l led p a laeochanne l s a tQ ua r ra nd B in s tead , s i l t s , o rgan ic s i l t s a nd p ea t s o fm idd le a nd l a te H o locene d a te a r e f ound . T he se a r e s ome t ime s o ve r la in b y r e cen t b ank s o fs and a nd s h ing le ( s ee P eace , s e c t ion 1 0 .3 ) .
A ti t s mou th ,t h ec r eek i ss ome 3 00m w ide a nd i tp rov ide s as ha l low a nd s he l te red a ncho rage t r ad i t iona l ly k nown a s Woo t ton H aven ( F ig . 2 . 1) . 2 . 1 .2 F ea ture so ft he i nunda ted c oa s t l ine
B eyond m ean l ow w a te r m a rk t h e s ame o rgan ic s i l t s
T he Woo t tonQua r r c oa s t l i e s w e s twa rd o f al a rge s p i t k nown a sR yde S and s .F rom t h is i tr e ce ive ss ome s eawa rd p ro tec t ion b u t i ta l so a ppea r s t ob e as ou rce o fs ed imen t
a nd p ea t s c an b e t r a ced l a te ra l ly a c ro s s al a rge a r ea . T he se a r e f ound o n t h e o pen c oa s t w h ich i sc ompo sed o f p l ana ted i n te r f luve s c u t b y d rowned a nd s i l ted v a l ley s . T he p r e se rva t ion o f t e r re s t r ia l o rgan ic p ea t d epo s i t s i n
F igur e2 . 1 W oo t ton C r eek
7
CO A STAL AR CHAEOLOGY
F ishbourne
I N A DYNA M ic uNv iRON MENT :
ASO LENT C A SE S T UDY
Q ua r r
B ins tead
F igur e2 . 2 B each t o pog raphy p lan s , F i shbourne t oB in s tead . a .P ea td epo s i t s b .S h ing le b ank s c . Mob i le s and m a sk ing d epo s i t s d .D enud ed a r ea s . t h i s p o s i t ion i n d ica te s t h a t w ave a t tack a nd p l ana t ion h a s a dvanced l a ndwa rd s i np o s t -Neo l i th ic t ime s . Mo r eove r , w ave a ta ck p o s t -da te sa ne nv i ronmen ti nw h ich N eo l i th ic a c t iv i t ie s c ou ld b e p u r su ed a l ong t h e n o r th e a s t c oa s t o f W igh ta t2m OD .
P o ten t ia l ly f a vou rab le e nv i ronmen t s a r e t h o se a r ea s c ove red b y m a sk ing s ed imen tw he re o l d e rf e a tu r e s m igh t b ei n su la ted f r om w ave a c t ion a nd t i da lp ro ce s se s . D u r ing t h e s u rvey s u ch a r ea s w e re p e r ce ived t o b e d epo s i t s o f m ob i le s a ndy s i l t . When a uge r ed ,h ow eve r ,t h e se p roved t o b es upe rf i c ia lm a te r ia lm o s t ly r e s t ing o np l ana t ed b ed rock . Mo r eove r ,s ome o ft h e se d epo s i t sc omp le te ly d i sappea red d u r ing t h e f ou r y ea r s p an o ft h e s u rvey . Mo r e r ewa rd ing w e r ea r ea so fs h ing le . Wh i l s tt h eb ea ch mon i to r ing s u rvey s howed t h a tt h e se m igh tb e mod if ied b yt h ea nnua le f ec t s o fw ave a c t ion ,s e ve ra la ppea r ed t ob eh ave b een s t ab le f o r l o ng p e r iod s . S ome o ft h e se h ad s u cce s sf u l ly m a sked a nd p ro tec ted t h e N eo l i th ic p ea t a nd f o re s t m a t e r ia l f o r s ome t i me . I tw a s i n deed t h e r e l ic t p ea t b ed s , t h e i r u nde r ly ing s a l t m a r sh s e d imen t s , a nd t h e p a la eova l ley s i l t s w h ich p roved t ob et h e mo s ti n f o rma t ive a r chaeo log ica lc on tex t s .
2 . 1 .3 T he p re sen ti n t er t ida l t o pography D u r ing t h ep ro jec t , at o pog raph ic s u rvey o ft h eb ea ch w a s c a r r ied o u t b e tween Woo t ton C r eek a nd B in s tead . T he r e su l t s ,s hown i nF igu r e2 . 2 ,r e vea lb ea ch f o rm sw h ich a r e e i the r c ondu c ive o r u nf avou rab le t o t h e p r e se rva t ion o f a r chaeo log ica l m a te r ia l . T he u nf avou rab le e nv i ronmen t s a r et h ed enuded s u rf a ce s .T he se a r et h eu p s tand ing l e dg e s o r r e ef s o fB emb r idg e L ime s tone a nd a r ea s o fw ave -cu t b ed rock .
8
TH ES T UDY A R EA
F igu r e2 . 3
S Z560
I n t e r t id a ls i t e s i nt h e W oo t tonQua r rs ur vey a r ea .
SUSS
S Z570
S Z575
S Z580
F igur e2 . 4 T he z ona t ion o ft h e W oo t tonQua r ri n te r t ida lz one . E ach s egmen ti s5 00m l o ng 2 . 2 D e f in ing t h es i te s w i th in t h es t udy a r ea
T he SMR n umbe r s o ft h e t wo m a in s i t e s o n t h e e a s te rn s ho re o f Woo t ton H aven a nd t h e s ho r e f r om Q uaf f t o P l aye r ' sB ea ch ,R yde a r e 1 526 a nd 2 027 r e spec t ive ly .T he h i n te r land s i t e s a r e n umbe r ed u s ing t h e p r ima ry r e co rd n umbe ru nd e rw h ich t h ey a ppea ri nt h ec oun ty SMR .
F o r p r a c t ica l p u rpo se s t h e s u r vey o ft h e i n te r t ida l z one w a s d i v id ed i n to s epa ra te a r ea s i d en t if i ed b y l o ca l p l a ce n ame s . T he m a jo r s i te l o ca t ion s a r e s hown i n F igu re s 2 . 3 a nd 2 . 4 . T he c ha rac te r o fe a ch o ft h e se l o ca t ion s i s d e sc r ibed b r ief ly b e low .
2 . 2 .1 E a s tS o len ti n t er t ida ls i t e s
A l l o ft h e s p ec if ic s i te s o rs t ru c tu r e sn umbe r ed d u r ing t h e i n te r t ida ls u r vey h ave b een p r e -f ixed w i th a na bb r ev ia t ion o ft h e l o ca t iona l p l ace -name . T he 1 80 s i te s a r en umbe red i nt h e o r de ri nw h ich t h ey w e r e f ound . F u tu r er e sea r che r s w i l lf i nd t h a tt h en umbe r sg i ven t os i t e so rs t ru c tu r e si nt h e i n te r t ida l z one a r e s uf ixed t ot h e I s le o fW igh t S i te s a nd Monumen t s R eco rd ( IWSMR ) p r ima ry r e co rd n umbe r .
K ing ' s Quay ( Shoe f lee t ) I S ] IWS 1 V IR 2 197 ( SZ 5 37 9 41 ) K ing ' s Q uay i s as ma l l t i da l i n le t l y ing 2 km w e s t o f Woo t ton C r eek . I tp r ov id e s a n o u t le t f o r as ma l l s t r eam k nown a sP a lme r ' s B rook a nd a th i gh t i d e i tp e rm i t s a n i n f low o fs e awa te ri n to a na r t if i c ia l ly e mponded s a l ine l a k e e x tend ing 0 . 5km i n land . T he f l oo r o ft h e c r eek i sl a rge ly
9
CO A ST AL AR CHA EO LOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONMENT : ASO LENT C A SE S T UDY j ux ta W od in tone a nd S ha lf lee t , a l o f w h ich a r e q u i t e s e pa ra te I s le W igh tp l a ce -name s d r aw ing t h e i re t ymo logy f r om t h e O ld E ng l i sh S cea ldan f l eo te m ean ing ' s ha l low c r eek '( F ig .2 . 5 ) . T he i n te r t ida l m ou th o f t h e o l d c r eek i st r an sec ted b y as ma l l n umbe r o f w e l l -p re se rved p o s t a l ignmen t s o f m ed ieva l d a te . T he se s t ru c tu re s a r e i d en t if ied i nt h e t e x t a s i n te r t ida l s i te s S 12 1-S127 ( s ee s e c t ion 7 . 4 .5 ) , a nd a r e p robab ly a s soc ia ted w i th t h em ed ieva l s e t t lemen t . D u r ing t h e 1 5 th c en tu ry ,i fn o tb ef o re ,a l ignmen t s S 121 ,S 122 a nd S 124 s e em t oh ave b l ocked b oa t a c ce s s t ot h e c r eek i n f a vou ro fp r ov id ing f i sh w e i r s . T he p o s t s a r ee n tombed i n ad eep ,s of ti n te r t ida ls i l ts im i la rt oc on tex t3 0 1 a t Woo t ton C reek .T h i ss i l te nv i ronmen t of e r s ag ood p o ten t ia lf o rt h e p r e se rva t ion o fs ub -bo t tom a r chaeo log ica l f e a tu r e s y e tt o b ed e tec ted . Wood s ide [ W ] IWS MR 2 049 ( SZ 5 55 9 32 ) ' W ood s ide ' i d en t if i e s t h e w e s t s ho r e z one l y ing b e tw een t h e mou th o f Woo t ton C reek a nd t h e mou th o f K ing ' s Q uay . I tc omp r i se s ar o cky s ho r ec ompo sed o fB emb r idge L ime s tone o u t c rop s a nd p oo r ly g r ad ed s a nd a nd s h ing le . T he i n te r t ida l z one l i e s o n ab a semen t o f d i s sec ted B emb r idg e L ime s tone r i dge s a nd s o f t O l igocene c l ay s . T he b each i sl a rge ly h ead ed b yc hang ing s t o rm s h ing le . I n p l ace sc oa s ta le r o s ion i sh i gh ly a c t iv eh e re w i th h i gh w a te r w ave so ve r r id ing t h eb each a nd e n t e r ing a nd d enud ing t h e o l d o ak w ood land i n sho re . F ew a r cha eo log ica l f e a tu re s h ave b een i d en t if i ed i nt h i se r o s ive z one .
F igur e2 . 5 T he s ha l low f l e t e so fW igh t . o ccup ied b ys a l t -ma r sh , mu ch o fw h ich a ppea r st oo ve r l ie ac on so l ida ted s t ra tum o fg r ave l . T he mou th o ft h e c r eek h a sb een r e ced ing n o t iceab ly o ve rt h ep a s tf i f ty y ea r sw i th s a nd a nd s h ing le f r om t h e s t o rm b ea ch a dvanc ing i n land o ve rt h es a l t -ma r sh .
F i shbourne B each a nd t h eE a s tS hor eZ one [ F ] IWS MR 1 526 ( SZ 58 9 31 )
A t t h e m ou th o ft h e c r eek t h e s ha l low e s tua r ine c hanne l o fP a lme r ' sB rook m eand e r st ot h e e a s ts i de o ft h ev a l ley t h ough a ni n c i sed c hanne lk nown a s' t he G u t te r 'w he r et h e d ep th o fw a te rc an f a l lt ol e s st h an l ma tl ow t i de . T h i si s s uf i c ien tt od e te r mo s tn av iga to r s a l though C o le s ( 1 946 , 1 06 ) o b se rve s t h a t i nt h e e a r ly y ea r s o ft h e 2 0 th c en tu ry s ma l lc r af tf ound i te a s ie rt oe n te rt h ec r eek b u to n ly w hen t h ey a pp roa ched j u s tb ef o r eh i gh w a te r .
T he t e rm F i shbou rne h a s b een a vo ided a s much a s p o s s ib le i n t h i s a c coun t t o a vo id c onf u s ion w i th t h e f am i l ia r R oman p a lace a nd q uay a t C h iche s te r w h ich s h a r e s t h e s ame n ame . T he e a s t e rn m a rg in o ft h e m ou th o f Woo t ton C r eek i sk nown b y t h e n ame o fF i shbour n e B each , an ame s e em ing ly d e r ived f r om t h e f o rme r s i t ing a tt h i s s po t o f t h e ' F i shehou se ' o f t h e a bbey o f Q ua r r . T he b ea ch i so ccup ied b y as ma l lb oa thou se a nd s l ipway . T o t h e e a s t o f t h e b oa thou se l i e s a n e r od ing i n t e r t ida l z one m a rk ed b y ap a l imp se s t o fa r cha eo log ica l f e a tu r e s r a ng ing f r om N eo l i th ic t o m ed ieva l d a te . T h i s a r ea h a s b een d enom ina ted t h e ' Ea s t S ho r e Z one ' a nd i t s e r od ing s u rf ace a nd e xpo sed t imbe rs t ru c tu r e sh ave b een s u rveyed i nd e ta i l d u r ing t h ep ro jec t . T h i sb ea ch i sp a r t icu la r ly r i ch i nR oman a nd m ed ieva l a r tef a c t s w h ich c an b e g ene ra l ly a tr ibu ted t oc a rgo s t r ew s a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e l o ad ing a nd u n load ing o fc r af t . S ou th o ft h e s l ipway t h e i n c id ence o f R oman a nd m ed ieva l a r tef ac t s s e em s t od im in i sh w he r e as e r ie s o fe r oded w ooden s t ock s m a rk t h e l o ca t ion o fa p o s t -med ieva ls h ip -bu i ld ing i n du s t r y( s ee s e c t ion 8 . 8 .7 ) .
F i e ldwa lk ing d u r ing t h e p r o jec t s ugge s t s t h a t am ed ieva l s e t t lemen t w a s s i tua ted o n t h e e a s te rn s hou lde r o f t h e v a l ley , s ome 4 00m S SE o ft h e p r e sen t mou th ( IWS MR 2 067 , 2 210 , 2 2 11) . T h i s m ay a c co rd w i th t h e m ano r o f S o f l e t , h e ld b y t h e K ing i n AD 1 086 a nd S hoef f lu t e o r S hoe s f le th c i ted cAD 1 248 i nt h ec ha r te r so fQ ua r rA bbey . L a te r , i n AD 1 5 19 , t h i sp l a ce i si d en t if ied a sS houl f l e t e i n t h ep a r i sh o fW h ipp ingham ( Hockey 1 99 1 , 9 1 -3 c ha r te r s 3 72 -378 ) . T he m ou th o f t h e c r eek a ppea r s t o b e t h a t n amed a s S ho l f le t t e H avyn i n AD 1 559 ( Kök e r i tz 1 940 , 2 46 -7 ) a nd S huf f le te C r eek i n AD 1 583 ( Köke r i tz i b id ) b u t t h e n av iga t iona ld e ta i l sg i ven b yC o le s( i b id )s ugge s tt h a ta ny r o le a s ah aven w ou ld h ave b een s e ve re ly r e s t r ic ted b yt h e l i m i ta t ion s o f at i da l h a rbou r . T h e c r eek i sn amed K ing ' s H aven i n AD 1 693 a nd K ings ' K ey o n t h e m ap o fJ ohn H aywood i n AD 1 781 . H ock ey ( 1 99 1 , 9 1 )r egu la r i se st h e m ed ieva l s p e l l ing a nd p ronun c ia t ion a sS hoe f lee tm ak ing c a r ef u l d i s t inc t ion b e tween t h i s h aven a nd S cha ld e f le te
A bbey B each [ A ] ( SZ 5 64 9 31 ) T h i sb ea ch i sl o ca ted b e low t h ew ood so ft h e moder na bbey o fQ ua rt I ti sa ni n te r t ida la r ea h eav i ly d enuded b yc oa s ta l p roce s se s a nd c on ta in ing f ew a r cha eo log ica l f e a tu r e s . B ef o r e p l ana t ion b y w ave a c t ion i tw a s a n i n te r f luve
1 0
TH ES T UDY A R EA b e tw een t h eW oo t ton a nd Q ua r rp a la eova l ley s .T he c u r ren t e r o s ion p r oce s se sh e re s e em t op r ov id ea ni mpo r tan ti n dex o ft h er a te a nd s e ve r i ty o ft h et h r ea tp o sed t ot h ea d ja cen t a r cha eo log ica lf e a tu re s .
T he I r on A ge l o ng sho re a l ignmen t B 18 i ss i tua ted j u s t e a s to ft h es ewage o u tf a l lp i pe . S eawa rd o ft h i sa l ignmen t i st h el a rge V shaped f i sh w e i rB 48 / 110 w h ich d a te st ot h e e a r ly m ed ieva lp e r iod ( s ee s e c t ion 7 . 4 .4 ) .
Quarr B each [ Q ] ( SZ 5 67 9 31 )
P e lham f ie ld [ P ] ( SZ 5 82 9 31 )
T h i sb ea ch i ss i tua ted a tt h e mou th o ft h eQ ua r rv a l ley a nd i mmed ia te ly n o r th o ft h em ed ieva la bbey .I ti sa ni n te r t ida l a r ea l a rge ly o c cup ied b yt h e i n f i l l s e d imen t s o ft h e Q ua r r p a la eova l ley .T h i ss u r f a ce i sw e l lc ove red w i th p r eh i s to r ic p o s t c l u s t e r s a nd w i th S axon a nd m ed ieva l l o ng sho r e p o s t a l ignmen t s . T o t h e w e s t o f t h e p a laeova l ley , t h r ee N eo l i th ic t r a ckway s ,Q 152 ,Q 153 a nd Q 190 w e r er e co rded a te x t r eme l ow w a te r ( s ee s e c t ion 7 . 4 .1) . O n t h e f i rme r g r ound a tt h e s i de s o ft h e p a laeova l ley s c a t te r s o fb u rn t a nd w o rked f l i n to ccu r( s ee s e c t ion 7 . 3 ) ,i np l a ce so ve r la in b y o r g an ic s e d imen t s c on ta in ing f a l len t r ee s . AR oman w ooden s t ru c tu re , Q 4 , a l so l i e so nt o p o ft h ep a la eova l ley f i l l .
O n t h e b ea ch b e low t h e V ic to r ian p a rk land e s ta te o n t h e w e s t s ubu rban f r inge o f R yde , ar i bbon o f s ubme rged f o re s t a nd p ea t i se xpo sed a t l ow t i de . P o s t s t ru c tu r e s d eno te n o tab le h uman a c t iv i ty o nt h ef i l l sa nd a tt h ee dge s o f as ma l l p a la eova l ley i n le t . E a s twa rd s , a r chaeo log ica l f e a tu re sh ave y e tt ob et r a ced i nt h ea r ea c ove r ed b yR yd e S and s . D eep ly s ubme rg ed a nc ien t t r ee s w e r e , h ow eve r , r e co rded d u r ing t h e c on s t ruc t ion o fR yde r a i lway p i e r i n 1 884 w hen ' t he se mona r ch s o ft h e f o r e s tw e re f ound a ta d ep th o f 8o r 1 0f e e tb e low t h e s u r f a ce f u l ly e mbedded i n s t if mud '( I s le o fW igh tT ime s 1 884 ,5 ) .
K ey sB each [ K ] ( SZ 5 71 9 30 )
T he m a in s i te si nt h eh i n te r land a r es hown i nF igu re 2 . 6 .
T h i s b ea ch i s l o ca ted b e low t h e p r iva te w ood land a c commoda t ing a nc ien tq ua r ry p i t si nt h ee s ta te k nown a s ' The K ey s ' . H e re , N eo l i th ic p o s t s e t t ing s a nd s ubme rged t r ee s a r e p r e se rved w i th in o r gan ic s i l t s . T he b ea ch e ncompa s se s am a jo r M idd le S axon l o ng sho r e p o s t a l ignmen t K 16 /Q 137 a nd i sc r o s sed b y ad oub le r ow o f p o s t s , K 43 , d a t ed t ot h e m ed ieva l p e r iod . T h i s i sm a rked o nt h e 1 866 O rdnance S u rvey m ap a s a' b oa th a rbou r 'a nd i sb e l ieved t oh ave s e rved t h eB in s tead s t one q ua r r ie s( s ee s e c t ion s7 . 4 .5 a nd 8 . 8 .5 ) .
Quarr A bbey a nd i t se nv irons ( SZ 5 66 9 26 )
2 . 2 .2 H in ter land s i te s
Q ua r r A bbey w a s ap r o spe rou s C i s te r c ian m ona s te ry o ccupy ing t h e s h a l low v a l ley w h ich l e ad s t h e N ewnham b rook t ot h e s e a . T he g en t le s i d e s o ft h e v a l ley a r e s t i l l w e l l p opu la ted w i th o l d o ak w ood land w h i l s t t h e v a l ley f l oo r ,a nd t h ea bbey r u in s ,s e rve a sc a t t le p a s tu r e .T he m o s t p rom inen ts u rv iv ing f e a tu r eo ft h ea bbey i si t ss ub s tan t ia l p r ec inc t w a l l ( F ig . 2 . 7 ) . T he n o r ther n a rm o ft h i s w a l l i s r e inf o r ced w i th e a r ly m ed ieva l g un l o op s ( Renn 1 967 ) . T he se f a ce t h es e aw h ich i sn ow o n ly 2 20m a way a th i gh w a te r . O n t h e c r e s t o ft h e e r od ing c l if l ine l i e s as ma l l r e c tangu la r e n c lo su r e c on ta in ing am ona s t ic t i l e ry o ft h e 1 3 th c en tu ry .T h i sw a se xcava ted d u r ing t h ep r o jec t( R ia l l f o r thcom ing ) .
B in s t ead H ard ( SZ 5 75 9 31 ) B in s tead H a rd i s al a nd ing p l a ce o rm o le f i r s t s hown o n t h e 1 866 O rdnance S u rvey m ap . I ti ss i tua ted 0 . 3 k m f r om t h es t one p i t sa tB in s tead a nd e x tend so u twa rd so ve r s ome 0 . 34km o ft h e i n te r t ida l s u rf a ce o fB in s tead B each . I tc omp r i se s ar obu s t s h ing le b ank o ve r ly ing d i s tu rbed a r t if i c ia l d ump s o fl i me s tone r ubb le . B enea th t h i s r ubb le , ac omp lex a r r angemen to fw ood en p o s t s a nd f a sc ine sh a s b een e xpo sed b y r e cen t w ave a t ta ck . T he h a rd h ad b een p e r ce iv ed t ob et h el a nd ing p l ace f o rs h ip se mp loyed i nt h e m ed ieva l e xpo r t o fl i me s tone f r om t h e B in s tead q ua r r ie s . H ow ev e r , t h e a b so lu te d a te s o fc a l AD 1 650 1955* ( GU 580 ; 1 40±50 B P ) a nd c a l AD 1 660 1955* ( GU -558 1 ; 10± 50 B P ) o b ta ined f r om t wo w ooden p o s t s a s soc ia ted w i th t h ef a sc in e sd on o tb ea rt h i so u t .
U pper Quarr v a l ley ( SZ 5 66 9 20 ) T he Q uaf f v a l ley i so ccup ied b y t h e N ewnham s t r eam w h ich c an b ef o l lowed 1 . 5 k m i n land t h rough t h eI s land ' s T e r t ia ry c l ay land . T h i s v a l ley l i e s p a ra l le l t o Woo t ton C r eek a nd d i sp lay s as im i la r n o r thwa rd d r a inage p a t ter n . T he v a l ley f l oo r i so ccup ied b y as e r ie s o f m ed ieva l f i shpond s a nd l e a t s d e s igned t o s e rve t h e n eed s o f t h e a bbey ( s ee s e c t ion 8 . 8 .3 ) . T he s l ope s o ft h e v a l ley h ave b een f i e ldwa lked a nd t h ey i n c lude as ma l lv a l ley s ide p ea t m i re a nd a na s soc ia ted R oman i n du s t r ia ls i t ew i th c op iou s b ur n tf l in tw a s te ( s ee s e c t ion s6 . 3 .1 a nd 7 . 2 .1) .
B in s t ead B each I B I ( SZ 5 77 9 31 )
P uck H ou se ( SZ 5 58 9 17 )
T h i s i sa n i n te r t ida l a r ea mo s t ly l y ing b e tw een t h e l o ng s l ipway k nown a sB in s tead H a rd a nd as ewage o u tf a l lp i pe w h ich i so fs im i la r l e ng th . S ome o ft h e b ea ch s e d imen t s h e r e a r e a t r ibu tab le t o t h e i nf i l l ing o f ap a la eo channe l r u nn ing o u tw a rd s f r om t h ep r e sen tm ou th o ft h e B in s tead s t r eam . T he s e d imen t s a tt h e e dge o ft h e c hanne l c on ta in a n i ns i tu f l in t a s semb lage B 8 ( s ee s e c t ion 7 . 3 .1) , w h ich i sp a r t ia l ly o v e r la in b yp ea t s a nd f a l len t r ee s . B ronze A ge p o s t s t ru c tu re s a r e s i ted a ta nd b eyond Mean L ow Wa te r .
P u ck H ou se i sag r ave l -capped h i l ll y ing l km i n land o nt h e e a s ts i d eo f Woo t ton C reek .I th a sb een i d en t if i ed a s af o ca l p o in to fN eo l i th ic a nd l a te rh uman a c t iv i ty w he r e ar ound b a r row a nd a tl e a s t o ne r i ng d i tch w e r e c on s t ru c ted ( F ig . 2 . 8 ) . P ro jec t w o rk h e r e c omp r i sed a e r ia l p ho tog raphy , f i e ldwa lk ing a nd e nv i ronmen ta l s amp l ing d e s igned t o e s tab l i sh t h e n a tu r e a nd e x ten t o fh uman a c t iv i ty o n t h e h i l l t o p a nd i t s f l ank ing s l ope s . T he r e su l t s o fa n e a r l ie r
1
CO ASTAL AR CHAEOLOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONMENT : ASO LENT C ASE S TUDY
K ing 's Quay
P a lme r 's F arm Woods ide R ane iagh S p i t D a l l imo res
P a l mer 's B rook
F ishbou me L ane
B ins tead Q ua r r ies
Quar r Abbey
Woo t ton B r idge P uckhouse
F e mh i l l
B ins tead U ppe r Quar r V a l ley
S t ream
B lackbr idge B rook
D eadman 's B rook
E ag iehead C ombe C h i l l ingwood B rook
Comb ley F a rm
D uxmore C ombe
F igure 2 .6 T he p r inc ipa ll o ca t ion s i nt h eh in ter land .
1 2
TH ES TUDY A REA
F igur e2 .7 T he m ed ieva la bbey o fQ uar rw i th t h em od e rn a bbey t ot h el e f t
t r ia l e xcava t ion w e re a l so i n te r roga ted ( s ee s e c t ion s 6 . 3 .2 , 7 . 2 .1 a nd 9 . 1 .1) . F i shbourne L ane ( SZ 5 58 9 27 ) T h is l o ca t ion e mb race s as ma l l n umbe r o fs i te s l y ing o n e l eva ted l a nd o n t h e e a s t b ank o ft h e mou th o f Woo t ton C reek . I tc omp r ise s f i e ld s b e long ing t ot h e moder na bbey o f Q ua r r , n o r th a nd s ou th o f Q ua r r R oad . F i e ldwa lk ing r e vea led s eve ra l l o ca l i sed c oncen t ra t ion s o f b u rn t f l in t i n c lud ing t h e e a r ly B ronze A ge e xamp le a ts i te I WS MR 2 2 16 . T h is w a s e xcava ted i n o rde r t o r e t r ieve d a t ing e v idence ( s ee s e c t ion 7 . 3 .2 ) . C ha rcoa l f r om af l in t -f i l led p i t i nd ica ted a d a te o f 2 200 1820 c a l BC ( OxA -5484 ; 3 640±55 B P ) f o rt h i s s i te . I nve s t iga t ion b y m agne tome te r s u rvey w a s c a r r ied o u t i n 1 993 b y E ng l ish H e r i tage , o n e l eva ted l a nd o ve r look ing F i shbou rne B ea ch a nd t h e l o ca t ion f o rme r ly a ccommoda t ing t h e a bbey ' s m ed ieva l f i sh h ou se ( OS p a rce l 0 004 ) . T h is w a s p e r ce ived t ob e a p o s s ib le s ou rce f o r as ma l l q uan t i ty o f R oman b u i ld ing ma te r ia l s e xpo sed a s l o o se a r tef ac t s o n t h e b each b e low . T he r e su l t sw e re u n rewa rd ing . B ins tead Quarr ie s( SZ 5 78 9 27 ) T he c oa s ta tB in s tead i st h ep r inc ipa l s ou rce o ft h e f i ne ly b edded s he l ly O l igocene l i me s tone k nown a sQ ua r rs t one . T h is s t one i s ap a r t icu la r l o ca l i sed f a c ie s o f t h e mo re c ommon B emb r idge L ime s tone F o rma t ion w h ich o u tc rop s a tv a r iou s l o ca t ion s o n t h e n o r the rn c oa s t o ft h e I s le o f W igh t ( I n so le a nd D a ley 1 985 ) . F ree s tone b and s o ft h e
F igur e2 . 8P lan o fr ound b ar row , r i ng d i tch a nd b urn t f l in ts ca t te r so nP uck H ou se H i l l .
1 3
CO A ST AL AR CHAEOLOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONM ENT : ASO LENT C A SE S T UDY B emb r idg e L ime s tone F o rma t ion h ave b een c ommon ly q ua r r ied a tBi n s tead w he r e ,a s ab u i ld ing m a te r ia l ,t h i ss t one h a s a cqu i r ed t h e q ua r ryman ' s n ame o f ` B in s tead S t one ' . T h eq ua r ry ing o ft h e se c oa s ta l l i me s tone si se v iden ts i nce l a te I r on A ge t ime s .A ne xpo r t i n du s t ry s e rv ing m a in land n eed s i sa t te s ted d u r ing t h e R oman , S axon a nd m ed ieva l p e r iod s . L oca l q ua r ry ing p e r s i s ted u n t i l l a te i nt h e 1 9 th c en tu ry . As u rvey o ft h e c oa s ta l e v idence f o r q ua r ry ing , h and l ing a nd s h ipp ing h a s b een a n i n teg ra l p a r t o f t h e p ro jec t( s ee s e c t ion 8 . 8 .5 ) .
2 . 2 .3
C orr idor a nd c a tchmen ts i t e s
O b je c t ive 4 o f t h e o r ig ina l r e sea r ch d e s ign s ough t a n u nde r s tand ing o ft h e u ppe r a nd l ow e r v a l ley s ed imen t s a s i n d ice s o fh uman a c t iv i ty a nd e nv i ronmen ta l c hange w i th in t h e h i n te r land o f Woo t ton C reek a nd i t s f e ede r s t r eam s . T h i s a s pec t o f t h e p ro jec t w a s p u r su ed i n t h e F i r e s tone V a l ley a nd a l ong D eadman ' s B rook . T he se a r e d e sc r ibed i ns e c t ion 5 . 4o ft h i sr e po r t . C omb ley ( SZ 5 46 8 83 )
D a l l imor e s , Wh ipp ingham ( SZ 5 22 9 30 )
T he m ed ieva lf a rmhou se a nd t h ea d ja cen tf a rm a nd R oman v i l la a tC omb ley l i e s ome 6 km u p s t r eam f r om t h e mou th o f Woo t ton C r eek . T he C omb ley s t r eam i so ne o ft h et wo p r inc ipa lf e ed e r so ft h ec r eek a nd i ti sa tt h i sp o in tt h a tt h e s t r eam i s sue s f r om t h e d i p s l ope o ft h e I s land ' s m ed ian c ha lk r i dge . T he R oman v i l la ( IWSMR 83 ) l i e s w i th in 1 00m o ft h e i n te rm i t ten t s p r ing h ead w h i l s tt h e m ed ieva l m ano rh ou se a nd f a rm l i e ss ome 6 00m d own s t r eam w he re t h e s umme r s upp ly o f w a te r i s mo re r e l iab le . S ou th o f t h e f a rm t h e s t ream i sd eno ted a sD eadman ' s B rook a nd i ti sa c compan ied b y a mode s t f l ood p l a in . T h i s a r ea w a s a s se s sed b y w a lkove r i n spec t ion s d u r ing t h e w in te r m on th s w hen t h e s e c t ion p rov ided b y t h e s t ra igh tened s t r eam c hanne l w a s f ound t o s how e v idence o f B ronze A ge a nd R oman o ccupa t ion s e a led b en ea th as ub s tan t ia l s p r ead o ff l oodp la in g r ave l( IWS MR 2 234 ,s e c t ion 7 . 3 .2 ) . A t ad i s tance o f0 . 8km d own s t r eam f r om t h e f a rmhou se t h ev a l ley w a s t r an sec ted b y a n e mbankmen t 2 m h i gh o n t h eb ounda ry o fC omb ley G rea t Wood .T h i sm ay p o s s ib ly b e ap a rk land b ank .
O n t h e e x t r eme w e s ter n e dge o f t h e s t udy a r ea , n ea r D a l l imo r e s ,t h ev a l ley o fP a lme r ' sB rook a nd K ing ' sQ uay i so ve r looked b y ag r ave l -capped r i dge r i s ing j u s t a bove t h e 4 5m c on tou r . T h i s f e a tu re i sm a tched o n t h e e a s ter n s i de o ft h eb rook b y as im i la rc apped r i dg e i nt h ev i c in i ty o fP a lme r ' sF a rm .T he r i dge w a ss e lec ted f o rf i e ldwa lk ing i n o rde r t o p rov ide a c ompa r i son w i th t h e r i dge n ea r P a lme r ' s F a rm . B o th l o ca t ion s w e r e s i ted o n t h e h i gh ly r e s t r ic ted o u tc rop s o f P l a teau G rave l w he re l e ve l s o f p r eh i s to r ic a c t iv i ty w e r e s u spec ted t ob e h ighe rt h an t h a t o nt h ea d ja cen ta r ea so ft h eT e r t ia ry c l ay z one o fn o r ther n W igh t( s ee s e c t ion s7 . 2 1a nd 7 . 3 .1) . P a lmer ' sF arm ( SZ 5 38 9 31 ) P a lme r ' s F a rm o ccup ie s t h e c r e s t o f ag r ave l -capped r i dge s e pa ra t ing t h ev a l ley o f Woo t ton C r eek f r om t h a to f K ing ' s Q uay . L ike t h e n e ighbou r ing r i dge a tD a l l imo re s , t h i s l a nd i se l eva ted j u s t a bove t h e 4 5m c on tou r a nd i s o r ien ta ted t owa rd st h en o r th -ea s t .T he r i dge i so ccup ied b y t h e m ed ieva l m ano r a nd c hu r ch o f Woo t ton w h i l s t mu ch o ft h e l a nd a d ja cen tt ot h e se b u i ld ing s i sn ow c ove red b y u rban d eve lopmen t . O n t h e r ema in ing a r ea o ft h i s g r ave l c r e s t , a r ab le l a nd b e long ing t oP a lme r ' s F a rm w a s m ade a c ce s s ib le t ot h es u rvey t e am ( s ee s e c t ion s7 . 2 .1 a nd 7 . 3 .1) .
D uxmor e( SZ 5 53 8 75 ) D uxmo re C ombe l i e ss ome 5 km u p s t ream f r om t h em ou th o f Woo t ton C r eek . L ike C omb ley i ti ss i tua ted a tt h eh ead o f o ne o f t h e t wo m a in f e ede r s o f t h e Woo t ton V a l ley c a t chmen t . T he B la ckb r idge B rook r i se s i n as p r ing s a pped h o l low 1 20m n o r th o ft h e mou th o ft h e c ombe . T he c ha lk c ombe c u t st h ed i p s lope o ft h e I s land ' sm ed ian c ha lk r i dge a nd i t sf l oo rw a sf ound t ob ec ove red b ys ome 5 m o f p r eh i s to r ic a nd l a te r c o l luv ium . C ro s s sec t ion s t h rough t h ec o l luv ium , c u ta ts i te I WSMR 2 129 ,r e vea led a r tef a c tua l a nd e nv i ronmen ta l e v idence p e r ta in ing t ot h e l a nd -u se h i s to ry a tt h e h ead o f c a t chmen t . T he p ro jec t d e s ign f o r p o s t -excava t ion a na ly s i s w a s p l ann ed t o i n ve s t iga te t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween h uman ly i n du ced c o l luv ia l e ven t s a tt h i s l o ca t ion a nd a luv ia l e ven t s i nt h e e s tua r ine s e c t ion o ft h e v a l ley . E conom ie s o fs pa ce h ave p e rm i t ted o n ly af a c tua l s umma ry o ft h e a r cha eo log ica l a nd p a la eoenv i ronmen ta l e v idence r e cov e r ed f r om t h e c o l luv ia lc r o s ss e c t ion s( s ec t ion s6 . 2 .1 ,7 . 2 .2 a nd 9 . 1 .1) .
F ernh il ( SZ 5 42 9 14 ) T he w e s ter nb ank o f Woo t ton C reek i sl a rg e ly o ccup ied b y u rban l a nd a nd i n a cce s s ib le w ood land w h ich p roved t ob e u n su i tab le f o rf i e ld a s se s smen t . S ou th o f Woo t ton v i l lage , h oweve r , t h e w e s ter n s hou lde r o f t h e v a l ley w a s o nce p a rk land a nd t h em anaged e s ta te b e long ing t ot h e f o rme r c oun t ry s e a tk nown a sF e r nh i l l .T h i si n te r e s t ing l a nd scape s t i l ls u rv ive sa sp a s tu re ,w ood land a nd a r ab le l a nd s u i tab le f o r f i e ldwa lk ing . A n e xam ina t ion o ft h i s a r ea r e vea led a n umbe ro fl i t h ic s c a t te r ss i gn if y ing h uman a c t iv i ty n ea rt h e e s tua r ine h ead o ft h ec r eek ( s ee s e c t ion s7 . 2 .1 a nd 7 . 3 .1) . F ir e s tone V a l ley ( SZ 5 55 9 10 ) F i r e s tone V a l ley c on ta in st h eu ppe ra nd a n c ien tt i da lp o r t ion o f Woo t ton C r eek .T he m ed ieva le mpondmen to ft h el owe r F i r e s tone V a l ley h a ss i nce s ubme rged 0 . 8 km o ft h ev a l ley f l oo ra nd h a s i n te r rup ted i t s n a tu ra l s ed imen ta t ion . S ou th o ft h em i l lp ond t h ev a l ley i sa luv ia ted f o r af u r the r 1 k m . H e re t h eo l dv a l ley f l oo ri sn ow e ngu lf ed b enea th s ome 6 m o ff i ne s i l t( s ee s e c t ion 5 . 4 ) .
E ag lehead C ombe ( SZ 5 83 8 78 ) E ag lehead C ombe i s as t eep s id ed s c a rp f a ce d r y v a l ley s im i la r ly l o ca ted t oD uxmo r e C ombe a tt h e h ead o ft h e Monk tonmead B rook w h ich f l ow s n o r thwa rd t o R yde . R e s t r ic ted a c ce s sm ean tt h a t as i ng le c o r ew a st a ken t owa rd s t h e n o r ther ne nd o ft h e c ombe t oe s tab l i sh t h e p r e sen ce / a b sen ce o f ac o l luv ia lf i l ls equen ce w i th p o t en t ia lf o rg ood
1 4
TH ES T UDY A R EA
F igu r e2 . 9 S chema t ic v i ew o fs ubme rg ed l a nd s urf ace sa tB ou ldnor ( h o r i zon ta la x i sn o tt os ca le ) .
m o l lu scan p r e se rva t ion a nd t oa s se s s t h e c on t r ibu t ion t o c o l luv ium w h ich i ss ub sequen t ly t r an spo r t ed t h rough t h e s e d imen t s y s tem t oa l luv ia l r e g ime sa nd u l t ima te ly t ot h e i n te r t ida lz one ( s ee s e c t ion 6 . 2 .2 ) .
c an b e i d en t if ied w he re p a s t p e r iod s o f a c c r e t ion a nd s e d imen ta t ion h ave o ccu r r ed . H e r e ,e xpo sed i nt h ef a ce o f a n u nde rwa te r c l if , t h r ee l a ye r s o fp ea t h ave b een f ound i n t e r ca la ted w i th a luv ium . T he se d epo s i t s a t te s t m a r ine i n unda t ion w h ich h a s b een i n te r rup ted b y e p i sode s o f f a l l ing o rs t a t ic s e al e ve l . ( F ig .2 . 9 ) .
2 . 2 .4 S o len ts e a leve lc or e sa nd e va lua t ion s O b je c t ive 1o ft h e p ro jec t d e s ign s ough t ' a n o ve rv i ew o f t h e a r chaeo log ica l p o ten t ia l o fi n t e r t ida l w e t land s a nd s ubmerg ed l a nd scape o ft h e S o l en t ' . T h i s v i ew s ough t t oe s tab l i sh ' a n a d equa t e s ea leve l c h r ono log y ' . F o r t h i s p u rpo se t h e p a laeo s t ra t ig raphy o fc oa s ta l s e d imen t s w a s a s se s sed a tt h ef o l low ing s i te s( s ee F i g . 1 . 2 ) .
N ew town E a s tS p i t( SZ 4 18 9 20 ) N ew town H a rbou r i s ad r owned r i ve r b a s in i nw h ich a d end r i t ic p a t te rn o ff o u rs ha l low v a l ley sh a sb een o ccup ied b y t h e s e a . F o r t h e p r e sen t a nd f u tu r e m anagemen t o f t h e h a rbou r t h e m o s t i mpo r tan t f e a tu r e i st h e n a tu re o f t h e r i ve r m ou th , w h ich i sp r o tec ted b y o ppo sed s h ing le s p i t s . As i ng le C ob ra a uge rc o re w a s s unk o nt h e o f sho r e m a rg in o ft h e E a s t S p i t ( F ig . 2 . 10 ) . T h i s p ene t ra ted t oa d ep th o f1 4 .85m OD t or e vea l al o ng h i s to ry o fs im i la r e nv i ronmen ta l c ond i t ion s b r oken a t r e la t ive ly b r ief i n te rva l sb y e p i sode so fp ea tf o rma t ion . L im i ted i n te r t ida l s u rvey i d en t if ied t r a ce s o fh uman a c t iv i ty i n c lud ing t h e r ema in s o ft wo t r a c i cway s o rp l a tf o rm s , o ne o fw h ich h a s b een d a ted t o2 920 -2500 c a l BC ( GU -534 1 ,4 160±70 B P ) .
Y armou th : N or ton S p i t a nd N or ton r e ed s wamp ( SZ 3 50 8 96 ) Y a rmou th S p i tw a ss e lec ted a s as i te w h ich o f e r ed ap o ten t ia l o ppo r tun i ty t o r e con s t ruc t t h e p a la eoenv i ronmen ta l a nd s e a leve l h i s to ry o ft h e W e s te rn S o len t . E a r l ie r w o rk b y D evoy ( 1 987 )a nd S u the r land ( 1 984 )h ad a l so v i ew ed t h i s s i t ea so ne o fi mpo r tance . An umbe ro fb o r eho le sw e r es unk a tt h em ou th o ft h e We s te rn Y a ru s ing aC ob ra m echan ica l a uge r . As t i tz a uge r h ead w a s u sed o n Y a rmou th S p i t t o r e cov e rc on t inuou ss amp le st o ad ep th o f1 1 .30m OD ( s ee s e c t ion 5 . 3 ) .
Werrar ( SZ 5 07 9 27 ) T h i s s ubme rged l a nd s u rf a ce i n t h e d rowned v a l ley o f t h e R ive r Med ina w a s f i r s t e xpo sed d u r ing b r ickmak ing a c t iv i t ie s i nt h e e a r ly 2 0 th c en tu ry . T he d epo s i t y i e lded a s ma l l b u t s i gn if i can t p r eh i s to r ic l i t h ic a s semb lage ( Poo le 1 936 ) , w h ich i sn ow t h ough t t ob e o fN eo l i th ic d a te . A s po tp a lyno log ica ls amp le w a so b ta ined d u r ing t h ep r e sen t p ro jec t .
B ou ldnor ( SZ 3 74 9 03 ) T h e g eomo rpho log ica l e vo lu t ion o f t h e c oa s t l ine a t B ou ldno r C l if f h a s r e su l ted f r om c l ima t ic c hange s a nd s e a leve l f l uc tua t ion s d u r ing t h e P l e i s tocene a nd H o lo cene . S ome 5 00m o f sho re , ad r owned l a nd scape
1 5
CO A ST AL AR CHA EOLOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONM ENT : ASO LENT C A SE S T UDY 0
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F igur e2 . 10 N ew town E a s tS p i tc o r e
R ane iagh S p i t( SZ 5 54 9 30 )
Q uarr p a laeova l ley S Z5 67 9 31 )
R ane lagh S p i tw a ss e en a s ak ey e nv i ronmen ta l s i te i nt h e s t udy a r ea b ecau se o fi t sp o s i t ion a tt h e mou th o f Woo t ton C r eek ( F ig . 2 . 11) . F i ve c o r e s w e r e s unk u s ing a C ob ra m echan ica la uge ra nd am ax imum d ep th o f8 .5m OD w a s r e a ched ( s ee s e c t ion s4 . 3 .6 , 5 . 3 ) .
I n o rde r t ot r a ce t h e c ou r se o ft h e Q u a r r p a laeochanne l a nd t o r e la te i tt o o t he r s t ra t ig raphy f i ve h and -auge r ed c r o s ss e c t ion sw e re d r i l led i nt h ei n te r t ida lz one .A l though ad ep th o f7 .5m OD w a s r e a ched , t h e f u l l d ep th o ft h e p a la eochanne lw a sn o te s tab l i shed ( s ee s e c t ion 5 . 2 .7 ) .
F i shbourne B each ,E a s tS hor eZ one ( SZ 5 58 9 31 )
B in s tead p a laeova l ley ( SZ 5 77 9 31 )
A t a n e a r ly s t ag e i nt h e s u rvey , a n e x ten s ive p rog ramme o fh and a uge r ing w a s c a r r ied o u t i nt h e i n te r t ida l z one , r e vea l ing p a la eochanne l sw h ich w e r et r a ced t o ad ep th o f 5m .
Ah and -aug e r ed c r o s s s e c t ion w a s s unk t oe s tab l i sh t h e s ub su rf a ce t o pog raphy i nt h e i n te r t ida l z one a nd t r a ced t h e B in s tead p a laeochanne l t o ad ep th o f5m OD ( s ee s e c t ion 5 . 2 .7 ) .
1 6
TI I ES TUDY A R EA
F igur e2 . 11Aer ia lp ho tog raph o ft h em ou th o fW oo t ton C r eek . R ane lagh S p i ti si nt h ec en t r e .
1 7
3T he mode rn f l o ra a nd i t sh i s to r ica lc on tex ti nt h ec oa s ta lz one C o l in P ope
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s t oo l s i nI s land w ood s a nd w he r et h ey d oo ccu r , t h ey a r e f r equ en t ly g row ing o n w oodbank s . T he o n ly r e co rded c o l lec t ion o fa nc ien tc opp ice s t oo l s i nn o r th -ea s tW igh ti s o n t h e e dge o ft h e c ha lk r i dge , i nE ag lehead C op se ( SZ 5 84 8 77 ) .T he se a r ea sh s t oo l s ,s ome o fw h ich a r el i ke ly t o b ei ne xce s so f5 00 y ea r so fa ge .
T he v ege ta t ion o ft h e n o r th -ea s t W igh t h a s b een h eav i ly m od if ied b y m an b u t t h e r e r ema in s i gn if i can t a r ea s o f a nc ien t w ood land , as c a t te r o f u n imp roved n eu t ra l m eadow s a nd a v e ry f ew d eg raded r emnan t s o f ao nce e x ten s ive h ea th land . A long t h e c oa s t a nd w i th in t h e e s tua r ie s ,t r an s i t iona lh ab i ta t sf r om w ood land t or e edbed s , s a l tm a r sh a nd mud f la t sh ave s u rv ived w e l l .T he r ema in ing h ab i ta t sa nd p l an tc ommun i t ie sr e f lec ta nh i s to r ic s u rv iva l o fv e s t ige s o ft h e l a nd scape p a t te rn f r om p o s t -Neo l i th ic t i me s .
I ti sq u i te c once ivab le t h a t i mpo r tan th i s to r ic e v id ence o f w ood land m anagemen t w a s l o s t w hen t h e l a rge r w ood s w e r ec l ea r -f e l led a nd r e p lan ted b yt h eF o r e s t ry C omm i s s ion i nt h e f i r s t p a r t o ft h e 2 0 th c en tu ry . B r idd le sf o rd C op se l i e s o nt h ew e s t b ank o ft h e t i da l h ead o f Woo t ton C reek a nd w a s t h e o n ly l a rge w ood land b l o ck t o e s cape t h i s t r ea tmen t .I ts e em s ,h oweve r ,t h a ti th ad a l r eady b een u s ed f o rt imbe rp rodu c t ion i nt h e 1 9 th c en tu ry w hen r e p lan t ing s o fo ak a nd s ome b eech o ccu r r ed .T he l a ck o fo l dt r ee sd oe s n o t r e du ce t h e l i ke l ihood o ft h e a n c ien t o r ig in f o r t h e se w ood s ; B radf ie ld Wood i nS uf f o lk i sk nown t ob ea nc ien t f r om d ocumen ta ry s ou r ce s a nd t oh ave b een c opp iced f o r c en tu r ie sa nd y e ti th a so n ly s ma l ls t anda rd t r ee s( Ra ckham 1 980 ) .
Wood land T r ee c ove r w a s r e ta ined l o nge s t o n t h e h eavy c l ay s o i l s o fn o r ther nW igh t a nd t h i s h a s a s s i s ted p a r t icu la r ly g ood s u rv iva lo fa nc ien tw ood land i nt h en o r th e a s ts e c to ro ft h e I s land .T he c ha ra c te ro ft h i sw ood land i sf u r the rd i scu s sed i nt h i s r e po r t b y S ca if e , G a le a nd Ma rgham ( s ee s e c t ion s 4 . 2 ,4 . 6a nd 8 . 8 .2 ) .N o r th -ea s tW igh tc a r r ie so ve r4 0% o ft h e I s land ' s s u rv iv ing a nc ien tw ood land c ove ra nd b y f a rt h e g r ea te s tn umbe ro fl a rge w ood land b l ock s . Wood ss u ch a s t h e se c ou ld o f e r av a luab le e conom ic r e sou r ce .E l sewhe r e o nt h en o r th s i de o ft h eI s land ,a nc ien tw ood land s u rv ive s t o day i ns ma l le ra nd mo re w ide ly s c a t te red b l ock s .
I ti st emp t ing t os p ecu la te t h a tt h es em i -na tu ra lw ood land s o ft h eI s le o fW igh ta r er emnan t so ft h e ` w i ldwood 'w h ich e x tended r i gh t a c ro s s t h e c oun t ry i n Me so l i th ic t i me s . Wood land s p ec ie s r e co rded i np o l len d epo s i t s s i nce t h e N eo l i th ic p e r iod ( S ca if e , s e c t ion 4 . 3 ) a r e s t i l l f ound i n l o ca l w ood land s t o day , w i th a f ew n o tab le e xcep t ion s . T he l i ke ly e xcep t ion s i n c lud e b eech ( F agu s s y lva t ica ) w h ich t o day i sa lmo s tc e r ta in ly o fp l an t ed o r ig in ,a l though as t and i nB r idd le sf o rd C op se i sr e gene ra t ing n a tu ra l ly a nd i sd eve lop ing t h e a ppea rance o f an a t ive w ood land c omponen t . Sma l l leaved l i me ( T i l ia c o rda ta ) h a s a lmo s t b een l o s tf r om t h e I s land ' s mode rn f l o ra .T h i sr ema rkab le d ec l ine f r om b e ing ad om inan t w ood land s pec ie s i nt h e N eo l i th ic , t o v i r tua l e x t inc t ion i s m i r ro r ed a c ro s s t h e c oun t ry . T he t r ee t e nded t o s u rv ive b e s t i no dd p a r ce l s o fl a nd w h ich h ad n o c l ea r ly d ef ined o wn e r sh ip . O n t h e I s land i ts u rv ive s i n as i ng le s ma l l w ood ( < 1 h a ) a nd a sa s ma l l g roup w i th in ap l an ta t ion , b o th a tE a s tT apne l l ( SZ 3 68 7 )a tt h ew e s te rn e nd o ft h eI s land .T he se s ma l lw ood s a r es i tua t ed o nb o th m ano r ia la nd p a r i sh b ounda r ie s .T he i r d om inan t p opu la t ion s o f s ma l l leaved l i me d emon s t ra te h i s to r ic c opp ice m anagemen t .
T he w ood land v a r ie sw i th t h es o i lb u tt h ed om inan tt y pe i s d e sc r ibed u nde rt h eN a t iona l V ege ta t ion C la s s if ica t ion a s F rax inu s e xce l s ior -Ace r c ampe s t r e -M e r cur ia l i s p e r enn i s w ood land , A nemone n emoro sa s ub -commun i ty . T h i s i s a n e co log ica l c l a s s if ica t ion o f at y pe o fn a tu ra l w ood land w h ich i sc ha ra c te r i s t ic o fh eavy c l ay s o i l s i ns ou th -ea s t B r i ta in .A to ne t ime ,s u ch w ood sw ou ld h ave b een l o o se ly r e f e r r ed t o a s o akwood s . I n f a c t , t h e t r ee c anopy t o day i sd om ina ted b y a sh , f i e ld m ap le a nd p eduncu la te o ak , t h e r e la t ive p ropo r t ion o fe ach v a ry ing . T he s h rub l a ye r , a l though d om ina ted b yh aze l , t y p ica l ly c on ta in s av a r ie ty o f o t he r s h rub s a s soc ia ted w i th b a se -r ich m a r l s s u ch a s d ogwood ,p r ive t ,s p ind le a nd g u e lde rr o se . T he w ood land s t ru c tu r ei st y p ica l ly c opp ice w i th s t anda rd s . T he r e la t ive a bundance o fw oody s p ec ie sh a sb een h eav i ly i n f luen ced b y m anagemen t a nd t r ad i t iona l ly i n t h e se w ood land s , h aze l w ou ld b e p romo ted a st h e u nde r sh rub w i th o ak a st h ef a vou r ed s t anda rd t r ee .
I s land w ood s w e re m anaged f o r t h e i r t r ee s a nd s h rub s b u t t h e g r ound f l o ra i s a l so a n i mpo r tan t w ood land c omponen t a nd i s o f p a r t icu la r i n te r e s t i n r e f lec t ing t h e p a s t m anagemen t o ft h e s i t e . A nc ien t w ood s h ave a r i che r f l o ra t h an o l d s e conda ry w ood s , a nd t r ad i t iona l ly c opp iced w ood st e nd t oh ave af a rr i che rg r ound f l o ra t h an w ood land w h ich w a s h i s to r ica l ly g r az ed . T he c opp ice c yc le p romo te s ar i ch a nd c o lou rf u l s p r ing g round f l o ra i n
Wood land sr ema ined a ne s sen t ia lp a r to ft h er u ra le conomy o f t h e I s le o f W igh t u n t i l t h e l a te 1 9 th c en tu ry . A c t ive c opp ic ing o fI s land w ood sc ea sed i nt h ee a r ly 2 0 th c en tu ry a l though t h ec ha ra c te r i s t ic w ood land s t ruc tu r ei ss t i l lv e ry e v iden tt o day a nd s ome w ood sa r en ow b e ing r e -copp iced . C opp ic ing c an e x tend t h e l i f eo f at r ee b y m any h und r ed s o fy ea r s . H ow eve r , w e r a r e ly f i nd h uge , a nc ien t c opp ice
1 8
TH EM ODERN F L ORA A ND I T SH I STOR ICA LC ONT EXT I NT HE C OA STAL Z ONE
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5 0 +
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4 1 -50
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3 1 40
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2 1 30
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1 20
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1 10
3 0k m
F igur e3 . 1N umbe r so fa nc i en tw ood land i nd ica tor s pec ie sr e co rd edf rom as e l ec t ion o f I s le o fW igh ta nc ien tw ood land s .
t h e f i r s t f ew y ea r s a f t e r c opp ic ing . I np a r t icu la r , aw ho le s u i te o fs p e c ie s h ave b een i d en t i f ied a s b e ing i n d ica t ive o fa n c ien t w ood land s . I nt h e c u r ren t c on tex t t h i s m ean s w ood land w h ich p r e -da te s AD 1 600 , e s pec ia l ly a nc ien t m anaged ( t ha t i sc opp iced ) w ood land s . T h e d a te o f 1 600 i sc ho sen b ecau se , f o r s ome w ood s t h e re i sd ocumen ta ry e v id ence t os uppo r t t h e i r e x i s ten ce a tt h a t t i me a nd i ti s c on s ide r ed t h a tn ew w ood sw e r er a re ly c r ea ted b yp l an t ing p r io rt ot h a t d a te . We l l d ocumen ted a nd s u rveyed w ood s i no t he rp a r t so ft h ec oun t ry o fa tl e a s tt h a ta ge a r ek nown t o s uppo r t ap a r t icu la r ly r i ch a s s emb lage o f ' a nc ien t w ood land i n d ica to r s p ec ie s ' i na dd i t ion t om any f e a tu r e s o nt h eg r ound s uppo r t ing t h e i rl o ng e x i s ten ce . I th a sb een s p ecu la t ed t h a t s uch w ood s m ay h av eh ad t h e i ro r ig in s i n t h eo nce e x ten s ive ` w i ldwood ' ,h av ing n eve rb een c l ea r ed o ft r e e s( Ra ckham 1 986 ,6 8 ) .
f i f t een a r e n o t e x tan t o n t h e I s land a nd a f u r the r t h ree s p ec ie sa r ec onf ined t oj u s to ne o rt wo w ood s . I tw ou ld b e e xpec t ed t h a t t h i s i mpove r i shed w ood land f l o ra w ou ld l e ad t o l ow s c o r ing o f i n d ica to r s p ec ie s c ompa r ed t oH amp sh i r ey e t ,s u rp r i s ing ly ,t h is h a sn o tb een f ound t ob et h ec a se ( Ho rnby 1 982 ) .O ve rh a lf o f8 0w ood s e xam ined i nt h eI s land c on ta in b e tw een 1 5a nd 3 0a n c ien t w ood land i n d ica to rs p ec ie sa nd 1 6s i t e sh ave o ve r3 0 .T he t wo r i che s t w ood s c on ta ined 5 4 a nd 5 3 s p e c ie s . T he se f i gu r e s c ompa re f a vou rab ly w i th H amp sh i r e , s u rp r i s ing ly s o c on s ide r ing t h e i mpove r i shed f l o ra , t h e s i gn if i can t ly s ma l le r w ood s a nd t h e f a c t t h a t H amp sh i r e i so ne o ft h e mo s t h eav i ly w ood ed B r i t i sh c oun t ie s . L ook ing a tt h e se f i gu r e sf o rt h eI s land , af u r the ri n te r e s t ing p a t ter ne me rg e s . T he g r ea t m a jo r i ty o ft h e r i che s t w ood s a r e i nn o r th -ea s t W igh t ( F ig . 3 . 1) . T he t wo h i ghe s t s c o r ing w ood s a r e F i re s tone a nd B r idd le sf o rd C op se sa tt h eh ead o f Woo t ton C r eek . T h i s e v idence a ga in h i gh l igh t s t h e i mpo r tan ce o f w ood land w i th in t h e Woo t tonQua r rs t udy a r ea .
T he N a tu r e C on se rvancy C ounc i l ( n ow N a tu ra l E ng land ) h a si d en t if i ed 1 00 f l ow e r ing p l an ts p e c ie sa sb e ing s t rong ly a s soc ia t ed w i th a n c ien t w ood land s i n i t s S ou th R eg ion ( c omp r i s ing B e rk sh i re , B u ck inghamsh i re , H amp sh i re , I s le o fW igh t , O xf o rd sh i r e a nd W i l t sh i r e ) . T he g r ea te rt h e n umbe r o ft h e se i n d ica to r s p ec ie s w h ich a r e r e co rd ed i n aw ood land s u rvey , t h e s t ronge ri st h ec a se f o ra na nc ien t o r ig in . I nH amp sh i r e , ah i gh s c o r ing w ood w i l l h ave i n e xce s s o f 3 0 i n d ica to r s p e c ie s , a l though t h i s i sp a r t ly d epend en tu pon t h es i ze o ft h ew ood .O ft h e 1 00 i n d ica to r s p ec ie s i d en t if ied b y t h e N a tu r e C on se r vancy C ounc i l ,
N o ta lo f the ' a nc ien tw ood land i n d ica to r 's p ec ie si d en t if ied b y t h e N a tu re C on se rvancy C ounc i l /Na tu ra l E ng land a r e p a r t icu la r ly f a i thf u l i n d ica to r s o nt h e I s land . S t ink ing i r s ( I r i sf oe t id i s s ima ) , mo scha te l ( Ad oxa m o scha te l l ina ) a nd w ood s pu rge ( Eupho rb ia a mygda lo id e s ) f o r i n s tance , g row m o r e f r ee ly i no pen s i tua t ion s i nt h e mo re m a r i t ime c l ima te t h an t h ey d oo nm a in land s i t e sa way f r om t h ec oa s t .
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CO A STAL AR CHA EO LOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONMENT : ASO LENT C A SE S TUDY W i th c on t inued g r az ing o ve r ap e r iod o fg en e ra t ion s , t h e w ood land w ou ld b e s l ow ly c hang ed t o aw ood p a s tu re w he r e t h e l a nd scape w a s mo re o pen a nd t h e s u rv iv ing t r ee s w e re s c a t te r ed . T he r e i sc l ea r ly ac on f l ic t b e tw een t h et r ee s , w h ich w ou ld s po i lt h ep a s tu r e , a nd t h en eed so f t h el i ve s tock .T he l a t te rw ou ld e a tt h er e g row th o ft h et r ee s a nd s upp re s st h e i rn a tu ra lr e gene ra t ion . T r ee s w i th in w ood p a s tu r e w e re f r equ en t ly m anaged b y p o l la rd ing . Wood p a s tu re , i n v a r iou s f o rm s , s u rv ived d own t h ec en tu r ie sa l though i ti ss c a r ce ly e v iden tt o day i n n o r th -ea s t W igh t . T he c omponen t t r ee s o fw ood p a s tu re , h ow eve r , c an b e v e ry l o ng l ived a nd a nc ien t o ak t r ee s s u rv ive a t an umbe ro fI s land s i te s .T he se i n c lude an umbe r o fg r ea tp o l la rd ed o ak sl i ke t h o se s ou th o ft h eQ ua r rA bbey p r ec inc tw h ich p rov ide u sw i th a n i mpo r tan t a nd t a ng ib le l i nk w i th t h ep a s t . F o r an umb e ro fr e a son sb i o log ica le v id ence i nt h ef o rm o f i n d ica to rf l ow e r ing p l an t si so fn oa s s i s tance i ni d en t if y ing w ood -pa s tu r e . T he w ood land s pe c ie s i n t h i s s i tua t ion a r e e ven tu a l ly e l im ina ted b y g raz ing w h i le g r a s s land s p ec ie sa r en o tc onf ined t ow ood p a s tu r e . Mo r eove r ,m any r e l ic t w ood p a s tu re s o n t h e I s le o fW igh t h ave n ow b een p l oughed o rr e seed ed . H oweve r , e p iphy t ic l i chen s h ave p roved v a luab le i ni d en t if y ing o ld p a s tu re w ood land s o n t h e I s land i ns i tua t ion s w he re i n d iv idu a l t r ee s , o r s t and s o ft r ee s ,o fc on s ide rab le a ge a r ea b le t op r ov ide c on t inu i ty w i th t h e p a s t . T h i s i sv e ry r a re ly t h e c a se i nt h e c opp ice w ood land so ft h e I s land w he re s t anda rd s a r e ac r op t ob e h a rve s ted .
F igu r e3 . 2A nc ien tw ood land i n d ica to rs pec ie sd i s t r ibu t ion m ap s a .N ar r ow leaved l u ngwor t( Pu lmona r ia l o ng if o l ia ) b .W i ld s e r v ice t r ee ( So rbu st o rm ina l i s ) .
Whe re aw ood p a s tu r e r e ta ined ap r edom inan ce o ft r ee s , r a the r t h an p a s tu re , i tw a s p o s s ib le f o r as p ec ie s r ich L oba r ion ( l i chen )c ommun i ty t og row .T he se c ommun i t ie s w e re p robab ly o nce w ide sp r ead i nt h e ` w i ldwood ' o ft h e I s land ( Ro s e 1 976 ) . Whe r et h i sc ommun i ty s u rv ive st o day i ti sv e ry m uch ar e l ic tw i th l i t t le o rn oa b i l i ty t oc o lon i se n ew s i t e s . T he p r e sence o fm embe r s o ft h is c ommun i ty t o day ,o rw i th in t h ep e r iod o fb o tan ica lr e co rd ing ,i n d ica te s s i te sw he re aw ood p a s tu r e ,a so ppo sed t o ac opp ice r e g ime , i sl i k e ly t oh ave p e r s i s ted .A tt h ev e ry l e a s ti tc an i n d ica te a r ea s w h ich h ave e s caped t h e w id e sp r ead c l ea rance o f s t anda rd t r e e s .
H oweve r , af ew s p ec ie s a r ep a r t icu la r ly s t rong i n d ica to r s . O ne o f t h e se , n a r row leaved l u ngwo r t ( Pu lmona r ia l o ng if o l ia ) , g r ow s i n s p ec ie s r ich b r a cken h ea th a nd s c rubby m a r l p i t s a sw e l l a sw ood land o n t h e H amp sh i r e m a in land ,b u to nt h eI s land i ti sc on s ide r ed t ob e af a i thf u l i n d ica to ro fa n c ien tw ood land ( F ig . 3 . 2a ) . As e cond u s ef u l s p ec ie s i s w i ld s e rv ice t r ee ( So rbu s t o rm ina l i s ) . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o f t h i s s pec ie s o n t h e I s land i sp a r t icu la r ly i n te re s t ing ( F ig . 3 . 2b ) , b e ing l a rge ly c onf ined t o c oa s ta l a nd e s tua r ine c r eek w ood land . I nH amp sh i re , i ti sb y n o m ean sc onf ined t ot h ec oa s ta lf r inge .
L oba r ia p u lmona r ia i st h e s p ec ta cu la r l i ch en w h ich g i v e s t h i sc ommun i ty i t sn ame .I ti se a s i ly r e cogn i s ed a nd t h e r ef o r e q u i te w e l l r e co rd ed b u t i nt h e I s le o fW igh t i ts e em st h a t i t w a sa l r eady r a r ea tt h ee nd o ft h e1 9 th c e n tu ry a nd i th a ss i n ce d e c l in ed f u r th e r . Am ap o f i t s k nown h i s to r ic d i s t r ibu t ion ( F ig .3 . 3a )i n d ica t e st wo s i t e si nn o r th -e a s tW igh tw he r ei th a s b e en r e co rd ed .N ea rt h ee s t ua r ine h ead o f Woo t ton C r eek ,a t B r idd le sf o rd C op se ,i ts u rv iv e so n as i ng l eo ak n ea rt h ee dg e o ft h eB la ckb r idg eB rook ( SZ 57 9 02 ) .T h i sm ay b en om o r e t h an ac han c es u rv iva li na no ak wh ich h a se s caped h a rv e s t ing b yv i r tu eo fi t sl o ca t ion a l ong s id e as t r eam . S u ch t r ee sw e r e l e s s f a vou r ed f o rf e l l ing t h an t h o se w i th in t h e w ood p r ope r w h i l s t t h e d amp m ic ro -c l ima te w ou ld b e c ondu c ive t ot h e s u rv iva lo ft h i sl i ch en .T he h i s to r ic r e co rd f r om Q ua r r Wood i so fm o r e i n te r e s tb eca u se t h e re a r eo t h e rr e co rd so fw ood p a s tu r eo ak sa tQ ua r r .
T he e v idence f r om a n c ien tw ood land i n d ica to rs p ec ie s ,t h e p r e sen ce o fn o tab le s p ec ie s ,t h ed ocumen ta ry s ou r ce sa nd t h ea r cha eo log ica le v id en ce a l p o in tt ot h ef a c tt h a tn o r th e a s t W igh t h a s r e ta ined m o r e o f i t s a nc ien t w ood land t h an a ny o t he rp a r t o ft h e I s land . T h i s w ood land i st ob e o b se rved p r inc ipa l ly a r ound t h e c oa s t a nd t h e h ead o f t h e c r eek s l i k e t h o se o f Woo t ton a nd K ing ' s Q uay . T he e v iden ce a l so s t rong ly s uppo r t s t h e s uppo s i t ion t h a t t h e w ood land o fn o r th -ea s t W igh t h a s b een l a rge ly m anaged b yc opp ic ing f o rv e ry m any c en tu r ie s . Wood P a s tur e O nce N eo l i th ic m an i n t rodu ced l i ve s tock i n to h i s w ood s , t h e s t ru c tu r e o ft h ew ood land w ou ld h ave b een mod if i ed .
2 0
TH EM OD ERN F L ORA A ND I T SH I STOR ICA LC ONT EXT I NT H EC OA STA LZ ONE a ge a nd c a r ry ag ood r e p re sen ta t ion o ft h eL ecanac t id e tum p r emneae l i chen a s soc ia t ion . H ea th land T he r e su l t so ft h ep o l len a na ly se si nt h i sp ro jec th ave s hown t h a t t h e p r eh i s to r ic c l ea ran ce o fw ood land w a s f o l low ed b y l o ca l i sed p ea t a c cumu la t ion a nd t h e d eve lopmen t o f h ea th land c ommun i t ie s . T h i s c hange s e em s t oh ave b een l a rge ly a ch ieved b yt h el a te B ronze A ge ( S ca if e1 980 ) .T he g r ave l s a nd p oo r ly d r a ined c l ay s o ft h e n o r the rn h a lf o f t h e I s land w ou ld h ave b een p a r t icu la r ly c onduc ive t ot h e d eve lopmen t o fh ea th land f o l low ing w ood land c l ea rance a nd t h ei n t rodu c t ion o fg r az ing .
F ig ur e3 . 3 W ood p a s tur el i chen i n d ica tor s pec ie s d i s t r ibu t ion m ap s a .L oba r ia p u lmona r ia b .L ecana c t i sp r emnea .
I ti sc on s ide r ed ,l a te ri nt h i sv o lume ,t h a t ap a r to ft h ee s ta te o fS t a the t ot h ee a s to f Woo t ton C r eek w a so pen l a nd scape i nt h e 1 0 th c en tu ry a nd t h a t i ti sl i ke ly t oh ave i n c luded h ea th land ( Ma rgham s e c t ion 8 . 8 .2 ) . T h i s h ypo the s i s i s s uppo r ted b y a r cha eo log ica l i n ve s t iga t ion s a nd b y t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o fO ld E ng l i sh p l a ce -name s a nd f i e ld n ame s . N o r th -ea s tW igh ts e em st oh ave d eve loped e x ten s ive a r ea s o fh ea th land ,p a r t icu la r ly a r ound Woo t ton C ommon w he r e n ame s s u ch a s G r ea t L ynn C ommon , S t ap le r s H ea th , H ea thf ie ld F a rm a nd K emph i l l Moo r ,p o in tt ot h ee x ten s ive s u rv iva lo fh ea th i n to r e cen tt ime s( F ig . 3 . 4 ) . Much o ft h i s l a nd w a s c apab le o fa g r icu l tu ra l i mp rovemen t a nd , f r om t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry o nwa rd s , c ommon l a nd w a s e nc lo sed a nd s ub jec t t od r a inage a nd p l ough ing . T he r e su l t w a s a p r og re s s ive l o s so fh ea th land ( Cha t te r s 1 984 ) .
T he L oba r ion c ommun i ty i sr a re t o day i nl ow land B r i ta in , b u t i ti ss u cceeded o n a nc ien t t r ee s i n e xce s s o f 2 50 y ea r s b y t h e L ecanac t id e tum p r emneae a s soc ia t ion . T h i s c ommun i ty h a s s u rv ived b e t te ra si ti sa b le t ot o le ra te t h e m o re e x t r eme c ond i t ion s w h ich a r e e xpe r ienced i no pen p a rk land o ak s . L ecanac t i sp r emnea i st h e s p ec ie s w h ich g i ve si t sn ame t ot h i sc ommun i ty a nd i t sd i s t r ibu t ion ( F ig . 3 . 3b ) i sa n i n d ica t ion o ft h e s u rv iva l o fa nc ien t o ak s i n w ood p a s tu r es i tua t ion s . T he r e i s ac on cen t ra t ion o ft h e se i nn o r th -ea s t W igh t , a ga in i n d ica t ive o fc on t inu i ty i nt h e m anagemen to fh i s to r ic w ood p a s tu r ei nt h i sa r ea .
O sborne
H ea th f ie ld F arm
Woo t ton Common
N ewnham P ea t M ire F i res tone Copse
E l sewhe r e i nt h e I s land t h e l a rg e s t n umbe r s o f a nc ien t p a rk land o ak s a r e t ob e f ound a tN unw e l l P a rk , B rad ing . T h i s m ay b et h e s i te o f am ed ieva l d ee rp a rk a l though n o
D ame An thony 's /Common
B r idd les ford Copse S tap le rs H ea th
G rea t L ynn Com mon L i t t le L ynn Common
d ocumen ta ry e v iden ce f o rt h i s i sk nown . S eve ra l a r ea s o f w ood p a s tu r e o ak s s u rv ive i nt h e v i c in i ty o fQ ua r r a nd , a l though t h e r e i sn o s ugg e s t ion o f ad ee r p a rk h e r e , t h e a r ea w a sr e f e r red t oa s` O ldpa rk 'i n1 592 ( Hockey 1 99 1) . T h i sw ou ld s e em t oi n d ica te t h a t a' wooded c ommon 't y pe o fe conomy e x i s ted . H e r e l i ve s tock c ou ld b e g r azed a nd d ead w ood c o l lec ted f o r f u e l w h i l s t s ome t r ee s m ay h ave b een p o l la rd ed t op rodu ce c r op s o fw ood . Wood p a s tu re t r ee sr e p r e sen t ing t h i st y pe o fh ab i ta ta r e s t i l l t ob e f ound i nt h eQ ua r rV a l ley j u s ts ou th o fQ ua r rH i l l( SZ 5 67 9 22 ) . T he se a n c ien tt r ee s a r ec e r ta in ly i ne x ce s so f3 00 y ea r so f
S tanden H ea th
K emph i l l Moor
Comb ley G rea t Wood
F igur e3 . 4 H ea th land n ame s i nt h es t ud ya r ea .
21
CO A STAL AR CHAEO LOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONMENT : ASO LENT C A SE S T UDY u n s tab le ,c a lca r eou sc l ay sa nd mud sw h ich b ecome e r oded a tt h es ho r e l ine t oe xpo se l ow ,c l ay c l if s ,e xcep t ing w he re p ro tec ted b yc oa s ta ld ef en ce s .
B y V ic to r ian t ime s , w hen t h e I s land ' s b o tany b egan t o b e s t ud ied i nd ep th , mu ch o ft h e h ea th land h ad g one . I t h a s t h e ref o re n o t b een p o s s ib le t o c a ta logu e t h e e ven t s p r io r t o t h i s t ime . F lora V e c t en s i s ( B romf ie ld 1 856 ) i s t h e e a r l ie s t c omp rehen s ive b o tan ica l r e co rd a nd t h i s t e l l s o ft wo s i gn if i can t a r ea s o fh ea th land i nt h e s t udy a r ea , a t L ynn C ommon a nd S t ap le r s H ea th . T he se s u rv ived i n to t h e 2 0 th c en tu ry b u t t h ey h ave s i nce b een l o s t t o a g r icu l tu ra l i mp rovemen t s a nd a f o r e s ta t ion . T he m o s t r e cen t l o s s o ccu r r ed i nt h e e a r ly 1 970 s w hen Sma l lga in s , ar emnan t o f S t ap le r s H ea th , w a s p l oughed . T oday , n o t r u e h ea th land s u rv ive s i n n o r th -ea s t W igh t a l though h ea th land s p ec ie s , i n c lud ing l i ng ( Ca l luna v u lga r i s ) a nd c r o s s leaved h ea th ( E r ica t e t ra l ix ) , o ccu r s pa r ing ly i n s i te s o ff o rme rh ea th land , i n c lud ing O sbo rne , L i t t le L ynn C ommon , S t anden H ea th a nd D ame A n thony ' s C ommon . A t t h e h ead o f Woo t ton C r eek , h ea the r o ccu r s s pa r ing ly i nt h e h i ghe r r i d e s i nF i r e s tone a nd B r idd le sf o rd C op se s a nd i nC omb ley G r ea t Wood . T he se a r ea nc ien tw ood land s i te sb u tt h ey m ay w e l lh ave s uppo r ted as pa r se h ea th land c ommun i ty i nm o r eo pen s pa ce s .
T he h ead o f Woo t ton C r eek ( F i re s ton e C opse c a t chmen t ) d emon s t ra t e s t h e s u cce s s iona l c hange s f r om m udf la t t o a n c ien tw ood land c l ea r ly . As t udy o ft h e l i t ho s t ra t ig raphy o f t h e s i t e h a s s hown a s equence o f c hang e s f r om p r eh i s to r ic t i me s ( s ee S ca if e s e c t ion 5 . 4 .1 , D ean s e c t ion 5 . 4 .2 ) . At i da lm i l lh a sb een p re sen ts i nce a tl e a s tt h e 1 2 th c en tu ry a nd t h i s o pe ra ted o n t h e s i t e u n t i l t h e e nd o ft h e 1 9 th c en tu ry . D u r ing t h e 2 0 th c en tu ry w a te r l e ve l s h ave b een c on t ro l led i nt h e O ld M i l l P ond o n as omewha t a d h oc b a s i s , a l though g ene ra l ly m a in ta in ing h i gh l e ve l s d u r ing t h e s umme r mon th s a nd a f u l ly t i da l r e g ime a t o t he r t i me s o f t h e y ea r . T he v a r ia t ion s i n h yd ro log ica l m anagemen th ave i n ev i tab ly i n f luenced t h ee co logy o ft h e u ppe rr e ache so ft h eM i l lP ond ,b u tt h roughou tm o s to ft h e 2 0 th c en tu ry ,m ixed s a l tm a r sh w a se x t en s ive ly d ev e loped a r ound t h eh ead o ft h e c r eek . E a r l ie r i nt h e 2 0 th c en tu ry , t h em a r she sb e low F i r e s tone C reek w e r er e gu la r ly v i s i ted b y i n hab i tan t s o f t h e v i l lage o f H aven s t r ee t f o r f i sh ing a nd g a the r ing s e a l a vende r ( L imon ium s pp ) d u r ing t h e s umme r . T he h i s to r ic p roce s s o f s i l ta t ion o f t h e c r eek h a s c on t inu ed a pa ce i nt h e l a t te r p a r t o ft h e 2 0 th c en tu ry s o t h a t b y t h e 1 980 s , s e a l a vende r h ad d i sappea r ed a nd t h e s a l t m a r sh w a s i n d ec l ine . B y t h e e a r ly 1 990 s , t h e s a l t m a r she s h ad b ecome s ucceed ed b y v a s t e xpan se s o f mono spec if i c s e ac ou ch g r a s s s t and s( E ly t r ig ia a e the r ica ) a nd a c ompa ra t ive ly n a r row b and o f m ixed s a l t m a r sh s u rv ived b e tw een t h eg r a s sa nd t h em udf la t s .B y 1 996 ,t h e s a l tm a r sh h ad v i r tua l ly b een s wamped b yt h ei n vad ing s e a c ou ch g r a s s .
O n s p r ing l ine s b e tween t h e gave l s a nd c l ay s , f l u shed a r ea s d eve loped a d if e ren t , b oggy c ommun i ty . S u ch a r ea s w e r e o n ce s i te s o f l o ca l i sed p ea t d epo s i t ion a nd , j udg ing b y V ic to r ian b o tan ica l r e co rd s , t h ey w e re o nce w ide sp read . V e ry f ew s u rv ive t o day . T he P a lme r ' s B rook c a t chmen th ad e x ten s ive a r ea so fh ea th land w i th f l u she si n i t s u ppe r r e ache s . P a lyno log ica l s t ud ie s h ave s hown t h a t a tS t anden H ea th , al i nea rb ank a nd d i tch w a sc on s t ru c ted o ve r ap odzo l ic d r y h ea th land s o i l . U nf o r tuna te ly , t h i s s t ru c tu r ew a sn o tu nequ ivoca l ly d a ted ,b u ti tw a so b se rved t oo ve r l ie aN eo l i th ic g r ound s u rf a ce a nd w a sa r guab ly o f l a te rB ronze A ge d a te ( S ca if e 1 992 ) .
T he n o r th -ea s t c oa s t l ine o f t h e I s land i sc ompa ra t ive ly s h e l te r ed f r om t h e f u l l f o rce o f w ave a c t ion , g i v ing r i se t o aw ide , s i l ty f o re sho re . A t R yd e a nd t ot h e e a s t , s h e l te r f r om t h e f u l l f o r ce o fl a rge r w ave s h a s p e rm i t ted t h e d eve lopmen t o f e x ten s ive s a ndf la t s , r e a ch ing a m ax imum w id th o fa lmo s t 2 km . T he se s and f la t s a r e t h e mo s t e x ten s ive i nt h e S o len t . H oweve r , e a r l ie r a c coun t s o f v i s i to r s t o t h e d eve lop ing h am le t o f R yd e h av ing t o t r ave r se v a s te xpan se so f mud a tl ow t i d es ugge s tt h a tt h e se s a ndf la t sm ay b eo fc ompa ra t ive ly r e cen t o r ig in ( F ie ld ing 1 753 ) . T oday , t h ey s uppo r t t h e r i che s t a s semb lage o f s a ndy s ho r e m a r ine f l o ra a nd f a una o n t h e c en t ra l s ou th c oa s t o f B r i ta in ( Eng l i sh N a tu re 1 995 ) . T h i s i n c lude s e x ten s ive b ed s o ft h e t h ree n a t iona l ly s c a r ce s p e c ie s o f e lg ra s s ( Z o s t e ra s pp ) , Z o s t era n o l t i i a nd Z a ng u s t if o l ia w h ich e x tend t oa pp rox ima te ly 2 0 h ec ta r e s i ne x ten t o n t h eu ppe rs ho re o fR yde E a s t S and s , a nd b ed so fc ommon e lg ra s s ( Z . m a r ina ) a r e a dd i t iona l ly f o und a tl ow w a te r . T hey p rov ide i mpo r tan t f e ed ing g r ound s f o r m ig r a t ing a nd o ve rw in te r ing w e t land b i rd s , i np a r t icu la r f o r b r en t g ee se . E e lg ra s s a l so o ccu r s mo re l o ca l ly r i gh t a l ong t h e n o r th -ea s t c oa s t l ine o n ar a nge o f i n t e r t ida l s e d imen t s . H i s to r ica l ly , t h e se m ay h ave p rov id ed i mpo r tan t f e ed ing g r ound s f o rb i rd s , a l though i tm ay h ave b een t h a tt h e s a l t m a r she s a nd e s tua r ie s w e re mo re i mpo r tan t f o rw i ldf ow l a nd t h a th un t ing p r e s su re sd rove t h em o r e a dap tab le b r en t
Mo re r e cen t a g r icu l tu ra l i mp rovemen t s h ave e l im ina ted a ny s i gn s o fe x tan t w e th ea th land b u t ag roup o ff l u she s , o nce k nown a s V ipe r ' s B og , s t i l l s u rv ive s . T he se s ma l l f l u she s h ave b og p impe rne l ( Anaga l l i s t e ne l la ) , m a r sh p ennywo r t ( H yd roco ty le v u lga r i s ) a nd s e ve ra l s e dge s , c ha ra c te r i s t ic s p ec ie so fw e th ea th . U n t i lt h e 1 970 s , av e ry s im i la r c ommun i ty s u rv ived i n t h e u ppe r Q ua r r v a l ley a d jo in ing t h eN ewnham F a rm p ea tm i r eb ef o r ei tb ecame a c a sua l ty o fa g r icu l tu ra l i mp rovemen t s . C oa s ta lH ab i ta t s Wooded c oa s t l ine s a r e r a r e t o day i n E ng land a nd t h ey t e nd t o b e c oncen t ra ted a r ound e s tua r ie s . T he S o len t i sp a r t icu la r ly n o tab le i n an a t iona l c on tex t f o r i ti ss t i l l b i o log ica l ly r i ch a nd , o n n u t r ien t -poo rg r ave l s a nd c l ay s , i td i sp lay s a nc ien t w ood land w h ich c an b e t r a ced d own t ot h ec oa s t . T he n a tu ra lt r an s i t ion t or e edbed s , s a l tm a r sh a nd t i da l m udf la t s i sa l so r a re t oday , y e t i nt h e I s le o f W igh t i th a s , f o r tuna te ly , b een r e ta ined . T he r e i sa l so l o ca l i sed d eve lopmen t o ff e n c a r r w ood land i nt h e f l ood p l a in s o ft h e I s land . T he se f e a tu re s c an b e s e en a tK ing ' s Q uay a nd a tt h e h ead o f Woo t ton C reek , a l though i nt h e l a t te r s i tua t ion , t h e n a tu ra l t r an s i t ion h a s b een mod if ied b yt h ee f ec t s o ft h et i da lm i l l a t Woo t ton .A long mu ch o f t h en o r thea s tc oa s t ,a nc ien tw ood land o ccu r so nw e t ,o f t en
2 2
TH EM ODERN F L ORA A ND I T SH I STOR ICAL C ONT EXT I NT H EC OA STAL Z ONE g ee se o u t o ft h e e s tua r ie s o n to t h e e l -g ra s s b ed s ( Tubb s 1 996 ) .
l i e c l ima t ica l ly w i th in t h e O cean ic T empe ra te z one a nd t h e se e l emen t so ft h ef l o ra d om ina te t h ev ege ta t ion . O the r p hy tog eog raph ica l e l emen t s a r e a l so p r e sen t a nd t h e i r r e la t ive i mpo r tance v a r ie sa c ro s st h ec oun t ry .
T he a u tho rr e co l lec t s an a r row f r inge o fs a l t m a r sh b e ing p r e sen t a l ong t h e s ho r e l ine i n f r on t o ft h e s h ing le b a r s a tQ ua r r a nd p o s s ib ly a l so a tK ing ' s Q uay i nt h e 1 9 50 s . C a r tog raph ic e v idence d oe s n o t u nf o r tuna te ly p rov id e c l u e sa st ot h ee a r l ie ro r ig in o ft h i ss a l tm a r sh . I tc anno tb e e qua t ed w i th ar emnan to ft h ev e ry w id eb e l to ff o re sho re s a l t m a r sh n ow k nown t o h ave b een p r e sen t w hen t h e N eo l i th ic a nd B ronze A ge t r a ckway s w e r e l a id d own . A 1 948 6 " a e r ia l p ho tog raph d ep ic t s a n a r ea o fs a l t m a r sh s t r e tch ing a l ong t h ec oa s tf o rs ome 7 00m f r om t h ee a s te rn e nd o fF i shbou rne C op se ( SZ 5 655 9 300 )t ol a nd f r on t ing ' The K ey s ' a tB in s tead ( SZ 5 730 9 290 ) . T h i s s a l t m a r sh i ss hown a sh av ing aw id th o fa pp rox ima te ly 5 0m . W i th in l i v ing m emo ry , i te x i s ted a s an a r row b e l t o f S pa r t ina m a r sh w h ich h a s b een l a rge ly l o s t b y e r o s ion o ve r t h e p a s t 2 5 y ea r s w i th o n ly t h r ee i s o la ted p a tche s s u rv iv ing t o day . T h e r e w a s v i r tua l ly n o S pa r t ina m a r sh 1 00 y ea r s a go , p r io rt ot h e r a p id s p r ead o ft h e n ew S par t ina h yb r id f o rm s a r i s ing f r om t h e s pon taneou s c r o s s b e tw een t h e n a t ive S .m a r i t ima a nd t h e t r an sa t lan t ic S .a l te rn i f lo ra i n S ou thamp ton Wa te ri nt h es e cond h a lf o ft h e 1 9 th c en tu ry . T he se n ew S pa r t ina s a l tm a r she s s p r ead a tt h ee xpen se o f o pen , i n te r t ida l mud f la t s a nd , p robab ly , a tt h e e xpen se o f t h e b ed s o fe lg ra s s s p ec ie s w h ich e n r iched mu ch o ft h e i n te r t ida l z one b ef o re t h e c o l lap se o fZ o s te ra p opu la t ion s i nt h e 1 9 30 st h rough as o -ca l led ' wa s t ing d i sea se '( Tubb s 1 995 ) .
T he n a t ive f l o ra o f t h e B r i t i sh I s le s i s c on s ide r ed t o c omp r i se 1 48 1 s p ec ie s .T he m a jo r i ty o ft h e se f a l li n to l a rge p hy togeog raph ica l g r oup s w h ich a r e w e l l r e p re sen ted a c ro s st h e c oun t ry . I ti ss ome o ft h e mu ch s ma l le rg roup s w h ich p rov ide i n s igh t s i n to t h e i n f lu ence s w h ich h ave l e d t o t h e e vo lu t ion o f t h e m oder n f l o ra . T he f l o ra o f t h e I s le o fW igh t i n c lude s s i gn if ican t c omponen t s o ft h e S ou ther n tempe ra te f l o ra ( s pec ie s w ho se d i s t r ibu t ion e ncompa s se s b o th t empe ra te a nd w a rm tempe ra te z one s ) a nd Med i te r ranean f l o ra . I nt h e I s land p hy togeog raph ica l g roup so fp a r t icu la ri n te re s ta r ea sf o l low s : A r c t ic -mon tane a nd B or ea l -mon tane e l emen t s . T he se n o r the rn s p ec ie s , o f w h ich 1 82 a r e r e cogn i sed i n t h e B r i t i sh f l o ra , a r e c on sp icuou s ly a b sen t f r om t h e m oder n f l o ra o ft h eI s le o fW igh t ,a l though w e l l r ep r e sen ted w i th in l a te D even s ian a nd e a r ly H o locene d epo s i t s . O cean ic tempera te e l emen t . T h i s c omp r i se s We s te rn t empe ra te E u ropean s p ec ie s w ho se c en t r e o fd i s t r ibu t ion i nt h i s c oun t ry l i e s i ns ou th -w e s te rn B r i ta in a nd I r e land . F o r ty e i gh ts p ec ie sa r er e cogn i sed i nt h eB r i t i sh f l o ra .T h i s g r oup i sw e l l r e p re sen ted i nt h e I s land ' s f l o ra ( 5 2% o f B r i t i sh s p ec ie s )b ys p ec ie ss u ch a sn a r row leaved l u ngwo r t ( Pu lmona r ia l o ng if o l ia ) , p a le b u t te rwo r t ( P ingu icu la l u s i tan i ca ) , r o ck s e a spu r r ey ( S pe rgu la r ia r up ico la ) a nd b a s ta rd t o ad f lax ( T he s ium h um if u sum ) .
3 . 2 B iog eograph ic e l emen t so ft h eI s le o fW igh tf l ora
O cean ic S ou thern tempera te e l emen t . T h e se s p ec ie s h ave a mo re s ou the r ly d i s t r ibu t ion b i a s i n E u rope a nd c on sequ en t ly a r e p oo r ly r e p r e sen ted i nt h e B r i t i sh f l o ra . J u s t 2 5 s p ec ie s a r e r e cogn i sed b u t 4 0% o f t h e se a r e f o und o n t h e I s land . T hey i n c lude b r i s t le b en t ( Ag ro s t i s c ur t i s i i ) , Ma r t in ' sf um i to ry ( Fuma r ia r e u te r i ) ,d wa rf g o r se ( U lex m inor ) a nd i v y leaved b e l l f low e r (W ah lenbe rg ia h ed e racea ) .
T he p hy tog eograph ic g roup s T he m oder n f l o ra o f t h e I s le o f W igh t i s ap r odu c t o f t h e n a tu ra l v ege ta t ion w h ich h a s e vo lved o ve r t h e p a s t 1 0 ,000 y ea r sa nd h a s b een m od if ied b y c l ima te , s o i l s a nd g eog raph ica li s o la t ion ,t o ge the rw i th t h ev e ry c on s ide rab le i mpa c t o f m an ' s a c t iv i t ie s s i nce t h e N eo l i th ic p e r iod . L i t t le , i fa ny , n a tu ra l v ege ta t ion s u rv ive st o day , e xcep t ing p o s s ib ly f o r c ommun i t ie s o n i n a cce s s ib le c ha lk c l if s . O ve rt h ep a s t 1 00 y ea r st h el o s so fs em i -na tu ra lv ege ta t ion a nd i t sa s soc ia ted s pec ie st h rough u rban d eve lopmen ta nd s oph i s t ica ted a g r icu l tu ra lp roce s se sh a sa c ce le ra ted .
Med i t erranean -A t lan t ic e l emen t .T h i sc omp r i se ss p ec ie s w h ich a r e w ide sp r ead i n t h e Med i te r ranean r e g ion b u t w h ich e x tend n o r thwa rd sa l ong t h eA t lan t ic c oa s tr e a ch ing t h e i rn o r the rnmo s t l i m i t s i ns ou ther na nd w e s te rn B r i ta in . T hey i n c lude t h e g r oup r e f e r r ed t o a s t h e ` Lu s i tan ian ' e l emen to ft h ef l o ra , ag r oup o fs p ec ie se ndem ic t o We s ter n E u rope a nd t h e r ef o r e ap a r t icu la r ly i mpo r tan ta s semb lage w i th r e ga rd t ot h e i ro r ig in a nd m ig ra t ion i n to t h i sc oun t ry . S i x ty -n ine s u ch s p ec ie sh ave b een i d en t if ied i nt h eB r i t i sh f l o ra o f w h ich a c ompa ra t iv e ly h i gh p r opo r t ion ( 5 2% ) , h ave b een r e co rd ed f r om t h eI s land .T he se a r er e p r e sen ted o n t h e I s land b y s p ec ie s s u ch a sI t a l ian l o rd s -and lad ie s ( Arum i t a l icum ) ,w i ld g l ad io lu s( G lad io lu si l y r icu s ) ,h oa ry s t ock (M a t th io la i n cana ) a nd s e a k no tg ra s s ( Po lygonum m a r i t imum ) .
A l though t h e I s le o f W igh t c ove r s o n ly s ome 3 8 ,000 h ec ta re s , i th a s d i sp layed ar i ch f l o ra i nw h ich ad i ve r s i ty o fp hy togeog raph ica l e l emen t s o ccu r . T h i s f l o ra o w e s i t s d eve lopmen t t o t h e I s land ' s g eo log ica l c omp lex i ty a nd i t s s ou ther n c oa s ta l s i tua t ion . T he l a t te r h a s p rov id ed r e la t ive ly h i gh s umme r t empe ra tu re s a nd h i gh s un sh ine l e ve l s t o ge the r w i th c ompa ra t ive ly m i ld w in te r s . T he r e su l t s a r e c l ea r ly s hown i nt h e r e cen t f l o ra o ft h e I s land a sr e co rd ed b yb o tan i s t so ve rt h ep a s tt wo h und r ed y ea r s . T he f l o r i s t i c e l emen t s o ft h e B r i t i sh f l o ra h ave r e cen t ly b een r e v iew ed a nd r e c la s s if ied b yP r e s ton a nd H i l l( 1 997 ) a nd t h i s h a s r e su l ted i n ar e v i s ion o f t h e c l a s s if ica t ion d ev i sed b y Ma t thew s ( 1 955 ) w h ich h a s p r eva i led a nd i n f lu enced b o tan ica lt h ink ing s i nce 1 9 55 .T he B r i t i sh I s le s
E ndem ic e l emen t . T he c ompa ra t ive ly r e cen t i s o la t ion o f B r i ta in f r om m a in land E u rope h a s n o t g i ven t h e o ppo r tun i ty f o r ar i ch e ndem ic f l o r a t o e vo lve . I ndeed ,
2 3
CO A STAL AR CHA EO LOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONMENT : ASO LENT C A SE S TUDY t h e n umbe r o fs p ec ie s c onf ined t ot h i s c oun t ry a r e r a the r f ew ( 4 8 )a pa r tf r om a mong s tt h ea c t ive ly e vo lv ing m ic ro s p ec ie so fh awkw eed ( H i e rac ium ) ,d ande l ion ( T a raxacum ) a nd b r amb le s ( Rubu s ) . T he mo s t n o tewo r thy e ndem ic o ccu r r ing o nt h eI s le o fW igh ti se a r ly g en t ian ( Gen t iane l la a ng l ica ) , ac ompa ra t ive ly d i s t inc t ive s p ec ie sw h ich o ccu r s i ng r ea te rn umbe r so nt h eI s land ' sc ha lk d own st h an i na ny c ompa rab le a r ea e l sewhe r e . H ow eve r , i ti sw i th s ome o f t h e m ic ro spec ie s t h a t w e f i nd c l ue s t ot h e o r ig in s o ft h e I s land ' s f l o ra . T he se h ave r a re ly b een s t ud ied i n ten s ive ly , w i th t h en o tab le e xcep t ion o ft h eb r amb le s( Rubu ss pp . ) .
O ne c ha ra c te r i s t ic w ood land s p ec ie s w h ich mu s t h ave c o lon i sed b o th b ank s o f t h e S o len t R ive r b ef o r e t h e p hy s ica l s e pa ra t ion w a s n a r row leaved l u ngwo r t ( Pu lmona r ia l o ng if o l ia ) , ac omponen t o f t h e O cean ic t empe ra te e l emen t o ft h e f l o ra . T h i s s p ec ie s h a s am o s t i n te r e s t ing d i s t r ibu t ion i nt h i s c oun t ry , b e ing c onf ined t o t h e c a tchmen t o ft h e P l e i s tocene S o len t R ive r i nD o r se t , H amp sh i r e a nd t h e I s land . I ti sf r equ en t i n n o r th -we s t F rance a nd i sl i ke ly t oh ave o r ig ina l ly c o lon i sed t h eS o len t r e g ion f r om F rance . U nf o r tuna te ly , n o o t he r a n ima l o r p l an ts pec ie sh a sy e tb een r e cogn i sed a ss how ing as im i la r r e s t r ic t ion i nd i s t r ibu t ion . F u r th e rs t udy m ay i n d ica te t h a t s ome o t he rr e s t r ic ted s p ec ie s( f o re xamp le w ood c a lam in t , C l inopod ium m en th if o l ium , a nd w ood c r icke t , N emob iu s s y lve s t r i s )m ay h ave r e la ted r e l ic td i s t r ibu t ion s .
T he w e s te rn e l emen t o f t h e I s land ' s f l o ra i se v iden t i n t h e l i chen a nd b ryophy te s p ec ie s r e co rd ed a l though t h e se a r e s pec ie s w h ich , a tl e a s t w hen c ond i t ion s w e re m o re f a vou rab le , c ou ld b e r e ad i ly t r an spo r ted o ve r g r ea t d i s tance s .
T he I s land ' s f l o ra d oe s s how d i s t in c t ive f e a tu r e s b u t t h e p e r iod o f s e ve ran ce f r om t h e m a in land i st o o s ho r t f o r a ny s i gn if ican td eg ree o fe ndem i sm t oh ave d eve loped i n t h e I s land ' s m a c ro f l o ra a nd f a una . H oweve r , d if e r ence s m igh t b e e xpec ted t ob e f ound a mong s tt h e mo r e r a p id ly e vo lv ing m ic ro spec ie s . O ft h e se , t h e o n ly g roup t oh ave b een i n ve s t iga ted t od a te ,t h eb r amb le s( Rubu s s pp . ) ,h ave s hown s ome i n te r e s t ing p a t te rn s( D .E .A l len 1 990 ) . S ome 3 18 m ic ro spec ie sa r er e co rded i nt h ec oun t ry a s aw ho le , w i th t h e r i che s t f l o ra c oncen t ra ted o n t h e H amp sh i re m a in land w he re 1 37 s p ec ie s a r e c u r r en t ly r e co rded ( B rew i s e t a l 1 996 ) . J u s t 5 9 n amed m ic ro spec ie s a r e r e l iab ly r e co rded f r om t h eI s land .T h i sr a th e rl ow f i gu r ei s a c coun ted f o rb yt h ef a c tt h a t mu ch o ft h e s u rv iv ing s em i n a tu ra lc oun t ry s ide i sn o tc ondu c ive t ot h ed eve lopmen to f ar i ch R ubu s f l o ra .N eve r the le s s ,t h es p e c ie st h a td oo ccu r d emon s t ra te s ome s t r ik ing p ecu l ia r i t ie s . T hey i n c lude s i x o r s e ven s p ec ie s n o t f ound o n t h e H amp sh i r e m a in land ,
I n su lar p ecu l iar i t i e so ft h eI s land ' sb i od iver s i ty I na dd i t ion t ot h e m a jo rp hy tog eog raph ica l e l emen t s , t h e I s land ' s f l o ra h a s i t s o wn d i s t in c t ive e l emen t b y v i r tu e o ft h e f a c t t h a t i ti sa n i s land p hy s ica l ly s e pa ra ted f r om t h e a d jacen t m a in land ( T ab le 3 . 1) . T he se d if e r ence s a r e a l so r e f lec ted i n an umbe ro fa n ima lg roup s . Mu ch o ft h i s i sl i ke ly t ob e ar e su l t o ft h e mo r e m a r i t ime c l ima te a nd s ou the r ly p o s i t ion o f t h e I s land . H ow eve r , t h e I s land ' s f l o ra i s d i s t inc t ly l a ck ing i n as i gn if i can t n umbe r o f s pec ie sc ha ra c te r i s t ic o fa nc ien tw ood land a nd i th a sb een s ugge s ted t h a t ap o s s ib le e xp lana t ion f o r t h i s m ay h ave b een t h e s e pa ra t ion o ft h e I s land f r om t h e m a in land a ta t ime b ef o r e t h e f u l l c omp lemen t o fw ood land f l o ra h ad a n o ppo r tun i ty t oc o lon i se t h e s ou th H amp sh i r em a in land ( Ro se ,F .i nB rew i se ta l , 1 996 ) .
S pec ies p resen t LW . b u t a bsen t H an ts
S pec ies a bsen t I .W . b u t p resen t H an ts *
A sp /en /u rn mar inum C en taur /ur nt enu i f lo rum C l inpod ium men th i fo l ium F umar ia r eu ter i F umar ia p urpurea Ma t th io la i n cana Me lampy rum a rvense Oenan the s i la i fo l ia O robanche a r tem is ia -campes t r is P i lose l la p e le ter iana P y ro la r o tund i fo l ia R ubus a equa l idens R . a ngus t icusp is R . c omub iens is R . d umnon iens is R . e f rena tus R . s a l ter S c / / la a u tumna l is
B rachypod ium p i nna tum C ardam ine amara D ipsacus p i losus D rose ra i n te rmed ia E lymus c an inus E r iopho rum v ag ina tum G eum r i va le H yper icum macu la tum L ycopod ie l la i n unda ta Myoso t is s y lva t ica O non is s p inosa P ar is q uad r i f o l ia P e tas i tes h yb r idus P o lga la c a lcarea P o lygona tum mu l t i f lo rum P o lys t ichum a cu lea tum R anuncu lus p en ic i l la tus R ubus g l areosus R . . a spe r idens
*S e lec t ion o ft he more n o tewo r thy s pec ies
T ab le 3 . 1D if f e r ence sb e tween t h ef l ora so fI s l eo fW igh ta nd H amp sh i r e ( f r om i n f orma t ion i nB r ew i se ta l , 1 996 )
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TH EM OD ERN F LORA A ND I T SH I STOR ICAL C ONT EXT I NT H EC OA STAL Z ONE f i ve o fw h ich a r e s t rong ly w e s te rn i nd i s t r ibu t ion a nd o ne i s an a r row e ndem ic c onf ined t o as i ng le I s le o fW igh t w ood . I n te r e s t ing ly ,A l len c onc lud e sf r om h i ss t udy t h a t , T he I s land ' s c l ima te m ay n o t i n d eed b e a sa menab le t ow e s ter n s pec ie s a so ne i st emp ted t oa s sume f r om t h ep r e sen ce o f , a nd i ns ome c a se sf r equ en cy o f ,t h o se p a r t i cu la ro ne st h a td oo ccu r . . . I n s tead o fb e ing j u s ta n e x ten s ion o fH amp sh i re ,t h e I s le o fW igh t i sr a the ra n a ma lgam o fD o r se ta nd S u s sex i nt h eo ve ra l lc ha ra c te r o f i t s R ubu s f l o ra , t h e S u s sex e l emen t , a dm i t ted ly i ss ma l l . . . B y c on t ra s t , t h e e l emen t c onnec t ing t h e I s land w i th D o r se t , o r r a the r , w i th t h e a r ea a r ound B our n emou th , i sn o t o n ly l a rge r , b u t i n c lude s t h r ee s p ec ie s w h ich h ave e ve ry a ppea ran ce o f b e ing v e ry l o ng -e s tab l i shed . T he l i nk w i th t h eR ubu sf l o ra o ft h e I s le o fW igh ta nd t h e B our n emou th a r ea m ay h i n ta ta no th e rc onnec t ion w i th t h e S o len tR ive rs y s tem . F u r th e rs t udy o fs ome o t he rg roup so fm ic ro spec ie sm ay c a s tf u r the rl i gh to ng eog raph ica lr e la t ion sh ip sb e tw een t h e I s land a nd m a in land f l o ra s . G iven t i me ,o ne w ou ld e xpec t a n i n c r ea se i n t h e n umbe r o f d i s t inc t ive m ic ro spec ie s o ccu r r ing o nt h e I s land b u tt h e a c ce le ra ted l o s s o fh ab i ta t a nd t h e w id e sp read m ovemen t o fp eop le a nd v ege ta t ive p r opagu le s , a nd i n t rodu c t ion o fa l ien s p ec ie s , i sl i ke ly i n t h e l o ng t e rm t ob lu rt h e d i s t inc t ion b e tw een t h e f l o ra o f t h eI s land a nd t h a to ft h ea d jacen tm a in land .
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4E nv i ronmen ta nd l a nd scape : t h eH o locene p a laeoeco logy
4 . 1 Ab ackground t ot h eH o locene p a laeoeco logy
h ave p rov id ed amo r e a c id a nd w a te r logg ed e nv i ronmen t m o re s u i ted t o p o l len p r e se rva t ion ( s ee s e c t ion 6 . 3 .1) . B o th t y pe s o fe v id ence p rov ide c ompa rab le i n f o rma t ion o n t h e c ha r ac te r o f l a te H o locene p r eh i s to r ic v eg e ta t ion a nd c hang ing h uman i mpa c t . B o th p o l len a nd m o l lu scan s t ud ie s c an b e v i ewed w i th in a b r oad e r f r amewo rk o f c hange s e s tab l i shed f o r t h e I s le o fW igh t ( Sca if e 1 980 ; A l len 1 992 ) . U n l ike m any e nv i ronmen ta l a na ly se s w h ich u se as i ng le s i te f r om w h ich t o mak eb r oad e nv i ronmen ta l g ene ra l i sa t ion s , h e re t h e r e a l ready e x i s t s as ub s tan t ia l c o rpu so fd a ta f r om w h ich b road c o r r e la t ion sc an b em ade .
R ob S ca if e 4 . 1 .1
I n troduc t ion
T he p a la eoeco logy o f n o r th W igh t h a s n o t p r ev iou s ly b een s t ud ied i na ny d e ta i l b ecau se o ft h e p au c i ty ( w i th t h e e xcep t ion o f t h e c oa s ta l p ea t s a nd s ed imen t s ) o f e nv i ronmen t ss u ch a sp ea tm i r e ss u i t ed t ot h ep r e se rva t ion o ff a una l a nd f l o ra lr ema in s .T he d i ve r s i ty o ft h ep hy s ica l e nv i ronmen t i nt h e s t udy z one ( s ee T oma l in s e c t ion 2 . 1) a nd t h e q ue s t ion s o f e r ed b y t h e r e cen t ly d i scove red a r chaeo logy n ece s s i ta ted a n a pp r a i sa l o f t h e r e g ion ' s p o ten t ia l f o r i n te rd i sc ip l ina ry e nv i ronmen ta l a na ly se s . I n i t s b roade s t s en se , a na ly se s h ave b een c a r r ied o u t t o p rov id ek now ledge o ft h ep a s te co logy a nd h ab i ta t so ft h e s t udy z one ,e spec ia l ly i nr e la t ion t oh uman a c t iv i ty ,a nd t o e s tab l i sh am o re g ene ra lf r amewo rk f o rt h ee nv i ronmen ta l c hange s w h ich h ave t a ken p l a ce . H ow eve r , t h e r o le o f e nv i ronmen ta l a r chaeo logy i nt h i s s t udy e x tend s t ov e ry s p ec if i c r e sea r ch q u e s t ion s a nd a im s a sk ed o fe a ch o ft h e d i sc ip l ine sw h ich h ave b een a dop ted t oa n swe rt h eo ve ra l l a im so ft h ep ro jec t .
A l though t h e p r e sen ce o f f o re sho r e p ea t s a t Woo t tonQ ua r r h a s b een k nown s i nce t h e f i r s t h a lf o f t h e 2 0 th c en tu ry , t h e a na ly s i s o f p ea t a nd a s so c ia ted s e d imen t s r e qu i r e s s u ch a t e rr e s t r ia l f r amewo rk t o s e pa ra te l o ca l e f ec t s o f s e a leve l c hange f r om t h o s e o f t h e g ene ra l H o locene c hange s i nv ege ta t ion a ppa r en t f r om t e r r e s t r ia l s i te s . T o a n sw e r t h e se p rob lem s , e x t en s ive p o l len s u rvey a nd a na ly s i sh a sb een c a r r ied o u to nt h er a nge o ff o r e sho r e p ea t s a nd s e d imen t s ( F ig . 4 . 1 ; S ca if e s e c t ion 4 . 3 ) . T h e d i scove ry o f a r chaeo log ica l m a t e r ia l i n te r ca la ted i n , a nd o n , t h e f o r e sho re n ece s s i ta ted a r e app ra i sa l o f t h e c oa s ta l s equ ence s i nr e la t ion t ot h e i ra g e a nd g ene s i s a nd t h e i r p a s t r e la t ion sh ip w i th t h e i n te r f a ce o fl a nd / sea a nd a r cha eo log ica ld i s t r ibu t ion s . T h i sw a se s pe c ia l ly p e r t in en t t o t h e q ue s t ion o f t h e t r anche t a xe s f i r s t d i scu s sed b y H ube r t P oo le i n 1 936 a nd t h e mo r e r e cen t ly d i scove red N eo l i th ic t r a ckway s , b u rn t f l in t s c a t te r ss u ch a ss i t e Q 99 , a nd t h e n ume rou s v e r t ica l p o s t a l ignmen t s ( s ee s e c t ion s 7 . 3 a nd 7 . 4 ) . Ar a nge o fe nv i ronmen ta ls p ec ia l i sa t ion sh a s b een u sed f r om w h ich r e con s t ruc t ion o ft h ef o r e sho r e a nd
C on t ra s tb e tw een t h ec ha lk d own land h ab i ta tt ot h e s ou th a nd t h e m o re a c id T e r t ia ry c l ay s a nd s and s t ot h e n o r th p rodu ce s e qua l ly c on t ra s t ing e nv i ronmen ta l p o ten t ia l . T he h i n te r land z one h a s p r ov ided m o l lu scan e v idence o f h uman a c t iv i ty f r om c ha lk s c a rp s lope , d r y v a l ley c o l luv ia l s e quence s ( s ee s e c t ion 6 . 2 ) w h ich f a vou r m o l lu sc p r e se rva t ion . L oca l i sed s p r ing f l u sh m i r e s a l ong t h e T e r t ia ry o u tc rop s , a l though o f s ma l l s pa t ia l e x ten t ,
0 190
M L Q99 T ree 1 835
04
Q ue r r
0
•
2 _ __
B ins tead H ard
1 km
F igur e4 . 1 L oca t ion o fpa l aeoenv i ronmen ta ls amp l e si nt h ei n te r t ida lz one a tW oo t tonQuar r .
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EN V IRONMENT A ND L AND SCA P E :T HE HO LOCENE P A LAEO ECOLOGY n ea r sho r e h ab i ta t s h a s b een a temp t ed . B o tan ica l s t ud ie s o f p o l l en ( S ca if e s e c t ion 4 . 3 ) a nd p l an t m a c rof o s s i l s ( Rob in son s e c t ion 4 . 4 ) c ha ra c te r i se c l ea r ly t h e ' o n s i te ' v ege ta t ion e co logy a s soc ia ted w i th ar a nge o fs e d imen ta nd p ea t t y p e s . T he se a na ly se s f o rm t h e c en t ra l d a ta a r ch ive r e la t ing t oe nv i ronmen t , s t ra t igaphy a nd h ab i ta tc hang e s . I n teg ra t ed w i th p o l len a nd p l an t m a c rof o s s i l d a ta o f v ege ta t ion c hange h a sb een t h es t udy o fd i a tom s( Came ron s e c t ion 4 . 5 ) w h ich d e ta i l s a l in i ty c hange s , a nd i n sec t s ( Rob in son s e c t ion 4 . 4 ) ,b o th o fw h ich w e r es e en a sp l ay ing a n i mpo r tan t c o r robo ra t ive r o le . A r a d ioca rbon d a t ing s t ra tegy h a s b een c r u c ia l t ot h e d a t ing a nd i n te rp re ta t ion o ft h e b i o s t ra t ig raphy a nd i na low ing c r o s s c o r re la t ion o f t h e s i t e s e xam ined ( s ec t ion 1 2 .2 ) . F u r th e rmo r e , t h e c omb in ed b i o s t ra t ig raph ica l a na ly se s , r a d ioca rbon d a t ing a nd a c cu ra te s u rvey ing o fp ea t / sed imen t i n te rf a ce h e igh t s ( OD ) h a s f a c i l i ta ted t h e c on s t ru c t ion o f a n a l t i tude /age g r aph o f s e a leve l s f o r t h e S o len t d u r ing t h e H o locene ( Long a nd S ca if e s e c t ion 5 . 5 ) . T o u nde r s tand f u l ly t h e d yn am ic s o f t h e p a s t a nd p r e sen t c oa s t l ine a nd t h e h uman i n te ra c t ion , t h e s t udy r e g ion i n c lud e s n o t o n ly t h e t e r re s t r ia l h i n te r land b u t t h e m a r ine o f sho r e z one ( s ee D ix , E dwa rd s a nd C an t i , s e c t ion s5 . 2 a nd 5 . 3 ) . F rom t h i s , o ne o ft h ep r ima ry p ro jec ta im s h a s b een t oe l u c ida te t h e p o s i t ion o fp r ev iou s c oa s t l ine s i nr e la t ion t op a s t h uman a c t iv i ty . I ti sh oped t h a t f r om t h e r a ng e o fe nv i ronmen ta l a na ly se su s ed ,t h ee nv i ronmen ta la nd c u l tu ra lr e la t ion sh ip b e tw een a l a r ea sc ou ld b ea s ce r ta ined .
e f ec t ive ly s e a l ing t h e p ea t s a nd l owe r s e d imen t s . I ti si n t h e se e x ten s ive f o re sho re s e d imen t st h a tt h em a jo r i ty o ft h e a r cha eo log ica l f e a tu r e s h ave b een f ound . E nv i ronmen ta l a s se s smen to ft h e se s e qu ence s , u s ing d i a tom s , p o l len a nd i n sec t s , s how ed t h ep o ten t ia l f o rp rov id ing ac l ea rp i c tu re o f t h e e nv i ronmen t , p a la eogeog raphy a nd t h e e x ten t t o w h ich t h e l a nd scape o ft h e a d ja cen t t e r r e s t r ia l z one w a s u t i l i sed b y h uman o ccupa t ion . I ti ss t r e s sed t h a t u n l ike a n umbe ro fa r chaeo log ica ls u rvey so fi n te r t ida la r ea sw he r e a r cha eo logy i sp l a ced i n o r o n t h e s ub s t ra te , h e re t h e a r chaeo logy i s , i nm any c a se s , s t ra t if i ed i nt h e s ed imen t s equence . 4 . 1 .3
T he d eep ly i n c i sed p a laeova l ley s w h ich e x tend u nde rt h e S o len t p rov ide ' k ey ' s t ra t ig yaph ica l s e quence s b ecau se o f t h e t i me span a nd c ha ra c te r o f t h e s e d imen t s w h ich i nf i l lt h em ( s ee E dwa rd sa nd D ix s e c t ion 5 . 2 ) . T he re i sn o f i rm a g e f o r t h e p r ima ry i n c i s ion o ft h e se c hanne l s a nd i ti st h ough t t h a t t h ey a r e ar e su l t o fh i gh e ne rgy f l uv ia l d i scha rg e d u r ing d if e r en t p ha se s o ft h e l a s t ( Deven s ian ) c o ld s t ag e . H oweve r , t h e s ed imen t s w h ich s ub sequen t ly i nf i l led t h e se c hanne l s a l so p rov ide a much l o nge r t empo ra lr e co rd t h an r e p re sen ted b yt h es p r ead o ff o re sho re d epo s i t s d e sc r ibed a bove . D ia tom s t ud ie s i n p a r t icu la r s how t h a tt h eb a sa l s e d imen t sc on ta in e v iden ce o fm a r ine i n f luen ce a t at ime w hen t h em a in c oa s t l ine l a y a t amu ch g r ea te r d i s tance o f f sho r e ( s ee C ame ron s e c t ion 4 . 5 ) . T he p a la eogeog raphy w a s , t h e ref o re , m a rked ly d if e r en t f r om t h a t p o s tu la ted b y o t he r w r i te r s . Am a jo r o b jec t ive o ft h e e nv i ronmen ta l a na ly se sh a s b een t or e con s t ru c tt h e p a la eoenv i ronmen t , p a la eogeog raphy , a r chaeo logy , a nd h uman t r an spo r to ft h i sz one .T he s t udy o fp o l len ,d i a toms a nd p l an t m a c rof o s s i l s , a l ong w i th s e d imen to logy a nd r a d ioca rbon d a t ing h a s p r ov ided ' k ey ' s e qu ence s w h ich a low c o r r e la t ion w i th t h e s ho r te r s e qu ence s r e co rded o n t h e Woo t tonQua r r f o r e sho re z one . T h is i si na n a r ea f o r w h ich p a laeoenv i ronmen ta l d a ta w e re p r ev iou s ly u nava i lab le .
E x ten s ive f i e ld s u rvey s b e tw een 1 99 1 a nd 1 996 c ha ra c t e r i sed t h e s ed imen t r e se rvo i r s o f t h e Woo t tonQ ua r r i n te r t ida l z one . T he se r e vea led ar a nge o fb i ogen ic a nd l i t hogen ic s ed imen t t y pe s w h ich h ad a c cumu la ted a t d if e r en t t ime s a nd i n d if e r en t e nv i ronmen t s u nde r t h e i n f lu ence o f c hang ing s e a lev e l . T he se l i t hof ac ie s p rov id ed t h ec on tex t sw i th in w h ich t h ei n te r t ida la nd n ea r s ho r e a r cha eo log ica l a nd e nv i ronmen ta l e v id ence w a s f ound . C omp r ehen s ive f i e ld s u rvey a nd e nv i ronmen ta l s amp l ing s t ra teg ie s h ave e s tab l i shed a n u nd e r s tand ing o f t h e c hang ing p a laeogeog raphy a nd p a la eoenv i ronmen t s o ft h e W oo t tonQua r r c oa s t . T h i s h a s b een c r u c ia l t oo u r u nde r s t and ing o fh uman a c t iv i ty a nd e xp lo i ta t ion i nt h i s z one . I nt h eb r oade s tt e rm s ,t h ea va i lab le s ed imen tr e co rd a nd t e chn ique so fa na ly se sc an b ed e l im i ted a sf o l low s : 4 . 1 .2
P a laeova l ley s
4 . 1 .4 S ea leve lc hange O f f u ndamen ta l i mpo r tance t o a n u nde r s tand ing o f t h e a r chaeo logy a nd r e con s t ru c t ion o f t h e p a la eogeog raphy a nd p a laeoenv i ronmen ta l c hange i st h e r e con s t ru c t ion o f s e a leve l h i s to ry . T he i n t e r ca la ted p ea t a nd s e d imen t f i l l s o f b o th t h e d eep c hanne l s a nd t h e ' s ha l low ' f o r e sho re p ea t s a r e ad i r ec t r e spon se t ol a te r H o lo cene c hange s i n s e a leve l . F o rt h i s r e a son s ub s tan t ia l t i me h a s b een g i ven t ot h es u rvey a nd a pp ra i sa l o ft h e i nf i l led p a la eochanne l s . T he r e spon se t oc hang ing s e a leve l sa nd c hang ing h uman a c t iv i t ie sd u r ing t h el a te rp r eh i s to r ic p e r iod i sr e p re sen ted i n t h e s e d imen t s w h ich h ave a c c ru ed u p s t r eam o f t h e m a r ine z one . F u r the rmo r e , t h e re i se v idence o fb r ack i sh w a te r e nv i ronmen t s e x tend ing i n land a nd t h e e x ten t o f t h i s ' u p -va l ley ' mu s t b e c on s ide r ed i mpo r tan t i n t e rm s o f h uman t r an spo r t a nd s e t t lemen t p o ten t ia l . S t ud ie s o f t h e B la ckb r idge B rook a nd F i r e s tone C op se a r ea t ot h e s ou th o f Woo t ton H aven h ave p rov ided a n i n d ica t ion o f t h e i mpo r tance o f p a s t m a r ine i n unda t ion i n a r ea s n ow
T he i n ter t ida lz one
T h i s c omp r i se st h eb road e xpan se o ff o r e sho r e s ed imen t s w h ich a r eb ounded b yt h em ean h i gh a nd l ow w a te rl e ve l s . T he s es t ra t ig raph ica lu n i t sc omp r i se p ea t sa nd s e d imen t so f v a r iou st y pe s l a id d own d u r ing e p i sode so fc hang ing s e a l e ve l i nl a t e N eo l i th ic a nd B ronz e A g e t ime s . T he l owe r s ed imen t s o ft h i s s equence r e s t o n t h e w ave -cu tp l a tf o rm a nd a r eo fs a l t m a r sh o rb r a ck i sh w a te rd e r iva t ion . T he se a r eo ve r la in b yp ea td epo s i t sw h ich i n d ica te ad r y ing f r om r e ed sw amp t oe ven tua l d amp o ak w ood land . L a rge t r ee r o o tb o le sh ave b een f ound w h ich a r er o o t ing i nt h el owe r s i l t s .T h e se ,h oweve r , d a te t ot h i sf i na l s t age o fw ood land d eve lopmen t . R ap id m a r ine i n unda t ion d e s t royed t h is e nv i ronmen t a nd l a id d own g r ey s a l t m a r sh s e d imen t s ,
2 7
CO A STAL AR CHA EO LOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONM ENT : ASO LENT C A SE S T UDY s i l ted ( s ee S ca if e a nd D ean s e c t ion s 5 . 4 .1 a nd 5 . 4 .2 ) . R ad ioca rbon d a t ing ,p o l len a nd d i a tom a na ly se s , a c cu ra te OD h e igh t s a nd s t ra t ig raph ica l d e sc r ip t ion h ave b een u sed t op rov ide as e a leve l c hange c u rve a pp l icab le t ot h e S o len tb a s in ( s ee L ong a nd S ca if es e c t ion s5 . 5 a nd 5 . 6 ) .
p o l len h a sb een f l uv ia l ly t r an spo r ted o v e rs ome d i s tan ce , f o re xamp le F i r e s tone C op se . F o r tu i tou s ly , as ma l l , l o ca l i sed , s p r ing -f ed p ea t m i r e w a s l o ca ted d u r ing f i e ldwo rk a tN ewnham F a rm , 1 . 5k mi n land ( s ee s e c t ion 6 . 3 .1) . T he p o l len p r e se rved i nt h i s m i r e h a s p rodu ced t h ef i r s te v iden ce o fl a te p r eh i s to r ic a nd h i s to r ic v ege ta t ion i n t h e t e r re s t r ia l z one o f n o r th -ea s t W igh t . E a r l ie r v i ew s t h a t t h e v ege ta t ion o fT e r t ia ry l i t ho log ie s r ema ined d om inan t o ak w ood land , l i t t le a f ec ted b y p r eh i s to r ic a c t iv i ty ,a r en ow c onf ounded .E v idence f r om a n umbe ro fc oa s ta ls i te sa nd t h eN ewnham F a rm p ea tm i r e n ow r e vea l aw ood land d om ina ted b yT i l ia ( l ime )o nb e t t e r d r a in ed s o i l s s u ch a st h o se o ccu r r ing o n t h e c ha lk t ot h e s ou th a nd l i me s tone l i t ho log ie s t ot h ew e s t . F u r the rmo re , t h e r e a l i sa t ion t h a t p r eh i s to r ic a c t iv i ty w a s g r ea te r t h an p r ev iou s ly t h ough t i s m i r ro red b y t h e e nv i ronmen ta l e v idence o fl i me w ood land c l ea ran ce f o r a g r icu l tu re a nd s ub sequen tm anagemen to fr ema in ing o ak w ood land .
F rom t h ea r cha eo logy n ow r e co rd ed i nt h e Woo t tonQua r r s t udy z one ,i th a sb ecome c l ea rt h a tt h eT e r t ia ry l i t ho log ie s o fn o r th W igh t w e r e s ub jec t t o amu ch g r ea te r d eg r ee o f h uman i mpa c t t h an p r ev iou s ly s u spec ted . T he i mpa c t o f t h i s a c t iv i ty o n t h e e co logy o ft h e c oa s ta l z one a ppea r s t oh ave b een l i m i ted a nd t h e r e sou r ce b a se u sed w i thou t s i gn if i can t e f ec t . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h e n a tu ra l r e sou r ce b a se o f t h e c oa s t l in e w a s e xp lo i ted i n as u s ta inab le m ann e r . T he h i n te r land z one h a s s im i la r ly b een s ub jec t t o e x ten s ive p r eh i s to r ic a c t iv i ty . I n t h i s c a se , h ow eve r , t h ee nv i ronmen ta l e f ec t sa r e much c l ea r e ra nd h ave b een r e co rded i nt h ep o l len a na ly s i so fN ewnham p ea tm i r e( s ee S ca if e s e c t ion 6 . 3 .1) a nd mo l lu scan a na ly s i s o ft h e d r y c ha lk v a l ley c o l luv ia l f i l l s a tD uxmo r e C ombe ( s ee A l len s e c t ion 6 . 2 ) .
4 . 2 .2
S ou ther nE ng land h a s a lway s b een a n a r ea w he re p o l len d a ta a r e f ew c ompa red w i th t h e w e t te r u p land a r ea s o f h i gh land B r i ta in w he re p ea t f o rm ing e nv i ronmen t s a r e m o r e c ommon . T h i s r e la t ive l a ck o f i n f o rma t ion h a s p r ev iou s ly b een r e cogn i sed ( Sm i th a nd P i lche r 1 973 ; T u rne r 1 970 ; S he ldon 1 978 ; S ca if e 1 9 80 ; B i rk s 1 989 ) . T he o n ly a va i lab le d a ta w e re t h e e a r ly w o rk o fS eag r ief ( 1 956 , 1 959 , 1 960 ) a nd S eag r ief a nd G odw in ( 1 960 ) f r om a n umbe r o f s c a t te red p ea t d epo s i t s l o ca ted i n D o r se t , H amp sh i re a nd S u r rey , a nd G odw in ' s a na ly s i s o f W ingham a nd F rogho l t ,K en t( Godw in 1 9 56 ) .T he p au c i ty o fd a ta p r omp ted n ew r e sea r ch e f o r t s i n to f i nd ing p o l len p r e se r v ing d epo s i t s i nt h i sr eg ion ( Tho r ley 1 97 1 ; H a sk in s 1 978 ; S ca if e 1 980 ; Wa ton 1 982a a nd b ) . T he se n ew s t ud ie s a imed t oe xam ine v a r iou sa s pec t s o ft h e c hang ing v ege ta t ion a nd e nv i ronmen t o fs ou ther nB r i ta in s i nce t h e D even s ian c o ld s t age . I na l o ft h e q uo t ed c a se s , v a luab le d a ta w e re p rodu ced w h ich p rov id ed a n u nd e r s tand ing o f t h e c hang ing v ege ta t ion p a la eoeco logy o f s ou th -ea s t a nd c en t ra l s ou ther n E ng land . T he a bundan t p r eh i s to r ic f i e ld monumen t s , l a rge ly B ronze A ge b u r ia l mound s a nd f i e ld b ounda r ie s , c on s t ru c ted o n a c id p od zo l ic h ea th land s o i l s h ave p r odu ced i n f o rma t ion r e la t ing t ot h e t e r r e s t r ia l v ege ta t ion ( D imb leby 1 962 , 1 985 ) .
T he Woo t tonQua r rs u rvey h a s d emon s t ra ted t h ev a lue o f c oncen t ra t ing p a laeoeco log ica l a nd p a laeoenv i ronmen ta l r e sea r ch o n as e c to ro fc oa s t l ine w he r et h e r ea r ee xce l len t c ond i t ion sf o rt h e s u rv iva l o fp ea ta nd m ine ra l s ed imen t s . T h i si sp a r t icu la r ly i mpo r tan tw he r ea r chaeo log ica ls t ud ie s s e ek t o i d en t if y t h e n a tu r e a nd d eve lopmen t o f h uman c oa s ta l a c t iv i t ie s . F u r the rmo re , t h e r o le o fh uman a c t iv i ty i nt h e c oa s ta l z one s hou ld b e c on s id e r ed i nr e la t ion t o l a nd -u se i nt h e a d ja cen th i n te r land r e g ion . T h i sp a r t icu la r s t udy e ncompa s se sa ne xam ina t ion o fb o th e nv i ronmen ta l c hange si nt h ec ha lk land sa nd t h eT e r t ia ry s and sa nd c l ay s t ot h es ou th o ft h es t udy a r ea ( s ee C hap te r6 ) . 4 . 2 H o locene v ege ta t ion c hange s R ob S ca if e 4 . 2 .1
T he e x i s t ing r eg iona lp o l len a r ch ive
I n troduc t ion
T he I s le o f W igh t i st y p ica l o f s ou the rn E ng land a s a w ho le w i th i t sp au c i ty o fp o l len p r e se rv ing e nv i ronmen t s . E x ten s ive f i e ld s u rvey h a sp rodu ced as ma l ln umbe ro fs i te s w h ich e nab led t h e v ege ta t ion c hange s o ft h e l a s t 1 ,000 y ea r s t o b e e xam ined ( S ca if e 1 980 ) . A l l o ft h e se s i te s , w i thou t e xcep t ion ,w e r e f ound o na c id , s a ndy C r e taceou s l i t ho log ie s ( l a rge ly L ow e rG r een sand ) t ot h e s ou th o ft h e I s land ' sc en t ra lc ha lk d own land .P r io rt ot h ec u r r en ts u rvey , n o p o l len p r e se rv ing s i t e s w e re l o ca ted o n t h e T e r t ia ry l i t ho log ie so ft h es yn c l ina lb a s in t ot h en o r th o ft h eC ha lk D own s ( S ca if e 1 980 ) . T h i s w a s i ns p i te o ft h e f a c tt h a t a n umbe ro fa c id p ea tb og sw e r er e co rd ed i nV ic to r ian f l o ra s ( f o re xamp le B romf ie ld 1 856 ) . S i te sm en t ioned a sh av ing a c id b og f l o ra s w e r e a ppa r en t ly d r a ined d u r ing t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry . T hu s ,t h ec oa s ta lp ea tb ed ss t ud ied i nt h i sp ro jec t p rov ide t h ef i r s td a ta f r om t h en o r the rn z one o ft h eI s land . I ti se v iden t , h ow eve r , t h a t t h e se s i te s a r e e co log ica l ly s p ec if i c a nd r e p r e sen ta t ive o n ly o f t h e c oa s ta l f r ing ing v ege ta t ion . T hey d o n o t r ef lec t t h e g ene ra l c ha ra c te r o f t h et e r r e s t r ia l ,i n land w ood land c ommun i t ie se xcep tw he r e
T h i sc ompa ra t ive l a ck o fd a ta i no u rr e g ion c ompa red w i th n o r ther n a nd u p land B r i ta in h a s a r i sen f o r an umbe r o f r e a son s ( S ca if e 1 980 ; 1 985 ) . T he r e i s ar a inf a l l d ef i c i t i n s ou the rn B r i ta in w h ich a c coun t sf o r al a ck o f omb ro t roph ic a nd b l ank e t p ea t . T he r e i s a l so a n a b sence o f d eep ly i n c i sed g eomo rpho log ica l f e a tu re s s u ch a sg l a c ia l v a l ley s a nd c i rqu e s w h ich a r e s u i ted t o l a cu s t r ine s ed imen t a nd p ea t d epo s i t ion . Ap r eponde rance o fa l ka l ine g eo log ica l s t ra ta s u ch a sc ha lk a nd l ime s tone i sa l so d e t r imen ta l t o p o l len p r e se rva t ion i nt h e s ou th . I ti sn ow r e cogn i sed t h a t h uman p r e s su r eh a sa l so b een r e spon s ib le f o rp ea tc u t t ing f o r f u e l a nd a g r icu l tu ra l d ra inage . S u ch a c t iv i t ie s h ave a l so a s s i s ted i nt h e d em i se o f v a l ley p ea t m i re s . T he se f a c to r s h av e m ean t t h a t s i te s s u i tab le f o r r e con s t ru c t ing
2 8
EN V IRONMENT A ND L AND SCA PE :T H E HO LOCENE P A LAEOECO LOGY v ege ta t iona lh i s to ry u s ing t h et e chn iqu eo fp o l len a na ly s i s a r e u ncommon a nd a r e f r equ en t ly d i s tu rbed . T ho se s i te s w h ich h ave s u cce s sf u l ly p rodu ced p o l len d a ta i n t h e S o len t /W e s sex r e g ion c an b eg rouped i n to :
v ege ta t ion ( F land r ian c h ronozon e s Ia nd I ) o ft h e s t udy r e g ion .T he se s i t e sa r ec a tego r i sed b e low . i . ) P ea t a nd s e d imen t s a r e f o und i nt h e d eep ly i n c i sed p a laeova l ley s w h ich c u t i n to a nd r u n a c ro s s t h e f o re sho r e . T he se h ave b een e xam ined a t R ane lagh , Q ua r r a nd a n i n te r t ida l h eade r c hanne l a t Woo t ton H aven i n n o r th -ea s t W igh t . I n w e s t W igh t , f u r the r s e qu ence s h ave b een e xam ined a t Y a rmou th a nd N ew town . i . ) P ea t d epo s i t s o fl a te N eo l i th ic a nd e a r ly B ronze A ge d a te o ccu r e x ten s ive ly i nt h e i n te r t ida l z one b e tween Woo t ton H aven a nd R yd e . T he se p ea t s a r e n o t o n ly r i ch i np o l len a nd s po r e s b u t h ave a l so y i e lded p l an t m a c rof o s s i l sa nd i n sec t s ,a nd h ave p roven i mpo r tan ti n e s tab l i sh ing t h eS o len ts e a leve lr e co rd . i . ) S ed imen t f i l l s h ave b een f ound a l ong t h e l e ng th o f n o r thwa rd f l ow ing r i ve r s . O f s p ec if ic n o te i st h e f l oodp la in o ft h e B la ckb r idge B rook w h ich h a s b een e xam ined a tF i r e s tone C op se ( s ee D ean s e c t ion 5 . 4 .2 ; S ca if es e c t ion s5 . 4 .1 a nd 5 . 4 .4 ) . i v . )A na r ea o f' t e r r e s t r ia l 'p ea tm i r eh a sb een l o ca ted i nt h e h i n te r land r e g ion a tN ewnham F a rm .A s n o ted a bove , t h i s i st h e o n ly k nown m i r e s u rv iv ing i nt h e I s land ' s T e r t ia ry z on e( s ee S ca if es e c t ion 6 . 3 .1) . v . ) B ronze A ge p a laeo so l s s u rv ive u nde r s ome b u r ia l mound s a nd v a l ley c o l luv ia l f i l l s . T he se w e r e a l so i n ve s t iga ted b u t f a i led t op r odu ce p o l len . Mo l lu scan d a ta f r om s u ch s i t e s , h ow eve r , p rov id e c o r robo ra t ive i n f o rma t ion o n c hang ing l a nd u s e d u r ing t h e l a te r p r eh i s to r ic p e r iod ( s ee A l len s e c t ion 6 . 2 ) .
i . )T he r e la t ive ly f ew l a rge p ea tm i r e sw h ich d o e x i s t , f o r e xamp le C rane s Moo r , Ambe r ly W i ld B rook s ,T hu r s ley C ommon . i . ) L oca l i sed v a l ley p ea t m i r e s ( s o l ig enou s , r h eoph i lou s , t o pogenou s v a l ley p ea t m i r e s ) t y p ica l ly s uppo r t ing g r a s s a nd s edge f e n o r a l d e r a nd w i l low c an ( f o r e xamp le G a tcombe W i thy B ed , I s le o fW igh t ; S ca if e 1 980 , 1 987a ) . I n s ome c a se s , p ea t d epo s i t s w h ich a c cumu la ted u nde rs u ch l ow land m i re s / can a r e f ound a td ep th u nde r r i ve r a luv ium o r c o l luv ia l d epo s i t s , o f ten i na r chaeo log ica ls i tua t ion s . i . ) R ive r a luv iumf f l oodp la in d epo s i t s . A l though n o t o r gan ic , t h e se s ed imen t s h ave b e en s hown t oc on ta in p o l len a nd t h u sp a laeovege ta t ion d a ta i nr e g ion sw he r e p ea ta c cumu la t ion sa r en o tp r e sen t ,f o re xamp le S u s sex ( Bu r r in a nd S ca if e 1 984 , S ca if ea nd B u r r in 1 992 ) . i v . ) S ubme rged p ea t b ed s a nd ' s ubme rg ed f o r e s t s ' w h ich h ave b een r e cogn i sed s i nce t h ec l a s s ic w o rk o fC lemen t R e id ( 1 892 , 1 899 ) . T he se p ea t d epo s i t s o ccu r r ing i n l ow l y ing c oa s ta l a r ea s h ave b een u sed t or e con s t ru c t b o th H o locene v ege ta t ion a nd r i s ing H o locene s e a l e ve lw h ich r e su l ted i ni n unda t ion o fl ow ly ing m a r sh a r ea s ( Long 1 992 ; L ong a nd T oo ley 1 995 ; L ong a nd S ca if e 1 996 ;L ong e ta l1 999 ) . v . ) P a la eo so l s b u r ied u nde r p r eh i s to r ic f i e ld monumen t s . T he se c an y i e ld p o l len a nd s po r e s p rov id ing d a ta o n t h e e nv i ronmen t i mmed ia te ly p r io r t o c on s t ru c t ion o fb u r ia l m ound s o r u nde r f i e ld b ounda ry b ank s a nd d i tche s ( D imb leby 1 962 , 1 985 ;A shbee a nd D imb leby 1 959 ; S ca if e 1 985 ) .
S u ch ar a nge o fs i t e sa nd t h e i rr e su l t ing p o l len i n ve s t iga t ion s h ave a low ed c o r r e la t ion w i th o t he r b i o s t ra t ig raph ica l a s semb lage s e x i s t ing i nt h e I s le o fW igh t a nd m a in land s ou the rn E ng land .
D a ta a c c ru ing f r om t h e se s ou rce sh av er e su l ted i n ag r ea te r u nde r s tand ing o fv ege ta t ion a nd e nv i ronmen ta l c hange s i ns ou the rn B r i ta in . T he I s le o fW igh t h a s as ub s tan t ia l a moun t o f e x i s t ing p o l len d a ta w i th w h ich i n f o rma t ion f r om t h e Woo t tonQua r r p r o jec t c an b e c ompa r ed . T he e a r l ie s td a ta a r et h o se o fR e id i nC l if f o rd ( 1 936 )f o rB rook B ay . D evoy ( 1 987 ) p rodu ced s ome o f t h e f i r s t d a ta o n H o lo cene s e a leve l f l u c tua t ion s i nt h e S o len t . T h i s w a s s ub sequen t ly f o l lowed b yN icho l l s( 1 987 )w ho s t ud ied t h e o r ig in s o ft h e S o len t , r e -exam in ing t h e c l a s s ic mode l s o f t h e S o len t R ive r ( Eve ra rd 1 954a ; Woo ld r idge a nd L in ton 1 9 55 ) . Ad e ta i led h i s to ry o fv ege ta t ion c hange ss pann ing c 1 ,000 y ea r s o ft h e l a te D even s ian a nd H o locene i na r ea s a way f r om t h e c oa s ta l z one h a s b een c on s t ru c ted f o r t h e I s le o fW igh t ( S ca if e 1 980 , 1 987a , 1 987b ; T oma l in a nd S ca if e 1 979 ) . S o i l p o l len a na ly s i sh a sb een c a r r ied o u to n as ma l ln umbe ro fI s land s i t e s( Cox 1 9 86 ;S ca if e 1 980 a nd 1 992 ) . 4 . 2 .3
4 . 3 T he p r eh i s tor i c v ege ta t ion : p o l len a na ly s i s a nd v ege ta t ion h i s tory R ob S ca if e P a lyno log ica lm e thodo logy F i e ld s amp l ing t e chn ique s S amp le sf o rp o l len a na ly s i sw e r eo b ta ined u s ing t e chn ique s a s a pp rop r ia te . T he se i n c luded t h e s t anda rd R u s s ian / J ow sey c o r e rf o rt h es h a l lowe r ,f i ne g r a ined s e d imen t sa nd p ea t . F o rd eep c o r ing i nh eav i ly c ompac ted s e d imen t st h e p ow e rC ob ra s y s tem w a su s ed w i th c o r e so b ta ined f r om a S t i tz c o r e ro rd i r ec t ly f r om t h e g ouge . I n as ma l l n umbe r o fc a se s , i tw a s p o s s ib le t od i g t r enche s i nt h e f o re sho re p ea t a nd s ed imen t s a nd o b ta in m e ta l m ono l i th p rof i le s . A l ls amp le sw e r ew rapped i ns i lve rf o i la nd c l ing -f i lm a nd s t o r ed i nc oo l s t o r et op r even tb i o log ica ld ecay . H ow eve r , d u r ing t h e l o ng p e r iod o f s t o rage , s ome c hem ica l d eg r ada t ion o fp y r i te r ich s amp le sw a sn o ted .T he se w e r e p a r t icu la r ly t h e r e du ced /anox ic s e d imen t s o f t h e d eep c hanne l s o ft h e c oa s ta l z one . S ub samp l ing o ft h e c o r e s a nd m ono l i th s w a s u nde r taken i n l a bo ra to ry c ond i t ion s
T he p ea ta nd s ed imen ta r ch ive
An umbe r o fd epo s i t s l o ca ted w i th in t h e s t udy a r ea c an b e d e s c r ibed a s ' s ed imen ta ry a r ch ive s ' . T he se c on ta in w e l l p r e se rved s ub -f o s s i l p o l len , t h e s t udy o fw h ich h a s a lowed r e con s t ruc t ion o ft h e m idd le a nd l a te r H o locene
2 9
CO A ST AL AR CHA EO LOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONM ENT : ASO LENT C A SE S TUDY w i th ' s p l i t s ' t a ken f o r o t he r e nv i ronmen ta l s p ec ia l i s t s . G iven t h e w ide v a r ia t ion i n s ed imen t t y pe , t h ickne s s , p o l len p r e se rva t ion a nd s i te i mpo r tance ,v a r iou s s amp l ing i n te rva l sw e r eu s ed ;g en e ra l ly ,h ow eve r , 4o r8 cm .
P o tamog e ton a nd T r ig loch in t y pe s . B ecau se o ft h ep oo r p r e se rva t ion o ft h e se l e s s t h an r o bu s t p o l len t y pe s i nt h e i n o rgan ic s e d imen t se xam ined ,d if i cu l ty w a se xpe r ien ced i ns e pa ra t ion t oP o tamoge ton a nd E upo tamog e ton t y pe s ( Moo r ea nd Webb 1 978 ; Moo re e ta l . 1 99 1) .C on sequ en t ly t h e se t y pe s h ave b een g rouped t o ge the r a nd a s s u ch c an b e v i ew ed a s T r ig loch in p a lu s t r i s , Tm a r i t ima a nd P o tamog e ton s pp .
P o l len e x trac t ion p rocedur e s S t anda rd p o l len p rocedu r e s w e r e u sed f o r t h e e x t ra c t ion o f t h e p r e se rved p o l len a nd s po r e s . T he se p rocedu r e s w e re a s d e ta i led i n Moo r e a nd Webb ( 1 978 ) a nd Moo re e ta l ( 1 99 1) a nd w e r e c a r r ied o u t i nt h e D epa r tmen t o f G eog raphy ,U n ive r s i ty o fS ou thamp ton .
R upp ia m a r i t ima L .T h i sp l an tg r ow si nb r ack i sh w a te r d i tche s a nd s a l t m a r sh p oo l s . I ti sw id e ly d i s t r ibu ted b u t l o ca l a nd s omewha t r a re ( C lapham e t a l 1 987 ; S t a ce 1 99 1) .A ss u ch ,t h ep o l len r e co rd ed a tF i re s tone C op se c an b er e ga rd ed a s av a luab le p o l len r e co rd .
S amp le so fs t anda rd 3 4m ls i ze . D ef loccu la t ion /bo i l ing w i th 1 0% N a0h /5% KOH . S i ev ing a t 1 50p , f o r r emova l o f t h e c oa r se d eb r i s f r ac t ion . S i ev ing a t1 0 1 . t( r e s idue k ep t )f o rr emova lo fc l ay w he re , n ece s sa ry . H yd ro f luo r ic a c id 4 0% ( b o i l ing )f o rd i ge s t ion o fs i l ica . E rd tman ' sa c e to ly s i s . Wa sh ing / cen t r if ug ing . S t a in ing w i th a queou s s a f ran in a nd m oun t ing i n g l yce ro lj e l ly .
i v . T i l ia s p . Wh i l s tT i l ia m ay b ed i v ided i n to T c o rda ta , T p la typhy l lo s a nd i t s h yb r id f o rm , t h i s w a s n o t a t temp ted h e r e . H ow eve r ,t h ep o l len mo rpho logy w h e re o b se rved i n w e l l p r e se r ved g r a in s a ppea r s t ob e o f Tc orda ta . T h i s i s a l so c o r robo ra ted b ym a c rof o s s i lT i l ia f r u i t s( s ee R ob in son s e c t ion 4 . 4 ) . 4 . 3 .1 Quarr N eo l i th ic t r ackway Q 190 I n troduc t ion
P o l len i d en t if i ca t ion a nd c oun t ing
F ive N eo l i th ic t r a ckway s w e r e d i scove r ed a f te r t h e i r e xpo su re i nf o r e sho r es ed imen t sb e tw een Q ua r ra nd R yde . T he se r un o r thogona lt ot h es ho re a nd o u ti n to t h eS o len t .T he r ema in so ft h e se h ave o n ly b een s e en a tt h ee x t r eme l ow e s t t i d e sw h ich h a sc au sed s ome p rob lem si nt h ep l ann ing a nd d e sc r ib ing o ft h es t ru c tu r e s( s ee D a r rah a nd L oade rs e c t ion 7 . 4 .1) .S i nce t h e se s t ru c tu r e sa r eo fs ub s tan t ia li mpo r tance , r e p re sen t ing h uman e xp lo i ta t ion o f , a nd a c t iv i ty i n , t h e c oa s ta l z on e , i tw a s c on s ide red i mpo r tan t t oe xam ine t h e a s soc ia ted s t ra t ig raphy a nd e nv i ronmen t i n w h ich t h ey w e r e c on s t ruc ted . T h i s s e c t ion d e sc r ibe s t h e s e d imen ta ry p rof i le a nd p o l len b i o s t ra t ig raphy o fs ed imen t su nde r ly ing t r ack Q 190 .T h i ss t ru c tu r ew a ss amp led s ho r t ly a f t e ri tw a s f i r s t e xpo s ed i n J anua ry 1 996 . C omp lemen ta ry d i a tom s t ud ie so nt h i ss ame p rof i le h ave a l so b een c a r r ied o u ta nd a r ed i scu s sed i ns e c t ion 4 . 5 .
P o l len w a s e xam ined , i d en t if i ed a nd c oun ted u s ing a n O lympu s b i o log ica l r e sea r ch m ic ro scope w i th L e i tz o p t ic s . Magn if i ca t ion s o f x 400 a nd x 1000 w e re u sed i n n o rma l t r an sm i t ted a nd p ha se -con t ra s t l i gh t ing . A n e x ten s ive p o l len r e f e rence / compa ra t ive c o l lec t ion w a s a va i lab le f o r i d en t if i ca t ion o fd if i cu l t / c r i t ica l t a xa . P l an t t a xonomy f o l low s t h a t o fS t a ce ( 1 99 1) a nd f o rp o l len ( i n g ene ra l ) Moo re a nd Webb ( 1 978 ) mod if i ed a c co rd ing t o B enne t te ta l( 1 994 ) . Ap o l len s um o f4 00 d r y land g r a in s p e r l e ve l , e xc lud ing m a r sh /aqua t ic t y pe s a nd s po r e s , w a s g ene ra l ly u s ed . I n m o s t c a se s t h i s t o ta l , o r g r ea te r w a s s e cu r ed . H oweve r , s ome o f t h e m o r e h a r sh p o l len p r e se rv ing r e g ime s f a i led t op r odu ce a ny p o l len o r o n ly l e s se rt o ta l sg i ven t h et ime a va i lab le f o rc oun t ing .T he d a ta h ave b een p r e sen ted i ns t anda rd p o l len d i ag ram f o rm w i th t h e p o l len o fd r y land t a xa c a lcu la ted a s ap e r cen tage o f t h e i rs um . Ma r sh p o l len t y pe sa nd s po r e sa r ep r e sen t ed a sa p e r cen tage o ft h ed r yl a nd s um+ the s ub -g roup .T he p o l len d i ag ram s w e r e p l o t ted u s ing T i l ia a nd T i l ia G raph i nt h e D epa r tmen to fG eog r aphy ,U n ive r s i ty o fS ou thamp ton .
An umbe ro fc o re sh ave b een o b ta ined f r om t h i ss i te w h ich h ave s hown t h a tt h e s t ra t ig raphy u nde r ly ing t h et r a ckway i se x t r eme ly v a r iab le . T he p rof i le d e sc r ib ed h e r e i st h e d eepe s t a nd m o s t r e p r e sen ta t ive o b ta ined . T he t o p o ft h e s ed imen t l i e s a t ad ep th o f2 .75 m OD , NGR S Z 5 6531 9 3338 .
P a lyno log ica ln o te s i .C o ry lu s a ve l lana t y pe : ( Edwa rd s 1 981 , B enne t t e ta l 1 994 ) . D if f e r en t ia t ion b e tw een My r ica g a le a nd C ory lu s a ve l lana w a s n o t a t temp ted w i th e ve ry o ccu r r ence o f t h i s t a xon , a l though w h e r e w e l l p r e se rved g r a in s w e re n o ted , t h e se w e r e i n spec ted a nd w i thou t e xcep t ion f ound t ob e o fC o ry lu s a ve l lana . H oweve r , i nv i ew o ft h e f a c t t h a t m any g r a in sw e r e n o tp r e se rved s uf i c ien t ly w e l l f o r d if e r en t ia t ion , t h e t y pe n omenc la tu r e i sm a in ta ined . I t m ay a l so b en o ted t h a tt h eh ab i ta t sa r em o s tl i k e ly t oh ave s uppo r ted C ory lu sr a the rt h an My r ica w h ich i sm o re s u i ted t og row th o na c id s ub s t ra te s .
T ra ckw ay r a d ioca rbon d a ted t o 3 780 -3370 c a l B C ( GU -5662 ;4 800±60 B P )a t2 .75m OD D ep th i nc m 0-2 6 2 6 -3 0 3 0 -4 4 4 4 -5 2
3 0
G r ey m a r ine / sa l tm a r sh s i l tw i th o r gan ic i n c lu s ion s . G r ey h omogeneou ss i l tl a ye r . N on o r gan ic . B rown p ea tw i th s i l t . D e t r i tu sa nd l i ne monoco ty ledonou sd eb r i s . D a rk h um ic s i l t .
EN V IRONMENT A ND L AND SCA P E : T H E HO LOCENE P A LAEOECO LOGY P a le g r ey s i l t . G r ey s i l tw i th f i ne s a nd . G rey c oa r se s a nd r e s t ing o nc l ay b ed rock . B ed rock c l ay .
5 2 -6 3 6 3 -7 9 7 9 -9 0 9 0
o ccu r r ence o fU lmu s , T i l ia , F rax inu sa nd A lnu s .P oacaeae ( 16% ) a nd P o tamoge ton /T r ig loch in t y pe ( 1 5% ) s how e xpan s ion . P r e Q ua te rna ry p a lynomo rph sa r ep r e sen ti nt h is a nd t h e s ub sequen t z one . 1 . p .a .z . NEO :3 1 8 -O cm . C henopod ium t ype . T h i s u ppe r m o s t z one h a s t h e N eo l i th ic t r ackway e mp laced i nt h e t o p o f t h e s ed imen t s a ta n OD h e igh t o f2 .75m . T he z one h a s b een d e l im i ted b y t h e f u r the r i n c r ea se o f C henopod ium t y pe w h ich e xpand s t o 5 0% o f t o ta l p o l len . Q ue r cu s ( 1 5% ) a nd C o ry lu s a ve l lana t y pe ( 1 5% )r ema in t h ep r inc ipa lt r ee sa nd s h rub s .
P o l len b ios trat igraphy /zonat ion ( F ig .4 . 2 )
P o l len w a so n ly r e cove r ed f r om ad ep th o f4 4cm t ot h et o p o ft h e p r of i le , t h a t i s ,i nt h e o rgan ic l e ve l s o f3 0 -4 4cm a nd o ve r ly ing m a r ine s i l t s .P o l len w a sa b sen ti nt h el owe r , c oa r se rt e x tu r ed s ed imen t s .T h ree l o ca lp o l len a s semb lag e z one s( 1 . p .a .z . )m ay b er e cogn i sed .T h e se a r ec ha rac te r i sed a sf o l low s .
The i nf erred v ege tat iona l h i s tory
T he i mpo r tance o ft h i ss i te l i e si nt h ef a c tt h a ti ti l u s t ra te s t h e e nv i ronmen t i nw h ich a tl e a s t o ne o f t h e N eo l i th ic t r a ckway s w a s c on s t ru c ted . F i e ld s u rvey c a r r ied o u t d u r ing l ow t i de s i n A ugu s t 1 996 s how ed , h oweve r , t h a t t h e r e la t ion sh ip o f t h e t r a ckway s t o t h e l i t ho - a nd b i o s t ra t igaph ica lu n i t si sc omp lex .A tt h es amp l ing p o in t , t h e t r ackway c l ea r ly l i e s o n t h e t o p o f g r ey s i l t s ( w i th o r gan ic c on ten t ) w h ich o ccu r s ome 3 0cm a bove a p ea t d epo s i t .S u rvey s how ed t h a tt h eu nde r ly ing p ea td epo s i ti s , i nf a c t ,t h eb road e xpan se o ft h e' f o re sho re 'p ea t sw h ich a r e e xpo sed a tl ow s p r ing t i de s . I ft r a ced s ou th ,t h eo ve r ly ing s ed imen t s o n w h ich t h e t r a ckway i se mp la ced b ecome p rog r e s s ive ly t h inne r a nd u l t ima te ly d i sappea r w he r e t h e u nde r ly ing p ea ti se xpo sed o nt h ef o r e sho r e .T he s ed imen t o nw h ich t h et r a ckway w a s c on s t ruc ted w a s c l ea r ly as a l t m a r sh .T h i si ss hown i nI . p .a .z . NEO :3 w i th i t sd om inance o fC henopod ium t y pe a nd o t he r h a lophy te s . T he mo l lu sc H yd rob ia u l vae w a s n o ted i nt h e c o r e s amp le s a nd a l so
1 . p .a .z . NE0 :1 4 4 -3 4cm . U lmus -Que rcus -T i l ia -Cory lu s a ve l lana t ype . T h is b a sa l p o l len a s semb lage z one c o r r e spond s c l o se ly w i th t h e o rgan ic p ea t a nd i sc ha rac te r i sed b y h i ghe r p e rcen tag e s o ft r ee a nd s h rub p o l len t h an i ns ub sequen t z one s . Q uer cu s ( t o 4 0% ) i sd om inan t w i th L lmu s ( t o 8% ) , T i l ia ( 5% ) , A lnu s ( 5% ) a nd C o ty lu s a ve l lana t y pe . F rax inu s a nd i l ex a r e n o ted . T he l a t te r h a s h i ghe s t p e r cen tag e s a tt h e b o t tom o ft h e o rgan ic s e qu ence ( 25% a t4 4cm ) .H e rb sa r en o ta sa bundan ta si n s ub sequen tz one sb u tc omp r i se l a rge ly P oa ceae ( 10% ) .H a lophy t ic e l emen t s i n c lude P lan tago m a r i t ima t y pe , C henopod ium t y pe , A rme r ia ' 1 3 'l i ne ,A s te rt y pe a nd P o tamoge ton /T r ig loch in t y pe . 1 . p .a .z .NE0 :234-18cm .C henopod ium -Poaceae -Po tamoge ton/ T r ig loch in .T h is z one i sc ha rac te r ised b y am a rked e xpan s ion o f C henopod ium t y pe ( 30% ) a nd ac o r r e spond ing r e duc t ion i n AP . T h is m ay b ei np a r t as t a t i s t ica lp henomenon s i nce C henopod ium i si n c luded i nt h ep o l len s um .T ree a nd s h rub sr ema in d om ina ted b yQ uer cu s( 2 5% )a nd C oodu sa ve l lana t y pe ( c1 0% )w i th l e s se r
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CO A ST AL AR CHAEOLOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONMENT : ASO L ENT C A SE S TUDY a t te s t st o as a l t -ma r sh e nv i ronmen t .T he s ou the rn e x ten to f t h et r a ckway i su nce r ta in . I ti ss ugge s ted t h a tt h et r a ckway w ou ld h ave r un f r om t h et e r re s t r ia l z one a c ro s s af r ing ing d amp o ak w ood land a nd e x tend ing o u to nt ot h es a l tm a r sh t ot h es e a . Whe the r ad ef ined t r a ck w a sp r e sen ta c ro s st h e p ea ts u rf a ce o rw he th e r as imp le p a th s uf i ced i sn o tc l ea r . A l te rna t ive ly , i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t s i l t s a nd t r a ckway t ot h e s ou th o ft h ee x i s t ing s i t em ay h ave b een e r od ed a way .I ti s , h oweve r , m o s tp robab le t h a t at r a ckway t ot h e s e aw ou ld s pan an umbe r o fc oa s ta l h ab i ta t s , e s pec ia l ly i fr unn ing d i r ec t ly o u tf r om t h et e r re s t r ia lz one .
l e ve l s . F ina l i n unda t ion b y ma r ine c ond i t ion s c au sed t h e d em i se o ft h i sh ab i ta ta nd t h e e s tab l i shmen to fs a l tm a r sh . T h i s o ccu r r ed o n t h e r ou te u sed t oa pp roa ch t h e c oa s t . I t s e em s p o s s ib le , t h e r ef o re , t h a t t h e t r a ckway w a s b u i l t i n a na t temp tt om a in ta in at r an spo r tc o r r ido rt ot h es e a .T h i s ' l i nk 'w ou ld h ave c ove r ed an umbe ro ff r ing ing z ona lp l an t c ommun i t i e s .H ow eve r ,g i ven t h ed eg r ee o fe nc roa chmen t , t h et r a ckw ay w a so n ly u sef u lf o r as ho r tt ime s pan p r io rt o b u r ia lb ys e d imen ta nd p r e serva t ion .
Ad a te o f 3 780 -3370 c a l BC ( GU -5662 ; 4 800±60 B P ) , o b ta ined f o r o ne o f t h e t r a ckway t i mbe r s , g i ve s ad a te f o rt h e t o p o ft h e p o l len p rof i le d e sc r ibed a bove , p l a c ing t h e p rof i le f i rm ly i nt h e e a r ly N eo l i th ic . T he v ege ta t ion e v iden t i n t h e t h ree p o l len z one s i s c on t ra s t ing . T he o r gan ic d epo s i t so f1 . p .a .z . NE0 :1 i n d ica te p r edom inan t ly Q ue r cu s w i th C or y lu s a ve l lana . T he re a r e s u rp r is ing ly s ma l l q uan t i t ie s o fA lnu s a nd S a l i x o r m i r e h e rb s s u ch a s C ype ra cea e . I n d ica t ion s a r e f o r am a tu re d amp o ak w ood land o f s omewha t o pen c ha ra c te r w i th g row th o f s ome g r a s se s , s edge sa nd o cca s iona l a qua t ic c ommun i t ie s i n w e t te r a r ea s . S u ch a d amp o ak w ood land i s a l so i n d ica ted b y t h e i n sec t f a una s r e cove r ed f r om Woo t ton H aven ( s ee R ob in son s e c t ion 4 . 4 ) . T h i s i st y p ica l o f a w ood land c ommun i ty n o t e x i s t ing t o day b u t w h ich w a s i nt h e p a s t ac ommon c omponen t o ft h e c oa s ta l f r inge s . I tw a s t h i s c ommun i ty w h ich g ave r i se t o t h e t y p ica l ' s ubme rged f o r e s t s ' d e sc r ibed i nt h e p i onee r ing w r i t ing s o f C lemen t R e id ( 1 896 ) . T he q u e s t ion o ft h e p rox im i ty o f t h i s w ood land c ommun i ty t o t h e c oa s ta l f r inge i s p rob lema t ic . Mo r e d e ta i led k now ledg e o ft h e p o s i t ion o f t h ew ood land e dge a nd s a l tm a r sh p e r iphe ry w ou ld a low a na c cu ra te p i c tu re o ft h eb i og eog raphy t ob ec on s t ru c ted . T h i s c an o n ly b e o b ta ined b y c o r ing f u r the r n o r th i n t h e s ub t ida l z one . Wha t i sc e r ta in , h oweve r , i st h a t t h e w ood land w a s n o t d i s tan t f r om s a l t m a r sh . R ob in son ( s e c t ion 4 . 4 ) a nd C ame ron ( s ec t ion 4 . 5 ) h ave n o ted t h e p r e sen ce o fh a lophy t ic e l emen t si nt h ei n sec t sa nd d i a tom s i nt h e se p ea t s . T h i s i ss im i la r ly t h e c a se w i th t h e p o l len w h ich s how s s ma l l q uan t i t ie s o ft y p ica l h a lophy te s s u ch a s C henopod ium , A rme r ia /L imon ium , A s t e r t y pe a nd P lan tago m a r i t ima . T he se o ccu r i n t h e p ea t h o r izon s w h ich o t he rw i se c on ta in w ood land d om ina ted p o l len t a xa . Ma r ine i n unda t ion ( po s i t ive m a r ine t e ndency ) o ft h ep ea t c ommun i t ie si sc l ea r ly s hown b yt h es ub s tan t ia le xpan s ion o fC henopod ia cea e t oh i gh v a lue s ( S ee L ong a nd S ca if e s e c t ion 5 . 6 .1 .3 ) . T h i s t a xon i n c lude s S a l i corn ia s p . , A t r ip lex s p . ,H a l im ione p o r tu laco id e s a nd B e ta m a r i t ime , a l c ommon e l emen t s o ft h e s a l t m a r sh e co logy t o day . A r a nge o f o t he r r a r e r a nd t h u s m o r e s po rad ic h a lophy te s i n c lude A rme r ia ' A ' a nd ' B ' l i ne ( Arme r ia m ar i t ima a nd L imon ium v u lga r e ) , P lan tago m a r i t ima , S pe rgu la / S pe rgu la r ia a nd P o tamoge ton /T r ig loch in . T he l a t te rw e r e n o td if e r en t ia ted .
I n troduc t ion
4 . 3 .2 Quar rs i te Q 99
S i te Q 99 i sal a rge c on cen t ra t ion o fb u rn tf l in ta nd d eb i tage s i tua ted o nt h e w e s te rn m a rg in o ft h e Q ua r rp a la eova l ley ( F ig .4 . 1) . I tl i e so nt h em ean l ow w a te rm a rk i mmed ia te ly n o r th o ft h e Q ua r rA bbey g a te a nd s ome m e t r e s s e awa rd o fa no the r f l in t s c a t te r , Q 2 . C o re s amp le s w e r e i n i t ia l ly o b ta ined d u r ing l ow t i de si nS ep tembe r 1 992 . P o l len w o rk w a su nde r taken o nt h i sp r of i le t oc ha ra c te r i se t h en on -pea ts ed imen t sa nd e nv i ronmen to ft h ef l in ts c a t te r . T h i s c omp lemen ted e a r l ie ra na ly s i so ft h ep ea t s e quence s a s soc ia ted w i th t h e s ubme rged f o r e s t . I nt h is c a se , i tw a s e v iden tt h a tt h e r ew e r ee x ten s ive s p r ead so fg r ey s e d imen t a nd a s soc ia ted a r cha eo log ica l m a te r ia l u nde r ly ing t h e p ea t . I n a dd i t ion t o u nd e r s tand ing l o ca l v ege ta t ion a nd e nv i ronmen t , t h e se p ea t s a nd s ed imen t s p r e sen ted s t rong i mp l ica t ion sf o rt h es e a leve lc hang e( s ee L ong a nd S ca if e s e c t ion s5 . 5a nd 5 . 6 ) . S tra t igraphy T he s t ra t ig r aphy c omp r i se s9 7cm l i gh tg r ey s i l t sc on ta in ing ag r ea te rs a nd f r ac t ion i nt h eb a sa l 1 0 cm . T he u ppe r3 0cm c on ta in s m o re o rgan ic m a te r ia l w i th m onoco ty ledonou s r oo t le t s a nd l e af r ema in s ( i nc lud ing P hragm i t e s l r eed m a te r ia l ) . T he r e i sn o e v idence o f af u l ly d eve loped p ea t c app ing a tt h i ss amp l ing p o in tb u t at r unca ted c ove r ing o f p ea t w a s o b se rved a nd d a ted c l o se b y . F rom c ompa r i son w i th o t he r f o r e sho r e a r ea s i ti sc l ea r t h a t e r o s ion o ft h e p ea th a so c cu r red . Ab a sa ls amp le f r om t h i sp ea ti n d ica te s at e rm inu sp o s t q uem o f4 340 -3990 c a l BC ( 0 2 (A -6352 ; 5 300±65 B P ) f o r t h e c e s sa t ion o ft h e s i l t a cc r e t ion a nd s c a t te r ing o fb ur n t f l in ta tt h et op o ft h i sp rof i le . F rom 3 0 t o 5 0cm o r gan ic r ema in s a r e f ew e r a nd t h e s ed imen t i s p r edom inan t ly f i ne t om ed ium s i l t .F rom 4 8cm t ot h eb a se a t9 7cm , t h e re i sl i t t le v i s ib le o rgan ic d eb r i s . H ow eve r , t h e re i sa ni n c r ea s ing s and c omponen tw i th d ep th . D ep th c m 0-5 5-1 5 1 5 -3 6 3 6 —5 0
I n c onc lu s ion , i ta ppea r s t h a t ac oa s ta l p ea t -f o rm ing c ommun i ty , d eve lop ing u nde r d amp o ak w ood land , b e come p rog r e s s ive ly w e t te r a s ar e su l t o f r i s ing s e a -
5 0 -8 0
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T op o fc o lumn a t2 .10m OD ( SZ 5 680293260 ) B la ck ,d e t r i ta lp ea t . O rgan ic s i l tc on ta in ing P hragm i t e sa nd n ume rou sb u rn tf l i n t s . G r ey o r gan ic s i l t . H omogeneou sg r ey ,m a r ine f i ne r / m ed ium s i l t . G r ey s i l tw i th s and c on ten t i n c r ea s ing d ownwa rd s .
EN V IRONMENT A ND L AND SCA P E : T H E HO LOCENE P A LAEO ECO LOGY 8 0 -9 0 9 0
C oa r se w h i te s a nd a nd s i l tt ob ed rock . B ed rock ( T e r t ia ry ) .
T he i n f err ed v ege ta t iona l h i s tory T he b a sa lz one Q 99 :1 c o r re spond sw i th t h es t ra t ig raph ica l h o r izon i n w h ich a g r ea te r p r opo r t ion o f s a nd o ccu r s . T h i sm ay b ei n te rp re ted i nt wo w ay s . F i r s t ly , i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h e h i ghe r v a lu e s o fw ood land e l emen t s w i th p oo re r p o l len p rodu c t ion /d i spe r s ion ( T i l ia ) a nd t h e s po r e s n o t ed i nf a c tc ome f r om a ni ns i tu p a laeo so ls e a led b yo ve r ly ing s ed imen t s( s ee a l so t r ee 1 00 1835 ,s e c t ion 4 . 3 .3 ) .T hu s ,t h e p r e sence o fl o ca lo ro ns i t eT i l ia w ood land m ay b es ugge s ted . S t ra t ig raph ica l ly t h e re w a s n o a ppa r en t i n d ica t ion o f a b u r ied s o i l a l though t y p ica l s o i l c ha r ac t e r i s t ic s m ay h ave b een l e a ched a way . S econd ly , i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h e se p o l len e l emen t s h ave b een f l uv ia l ly d e r ived f r om t h e n ea rby r i ve rc a tchmen t a nd t h u st h e p o l len r e p re sen t st h e t e r r e s t r ia l v ege ta t ion i nt h e f l uv ia l c a tchmen t /h in te r land r e g ion . T h i s w ou ld s e em t o b e c onf i rmed b y t h e h i gh p ropo r t ion o fs po r e s w h ich a r et y p ica l ly o ve r rep re sen ted i ns ed imen t sr e su l t ing f r om h i ghe re ne rgy d i scha rge ,f l ood s i tua t ion s( Peck 1 973 ) .I ti s ,h oweve r ,c l ea rt h a tt h e se b a sa l s e d imen t sa r er e p r e sen ta t ive o f at e r re s t r ia le nv i ronmen t .
P o l len b ios trat igraphy /zonat ion ( F ig .4 . 3 )
P o l len w a s f o und i n c oun tab le n umbe r s i nl e ve l s a bove 9 0cm . B e low t h i s p o l len w a s b a r e ly p r e sen t . T h r ee l o ca l p o l len a s semb lage z one s w e r e r e cogn i sed a nd a r e c ha ra c te r i sed a sf o l low s : 1 . p .a .z . Q 99 :1 8 4 -90cm . T i l ia -Quercu s -P te r id ium -D ryop te r i s t y pe P o l ypod ium . T ree s a r e d om ina ted b y Q ue r cu s a nd T i l ia a nd h e rb sb yP oaceae . S po re so ff e rn sa r ep a r t icu la r ly i mpo r tan t i nt h i s b a sa l l e ve l a nd a r e d om ina ted b y P te r id ium a qu i l inum , D ryop te r i st y pe ( mono le te s po re s )a nd P o lypod ium . 1 . p .a .z . Q 99 :2 8 4 -36cm . Q ue rcus -Co r y lu s a ve l lana t ype C henopod ium t ypePo lypod ium .T h i sz on ei sc ha rac te r i sed b ya m a rked i n c rea se i nC henopod ium t y pe ( i n c lud ing C henopod ium , A t r ip lex a nd S a l icorn ia )a nd d ec l in ing T i l ia a nd P te r id ium v a lue s . Q uer cus a nd C o ry lu s a ve l lana t y pe r ema in d om inan tw ood land e l emen t s w i th s ome U lmu s , F rax inu s a nd A lnu s . T axu s ( Y ew ) i so fn o t e . H e rb s a r e mo re n ume rou s a nd d i ve r se w i th e l emen t s o fs a l t m a r sh t a xa ( Chenopod ium t y pe , A rme r ia , p o s s ib ly A s te r t y pe ) a nd m a r sh /aqua t ic e l emen t s ( F i l ipend u la , A l i sma t y pe , P o tamog e ton t y pe ,E la t ine a nd T ypha a ngu s t if o l ia t y pe ) .
S ub sequ en t ly ,i nQ 99 :2 ap ha se o fs a l t -ma r sh e nv i ronmen t i si mp l ied b y C henopod ium t y pe ,H ippophaä r hamno id e s , P lan tago m ar i t ima t y pe a nd A rme r ia . T he l a t te r i s p oo r ly r e p re sen ted i np o l len s p ec t ra a nd w he r e p r e sen t i s u sua l ly o fv e ry l o ca l o r ig in . T e r r e s t r ia l e l emen t s a r e a l so w e l l r e p r e sen ted w i th e v iden ce o f d ec iduou s w ood land d om ina ted b yQ ue r cu sb u tw i th ar a nge o ft y p ica ls e conda ry w ood land e l emen t s . T he r e du c t ion i n T i l ia f r om z one :1
1 . p .a .z . Q 99 :3 3 6 -0cm . Q ue rcu s -F rax inu s -S inap i s t ype P oaceae -F i l ica le s . H igh v a lue s /pe r cen tage s o f C henopod ium t y pe i nz one 2 d ec l ine f r om m o re t h an 3 0% t ol e s s t h an 1 0% . Q uer cus a nd C or y lu sa ve l lana t y pe a t ta in t h e i rh i ghe s tv a lue s i n t h i s z one . T he r e i sa l so a n i n c rea se i no t he rw ood land t a xa a nd s po re so fP o l ypod ium a nd D r yop ter i st y pe .
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m ay o ccu r a s t h e a r ea o f g r ow th b ecame p rog re s s ive ly f u r th e r f r om t h e s amp le s i te w i th p rog re s s ive c hange t o m a r ine / sa l tm a r sh c ond i t ion s .T h i sp o l len g roup m ay h ave b een d e r ived f r om b o th a e r ia l a nd f l uv ia l t r an spo r t . T he l a t te ri se v idenced b y t h er a nge o ff r e shwa te ra qua t ic a nd m a rg ina l t a xa n o ted a bove . I ts hou ld b e n o ted t h a t t h e r e co rd s o f C e r ea l t y pe o r l a rge P oa ceae p o l len m ay b e h a lophy t ic g r a s se sa nd n o tc u l t iva t ed c e rea l s .
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F igur e4 . 4 T r ee 1 00 1835 p o l l en d i ag ram . O the r w ood land t a xa i n c lud e Q ue r cu s a nd C o ry lu s a v e l lana t y pe , t h e l a t te r p e rhap s a s u nde r s to rey . U /mu s i sp r e sen t a nd may h ave f o rmed p a r t o f t h e Q ue r cu s w ood land . S po re s o f f e rn s ( Po lypod ium v u lga r e , P t e r id ium a qu i l inum a nd m ono le te lD ryop te r i s t y pe ) a r e m o s ti mpo r tan t i nt h e l ow e s tz one Q1 .T h i sa l so i n d ica te s t h a t ab u r ied s o i l m ay b e p r e sen t , e s pec ia l ly w i th l a rge n umbe r s o fP o lypod ium w h ich i sf r equen t ly a s soc ia ted w i th w ood land h ab i ta t s .T h i si s ,h ow eve r ,o ne o f an umbe r o ff a c to r s w h ich i n d ica te t h a t t h e p o l len a s semb lage h a s ac omp lex t a phonomy . P o l len t r an spo r t a nd d epo s i t ion f r om a e r ia l , m a r ine a nd f r e shwa te r f l uv ia l s ou r ce s m ay a l so b e s u spec ted w he r e s ub s tan t ia l n umbe r s o f s po re s a r ep r e sen t . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a t s ome e l emen t s o ft h i s z one a r eo ff r e shwa te r /f luv ia lo r ig in d epo s i ted i n ar e ed swamp h ab i ta t d eve lop ing o n t h e o l d l a nd su rf a ce . T he s po r e s m ay w e l lh ave b een t r an spo r ted f r om s o i l s e r oded f u r the r u p t h e r i v e r c a tchmen t . T h i s w ou ld b e e s pec ia l ly s o i n c ond i t ion s o fh ighe r d i scha rge , w h ich h ave b een s hown b yo t he rw o rke r st op r odu ce h i ghe ra b so lu te n umbe r s( f o r e xamp le P eck 1 973 ) . T h i sp o s tu la t ion t i e s i nc l o se ly w i th o t h e rh o r izon si nt h es e qu ence ( a sa t2 4cm )w he re ag r ea te r q uan t i ty o fc oa r se rs i l ti sp r e sen t . T h ed om inance o fT i l ia a nd t h e d eg raded s t a te o fs ome o ft h e p o l len a nd s po re s p rov id e s f u r the r e v idence t h a t t h e p o l len s p ec t ra m ay r e p r e sen tv ege ta t ion g r ow ing h i ghe ri nt h er i ve rc a t chmen t o re r oded f r om t h e o l de r b a sa l s o i l s a nd s e d imen t s . T he d om inan ce o fQ ue r cu sa nd C ory lu s( n o My r i ca t y pe p o l len w a s n o ted ) r e p re sen t s t h e v ege ta t ion o ft h e c oa s ta l f r inge a nd h eav ie rp oo r ly d r a ined s o i l s .
T he re i sp a lyno log ica le v iden ce f o rm a r ine i n f luence f r om t h e b a se o ft h e p r of i le w i th C henopod ium t y pe a nd o t he r h a lophy t ic e l emen t s . R econ s t ru c t ion o f t h e s e a leve l / a l t i tud e c hange s i nt h e l a te r p r eh i s to r ic p e r iod i n d ica te t h a t t h i s t e r r e s t r ia l s i te w a s s ub jec ted t op o s i t ive e u s ta t ic c hange s .T h i sc au sed t h ed em i se o fl i me w ood land ,w h ich r e qu i r ed b e t te rd r a ined s o i l s ,a nd a l so m a rked t h ei n i t ia t ion o fs ed imen t a c c r e t ion a tt h i s s i t e . T he t a phonomy o ft h e p o l len w i l l h ave c hanged m a rk ed ly . S u ch p a lud if i ca t ion r e la ted c au se sf o rt h e ' l ime d ec l ine 'h ave b een o u t l ined b y Wa l le r( 1 993 a nd 1 994 ) . T he i n pu to fs e d imen t sw ou ld b e e xpec ted t oi n t rodu ce p o l len f r om aw ide ra r ea . T h i s m ay b e e v id enced b y t h e v e ry s ub s tan t ia l i n c rea se i nQ ue r cu s w h ich i st h ed om inan tt a xon f r om 1 . p .a .z . Q :2 t ot h et o po f t h ep r of i le . P o l len a s semb lage z one Q :6 s how s ad r ama t ic c hange t o p ea tf o rm ing c ommun i t ie s ,i n d ica t ing p a r to ft h es u cce s s ion f r om r e ed s wamp n o ted a bove t o f e n c an w ood land . T h i s c u lm ina ted i nt h e g r ow th o fm a tu re o ak w ood land a s e v idenced b y t h e i ns i tu t r ee t r unk s a nd r o o t b o le s a t t h i s s i t e . T h i s t r an s i t ion f r om m ine ra l s e d imen t s t op ea t m ay b e ar e spon se t oc hang ing b a se leve l s a nd /o rn a tu ra l e co log ica l r e spon se s a nd s u cce s s ion . I ti si n te r e s t ing t o n o te t h a t C henopod ium b ecome s p r og r e s s ive ly m o r e i mpo r tan t f r om t h e b a se o ft h i s z one u pwa rd s . T h i s m ay a l so i n d ica te t h ep r og re s s ive n ea rn e s so fm a r in ec ond i t ion s a nd f l ood ing b rough ta bou tb ye u s ta t ic c hang eo rt h rough c oa s ta l e r o s ion b r ing ing h a lophy t ic c ommun i t ie s c l o se r t ot h i s s i te . I ti s , h oweve r , c l ea r t h a t t h e m idd le o ft h i s
3 5
CO A STAL AR CHAEOLOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONM ENT : ASO LENT C A SE S T UDY z one w a s at r u e p ea t f o rm ing c ommun i ty w i th m in ima l a l loch thonou s s e d imen t s b e ing d epo s i ted . T he p o l len , t h e r ef o re , l a rge ly r e p r e sen t s t h e v ege ta t ion o ft h e r e g ion o n o r c l o se ly a d jacen t t o t h e s i te w h ich w a s d om inan t Q ue r cu s , w i th C o ry lu s . H aze l n u t s h ave a l so b een f ound i n t h e se p ea t s , i n d ica t ing t h a t t h i s m ay h ave b een a n i mpo r tan tu nde r s to rey c omponen t .A l though p o l len v a lu e s a r e n o t h i gh , h aze l o n ly f l ow e r s i n mo r e o pen c anopy c ond i t ion s w h ich m ay n o t h ave p e r ta ined h e r e . I l ex a nd T axu s h ave a l so b een r e co rded i nt h e p o l len s pec t ra a nd i n d ica te a m a tu r e d ec iduou s w ood land c ommun i ty . F rax inu s a nd T i l ia a r e p r e sen t w i th u nde r rep r e sen ted v a lu e s d u e t op oo rp o l len p rodu c t ion a nd i n sec t d i spe r sa l a nd a r e a l so l i ke ly t or e p r e sen t t h e c on t inuance o ft h e i r i mpo r tance o n t h e b e t te r s o i l s o f t h e d r y l a nd . T he i r p r e sence h e r e i sp o s s ib ly v i a ' n o rma l ' a i rbo rne t r an spo r t r a the r t h an f l uv ia l s ou r ce s d i scu s sed a bove . T he l a t te r ( F rax inu s ) m ay a l so h ave b een ac on s t i tuen t o ft h e l o ca l c a r r .P o l len a s semb lage z one Q :5 i sd e l im i ted b yi n c rea se s i n C henopod ium t y pe , P lumbag ina ceae ( Arme r ia a nd L imon ium ) w h ich a r e e v idence o f s a l t m a r sh c ond i t ion s w h ich u l t ima te ly e n c roa ched o nt ot h e s i te d e s t roy ing t h e f e nc an c ond i t ion s .
T h i s c hang e t h e r ef o r e r e p re sen t s a n i mpo r tan t a nd f i na l m a r ine t r an sg r e s s ive c on ta c t wh ich o c cu r r ed i nt h e l a te r p r eh i s to r ic p e r iod a nd w a sr e spon s ib le f o rs ubme rg en ce o f t h e f o re sho r ez one a tt h i sh e igh t OD . T he t o p o ft h i sp ea t p rof i le h a s b een d a ted t o3 700 -3360 c a l BC ( OxA -6351 ; 4 740±65 B P ) . S tra t igraphy T he Q 4 s i t e l i e s o n t h e m a rg in s o f ad eep p a laeochann e l w ho se f i l l c omp r i se s h omogeneou s g r ey s i l t / c lay o f s im i la rc ha ra c te rt ot h a t o ft h et op 7cm o fs i l t a tQ 99 .A f u l ls t ra t ig r aph ica lp rof i le o ft h i sp a la eo channe li sg i ven i n s e c t ion 5 . 2 .7 .T he p ea th o r izon a tt h eb o t tom o ft h i sp rof i le a ppea r st ob e al a te ra l ly -f o rm ing d epo s i t . D ep th c m T op o fc o r ea t1 .17m OD ( SZ 5 6894 9 3086 ) 0-1 0 R omano -B r i t i sh t imbe r sa nd b ru shwood i na f i ne g r ey s i l t / c lay ma t r ix ( AD 3 0 -250 ) . 1 0 -7 0 H omogeneou sg r ey ,m a r ine / sa l tm a r sh c l ay . 7 5 -1 00 O rgan ic /pea tw i th s i l t . Mo t t led .D e t r i ta la nd m onoco ty ledonou s p ea t w i th s ome w ood f r agmen t sd a ted t o3 700 -3360 c a l BC ( OxA 6 351 ;4 740±65 B P ) . 1 00 B a sa lg r ave l .
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T h e s t ra t ig raph ica l a nd p o l len s e qu ence s how s ac hange f r om at e r re s t r ia ll a nd s u rf a ce d om ina ted b yl i me w ood land t o ar e ed swa rnp e nv i ronmen t .T h i sd eve loped i n to am a tu r e f e nc an w ood land d om ina ted b yo ak a nd h aze lw i th o t he r m a tu re w ood land e l emen t s s u ch a sy ew a nd h o l ly . T h i s w ood land c ommun i ty w a si n unda ted b ym a r ine c ond i t ion s w h ich c au sed i t s d em i se . T h e p o l len s p ec t ra , e s pec ia l ly f r om l owe rf r e shwa te ra nd s a l tm a r sh s i l t s c on ta in s t rong e v idence f o rd om inan to ak a nd l i me w ood land .T he se t r ee s m ay h ave b een c o -dom inan to n ar a nge o fs o i lt y pe so ra s s e pa ra te d om inan tc ommun i t ie si ne daph ica l ly s u i ted a r ea s o f t h e p o l len c a t chmen t . T he l ow e r l i t ho s t ra t ig raph ica l u n i t s m ay h ave p o l len d e r ived t h rough f l uv ia l t r an spo r t . T h i s c on t ra s t sw i th t h e a u toch thonou s p ea t a nd b a sa l s o i l p rof i le w h ich c on ta in a u toch thonou sp o l len .
P o l len s p e c t ra h ave b een d i v ided i n to t h r ee p r inc ipa l l o ca lp o l len a s semb lage z one s . T he se a r ec ha ra c te r ized a s f o l low s . I . p .a .z .Q 4 :1 1 00 -8 3cm .Q ue rcus -T i l ia -Cory lu sa ve l lana t ype . T h i s b a sa l z one i sc ha ra c te r ized b y h i ghe r v a lue s o f a r bo r ea l p o l len .Q ue r cu si sd om inan tt o6 0% a tt h eb a se w i th T i l ia t o2 0% . C ory lu s a ve l lana t y pe i st h e d om inan t s h rub ( 3 0% ) . H e rb s a r e d om ina ted b yC henopod ium t y pe ( 10% )a nd P oa cea e( 5% ) . NAP v a lue s a r e l e s s t h an i ns ub sequen t z one s . S po r e s a r e d om ina ted b yP o lypod ium v u lgar e( 1 5% ) . 1 . p .a .z . Q 4 :2 8 3 -2 5cm . Q uercu s -Cory lus a velana t y pe C henopod ium t ype . T i l ia d ec l ines i nt h i sz one t o< 5% . Q ue r cu s ( 50% ) a nd C ory lu s a ve l lana t ype ( 1 5% ) r ema in c on s i s ten t . C henopod ium t y pe e xpand s t oh igh v a lue s ( 4 0% ) a tt h e t o p o f t h e z on e . O the r h a lophy te s b ecome i mpo r tan t w i th A rme r ia ' A ' a nd ' 1 3 ' l i ne , P lan tago m a r i t ima t y pe , A s te r t y pe a nd l a rge P oaceae . O the r n on -ha lophy tes c omp r i se P oa ceae a nd s po rad ic o ccu r rence s o fo t he r t y pe s . P o lypod ium v a lue s d ec l ine s ha rp ly w i th D ryop t e r i st y pe i n com ing .
4 . 3 .4 P ea t a nd s ed imen t s a s soc ia ted w i th R omano B r i t i sh t imber s t ruc tur eQ 4 I n troduc t ion
I . p .a .z . Q 4 :3 2 5 -O cm . C henopod ium t ype -Poaceae -P te r id ium a qu i l inum . T h i s u ppe r -mo s t z one i sc ha ra c te r i sed b y as ha rp e xpan s ion o fP te r id ium a qu i l inum ,p re -Qua ter n a ry p a lynomo rph s a nd A lnu s .T r ee sr ema in d om ina ted b yQ ue r cu s( 3 0% )w i th s ome P inu s . S h rub sc omp r i se C o r y l u sa v e l lana t y pe ( d ec l in ing t o 5% ) w i th s po rad i co ccu r rence so fT axu s , H ippoph a r hamno id e sa nd S a l ix . C henopod ium t y pe i st h ed om inan th e rb t a xon w i th as ma l l i n c rea se i nP oa ceae .C e rea lt y pe i sn o ted .F r e shwa t e rm i re /ma r sh t y pe s a r e m o re i mpor tan t w i th s po rad ic o ccu r r en ce s o f T ypha a ngu s t if o l ia /Spa rgan ium t y pe , P o tamoge ton /T r ig loch in t y pe ,
T h i s i s aR omano -B r i t i sh b ru shwood a nd t i mbe r f e a tu r e w h ich i ss i tua ted o nt h em a rg in so ft h eQ ua r rp a laeochanne l s ome 1 80m f r om t h e c oa s t l ine a tQ ua r r ( SZ 5 690 9 310 ) . T imbe r s f r om t h i s s t ru c tu r e h ave b een d a ted a tc a l AD 3 0 -250 ( GU -5258 ; 1 860±50 B P )a nd c a l AD 9 0 -340 ( GU 5 248 ; 1 800±50 B P ) . A n i n te rd i sc ip l ina ry e nv i ronmen ta l s t udy w a s m ad e o ft h e f i ne s e d imen t s i nw h ich t h e s i te i s e mp la ced d own t oa nu nde r ly ing p ea ts equen ce .T h i ss t udy i n c lud e s d i a tom a na ly s i s ( Came ron s e c t ion 4 . 5 ) , i n sec t a nd p l an tm a c rof o s s i l s t ud ie s ( Rob in son s e c t ion 4 . 4 ) . T he s t ru c tu re l i e so nt h ee dge o f ad eep ly i n c i sed p a la eochanne l f i l led l a rge ly w i th f i ne -g ra ined g r ey s ed imen t s . S t ra t ig raphy ,p o l len a nd p l an tm a c rof o s s i l ss how e v idence o f ac hange f r om p ea t f o rm ing c ond i t ion s t os a l t m a r sh .
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F igur e4 . 5 Q 4p o l len d i ag ram . A lnu s , w h ich i si n a cco rd w i th t h e d om inance o f t h e se t a xa i no t he r f o re sho re p ea t s w h ich h ave b een a na ly sed , f o re xamp le s i t e Q 99 ( s ee d i scu s s ion s e c t ion 4 . 8 ) . P o l len , p l an t m a c rof o s s i l s a nd i n sec t s h ave a l i n d ica ted t h a t a f r ing ing m a tu r e , d amp w ood land e x i s ted c l o se t o t h e p a laeof o r e sho r e . G iven t h ep oo rr e p r e sen ta t ion o fT i l ia i n p o l len s p ec t ra d ue t oe n tomoph i ly ,t h ev a lue sh e re s ugge s t t h a t l i me w a st h e l o ca l ly d om inan tc on s t i tu en to ft h ed r y l a nd w ood land . T he p r e sence o f h a lophy te s i . e . l a rge ly C henopod ium t y pe i n d ica te s t h a t s a l t m a r sh c ond i t ion s w e re n o t ag r ea td i s tance f r om t h es i t e .
b u i l t i nr e spon se t ot h i s f r e shwa te r d i scha rge . C ame ron ( s ec t ion 4 . 5 ) s im i la r ly p rov ide s e v iden ce f o rt h i s i n c rea se i nf r e shwa te rd i scha rge . 4 . 3 .5 P o l len b io s tra t igraphy o fc hanne lF 30 s ed imen tary f i l s I n troduc t ion Me ta l -cu th aze l p eg s , a t t r ibu ted t ot h e B ronze A ge p e r iod r e cove red i ns i tu h ave b een r a d ioca rbon d a ted a t2 190 1890 c a l ( GU -5051 ; 3 650±50 B P ) . T he se a r tef a c t s ( s t ru c tu r e F 31 , s ee s e c t ion 7 . 4 ) w e re s unk i n to t h e u ppe r s e d imen t s o f ad eep ly i n c i sed c hanne l ( F 30 ) w h ich r un s a c ro s s t h e f o re sho re ( SZ559 9 32 ) , a nd p r ov ide at e rm inu sp o s tq uem f o rt h et o po ft h i si nf i l lo f2 mo fp ea ta nd s ed imen ti n f i l l .
I nz one Q 4 :2 t h e r educ t ion i nt r ee p o l len , e xpan s ion o f h a lophy t ic t a xa a nd c hange t og r ey s e d imen t s i sd u e t oa m a r ine t r an sg r e s s ive p ha se ( po s i t ive t e ndency ) w i th t h e p ea t -f o rm ing , w ood land h ab i ta tb ecom ing i n unda ted . T he r a nge o ft a xa f o und s ugge s t st h a t as a l tm a r sh e nv i ronmen t d eve loped o ve rt h e l a te ra l p ea t s a nd d eepe r s e d imen t s o f t h eQ ua r rp a laeochanne l .
S tra t igraphy T he 2m o ff i l li nt h i sc hanne l i sc ompo sed o fb o th o r gan ic a nd m ine rogen ic s ed imen t s .
T he R omano -B r i t i sh s t ru c tu r ew a se xpo sed b yt h ee r o s ion o f t h e g r ey m a r ine / sa l t m a r sh s e d imen t s . T he s t ruc tu re w a s b u i l t o n ab ru shwood p l a tf o rm w h ich h a s p rodu ced s ome p l an tm a c rof o s s i l s( s eed s )a nd i n sec t s( s ee R ob in son s e c t ion 4 . 4 ) . T he i n te r e s t ing a s pec t o ft h e u ppe r 2 5cm o f s e d imen t s i st h e i n c r ea se i n f r e shwa te r t a xa , e s pec ia l ly a l ga l P ed ia s t rum . T h i s i si n te rp r e ted a sb e ing d u e t oa n i n c rea sed f l uv ia l d i scha rge f r om t h e Q ua r rv a l ley s t ream . T he m a rked e xpan s ion o f P te r id ium a qu i l inum a nd d e r iv ed g eo log ica l p a lynomo rph s i st y p ica l o f f l uv ia l t r an spo r to fp o l len / spo r ec ha rged w a t e r s( P eck 1 973 ) . I ti s t emp t ing t os ugge s t t h a t t h e R oman t i mbe r s t ru c tu r e w a s
D ep th c m T op o fc o r ea t1 .52m OD ( SZ 5937 9 3235 ) 0-5 0 L igh t g r ey s i l t /f ine s a nd w i th s ome w ood f r agmen t sa nd o cca s iona lm onoco ty ledonou s r oo tf r agmen t s . 5 0 -6 3 T ran s i t ion . P ea t /o rgan ic s i l t . 6 2 -1 39 S i l ty p ea t . D e t r i ta l m onoco t . ( Ph ragm i te s ) w i th w ood f r agmen t s . 1 39 L a rge w ood r ema in s . 1 39 -1 7 1 G r ey s e d imen t s . 1 7 1 -1 75 Wood 1 75 -1 92 B a sa lo r gan ic s i l t s
3 7
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P o l len b i o s tra t igraphy /zona t ion ( F ig . 4 . 6 ) F ou rl o ca lp o l len a s semb lage z one sh ave b een d i s t ingu i shed i nt h e 1 . 9m s ed imen ts equ ence .T he se a r ec ha ra c te r i sed a s f o l low s :
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F igu r e4 . 9 T r ee 1 00 1835 d i a tom a na ly s i s . T he d i a tom r e co rd i s c on s i s ten t w i th t h e c on c lu s ion s d r awn f r om t h e u ppe r p a r t o ft h e s equen ce a na ly sed f o r p o l len ( s e e S ca if e s e c t ion 4 . 3 .3 ) . T h i s s how s ac hange f r om ( s a l t )m a r sh p l an tc ommun i t ie st op o l len a s semb lage s s ugg e s t ing f u r the r i n unda t ion b y s a l twa te r . C on sonan t w i th t h i s , t h e p e r cen tage s o f l a rge ly b en th ic , b r a ck i sh w a te r ( me soha lobou s ) d i a tom s ( f o r e xamp le D ip lone i s i n t e r rup ta )d ec rea se a st h ea bundan ce o fa n umbe ro fma r ine p l ank ton ic s p ec ie s i n c rea se s . T he b en th ic m e soha lobou s t a xa d o , h oweve r , m a in ta in s i gn if i can t p e r cen tage s . I ti s p robab le t h a t t h e p o lyha lobou s c omponen t r ef lec t s t h e
t i da l t r an spo r t a nd o ve r rep re sen ta t ion o f p l ank ton ic m a r ine d i a tom s( a l lt h ep o lyha lobou st a xa ) . H ow eve r ,t h e m a r ine b r a ck i sh c omponen t i n c lud e s t h e p o lyha lobou s t o m e soha lobou s d i a tom C occone i s s cu te l lum w h ich i n c rea se sa tt h et o po ft h es equen ce . I ta ppea r st h a th i gh e r s a l in i ty l e ve l sw e r em a in ta ined . 4 . 5 .2 S i te Q 4 At o ta l o ft e n s amp le s w e re p r epa red f r om S i te Q 4 f r om b e tween 0 100cm d ep th ( F ig . 4 . 10 ) . D ia tom c oun t ing w a s p o s s ib le e xcep tf r om t h es amp le a t2 4cm d ep th a nd i nt h e
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EN V IRONMENT A ND L AND SCA PE : T HE HO LOCENE P A LAEOECOLOGY b a sa ls amp le sa t9 2cm a nd 1 00cm d ep th .T he f r agmen ta ry c on ten t o ft h e l a t te r s amp le s w i l l b e r e po r ted e l sewhe r e , t h e se c on s i s ted o fb ra ck i sh -ma r ine s pp .T he d om inan ce o f b r ack i sh w a te rb en th ic s p ec ie sa nd i n c r ea se i nm a r ine t a xa i sc on s i s ten tw i th m a r ine t r an sg r e s s ion b ef o r et h e R oman p e r iod , b a sa la nd m idd le s amp le sh av ing ah i ghe rc on ten t o fb r a ck i sh a nd f r e shwa te rs p ec ie s .
am a r ine r e g r e s s ive p ha se i st h e r ef o r e c on s i s ten t w i th t h e d i a tom e v iden ce . 4 . 5 .4 S i te Q 190 At o ta l o fe i gh t s amp le s b e tw een 0 88cm w e r e p r epa red f r om t h i ss i t e( F ig . 4 . 12 ) . D ia tom sa r em o r eo rl e s sa b sen t f r om t h e b a sa l s amp le s a t4 8cm a nd a t 8cm , t h e f o rme r c on ta in ing a s i ng le f r agmen t o f t h e m a r ine p l ank ton ic s p ec ie s P a ra l ia s u lca ta . T he d i a tom s e qu en ce s how s a t f i r s t af l o ra d om ina ted b y b r a ck i sh a nd f r e shwa te r t a xa ( 4 0cm ) . T he t r an s i t ion f r om s edge p ea t t o m a r ine s i l t s c o r r e spond s w i th a n i n c r ea se i n m a r ine t a xa ( t o a bou t 4 0% ) .T h i si n d ica te st h a tt h i sp a r to ft h et r a ckway w a sb u i l t o nt h e s u rf a ce o f at i da l e nv i ronmen t . T he d eg ree o ft i da l i n unda t ion ( f o r e xamp le i n f r equen t a s f o r a n u ppe r s a l t m a r sh )n eed sf u r the rc on s ide ra t ion o ft h ed i a tom e v idence i nc on junc t ion w i th o t he r e nv i ronmen ta l d a ta . H ow eve r , m e soha lobe sc on t inue t ob e ad om inan tc ompon en to ft h e u ppe rmo s ta s semb lage sa nd t h e se a r eb en th ic t a xa , w h i l s t t h e m a r ine c omponen t i se s sen t ia l ly a n a loch thonou s , t y chop lank ton ic c omponen t o f t h e d i a tom a s semb lage s . T he s a l in i ty a nd t i da l r e g ime o f t h e o pen w a te r o f t h e S o len t a tt h i s t ime i sa l so ac r i t ica l c on s ide ra t ion i nt h e i n te rp re ta t ion o ft h i sa nd o t he rd i a tom a s semb lag e s .
I na l t i tude t h et o po ft h eT r ee 1 00 1835 s e quence u nd e r l ie s , a t1 .79m OD ,t h eb a se o fQ 4a nd s how sc on s i s ten td i a tom a s semb lag e s . Al a rge b en th ic , m e soha lobou s c omponen t , i n i t ia l ly d om ina ted b y an umbe ro fD ip lone i ss pp . ,n o tab ly D ip lone i s i n t e r rup ta ( a s i nT r ee 1 00 1835 ) a nd N av icu la s p p . i ss u cceeded b y o t he rm e soha lobe s s u ch a sN i t zch ia c f . c omp r e s sa v a r . b a la ton i s a nd S co l iop l eura s pp . H ow eve r ,t h e i n c rea s ing ly t i da ln a tu r eo ft h e s e d imen ta ry e nv i ronmen t i s s ugg e s ted b y f u r the r i n c r ea se s i n p o lyha lobou sa nd p o lyha lobou st om e soha lobou st a xa ,f o r e xamp le t h ep l ank ton ic s p ec ie sP a ra l ia s u lca ta .F r e shwa te r d i a tom t a xa ,l i ke t h ea bundance so fs po r e s ,p a lynomo rph s a nd n on -d ia tom a l gae , a r e s e en t oi n c r ea se i nt h e u ppe r / m idd le p a r t o ft h e s equence . H ow eve r , t h e o l igoha lobou s i n d if f e r en t( f r e shwa te r )d i a tom c omponen ta nd h a loph i lou s f r e shwa te rt a xa r e ach m ax imum a bundance si nt h em idd le p a r to ft h es e quence .T h i sm ay b er e la ted t ot h ef r e shwa te r d i scha rg ep o s tu la ted b yS ca if e( s e c t ion 4 . 3 .4 )f o rt h eu ppe r p a r to ft h ec o r e . 4 . 5 .3
D i rec t i n te rp r e ta t ion o ft h e d i a tom a bundan ce s s ugg e s t s f o r t h i s s e quence w e h ave i n c rea s ing s a l in i t ie s f r om t h e b a se o f t h e s e quence t o a r ound 1 5 cm . T he r e i st h en a s l igh t d ec l ine i ns a l in i ty t owa rd s t h et o p o ft h e s e quence . T he m e soha lobou s , b r a ck i sh w a te r , d i a tom s a r e m o s t ly b en th ic s p ec ie sw h ich a r em o re l i ke ly t ob ea u toch thonou s , w h i l s t t h e p o lyha lobou s , m a r ine , d i a tom s a r e g ene r a l ly p l ank ton ic a nd i tc an b e a r gued , m o r e l i ke ly t o b e a loch thonou s . A s i gn if ican t f r e shwa te r , o l igoha lobou s i n d if f e r en t , c omponen t i sa l so p r e sen t i nt h e a s semb lage . T aken t o g e the r a nd t a k ing i n to a c coun t d i a tom l i f ef o rm s t h i s m ix tu r e o f d i a tom c omponen t s s ugge s t s mo re a b r a ck i sh w a te re nv i ronmen t ,p e r iod ica l ly a f ec ted b yt i de s w h ich w ou ld i n t rodu ce t h ep l ank ton ic m a r ine c omponen t . T he s i gn if i can ta bundan ce s o ff r e shwa te rb en th ic s p ec ie s , s ugg e s t st h a ts t and ing w a te ra nd r u n -of fw e re s i gn if ican t .
S i t eQ 99 ( Q9 )
At o ta l o f2 5 s amp le s w e re p r epa red f r om S i te Q 99 , a t 4 cm i n t e rva l sb e tween O cm a nd 9 6cm ( F ig . 4 . 11) . D ia tom c oun t ing w a sp o s s ib le o ns amp le sb e tween O cm a nd 7 2cm a nd c oun t s w e r e m ad e a t8 cm i n te r va l s . D ia tom s w e r e a b sen t 8 0cm -9 6cm . Ac l ea r s e qu ence o fc hange s i nd i a tom h a lob ian g r oup s i s s e en . A t t h e b a se o f t h e d i a toma ceou s s e quence m e soha lobe s , r e p re sen ted i n p a r t icu la r b y an umbe r o f b en th ic D ip lone i s , N av i cu la a nd S co l iop leu ra t a xa , c ompo se a pp rox ima te ly 7 0% o ft h e d i a tom a s semb lage s . P o lyha lobe s a nd P o lyha lobou s t o m e soha lobou s d i a tom s c ompo se l e s s t h an 1 5% o f t h e b a sa l d i a tom a s semb lag e . T h is s ugg e s t s a s a l tma r sh a nd p e rhap s h i ghe r s a l tma r sh e nv i ronmen t c on s i s ten t w i th t h e p o l len r e co rd . S ub sequen t ly , i nt h e m idd le p a r t o ft h e s e quence p o lyha lobe sa nd p o lyha lobou st om e soha lobou st a xa ,s u ch a sP ara l ia s u lca ta a nd P od o s i ra s t e l l ig e ra e xpand . T he l a t te rs ugg e s t st h e i n c r ea s ing i n f lu en ce o ft i d e s a nd l ow e r s a l t m a r sh t o mud f la t c ond i t ion s m ay h ave p r eva i led . A bove 2 0cm w es e et h er e cove ry o fm e soha lobou st a xa t o am ax imum o f8 0% ,p a r t icu la r ly as u i te o fD ip lone i st a xa . A ga in t h i si sc on s i s ten tw i th t h es ugg e s t ion t h a tt h es a l in i ty a nd i n f luen ce o ft i de sw a sd ec r ea s ing .T h i si sf o l low ed b y ar i se i no l igoha lobou s i n d if f e ren t ( f r e shwa te r ) t a xa t oc 7 5% . T h i s i sd r iven b y F rag i la r ia p inna ta af r e shwa te r t a xon w i th aw ide s a l in i ty t o le ran ce a nd o ne o f ag r oup o f F rag i la r ia t a xa w h ich c an b ec l a s sed a s' p ionee r 's p ec ie s , o f ten a s so c ia ted w i th d i s tu rbed o re pheme ra lh ab i ta t s .T he i n te rp re ta t ion o ft h is p a r t o ft h e s e qu ence a sr e p r e sen t ing
4 . 5 .5 R ane lagh S p i t A l though an umbe r o fs amp le s f r om R ane lagh S p i t w e r e a s se s sed f o r d i a tom s ( Came ron u npub l i shed d a ta ) , t h e r e h ave n o t p r ev iou s ly b een a ny p e r cen tage a na ly se s o f d i a tom a s semb lage s f r om t h i s s i t e . T he d ep th a nd q ua l i ty o f s ed imen t s a t R ane lagh S p i t i n d ica ted t h a t d i a tom a na ly s i s o ft h eR ane lagh c o r ew ou ld b e av a luab le s ou rce o f e nv i ronmen ta l i n f o rma t ion . D ia tom a na ly s i s h a s , t h e ref o re ,b een c a r r ied o u ta nd i sr e po r ted b e low . F o l low ing t h e a s se s smen t o f f i ve s amp le s f r om t h e R ane lagh S p i t c o r e , w h ich s howed t h a t d i a tom a na ly s i s w ou ld b e a pp rop r ia te , e l even s amp le s w e re s e lec ted f o r a na ly s i s . T he se s amp le s r a ng ed f r om b e tween 3 . 00m a nd 5 . 40m i n d ep th ( F ig . 4 . 13 ) . D ia tom s w e re p r e sen t , a dequa te ly p r e se rved a nd c oncen t ra ted , i nt e ns amp le s .
5 1
CO A STAL AR CHAEOLOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONMENT : ASO LENT C A SE S TUDY T he d i a tom c oncen t ra t ion w a s f ound t ob e v e ry l ow i na s i ng le s amp le ,f r om 4 . 20m d ep th ,a nd t h e r ef o r en od i a tom c oun t w a s m ade a tt h i s l e ve l . H oweve r , a l t h e d i a tom s r e co rded a t 4 . 20m w e r e b en th ic m e soha lobou s t a xa . D ip lone i s d id yma w a s t h e d om inan t s p ec ie s a nd t h e r e w e re v a lve s o fD ip lone i s s m i th i i , N i t z sch ia p unc ta ta a nd N i t z sch ia n a v icu lar i s .
3 . 70m t h e m a r ine /b ra ck i sh a e roph i lou s s pec ie s , D ipone i s i n te r rup ta r e a che s am ax imum a nd i sp r e sen t f r om t h i s l e ve lt ot h et o po ft h ec o r e .T he i n c r ea se i nt h ep e r cen tage s o ft a xa w h ich c ou ld b e i d en t if ied o n ly t og ene r i c l e ve l o r p oo r e ri si n d ica t ive o ft h eg ene ra l ly w o r se q ua l i ty o fv a lve p r e se rva t ion i nt h eu ppe rp a r to ft h es e quence . T he f i ne l e ve lo fl i t ho s t ra t ig raphy h a sn o tb een c on s ide red r e la t ive t ot h e d i a tom a s semb lage s . H oweve r , a t ac oa r se l e ve l t h e d i a tom s equ ence i sc on cu r r en tw i th t h ec hange s d e sc r ibed f o r t h e p o l len s equence a nd f o r t h e c hange i n l i t ho s t ra t ig raphy f r om m ine rogen ic s ed imen t s t o p ea t a t4 . 00m . T h e d i a tom a s semb lag e s r e p re sen t ad ec rea se i n s a l in i ty a s soc ia ted w i th a c hang e f r om a n i n t e r t ida l mud f la t i nt h e l owe r p a r t o f t h e c o r e , t o as u p ra t ida l e nv i ronmen t ,i . e . s a l tm a r sh , i nt h eu ppe rp a r to ft h ec o re .
T h roughou tt h eR ane lagh s e quence m e soha lobou sd i a tom s a r et h e d om inan t s a l in i ty g roup , c omp r i s ing o ve r 5 0% o f t h ed i a tom a s semb lage sa nd r e a ch ing am ax imum o fo ve r 9 0% o ft h e t o ta l d i a tom a s semb lage a t3 . 70m d ep th . T he a ppa r en t e xcep t ion i sa t4 . 70m d ep th w he r e m e soha lobe s d ec rea se t ol e s st h an 3 0% o ft h ea s semb lag e . H ow eve r , a t t h i s l e ve lt h e r e i s al a rge c omponen t( 2 5% )o fG y ro s igma s pp . w h ich w e re a s s igned t ot h e u nknown s a l in i ty g roup . I ti sp robab le t h a t t h e G y ro s igma s p ec ie s r e co rded c ou ld b e c l a s s if ied a s m e soha lobou s a nd t h e r ef o re , i n r e a l i ty , m e soha lobou sd i a tom sa l so d om ina te t h i sl e ve l . H ow eve r , t h e t a xonomy o f G y ro s igma i s c u r ren t ly u nde rgo ing r e v i s ion a nd i d en t if ica t ion s w e r e t h e r ef o r e l e f t a t t h e g ene r ic l e ve l .
C onc lu s ion s
P o lyha lobou s d i a tom s a r e p r e sen t i n a l s amp le s , r e p re sen t ed p r inc ipa l ly b yt h ep o lyha lobou st a xon ,P a ra l ia s u lca ta ,a nd r e a ch ing am ax imum a bundance o fo ve r3 0% . P a ra l ia s u l ca ta i sap l ank ton ic o rs em i -p lank ton ic s p ec ie s w h ich i sr e ad i ly t r an spo r ted i nt i da lw a te r s .P a ra l ia s u lca ta i so f t en a n a loch thonou s c omponen t o f c oa s ta l d i a tom a s semb lag e sa nd r e la t ive ly h i gh p e r cen tag e so ft h es p ec ie s a r e c ommon ly f ound i ne nv i ronmen t s w h ich w ou ld b e o f l ow e rs a l in i ty t h an t h e s p ec ie s o p t imum . T he p r e sen ce o f t h i s d i a tom d oe s , h oweve r , i n d ica te t i da l i n f luence t o a s i gn if i can td eg r ee . A l though t h es umma ry d i ag ram o fd i a tom h a lob ian g r oup s i n d ica te s t h a t t h e r e i s ad eg r ee o fs t ab i l i ty i nt h e d i a tom a s semb lage s ,t h es p ec ie sp e r cen tage d i ag ram s how ss ome c hang e si nt h ea bundance o fi n d iv idua lt a xa .
•
D ia tom a na ly s i s o ft h e R ane lagh S p i t c o r e c onf i rm s t h a t t h e s ed imen ta ry e nv i ronmen t w a s a f ec ted b y t i d e s , t o s ome d eg ree , t h roughou t t h e p e r iod i n ve s t iga ted , b u t i sr e duced i nt h e u ppe r p a r t o ft h e s e qu ence ( s ee b e low ) .
•
T he d om inan tc omponen to ft h ed i a tom a s s emb lage s , i nt h el ow e rp a r to ft h ec o re , i sc ompo sed o fb r a ck i sh w a te r , e p ipe l ic d i a tom s w h ich a r e a s soc ia ted w i th t i da l mud f la t s .
•
T he c hange f r om m ine rogen ic s e d imen t s t op ea t a t 4 . 00m ( s ee S ca if e s e c t ion 4 . 3 .6 ) i sa ccompan ied b y s l igh t b u t s i gn if i can t i n c rea se s i n h a loph i lou s a nd o l ogoha lobou s i n d if f e ren t s p ec ie s c omponen t s , a r e du c t ion i nt h e p e r cen tage o fp o lyha lobou s s p ec ie s , a ppea ran ce o f m a r ine /b rack i sh a e roph i lou s s p ec ie s a nd p oo r e rp r e se rva t ion o fd i a tom v a lve s .T h ef e a tu re s r e p re sen t t h e a c cumu la t ion o fs e d imen t w i th in as a l t m a r sh .
4 . 5 .6 Y armou th S p i t
A t 4 . 00m d ep th a nd b e low , t h e f l o ra i sd om ina ted b y a n umbe r o ft a xa w h ich a r e c l a s s if ied a s ' ma r ine /b ra ck i sh e p ipe lon 'a nd a r ef ound a tm ax imum a bundan ce s ,t y p ica l ly , o n i n te r t ida l mud f la t s ( V o s a nd D e Wo lf 1 993 ) . E p ipe l ic d i a tom s a r e t h o se w h ich i n hab i t t h e mud s u rf a ce a nd e xh ib i t v e r t ica l m ig ra t ion i nt h e s u rf a ce s e d imen t r e la ted t o t h e t i da l a nd l i gh t r e g ime s . T he s p ec ie s c on ce rned i n c lude m any o ft h o se m e soha lobou s t a xa r e co rded h e r e , f o r e xamp le t h e a bundan t s p ec ie s D ip lone i s d id yma a nd N i t z sch ia p unc ta ta , b u t a l so m any o f t h e l e s s c ommon m e soha lobe s .A l so i nt h i sm e soha lobou s , e p ipe l ic s p ec ie s g roup a r e G y ro s igma s pp . w h ich c ou ld i n c lude t a xa s u ch a sG .a cum ina tum , G .a t t enua tum a nd G .s pence r i .
D ia tom s amp le s a nd s l ide s w e r e p r epa r ed f r om s e ven l e ve l s a t 1 0 cm i n te rva l s b e tween 1 .25m a nd 1 .83m . H oweve r ,p r e se rva t ion w a sp oo ra nd d i a tom c oun t ing w a s n o t p o s s ib le a tt h i s s i te . A l l s amp le s , h ow eve r , c on ta ined o n ly a f ew f r agmen t s o f r obu s t s p ec ie s . Whe r e s p ec ie s i d en t if i ca t ion w a s p o s s ib le a l l a ppea r t ob e o fm a r ine o r b r a ck i sh w a te ro r ig in .A sy e tn oc ompa r i son h a sb e en m ade w i th l i t ho s t ra t ig raphy o ro t he r e nv i ronmen ta l p a rame te r s a na ly sed a tt h i ss i te . 4 . 5 .7 D i scu s s ion o n t h ed i a tom a na ly se s F o s s i l d i a tom a s semb lage s f r om c oa s ta l a nd e s tua r ine a r chaeo log ica l s i te s a r e u s ed i n c rea s ing ly f o rt h ep u rpo se o fe nv i ronmen ta lr e con s t ru c t ion .T he i n te rp r e ta t ion o fs u ch f o s s i ld i a tom a s semb lage s ,a nd p a r t icu la r ly t h ea s se s smen t o f f o rme r s a l in i ty c ond i t ion s , a s h e r e , i su sua l ly b a sed u pon q ua l i ta t ive s a l in i ty r e con s t ru c t ion d e r ived f r om t h e c l a s s if i ca t ion o f d i a tom s p ec ie s i n to e co log ica l g r oup s . H oweve r , t h e r e i s ah i gh a l loch thonou s c omponen t i n
A bove 4 . 00m d ep th t h e re a r e s l igh t , b u t s i gn if i can t i n c r ea se s i n h a loph i lou s a nd o l igoha lobou s i n d if f e r en t s a l in i ty g r oup s . A t t h e s ame t ime t h e p e r cen tage s o f p o lyha lobou s d i a tom s , r e p r e sen ted m a in ly b y P a ra l ia s u l ca ta , d ec l ine . A t 4 . 00m a nd 3 . 70m m e soha lobou s , e p ipe l ic s p ec ie s s u ch a s D ip lone i s d id yma , D ip lone i s s m i th i ia nd N av icu la p e r eg r ina i n c r ea se i na bundance .A t
5 2
EN V IRONMENT A ND L AND SCA P E :T HE HO LOCENE P A LAEO ECO LOGY m o s t c oa s ta l d i a tom a s semb lage s a nd b ecau se o f t h e i r u nce r ta in t a phonomy , t h e e va lua t ion o fp a s t s ed imen ta ry e nv i ronmen t s i s p rob lema t ic . Whe r e a loch thonou s e l emen t s c anno t b e c l ea r ly i d en t if i ed a nd t h e re i s a c omb ina t ion o f d i spa ra te c ompon en t s , t h e r e su l t ing , m ixed , a s semb lage c an b e e co log ica l ly m ean ing le s s . T h i s d if i cu l ty h a s b een r e cogn i sed b y e co log i s t s a nd p a la eoe co log i s t s c once rned w i th t h e d i a tom c ommun i t ie s o fs a l t m a r she s a nd mud t la t s ( She r rod e ta l1 989 , N e l son a nd K a sh ima 1 993 ) . Wo rk e r s c once rned w i th s e a leve l r e con s t ru c t ion h ave a t temp ted t oi d en t if yt h ea loch thonou s c ompon en to fs p ec ie sa s semb lag e s( V o sa nd d e Wo lf 1 988 , 1 993 ) , b u tt h ea pp roa ch r ema in sa ne s sen t ia l ly q ua l i ta t ive o ne . H ow eve r , t h e c a se p r e sen ted a bove i s ,i nt h e c a se o f t h ed i a tom a s semb lage si n ve s t iga ted i nt h e Woo t tonQua r r S u rvey , u nne ce s sa r i ly p e s s im i s t ic . I th a s b een p o s s ib le , u s ing t h ei n t r in s ic e v idence o ft h ed i a tom a s semb lage sa nd a l so f r om o t he rl i ne so fe nv i ronmen ta le v id ence ,t oi d en t if y c ohe r en ta loch thonou sa nd a u toch thonou sc omponen t s .
b a rk w a s a b sen t a nd t h e o u te r s u rf a ce o ft h e w ood w a s a b raded . T he t e x tu r e o f t h e h ea r twood i n s ome o f t h e w ide r p o s t s w a s r e a sonab ly h a rd b u t m o s t s amp le s w e r e r a the r s of t , a nd s ome w e r e v e ry d eg raded . T h in s e c t ion s o fw ood w e r ep r epa r ed b yh and , u s ing d oub le s ided r a zo r b l ade s ,t oa i dt h ee xam ina t ion o ft h et r an sve r se ,r a d ia la nd t a ngen t ia l s u rf a ce s . T he se w e r em oun ted i n7 0% g l yce ro l o nm ic ro scope s l ide sa nd p ro tec ted w i th g l a s sc ove rs l ip s . T he a na tom ica l s t ru c tu r e w a s e xam ined u s ing a N ikon L abopho t m ic ro scope a tm agn if ica t ion s o f u p t o x 400 . D iagno s t ic f e a tu r e sw e re m a tched t or e f e r ence m a te r ia l . T he d i ame te r o ft h e r oundwood , t h e n umbe r o f g row th r i ng sa nd t h ep r e sence o fh ea r twood w e r er e co rded . When p o s s ib le t h es e a son o ff e l l ing w a sn o ted ,a l though t h i sw a s r e la t ive ly r a r e s i nce t h e c amb ia l r e g ion ( ou te r s u rf ace o f t h e w ood ) w a s f r equen t ly t o o a b raded , e ven w hen b a rk w a si ns i tu . R e su l t s
4 . 6 T he u t i l iza t ion o fp r eh i s tor i cw ood land
T he r e su l t s a r e s umma r i sed i n T ab le s 4 . 5 -7 . T he t a xa i d en t if ied a r e g i ven b e low . N omenc la tu r e i sa c co rd ing t o F lora E uropaea ( Tu t in e ta l , 1 964 -80 ) .
R owena G a l e I n troduc t ion
B road leaf t a xa :
Al a rge n umbe ro fw ooden s t ru c tu ra lc omponen t s ,m any o f w h ich h ad r ema ined i ns i tu f o rm i l lenn ia ,w e r ee xcava ted f r om t h e b ea ch a nd i n te r t ida l z one s a tQ ua r r B ea ch a nd a d jacen t b ea che s . T he w o rked w ood c on s i s ted o fn a r row r oundwood a nd t h icke r p o s t s o rs t ak e s . S i nce t h e se w e r e o n ly p a r t ia l ly e xpo sed a tl ow t i de ,t h es ubme rg ed p o r t ion s w e re s uf i c ien t ly w e l lp r e se rved f o ri d en t if ica t ion .
A ce ra ceae .A ce rs p . ,m ap le B e tu laceae .A lnu ss p . ,a l de r C ap r if o l ia ceae .S ambucu ss p . ,e l d e r C e la s t ra cea e .E uonymu ss p . , s p ind le C or nacea e . C o rnu ss p . ,d ogwood C o ry la ceae . C o ry lu ss p . ,h aze l F agaceae .F agu ss p . ,b eech ;Q ue r cu s s p . ,o ak O leaceae .F rax inu ss p . ,a s h
T h i s r e po r t i n c lude s t h e s t udy o f1 67 s t ru c tu ra l p o s t s a nd h o r izon ta lr o undwood , 1 02 o fw h ich w e r ea s soc ia ted w i th aN eo l i th ic t r a ckway o rc r o s s sho r e f e nce .T he a im o ft h e w o rk w a st op r ov ide d a ta i nt h ef o l low ing c a t ego r ie s :
R o sa ceae . P omo ideae : C ra taegu s s p . , h aw tho rn ; Ma lu s s p . , a pp le ; P y ru s s p . , p ea r ; S o rbu s s p . , r owan , w i ld s e rv ice a nd w h i tebeam .T he se g ene ra a r ea na tom ica l ly s im i la r .
1 .E nv i ronmen ta le v id ence T oa s se s st h ec ha rac te ra nd s t ab i l i ty o fl o ca lw ood land s f r om t h eN eo l i th ic t ot h em ed ieva lp e r iod a si n d ica ted b ya r tef a c tua lu se o ft h et i mbe ra va i lab le .
S a l ica ceae . S a l i x s p . , w i l low ; P opu lu s s p . , p op la r . T he se g ene ra c anno t b e d i s t ingu i shed w i th c e r ta in ty u s ing a na tom ica lm e thod s .
2 .U se o fw ood land r e sou r ce s
U lmaceae . U /mu ss p . ,e lm
T o a s se s s t h e r a nge , t y pe a nd c ha ra c te r i s t ic s o f t h e w ood s e lec ted f o r s p ec if ic u s e s , a nd t o e va lua te t h e c h rono log ica l c on t inu i ty o fs p ec ie s s e lec t ion a nd u s e o fw ood land r e sou r ce s .
N eol i th ic p er iod ( T ab le s4 . 5 a nd 4 . 6 ) T he s t ake s f r om t h r ee l i nea r s t ru c tu re s o n Q ua r r B each ( 2027 ) , p o s s ib ly c r o s s sho r e t r a ckway s , w e r e e xam ined i ns ome d e ta i l . T hey w e r e a l igned o b l ique ly a way f r om d r yl a nd a nd f o rmed t r a ckway sl e ad ing t ot h es e a ,b r idg ing s t re tche so fs a l tm a r sh .
3 . Wood land m anagemen t T o e s tab l i sh t h e e x i s tence o fm anag ed w ood land , f o r e xamp le f r om c opp iced r oundwood ; t h e s p ec ie s u s ed a nd t h e s y s tem o fm anag emen t , f o r e xamp le r o ta t ion c y c le sa nd t h es e a son so ff e l l ing .
Two o ft h e se s t ru c tu r e s ( Q 190 a nd Q 152 ) w e r e s i tua ted f a i r ly c l o se t o ge the r a nd w e r e r o ugh ly s im i la r i n d a te : 3 700 -3370 c a l BC ( GU -5660 ; 4 770±50 B P ) /3780 -3370 c a l BC ( GU -5662 ; 4 800±60 B P a nd 3 700 -3380 c a l BC ( GU -5340 ; 4 790 -50 B P ) / 3700 -3370 c a l BC ( GU -566 1 ; 4 780±60 B P ) r e spec t ive ly . S even u p r igh t s t ake s a nd a p i ece o fh o r izon ta l r oundwood ( 1 003180 1003187 ) f r om
Ma ter ia l sa nd m e thod s T he s amp le s c on s is ted m a in ly o f t h ick c r o s s sec t ion s f r om w a te r logged r oundwood . I n m o s t i n s tance s t h e
5 3
CO ASTAL AR CHAEOLOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONMENT : ASO LENT C ASE S TUDY
Annua l D ia Co ry lus C o mus r i ngs mm ( Haze l ) ( Dogwood ) 0 190 U p r igh t p os ts 3 700 -3370 c a l BC ( GU -5660 ; 4 770±50 B P ) 3 780 -3370 c a l BC ( GU -5662 ; 4 800±60 B P ) P os t
3 180 6 + 3 182 3 3 183 4 3 184 3 185 3 186 8 3 187 H o r izon ta l l o ng i tud ina l r oundwood 3 181 5 +
1 5 2 2 4 0 3 0 -
X X X X X X
2 2
X
E uonymus ( Sp ind le )
F rax inus ( Ash )
X
Q 152 U p r igh t p os ts 3 700 -3380 c a l BC ( GU -5340 ; 4 790±50 B P ) 3 700 -3370 c a l BC ( GU -5661 ; 4 780±60 BP ) 3 165 2 1* 3 166 1 3 * 3 167 2 0 * 3 168 1 4 3 169 1 3 * 3 170 9 + 3 170 1 3+ 3 171 1 3 172 9 + 3 173 2 1" 3 177 2 0+ " 3 178 1+ H o r izon ta l l o ng i tud ina l r oundwood 3 174 3 " 3 175 2 0 * 3 176 1 6+ H o r izon ta l t r ansve rse r oundwood 3 179 1 4 *
4 0 4 0 5 0 4 0 3 6 4 5 4 5 3 0 4 0 4 5 3 5 -
X X X X X X X X X X X
1 5 2 8 3 0
X X
3 0
X
X
X
B 46 U p r igh t p os ts , 3 040 -2620 c a l BC ( GU -5340 ; 4 270±70 B P ) 2 900 -25 10 c a l BC ( GU -5582 ; 4 140±50 B P ) 2 2785 2 2786 2 2787 2 2788 2 2789 2 2790 2 279 1 2 2792 2 2793 2 2794 2 2795 2 2796 2 2797 2 2798 2 2799 2 2800 2 2801 2 2802 2 2803 2 2804 2 2805 2 2806 2 2807 2 2808 2 2809 2 2810 2 28 11 2 2812 2 2813 2 28 14 2 2815 2 2816 2 2817 2 2818 2 2819 2 2820 2 2821 2 2822 2 2823 2 2824
? 10 ? 16+ 1 4+ 1 7+ * 1 7 * 1 6+ 2 0 " 1+ 1 4 * 1 7 2 7 1 4 1" 1 3 2 3+ " 2 3+ * 1 6 * 1 5+ * 1 4 1 3 8 * 1* 1 9 * 8 " 8 1* 1D 8 D ? 7 9 + 2 0+ * 2 3 * 1 7+ " 1 3 1* 8 + 1 3+D 1 7+ 2 4+ "D
3 0+ 2 0+ 3 0 3 5 3 0 3 0 4 0 3 0 4 0 4 0 3 0 3 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 2 2 2 2 2 4 3 5 3 0 3 5 3 0 3 5 3 5 4 0 2 0+ 4 0 3 0 3 0 3 5 2 2 2 2+ 3 0 3 5 4 0
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Quercus ( Oak )
X X
5 4
EN V IRONMENT A ND L AND SCA PE :T H E HO LOCEN EP A LAEO ECOLOGY P os t
A nnua l r i ngs
2 2825 2 2826 2 2827 2 2829 2 2830 2 283 1 2 2832 2 2833 2 2834 2 2835 2 2836 2 2837 2 2838 2 2839 2 2840 2 284 1 2 2842 2 2843 2 2844 2 2845 2 2846 2 2847 2 2848 2 2849 2 2850 2 285 1 2 2852 2 2853 2 2854 2 2855 2 2856 2 2857 2 2858 2 2859 2 2860 2 286 1 2 2862 2 2863
1 8 * 1 3+ " 1 6+ " 2 1+D 1+D 1 6+ 1 6+ 1 6+ 1 2+ "D 9 + 1 0 1 9+ 1 5+ * 1 2+ 2 2+ * 1 0+ 6 +D 1 6+ " 3 0+ " 1 5+ 2 5 * 1 0D 8 + 1 2+ * 1 8+ 1 5+D 9 + 2 0 " 4 + 3 + 2 3+ " ? 12 2 6 2 4+ 2 1 2 0
D ia mm 4 0 3 5 4 0 3 0 4 0 3 0+ 3 0+ 4 0 3 5 3 0 4 0 4 0 3 0 3 3 3 5+ 5 0 3 5 3 3 3 0 4 0 4 4 3 8 3 5 4 0+ 5 0 3 0 3 0+ 3 5+ 3 5 3 0 2 5+ 3 5 3 0 3 8 3 5 2 5 4 0 5 0
Co ry lus ( Haze l )
C ornus ( Dogwood )
E uonymus ( Sp ind le )
F rax inus ( Ash )
Quercus ( Oak )
T ab l e4 . 5 Q ua r rB each ( 2 027 )t r ackway s : w ood en p o s t sa nd s t ruc tura lc omponen t s . *r oundwood w i th i n ne rmo s tg row th r i ng sd i s t inc t ly w id e . S :f e l led i ns p r ing ;D :f e l led w hen d o rman t + :m in imum a g eo n ly
Q 190 w e re i d en t if ied a s h aze l ( C o ry lu s ) s t em s /po le s . T hey m ea su r ed b e tween 1 5mm a nd 3 0mm i n d i ame te r . As l igh t ly t h icke r s t ake ( 1 003184 ) , d i ame te r 4 0mm , w a s i d en t if ied a so ak ( Que r cu s ) . Many o ft h e s t ake s a ppea r ed t oh ave b een c u t f r om f a i r ly f a s t -g rown s t em s . H ow eve r , s ome s t ak e s w e r e s amp led b y b r eak ing o ft h e i r e xpo sed t o p s , t h u s p oo r p r e se rva t ion p r even t ed a s se s smen t o fa l s amp le s .
Two m ap le ( Ace r ) s t ak e s( 1 003102 , 1 003106 )a nd a n e lm ( U /mu s ) s t ake ( 1 003105 ) w e r e a l so a s soc ia ted w i th t h e se s t ru c tu r e s . Al a te rt r a ckway ,B 46 ,w a sb u i l to n as im i la ra l ignmen tt o Q 190 b u t f u r the r e a s t , i nt h e p r e sen t -day i n t e r t ida l z one . T he s u rv iv ing 7 8 s t ake s( 2 2785 -22863 ) f o rmed a na lmo s t c on t inuou s d oub le l i ne . I td a te s f r om 3 040 -2620 c a l BC ( GU -5340 ; 4 270±70 B P ) /2900 -2510 c a l BC ( GU -5582 ; 4 140±50 B P ) .
S t ru c tu r e Q 152 i n c lud ed t we lve u p r igh t s t ake s a nd f ou r h o r izon ta l m embe r s ( 1 003165 1003179 ) . H e re a ga in , t h e u s eo fh aze lp r edom ina t ed ,w i th t h eo c ca s iona l u s eo fa s h ( s tak e s 1 003172 a nd 1 003176 ) . T he h o r izon ta l m embe r s r a ng ed b e tw een 1 5mm a nd 3 0mm i nd i ame te r w h i le t h e u p r igh t s w e r e s l igh t ly t h icke r ( d iame te r 3 0mm -50mm ) . T he g r ow th r a te s w e r e v a r iab le b u t n i ne o ft h e f ou r teen h a ze l s t em s s howed r a p id g r ow th i nt h e i n ne rmo s t r i ng s . P r e se rva t ion w a st o op oo rt oa s se s st h es e a son o ff e l l ing .
W i th t h ee xcep t ion o ft h r ee s t ak e s ,t h es t ru c tu r ec on s i s ted o f h aze ls t em s /po le sr a ng ing i nd i ame te rf r om 2 0mm -50mm . D ogwood ( Co rnu s ) a nd s p ind le ( Euonymou s ) w e r e u sed f o r t wo a d jacen t s t ake s ( 2 2795 a nd 2 2796 ) a nd af u r the r d ogwood p o s t ( 2 2849 ) o ccu r r ed t owa rd s t h e o u te r e x t r em i ty o ft h e s u rv iv ing t r a ckway . T he p r e se rva t ion o f t h e s t ake s v a r ied . F ew r e ta ined a ny b a rk , a nd e ven w hen p r e sen tt h eo u te rmo s tg r ow th r i ng w a so f ten t o od eg raded t oa s se s st h e s e a son o ff e l l ing . O ft h o se w i thou tb a rk , t h e
5
CO AST AL AR CHAEOLOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONMENT : ASO LENT C ASE S TUDY
T i mber n o .
Annua l r i ngs
D ia mm
Acer
A lnus
Cor
F rax
F ag
Po rn
04 F ragmen t o f wood f r om p ea t h o r izon , d a ted 3 910 -3510 c a l BC ( GU-5335 ; 4 890±70 BP ) 9 019£
Quer
S a l
S am
U lmus .
X
B 46 C ross -sho re f ence o rt r ackway d a ted 3 700 -3380 c a l BC ( GU -5340 , 4 790±50 BP ) 1 550£ X P 101 C ross s ho re a l ignmen t a t P e lham f ie ld , u nda ted b u t f r om s ame s t ruc tu re a s P os t 2 309 ( 2470 -2140 c a l BC ; GU -5384 ; 3 840±50 BP ) 2 177 2 3 7 0 X Q 152 /Q190 N eo l i th ic t r ackways 3 102 2 8" 5 5 3 105 2 1 1 8 3 106 2 4 5 0
X X X
B 49 R ec tangu lar p os t s e t t ing , d a tes 2 300 -1940 c a l BC ( GU -5337 , 3 710±60 BP ) a nd 1 940 -1680 c a l BC ( GU -5601 ; 3 480±50 BP ) 1 072£ X 1 075 2 1+ 5 0+ X P 98 G roup o f B ronze A ge s takes j us t a bove ML W a t P e lham f ie ld , d a ted 2 270 -1880 c a l BC ( GU -5406 , 3 660±60 BP ) 1 863 1 8+ 7 0+ X B 66 Ova l p os t 1 264£ 1 277 1 279
s e t t ing , d a tes 2 140 -1780 c a l BC ( GU -5338 , 3 590±50 BP ) a nd 1 900 -1670 c a l BC ( GU -5600 ; 3 450±50 BP ) X 1 6 " 5 5 X 1 6 6 0 X
087 Sma l l B ronze A ge s t ruc tu re n ear ML W n o r th o f 099 d a ted 2 140 -1780 c a l BC ( GU -5408 , 3 590±50 BP ) 1 816 c .9 7 0 X 090 I regu la r g roup o f B ronze A ge s t akes d a ted 2 110 -1750 c a l BC ( GU -5412 , 3 560±50 BP ) 1 792
X
0 114 B ronze A ge c ross -sho re a l ignmen t o n e as t s i de o f Qua r r p a laeochanne l , d a ted 1 880 -1520 c a l BC ( GU -5407 ; 3 370±60 BP ) 1 712 X ?h 022 P os tf r om i n ter t ida l f ea ture a t Woo t ton Quar r , d a ted 1 740 -1410 c a l BC ( GU -5336 ; 3 270±70 BP ) 9 42£ X P 180 H urd le ? t rackway a t P e lham f ie ld , d a ted 1 510 -1220 c a l BC ( GU -5666 ; 3 090±50 BP ) 3 050 X B 79 P a ra l le l -s ided e nc losed s t ruc tu re o n B ins tead b each , d a ted 8 40 -530 c a l BC ( GU -5339 ; 2 570±60 BP ) 1 494£ X 04 wooden s t ruc tu re o n b rushwood p l a t fo rm w i th d a tes c a l AD 3 0 -250 ( GU -5258 , 1 860±50 BP ) a nd c a l AD 9 0 -340 ( GU -5248 , 1 800±50 BP ) 3 0 8 4 0 X Q 137 /K 16 /B17 /P103 D iscon t inuous l o ngsho re a l ignmen tw i th d a tes r ang ing b e tween c a l AD 5 40 -670 ( GU-5411 ; 1 450±50 BP ) a nd c a l AD 6 30 -790 ( GU -5592 ; 1 320±50 c a l BP ) , s ee s ec t ion 1 2 .2 .be low 7 00 X 7 02 1* 1 00 X 7 03 2 8 1 30 X 7 11 2 1* 1 40 X 7 31 7 99 8 18
2 2* 1 2* 8 *S
10 8 0+ 8 0+
-
8 53 8 55 8 72 8 95 9 03 2 245
c . 13 1 6 " 7 +"D 6 +* 1 2+ 1 5+
1 35 1 00 6 0+ 8 0+
X
2 246 2 248 2 252
1 6 1 8
1 00 7 0
2 253 2 255 2 260 2 273 2 611
2 4 * 1 3 7 2 0 * 2 4
X X X -
X -
X
X X
1 30+
X X X X
10 9 0 6 0 1 20 1 00
X X X X X
B 48 Wes te rn a rm o fV -shaped f i shwe ir , d a ted c a l AD 8 90 -1040 ( GU -5399 ; 1 040±50 BP ) 1 047 c . 7 8 5 X 044 Med ieva l c ross -sho re a l ignmen t b e low ML W o n Qua r r b each , d a ted c a l AD 8 90 -1160 ( GU -5402 ; 1 010±50 BP )
5 6
EN V IRONMENT A ND L AND SCA PE : T HE HO LOCENE P A LAEOECOLOGY
T imbe r n o .
A nnua l r i ngs
D ia mm
2 212
4 1+
2 50+
A cer
A lnus
C or
F rax
F ag
P o rn
Quer
S a l
S am
U lmus .
X
0 11 L ongsho re p os ta l ignmen t , d a te r ange c a l AD 1 280 1395 ( UB39 13 ; 6 32± 18 B P )a nd c a l AD 1 290 1400 UB3916 ;6 00±17 B P ) , p robab ly a ssoc ia ted w i th med ieva l Q ua r rA bbey 1 80 5 4 1 20 X 1 84 ? 44 1 00+ X K 43 C ross -sho re d oub le p os ta l ignmen td a ted c a l AD 1 310 1460 ( GU -5409 ; 5 00±0 BP ) . P oss ib ly r ema ins o fb oa th a rbou ro rc ana l s e rv ing t he B ins tead -Qua r r s tone q ua r r ies . 1 397 6 5 1 60 X 1 396 9 + 7 0 X 0 113 C ross -sho re a l ignmen t o f sma l l p egs w i th in p a laeochanne l , d a ted c a l AD 1 3 10 1460 ( GU -5383 ; 5 00±50 BP ) 1 656 1 2+ 2 5 X U nda ted t i mbe rs f r om s ame s t ruc tu re 1 684 9 D 1 5 X 1 685 1 2D 2 0 X B 42 P os t -med ieva l l ongsho re a l ignmen t s i ted i n sho re n ea r B ins tead F i sh ing C lub , d a ted c a l AD 1 5 10 1955 * ( GU -540 1 ; 2 40±50 BP ) 1 025 X U nda ted s t ruc tu res 2 72 3 0 9 53 2 2 " 2 6 13 2 786 3 2+ 2 911 2 1+
1 00 5 0
X
9 0+ 7 0
T ab le 4 . 6 Q uar rB each ( 2027 ) : w ood en c omponen t sf rom s t ruc tur e so fv ar iou sd a te s A bb r ev ia t ion s .C o r : C o ry lu s ;F rax : F rax inu s ; F ag : F agu s ; P o rn : P omo ideae ;Q ue r : Q ue rcu s ; S a l : S a l icaceae ; S am : S ambucu s . *r oundwood w i th i n ne rmo s tg row th r i ng sd i s t inc t ly w ide . h :h ea r twood ; S :f e l led i ns p r ing ; D : f e l led when d o rman t £ :i d en t if ied b yC am i l la D ick son , 1 993 . A r ranged i nc h rono log ica ls equence . ( GU -5666 ; 3 090150 B P ) a nd i n d ica ted t h e u se o fh aze l , e l de r ( Sambucu s ) , m ap le , a l de r ( A lnu s ) , w i l low /pop la r ( Sa l icaceae )a nd o ak .
o u te rs u rf ace o ft h e wood w a sf r equen t ly t oo d amaged t ob e c e r ta in o ft h ea ge a nd d i ame te r( i nd ica ted i nT ab le 4 . 5w i th ap lu s s i gn ( + ) ) . I n a dd i t ion , t h e c en t ra l c o re o ft h e s t em w a s m i s s ing f r om 2 7 s amp le s a nd a ccu ra te a s se s smen t o ft h e i ra ge a nd g row th r a te w a s d if i cu l t . Whe re v i s ib le , t h e s t ake s e xh ib i ted ar a the r v a r iab le p a t te rn o fg row th . I n 3 1 s t ake s t h e i nne rmo s t r i ng s w e re w ide s ugge s t ing r a p id g row th f r om w e l l d eve loped r oo t s t ock s , af e a tu re c ha ra c te r i s t ic o fc opp ice r od so rp o le s( Mo rgan 1 982 ) ;t h is n umbe r m igh t h ave b een c on s ide rab ly l a rge r h ad mo re s t ake s s u rv ived i n tac t .
I ron A ge ( T ab le 4 . 6 ) A n
a sh
( F rax inu s )
s t ake
( 100 1494 )
f r om
B 79 ,
a
p a ra l le l s ided e nc lo sed s t ruc tu re , p roduced ad a te o f8 40 5 30 c a l BC ( GU -5339 ; 2 570160 B P ) . R omano -Br i t ish p er iod ( T ab le 4 . 6 ) A n o ak c omponen t ( 10000 10 ) f r om Q 4 w a s r e cove red
R ep r esen ta t ive s amp le s w e re s e lec ted f r om s eve ra l o f t h e n ume rou s c l u s te r s o f s t ake s a s soc ia ted w i th a nc ien t s t ruc tu re s d o t ted a l ong t h e p re sen t d ay s ho re l ine . T ho se d a ted t ot h e N eo l i th ic i n c luded ah aze l s t ake ( 1002 177 ) f r om a g roup a tP e lham f ie ld P 10 1 ( p robab ly a s soc ia ted w i th s t ake 1 002309 , d a ted 2 470 -2 140 c a l BC ( GU -5384 ; 3 840150 B P ) ,a nd h aze la nd a sh s t ake s( 100 1072 ,1 00 1075 ) f r om ar e c tangu la rp o s t s e t t ing , B 49 , d a ted 2 300 1940 c a l BC ( GU -5337 ; 3 710150 B P )a nd 1 940 -1680 c a l BC ( GU 5 601 ; 3 480150 BP ) .
f r om aw ooden s t ru c tu re b a sed o n ab ru shwood p l a tf o rm d a ted f r om c a l AD 3 0 -250 ( GU -5258 ; 1 860150 B P ) a nd c a l AD 9 0 -340 ( GU -5248 ; 1 800150 B P ) . T he p l a tf o rm w a s c ompo sed o f b l ack tho rn a nd /o r h aw thor n , P runu s s p ino sa lC ra teagu s( i den t if ied b yR . S ca if e ) . P o s t -Roman /Saxon p er iod s( T ab le 4 . 6 ) F ou rd i scon t inuou sl o ng sho re a l ignmen t sQ 137 ,K 16 ,B 17 a nd P 103 , d a ted t ob e tween c a l AD 5 40 -670 ( GU -54 11 ; 1 450150 B P ) a nd c a l AD 6 30 -790 ( GU -5592 ; 1 320150 B P ) , ( s ee s e c t ion 1 2 .2 b e low ) i n c luded r e la t ive ly w ide s t ake s : d i ame te r s r a nged f r om 6 0mm t o 1 40mm . S ome s t ake sw e re e x t reme ly w e l lp re se rved ,i np a r t icu la r1 000702
B ronze A ge ( T ab le 4 .6 ) T he r ema in so fs eve ra lB ronze Age s t ruc tu re sa r eg rouped a l ong t h ec u r r en ts ho re l ine o n Qua r rB each .R ep re sen ta t ive
( a sh ) a nd 1 000703 ( map le ) . T he t a xa i d en t if ied i n c luded map le ,a l de r , a sh ,o ak ,w i l low /pop la ra nd am embe ro ft h e P omo ideae . W ide g row th r i ng s w e re r e co rded i na sh ( up t o 6mm ) ,a l de r( up t o 5mm ) ,o ak ( up t o 6mm )a nd w i l low /
s t ake s o n ly w e re s amp led f r om P 98 , B 66 , Q 87 , Q 90 , Q 114 , Q 22 a nd P 180 . T he se w e re d a ted f r om 2 270 1880 c a l BC ( GU -5406 ; 3 660160 B P ) a nd 1 510 1220 c a l BC
5 7
CO A STA L AR CHAEO LOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONMENT : ASO LENT C A SE S T UDY
T i mber n o .
Ann r i ngs
D ia mm
Acer
Cory lus
Quercus
T he r ema in so f as e r ie so f mo r eo rl e s sp a ra l le ls t ak e l i ne s a r e a l igned a c ro s s t h e m ou th o ft h e c r eek a tK ing ' s Q uay t ot h e w e s t o f Woo t ton . T he o u te rmo s t r ow w a s t h e f i r s t t o b e e r e c ted , d a ted t o c a l AD 1 2 10 -1380 ( GU -5403 ; 7 40±50 B P ) f r om a n o ak s t ake ( 1 002073 ) ; i ns ub sequen t y ea r s s im i la rs t ru c tu r e sw e re b u i l tp r og re s s ive ly c l o se rt o t h e p r e sen t s ho re l ine , p robab ly k e ep ing p ace w i th r i s ing s e a leve l s . T he e a s ter n s e c t ion o ft h e m idd le a l ignmen t , S 122 , d a t e s t o c a l AD 1 310 1460 ( GU -5404 ; 5 00±50 B P ) ( f rom am ap le s t ake 1 002 154 ) , a nd f r om t h ew e s ter n s e c t ion o ft h e m idd le a l ignmen t ah az e l s t ake ( 1 002075 ) p rodu ced ad a te o fc a l AD 1 400 1490 ( GU -5405 ;4 60±50 B P ) .
U lmus
3 6016 B ou ldno r s ea b ed , t r ee b o le , d a ted 6 430 -6120 c a l BC ( GU -5420 , 7 440±60 BP ) 5 004 -
X
2 241 Y a rmou th Wes t S p i t , t imbe r , d a ted 6 370 -5840 c a l BC ( GU 5 397 ; 7 230±110 B P ) 1 001 X h S 121 K ing 's Quay , t i mbe r f r om o u te r a l ignmen t o f med ieva l p os ts a c ross mou th o f c reek , d a ted c a l AD 1 210 -1380 ( GU -5403 ; 7 40±50 BP ) 2 073 2 1 7 0 X S 122 K ing 's Quay , e as te rn s ec t ion o f m idd le a l ignmen t o f p os ts a c ross mou th o f c reek , d a ted c a l AD 1 310 1460 ( GU -5404 ; 5 00±50 BP ) 2 154 c . 20 5 0 X
P o s t -med i eva l( T ab le s4 . 6a nd 4 . 7 ) A n e lm p i le ( 1002477 ) f r om F i shbour ne B ea ch , g ave a d a te o fc a l AD 1 460 1955* ( GU -54 10 ; 2 90±50 B P ) . E lm ( 100 1025 ) ,d a t ed t oc a l AD 1 510 1955 ( GU -540 1 ;2 40±50 B P ) ,w a sa l so u sed i n al o ng sho r ea l ignmen ts i t ed i n sho r e n ea rB in s t ead F i sh ing C lub .
S 124 K ing 's Quay , w es te rn s ec t ion o f m idd le a l ignmen t o f p os ts a c ross mou th o f c reek , d a ted c a l AD 1 400 -1490 ( GU -5405 ; 4 60±50 BP ) 2 075 6 0 X F 119 F i shbourne b each , wooden p i l ing , d a ted c a l AD 1 460 -1955 * ( GU -5410 ; 2 90±50 B P ) 2 477 X
U nda ted s t ruc tur e s( T ab le 4 . 6 ) F ou r u nd a ted t imbe r s ( 100272 , 1 0026 13 , 1 002786 , 1 0029 11) w e re i d en t if i ed a s a s h , a nd a f u r the r s t ak e ( 1 000953 )a sm ap le .
T ab le 4 . 7F i shbou rne B each ( 1 526 ) , K ings 'Q uay ( 2 197 ) , Y a rmou th S p i t( 2 241 )a nd B ou ldnor ( 2 6016 ) .
D i scu s s ion
p op la r( u pt o4 mm ) ;t h ei n ne rmo s tr i ng sw e r eg ene ra l ly t h e w ide s tb u ti ns ome s amp le s( f o re xamp le a s h , 1 000711 a nd o ak , 1 000799 )t h eo u te rr i ng sw e r ea l so w ide . C onve r se ly i ns amp le 1 0026 11 ( a sh )t h e o u te rr i ng sw e r ew ide r( max 3 mm ) t h an t h e i n ne r r i ng s . Map le s t ake s 1 000703 a nd 1 002246 a ppea r ed t oh ave af a i r ly s t eady g r ow th r a te w i th c r o s s sec t ion ss how ing r i ng w id th sa ve rag ing 3 4mm .T he o u te rs u rf a ce so fm o s ts amp le sw e re t o oa b rad ed t oa s se s s t h es e a son o ff e l l ing b u t ,w hen v i s ib le ,t h i sa ppea r st oh ave o ccu r r ed b o th i ns umme ra nd d u r ing d o rmancy .
Mo s to ft h ew ood e xam ined w a sa r t ef a c tua la nd a s soc ia ted w i th n ume rou ss t ruc tu r e se r ec ted a l ong t h ee dge o ft h es e a o rc oa s t l ine a tQ ua r r( S i te 2 027 ) .T he se r a nged i nd a t ef r om t h eN eo l i th ic t ot h em ed ieva l p e r iod . O ve rt ime t h ey h ave b een r e du ced t os ke le ta la l ignmen t s ,a nd c l u s te r so rg r oup s o fs t ak e s . T he f unc t ion o rp u rpo se o fs ome c an b en amed f a i r ly c onf iden t ly w h i le f o ro t he r s t h i s i sl e s s c e r ta in . F o r e xamp le a l ignmen t s B 46 , Q 90 a nd Q 152 w e r e p r obab ly t r a ckway s g i v ing a cce s s t o t h e s e a a c ro s s e nc roa ch ing s a l t m a r sh ; a nd Q 4 , w a s aR omano -B r i t i sh r e c tangu la r s t ru c tu re s u ppo r ted o n ab ru shwood p l a tf o rm .
Med ieva lp er iod ( T ab le s4 . 6a nd 4 . 7 )
T he d a t ing o ft h e se s t ru c tu re s i n d ica te sa lmo s tc on t inuou s a c t iv i ty a tt h es i t ed e sp i te d if i cu l t ie se n coun te r ed t h rough r i s ing s e a leve la nd i n c r ea sed a r ea so fm a r sh .T he e conom ic i mpo r tance o ft h e s i te ,p e rhap s f o ra c ce s st ot h em a in land a nd m a r ine i n du s t r ie s ,i si n d ica ted b yt h er e pea ted e r ec t ion o f e x ten s ive s t ru c tu r e s i n t h i s l o ca l i ty . T he b u i ld ing t imbe r s w ou ld , a lmo s t c e r ta in ly , h ave b een d r awn f r om l o ca l w ood land s . T he u s e o r s e lec t ion o f ag i ven s p e c ie s w ou ld i n ev i tab ly h ave b een d e te rm ined b y i t sa va i lab i l i ty . T he d i ve r s i ty o ft a xa i nt h e c on tempo r a ry w ood land s a t Q ua r r( a s i n d ica ted b yp o l len r e co rd s , S ca if e , s e c t ion 4 . 3 ) s ugge s t st h a ts ome f l ex ib i l i ty o fs e le c t ion w ou ld h ave b een p o s s ib le .
A c omponen t ( 1 00 1047 ) f r om t h e w e s te rn a rm o f a V shaped f i sh w e i r ( B48 ) , d a ted c a l AD 8 90 1040 GU 5 399 ; 1 040±50 B P )w a s i d en t if ied a sm ap le ; a nd ab eech ( F agu s ) s t ake ( 1 0022 12 ) f r om a c r o s s sho re a l ignmen t , n ow b e low m ean l ow w a te r m a rk o n Q ua r r B ea ch , w a s d a ted c a l AD 8 90 1160 ( GU -5402 ; 1 0 10±50 B P ) . S t ake s i d en t if i ed f r om l a te r m ed ieva l s t ru c tu r e s i n c luded 1 000 180 a nd 1 000 184 ( bo th o ak ) f r om Q 11 , al o ng sho re a l ignmen t p o s s ib ly a s soc ia ted w i th Q ua r r A bbey ( c a l AD 1 280 1395 ; UB3 9 13 ; 6 32± 18 B P a nd c a l AD 1 290 1 400 ; UB3 9 16 ; 6 00± 17 B P ) ; a l so 1 00 1397 a nd 1 00 1396 ( a lde r a nd e lm , r e spec t ive ly ) f r om K 43 , ac r o s s sho r e d oub le s t ake a l ignmen t d a ted c a l AD 1 3 10 1460 ( GU 5 409 ; 5 00±50 B P ) , w h ich m ay h ave b een p a r t o f ab oa t h a rbou r o r c ana l s e rv ing B in s tead -Qua r r s t one q ua r r ie s . I na dd i t ion ,t h r ee h aze ls t ake sw e re i d en t if ied f r om Q 113 , a no the r c r o s s sho r e a l ignmen t o f s im i la r d a te t o K 43 , c ompo sed o fs ma l lp eg sw i th in t h eQ ua r rp a la eochanne l .
T he i d en t if i ca t ion o ft h es t ruc tu ra lt i mbe r s ,a nd t h es t udy o f g row th r a te sa nd f e l l ing s e a son s ,c on t r ibu te e nv i ronmen ta l d a ta t ot h a tf r om o t he rs ou r ce s , f o re xamp le p o l len ,p l an t m a c rof o s s i l s , i n sec t s a nd d end roch rono log ica l a na ly se s . H oweve r , t h e t a xa i d en t if ied f r om a r tef a c tua l w ood w i l l , e s sen t ia l ly , b e s t rong ly b i a sed t owa rd s a n th ropogen ic
5 8
EN V IRONM ENT A ND L AND SCA PE : T H E HO LOCENE P A LAEOECOLOGY s e lec t ion . T he r e su l t s s hou ld , t h e r ef o re , b e c on s ide r ed a s am ean so fi l u s t ra t ing t h e e xp lo i ta t ion o fl o ca lw ood land r e sou rce s a nd t h e c on sequ en te f e c t so nt h e e nv i ronmen t , r a the rt h an ad ef in i t ive l i s to ft r ee sa nd s h rub sg row ing i n t h ea r ea .
o r c opp ice s t oo l s g row ing i n mo re f a vou rab le h ab i ta t s , i . e . i n al e s s c ompe t i t ive e nv i ronmen t a nd s h e l te r ed f r om s a l ine c on tam ina t ion .
T he a nc ien tw ood land e nv ironmen t
S t ake sf r om B ronze A g es t ru c tu r e sw e r es e lec ted f o rd a t ing p u rpo se sr a the rt h an c ompa ra t ive s t ud ie so ft h ew ood land e nv i ronmen t . C on sequ en t ly , i n f o rma t ion b a sed o n w ood a na ly s i sr e la t ing t ot h i sp e r iod i ss pa r se ;t h et a xa i d en t if ied c o r r e spond t os p ec ie sn amed i nt h ep o l len r e co rd ,i . e .h aze l ( Co ry lu s ) ,o ak ( Que r cu s ) ,m ap le ( Ace r )a nd a l de r( A lnu s ) .
P r eh i s tor ic w ood land : B ronze A ge
T he e a r ly s t ra t ig raphy o f t h e s i t e a t Q ua r r ( 2 027 ) i s c omp lex a nd d e sc r ibed e l sewhe re ( s ee S ca if e , s e c t ion 4 . 3 ) . E nv i ronmen ta l e v id en ce f r om t h e p e r iod p r eced ing t h e c on s t ru c t ion o ft h e t r a ckway s i d en t if ie s d amp c oa s ta l w ood land s d om ina ted b y o ak ( Que r cu s ) a nd h aze l ( C or y lu s ) , w h i le w e t land s p ec ie s s u ch a s a l de r ( A lnu s ) a nd w i l low ( S a l ix ) w e r e s p a r se ( s ee S ca if e s e c t ion 4 . 3 .1) . Ma r ine i n unda t ion a nd t h e c on sequen t d epo s i t ion o f m a r ine s i l to v e rt h ee a r l ie rp ea tl e ve l si na bou t3 700 -3360 c a l BC ( OxA -6351 ; 4 740±65 B P )u l t ima te ly d rowned t h e f o r e s tt r ee sa nd e x tend ed t h ea r ea o fs a l tma r sh .
R oman a nd l a ter w ood land s S i ng le s t ake s r e p r e sen t ing R oman a nd l a te r s t ru c tu re s w e r e s amp led f o r r a d ioca rbon d a t ing . F o r e nv i ronmen ta l p u rpo se ss i ng le s amp l ing d oe sn o tu sua l ly c on t r ibu te u s ef u l d a ta u n le s s i n f o rma t ion i sa va i lab le f r om amu ch w ide r s c a le o f s amp l ing . Al a rg e r n umbe r o f s t ake s , h oweve r , w e re e xam ined f r om a g roup o f s t ru c tu r e s ( Q 137 /K 16 / B 17 /P 103 ) f o rm ing ad i scon t inuou s l o ng sho r e a l ignmen t w i th r a d ioca rbon d a te s r a ng ing b e tw een c a l AD 5 40 -670 ( GU -54 11 ; 1 4 50 -50 B P ) a nd c a l AD 6 30 -790 ( GU -5592 ; 1 320±50 B P ) , ( s ee s e c t ion 1 2 .2 b e low ) . I nc on t ra s tt ot h e N eo l i th ic t r a ckway s w he r e h aze l p r edom ina ted , t h e se s t ru c tu r e s w e r e b u i l t f r om av a r ie ty o ft i mbe r s b u t n o t , a ppa r en t ly , h aze l ( T ab le 4 . 6 ) . T he s t ake s s amp led w e r e t h icke r( d iame te r s6 0 140mm )t h an t h o se o ft h et r a ckway s ( d iame te r s 2 0 -50mm ) a nd o r ig ina ted f r om f a s t -g rown t r unk s /po le s ( s ee T ab le 4 . 6 ) f r om a s h ( F rax inu s ) , m ap le ( Ace r ) , a l d e r ( A lnu s ) , o ak ( Que r cu s ) , w i l low /pop la r ( Sa l ica ceae ) a nd P omo ideae . T he i r s t ruc tu re a nd g r ow th r a te s( f o re xamp le f o ra s h : 1 00mm i n1y ea r s ) s ugge s ted t h a tt h ey w e r ep robab ly t h ep r odu c to fm anaged w ood land . T he s e lec t ion o f t h ick e r p o le s f o r t h e se s t ru c tu r e s m ay h ave r u led o u tt h eu se o fh aze l .
P r eh i s tor i cw ood land : N eol i th i c A n umbe r o f s amp le s f r om f a l len o ak t r ee s a nd s t ake s a t Q u a r r a nd F i shbou rne w e r e d a ted u s ing d end roch rono log ica l m e thod s ( H i l lam , s e c t ion 4 . 7 ) . T he r e su l t si n d ica t ed t h a tt r ee sw e r ed y ing h e r eb e tween c3 230 B C a nd 2 547+ BC ( T ab le 4 . 8 ) , a nd s how ed t h a tt h e t r ee s w e re m o s t ly l o ng l ived ( w i th s ome e xceed ing 3 00 y ea r s i na ge ) . T he g r ow th r i ng s w e r e c on s i s ten t ly n a r row a nd i n d ica t ive o ft r ee sg row ing u nde rs t re s s ,p o s s ib ly r e f lec t ing c ompe t i t ive v ege ta t ion a nd /o r t h e i r e xpo su r e t oa i rbor n e s a l t ;o ak sa r eg ene ra l ly m o re t o le ran to fs o i ls a l tt h an s p ray s a l t( Dob son 1 9 9 1) . T he e a r l ie s t t r a ckway s a tQ ua r r , Q 153 , Q 190 a nd Q 152 ( 3 790 -3380 c a l BC ; GU -5663 ; 4 860±70 B P ; 3 780 -3370 c a l BC ; GU -5662 ; 4 800±60 B P ; 3 700 -3370 c a l BC ; GU 5 660 ;4 770±50 B P ) ,w e r ec on s t ru c ted d u r ing t h ep ha se o f m a r ine i n cu r s ion . A bou t 5 00 y ea r s l a te r ( 3 040 -3620 c a l B C ; GU -5340 ; 4 270 -70 B P a nd 2 900 -2510 c a l BC ; GU 582 ; 4 140 -50 B P ) a no the re x ten s iv et r a ckway w a sb u i l t f u r th e r e a s t . O ft h e 1 05 s t ru c tu ra l c omponen t s e xam ined f r om t h e se t r a ckway s( T ab le s 4 . 5 a nd 4 . 6 ) , 9 9w e r eh aze l ( Cor y lu s ) ,t wo w e re m ap le ( Ace r ) , o ne w a s e lm ( U /mu s ) , t wo d ogwood ( Cornu s ) , a nd o ne s p ind le ( Euonymou s ) . H aze l w a s s e lec ted i n p r ef e r en ce t o o ak d e sp i te t h e a bundan ce o ft h el a t te r .
U se o fw ood land r e sour ce s I n t h e N eo l i th ic p e r iod , d amp d ec iduou s w ood land s d om ina ted t h e c oa s ta l f r inge s . T hey w e r e c ompo sed m a in ly o fo ak a nd h aze l . T he o ak t r ee s w e r e l o ng l ived b u t s l ow -g row ing a nd , a tm a tu r i ty , w ou ld h ave a t ta ined d imen s ion s l a rge e nough t op rov ide h ef ty p l ank s o rp i le s . H ow eve r ,i ns l ow -g rown o ak w ood t h ea r ea o fs t rong d en se l a tewood i sr e du ced a nd t h et imbe ri so fi n f e r io rq ua l i ty t o t h a tf r om t r ee sg rown i no p t ima lc ond i t ion s .
S t ruc tu ra l a s se s smen t ( whe r e p o s s ib le ) o f t h e h aze l s t em s /po le s i n d ica ted t h a t ah i gh p ropo r t ion i n c luded w ide g row th r i ng s , p a r t icu la r ly i nt h e f i r s t 3 4 y ea r s ; t h i s t y pe o f d eve lopmen t i sc ha ra c te r i s t ic o f c opp iced r od s / p o le s , w h e r e t h e w e l l e s tab l i shed r o o t s t ock p romo te s t h e r a p id g r ow th o f r e gene ra t ing s t em s . A s d i scu s sed a bove , o ak t r e e si nt h ec oa s ta lw ood land a ppea r ed t oh ave b een s ub je c ted t oh a r sh g r ow ing c ond i t ion s a nd i ts e em s u n l ik e ly t h a th a ze l ,w h ich i sg ene r a l ly mo r es u scep t ib le t o s o i ls a l tt h an o ak ( Dob son 1 99 1) ,w ou ld h ave b een a b le t o p r oduce s u ch r a p id g row th i nt h es ame e nv i ronmen t ,e ven a low ing f o rs ome s h ie ld ing a ga in s t s a l t s p ray b y t h e o ak c anopy . B y i n f e rence ,t h eh aze l p o le sw e r e c u tf r om t r ee s
F o ro u tdoo rs t ru c tu r e ss u ch a ss e af e n ce s ,w a te rf ron t sa nd t r a ckway s , d u rab i l i ty w ou ld a l so h ave b een a n i mpo r tan t f a c to r . O ak h ea r twood i sg ene ra l ly m o r e d u rab le t h an h az e l w ood b u t , a tQ ua r r , h aze l w a s u s ed i nf a vou r o f o ak i nt h e c on s t ruc t ion o ft h e t r a ckway s , w h ich m o s t ly c on s i s ted o f f a s t -g rown s t em s , p o s s ib ly f r om c opp iced p o le s . T he h ea r twood p r e sen t i nt h e o ak t r unk s s amp led f o r d end roch rono logy ( H i l lam , s e c t ion 4 . 7 ) i n d ica t ed t h a t t h e a ge a tw h ich h ea r twood f o rma t ion w a s i n i t ia ted v a r ied f r om a bou t 1 8 -56 y ea r s . T h e f a c to r s g ove rn ing h ea r twood d eve lopmen t a r e n o t f u l ly u nd e r s tood ( De rek P a t ch , F o r e s t ry C omm i s s ion , p e r s . c omm . ) . I ti sp robab le
5 9
CO A STAL AR CHAEO LOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONMENT : ASO LENT C A SE S TUDY e xam ina t ion o fo ve r 1 00 c omponen t s f r om t h e N eo l i th ic t r a ckway s p r ov ided c l ea r e v id en ce o f t h e p r ef e r en t ia l s e lec t ion o fh aze l .
t h a ti nt h eg i ven e nv i ronmen ty oung s a ppy o ak p o le st o ok l o nge r t or e a ch ad i ame te r c ompa rab le t ot h o se o fh aze l , a nd w i thou tt h e a dvan tag e o f aw id eh ea r twood c o r et h ey w ou ld p robab ly h ave a sp e r i shed a sq u ick ly a sh aze l .
H aze l a pp ea r s t oh ave b een u sed m o re d i sc r ee t ly i nl a te r s t ru c tu r e s b u t t h i s i n te rp re ta t ion m ay b e s pu r iou s s i nce t h e d imen s ion s o f t h e p o s t s h e r e w e r e l a rge r ( p o s s ib ly n ega t ing t h ee f ec t ivene s so fh az e lp o le s ) ;a l so ,t h e se mo r e s ub s tan t ia ls t ru c tu r e sw e r ep robab ly d e s igned f o rd if e ren t p u rpo se s , f o r e xamp le w a te rf ron t s o r f e n ce s r a the r t h an t r a ckway sa nd ,a ss uch ,a r en o td i r ec t ly c ompa rab le .
T imbe r so fs p ec ie ss u ch a sa l de r( A lnu s )a nd e lm ( U /mu s ) a r e p a r t icu la r ly d u rab le i n w e t c ond i t ion s ( Ed l in 1 949 ) a nd w ou ld h ave b een e m in en t ly s u i ted t ov a r iou s t y pe s o fc on s t ru c t ion i nw a te r logged c ond i t ion s . W i l low ( Sa l ix ) w ood i sa l so f a i r ly d u rab le w hen p e rmanen t ly w e ta l though r a the r s of t ( Ed l in 1 949 ) . T he se s p ec ie s , h oweve r , a ppea r t oh ave b een u sed o n ly s po rad ica l ly , p o s s ib ly r e f lec t ing t h e i r i n f r equency i n t h e e nv i ronmen t . I n c on t ra s t , a sh ( F rax inu s ) a nd m ap le ( Ace r ) , n e i the r o fw h ich i sn o tab ly d u rab le f o ro u tdoo ru s e ,w e re u sed m ode ra te ly f r equ en t ly ; t imbe r sf r om t h el a te rp e r iod ss ugge s tt h e se m ay h ave b een f r om m anaged w ood land . S t ake s o f d ogwood ( Co rnu s ) a nd s p ind le ( Euonymu s ) w e re u s ed , a l though r a re ly , i n t h eN eo l i th ic t r a ckway . T he s t em w ood f r om b o th i sh a rd a nd d en se a nd , a l though p robab ly n o t a va i lab le i nl a rge q uan t i t ie s , t h ey w ou ld h ave p rov ided u sef u l c omponen t s f o rt h es t ru c tu re .
T he a na tom ica l s t ru c tu r e o f al a rge n umbe r o f t h e c omponen t s f r om b o th t h e p r eh i s to r ic t r a ckway s a nd l a te r s t ru c tu r e s p rov ided s t rong e v idence f o r w ood land m anagemen t . C ompa r i son o ft h e se f a s t -g rown p o le s w i th t h e s l ow g r own o ak s ( s ee H i l lam , s e c t ion 4 . 7 ) f r om t h e c oa s ta l w ood land e ndo r sed t h e se f i nd ing s . T he e a r ly c l ea rance o f w ood land f o r a g r icu l tu re , a s s ugge s ted b y p o l len s t ud ie s ,t e nd st os uppo r tt h es ugg e s t ion t h a tm any o f t h e a r ea s o fr ema in ing w ood land w e r ep robab ly m anaged d u r ing a nd f o l low ing t h eN eo l i th ic p e r iod . 4 . 7 T ree -r ing a na ly s i so fo ak t imber sf r om t h e Woo t ton Quarr s urvey
T axa n o ted i nt h ep o l len r e co rd b u tn o ti d en t if i ed f r om t h e s t ruc tu r e s e xam ined i n c luded , p i ne ( P inu s ) , l i me ( T i l ia ) a nd h o l ly ( I lex ) .
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T he h a r sh e nv i ronmen t e xpe r ienced b y w ood land t a xa g row ing i nt h ec oa s ta lf r inge i sv e r if i ed b yt h es l ow -g row th o ft h eo ak t r ee s ,y e tm any o ft h et imbe r sf r om o t he rs p ec ie s w e re f r om f a s t -g rown t r ee s . T h i s w ou ld i mp ly t h a t t h e l a t te r g r ew i n m o r e f a vou rab le c i r cum s tance s , p o s s ib ly i nm anag ed w ood land . T he r e i se v idence o f c opp ic ing / p o l la rd ing e l sewhe r e i n s ou the rn B r i ta in d a t ing f r om a t l e a s tt h e4 t hm i l lenn ium BC ( Co le sa nd O rme 1 982 ) .
T h i s r e po r t s umma r i se s t h e r e su l t s o f a l l t h e t r ee r ing a na ly se s f r om t h e Woo t tonQu a r r S u rvey p ro jec t w h ich w e r e u nd e r tak en i n s e ve ra l s t ag e s . P ha se 1 ,t h e f i e ld e va lua t ion p r o jec t , w a s c a r r ied o u t i n1 990 b y t h e I s le o f W igh t C oun ty A r cha eo log ica l U n i t . I tp rodu ced s i x o ak t imbe r sf o rt r ee r ing a na ly s i sf r om a l ong t h ee r od ing b each a t F i shbou rne .T wo o ft h e se w e re d a t ed b yd end roch rono logy t ot h eN eo l i th ic p e r iod w h i l s tr a d ioca rbon d a t ing i n d ica ted t h a t t h r ee o t he r s d a ted t o 1 980 1750 c a l BC ( UB3 27 1 ; 3 528 37 B P ) , 2 140 1900 c a l B C ( UB 3272 ; 3 640±38 B P ) , a nd 200 1960 c a l B C ( UB3 274 ; 3 68 1±38 B P )( s ee H i l lam 1 99 1) .T h ep ha se 2a s se s smen tp rodu ced af u r the r 2 6s amp le s( H i l lam 1 994 )w h i ls tt h e MA 1 '2 a na ly s i sp ha se r e su l ted i nt h ee xam ina t ion o fa no th e r2 6s amp le sm ak ing at o ta lo f5 8t r ee r ing s amp le s .
T ra ckway B 46 w a sc ompo sed m a in ly o fh aze ls t em s /po le s . O ft h e se , 6 0 w e r e s uf i c ien t ly i n ta c t t oo b ta in m in imum d i ame te r s ( i n m o s t i n s tance s t h e b a rk w a s a b sen t ) : 5 0 w e re b e tween 2 5mm a nd 4 0mm . T he g row th r i ng s w e re mo re d if i cu l t t o a s se s s a nd s ome p o le s d i d n o t i n c lude t h e c en t ra l c o re ( T ab le 4 . 5 ) . T he a g e s r a ng ed b e tween 5 a nd 3 0 y ea r s b u t p eaked b e tween 1 0 a nd 1 5 y ea r s . I ti s l i ke ly t h a t c opp iced p o le s a nd t imbe r /wood f r om n a tu ra l w ood land a nd s c rub ( f o r e xamp le d ogwood a nd s p ind le ) w ou ld h ave b een u sed . A l though b a sed o n r a the r s l igh t e v id ence , i ti sp robab le t h a tp o le sw e r ec u tt h roughou tt h e y ea r , a s a nd w hen r e qu i r ed . E v id ence f r om p o s t -Roman s t ru c tu r e s ( Q 137 /K 16 /B17 /P 103 ) s ugge s t s t h a t a l de r , a sh , m ap le , o ak a nd w i l low / p op la r w e r e a l so g r own i n m anaged w ood land s .
T he a s semb lage f a l l s i n to t wo m a in g roup s , s t ru c tu ra l t imbe r s a nd f a l len t r ee s , a l o fw h ich a r e o ak ( Que r cu s ) . S amp le s 1 000005 a nd 1 000923 -933 a r e p o s t s f r om o ne o f s eve ra l p o s t a l ignmen t s o n Q u a r r /B in s tead B ea ch . T h i s a l ignmen t , s t ruc tu r e B 18 , w a s t h e o n ly o ne w i th t i mbe r sw h ich a ppea red t oh ave s uf i c ien tr i ng sf o rd a t ing p u rpo se s . A l l b u t o ne o ft h e r ema in ing s amp le s a r e f r om f a l len t r ee s . Mo s to ft h em a r ea l so f r om Q ua r rB ea ch ( F ig . 4 . 14 ) . S amp le s 1 000023 1000028 a nd 1 82000 1- 6 05000 1 a r e f r om F i shbou rne B ea ch ( F ig . 4 . 15 ) . T he f i na l s i te a t N ew town E a s t S p i t p roduced t wo s amp le s : 1 002312 i s f r om af a l len t r ee ,a nd 1 002386 i sf r om o ne o ft h et imbe r s i n at r a ckway o r p l a tf o rm . A p i ece o f h az e l ( Cor idu s a ve l lana )f r om t h es t ru c tu r eh ad a l r eady b een r a d ioca rbon d a ted t o2 920 -2500 c a l B C ( GU -534 1 ; 4 160±70 B P ) .A l l r a d ioca rbon d a te r e su l t s a r e c a l ib ra t ed u s ing t h e d a ta se t s
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F igur e4 . 14 S i te 2 027 , Q uar rB each , s how ing l o ca t ion o ft h et r ee -r ing s amp l e s . T ho se u nd e r l ined a r ed a ted . p ub l i shed b y P ea r son a nd S t u iv e r 1 986 ( 5 00 -2500 BC ) a nd P ea r son e t a l 1 986 ( 2 500 -52 10 BC ) . F o r e a se o f c ompu ta t ion a nd p re sen ta t ion o fr e su l t s , a l t h e s amp le s n umbe r s h ave b een a bb rev ia ted ; f o r e xamp le , 1 000005 b ecome s 5a nd 6 05000 1 b ecome s 6 05 ; ac onco rdance i s p rov id ed i nT ab le 4 . 8 .
1 . t op rov ide a b so lu te o rr e la t ive d a te sf o rt h et imbe r s , 2 . t op rov ide i n f o rma t ion w h ich w ou ld e nab le t h e mo s t ef i c ien tu se t ob em ade o fr a d ioca rbon d a t ing i fa b so lu te d a te sw e r en o to b ta ined u s ing d end roch rono logy , 3 . t o c on so l ida te a nd e x tend t h e 31-yea r t r ee r ing c h rono logy s pann ing 3 059 -2729 BC w h ich w a s o b ta ined f r om t h eP ha se 1s t udy .T h i sf i na la im c o inc ide s w i th a l a rg e r r e sea r ch p r o jec t b e ing u nde r taken a t t h e S hef f i e ld D end roch rono logy L abo ra to ry , w h ich i st o p roduce a w e l l r ep l ica ted t r ee r ing c h rono logy c ove r ing t h e p r eh i s to r ic p e r iod . S i nce r e sea r ch a t t h e B e lf a s t T r ee -R ing L abo ra to ry h a s p rodu ced c h rono log ie s f o r n o r th -w e s t E ng land a nd E a s tA ng l ia ( Ba i l l ie a nd B rown 1 988 ;B rown a nd B a i l l ie 1 992 ) ,t h e S hef f i e ld r e sea r ch i sc oncen t ra t ing o n s amp le s f r om
T he t r e e t r unk s a nd /o r b r anche s a tQ ua r ra nd F i shbou rne B ea ch w e r e f o und i n al i ne a tt h eu ppe re dg e o ft h ep ea t . R oo t s y s tem s a nd u p tu rned t r ee b o l e s w e re a l so f ound i n s i tu i nt h ep ea t . F o l low ing t h ei n i t ia ls u cce s so ft h e1 9 90 p i lo ts t udy ,f u r the r t r ee r ing a na ly s is w a su nde r taken w i th t h ef o l low ing a im s :
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CO A STA L AR CHAEO LOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONM ENT : ASO LENT C A SE S TUDY ( Ba i l l ie 1 982 , 8 2 -5 ) ; v a lue s o ve r 1 0a r eu sua l ly i n d ica t ive o fa n o r ig in i nt h e s ame t r ee o ri na d ja cen t t r ee s g r ow ing i ni d en t ica l c ond i t ion s . A s t h e a na ly s i s p rog r e s sed a nd a w o rk ing m a s t e r c h rono logy w a s p r odu ced f o r Woo t ton Q uaf f , n ew s e quence s w e re f i r s t t e s ted a ga in s tt h i s i nt h e s e a r ch f o r c r o s sma tch ing . Ma tch ing w a s a ccep ted i ft h e s e qu en ce t ob ed a ted m a tched v i sua l ly a nd s t a t i s t ica l ly w i th t h ew o rk ing m a s te ra nd w i th t h ei n d iv idua lc ompon en t so f t h a tm a s te r . D a t ing i su sua l ly a ch ieved b y a ve r ag ing t h e d a ta f r om t h e m a tch ing s e quence s t op rodu ce a' s i te m a s te r c u rve ' , a nd t h en t e s t ing t h a t m a s te r f o r s im i la r i ty a ga in s t d a ted r e f e r ence c h rono log ie s . As i te m a s t e r i su sed f o r d a t ing w heneve r p o s s ib le b ecau se i t e nhance s t h e g ene ra l c l ima t ic s i gna l a tt h e e xpen se o ft h e b a ckg round n o i se f r om t h eg r ow th c ha ra c te r i s t ics o ft h ei n d iv idua l s amp le s . A ny u nma t ch ed s e quence s a r e t e s ted i n d iv idua l ly a ga in s t t h er e f e ren ce c h rono log ie s .A l lp o ten t ia lt r ee r ing d a te sa r e t h en c heck ed b ye xam in ing t h eq ua l i ty o ft h ev i sua lm a tch b e tw een t h eg r aph s . I f as amp l e h a s b a rk o r b a rk e dg e , t h e d a te o ft h e l a s t m ea su r ed r i ng i st h e y ea r i n wh ich t h e t r ee d i ed o rw a s f e l led . Ac omp le te o u te r r i ng i n d ica te s t h a t t h e t r ee d i ed d u r ing i t s p e r iod o fd o rmancy b e tw een l a te a u tumn a nd e a r ly s p r ing ( r ef e r red t o a s ' w in te r f e l led ' ) . Ap a r t ia l ly f o rmed r i ng i n d ica te s t h a t t h e t r ee d i ed i nl a te s p r ing o r s umme r ( k nown a s ' s umme r f e l led ' ) , a l though i ti sn o t a lway sp o s s ib le t od i s t ingu i sh b e tw een a ni n comp le te r i ng a nd ac omp le t en a r row r i ng . I nt h e a b sence o fb a rk e dge , d a te s o fd ea th a r e c a lcu la ted u s ing t h e s a pwood e s t ima te o f 1 0 -55 r i ng s . T h i s i st h e r ange o ft h e 9 5% c onf id ence l i m i t sf o rt h en umbe ro fs a pwood r i ng si nB r i t i sh o ak t r ee s o ve r 3 0 y ea r s o l d( H i l lam e ta l 1 987 ) . Whe re s a pwood i s a b sen t , f e l l ing d a te s a r e g i ven a s t e rm in ip o s t q uem b y a dd ing 1 0y ea r s ,t h em in imum n umbe ro fm i s s ing s a pwood r i ng s ,t ot h ed a te o ft h el a s t mea su r ed h ea r twood r i ng .T he a c tua l d a te c ou ld b e much l a te r d epend ing o n h ow m any h ea r twood r i ng sh ave b een r emoved o re r oded .
F igur e4 . 15 S i te 1 526 , F i shbou rne B each , s how ing l o ca t ion o ft h et r ee -r ing s amp le s . T ho se u nd e r l ined a r e d a ted . s ou the rn E ng land ( f o r e xamp le H i l lam e ta l 1 990 ) , 4 . t op rov ide i n f o rma t ion a bou tt h ep r eh i s to r ic w ood land a nd i t se nv i ronmen t .
Me thod s S l ice s w e r e r emoved f r om t h e f a l len t r ee s a nd s t ruc tu ra l t imbe r s b y m embe r s o f t h e I s le o f W igh t C oun ty A r chaeo log ica l U n i t . T he l a rge r s amp le s w e r e s p l i t r a d ia l ly i n to s e gmen t s a tS h ef f i e ld f o r e a se o fh and l ing . T he s amp le sw e r ep r epa r ed b yf r eez ing t h em f o ra tl e a s t4 8 h ou r sa nd t h en c l ean ing t h e i rc r o s s sec t ion sw i th as u rf o rm p l ane . T he r i ng w id th s w e r e m ea su red t oa n a c cu ra cy o f 0 . 0 1mm o n at r ave l l ing s t ag e w h ich i sc onnec ted t o a m ic rocompu te r . T h i s u s e s as u i te o f d end roch rono logy p rog ram sw r i t ten b y I a nT ye r s( p e r s . c omm . 1 992 -6 ) . T h e m ea su red r i ng s e qu ence s w e re p l o t ted a sg r aph s u s ing a p l o t te r ,a l so c onn ec ted t ot h ec ompu te r .
F u r the r i n f o rma t ion a bou t t h e h i s to ry , p r in c ip le s , a nd m e thodo logy o fd end roch rono logy c an b ef ound i nB a i l l ie ( 1 982 )a nd E ng l i sh H e r i tage ( 1998 ) . R e su l t s T he f a l len t r ee s T he s amp l e s f r om t h e f a l len t r ee s w e r e g ene ra l ly f r om mu ch o l de ra nd l a rge rt r ee st h an t h o se w h ich p rodu ced t h e s t ru c tu ra lt i mbe r s( T ab le 4 . 8 ) .A l though mo s to ft h et r unk s h ad b een b ad ly e r oded b y t h e t i de s , m any o ft h e s amp le s s t i l l h ad t h e i rp i th s ( t he c en t r e o ft h e t r unk ) . A l l t h a t w a s l ef t o ft h e r ema ind e r w a s t h e e r oded b o t tom h a lf o ft h e f a l len t r ee . I tw a s t h e ref o r e n o t p o s s ib le t od e te rm ine t h e e xa c ts i ze a nd a ge o ft h et r ee s . Many w e r ep robab ly o l d e r t h an 2 00 y ea r s w hen t h ey d i ed a nd s ome may h ave b een o ve r 3 00 ( f o r e xamp le 1 5 , 2 4 , 6 02 , a nd p o s s ib ly 3 160 ) . T r ee 6 03 , w h ich h ad b a rk a nd p i th , w a s a bou t 30 y ea r s o l d .T he s l igh tu n ce r ta in ty a bou tt h en umbe ro fr i ng si sd u e
C ro s sma tch ing w a s c a r r ied o u t u s ing t wo i n te rdepend en t m e thod s : v i sua l c ompa r i son o ft h e g r aph s o n al i gh tb ox , a nd u se o f ac ompu te rp rog ram t om ea su r et h e a moun to f c o r r e la t ion b e tw een t wo r i ng s equen ce s .T he c r o s sma tch ing r ou t ine sw e r eb a sed o nt h eB e lf a s t CROS p rog ram ( Ba i l l ie a nd P i lche r1 973 ; Mun ro 1 984 ) ,a nd a lt h e tv a lue sq uo ted i nt h i s r e po r t a r e i d en t ica l t ot h o se p rodu ced b y t h e f i r s t CROS p rog ram ( Ba i l l ie a nd P i lche r 1 973 ) . G ene ra l ly t v a lu e s o f3 . 5 o ra bove i n d ica te am a tch p rov id ed t h a tt h e v i sua l m a tch b e tw een t h e t r ee r ing g r aph s i sa ccep tab le
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CO A STAL AR CHA EO LOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONM ENT : ASO L ENT C A SE S T UDY
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T he b ed rock s u rf a ce ( Fo rma t ion n o t i d en t if ied ) i n t h e Woo t tonQua r r s u rvey a r ea i so ve r la in b y g r ey t ob rown s a nd s i l t s t o s i l t -c lay s . T he se s ed imen t s h ave v a ry ing a moun t so fo r gan ic m a te r ia l a nd a r ei n t e rp r e ted a sh av ing b een f o rmed u nde rb r a ck i sh w a te rc ond i t ion s . O ve r lay ing t h i sb a sa lu n i ti sad i scon t inuou s ,t e r r e s t r ia lp ea tb ed w h ich b ecome sl e s sa bundan ti n al a ndwa rd d i r e c t ion a nd i sa b sen t a bove 1 .5m OD . T h i sp ea tb ed i sc apped b yg r ey s i l ta nd s a nd s o fm a r ine o r ig in . T h i s s t ra t ig raphy i sd i s sec ted b y t h eg r ey m a r ine s i l t st h a tc ha rac te r i se d epo s i t ion w i th in t h e p a laeochanne l s . T he r e su l t ing e f ec ti so n eo fi n te r ca la ted m ine rog en ic /o rganogen ic s ed imen t s c onf ined b e tw een m ine rog en ic p a la eochanne ld epo s i t s .
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F igur e5 . 9A ug e rt r an sec tf rom B in s t ead . S ee f i gu r e5 . 10 f o rl o ca t ion
5 . 2 .7 T he i n ter t ida la uger t r an sec t s T he o b jec t ive s o f t h e p ro jec t h ave r e qu i r ed a t h o rough u nde r s tand ing o ft h e l o ca l s e a leve l c h rono logy a nd t h e d eve lopmen to fp r eh i s to r ic a nd l a te ra c t iv i ty i nt h ec oa s ta l z one a nd n a v a l ley s o ft h e s t udy a r ea ( s ee s e c t ion s 2 . 2 a nd 5 . 4 ) . Whe re s i gn if ican t a r ea s o ft h is l a nd scape h ad b een s ubme rged , d a ta c once rn ing i t ss e i sm ic s t ra t ig raphy w e r e s ough t . T h i s p rov id ed b a se l e ve l i n f o rma t ion o n t h e p r e sen t d i s t r ibu t ion o f s ed imen t s o n t h e f o r e sho re b e tween Woo t ton C r eek a nd R yde P i e ra nd i tp e rm i t ted a r e con s t ru c t ion o ft h eH o locene e vo lu t ion o ft h es t udy a r ea .
s e pa ra ted b y at o pog raph ic h i gh w i th a n a ve rage r e l ief o f3 m . T he l a rge r o ft h e t wo c hanne l s ( max imum w id th 1 00m ) d eepen s o f sho r e f r om 3 .7m OD a tt h e mou th o f Q ua r r V a l ley a tS Z 5 6799 9 3003 t o7 .5m OD n ea r t h e c u r r en tl ow w a te rm a rk a tS Z56935 9 3189 .T h i sc hanne li s o r ien ted n o r thea s t sou th w e s t a nd h a s at h a lw eg g r ad ien t o f 1 . 4 ° . T he s ma l le r c hanne l ( max imum w id th 2 5m ) i s n o t r e co rded i nt h e mo s t l a ndwa rd t r an sec t b u t i sp r e sen t i nT ran sec t s 1a nd 2w he re i ta l so d eepen s s e awa rd f r om 3 .9m OD a tS Z 5 7 151 9 3114 t o 5 .8m OD S Z 5 7124 9 3179 ) . T he s ma l le rc hanne lh a s aNN W -SSE o r ien ta t ion a nd at h a lw eg g r ad ien to f1 . 7 ° .
T oa ch ieve t h i so b jec t ive t h es e i sm ic e v id ence w a sc ompa r ed w i th i ns i tu s amp le s f r om s u rf i c ia l a nd c o red s e d imen t s e xam ined o nt h e o pen f o r e sho r e . S ev en t een r e p r e sen ta t ive s amp le so fs u r f a ce s e d imen t sw e re a cqu i r ed f r om ad e ta i led g eomo rpho log ica l t r an sec t c ove r ing 2 . 5 km b e tw een Woo t ton C r eek a nd B in s t ead ( s ee P ea ce ,s e c t ion 1 0 .3 ) .O ve r t h ef ou ry ea r so ff i e ld s u rvey ,f i ve a ug e rt r an sec t sw e r ea l so t a k en o nt h ef o r e sho r ea tQ ua r r( F ig .5 . 10 ) .T he se c u ta c ro s s t h ea n t ic ipa ted s i t eo ft h e NNE -SS W o r ien ted p a la eova l ley a tQ ua r ra nd a c ro s s as im i la rp e r ce ived p a la eova l ley s i t ea t B in s tead ( Edwa rd s a nd D ix , s e c t ion 5 . 2 ) . F i na l ly , i n1 995 a dd i t iona lc o r e sw e r eo b ta in ed f r om ac en t ra ll o ca l i ty w i th in t h eQ ua r rp a la eova l ley .
T ran sec t 6i s l o ca ted 9 00m t o t h e e a s t o f t h e Q ua r r p a laeochanne la tB in s tead H a rd ( SZ 5 76 13 9 3197 t o5 7789 9 3184 ) a nd i sa ga in s i tua ted j u s t l a ndwa rd o ft h e c u r ren t l ow w a te r m a rk . T h i s a uge r t r an sec t i d en t if i e s a no the r p a laeochanne l c u tt o am ax imum d ep th o f5 .0m OD ( SZ 5 7743 9 3187 ) , ( F ig . 5 . 9 ) . T he s pa t ia l c o r re la t ion o ft h i s c hanne l w i th t h e n o r th sou th t r end ing h i n te r land v a l ley a tB in s tead ( e a s t ing S Z 5 7745 ) a ga in s ugg e s t st h a ti tm ay r e p r e sen t ab u r ied s e c t ion o ft h es ame s y s tem .
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F igur e5 . 11 B ed r ock p rof i l e sc on s t ruc tedf r om Q ua r r /B in s t ead a ug e rt r an sec t s . T he a ug e r t r an sec t s a cqu i red o ve r t h e f ou r y ea r p e r iod i d en t if i ed t wo p a laeova l ley s y s tem s . T he f ou r s ho r e p a ra l le l p r of i le s t a ken f r om t h e Woo t tonQua r r f o r e sho re i d en t if i ed t wo p o ten t ia l p a laeochanne l s i n c i sed i n to t h e p oo r ly c on so l ida ted U ppe r E o cene , O sbo rne B ed s ( T ran se c t s 1 4 ) . T he c onf igu ra t ion o ft h eb ed rock p r of i le s c on s t ru c ted f r om t h e se c o re s s ugg e s t s t h a t a mu l t ip le c hanne l , p o s s ib ly b ra ided , f o rmed t h e f i r s t s t age i nt h e f o rma t ion o ft h i sa nc ien tc r eek s y s tem ( s ee F ig . 5 . 11) .T he m a jo r c hanne l o ccu r s a tt h e w e s ter n e nd o ft h e t r an sec t o r ien ted i n a NNE -SS W d i rec t ion . I tw a s t r a ced t o a m ax imum d ep th o f7 .46m OD a tS Z 5 6934 9 3189 a nd a m ax imum w id th o f 1 00m . As t udy o ft h e s l igh t ly o b l ique n o r th sou th t r an sec t a nd s ome e xpe r imen ta l mode l l ing o f t h e p a la eo su rf ace s ugge s t s at h a lw eg p rof i le g r ad ien t o f 1 . 35° . T he s e conda ry c hanne l w h ich l i e s b e tween 1 50m a nd 2 40m t ot h e e a s t i ss ha l low e r , a ta in ing am ax imum w id th o f2 5m , ad ep th o f5 .8 1m OD a tS Z 5 7 124 9 3179 a nd i s o r ien ted i n a NN W -SSE d i r ec t ion s ugge s t ing c onve rg en ce o f sho re . T he s ma l le rc hanne l h a s at h a lw eg g r ad ien t o f 1 . 7 ° . A t b o th t h e se s i t e s t h e a c tua l b a se o f t h e se c hanne l s m ay b e d eepe rs t i l l a st h e d ep th s r e co rd ed r e p r e sen tg r ave lo b s t ru c t ion sr a the rt h an b ed rock .
am o re u n if o rm r e l ief b u ta ta na l t i tud e c1 . 3m h i ghe rt h an t h ei n te r f luve r e g ion . T ran sec t 6i sl o ca t ed 9 00m t ot h ee a s to ft h i sp a laeochanne l c omp lex a tB in s tead H a rd ( SZ 5 76 13 9 3197 t o 57789 9 3184 ) .T he p rof i le o b ta in ed f r om t h i st r an sec ti d en t if ie sa s i ng le a s ymme t r ic c hanne lw h ich w a st r a ced t o am ax imum d ep th o f5 .03m OD a tS Z 5 7743 9 3187 . H ow eve r ,t h i s i s a ga in am in imum v a lu e a st h e b ed rock w a s n o t r e ached . T he a s ymme t r ic p rof i le o ft h i sf e a tu r e c on t ra s t s m a rked ly w i th t h e p rof i le f r om t h e Q ua r r c hanne l c omp lex . T he B in s tead c hanne lh a s ag en t ly s l op ing ( 4 ° )w e s te r ly m a rg in a nd as t eepe r ( 9 ° ) e a s ter nm a rg in . F u r the rmo re t h e re i sa + lm d if e r ence i nt h er e l ief b e tw een t h ew e s ta nd e a s ter n i n te rf luve s . W i th a s i ng le t r an sec t i ti sn o t p o s s ib le t o a s s ign a ny m ean ingf u l o r ien ta t ion t ot h i s u n i t , h oweve r , a s sum ing t h i s c hanne l r e p re sen t s t h e s e awa rd e x ten s ion o ft h en o r th sou th h i n te r land c hanne la tB in s t ead as im i la r o r ien ta t ion i sa s s igned . T he s t ra t ig raphy o ft h e se p a la eochanne ls a nd t h ea d jacen t i n te rf luve s i s r e la t ive ly s imp le . Wh i l s t s amp le s w e r e n o t r e ta ined f o r a na ly s i s , i tw a s c l ea r t h a t s a ndy g rave l s , p r ima r i ly c ompo sed o f a ngu la r a nd s ub -angu la r f l in t s , w e r ep r e sen tb o th a tt h eb a sa l s e c t ion s o ft h ec hanne l a nd o n t h e i n te rf luve s . A l though i tw a s n o t p o s s ib le t ot r a ce t h e f u l l e x ten t o ft h i s u n i t t h e r e w ou ld a ppea r t o b e a n o bv iou s s t ra t ig r aph ica l c ompa r i son w i th t h e e x ten s ive
T he i n t e r f luve b e tween t h e se t wo c hanne l sh a sa na ve rage r e l ief o f3 m a bove t h e c hanne l b ed , ag en t ly u ndu la t ing s u rf a ce o f< 0 .5 m a nd ag en t le 0 . 7 ° i n c l ine t ot h e w e s t . T he t e r r a in t ot h ee a s ta nd w e s to ft h i sc hann e ls y s tem h a s
9 9
CO A STAL AR CHA EO LOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONM ENT : ASO L ENT C A SE S TUDY p l a teau a nd v a l ley g r ave l s a s soc ia ted w i th t h e p a la eo S o len t R ive r s y s t em ( f o r r e v iew s e e A l len a nd G ibba rd , 1 993 ) .O ve r ly ing t h e se c oa r se rs e quence so rd i rec t ly l y ing u pon t h e b ed rock s u rf ace a r a p id ly c oa r sen ing u pwa rd s e quen ce o ff i ne t om ed ium g r a ined s and sg r ade s i n to t h e d om inan t f a c ie s o ft h e s t ra t ig raphy -g r ey , b l u e -g r ey a nd o l ive -g reen s i l t s a nd s i l ty c l ay s . T h e se u n i t s d om ina te t h e u n con so l ida ted s t ra t ig raphy o fb o th t h e c hanne l s a nd t h e i n t e r f luve sr e a ch ing amax imum t h ickne s so f5 . 6m .W i th in i n d iv idua lc o r e s ,s ma l l sca le c oa r sen ing u pwa rd s equence s o ccu rg i v ing a ni r egu la rf l u c tua t ion b e tw een s i l td om inan t a nd c l ay d om inan t s equence s . C ompa r i son w i th t h e d e ta i led i n ve s t iga t ion so ft h eY a rmou th a nd R ane lagh s p i t c o r e sw ou ld s ugg e s t aw ide r a nge o fd epo s i t iona le ne rg ie s a nd f l ow r e g ime s .I ti sn o ta tp r e sen tp o s s ib le t od e te rm in e a c cu ra te ly am a r ine o rr i ve r ine o r ig in f o rt h e se s ed imen t s ( s ee d i scu s s ion s e c t ion 5 . 2 .9 ) . H oweve r , t h e d i a tom , m a c rof o s s i l a nd p o l len d a ta ( s ee s e c t ion s4 . 4 ,4 . 5 a nd 4 . 3 ) s ugge s t t h a t t h e d epo s i t s r e s t ing d i rec t ly o n t h e b ed rock s u r f a ce o ft h ei n t e rf luve sa r eo fb r a ck i sh o r ig in . W i th in t h i s s i l t a nd s i l ty c l ay s t ra t ig raphy t h e r e i s a p r onounced f l u c tu a t ion i nt h eo r gan ic c on ten to ft h e se u n i t s . T h e t h ick e r a c cumu la t ion s o ft h i s u n i t , p a r t icu la r ly w i th in t h e c hann e l s , a pp ea r t oh ave l ow o r n o o r gan ic c on t en t , e x cep t f o r o cca s iona l t h in ( 2 mm ) .T he t wo m a in mode sc o r r e spond w e l lw i th t wo o ft h ef ou rv a lu e sq uo ted b y T ubb s ( 1 980 ) f o r t h e S o len t a s aw ho le ( 1 6mm a nd 3 50µm ) . O dd ly , h oweve r , a l though f ou r o ft h e se c oa r se c u rve s a r e n ea r -con t iguou s s amp le s p a s s ing t h rough u n i t 2 0 a t1 0 .06 t o 1 0 .6 1m OD , a nd u n i t 2 1 a t1 0 .9 1 t o 1 1 .0 1m a nd 1 1 .0 1 t o1 1 .2 1m OD ( 1 1 .30 11 .85 , 1 2 .00 1 2 .10 , 1 2 .10 12 .20 a nd 1 2 .20 12 .30m c o re d ep th )t h ef i f th i sf r om 8m e t r e s n ea r e r t h e s u rf ace i nu n i t s 5 a a nd 6 a t 2 .11 t o2 .46m OD ( 3 .15 -3 .60m c o re d ep th ) .T h i sa ppea r s
T ab le 5 . 2 s how s t h e f u l l 1 00 g ra in s c an s o f t h e h eavy m ine ra l s . T he m a in s p ec ie s ( > 5% r e g i s te r ed i n a ny Y a rmou th c o r e c oun t ) a r e d i sp layed a s h i s tog ram s i n F i gu r e 5 . 17 . I ts hou ld b e n o ted t h a t s ome c oun t s h ave a s i g n if i can t ' u n id en t if i ed ' p ropo r t ion . T h i s a moun ted t o am ax imum o f2 5% i nu n i t 2 1 a t1 1 .0 1 t o1 1 .2 1m OD ( 1 2 .3 12 .5m c o r e d ep th ) , w he re t h e s amp le w a s o b ta in ed f r om t h et r an s i t ion t oB emb r idge ma r lb ed ro ck .T he r ew a s ag ene ra l t e nd ency f o r e x t r eme c o r ro s ion a mong s t t h e se m ine ra l s , a nd i d en t if i ca t ion w a so f ten d if i cu l t . Mo reove r , ac l ea rp a t te rn d oe s n o t e me rge o bv iou s ly f r om t h e d a ta . T he r e i s at e nd ency f o r t h e c oun t s t ob e h i gh e i the r i n z i r con o rt o u rma l ine ( bo th 7c oun t s o ve r2 0% ) . T he r e a r e a l so a noma lou s ly h i gh v a lue s o f o t h e r m ine ra l s s u ch a s
5 . 3 .2 T he r e su l t so ft h es ed imen ts t ud ie s 5 . 3 .2 .1
Y armou th We s tS p i t
1 06
CO ASTAL D YNAM ICS
M inera l
1 .50 -2 .70
3 . 15 -3 .65
3 .80-4 .50
9 .03 -9 .60
1 0 .00 10 .37
Z i rcon R u t i le A na tase B rook i te T i tan i te T ou rma l ine
2 9 .1 1 . 9 2 .9 1 . 9 0 .0 2 5 .2
1 0 .5 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .9 5 .3
2 2 .9 2 .8 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 2 5 .7
1 . 9 2 .8 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1 2 .0
9 .7 1 9 .4 3 .2 3 .2 0 .0 1 4 .5
A pa t i te Garne t S tau ro l i te K yan i te C lea r Amph ibo les G reen Amph ibo les B rown Amph ibo les C l inozo is i te E p ido te C h lo r i te B rown S p ine l C o rundum B io t i te G laucon i te B a r i te C o l lophane U nden t i f ied
0 .0 1 . 9 1 . 0 0 .0 2 .9 9 .7 0 .0 1 0 ,7 0 .0 1 . 9 0 .0 0 .0 1 . 0 0 .0 1 . 9 0 .0 7 .8
0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 3 .5 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 7 2 .8 0 .9 6 . 1
0 .0 2 .8 1 . 8 0 .9 2 .8 8 .3 0 .0 1 0 .1 2 .8 7 .3 0 .0 2 .8 0 .0 0 .9 0 .0 0 .0 8 .3
0 .0 2 .8 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1 4 .8 1 . 9 4 .6 0 .0 2 1 .3 0 .0 0 .0 1 .9 2 3 .1 0 .0 1 . 9 1 .1
0 .0 1 2 .9 0 .0 0 .0 3 .2 3 .2 0 .0 1 2 .9 1 . 6 1 . 6 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1 . 6 0 .0 0 .0 1 2 .9
1 0 .68 -10 .86
1 0 .86 -11 .00
1.25 -11 .30
1.30 -11 .85
1 2 .00 12 .10
5 6 .0 4 .0 1 . 0 1 . 0 0 .0 1 6 .0 0 .0 1 . 0 1 . 0 0 .0 1 . 0 3 .0 0 .0 8 .0 0 .0 2 .0 1 . 0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 5 .0
3 3 .3 1 0 .8 2 .2 0 .0 2 .2 1 5 .1 0 .0 7 .5 1 . 1 0 .0 0 .0 3 .2 1 . 1 4 .3 0 .0 2 .2 0 .0 1 . 1 0 .0 1 . 1 6 .5 0 .0 8 .6
3 7 .8 1 . 4 1 . 4 1 . 4 0 .0 1 4 .9 0 .0 9 .5 1 . 4 1 . 4 2 .7 4 . 1 0 .0 1 0 .8 0 .0 4 . 1 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 9 .5
1 4 .3 0 .0 0 .0 1 4 .3 0 .0 1 4 .3 0 .0 1 4 .3 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1 4 .3 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1 4 .3 0 .0 0 .0 1 4 .3
9 . 1 1 3 .6 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 3 1 .8 4 .5 9 . 1 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1 3 .6 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 9 . 1 0 .0 9 . 1
1 2 .10 12 .20
1 2 .20 -12 .30
1 2 .30 12 .50
1 2 .50 -12 .80
1 2 .80 13 .00
4 6 .4 3 .2 0 .8 0 .8 0 .8 2 0 .0 0 .8 3 .2 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .8 0 .0 8 .8 0 .8 0 .8 0 .0 0 .8 0 .0 0 .8 0 .0 0 .0 1 .2
6 3 .5 5 .8 0 .0 0 .0 1 . 0 1 3 .5 0 .0 1 . 9 1 . 0 1 . 9 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 3 .8 1 . 0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 6 .7
1 2 .5 6 .2 0 .0 3 . 1 0 .0 2 1 .9 0 .0 9 .4 3 . 1 0 .0 0 .0 6 .2 0 .0 6 .2 0 .0 3 . 1 0 .0 3 . 1 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 2 5 .0
9 . .6 3 .8 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 4 6 .2 0 .0 3 .8 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 5 . .8 1 . 9 3 .8 1 . 9 0 .0 0 .0 1 . 9 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 3 .8 1 7 .3
1 8 .9 5 .7 1 . 9 7 .5 0 .0 2 4 .5 0 .0 7 .5 1 . 9 0 .0 1 . 9 1 . 9 0 .0 3 .8 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 3 .8 0 .0 0 .0 1 .3 0 .0 9 .4
M inera l Z i rcon R u t i le A na tase B rook i te T i tan i te T ou rma l ine A pa t i te Ga rne t S tau ro l i te K yan i te C lea r Amph ibo les G reen Amph ibo les B rown Amph ibo les C l inozo is i te E p ido te C h lo r i te B rown S p ine l Co rundum B io t i te G laucon i te B a r i te Co l lophane U nden t i f ied M inera l Z i rcon R u t i le A na tase B rook i te T i tan i te T ou rma l ine A pa t i te Ga rne t S tau ro l i te K yan i te C lea r Amph ibo les G reen Amph ibo les B rown Amph ibo les C l inozo is i te E p ido te C h lo r i te B rown S p ine l C o rundum B io t i te G laucon i te B a r i te C o l lophane U nden t i f ied
T ab le 5 . 2 De tr i ta lh eavy m inera lp er cen tage sf rom t h e Y a rmou th c ore s amp le s . B a sed o nc oun t s o f1 00 t r ans lucen t g ra in s o n ly .
1 07
CO ASTAL AR CHAEOLOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONMENT : ASO LENT C ASE S TUDY
F igur e5 . 17 Ma in d e t r i ta lh eavy m ine ra l sf rom t h e Y a rmou th c or e .
1 08
CO A STAL D YNAM IC S Ma r l s ) a tY ave r land ( Wh i te 1 921 ; R ad ley 1 994 ) a nd b y i mp l ica t ion , c ou ld a l so o ccu r i nt h e c l if f s o fB r igh s tone B ay a nd o n t h e f l oo r o fF r e shwa te r B ay . H ow eve r , t h e r e a r e n o k nown o ccu r r en ce s i nt h e T e r t ia ry s e d imen t s o n t h e n o r th s i de o ft h e i s land ( B r ian D a ley , U n ive r s i ty o f P o r t smou th , p e r s . c omm . ) . E ven i fs u ch a n o ccu r rence c ou ld b e f ound , t h e h i gh c oncen t ra t ion a tt h i s d ep th a nd v i r tua l ly n owhe r ee l se i nt h ec o r ew ou ld b ee x t rao rd ina ry . B a r i te i su sua l ly t h ough tt ob eh yd ro the rma l i no r ig in b u t c an f o rm a u th igen ica l ly t h rough p r ec ip i ta t ion b ys u lpha te r i ch s e awa te r ( K i tano 1 975 ) , m ak ing t h e r e a c t ion h i gh ly r e dox sen s i t ive ( J ew e l l 1 994 ) . T he ga in s o b se rved a t Y a rmou th w e r en o to bv iou s ly a u th igen ic ;t h ey s howed t h e s i gn s o fp i t t ing a nd w ea r u sua l ly a s soc ia ted w i th d e t r i ta l m a te r ia l . B a r i te i sn ow b ecom ing i n c r ea s ing ly c ommon i nm a r ine a nd s ho re l ine m in e ra l s u i te s d u e t oi t s u se i n h eavy d r i l l ing mud s b y t h e o i l i n du s t ry ( Ro thwe l l 1 989 ) . T h i s s ou r ce w ou ld n o t , h oweve r , b e e xpec ted t op rodu ce s u ch h i gh c on cen t ra t ion s s o f a r f r om d r i l l ing s i te s . T he p o s s ib i l i ty o f h uman d epo s i t ion i se qua l ly p rob lema t ic , s i nce b a r i te i so n ly o fm a rg ina l u se f o r af ew i n du s t r ia l p u rpo se ss u ch a sp a in t -f i l le r s( F e l le r 1 986 ) .
g l au con i te a nd c h lo r i te i nu n i t 1 5 a t7 .96 t o8 .53m OD ( 9 .03 -9 .60m c o re d ep th ) . T he se v a lu e s , a nd t h a tf o rb a r i te i nu n i t s5 7a t2 .11 t o2 .51m OD ( 3 . 15 -3 .65m c o r ed ep th ) r e nde rt h em ean ing d oub tf u l .I mpo r tan t ly ,t h ep a t te rn st h a t d oe x is tf a i lt oc o r r e la te w i th t h em o r es t r ik ing p a r t ic le s i ze d if e rence s n o ted a bove . T he t h ree d eep c oa r se s amp le s f r om u n i t2 1 a t10 .9 1 t o1 1 .0 1m , 1 1 .0 1 t o1 1 .11m a nd 1 1 .11 t o 1 1 .21m OD ( 1 2 .00 12 .10 , 1 2 .10 12 .20 a nd 1 2 .20 12 .30m c o re d ep th ) , f o re xamp le , c on ta in b o th l ow a nd v e ry h i gh z i rcon v a lu e s . N o t o n ly a r e t h ey d if e r en t f r om e ach o t he r ,b u tt h e i rm ine ra lc on ten t sa r ea l so n o th ing l i ke t h e o t h e rt wo c oa r se c u rve s f r om u n i t s 5 7 a t2 .11m t o2 .51m OD a nd u n i t2 0a t1 0 .06 t o1 0 .6 1m OD ( 3 .15 3 . 65 a nd 1 .30 11 .85 c o r ed ep th ) . O ve ra l l ,t h eh eavy m ine ra l sa nd p a r t ic le s i ze r e su l t ss ugg e s t r i ve r o r e s tua r ine d epo s i t ion v a ry ing i nf l ow speed ( du e p e rhap st oc hange si nc ou r se )a nd p e r iod ica l ly u nd e rgo ing h i ghe r e n e rgy d epo s i t ion w i th t h e b u i ld -up o f c oa s ta l s and s . L a ck o f d ef in i t ion a mong s t t h e h eavy m ine ra l s p o in t s t ot h e i r h av ing c ome f r om as im i la r s ou r ce a r ea , p r e sumab ly t h ec ou r se o ft h e We s te rn Y a ra nd t h eT e r t ia ry b ed so fa lt h es u r round ing c oa s t l in e s .T he se a r et h em se lve s c ompo sed o f at r ipa r t i te m ix o ft h ree m a jo r P a la eogen e d e t r i ta l i n f lu ence s ( Mo r ton 1 982 ) , l e ad ing i n ev i tab ly t o t h e c on c lu s ion t h a t c oa s ta l a nd a luv ia l s e d imen t s a r e n o t g o ing t ob em ine ra log ica l ly d i s t ingu i shab le .
5 . 3 .2 .2
R ane lagh S p i t
F i gu r e 5 . 18 s how s t h e f u l l s e t o fp a r t ic le s i ze a na ly se s f o r t h e R ane lagh c o re ( B ) . T he t wo s t ony d epo s i t s f r om 1 . 74 t o 1 . 65m OD a nd 1 . 65 t o 1 . 57m OD ( 0 .00 -0 .09 a nd 0 . 09 -0 .17m c o r ed ep th )a r ea f ec ted b yt h ec oa r se mode rn s e d imen ta t ion o ccu r r ing o n t h e s p i t . T he o t he rt wo s a ndy s amp le s , f r om 3 .18 t o3 .53m OD ( 5 .17 -5 .47 a nd 5 . 46 -
T he h i gh v a lue s f o r b a r i te i nu n i t s 5 7 a t2 .11 t o2 .51m OD ( 3 . 15 -3 .65m c o re d ep th ) a r e u nu sua l . T h i s m ine ra l i s k nown f r om t h e We s sex f o rma t ion ( f o rme r ly t h e Wea lden
P ar t ic le s i ze a na lys is
5
1 00
2
2
3
4
5
9
6
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9 0
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7 0
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2 .00 -3 .00m
7 77
1 . 09 -1 .23m
6 0
1 . 00 -1 0 9m
5 0
0 . 17 -0 .33m 1 . 23 -2 .00m 0 . 33 -1 .00m
4 0
4 .00 -4 .14m
L I
4 . 52 -5 .00m 3 0
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4
2 0
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1 0 r t .
5 . 47 -5 .58m
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0 .09 -0 .17m c o 0
c oc . n
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F igu r e5 . 18 P a r t i c le s i ze c urve sf o ra l lt h eR ane lagh s amp l e s .
1 09
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D ia me ter ( d)
CO A STAL AR CHAEOLOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONMENT : ASO LENT C ASE S T UDY
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F igur e5 . 19 T he m a in p e r cen tage so fh eavy m inera l sf rom t h eR ane lagh c or e . B a sed o n c oun t so f1 00 t r an s lucen tg ra in so n ly .
CO A STAL D YNAM ICS
F igure 5 . 20 T he m a in p e r cen tage s o fh eavy m inera l sf rom t h eR ane lagh c or e . B a sed o nc oun t s o f1 00 t r an s lucen tg ra in s o n ly .
1 1
CO ASTAL AR CHAEOLOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONMENT : ASO LENT C ASE S TUDY M inera l Z i rcon R u t i le A na tase B rook i te T i tan i te T ou rma l ine A pa t i te G a rne t S tau ro l i te K yan i te O r thopy roxenes C lea r Amph ibo les G reen Amph ibo les B rown Amph ibo les C l inozo is i te E p ido te C h lo r i te C h lo r i to id C o rundum B io t i te G laucon i te B a r i te F l uo r i te U nden t i f ied M inera l Z i rcon R u t i le A na tase B rook i te T i tan i te T ou rma l ine A pa t i te G a rne t S tau ro l i te K yan i te O r thopy roxenes C lea r Amph ibo les G reen Amph ibo les B rown Amph ibo les C l inozo is i te E p ido te C h lo r i te C h lo r i to id C o rundum B io t i te G laucon i te B a r i te F l uo r i te U n iden t if ied M inera l Z i rcon R u t i le A na tase B rook i te T i tan i te T ou rma l ine A pa t i te G a rne t S tau ro l i te K yan i te O r thopy roxenes C lea r Amph ibo les G reen Amph ibo les B rown Amph ibo les C l inozo is i te E p ido te C h lo r i te C h lo r i to id C o rundum B io t i te G laucon i te B a r i te F l uo r i te U nden t i f ied M inera l Z i rcon R u t i le A na tase B rook i te T i tan i te T ou rma l ine A pa t i te G a rne t S tau ro l i te K yan i te O r thopy roxenes C lea r Amph ibo les G reen Amph ibo les B rown Amph ibo les C l inozo is i te E p ido te C h lo r i te C h lo r i to id C o rundum B io t i te G laucon i te B a r i te F l uo r i te U n iden t if ied
0 . 00 -0 .09
0 . 09-0 .17
0 . 17 -0 .33
0 .33 -1 .00
1 . 00 1 .09
1 4 .4 5 . 1 0 . 8 1 . 7 0 .0 1 3 .6 0 .0 1 . 7 0 .0 0 . 0 0 . 0 1 . 7 1 6 .9 1 . 7 1 6 .1 0 . 8 6 . 8 0 . 0 4 . 2 0 . 0 0 . 8 1 . 7 0 . 8 1 .0
9 . 1 3 . 6 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 1 7 .3 0 . 0 2 .7 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 .0 4 .5 1 .8 0 . 0 2 6 .4 1 . 8 1 .8 0 . 0 4 .5 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 6 .4
1 2 .6 5 . 3 1 . 1 5 . 3 0 .0 1 .6 1 . 1 7 . 4 0 .0 0 . 0 0 .0 1 . 1 7 . 4 1 . 1 3 0 .5 0 . 0 3 . 2 2 . 1 2 . 1 1 . 1 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 7 .4
1 3 .7 1 . 7 0 . 0 0 . 9 1 . 7 1 9 .7 0 .9 0 .9 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 9 1 2 .8 0 .0 1 6 .2 2 .6 1 3 .7 0 .0 3 . 4 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1 .1
5 . 4 3 . 6 2 . 7 1 . 8 0 . 0 1 7 .1 0 . 0 7 . 2 0 . 0 0 . 9 0 . 0 0 . 9 1 4 .4 0 . 0 2 0 .7 4 . 5 6 . 3 0 . 0 3 . 6 0 . 0 0 . 9 0 . 0 0 . 0 9 . 9
1 . 09 -1 .23
1 . 23 -2 .00
2 .00 -3 .00
3 . 00 -3 .24
3 .24 -3 .65
3 . 0 4 .0 4 .0 2 . 0 1 . 0 1 5 .2 0 . 0 5 . 1 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 2 1 .2 0 . 0 2 1 .2 2 . 0 1 2 .1 0 .0 0 .0 2 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 .0 7 . 1
6 .2 1 . 8 0 . 9 1 . 8 0 . 0 2 3 .0 0 . 0 7 . 1 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 9 2 2 .1 0 . 0 1 3 .3 2 . 7 7 . 1 0 .0 2 .7 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 . 0 1 0 .6
7 .4 5 . 9 0 .7 1 . 5 0 .0 1 4 .8 0 .0 5 . 2 0 .0 0 . 0 0 .0 3 . 7 2 3 .7 0 . 0 1 4 .1 0 .7 1 .1 0 .0 1 . 5 0 .7 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 8 .9
1 6 .2 5 . 7 1 . 0 1 . 0 1 . 9 2 5 .7 0 . 0 4 .8 1 . 9 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 1 2 .4 0 .0 1 4 .3 1 . 9 3 . 8 0 .0 5 . 7 0 . 0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 5 . 7
9 . 2 8 . 3 1 . 7 1 . 7 0 . 8 1 5 .0 0 . 0 4 . 2 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 8 1 5 .0 0 .0 2 5 .0 0 . 8 9 . 2 0 .0 2 .5 0 . 0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 5 . 8
3 . 65 -3 .84
3 . 84 -4 .00
4 .00-4 .14
4 . 14 -4 .23
4 .23 -4 .52
3 5 .3 3 . 5 1 . 2 0 .0 0 .0 5 . 9 0 .0 3 . 5 0 .0 0 . 0 1 . 2 2 . 4 1 2 .9 0 . 0 2 1 .2 2 .4 3 . 5 0 . 0 2 . 4 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 4 .7
8 . 4 3 . 7 0 .0 0 .9 0 .0 1 2 .2 0 .0 5 . 6 0 .0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 .9 2 3 .4 1 . 9 1 9 .6 1 . 9 1 5 .0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 6 .5
1 2 .6 7 .6 1 . 7 1 . 7 0 .8 1 6 .0 0 .0 9 .2 0 .8 0 .0 0 .0 1 . 7 1 5 .1 0 .0 8 .4 0 .8 4 .2 0 .0 3 . 4 0 .8 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1 5 .1
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T ab le 5 . 3D e t r i ta lh eavy m inera lp er cen tag e sf rom t h eR ane lagh c or es amp le s . B a sed o nc oun t s o f1 00 t r an s lucen tg ra in s o n ly .
CO A STAL D YNAM IC S 5 . 58m c o r ed ep th )a r ea tt h ej unc t ion b e tw een t h es ed imen t s a nd t h e u nde r ly ing O l igocene b ed s . I ti sn o t o bv iou s t o w h ich g roup t h e se s hou ld b e long . T h e r ema inde r o ft h e c u rve s l a rg e ly f i ti n to t wo b road g r oup ing s . T he se a r e a h i gh s i l tg r oup ( s teep f r om 2 0 -3µm )a nd ah i gh c l ay g r oup ( s ha l low e r s l ope , 3 6 -70% c l ay ) . T he r e a r e g ood p a ra l le l s h e r e w i th t h e s i ng le h igh s i l t u n i t a tY a rmou th ( F ig . 5 . 16 , 6 . 38 -6 .50 )a sw e l la st h em o re g en t ly s l oped g roup ing . T he h eavy m ine ra ls can s( 1 00 t r an s lu cen t ga in s )a ppea ri n f u l lo nT ab le 5 . 3a nd a r es umma r i sed f o rt h em a jo rm ine ra l s ( > 5% i na ny o ft h eR ane lagh s amp le s )o nF igu r e s5 . 19 a nd 5 . 20 . T h e r e a r e af ew c a se s w he r e s ome i n te r -h i s tog ram s im i la r i t ie s o ccu r b u t a pa r t f r om t h i s , t h e r e s e em s t ob e n op a t te rn i nt h ed a ta a ta l . F u r the rmo r e ,w ha ts im i la r i t ie s t h e re a r ed on o tr e inf o r ce t h ea ppa r en tg r oup ing s d edu ced f r om t h ep a r t ic le s ize . 5 . 3 .2 .3
S ummary o ft h es ed imen ta na ly s i s
T he r e su l t s f r om t h e R ane lagh c o r e a r e i nm any w ay s s im i la r t ot h o se a tY a rmou th . T he p a r t ic le s iz e g roup ing s a r e s im i la r , a si st h e l a ck o fd ef in i t ion a mong s tt h eh eavy m ine ra l s . I n b o th c a se s , t h e m a in g r oup o f f i ne s i l ty s e d imen t s p r obab ly r e f lec t t h e a ve rage o f t h e u p s lope s ou r ce l i t ho log ie s ,a f te ri th a su nde rgone s ome s o r t ing d ue t o f l ow speed v a r ia t ion . T he c oa r se r s a nd s a nd g r ave l s m u s t i n d ica te h i gh e ne rgy c oa s ta l d epo s i t ion a l though , i nt h e c a se o ft h e Y a rmou th c o re , t h em ode s m ay w e l l b e i n he r i ted f r om t h e O l igocene p a r en t m a te r ia l s . T he w e l l s o r ted s i l t s s ugge s t w ind -b lown m a te r ia l , b u tt h e e x i s t ing 1 " Cd a te s f r om t h e c o r e s m ake t h i s v e ry u n l ike ly . E ven a ta r ound 1 0m d ep th , t h e d a te i n d ica ted a tY a rmou th i s o n ly 7 230 B P . P re sumab ly , t h e e x t ra s i l t ine s s r e p r e sen t s b r ief p e r iod sw hen e xcep t iona l ly s i l t r ich b ed sw e re b e ing f r e sh ly c u tb yt h er i ve ra nd /o rm a r in ea c t ion .
F i res tone C opse
T he d eg r ee o fd ef in i t ion o b ta inab le f r om t h ec o r e sb yt h e se a na ly t ica l m e thod s i sn o t c l ea r e nough t ob e o fv a lue i n u nde r s tand ing t h e Woo t tonQua r r B each s e d imen t s . I ti s u nf o r tuna t e ( b u t w i th h i nd s igh t p e rhap s n o t s u rp r i s ing ) t h a tn os i gna tu re h a se me rged w h ich c l ea r ly d i s t ingu i she s m a r ine a nd r i ve r ine s ed imen ta t ion . 5 . 4 T he c r eek h ead e nv ironmen t : a n i n troduc t ion t o t h eF ir e s tone C op se c a t chmen t R ob S ca if e T he u ppe r r e a che s o ft h e B la ckb r idge B rook a t Woo t ton e ncompa s s t h e a r ea o fF i r e s tone C op se ( SZ 5 4 9 1 , F ig . 5 . 2 1) . T h i s a r ea o ft h e i n te r f luve h a s l o ng b een k nown a s a n a r ea o fp o s s ib le a nc ien t w ood land w i th e v idence o fc opp ice m anagemen t ( s ee P ope C hap te r 3 )w h ich h a s b een m a in ta ined f o r s ome h und r ed s o fy ea r s . T he s t r eam o f B la ckb r idg e B rook r unn ing t h rough t h i s e xpan se o f w ood land l i nk s t h e c oa s ta l r e g ion o f t h e Woo t tonQ ua r r s t udy a r ea w i th t h e h i n te r land z one ( s ec t ion 2 . 2 ) . H e r e , s t rong e v idence o fp r eh i s to r ic a c t iv i ty h a s r e cen t ly b een d i scove r ed ( s ee s e c t ion 7 . 2 ) a nd l a te r mona s t ic i n f luen ce sa r ee v iden t .A s soc ia ted w i th t h e s t r eam , w h ich s i t s i n ab r oad a l luv ia l f l oodp la in , i s ad eep s equence
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F igu r e5 . 21 L oca t ion o ft h eF i r e s tone V a l ley f l oodp la in a nd c or e2 3038 .
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F igur e5 . 22 C r o s sp rof i l eo ft h eF i r e s tone V a l ley f l oodp la in ( h or i zon ta la x i sn o tt os ca le ) . F or k ey s ee f igu r e2 . 10 o f p r edom inan t ly m ine rog en ic s ed imen t s c omp r i s ing mud s , s a nd s a nd g r ave l s ( F ig . 5 . 22 ) . Wh i l s t t h e p r e sen t e co logy r e f le c t s ap a r t ia l ly s a l ine e nv i ronmen tw i th p l an t s s u ch a sS a l ico rn ia a nd h a lophy t ic g r a s se s ( Leymu s ) , t h e e mpondmen tb yt h em onk so fQ ua r rA bbey w a sr e spon s ib le f o r c r ea t ion o f af r e shwa te r l a ke d u r ing t h e 1 2 th c en tu ry . T he l i t ho s t ra t ig raphy o ft h es i te w a s ,t h e r ef o r e ,c on s ide red t ob e a n i mpo r tan t m ed ian , e co tona l z one l y ing b e tween t h e c oa s ta l m a r ine h ab i ta t a nd t h e h i n te r land a r ea . T he s ed imen t a r ch ive o f t h i s p a laeova l ley t h u s r e f lec t s t h e c omp lex i n te ra c t ion o f p roce s se s r e su l t ing i n s e d imen t s a c c ru ing f r om e r o s ion o ft h e h i n te r land r i ve r i n te rf luve s a nd t h o se s ed imen t s w h ich w e re t r an spo r ted u nde r m a r ine a nd b r a ck i sh w a te r c ond i t ion s f r om t h e e s tua r ine a nd p e r ima r ine z one t o t h e n o r th . S u ch c omp lex i ty o f s ed imen ta t ion p o se s s ub s tan t ia l p rob lem s o ft a phonomy a nd i n te rp r e ta t ion o f e nv i ronmen ta l d a ta . H ow eve r , t h e s e d imen t s o fF i r e s tone C op se w e re c on s id e red i mpo r tan t e nough t o w a r ran t a n i n te rd i sc ip l ina ry e nv i ronmen ta l a pp roa ch w h ich c omb ined s t ud ie s o fp o l len t o e xam ine v ege ta t iona l e co log ica l c hange s ( S ca if e s e c t ion 5 . 4 .1) , d i a tom s t o a s ce r ta in s a l in i ty c hange s ( Came ron s e c t ion 5 . 4 .3 ) a nd s e d imen to log ica l a na ly s i s w h ich m igh t c ha ra c t e r i se t h e s ed imen t s a nd c o r robo ra te o t he rf i nd ing s ( Dean s e c t ion 5 . 4 .2 ) . C ro s s p rof i l ing o f t h e f l oodp la in r e vea led am ax imum t h ickne s so f6 . 76m o fs ed imen tw i th o cca s iona lp ea th o r izon s( F ig . 5 . 22 ) . A3 . 7m s e qu ence h a s b een e xam ined f o r p o l len / spo r e s , d i a tom s a nd g ene ra l s ed imen to logy ( c o re 2 3038 ) .
c o r eh a sb een u t i l i sed f o rs ed imen to log ica la na ly s i s( Dean s e c t ion 5 . 4 .2 )a nd d i a tom s t ud ie s( Came ron s e c t ion 5 . 4 .3 ) . S t ra t igaphy D ep th c m T op o fc o re 2 3038 a t+ 1 .90m OD ( SZ 5127 9 0972 ) 0-1 6 P redom inan t ly mod er n monoco ty ledonou s r oo t si nb rown ,o rgan ic m ud . 1 6 -3 0 Monoco ty ledonou s r o o t s g r ad ing f r om b rown o rgan ic t od a rk g r ey s ed imen t s . 3 0 -5 0 V e ry d a rk g r ey t o b l a ck r e duced s i l t w i th s ome f i ne r o o t s . 5 0 -8 0 B uf f a nd d a rk g r ey m o t t led s i l t a nd c l ay w i th o cca s iona lr oo t s . 8 0 -1 00 D a rk g r ey /b lack r e duced ?s i l t s . 1 00 -1 92 H omogeneou s g r ey s i l t / c lay c on ta in ing t h e m o l lu sc H y rob ia s p . a nd i mma tu r e c ock le s h e l l s . 2 24 -2 28 F i ne r oo t le t s ;s u rf a ce? 1 92 -2 50 H omogeneou sg r ey f i n es i l t /c lay . 2 50 -2 57 H omogeneou sp a le g r ey c l ay . 2 57 -2 63 G radua lt r an s i t ion f r om b l a ck /da rk g r ey s i l t s t op a le g r ey s i l t . 2 63 -34 V e ry d a rk g r ey /b la ck s i l t . H igh ly r e du ced . C on ta in ing t h e mo l lu sc H yd rob ia . 34 O rgan ic i nf i ne g rave la tb a se . 34 -3 64 G r ey m ed ium a nd f i n e s i l t s w i th s ome m onoco ty ledonou sr o o t le t s . 3 64 -3 70 B a sa lg r ave lw i th w ood f r agmen t s( 3 68 -370 c m )
5 . 4 .1 F i re s tone C op se :p o l len a na ly s i sa nd s t ra t igraphy R ob S ca if e
P o l len b i o s t ra t igraphy /zona t ion ( F ig . 5 . 23 )
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N o t u nexpec ted ly , p o l len w a s s pa r se i n t h e se h i gh ly m ine rog en ic s ed imen t s . P o l len d a ta a r e p r e sen ted h e r e i nd i ag ram f o rm ( F ig . 5 . 23 ) w i th f ou r p o l len a s semb lage z one s h av ing b een r e cogn i sed a nd d e sc r ibed . T he s ame
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h i ghe s t v a lue s o f C or y lu s a ve l lana t y pe p r e sen t ( 34% ) . A lso n o ted a r e B e tu la , P inu s , T i l ia , F rax inu s , C a rp inu s , F agu s a nd A lnu s . H e rb s a r e d om ina ted b y C henopod ium t y pe ( i nc rea s ing t o t h e t o p o f t h e z one ) a nd P oaceae ( 2 0% ) . We t land t y pe s i n c lude P o tamoge ton /T r ig loch in t y pe , T ypha a ngu s t if o l ia t y pe a nd C ype ra ceae ( t o 1 6% ) . O fn o te a r et h eh ighe s tv a lue so fp r e Q ua te rna ry p a lynomo rph s .P ed ia s t rum p eak st o3 0% .
1 . p .a .z . F IR :4 5 0 -2 0 c m . T he t wo l e ve l s o f t h is u ppe rmo s t a s semb lage z one a r ec ha rac te r ised b y as ub s tan t ia l e xpan s ion o f P inu s ( t o 3 0% ) a nd l a rge g r a in s o fP oa cea e ( >50u ) . A l so n o ted a r e P icea , J ug /an s a nd a s ma l l i n c r ea se i n U lmu s . Q uer cu s a l so r ema in s r e la t ive ly i mpo r tan t ( 20 -30% ) . H ighe r v a lue s o f P o tamoge ton /T r ig loch in ( 10% )a nd N upha ra r en o ted . I nf erred V ege ta t iona l H i s tory
1 . p .a .z . F IR :2 3 30 -2 10 c m Q ue rcu s -Cory lu s a ve l lana t ype L ac tucae -Poaceae . T he b a se o ft h i s z one c o r re spond s w i th t h e a nox ic ( r educed ) b l ack s i l t s . P a lyno log ica l ly i ti sd e l im i ted a t t h e b a se b y r e duced p e r cen tage s o f G ory /u s a ve l lana t y pe , t o h a lf o fp r ev iou sv a lues , T i l ia ( 9 ) s i l ica d i s so lu t ion i sr a p id a nd e ven i nl o ca t ion s b e low t h is p H , s i l ica d i s so lu t ion o c cu r s g r adua l ly . T he l i ke l ihood o f a l k a l ine c ond i t ion s i s , f o r e xamp le , i n d ica ted b y t h e s u rv iva l o f( w e l l p r e se rved ? ) mo l lu scan r ema in sa t c1 00 -2 28cm .T h i ss a id ,c a lca r eou s f o s s i l s a nd d i a tom s a r e o f ten f ound t ob e w e l l p r e se rved i n t h e s ame c on tex t s . I ti sa l so p o s s ib le t h a t i n o rgan ic s ed imen t sw e r ea ccumu la t ing r a p id ly a nd t h i sh a sr e su l ted i n a' d i lu t ion 'o fd i a tom v a lve s . H oweve r , a s ar e su l t o f t h e l ow c oncen t ra t ion , p oo r p r e se rva t ion a nd l ow s p ec ie sd i ve r s i ty n one o ft h es amp le s e xam ined h ave f u r the rp o ten t ia lf o rd i a tom a na ly s i s . 5 . 4 .4
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A t t h e s t a r t o f t h i s p ro jec t , l i t t le w a s k nown a bou t t h e c ha rac te r o ft h e c r eek h ead . E xam ina t ion o fS u s sex r i ve r v a l ley s h a s d emon s t ra ted v e ry s ub s tan t ia l t h ickn e s se s o f v a l ley s ed imen t f i l l s r e su l t ing f r om p r eh i s to r ic a c t iv i ty a nd s o i l m ob i l i sa t ion ( Bu r in a nd S ca if e 1 984 ) . R e sea r ch q ue s t ion s s u gg e s ted t h e p o ss ib i l i ty o fm a r ine o rb r a ck i sh w a te ri n f lu ence su pi nt h eh ead o ft h eF i r e s tone c a t chmen t a l ong d eep ly i n c i sed p a laeochann e l s a nd ' c logg ing ' o f t h eu ppe rv a l ley b y s ed imen t s d e r iv ed f r om t h et e r r e s t r ia l z one r e su l t ing f r om w ood land c l ea ran ce a nd a g r icu l tu r e . S t ra t igaph i ca l , s ed imen to log ica l a nd p a laeoeco log ica l a na ly se s u nd e r taken i lu s t ra te t h e i mpo r tance o f t h i s v a l ley t ot h er e con s t ru c t ion o ft h ep a laeogeog raphy o ft h e Woo t ton v a l ley .
A d i a tom a s se s smen t w a s c a r r ied o u t o n 3 s e d imen t s amp le s f r om F i r e s tone C op se . T he p u rpo se o f t h e a s se s smen tw a st od e te rm ine , f o re a ch s amp le , i fd i a tom s w e r e p r e sen t o r a b sen t , d i a tom v a lve c on cen t ra t ion s , t h e i r s t a te o fp r e se rva t ion a nd t h e d i ve r s i ty o ft a xa . A n i n d ica t ion o f t h e r a nge o f s p ec ie s s a l in i ty p r ef e rence s a nd t h e p o ten t ia l o f a s semb lage s f o r p e r cen tage d i a tom c oun t ing i sg i ven w he r ep o s s ib le . I mmed ia te ly f o l low ing t h e a s se s smen t s t ag e i t w a s i n tended t oc a r ry o u t d e ta i led d i a tom a na ly s i s a sp a r t o f t h e Woo t tonQua r r I n te r t ida l S u rvey . H ow eve r , t h i s w a s n o tp o s s ib le a st h er e su l t so ft h i sa s se s smen ti n d ica te .
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T ab l e5 . 4 F i r e s tone V a l ley d i a tom a na ly s i s . I n de t . -i n d e t e rm ina te ; b-b r a ck i sh w a te rs p ec ie s ; m -m a r ine s p ec ie s ; a-a e roph i lou s s p ec ie s .A l l i d en t i f ica t ion s i nt h e s p ec ie sl i s tw e r eo fs i ng le d i a tom f r agmen t su n le s si n d ica ted b y an umbe rw i th t h es p ec ie sn ame .
t h roughou t . G ra in s i ze a na ly s i s ( Dean s e c t ion 5 . 4 .2 ) i n d ica t e s c yc le so fc oa r sen ing /f in ing s e d imen t s i n d ica t ing f l uc tua t ing h yd rodynam ic s c on sequ en t u pon s e a leve l c hange . P o l len a na ly s i s s how s t h a t s a l t m a r sh a nd mud f l a t sh ad d eve loped a l ong t h ev a l ley ( S ca if es e c t ion 5 . 4 .1) . T he p r of i le s e lec ted c on ta in s t h r ee h o r izon s ( p a r t icu la r ly 3 . 24 -2 .63m ) o fd a rk /b la ck r e du ced s e d imen t s f o rmed i n a n a nox ic e nv i ronmen t . I ti ss ugge s ted t h a t t h e se f o rmed d u r ing am ud f l a t s t age o rt h rough p ond ing b ack o ft h e c r eek d ue t o r i s ing s e a leve l o f t h e h eadwa te r s g i v ing
s t agnan tw a te rc ond i t ion so rf r om t h ec r ea t ion o f ac oa s ta l b a r r ie rb a ro rs p i t . R ane lagh S p i tm ay b ee v id ence o ft h i s . H ow eve r ,t h el a t te rs e em sl e s sp l au s ib le s i n ce i ti sa s sumed t h a tr i ve r sd r a in ing t h ec a tchmen tw ou ld n eed t oe x i tt ot h e s e a .T he l ow e ra nox ic l a ye r( 3 .24 -2 .63m )i st h u sl i ke ly t ob e f r om n a tu ra l c au sa t ion . H ow eve r , at h inne ru ppe rh o r izon a t5 0 -30 c m i sa tr ibu tab le t ot h e l a te h i s to r ic p e r iod a nd i sp o s s ib ly d ue t ot h ee mpondmen tb yt h e monk so fQ ua r r a nd e s tab l i shmen t o ft h e t i de m i l l . B y a na logy , t h e l owe r t h icke r ,a nox ic s e qu en ce s ugge s t s al o nge rp ha se a nd m o r e s eve re r e du c ing h ab i ta t .
1 23
CO A STAL AR CHA EO LOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONMENT : ASO LENT C A SE S TUDY T he t h ickne s s o f s ed imen t f i l l ing t h i s v a l ley mu s t b e c on s id e r ed f r om a p a laeogeomo rpho log ica l v i ew s i nce d u r ing t h e l a te p r eh i s to r ic p e r iod t h e v a l ley w ou ld h ave a ppea r ed m u ch m o r e d eep ly i n c i sed a nd r e la t ive t o pog raphy w ou ld h ave b een s ub s tan t ia l ly g r ea te r . T h i s m ay h ave h ad i mp l ica t ion s f o r h uman o ccupa t ion a nd u t i l i sa t ion o ft h ev a l ley . P a la eoeco log ica l e v idence f r om t h e i n te rf luve s a bove t h e
c ommun i t ie s a nd l i t ho s t ra t ig raphy . I ti su nf o r tuna t e t h a t t h e se h i gh ly m ine rogen ic s ed imen t s w e r e n o t s u i ted t o r a d ioca rbon d a t ing b ecau se o fl a ck o fo r gan ic c on ten ta nd h i gh a l ka l in i ty . S ummary T he s equ ence o fe ven t sp o s tu la ted f o rt h eF i r e s tone v a l ley i ss umma r i sed a sf o l low s :
F i re s tone v a l ley ( p o l len a nd mo l lu sca , s ee s e c t ion s 6 . 2 a nd 6 . 3 ) h a s d emon s t ra ted w ood land c l ea rance b a ck t o t h eN eo l i th ic a nd e s pec ia l ly d u r ing t h ee a r ly B ronze A ge . T h i sc l ea rance i n s t iga ted s l ope i n s tab i l i ty a nd c o l luv ia t ion . Much o ft h e e r od ed s o i l r ema in s a sc o l luv ium l o cked i n v a l ley b o t tom s , e s pec ia l ly o n t h e c ha lk . O ve r land f l ow , r i l l a nd g u l ly ing w ou ld h ave t r an sf e r r ed ap ropo r t ion o f t h i sm a te r ia l i n to t h e f l uv ia l s y s tem ,t r an spo r t ing m a te r ia l l owe r d own t h e c a tchmen t . P o l len a nd s t ra t ig raph ica l d a ta i l u s t ra te t h a tt h e b u lk o ft h e s e d imen t s a r e l a rge ly a r e spon se t oc hang ing s e a leve l . D ean , h oweve r , ( s ec t ion 5 . 4 .2 ) n o te s t h e p o s s ib i l i ty o f s o i l s e r oded f r om t h e i n te r f luve s . P a lyno log ica l d a ta c l ea r ly s how a r a nge o f t a phonomy a nd e co log ica lr e g ime s ,t h u sc o r robo ra t ing t h e s ed imen to log ica la na ly s i s( S ca if es e c t ion 5 . 4 .1) . T h roughou t t h e p ro f i le t h e r e i s s t rong i n d ica t ion o f h a lophy t ic c ommun i t ie s b u t t h i s o ccu r s mo s t s t rong ly i n t h e l ow e r h a lf o f t h e p rof i le ( 2 .0m d ownwa rd s ) . T he s ub s tan t ia l v a lu e s o f C henopod ia ceae i n d ica te a u toch thonou s s a l t m a r sh a nd mud f l a t . P rox im i ty o f w ood land o nt h en ea rv a l ley s i d e s , a ss ugge s ted b y D ean ( s ec t ion 5 . 4 .2 ) , w a s d om ina ted b y Q ue r cu s w i th C ory lu s a ve l lana , w i th T i l ia a nd F rax inu s d u r ing t h e e a r l ie r p e r iod so fs ed imen ta c c r e t ion .T h i sc an b ec o r r e la ted w i th d a ta o b ta ined f r om N ewnham F a rm M i r e ( s ec t ion 6 . 3 .1) w h ich s im i la r ly s ugg e s t s o ak -haz e l m anaged w ood land . H oweve r , a n a dd i t iona l e l emen t i ss e en i n t h e p o l len c omp r i s ing s ub s tan t ia l n umbe r s /pe r cen tage s o f p o l len t y pe s w h ich m ay h ave b een f l uv ia l ly t r an spo r ted f r om h i n te r land s ou r ce s . P t e r id ium a qu i l inum , L ac tu co ideae a nd p r e -Qua te rna ry p a lynomo rph s a r e s i gn if ican t . T he l a t te rd e r ive f r om e r oded b ed rock a nd s o i lw h ich h a sb een t r an spo r ted f r om t h e h i n te r land , a l though t h e r e i sa l so s ome p o s s ib i l i ty o fp a lynomo rph s i nm a r ine s e d imen t s . T he f o rme r , L a c tu co ideae a nd P t e r id ium a r e i n d ica t ive o f e r o s ion o fh i n te r land s o i l s c on ta in ing p o l len . T he se t y pe s h ave r obu s t e x ine s a nd a r e t hu s r e s i s tan t t op oo r p o l len p r e se rv ing e nv i ronmen t s a nd a r e o f t en o ve r rep r e sen ted i nf l uv ia t i le s ed imen t s ( P eck 1 973 ) . P o l len e v id ence a l so c l ea r ly s how s a r ab le a nd p a s to ra l a g r icu l tu re . I th a s n o t b een p o s s ib le t o d e f ine s p ec if i c g eog raph ica l a r ea s b u t w h i le t h ey m ay h ave b een c l o se t ot h ev a l ley b o t tom , i ti s mo re p l au s ib le t h a t mo s t o ft h et e r r e s t r ia lh e rb p o l len h a s b een f l uv ia l ly t r an spo r ted f r om a g r icu l tu ra lz one s . I nc onc lu s ion ,m o re t ime t h an w a sa va i lab le i nt h ep ro jec t i sn eeded t os t udy f u l ly t h e a luv ia l f i l l s o ft h e F i r e s tone V a l ley . A l though t r i a l b o reho le s w e r e e xam ined f r om t h e l e ng th o f t h e v a l ley , a dd i t iona l s t ra t ig raph ica l c r o s s p rof i l ing i sr e qu i r ed t oe s tab l i sh s p a t ia l v a r ia t ion i np l an t
• I n c i sed p a laeova l ley ;p o lycyc l ic w i th l a te ra lg r ave l r i v e rt e r ra ce d epo s i t s .P a r to ft h eS o len tR ive r( Eve r a rd 1 954a ; Woo ld r idge a nd L in ton 1 955 ) . • D even s ian o r e a r ly H o locene r i ve r ( l ag d epo s i t s ) g r ave l s d epo s i ted i nh igh e ne rgy f l uv ia l e nv i ron m en t . • H o locene v ege ta t ion a nd s o i l d eve lopmen t o n t h e s i d e s a nd b o t tom o ft h e v a l ley ; i n c i sed f r e shwa te r c hanne l ; t r ee s u cce s s ion d u r ing F l and r ian c h ro n ozon e Ia nd s t ab i l i ty i nF l and r ian I ( l ime d om i n an ce ) . • P o s i t ive s e a leve l t e ndency t h roughou t H o locene b u t w i th l o ca t ion /po s i t ion i n land , i n unda t ion o c c u r r ing d u r ing t h e l a te r H o locene ( F land r ian I ) . D eep / inc i sed ( l ow e r OD ) c hanne l i n unda ted a tr e l a t iv e ly e a r l ie rd a te . • I n unda t ion a tt h e s amp le s i t e e s t ima ted f r om a ge / a l t i tud eg r aph s( s ee L ong a nd S ca if es e c t ion 5 . 5 )a t c4 000 c a l BC ( c5 000 B P ) ,c r ea t ing mud f l a t sa nd l a te ra lp ea ta ccumu la t ion . • C on t inued s ed imen ta t ion a nd d eve lopmen t o fs a l t m a r sh w i th i n c r ea s ing s e a leve l . E pheme ra l c yc le s o fc oa r sen ing a nd f i n ing s e d imen ta t ion ; p e r iod so f s t agnan tw a te ra nd a nox ic c ond i t ion s . • V eg e ta t ion o n s i te d om ina ted b yh a lophy te s . I n te r f l uv e s / te r r e s t r ia l z one i n i t ia l ly o ak a nd h aze l , p o s s i b ly m anaged b u t o fm ixed c ha ra c te r ( l ime , a s h , a l d e r ,h o rnbeam ) . • E x ten s ion o fa g r icu l tu ra l a c t iv i ty i nt h e i n te r f luve s ( B ronz e A ge ) . C e r ea l a nd ? pa s to r a l t y pe p o l len . F u r the r r e du c t ion i n w ood land , e s pec ia l ly h aze l , b u t w i th m anaged o ak /ha ze l ( c opp ice w i th s t an d a rd s )c on t inu ing t op re sen td ay h ab i ta t . • C r ea t ion o f f r e shwa te r l a ke b y e mpondmen t a nd c on s t ru c t ion o ft i d em i l l . • S ign if i can ti n c r ea se i np ine r e su l t ing f r om p l an t ing o fe xo t ic s a t c1 800 a nd e lm s f r om e nc lo su r e a nd h edg e row d eve lopmen t . 5 . 5 S o len ts e a leve lr e cord An tony L ong a nd R ob &w if e 5 . 5 .1 P urpo se o fs e a leve li nve s t iga t ion H o locene r e la t ive s e a leve l( RSL )g r aph sh ave p r ev iou s ly b een g ene r a ted f o r an umbe ro fa r ea si ns ou ther nE ng land i n c lud ing t h e T hame s ( Devoy 1 979 ) , E a s t K en t ( Long 1 992 ) , R omney Ma r sh a nd E a s t S u s sex ( J enn ing s a nd Smy th 1 990 ; L ong a nd l i me s 1 993 ) , a nd a l so s ou thw e s t E ng land ( Heywo r th a nd K id son 1 982 ; H ea ly 1 995 ) . C ompa r i son o ft h e se g r aph sr evea l si mpo r tan td if e r ence s b e tween a r ea s , l a rge ly a t t r ibu ted t o d if e ren t ia l c r u s ta l
1 24
CO A STAL D YNAM IC S movemen t s o r c hange s i np a laeo t ida l r a nge ( f o r e xamp le S hennan 1 989 ;L ong a nd S hennan 1 993 ; L ong a nd T oo ley 1 995 ) . H oweve r , d e sp i te t h e a bundan t p o ten t ia l o f t h e S o len t r e g ion f o r s ea leve l s t ud ie s ( f o r e xamp le H od son a nd We s t 1 972 ) , s y s tema t ic r e sea r ch i nt h is a r ea h a s b een
i n t h e S o len t . Mo re r e cen t ly , af u r the r s i x r ad ioca rbon d a te s w e re d e scr ibed b y L ong a nd T oo ley ( 1995 ) , w ho
l im i ted a nd l a gged b eh ind t h a t e l sewhe re i n s ou the rn E ng land .
i n ve s t iga ted t h e H o locene s ed imen t s w h ich i n f i l l as ma l l e mbaymen ta tS t an so re P o in t l o ca ted o nt h e n o r th s i de o f t h e S o len t b e tween C a lsho t S p i t a nd t h e B eau l ieu R ive r . P ro tec ted b y as ma l l g rave l s p i t ,t h is e mbaymen tc on ta in s o ve r 6m o ff i ne -g ra ined o rgan ic a nd i n o rgan ic s ed imen t s
R SL g raph st yp ica l ly d ep ic tt h ev e r t ica lc hange i no ne t i da l
wh ich o ve r l ie g rave l . O ne p rom inen tp ea tb ed ( a ta l t i tude s b e tween c3 .5m a nd 0 .5m OD )i sr e co rded ,t oge the rw i th
d a tum a ga in s t t ime ( mean s ea leve l ( MSL ) o rm ean h igh w a te ro fs p r ing t i de s( MH WST )f o re xamp le ) .I mpo r tan t ly , t h e se g r aph s t e l l u s n o th ing a bou t t h e n a tu re o fs ho re l ine d eve lopmen t .T h i si sb ecau se c hange si ns ho re l ine p o s i t ion may r ef l ec t ah os t o f l o ca l a nd r e g iona l f a c to r s o the r t h an R SL c hange , i n c lud ing c hange s i ns ed imen t s upp ly , b a r r ie r b u i ld u p a nd b r eakdown , a nd h uman d i s tu rbance . T he p u rpo se o ft h is i n ve s t iga t ion i st h e ref o re t h reef o ld : i ) t or ev iew p rev iou s ly p ub l i shed r e co rd s o fH o locene R SL c hange so nt h eS o len tm a in land , i )t od eve lop an ew R SL g raph u s ing r e cen t ly c o l lec ted d a ta f r om t h e I s le o fW igh t a nd t h e S o len t ma in land a nd i i ) t o p ropo se l o ca l a nd r eg iona lc h rono log ie sf o rp a t ter n so fc oa s ta le vo lu t ion . 5 . 5 .2 P r ev ious work o n t he S o len ts e a leve l T he H o locene R SL r e co rd f r om t h e S o len t ma in land i s o ne c ha ra c te r ised b y much s pecu la t ion b u t b a sed o n l i t t le d a ta . A l though t h e m a in land c oa s ta l s ed imen t s h ave b een s t ud ied f o ro ve r ac en tu ry ( J ame s 1 847 ; S ho re a nd E lwe s 1 889 ; S ho re 1 893 , 1 905 ; H oo ley 1 905 ; Ande r son 1 933 ; G odw in a nd Godw in 1 940 ; O ak ley 1 943 ; E ve ra rd 1 954b ; Hod son a nd We s t 1 972 ;N icho l l sa nd C la rke 1 986 ;D evoy 1 987 ; L ong a nd T oo ley 1 995 ; L ong e t a l 2 000 ) , mo s t p rev iou s s t ud ie s w e re c omp le ted i n ah aphaza rd m anne r t a k ing o ppo r tun i s ta dvan tage o fs t ra t ig raph ica ls e c t ion sa s a nd w hen t h ey b ecame e xpo sed d u r ing e xcava t ion s . P r io r t o t h e c u r ren t i n ve s t iga t ion , o n ly t h ree s t ud ie s ( Hod son a nd We s t 1 972 ; L ong a nd T oo ley 1 995 : L ong e ta l2 000 ) h ave s ough t t o u se a c omb ina t ion o f l i t ho , b i o , a nd c h rono s t ra t ig raph ic d a ta t o r e con s t ruc t e nv i ronmen t s o f d epo s i t ion .T he se s t ud ie sa r en ow r e v iewed .
a n a dd i t iona l p ea t r e co rded a bove a nd b e low t h is m a in d epo s i t . T he t h ree p ea t s f o rmed a t c4 900 -4000 c a l BC , ( Hv 17323 ; 5 600+ 180 B P ; H v 17322 ; 565+ 130 B P ) b e tween 4 660 -3700 c a l BC ( Hv -17324 ; 5 320+200 B P ) a nd 2 270 -1670 c a l BC ( Hv 17325 ; 3 570+ 105 B P ) , a nd a t c8 10 -170 c a l BC ( Hv 17327 ; 2 480+75 B P ; H v -17326 ; 2 350+ 110 B P ) r e spec t ive ly . L ong a nd T oo ley ( 1995 ) c ompa red t h e a ge s a nd a l t i tude s o f t h e se i n dex p o in t s w i th o the r s c o l lec ted f r om s i te s i ns ou the rn E ng land . T he m id -Ho locene S o len td a te sp l o t ted b e tween 1t o 2m a bove t ho se o fs im i la ra ge f r om s i te st ot h ee a s t( f o re xamp le t h e T hame se s tua ry ) . F ina l ly , L ong e ta l( 2000 ) r e po r ted f u r the r s t ra t ig raph ic , r ad ioca rbon , p o l len a nd d i a tom d a ta f r om t h ree a dd i t iona l s i te s i n S ou thamp ton Wa te r ( Hy the , B u ry F a rm a nd t h e H amb le e s tua ry ) . H and -co r ing a te ach s i te r evea led w ide sp read w oody a nd monoco ty ledonou sp ea t sa td ep th s b e low c1m OD , a bove wh ich o ccu r s i l t s a nd c l ay s w i th t h in s a l t ma r sh d epo s i t s .T he e nd o ft h em a in p ha se o fp ea t f o rma t ion h a s b een d a ted i nt h e H amb le e s tua ry t o 350 2 900 c a l BC ( Be ta -93197 ;4 4 10+70 B P )( 2 .33m OD ) ,a nd a tB u ry F a rm t o1 510 -1160 c a l BC ( Be ta -93195 ; 3 080+60 B P ) ( 0 .11 m OD ) . L ong e ta l( 2000 ) r e po r t af u r the rt wo d a te s f r om t h e H y the Ma r she s , o ne f r om t h e b a se o f a p ea t( 4 340 -3990 c a l BC ; B e ta -93198 ; 5 320+60 B P ) a nd a s e cond f r om t h et op o f at h in p ea tw h ich f o rmed i n as ma l l v a l ley d ra in ing o n to H y the Ma r she s b eh ind ag rave l b a r ( c a l AD 6 60 -890 ;B e ta -93196 ; 1 250+50 B P ) . I n s umma ry t h e n umbe r o f a va i lab le r ad ioca rbon d a te s f r om t h e S o len t i ss ma l l c ompa red w i th t h a t f r om o t he r a r ea s i nS ou ther nE ng land . Much p r ev iou sw o rk h a sb een c omp le ted i n a n u n sy s tema t ic manne r a nd n o p rev iou s a t temp th a sb een made t ol i nk g raph so fR SL t ot h eh i s to ry
H od son a nd We s t( 1972 )d e sc r ibed t h eH o locene d epo s i t s r e co rded a t F aw ley a nd s ou th o f H y the d u r ing w o rk s c onnec t ed t ot h ec on s t ruc t ion o ft h eF aw ley P owe rs t a t ion i n t h e 1 960 s . Mo s t o f t h e ir a na ly se s c oncen t ra ted a t F aw ley i t s e lf , ac r i t ica ls i te f o ru nde r s tand ing t h ee vo lu t ion o fS ou thamp ton Wa te ra sw ho le . H od son a nd We s t( 1972 ) d e sc r ibed as equence o fu ncon so l ida ted H o locene d epo s i t s u p t o2 1m i nt h ickne s s , w i th o ne m a in p ea t b ed r e co rded a ta l t i tude s b e tween 5 .00 a nd O m OD . T he b a se a nd t op o ft h i s p ea t b ed w a s d a ted t o2 200 1680 c a l BC ( Q -832 ; 3 563+96 B P ) a nd 2 470 1740 c a l BC ( Q -831 ; 3 689+ 120 B P ) r e spec t ive ly . Two s amp le s o f o rgan ic s ed imen t s i n f i l l ing ac hanne l a t7 .63m a nd 7 .33m OD w e re a l so d a ted t o 5 490 -4940 c a l BC ( Q -835 ; 6 318+134 B P ) a nd 5 500 -5060 c a l BC ( Q -834 : 6 366+ 124 B P ) ( Godw in a nd Sw i t su r 1 966 ) .
o f h uman a c t iv i ty i n t h e r e g ion d u r ing t h e p reh is to r ic p e r iod . T he t emp ta t ion t o o ve r in te rp re t t h e l im i ted a va i lab le d a ta s hou ld b e r e s i s ted , b u tt h e s t ra t ig raphy a nd r ad ioca rbon d a te s i nd ica te w ide sp read p ea t a ccumu la t ion i nt h e S o len t r eg ion b e tween c4 000 a nd 1 500 c a l BC ; c 5 000 -3200 B P ( Long e ta l2 000 ) . T he a ge f o rt h e e nd o f p ea t a ccumu la t ion i sd i ach ronou s w i th in t h e r eg ion a nd t h e re i s , a sy e t , n o e v idence f o r s ynch ronou s e p isode s o f p ea tf o rma t ion a f te rt h is t ime .L i tho s t ra t ig raph ic d a ta f r om o t he r s i te s i n t h e S o len t r e g ion s uppo r t t h i s c on ten t ion t h a t p ea t -f o rm ing c ommun i t ie s w e re mo re w ide sp read
F o ro ve rt wen ty y ea r st h ef ou rd a te sf r om F aw ley p rov ided t h e o n ly a b so lu te c h rono logy f o r c oa s ta l s ed imen ta t ion
c6m a nd Om OD ( e s t ima ted a ge s 5 000 -1 c a l BC ; 6 100 2 000 B P ) . S im i la r t h ickne s se s o f p ea t a r e r e co rded b y
d u r ing t h e m id -Ho locene t h an d u r ing t h e l a te -Ho locene . F o r e xamp le , E ve ra rd ( 1954b , f i g .10 ) r e vea l s t h ick p ea t s e x tend ing a c ro s s p a r t o r a l l o ft h e R ive r I t chen b e tween
1 25
CO A ST AL AR CHA EO LOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONMENT : ASO LENT C A SE S TUDY G odw in a nd G odw in ( 1940 ) f r om t h e S ou thamp ton D ock e xcava t ion s . T h i s w id e sp read o ccu r rence o f p ea t s l e d N icho l l sa nd C la rk ( 1986 )t os ugge s t ar e g iona lf a l li nR SL d u r ing t h em id -t ol a te -Ho locene . 5 . 5 .3 Me thodo logy o fs ea leve li nve s t iga t ion T he m e thodo logy i n vo lved i n d eve lop ing t i me /a l t i tud e s e a leve l g r aph s h a s b een d e sc r ibed b y T oo ley ( 1978 ) a nd S hennan ( 1 982 ; 1 989 ) . G raph s a r e c ompo sed o f s e a leve l i n d ex p o in t s , e ach o fw h ich h a s a n a ge a nd a d ef ined a l t i tud ina l r e la t ion sh ip t o af o rme r s e a leve l . T he m o s t c ommon ly u sed i n dex p o in t s a r e r eg r e s s ive a nd t r an sg re s s ive c on tac t s ; l i t ho log ica l c on ta c t s w h ich s e pa ra te n ea r sho re m a r ine ( of t en u ppe r s a l t m a r sh ) f r om f r e shwa te re nv i ronmen t sa nd v i ce v e r sa .C ompa r i son w i th c on tempo ra ry e nv i ronmen t s s ugge s t s t h a t t h e se c on ta c t s f o rmed w i th in a bou t ± 0 . 20m o f MH WST ( She r man 1 982 ) . Whe re a va i lab le , m ic rof o s s i l d a ta ( s u ch a sp o l len , d i a tom sa nd f o ram in if e ra )a s s i s ti nd e te rm in ing t h i sh e igh t r e la t ion sh ip . O the rd a ta ,l e s su s ef u l i nd e te rm in ing f o rme r a l t i tud ina l t r end s , i n c lude i n dex p o in t s w h ich p o s se s s a n e qu ivoca l a l t i tud ina l r e la t ion sh ip t o af o rme r s e a leve l ( s u ch a ss ome a r chaeo log ica l f i nd s a nd f r e shwa te r p ea t s w h ich f o rmed a bove h i ghe s ta s t ronom ica lt i d e( HAT ) ) . B ecau se o fc ompa c t ion o ft h ei n dex p o in t st h em se lve sa nd t h es e d imen t sw h ich u nde r l ie t h em ,t h er e su l t ing s e a leve l g r aph p robab ly o ve r -e s t ima te s t h e t r ue r i se i nH o locene R SL . F u r the rmo r e , d ue t os pa t ia l v a r ia t ion s i nt h e h e igh t o fc u r r en tt i d e l e ve l sw i th in t h eS o len tr e g ion ,t h ea l t i tude o fe a ch i n dex p o in t i sl ow e red t om ean s e a leve l t h rough s ub t ra c t ing t h e p r e sen t v a lu e o f MH WST f r om t h e o b se rved a l t i tude o ft h e i n dex p o in t . T he r e su l t ing R SL g r aph , t h e r ef o re , d ep ic t s c hange s i n MSL . T h i s p r a c t ice a s sume s c on s tan cy o ft i da l r a nge , w h ich m ay n o t b e t h e c a se g i ven t h e s i gn if ican t c hange s i n p a laeogeog raphy r e co rd ed i nt h eS o len tr e g ion d u r ing t h ep e r iod o fs t udy . A l lr a d ioca rbon m ea su remen t sh ave b een c a l ib ra ted u s ing t h e p r og ram o fS t u ive r a nd R e ime r ( 1993 ) a nd d a te s a r e p l o t ted w i th ah o r izon ta lb a rw h ich r e p re sen t st h ec a l ib ra ted t wo s i gma e r ro r o ft h e r a d ioca rbon d a te . T he v e r t ica l b a r i s af i xed ± 0 .50m , w h ich i s ac on se rva t ive e s t ima te o ft h e u nce r ta in ty i nr e la t ing t h e o b se rved a l t i tud e o ft h e i n dex p o in tt ot h ef o rme rp o s i t ion o f MH WST .
I gno r ing t h i s i n dex p o in t , F igu re 5 . 31 i n d ica te st h a t MSL r o se r a p id ly f r om c9m OD a t5 300 c a l BC ( c6 300 B P ) t o c2 .5m OD b y 3 000 c a l BC ( c4 500 B P ) , a f t e rw h ich t h er a te o fr i se f e l l .T he e xa c tt im ing o ft h i ss l ow d own i n MSL r i se c anno t b e e s tab l i shed f r om t h e a va i lab le d a ta . E l sewhe r e i n S u s sex , R omney Ma r sh a nd E a s t K en t , a s im i la rs l ow -down i sd a ted t o c2 000 c a l B C ( c3 600 B P ; 2 310 -2030 c a l BC , S RR -2455 , 3 750±40 B P ; 2 320 1820 c a l BC ; UB 3 582 ,3 673±82 B P )( s ee b e low ) . 5 . 5 .5 A c omb ined R SL g raph f o rt he m a in land a nd t h e I s le ofW igh t T he I s le o fW igh ti n ve s t iga t ion sg ene ra t ed a tl e a s t af u r the r n i ne i n dex p o in t s o f p o ten t ia l u se i nr e la t ive s e a leve l ( RSL )r e con s t ru c t ion s .A s af i r s ta s se s smen t ,t h ea l t i tude s a nd a g e s o f t h e se i n dex p o in t s a r e t r ea t ed i n t h e s ame m anne ra st h o se d e sc r ibed a bove f r om t h em a in land . T he n ew I s le o fW igh t d a te s a r e p l o t t ed i nF igu r e 5 . 32 , t o ge the rw i th t h o se f r om t h e m a in land . F rom t h is c an b e s e en t h a t t h e I s le o fW igh t d a te s a r e b r oad ly c ompa rab le w i th t h o se f r om e l sewhe r ei nt h eS o len t .A l though t h e r ea r e o n ly al i m i ted n umbe ro fd a te s a tp r e sen t ,t h o se a va i lab le p rov ide n o e v idence f o r d if e ren t ia l c r u s ta l movemen t s w i th in t h eS o len tr e g ion . Mo reove r ,t h es im i la r i ty b e tw een t h e d a ta se t s s ugg e s t st h a tt h e c omb ined d a ta a r ep robab ly a pp rop r ia te f o rd e sc r ib ing t h eR SL r e co rd f r om t h eI s le o f W igh t( s ee f o l low ing s e c t ion ) . 5 . 5 .6 A c hrono logy f o rS o len tc oa s ta le vo lu t ion T h i ss e c t ion s umma r i se st h ee v idence f o rc oa s ta le vo lu t ion o n t h e m a in land o ft h e S o len t . D e ta i led c on s ide ra t ion i s g i ven t ot h eI s le o fW igh td a ta i nS ec t ion 5 . 6 . R SL a t8 000 c a l BC ( c8 900 B P ) i nt h e E ng l i sh C hanne l w a s b e low 3 0m OD ( Long a nd S ca if e u npub l i shed ) . A t t h i s t ime , t h e S o len t c oa s t l ine w a s s ome d i s tance s ou th o ft h e I s le o fW igh t , a l though at i da l i n f lu ence m ay h ave p ene t ra ted s ome w ay i n land a l ong t h ef o rme rc ou r se o ft h e R ive rS o len t( bu tp robab ly n o ta sf a ra sS ou thamp ton W a te r
So len t ma in land d ata
0-
5 . 5 .4 A R SL g raph f o rt he S o len t ma in land
c 0 i n a )
A s af i r s ts t ag e o fa na ly s i st h ef ou r teen i n dex p o in t s f r om t h e S o len t m a in land a r e p l o t ted a s a n a ge /a l t i tude g r aph ( F ig . 5 . 31) . I ti si mmed ia te ly a ppa ren t t h a t t h e h i ghe r o f t h e t wo i n d ex p o in t s f r om t h e m a in F aw ley p ea t ( 2 200 1 680 c a l BC ; Q 832 ; 3 563±96 B P ) p l o t s c on s id e rab ly b e low t h o se f r om o t he r s i te s a tt h i s t ime . T h i s s ugge s t s t h a te i the ri )t h ep ea t a sw e l l a st h e u nde r ly ing s ed imen t s h ave b een m o r e s e ve re ly c ompac ted i nc ompa r i son w i th t h eo t he ri n dex p o in t s ,o ri )t h ea ge o ft h ei n dex p o in th a s b een c on tam ina ted b y y oung c a rbon , p e rhap s d u e t or o o t p ene t ra t ion f r om a bove . I ts hou ld a l so b e n o ted t h a t t h i s l ow e rd a te i sy ounge rt h an t h a tf r om t h et o po ft h ep ea t .
2-
e l
4 68.
g
012 14 16 2 000
1 000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Age ( Ca l . y rs AD /BC )
F igur e5 . 31 R SL g raph f or t h eS o l en tm a in land ( mean s ea l e ve l ) .
1 26
6000
CO A STA LD YNAM IC S i t s e l f ) . S t ra t ig raph ic a nd p o l len d a ta f r om S ou thamp ton Wa te r s ugg e s t t h a t w ide sp r ead f r e shwa t e r p ea t s f o rmed i nS ou thamp ton Wa te r a tt h i s t ime ( Godw in a nd G odw in 1 940 ; S ca if e 1 994 ; L ong e ta l2 000 ) . R SL r o se r a p id ly d u r ing t h e e a r ly - a nd m id -Ho locene , i n unda t ing t h e o u te r p o r t ion s o f S ou thamp ton Wa te r b y c7 000 c a l BC ( c 8 000 B P ) . R SL c on t inued t or i se , p rog r e s s ive ly i n unda t ing e x ten s ive a r ea s o f a l de r d om ina t ed w ood land i nS ou thamp ton Wa t e r .B y c1 500 c a l BC ( c3 200 B P ) , mo s tp ea t -f o rm ing c ommun i t ie sh ad b een d r owned a nd m ine ra l r i ch s ed imen ta t ion b egan t oa c c r e te o ve rm any o ft h e se h ab i ta t s .T h i sp e r s i s ted u n t i lt h ea r r iva l o ft h e Ame r ican s pec ie so fc o rd g r a s sS pa r t ina a l t e rn if l ora i nt h e 1 860 s .T he re f o l lowed ad i sa s t rou se xpan s ion o ft h i s g r a s s a nd ac on sequen t o u s t ing o ft h e i n d ig enou s s pec ie s S par t ina m a r i t ima . W ide sp r ead d i e -ba ck o ft h ec o rd g r a s s c ommun i t ie s o ccu r red f r om t h e 1 930 s o nwa rd s a nd h a s
A l l So lent d ata
2 -
A l t i tude ( me t res OD )
4-
6 8 10 12 14 16 2 000
1 000
0
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 Age ( Ca l . y rs AD /BC )
F igu r e5 . 32 C omb ined S o l en t Ma in land a nd I s l eo fW igh t( M SL ) . B lack d eno t e Ma in land , G r ey d eno t eI s le o fW igh t
b een a c compan ied b y t h e d e s tab i l i sa t ion o f i n te r t ida l s ed imen t st h roughou tt h eS o len tr e g ion . 5 . 5 .7 R eg iona ls ea leve lc orr e la t ion s T he R SL d a ta f r om t h eS o len tm a in land a r en ow c ompa r ed w i th d a ta f r om e l sewhe re i ns ou the rn E ng land . L ong a nd T oo ley ( 1 995 ) a t temp ted as im i la re xe r c i se u s ing t h ed a ta f r om S t an so r e P o in t a nd c on c luded t h a t n e t R SL r i se i n H amp sh i r eo ve rt h eH o locene w a s l e s st h an t h a to b se rved i na r ea s t ot h e e a s t . T he s ame d a ta s e t u s ed b y L ong a nd T oo ley ( 1 995 ) i s e mp loyed i n t h i s a na ly s i s . D a ta f o r c ompa r i son a r e d rawn f r om a n a dd i t iona l f ou r a r ea s : t h e We s t S u s sex c oa s t , R omney Ma r sh , E a s t K en t a nd t h e T hame se s tua ry .
f o rt h em id a nd i n ne rT hame se s tua ry .D if f e rence sb e tween t h e se c u rve s w e r e i n te rp re ted a se v idence f o r d if e r en t ia l c r u s ta l m ovemen t s w i th in t h e e s tua ry , w i th e nhanced c r u s ta l s ub s iden ce r e co rded i nt h e m id c ompa r ed t ot h e i n ne re s tua ry . R ecen t ly c o l lec ted d a ta f r om t h e E a s t K en t F en s ( Long 1 992 ) h ave b een c omb ined w i th o t he r n ew i n f o rma t ion f r om t h eE s sex c oa s tt oe xam in et h ee v iden ce f o r d if e r en t ia l c r u s ta l movemen t s b e tw een t h e se a r ea s . L ong ( 1 995 )c on c luded t h a tt h e se n ew d a ta ,t o ge the rw i th ar e -app ra i sa lo ft h eo r ig ina lT hame sb i o s t ra t ig raph ic d a ta ( Hagga r t 1 995 ) p r ov ided n o c l ea r s uppo r t f o r D evoy ' s ( 1 979 ) mode lo fd if e ren t ia lc r u s ta l movemen t sw i th in t h e T hame s e s tua ry , a l though m o re d a ta a r e c l ea r ly n eed ed t or e so lve t h i s i s su e f u r the r . T he re a r e f ou r teen s e a leve l i n d ex p o in t s a va i lab le f r om e a ch o ft h e T hame s a nd t h e E a s tK en tF en sw h ich a r es u i tab le f o rc ompa r i son w i th t h e S o len td a ta . E x ten s ive s e a leve ls t ud ie si nR omney Ma r sh o ve rt h el a s t d ecad eh ave y i e ld ed mu ch n ew i n f o rma t ion r e ga rd ing t h e p a t ter no fR SL m ovemen t si nt h i sr e g ion . L ong a nd l i me s ( 1 993 ) r e v iew ed s ome o ft h i s e v iden ce a nd c ompa r ed t h e r e co rd f o rt h em a r sh w i th t h a tf r om t h eE a s tK en tF en sa nd t h e T hame s e s tua ry . I mpo r tan t d if e r ence s e x i s t b e tween t h e d a ta f r om t h e se a r ea s , w i th t h e l a te -Ho locene i n d ex p o in t s f r om R omney Ma r sh p l o t t ing c 2 m a bove t h o se f r om s i te s t o t h e e a s t . S ea leve l s t ud ie s i n S u s sex h ave b een u nde r taken b y J enn ing s a nd Smy th ( 1 99 1) f r om t h e C oombe H aven V a l ley a nd P even sey L eve l s .A g e /a l t i tude d a ta f r om t h e se s t ud ie s a r e c ompa rab le t ot h a t f r om t h e R omney Ma r sh a r ea . T he d a ta d e sc r ibed a bove a r e n ow c omb ined w i th t h e r e v i sed R SL d a ta f r om t h eS o len t( F igu r e5 . 33 ) .I ng ene ra l , t h e f o rm o ft h e R SL r e co rd f r om t h e S o len t i ss im i la r t o t h a t f r om o t he r s i t e s i nS ou ther n E ng land , r i s ing f r om c 1 2m OD a t c6 000 c a l BC ( c7 200 B P )t oa bove 3m OD b y c2 000 c a l BC ( c3 600 B P ) , a nd w i th t h e r a te o fR SL r i se f a l l ing a f t e rt h i s t i me . Af t e r cc a l AD 1( c2 000 B P ) R SL h a s r i sen b y p e rhap s a s mu ch a s 2 m t oi t s p r e sen t l e ve l . A s n o ted p r ev iou s ly b y L ong a nd T oo ley ( 1 995 ) , t h e S o len t d a ta g ene ra l ly p l o t a bove o r t ot h e h i gh s i de o ft h o se f r om e l sewhe re i ns ou the rn E ng land , a nd s ugg e s t r e du ced c r u s ta l s ub s idence i nt h ec en t ra l E ng l i sh C hanne l c ompa red w i th t h e E a s te rn C hanne l a nd s ou the rn N o r th S ea . 5 . 5 .8 C onc lu s ion so n t h ec urr en te v idence f o r aS o len t s e a leve lh i s tory T he m a in a im o ft h i s s e c t ion h a s b een t op r e sen t aR SL g r aph f o r t h e S o len t , b a sed o n p r ev iou s ly p ub l i shed d a ta t o ge the rw i th t h en ew d a ta f r om t h eI s le o fW igh tp ro jec t . T he f o l low ing c onc lu s ion sm ay b ed r awn : • R SL r o se r a p id ly f r om c9m OD a t5 300 c a l BC ( c6 300 B P ) t oa bove 3m OD b y c3 000 c a l BC ( c4 500 B P ) ,a f t e rw h ich t h er a te o fr i se a ppea r st o h ave f a l len .
T he T hame s e s tua ry R SL r e co rd h a s b een s t ud ied b y D evoy ( 1 979 ) , w ho c omb ined n ew a nd p r ev iou s ly p ub l ished r a d ioca rbon d a te s t op r odu ce t wo R SL c u rve s
1 27
CO A STAL AR CHAEOLOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONM ENT : ASO LENT C A SE S T UDY
S ou the rn E ng land Mean s ea leve l 02-
A l t i tude ( m OD )
4681 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 000
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10000
A ge ( Ca l . y rs AD /BC ) F igur e5 . 33 C omb ined d a ta f r om t h eS o len ta nd S ou the rn E ng land ( MSL ) O pen s qua r e :S o l en t B lack s qua r e :R omney B lack t r iang le :E a s tK en tF en s B lack c i r c le :S u s sex G r ey s qua r e : T hame s
• D u r ing t h e l a s t 2 000 y ea r s , R SL d a ta a r e l i m i ted b u ts ugge s ta no ve ra l l r i se i nR SL o f c2 mt op r e s e n tl e ve l s . • T he n ew d a ta c o l lec ted f r om t h eI s le o fW igh ts up p o r tt h eg ene ra lp a t te rn o fR SL d a ta d e sc r ibed f r om t h em a in land d a ta . T he r ef o re ,t h ec omb ined S o len t R SL r e co rd m ay b e u s ed t og ene ra te a n e nhanced R SL r e co rd f o r t h e I s le o fW igh t p r o jec t a nd p ro v i de af r amewo rk f o rt h e a r chaeo log ica l i n ve s t iga t i on s . • O n ly t h eg ene ra lf o rm o fR SL h a sb een i d en t if ied i n t h i ss t udy .T h i s i sb ecau se o f ar e a l i s t ic a s se s smen t o ft h e h e igh t a nd a ge u nce r ta in t ie s i nt h e o r ig ina l d a ta . I d en t if y ing o s c i l la t ion si ns e a leve lo f< 2m i s n o tp o s s ib le u s ing a g e /a l t i tude d a ta a l one . • P a t ter n s o fc oa s ta l e vo lu t ion i nt h e S o len t s ugge s t t h a tw ide sp r ead f r e shwa t e rp ea t se x i s ted d u r ing t h e e a r ly - a nd m id -Ho locen e , a nd t h a tt h e se w e r ep ro g r e s s ive ly i n unda ted a sR SL r o se .B y cc a l AD 1( c 2 000 B P )m o s tf r e shwa te rp ea t -f o rm ing c ommun i t i e sw e re s e ve r e ly r e s t r ic ted a nd m ine rogen ic mud f l a ta nd s a l tm a r sh s e d imen ta t ion h a sc ha ra c te r i sed p a t te rn so fc oa s ta le vo lu t ion s i nce t h i st i me .
b yi )a dap t ing t h eS o len tR SL c u rve f o rt h et wo m a in s t udy s i te s a t Woo t tonQua r ra nd t h eY a rV a l ley , i )i n te rp r e t ing a nd c ompa r ing t h e R SL r e co rd f r om e a ch a r ea , a nd i ) r e v iew ing t h e l i nk b e tween R SL c hange a nd c oa s ta l e vo lu t ion i nn o r ther nI s le o fW igh t . 5 . 6 .1 A s e a leve lg raph f o r Woo t ton Quarr I th a sb een n o ted i nS ec t ion 5 . 5 .5 t h a tt h e R SL d a ta f r om t h e m a in land a nd f r om t h e I s le o f W igh t a r e b r oad ly s im i la r . T h e r ef o r e , b y a s sum ing t h a t n o c hange s h ave o ccu r r ed i nt i da l r a nge w i th in t h e S o len t a nd b y a dd ing t h ec u r r en th e igh to f MH WST f r om Woo t tonQua r rt ot h e r e du ced ( MSL ) S o len ti n dex p o in t s , i ti sp o s s ib le t oa pp ly t h e r e g iona l S o len t R SL c u rve t ot h e l o ca l c ond i t ion s a t Woo t tonQua r r . T he r e su l t ing g r aph o f MH WST ( F igu re 5 . 34 ) p r ov id e s ab a s i s f o rl i nk ing v e r t ica l c hange s i ns e a l e ve la nd p a t te rn so fc oa s ta le vo lu t ion .
5 . 6 P ha s ing t h eH o locene s hor el ine c hang e so fn or thern I s le o fW igh t
T he f o r e sho r e s ed imen t s a t Woo t tonQua r r a c cumu la ted s i nce c5 000 c a l BC ( c6 100 B P ) . O lde rs ed imen t sw h ich r e co rd e a r ly - a nd m id -Ho locene c oa s ta l e vo lu t ion h ave b een i d en t if ied i nt h e b o r ing s c omp le t ed a c ro s sR ane lagh S p i t .T h i ss e c t ion w i l lf i r s tc on s ide rt h el o nge rr e co rd f r om R ane lagh S p i ta nd t h en r e la te t h i st ot h ee v idence f o rm id a nd l a te -Ho locene c oa s ta le vo lu t ion p r e se rved a t Woo t ton H aven , Woo t tonQua r ra nd a tF i re s ton eV a l ley .
A n tony L ong , R ob S ca if ea nd D av id T oma l in
5 . 6 .1 .1 C oa s ta le vo lu t ion a tR ane lagh S p i t
T h i s s e c t ion a im s t od eve lop ac h rono logy f o r s ho re l ine c hange s i nn o r ther n I s le o fW igh t . T h i s w i l l b e a ch ieved
T he s t ra t ig raphy o fRane lagh S p i th a sb een d e te rm in ed w i th 5b o r eho le s .T he H o locene s ed imen t sa ta in at h ickne s so f
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CO A STAL D YNAM IC S
MH WST Woo t ton Quar r
4 2A l t itude ( me t res OD )
o24 -
4 21
6 8 1 0 -
e v idence f r om t h ea d jacen tc r eek s i de l o ca t ion a tR ane lagh S p i t( s ee a bove )s how sp rog re s s ive p ea ti n unda t ion d u r ing t h e m id - a nd l a te -Ho locene . A t 1 520 1260 c a l BC ( GU 5 421 ; 3 120 50 B P ) t h e p ea t i nc o re D i so ver taken b y ma r ine s ed imen ta t ion a t ah e igh t o f0 . 39m OD b u t s ome 1 2 m e t r e s i n sho re ( c o re RN2 ) i tp e r s is t su n t i l 9 80 -790 c a l BC ( OxA -7163 ;2 680±60 B P ) . 5 . 6 .1 .3
1 21 4 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
e i the ra cco rd so rs l igh t ly p r ecede st h eo n se to ft r ee g row th o n t h e a d jacen t c oa s ta l p ea t s . T he se t r ee s s pan t h e p e r iod 3 690 -3360 c a l BC ( GU -5299 ; 4 730±60 B P )t o1 980 -1750 c a l BC ( UB3271 ; 3 528±37 B P ) ( s ee F igu re 4 . 17 ) . T he
C oa s ta le vo lu t ion a t Woo t ton Quarr f o re shore
T he s ed imen t t h ickne s se s r e co rded o n Woo t ton Qua r r 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 00 3 00 0 4 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 7 0 00 Age ( Ca l . y rs AD /BC )
F igur e5 . 34 B e s tS o len t( ma in land a nd IW ) d a ta c or r ec ted t o MHWST a tW oo t tonQuar r
a pp rox ima te ly 1 0m i nc o re C , w he r e O l igocene b ed rock i sa t c8m OD . C ompa r i son w i th t h e Woo t ton R SL c u rve s ugge s t s t h a t i ft h is d ep th i sr e p re sen ta t ive o f t h e b a se o ft h e v a l ley , s a l twa te r w ou ld h ave f i r s t b een r eg is te red h e re a ta bou t 6 000 c a l BC ( c 7 200 B P ) w i th f r e shwa te r c ond i t ion sp e r s is t ing p r io rt ot h is .A tt h i st ime , mo s to ft h e p re sen t i n te r t ida l a r ea o f Woo t ton H aven a nd Woo t tonQ ua r rw ou ld h ave b een a bove t h eh e igh to f MH WST . O ne m a in p e r iod o fp ea t a ccumu la t ion i sr e co rded i nt h e u ppe rp a r to ft h eR ane lagh s t ra t ig raphy b e tween c2m a nd 1m OD .F ive r ad ioca rbon a ge si n d ica te p ea ta ccumu la t ion h e re f r om t h e m idd le N eo l i th ic t ot h e e nd o ft h e B ronze A ge ( 3270 -2780 c a l BC , GU -5428 , 4 340±60 B P ; 3 040 2 490 c a l BC , GU -5422 ,4 200 -100 B P ;2 740 -2040 c a l BC , O xA -7 164 , 3 800±60 B P ; 1 520 1260 c a l BC , GU -5421 , 3 120±50 B P ; a nd 9 80 -790 c a l BC , O xA -7163 , 2 680 -60 B P ) . P o l len , d i a tom a nd mo l lu scan d a ta c onf i rm t h a t t h e m ine rogen ic s ed imen t s b enea th ( and a bove ) t h e p ea t a r e m a r ine i no r ig in . T he p o l len d a ta s ugge s t r e la t ive ly d ry c ond i t ion sd eve loped d u r ing p ea tf o rma t ion w i th af e nc a r r w ood land d eve lop ing o nt h es i te . 5 . 6 .1 .2 C oa s ta le vo lu t ion a t Woo t ton Haven T he s t ra t ig raph ic a na ly se s a t Woo t ton H aven h ave c oncen t ra ted o n t h e a nc ien t h eade r c hanne l F 30 , w h ich h and a uge r ing h a s s hown e x tend s t o ad ep th o fa tl e a s t 5 . 80m . A n a l ignmen t o f e a r ly B ronze Age h aze l p eg s ( 2200 1890 c a l BC ; GU -5051 ; 3 650+50 B P ) p ro t rude f r om t h e c hanne l s i l t s a t1 .56m OD . T h is a cco rd s w i th t h e i n f e r red p os i t ion o f MH WST a t t h is t ime ( i . e . > 1m OD ) ( F igu re 5 . 34 ) . P ea t s m an t le t h e m a rg in s o ft h e p a laeova l ley , a s t h ey d o o n Woo t tonQua r r f o re sho re . I n sec t r ema in sw i th in t h e se p ea t s h ave b een d e sc r ibed b y R ob in son ,w ho i d en t if ied ac a rab id b ee t le f auna s ugge s t ive o f ad amp w ood land f l oo r . T he c ommencemen t o fp ea t a ccumu la t ion i n t h i s i n c i sed c hanne l i sd a ted t o a r ound 3 780 -3380 c a l BC ( GU -5694 ;4 830±50 B P ) , ad a te w h ich
f o re sho re a r e s ha l lowe ri nc ompa r ison w i th t h o se b enea th R ane lagh S p i tb u ta r ec ompa rab le w i th t h o se f r om Woo t ton H aven . T he s t ra t ig raphy o f t h e f o re sho re i s r e la t ive ly s imp le w i th as i ng le p ea t b ed a bove s i l t s , w h ich i nt u rn o ve r l ie b ed rock .T he p ea ti sl o ca l ly o ve r la in b ys i l t s wh ich c on ta in ama r ine d i a tom f l o ra a nd a bundan t p o l len f r om s a l tm a r sh p l an t s . C oa s ta l e vo lu t ion o n Woo t tonQua r r c oa s t l ine h a s b een i n t ima te ly l i nked t o t h e p a laeoc reek s w h ich c r o s s t h e f o re sho re . T he se c r eek s r un n o r th -ea s t a c ro s s t h e i n te r t ida l z one a nd a r e a l igned a t r i gh t a ng le s t o t h e c u r ren t c oa s t l ine . D u r ing t h e N eo l i th ic a nd Me so l i th ic p e r iod s t h e se c r eek s a nd t h e i r i n te rven ing a r ea s o fh igh l a nd e f ec t ive ly p a r t i t ioned t h e c oa s t a nd h ence p romo ted d i s s ipa t ion o fw ave a nd t i da l e ne rgy a c ro s st h e s ho ref ace . T ran sec t s 1a nd 2c r o s s t h e t wo m a in p a laeoc reek s o nt h e f o re sho re . B o reho le s i nd ica te t h e b a se o ft h e m a in Q ua r r p a laeoc reek i n c rea se si nd ep th i n as eawa rd d i r ec t ion f r om c6t o7m OD ( s ee D ix a nd E dwa rd ss e c t ion 5 . 2 ) .F u r the r t ot h e e a s t , t h e p a laeova l ley a tB in s tead h a s ab a se a tc 5m OD . C ompa r i son w i th t h e R SL g raph i n d ica te s t h a t m a r ine c ond i t ion sw ou ld h ave p ene t ra ted t h ed eepe rQ ua r r p a laeoc reek b y c5 500 c a l BC ( 6600 B P ) . O n t h e i n te r f luve s b e tween t h e c r eek s , s i l t s o ve r ly ing b ed rock a ppea r t o h ave a ccumu la ted u nde r b rack i sh w a te r c ond i t ion s . A t Q 99 , f o r e xamp le , o n t h e ma rg in s o f t h e ma in Q ua r r p a laeoc reek , h igh f r equenc ie s o f p o l len f r om h a lophy t ic p l an t s ( no tab ly C henopod ium t ype ) a nd mo l lu sc s ( H yd rob ia ) o ccu r w i th in t h e se s i l t s . T he m ine ra l r i ch s ed imen t s a nd p re sence o f h a lophy t ic p o l len t ype s p o in t t oi n i t ia l i nunda t ion o ft h e i n te r f luve s f r om t h e a d jacen t p a laeoc reek s a nd t h e d eve lopmen t o f as a l t ma r sh . A s t h e o rgan ic c on ten t o ft h e s ed imen t s i n c rea sed a tQ 99 ,s ot h e ma r ine i nf luence l e s sened a nd t h e s a l t ma r sh w a s r e p laced b y af r e shwa te r r e ed swamp . I f , a tt h i s t ime , t h e r a te o fs ed imen t a cc re t ion ( m ine ra l a nd t h en o rgan ic ) e xceeded t h e p reva i l ing r a te o f R SL r i se ( c l mm a-' ;s ee s e c t ion 5 . 5 ) , at r an s i t ion f r om s a l t m a r sh t o f r e shwa te r c ond i t ion s ( and p ea t i n i t ia t ion ) may h ave o ccu r red i n dependen t o fa ny f a l l i nR SL . A l te rna t ive ly , a f a l l i nR SL o ccu r red ,a l low ing f r e shwa te rp ea t st od eve lop a tt h e s i te . Af u r the rh ypo the s i s( s ee T oma l in S ec t ion 7 . 6 ) i st h a t t h e d eve lopmen t o ft h e p ea t h e re m ay r e la te t ot h e e s tab l i shmen to fa n of sho re b a r r ie r .
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CO A STAL AR CHA EO LOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONMENT : ASO LENT C A SE S TUDY T he Q 99 p rof i le h a sb een t r unca ted b ye r o s ion ,b u t ap o l len d i ag ram f r om a n ea rby s i te a tQ ua r r ( a t t r ee 1 00 1835 ) i n d ica te s t h a t t h i s r e ed swamp w a s s ub sequ en t ly r e p la ced b y ad r y f e n c an w ood land . T he c on t inu ing p r e sence o f p o l len f r om h a lophy t ic p l an t s d u r ing p ea t a c cumu la t ion t e s t if i e st ot h ef a c tt h a tt h ea d ja cen tp a laeoc r eek sc on t inu ed t os uppo r tt i da lw a te ra tt h i st i me . T owa rd s t h e t o p o f t h e p ea t a r e e x ten s ive t r ee s t ump s a nd t imbe r s w h ich c on s t i tu te t h e r ema in s o f as ubme rged f o re s t . D end roch rono log ica l d a te s d emon s t ra te t h a t w ood land e x i s ted a tQ ua r rf o r e sho re f r om a tl e a s t3 463 BC u n t i l 2 699 -2663 BC ( T ab le 4 . 8 ) . T r ee r ing w id th s s ugge s t t h a t t h e t r ee s e x i s ted u nde r s t re s sf u l c ond i t ion s . S uch s t r e s s m igh t h ave b een d u e t od r y ing o ft h e p ea t s u r f a ce , d ue e i the r t or e du ced p r ec ip i ta t ion ( i . e . c l ima te c hange ) o ra n i n c r ea se i ne vapo t ran sp i ra t ion . T he l a t te r w ou ld b e e xpec ted f o l low ing t h ee s tab l i shmen to ft h ed en se o ak a nd a l de r c an i n d ica ted b y t h e p o l len a nd p l an t m a c rof o s s i l d a ta .D ry ing w ou ld a l so h ave e ncou raged h um if i ca t ion a nd ab r eakdown o ft h e o rgan ic s t ru c tu r e o ft h e p ea t , c au s ing al ow e r ing o ft h e p ea t s u r f a ce r e la t ive t ot h e p r eva i l ing r a te o fR SL r i se .T h i sm ay h ave m ad et h es i te i n c r ea s ing ly s u scep t ib le t om a r ine f l ood ing a nd p romo ted t h e d em i se a nd e ven tua li n unda t ion o ft h ep ea tf o rm ing c ommun i t ie s . A n a l te rna t ive e xp lana t ion f o r t h e o b se rved s t r e s s i s p e r iod ic s a l t i n t ru s ion d i r ec t ly v i a c r eek o ve r topp ing . S uppo r tf o rt h i s s ugge s t ion i sp rov ided b y t h e o ccu r r ence o fm a r ine d i a tom s w i th in t h e p ea t , i n c lud ing p l ank ton ic t a xa s u ch a s P a ra l ia s u lca ta a nd C yma to s i ra b e lg ica ( Came ron ) . R ob in son h a s a l so i d en t if i ed h a lophy t ic p l an t m a c rof o s s i l s i n t h e f o r e sho r e p ea t s a t Woo t ton H aven w h ich m ay h ave b een w a shed i n d u r ing s u ch f l ood ing e p i sod e sa sp l an tl i t te r . T he p ea t i sv a r iab ly p r e se rved o n t h e f o r e sho r e a nd i s g ene ra l ly a b sen t f r om t h e u ppe r s ho r e f a ce d ue t oe i the r n on -depo s i t ion o rs ub sequen t e r o s ion . N owhe r e d oe s t h e p ea t o ccu r a bove c 1 .5m OD a nd a n u n -e rod ed u ppe r c on ta c t o f t h e p ea t h a s y e t t o b e d a ted . H oweve r , t h e y ounge s t d a ted t r ee a tQ ua r r d i ed b e tween 2 699 BC a nd 2 633 BC a tw h ich t ime t h e l o ca lR SL g r aph s ugge s t st h a t MH WST w a s a t c1 .5m OD . I ti s ,t h e ref o re , r e a sonab le t o a s sume t h a t r i s ing s e a leve l w a s r e spon s ib le f o r t h e u l t ima te d em i se a nd i n unda t ion o ft h e w ood land . O n ce t h ei n te rf luve sw e r e i n unda ted ,t h ew ave a nd t i da lr e g ime a c ro s s Woo t tonQua r r f o r e sho r e w ou ld h ave c hanged c on s ide rab ly . T he p a laeoc reek s , n ow l a rge ly i nf i l led w i th s ed imen t , w ou ld n o l o nge r s e rve t o d ampen n ea r sho r e w ave e ne rgy a nd amo re o pen c oa s tw ou ld h ave d eve loped . U nd e r t h e se h i ghe r e ne rgy c ond i t ion s , o ppo r tun i t ie s f o r p ea t a c cumu la t ion a c ro s s t h e f o r e sho r e w ou ld h ave b een r e du ced . 5 . 6 .1 .4
C oa s ta le vo lu t ion i nt h e F i r e s tone V a l ley
S t ra t ig raph ic i n ve s t iga t ion s a c ro s s F i re s tone V a l ley r e vea l am ine rogen ic s equen ce w i th t h in p ea t s e x tend ing t o ad ep th o f c5 .5m OD . O cca s iona l p ea t a tt h e b a se o f c o r e s ( s ee F ig . 5 . 22 ) s ugge s t s f r e shwa te r c ond i t ion s i n t h i s p ro tec ted s i te p e rhap s a s e a r ly a s 5 000 t o4 000 c a l
BC ( 6 100 -5000 B P ) . P o l len d a ta s h ow t h a t t h e u ppe r m ine rogen ic s e d imen t s i nt h i s s e qu en ce ( a bove c1 .5m OD ) a c cumu la ted u nde rm a r ine c ond i t ion s . T he o r ig in o f a nu ppe ro r gan ic c l ay r e co rded i nt h ee a s te r ly b o r eho le si s u n ce r ta in . 5 . 6 .1 .5 Woo t tonQuarr — a n i n t egra ted h i s tory o f c oa s ta lc hange T he e a r l ie s t m a r ine c ond i t ion s a r e r e co rded a t Woo t ton b y t h e m a r in e s ed imen t s wh ich p r obab ly a c cumu la ted b enea th R ane lagh S p i t a ta bou t 6 000 c a l BC ( 7 200 B P ) . A tt h i st im et h ef o re sho r ea tn e ighbou r ing Woo t ton H aven a nd a t Woo t tonQua r r w ou ld h ave b een a bove MH WST a l though t i da l w a te r s w ou ld h ave b egun t o p ene t ra te l a ndwa rd s v i a t h e f o r e sho re p a la eoc r eek s . Ap e r iod o f r a p id s e a l eve l r i se s aw m ine rogen ic s ed imen ta t ion i n t h e v a l ley b e low R ane lagh S p i t u n t i l 4 500 -3500 c a l BC ( 5 600 -4700 B P ) , w hen ab r ief p e r iod o ff r e shwa te r p ea t d eve lopmen to ccu r red . B y a bou t 5 000 c a l BC ( 6 100 B P ) , r i s ing t i da l l e ve l s h ad b egun t o o ve r top t h e f o r e sho r e p a la eoc reek s a nd s a l t m a r she s b e came e s tab l i shed i nt h e a d jo in ing i n t e rf luve s . S ub sequen t s ed imen t a c c r e t ion r e la t ive t o t h e u pwa rd mov ing t i da l f r ame a low ed at r an s i t ion f r om s a l t m a r sh t of r e shwa t e rr e ed swamp a nd t h en d r yf e nw ood land . T he w ide sp read d r y ing o f t h e c oa s ta l p ea t s w h ich f o l lowed m ay h ave c on t r ibu ted t o t h e i r e ven tua l i n unda t ion v i a a c ce le ra ted h um if i ca t ion , w eaken ing o fo rgan ic s t ru c tu r e a nd ar e du c t ion i nt h er a te o fv e r t ica l s e d imen t a c c r e t ion . T he w ood land w a s i n unda ted a tQ ua r ra nd R an e lagh S p i t b e tween c3 000 -2500 c a l BC ( c4 500 -4000 B P ) a nd a f t e r c1 980 1750 c a l BC ( UB3 27 1 ; 3 528±37 B P ) a t Woo t ton H aven . 5 . 6 .2 E v idence f o rs e a leve l c hange i nt he We s t ern Y ar V a l ley D evoy ( 1 987 ) h a s d e scr ibed t h e s t ra t ig raphy a nd p r e l im ina ry p o l len a nd d i a tom d a ta f r om t h e l ow e r Y a r V a l ley a nd a sp a r t o ft h i s s t udy , af u r the r s e r ie s o ff ou r c o re s w e re c o l lec ted f r om N o r ton S p i t . T h is s e c t ion w i l l f i r s t r e v iew t h e d a ta d e sc r ibed b y D evoy ( 1987 ) b ef o r e c on s id e r ing t h ef i nd ing so ft h ec u r r en tp r o jec t . 5 . 6 .2 .1 P r ev iou s s e a leve l s t ud ie s a tY armou th ( Devoy 1 987 ) D evoy ( 1987 ) p r e sen ted as i ng le c ompo s i te s t ra t ig raph ic p rof i le a c ro s s t h e Y a r V a l ley . T h i s i n d ica t ed t h a t t h e s ed imen t s w h ich i nf i l led t h e v a l ley c on s i s t ed o f a l ter n a t ing o r gan ic a nd i n o rgan ic d epo s i t s , w h ich i n t u rn o ve r lay b ed rock f o rmed b y t h e H eadon B ed s o f E ocene t o O l igocene a ge . B e tween o n e a nd t h r ee p ea t l a ye r s w e re f o und w i th t h e d eepe s t l y ing a t c1 1m OD . T he d eepe s t H o locene d epo s i t s e x tend ed t o c1 3m OD . N o r a d ioca rbon d a te s w e r e r e po r ted f r om t h e se o r a ny o t he rs ed im en t s f r om t h e s i te . T he m a in o r gan ic u n i tw a s c ompo sed o f m onoco ty ledonou s w ood p ea t , t h e w ood f r a c t ion b e ing d om ina ted b ya l de ra nd o ak a sw e l la sh aze l . T he c ompo s i t ion o ft h e p ea t w a s v a r iab le a nd i nc en t ra l
1 30
CO A STAL D YNAM IC S p a r t s o ft h ev a l ley w a s c ompo sed o f amonoco ty ledonou s p ea t c on ta in ing P hragm i te s a nd C ype ra ceae . U p t ot h ree p ea t l a ye r s o ccu r red i nt h e c en t re o ft h e v a l ley . T he s i l t s o ve r ly ing t h e se p ea t s c on ta ined s he l ls o f t h e mo l lu sc s
MH WST Y armou th
2-
-
C ard ium e d u le , Macoma b a l th ica a nd H yd rob ia u l vae , i n d ica t ing ab r ack ish w a te re s tua r ine e nv i ronmen t .
A l t itude ( me t res OD )
P o l len a na ly se si nd ica ted t h ee x i s ten ce o f ar a nge o fp l an t c ommun i t ie s d u r ing p ea t a ccumu la t ion , i n p a r t icu la r o ak , h aze l , a l de r a nd w i l low . T he se p o l len t y pe s w e re s ugge s t ive o fa na lde rc a r rw i th d r ie ro ak -a lde rw ood land . We t land a nd a qua t ic p o l len t a xa a l so s ugge s ted f r e shwa te r t r an s i t ion b e tween t h e f r e shwa te r r e ed swamp a nd t h e s a l t ma r sh c ommun i t ie s t h e re w a s a n i n c rea se i n t h e f r equenc ie s o f g ra ss p o l len a nd p o l len f r om h a lophy t ic p l an t s . C hang e s i n t h e h e igh t o ft h e w a te r tab le i n f e r red f r om t h e p o l len a na ly s i s w e re n o t c on s i s ten t a c ro s s t h e
R e su l t s o ft he c urren ts urvey
T he c u r ren ts u rvey i d en t if ied t wo t h ick p ea tb ed s( and a l so t wo t h in p ea tb ed s ) b e tween c9t o10m OD a nd 5 .5 t o 6 .5m OD r e spec t ive ly . As amp le o fo ak i nt h e l owe rp ea t y i e lded a na ge o f6 370 -5840 c a l BC ( GU -5397 ; 7 230± 110 B P ) ,w h i l s tt h eu ppe ra nd l owe rc on tac t so ft h eu ppe rp ea t h ave b een d a ted t o3 650 -3370 c a l BC ( GU -54 19 ;4 730±50 B P ) a nd 4 790 -4340 c a l BC ( GU -5382 ; 5 680± 100 B P ) r e spec t ive ly .T h is s equence i sv e ry s im i la rt ot h a tr e co rded i nc o re Y 2i nD evoy ' s( 1987 )s u rvey . As im i la rl owe rp ea t h a s a l so b een s amp led f r om t h e b a se o fB ou ldno r C l if f , w he re a no ak b o le f r agmen ta t c12m OD h a sb een d a ted t o6 430 -6 120 c a l BC ( GU -5420 ; 7 440 -60 B P ) . 5 . 6 .2 .3 Y ar
C oa s ta l e vo lu t ion a nd s e a leve l c hange i n t he
T he c u r ren th e igh t o f MH WST a tY a rmou th i sl owe rt h an t h a t a t Woo t tonQua r r a nd t h e r ef o r e as epa ra te g raph o f MH WST h a sb een g ene ra ted f o rt h i ss i te ( F ig . 5 . 35 ) . O nce a ga in , t h i s p rocedu re a s sume s t h a t t h e re h ave b een n o c hange si nt i da lr ange d u r ing t h eH o locene .
17 1 L
1 -
2 46 -
810
14 16 2 000
1 000
0
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 Age ( Ca l . y rs AD /BC )
v a l ley , s ugge s t ing t ha t t h ey may r e co rd l o ca l c hange s i n v ege ta t ion s u ccess ion , r a the rt han w a te rt a b le f l uc tua t ion s d ue t o c hang e s i n R SL . D ia tom s w i th in t h e l owe r a nd u ppe r s i l t s a nd c l ays i n d ica ted d epo s i t ion u nde r b rack i sh w a te rc ond i t ion s . Ove rt h e t r an s i t iona l l e ve l sb e tween t h e
5 . 6 .2 .2
: I
12 -
r e ed swamp a nd p e rhap s o pen w a te r c ond i t ion s . A t t h e
p ea t a nd t h e o ve r ly ing i n o rgan ic s ed imen t s , t h e d i a tom s r e co rded a s i gn if ican t c hange f r om f r e sh t o b rack i sh c ond i t ion s .
7 ' FA
F igur e5 . 35 B e s tS o len t( ma in land a nd IW ) d a ta c or r ec ted t o MHWST a tY armou th .
6 370 -5840 c a l BC ( GU -5397 ; 7 230± 110 B P ) . As im i la r p e r iod o fo rgan ic s ed imen ta t ion i sa l so r e co rded a t1 3m OD b enea th N ew town E a s tS p i ta t6 560 -6 180 c a l BC ( GU 5 427 ; 7 570±80 B P ) . T he re f o l lowed ap o s i t ive s ea leve l t e ndency a nd r e tu rn o fm a r ine c ond i t ion s w h ich p e r s i s ted u n t i lt h es e cond m a in p ha se o fp ea ta ccumu la t ion b e tween 4 790 -4340 c a l BC ( GU -5382 ; 5 680± 100 B P ) a nd 3 650 3 370 c a l BC ( GU -54 19 ; 4 730 -50 B P ) . P o l len d a ta f r om w i th in t h e u ppe r p ea t r e vea l e v idence f o r as i gn if ican t d ry ing o ft h e p ea t s u r f ace a nd t h e l o ca l d eve lopmen t o f o ak w ood land . T he a l t i tude o f t h e u ppe r p ea t i sv a r iab le a nd t h is m ay r e f lec t d if e ren t ia l s ed imen t c ompac t ion , p e rhaps d ue t o s t ruc tu ra l w eaken ing f o l low ing d ry ing . T he s t ra t ig raphy o ft h e u ppe r s ed imen t s i sc omp lex w i th t h in p ea t l a ye r s o cca s iona l ly r e co rded w h ich a r e d i ff icu l t t o c o r re la te a c ro s s t h e v a l ley . S uch l o ca l c hange s i ns t ra t ig raphy m ay b e r e la ted t oc hange s i np o s i t ion o ft h e t wo s p i t s w h ich c u r ren t ly p ro tec tt h eY a rV a l ley r a the rt h an c hange si nR SL ( Devoy 1 987 ) . 5 . 6 .3 N or thern I s le o f Wigh ti n ter s i te c ompar i sons T he e v idence f o r c oa s ta l e vo lu t ion i nt h e Y a r V a l ley a nd
M ine rogen ic s ed imen t si nt h eb a se o ft h eY a rV a l ley ( a bove 14 .36m OD )c on ta in f o ram in if e ra a nd d i a tom si n d ica t ive
Woo t tonQua r r a r e n ow c ompa red . T he o lde s t s ed imen t s r e co rded i nt h e c u r ren t s u rvey a r e f ound i nt h e We s ter n Y a rV a l ley , b enea th N ew town S p i t a nd a tB ou ldno r C l if f . I n a l l t h ree a r ea s , f r e shwa te r o rgan ic d epo s i t s d eve loped
o f ma r ine c ond i t ion sp r io rt ot h ea ccumu la t ion o ft h el owe r o ft h et wo p ea tl a ye r sa tt h is s i te .T h e se m a r ine s ed imen t s
b e tween c6 500 c a l BC ( 7700 B P )a nd 5 800 c a l BC ( 7000 B P ) . R SL w a s r i s ing r a p id ly a tt h is t ime a nd a tB ou ldno r
w e re p robab ly d epo s i ted b e tween c 7 500 -7000 c a l BC ( 8 500 -8000 B P ) . S ub sequen t ly t h e r e w a s ar emova l o f m a r ine c ond i t ion s o rn ega t ive s e a leve l t e ndency , a nd t h e f o rma t ion o ft h e l owe r p ea t . T he r a d ioca rbon d a te s f r om
a nd N ew town S p i t , p ea t i n i t ia t ion m ay h ave o ccu r red i n r e spon se t ow a te r logg ing o ft h ep re -Ho locene s u rf ace ( i . e . ap o s i t ive s e a leve lt e ndency ) . H oweve r , i nt h eY a rV a l ley t h e l owe rp ea t o ve r l ie s m a r ine s ed imen t s , p rov id ing c l ea r
t h is p ea ta tB ou ldno ra nd Y a rmou th s ugge s ta ccumu la t ion b e tween 6 430 -6120 c a l BC ( GU -5420 ; 7 440±60 B P ) a nd
e v idence f o r ar emova l o fm a r ine c ond i t ion s a tt h i s t ime ( and n ega t ive s e a leve lt e ndency ) .
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CO A ST AL AR CHAEO LOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONM ENT : ASO LENT C A SE S T UDY T he se f r e shwa te rs e d imen t sw e r et h en i n unda ted b ym a r ine c ond i t ion so n ce m o r e .R SL c on t inued t or i se a nd b y c6 000 c a l BC ( 7 200 B P ) t h e l owe r p o r t ion s o f Woo t ton H aven b enea th R ane lagh S p i tc ame u nde rt h ed i rec t i n f luence o f m a r ine c ond i t ion s f o r t h e f i r s t t ime . O n Woo t tonQua r r f o r e sho re , t h e p a laeoc reek s f l ooded w i th t i da l w a te r a nd s a l t m a r she s d eve loped o n t h e p e r iod ica l ly f l ooded i n te r f luve s .A t c4 700 c a l BC ( 5 800 B P ) , am a jo rc hange i n t h ep a t ter no fc oa s ta le vo lu t ion o ccu r r ed i nt h eY a rV a l ley , Woo t ton H aven a nd a t Woo t tonQua r r , a s aw id e sp r ead e p i sode o f p ea t a c cumu la t ion c ommenced . I n t h e Y a r V a l ley t h i s l a s ted f r om 4 790 -4340 c a l BC ( GU -5382 ; 5 380± 100 B P ) t o3 640 -3370 c a l BC ( GU -54 19 ; 4 730+50 B P ) , a tR ane lagh S p i t f r om c4 500 c a l BC ( 5 600 B P ) t o 3 040 -2490 c a l BC ( GU -5422 ; 4 200+ 100 B P ) , a t Woo t ton H aven f r om c4 500 t o1 750 c a l . BC a nd a t Woo t tonQua r r b e tw een c4 500 c a l BC ( 5 600 B P )a nd 2 633 -2633 BC . P o l len a nd o t he r m ic rof o s s i l d a ta f r om t h e p ea t s a ta l s i te st e l l ac on s i s ten ts t o ry w i th ap rog r e s s ive r e p lacemen t o f f r e shwa te r r e ed swamp c ommun i t ie s b y d r y f e n c a r r w ood land . T h i s s p r ead o fp ea t -f o rm ing c ommun i t ie s a nd t h e i r d r y ing -ou t i ss ugge s t ive o f af a l l i n R SL , t h ough t h e s ame e co log ica l s equence m igh t e qua l ly r e su l t f r om a u togen ic v ege ta t ion s u cce s s ion a nd r a p id a c cumu la t ion o fo rgan ic m a t te r ( f a s te r t h an t h e p r eva i l ing r a te o fR SL r i se ) .A rgumen t si nf a vou ro f ar e g iona lf a l li nR SL i n c lude t h ew ide sp read e xpan s ion o fp ea ta tt h i st ime o nt h eI s le o f W igh ta nd e l sewhe r ei nt h eS o len t ,s ugge s t ing t h eo pe ra t ion o f ar e g iona l a nd n o t l o ca l f o r c ing m echan i sm ( a s a r gued b y N icho l l s a nd C la rke 1 986 ) . H ow eve r , a ga in s t t h i s s ugge s t ion i st h e c on t inu ing u pwa rd t r end i nR SL d u r ing t h i sp e r iod ( F ig . 5 . 32 ) , a sw e l l a st h ec on t inu ing p r e sence o fm a r ine i nf lu ence s w i th in t h e p ea t s a t Woo t tonQua r r . O n b a lance , t h e p r ef e r r ed e xp lana t ion f o r t h e s p r ead o f p ea t -f o rm ing c ommun i t ie sa f t e r c4 500 c a l BC ( 5 600 B P ) i s as l ow -down i nt h er a te o fR SL r i se a nd a na cce le ra t ion i n t h e r a te o f p ea t a c cumu la t ion . T he r e tu rn o f m a r ine c ond i t ion s m ay b e l i nked t oe i the r a n i n c rea se i nt h e r a te o fR SL o nce m o re ( n o ti d en t if iab le i nt h eR SL g r aph )o ra r edu c t ion i nt h er a te o fp ea ta c cumu la t ion d ue t od r y ing o f t h ep ea ta nd w a s tage . T he r e co rd o fc oa s ta l e vo lu t ion d u r ing t h e l a te -Ho locene i si n comp le te ,a nd i sc ha ra c te r i sed b y aw ide sp read s w i t ch f r om o r gan ic t o m ine ra l r ich s e d imen ta t ion . B y c1 500 c a l BC ( 3 200 B P ) a lmo s t a l t h e c oa s ta l p ea t s o nt h e I s le o fW igh t a nd i nt h e S o len t r e g ion a s aw ho le h ad b een i n unda ted . P e rve r se ly , t h i s S o len t -w ide d ec l ine i np ea t f o rm ing c ommun i t ie sb r oad ly c o inc ide sw i th at ime w hen t h er a te o fl o ng t e rm R SL i sa ti t sl owe s td u r ing t h ee n t i re H o locene . N o s i ng le e xp lana t ion i sw ho l ly p e r sua s ive b u t t wo p o s s ib le c au se sf o rt h i sc hange i ns ed imen ta t ion s t y le a r ec on s ide r ed b e low . T he f i r s te xp lana t ion f o rt h ea b sence o fpea t sd u r ing t h el a te H o locene i st h a t ad ec r ea se i ns e d imen t s upp ly o ccu r r ed d u r ing t h i s p e r iod . A t Woo t tonQua r r , s ed imen t s ou r ce s m ay b ed i v ided i n to m a r ine a nd t e r r e s t r ia lc omponen t s .T he t e r r e s t r ia lc omponen ti sl i ke ly t oh ave i n c r ea sed d u r ing t h e
l a te H o lo cene d u e t oh uman a c t iv i ty w i th in t h e Woo t ton c a tchmen t a nd w ou ld a ppea r a n u n l ik e ly e xp lana t ion f o r c oa s ta l r e ce s s ion . I ndeed , a bundan t s ed imen t s upp ly c omb ined w i th a s l ow -down i n t h e r a te o f R SL r i se w ou ld p rodu ce c ond i t ion s h igh ly c onduc ive t os ho r e l ine p rog rada t ion . H oweve r , ar edu c t ion i n s ed imen t s upp ly f r om m a r ine s ou r ce s i s mo re p l au s ib le , a nd p e rhap s t h e S o len t -w id e n a tu r e o ft h i s c hang e i sr e la ted t o ad ec r ea se i nt h er a te o fR SL a nd a na s soc ia t ed f a l li nc oa s ta le r o s ion . T h i s mod e l i sd if i cu l t t or e conc i le w i th t h e e v id ence f o r a bundan t s e d imen t s upp ly d u r ing t h e l a te N eo l i th ic a nd B ronze A g e , a s i n d ica ted b y t h e b u r ia l a nd p r e se rva t ion o f i n te r t id a l t r ackway s o n Qua r r f o r e sho re ( s ee b e low ) . Mo reove r , a bundan t s ed imen t s upp ly d u r ing t h e r e cen t p a s t i st e s t if ied t ob y t h e r a p id e xpan s ion o fs a l tm a r she s f o l low ing t h ee s tab l i shmen to fS pa r t ina a l te rn if lo ra i nt h e r e g ion f r om t h ee nd o ft h e 1 9 th c en tu ry ( Long a nd S ca if e 1 996 ) . As e cond e xp lana t ion i st h a tt h e r e du ced r a te o fR SL r i se c on cen t ra t ed w ave a nd t i da le ne rgy f o r ap ro longed p e r iod i n an a r row v e r t ica l r a nge . Du r ing t h e e a r ly - a nd m id H o locene r i s ing w a te rl e ve l sa nd R SL p r oduced c ond i t ion s f a vou rab le f o r t h e i n i t ia t ion , i n unda t ion , a nd e ven tua l b u r ia l o fc oa s ta l p ea t s . D u r ing t h e l a te -Ho locene , a st h e r a te o fR SL f e l l a nd v e r t ica l f o r c ing w a s r edu ced , s ot h e p o ten t ia lf o rp e r s i s ten ta nd t h ick p ea ta c cumu la t ion a nd /o r p r e se rva t ion d im in i shed . 5 . 6 .4 A r chaeo logy a nd RSL c hange a t Woo t tonQuarr S ome o ft h ee a r l ie s te v idence f o rp r eh i s to r ic a c t iv i ty i st h e p r e sence o fN eo l i th ic t r a ckway sp a r t ia l ly e n tombed w it h in m a r ine s ed imen t sw h ich i nt ur no ve r l ie t h ef o r e sho r ep ea t . T he l ow e s t a l t i tud e t h a t at r ackway h a s b een r e co rded i s a t2 .83m OD . O the rt r a ckway s o ccu ra th ighe re l eva t ion s o n t h e f o r e sho re a nd m ay r e co rd s e pa ra te e p i sode s o f t r a ckway c on s t ruc t ion .A l lt r ackw ay sr u nd i rec t ly o f sho re a nd p r e sumab ly o r ig ina l ly c r o s sed u p land a r ea s , c oa s ta l f r e shwa te r s wamp s a nd f e n c a r r e nv i ronmen t s , a nd t h en o u t a c ro s s t h e s a l t m a r sh s u r f ace i n to t h e e a s ter n S o len t . Two r a d ioca rbon d a te s f r om t r ackway B 46 a t1 .84m OD y i e lded a g e s o f 3 040 -2620 c a l B C ( GU -5340 ; 4 270+70 B P )a nd 2 900 -2510 c a l BC ( GU -5582 ;4 140+50 B P ) , a nd c ompa r i son w i th t h eR SL c u rve f r om Woo t ton ( F ig . 5 . 34 ) a nd p o l len a na ly s i s c onf i rms t h e i n te r t ida l o r ig in o ft h e s t ru c tu r e . A s sum ing t h a t t h e h i ghe r t r a ckway s a r e y oung e r i n c ompa r i son , t h e i r c on s t ru c t ion b r oad ly c o in c ide s w i th t h e e nd o fp ea t f o rma t ion i n Woo t ton H aven a nd m ay b e v i ew ed a sa na dap t ive r e spon se t ow a t e r logg ing a nd c oa s ta l i n unda t ion d u r ing t h i sp e r iod . Mo r eove r ,t h e i rp r e se rva t ion s ugg e s t s t h a t s ed imen t a cc re t ion w a s r a p id f o l low ing c on s t ru c t ion ; h ad t h ey b een e xpo sed f o r a ny l e ng th o f t ime i nt h e i n te r t ida l z one t h ey w ou ld h ave d ecompo sed . T he r ef o r e , o n e s c ena r io f o r t r a ckway d eve lopmen t i s t h a t t h e i r c on s t ruc t ion o ccu r red i na n e f o r t t om a in ta in a c ce s s t os i t e s f u r the r o f sho re a sc oa s ta l r e ce s s ion t o ok p l a ce . H ow eve r , s ho r t ly f o l low ing c on s t ruc t ion t h ey w e r e a bandoned d u e t ob u r ia l a nd s ub sequ en t p re se rva t ion b y
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CO A STAL D YNAM IC S i n te r t ida ls e d imen t s .I ti sa pp rop r ia te ,t h e ref o re ,t oc on s id e r t h e se t r a ckway s a s af o rm o f' emp lacemen t 'a r chaeo logy , i n w h ich N eo l i th ic a nd B ronze A g e s t ru c tu re s w e re c on s t ruc t ed o n a n a c t ive l a nd scape e xpe r ien c ing r a p id s e d imen ta c c r e t ion .
5 . 6 .5 C onc lu s ion so nt h es hore l ine c hange so ft h en or th W igh tc oa s t • R SL d a ta f r om t h e S o len t r e g ion h ave b een c om b i ned w i th t h o se f r om t h eI s le o fW igh tt od eve lop l o ca l ly a pp l icab le a ge /a l t i tude g r aph s o f MH WST . T he se r e co rd sh ave b een u sed t od e t e rm ine ac h ro n o logy f o rc oa s ta le vo lu t ion i nt h en o r the rn I s le o f W igh t . • A t R ane lagh S p i t , Woo t ton H aven a nd a tQ uaf f B in s tead t h e s t ra t ig raphy c on s i s t s o f as i ng le p ea t b ed o ve r la in b ym a r in es i l t sa nd c l ay s .T he p ea tb e g an a c cumu la t ing a t c4 500 c a l B C ( 5 600 B P ) a nd w a s a c compan ied b y t h e d eve lopmen t o fd r y f e n c a r rw ood land . • Am o r e c omp lex p a t ter n o f s e d imen ta t ion i so b s e rved i nt h eY a rV a l ley w he r ea tl e a s tt wo p ea tl a y e r s o ccu r . T he l ow e r o ft h e t wo , w h ich d a te s f r om c6 000 c a l BC ( 7 200 B P ) , i ss im i la r i na ge a nd a l t i tude t o o r gan ic s e d imen t s r e co rded a tB ou ld n o r a nd N ew town S p i t . T he u ppe r o ft h e t wo p ea t l a ye r s f o rmed a tb road ly t h e s ame t i me a st h o se a t Woo t tonQua r r . • C ompa r i son w i th o t he r a r ea s i nt h e S o len t r e vea l s w ide sp r ead p ea t a c cumu la t ion d u r ing t h i s p e r iod , a l though t h e t i m ing o ft h e e nd o fp ea t a c cumu la t i on i sd i ach ronou s . T he l o ng t e rm t r end o f R SL w a su pwa rd sd u r ing t h i sp e r iod ,b u tt h ea ge /a l t i tude g r aph m ay h i de s ma l l s c a le o s c i l la t ion s i nR SL o f t h eo rd e ro f1 2m .I ti ss ugg e s ted t h a tp ea ti n i t ia t ion o ccu r r ed d u et o ad ec rea se i nt h er a te o fl o ng te rm R SL r i se a nd n o t af a l l i nR SL . V ege ta t ion s u cce s s i on a nd p ea th um if i ca t ion m ay u l t ima te ly h ave a s s i s ted i nt h ed em i se a nd i n unda t ion o ft h ep ea t s . • T he l a te H o locene s aw a n e nd t ow ide sp r ead p ea t a c cumu la t ion o n t h e I s le o fW igh t a nd t h roughou t mu ch o ft h e S o len t . T he c au se o ft h i s i su nce r ta in a l though ar i se i nR SL s e em s u n l ike ly . Two p o s s i b le e xp lana t ion s f o rt h i s c hange i ns e d imen ta t ion a r e af a l li nt h er a te o fs ed imen ts u pp ly a nd t h ef a l l i nr a te o fw a te r tab le r i se . • A ni mpo r tan te l emen to ft h ei n te r t ida la r cha eo logy a t Woo t tonQua r ra r et h eN eo l i th ic a nd B ronze A g e t r a ckway s . T he se a ppea r t o h ave b een e mp laced o n a n a c c re t ing s a l t m a r sh s u rf a ce i nr e spon se t o s ho re l ine r e t r ea t f o l low ing a nd /o r a c company ing t h ee nd o fp ea ta c cumu la t ion .
A s n o ted a bove , d u r ing t h e l a te H o lo cene t h e r e a r e f ew r e l iab le s e a leve l i n d ex p o in t s b a sed o n t r an sg re s s ive o r r e g re s s ive c on tac t s . T ho se i n d ex p o in t s t h a t d o e x i s t s ugge s tt h an MH WST r o se b ya bou t2 md u r ing t h el a s tt wo m i l lenn ia . H oweve r , a st h e f o l low ing e xamp le s i lu s t ra te , a r cha eo log ica ld a ta f r om an umbe ro fs ou r ce ss ugge s tt h a t t h e m ag n i tude o fR SL r i se d u r ing t h i s i n te rva l m ay h ave e xceeded 2 m , a nd a l so p o in tt op e r iod so fb o th f a s te ra nd s l owe rR SL r i se s i nce R oman t ime s . A t Woo t ton H aven aR oman s a l t -d ry ing k i ln ( s i te F 160 ) l i e s a ta n e l eva t ion o f0 .5m OD . I no r de r t oo pe ra te t h e f i r e -box i nd r y c ond i t ion s t h i s w ou ld r e qu i re am in imum k nown o c cupa t ion l e ve l , o r MOL , s e t a t l e a s t s l igh t ly b e low t h i s l e ve l . A s sum ing t h i s k i ln w a s l o ca ted a bove MH WST ,t h i ss ugge s t s ar i se o fa tl e a s t2 . 27m s i nce R oman t i me s . I n f o rma t ion r e ga rd ing p o s t -Roman s e a leve l i nt h e W e s te rn S o len t i sr e co rd ed o n B ou ldno r B ea ch , w he r e a l a te N o rman o ccupa t ion s i t ew i th i ns i tu p o t te ry , h u rd l ing a nd a n t le r -wo rk ing w a s te w a sd epo s i t ed o nc oa s ta lf l a t sa t ah e igh to f1 .3m OD . MH WST a tt h e n e ighbou r ing p o r t o fY a rmou th i sa t1 . 12m OD a nd ,a s sum ing t h eo ccupa t ion s i t e w a s p o s i t ioned a to rc l o se t o MH WST , t h i s s ugge s t s ar i se o fa tl e a s t 2 . 42m s i nce AD 1 200 . L a s t ly , i ns e c t ion 7 . 4 .4 , L oad e r o b se rve s t h a t t h e 1 0 th t o 1 th c en tu ry AD f i sh t r ap B 48 o n B in s tead B ea ch p r ov ide s a n i n d ica t ion o f c on t empo ra ry s e a leve l b ecau se t h e a pex o f t h e t r ap m u s th ave b een s i ted a to ra bove MLW i no rd e rt ot r ap f i sh a nd f un c t ion a ta l l t i d e s . T o b e a c ce s s ib le a ta l t ime st h i s w ou ld n eed t ob el o ca ted n ol ow e rt h an MLWNT w h ich a t R yde i ss e t a t0 . 18m OD . T h i s a pex i ss i ted a t2 .4m OD w he re i ti sa c ce s s ib le o n ly o n e x t r eme l ow t i d e s . I ft h e se a s sump t ion sa r ev a l id ,t h i ss ugge s t s ar i se o fa tl e a s t2 . 58m s i nce t h e 1 0 th t o 11 t hc en tu ry AD . T he a bove e xamp le s l a ck t h e d e ta i led b i o s t ra t ig raph ic d a ta r e qu i r ed t oa l low ap r ec i se e s t ima te o ft h e i r f o rme r e l eva t ion w i th r e spec t t o s e a leve l a tt h e t i me o f t h e i r f o rma t ion . T he se e s t ima te s s hou ld , t h e r ef o r e , b e t r ea ted w i th ac e r ta in d eg ree o fc au t ion .D e sp i te t h e se r e se rva t ion s , t h e e xamp le s c a s t u s ef u l l i gh t o n at i me p e r iod f o rw h ich l i t t le o t h e r i n f o rma t ion c u r r en t ly e x i s t s , a nd r a i se o t he r i mpor tan t q ue s t ion s r e la t ing t o t h e t im ing o f c hange d u r ing t h i s i n te rva l . F o r e xamp le , t h e e l eva t ion o f t h e R oman k i ln sa nd t h eN o rman o ccupa t ion s u rf ace ss ugge s t s im i la r a moun t s o f R SL r i se ( b e tw een 2 a nd 2 . 6m ) b u t o ve r v e ry d if e ren t t i me p e r iod s . T h i s s ugge s t s t h a t R SL w a se i th e rs t ab le b e tw een t h eR oman a nd N o rman p e r iod s a nd t h en a c ce le ra ted s i gn if i can t ly , o rt h a t t wo s i gn if ican t o sc i l la t ion s i nR SL o ccu r red b e tw e en t h e R oman p e r iod a nd t h ep r e sen td ay .
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6T he H in te r land
6 . 1 I n troduc t ion : t h ec harac ter o ft h eh in t er land R ob S ca if e T he h i n te r land z one a sd e l im i ted i ns e c t ion 2 . 2 e mb ra ce sa r a ng e o fb ed rock l i t ho log ie s r a ng ing f r om t h e u ppe r c ha lk t ot h es ou th ,t ot h eE ocene a nd O l igo cene s t ra ta o u t c ropp ing t ot h en o r th ( s ee F i g . 5 . 2 ) . An umbe ro ff a c to r sh ave m ad e t h i s r e g ion o ne o fp a laeoeco log ica l i n te r e s t . T he r e g ion o f T e r t ia ry l i t ho logy h ad n o tb een s t ud ied i na ny d e ta i l e i th e r f r om a n a r cha eo log ica l o rp a la eoe co log ica l a s pec t . E a r l ie r b e l ief w a s t h a t t h e l a nd t ot h e n o r th o fc ha lk d own s w a s l i t t le u t i l i sed d u r ing t h e p r eh i s to r ic p e r iod a nd t h a t t h e v ege ta t ion e nv i ronmen t r ema ined o n e o f d en se , p e rhap s p r ima ry , w ood land u n t i l t h e mona s t ic p e r iod ( Ba sf o rd 1 980 ) . D i s cove ry o ft h e B ronze A ge b a r row c eme te ry a t P u ck H ou se i n 1 976 a nd t h e e x t en s ive c oa s ta l o r ien ted s i t e s d u r ing t h e p r e sen t s u rvey c l ea r ly s how s t h e se e a r l ie r v i ew s t ob e i n co r r ec t . E x ten s ive s u rvey o ft h e r e g ion f o r p ea tm i r e sw a sc a r r ied o u tb yt h ea u tho rb e tw een 1 973 a nd 1 976 . N one w e r e l o ca t ed a l though e a r l ie rb o tan ica l w o rk s r e f e r t o l o ca l i sed s p r ing f l u sh a nd v a l ley m i r e s ( Snooke 1 823 ; B romf i e ld 1 8 56 ) . T he se h ave s i n ce b een d r a in ed a nd c onve r ted t o a g r icu l tu ra l l a nd . F o r tu i tou s ly , c l o se t o t h e P u ck H ou se b a r row c l u s te r , as ma l l v a l ley s i d e s p r ing b og w i th p ea ta nd s e d imen ta c cumu la t ion w a sf o und d u r ing c on s t ru c t ion o f ap ond b yM rJ .C leave ra tN ewnham F a rm . A l though s h a l low a nd o fl i m i ted s p a t ia l e x t en t , s u ch m i r e s h ave p r ov id ed v a luab le p a lyno log ica ld a ta s p ann ing t h el a te r p r eh i s to r ic a nd h i s to r ic p e r iod ( f o re xamp le B ohem ia B og , R ook ley , I s le o fW igh t ; S ca if e 1 980 ) . T h i s s i t e , t h e r ef o r e , a f o rd ed a no ppo r tun i ty t oe xam ine t h ep a s tv eg e ta t ion a nd e nv i ronmen to ft h eT e r t ia ry g eo logy o fn o r th e a s tW igh tf o r t h e f i r s t t i me . T he d a ta w h ich a r e p r e sen t ed h e r e ( S ca if e s e c t ion 6 . 3 .1) p rov id e av eg e ta t ion r e co rd f o rt h et e r r e s t r ia l ( h in te r land )z one f r om c4 000 c a l BC ( 5 000 B P ) . C on t ra s t ing w i th t h e T e r t ia ry l i t ho logy , t h e c ha lk land s h ave l o ng b een c on s ide red a sf oc i o fp r eh i s to r ic a c t iv i ty ( P iggo t t 1 9 54 ) . Whe rea s p o l len i sp oo r ly p r e se rved i n c a lca r eou s e nv i ronmen t s , mo l lu sc s h ave p rov id ed l o ng t e rm r e co rd s o fc hang ing h ab i ta t s ( Ke rney 1 963 ; K er n ey e ta l1 964 , 1 977 , 1 980 ;E van s 1 972 ;B e l l 1 983 ;M .J .A l len 1 988 , 1 99 1 , 1 993 ) .T he c ha lk d own land f o rm st h es ou th e rn e x t en to ft h e s t udy z one , a nd an umbe ro fs c a rp s l ope d r y v a l ley se x i s tw h ich c on ta in c o l luv ia lf i l l s .T he se t h e r ef o r e o f e r p o ten t ia l f o r r e con s t ru c t ion o fl a nd u se h i s to ry a nd e nv i ronmen ta l c hange wh ich c an b e c ompa r ed w i th a nd c on t ra s ted t oa d jacen tT e r t ia ry l i t ho log ie s ,a dd ing af u r the r d imen s ion t o o u r u nde r s tand ing o f t h e d eve lopmen t o f c u l tu ra l a c t iv i ty a nd r e su l tan t l a nd u s e c hange i n t h i s p r ev iou s ly u n s tud ied r e g ion . Two s i t e s w e re e xam ined
d u r ing t h ed u ra t ion o ft h ep ro jec t ,a tD uxmo re C ombe a nd E ag lehead C op se ( s ee A l len s e c t ion 6 . 2 ) . D a ta p e r ta in ing t o t h e e nv i ronmen t o f t h e ' u p land ' i n te rf luve s h ave e nab led a n u nde r s tand ing o ft h e h uman c on t r ibu t ion t o l a nd scape c hange i n t h e r e g ion w h ich r e su l ted i nc o l luv ia t ion o ft h e c ha lk v a l ley s a nd s e d imen t t r an spo r t f r om a luv ia l r e g ime s i n to t h e u ppe rr e a che s o f t h e Woo t ton ( p a laeo )va l ley s y s tem . I n e s tab l i sh ing t h e r e sea r ch d e s ign f o r t h e p r o jec t , i tw a s r e a l i sed t h a t t h i s e r o s ion o f t h e i n te rf luv e s o i l s m igh t c on t r ibu t e t o t h e s t ra t ig raph ica l a nd g eomo rpho log ica l e vo lu t ion o f t h e l owe rr e a che so ft h ef l uv ia ln e two rk . I ti sn ow s h own t h a t h uman i nf luence sh ave p l ayed t h em o s ts i gn if ican tr o le i n t h e d eve lopmen t o ft h e l ow land , s ou the rn E ng l i sh r i ve r s y s tem s ( Bu r r in a nd S ca if e 1 984 , 1 9 88 ) , a nd c ha lk d ry v a l ley s( Be l l 1 982 , 1 983 ;A l len 1 992 ) . 6 . 2T he c ha lk land h ab i ta t : l and Molu sca a nd c o l luv ia l s ed imen t s M ichae lJ .A l l en ( o r ig ina l ly w r i t t en J une 1 993 ) 6 . 2 .1
D uxmor eC ombe
A s p a r t o ft h e h i n te r land s t udy , i n ve s t iga t ion o f as ma l l s c a rp s lope d r yv a l ley ( c ombe ) a tD uxmo r e ( SZ 53 8 75 ) w a su nde r taken t oe s tab l i sh t h ec ha ra c t e ra nd d eve lopmen t o ft h e c ha lk l a nd s . T he c ombe i s as ma l l , n a r row , n o r th f a c ing s c a rp s l ope v a l ley i n t h e S andown a n t ic l ine a t A r re ton D own . T he v a l ley f l oo r i sl e s s t h an 6 0m w ide a nd 2 00m l o ng a nd r i se ss h a rp ly ( c9 ° )w i th s t eep ,p a ra l le l s i de s . T he m ode rn s o i l p rof i le ( we l l -d eve loped c o l luv ia l b rown e a r th u nde r p a s tu r e ) i n d ica te s t h a t t h e v a l ley h a s n o t b een c u l t iva ted f o r av e ry s ub s tan t ia l p e r iod . T h i s i s r e f lec ted b yt h ef i ne a nd d i ve r se f l o ra o ft h eg ra s s land .T he c l o se ly a d ja cen t w ood land s a r e s im i la r ly f i ne , c on ta in ing p l an t st y p ica lo fo l dw ood land a nd a l so l i chen a s semb lage s o no l da sh t r ee s .T he s t udy w a sd eemed i mpo r tan ti nv i ew o ft h e p o ten t ia l o fs u ch d r y v a l ley s t oc on ta in c o l luv ium w h ich m ay b u ry a nd p r e se rve a r cha eo log ica l m a t e r ia l ( A l len 1 988 ; 1 99 1 ; 1 994 ) . S uch c o l luv ia l s equ en ce s m ay a l so c on ta in p a laeoenv i ronmen ta l s e qu ence s ( Be l l 1 9 83 ; P reece 1 980a , a nd A l len 1 994 ) . C on sequen t ly , m a ch ine c u t t r enche s w e r e d ug i nt h e v a l ley f l oo r t o s e c t ion t h e c o l luv ia l s t ra t ig raphy , s amp le f o r m o l lu sc s , p r ov ide ap a la eoenv i ronmen ta l s e quence , e xam ine t h e s p a t ia l d i s t r ibu t ion o fc o l luv ium a nd i n ve s t iga t et h ep o s s ib i l i ty o f a r chaeo log ica l s i te s b u r ied b enea th t h e v a l ley f l oo r ( F ig . 6 . 1) .T he a r cha eo log ica lr e su l t so ft h i sw o rk a r ed e sc r ibed a nd d i scu s sed i ns e c t ion 7 . 2 .2 .
1 34
TH E HI N T ER LAND T he m a in t r en ch ( t rench 3 )p rov ided a n a lmo s t c omp le te c r o s s s e c t ion o f t h e v a l ley f l oo r w h ich r e vea led t h e d eepe s t , s t ra t if i ed c o l luv ia l s e qu en ce . H and -excava t ion o f a1 mw ide s t r ip w a s u nde r tak en t or e cove r a nd l o ca te a r tef a c t s i nc on junc t ion w i th s amp l ing f o rl a nd Mo l lu sca , p o l len a nd p l an tm a c rof o s s i l s . 6 . 2 .1 .1
T he s t ra t igraphy
T he s t ra t ig raphy o n t h e v a l ley f l oo r c omp r i sed a lmo s t 3 m o fp o s t -g lac ia l c o l luv ia l d epo s i t r e s t ing o n w ea the red U ppe r C ha lk o n t h e v a l ley s i d e s a nd c ha lky p e r ig la c ia l s o l i f lu c t ion m a te r ia l ( La t e D even s ian C oombe R ock ) i n t h ev a l ley f l oo r( F ig . 6 . 2 ) .T he se a r ec ha ra c te r i sed i nm o r e d e ta i la sf o l low s :
•
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T h e L a te D even s ian C oombe R ock ( Laye r 5 ) : A t t h e b a se o f t h e t r ench w e re t h e L a te D even s ian p e r ig la c ia l s o l if lu c t ion d epo s i t sw h ich o ccu ri nt h eb a se o ft h ev a l ley b u td on o te x tend u pt h ev a l ley s i d e s .T he se w e re v a r iab le b u tc omp r i sed m a in ly ap a le y e l low ( 2 .5Y 8 / 4 )c ha lk mud t oy e l low i sh b rown ( 10YR 5 / 4 )s i l ty c l ay l o am m a t r ix w i th a bundan tc ha lk p i ece s . S o lu t ion h o l low s : Two p u ta t ive s o lu t ion h o l low s ( 1 4 a nd 1 8 ) i nt h e C oombe r o ck w e r e r e co rded a tt h e b a se o ft h e s e quence .B o th c on ta ined aw eak ly c a lca r eou s ,d a rk b rown c l ay w i th o cca s iona l f l in t s ( c on tex t2 8 , 1 5a nd 1 3 ) . B lack m angane se a nd /o ri r on n odu le sw e r ep r e sen t . E a r ly H o locene : L aye r s 1 6 a nd 1 7 : I n al a rge p ocke t w i th in , a nd o ve r ly ing , t h e p e r ig la c ia l c ha lky d epo s i t s o n t h ew e s ts i de o ft h ev a l ley w e r ed a rk b r own ( 7 .5YR 4 / 4t o 1 0YR 4 / 4 )s i l ty ( c lay )l o am c on ta in ing n ume rou sm ed ium f l i n t s a nd o cca s iona l m ed ium a nd l a rge f l in t n odu le s w i th l i t t le e v idence o f a ny c a lca reou s c omponen t . T he r e dd i sh b r own n a tu re o ft h e m a t r ix a nd c o r t ica l s t a in ing o nt h ef l i n t ss ugge s tt h eo r ig ina ld e r iva t ion o fs ome o ft h i s m a te r ia lm ay h ave b een f r om l o ca lc l ay -w i th f l in td epo s i t s a nd t h el a rg ep ocke t( c on tex t 1 6 )i sr em in i scen to f af o s s i l t r eeho le . T he se d epo s i t s a r e n o t i mmed ia te ly e a sy t oi n te rp r e t . B y a na logy w i th s im i la rd epo s i t se l sewh e r e( Be l l 1 983 ;A l len 1 994 ; 1 995 ; 2 005 )i ti sl i ke ly t h a tp o s tg la c ia lp edog ene s i s i sp a r t ia l ly r e spon s ib le f o rt h e l a ye r i ni t sp r e sen tf o rm . I t i sp o s s ib ly aw eak B th o r izon o f ap a la eo -a rg i l l ic e a r th ,i . e . r e l ic ta l f i so l s( Macpha i li nB e l l 1 98 1 a nd i nA l len 2 005 ) .
P os t med ieva l p o t te ry Med ieva l p o t tery Roman p ot tery B eaker o ccupa t ion L i th i c s
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F igur e6 . 1D uxmor eC ombe -l o ca t ion o ft r enche s .
T he t r unca ted / r e -wo rk ed o l d l a nd s u r f a ce ( Laye r 1 ) : A d a rk b r own ( 10YR 4 / 3 ) , a lmo s t s t on e -f r ee , w eak ly c a lca r eou s d en se s i l ty c l ay o ccu r red i n t h e c en t r e a nd e a s te rn s i de o ft h ev a l ley f l oo r . I nt h el a bo ra to ry ,a bundan t m ic ropo r e s a nd c omm inu ted c ha r coa l p i e ce s w e r e n o ted . T h i s l a ye r i st h u s t h ough t t ob e at r unca ted o rr e -wo rked o l ds o i lh o r izon ,p robab ly ab r own e a r th o ra r g i l l ic b r own e a r th . C o l luv ia l d epo s i t s ( Laye r 1 2 ) : O ve r ly ing t h e p u ta t ive t r unca ted o r r e -wo rk ed s o i l h o r izon w a s ad a rk b r own ( 7 .5YR 4 / 4 ) s t ony s i l ty c l ay . T h i s c on ta ined s ome s ma l l c ha lk p i ece s a nd c ha r coa l f r agmen t s . I t s l o ca t ion o n
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CO A ST AL AR CHAEO LOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONM ENT : ASO LENT C A SE S TUDY t h e w e s te rn s l ope , a nd i t s c ha ra c te r i n d ica te t h a t t h i s i s c o l luv ia l a nd o r ig ina ted f r om t h e e r o s ion o f aw eak ly c a lca r eou s s o i l ( i . e . b r own e a r th /Camb i so l ) . T he e r o s ion e ven t s a s soc ia ted w i th i t s d epo s i t ion m ay a l so h ave b een r e spon s ib le f o r t h e t r un ca t ion , a nd p r e sen ce o ft h e r e l ic t b r own e a r th p rof i le b enea th . L aye r9 :O n eo ft h em a in c o l luv ia lh o r izon so ccu r r ed a c ro s s a lmo s tt h e e n t i r ev a l ley s e c t ion a nd c omp r i sed ay e l low i sh b r own ( 1 0YR 5 / 6 ) s i l ty c l ay w i th m any s ma l l c ha lk p i ece s a nd o cca s iona l f l i n t s . I tw a s t h e l ow e s t a nd , t h e r ef o r e , e a r l ie s tn o tab ly c a lca r eou sh o r izon r e co rded i nt h i ss e c t ion . I t s l o ca t ion s ugg e s t s t h a t i tl a rge ly r e p r e sen t s e r o s ion a nd d epo s i t ion d own t h ev a l ley a x i s . L aye r7 :I mmed ia te ly o v e r ,a nd i ns ome p l a ce sm e rg ing i n to a nd a lmo s ti n d i s t ingu i shab le f r om ,l a ye r 9w a s ad a rk b r own ( 1 0YR 4 / 4 )s i l ty c l ay w i th c ommon s ma l l c ha lk p i e ce sa nd o c ca s iona lm ed ium la rg ef l i n t s .F ragmen t so fc ha r coa lw e r e p r e sen te s pec ia l ly i n as i l tl o am l e n s( c on tex t8 ) .L abo ra to ry e xam ina t ion s how ed a m od e ra t e ly d eve loped , m ed ium s ubangu la rb l ocky p ed s t ru c tu r ew i th 2% m ic ropo r e s . T h i s i n d ica te s s ome p edog ene s i s f r om w h ich w e c an s ugg e s t t h a t t h i s r e p r e sen t s as t ab i l i sa t ion h o r izon o ft h e c o l luv ia l l a ye r a nd l o ca l i sed i ns i tu s o i l f o rma t ion . P a t e l la v u lga ta w a sf o und i nt h em o l lu sc s amp le ss ugge s t ing e xp lo i ta t ion o f m a r ine r e sou r ce si nt h el a te rp r eh i s to r ic p e r iod . L aye r6 :A l o ca lv a l ley s id e /f oo t s lope c a lca r eou sc o l luv ium w a s l o ca t ed i nt h e e a s te rn s e c t ion a nd w a s ay e l low i sh b r own ( 1 0YR 5 / 4 ) s i l ty c l ay ( l oam ) w i th m any s ma l l a nd m ed ium c ha lk p i e ce sa nd o cca s iona lf l in t s . L aye r 1 0 :I nt h ee a s t er np a r to ft h es e c t ion w a sl a rg eg r ave l f a n ( A l len 1 992 ; 1 995 ; 2 005 ) c omp r i s ing m a in ly l a rge f l i n t s ,w i th m any n odu le sa nd l i t t le c ha lk a nd s o i l .T he f l i n t h ad e r od ed f r om t h e e a s t er ns l ope a nd b een d epo s i ted i na f o o t s lope l o ca t ion . L aye r 4 :O ccu r r ing a c ro s s t h e e n t i r e v a l ley p r of i le w a s a l i gh te r b r own ( 7 .5YR 5 / 4 ) c a lca r eou s c o l luv ium w i th a bundan ts ma l lc ha lk p i e ce sa nd r a r ef l in t s .O cca s iona ll e n se s o fc ha lk p i ece sc ou ld b ed i s cer n ed w h ich a r er em in i scen to f c ha lk r i l l d epo s i t s ( A l len 1 99 1) . T h i s p r obab ly r e p r e sen t s l o ng t e rm r i l le r o s ion f r om t h ee a s t ,o ft h in ,h i gh ly c a lca r eou s ( r endz ina )s o i l sw i th in t h ev a l ley c a t chmen t . L aye r 2 :T he b a se o ft h e mode rn s o i l : T h i s c omp r i sed a c a lca r eou s c o l luv ium w i th c ommon s ma l l a nd m ed ium c ha lk p i ece s a nd s ome f l in t s . U n l ike l a ye r4 ,t h i s d i dn o t c on ta in a ny c ha lky l e n se s ,i n d ica t ing t h ey h ad b een t o ta l ly r e -wo rked b ys ub sequ en tb i o t ic ( e a r thwo rm )a c t iv i ty . L aye r 1 :T h e moder n s o i l : T h i s w a s ac a lca r eou s b rown e a r th ( 1 0YR 4 / 3 ) g i v ing w ay t o ab rown r e ndz ina o n t h e s l ope s . T he g r a s s land c omp r i sed a t y p ica l s p ec ie s r ich d own land f l o ra ( S ca if ep e r s . c omm . ) .T he s o i lw a sl a rge ly s t one -f r ee a nd e x ten s ive ly b i o tu rba ted i n d ica t ing l o ng t e rm g r a s s land .
6 . 2 .1 .2 Mo l lu scan a na ly s i s : t h e d eve lopmen t o f t h e d own land s Two c o lumn s o fc on t iguou s s amp le s w e r e t a ken b y t h e e xcava to r sf r om t h e D uxmo r ec o l luv ia ls e qu en ce a t1 0cm i n te rva l s , l a rg e ly d i s r ega rd ing c on tex tb ounda r ie s ( c on t ra E van s 1 972 ) , t h rough t h ep o s t -g la c ia l d epo s i t s . T he m a in c o lumn o f2 7 s amp le s ( c o lumn 1 )w a s t a k en t h rough t h e h and -excava ted s e c t ion o fh i l lwa sh a nd c an b e d i r ec t ly r e la ted t ot h e a r tef ac t d i s t r ibu t ion s . T he s e s amp le s w e re a ugmen ted b y as e cond c o lumn , c . 1 0m t o t h e e a s t , s amp l ing d epo s i t s n o t r e p r e sen ted i n c o lumn 1 a nd , i n p a r t icu la r ,t h eg r ave lf a n( c on tex t 1 0 ) . Me thod A l l s amp le s w e re p roce s sed f o l low ing s t anda rd m e thod s o u t l ined b y E van s ( 1972 ) a nd d e ta i led b y A l len ( 1 989 ; 1 990 ) ; 2 kg o fs ed imen t w a s d i sagg rega ted i nw a te r a nd 3 0% 1 00 v o l .h yd rogen p e rox ide ( H 202)a dded t of a c i l i ta t e d i sagg r ega t ion . F loa t ing s h e l l s w e re d e can ted o n to a 0 . 5mm m e sh a pe r tu r e s i eve a nd t h e r e s idue s w a shed t h rough an e s to fs i eve so f5 . 6mm ,2 mm , l mm a nd 0 . 5mm a pe r tu re a nd o ven d r ied a tl ow t empe ra tu r e s . A l l s h e l l s f r om s amp le s o fc o lumn 1w e re e x t ra c ted a nd i d en t if ied a nd w e r e a ugmen ted b y as e lec t ion o f s amp le s f r om c o lumn 2t os upp lemen tt h es equence .D ue t ot h ep o ten t ia l c omp lex i ty o f t h e s h e l l s ( i . e . s h e l l s i n s i tu ; a nd t h o se t r an spo r ted i nh i l lwa sh d e r ived f r om p r ima ry o rs e conda ry c on tex t s )a ls h e l l sw e re e xam ined f o rs p ec if i co re x ce s s ive w ea r ,a nd t h er e gu la ro ccu r r ence o fs ma l la p ica lf r agmen t s ( < 1mm ) w a s n o ted ( a r ch ive ) t op rov id e a n i n d ica t ion o f t h e t a phonom ic c omp lex i t ie s o f t h e a s semb lage s . O ve r 7 , 500 s h e l l sw e r e i d en t if ied ( T ab le 6 . 1) . T he r e su l t s a r e p r e sen ted i nd i ag r am f o rm ( F ig . 6 . 3 ) , a nd i n T ab le 6 . 1 , w he re t h e n omenc la tu r e f o l low s Wa lden ( 1 976 ) . I no r d e rt oc ha rac te r i se t h e s ub t le a nd s i gn if i can t c hange s i nt h e a s semb lage s t h ey h ave b e en d i v ided i n to s e ven m o l lu sc b i ozone s ,w h ich a l so b road ly c o r r e spond t o c on tex tb ounda r ie s( F ig . 6 . 3 ) . T he l a rge ly d e ca lc if ied s o lu t ion h o l low d epo s i t s a nd t h e b a sa l e a r ly B ronze A ge t r unca ted / r e -wo rk ed b u r ied s o i l c on ta ined v e ry f ew s h e l l s w h ich w e r e l a rg e ly o f o pen c oun t ry a nd c a tho l ic s pec ie s .T he se a r ew e l lr e p r e sen ted i n t h e o ve r ly ing c o l luv ia l d epo s i t s ;n ame ly C och l icopa s pp . , T r ich ia h i sp id a , V a l lon ia c o s ta ta a nd V a l lon ia e xcen t r i ca . Whe re s h e l l s s u rv ive , a l t h e a s semb lage s a r e t y p ica l o f h i l lwa sh a nd a r e d om ina ted b y o pen c oun t ry s p ec ie s a nd , i np a r t icu la r ,b y V a l lon ia c o s ta ta . S he l l sf i r s to ccu rc on s i s ten t ly i nt h eB ronze A g ec o l luv ium ( c on tex t 1 2 ) . P re se rva t ion o fs h e l l s i sg ood a nd n umbe r s a r er e la t iv e ly h i gh ,w i th f l u c tua t ion si nn umbe r se xp la ined t h rough s t ab i l i sa t ion e p i sod e s r a the r t h an c hange s i n t a phonomy . T he a s semb lage s f r om t h e B ronze A g e c o l luv ium ( c on tex t 1 2 —z one 1 )a r e d om ina ted b y t h e o pen c oun t ry s p ec ie s V a l lon ia c o s ta ta b u t w i th a f ew o t he rs hade lov ing s p ec ie s( D i scu sr o tunda tu s ,C a ry ch ium t r id en ta tum a nd V i t r ea s pp . )b e ing i mpo r tan tc omponen t s .
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1 39
CO A ST AL AR CHAEOLOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONM ENT : ASO LENT C A SE S TUDY I r on A g e , a nd w e c an i n d ica te a r e duc t ion i n s ed imen t d epo s i t ion ,a nd t h u sp o s s ib ly i nt h ea r ab le r e g ime ,a nd t h e o n se t o fs t ab i l i sa t ion a nd al u sh g r a s s land s wa rd ( V i t r ea s pp .) a tt h et o po ft h i sz one .
D epo s i t ion i nt h el a te rI r on Age ( c on tex t4 )s how sr e du ced s h e l l n umbe r s b u t e s sen t ia l ly a r e tur n t o a s semb lage s s im i la r t ot h o se i nz one 3 b i n d ica t ing ar e tu rn t oa r ab le c ond i t ion s a nd s ed imen ta t ion e ngu lf ing t h e g r ave l f a n ( c on tex t 1 0 ) .D if f e ren ce sw i th e a r l ie rh ab i ta t sa r ei n d ica ted b y t h e p r e sen ce o f V i t r ea s pp . s ugg e s t ing m o re s hady h ab i ta t sl o ca l ly ,a nd t h i sm ay i n d ica te s ub t le d if e r en ce si n t h e a r ab le r e g ime s . C ha lk l e n se so ccu rw i th in t h i sd epo s i t i n d ica t ing t y p ica lr i l le r o s ion o ft h in r e ndz ina s o i l s( A l len 1 99 1 ; 1 992 ) .
A s semb lage s o f z one 4 a r e c onf ined t o t h e g r ave l f a n ( c on tex t 1 0 ) a nd a r e d e r ived . H ow eve r , d e sp i te t h ec oa r se f l in tg r ave lo ft h ef a n , s h e l ln umbe r s a r eh i gh ( T ab le 6 . 1) , m agne t ic s u scep t ib i l i ty r i se s , a nd t h ep r e sence o fu nwo rn s p ec imen s o fA c icu la f u sca a r ea l l s ugge s t ive o f al a rge ly i ns i tu a s semb lage d eve lop ing i n , a nd o n , t h e g r ave l f a n . A s w i th p r ev iou s a s semb lage s Vc o s ta ta d om ina te s w i th Th i p s ida ; am a jo r c hange i st h e s i gn if i can t i n c r ea se i n s had e lov ing s p ec ie s ; Z on i t idae , P unc tum p ygmaeum , D i scu s , C a lych ium a nd V i t r ea . S upe rf i c ia l ly t h e se a r e s im i la r t o a s semb le s r e co rded i n l o ng c ha lk g r a s s land ( Came ron a nd Mo rgan -Huw s 1 975 ) , b u t t h e p r e sen ce o f D i scu s a nd o t he r s h ad e lov ing s p ec ie s i sn o t c ompa t ib le w i th t h i s . Mo s t s i gn if i can t i st h e c on s i s ten t o ccu r r ence o f A .f u sca i na l t h ree s amp le s ; as pec ie sw h ich i sh a ss t rong w ood land p r ef e r en ce s a nd i su nu sua l i n p o s t N eo l i th ic c on tex t s ( Evan s 1 972 , 1 35 ) , n eve r the le s s i th a s b een r e co rded i nh i l lwa sh w i th r i ch w ood land o rs c rub f a una s ( A l len 1 994 ; E van s 1 966 ; S pa rk s 1 952 ) a nd i su nu sua l ly a bundan ti no t he rh i l lwa sh l o ca t ion ss u ch a sO x ted ,S u r rey ( Dav ie s 1 953 ) . I th a s a l so b een r e co rded o n t h e s ou th o f t h e I s land i ns c rub o n l a nd s l ide s , b u t n o t i nt h e n o r th o f t h eI s land ( P r eece 1 980b ) .C on com i tan tw i th t h ei n c rea se s d e sc r ibed a bove , i st h a t o f P oma t ia s e l egan s w h ich i s t y p ica l i nl o o se d epo s i t s s u ch a st h e g r ave l f a n , b u t t h e r ema in ing a s semb lag e s ugge s t s s t ab le e nv i ronmen t s a nd r a p id r e gene ra t ion o fh ab i ta t ss u ch a sl o ng m e s ic g r a s s land o r s c rub r e g ene ra t ion o ve r t h e g r ave l f a n . T h i s r a p id r e co lon i sa t ion b y t h e m o l lu scan f a una m ay s ugge s t t h e e x i s tence o fl o ng -e s tab l i shed w ood land o nt h ev a l ley s i de s ( mo l lu sc s ) ,b u tt h ei n ten s ive t i l lage o ft h ev a l ley f l oo ra nd l owe rv a l ley s l ope s( g rave lf a n ) .
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T he f i na lz one s 6a nd 7c o inc ide w i th t h eu ppe rc o l luv ium a nd c o l luv ia l c a lca r eou s b rown e a r th d eve loped i n i t ( c on tex t s 1a nd 2 ) .T he l owe rz one ( 6 ) ,l a rge ly c onf ined t o t h eu ppe rc o l luv ium ( c on tex t2 ) ,c on ta ined R oman p o t te ry a nd H e l ix a spe r sa ( as na i li n t rodu ced t ot h eB r i t i sh I s le si n t h eR oman p e r iod ; K er n ey 1 966 )a nd d i sp lay s ar e du c t ion i nV i t r ea s p p . a nd a l s hade lov ing s p ec ie sa nd ar i se i nT h i sp ida , L imax w i th t h e d om inance o f Vc o s ta ta m ak ing t h i s t y p ica l o fo t he r c o l luv ia l a s semb lage s o n t h e I s le o f W igh t( A l len 1 994 ; P r eece 1 980a ; 1 987 ) . T he se a r em o re t y p ica l ly r e p r e sen ta t ive o fa r ab le e nv i ronmen t s , h ow eve r as i ng le c omp le te , a nd u nwo rn s ubf o ss i l s p ec imen o f A c icu la f u sca m ay i n d ica te t h ep r e sen ce o fs u i tab le ,m o r e s haded h ab i ta t so nt h ec ombe s i de s ,o ro nc ea ga in i n d ica te i t s p r ed i le c t ion f o r c o l luv ia l e nv i ronmen t s . An umbe r o f t h e i n t rodu ced H e l ice l l id s , i n d ica t ing am ed ieva l o rl a te r d a te ( Ke rn ey 1 966 )a r ea l so p re sen t . T h ef i na lz one ( z one 7 )i nt h e t y p ica l c o l luv ia l b rown e a r th ( c on tex t 1 ) , h a s a m ixed a s semb lage i n d ica t ing m ed ieva l o rl a te ra r ab le a nd p a s tu re l a nd -u se . 6 . 2 .1 .3
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1 40
TH E HI N TER LAND s l ope c ombe d e te rm ine s t h a t a l t h e a s semb lag e s mu s t b e l o ca l a nd mu s t r e f lec tt h e l a nd -u se o ft h ev e ry s ma l l a r ea w i th in t h e c ombe . T he se a s semb lage s , w i th e xcep t ion o f t h e g r ave l f a n , a l r e p re sen t o pen c oun t ry a nd m o s t o f t h e s p ec ie s r e co rded a r e c ha ra c t e r i s t ic o f c a lca r eou s g r a s s land o r a r ab le c on tex t s ( T ab le 6 . 2 ) . T he w ho le d epo s i t c an b e c on s ide r ed a s a n th ropog en ic a nd l a rge ly t r igge red b y p l ough ing , a nd as e r ie s o fl a nd -u se e p i sode s c an b e d e tec ted ( T ab le 6 . 2 ) . Ap rob lem o fi n te rp r e ta t ion i s , h ow eve r , p o sed b y t h e c on t inu ed o ccu r r en ce o f t h e s h ade lov ing s p ec ie s f o r w h ich r e la t ive ly h i gh n umbe r s a nd v a r ie ty o fs p ec ie s( f o re xamp le A c i cu la f u sca , D i scu s , C a tych ium , V i t r ea ,A egop ine l la )a r ec on s i s ten t ly r e co rd ed . A st h e c o l luv ia l d epo s i t i sa n th ropog en ic a nd w a s l a rg e ly t r i gge red b yp l ough ing i ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h es h ad e lov ing e l emen t si nt h ea s semb lage sm igh tr e p r e sen tt h es u rv iva lo f s h e l l s d e r ived a nd r e -wo rk ed f r om t h e o r ig ina l w ood land s o i l t h a t e x i s ted p r io r t oh uman i n te rf e r ence . E ven i ft h e f o rme r w ood land s o i l w a s b u r ied , r e -wo rk ing w ou ld a lmo s tc e r ta in ly o ccu rd own t h ev a l ley a x i s .A l t e rna t ive ly i ti sp o s s ib le , a nd mo r e l i k e ly i nt h i s c a se , t h a tt h e s h ad e l o v ing s p ec ie s a r e l a rg e ly c on tempo ra ry w i th d epo s i t ion . T he p r e sence o f t h e se mo r e s had e d emand ing s p ec ie s t h roughou tt h es equence i n d ica te st h ec on t inu ed e x i s tence o ft h e se h ab i ta t s ,p e rhap sa ss h rub so nt h ev a l ley s i d e s .
w ood land s u r round ing t h e c ombe f l oo r p r ov ide s s u i tab le h ab i ta t sf o r an umbe ro fs h ade lov ing s p ec ie s ,t h ep r e sence o fm any o ft h e se s p ec ie s i nt h ec o l luv ia ls equ ence sm igh t b e a c coun ted f o r b y e p i sode s o f g r a s s land o r p a s tu r e . T he r e co rd n eed n o t n ece s sa r i ly , t h e r ef o re , b e o ne o f c on t inua l t i l lage . C hang e s i nt h e f a rm ing o f t h e c ombe d u r ing t h e I r on A ge a r e a l so i n d ica ted b y i n c r ea sed s h e l l n umbe r s , s ugge s t ing a s l ow e r r a te o f d epo s i t ion ( z one 3 b ) . T h i s c o inc ide s w i th t h e o ccu r r en ce o f an umbe r o f s h e rd s w h ich m igh t i n d ica te m anu r ing o re ven t empo ra ry h uman r e s iden ce w i th in t h ec ombe . C o inc id en ta l ly ,t h i si s f o l low ed b ye v idence o f ar e tur nt oe i the rg r azed o ra r ab le f i e ld sw h ich c ou ld b et o le ra ted b ys ome o ft h e mo re s h ad e d emand ing s p ec ie s . T h i s s ho r t e p i sode o fg r a s s land a nd r e du c t ion i n c o l luv ia t ion i sf o l low ed b y as i ng le , l a rge e r o s ion e p i sod e r e su l t ing i n t h e d epo s i t ion o f ag r ave l f a n ( A l len 1 99 1) . I ti st h e o ccu r ren ce o fb o th t h e g r ave l f a n a nd t h e mo l lu scan f a una s t h a t a r e o f s i gn if i cance . T he g r ave l f a n p robab ly i n d ica t e s l o ca l i sed c l ea ran ce o f t r ee s a nd s h rub s o n t h e e a s te rn v a l ley s i de a tl e a s t . T he s t eepe r v a l ley s l ope s h ad r ema ined w ooded a nd l a rge ly u nd i s tu rbed u n t i l t h i s t i me a nd m ay e xp la in t h e r e l ic t o ccu r r ence o fA c icu la f u sca .
T he m o l lu scan f a una s l a rge ly r e p r e sen t v e ry l o ca l , p o s t d epo s i t ion h ab i ta t s c onf ined t o l o ng g r a s s g r ow ing o ve r t h e f r e sh ly d epo s i ted f a n . T he r a p id c o lon i sa t ion b y m o l lu sc s i sd u e t ot h e p r e sence o fs u i tab le c ommun i t ie s o n ly 2 5m a way . F o l low ing t h e d epo s i t ion o ft h e g r ave l f a n , t h e v a l ley w a s r e tu rned t om ixed a r ab le a nd p a s to ra l f a rm ing . H ow eve r , ag ene ra l d ec l ine i n s h ade lov ing s p ec ie s a f t e r t h i s m igh t s ugge s t m o r e s p ec if i ca l ly o pen e nv i ronmen t s . A ny w ood land r e gene ra t ion o n t h e s l ope s i sn o tr e co rd ed i nt h e m o l lu sc f a una s , a l though e v iden t ly t h i s mu s t h ave o ccu r r ed a s a l t h e c ombe s l ope s a r e a t p r e sen t u nde r d ec iduou s w ood land . M ixed f a rm ing c on t inu ed t h roughou t t h e R oman p e r iod . T he l a ck o f a pp re c iab le d ep th s o fd epo s i t s o fs p ec if ica l ly m ed ieva l o r p o s t -med ieva l d a te m ay e nab le u st os ugge s tt h a t e r o s ion w a s n o ta ss e ve re d u r ing t h i s t ime a nd t h u s m ay i n d ica te ar e duc t ion i na r ab le l a nd a nd a n i n c r ea se i np a s tu re , t h e s t ab i l i sa t ion o ft h e s l ope s a nd a no ve ra l l r e du c t ion i ns o i l d ep th .
E ag lehead C ombe ( SZ 5 83 8 78 ) w a s a l so e xam ined t o e s tab l i sh t h ep r e sence /ab sence o f ac o l luv ia l f i l l s e quence w i th p o ten t ia lf o rg ood m o l lu scan p r e se rva t ion .T he c ombe i s an a r row s t eep s id ed s c a rp f a ce d r y v a l ley . A pa r t f r om i t sd r ama t ic m o rpho logy , i ti sa r chaeo log ica l ly s i gn if i can t b ecau se o ft h e c ombe -c lu s te r ed b a r row c eme te ry a tt h e v a l ley h ead o n A shey D own ( D r ew e t t 1 970 ; T oma l in 1 980 ) .
T he m o l lu scan s equence sc onf i rm t h a t ,d u r ing t h eB ronze A ge , t i l lag e a nd a r ab le a g r icu l tu re w e re p r a c t iced w i th in t h e v a l ley . I ti sp robab le t h a t t h e se a r ab le f i e ld s w e r e c onf ined t o t h e v a l ley f l oo r w h i le t h e s t eepe r s l ope s r ema ined l a rge ly w ood ed , t h u s p rov id ing ar e f uge f o rt h e m o re m e s ic e l emen t s c on s tan t ly r e co rd ed i nt h e m o l lu sc a s semb lag e s . As ho r t l ived ,b u td i sc r e te ,e p i sod eo fg r azed g r a s s land i si n d ica ted b u tt h i sr e ve r ted t oa r ab le b ef o re t h e I r on A g e c o l luv ia t ion . T i l lage c on t inu ed d u r ing t h e l a te r I r on A ge a nd r e su l ted i n mo r e s p ec if i ca l ly x e roph i lou s a nd o pen c oun t ry mo l lu sc a s semb lag e s . Whe the r t h i s i s ar e f lec t ion o fc hang ing t i l lage p r a c t ice s o rj u s t ar e su l t o fc on t inu ed f a rm ing e nab l ing t h e c o lon i sa t ion o fm o re x e roph i l ic s p ec ie s , i s u nce r ta in . A l though t h e b e l t o f
6 . 2 .2 E ag lehead C ombe
E xam ina t ion o f t h e c o l luv ium a nd c on ta ined t e r r e s t r ia l m o l lu sca w a s l i m i ted t o as ma l l a r ea o ft h e v a l ley f l oo r a tt h e n o r ther n e nd o ft h e c ombe . As i ng le b o reho le w a s d r i l led a tt h e b roade s t p o in t c l o se t o t h e mou th o f t h e c ombe u s ing am echan ica l p e r cu s s ion a uge r . I ne xce s s o f 2 . 5m o fu n so r ted c a lca r eou sc o l luv ium t y p ica lo ft h a ts e en e l sewhe re i n We s sex w a s n o ted ( A l len 1 992 ) . N o d i s t inc t h o r izona t ion w a s r e co rded i nt h e c o re , n o rw a s a ny b a sa l p a laeo so l n o ted a tt h i s p o in t . T he c o l luv ium w a s s im i la r t ot h a t a tD uxmo r e C ombe w i th e v idence o fr e -wo rk ing a nd d epo s i t ion a tt h e v a l ley m ou th . T he p r e sence o fs u ch s i gn if i can t d epo s i t s a tt h i s v a l ley m ou th l o ca t ion a nd t h e g ene ra l v a l ley mo rpho logy i n d ica te t h e l i ke l ihood t h a t d eep ly s t ra t if ied c o l luv ia l d epo s i t s a r e p r e sen tt h roughou t t h em a in v a l ley s e c t ion w he r ea c ce s sw a sr e s t r ic ted . Two s po t s amp le s w e r e t a ken f r om t h e g ouge a uge r c o r e s a nd t h e f l o t s a s se s sed f o r t e r re s t r ia l Mo l lu sca . N o e x t rac t ion o rs o r t ing o ft h es h e l lf r agmen t sw a su nde r tak en w i th t h ee xcep t ion o ft h ec oa r se ( >5 .6mm )f r a c t ion w h ich w a s s o r ted , w e ighed a nd d i sca rded . T he s h e l l s p r e sen t w e re w e l l p r e se rved a nd i nr e la t ive ly h i gh n umbe r s ( 4 5 0 ) . T he s p ec ie s c ompo s i t ion c on ta in s p r edom inan t ly o pen c oun t ry s pec ie s ( f o r e xamp le P up i l la m u sco rum , V a l lon ia s p . , H e l ice l la i t a la , T r ich ia h i sp id a ) b u t s ome v a r ia t ion b e tw een t h e t wo s amp le s w a s n o ted w i th s ome
1 4 1
CO A STAL AR CHAEO LOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONMENT : ASO LENT C A SE S T UDY s hade lov ing t a xa ( f o r e xamp le P unc tum p ygmaeum ) . C omm inu ted c ha r coa l f l eck s i n t h e u ppe r s amp le w e re n o ted a nd a r e p e rhap s i n d ica t ive o f l o ca l a n th ropogen ic a c t iv i ty . T he v a l ley o f e r s , t h e ref o re , e xce l len t p o ten t ia l f o r s t udy ing l o ca l p r eh i s to r ic l a nd u s e a nd c hang ing e nv i ronmen t . I ti su nf o r tuna te t h a t , d u r ing t h e f i e ldwo rk p ha se o ft h ep ro jec t ,a c ce s sw a sn o tg i ven f o re xam ina t ion o fa r ea su pt h ev a l ley a way f r om i t s mou th . 6 .3 The v ege tat ion d eve lop ment i n t he T er t iary z one R ob S cai f e 6 .3 .1
N ewnha m F arm Mire ( I WS MR 1 455 )
I ntroduc t ion
T h i s s i te ( SZ 5 63 9 15 ) w a s f i r s t l o ca ted i n 1 982 w hen a t temp t sw e r em ade t od r a in t h i ss ma l lp ea tm i r e .A t ten t ion w a s d r awn t o t h e m i re w hen a s i gn if ican t q uan t i ty o f R omano -B r i t i sh p o t te ry a nd b u rn t f l i n t w a s f ound s t ra t if ied i nt h ep ea t .C u r ren t ly ,t h es i te i sag r a s s / sedge f e n w h ich h a s b ecome p r og r e s s ive ly d r ie r i nr e cen t y ea r s a s ar e su l t o ft h e d r a inage n o ted a bove a nd t h e c on s t ru c t ion o f as ma l l l a ke i nt h e v a l ley b o t tom b e low . T he s i te i sa t y p ica l s p r ing l i ne , f l u sh m i r e , p e r ched o nt h ev a l ley s i de . C on sequ en t ly i t s s pa t ia l e x ten t i ss ma l l , b e ing o n ly s ome 0 . 5 h a . I ti sc ompa rab le w i th t h e s i te o fB ohem ia B og o n B leak D own ,w h ich i ss im i la r ly as p r ing -f ed b og i nw h ich p ea ts t a r ted t oa c cumu la te d u r ing t h el a te N eo l i th ic ( S ca if e 1 980 ) . An umbe r o f c o re s amp le s h ave b een o b ta ined f r om t h e N ewnham F a rm m i r e d u r ing t h e t ime span o f t h e Woo t tonQua r r p ro jec t . As i ng le r a d ioca rbon d a te o f 2 9 10 -2580 c a l BC ( GU -5424 ; 4 160±50 B P )w a so b ta ined f r om o r gan ic s i l t s s amp led a tt h e b a se o ft h ec u td r a inage t r ench . T h i s i mp l ie s t h a t , a s w i th B ohem ia B og , p ea t a ccumu la t ion s t a r ted d u r ing t h e l a te N eo l i th ic . T he c o r e f o rp o l len a na ly s i sw a sr e cove red t h r ee y ea r sl a te rt h an t h e r a d ioca rbon d a ted s amp le a nd w a s t a ken s ome d i s tance f r om t h e d r a inage t r ench t o a vo id a ny r i sk o f p o l len d eg rada t ion i nt h ee xpo sed f a ce o ft h et r ench . S trat igraphy
T he t o ta ld ep th o f1 . 25m o fp ea ta nd s ed imen t sc omp r i sed t h ef o l low ing : D ep th c m 0-8 8-4 4 4 4 —6 1 6 1 -8 9
8 9 -1 25 9 2 -9 3 9 0 1 08
P ea t w i th moder n monoco ty ledonou s r o o t p ene t ra t ion . B rown , d e t r i ta l monoco ty ledonou s p ea t . R oo t s . D a rk e r b rown , d e t r i ta l monoco ty ledonou s p ea t . S ome s ma l ls t one t o5 mm . G r ey o r gan ic s i l t w i th monoco ty ledonou s r oo t s a nd o cca s iona l s t one . B u rn t f l in t f r agmen t sn o ted a t7 2a nd 8 0c m . C oa r se rg r ey s i l ta nd f i ne s and w i th s t one s . S and a nd s t one c on tex t . C ha r coa lf r agmen t s . Wood f r agmen t s .
1 24 1 25
B u rn tf l in tf r agmen t . Wh i te ,i n o rgan ic s a nd
P o l len b ios trat igraphy /zonat ion ( F ig .6 .4 )
F ou rl o ca lp o l len a s semb lage z one sh ave b een r e cogn i sed i n t h e p o l len s pec t ra o b ta ined a t t h i s s i te . T he se a r e c ha ra c te r i sed : 1 . p .a .z . NE W :1 1 25 - 9 6cm Q ue rcus -T i l ia -A lnu s -Cory lus a ve l lana t ype .B a sa lz one d om ina ted b ya r bo rea lp o l len i n c lud ing Q ue r cu s ( t o 2 0% ) , T i l ia ( t o 1 8% ) , A lnu s h i ghe s t p e r cen tage s i n b a sa l s amp le ( 4 7% ) , a nd C o py lu sa ve l lana t y pe ( t o2 4% ) . Sma l l n umbe r so fU /mu s a nd F rax inu s a r e p r e sen t . H e rb p o l len i sl e s s f r equen ta nd l e s sd i ve r se t h an i na ny s ub sequen tz on e .P oaceae i s d om inan tw i th ag r adua l e xpan s ion f r om 2 0% t o5 0% a tt h et op o ft h ez one .R ude ra ls i n c lude P lan tago l a nceo la ta ( < 5% ) .C e rea l t y pe i sp r e sen tt ot h e b a se o ft h e p rof i le . P o lypod ium v u lga r e i s m o re a bundan ti nt h i sz one . 1 . p .a .z . NE W :2 9 6 - 5 8cm P oaceae -S inap i s -Lac tucae P te r id ium . T h i s z one i sd e l im i ted a tt h e b a se p a r t icu la r ly b y a d ec l ine i nT i l ia ( t o < 5% ) a nd a l so o t he r t r ees ; Q ue r cu s ( 10% ) , A lnu s ( 1 5% ) , C o py lu s a ve l lana t ype ( < 10% ) . C onve r se ly , t h e re i sa ni n c rea se i nt h ev a lue sa nd d i ve r s i ty o fh e rb s .T he se i n c lude r u de ra l s a nd p o s s ib le s ege ta ls ; P lan tago l a nceo la ta , S inap i s t y pe a nd A s te raceae t y pe s , a nd a r e a s soc ia t ed w i th as ma l l b u t s i gn if i can t e xpan s ion o fc e rea l p o l len . E xpan s ion o fP te r id ium a qu i l inum i sa l so s i gn if i can t . O f i n te re s t i s ar e co rd o f t h e i n te s t ina l p a ra s i te T r ichur i s ; ap os s ib le i n d ica t ion o fh uman o r a n ima le xc r emen ti nt h ep rof i le . 1 . p .a .z . NE W :3 5 8 -1 8cm Quercu s -Poaceae . T h i s z one i s c ha rac te r ized b ya ne xpan s ion o fQ ue r cu s , r e duc t ion i nA lnu sa nd e xpan s ion o fS a l ix . T r ee p o l len i sd om ina ted b y Q ue r cu s ( 30% a t5 4cm ) w i th s po rad ic o ccu r rence s o f U lmu s , T i l ia , F rax inu s , F agu sa nd I l ex .E xpan s ion o fS a l ix ( 8% )i ss i gn if ican ti nv i ew o f i t sg ene ra lu nde r rep re sen ta t ion i np o l len s p ec t ra .T h i sc hange i s a s soc ia ted w i th t h e s t ra t ig raph ica l c hange f r om o rgan ic s i l t s t o f i b rou sm onoco ty ledonou s( Poaceae a nd C ype raceae )p ea t . 1 .p .a . z . NE W :4 1 8 - 1 0 cm P inus -Que rcu s -Poaceae . T h is z one h a s b een d e l im i ted b y as ma l l b u t e co log ica l ly s i gn if ican t e xpan s ion o fP inu s( 6% ) . T h is i sa t t r ibu ted t oh i s to r ic p l an ta t ion a t cAD 1 750 1800 . W i th t h e e xcep t ion o ft h is e ven t ,t h ep o l len s p ec t rum r ema in s s im i la r t o t h a t o f NE W :3 . Q ue r cu s i st h e d om inan tt r ee t a xon a nd P oaceae t h ep r inc ipa lh e rb g r oup w i th in ad i ve r se f l o ra . I nf erred v ege ta t iona l h i s tory
T he b a sa l p o l len z one NE W :1 s how s t h e mo s t w ooded p ha se i nt h ed epo s i t iona l h i s to ry o ft h i sm i r e . O fn o te a r e t h er e la t ive ly h i gh v a lue so fT i l ia ,e s pec ia l ly i nv i ew o fi t s i n sec tp o l l ina t ion a nd m a jo ru nde r r ep r e sen ta t ion i np o l len s p ec t ra . T i l ia w a sc l ea r ly t h e d om inan tw ood land e l emen t i nt h e p rox im i ty o ft h e m i re . Sma l l n umbe r s o fF rax inu s a r es im i la r ly o fi mpo r tance . Q ue r cu sa nd C o ry lu sa ve l lana t y p ica l ly r e p re sen t t h e c ommone s t b a ckg round w ood land f o r t h e r e g ion t h roughou t t h e l a te r p r eh i s to r ic p e r iod , r e p r e sen t ing g r ow th w i th in a ne co log ica l ly w ide r a nge .T he v e ry s ma l ln umbe r so fU /mu sp o l len i mp ly t h a tt h eb a se o f t h i s p o l len p rof i le p o s t -da te s t h e ' P r ima ry E lm D ec l ine ' w h ich h a s b een v a r iou s ly d a ted a tb e tw een c500 -5000 c a l BC ( 6 600 -6 100 B P ; Sm i th a nd P i lche r 1 973 ) a nd a t
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CO A STAL AR CHAEO LOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONM ENT : ASO LENT C A SE S TUDY 3 780 -3380 c a l BC ( SRR 1338 ;4 850 -60 B P )a tG a tcombe W i thy B ed , I s le o f W igh t ( S ca if e 1 980 , 1 987a ) . T he p r e sence o fc e r ea l p o l len a nd r ude ra l s s u ch a sP lan tago l a nceo la ta s im i la r ly i n d ica te aN eo l i th ic o rp o s t -Neo l i th ic a ge f o rt h eb a se o ft h ep ea t / sed imen ta c cumu la t ion . Wh i l s tt h e r e i ss ome e v idence f o rc e rea l c u l t iva t ion f r om t h e b a se o ft h e p o l len p rof i le , t h e r e i s am a jo r p ha se o f d ef o re s ta t ion a tl e a s ti nt h el o ca lr e g ion o ft h em i r e .F rom c 1 05cm ,a nd e spec ia l ly a r ound 8 6cm ,t h e re i sap rog re s s ive a nd m a rked r e du c t ion i nt r ee p o l len a nd e xpan s ion o fc e r ea l p o l len a nd a g r icu l tu ra l ly a s so c ia ted h e rb s .T h i sa ppea r st o b et h e' l ime d ec l ine 'w h ich ,b yc ompa r i son w i th o t he rs i te s o n t h e I s le o fW igh t , h a s b een d a ted t ot h e l a te B ronze A ge a tB ohem ia B og a nd B o r thwood F a rm ( S ca if e 1 980 ) , w i th a n e a r l ie r N eo l i th ic d ec l ine a t B o r thwood F a rm . T h is i mpo r tan te ven th a sb een v a r iou s ly d a ted i ns ou the rn B r i ta in f r om t h e N eo l i th ic t ot h e S axon p e r iod ( Bake r e t a l 1 978 ) w i th t h e m a jo r i ty o fd a te s o ccu r r ing d u r ing t h e l a te B ronze A ge . Wh i l s t t h i s e ven t w a s o nce v i ew ed a s b e ing d u et oc l ima t ic d e te r io ra t ion a tt h e s ub -Bo rea l /Sub A t lan t ic b ounda ry ( Godw in ' s p o l len z one V I Ia /V I I I ) i t i sn ow r e cogn i sed a sb e ing d u e t op r eh i s to r ic w ood land c l ea rance ( Tu rne r 1 962 ) o rp a lud if i ca t ion ( W a l le r 1 993 ) . T h i s e ven t i s ,h oweve r , i mpo r tan t i nt e rm s o fl a te B ronze A ge l a nd -u se c hange s .I nt h ea r ea o fN ewnham F a rm M i re , t h i s e ven t i sc l ea r ly ar e su l t o fl o ca l p r eh i s to r ic a c t iv i ty a nd s ub sequen t a r ab le a nd p o s s ib ly p a s to ra l a g r icu l tu re . T h is i si mpo r tan ts i nce i tp rov ide st h ef i r s tc l ea re v idence o fp r eh i s to r ic c e rea l c u l t iva t ion o nt h eT e r t ia ry l i t ho log ie s n o r th o ft h eD own s .O nce c l ea r ed ,T i l ia i so n ly s po rad ica l ly p r e sen t r e p re sen t ing v e ry l o ca l i sed g r ow th , p e rhap s f r om i n d iv idua lt r ee s . I t i s p o s s ib le t h a t i n i t ia t ion o f s ed imen t a nd p ea t a ccumu la t ion a tt h i s s i t e i s af u nc t ion o f s u ch c hange s i n w ood land c ompo s i t ion b rough t a bou t b y p r eh i s to r ic o ccupa t ion .F rom t h eb a se o ft h ep rof i le a t1 25cm ,t o6 1cm t h e p rof i le c omp r i se s o r gan ic s i l t s w i th s ome c ha r coa l a nd b ur n t f l in t n o ted a tv a r iou s h o r izon s i nt h e c o r e . I ti s p o s s ib le t h a t l o ca l p r eh i s to r ic a c t iv i ty c au sed ar e du c t ion i n e vapo t ran sp i ra t ion ( t h rough t r ee r emova l ) , i n c rea sed
o ve r land s e d imen t a nd w a te r m ovemen t a nd h i gh e r g round w a te r t a b le g i v ing r i se t ol o ca l i sed w a te r logg ing a nd c r ea t ion o fs p r ing s a nd p ea t a c cumu la t ion . T h i s h a s b een s im i la r ly s ugge s ted f o rN inham F a rm a nd B ohem ia B og ( Sca if e 1 980 ) w he r e a n e xp lana t ion f o r t h e s t a r t o f p ea ta ccumu la t ion w a s s ough t . L oca ls t ab i l i sa t ion o fs o i l s o nt h ea d ja cen ti n te r f luve si ss e en b yt h ec hange t ot y p ica l f e n p ea t s a t6 1cm . T h i s i sa ccompan ied b y a n e xpan s ion o fS a l ix a nd r e du c t ion i nA lnu s . Wh i l s tv a lu e so ft h el a t te r a r en o tg r ea te nough t oi mp ly mo r et h an af ew a l de rt r ee s o n t h e s i te , t h e S a l ix e xpan s ion , i nt h e l i gh t o ft h e s ma l l n umbe r so fp o l len p rodu ced b yt h i s s p ec ie s , s ugge s t st h a t t h em i re w a sc o lon i sed b yw i l low c a r ro rs c rub . W i th t h e r emova l o fT i l ia , Q ue r cu s a nd C ory lu s a ve l lana b ecame t h e p r inc ipa l w ood land e l emen t s w i th p e rhap s s po rad ic g r ow th o fT i l ia r ema in ing w i th l o ca l i sed F agu s , F rax inu s a nd s c rub . T h i s i sc ha ra c te r i s t ic o ft h e h i s to r ic l a nd scape a nd c l ea r ly r e p re sen t s t h e m a in tenance o f m anag ed w ood land , p robab ly o ak s t anda rd s w i th h aze l c opp ice . T h i s i ss im i la r ly e v id enced a tF i re s tone C op se ( s ee S ca if e s e c t ion 5 . 4 .1 a nd P ope s e c t ion 3 . 1) i n s e d imen t si nt h eh eadwa te r so fB la ckb r idg eB rook .P o l len z one NE W :5 p rov ide s f u r the r e v idence o f w ood land m anagemen tw i th t h ep l an t ing o fi n t roduced p i ne sf r om c 1 750 i np r iva t ee s ta te s s ub sequen tt ot h ew r i t ing s o fJ ohn E ve lyn . T h e l a rge p o l len p rodu c t ion a nd a nemoph i ly o f P inu s b r ing s a bou t w ide sp read d i spe r s ion o fp o l len a nd c on sequen t ly t h i s e xpan s ion i nt h e u pp e r c en t ime t r e s o f p ea t a nd s e d imen t s equence s p rov id e s av a luab le d a t ing h o r izon . T h i s e xpan s ion , a l so f r equ en t ly a ccompan ied b y a n i n c r ea se i nU /mu s p o l len , h a s b een n o t ed a tF i r e s tone C op se ( Sca if es e c t ion 5 . 4 .1) a nd a t as ub s tan t ia ln umbe ro f s i t e s i nH amp sh i re , D o r se t a nd t h e I s le o fW igh t ( Ba rbe r 1 975 ; H a sk in s 1 978 ; S ca if e 1 980 ; Wa ton 1 982a a nd b ; L ong a nd S ca if e 1 996 ;L ong e ta l1 999 ) . 6 . 3 .2 T he P uck H ou se B ronze A ge b arrow ( IWSMR 1 078 ) T h i s r ound b a r row i sa c compan ied b y a tl e a s t o ne r i ng d i tch s e t a ta n a l t i tude o f5 0m OD o n t h e g r ave l -capped
F igur e6 . 5P uckhou se b a r row s e c t ion d raw ing .
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TH E HI N T ER LAND s umm i t o f P u ck H ou se H i l l a t S Z 59 9 17 ( F ig . 2 . 8 ) . F rom ad i s tance o f 1 k m , t h i s s i te o ve r look s t h e e s tua r ine h ead o f Woo t ton C reek a tt h e p o in t w he re t h e v a l ley i s n ow o ccup ied b y t h e o l dt i da l m i l l p ond . T he f l in t g r ave l d epo s i t o n t h e s umm i t o f t h i s h i l l i ss upe rf i c ia l , b e ing l a rg e ly c onf in ed t os ma l l p ocke t s a nd ap l ough sca t te r ed s t r ew o fw e l l r ounded p ebb le s . T h i s d epo s i t n ow m a rk s a n a r ea o ff a vou red a g r icu l tu ra l s o i l i na n a r ea w h ich i s o t he rw ise c ha ra c te r i sed b yt h eh eavy s o i lo ft h eH am s tead C lay b ed rock . A n i n d is t in c t a nd t r unca ted b u r ied s o i l p rof i le w a s f ound u nde r t h e b a r row d u r ing e xcava t ion ( F ig . 6 . 5 ) . T h i s s o i l h ad t h e a ppea rance o f ar a the r s a ndy b r own e a r th b u t n o h u rn ic A h h o r izon r ema ined . T he r e w a s , h ow eve r , s t rong e v idence o fs o i ld eg rada t ion ( podzo l i sa t ion )w i th am a rked h o r izon o f l e a ched w h i te s and ( Ea ) . B e low t h i s w a s a B t o r F e p an h o r izon r e p re sen t ing t h e c l ay s i l t f r a c t ion t r an spo r t ed d own t h ep r of i le . I ti sm o s tp robab le t h a tt h e re h ad b een w ood land o n t h e s i te f o rm ing t h e b rown e a r th . T he s o i lm ay h ave b een i nt h ep roce s so fd eg rada t ion a tt h e t i me o fb u r ia l s i nce t h e p odzo l i so n ly p oo r ly d eve loped . Wood land c l ea rance p o s s ib ly i n s t iga t ed t h i s d e te r io ra t ion w h i l s t c on s t ru c t ion o ft h e b a r row e f ec t ive ly ' f roze ' t h e p odzo l i sa t ion . P o l len w a s p r e sen t o n ly i nt h e u ppe r p a r t o ft h e b u r ied s o i l . E v id ence o fw ood land a nd s c rub v ege ta t ion i nt h e p r of i le c on s i s ted o f Q ue r cu s a nd C o ry lu s a ve l lana . T he p o l len w a s d eg raded a nd t h e re i s as t rong r e p r e sen ta t ion o fL a c tu co id ea e . T he l a t te r i sv e ry c ha ra c te r i s t ic o fp oo r p o l len p r e se rv ing e nv i ron s s i n ce t h i s t a xon h a s ar obu s t p o l len w a l l ( e x ine ) a nd m ay l a s t f o r l o ng p e r iod s i nt h e s o i l . S u ch d if e ren t ia l p r e se rva t ion m ay r e su l t i ns k ewed p o l len d a ta . I tc an , h ow eve r , b e s a id t h a te ven t h ough t h e L a c tu co id eae a r ep r e sen ti na r t if i c ia l ly h igh n umbe r s ,t h ey d o i n d ica t e t h a t t h e re w a s o pen l a nd , p r e sumab ly a f te r w ood land c l ea rance a nd p r io r t o b a r row c on s t ruc t ion . I ti sm o s t l i k e ly t h a t t h ey a r e r e p r e sen ta t ive o f p a s tu r e ( T a raxacum ) ,h oweve r ,a r ab le h ab i ta t sw i th g ene ra s u ch a s S onchu sm u s tb e c on s ide red . F ew o t he rh e rb sw e r ef ound e x cep t f o r g r a s se s . T he se m ay a l so b e c on s ide r ed a s a n i n d ica t ion o fp a s tu r e ,a l though t h es ame a r gumen ta pp l ie s f o r g r a s se s o fa r ab le h ab i ta t s . N o c e r ea l p o l len h a s b een r e cove r ed a nd i t s a b sence , a l though n ega t ive e v id ence , a ga in p o in t st o ap a s to ra lh ab i ta t . I ti sc e r ta in t h a tt h ea r ea w a sf o r e s ted p r io rt oN eo l i th ic o r B ronze A g ec l ea rance a nd t h i sf a c ti ss hown b yt h ep o l len a na ly s i s a tN ewnham F a rm M i r e ( s ec t ion 6 . 3 .1) w he re t h e i mpo r tan ce o f l o ca l T i l ia ( l ime ) w ood land h a s b een d emon s t ra t ed .T he ' n a tu ra l 's o i l so ft h i sp ha se w ou ld h ave b een s a ndy b r own e a r th s . D i s tu rbance o ft h i s w ood land d u r ing t h eN eo l i th ic , a nd c on t inu ing i n to t h eB ronze A g e , c r ea ted o pen w ood land o r s c rub d om ina ted b y C ory lu s . T he l a t t e rf l ow e red a nd p o s s ib ly e xpanded i t sg r ow th a r ea d ue t ot h ee x t ra l i gh tm ade a va i lab le .T he re i se v idence f o r o pen ,p o s s ib ly p a s tu r el a nd w i th in t h i so pen w ooded a r ea , o r i tm ay b e t h a t t h e w ood land w a s f u r the r c l ea red a nd g ave w ay ,a tl e a s tl o ca l ly ,t oc omp le te ly o pen v ege ta t ion .
6 . 4 T he s e quence o f e nv ironmen ta l c hange i n t h e h in ter land R ob S ca if e I nt h ea r ea so fT e r t ia ry l i t ho logy t ot h en o r th o ft h eD own s , o u r k now ledge o ft h e p a la eovege ta t ion a nd e nv i ronmen t h a s r ema ined p oo r t h rough l a ck o f p ea t d epo s i t s a nd f i e ld monumen t s w i th u nde r ly ing b u r ied s o i l s . H ow eve r , t h e c o l luv ia l s t ra t ig raphy o ft h e s c a rp s l ope d r y v a l ley s o f D uxmo r e C ombe a nd E ag lehead C op se w e re s u i ted t o m o l lu scan a na ly se s a nd t h e se d emon s t ra te c hang ing e nv i ronmen tl a nd -u se h i s to ry .T he s t ra t ig raph ica ls e qu ence s p r e sen tr e la te t op e r iod so fl a nd scape i n s tab i l i ty .T he l ow e s t l e ve l s c omp r i se p e r ig la c ia l s o l if lu c t ion ( c oombe r o ck ) d e r ived f r om t h ev a l ley s i de su nd e rp e rmaf ro s tc ond i t ion s d u r ing t h e l a te D even s ian . V ege ta t ion w a s o pen , t r ee le s s b u th e rb r ich . S t ab i l i sa t ion o ft h ei n te r f luve sb yw ood land c au sed r e du ced s ed imen t t r an spo r t f r om c9 500 c a l B C ( 1 0 ,000 B P ; D even s ian /Ho locene t r an s i t ion ) . I n i t ia l ly p i onee rj un ipe r e xpanded , a nd w a s f o l low ed r a p id ly b y b i r ch a nd s ub sequen t ly p i ne /haze l , o ak a nd e lm . A b sence o f e a r ly a nd m idd le H o locene ( F land r ian c h ronozone Ia nd I ) s e d imen t s c o r r e la te s w i th t h i s s u cce s s iona l d eve lopmen t o ft h e H o locen e v eg e ta t ion . T he n ex tp ha se o f s o i l a nd s e d imen t m ob i l i sa t ion o ccu r r ed i n r e spon se t o t h e i n i t ia t ion o f N eo l i th ic a g r icu l tu ra l p r a c t ice s a nd w ood land c l ea rance . T he se s h if t ing ( l andnam ) c l ea rance s w e r e o f l o ca l e x ten t b u t w e r e u ndoub ted ly r e spon s ib le f o rl o ca l i sed s o i l l o s sf r om t h e i n te rf luve s( S ca if e 1 987a ) . L oca l ly r a i sed g round w a te r t a b le s i n i t ia ted s p r ing l ine f e n s a nd b og s t h rough r e du ced e vapo t ran sp i ra t ion a nd i n c r ea sed s u rf a ce w a te r f low / run -of f . I t i s s ugge s ted t h a t t h i s w a s t h e c au sa l m echan i sm f o r N ewnham F a rm M i r e ( S ca if e s e c t ion 6 . 3 .1 ) a nd o t he r I s land s i te s s u ch a s N inham a nd B ohem ia B og s( S ca if e 1 980 ) . P o l len d a ta f r om N ewnham F a rm M i re ( s ee s e c t ion 6 . 3 . 1) i l u s t ra te t h a t N eo l i th ic w ood land c l ea rance a nd a g r icu l tu r e t o ok p l a ce o n t h e s h a l lowe r , s a ndy s o i l s . T he s t ra t ig raphy o ft h e s i t e c omp r i se s s e d imen t s w h ich a c cumu la ted i n t h e p o s t -e lm d ec l ine p ha se ( i . e . a f t e r c 4 000 c a l BC ( 5 000 B P ) ) , p o s s ib ly a s ar e spon se t ot h e c l ea ran ce o f l o ca l ly d om inan t T i l ia w ood land . T he l i me d ec l ine i s ap henomenon c ommon t op o l len d i ag ram s i n s ou the rn E ng land a nd i sn ow w ide ly a tr ibu ted t oc l ea rance a nd a g r icu l tu r e .A tN ewnham ,t h eN eo l i th ic d a te o b ta ined f o r t h e l i me d ec l ine i se a r l ie r t h an t h e m a jo r i ty o fd a te s w h ich a r e r e f e rab le t om idd le la te B ronze A ge l a nd u s e c hange s ( Tu rne r 1 962 ; B ake r e ta l . 1 978 ; S ca if e 1 980 ; G r e ig 1 982 ) . R emova l o f t h i s w ood land , a l though n o t s p ec if i ca l ly d a ted , f a l l s p r io r t o2 9 10 -2580 c a l BC ( GU 5 424 ; 4 160±50 B P ) a nd a f t e r c4 000 c a l BC ( 5 000 B P ) . T h i s i sc ompa rab le w i th ad a te o b ta ined f r om B o r thwood B og i mmed ia te ly t ot h es ou th o ft h eD own s( S ca if e 1 980 ; 1 987b ) . P o l len , a l though p oo r ly p r e se r ved a tP u ck H ou se ( s ee s e c t ion 6 . 3 .2 ) , f u r the r i lu s t ra t e s t h a t w ood land c l ea rance h ad t a k en p l a ce p r io rt ob a r row c on s t ru c t ion a nd s o i ld e te r io r a t ion w i th p odzo l i sa t ion o fs a ndy s o i l sa l ready o ccu r r ing b yt h eB ronze A ge .
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CO A STAL AR CHAEO LOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONM ENT : ASO LENT C A SE S T UDY T he se d a ta c l ea r ly s how t h ei mpo r tance o fh uman a c t iv i ty o n t h e T e r t ia ry l i t ho log ie s d a t ing b a ck t ot h e N eo l i th ic . T he i n c r ea s ing d i ve r s i ty o f h e rb s s ugge s t s t h a t h uman i mpa c t i n t h e r e g ion i n c r ea sed t h roughou t s ub sequen t p e r iod s . R ema in ing r e g iona l w ood land c omp r i sed l a rge ly Q ue r cu s w i th C o ry lu s a ve l lana w h ich p o s s ib ly g r ew o n h eav ie rt e r t ia ry c l ay sa nd w a sm anag e c l / copp iced . S im i la r v ege ta t ion i se v id en ced f r om F i r e s tone V a l ley ( s ec t ion 5 . 4 .2 ) .
• B ronze A ge : Mo re e x ten s ive w ood land c l ea rance , e s pec ia l ly o n d own land s . I n i t ia l c l ea rance f o r a r a b le t i l lage b u t s ub sequ en t g r a s s land /pa s tu re d e v e lopmen t . O n s andy s o i l s , e v idence o fs o i l d e te r i o ra t ion /podzo l i sa t ion .E x ten s ive s o i lm ob i l i sa t ion o nd own land sr e su l t ing i nc o l luv ium i nv a l ley b o t t om s . • C on t inued l a nd u se p r e s su r e s w i th p rog r e s s ive r e m ova l o fw ood land a nd e xpan s ion o fa g r icu l tu ra l / h e rb r i ch c ommun i t ie s . • Q ue r cu sa nd G o ry /u sa ve l lana w ood land r ema ined a sm anaged ( c opp ice )w ood land . • E xpan s ion o fU /mu sa nd P inu sf r om cAD 1 7 50 .
Mo l lu scan e v id en ce h a s s hown t h a t B eake r a nd B ronze A ge a c t iv i ty ( c2 200 c a l BC ; 3 800 B P ) w a s r e spon s ib le f o re x ten s ive w ood land c l ea rance o nt h ed own land s( A l len s e c t ion 6 . 2 ) .T h i sc l ea r ance w a si n i t ia l ly f o ra r ab le c r opp ing / t i l lage w h ich ,w i th a bandonmen t ,l e dt ot h ec r ea t ion o ft h e I s land ' s d own land p a s tu re a nd h ea th land p l ag ioc l imax c ommun i t ie s ( Sca if e 1 980 , 1 992 u npub l i shed ; C ha t te r s 1 984 ) . Mo l lu scan s t ud ie s f r om t h e d own land v a l ley s o f s ou the rn E ng land s im i la r ly i lu s t ra te w ood land r emova l f r om t h eD own s( Ke rney e ta l1 964 ;B e l l1 98 1 ,1 983 ) .A l len ( 1 993 a nd s e c t ion 6 . 2 a bove ) h a s i l u s t ra ted c l ea r ly t h a t t h es c a rp s l ope c ombe so fD uxmo r ea nd E ag lehead C op se h ave c ompa rab le h i s to r ie s . T he c omb ina t ion o f d e ta i led s t ra t ig raph ica l a na ly s i s a nd mo l lu scan e v iden ce o b ta ined f r om D uxmo re C ombe s how st h a tt h i ss ho r tt u rf g r a s s land w a s n o t c on t inuou s . I na dd i t ion t ot h e i n i t ia l p ha se ( s ) o f B ronze A g e t i l lage , t h e r e w e re l a te r i n te r spe r sed p ha se s o fg r azed g r a s s land . C hange s i nt h e c ha rac te ro fl a nd -u se o ccu r r ed d u r ing t h e I r on A ge w i th t h e e s tab l i shmen t o f p a s tu r e a nd p o s s ib ly l o ca l h uman o ccupa t ion . T he re w a s ac on sequ en t r e du c t ion i n c o l luv ia t ion . M ixed f a rm ing p r a c t ice s c on t inued t h rough t h e R omano -B r i t i sh p e r iod w i th c e r ea l c r opp ing b e ing e v iden ced f r om p o l len a t C omb ley R oman V i l la ( S ca if e 1 980 ) a nd c ha r red p l an t r ema in sf r om N ew chu r ch ( S ca if e 1 988 ) . S ub sequ en t ly , t h e r e w a s as i ng le p ha se o f v a l ley s i de e r o s ion w h ich d epo s i t ed a n e x ten s ive c o l luv ia l f a n . A pa r t f r om t h i s , c o l luv ium o f m ed ieva l a nd l a te r d a te i st h in , i n d ica t ing ar e du c t ion i na r ab le c u l t iva t ion a nd / o r a va i lab le s o i l a nd t h e e s tab l i shmen t o f al o ng te rm p a s to ra l p ha se m a rk ing t h ec on tempo ra ry c ha ra c te ro ft h e c ombe .T he c on t ra s t ing l i t ho log ie so ft h eh i n te r land r e g ion t h e r ef o r e s how m a rked s im i la r i t ie s i nt h e e x ten t a nd a g e s o fp r eh i s to r ic a nd l a te ri mpa c t . S u ch a c t iv i t ie sw e r e mu ch m o re e x ten s ive t h an h ad p r ev iou s ly b een r e a l i sed f o rt h i s r e g ion . • L a te D even s ian t u nd r a /pe rmaf ro s t e nv i ronmen t . T r ee le s s b u t h e rb r ich . P e r ig la c ia l e nv i ronmen t w i th s o l i f lu c t ion d epo s i t s ( c ombe r o ck ) d epo s i ted i nv a l ley b o t tom s . • E a r ly H o locene ( F land r ian I a -c ) . S u cce s s iona lv eg e t a t ion c hange s a nd p edogene s i s a f te r D even s ian / H o locene t r an s i t ion a t c9 500 c a l BC ( 1 0 ,000 B P ) . • M idd le H o locene : B rown e a r th s /c l imax w ood land d om ina ted b yT i l ia ( l ime )o ve rl a rge a r ea s .P o s s ib ly Q ue r cu sa nd U /mu so nh eav ie rc l ay v a l ley s . • N eo l i th ic : S h if t ing w ood land c l ea ran ce ,r emova lo f l i me ;c e rea lc u l t iva t ion ;r e su l t ing s o i le r o s ion .
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7S ub s i s tence i nt h eC oa s ta lZ one
7 . 1 R e sear ch a im s a nd t h e a pproach t o t h e s t udy o f s ub s i s tence s t ra teg ie si nt h ec oa s ta l z one D av id T oma l in I tw a s a ppa r en t a tt h e o u t se t o ft h e p r o jec t t h a t e v idence o fh uman a c t iv i ty i nt h e i n te r t ida l z one w a s p a r t icu la r ly w e l l p r e se rved o n t h e Woo t tonQua r rc oa s t . T he a na ly s i s p ha se o ft h e p ro jec t t h e r ef o r e s ough t t oi n ve s t iga te t h r ee p a r t icu la rt h eme s : 1 .
2 .
3 .
T he f unc t ion o ft h e e a r l ie rp r eh i s to r ic w ooden s t ruc tu re s a nd p roce s se s o ff i sh t rapp ing i nt h e i n te r t ida lz one . T he e x ten tt ow h ich t h ec on s t ru c t ion o fi n te r t ida l w ooden s t ru c tu r e s d r ew u pon t h e r e sou r ce s o f t h eh uman p opu la t ion a nd o ft h e c oa s t land a nd i t sw ood land . T he n a tu re o ft h e l i t h ic s c a t te r s a nd b u rn t f l in t d epo s i t si nt h ei n te r t ida la nd o n sho re z on e s .
I n p u r su ing t h e se l i n e s o f e nqu i ry , p a r t icu la r v a lu e w a s p l a ced o n t h e s uppo r t ive e nv i ronmen ta l d a ta o b ta inab le f r om t h e i n te r t ida l a nd s ub t ida l z one s . Mono l i th s f o r p o l len a nd d i a tom a na ly s i s w e re s t ra teg ica l ly s i t ed t o r e so lve t h e se q u e s t ion s , w h i l s t p r og ramme s o fa uge r ing a nd s ub -bo t tom g eophy s ica l s u rvey w e re d e s igned t o r e vea lt h ee a r l ie rg eog raphy a nd g eo logy o ft h ec oa s t l ine . T he p o s s ib i l i ty t h a t s i gn if i can t c ommun i t ie s o f l a te Me so l i th ic o r e a r ly N eo l i th ic d a te w e r e d r awn t owa rd s as p e c ia l i sed c oa s ta l r e sou r ce w a s a n i s sue t h a t d e se rved p a r t icu la r c on s ide ra t ion . I n t h e p o s t su rvey a na ly s i s p a r t icu la ra t ten t ion w a s g i ven t ot h ec on ten t s o ft h e l i t h ic s i te s i nb o th t h e i n te r t ida l a nd t e r re s t r ia l z one s . I nt h e se s ame z one s t h e d epo s i t s o fb u rn t f l in t w e r e s amp led a nd s i eved b u t t h ey p roved t ob e v i r tua l ly d evo id o fc ha r coa l a nd b e r ef to ff a una lr ema in s . Am a jo rp rob lem w a sp e r ce ived i nt h ew id ec h rono log ica l r a ng e o f t h e p a l imp se s t o f w ood en s t ru c tu r e s i n t h e i n te r t ida l z one a nd t h e l a ck o fr e la t ive d a t ing e v id en ce . T h i sp r ob lem w a s c oun te red b y ac a r ef u l c ha ra c te r i sa t ion o ft h e se s t ru c tu re s f o l low ed b y as t ra teg ic p rog ramme o f r a d io ca rbon d a t ing . At e chno log ica l a nd c ha ra c te r i sa t ion s t udy o ft h ew ooden c omponen t s o f t h e i n te r t ida l s t ru c tu re s w a s m ad e b y R icha rd D a r rah . T h i s r e vea led a r guab le e v iden ce f o r c opp ic ing o ft h e N eo l i th ic w ood land a nd i ta l so d e tec ted t h e e n cou ragemen t o f p o le -g row ing h ab i ta t s d u r ing t h e B ronze A g e a nd s ub sequen t t i me s . As t udy o f t o o l s i gna tu r e s w a s c a r r ied o u t o n p o s t s r e cove r ed f r om t h e f o re sho r e . T h i s s u cceeded i nm a t ch ing t h e w o rkman sh ip
o f s ome i n d iv idua l s a nd i tw a s p a r t icu la r ly h e lpf u l i n r e vea l ing h a s te a nd i n expe r ience a mong s t t h e w o rkf o r ce e ngaged i n t h e c on s t ru c t ion o f t h e p r inc ipa l S axon l o ng sho re a l ignmen t . S t ud ie s o f t h e N eo l i th ic t r a ckway s a nd t h e p e r ce ived f i she ry s t ru c tu re sp roved t ob e f r u s t ra t ing . T he t r a ckway s w e re o n ly d i scove r ed o n s ome e xcep t iona l ly l ow t i d e s t owa rd s t h e e nd o f t h e s u rvey . T he r a r e t i da l w indow s p roved t ob e s ho r t a nd t h i s m ean t t h a t d e ta i l s c ou ld o n ly b e r e co rded i n as ma l l n umbe r o f h a s t i ly i mp rov i sed p ho tomo sa ic s . D u r ing t h e i n ve s t iga t ion o ft h e a l ignmen t s i tw a s f ound t h a t w h i l s t t h e t i p s o ft h e p o s t s w e re e xcep t iona l ly w e l l p r e se rved n o r e cumben t s haf t s o r c r o s s -membe r s c ou ld b e f ound . T h i s r e s t r ic t ed t h e o ppo r tun i ty t o g auge t h e o r ig ina lh e igh t s o ft h e s t ru c tu r e sw h ich w e r ep e r ce ived t o b e p o s s ib le f i sh w e i r s . Mo r e o f ten t h an n o t , t h e l e ve l o f moder n w ave -cu t t ing h ad d r awn c l o se t ot h e e mbedded t i p s o ft h e s t ake s . T h i s a l so m ean tt h a t i fh u rd lewo rk h ad e ve r b een d i r ec t ly a s so c ia ted w i th a l ignmen t s F 32 / 34 o r Q 137 / 16 t h en t h e re h ad b een ag r ea t e ro ppo r tun i ty f o rs u ch e l emen t st ob ee r oded a way . Whe r e e a r l ie r p r eh i s to r ic c e ram ic s w e re r e cove r ed f r om t h ei n te r t ida lz one t h ey w e r ea lmo s ti n va r iab ly f o und t ob e i ns i tu .A tF i shboume B ea ch af ew f r agmen t so fr e la t ive ly s of t v e s se l s o f t h e m idi s t m i l lenn ium BC w e r e f ound e mbedded i nt h e i r p a r en t s i l t w h ich w a s n ow s ub jec t t o n ew p roce s se s o f c oa s ta l e r o s ion . A t B in s tead B each f r agmen t s o f s im i la r v e s se l s w e re f o und t o h ave b een r e cen t ly e xpo sed a nd d i s tu rbed o n a n i n te r t ida l s u rf ace . S u rp r i s ing ly , i nv i ew o ft h e i r f r iab i l i ty , s ome o ft h e l a t te r s howed e v idence o f h av ing s u rv ived c o lon i sa t ion b y b ar na c le s ,s e am a ta nd a no bv iou sd eg r ee o fm ob i l i ty . 7 . 2T he a r chaeo logy : s i te si nt h e h i n ter land 7 . 2 .1 T he h i n ter land f i e ldwa lk ing p rogramme R ebecca L oad e r R ap id f i e ldwa lk ing w a sc a r r ied o u ti nt h ea r ea t ot h es ou th o ft h e i n te r t ida l s t udy a r ea , c oncen t ra t ing o n t h e c oa s ta l c o r r ido r b u t a l so i n c lud ing f i e ld s n ea r e r t o t h e c ha lk d own s ( F ig . 7 . 1) . T he p u rpo se w a s t oi d en t if y e v id ence f o re a r ly h uman a c t iv i ty i nt h ee nv i ron so f Woo t ton C r eek a nd t o d e te rm ine w he the r t h e i n ten s i ty o f s u ch a c t iv i ty w a s a sg r ea t a st h a t i nt h e i n t e r t ida l z one . U nf o r tuna te ly , t h e g r ea te r p e rcen tage o fl a nd w i th in t h e h i n te r land a r ea c on s i s ted o fp e rmanen tp a s tu r e , s e t -a s id e l a nd ,w ood land , a nd u rban a nd d e re l ic ta r ea s .T h i sl i m i ted o ppo r tun i t ie sf o r f i e ldwa lk ing ( T ab le 7 . 1) .T he r a nge o fg eo logy a nd a l t i tud e
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CO A STA L AR CHAEOLOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONM ENT : ASO LENT C A SE S T UDY
F igu r e 7 . 1 T he h i n te r landf i e ldwa lk ing p rog ramme . F ie ld sw a lk ed i n t en s ive ly a r es had ed ; t h o se w a lk ed r ap id ly a r es hown i no u t l ine . Coas ta l c o r r idor
F igur e 7 . 2 W ork ed a nd b urn tf l in ts ca t te r s .
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Wood land
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5 40
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4 00
5 00
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4 90
7 90
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2 20
2 70
T ab le 7 . 1 T he a va i lab i l i ty o fl a ndf o rf i e ldwa lk ing i nt h e p ro jec ta r ea .
w a sr e a sonab ly w e l lr e p r e sen ted i nt h ef i e ld sw a lked i nt h e n o r th o ft h es u rvey a r ea a r ound t h ec r eek sa t Woo t ton a nd K ing ' s Q uay . I nt h e e x t reme s ou th o ft h e s t udy a r ea , t h e c ha lk d own land w a s e xam ined t o amo re l i m i ted e x ten t , b u t al a rge p a r to ft h ec en t ra la r ea ,i n c lud ing al a rge p a r to f t h eH am s tead B ed s ,w a su nava i lab le f o rw a lk ing . F i e ldwa lk ing w a s c a r r ied o u t m a in ly d u r ing t h e w in te r o f1 992 /93 a nd t o ok p l a ce w hen f i e ld s b ecame a va i lab le , e i the ra f t e rp l ough ing o rw hen c r op sw e re r emoved . At o ta l o f2 80 h ec ta re sw e r ee xam in ed . F ive f i e ld sa tF i shbou rne , P u ck H ou se a nd D uxmo r e w e r e w a lked i n ten s ive ly , b u t s i nce t h ep r o jec tw a sd e s igned a s ar a p id s u rvey t oa s se s s t h ea r chaeo log ica lp o ten t ia lo f al a rge a r ea i n al i m i ted t ime , t h e r e s t w e r e s c anned q u ick ly t oe va lua te t h e i r p o ten t ia l f o r f u r the r i n ve s t iga t ion . I n a dd i t ion , a n i n spec t ion o f w ood land a nd f i e ld s i n p e rmanen t p a s tu r e r e vea led a n umbe ro fe a r thwo rk f e a tu r e s ( s ee B a sf o rd s e c t ion 8 . 8 .3 ) . T h e se a ga in w e r en o ted b u tn o tt h o rough ly s u rveyed .
F igur e 7 . 3R oman a nd l a te ro ccupa t ion d ebr i s .
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SU B S I ST ENCE I NT H E CO A STAL ZO NE Me thodo logy A s am ean s o fa s se s s ing a r ea s r a p id ly , l i ne s w e r e w a lked a c ro s s f i e ld sa ti n te rva l s o f1 0m . F i nd sw e r en o tr e co rd ed a f t e rw a lk ing e ach l i ne , b u t ag ene ra l f i e ldwa lk ing r e co rd s hee t w a s c omp le ted f o r e a ch f i e ld , l i s t ing t h e t y pe s o f m a te r ia l p r e sen t a nd w he the r t h e r e w e r e d i sc r e te c oncen t r a t ion s o f a r tef a c t s . F i e ld s i n t h e n o r th -ea s ter n p a r t o ft h e I s land a r e r e la t ive ly s ma l l s o i tw a s p o s s ib le t o l o ca t e a c cu ra te ly c on cen t ra t ion s o f m a te r ia l . C ha lk m a r l ing ,w h e r ep re sen t ,w a sn o ted ( F ig . 7 . 3 ) . I nt h e f i e ld s w h ich w e r e w a lked i n ten s ive ly , a2 0m g r id w a se s tab l i shed a nd a te a ch i n te r sec t ion o nt h eg r id ,a na r ea w i th ar a d iu s o f c2 m w a s e xam ined a nd a r chaeo log ica l e v idence w a sn o ted o n ar e co rd f o rm . F i e ld s a tD uxmo re w e re w a lk ed p r io r t ot h e Woo t tonQua r r s u rvey u s ing a s l igh t ly d if e ren t m e thodo logy . H e r e , a1 0m g r id w a s u sed . F i e ldwa lk ing w a s c a r r ied o u t b y as ma l l t e am o f e xpe r ien ced f i e ldwo rke r s s e ek ing a no ve ra l l i mage o ft h e p a t ter na nd d en s i ty o fp a s th uman a c t iv i ty i nt h es t udy a r ea . F o rt h is r e a son an on -co l lec t ion p o l icy w a sa dop ted w h i le i tw a sf e l ti mpor tan tt om a in ta in c on s i s tency b yu s ing t h e s ame w o rk e r st h roughou t . R e su l t s T he f i e ldw a lk ing s u rvey r e vea led n i ne w o rked f l in t s c a t te r s , 1 8 c oncen t ra t ion s o f f i r e c r acked f l in t , f ou r s c a t te r s o f m ed ieva l p o t te ry a nd t wo o f p o s t m ed ieva l
p o t te ry ( F ig s . 7 . 2 a nd 7 . 3 ) . Am a rk ed d ea r th o fR oman m a te r ia lw a so b se rved , w i th t h ee xcep t ion , i nt h es ou th o f t h e s t udy a r ea , o f af ew s h e rd s a tD uxmo r e , a nd m a te r ia l r e co rd ed i nf i e ld s a nd i nt h e s e c t ion o f ad r a inage d i tch a tC omb ley F a rm ( F ig . 7 . 3 ) . T he l i t h ic s i t e s a r ed i scu s sed f u r the r i ns e c t ion s 7 . 3 .1 a nd 7 . 3 .2 o ft h i s r e po r t . Ma te r ia l r e co rded d u r ing t h e i n ten s ive f i e ldwa lk ing a tD uxmo r e , P u ck H ou se a nd Q ua r rw a sp l o t ted a nd i ss hown i nF igu r e s 7 . 4 , 7 . 5 , 7 . 6a nd 7 . 7 . Med ieva l o ccupa t ion d eb r i s w a s f o und t o b e c en t r ed a r ound K ing ' s Q uay i nt h e w e s to ft h e s u rvey a r ea w he r e i tp robab ly r e p r e sen t s t h e d e se r ted v i i o f S hof le t . H e r e , o ccupa t ion d eb r i sc o r r e spond ed w i th w ha ta ppea r st ob ea s e r ie so ft e nemen tp l o t sn ow v i s ib le a ss o i lm a rk so na e r ia l p ho tog raph s . As ma l l c on cen t ra t ion o fm ed ieva l p o t te ry w a s a l so f ound a tA lve r s tone , Wh ipp ingham ( IWS MR 2 2 15 ) . As p r ead o fp o s tm ed ieva lo ccupa t ion d eb r i sw a sr e co rd ed a tP a lme r sF a rm ( OS p a r ce ln umbe r s0 003 a nd 0 083 ) .T h i s i so n t h e s i t e o fT r encha rd s , ab u i ld ing r e co rded o n t h e Wh ipp ingham t ihe m ap ( IWCRO J e r /T / 336 ) . H ow eve r , t h e r ew a sn oe v idence o nt h eg r ound i nt h ef o rm o fa r t ef ac t s o rb u i ld ing m a te r ia lf o r as ma l le rb u i ld ing ,a l so p r e sen to n t h e Wh ipp ingham t ihe m ap , i nO S p a r ce l n umbe r 0 084 a tT oba cco P i pe C op se , a l though t wo l ow b ank s s e en p r o t rud ing i n to t h e f i e ld m ay r e p r e sen t b ounda ry b ank s a s soc ia ted w i th t h i sb u i ld ing .
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F igur e 7 . 4Re su l t so f f ie ldwa lk ing a tD uxmor e ;a .w o rk edf l in tb .b urn tf l in t .
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CO ASTAL AR CHAEOLOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONMENT : A SO LENT C ASE S TUDY
F igure 7 . 5R e su l t s o ff ie ldwa lk ing a t Duxmore ; a .R oman , b .m ed ieva la nd c .p o s tm ed ieva lc e ram ic s .
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F igu r e 7 . 6R e su l t so f f ie ldwa lk ing a tP uckhou se ; a .W orkedf l in t , b .b urn tf l in t , c .Q ua r r /B in s tead s t one , a nd d .p o s t m ed ieva lc e ram ic s .
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CO A STA L AR CHAEOLOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONM ENT : ASO LENT C A SE S T UDY
F igur e 7 . 7Re su l t so ffi e ldwa lk ing a tQ ua r r ;a .w o rk edf l in t , b .b u rn tf l in t . B ecau se o f t h e l i m i ted a r ea t h a t w a s a va i lab le f o r f i e ldwa lk ing d u r ing t h e l i f e o ft h e p ro jec t , i tw ou ld b e p r ema tu r e t o a t temp t t o d r aw c onc lu s ion s a bou t t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f a r tef a c t s c a t te r s i n t h e Woo t tonQua r r h i n te r land . O n ly a q ua r te r o f t h e t o ta l a r ea o f c2 100 h ec ta r e s w a s s u i tab le f o r w a lk ing a nd t h i s w a s n o t r e p re sen ta t ive o ft h e s t udy a r ea a s aw ho le . D e sp i te t h e se l i m i ta t ion s , k now ledge o f s i te s o n t h e n o r the rn T e r t ia ry c l ay z one o ft h eI s land w a ss i gn i f ican t ly e nhan ced . S ome l i m i ted w o rk h ad b een c a r r ied o u ti nn o r th -ea s tW igh t i nt h ep a s ta nd t h i sh ad s ugge s ted av e ry l ow i n c idence o f h uman a c t iv i ty i np r eh i s to r ic a nd e a r l ie rh i s to r ica l t ime s . Aw a t ch ing b r ief o n ag a s p i pe l ine f r om Wh ipp ingham t o K n igh t ' s C ro s s t o t h e s ou th o f t h e p ro jec t a r ea h ad p rov ided a 1 5m -w ide s t r ip 5 . 77km i n l e ng th s u i tab le f o r a r chaeo log ica l i n spec t ion a nd mon i to r ing . T h i s h ad r e vea led o n ly t h r ee s i t e s w o r thy o fn o te ( Ba sf o rd 1 993 ) . T wo o t he r p i pe l ine s o n t h e T e r t ia ry c l ay s h ad r e vea led j u s t o ne p o s t -med ieva l s i te i na n a r ea o f6 . 025 h ec ta r e s ( F . B a sf o rd , p e r s . c omm . ) . I n o t he r p a r t s o ft h e c oun t ry t o o , c l ay land s h ave b een t r ad i t iona l ly r e ga rded a s b e ing p oo r ly e ndow ed w i th a r cha eo log ica ls i te s ,a l though r e cen t s u rvey sm ay b ec hang ing t h i sv i ew ( T ing le 1 99 1 , 5 ) . D e sp i te t h e l i m i ta t ion s i n f i e ldwa lk ing c ove rage , t h e r e a r e s t i l l s ome v a l id o b se rva t ion s w h ich c an b e m ade i n t h e s t udy a r ea . P e rhap st h e mo s tu nexpec ted r e su l t o ft h e h i n te r land f i e ldwa lk ing s u rvey w a s t h e l a ck o fm a te r ia l t h a t c ou ld b e r e ga rd ed a sc on tempo ra ry w i th t h e c oa s ta l s i te s . T h i s w a s p e r cep t ib le i n s p i te o f t h e f a c t t h a t t h e
f i e ldwa lk ing c ove rag e o ft h e a r ea w a s v e ry p a tchy w h i le mu ch o ft h e a r ea i mmed ia te ly o n sho r ef r om t h e i n te r t ida l z one i s w ooded o r b u i l t -up , a nd t h u s u n su i tab le f o r w a lk ing . I nc on t ra s t t ot h e q uan t i t ie s o f l i t h ic s o f Me so l i th ic a nd e a r ly N eo l i th ic d a te f ound i nt h ei n te r t ida lz one ,t h es u rf a ce s c a t te r s i n t h e h i n te r land w e r e m o r e i n s ign if i can t a nd d i spe r sed .L i t t le m a te r ia lw a sf ound t h a tc ou ld b er e ga rded a sc on tempo ra ry w i th t h a tf ound o nt h eb ea ch .T h i si sa l so t r ue f o rt h en umbe r so ff i nd so fR oman a nd m ed ieva ld a te , b o th p e r iod sb e ing w e l lr e p re sen ted a mong s tt h ei n te r t ida l f i nd sb u tv e ry l i m i ted i nt h eh i n te r land . H ow eve r , l i t h ic s c a t te r s o f N eo l i th ic o r B ronze A ge d a te i nt h e h i n te r land w e re mo re f r equ en t t h an h ad b een a n t ic ipa ted a nd i n p a r t icu la r t h e n umbe r o f b ur n t f l in t s p r ead s , s ome t ime s w i th a s soc ia ted w o rked f l i n t , w a s u nexpec ted . T wo o ft h e se b u rn t f l in t s c a t te r s h ave b een r a d ioca rbon d a ted t ot h eB ronze A g e ( 2 300 -1960 c a l BC ; O xA -5483 ; 3 7 15±55 B P ; 2 200 1880 c a l BC ; O xA -5484 ; 3 640±55 B P ; a nd 1 260 -900 c a l BC ; O xA -5485 a nd O xA 5 486 ; b o th 2 860±50 B P ) . T he se w i l l b ed i scu s sed f u r the r i ns e c t ion 7 . 3 .2 . At e ndency f o rt h e se f e a tu r e st ob el o ca ted a d ja cen t t ow a te r a nd t owa rd s t h e e dg e s o ft h e P l a teau G rave l sw a sn o ted .T h i sf i r s tf a c to ri sp r obab ly ar ef l ec t ion o ft h e i r f u nc t ion ; t h e s e cond may b e s i gn if i can t o rm ay s imp ly b ed u et ot h ef a c tt h a t much o ft h el a nd a va i lab le f o r w a lk ing h appened t ob ei nt h i s l o ca t ion . Wh i l s tt h el i t h ic s o ft h i s d a t e i nt h e i n te r t ida l z one w e r e mo r e i n f r equ en t a nd d i spe r sed , as i gn if i can t d eg ree o fa c t iv i ty i sa t t e s ted
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SU B S I ST ENCE I NT H E CO A STAL ZO NE b yt h em any t i mbe rs t ru c tu re sd a t ing t ot h el a te rN eo l i th ic a nd B ronz e A ge p e r iod s w h ich h av e b een r e co rded o n F i shbou rne ,Q ua r ra nd B in s tead b ea ch e s . A l though t h e p o l icy o f n on -co l lec t ion m ean t t h a t l i t t le a na ly t ica l w o rk c ou ld b e u nd e r tak en , t h e f i e ldwa lk ing m e thod a dop t ed i nt h i s p r o jec t a low ed aw ide a r ea t ob e c ov e r ed i n as h o r tt ime . T h i se nab led ag en e ra la s se s smen t o fs u r f a ce s c a t t e r s t ob e m ad e , w h i l s t e xc lud ing t h e t ime c on sum ing p r ob lem s w h ich a r e s o o f ten a s soc ia ted w i th p o s t -f i e ldwa lk ing p roce s s ing a nd s t o r age . S hou ld t h e n eed a r i se , i tw ou ld b e as imp le m a t te rt or e tu rn t ot h e s i t e sa nd e xam ine t h em i n mo re d e ta i l . Al i t t le c an b es a id a bou tt h er e la t ive m e r i t so ft h ei n ten s ive a nd n on in t en s ive m e thod su s ed . B yr e co rd ing t h em a te r ia l o b se rved w i th in z one so ft wo m e t r er a d iu ss e to u to n a2 0m g r id , i tw a sp o s s ib le t op r odu ce ag en e r a l p l o t o ft h e f md s p r e sen t i ne a ch f i e ld . I tc ou ld r e ad i ly b e s e en , h ow eve r , w h i l s t l a y ing o u t g r id s a nd w a lk ing f r om o ne i n te r sec t ion t oa no th e r , t h a t s i gn if i can t , b u t d i sc r e te c oncen t ra t ion s o f m a te r ia lc ou ld e a s i ly b em i s sed . T he n on in ten s ive f i e ldwa lk ing m e thod g i ve s ar a the r s ub je c t ive v i ew o ft h el o ca t ion o fc on c en t ra t ion so fm a te r ia l a nd c an r e a l ly o n ly of e r ab r oad o v e rv i ew o fw ha ti sa c tua l ly p r e sen t . H ow eve r , i fo n ec on s id e r st h es p eed t h a tf i e ld sc an b ea s se s sed u s ing t h i sm e thod ,a nd a l so t h ef a c tt h a tw i thou t a c tua l ly c o l le c t ing m a t e r ia l , o n ly g ene ra l s t a temen t s c an b e m ad e f r om f i e ld o b se rva t ion s u s ing e i the r m e thod , t h e a dvan tag e s o f n on in ten s ive f i e ldwa lk ing p r obab ly o u tw e igh t h e d i sadvan tage s . Ar ef in emen t m ad e t owa rd s t h e e nd o ft h e p r o jec t w a s t h e u s e o f DGPS t od ef ine t h e m ax imum e x t en to fs u r f a ce s c a t te r s . Af u l ll i s to fs i t e sr e co rd ed d u r ing f i e ldwa lk ing a ppea r s i n P a r t 1 2 . 7 . 2 .2 D uxmor eC ombe D av id T oma l in I nve s t iga t ion T h i s g eomo rpho log ica l s i te w a s f i r s t e xam ined i n 1 99 1 w hen d eep m a ch ine -cu t s e c t ion s w e r e u s ed t oi n ve s t iga te i t s c o l luv ia l h i s to ry . T h i s r e sea r ch a r o se o u t o f ap l an t o d i spo se i n e r t w a s te o n t h e f l oo r o ft h e c ombe , ap roce s s w h ich r e qu i r ed l a rge s c a le d i s tu rban ce o f e a r th . W i th t h e k i nd a g r e emen t o ft h e l a ndown e r s , M r . a nd M r s . P . K enne r ley , ap r og ramme o fi n ve s t iga t ion a nd f i e ldwa lk ing w a sc a r r ied o u tb yt h eI s le o fW igh tC oun ty A r chaeo log ica l U n i t .T h i sw a sf o l low ed b yc o l luv ia ls amp l ing a nd a na ly s i s b y M icha e l A l len o f t h e T ru s t f o r W e s sex A r chaeo logy ( s ee s e c t ion 6 . 2 ) . T he r e su l t s r e vea led s i gn if i can t a r cha eo log ica l h o r izon s w h ich , w i th c on tempo ra ry l a nd m o l lu scan e v idence , c ou ld b e u s ed t o r e con s t ru c t t h e h i s to ry o fh uman a c t iv i ty a nd l a nd scape c hange a tt h eh ead o ft h e Woo t ton c a tchmen t . L oca t ion D uxmo r eC ombe l i e sa tt h eh ead o ne o ft h et h r ee p r inc ipa l s t r eams w h ich f e ed t h e c a tchmen t o f Woo t ton C r eek ( s ee
F i g .2 . 5 ) .T he c ombe i sn o r th -f a c ing ,a nd i sd eep ly i n c i sed i n to t h es t eep d i ps l ope o ft h eI s land ' sc en t ra lc ha lk c ue s ta . T he m ou th o ft h ec ombe o pen s ,a t7 0m OD ,o n to as l op ing b ench c ompo sed o f t h e R ead ing B ed s a nd t h e L ondon C lay .A c ro s st h i ss u r f a ce t h en o r thwa rd t r end o ft h ec ombe i st a ken u p b y as h a l low f l uve w h ich b e t ray s t h e c ou r se o fs ub su rf a ce d r a inage . A t ad i s tan ce o f 1 20m f r om t h e m ou th o ft h ec ombe ,t h ep r e sen ts t r eam ,t h eC h i l l ingwood B rook , r i se s i n as ma l l s p r ing sapped h o l low . A t t h e u ppe r b ounda ry o ft h e f l uve , ac hange i nc on tou r m a rk s t h e p o s i t ion o f ad i s t in c t c o l luv ia l l o be p ro t rud ing f r om t h e mou th o f t h e c ombe . T h i s a ppea r s t o m a rk a l a nd movemen t e ven t w h ich m ay b e t e n ta t ive ly e qua ted w i th ar i l lh o r izon i n te r cep ted a sc on tex t 1 0i nt h et e s ts e c t ion s c u tw i th in t h ef l oo ro ft h ec ombe ( s ee s e c t ion 6 . 2 .1) . T he a t tr ibu t e so ft h ec ombe a nd i t ss e t t ing a s ap o ten t ia l s i te f o rh uman s e t t lemen t A s ap o ten t ia ls i t ef o rh uman o ccupa t ion ,D uxmo r eC ombe p r e sen t s an umbe ro fi mpo r tan ta tr ibu te s . I t ss p r ing of e r s av a luab le s ou r ce o fw a te rt oc ommun i t ie ss e ek ing t oc l ea r o rc u l t iva te t h e d own land r i dge . S u ch a c t iv i t ie s s e em t o h ave b een w e l l -advan ced a t at i me w hen l a te N eo l i th ic a nd B eake r d ome s t ic p o t te ry w a s b e ing s c a t te red o n t h e c r e s t o ft h e c ha lk r i dge s ome 1 . 7km w e s t o ft h e c ombe . T h i si n f o rma t ion h a sb een g l eaned f r om t h ee xcava t ion o f r ound b a r row I WSMR 8 9 1 o nA r r e ton D own ( A lexande r a nd O zanne 1 960 ) . C on tempo ra ry h uman a c t iv i ty a tD uxmo r es e em st oa c co rd w i th ap a t te rn o fc ombe -c lu s te r ed s e t t lemen tw h ich c an b e g ene ra l ly d e tec ted t h roughou t t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f r ound b a r row sw h ich a r es c a t te red a c ro s st h eI s land ' sc ha lk land s . A tD uxmo re ,h ow eve r , ad i r ec tt e r r i to r ia lc l a im t o ab a r row c eme te ry c an b e l a id o nn om o r et h an t wo r ound b a r row s . T he se l i e 4 00m e a s t o ft h e c ombe , o n t h e n e ighbou r ing s umm i t o f Me r s ley D own ( Toma l in 1 99 1a ) . Ap e r s i s t ing f u ne ra ry u se o ft h i s h i l l top c an b e s u spec ted d u r ing t h e l a te I r on A ge w hen a n i t em o f d eco ra t ive s h ee t -b ronze r e pou s sd m e ta lwo rk w a sd epo s i t ed n ea rt h es umm i t . I nt h eI s le o fW igh t ,t h eo pen c oa s ta la s pec to ft h el a nd scape a nd t h e p r edom inan t e f ec t s o ft h e s ou th -we s te r ly w ind s a r ep e r enn ia lh aza rd si nt h es i t ing a nd d e s ign ing o fh uman h ab i ta t ion . D u r ing t h e e a r ly B ronze A ge , t h e w ind f a c to r s e em st ob e r e f lec ted i nt h ep o s i t ion ing o ft h ee a s t -f a c ing d oo rway s i n t h e r ound h ou se s w h ich m ay b e d e tec ted b enea th t h e r ound b a r row s o n t h e e xpo sed h i l l t o p s o f A r re ton D own a nd G a l l ibu ry D own ( A lexande r a nd O zanne 1 960 f i g . 2 ;T oma l in f o r th com ing a ) . As im i la r r e ga rd f o r s h e l te r w ou ld m ake t h e d ep th , t h e o r ien ta t ion a nd t h e e x ten t o f v a l ley b o t tom f l oo r s p a ce i mpo r tan t c on s ide ra t ion s w hen s e lec t ing ac ombe a s al o ca t ion f o r l o ng t e rm s e t t lemen t( T oma l in 1 99 1a ) . A t D uxmo r e , t h e r e s t r ic t ed s p a ce o n t h e v a l ley f l oo r p r e sen t s a n i mped imen t t o a s e t t led a nd g row ing c ommun i ty a nd i tm ay b e a r gued t h a t t h i s r e s t r ic t ion i s r e f lec ted i n t h e m ode s ty o f t h e Me r s ley D own b a r row c eme te ry . N eve r the le s s , t h e d ep th a nd o r ien ta t ion o ft h e
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CO A STAL AR CHA EOLOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONMENT : ASO LENT C A SE S T UDY
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F igu r e 7 . 8L a te I r on A g er e pou s sj m e ta lwork f r om Me r s ley D own . c ombe o f e r se xce l len ts h e l te ra nd i tm igh tb ea r gu ed t h a t f o rt h i sr e a son o wne r sh ip o ft h i sl o ca t ion a nd t h ea d jo in ing d own land w ou ld n eve rb er e ad i ly r e l inqu i shed . Q u e s t ion s c once rn ing s e t t lemen ts i z ea nd t h es e t t lemen th i s to ry o ft h e c ombe c ou ld n o tb e r e ad i ly r e so lved b y t r an sec tt r enche s c u t t h rough t h e d eep c o l luv ia l d epo s i t s a t D uxmo r e . H ow eve r , e va lua t ion b y t r ench ing w a s a b le t o t e s t t h e l o ng i tud ina l a nd l a t i tud ina l e x ten t o fe a r l ie r l a nd s u rf a ce s b u r ied b enea th t h ev a l ley f l oo r( s ee F ig . 6 . 1) .T h i sm e thod o fe xcava t ion p r oved h i gh ly s u cce s sf u l i ne s tab l i sh ing t h e c o l luv ia t ion h i s to ry o ft h e c ombe ( s ee A l len s e c t ion 6 . 2 ; S ca if e s e c t ion 6 . 4 ) , a nd t h e r e la t ive i n ten s i ty o fh uman a c t iv i ty d u r ing e a ch o ft h ei d en t if ied p ha se s . T r ench 4 s u cceeded i n l o ca t ing i n s i tu e v id ence o f a B eake rp e r iod p o s tp i t , t h u s d emon s t ra t ing t h a ts t ru c tu r e s h ad b een e r ec ted o nt h ef l oo ro ft h ec ombe a tt h eo pen ing o ft h e 2 nd m i l lenn ium c a l BC ( 2 190 1780 c a l BC ; O xA 7 182 ; 3 620±60 B P ) . Af u r the rm ean so fi n ve s t iga t ion w a s ad e ta i led f i e ldwa lk w h ich w a s c ondu c ted o ve rt h eb ench a nd f l uve b e low t h e m ou th o ft h e c ombe . T h i s c on f i rmed t h a t t h e t h re sho ld o ft h e c ombe h ad r ema ined af o cu s f o r h uman a c t iv i ty s i nce e a r ly B ronze A ge t ime s( s ee S ec t ion 7 . 2 .1 a nd F ig s . 7 . 4a nd 7 . 5 ) . F o r t h e m od e s t 1 8 th c en tu ry f a rm a t D uxmo r e t h e se f i e ld o b se rva t ion s p r ov ide ap ed ig r ee f o r h ab i ta t ion a nd a n e xp lana t ion f o r ae s tab l i shed p a t ter n o fl a nd -u se a nd s ub s i s ten ce w h ich m igh t b e t r a ced f r om c2 000 c a l BC . A l though i n suf f i c ien t ly e ndow ed f o r e xpan s ion , t h i s w a s ac ombe -f ocu sed c ommun i ty w h ich c ou ld n o t f a i l . Ab road h i s to ry b a sed u pon t h e a r tef a c tua l e v id ence f o r
t h i s c ommun i ty i ss e t o u t b e low . T h i s s hou ld b e v i ew ed i nc on junc t ion w i th t h e d e ta i led e v id ence o fc o l luv ia t ion a nd e nv i ronmen ta l c hang e wh ich h a s b een a s semb led i n s e c t ion 6 . 2b yA l len . T he a r tef ac tua l e v idence f or t h e p has ing o f h uman a c t iv i ty a tD uxmor e P ha se 1 a( Con tex t s 1 ,2 4a nd 3 4 ) T he f i r s t p ha se o fh uman a c t iv i ty a tD uxmo r e b e long s t o t h e o pen ing o ft h e 2 nd m i l lenn ium B C w hen aw ooden s t ruc tu r e , r e p r e sen ted b y as i ng le i n te rcep ted p o s t p i t , w a s e r ec ted 6 0m i n s ide t h e mou th o f t h e c ombe . T h i s f e a tu r ew a sd e tec ted i nt r ench 4w he r ei tw a sf ound t ob e a s soc ia ted w i th c on tex t 1 /24 /34 ( s ee F ig . 6 . 2 ) . T h i s i sa d a rk b rown , r ewo rked s o i l h o r izon c on ta in ing f l eck s o f c ha r coa l a nd aw eak s c a t te r o fa r t ef a c t s i n c lud ing af l in t s c rape ra nd B eake rp o t te ry . An a b so lu t ed a te o f2 190 1780 c a l BC ( OxA -7182 ;3 620±60 BP )w a so b ta ined f o rt h i sp i t a nd aB eak e rs h e rd c on ta ined w i th in i t sf i l l .T he s o i lf r om t h i sh o r izon h a sb een f ound b yA l len t ob ed evo id o fl a nd mo l lu sca y e ti t st r unca t ion a nd i t ss t a tu sa s ac amb i so lw i th an o tab ly w eak c a lca reou s c on ten t s e em s c on s i s ten t w i th t i l lag ea nd p o s s ib ly c l ea ran ce a t at i me w hen t h ev eg e ta t ion o nt h ev a l ley s i de sm ay h ave b een l a rg e ly u nd i s tu rbed . T h i s p ha se o f a c t iv i ty a t Duxmo r e m igh t b e g en e ra l ly e qua ted w i th t h e d eve lopmen t o fB eak e ra c t iv i ty o nP u ck H ou se H i l l . H e r e , t h e p o l len e v id en ce o b ta ined f r om b enea th r ound b a r row I WS MR 1 5 33 a nd h o r izon NE W 1 i nt h e n ea rby p ea t m i re a tN ewnham a te s t s c l ea rance o f
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SU B S I ST ENCE I NT H E CO A STAL ZO NE t h e l o ca l T i l ia ( l ime )w ood land s ome t ime a f te r2 9 10 -2580 c a l BC ( GU -5424 ;4 160+50 B P )( s ee S ca if es e c t ion s6 . 3 .1 a nd 6 . 3 .2 ) . A c t iv i ty p ha se l b( Con t ex t1 2 /23 /33 ;b i ozone s 1a nd 2 ) P ha se l b i st h e o ve r ly ing s u cce s so rt op ha se l aa nd i ti s d i s t ingu i shed o n ly b yt h ee nv i ronmen ta le v idence o b ta ined i nt r ench 3 .T h i si nd ica te s ac o l luv ia le v en td u r ing w h ich a s t ony s i l ty c l ay ( c on tex t 1 2 )w a s d e r ived b y e r o s ion f r om t h e w e s tw a l l o ft h e c ombe ( s ee A l len s e c t ion 6 . 2 ) . S ome 1 6m f u r th e r d own t h e a x i s o ft h e c ombe t h e c ha ra c t e r o f t h i s h o r izon c hange s s l igh t ly t ob ecome c on tex t 2 3 /33 i n w h ich t h e c on ten t o f w ho le a nd f r a c tu r ed f l in t n odu le s i n ten s if i e s . L ike c on tex t 1 2 , as p a r se s c a t te r o fc ha r coa l w a s a ccompan ied b y al i t t le f l in t d eb i tage i nt h i s d own s l ope d epo s i t . H e re , t h e r e a l so o ccu r r ed as i ng le e r od ed a nd c ha ra c t e r le s s B eake r s h e rd ( 2 129 .33 .34 ) . F rom t h e m o l lu scan e v id ence i ti ss ugg e s ted t h a tt h e se d epo s i t s a r e c oeva l w i th v a r ied p ha se s o fp a s to ra l a nd a r ab le a c t iv i ty , p o s s ib ly c u lm ina t ing i n o ve rg raz ing ( s ee A l len s e c t ion 6 . 2 ) . A c t iv i ty p ha se 2( Con tex t s9 / 22 /32 ;b i ozone 3 a ) A n e r od ed s h e rd o ft h e F ood U rn c e ram ic t r ad i t ion a nd t wo o t h e r s a t r ibu tab le t o as h e l l t empe red u r n o f t h e M idd le o rl a te rB ronze A ge w e r e r e cove r ed f r om c on tex t 9( 2 129 .9 .237 , 2 129 .9 .253 a nd 2 129 .9 .1511) . T he se w e r e c omp lemen ted ,i nc on tex t s2 2a nd 3 2 ,b yf u r the rF ood Ur n s h e rd s a nd as i ng le f r agmen tw h ich m igh tb e a tr ibu ted t o at ype 1g l obu la r ur n ( 2 129 .22 .24 ) . T he s h e l l tempe red s h e rd s m ay b e c ompa r ed w i th s im i la r c on tempo ra ry w a re s i nw h ich c ru shed s h e l l a ppea r s t ob e d e r ived f r om al o ca l m a r ine s ou r ce . T he se a r et h ev e s se l s e mp loyed b y t h e c ommun i t ie s who w e re a c t ive a t Woo t ton H aven a nd B in s tead B ea ch s i te B 79 -81 ( s ee T oma l in s e c t ion 9 . 1 .1) . T he o ccu r r en ce o f s u ch v e s se l s s ome 5 km i n land a t D uxmo r eh i n t sa tt h ed eve lopmen to f ah i n te r land l i nk w i th t h e c ommun i t ie s o f t h e c r eek o r s h o re l ine . P a r t icu la r ly i n te re s t ing i nt h i sh o r izon i st h ed e tec t ion ,b yA l len ,o ft h e m a r ine m o l lu sc P a te l la v u lga ta w h ich s e em st oa t te s te i the r t h e c onveyan ce o fs e af ood t ot h i s h i n te r land c ommun i ty , o r p e rhap s t h e u se o fs e aw eed f o r as p ec ia l i sed p u rpo se l i ke manu r ing . T he l a nd m o l lu sca o ft h i s p ha se ( b iozone 3 a ) i n d ica te a d ry , o pen e nv i ronmen t , p o s s ib ly w i th ab a re s o i l s u i tab le f o rt i l lag e . P hase 3( Con tex t s 4 ,6 ,7 / 2 1 /3 1 , 1 0 ; b i ozone s 3 b , 4a nd 5 ) . D u r ing t h e d eve lopmen t o f b i ozon e 3 b , t h e r e la t ive ly b a re l a nd s u rf a ce o fb i ozone 3 a w a s t r an sf o rmed i n to a g ra s s land h ab i ta t s u i tab le f o r g r az ing . T h i s a ppea r s t o h ave b e en a s t ab i l is ing p r oce s s d u r ing w h ich l i t t le s o i l a ccumu la ted w h i l s tt h eq uan t i t ie so fs n a i ls h e l l sc on t inued t oa ccru e ( s ee A l len s e c t ion 6 . 2 ) . I ts e em s l i ke ly t h a tt h i s h or izon r e p r e sen t st h ep a s sage o fs ome c on s ide rab le t i me . T he p r e sence o f as ma l ln umbe ro fs h e rd sr e cove red f r om
c on tex t 7s ugg e s t t h a t t h e se e ven t s w e r e c oeva l w i th t h e m idd le a nd l a te I r on A ge . T he se s h e rd s r e p r e sen t s h e l l t empe r ed a nd f l in t tempe red v e s se l s a nd a p o s s ib le f r agmen t o f af i r ed c l ay l o om w e igh t . T he t e x tu r e s o ft h e s h e rd s r e semb le s au cepan p o t s o ff a b r ic s Aa nd C f ound 6k mt ot h ew e s t o nt h ec en t ra l c ha lk r i dge a t Moun tJ oy , N ewpo r t( Toma l in 1 992 ,f i g . 2n o s 1 6 ) .T he se v e s se l sa r e mo s t l i ke ly t oh ave b een i nu s e a tD uxmo r e d u r ing t h e 3 rd o r2 nd c en tu ry BC w h i l s ta ny p e r s i s tence o ft h e i ru s e d u r ing t h e i s t c en tu ry BC w ou ld p robab ly b e s ho r t l ived ( Toma l in 1 992 , 1 30 ) . Af e a tu r e le s s b ody s h e rd f r om t h e s ame c on tex t a ppea r s t or e p r e sen tV ec t i sw a r e .T h i si s af a b r ic w h ich ,a sy e t ,h a s n o t b een d a ted e a r l ie r t h an t h e T ibe r io -C laud ian p e r iod ( Toma l in 1 992 , 1 29 ) . P robab ly c on tempo ra ry w i th t h i s p ha se o f a c t iv i ty i st h e f r agmen t o f L a Une r e pou s s b ronzewo rk r e cove r ed f r om t h e p l ough so i l o f Me r s ley D own ( F ig . 7 . 8 ) . T he c onc lud ing e ven t s o fp ha se 3a r e f i r s t d eno ted b y a l o ca l i sed e p i sod eo fc o l luv ia t ion m a rk ed b yt h eo u tpou r ing o f af l i n tg r ave l f a n( c on tex t 1 0 ;b i ozone 4 ) .T h i s , l i k et h e e a r l ie r e p i sode d u r ing t h e e a r ly B ronze A ge ( b iozone 1 ) , w a s d e r ived f r om a n e r o s ion e ven t a f ec t ing t h e e a s te rn w a l l o ft h e c ombe . C on ta ined w i th in t h e g r ave l f a n w e re t wo f u r the rs h e rd so fV ec t i sw a re .T he i rp r e sen ce s ugge s t s t h a tt h ee r o s ion e ven tt o ok p l ace d u r ing o ra f te rt h eo pen ing t h e i s tc en tu ry AD . I tm igh t b e p o s tu la ted t h a t e r o s ion o ft h e e a s t f a ce o ft h e c ombe w a s ar e su l t o f i s t c en tu ry l a nd r e -o rgan i sa t ion f o l low ing t h e e s tab l i shmen t o f t h e n ew v i l la n ea r t h e n e ighbou r ing s p r inghead a t C omb ley . T h i s e a r ly V ec ten s ian v i l la w a sc e r ta in ly u nde rw ay b yt h eN e ron ian p e r iod , b y w h ich t i me t h e n ece s sa ry t r ee -f e l l ing a nd t h e n ew d ep loymen t o f t e nan t s a nd w o rke r s w ou ld h ave a f ec ted t h es u r round ing l a nd scape . T he i mpa c t o ft h e se e a r ly R oman c hange s w a s c e r ta in ly i mpo sed d own s t ream o ft h e v i l la , b e low C omb ley F a rm . H e re , ab r oad s h ee t o fn ew a nd p oo r ly s o r ted o u twa shed g r ave l w a s d epo s i ted a c ro s s t h e v a l ley f l oo r . T h i s e ven t b u r ied af o rme r ly s t ab le l a nd s u rf a ce a nd o nt h i so cca s ion i ta l so e ngu lf ed ac on tempo ra ry o ccupa t ion s i te o ft h e i s t c en tu ry AD ( IWSMR 2 234 ) . T he f i na l h o r izon i nt h i s p ha se i sc on tex t 4 / 20 /30 . T h i s c on ta ined af ew s h e rd so fB la ck B u rn i shed w a r ew i th r im s o fb ead ed f o rm s . T he se , a tb e s t , c ou ld b a r e ly o u t la s t t h e i s tc en tu ry AD . T h i sc on tex tc an b ee qua ted w i th m o l lu sc b i ozone 5i nw h ich c o l luv ia t ion , r u l ing a nd t h ee r o s ion o f t h inned t i l led s o i l si se v iden t( s ee A l len s e c t ion 6 . 2 ) .A l lo f t h e se e ven t s s e em c ompa t ib le w i th e a r ly r e f o rm s i nl a nd u se w i th in t h eC omb ley v i l la e s ta te . P ha se 4( c on tex t s4 / 2 a nd 2 ;b i ozone 6 ) I n t h e c o l luv ia l s e c t ion s a t D uxmo r e t h e re i s n o u namb iguou se v id ence f o rt h el o s so rd epo s i t ion o fR oman a r tef a c t si nt h ep o s t -C laud ian p e r iod .T h i sc ou ld i mp ly t h a t
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CO A STAL AR CHAEO LOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONMENT : ASO LENT C A SE S TUDY n ew t e nu r ia l r e qu i r emen t so ft h eC omb ley v i l la e s ta te h ad d r awn h ab i ta t ion a way f r om t h ec ombe .A tt h ec l o se o ft h e 4 t h c en tu ry , h ow eve r , as ub s tan t ia l h oa rd o fn o l e s s t h an 100 b r onze c o in s w a s c a r r ied m idway b e tw een t h e v i l la a nd t h ec ombe b ef o re b e ing d epo s i ted b yi t so wne ro nt h e n o r th f a ce o ft h ec ha lk d own ( s ee L yne s e c t ion 9 . 7 .2 ) .T h i s s po tl i e ss ome 0 . 8km w e s to ft h ec ombe w he re i t sp l a ce o f c oncea lmen t m igh t c once ivab ly r e f lec t t h e p r e sence o fa c on tempo ra ry t e nu r ia l b ounda ry . S u ch ab ounda ry c ou ld m a te r ia l ly a f ec tt h eh oa rde r ' sr i gh to fr e cove ry .T he s ame m igh tb ec l a imed f o ra no the rh oa rd f r om t h eI s land ,o ft h e 3 rd c en tu ry ( IWS MR 2 14 1) ,w h ich w a sc oncea led u nde ra s ub s tan t ia la nd a nc ien tf i e ld b ank a tB ow combe . T he mo l lu scan e v id ence f o rt h i sp ha se c ome sf r om b i ozone 6w h ich t y p ica l ly s how st h ea r r iva lo fH e l ix a spe r sa w h ich i sc ommon ly p r e sumed t ob e aR oman i n t rodu c t ion . I nt h e l owe rp o r t ion o ft h i s z one t h e r e i s ad ec l ine i na l s hade l o v ing s p ec ie s . T h i s s e em s t oa c co rd w i th c on tempo ra ry p o l len e v idence f r om C omb ley v i l la w h ich i n d ica te s w ide sp r ead t r ee c l ea rance a nd ah i gh i n c idence o fc e rea l p o l len ( S ca if e 1 980 ) . P ha se 5( Con tex t2 ;b iozone 7 ) T he R oman c l ea rance r e g ime d e tec ted i nb i ozone 6s e em s t o h ave l e d t o as t ab i l i sed e nv i ronmen t i n w h ich t h e g ene ra t ion o fc o l luv ium a nd n ew s o i la tt h ec ombe v i r tua l ly c ea sed . W i th t h i s c hange c ame av i r tua l c e s sa t ion i nt h e a c cumu la t ion o fa r tef a c t so nt h ev a l ley f l oo ry e te v idence o fh uman a c t iv i ty c an s t i l l b e d e t ec ted o n t h e a p ron o f f i e ldwa lk ed l a nd b e low t h e mou th o ft h e v a l ley . I n cAD 1 258 i ts e em s t h a t W i l l iame d e K ynge swe l l h e ld l a nd a t D uxmo re ( Hockey 1 99 1 ,9 7 , 1 44 )a nd i tw a sp e rhap sa f t e r t h i st ime t h a tm ed ieva lr o of ing s l a te sf r om C o rnwa l lw e r e d epo s i ted e a s to ft h es p r ing .A tt h i ss po ts ome f u r the rh i n t s o fm ed ieva l a c t iv i ty a r e p rov ided b y s h e rd s o f aR ae ren s t onewa re d r ink ing -po tw h ich p robab ly a r r ived d u r ing t h e 1 5 th c en tu ry . T he s e t t ing o f D uxmor e C ombe w i th in i n terac t ive z one so fh uman a c t iv i ty T he c ha lk land o n t h e s ou ther nh yd ro log ica l p e r ime te r o f t h e Woo t ton c a tchmen ti sad i s t inc tg eog raph ic z one w h ich f o rm s ad if i cu l tn a tu ra lb ounda ry t ot h es t udy a r ea .I n mo s t r e spec t st h i sm ed ian c ha lk r i dg e i s ad i s t inc ta nd s e pa ra te u n i t y e t i t sn o r ther nd i p s l ope a c commoda te st h e c ombe s a nd s p r ing s w h ich s e rve t h e I s land ' s c l ay land a nd t h e S o len tc oa s t . When c on s id e r ing p a t te rn so ra r ea so fh uman s e t t lemen t , t h e b ounda ry b e tween t h e se t wo z one s i sl e s s e a sy t o d ef ine , f o r w h i l s t t h e n o r th -f a c ing s l ope o ft h e d own land m igh tb e s e en a st h ei n teg ra lr im o fH amp sh i r e B a s in ,t h ew ho le o ft h i sw e l l -def ined c ha lk c ue s ta c an a l so b e i d en t if i ed a s ad i s t in c t t r ac t o fo pen d own land w h ich s hou ld b e i d en t if ied a s as p ec if i c z one i ni t s o wn r i gh t . T yp ica l o f We s sex , t h i s d own land r i dge i sc ha ra c te r i sed b y ah i s to ry o fN eo l i th ic a nd B ronze A ge c l ea rance s a nd t h e d eve lopmen t o fa n a r ray o fr ound b a r row c eme te r ie s ( T oma l in 1 99 1a ) .
T he o u t s tand ing q ue s t ion c oncer n ing p r eh i s to r ic s e t t lemen t o nt h i sc en t ra lc ha lk land l a nd scape i st h er e la t ion sh ip ,i fa ny , w i th t h e c oa s t . T he re a r e c ombe s a nd s p r ing s t ob ef o und o n b o th t h e n o r ther na nd s ou ther nf a ce s o ft h e d own land r i dge a nd i ti se v id en tt h a tt h ea ppea lo ft h e se s ou th er na nd n o r ther ns i t e sa sl o ca t ion sf o rh uman s e t t lemen th a sv a r ied o ve rt ime .D u r ing t h em ed ieva lp e r iod i tw a s c e r t a in ly t h e s ou th -f a c ing , o r i nwa rd , s p r ing l ine w h ich e n joy ed b e s t f a vou r y e t t h e p ro spe rou s mano r a tN unwe l l b e l ied t h i s p a t ter ni n mu ch t h es ame w ay a st h ev i l la a tC omb l ey h ad , a ppa ren t ly , r un c oun te r t o t h e s e t t lemen t p a t t e r n o f t h e R oman p e r iod . I th a s b een a r gued e l sewhe re t h a tt h e o r ig ina l p r eh i s to r ic c l ea rance s o ft h e I s land ' s c en t ra l d own land s p r a ng f r om t h e s h e l te r , t h e w a te r s upp ly a nd t h e l i v ing s pa c eo f e red b y t h e c ha lk c ombe s ( T oma l in 1 99 1a ) . T h is a low ed t h e e a r ly i n hab i tan t so ft h e se s i te st od eve lop c ombe c lu s te red b a r row c eme te r ie s w he r e t h e s i ze o f e ach c eme te ry w ou ld e ven tua l ly r e f lec t t h e a t t r ibu te s o ft h e c ombe a nd t h e g row th a nd s ucce s s o fi t s c ommun i ty . V iew ed i nt h i s c on tex t , t h e e a r ly B ronze Age c ommun i ty a tD uxmo re C ombe s e em s i n s ign if i can t f o r , a tb e s t , i tc ou ld l a y c l a im t o at o ta lo fn o mo re t h an t wo r ound b a r row s , b e ing t h o se s i ted o nt h en e ighbou r ing c r e s to f Me r s ley D own . When t h e c omp le te s i z e r ange o f b a r row s g r oup s i s e xam ined i nt h e I s le o fW igh t w e c an i d en t if y at o ta l o f f i ve p r in c ipa l c eme te r ie s( Toma l in 1 99 1a ) . T h r e eo ft h e se o ccupy c r e s t so nt h ec en t ra lc ha lk d own land a si tt r an sec t s t h eh i s to r ic t e r r i to r ie so ft h e We s t Med ine ,o r We s tW igh t , w h i le af o u r th o ccup ie s as im i la rp o s i t ion whe re t h es ame c ha lk o u t c rop p a s se st h rough t h e E a s t Med ine . T h i s l a t te r c eme te ry i st o b e f ound s ome 2 . 5km e a s t o f D uxmo re w he r eA shey D own a nd M idd le W e s t D own p rov ide h i l l t o p s i te s o n e i the r s i d e o fE ag lehead C ombe . T h i s i st h e l a rge s tc eme te ry i nt h eI s land a nd i ta c coun t sf o rm o r et h an 3 0r ound b a r row s . L ike D uxmo re ,t h ec ombe a tt h i ss po ti s n o r th -f a c ing b u ti ti ss ub s tan t ia l ly w id e ra nd d eep e r ,w h i ls t i t si n c rea sed w a te rb udge ti sc apab le o fd ef y ing d r ough t . T he l a rge s to ft h e p r in c ipa l b a r row g r oup s i n We s tW igh t i st h e d i spe r sed c eme te ry a r ound B rook Down ; t h i s a l so e xh ib i t sm o r et h an 3 0b a r row s . L ike t h eE ag lehead g r oup i ts how s n o e a sy a cce s s t o t h e s e a . I ft h ese t w o g r ea t b a r row c eme te r ie s t e l l u sa ny th ing o ft h e d emog r aphy o f t h e I s land i nt h e 2 nd a nd i s t m i l lenn ia BC t h en i tw ou ld a ppea r t h a t , b y t h i s t ime , s epa ra te f o ca l p opu la t ion s h ad d eve loped o n c ha lk h i l l top s i nb o th t h e E a s t Med ine a nd We s t Med ine w he r e l i t t le i mpo r tan ce c ou ld b e a ta ched t o c oa s ta la c ce s so rc ommun ica t ion s .A ne xcep t ion m ay h ave b een t h e f i f th p r inc ipa l c eme te ry i nt h e I s land . T h i s w a s l o ca ted i nt h eT ho r ley -W e l low a r ea o fW e s tW igh tw h e r ea l ow ly ing p l a teau o fl i me s tone of e r ed am ea su re o fa c ce s s t ot h ei n te r t ida lw a te r so ft h e We s ter nY a r . S ome t ime d u r ing t h e i s tm i l lenn ium B Ci tm igh tb ea r gued t h a t t h e f o ca l p o in t o f h uman i nt h e E a s t Med in e h ad s l igh t ly s h if t ed . I n te re s ti nt h ee a r ly B ronze Age c eme te ry o nA shey D own e ven tua l ly g ave w ay t oa c t iv i t ie so n t h e c o l b e tween t h i s h i l l t o p a nd Me r s ley D own t ot h ew e s t .
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SU B S I ST ENCE I NT HE CO A STAL ZO N E T h i s i sa te s ted b y ar ema rkab le q uan t i ty o fh i gh s t a tu s a r tef a c t so ft h e l a te p r e -Roman I r on A ge w h ich m ay h ave b een d epo s i ted i n ar e l ig iou s c on tex t ( IWS MR 9 93 ) . T he se i n d ica te t h a t b y t h e o pen ing o ft h e R oman p e r iod , a ni n t en se l e ve lo fh uman a c t iv i ty w a ss t i l lf o cu sed o nt h i s s e c t ion o ft h e r i dge a nd , b y n ow , h ad a pp roa ched w i th in 1 . 5km o fD uxmo re C ombe . D u r ing t h e R oman p e r iod i tm igh t b e p e r ce ived t h a t t h e p opu la t ion w h ich h ad o nce b een c en t r ed o n t h e A shey D own /M idd le We s t D own b a r row c eme t e ry w a s f u r the r d i spe r sed .T he n a tu ra la s se t so fB rad ing H aven e ncou raged t h e d ev e lopmen t o f ah i gh ly s u cce s sf u l m a r i t ime v i l la a t t h e s ou the rn f oo t o f B rad ing D own . H e r e , e a r l ie r d epend en ce o n s i te s o f e r ing ar e ady w a te r s upp ly w a s o ve r come b y t h e d i gg ing o f ad eep w e l l . O n t h e c o l n ea r A shey D own ,t h ed epo s i t ion o rl o s so fh i gh s t a tu sa r tef a c t s c on t inu ed w h i le , 1 . 5km w e s t o fD uxmo r e C ombe , an ew v i l la w a se r ec ted c l o se t ot h e s ou r ce o fD eadman ' s B rook a tC omb ley . T he C omb ley s i te w a s o ccup ied e a r ly i nt h e i s tc en tu ry AD a nd i ti ss i tua ted o nt h eT e r t ia ry c l ay sn o r th o ft h e c ha lk r i dge w he r e i te n joy s an a tu ra l w a te r s upp ly w h ich i ss l igh t ly mo re r e l iab le t h an t h es p r ing a tD uxmo re . T oday , t h ef l oo r s o ft h i sv i l la a r e c ommon ly w a te r logg ed ; ap henomenon w h ich s ugge s t s t h a t i tw a s b u i l t a t at ime w hen b a se l e ve l s w e re l owe r a nd t h e s p r ing a tD uxmo r e m ay h av eb een s e a sona l ly d r y . I ns e ve r a l r e spec t s i ts e em s t h a t C omb ley v i l la m ay h ave b een t h e n a tu ra l s ucce s so r t ot h e p r eh i s to r ic c ommun i ty a tD uxmo r e , af a l l i nw a te r tab le p e rhap s i n i t ia t ing t h e move .I nm ed ieva lt ime s , af u r the rm ove m ay b ep e r ce ived w hen s e t t lemen t w a s e s tab l i shed 0 . 5km d own s t r eam a t t h e m ano r ia l s i te a tC omb ley F a rm . T h i s e ven tb rough t a s i gn if ican tf a rm ing c ommun i ty w i th in 1 k m o ft h e B eake r o ccupa t ion s i t e a t D uxmo re C ombe w he r e a g r icu l tu ra l a c t iv i ty h ad f i r s t b een e s tab l i shed s ome t h r ee m i l lenn ia b ef o r e . C onc lu s ion T he c o l lec t ive a r tef ac tua le v iden ce f r om D uxmo r eC ombe s ugg e s t st h a ts i nce t h eo pen ing o ft h e2 nd m i l lenn ium B C as uc ce s sf u l c ommun i ty f l ou r i shed o n t h e c ha lk land s o n t h e s ou th e rn r im o ft h ec a tchmen to ft h e Woo t ton s t ream . P r io r t o t h e c l o se o f t h e i s t c en tu ry AD s ome o f t h i s a c t iv i ty w a s f o cu sed w i th in t h e m ou th o ft h e c ombe b u t i tw a st h en l a rge ly e c l ip sed b yn ew s e t t lemen ta tC omb ley v i l la a nd l a t e r a t C omb ley F a rm . T he c omp lemen ta ry e v idence a s semb led b yA l len h a s d emon s t ra ted t h a ts ome o ft h e se a c t iv i t ie s w e r e s uf i c ien t t o i mpo se c umu la t ive a nd u n su s ta inab le i mpa c t s o n t h e l o ca l e nv i ronmen t . A dd i t iona l o b se rva t ion s s ugge s t t h a t c oeva l a c t iv i t ie s a t t h e s t ream h ead s a tD uxmo r e a nd C omb ley c u lm ina ted i n an o tab le c o l luv ia le ven ti nw h ich as ub s tan t ia lo u twa sh o f g r ave lw a sr e lea sed i n to t h eC omb ley v a l ley .T he se e ven t s a nd i n t e rven t ion s o f t h e R oman p e r iod w e re s uf i c ien t t o p r ed e t e rm ine t h e s ub sequen t c ha ra c te r o f t h e u ppe r c a tchmen t l a nd scape . T he r e f o l low s as ymb io s i s d u r ing w h ich n o s i gn if ican t c hange s w e r e m ade i nt h e p a t te rn o f
h uman l a nd -u se a nd s e t t lemen ta nd n of u r the re p i sode so f i n du ced e r o s ion c an b ed e tec ted . 7 . 3L i th i cs c a t ter sa nd f i nd spo t s R ebecca L oad e r 7 . 3 .1 F l in twork ing s i t e sa nd a r tef ac t s I n troduc t ion T he n o r ther n c oa s t o f t h e I s le o f W igh t h a s l o ng b een r e cogn i sed f o r i t s c oncen t ra t ion s o f Me so l i th ic f l in two rk , i np a r t icu la r a xe s a nd p i ck s . C o l lec to r s i nt h e e a r ly p a r t o ft h e2 0 th c en tu ry s e a r ched t h ee n t i r e l e ng th o ft h ec oa s t f o r t h i s m a te r ia l . I na dd i t ion t o at h in s c a t te r o ft r anche t a xe s a nd p i ck s , ar a nge o fi mp lemen t s a nd d eb i tage w a s a l so f ound a ti n ter t ida ls i te ss u ch a sN ew town a nd We r ra r . T he se s i t e s h ave b een e xam ined b r ie f ly i nt h e c ou r se o f t h i s p r o je c tb u tt h em a in f o cu s o fs t udy h a sb een t h e 3 km o fc oa s t b e tween Woo t ton C reek a nd R yd e P i e r a nd i t s a d jo in ing h i n te r land . T he l i t h ic so ft h eI s le o fW igh tw e r es t ud ied i ns ome d e ta i l b yH ube r tP oo le , al o ca la n t iqua r ian ,w ho p ub l i shed s e ve ra l p ape r s o nt h e s ub jec t ( Poo le 1 929 , 1 936 ) a nd p r odu ced a n umbe r o fm anu sc r ip t v o lume s , n ow h e ld i nt h e I s le o f W igh t S i te s a nd Monumen t s R eco rd . P oo le b e l ieved t h e Me so l i th ic i n du s t r ie s o ft h e I s le o fW igh t t od i v ide i n to t wo g r oup s( Poo le 1 9 36 ) .T he f i r s t ,c ha ra c te r i sed b yh eavy t r anche t a xe s , g r ave r s a nd af ew m ic ro l i th s , w a s f ound i n b r ickea r th a nd g r ave l d epo s i t s s u ch a st h o se f ound a l ong t h e s ou th w e s t c oa s t o ft h e I s land a nd a tW e r ra r o n t h e R ive r Med ina . T he s e cond , l a te r ,g roup c omp r i sed s u rf ace f i nd sm a in ly c onf ined t ot h eG r een sand s ,a nd c on s i s ted o f ag r ea te rn umbe r o fm ic ro l i th s , p e t i tt r anche t a r rowhead s a nd f ew e r , l i gh te r , t r anche t a xe s . I tw a s l a t e r s ugge s ted t h a t a l o ft h e Me so l i th ic s i te s o n t h e I s land s hou ld b e a tr ibu ted t o ag ene ra l ly h omogeneou s c oa s ta l c u l tu r e i n w h ich a xe s , p i ck s , c onvex s c rape r s , b u r in s a nd m ic ro l i th s o ccu r i nv a r iab le n umbe r s ( Pa lme r 1 977 ) . H oweve r , t h i s t h eo ry o f ad i s t inc tc oa s ta l Me so l i th ic c u l tu re h a sr e ce ived l i t t le s uppo r t a l though t h e a r gumen t s a ga in s t t h i s a r e n o t p a r t icu la r ly r e levan tt ot h eI s le o fW igh t . T he p r e sen ts t udy f o cu sed p r ima r i ly o nt wo i n te r t ida la r ea s -t h eb ea ch a t Woo t ton H aven a nd t h a tb e tween Q ua r ra nd B in s tead .A l though t h et wo m igh th ave b een t r ea ted a so ne l a rge s i te , aw ave c u t p l a tf o rm b e tween t h em p roved t o b e v i r tua l ly s t e r i le e xcep t f o r v e ry o cca s iona l f i nd s f r om l o ng sho r e g r ave l b ank s a te x t reme l ow w a te r . B r ief v i s i t s w e r e m ade t o N ew town , K ing ' s Q uay a nd t h e w e s te rn s i de o f Woo t ton C r eek . I na dd i t ion , a n a r ea o f2 80ha o f t h eh i n te r land b e tw een t h ec oa s ta t Woo t tonQua r ra nd t h e c ha lk d own s w a s w a lk ed a nd s e ve ra l s c a t te r s o fw o rked f l in tw e r er e co rded . A s ac ompa r i son w i th t h e l i t h ic s f r om Woo t tonQua r r , m a te r ia l c o l lec ted p r ev iou s ly a t We r ra r , N ew town a nd a n i n land s i t e a tS ho rw e l l w a s a l so e xam ined . Ad e ta i led s t udy o fa l a va i lab le t r anche ta xe sa nd p i ck sf r om t h eI s le
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CO A STAL AR CHAEO LOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONM ENT : ASO LENT C A SE S T UDY o fW igh tw a sc a r r ied o u ta nd s i te sw i th s im i la rm ic ro l i th ic m a te r ia lw e re n o ted . Woo t ton H aven ( IWS MR 1 526 ) T he l i t h ic m a te r ia lf r om Woo t ton H aven h a sb een g a the red m a in ly f r om t h e s t o rm b ea ch a nd g r ave l b ank s a nd mo s t i sa b raded . C on sequen t ly , i tw a s n ece s sa ry t o b e v e ry c a ref u l w hen c l a s s if y ing m a te r ia l a si tc ou ld o f t en a ppea r r e tou ched w hen i th ad b een m e r e ly b a t t e r ed b y w ave a c t ion . T h i s i si nc omp le te c on t ra s t t ot h e m a te r ia l f r om Q ua r ra nd B in s tead B ea ch ,w h ich ,e ven w hen i tw a sf ound o n g r ave l b ank s s t i l l a ppea r ed u nab raded a nd mu s t o n ly r e cen t ly h ave b een e xpo sed . As t udy o f m a r ine g r ow th c a r r ied o u to n as e lec t ion o ft h em a te r ia ls ugge s ted l i kew i se ( Mo r t lock 1 99 1) . At o ta lo f1 88 l i t h ic a r tef ac t sw e re r e cove red ,c omp r i s ing : A xe /P ick F l in t C hen A r rowhead B a rbed a nd t a nged S c rape r E nd O nn a tu ra lf l ake E nd s c rape ro nn o t ched b l ade R e tou ched b l ade R e tou ched f l ake N a tu ra lf l ake w i th r e tou ch M ic ro l i th C ompo s i te -s c rape ra nd d en t icu la te F ab r ica to r /ch i se l Wa s te f l ake C r e s ted b l ade C o re
1 5 2 2 3 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 14 2 1 3
T he l i t h ic s f r om Woo t ton H aven t h u s a ppea r t o b e a r a ndom c o l lec t ion ,u n l ike t h es i te st ot h ee a s ta tQ ua r ra nd B in s tead . H ow eve r , t h e r e h ave b een h i n t s t h a t m a te r ia l i sp r e se rved i ns i tu . D eb i tage a nd ab a rbed a nd t a nged a r rowhead ( IWCAC :1526 . .1929 ) w e r e f ound i n b u lk e nv i ronmen ta l s amp le s t a ken f r om w i th in a nd b e low t h e o r gan ic s i l t s( F ig . 7 . 9 ) . Ac oncen t ra t ion o ff i nd s ,i n c lud ing as c a t te ro ff i r ec r a cked f l in t ,i n ab l a ck g r ave ld epo s i tj u s t t ot h e e a s t o f F 33 , as ha l low c hann e l c on ta in ing f a l len t r ee s ,m ay a l so r e p re sen ti ns i tu m a te r ia lw h ich i sg r adua l ly b ecom ing e xpo sed . Q uarr -B in s t ead B each L i th ic m a te r ia lw a sr e co rded i nq uan t i ty a te i gh tl o ca t ion s o n t h e k i lome t re s t re tch o f b ea ch b e tw een Q ua r r a nd B in s tead ( F ig . 7 . 10 ) . O ft h e se , t h r ee c omp r i sed d e r ived m a te r ia lw h ich h ad b een r e depo s i ted o nl ow s h ing le b ank s a nd f ou r c on ta ined m a te r ia l r e s t ing i n s i tu . T h e l a t te r w e r er e vea led a st h e i ro ve r ly ing s e d imen t sw e re r emoved b y e r o s ion . T he l a s t s i te w a s ac omb ina t ion o ft h e t wo p roce s se s . I na dd i t ion , at h in s c a t te ro fm a te r ia l , i n c lud ing n ume rou sp i ck s ,w a sf ound t h roughou tt h ei n te r t ida lz one . Two P a la eo l i th ic b i f a ce s w e re r e cove r ed ; o ne f r om t h e s t o rm b ea ch a nd o ne f r om t h ei n te r t ida lg r ave l( F ig . 7 . 11) . S i te K 1 At o ta l o f2 44 w o rked f l in t sw e re r e cov e red f r om t h i s s i te o n al ow s h ing le b ank .T he m a te r ia lw a sn o ti ns i tu a nd i t s s ou r ce w a s n o t t r a ced , a l though t h e f r e shne s s o ft h e f l in t a nd l a ck o fm a r ine g row th s ugge s tt h a ti th ad n o tb een o n t h es u rf ace f o rl o ng . I ti sp robab le t h a ti tw a sd e r ived f r om s e d imen t s u nde r ly ing al a ye r o fe r od ing o rgan ic s i l tj u s t t ot h e n o r th a nd w e s t o ft h e b ank . A l though aq uan t i ty o f m a te r ia l w a s c o l lec ted f r om t h i s b ank , t h is s ou r ce n ow s e em st oh ave b een d ep le ted . I mp lemen t s r e cove red i n c lude s e ven f l in t p i ck s ( one d amaged ) ,o ne m ic ro l i th ,o ne p ebb le c hoppe r ,f ou rs c rape r s a nd o ne b u r in ( F ig . 7 . 12 ) . F l in t w o rk ing i si n d ica ted b y f ou r c o re s , o ne c o re t a b le t , o ne c r e s ted b l ade , f ou r c o re r e juvena t ion f l ake sa nd m any w a s te f l ak e s . S i t eQ 2
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F igur e 7 . 9F i shbourne B each , a r rowhead s .
S i tua ted o n as h ing le b ank , a nd c omp r i s ing 3 764 s t ru ck f l in t s , t h i s i st h e l a rge s t c o l lec t ion o fm a te r ia l f r om t h e b ea ch .T he b ank i sj u s tt ot h es ou th o fs i t eQ 99 , am a jo ri n s i tu d epo s i t , a nd t h e s im i la r i ty o ft h e l i t h ic s f r om t h et wo s i t e s s ugg e s t s t h a t t h ey a r e r e la ted , a l though i mp lemen t s h ave b een f ound o nt h eb ank t h a td on o tf i ti n to t h eg ene ra l d a te r a nge o ft h e b u lk o ft h e ma te r ia l . L ike s i te K1,l i t t le m a te r ia li sn ow t ob ef ound o nt h i sb ank . Ma te r ia l r e cove r ed f r om s i te Q 2 i n c lud ed s i x f l in t p i ck s , o ne o fw h ich i si n comp le te , av a r ie ty o fs c rape r s , b u r in s , ak n if e( F ig . 7 . 12 ) ,e l even m ic ro l i th s( F ig . 7 . 32 ) ,6 0c o r e s , c o r e t a b le t s , c r e s ted f l ake s , c o re r e juvena t ion f l ake s a nd t r anche t s ha rpen ing f l ak e s , a l ong w i th mo re t h an 3 600 w a s te f l ak e s . T he re w e re a l so t wo l e af a r rowhead s ( F ig . 7 . 13 )o f at y pe g ene ra l ly a t t r ibu ted w i th a ne a r ly N eo l i th ic
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F igu r e 7 . 13 A r rowhead sf r om Q ua r rB each . d a te ( H .S .G reen 1 980 ) .W i th t h ee xcep t ion o ft h ea xe s ,t h e i mp lemen t sa nd d eb i tage a r eg ene ra l ly o f ad a rk g r ey -b la ck f l in t ,o f t en w i th ac r eamy -wh i te c o r tex w h ich a ppea r st ob e d e r ived f r om t h ec ha lk d own land ss ome 5 I cm t ot h es ou th , a l though b ea ch p ebb le sw e r ea l so u s ed .T he u n if o rm i ty o f t h er aw m a t e r ia lr a ise st h e q ue s t ion o fw he the rt o o l s s u ch a st h em ic ro l i th sa nd t h el e af a r rowhead sa r ec on tempo ra ry , o r w he the r t h e a r rowhead s h ave e r oded f r om s u rv iv ing p a t che s o ft h e o rgan ic s i l t s w h ich o ve r l ie t h e m a in l i t h ic b ea r ing d epo s i t s . Wha teve r t h e c a se , i ti sc l ea r t h a t b o th c a tego r ie s o fi mp lemen t c anno th ave b een o n t h e s u rf a ce f o r l o ng s i nce b o th a r e i np r i s t ine c ond i t ion . H ow eve r , t h e f a c t t h a t b o th i mp lemen t t y pe s a r e f o und t o g e the r i n t h i s s i tua t ion m ake s d a t ing o ft h e a s semb lage r a the r l e s s s a t i sf ac to ry , s i nce i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h e r e w a s ap e r iod i nt h e e a r ly N eo l i th ic w hen i mp lemen t t y pe s o ve r lapped ( Wh i t t le 1 977 ) . T ha t s a id , n o N eo l i th ic i mp lemen t s h ave b een f o und i ns i tu . S i t eQ 3 Ma t e r ia l a tt h i s l o ca t ion w a s a l so r e cove r ed f r om al ow s h ing le b ank a nd w a sn o ti ns i tu ,n o rc ou ld as ou r ce f o rt h e l i t h ic s b e i d en t if ied , a l though , a ga in , t h e c ond i t ion o ft h e f l in ts ugge s ted t h a ti th ad n o tb een o nt h es u rf a ce f o rl o ng . I ti ss u spec ted t h a t t h i s s i te i sp e rhap s af u r the r s p r ead o f s i t e Q 2 . A r tef ac t s r e cove r ed i n c lude o ne c he r t a xe , f i ve f l i n t a xe s a nd ap o r t ion o f as i x th , ak i te a r rowhead
o f at y pe m o r e c ommon ly f ound i nt h e n o r th a nd I r e land ( G reen 1 984 ) , f ou r s c rape r s , am ic ro l i th , t wo b u r in s , a p i e r ce r , 4 0 c o r e s , c o r e t a b le t s a nd r e juvena t ion f l ake s , a t r anche ts ha rpen ing f l ake a nd m o r et h an 1 300 w a s te f l ake s ( F ig . 7 . 12 ) . S i te Q 4 A l though p r ima r i ly aR oman s i t e , l i t h ic s w e r e r e cove red f r om t h e s h ing le b ank s a r ound t h i s t i mbe rf e a tu r e . T he se a r e g ene ra l ly a b raded a nd i n c lud e p i ck s , s c r ape r s a nd a p i ano -convex k n if e( F ig . 7 . 12 ) .T he s ou r ce o ft h i sm a te r ia l i su nknown . S i te Q 5 T h i s s i te p rodu ced i ns i tu m a te r ia l h e ld i n ag r ey s a ndy s i l t s i tua ted a tt h e b a se o ft h e s t o rm b ea ch . I tw a s o n ly r e vea led w hen s t o rm sw a shed a way t h eo ve r ly ing s h ing le . Wo rked a nd f i r e -c ra ck ed f l in tw a so b se rved a tt h i sl o ca t ion b u t s i n ce t h e r e w a s n o i mm inen t d ange r t ot h e s i te o n ly as ma l l g roup o fm a te r ia l w a s c o l lec t ed . T h i s c omp r i sed o ne m ic ro l i th , ab u r in , ac o re u s ed a s ah amme r s tone ,e i gh t c o re sa nd 1 79 w a s te f l ak e s . S i te Q 6 T h i ss i te y i e lded a no the rs ma l lc o l lec t ion o fl i t h ic m a te r ia l f r om a c on tex t w h ich w a s u sua l ly m a sked b y at h ick
1 6 1
CO A STA L AR CHAEO LOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONMENT : ASO LENT C A SE S T UDY l a ye r o fg r ave l . D u r ing t h e e xce s s ive r a in s o ft h e w in te r o f1 993 -4 ,t h e o u tf a l l f r om t h ep ond a tQ ua r rs c ou r ed o u t ac on s ide rab le c hanne l i nt h eg r ave l , r e vea l ing aq uan t i ty o fb u rn ta nd w o rked f l in t . Ma te r ia lc o l lec ted i n c lud ed o ne c o re , ac o re r e juvena t ion f l ake a nd 8 7w a s te f l ake s .
s c a t te r w a s o r ig ina l ly t h ough t t ob e l o ca l i sed b u t a st h e e r o s ion o ft h eo ve r ly ing s ed imen tb ecame m o re e x ten s ive , f i r e -c ra ck ed a nd w o rked f l in t w a s s e en t oc ove r amu ch w ide r a r ea a l though i ti sn o t k nown w h e the r t h e re i sa c on t inuou ss p r ead o fm a te r ia lo ri ti si ni s o la ted p ocke t s . B ecau se t h e l i t h ic a s semb lage o n s i te Q 99 w a s s e en t o b e i n s i tu , a nd s i n ce t h e Woo t tonQua r r s t udy w a s a n a s se s smen tp r o jec tw he r et h ea im w a st os u rvey r a p id ly t h e a r cha eo log ica lp o ten t ia lo f as t re t ch o fc oa s t l ine r a the rt h an e xam ine a ny o ne s i te i nd e ta i l ,i tw a sf e l tt h a tc o l lec t ion o f m a te r ia ls hou ld b ek ep tt o am in imum .C on sequen t ly o n ly a s ma l ls amp le o ft h el a rge q uan t i ty o fw o rk ed s t one p r e sen t w a s r e t r ieved . T h i s i n c luded t wo p i ck s , 5 0 m ic ro l i th s , 4 s c rape r s ,2 8 c o r e sa nd 6 00 w a s te f l ake s .T he c o l lec t ion o f t h i s a s semb lage w a s r e s t r ic ted t ot h e s u r f ace a nd i tw a s n o t p o s s ib le t oe xcava te a nd r e co rd m a te r ia l f r om s e a led c on tex t s , n o r t r ow e l t h e e xpo sed s u rf a ce a nd r e co rd a ny
S i te Q 99 T h i s w a st h em o s te x ten s ive o ft h e s i te s o n Q ua r rB ea ch . T he s i t e w a s l o ca ted o n t h e w e s t s i de o f t h e Q ua r r p a laeochanne l a nd t ot h e n o r th o fs i te Q 2 ( F ig . 7 . 10 ) . I t c omp r i sed i ns i tu w o rked a nd b u rn t f l in t r e vea led a st h e o ve r ly ing o rgan ic s i l tw a ss t r ipped b yw ave a c t ion . P o l len a na ly s i s o f am ono l i th t a ken i nt h e v i c in i ty o fs i te Q 99 s ugge s t s t h a t t h e l i t h ic s w e re d epo s i ted i n as a l t m a r sh e nv i ronmen t ( s ee S ca if e , s e c t ion 4 . 3 .2 ) . T he b a se o ft h e o ve r ly ing o r gan ic s i l th a s p rodu ced ar a d ioca rbon d a te o f 4 340 -3990 c a l BC ( OxA -6352 ; 5 300±65 B P ) . T he l i t h ic
2
1
8
6
1 0 9
1
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F igur e 7 . 14 F l in ti mp lemen t s , s i te sB 7 , B 8a nd g ene ra l .
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SU B S I STENCE I NT HE CO A STAL ZO NE e x tan t f e a tu re s . T h i s s i te r e qu i r e s d e ta i led i n ve s t iga t ion a nd r e co rd ing f o l low ing t h e m e thod s e mp loyed a t' The S tumb le 's i t ei nt h eC rou ch E s tua ry n ea rH u l lb idg e , E s sex ( W i lk in son a nd Mu rphy 1 988 , 1 995 ) . Two l i t h ic s c a t te r s w e r e l o ca ted i n as im i la r s i tua t ion t o Q 99 o nt h es i de so ft h ep a la eochanne la tB in s tead : S i te 8 7 T h i s w a s am ixed s i t e o n t h e e a s t s i de o ft h e B in s tead p a laeochanne l . I ti n c luded r o l led a nd i ns i tu l i t h ic sa sw e l l a s R oman a nd l a te r c e ram ic s . A n o u tc rop o f l i me s tone o n t h e b ea ch s l igh t ly f u r the r t ot h e e a s t m ay h ave b een e xp lo i ted t op rov ide b u i ld ing m a t e r ia l b o th f o rt h e I s land a nd m a in land f r om t h ee a r ly R oman p e r iod o nwa rd s . P o s t a l ignmen t so fI r on A ge a nd S axon d a t ea nd aS axo -No rman f i sh t rap w e re a l so s u r veyed i nt h i s a r ea . T he f o r e sho re i s u sed f o rb a i t -d igg ing a nd t h em oo r ing o fs ma l lc r af t , b o th o fw h ich p r obab ly a ccoun tf o rt h ed i s tu rban ce o ft h el i t h ic b ea r ing c on tex t s .
D iagno s t ic l i t h ic s f r om s i t e B 8 i n c luded t wo c he r t p i ck s , f ou rm ic ro l i th s ,t h r ee s c rape r s , c o re sa nd c o r ep r epa ra t ion a nd r e juvena t ion f l ak e s ( F ig . 7 . 14 ) . Two f l in t a xe s c o l lec ted p r ev iou s ly b y ac a sua l b each w a lke r w e r e a l so f ound i nt h ea r ea o ft h es i t eb u tt h ey c ou ld n o tb e g i ven a p r ec i se l o ca t ion . L i th ic a na ly s i s A sp a r to ft h e Woo t tonQua r ra s se s smen tr e po r t , as amp le o f1 20 w a s te f l ake s f r om e a ch s i t e w a s a na ly sed ( Loade r 1 995 ) .T he l e ng th ( g r ea te s td imen s ion a tr i gh ta ng le st ot h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm )a nd b r ead th ( g r ea te s td imen s ion p a ra l le l t ot h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm ) w a s m ea su r ed ( af t e r A lexande r e ta l 1 960 ) , a nd f l ake s w e r e c l a s s if ied u s ing t h e s y s tem d ev i sed b yG inge l la nd H a rd ing ( 1 979 ) ,n ame ly : I a -l o ng , t h in f l ak e s w i th t h e p o in t o f p e r cu s s ion d i rec t ly b eh ind t h em a in c r e s t . l b -S l igh t ly b r oade rf l ake sw i th t h ep o in to fp e r cu s s ion t oo ne s i de o ft h em a in c r e s to rb e tween t h em a in c r e s t a nd an ega t ive f l ake f a ce t .
L i th ic sr e cove red f r om t h is l o ca t ion i n c luded e i gh tf l in ta nd t h ree c h e r t a xe s , t h r ee m ic ro l i th s , t e n s c rape r s , ak n if e , a f a b r ica to r ,c o re s ,c o r ep r epa ra t ion a nd r e juvena t ion f l ak e s , a nd m o r et h an 6 50 w a s te f l ake s( F ig .7 . 14 ) .A l though mu ch o ft h e m a te r ia l w a s s i gn if i can t ly m o r e a b raded t h an t h a t f r om t h e o t he r s i te s , u nd is tu rbed l i t h ic s w e r e a l so n o ted . T he s e i n c luded i mp lemen t s a nd w a s te a s soc ia ted w i th s c a t t e r s o fb u rn t f l in t . Ap l o t o ft h e s u rveyed a xe s f r om t h i ss i t es h ow st h e i rl o ca t ion t of o l low t h ee dg eo ft h ef i rm g round o nt h e ma rg in o ft h ep a la eochanne l( F ig . 7 . 10 ) .
F lake P G
I r
B lade P G
I r
S i te Q 1 O ne p l a t fo rm Two o ppos ing Two n on Mu l t i I regu la r
S i te B 8 T h i ss i t ew a ss i tua ted o nt h eo ppo s i te s i de o ft h eB in s tead p a la eochanne l f r om s i te B 7 a nd c on ta ined l a rge q uan t i t ie s o f f i r e -c ra cked a nd w o rked f l in t h e ld i ns i tu i n ah a rd s andy s i l t d epo s i t . T h i s w a s o ve r la in b y t r a ce s o fo r gan ic s i l t a nd ag ene ra l m a sk ing o f l o o se s a nd . A s i th ad n o t b een d i s tu rbed p rev iou s ly i tw a s d e c ided t o s u rvey a nd c o l le c t m a te r ia l f r om a t e s t t r an se c t r u nn ing n o r th t o s ou th a c ro s s t h e s i te . I ft ime h ad p e rm i t ted i tw ou ld h ave b een f a r m o re v a luab le t oc a r ry o u t t h i s e xe r c i se o ve r a l a rge r a r ea w h ich m igh t h ave e nab led d if e r en t a c t iv i ty a r ea s s u ch a s c ook ing p l ace s o r f l i n t k napp ing a r ea s t o b e i d en t if i ed ( s ee N ew come r a nd S i evek ing 1 980 ) . T h i s w a s n o t p o s s ib le g i ven t h e n a tu r e o ft h e Woo t tonQua r r s u rvey a s aw ho le a nd t h e c on s t ra in t s o fw o rk ing w i th in t i da l w indow s . A l l m a te r ia l f r om at r an sec t 1 mw ide a nd 6 5m l o ng w a sc o l lec ted a nd s u rveyed u s ing at o ta l s t a t ion t h eodo l i te . At o ta l o f 1 52 1 o b jec t s w e re p l o t ted . When t h e se w e r e w a shed a nd s o r ted , 1 82 p r oved t ob e n a tu ra l s t one f r agmen t s a nd s h e l l s , b u t 198 p i ece s o fb u rn t f l in t a nd s t one w e re c o l lec ted , t o ge the r w i th 1 39 s t ruck f l in t s a nd t wo f r agmen t s o fr e d d ee r a n t le r . A l though m a te r ia l w a sr e cove r ed f r om t h el e ng th o ft h et r an sec t ,t h e r ew a sa c oncen t r a t ion o fb o th w o rked a nd b u rn tm a te r ia la l ong ac 1 5m l e ng th .
S i te Q 2 O ne p l a t fo rm Two o ppos ing Two n on M u l t i I regu la r
2 2 0 4 0
0 0 0 4 0
4 1 0 1 7
5 7 6 4 0
1 0 0 3 0
3 1 2 1 2
S i te Q5 O n f l ake O ne p l a t fo rm Two o ppos ing Two n on Mu l t i I regu la r
0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 3 2
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 4 0
0 0 0 2 0
S i te B 8 O ne p l a t fo rm Two o ppos ing Two n on Mu l t i I regu la r S i te Q99 O ne p l a t fo rm Two o ppos ing Two n on Mu l t i I regu la r
2 0 0 0 1
2 1 1 0 0
0 0 2 3 0
5 0 0 1 4
T ab l e 7 . 2C or ea na ly s i s ( P :P y ram id a l , G : G lobu la r I r :I r r egu lar )
1 6 3
CO ASTAL A R CHAEOLOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONMENT : A SO LENT C ASE S TUDY
Q 6
Q5 1 00
1 00
8 0
8 0
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6 0
4 0
4 0
2 0
2 0
0 1 / 5 2 /5 3 / 5 4 /5 l a —a-- l b
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5 / 5 6 / 5 7 /5 8 /5 9 /5 I
x
I
1 / 5 2 /5 3 /5 4 /5 5 /5 6 /5
Msc
l a
—a-b
I
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7 / 5 8 /5 9 /5 I ) I E— f v lsc
B 7 1 00 8 0 6 0 7 . 4 e 4 0 2 0 0 1 / 5 2 /5 3 / 5 4 /5 l a —a-- l b
1 / 5 2 /5 3 /5 4 /5
5 / 5 6 /5 7 / 5 8 /5 9 /5
. 4 -I / 1 -x -
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5 /5 6 / 5 7 / 5 8 /5 9 /5
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Q 99
1 / 5 r --• — l a
2/ 5
3 / 5 4 /5 l b
5 / 5 6 / 5 7 / 5 I
I
F igur e 7 . 15 L i th ic a na ly s i s ( s i te sQ 5 , Q 6 ,B 7 , B 8a nd Q 99 )s how ing b r ead th / leng th r a t io a nd c l a s s i f ica t ion a f t e rG ing e l la nd Hard ing ( 1 979 )
8 /5 9 /5 r v i sc
I -F l ak e sw i th t h ep o in to fp e r cu s s ion d i rec t ly b eh ind ap rev ious p o in t o f p e r cu s s ion , r e su l t ing i n d oub le c r e s ted d i shed f l ake sw h ich e xpand l a te ra l ly . -S ho r t , b r oad , u n c r e s ted f l ak e s , s u ch a s t h o se w i th af l a td o r sa ls u rf a ce o rp r ima ry f l ake s .
I I
T he r e su l t ss how ed s im i la rt r end sf o re a ch s i te ,b u ti twas f e l tt h a tt h ee xerc ise s hou ld b er e pea ted f o rt h es i tes w he r e m a te r ia l was f ound i ns i tu u s ing l a rge rs amp le sr a the rt h an a lso i n c lud ing t h e s ca t ters f r om t h e s h ing le b ank s wh ich were m o r e l i ke ly t ob em ixed a s semb lage s . Ma te r ia l f r om s i te s Q 5 , Q 6 , B 7 , B 8 a nd Q 99 w a s e xam ined , a nd a ga in
s im i la r t r end s w e re n o ted ( F ig . 7 . 15 ) . A na ly s is o fc o r e s f r om e ach s i t ei ss hown i nT ab le 7 . 2( F ig . 7 . 16 ) . A t temp t sw e r em ad et or ef i tw a s te f l ake sa nd c o re sb u tt h i s p roved u n su cce s sf u lw i th t h e e xcep t ion o fj u s tt wo p i ece s f r om s i te Q 99 .T h i sw a sn o tu nexpec ted s i n ce s uch as ma l l p ropo r t ion o ft h ei ns i tu m a te r ia lh ad b een c o l lec ted . Ac ompa r i son was m ade b e tween t h e i n t e r t ida l s i tes a t Q ua r ra nd B in s tead a nd o ne o ft h ef ew i n land a s semb lag e s o f Me so l i th ic m a te r ia l f r om t h e I s land ( F ig . 7 . 17 ) . T h i s s ough tt oe s tab l i sh w he the r ad i s t inc t ive t o o lk i tm ay h ave b een i nu s e i nt h e m a r sh land e nv i ronmen t o ft h e c oa s t ,
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SU B S I ST ENCE I NT HE CO A STA L ZO NE
3 2 1
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F igu r e 7 . 16 As e l ec t ion o fc o r e sf r om t h ei n t e r t id a ls i t e s . Q 3 ( 1 -4 ) , B 8( 5 -6 ) , Q 99 ( 7 -9 ) .
b ea r ing i nm ind t h ep r ov i so t h a tc h rono log ica ld if e rence s m igh t e x i s t b e tween t h e a s semb lag e s . C ompa r i son w a s c ho sen w i th a s i te a t S ho rw e l l ( IWS MR 3 85 ) , w h e r e m a te r ia l h ad n o t b een p r ev iou s ly e xam ined i na ny d e ta i l . T h i sc on s i s t ed o fw o rked f l in tr e cove r ed a tv a r iou sd ep th s f r om ag a rd en s o i l( Benne t 1 966 ) .U nf o r tuna te ly i tb ecame e v id en t t h a t al a rge p ropo r t ion o ft h e d eb i tage h ad n o t b een r e ta ined a nd t h a t as i gn if i can ta moun to ft h em a te r ia l w a sm o r ec ha rac te r i s t ic o fl a te N eo l i th ic w o rk r a the rt h an M e so l i th ic . T h i s m ad e i tu n su i tab le f o r m e t r ica l a na ly s i s . T he a s semb lage i n c luded o ne p i ck , al a rge p e r cen tage o f s c rape r s , s e ve ra l m ic ro l i th s o ft y pe ss im i la rt ot h o se f r om Q ua r r a nd B in s tead , b u r in s , b l ad e s , b l ade s egmen t s a nd b l ade c o re s . S ince t h e r e w e r e m any i mp lemen t s w h ich w e r e o bv iou s ly o fl a te rd a te , t h e c ompa r i son c ou ld n o tb e t a k en a ny f u r the r .
T he f l in two rk f r om Q ua r ra nd B in s tead w a sa l so c ompa r ed w i th t h a t w h ich h ad b een f ound a tN ew town a nd We r ra r w hen t h e se s i te s h ad b een e xam ined b y H ube r t P oo le d u r ing t h e e a r l ie r p a r t o ft h e 2 0 th c en tu ry ( Poo le 1 9 36 a nd u nda ted ) . A t We r ra r , i mp lemen t s a nd d eb i tage h ad b een u nea r th ed w h i l s t e x t ra c t ing c l ay f o r b r ick m ak ing . Mo s t h ad b een f ound i na s soc ia t ion w i th h ea r th s o n a n o l d l a nd s u rf a ce u nde r ly ing e s tua r ine s i l t s a nd d eve loped o nt h eO l igocene c l ay . F ind s i n c lud ed f o u ra xe s ,t wo w i th t r an che tc u t t ing e dge s , o ne m ic ro l i th o fv e ry s im i la rf o rm t ot h e Woo t tonQua r r e xamp le s , b u r in s , af i ne ly w o rked s poon shaped s c rape r a nd a s ma l l c o l lec t ion o f w a s te f l ake s . P oo le b e l ieved a lt h i sm a te r ia lt ob ec on tempo ra ry . A t N ew town , m a te r ia l w a s f ound i n as im i la r s i tua t ion i n al ow c l if j u s t a bove t h e h i gh w a te rm a rk . Me so l i th ic m a te r ia l w a s f ound l y ing o n a n o l d l a nd s u r f a ce i nt h e e s tua r ine c l ay . A n o ve r ly ing , l i gh te r b r ickea r th c on ta ined
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CO A STAL AR CHAEOLOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONMENT : ASO LENT C A SE S TUDY B ou ldno r a nd R yd e d i s t r ibu ted f r om h i gh t o l ow w a te r m a rk . H ow f a rt h i sm ay b ed ue t oo r gan i sed s e a r ch i nt h i s p a r t icu la r a r ea i sd if i cu l t t o s a y , b u t i ti sa n i n te r e s t ing s p ecu la t ion a st ow he the r t h e i r d i s t r ibu t ion may p o in t t o t h es ubme rgence o ft h eo l dl a nd s u rf a ce o nw h ich t h em en w ho m ad e t h e i mp lemen t s h ad t h e i r h un t ing g round s ' . ( Poo le 1 929 ,6 57 ) . R ank ine , c ommend ing t h e p ionee r ing w o rk o f P oo le , n o ted i nh i s s t udy o ft h e Me so l i th ic o fS ou the rn B r i ta in ' The o u t s tand ing i mp lemen ta l f e a tu r eo ft h eI s le o fW igh t Me so l i th ic i st h eo ccu r r en ce o f4 4t r an che t so nt h en o r the rn l i t to ra l ;t h i s ,r e v iew ed w i th t h eo ccu r r ence o ft r anche t so n t h eo ppo s i te s i de o ft h es ubme rged c hann e l ,i ss i gn if ican t ' ( Rank ine 1 956 , 3 4 ) .
F igur e 7 . 17 L i th ic a s semb lage sf r om W e r ra r ,N ew town a nd T he W ak e s , S horwe l l( l oca t ion m ap ) . N eo l i th ic f l in two rk . E leven a r tef a c t s f r om t h e Me so l i th ic l a ye r w e r e i lu s t ra ted b y P oo le ( 1 936 , p l a te 4 ) i n c lud ing ab u r in , s c rape r s , c o r e s a nd am ic ro l i th . T he r ema in ing a r tef a c t s f r om t h i s s i te , n ow i nt h e I s le o fW igh t Mu seum C o l lec t ion ,h ave n ol o ca t iona l i n f o rma t ion . B o th t h e W e r ra r a nd N ew town a s semb lage s i n c lude m a te r ia lw h ich i ss im i la rt ot h a tf r om Q ua r ra nd B in s tead , i n p a r t icu la r t h e m ic ro l i th s , c o r e s a nd c e r ta in s c rape r s . T he t r anche t a xe s a nd p i ck s f r om Q ua r r a nd B in s tead i n c lude d ec ided ly mo re c r ude e xamp le s t h an t h o se f r om t h e f o rme r s i te s w h ich m ay s ugge s t t h a t o ve r t ime , a s f i e ldwo rke r s b ecome mo r e f am i l ia r w i th t h e s i t e a nd t h e m a te r ia l w h ich t h ey a r e l o ok ing f o r , t h ey r e cogn i se l e s s o bv iou s i mp lemen t s . Wha t i sn o t iceab le i st h a t t h e f l in t u sed t o m ake t h e We r ra r a nd N ew town i mp lemen t s o bv iou s ly c ame f r om a v a r ie ty o f s ou r ce s , w he r ea s t h e a r tef ac t s f r om Q ua r r a r e l a rge ly o f h omogeneou s g r ey / b l ack f l in t . A l though a ppa r en t ly i ns i tu , t h e We r ra r a nd N ew town f i nd s s e em l e s s f r e sh t h an t h o se f r om Q ua r r . H oweve r , o n ly s ma l l n umbe r s o f f i nd s w e r e r e cove r ed f r om t h e f o rme r s i te s a nd d ue t ot h e i r e r od ing c ond i t ion t h es i te sa r ew o r thy o ff u r the ri n ve s t iga t ion .
Ar e cen ts t udy o ft r anche ta xe sa nd p i ck sf r om t h eT hame s h a s r e v iewed r e sea r ch i n to t h i s t y pe o fi mp lemen t ( F ie ld 1 989 ) . I tw a s f i r s t r e cogn i sed i nB r i ta in a tt h e b eg inn ing o f t h e 2 0 th c en tu ry , w hen c ompa r i son w a s m ade w i th i mp lemen t s f r om b o th S cand inav ia a nd F rance . L a te r a n e a s ter n E u ropean o r ig in w a s p ropo sed ( C la rk 1 932 ) a nd a t temp t s w e r e m ade t oc l a s s if y t h e v a r ia t ion s i nt h i s t o o l t y pe . R ank ine ' s c l a s s if i ca t ion o f 1 9 38 w a s b a sed m a in ly o n t h e c r o s s s e c t ion o f t h e i mp lemen t . Mo re r e cen t ly t h e se a xe s h ave b een c l a s s if ied l a rge ly a c co rd ing t ot h e i r m e thod o f s ha rpen ing , r e cogn is ing t r anche t a xe s , p i ck s , a dze sa nd f l ake a xe s( Pa lme r 1 977 ) . O nt h ec on t inen t ,t h e s t udy o ft h ou sand s o fa xe s h a s l e dt od e ta i led t y po log ie s ( f o r e xamp le T roe l s -Sm i th 1 937 ) b u t t h e se a ppea r t ob e i n app rop r ia te t o t h e l i m i ted n umbe r o f t o o l s f ound i n B r i t i sh c on tex t s( F ie ld 1 989 ) . T hame sa xe s I nh i s s t udy o fi mp lemen t s f r om t h eT hame s , D av id F i e ld ( i b id ) u s ed b a s ic m ea su r emen t s o f l e ng th , b r ead th a nd w e igh t t op r odu ce ac l a s s if ica t ion l o o se ly f o l low ing t h a t u sed b y R ank ine . T he m a in a t t r ibu te s o fh i sc l a s s if i ca t ion w e r ep l an ,p r of i le a nd c r o s ss e c t ion . T he t h ree c a tego r ie s o f i mp lemen t p l an r e cogn i sed b y F i e ld w e r e : S ymme t r ica l , w i th s i de e dge s o fa lmo s t e qua l s hape e a ch s i d eo ft h el o ng i tud ina la x i s . S ymme t r ica l ,w he r es i de sd on o tm a t ch . A typ ica l ,w i th c omp le te ly i regu la rs i de s . T he f ou rc a tego r ie so fc r o s ss e c t ion n o ted b yF i e ld w e r e : S ub t r iangu la r , g r adua t ing f r om a lmo s t t r i angu la r t o h av ing o n ly v e s t ige so f am ed ian r i dge . L en t icu la r , w i th i mp lemen t s w i th o n e f l a t te r f a ce a nd o ne w i th al o ng i tud ina lm ed ian r i dg e . T r iangu la r ,w i th t h r ee l o ng i tud ina ls t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s . Q uad rangu la r .
A xe sa nd p i ck s T he s i gn if i cance o ft h el a rge n umbe r so fp i ck sa nd t r anche t a xe sf r om t h eI s le o fW igh t ,p a r t icu la r ly a l ong t h en o r the rn c oa s t , w a s r e cogn i sed e a r ly i nt h e 2 0 th c en tu ry b y l o ca l a n t iqua r ie s . H ube r tP oo le ,w r i t ing i n1 929 ,o b se rved t h a t : ' When p l o t ted o n am ap t h es i te sa tw h ich p i ck sh ave b een f ound s how ac u r iou ss p r ead a l ong t h en o r th c oa s t , 3 2o u t o ft h e t o ta l o f4 8 s pec imen s h av ing b een f ound b e tw een
Two c a tego r ie s o fp rof i le w e re i d en t if i ed -s t r a igh t a nd c u rved .
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F igur e 7 . 18 T ranche ta xe / p i ck d i s t r ibu t ion . C u t t ing e dg e s o b se rved b y F i e ld w e r e f o rmed e i the rb y a t r anche tb l ow ,o rb yr a d ia lo ri regu la rf l ak ing .T he re c ou ld a l so b e ac omb ina t ion o ft h e se o n d if e r en t f a ce s o ft h e t o o l . T he b u t ta c co rd ing t oF i e ld w a se i the rr ounded o rp o in ted , t h ick o rt h in , a nd s ome w e r e f a ce t t ed . S ome w e re l e f ta s c o r tex o ra tl e a s tr e ta ined s ome c o r tex a nd an umbe rw e r e b r u i sed . T he o v e r a l l m e thod o ff l ak ing o n t h e T hame s e xamp le s w a s s e en t og r ade f r om c r ude e xamp le st ot h o se w i th f i ne w o rkman sh ip . I s le o fW igh ta xe s T he p r e sen t e xam ina t ion o ft h e I s le o fW igh t a xe s w a s b a sed o n s im i la r m e thod s . A xe s f r om t h e p ro jec t a r ea w e re e xam ined a l ong w i th a l i mp lemen t s r e co rd ed i nt h e I s le o fW igh t S i te s a nd Monumen t s R eco rd ( F ig . 2 0 ) a nd a va i lab le f o r s t udy i nt h e I s le o fW igh t C oun ty Mu seum C o l lec t ion . S im i la r a xe s r e co rded a s b e ing o f N eo l i th ic d a te w e re a l so s t ud ied . I tw a sh oped t oe s tab l i sh w he the rt h ei mp lemen t sf r om t h eI s land f e l l i n to t h es ame c a tego r ie s a st h e T hame s e xamp le s , a nd p o s s ib ly t os e e w he the r t h e r e w e re a ny d if e r ence s b e tw een a xe s f r om c oa s ta l s i t e s a nd t ho se f r om i n land . I tb ecame d if i cu l t , h ow eve r , t od ef ine w h ich s i te s s hou ld b e c on s ide r ed a s c oa s ta l g i ven t h e s ma l l s i ze o ft h e i s l and a nd t h e r a te o f e r o s ion f r om w h ich i ts uf e r s . E ven tua l ly i tw a s d ec id ed t h a to n ly t h ei mp lemen t sf r om t h ee s tua r ine d epo s i t so ft h e
n o r the rn c oa s t a nd t h e n o r ther nh a lf o ft h e Med ina R ive r c ou ld s a f e ly b er e ga rded a sc oa s ta l . S even ty -f ou r SMR e n t r ie sw i th f i nd s i n c lud ing p i ck s a nd t r anche ta xe sw e re f ound ,g i v ing at o ta lo f1 3 1 i mp lemen t s . O f t h e se , 7 1 w e r e a va i lab le f o r s t udy . A f u r the r 2 1 i mp lemen t sh ad b een d r awn b yH ube r tP oo le ( u nda ted )a nd d ue t ot h ea c cu ra cy o fh i sd r aw ing st h el e ng th a nd b r ead th c ou ld b em ea su r ed ,a nd t h ec u t t ing e dg e ,c r o s s sec t ion a nd p l an c ou ld o f t en b e e s tab l i shed . N in e ty a xe s w e r e f ound d u r ing t h e p ro jec t b e tween Woo t ton C r eek a nd B in s tead ( F ig s . 7 . 19 t o7 . 27 ) .T he se c omp r i sed 7 4o ff l i n ta nd 1 6o f c he r t ,w h ich i sn o tn o rma l ly a va i lab le i nt h en o r ther nh a lf o ft h e I s land . O the rc oa s ta l i mp lemen t s a c coun ted f o r 7 8 f u r the r a xe s , w i th 2 5 c om ing f r om i n land s i t e s . T he v a s t m a jo r i ty w e re f ound a l ong t h en o r ther nc oa s t ,a sP oo le h ad o b se rved i nt h e 1 920 s . H ea l so q u e s t ioned h ow mu ch t h i s i s ar ef lec t ion o fw he r ef i e ldwo rk h ad b een u nde r taken -a q u e s t ion w h ich i ss t i l lp e r t inen tt o day i nv i ew o ft h e l a rge n umbe r so fi mp lemen t sw h ich h ave b een f o und a s ar e su l t o ft h e p r e sen t f i e ldwo rk a t Woo t tonQua r r . O ft h e i n land e xamp le s , as i gn if ican t n umbe r w e r e f o und i nt h e r i ve r v a l ley s , i np a r t icu la rt h e Med ina v a l ley ( F ig . 7 . 18 ) . T he i mp lemen t s f r om Q ua r r a nd B in s tead B ea che s w e r e l o oked a t t o ge the r , t h o se f r om Woo t ton H aven w e r e c on s ide r ed s e pa ra te ly a nd t h e g ene ra l c oa s ta l s i t e s a nd i n land s i t e sw e re t r ea ted a st wo d if e r en tg r oup s .T he i n land a nd Woo t ton H aven g roup sw e r es i g n if i can t ly s ma l le rt h an t h eo t he r s .T he r e su l t sa r es hown i ng r aph f o rm ( F ig .7 . 28 ) .
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F igur e 7 . 28 A c ompar i son b e tween t r anche ta xe sa nd p ick sf rom Q ua r r /B in s tead , F i shbourne , g enera lI s le o fW igh tc oa s ta ls i te sa nd i n land .
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CO A STA L AR CHAEOLOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONM ENT : ASO LENT C A SE S T UDY I n l e ng th a l l f ou r g roup s o f i mp lemen t s f e l l w i th in a s im i la r g ene ra l r a nge w i th mo s t m ea su r ing b e tw een 9 0 1 70mm , a l though t h e i n land g roup w a s s l igh t ly s ho r te r . O ne p a r t icu la r ly l o ng e xamp le w a st r aw led f r om as e abed l o ca t ion . T he w e igh to fi mp lemen t s i na l c a se sp eaked i n as p read b e tw een 5 0 -5 00g . I n p l an t h e re w a s ad if e r en ce b e tw een t h e a xe s f ound i n land a nd t h o se f r om t h e c oa s ta l g roup s . Whe r ea s t h e re w e r e a pp rox ima te ly h a lf a s m any a s ymme t r ica l a xe s a ss ymme t r ica l o ne s o n t h e c oa s t , t h e g ap w a s l e s s p r onounced i nt h e i n land g roup . T he Q ua r r /B in s tead a xe s w e re p r ima r i ly q uad rangu la r i n c r o s s sec t ion w h i l s t t h e o t he r t h ree g roup s c omp r i sed mo re l e n t icu la r e xamp le s . T he c u t t ing e dge o fa xe si na l f ou rg roup sw a s mo r eo f t en r a d ia l ly f l aked a l though t h e re w e r e m any e xamp le s w i th t r anche t f l ake s o r ac omb ina t ion o f t r anche t a nd r a d ia l f l ak ing . S eve ra l i mp lemen t s , i n p a r t icu la r t h o se f r om Q ua r r ,w e re o fR ank ine ' sa dze t y pe .T he se d i sp layed r a d ia l f l ak ing o n o ne f a ce a nd t r an sve r se f l ak ing o n t h e o t he r , g i v ing t h ea ppea ran ce o f ah oof .T he r ew e r ea l so an umbe r o ft o o l sw h ich a ppea red t ob ec r ude ly w a i s ted ,a nd a na xe o fS eame rt y pe ( F ig . 7 . 23 ) . O ve ra l l , t h e d if e r ence s b e tween t h e g r oup s a ppea r t o b e s l igh t a nd s i nce w e a r e d ea l ing w i th w ide ly v a ry ing n umbe r s o f i mp lemen t s i ti si mpo r tan t t o b e w a ry o f r e ad ing t o o mu ch i n to t h e se d if e r en ce s . A s f a r a s d a t ing o f t h e i mp lemen t s i sc on ce rned , l i t t le c an b e a dded . C h rono log ie s h ave b een e s tab l i shed f o r c on t inen ta l e xamp le s b u t t h e se c anno t b e a pp l ied t o i mp lemen t s i nB r i ta in . F o re xamp le , ar e cen t ly p ub l i shed d i ag ram s how ing t h e mo s t i mpo r tan t t o o l t y pe s o f t h e E r tebo l le p ha se s i nS ou th Z ea land ( J ohan s son 1 995 , 8 9 ) s how s ar a nge o ft o o l ss pann ing o ve r at h ou sand y ea r s ,a l o fw h ich m ay b e f ound i n as i ng le l o ca t ion a tB in s tead . U n t i lm a te r ia li se xcava ted i ns i tu t h i ss i tua t ion i su n l ik e ly t oc hange . M icro l i th s At o ta l o f7 6 m ic ro l i th s w a s r e cove r ed f r om s e ven o ft h e l i t h ic s c a t t e r s . T h i s f i gu r e i ss u rp r i s ing ly h i gh c on s ide r ing t h a tm any w e r er e cove r ed f r om s h ing le b ank sa nd t h et o ta l w ou ld n o d oub t r i se d r ama t ica l ly i fd e ta i led r e co rd ing i n c lud ing s i ev ing w a su nde r taken o nt h ei ns i tu d epo s i t s . S eve ra l m e thod s o f c l a s s if i ca t ion w e r e e xam ined b u t i t w a s d ec ided t ou se t h a t d emon s t ra t ed b yA lan S av i l le i n h i ss t udy o fm ic ro l i th sf r om t h ree s i te si nC en t ra lE ng land ( Sav i l le 1 98 1) . B a sed o nC la rk ' sc l a s s if i ca t ion ( 1 934 , a nd C la rk a nd R ank ine 1 939 ) mod if ied s l igh t ly t o s u i t t h e a s semb lage s b e ing s t ud ied , t h i s s e emed mo s t a pp rop r ia te t ot h e Q ua r r i mp lemen t s s i nce i ta low ed f o r t h e s l igh t v a r ia t ion si nt y po logy o t he rw i se o m i t ted b yC la rk . T h e r e s e em s l i t t le v a r ia t ion b e tw een t h e m ic ro l i th s f r om d if e r en t s i t e s , a l though s i te Q 99 i st h e o n ly s i te w h e re as i gn if i can t n umbe r o fi mp lemen t s h a s b een r e cove red . Mo re t h an h a lf o ft h em ic ro l i th sw e r ee dge -b lun ted p o in t s
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Q 3 4 811
O b l ique ly b l un ted p o in t , d oub le s i ded
Q5 1373
E dge b l un ted p o in t , p l a in , RHS
Q 7 8 237
E dge b l un ted p o in t , p l a in , L HS
7 574
E dge b l un ted p o in t , p l a in , L HS
8 4 16
E dge b l un ted p o in t , RHS , u ppe ri n ve rse , l owe rd i rec t
Q 8 1 0962
E dge b l un ted p o in t , p l a in , L HS
1803
E dge b l un ted p o in t , p l a in , L HS
1734
E dge b l un ted p o in t , p l a in , L HS
8 367
E dge b l un ted p o in t , RHS , u ppe r d i rec t l owe r i n ve rse , AR L HS med ia l d i rec t
1656 1804
S ca lene t r i ang le I d iosync ra t ic f o rm .
R e touch
u ppe r RHS d i rec t ,
l owe r
i n ve rse , L HS u ppe ri n ve rse , l owe rd i rec t Q 99 4 964
E dge b l un ted p o in t , p l a in , L HS
7 388
E dge b l un ted p o in t , p l a in , L HS , b asa l
1372
E dge b l un ted p o in t , p l a in , L HS
1753
E dge b l un ted p o in t , p l a in , L HS
1820
E dge b l un ted p o in t , p l a in , L HS
1376
E dge b l un ted p o in t , p l a in , RHS
1772
E dge b l un ted p o in t , p l a in , RHS
1821
E dge b l un ted p o in t , p l a in , RHS
1822
E dge b l un ted p o in t , p l a in , RHS
1100
E dge b l un ted p o in t , d oub le s i ded
1105
E dge b l un ted p o in t , d oub le s i ded
1232
E dge b l un ted p o in t , d oub le s i ded
1262
E dge b l un ted p o in t , d oub le s i ded
1714
E dge b l un ted p o in t , d oub le s i ded
1750
E dge b l un ted p o in t , d oub le s i ded
1795
E dge b l un ted p o in t , d oub le s i ded
1409
E dge b l un ted p o in t , d oub le s i ded? D amaged
7 370
E dge b l un ted p o in t , L HS , AR RHS u ppe rd i rec t
123 1
E dge b l un ted p o in t , L HS , AR RHS u ppe r &b asa l d i rec t
1 7 8
SU B S I ST ENCE I NT HE CO A ST AL ZO NE
1799
E dge b l un ted p o in t , L HS , AR RHS , med ia l &b asa l d i rec t
1802
E dge b l un ted p o in t , L HS , AR RHS u ppe rd i rec t
1823
E dge b l un ted p o in t , L HS , AR RHS u ppe r & med ia l d i rec t
1406
E dge b l un ted p o in t , RHS , d amaged
1370
o in t , RHS , AR L HS u ppe r & med ia l d i rec t E dge b l un ted p
139 1
E dge b l un ted p o in t , RHS , AR L HS u ppe rd i rec t
1399
E dge b l un ted p o in t , RHS , AR L HS u ppe r & med ia l d i rec t
1743
E dge b l un ted p o in t , RHS , AR L HS u ppe rd i rec t
1407
E dge b l un ted p o in t , RHS , AR L HS u ppe r & med ia l d i rec t
1819
E dge b l un ted p o in t , RHS , AR L HS d i rec t
1711
O b l ique ly b l un ted p o in t , p l a in , L HS
7 369
O b l ique ly b l un ted p o in t , d oub le s i ded
14 10
O b l ique ly b l un ted p o in t , L HS , RHS d i rec t
1375
O b l ique ly b l un ted p o in t , L HS , AR RHS u ppe r & med ia l d i rec t
1713
O b l ique ly b l un ted p o in t , L HS , AR RHS u ppe rd i rec t
1751
Ob l ique ly b l un ted p o in t , RHS , AR L HS b asa l d i rec t
1368
S ca lene t r iang le
1390
S ca lene t r iang le
1483
S ca lene t r iang le
1749
S ca lene t r iang le
1752
S ca lene t r iang le
1796
S ca lene t r iang le
1798
S ca lene t r iang le
1398
C rescen t
1794
C rescen t
1801
C rescen t
5 484
I d iosync ra t ic
1369
I d iosync ra t ic
1712
I d iosync ra t ic
1793
I d iosync ra t ic
1800
I d iosync ra t ic
1408
D amaged
I nh i s g aze t tee r o f M e so l i th ic s i te s , J ohn Wyme r ( 1977 ) l i s ted 2 3 l o ca t ion s w he r e m ic ro l i th s h ad b een f ound i n t h e I s le o f W igh t . As c an o f t h e S i te s a nd Monumen t s R eco rd a dd sn of u r the ri n f o rma t ion .T he o n ly o t he rr e cen t c on t r ibu t ion i st h e f i nd ing o f as i ng le m ic ro l i th i n ap r e v i l la c on tex td u r ing r e cen te xcava t ion sa tB rad ing R oman V i l la ( Loade ra nd We s tmo r e 1 995 ) . H oweve r ,h av ing n ow f ound m ic ro l i th si nd i rec ta s soc ia t ion w i th a xe s ,p i ck sa nd o t he r i mp lemen t s a tQ ua r r a nd B in s tead , ar e app ra i sa l o f I s le o fW igh tm ic ro l i th sw ou ld b eb enef i c ia l . H in ter land l i th ic s i t e s Ap r og ramme o fr a p id f i e ldwa lk ing w a sc a r r ied o u ti nt h e Woo t tonQua r r h i n te r land a s am ean s o f c ompa r ing t h e w ea l th o fm a te r ia l f r om t h e b each w i th t h a t f r om t h e o n s ho re c oa s t land .F i e ldwa lk ing w a sc oncen t ra ted o nt h ea r ea c l o se t ot h es ho re l ine b u tf i e ld sn ea r e rt ot h ec ha lk d own s w e r e a l so w a lked . D e ta i led r e co rd ing w a sn o tu nde r taken a nd f i nd s w e r e g ene ra l ly n o t r e ta ined . T he f i e ldwa lk ing p rog ramme i sd e sc r ibed i ns e c t ion 7 . 2 .1 . N ine w o rk ed f l in t s c a t te r s w e re r e co rded , r a ng ing f r om e x ten s ive s c a t te r s o fi mp lemen t s a nd d eb i tage , t od i sc re te c on cen t ra t ion s w h ich w e re s ome t ime s a s soc ia ted w i th b u rn tf l in t .
t anged
Non -s i ted 1816
f o und i na ny k i nd o fa s soc ia t ion , a tR ed c l if f , o ccu r red i n c ompany w i th m ic ro l i th ic p o in t s s im i la r i nf o rm t ot h o se f ound a t Mo t t i s tone .
E dge b l un ted p o in t , L HS u ppe r , RHS med ian d i rec t
T ab le 7 . 3M ic ro l i th c l a s s i f ica t ion .
a nd t h e r e w e re a s ma l le r n umbe r o f o b l iqu e ly -b lun ted p o in t s a nd g eome t r ic f o rm s , m a in ly s c a lene t r i ang le s a nd c r e scen t s ( F ig s . 7 . 29 t o 7 . 31) . T he l e ng th /b r ead th r a t io o fc omp le te i mp lemen t s f r om s i t e Q 99 ( F ig . 7 . 32 ) p l a ce s t h em i nt h e r e cogn i sed r a nge o f l a te r Me so l i th ic t y pe s ( P i t t sa nd J a cob i 1 979 ) . T he m i c ro l i th ic i n du s t r ie s o f t h e I s le o f W igh t h ave r e ce ived s c an ta t ten t ion s i nce P oo le ' ss u rvey si nt h e 1 920 s a nd 1 9 30 s( Poo le 1 929 , 1 936 ,u nda ted ) . I n1 9 32 ,r e f e r en ce w a s m ad e t o P oo le ' s w o rk b y C la rk ( 1932 ) w ho l i s ted m ic ro l i th s f r om Mo t t i s tone , R ed c l if f ,N ew town , S hank l in a nd S andown . H ec on c luded t h a to nt h eI s le o fW igh t : . .w eh ave i nt h e f i r s tp l a ce , af a i r ly s t rong n on -geome t r ic m ic ro l i th ic i n du s t ry o n t h e L ow e r G r een sand n ea r Mo t t i s tone a nd B r igh s tone ; a nd t h a t s e cond ly w e h ave a c on s ide rab le n umbe r o f t r anche t -edged p i ck s a nd a xe s , w h ich o n t h e o n ly o cca s ion o n w h ich t h ey h ave b een
A t P u ck H ou se H i l l ( IWSMR 2 069 ) , al a rge s c a t te r o f w o rked f l in t w a s r e co rd ed i nt h e s ame f i e ld a s ar ound b a r row , ar i ng d i tch a nd t wo b ur n t f l in t c on cen t ra t ion s . R e ta ined f i nd s i n c lude aN eo l i th ic f l aked a xe f r agmen t , ab a rbed a nd t a nged a r rowhead a nd v a r iou s s c rape r s i n c lud ing t h umbna i l t y pe s ( F ig . 7 . 33 ) . T h i s m a te r ia l a nd t h e r e cove ry o fG rooved Wa r e , B eake r a nd l a te r B ronze A ge p o t te ry d u r ing e xcava t ion o n t h i s s i t e ( s ee T oma l in s e c t ion 9 . 1 .1) s ugge s tt h a th uman a c t iv i ty w a s c en t red o n t h i s h i l l top o ve r al o ng p e r iod . A l though s e ve ra l a d ja cen t f i e ld sw e re a l so w a lked , t h e r ew a sm a rked ly l e s sm a te r ia l i nt h e se . I th a s n o t b een e s tab l i shed w hy t h i s s hou ld b e s o , b u t , a sh a s b een p o in ted o u t d u r ing o t he r s u rvey s , ' i t i so f t en a s i mpo r tan t t ob e a b le t os a y w he r e o ne i sn o t f i nd ing a r tef a c t s a s t o g i ve a n a c cu ra te l o ca t ion f o r t h e d en se s t c on cen t ra t ion s o f m a te r ia l ' ( T ing le 1 99 1 , 16 ) . T he c on t ra s t i nd en s i ty o ff i nd s c anno t b e e xp la ined b y d if e r ence s i nt h e c ond i t ion s u nde r w h ich t h e f i e ld s w e r e w a lked .T he f i e ld sw e r ep l oughed a nd w ea the r ed ,a nd w e r e w a lked b yt h es ame w o rke r sw i th in t h es p a ce o f af ew d ay s i ns im i la rw ea the rc ond i t ion s .T he f i e ld sw e r eg en e ra l ly a t t h e s ame a l t i tude w i th o n ly s l igh t d if e ren ce s i ng eo logy , t h e P uck H ou se f i e ld a nd a n a d ja cen t f i e ld b e ing o n P l a teau G rave l sw h i le t h en e ighbou r ing f i e ld sw e re j u s to f f t h eg r ave l o nB emb r idge Ma r l s a nd H am s tead B ed s . Two f i e ld st ot h e e a s t , s i tua ted o n ac app ing o fm a r ine g r ave l , c on ta ined v i r tua l ly n ol i t h ic m a te r ia lw i th t h ee xcep t ion o f af r agmen t o f al e af a r rowhead . Af r agmen t o f at r anche t a xe a nd ac h i se lw e r er e cen t ly r e cove r ed f r om a na d ja cen t
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F igu r e 7 . 31 M ic ro l i th s , s i te sK I ( 1 ) , Q 3 ( 2 ) , Q 5( 3 ) , B 7( 4 -5 ) , B 8( 6 -12 )a nd g ene ra l( 1 3 ) .
f i e ld w h ich w a s u n su i tab le f o r f i e ldwa lk ing d u r ing t h e p ro jec t .
A t F e rnh i l l al o o se c oncen t ra t ion o f w o rked f l in t w a s r e co rd ed . Ak n if e( F ig .7 .34 .13 )a nd as c rape rw e r er e ta ined .
F u r the rw o rked f l in tw a sf ound i n af i e ld e a s to fF i shbou rne L ane ( F ig . 7 . 34 .8 t o 1 ) . A ga in t h e r e w a s a n e x ten s ive s c a t te r t h roughou t t h e f i e ld . Ap i ck , ap o l i shed f l i n t a xe f r agmen t , ap l ano -convex k n if ea nd s c rape r sw e re r e ta ined . T h i s f i e ld a l so c on ta ined ab u rn tf l in t s c a t te r .A ga in t h e re w a s ad i s t in c tf a l l -of fi nt h ea moun to fw o rked f l in ti nt h e o n ly n e ighbou r ing f i e ld w h ich w a s s u i tab le f o r w a lk ing , w h ich d i d , h ow eve r , c on ta in t wo c on cen t ra t ion s o fb u rn t f l in t .
Af u l l l i s to fh i n te r land l i t h ic s i te sc an b ef ound i ns e c t ion 1 2 .1 .
A tP a lme r sF a rm t wo a d ja cen tf i e ld sw e r ef ound t oc on ta in at h in f l in t s c a t te r w i th av e ry h i gh p ropo r t ion o ft o o l s a nd l i t t le d eb i tage . R e ta ined m a te r ia l i n c luded a s i ck le , s c rape r s , ah amme r s tone a nd ac h i se l ( F ig . 7 . 34 .1 t o 7 ; 7 . 34 .12 ) . A t D uxmo re t h ree f i e ld s a tt h e m ou th o ft h e c ombe w e r e w a lked i nv a ry ing c ond i t ion s a nd w e re f ound t oc on ta in q uan t i t ie s o fw o rked f l in t i n c lud ing s c rape r s a nd n o tched f l ake s . A t C omb ley F a rm av a r ie ty o fr a the r c r ude s c rape r s a nd f l ake sw e r er e cove r ed i na s soc ia t ion w i th b u rn tf l in t .
D i scu s s ion T he Woo t tonQua r r i n te r t ida l a nd h i n te r land s u rvey p roduced m o r el i t h ic s i te st h an h ad b een a n t ic ipa ted a tt h e b eg inn ing o ft h ep ro jec ta nd h a sh i gh l igh ted t h e p o ten t ia l f o r r e sea r ch i n o t he r a r ea s . A d i sadvan tage i n s ome r e spec t s h a s b een t h a t s i te s h ave n o t b een l o oked a ti n d ep th .T he a im o ft h ep ro jec tw a st or a p id ly s u rvey al a rge a r ea a nd a s se s si t sa r chaeo log ica lp o t en t ia l . C on sequ en t ly o u ru nde r s tand ing o fi n d iv idua ls i t e si ss ome t ime sl i m i ted . T he i n te r t ida l s u r vey r e vea led a tl e a s t e i gh t s ub s tan t ia l s c a t te r so fw o rk ed f l in t , a l o fw h ich a ppea rt ob eb road ly c on tempo ra ry a nd o fl a te Me so l i th ic t y pe .T he re w e r ea l so o cca s iona l a s so c ia ted f i nd s , a dm i t ted ly n o t i ns i tu , w h ich m igh t p o in t t oa n e a r ly N eo l i th ic d a te . A l l o ft h e i ns i tu s i te s a r e l o ca ted o n ac ha rac te r i s t ic h a rd , g r ey , s a ndy s i l t w h ich u nd e r l ie s t h e p ea t a nd o rgan ic s i l t . S t ray f i nd s o f w o rked a nd b ur n tf l in th ave b een g l imp sed i n an umbe ro f l o ca t ion s w he r et h e o ve r ly ing s ed imen t i se r od ing . T he se s ugge s tt h a to t he rs i te s a r ey e tt ob er e vea led . N ow o rk ed
1 82
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F igu re 7 . 32 M icro l i th l e ng th / br ead th r a t io , s i te Q 99 .
4 3 1
7 6 8 5
1 0 cm
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1 1 1 0
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F igur e 7 . 33 H in te r land l i t h ic s -P uckhou se /N ewnham F a rm .
1 83
CO A ST AL AR CHAEOLOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONM ENT : ASO LENT C A SE S TUDY
3
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F igur e 7 . 34 H in te r land l i t h i c s -P a lme r sF arm ( 1 -7 , 1 2 ) , Q ua r r( 8 -11 )a nd F e rnh i l l( 1 3 ) .
f l in th a sb een f ound a c tua l ly i ns i tu i nt h ep ea ta nd o r gan ic s i l t s . O ne o ft h e m a in d i sappo in tmen t s o ft h e p ro jec t h a s b een t h e f a i lu r e t o e s tab l i sh a d a te f o r t h e p i ck s a nd l i t h ic s c a t te r s . A t temp t s t op rodu ce as e cu r e d a te f o r s i t e Q 99 h ave p roved i n con c lu s ive .I n as ma l la r ea o ft h es i te w h ich w a ss e lec ted f o rs amp l ing ,n oc ha r coa lw a sf ound i nd i r ec t a s soc ia t ion w i th t h el i t h ic s ,a l though t h el i t h ic sw e r es e a led b y at h in l a ye rc on ta in ing l a rge a moun t so fc ha rcoa l .T h i s c ha r coa l p rov ided a r a d ioca rbon d a te o f 3 630 -3110 c a l BC ( OxA -7183 ; 4 645±65 B P ) . H oweve r , w i thou t am o r e d e ta i led i n ve s t iga t ion o ft h e s i te , l i t t le mo r e c an b e s a id a bou tt h e l i k e ly d a te o ft h e l i t h ic s , a l though t h e e v id ence i sn ow p e rhap sp o in t ing t owa rd s a ne a r ly N eo l i th ic r a the r t h an Me so l i th ic d a te . G ene ra l ly ,t h el i t h ic s c a t te r sa r el o ca ted b yt h es i de so ft h e p a laeova l ley sw h ich h ave b een t r aced b ya uge r ing a tQ ua r r a nd B in s tead . Mu ch o ft h e a r ea b e tw een t h e se h a s b een s t r ipped t ot h en a tu ra lb ed rock b y w ave a c t ion . An umbe r
S i te n o .
% i mp lemen ts
K 1 0 2 0 3 0 5 Q 6 B 7 B 8 0 99
7 .5 1 . 2 2 2 .2 0 5 .7 5 .8 7 .8
T ab le 7 . 4 T he p e r cen tag e s o fi mp lemen t sf rom t h e i n t e r t ida ls i te s . o ft h e l i t h ic s c a t te r s a r e a d jacen tt ow ooden s t ru c tu r e s . I n t h es i l tt ot h ee a s to fs i te Q 99 a r ep o s tc l u s te r sw h ich h ave b een d a ted t o4 040 -37 10 c a l BC ( GU -5251 ; 5 100±60 B P ) a nd 1 740 14 10 c a l BC ( GU -5336 ;3 270±70 B P ) .A d ja cen t t ol i t h ic s c a t te rK 1 a r e t wo p o s t g r oup s w h ich d a te f r om 3 100 -2890 c a l BC ( GU -5257 ; 4 350±50 B P ) a nd 3 100 2 780 c a l B C ( GU -5259 ; 4 340±50 B P ) . T he f un c t ion o f t h e se s t ru c tu r e s i st ob e d i scu s sed i ns e c t ion 7 . 4 .1 , a nd w he the r t h ey c an b e a s soc ia ted w i th t h e s ame g r oup s o f
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SU B S I STENCE I NT HE CO A STAL ZO NE p eop le r e spon s ib le f o rt h ef l in ta s semb lage sm ay n eve rb e r e so lved . T he l i t h ic s c a t te r s i n c lude v a ry ing p e r cen tage s o f i mp lemen t sa nd d eb i tage , w h ich i sp e rhap sn o t s u rp r i s ing g i ven t h e c o l lec t ion m e thod o f m o s t o f t h e m a te r ia l , a l though t h e r ea r ev a r ia t ion si na s semb lage sw h ich c anno t b ee xp la ined i nt h i sw ay ( T ab le 7 . 4 ) . T he h i gh n umbe r s o fi mp lemen t s f r om s i t e s B 8 a nd Q 99 a r e d ue t ot h e f a c t t h a t a l though ag ene ra l n on -co l lec t ive p o l icy w a s e s tab l i shed f o r t h e se s i te s , i mp lemen t s , p a r t icu la r ly m ic ro l i th s , w e re o f t en r e cove r ed w hen s po t t ed . T he d i sc repanc ie s b e tw een s i t e s s u ch a s K1a nd Q 2a nd 3a r eh a rde rt oe xp la in a sa lm a te r ia lw a sc o l lec ted f r om t h e se s i t e s . P o s s ib ly , t h ey a r e ar e f lec t ion o f ar a ng e o fa c t iv i t ie sb e ing c a r r ied o u ta td if e r en ts i t e s . T he a b sence o fo rgan ic m a te r ia l w i th in t h e l i t h ic s c a t te r s w a s d i sappo in t ing . D e sp i te s ome s i ev ing o n s i te Q 99 v i r tua l ly n o b one w a s r e cove r ed , n o rw e re a ny b one a nd a n t le r a r tef a c t s p r e sen t . C ha r coa l w a s p r e sen t i nv a ry ing q uan t i t ie s , a l though a dm i t ted ly , t h e a moun t o f m a te r ia l s i eved w a ss ma l l . T h e i n t e r t ida l l i t h ic s c a t te r s a r e t a n ta l i s ing . We k now r ough ly t h e i rt wo d imen s iona le x ten ta nd w eh ave ar a nge o fa r tef a c t sc o l lec ted f r om t h em ,y e tw ec an o n ly g u e s sa t w ha tt h ey r e p r e sen t . W e a s sume t h a tt h ey a r et h e p rodu c t o fs ma l lg r oup sl i v ing i nt empo ra ry c amp si n as a l tm a r sh e nv i ronmen t a nd e xp lo i t ing t h e f i sh a nd f ow l w h ich m u s t h ave b een p r e sen t i n l a rge n umbe r s . T he a b sen ce o fe v idence f o r t h e e xp lo i ta t ion o ft h e se r e sou r ce s i nt h e f o rm o fb on e s a nd s h e l l s m ean s t h a tw e c anno t d r aw a ny c onc lu s ion s a bou t w ha t p r ec i se ly w a s b e ing h un ted o r c o l lec ted a nd t h u s m ake i n f e r ence s a bou t t h e s e a sona l i ty o fv i s i t s t ot h e s i te ( G r ig son 1 989 , D e i th 1 989 , E nghof f 1 995 ) . F o r ab e t te ru nde r s tand ing o f as i t e s u ch a sQ 99 , i tw ou ld b e n ece s sa ry t o s t r ip a l a rge a r ea i n c lud ing t h a t s t i l l p r o te c ted b enea th i t s c ove r ing o f o r gan ic s i l t . I ts hou ld t h en b e p o s s ib le t o i s o la te a nd r e co rd s p ec if i c f e a tu r e s a nd t os i eve t h e i r c on ten t s . I ti sa l so w o r thy o fn o te t h a t t h e re i ss ome t ime s a na r ea i nt h em a r ine d epo s i t s i nf r on t o fc oa s ta l s e t t lemen t s w he re w a s te m a te r ia l s u ch a s t h e r ema in s o ff i sh ing e qu ipmen t h a s b een f o und ( And e r sen 1 995 ) . S uch m a te r ia l m ay w e l l b e p r e se rved w i th in t h e Q ua r rp a laeochanne l . 7 . 3 .2 B urn tm ound s a nd b urn tf l i n ts c a t t er s H i s tory o fr e sear ch F o rw e l lo ve r ac en tu ry , av e ry d i s t in c t ive c l a s so fm onumen t k nown v a r iou s ly a sf u lach ta f i ad h , b ur n t m ound s , a nd b o i l ing t r ough s o r m ound s , h a s b een r e co rded i nm any p a r t s o ft h e U n i ted K ingdom a nd f u r the r a f ie ld ( Bu ck ley 1 990 , H odd e r a nd B a rf ie ld 1 99 1 , B a rf i e ld a nd H odd e r 1 981 ,B u l low s 1 927 ,C an t r i l la nd J one s 1 9 11 ,F ahy 1 960 ) . C la s s ic e xamp le s o ft h e se m onumen t s c omp r i se ak i dney o r c r e scen t shaped m ound m ade u p o fb ur n t s t one s a nd
c ha r coa l , i nt h ea rm so fw h ich i sg ene ra l ly f ound ah ea r th a nd at r ough w h ich i so f t en l i ned w i th s t one o rw ood .T hey a r e u sua l ly s i tua ted n ea r as ou rce o fw a te r . I ti sg ene ra l ly a s sumed t h a t t h ey w e re u s ed f o r c ook ing . Af i r e w a s l i t a nd s t one s w e r e h ea t ed i ni t .T he t r ough w a s f i l led w i th w a te r a nd t h e h o t s t one s p l a ced w i th in i t .E xpe r imen t s h ave s hown t h a t t h e w a te r c ou ld r e a ch b o i l ing p o in t i na s u rp r i s ing ly s ho r tt i me ( Ö D r i sceö i l 1 988 , O 'Ke l ly 1 954 , L aw le s s 1 990 , P a smo r e 1 990 ) . When t h e w a te r w a s b o i l ing , aj o in to fm ea tw a s l ow e red i na nd t h ew a te rk ep t a tb o i l ing p o in t b y t h e o cca s iona l a dd i t ion o fh o t s t one s . T he m ea t c ou ld b e c ooked i n a bou t t wo h ou r s ( A l len 1 994 ) . T h e q uan t i ty o fs t one r e qu i r ed t om ake amound i mp l ie st h a tt h es i t e sw e re u s ed e i the rf r equen t ly o ro ve ra l o ng p e r iod o ft i me . D a t ing o fb ur n t m ound s a nd t h e i r a s soc ia ted t r ough s h a s b een p r ob lema t ic b ecau se s o o f t en t h e re a r e n o a r tef a c t s s t ra t if i ed w i th in t h em . R ad ioca rbon d a t ing h a s p l a ced t h e m a jo r i ty i nt h e B ronze A ge a l though t h e r e a r e af ew e xcep t ion s . T he f unc t ion o fb urn t mound s A l though c ook ing i ss e en a st h e m o s t l i k e ly f u nc t ion o f t h e se s i t e s ,t h e re h ave b een a r gumen t sp u tf o rwa rd a ga in s t t h i s t h eo ry . T he r e h ave b een s ugg e s t ion s t h a t t h ey c ou ld h ave b een u sed a sp r im i t ive s a una s ( Ba rf ie ld a nd H odde r 1 987 ) , o r f o r v a r iou s i n du s t r ia l p u rpo se s s u ch a s f u l l ing ( J ef f e ry 1 99 1) , d r y ing o f m ea t o r f i sh , b ee r o r b u t te r p rodu c t ion , p o t te ry f i r ing , l e a the r p r epa ra t ion , m e ta l w o rk ing a nd s a l t p r odu c t ion ( Ba rf ie ld 1 99 1) . T he re a r e e t hnog raph ic e xamp le s o ft h e u s e o f as im i la rt e chno logy t o e x t ra c t g r ea se f r om a n ima l b one s ( B inf o rd 1 978 ) . I t s e em sm o s t l i ke ly t h a tt h ey w ou ld h ave s e rved m o re t h an o ne f u nc t ion s i nce t h e p rov i s ion o fh o t w a te r mu s t h ave b een al u xu ry t ob ee xp lo i ted t ot h ef u l l . B ur n t m ound s a r e o f t en s a id t o b e f ound a way f r om o ccupa t ion s i te s , a l though m any e xcava t ion s h ave t a ken p l a ce u nde r r e scue c ond i t ion s a nd o n ly t h e i mmed ia te a r ea o f t h e t r ough a nd m ound h ave b een i n ve s t iga t ed . S i nce t h ey h ave e v id en t ly b een u s ed a ga in a nd a ga in b ecau se o ft h ev o lume o fb ur n ts t one a nd c ha r coa ln eeded t oc r ea te amound , i ti st h ough t u n l ike ly t h a t t h ey w e re t h e r e su l t o fa d h oc c ook ing b y ah un t ing p a r ty . A l so i t h a sb een s ugge s ted t h a tt h ey a r e u n l ik e ly t ob ea s soc ia ted w i th h un t ing b ecau se w i ld a n ima l s d o n o t f i gu r e h i gh ly i nB ronze A ge f a una la s semb lag e s( L igh te ta l1 994 ) . F o r t h i s r e a son , t h e s ame a u tho r s p u t f o rwa rd t h e i d ea t h a t t h e s i te s m ay b e a s soc ia ted w i th p a s to ra l a c t iv i t ie s , w i th s e a sona l movemen to ff l ock st oe a r ly g r az ing i nl ow ly ing s t r eam a nd r i ve rv a l ley s .T hey s ugge s t' t he m ound sw ou ld g row i nt h ec ou r se o fs u cce s s ive p o s s ib ly v e ry s ho r tv i s i t s a nd e ve ry s oo f ten p a r t icu la rt r ough sw ou ld b ea bandoned a nd n ew o ne s c on s t ru c ted n ea r b y a st h e f o cu s f o r n ew c amp s i te s '( i b id , 7 5 ) .T he l a ck o fs u ch f e a tu r e so ng ene ra l o ccupa t ion s i te s i s e xp la ined b y t h e s ugg e s t ion t h a t c ook ing i nt h e B ronze A ge w a s u sua l ly c a r r ied o u t u s ing p o t s w h ich a tt h i st i me w ou ld h ave b een l a rge a nd h eavy , a nd u n su i tab le f o r am ob i le e x i s tence . I ft h i sw a st h ec a se ,
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CO A STAL AR CHAEOLOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONM ENT : ASO LENT C A SE S TUDY h ow eve r , i tw ou ld s e em m o r e l i ke ly t h a t at r ad i t iona lw ay o fc ook ing w ou ld h ave c on t inu ed r a the r t h an an ew a nd e l abo ra te m e thod b e ing a dop ted s imp ly f o rt h i sp u rpo se . I nt h e e xcava ted e xamp le s , t h e r e i sg ene ra l ly ad ea r th o f a r tef a c tua l e v idence , i n c lud ing a n ima l b one , a l though i t h a s b een a r gu ed ( Ba rbe r 1 990 )t h a t s i nce p r epa ra t ion a nd c on sump t ion o ft h ef o od m igh tw e l lh ave t a ken p l a ce s ome d i s tan ce f r om t h e c ook ing p l a ce , t h i s i sn o t s u rp r i s ing . ÖD r i sce6 i 1 ( 1 988 ) p o in t s o u t t h a t t h e c o l lec t ion o fr aw m a te r ia l s a nd t h e t e nd ing o f t h e f i r e a nd t h e w a te r i n t h e t r ough i st ime c on sum ing , t h e s i ze o fm any t r ough s a l low s f o r c ook ing c on s id e rab le q uan t i t ie s a t o ne t ime a nd t h e t r ough c ou ld s ub sequ en t ly b e u s ed f o r w a sh ing a nd b a th ing . T h i s , h e s a y s , e mpha s i se s t h e u se o ft r ough s i nc ommuna l , c e remon ia l o rr i tua l c ook ing r a the rt h an i n e ve ryday f o od p r epa ra t ion .T he r ea r er e f e r ence st ot h et e rm f u lach ta nd t h e m e thod o fc ook ing i n at r ough w i th w a te r h ea ted b y s t one st h en u s ing t h e s ame w a te rf o rb a th ing i n e a r ly I r i sh l i t e ra tu re d a t ing f r om t h e9 t ht ot h e 1 8 th c en tu ry ( ÖD r i sce6 i 1 1 990 ) , a l though t h e se s t o r ie sm ay h ave b een h anded d own o r a l ly f o r g ene ra t ion s b ef o re b e ing w r i t ten d own . H ow eve r r e f e rence s t o l i t e ra ry s ou r ce s mu s t b e t r ea ted w i th c au t ion . ÖD r i sce6 i 1 s ugge s t st h a t Wh i le t h e p rob lem s o f l a nguage a nd i n te rp r e ta t ion a dd ed t ot h ep au c i ty o fd e ta i li n mo s to ft h ee a r ly t e x t s l i m i tt h e i r a r chaeo log ica l v a lu e , t h et ime g ap o fu p t o t wo t h ou sand y ea r so rm o re ,b e tween t h ep e r iod o fu se o ft h ef u lach ta f i ad h a nd t h e d a te o fe ven t h e e a r l ie s t t e x t s i s ad if i cu l ty w e l l -n igh i n su rmoun tab le ( i b id , 1 58 ) . T he re a r ea r ea so ft h eB r i t i sh I s le s ,n o tab ly p a r t so fI r e land , S co t land ,a nd i nt h eN ew F o r e s t ,w he r eb u rn t mound sh ave s u rv ived r e la t ive ly i n ta c t , u sua l ly b ecau se t h ey a r e f ound o nl a nd w h ich h a sn o tb een i n ten s ive ly f a rmed . H oweve r , a sV ic to rB uck ley p o in t so u t( 1 990 , 1 70 ) . . in c r ea s ing n umbe r s o f s i te s a r e b e ing d i scove r ed i nI r e land m e r e ly a sp a t che s o fb l ackened s o i l a nd a s p read o ff i r e -c ra cked s t one s .A r e t h ey a l s i te sw h ich w e r e l e ve l led a ts ome t i me i nt h ep a s t o rs ma l le rs i te s w h ich m ay h ave b een u sed l e s s f r equen t ly , p rodu c ing l e s sg eo log ica l d e t r i tu sa nd w h ich m ay t h e r ef o r eh ave b een o f am o r et r an s ien tn a tu r e? P a smo r e ( 1 984 ) s ugge s t s t h a t i n mo s t c a se s t h e u se o f t h e s i te w ou ld h ave b een i n suf f i c ien t f o r w a s te m a te r ia l t o a c cumu la te , r e su l t ing i n at r ough w i th a n a s soc ia ted s c a t te ro fc a lc ined f l in tb u tn o mound .H ow eve r ,a c co rd ing t o B r ind ley a nd L an t ing ( 1 990 , 5) ' t he p r ema tu re i d en t if i ca t ion o fa l l o ccu r r ence s o fb u rn t f l in t a sf u lach ta f i adh i si n co r r ec ta sb ur n ts t one d eb i tage o ccu r sa s ar e su l t o fv a r iou s a c t iv i t ie s w h ich h ave b een p r a c t i sed a tm any t ime sf r om t h e Me so l i th ic u pt ot h i sc en tu ry ' .T hey b e l ieve t h a t o n ly s i te s w h ich i n c lud e at r ough c an b e t e rmed f u lach ta f i ad h . T h i s w ou ld i mp ly t h a t mo s t s i te s c anno t b e i d en t if i ed w i thou t e xcava t ion o r g eophy s ica l s u rvey . A l so s hou ld at r ough c omp r i se ar e gu la r , r e c tangu la r p i t l i ned w i th s t on eo rw ood ,o rw ou ld a ni regu la rp i ts uf i ce?
Mo s tp ub l i shed e xamp le ss e em t ob e ar e gu la re xcava t ion w i th s ome s o r t o fl i n ing . T he s i te a tD eadman B o t tom i n t h e N ew F o re s t h ad ar ough ly r e c tangu la r t r ough w h ich h ad n o i n d ica t ion o fh av ing b een l i ned w i th a ny m a te r ia l ( Pa smo re a nd P a l l i s te r1 967 ) ,a l though i tw a sd ug i n to c l ay w h ich w ou ld h ave h e lped c on ta in t h ew a te r . I ti st emp t ing t ot h ink t h a t t h e mo r e p e rmanen t s t ru c tu r e s w ou ld h ave b een l i ned , a l though t h e s i te a tD eadman B o t tom h ad a c on s ide rab le h eap o fb u rn t s t one , i n d ica t ing t h a t i t mu s t h ave b een u s ed f r equ en t ly o ro ve r al o ng p e r iod o ft ime . C ook ing p i t st h a tw e re o n ly l i ke ly t ob eu sed o n ce o rt w ice m igh t h av e b een r a the r m o r e c r ud e e xcava t ion s , p e rhap s l i ned w i th a n ima ls k in si ft h eg eo logy w a ss u ch t h a tw a t e r d r a ined a way q u ick ly . A l te rna t ive ly , i n t h i s s i tua t ion i t m igh t h av e b een m o r e s a t i sf a c to ry t o s t eam r a the r t h an b o i l f o od , u s ing h o t s t one s a nd d amp v ege ta t ion i n ap i t r a the r t h an w a te r . T h i s m e thod o f c ook ing i ss t i l l u sed t o day a sa na l t e rna t ive t ot h eb a rbecu e( S te in 1 995 ) .T he r e a r e r e f e ren ce s t oI r i sh s o ld ie r s o n c ampa ign i nF rance i n 1 544 c ook ing m ea tb yf o rm ing ab ag o rt r ough b y l a sh ing as k in a tt h e f ou r c o rne r s t ot r ee s o r s t ake s , f i l l ing t h i s w i th w a te ra nd h ea t ing i tb y t h row ing h o t s t one s i n to t h e b ag ( F r ench 1 899 ) . S im i la rc ook ing m e thod s a r e c i ted b y C o le s ( 1973 ) , b o th h i s to r ica l ly a nd e t hnog raph ica l ly . A s l a te a st h e 1 8 th c en tu ry i nt h e H eb r ide s f o od w a s c ooked e i the ri n as k in o rb y u s ing ah o l low ed o u tb l ock o fw ood a s at r ough ( Bu r t 1 754 c i ted i nH edg e s 1 975 ) . T hu s , a s im i la r mod eo fc ook ing c ou ld e a s i ly b ea ch ieved w i thou t t h en eed t od i g ap i t . T he I s le o fW igh te v idence F i e ldwo rk d u r ing t h e Woo t tonQua r r s u rvey r e vea led a n umbe ro fs i t e sw he re f i r e -c racked f l in tw a sp r e sen t , b o th i nt h e i n te r t ida l z one a nd i n t h e h i n te r land ( F ig . 7 . 35 ) . T he se w e r e o b se r ved a s s u rf ace s c a t te r s o f b u rn t f l in t , o f t en i n av e ry d i sc r e te a r ea ,g ene ra l ly w i th n oo t he rf i nd s b u ts ome t ime sw i th as c a t te r ing o fw o rked f l in t .S ome s i t e s w e r ef ound i nf i e ld sw h ich a l so c on ta ined ag ene ra ls p r ead o fw o rked f l in t , o r i nt h e v i c in i ty o f o t he r m onumen t s . Whe the r t h e se o t he r f e a tu re s c an b e r e la t ed t ot h e b u rn t f l in ts c a t te r sh a sn o tb een e s tab l i shed . Two o ft h ei n te r t ida l e xamp le s w e r e f ound w i th s i gn if i can t l i t h ic a s semb lage s . T he se s i te sh ad b een r e cen t ly r e vea led t h rough t h ee r o s ion o ft h eo ve r ly ing s ed imen t s , a nd c on ta ined m a te r ia l i ns i tu a nd i nd ef in i te a s soc ia t ion . Af u r the ri n te r t ida ls i te i n c luded b o th w o rk ed a nd b ur n t f l in t b u tt h i sw a s a l so m ixed w i th R oman a nd l a te rp o t te ry . T he s i te s r e co rded s ha re o ne b a s ic c ha r a c te r i s t ic -t h e p r e sen ce o fl a rge q uan t i t ie s o fb u rn t f l in t -b u t i tw ou ld b e u nw i se t o c l a s s t h em a s b u rn t m ound s o rf u lach ta f i ad h s imp ly o n t h i s b a s i s . B u rn t m ound s a r e t h ough t t o b e c ha rac t e r i s t ica l ly B ronze A ge b u t n o t a l o ft h e b u rn t f l in t s c a t te r s o n t h e I s land a r e o ft h i s d a te . I np a r t icu la r , t h ei n te r t id a le xamp le sa r ea s soc ia ted w i th w o rked f l in to f Me so l i th ic / ea r ly N eo l i th ic d a te a nd a r et h e r ef o r ep robab ly p a r to f ad if e r en tp henomenon ,a l though t h ey a r ey e tt ob e s c ien t if ica l ly d a ted .
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F igu r e 7 . 35 B urn tf l in ts ca t t e r s i nt h eh i n te r land i nr e la t ion t og eo log y , c on tour sa nd w a t e r .
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F igu r e 7 . 36 Q ua r ra nd C omb ley F a rm b urn tf l in ts i t e s -c r o s ss e c t ion s . Two h i n te r land s i te s ,a tQ ua r r( SZ559 9 29 )a nd a tC omb ley F a rm ( SZ 5 46 83 ) ,w e re s amp led t or e t r ieve m a te r ia lf o r r a d ioca rbon d a t ing ( F ig .7 . 36 ) .T he s i te a tQ ua r rc omp r i sed al a rge , d en se , s u rf a ce c on cen t ra t ion o fb u rn t f l in t w i th v e ry l i t t le w o rked f l in t . P a r t ia l e xcava t ion o ft h e s i te w a s c a r r ied o u ti n1 994 . At r ench 1 . 5m b y2 5m w a sm a ch ine c u t t or emove t o p so i l . Two m a in f e a tu r e sw e r e r e vea led ( F ig . 7 . 36 ) .T he f i r s t( c on tex t 1 5 )c on s i s ted o f ac r ud eV shaped p i t , t h e s e cond ( c on tex t 1 0 ) w a s i nt h e f o rm o fi regu la r g u l l ie s . B o th c on ta ined q uan t i t ie so fh i gh ly f r a c tu red f i re c r a cked f l in t . As im i la r ly i regu la rp i tw a sf ound a s soc ia ted w i th b ur n tf l in ta tN ewba rn D own n ea r Wo r th ing ( Cu rw en 1 9 34 ) , a nd af l a t -bo t tomed , r ough ly c i r cu la rp i t , p robab ly o f s im i la r d imen s ion s , c on ta in ing f i r e -c ra cked f l in t a nd p o t te ry a nd f l in two rk o fN eo l i th ic d a te w a s e xcava ted a t L i t t le T o tham i nE s sex ( Adk in sa nd A dk in s 1 984 ) . Ab u lk s amp le w a s t a ken f r om t h e l ow e rf i l l ( c on tex t 1 3 ) o f t h e V shaped p i t , i n t h e h ope o f o b ta in ing c ha r coa l f o r r a d ioca rbon d a t ing . C ha r coa l w a s e x t ra c t ed a nd t h e s p ec ie s p r e sen t i d en t if ied b y R owena G a le . A l though t h e m a te r ia l w a s i n p oo r s t ru c tu ra l c ond i t ion , a l d e r /haz e l , w i l low /pop la r , o ak a nd a sh w e re i d en t if i ed . Two s amp le s s ubm i t ted f o rr a d ioca rbon d a t ing p rodu ced d a t e so f2 300 1 960 c a l BC ( OxA -5483 ; 3 7 15±55 B P ) a nd 2 200 -1880 c a l BC ( OxA -5484 ; 3 640±55 B P ) . T he f l o t a nd r e s idu e w e r e s o r ted f o rp l an t r ema in sb y R ob S ca if e b u tt h e o n ly r e cogn i sab le p l an tr ema in w a s at h o rn o fR o sa . T he s i t e a t C omb ley F a rm w a s f ound i n ad if e r en t s i tua t ion . N o b u rn t f l in t w a s v i s ib le o n t h e s u r f a ce , b u t
al e n s o fd en se b u rn t f l in t i n am a t r ix o fd a rk s i l ty s o i l w a se xpo sed i nt h e f a ce o f ad r a inage d i tch ( c on tex t 6 ) . I t a ppea r ed t ob e as ha l low p i tr e s t ing i nt h en a tu ra lc l ay ,a nd w a s e xpo s ed f o r al e ng th o f7 m a l ong t h e d i tch f a ce . N o w o rked f l in tw a so b se rved . As e c t ion 1 2m l o ng w a se xam ined a nd d r awn ( F ig . 7 . 36 ) . T he b u rn tf l in tw a s o ve r la in b y al a ye rc on ta in ing R oman p o t te ry ( c on tex t 4 )a nd w a s a t ad ep th o f 1 . 5m b e low t h e s u rf ace . Ab u lk s amp le o ft h e s ed imen t c on ta in ing b ur n t f l in tw a sp roce s sed b yR ob S ca if e a nd c ha r coa le x t rac ted . N os e ed so ro t he rp l an tm a c rof o s s i l sw e r er e cove red . T he c ha r coa l w a s e xam ined b y R ow ena G a le . U n l ike t h e s amp le f r om Q ua r r , w e l l p r e se rved , f i rm tex tu r ed f r agmen t so fc ha r coa lw e re p r e sen ta nd i n c luded h aze la nd b l ack thor no rc he r ry ,b u tt h es amp le w a sd om ina ted b ya s h a nd o ak ,w i th s ome u n iden t if ied k no t ty m a t e r ia l . Two s amp le so fc ha r coa ls ubm i t ted f o rr a d ioca rbon d a t ing b o th p rodu ced t h e d a te 1 260 -900 c a l BC ( OxA -5485 a nd O xA -5486 ;2 860±50 B P ) . N e i the rs i te p rodu ced a ny o t he rd a tab le m a t e r ia l ,a nd t h ey t hu sa ppea rt y p ica lo fb u rn tf l in ts c a t te r si ng ene ra l . L oca t iona lc harac ter i s t ic s T he i d en t if i ca t ion o f b u rn t f l in t s c a t te r s o n t h e I s le o f W igh t i s ar e cen t p henomenon . A l though w o rked f l in t w a s c o l lec t ed e x ten s ive ly b y n ume rou s l o ca l a n t iqua r ie s , t h e p r e sen ce o fq uan t i t ie s o fb u rn t f l in t a ppea r s t oh ave 1 88
SU B S I ST ENCE I NT H E CO A STAL ZO NE
F igu r e 7 . 37 I s le o fW igh ts i t e sw h i ch c on ta in b u rn tf l in t . g one l a rg e ly u nno t iced . As c an o ft h e I s le o fW igh t S i te s a nd Monumen t s R eco rd e xam ined a l s i te s c l a s s if i ed a s b ur n t f l i n t s c a t te r s , f l in t s c a t te r s , o c cupa t ion d eb r i s a nd h ea r th s . T h i s r e vea led t h a t n i ne b u rn t f l in t s c a t te r s h ad b een r e co rd ed ,n one b ef o re t h e 1 990 s ,a nd t h e re w e r eo n ly e i gh t o t h e r r e co rd s w h ich m en t ioned b ur n t f l in t h av ing b een f ound . Af u r the r f i ve SMR e n t r ie s r e co rded h ea r th s , g ene ra l ly t h ough t t o b e Me so l i th i c i n d a te , r e vea led s po rad ica l ly i nt h e e r od ing c l if l in e o f t h e s ou th -w e s t c oa s t ( F ig . 7 . 37 ) . W i th t h i s e v id ence i ts e em s p r ema tu re t ot r y t o e s tab l i sh I s land -w ide l o ca t iona l c ha ra c te r i s t ic s f o r t h is c l a s s o fs i te . E ven i nt h e h i n te r land s u rvey a r ea , a l though w e c an b eg in t o p u t f o rwa rd s ugge s t ion s f o r l o ca t iona l c ha rac te r i s t ic s , t h e re a r et o o m any a r ea sw h ich i tw a s n o t p o s s ib le t oe xam ine d u r ing t h e p ro jec t t ot e s t t h e se t h eo r ie s . I ti sd i f f i cu l tt oe s tab l i sh p a t ter n sf o rt h el o ca t ion o fb ur n t f l i n ts c a t t e r sw i thou tk now ing w h e th e rt h ey a r es e conda ry t o a no th e r a c t iv i ty w h ich m igh t h ave b een p ra c t i sed i n t h e s ame l o ca t ion , i nw h ich c a se t h eo t he r a c t iv i ty w ou ld b e t h e p r ima ry c au se f o r t h e i r l o ca t ion . F o r e xamp le , i f t h ey w e r e t h e p roduc t o fc ook ing b y h un t ing p a r t ie s t h e m a in r e a son f o r t h e i r l o ca t ion w ou ld b e t h e p rox im i ty o ft h e a n ima l s w h ich w e r e h un ted . I ft h ey w e r e c r ea ted b y p a s to r a l i s t s , t h en t h e i r d i s t r ibu t ion s hou ld r ef lec t t h e l o ca t ion o f g ood g r az ing l a nd . B o th o f t h e se a c t iv i t ie s w ou ld t a k e p l a ce a way f r om t h e h ome b a se a nd t h u s i t w ou ld n o tb e e xpec ted t h a t aw id e r a nge o rl a rge a moun t
o fl i t h ic m a te r ia lw ou ld b ed i sca rd ed ( Fo ley 1 98 1) ,w h ich w ou ld m ake t h es i t e sm o r ee a s i ly d a tab le . T he m o s t i mpo r tan t f a c to r g ove rn ing t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o fb ur n t f l in t s i t e s w ou ld s e em t ob e t h e a c ce s s ib i l i ty o f r aw m a te r ia l s , n ame ly s t one , w a te r a nd w ood f o r f u e l . T he s i te s r e co rd ed i nt h e h i n te r land s u rvey w e r e p l o t ted o n am ap s how ing g eo logy , c on tou r s a nd t h e p r e sen t -day p o s i t ion o fs t ream s , d i tche s w i th f l ow ing w a te r , e t c ( F ig . 7 . 35 ) . SMR e n t r ie s f o r o t he r m onumen t s i nt h e v i c in i ty w e r e a l so e xam ined . P e rhap s n o t s u rp r i s ing ly , mo re t h an h a lf o ft h e b u rn t f l i n t s c a t te r s r e co rded d u r ing t h ep ro jec t w e r e s i tua ted o n o rn ea rt h e e dge o ft h e P l a teau G rave l s . Mo s tw e re c l o se t ow a te ro rw he r ei tc ou ld b ea s sumed t h a t w a te rm igh to nce h ave f l ow ed . T he s i te s a r e g ene ra l ly i nl o o se c l u s te r s a nd i ti sr a re t o f i nd o ne i nt o ta l i s o la t ion , w i th t h ep o s s ib le e xcep t ion s o f I WS MR 2 234 a tC omb ley a nd I WSMR 2 405 a tD uxmo r e c ombe ,t ot h es ou th o ft h es t udy a r ea ,w h ich a r em o s tl i ke ly a s soc ia ted w i th a c t iv i t ie so nt h ec ha lk d own land . N os i te s a sy e t a r e k nown o n t h e c ha lk i t s e lf , af a c t t h a t h a s a l so b een n o ted i no t he rp a r t so ft h ec oun t ry ( S chof i e ld 1 99 1) . Ag r oup o ff ou rb ur n tf l in ts c a t te r sw e r ef ound o nt h eb ank o ft h eu ppe rp a r to f Woo t ton C reek . I nt wo c a se s ,b u rn tf l in ts c a t te r sw e r el o ca ted c l o se t oo t he r k nown s i t e s . T h i s i sp e rhap s s i gn if ican tg i ven t h e g ene ra l s p a r s i ty o fs i t e s o n t h e T e r t ia ry c l ay s w h ich m ake u p t h e n o r ther nh a lf o ft h eI s land .
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CO A STAL AR CHAEO LOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONM ENT : ASO LENT C A SE S T UDY
0 I WSMR 2 1 52
• I WSMR 2 215 I WSMR 2 250
I WSMR 2 096
I WSMR 2 157
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I WSMR 2 214 a o-
Med ieva l /pos t med ieva l c e ram ics 5 00 m
F igur e 7 . 38 W h ipp ingham b u rn tf l in ts ca t te r s i nr e la t ion t oo t he rs i te s . A t P u ck H ou se t wo b u rn t f l in t s c a t te r s w e r e f o und i nt h e s ame f i e ld a s ar i ng d i tch ,I WS MR 1 5 33 a nd r ound b a r row , I WS MR 1 078 ( s ee F ig . 2 . 6 ) . T he r i ng d i tch w a sp a r t ia l ly e xcava ted i n1 985 a nd p rodu ced s h e rd s o fG rooved Wa re f r om t h eo l dg r ound s u rf ace a nd e a r ly /m idd le B ronze A ge s h e rd sf r om t h ec en t r eo ft h es i te . At r ench a c ro s st h ed i tch a nd p a r t o ft h e m ound o ft h e r ound b a r row p rodu ced t h e b a se o f aD eve r e l -R imbu ry b a r r e l ur n( s ee T oma l in s e c t ion 9 . 1 .1) . A t Wh ipp ingham ,t h r ee c oncen t ra t ion so fb u rn tf l in tw e r e f ound w i th in af ew h und r ed m e t re so fa n u nda ted c i r cu la r e n c lo su re ( IWS MR 2 096 )w h ich i t s e lf c on ta ined as c a t te r o ff i re -c ra cked f l in t ,a nd t wo f l in ts c a t te r so fl a te N eo l i th ic / B ronze A ge d a te ( IWSMR 2 150 a nd 2 152 ) .A l though i ti s t emp t ing t oa s s ign t h eb u rn tf l in tt ot h es ame p e r iod ,t h e r e h ave a l so b een f i nd s o fp o s t -med ieva l o ccupa t ion d eb r i s a nd aR oman t e gu la f r om t h es ame a r ea ( F ig . 7 . 38 ) . A l l o ft h e b u rn t f l in t s c a t te r s r e co rd ed d u r ing t h e p ro jec t h ave b een f ound i nt h e c or n e r s o ro n t h e e dge s o ff i e ld s . W e re i tn o tf o rt h ef a c tt h a tt wo t y p ica le xamp le sh ave b een d a ted t ot h e B ronze A ge w em igh t s u spec tt h a tt h ey w e r e m o r e l i ke ly a s soc ia ted w i th p o s t -med ieva l a g r icu l tu ra l p r a c t ice s .A n e xp lana t ion f o rt h i s m igh t b e t h a t w hen t h e l a nd w a se nc lo sed ,t h ef i e ld b ounda r ie sr a na l ong e x i s t ing w a te rc ou r se s ,t h u st h e l o ca t ion o fb u rn t f l in t a tt h e s i d e s o ff i e ld si sp u re ly c o in c iden ta l( F . B a sf o rd ,p e r s . c omm . ) F rom t h e e v id en ce g a the r ed s o f a r , w e c an s t a r t t ob u i ld ap i c tu re o f t h e l o ca t iona l c ha ra c te r i s t ic s o f b u rn t f l in t s c a t te r s , a l though ac on s id e rab le a moun t o ff i e ldwo rk i s s t i l lr e qu i r ed t ot e s tt h e se t h eo r ie s .
T he re a ppea rt ob ef ou rt y pe so fl o ca t ion : p r e sen t -day i n te r t ida l s i te s w h ich a r e g en e ra l ly a s soc ia t ed w i th Me so l i th ic o re a r ly N eo l i th ic f l i n two rk a nd a r ef o und o nt h es i de so fp a la eo channe l s c r eek s i d es i t e sw i th in t h eu ppe rv a l ley r e ache s s i te so no rn ea rt h eP l a teau G rave l s s i te sa s soc ia ted w i th c ha lk d own land a c t iv i t ie s H oweve r , i tc ou ld e qua l ly b e s a id t h a t t h e l o ca t ion o f s i te s i ss imp ly ar e f lec t ion o fa r ea s w h e re f i e ldwo rk w a s c a r r ied o u t , a l though , p a r t icu la r ly i n t h e a r ea a r ound N ewnham F a rm , t h e r e a r e ma rk ed d i f f e ren ce s i n t h e m a te r ia lf o und i nn e ighbou r ing f i e ld s .O ne f i e ld c on ta ined t wo c oncen t ra t ion s o fb u rn t f l in t , ar o und b a r row , ar i ng d i tch a nd a s i gn if i can t f l in t s c a t t e r , t h e n e ighbou r ing f i e ld c on ta ined as pa r se f l in t s c a t te r , w h i le f i e ld s n ea rby c on ta ined v i r tua l ly n oa r tef ac t s .T h r ee f i e ld so nt h em a r ine g r ave l s t o t h e e a s t w e re v i r tua l ly s t e r i le . C lea r ly , m u ch mo r e r a p id f i e ldwa lk ing n eed s t ob e c a r r ied o u t , b o th a s f i e ld sb ecome a va i lab le i nt h ep ro je c ta r ea a nd I s land -w ide , a nd f u r the rw o rk s hou ld b eu nde r tak en o ns e lec t ed s i t e st o e s tab l i sh t h e i rn a tu re . T h i s s hou ld i n c lud e e xcava t ion a nd g eophy s ica l s u rvey w h ich h a s p roved s u cce s sf u l o n t h i s c l a s so fs i te e l sewhe r ei nt h ec oun t ry ( J on e s 1 99 1 ,D ock r i l l 1 99 1) . E xper imen ta lc ook ing T he u se o f h o t s t one s t o h ea t w a te r i n t h e p a s t h a s g ene ra l ly b een a t t r ibu ted t oc ook ing p r a c t ice s . N ume rou s e xpe r imen t s h ave b een c a r r ied o u t t oe s tab l i sh w he the r m ea t c ou ld b e c ooked b y s imme r ing i n at r ough o fw a te r
1 90
SU B S I ST ENCE I NT H E CO A STAL ZO NE w h ich h ad b e en h ea ted b y s t one s f r om af i re . Wh i l s tt h i s m e thod o fc ook ing i su nque s t ionab ly s u cce s sf u l ,t h e r ea r e s u re ly e a s ie ra nd l e s s t i me -con sum ing w ay s o fa ch iev ing t h e s am e r e su l t s . A l so , i n ac oa s ta l e nv i ronmen t s u ch a s o u rs t udy a r ea i ti sl i ke ly t h a tf i sh ,s h e l lf i sh a nd f ow lw e re e xp lo i ted a nd t h eb e s tw ay t oc ook t h e se w ou ld b eu n l ike ly t ob et h es ame a st h a tf o rc ook ing l a rg ej o in t so fm ea t .T h i s p romp t ed u st oc ondu c ta ne xpe r imen tt ot e s tt h ee ff ic ien cy o f d if e r en t m e thod s o f c ook ing a nd t o e xam ine t h e d if e r en te v id ence w h ich m ay b el e f ti nt h ea r chaeo log ica l r e co rd , i np a r t icu la ri ft h e re a r ev a r ia t ion si nt h en a tu r eo f t h eb u rn ts t one wh ich r ema in sa f t e rc ook ing . T he e xp e r imen tw a sc onduc ted a bove t h eh i gh w a t e rm a rk a tQ ua r r i n as po t w i th e a sy a c ce s s t ot h e n ece s sa ry r aw m a te r ia l s -w ood a nd d r y s e awe ed f o r f u e l , f l in t b ea ch p ebb le sf o rh ea t ing a nd s e awa te rt of i l lt h et r ough . F i r s t ly , af i re w a sl i ta nd w hen s uf i c ien te mb e r sh ad b u i l tu pf l in t p ebb le s w e r e p l aced i nt h em a nd t h e f i r e w a s b u i l t u p a r ound t h ep ebb le s .T h ree b u i ld e r ' sb u cke t sf u l lo fp ebb le s w e re u s ed f o re ach h ea t ing . Meanwh i le , t wo p i t s w e r e d ug i n to t h e n a tu ra l c l ay . T he f i r s t , f o r h ea t ing w a te r , w a s 7 00mm b y 8 50mm w i th a d ep th o f3 60mm .T he s e cond ,f o rd r yc ook ing w a s7 00mm b y 8 50mm a nd 3 00mm d eep . T he c l ay s i d e s o ft h e p i t w h ich w a st oh o ld w a te rw e r ep udd led t oh e lp m ake t h em w a te r t ig h ta nd t h en t e nb ucke t s ( 1 20 l i t r e s ) o fw a te rw e re a dded . A f t e r 5 0 m inu te s t h e f l in t s w e re t r an sf e r r ed f r om t h e f i re t ot h e w a te r . B y t h i s t i me s ome h ad c omp le te ly s h a t te red a nd h ad a c ha ra c te r i s t ic c r azed a ppea rance b ef o r e t h ey w e re a dded t ot h e w a te r . T h e t empe ra tu r e o f t h ew a t e ri nt h e p i tq u ick ly r o se t o4 0 °C . Al a ye ro fs cum a nd c ha r coa l f l oa ted o n t o p o ft h e w a te r a nd a ppea red t o a c ta si n su la t ion a st h et empe ra tu r ed r opped t o3 4 °C w hen i tw a s r emoved . A t t h i s s t age t h e w a t e rw ou ld h ave b een c omf o r t ab le f o rb a th ing .A nh ou rl a te rt h et empe ra tu r eh ad o n ly d r opped b y af u r the r 1 °C . As e cond t h r ee b ucke t so ff l in tw e r eh ea ted i nt h ef i r e ,t h i s t i me f o r4 5m inu te sa nd t h e se w e r ep l a ced i nt h ep i tf o rd r y c ook ing . Al a ye r o ff r e sh s e aweed w a s s p read o ve r t h em a nd aw r apped t r ou t w a s p l a ced o nt h i s a nd c ove r ed w i th m o re s e aw eed .S ome s l ab so fl i me s ton ef ound o nt h eb ea ch w e re r e s t ed o nt h is a nd t h ew ho le w a sc ove r ed w i th al a ye r o fc l ay . T h i sw a s l ef tf o r 3 5 m inu te s . When t h e c ove r ing w a sr emoved t h el ime s tone w a sa lmo s tu nbea rab ly h o t ,t h e s e aw eed w a s s t eam ing a nd t h e f i sh w a s p e rf ec t ly c ooked a l though i tp r obab ly c ook ed i n mu ch l e s s t ime t h an w a s a low ed . T h ree m o r eb u cke t so ff l in tw e re h ea t ed i nt h ef i r ea nd p u t i n to t h ep i tc on ta in ing w a te r .T h i st i me t h et empe ra tu re r o se t o7 1°C .T he w a te rw a s v e ry d i r ty a nd t h e d ep th o fw a te r w a s r e du ced . A l though n o th ing w a s c ooked i nt h i s p i t i t w ou ld b e r e la t ive ly s imp le t ok eep t h e w a te r s imme r ing f o r al o ng t i me . T he h ea t ing o fs t one sw a sc a r r ied o u ti nr a the r ah aphaza rd w ay a nd c ou ld h ave b een m ade m o re ef i c ien tb yt a k ing a m o re s y s t ema t ic a pp roa ch .O ne b a t ch o fs t one sw a sh ea ted , r emoved f r om t h ef i r ea nd p u ti nt h ep i t ,t h en t h en ex tp i le
o fs t one s w e r es t a r ted t ob eh ea ted f r om s c ra t ch . I tw ou ld h ave b een b e t te rt oh ave o ne g r oup o fs t one sh ea t ing a st h e o t he r w a s b e ing r emoved f r om t h e f i r e . D e sp i te t h i s t h e w a te rl o s tl i t t le h ea tw h i l s tw a i t ing f o rt h es e cond b a t ch o f s t one t ob ecome s uf i c ien t ly h o t . F ina l ly , i tw a s d ec ided t o t e s t t h e s imp le s t m e thod o f c ook ing . Aw rapped c h ick en p o r t ion w a s p l aced i nt h e e mbe r so ft h ef i r ea nd l e f tf o r4 0m inu te s ,a f t e rw h ich t i me i tw a sf ound t ob ec ook ed t h rough t ot h eb one . T he e xpe r imen t p roduced s ome u s ef u l i n f o rma t ion a bou t p r im i t ive m e thod s o f c ook ing . T he mo s t o bv iou s c onc lu s ion i st h a t c ook ing u s ing h o t s t one s i mme r sed i n at r ough o fw a te r mu s t b e t h e mo s t i n eff i c ien t a nd t i me c on sum ing o ft h e m e thod s t e s ted a nd o n ap r ac t ica l l e ve l i ti sh a rd t oi mag ine w hy i tw ou ld h ave b een c ho sen a bove s t eam ing o rc ook ing i no ro ve r af i re .O the r sh ave s ugge s ted t h a t t h e se a l te rna t ive m e thod s o f c ook ing w ou ld h a rd ly h ave b een m o r e ef i c ien t ( Hedge s 1 975 ) b u t t h i s p e rhap s d epend st os ome e x ten to nw ha ti sb e ing c ook ed . I ts e em s mo r e l i ke ly t h a t i fs u ch am e thod w a s u sed i tmu s t h ave b een a wa rd ed g r ea te r s i gn if i cance t h an s imp le e ve ryday f o od p r epa ra t ion . S i nce m any o ft h e p i t s t h a t h ave b een e xcava ted a r e o f al a rge s i ze , t h ey a r e p e rhap s t h e r e su l t o fs ome s o r to fc e r emon ia lf e a s t ing a nd b a th ing i n vo lv ing l a rg e rg r oup so fp eop le . V ic to rB uck ley a l so s ugge s t st h a t t h ey m ay b ea s soc ia ted w i th r i tua lf e a s t ing ( Bu ck ley 1 985 ) . A l te rna t ive ly ,i ft h es i t e sw e re n o tu s ed f o rc ook ing b u tf o r i n du s t r ia l p u rpo se s i tm igh t b e e xpec ted t h a t m o r e w a s te m a te r ia l m igh t b e f ound a s soc ia ted w i th t h em . H oweve r , i tmu s tb es t a ted t h a tn oI s le o fW igh ts i te sh ave b een f u l ly i n ve s t iga ted s o w e a r e a sy e t u nc lea r i ft h ey p o s se s s t h e r a nge o ff e a tu r e so ft y p ica lb ur n tm ound s . I ti so f t en s a id t h a tt h e d i s t in c t ive c r az ing f o und o n b ur n t f l in t c an o n ly o ccu r w hen h ea ted f l i n t i si mme r sed i n w a te r . H ow eve r , w e c ou ld s e e n o d if e ren ce b e tw een t h e f l in td i r ec t ly f r om t h eh ea r th ,f r om t h es t eam ing p i to rf r om t h e w a te r -f i l led p i t . T he r e w a s m o r e r e ddened f l in t i na l t h an i sg ene ra l ly s e en a mong s t b ur n t f l in t s c a t te r s . T he f l in th ad s h a t te r ed b ef o r eb e ing t a ken f r om t h eh ea r th a nd , i n deed , s ma l l f r agmen t so fh o tf l in ts hoo t ing f r om t h ef i r e w e r et a ken a sa n i n d ica t ion t h a tt h es t one w a ss uf i c ien t ly h o t . I tw ou ld n o th ave b een p o s s ib le t or e u se t h e f l in ta nd af u r the r v a l id e xpe r imen t w ou ld b e t ot e s t t h e h ea t ing p rope r t ie s o fo t he rt y pe s o fs t one , f o re xamp le l ime s tone , w h ich i sa l so l o ca lt ot h ea r ea . T he e xpe r imen t p rodu ced a l a rge a moun t o f c ha r coa l , mu ch o fw h ich f ound i t sw ay i n to t h ep i t sw hen t h es t one s w e r et r an spo r ted .T h i sc ou ld b es k immed o ft h et o po ft h e w a t e r b u t h e lped a c t a si n su la t ion t ok eep t h e w a te r h o t . T he s i t e s s amp led d u r ing t h e p ro jec t p r oduced c ha r coa l b u t a lway s i n r e la t ive ly s ma l l q uan t i t ie s , a l though t h e a moun t o fc ha r coa l p r e sen t i sp e rhap s ar ef lec t ion o ft h e t y pe o ff u e lu s ed . C lea r ly o u r e xpe r imen ta t ion h a s r a i sed f u r the r q u e s t ion s b u t h a s a l so g i ven u s a n i n s igh t i n to t h e p r ac t ica l i t ie s o f c ook ing u s ing h o ts t one sa nd w a te r .
1 9 1
CO A STAL AR CHAEOLOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONMENT : ASO LENT C A SE S T UDY C onc lu s ion s a nd r e commenda t ions f o rf u r ther w ork C u r r en t f i e ld s u rvey o nt h e Woo t tonQua r r f o r e sho r e a nd h i n te r land h a s r e vea led as i gn if i can t n umbe r o f s c a t te r s o f b u rn t f l in t , ac l a s s o f s i te w h ich h ad h i th e r to g on e v i r tua l ly u nno t iced o n t h e I s le o f W igh t . Mo s t o f t h e i n te r t ida l f e a tu r e s a r e o f Me so l i th ic / ea r ly N eo l i th ic d a te , b u t t h e h i n te r land e xamp le s a ppea r t o b e l a te r . Wh i l s t n one c onf o rm t ot h e c l a s s ic d e sc r ip t ion o f af u lach tf iad h t h e t wo d a ted e xamp le s f a l l i n to t h e g ene ra l d a te s pan o f s u ch m onumen t s , mo s th ave t h et y p ica l l a ck o fa s soc ia ted a r tef a c t sa nd a l s ha r et h es ame l o ca t iona lc ha ra c te r i s t ic s . H ow eve r ,t h ep r e sen ts u rvey ,w h i l s td r aw ing o u ra t ten t ion t os u ch s i te s ,h a sa l so h i gh l igh ted h ow l i t t le i sk nown a bou t t h em . L oca t iona lh ypo the se sa r ef l aw ed b ecau se t h e re a r e s u ch l a rge a r ea sw h ich c ou ld n o tb ee xam ined i n al i m i ted f i e ldwo rk p rog ramme . L a rge sca le r a p id f i e ldwa lk ing i s n eeded t ot e s tt h e se t h eo r ie s .
T he i n f o rma t ion p r ov ided b yt oo lm a rk sc omp r i se s : • t h et o o ls i gna tu re s c o red o n af a ce tb yt h ei mpe rf ec t i on si nt h eb l ade e dge . • t h ec u rve o ft h eb l ad ee dge w he r et h eb l ade h a sd ug i n to t h ew ood . • t h ew id th o ft h eb l ad ee dge . • t h ea ng le o ft h es i gna tu re t ot h eb l ade e dge . • t h ed imp le w he r et h eb l ade e n te r st h ew ood ,w h ich c an i n d ica te t h e a ng le a tw h ich t h eb l ade h a s b een s ha rpened b u to f t en v a r ie sw i th t h es k i l lo ft h eu se r . T he w ay t h a t t h e p o in t h a s b een s h aped p rov ide s i n f o rma t ion a bou tt h et o o lu se r : • ar e gu la r ly s h aped p o in ts ugg e s t st h a tt h et o o l u s e r w a ss k i l led . • s im i la rn umbe r so ff a ce t s o ne a ch s i de o ft h ep o in t a l so s ugge s t ss k i l l . • s t op m a rk s o rj amb c u rve s w he r e ab l ade h a s d ug d eep i n to t h ew ood s ugge s tt h a tt h eb l ow w a sb ad ly a im ed . • t o o l m a rk s s t r ik ing t h e w ood a td if e r en t a ng le s s ugge s tt h a tt h ew ood w a se i the rn o tf i rm ly h e ld o r t h a tt h eb l ow sw e r en o ta ccu ra te ly p l aced . • t h ed i s tance t h a te a ch b l ow h a st r ave l led m ay i n d i c a t et h ep ow e ro ft h ea xe b l ow a l though t h i sc an b e m i s lead ing i fal o ng t h in s l iv e ro fw ood i st a k en o f b y as i ng le b l ow . • t h e a ng le a t w h ich t h e w oodwo rke r s t r ike s t h e w ood i su sua l ly c on s i s ten t a nd s os e t s o fd if e r en t a ng le so n ap o in tm ay i nd ica t ed if e ren tw o rke r s .
N one o ft h e s i te s r e co rd ed h ave b een e xam ined i n a ny d e ta i l b u ti nt h e s o r to fs i tua t ion s i nw h ich t h ey a r e f ound a ny e v idence t o s ugge s t t h a t t h ey w e r e t y p ica lf u lach ta f i adh w ou ld o n ly s u r v ive b e low g round . Ap rog ramme o fg eophy s ica l s u rvey a nd f a i r ly e x ten s ive e xcava t ion o f s e lec ted s i te sw ou ld r e vea lt h en a tu r eo ft h es i te sw h ich a r e p r e sen t ly k nown o n ly a ss u rf a ce s c a t te r s . 7 . 4T he i n ter t ida lw ooden s t ruc tur e s R i cha rd D a r rah a nd R ebecca L oad e r w i th w ood s pec i e s b yR owena G a le Mo r e t h an 1 50 w ooden s t ru c tu r e s w e re r e co rd ed w i th in t h e i n te r t ida l z one b e tween Woo t ton C r eek a nd R yde . T he se r a nged f r om s imp le g r oup s o ft h r ee o rf ou r s t ake s t os ub s tan t ia l f e a tu re s c omp r i s ing s e ve ra l h und red s t ake s s t r e t ch ing o ve r h und r ed s o fm e t r e s . T he se s t ake s e t t ing s o f t en f o rmed r e cogn i sab le p a t ter n s , s ome o fw h ich w e re r e pea ted . S eve ra l o f t h e se h ave b een d a ted . H o r izon ta l h u rd le s a nd b ru shwood w h ich w e r e i n te rp re ted a s t r ackway sw e r ea l so n o t ed . S ome s t ru c tu r e s c an r e ad i ly b e a s c r ibed f u nc t ion s b y a na logy w i th p r ev iou s ly r e co rded s i t e s i no t he r p a r t s o f t h e B r i t i sh I s le s a nd E u rope , b u t t h e m a jo r i ty a r e mo re e n igma t ic a nd t h e i r p u rpo se c an o n ly b e g u e s sed . A t Woo t tonQua r r t h i s p rob lem i se xace rba ted b y t h e f a c t t h a t , d ue t ot h e s u rvey n a tu re o ft h e p ro jec t , n one o ft h e s t ruc tu r e sc ou ld b ee xcava ted n o re xam ined i nd e ta i l .S i n ce t h ey a r e l o ca ted i nt h e i n te r t ida l z one , i ti sr e a sonab le t o a s sume t h a t s ome a r e t h e r ema in s o ff i sh t r ap s , a l though t h ey a r e o fs u ch w id e r a ng ing d a te s t h a t t h ey mu s t h ave b een c on s t ru c ted u nd e r w ide ly v a ry ing e nv i ronmen ta l c ond i t ion s . D u r ing t h ec ou r se o ft h ef i e ldwo rk ,s t ake sw e re r e cove r ed i n o rde r t o r e co rd e v id en ce o f w ood land m anagemen t a nd w ood t e chno logy , i . e . h ow t h e t i mbe rw a s f e l led a nd s ub sequ en t ly w o rked . As t udy o ft o o lm a rk sa nd t h es hape s o ft h es t ake p o in t sc an p rov ide i n f o rma t ion a bou tt h et o o l s u sed a nd t h es k i l lo ft h ew o rke r s .
A s ar e su l to fs amp l ing l i m i ta t ion s ,s ma l ln umbe r so fs t ake s w e r e r e cov e r ed f r om p r eh i s to r ic s t ru c tu re s , b u t a dequa te s amp l ing w a s a ch ieved f r om S axon a nd l a te m ed ieva l s t ruc tu r e s . I n f o rma t ion o b ta ined f o rt h ep r eh i s to r ic p e r iod i s , t h e ref o r e , t e n ta t ive w h i le t h e S axon d a ta a r e m o r e s p ec if i ca nd p o s i t ive . T he p r e se r va t ion o ft h ew ood a tr e t r ieva lw a se xcep t iona l a nd s ome o ft h eN eo l i th ic s t ake ss t i l lh ad mo s sa nd l i chen s a t ta ched .T he w ood h a sr ema ined i ne xc e l len tc ond i t ion i n t h et h r ee y ea r s t h a t i th a s b een r e ta ined ( b u ts e e S imp son s e c t ion 1 0 .2 .1) .T h ep o ten t ia lf o rb ea ch d epo s i t st op roduce e xce l len t ly p r e se rved w ooden o b je c t s w h ich w i l l r e ta in t h e i rd e ta i l ed t o o lma rk sd u r ing a na ly s i si si mp r e s s ive . 7 . 4 .1 N eo l i th ic t imber s N eo l i th ic w ood land r ema in s T he r ema in s o ft h e N eo l i th ic wood land o n t h e f o r e sho r e c an t e l lu s ag r ea td ea la bou tt h et ype o fw ood land r e sou r ce s a va i lab le t ot h eN eo l i th ic w oodwo rke r s . Ac ompa r i son o f t h e t y pe o f s t ake s b e ing u sed a nd t h e k nown a va i lab le w ood land r e sou r ce g i ve s c l ue s a st oh ow w ood w a s u sed i nt h eN eo l i th ic p e r iod . T he w ood land c on s i s t s o f ag roup o f l a rge o ak s w i th t r unk s o fu p t ol m i nd i ame te r . S amp led t r ee s h ave b een d end roch rono log ica l ly d a ted t o b e tw e en 3 463 BC a nd
1 92
SU B S I STENCE I NT HE CO A STAL ZO NE
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F igur e 7 . 39 T he l o ca t ion s o ft r ackway sa tQ uar r /B in s tead
2 694 BC ( H i l lam ,s ec t ion 4 . 7 ) .T he o ak sh ad t r unk l e ng th s o fu pt o1 0m a nd s t eep b ranch a ng le so fl e s st h an 4 5° t ot h e t r unk s . T h i s , t oge the rw i th t h e s l ow g row th r a te , s ugge s t s m a tu re d en se o ak wood land . I n c on t ra s t t o t h e se l a rge t r ee s ,t h em a jo r i ty o fN eo l i th ic w o rked w ood f ound o nt h e f o re sho r ec ame f r om t r ee sw i th s t ems u nde r0 . 1m d i ame te r . T he N eo l i th ic w o rked s t ake sw e re o fh aze l ,b i rch ,o ak ,a sh , map le a nd e lm . T he h aze l a nd o ak c ou ld h ave c ome f r om t h e l o ca l w ood land b u t i ti su n l ike ly t h a t t h e b i rch g r ew i ns u ch ad en se a nd e s tab l i shed w ood land , e xcep tp e rhap s i nc l ea r ing s . T he e a r ly r i ng s o ft h e h aze l a nd o ak s t ake s w e re s ome t ime sn a r row , a nd t h e a ve rage g row th r a te w a s s l ow , s ugge s t ing d en se s hade o rp oo rg round . H aze l o f t en p roduce ss t ra igh ts e conda ry s t em sw i th t h is g row th p a t te rn o n t h e s i de s o f i t s m a in s t em s w hen g row ing i ns haded w ood land ( Rackham 1 977 ) . Ab and o fw ood land n ow g row ing o nt h e s c a rp a bove t h e b each i s ar em inde r t h a t i nt h e p reh i s to r ic p e r iod i tm ay h ave b een e qua l ly p o s s ib le f o r w ood land t ot h r ive w i th in s ho r tr e ach o ft h ei n te r t ida l s t ruc tu re s . T he N eo l i th ic w ooden t r ackway s An umbe ro fs t ruc tu re sw h ich h ave b een t e rmed t r ackway s w e re r e co rded i nt h e i n ter t ida l z one b e tween Q ua r r a nd B in s tead ( F ig . 7 . 39 ) . Whe the r t h ey c an a ccu ra te ly b e d e sc r ibed a st r ackways i sq ue s t ionab le .A l lw e re o fl im i ted e x ten t ,t h el o nge s th av ing b een t r aced f o r6 0m .W i th o ne o r t wo e xcep t ion st h ey d id n o to bv iou s ly b r idge s of t mud a nd g ene ra l ly t h ey r an s eawa rd , wh ich m igh ts ugge s tt h a tt h ey a r e mo r el i ke ly t oh ave s e rved a sj e t t ie so rh a rd s t and ing s . B in s tead B each S t ru c tu r eK 45 w a s ar a ndom ,b u tp o s s ib le d oub le a l ignmen t o f s t ake s w i th t h e r ema in s o f h u rd l ing , j u s t s e awa rd o f m ean l ow w a te r t o t h e w e s t o f B in s tead H a rd ( F ig . 7 . 40 ) . S t ake sw e re t r aced f o r4 0m a nd d id n o t e x tend a ny f u r the r s e awa rd . T he f e a tu re w a s n o t e n t i re ly c onv inc ing
a s at r ackway . T he u p r igh t s t ake s w e re v e ry i regu la r ly s paced a nd i ft h ey d id c omp r i se ad oub le a l ignmen t t h i s r a nged g rea t ly f r om a lmo s t 2m t ol e s s t h an 1 m i nw id th . T h is s a id , ah u rd le t r ackway w ou ld n o t n ece s sa r i ly h ave b een s t aked d own b y r egu la r d oub le r ow s o fs t ake s . T he r ema in so fh u rd l ing , a l though v e ry f r agmen ta ry , c on s is ted o f s a i ls r unn ing l o ng i tud ina l ly , w i th a d i ame te r o f 3 0 4 0mm . T he mo s t c omp le te w a s 2 . 06m l o ng . T he r ema in s o fb ru shwood r od sw e re p re sen t , a nd a l though i tc ou ld b e s e en t h a tt h eb ru shwood w a s w oven t h rough t h e s a i ls , t h e p a t ter no ft h e w eave c ou ld n o t b e d i sce rned . Whe the rt h e h u rd le w a s i ns i tu o rh ad o r ig ina l ly b een u p r igh t a nd h ad s wung i n to i t s p r e sen t p o s i t ion , al e ng th o f mo re t h an 2 m s e em s e xce s s ive f o r t h e s a i ls . U nf o r tuna te ly , n o t e nough s u rv ived t o s ugge s t t h e o r ig ina l l e ng th o ft h e r od s . Two u p r igh t a sh s t ake s p roduced d a te s o f2 920 -2600 c a l BC ( GU -5695 ; 4 180+50 B P ) a nd 2 9 10 -2490 c a l BC ( GU 5 696 ; 4 120+60 B P ) . L e s s t h an 1 00m t ot h e e a s t o fK 45 w a s s t ruc tu re B 46 , a d oub le a l ignmen t o f s ma l l s t ake s j u s t w e s t o f B in s tead H a rd ,r unn ing n o r th -we s tt os ou th -ea s t( F ig . 7 . 40 ) .N ine ty o ne s t ake s w e re r e co rded a nd t wo s amp led s t ake s w e re d a ted t o3 040 -2620 c a l BC ( GU -5340 ; 4 270+70 B P ) a nd 2 900 -2510 c a l BC ( GU -5582 ; 4 140+50 B P ) . S amp le s t a ken f o r wood i d en t if i ca t ion w e re mo s t ly h aze l , w i th d ogwood a nd s p ind le ( Ga le , s e c t ion 4 . 6 ) . A l though n o h o r izon ta l t imbe r s s u rv ived , t h i s s t ruc tu re w a s a s sumed t ob e t h e r ema in s o f at r ackway . T he r ow s o fs t ake s w e re s e t b e tween 1a nd 1 . 5m a pa r t a nd t r aced f o r ad i s tance o f a lmo s t6 0m t o am in imum l e ve lo f2 .08m OD .T he r ew e re d ef in i te ly n o mo re s t ake s r unn ing s e awa rd o ft h i s p o in t a nd t h es t ru c tu re a ppea red t oe nd a b rup t ly . F u r the r e a s t a tP e lhamf ie ld s w a s s t ruc tu re P 100 , at i ck s haped d oub le l i ne o fs ma l l s t ake s , b e tween 1 . 5 a nd 2 m a pa r t p o s s ib ly a s soc ia ted w i th t wo s ma l l g roup s o f f ou r a nd s even s t ake s( P 105 a nd P 106 ) ,a ti t ss ou th -we s ter ne nd ( F ig . 7 . 4 1) .T he s t ake sw e re t r aced f o r ad i s tance o f3 4m t o am in imum h e igh to f2 .2 1 m OD .
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CO A STAL AR CHAEO LOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONM ENT : ASO LENT C A SE S T UDY
F igur e 7 . 40 S t ruc tur e sK 45 a nd B 46 ( p o s t sn o tt os ca le )
f i sh w e i ra tO le s ly s ti nD enma rk ( P ed e r sen 1 995 )a l though h e r et h er ema in so fa s soc ia ted h u rd le s c reen sw e re f o und . S t ruc tu r e P 10 1 w a s ac r o s s sho r e l i ne w i th r a ndom s t ake s w i th in e s tua r ine s i l t . I ti sp o s s ib ly t h e r ema in s o f at r ackway o r f i sh w e i r . T h i r ty two r oundwood s t ake s , d i ame te r3 0 110mm w e r er e co rded ,t wo w e re s amp led a nd o ne d a ted 2 470 -2 140 c a l BC ( GU -5384 ;3 840±50 B P )a nd i d en t if ied a sh aze l . Quarr B each
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2 0m
F igur e 7 . 41 S t ruc tu r eP 100 ( p o s t sn o tt os ca le )
S i x ty th ree s t ake s w e re r e co rded a nd o ne w a s s amp led b u t n one w e re d a ted . S t ake s w e re a l r oundwood w i th d i ame te r sb e tw een l Omm a nd 1 00mm .T he a ppea ran ce o f t h e s t ak e s s ugge s ted as im i la r d a te t o s t ru c tu r e B 46 a nd f r om i t sp o s i t ion i tc an b ep o s tu la ted t h a tt h es t ru c tu r em ay b et h er ema in se i the ro f at r a ckway ,a l though n oh o r izon ta l t imbe r sw e re n o ted , o r af i sh w e i r . I t sp o s i t ion a ta na ng le o f7 0 ° t ot h e s ho re m igh t f a vou r t h e l a t te r i n te rp r e ta t ion . I ti ss im i la r i na ppea rance t o as t ru c tu r e b e l ieved t ob e a
S t ru c tu r e s Q 152 , Q 153 a nd Q 190 w e re a c omp lex o f t r a ckway sw h ich w e r e f i r s ts e en i n1 994 . O nt h a td ay ,t h e t e am w e re a ug e r ing a nd w e re n o te qu ipped f o rp ho tog r aphy o r s u rvey ing . H ow eve r , ab r ief w a lk a t e x t reme l ow w a te r r e vea led t h r ee t r a ckway s r unn ing a pp rox ima te ly n o r th sou th w i th in as t r e tch o fl e s s t h an 1 50m o fc oa s t . S ub sequen t a t temp t s t o r e co rd t h e t r a ckway s w e r e h ampe r ed b yp oo rw ea the ra nd t h ef a c tt h a t ,o w ing t ot h e i r p o s i t ion a te x t r eme l ow w a te r ,t h ey w e r er a r e ly a c ce s s ib le . T he l owe s t t i de s o ccu r i n e a r ly s p r ing a nd a u tumn , a t w h ich t ime l ow t i de a lmo s t a lway s f a l l s d u r ing t h eh ou r s o f d a rkne s s . O n t h e r a re o cca s ion s t h a t g ood l ow t i de s a nd l i gh t o ccu r r ed t o ge the r , t h ick f o g s e ve re ly r e s t r ic ted p ho tog raphy a nd t h eodo l i te s u rvey . N eve r the le s s , w h i l s t d e ta i led p l an s o f t h e s t ru c tu re s c ou ld n o t b e o b ta in ed , p ho tog raphy a nd f i e ld o b se rva t ion s d i dr e vea l s ome th ing o ft h e i rc on s t ru c t ion . T he mo s t e a s te r ly o ft h e c omp lex w a s Q 152 , at r a ckway r unn ing n o r th sou th . When f i r s t s e en , t h e r ema in s o f a
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SU B S I STENCE I NT HE CO A STAL ZO NE p l a tf o rm o f l a rge t r an sve r se t imbe r s w e r e v i s ib le a tt h e s ou ther n e nd . B y 1 996 t h i s w a s n o l o nge r p r e sen t . T he t r a ckway i t s e lf w a sc ompo sed o fl o ng i tud ina l b ru shwood , r oundwood a nd s p l i tt imbe r ss t aked b yt wo r ow so fu p r igh t s t ake s a pp rox ima te ly 1 . 2 1 .5m a pa r t w i th o cca s iona l r a ndom v e r t i ca la nd a ng led s t ake s .I tw a sf o l lowed s e awa rd f o r3 6m a nd t o al e ve lo f2 .82m OD .A l though t h es e awa rd e nd r ema ined u nde rwa te rd u r ing t h e s u r vey i ti sb e l ieved t h a t t h e n o r the r ly e x ten t w a s t r a ced . Two u p r igh t s t ak e s y i e lded d a t e s o f3 700 -3380 c a l B C ( GU -5596 ; 4 790±50 B P ) , ( b i r ch ) , a nd 3 700 -3370 c a l B C ( GU -566 1 ; 4 780±60 B P )( h az e l ) . O the rs amp led u p r igh t sa nd h o r izon ta l sw e r e m a in ly h az e l ,w i th s ome a sh ( Ga le s e c t ion 4 . 6 ) . T he l o ng i tud ina l w ood w a s n o t o fu n if o rm t h ickne s s b u t r a nged i nd i ame te r b e tween 2 0mm a nd 9 0mm . D e sp i te t h e se i n con s i s tenc ie s , t h e t r a ckway w a s o f r e gu la r c on s t ru c t ion w i th a l ll o ng i tud ina l sr unn ing p a ra l le lt oe a ch o t he r . T h i s d if e red f r om o t h e r s im i la r b u t r a the r mo r e j umb led s t ru c tu re s o ft h i s p e r iod s u ch a sC o r lea t r a ckway 9( Raf t e ry 1 992 , 3 0 ) . O n ly v e ry o cca s iona l t r an sve r se t i mbe r sw e r en o ted . W i th s ol i t t le t i me a va i lab le t or e co rd t h e t r ackway i tw a s n o t p o s s ib le t oc l ean t h e s u rf a ce n o r v i ew t h e s t ru c tu re i ns e c t ion b u t i ta ppea r ed t h a t t wo o r t h ree r oundwood o rs p l i tt imbe r so fb e tween 7 0a nd 9 0mm d i ame te r h ad f o rmed t h e b a s i s o ft h e t r a ckway , w i th t h e g ap sb e ing i n f i l led b ys ma l le rb ru shwood a nd r oundwood . T he u se o fs p l i t t imbe r s i nt h e N eo l i th ic p e r iod i sw e l l a t te s ted i nt r ackway c on s t ruc t ion i nt h e S ome r se t L eve l s ( O rme 1 982 )a nd i nt h eN e the r land s( Ca spa r ie 1 982 ) .
T rackway Q 153 w a s an o r th sou th r u nn ing t r a ckway t r aced f o r 2 0m a te x t reme l ow w a te r t o ad ep th o f2 .83m OD . C ompo sed o ft wo r ow s o fs t ake s l e s s t h an 1 m a pa r t a nd t h e r ema in s o fl o ng i tud ina l r oundwood , i tw a sn o t iceab ly n a r row e r t h an t h e o t he r t r a ckway s . D a te s o f3 790 -3380 c a l BC ( GU -5663 ; 4 860±70 B P ) a nd 3 700 -3340 c a l BC ( GU -5664 ; 4 730±80 B P ) w e re o b ta ined f r om v e r t ica l s t ake so fh aze l . T ra ckway Q 190 w a s o f m o re r e gu la r c on s t ruc t ion t h an Q 152 . R unn ing n o r thw e s t sou thea s t , i ta ppea red t oh ave b een c on s t ru c ted u s ing h u rd le s a l though t h e se r ema in s w e r ev e ry f r agmen ta ry .T he t r a ckway m ay o r ig ina l ly h ave b een s im i la ri na ppea rance t ot h e Wa l ton H ea th t r a ckway i nt h e S ome r se t l e ve l s ( Co le s e ta l 1 977 ) . I nc on t ra s t t o Q 152 ,t h el o ng i tud ina lr od sw e r eo fu n if o rm s i z e ,h av ing a d i ame te ro f2 0o r3 0mm ,a nd t h e re w e re f r equen tt r an sve r se t i mbe r s . T h e s t ru c tu r e a ppea r ed t ob e s t aked d own b y a d oub le r ow o fs t ak e s 2 2 .5m a pa r t . Ad ef in i te c hange i n d i r ec t ion m id -way a l ong t h e t r ackway w a s n o ted . T h is s t ruc tu r em ay h ave h ad ac r ude c r e scen t ic o rs em i -c i r cu la r s t ru c tu r e a ti t s n o r ther n e nd , c on s t ruc ted f r om u n shaped r o undwood . T h i s w a s g l imp sed b r ief ly , a td u sk , o n a n e xcep t iona l ly l ow t i de . T he s ou the rn , mo r e d amaged , e nd o ft h et r ackway a ppea r ed t oc on s i s to ft h e r ema in so f h u rd le s , p o s s ib ly r e s t ing o n m o r e s ub s tan t ia l l o ng i tud ina l t i mbe r s . T he t r a ckway w a s t r a ced f o r 5m ( F ig . 7 . 42 ) . O ne e lm s t ake w a s d a t ed 3 780 -3380 c a l BC ( GU -5662 ; 4 800±60 B P ) a nd a m ap le s t ake w a s d a ted 3 700 -3370 c a l BC ( GU -5660 ; 4 770±50 B P ) . O the r s amp led u p r igh t s
F igur e 7 . 42 S ugg e s ted r e con s t ruc t ion o ft r ackway Q 190
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CO A STAL AR CHAEO LOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONMENT : ASO LENT C A SE S TUDY
F igu r e 7 . 43 S t ruc tur e s Q 17 2a nd Q 17 4 -1 7 9 w e re o f aw ide r v a r ie ty o fs p ec ie s , i n c lud ing h aze l , o ak , e lm , a nd m ap le , w h i l s ts amp led h o r izon ta l s w e re o fh aze l a nd o ak ( Ga le ,s e c t ion 4 . 6 ) . Wh i l s t i ti sd if i cu l t t od e te rm ine h ow f a r t h e t r a ckway s w ou ld h ave e x tended l a ndwa rd s , a tt h e s ou ther n e nd o f t r a ckway Q 190 t h e r e a ppea r ed t ob eo n ly a bou t 5 0mm o f s of ts ed imen t b enea th t h e t imbe r s ( S ca if e , s e c t ion 4 . 3 .1) . T h i s s ugge s t st h a tt h et r a ckway w ou ld n o th ave e x tended mu ch f u r the r s ou thwa rd t h an t h i s p o in t . T h i s t h eo ry i s s uppo r ted b y t h e f a c t t h a t t h e u p r igh t s t ake s w h ich w e r e h amme red s ome w ay i n to t h e mud d i d n o t c on t inu e s ou thwa rd o ft h e r ema in s o ft h e h o r izon ta l s . E l sewhe r e o nt h e b ea ch , t h e p r e sence o ft r a ckway s w a s r e vea led b y t h e s u rv iva l o fj u s t t h e v e r t ica l s t ak e s w i th n one o ft h e w a lkway r ema in ing . I ti sd if i cu l tt os ugge s tw hy t h ree v i r tua l ly c on tempo ra ry t r a ckway s w e re c on s t ru c ted s o c l o se t o e a ch o t he r . A l though t h e r a d ioca rbon d e te rm ina t ion s f r om t h e t h r ee t r a ckway s a r e s t a t i s t ica l ly c on s i s ten t ( T '= 1 .8 ; v =5 ; T ' (5% )= 11 .1 ; Wa rd a nd W i l son 1 978 ) , t h e f a c t t h a t t h ey a r ea l o fd if e r en t c on s t ruc t ion m igh t i mp ly t h a tt h ey a r e n o tc on tempo ra ry .
E l sewhe re i nt h i s r e po r t i th a s b een s ugge s ted t h a t t h e t r a ckway s m igh t h ave b een c on s t ru c t ed a s ar e spon se t os ho re l ine r e ce s s ion ( s ee L ong a nd S ca if e s e c t ion 5 . 6 ) a nd t h a t t h ey w e r e r a p id ly s ubme rg ed a nd e ngu lf ed i n s e d imen t w h ich e n su red t h e i r p re se r va t ion . I ft h i s w a s s o , i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t o ne r e p laced a no the r a s i tb ecame i n unda ted a nd i n a cce s s ib le . A f a c to r w h ich m igh t a dd w e igh tt ot h i st h eo ry i st h a t ah and -auge red s e c t ion i nt h e a r ea o ft h et r a ckway sr e vea led am ino rp a laeochanne lj u s t t ot h ew e s to ft h et h ree t r a ckway s . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a ta st h e s e a leve lr o se ,w a te rs p i l led o u tf r om t h i sc hanne l ,m ak ing i tn ece s sa ry t or e con s t ru c tt h et r ackw ay f u r the rt ot h ee a s t . T h i s s ma l l c r eek m igh t h ave f o rmed af o cu s o fa c t iv i ty , w i th p a th s b e ing c on s t ruc ted a l ong i t s m a r shy s ho r e t o s e rve a sj e t t ie sf o rp u l l ing b oa t sa sho r e ,o rt op rov id eb e t te r a c ce s sf o rf i sh ing ,f ow l ing o rr e ed c o l lec t ion . J u s ti n sho r ef r om t h et r ackway s ,a tp r e sen tm ean l ow w a t e r , s t ru c tu re s Q 172 a nd Q 174 -Q 179 w e r e r e co rd ed ( F ig . 7 . 43 ) . O r ig ina l ly i tw a st h ough tt h a tt h ey m igh tf o rm p a r t o f amo re e x ten s ive n e two rk o fw a lkway s a nd p l a tf o rm s w h ich w a sc on tempo ra ry w i th t h et h r ee t r ackway sl o ca t ed s ome 1 00m s e awa rd o f t h em b u t r a d io ca rbon d a t ing o f s t ru c tu re Q 176 p roved t h em t ob el a te r .Q 176 w a s ad oub le a l ignmen to fs t ak e sa nd as ma l la r ea o fc o rdu roy p l a tf o rm .
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SU B S I ST ENCE I NT H E CO A STAL ZO NE N ine teen r oundwood s t ake sw e r er e co rded o fd i ame te r3 0 8 0mm . Two s amp led s t ake sw e r e f ound t oh ave s t one -cu t p o in t s . T hey w e re l a te r i d en t if ied a sa sh a nd w e r e d a ted t o2 9 10 -2490 c a l BC ( GU -5697 ; 4 120±70 B P )a nd 2 460 2 040 c a l BC ( GU -5698 ;3 790±50 B P ) . A t t h e v e ry e nd o f t h e p ro jec t , d u r ing a p e r iod o f mon i to r ing a te x t reme l ow w a te ri n Ma r ch 1 998 ,s t ru c tu r e Q 27 , w h ich i n 1 99 1 h ad b een r e co rd ed a s af r agmen t o f h u rd le ,w a sr e v i s i ted .T he h u rd le h ad b ecome c on s ide rab ly mo re e xpo sed a nd i tw a sp o s s ib le t or e co rd i t( F ig . 7 . 44 ) . I tw a s a pp rox ima te ly 9 00mm w ide a nd w a s c on s t ruc ted u s ing r oundwood r o d s a nd s a i l s . T he s u rv iv ing r od sw e r e w oven a l ter na te ly o ne o ve r a nd o ne u nde r t h e o n ly s a i l t h a t w a s s t i l l i np o s i t ion . T he h u rd le h ad b een p egged i n ah o r izon ta l p o s i t ion b y as e r ie s o fu p r igh t s t ake s . T he se s t ake sc ou ld b et r aced ,w i th t h er ema in so fo t he rh u rd l ing , o ve r at o ta l d i s tance o f3 9m t ot h e n o r th -w e s t a nd s ou th e a s to ft h eh u rd le .I ti sl i ke ly ,t h e r ef o r e ,t h a tt h i sr e p r e sen t s t h er ema in so fa no th e r ,u nda ted t r a ckway .U n l ik et h eo t he r s t ru c tu r e s , w h ich r a nm o r e o rl e s s s e awa rd , t h i st r a ckway w a s a lmo s t p a ra l le l t ot h e p r e sen t c oa s t l ine . I t s p o s i t ion r e la t ive t oa uge rt r an sec t 2s ugg e s t st h a ti tc r o s sed m a r shy g round a nd l e dt ot h eQ ua r rp a laeochanne l . N eo l i th ic s ma l ls t ak es e t t ing sa nd s t ruc tur e s Aw ide r a ng e o f s ma l le r s t ake s t ru c tu re s w a s s u rveyed i nt h e i n te r t ida l a r ea . Many o ft h e se w e r e p r obab ly t h e r ema in s o f s ma l l f i sh t r ap s , f i sh d r y ing s t and s o r o t he r
F igur e 7 . 44 S t ruc tu r eQ 27
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Q 24
Q 2 5
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F igur e 7 . 45 S t ruc tu r e s Q 23 -26
1 97
Q 2 6 1 0m _ 1
CO A STAL AR CHAEOLOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONM ENT : ASO LENT C A SE S T UDY s t ru c tu re sa s soc ia ted w i th f i sh p roce s s ing ,o rp e rhap sw i th f ow l ing .I th a sb een s u rp r i s ing ly d if i cu l tt of i nd a na log ie s f o r m any o ft h em . G roup s w h ich h ave b een r a d ioca rbon d a ted , a nd w h ich m igh t b e a t t r ibu ted w i th af unc t ion , a r e d e sc r ibed h e re . S t ake sh ave b een d r awn a tp ropo r t iona l ly t w ice t h e i r a c tua l d i ame te r . Ac omp le te l i s t o fs t ru c tu r e s a ppea r si ns e c t ion 1 2 .1 . S tak ec l u s ter so n Quarr B each W i th in t h eQ ua r rp a laeochanne l ,o ni t sw e s ter ns i de , as e r ie s o fs ma l l s t ak e c l u s te r s w a s r e co rd ed . Two o ft h e se , Q 22 a nd Q 24 , w e r e d a ted a nd p r oved n o t t ob e c on tempo ra ry . T he r e la t ion sh ip b e tw een t h e o t he r m embe r s o f t h i s g roup w a s a l so u nc lea r , a l though s t ruc tu re s Q 23 -26 w e re p e rhap s m o r e c l o se ly c onnec ted . T he se a r e r em in i scen t o ft h e V shaped s e t t ing s o fa ncho r s t ake s f o r b a ske two rk f i sh t rap ss u ch a sp u t t s( F ig . 7 . 45 ) . Q 23 w a s as e t t ing o ff i ve r oundwood s t ake sw i th d i ame te r s r a ng ing f r om 8 0mm t o 1 60mm , n one o f w h ich w a s s amp led . S t ruc tu re Q 24 w a s an a r row V shaped c l u s te r o f s e ven s t ake s w i th d i ame te r s b e tween 3 0mm a nd 1 00mm . O ne s t ake w a s s amp led , i d en t if ied a sh aze l a nd d a ted t o4 040 3 7 10 c a l BC GU -5251 ; 5 100 -60 B P ) . T he s amp led s t ake w a sf ound t oh ave mo s s ,i d en t if ied a sN eck e ra c omp lana ta , s u rv iv ing o n t h e b a rk . D u r ing t h e c l o s ing s t age s o ft h e p ro jec t , h u rd lewo rk w h ich w a s a s soc ia ted w i th t h e s t ake s w a sa l so n o ted . Q 25 w a s aY shaped s e t t ing o f s t ake s w h ich m ay h ave b een p a r t o f al a rge r s t ru c tu r e w i th Q 26 . S i x s t ake s w i th d i ame te r s o f b e tw een 5 0mm a nd 7 0mm w e r e r e co rded , o ne h aze l s t ake w a s s amp led b u t n one w a s d a ted . Q 26 c omp r i sed f ou rr oundwood s t ake sw i th d i ame te r sb e tween 5 0mm a nd 7 0mm . O ne s t ake w a s s amp led a nd i d en t if ied a sh aze l .
F igur e 7 . 47 S t ruc tur eQ 22 S t ru c tu re Q 2 1 w a s a s t ake c l u s te r w i th a s soc ia ted h o r izon ta lt i mbe r sw i th in s i l tt ot h en o r th -ea s to ft h el a rge r g roup Q 23 -26 . N ine r oundwood s t ak e s w i th d i ame te r s b e tw een 3 0mm a nd 9 0mm w e r e r e co rded b u t n one w a s s amp led ( F ig . 7 . 46 ) . T o t h e n o r th -we s t o ft h e g roup c omp r i s ing Q 23 -26 w a s Q 22 , ag r oup o fs i xs t ake si n c lud ing f o u rr oundwood s t ake s o fd i ame te rf r om 1 00mm t o1 80mm a nd t wo r a d ia l ly s p l i t s t ake s .O ne s t ake w a ss amp led a nd i d en t if ied a so ak ,d a ted t o 1 740 14 10 c a l BC ( GU -5336 ; 3 270±70 B P ) . F rom t h e p o s i t ion o ft h i ss t ru c tu r e ,o nt h ee dg eo ft h ef i rme rg r ound a nd e x tend ing i n to t h e p a laeochanne l , i ts e em s p o s s ib le t h a ti tc ou ld r e p re sen tt h er ema in so f aj e t ty ( F ig . 7 . 47 ) . T o t h e e a s t o f s t ru c tu r e s Q 21-Q26 w a s Q 192 , af r ag i le s t ru c tu r e c omp r i s ing l o ng i tud ina l r oundwood f r agmen t s a nd u p r igh t s t ake s . I tw a s p o s s ib ly p a r t o f t h e s ame c omp lex b u tw a sn o td a ted . T he r ema in so f ah u rd le ,Q 37 ,w e r ei d en t if ied i nt h es ame a r ea o ft h e b ea ch , b u t w he the r t h i s w a s p a r t o ft h e s ame c omp lex o fs t ru c tu r e si su nknown .
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N eol i th ic s t ak ec l u s ter so nK ey sB each Two r ough ly c on tempo ra ry s t ake s t ru c tu r e s ,K 19 a nd K 20 , w e re s u rveyed i n t h e m a r ine s e d imen t s o n t h e e a s te rn m a rg in so ft h eQ ua r rp a laeochann e l .
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0
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F igu r e 7 . 46 S t ruc tur eQ 21
K 19 c omp r i sed ac l u s te ro fs t ake sj u s tt ot h ew e s to fl i t h ic s c a t te rK 1( F ig .7 . 48 ) .T h i ss t ruc tu r ee x tended f r om t h es i l t s o ft h ep a la eochanne l o nt ot h e o rgan ic s i l t o rp ea tr e s t ing o nt h e i n te r f luve t ot h e e a s t . T h i r ty s t ak e s w e re r e co rded , a l lr oundwood ,r a ng ing i nd i ame te rf r om 2 0mm t o8 0mm . O ne s t ake w a si d en t if ied a sw i l low a nd w a sd a ted t o3 100 2 890 c a lB C( GU -5257 ;4 350±50 B P ) .T he p u rpo se o ft h i s s t ruc tu r e i su nknown b u t s i nce i ts t radd led t h e e s tua r ine
1 98
SU B S I STENCE I NT HE CO A STAL ZO NE
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s t ruc tu re f ound a t I s landmag ra th o n t h e U ppe r F e rgu s E s tua ry , C o . C la re ( O 'Su l l ivan 1 995b , 1 995c , O 'Su l l ivan a nd C ond i t 1 995 ) a l though n o h o r izon ta l t imbe r s w e re n o ted . I t s d a te a nd p o s i t ion i n r e la t ion t o t h e s ea leve l c u rve f o r Woo t tonQuar r( s ee L ong a nd S ca if es e c t ion 5 . 6 ) s ugge s t t h a t i tc ou ld h ave b een i nu se a r ound m ean h igh w a te r ma rk .
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K 20 w a s a n a pp rox ima te ly Y shaped g roup o f s t ake s w i th in t h e Quaf fp a laeochanne l 6 0m t ot h e w e s t o fK 19
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( F ig . 7 . 49 ) .N ine teen r oundwood s t ake so fd i ame te r3 0mm t o 1 00mm w e re r e co rded a nd t wo w e re s amp led . O ne h aze l s t ake w a s d a ted t o 3 100 -2780 c a l BC ( GU -5259 ; 4 340±60 B P ) . T h i ss t ruc tu re i sr em in i scen to fV shaped f e a tu re sr e co rded i nt h e S eve rn E s tua ry , ( Godbo ld a nd T u rne r 1 993 , 1 994 ) whe re f i sh t r ap s w i th w oven c on ica l b a ske t s w e re h e ld b e tween t h e s t ake s . T he S eve rn E s tua ry e xamp le s w e re g ene ra l ly f ound i ng roup sr a the rt h an i n d iv idua l ly a nd w e re d a ted t ot h e m ed ieva l r a the r t h an t h e p r eh i s to r ic p e r iod ,
F igur e 7 . 48 S t ruc tur eK 19
b u t t h e d e s ig n a nd p ropo r t ion s o f t h i s S o len t e xamp le s e em s im i la r . A l though n o s i gn s o f ab a ske two rk t r ap w e re s e en ,f r agmen t so fs uch t r ap so fp r eh i s to r ic d a te h ave b een f ound e l sewhe re i nE u rope ( C leye t - Me r le 1 990 ) . I n G e rmany at r ap b e l ieved t ob e f r om aMe so l i th ic c on tex t w a s r e cove red f r om t h e S ch lü sbecke r Moo r ( Sp rockhof f •
1 953 ) , a nd i nD enma rk , t h e e a r l ie s t d a ted b a ske tt r ap w a s f ound a tV i l l ingebaek a nd d a ted t o6 100 -5640 c a l BC ( K 1 486 ; 7 030± 130 B P : K ape l 1 969 , P ede r sen 1 995 ) . I fs i te K 20 r e p re sen t s t h e r ema in s o f af i sh t r ap , i tw ou ld h ave
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b een d e s igned t oc a tch f i sh o n t h e f l ood t i de a l though i t w ou ld h ave b een mo re e f f ic ien t t oc a tch f i sh o n t h e e bb t i de .
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1 99
CO AST AL AR CHAEOLOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONMENT : ASO LENT C ASE S T UDY G roup K 20 Q24 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 1 3 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 6 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 6 46 6 46 6 46 B 46 B 46 B 46 6 46 6 46
N umbe r 1 3 1 550 1 555 2 2785 2 2786 2 2787 2 2788 2 2789 2 2790 2 279 1 2 2792 2 2793 2 2794 2 2795 2 2796 2 2797 2 2798 2 2799 2 2800 2 2801 2 2802 2 2803 2 2804 2 2805 2 2806 2 2807 2 2808 2 2809 2 28 10 2 2811 2 2812 2 2813 2 2814 2 2815 2 28 16 2 2817 2 2818 2 2819 2 2820 2 2821 2 2822 2 2823 2 2824 2 2825 2 2826 2 2827 2 2829 2 2830 2 2831 2 2832 2 2833 2 2834 2 2835 2 2836 2 2837 2 2838 2 2839 2 2840 2 2841 2 2842 2 2843 2 2844 2 2845 2 2846 2 2847 2 2848 2 2849 2 2850 2 2851 2 2852 2 2853 2 2854 2 2855 2 2856 2 2857
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1 7 1 7 1 6 2 0 1 1 4 1 7 2 7 1 4 1 2 3 2 3 1 6 1 5 1 4 1 3 8 1 1 9 8 8 1 1 8 7 9 2 0 2 3 1 7 1 3 1 8 1 3 1 7 2 4 1 8 1 3 1 6 2 1 1 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 2 9 1 0 1 9 1 5 1 2 2 2 1 0 6 1 6 3 0 1 5 2 5 1 0 8 1 2 1 8 1 5 9 2 0 4 3
T ab le 7 . 5 T r ee r i ng e v id ence f rom d a ted N eo l i th ic w ood g roup s .
F igur e 7 . 5 1 S awn c ro s ss ec t ion t h rough N eo l i th ic t i mber d r i l l ed b yt h em o l lusc p ho la sd a c ty lu s
N eo l i th ic w ood land managemen t T he e v iden ce f o rN eo l i th ic wood land m anagemen th a sb een d i scu s sed b y R owena G a le ( s ec t ion 4 . 6 )w ho o b se rved t h a t t h eh aze l s t em so rp o le se mp loyed i nt h ee a r l ie s ts t ruc tu re s a tQ ua r rs e em t oh ave c ome f r om c opp iced s t ock g row ing i na n e nv i ronmen t w h ich w a s r emoved o rs he l te red f r om t h e s t re s se s o f s a l ine c oa s ta l c ond i t ion s . A l though s ome o ft h e h aze l s t ems u sed i nt h e s t ruc tu r e s h ad w ide e a r ly r i ng s , wh ich i n d ica te s g row th f r om a n e s tab l ished r oo t s y s tem , t h e i r g row th r a te d ec r ea sed r a p id ly . Mode rn h aze l c opp ice i nH ampsh i re wou ld b e e xpec ted t or e ach 5 0mm i n d i ame te r i n n i ne y ea r s ( T ru s t 1 956 ) , w he rea s t h e se N eo l i th ic h aze l s t ems r eached t h a t d i ame te r i no ve r 2 0 y ea r s . I nt h e a b sence o fg rown -ove r c u t s t ems a tt h e h ee l o fs ome o ft h e h aze l r od s i tmu s t b e n o ted t h a t f a s t i n i t ia l g row th i sa l so a s soc ia ted w i th an a tu ra l p roce s s o f s e conda ry g row th o n t h e s i des a nd a tt h eb a se o ft h e m a in s t ems . S ee T ab le 7 . 5 f o r s t em d i ame te r s a nd F igu re 7 . 50 f o rs pec ies c ompo s i t ion . N eo l i th ic t o o ls i gna ture s N o c r o s s -ma tche s w e re i d en t if ied . T h i s i sn o t s u rp r is ing s i nce t h e t o o l s i gna tu re s f r om s t one t o o l s c an b e d i ff icu l t t o m a tch a nd t h e s ma l l d i ame te r o f t h e m a jo r i ty o f t h e s t ake s m ean t t h a tt h e b l ade ma rk s r e co rded w e re l e s st h an 3 0mm w id e . T he t oo l m a rk s o n t h e w edge -shaped s t ake p o in t sw e r es im i la rt ot ho se made e xpe r imen ta l ly b yC o le s ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 985 ) u s ing as t one a xe . S ome o ft h eN eo l i th ic s t ake s h ad c i rcu la r , 1 5mm d i ame te r h o le si nt h em .T he se c ou ld e a s i ly b et a ken f o rd r i l led h o le s b u tw e re a c tua l ly c u t b y t h e mo l lu sc P ho la s d ac ty lu s ( s ee S imp son s e c t ion 1 0 .5 .2 ) . T he s he l l s h ave b een f ound i n s i tu i nt h e h o le s( F ig . 7 . 51) . T he N eo l i th ic s t ake p o in t s T he s amp led N eo l i th ic s t akes h ad as t eep a ng le o fb l ade e n t ry , a nd u sua l ly h ad t or n f a ce t s . T he p o in t s w e re a l w edge -cu t a nd h ad b een p repa red w i th t h e r od s h e ld
2 00
SU B S I STENCE I NT HE CO A STAL ZO NE v e r t ica l ly , p robab ly o n ac hopp ing b l ock , o r t h ey w e re f e l l ing c u t s . 7 . 4 .2 4 60
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P o s s ib le t r ackway s o nt he b each a tP e lhamf ie ld s
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A t P e lhamf ie ld ac omp lex o fs t ake s a nd f r ag i le h u rd l ing w a sr e co rded a d jacen tt oS axon l o ng sho re a l ignmen tP 103 . T h is w a s a s sumed t ob e c on tempo ra ry w i th t h e a l ignmen t b u tt wo s amp le s s ubm i t ted f o rd a t ing f r om s t ruc tu r e P 180 p roduced d a te s o f1 530 -1310 c a l BC ( GU -5665 ; 3 150±50 B P )a nd 1 5 10 1220 c a l BC ( GU -5666 ; 3 090 50 B P ) .
0 U Z IF A IM L _Ii1 1 1 11
1 0m 1M 1
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F igur e 7 . 52 S t ruc tur e sP 180 -183
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S t ruc tu re P 180 c on s i s ted o f ad oub le r ow o f s t ake s a pp rox ima te ly 1 m a pa r t a l igned n o r th -we s t -s ou th -ea s t , a s soc ia ted w i th v e ry f r ag i le h u rd l ing w h ich w a s t oo f r agmen ta ry t o r e co rd ( F ig . 7 . 52 ) . T he s t ake s i n c luded 2 8 r oundwood ( d iame te r 4 0 170mm ) , t wo r ad ia l ly s p l i t a nd o ne s qua red t imbe r . Twen ty two w ood i d en t if ica t ion s amp le sw e re t a ken . T he se c on s is ted o ft e no ak , t e na l de r , o ne b i rch a nd o ne h aze l . T he mo s t p robab le f unc t ion o f t h is s t ru c tu re w a st ob r idge s of ts i l tw h ich may h ave b een ac hanne l w i th in s a l t m a r sh . S im i la r s t ruc tu re s r e co rded d u r ing t h e H u l lb r idge s u rvey w e re l i kew ise i n te rp re ted a s ' s ho r t " t rackway s" o r b ru shwood m a s se s u sed t o b r idge c r eek s o r a r ea s o f s of t mud o n s a l t m a r sh o r mudf la t s ' (W i lk in son a nd Mu rphy 1 995 1 64 ) . S t ruc tu re P 181 , t h e r ema in so f ah u rd le a nd t h ree s t ake so fd i ame te r7 0 -90mm t ot h e s ou th -ea s t o fP 180 m ay h ave b een p a r t o ft h e s ame
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P 96
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P 9 7
P 98
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1 0 m
F igur e 7 . 53 S t ruc tur e sP 96 -98
2 0 1
CO A STAL AR CHAEO LOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONMENT : ASO LENT C A SE S T UDY S tak es e t t ing sa nd s t ruc ture so n B in s tead B each
s t ru c tu r e , a s m igh t P 182 , af r agmen ta ry h u rd le a nd s i x r oundwood s t ake so fd i ame te r4 0 -60mm j u s tt ot h es ou th w e s to fP 181 .
O n B in s tead B ea ch , b e tw een t h e m ino r n a tu ra l b r eakwa t e r s p rov ided b y t h e H a rd a nd as ewage o u tf a l l p i pe , t h e r e s u rv ived al a rge g roup o fs t ak e s e t t ing sw h ich w e r e r e co rded a si n d iv idua l s t ru c tu re s ( F ig . 7 . 54 ) . T he se m ay b ec on s ide r ed i nt h r ee s ubg roup s .T he f i r s tc omp r i sed s t ak e c l u s t e r s B 49 -B52 , o r ien ta ted n o r th sou th a nd s i ted j u s t w e s t o ft h e o u tf a l l p i pe . F u r the r w e s t , a nd n ea re r t o B in s tead H a rd , a no the r s ub -g roup c omp r i s ing s t ru c tu re s B 65 -B72 w a so r ien ta ted n o r th -ea s tt os ou th -w e s t .B e tween t h et wo w a st h et h i rd s ub -g roup w h ich c on s i s ted o f amo r e r a ndom j umb le o fs t ake s .
P 183 w a s ad oub le r ow o f 1 2 s t ak e st ot h e s ou th -w e s t o f a nd o n t h e s ame a l ignmen t a sP 180 . T he s t ake s w e r e o f c on s id e rab ly s ma l le rd i ame te rt h an t h o se o fP 180 ,r a ng ing b e tw een 3 0 a nd 8 0mm . T h i s s t ru c tu r eh a s n o tb een d a ted b u tm ay b et h er ema in so f as im i la rs t ru c tu r et oP 180 . S truc tur e sP 96 -9 8a tP e lham f ie ld S t ru c tu r e sP 96 ,P 97 a nd P 98 c omp r i sed ar a the rc onf u s ing g roup o fs t ake s a tP e lhamf ie ld . S e t i ne s tua r ine s i l t , t h ey w e re o n ly af ew m e t r e ss e awa rd o f ag r oup o ft r ee sw h ich f e l l b e tw een 3 220 a nd 2 879 BC ( s ee H i l lam s e c t ion 4 . 7 ) . P 96 w a s ad oub le l i nea ra r rangemen to fs t ake sw h ich w a s p robab ly r e la ted t o P 97 a nd p o s s ib ly t o P 98 . T h i r teen r oundwood s t ak e s w e r e r e co rd ed , d i ame te r 1 0 100mm , b u t n one w a s s amp led . P 97 w a s amo r e r a ndom c l u s te r o f 1 2 r oundwood s t ak e s o fd i ame te r 4 0 -80mm , n one o f w h ich w a ss amp led .T ot h es ou th -ea s to fP 96 a nd P 97 w a s P 98 .T h i sc omp r i sed 4 6r oundwood s t ake so fd i ame te r2 0 1 50mm , t wo o fw h ich w e re s amp led , a nd o ne , o fh aze l , d a ted t o 2 270 1880 c a l BC ( GU -5406 ; 3 660±60 B P ) . T he se s t ake s d i d n o t a ppea r t of o rm ap a r t icu la r p a t te rn ( F ig . 7 . 53 ) .
S ub -group 1( S truc tur e sB 49 -B52 ;F ig .7 .54 ) B 49 w a s ag r oup o fs t ak e sf o rm ing aw a is ted ,o pen -ended r e c tang le m ea su r ing a pp rox ima te ly 2 mb y 1 m( F ig . 7 . 55 ) . O the r s im i la r a l though l e s s w e l l -d ef ined s t ru c tu r e s w e r e r e co rd ed b e tw een B in s tead H a rd a nd t h e o u tf a l lp i pe a nd f u r the r e xamp le s w e r e f ound a t Q ua r r . T we lve s t ake s w e r e r e co rded , a l o fr oundwood w i th d i ame te r s b e tw een 3 0mm a nd 1 30mm . E l even s t ake sw e re s amp led f o rw ood i d en t if ica t ion a nd c omp r i sed o ak , h aze l , a s h a nd e lm . Two s t ak e s w e re d a ted t o2 300 1940 c a l BC ( GU -5337 ; 3 7 10±60 B P )a nd 1 940 1680 c a l BC ( GU -560 1 ; 3 480±50 B P ) .
B 65 8 50 8 66
•8 63
859
8 57
B 56
7
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8 67 .
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•8 68
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8 69
8 55
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B62 8 64
8 17
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F igur e 7 . 54 B in s tead p o s tg roup s
2 02
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8 51
8 54 852
SU BS I STENCE I NT HE CO A STAL ZO NE
•
• 0 •
F igur e 7 . 55 S t ruc tur e B4 9 0 7 _ .
T o t h e n o r th o fB 49 w a s s t ruc tu re B 50 , ac l u s te r o fe i gh t s t ake s f o rm ing a c i rc le a pp rox ima te ly 1 . 5m i nd i ame te r . T he s t ake s w e re a l l r oundwood w i th d i ame te r s b e tween 3 0mm a nd 1 20mm . N one w a s s amp led . B 51 w a s a n i r regu la r , p o s s ib ly V shaped , s e t t ing o f s t ake s s ou th o f B 49 . N ine teen s t ake s w e re r e co rded b u t n one w a s s amp led . S t akes w e re a l l r oundwood w i th d i ame te r s r ang ing b e tween 2 0mm a nd 1 40mm . Al o o se g roup o ff ou r p o ss ib ly u n re la ted s t ake s s ou th o fB 51 w e re a s s igned t h e n umbe r B 52 . A l l w e re r oundwood w i th d i ame te r s f r om 5 0mm t o1 00mm a nd n one w a ss amp led . S ub -group 2( S truc ture sB 53 -8 64 ; F ig . 7 . 54 ) B 53 w a s ar e gu la rg roup f o rm ing as im i la rp a t te rn t oB 49 . N ine s t ake s w e re r e co rded , n one w a s s amp led . S t ake s w e re a l l r oundwood w i th d i ame te r s b e tween 5 0mm a nd 1 50mm . S t ruc tu re B 54 , ag roup o ft h ree s t ake s , a nd B 55 , c omp r i s ing f ou rs t ake s ,w e re p o s s ib ly r e la ted t oB 53 . T ot h en o r th -we s to fB 55 w a ss t ruc tu r eB 56 , ar egu la rl o ng o va l s t ake c l u s te rs im i la rt oB 66 w i th o u t ly ing i regu la r ly g rouped s t ake s . Twen ty f ou rs t ake sw i th d i ame te r sb e tween 4 0mm a nd 1 30mm w e re r e co rded , n one w a s s amp led . T o t h e w e s t a nd s ou th o f B 56 w a s an umbe r o fa ppa ren t ly r andom s t ake g roups . B 57 c omp r i sed e i gh teen s t ake s , a l l r oundwood w i th d i ame te r s b e tween 3 0mm a nd 2 00mm . B 58 w a sa ni regu la rc l u s te ro ft wen ty t wo s t ake sr ang ing i nd i ame te rb e tween 4 0mm a nd 1 20mm . B 59 , al o o se a nd p o s s ib ly u n re la ted i regu la rs t ake c l u s te r w a s l o ca ted w e s t o fB 57 . E igh teen s t ake s w e re r e co rded , n one w a ss amp led ,a nd s ome h o r izon ta lt imbe r sw e re a l so n o ted . S t ake sw e re a l lr oundwood w i th d i ame te r sb e tween 4 0mm a nd 1 20mm . T o t h e s ou th o f t h is , ag roup o f t we lve r oundwood s t ake sw i th d i ame te r s4 0 140mm w e re r e co rded ( B60 ) .T h is s t ruc tu re w a sa d jacen tt oB 6 1 , af a i r ly r andom b u t c l ose ly spaced c l u s te r o fe l even r oundwood
= 1
3m . 18 1 M 10
F igur e 7 . 56 S t ruc tur eB 66
s t ake s w i th d i ame te r s r a ng ing f r om 5 0mm t o 1 00mm . Af i na l s t ruc tu re i nt h i s g roup w a s B 64 , amo re r egu la r s e t t ing o fs i x teen s t ake s ,n one o fw h ich w a ss amp led . S ub -group 3( S truc ture s B 65 -72 ; F ig .7 . 54 ) T h i s g roup o f s t ake c l u s te r s w a s a l igned n or th -ea s t t o s ou th -we s t . T he mo s tn o r the r ly w a s B 65 , ag roup o ft h ree r oundwood a nd t wo s qua red s t ake s . J u s t i n sho re o ft h i s w a sB 66 , a no va l s e t t ing o fs t ake s a pp rox ima te ly 2 . 5m b y 1 . 5m ( F ig . 7 . 56 ) . Twen ty -e igh t r oundwood s t ake s w e re r e co rded , o fw h ich t wo w e re s amp led a nd d a ted t o2 140 1 780 c a l BC ( GU -5338 ; 3 590 -50 B P ) a nd 1 900 -1670 c a l BC ( GU -5600 ; 3 450±50 B P ) . T he se r anged i n d i ame te r b e tween 3 0 a nd 1 20mm . T he d en s i ty o fs t ake s m ak ing u p t h is s t ru c tu re p o s s ib ly s ugge s t s r enewa l a nd r e pa i r . I tw a s t hough tt h a t s uch ad i s t inc t ive s t ruc tu re s hou ld b e e a sy t o p a ra l le lb u ts of a rn os im i la re xamp le sh ave b een s e en . Mov ing i n sho re f r om B 66 ,t h e re w e re af u r the rs i xc l u s te r s B 67 -B72 , w h ich a ppea red t o f o rm p a r t o f t h e s ame c omp lex . N one w a s a sw e l l -def ined a sB 66 a nd t h ey h ave n o tb een d a ted . Af u r the r ,r e gu la rg roup o fn ine teen s t ake s f o rm ing ar i gh t a ng le w a sl o ca ted t ot h ew e s to ft h is g roup a nd j u s te a s to f B in s tead H a rd . Aga in t h i sw a sn o td a ted . O n ly t wo o f t h e s t ruc tu re s i nt h e se g roup s a tB in s tead , B 49 a nd B 66 , w e re d a ted . T he se w e re f ound t o b e b road ly c on tempo ra ry , a nd i tm igh t b e p o s tu la ted t h a t a l l o ft h e s t ake s e t t ing s w e re o f as im i la r a ge , a l though t h e m idd le S axon a l ignmen t B 17 a nd t h e m ed ieva l f i sh t r ap B 48 / 102 / 110 o ve r l ie t h e se s t ruc tu re s . A l though t h e
2 03
CO A STA L AR CHAEOLOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONM ENT : ASO LENT C A SE S TUDY
F igur e 7 . 57 S t ruc tur e sB 77 -B81
s t ruc tu r e s w e re o f d i s t inc t ive s hape , n o a na log ie s h ave b een f ound . A uge r ing r e vea led t h a tt h ey w e re l o ca ted o n t h em a rg in so ft h eB in s tead p a laeochanne lw he r ei ts e em s t h a tt h ey w e r ei n tended t of u lf i l ap a r t icu la rf u nc t ion . I nt h ea b sence o fa na log ie sf o rt h e se s t ru c tu re s ,a nd w i thou t h av ing e xcava ted t h em , i ti so n ly r e a l ly p o s s ib le t og ue s s a tt h e i r f un c t ion . T he m o s t o bv iou s s ugge s t ion s a r e t h a t t h ey w e re r e la ted t ot h e a c t iv i t ie s o ff i sh ing o r f ow l ing . T hey p e rhap s s e rved a s b a ske t t r ap s f o r c a tch ing f i sh . A l te rna t ive ly , a nc ien t m e thod s o f w i ldf ow l ing i n c luded t h e l u r ing o fb i rd s b y ad ecoy i n to ac hanne l w he r e t h ey w e re c augh t i n an e t a nd a l so t h e d r iv ing o fb i rd s i n to e nc lo su r e sw hen i n mou l t( Ma r ch ing ton 1 980 ) . S truc tur e s B 77 -B 8 1 I n sho r e o f t h e t h r ee s ub -g roup s a l r eady d i scu s sed w e r e s t ruc tu r e s B 77 -B 8 1 ( F ig . 7 . 57 ) . T he se w e r e ag r oup o f r ough ly c on tempo ra ry s t ake s e t t ing s w h ich w e r e m ad e u p o f d oub le r ow s f o rm ing l o ng r e c tang le s , t h e mo s t c omp le te o f w h ich w e re 6 7m l o ng a nd a pp rox ima te ly 1 . 5m w ide . L a te B ronze A ge /ea r ly I r on A ge p o t te ry w a s f ound a mong s t t h e s t ake s . H o r izon ta l t imbe r s h ave a l so b een n o ted b u tt h e f unc t ion o ft h e se s t ru c tu r e s i su nc lea r . S t ru c tu r e s B 128 a nd B 158 w e r e a l so p r obab ly p a r t o ft h e s ame c omp lex . S upe rf i c ia l ly , t h ey a ppea r ed t os t radd le a n a r row c hanne lo fs of ts i l tb u ta uge r ing s ugge s t ed t h a tt h e s ame s i l te x tend sb enea th al a ye ro fp ea tw h ich l i e st ot h e n o r th . T hu s , a l though t h e s t ake s n ow a ppea r t ob e s e t i n e s tua r ine s ed imen t , t h i s d oe s n o t n e ce s sa r i ly r e f lec t t h e
e nv i ronmen ta l c ond i t ion s p r eva len t w hen t h e s t ru c tu r e s w e re e r ec t ed . S t ruc tu re B 77 w a sa ni regu la rg roup o fe i gh ts t ak e s ,n one o fw h ich w a s s amp led . S t ake s w e r e a l r oundwood a nd r a nged i nd i ame te rf r om 5 0t o1 20mm . B 78 w a s ar e c tangu la r d oub le s e t t ing o f s t ake s t o t h e n o r th o fB 79 . E l even s t ake s w e re r e co rded , d i ame te r 5 0 1 70mm ,b u tn one w a ss amp led . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a tB 78 a nd B 79 f o rmed p a r t o ft h e s ame s t ru c tu r eb ecau se i ta ppea r s t h a t s t ru c tu re B 128 , c omp r i s ing s t ak e s a nd h o r izon ta l t i mbe r s ,l i nked t h et wo .B 79 c omp r i sed al o ng r e c tangu la r d oub le s e t t ing o fs t ak e s , c6m i nl e ng th a nd 1 . 3m a pa r t . T h i r ty two s t ake s w e r e r e co rded a nd s amp le s t a k en f o r w ood i d en t if i ca t ion . O ne s t ake w a s d a t ed t o8 40 -530 c a l BC ( GU -5339 ; 2 570±60 B P ) , a no th e rt o7 70 -390 c a l B C ( GU -5577 ;2 390±50 B P ) . S t ake d i ame te r sr a nged f r om 3 0 t o l1 O mm a nd t h ew ood u s ed i n c lud ed o ak ( 1 5 ) ,h aze l ( 8 ) a nd a sh ( 8 ) . T he t wo o t he r s t ru c tu r e s w h ich i n c luded e i gh teen o ne o fw h ich w a s d a ted 2 250±50 B P ) , a nd B 8 1 , 10mm . O ne o ak s t ake ( GU -5584 ;2 500±50 B P ) .
i nt h e g r oup c on s i s ted o fB 80 , s t ake s o f d i ame te r 3 0 140mm , t o 4 00 190 c a l BC ( GU -5599 ; t we lve s t ak e s o f d i ame te r 4 0 w a s d a ted t o 8 10 -400 c a l B C
Al i ne o fs t ake s ,B 158 ,t ot h ee a s to fB 77 ,p robab ly f o rmed p a r t o ft h e s ame c omp lex . S ix s t ak e sw e re r e co rd ed w i th d i ame te r s r a ng ing b e tw een 9 0 a nd 1 3 0mm , n one w a s s amp led .
2 04
SU B S I STENCE I NT H E CO ASTAL ZO NE
•
Q 8 6
•
•
• •
0 8 8
•
0 8 7
•
Q 9 0
Q 9 1
Q 8 9
•
3 0m
F igur e 7 . 58 S t ruc ture s Q 86 -91 T he r ad ioca rbon d e te rm ina t ion s f o r t h e se s t ruc tu re s a r e s t a t i s t ica l ly s i gn if ican t ly d if e r en t ( T '= 12 .5 ; v = 1 ; T ' (5% )=3 .8 ; Wa rd a nd W i lson 1 978 ) . H oweve r , m a tch ing t o o l s i gna tu r e s o n s t ake s f r om t h e d if e ren t s t ruc tu re s i n d ica te t h a t t h e s ame t oo l w a s u sed t o s ha rpen s t ake s
•
f r om b o th B 80 a nd B 81 ( s ee b e low ) .T h i ss ugge s t st h a tt h e s t ruc tu r e sw e r ec on s truc ted a tt h es ame t ime .
•
S t ruc tur e sQ 85 -9 4 S t ruc tu r e sQ 85 -Q94 w e re s i ted t ot h e w e s t o ft h e Q ua r r p a laeochanne l a nd t h ey d i sp layed b road s im i la r i t ie s t o s t ruc tu r e s B 49 -B 72 a t B in s tead ( F ig . 7 . 58 ) . T he t wo g roup s w e re a l so b road ly c on tempo ra ry . T he i r f unc t ion i s a sy e tu nknown . Two s t ruc tu re si nt h i sg roup a tQ ua r rw e re d a ted .T he f i r s tw a sQ 87 , ar e c tangu la ro ro va lg roup o ft e n s t ake s o r ien ted n or th sou th . O ne a l d e r s t ake w a s d a ted t o 2 140 1780 c a l BC ( GU -5408 ; 3 590± 50 B P ) . T he s e cond , Q 90 ,w a s ar e gu la rg roup o f1 5s t ake sf o rm ing a nh ou rg la s s s hape s im i la r t oB 49 a tB in s tead ( F ig . 7 . 59 ) . O ne s t ake i d en t if ied a sp op la ro rw i l low w a sd a ted t o2 110 1750 c a l BC ( GU -54 12 ;3 560±50 B P ) .
• •
•
•
•
0
T ot h en o r th o fs t ruc tu re sQ 85 -Q 94 , ag roup o f2 1 s t ake s w a s s u rveyed . T h is s t ru c tu re w a s n umbe red Q 173 a nd i s u nda ted ( F ig . 7 . 60 ) . Wh i l s t n o c l ea r p a t te rn t ot h e s t ake s e t t ing c an b e d i sce rned , i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h e s t ruc tu re c on s i s ts o f as e r ies o fV shaped g roup s a nd a ss uch c ou ld
3m
F igur e 7 . 59 S t ruc tur eQ 90
p o s s ib ly b e t h e r ema in s o f t h e h o ld ing p o s t s f o r s ma l l b a ske two rk f i sh t raps .
2 05
•
CO A STAL AR CHAEOLOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONM ENT : ASO LENT C A SE S TUDY
•
S .
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
0
6m
F igur e 7 . 60 S t ruc tur eQ 173
F i shbourne B each A t F i shboume al i ne o fs ma l l s t ake s ( F31) w a s r e co rded r unn ing d own t h ec en t re o ft h es ma l li n f i l led h eade rc hanne l F 30 ( F ig . 7 . 6 1) . O ne h aze l s t ake w a s d a ted t o2 200 1890 c a l BC ( GU -5051 ; 3 650±50 B P ) . T he p o s i t ion o f t h e se s t ake s s ugge s t s t h a t t h ey w ou ld h ave b een h amme red i n r ough ly a tt h ec on tempo ra ry MH WST ma rk ( s ee L ong a nd S ca if e , s e c t ion 5 . 5 ) . T he i rf unc t ion i su nknown b u t o w ing t ot h e i r s ma l l s i ze t h ey c ou ld c l ea r ly n o t h ave s uppo r ted as ub s tan t ia l s t ruc tu re . P o s s ib ly t h ey a r e t h e r ema in s o f as pec ia l i sed t r ap u s ing s t aked n e t s , p e rhap s f o r c a tch ing w i ldf ow l . B ronze A ge w ood land managemen t T he s t ake s r e t r ieved f r om B ronze Age s t ruc tu re s s how a d ive r se m ix o fw ood s pec ie s , i n c lud ing h aze l , a sh , b i rch , a l de ra nd p op la ro rw i l low .S ome o ft h e se w e re f a s tg rown , o the r s s l ow g rown . A l though s ome o ft h e f a s te r g rown s t em s c ou ld h ave b een f r om ac opp iced s ou rce , t h e re a r e t oo f ew p i ece s t o b e c e r ta in t h a t c opp ic ing w a s t a k ing
N umbe r 1 072 1 075 1 863 7 6 1 816 1 264 1 277 1 792 1 712 3 035 3 050 1 519 1 520 2 9 1 489 1 494 1 508 1 5 15
S pec ies H aze l A sh H aze l H aze l A lde r h aze l I d P op /sa l Oak B i rch A lde r i d O ak O ak O ak A sh A sh I d
S t ruc ture B 49 B 49 P 98 F 31 087 B 66 B 66 Q90 0 114 P 180 P 180 B 81 B 81 F 31 B 79 B 79 B 80 * B 80 *
F igu r e 7 . 61 A l ignmen t sa tF i shbourne
p l ace .A l l f ou rh aze l s t em sw e re u s ed i nt h e e a r l ie rp a r to f t h e B ronze A ge ( T ab le 7 . 6 ; 2 300 1940 c a l BC : GU -5337 ; 3 7 10±60 B P ; 2 270 1880 c a l BC ; GU -5406 ; 3 660±60 B P ; 2 200 -1890 c a l BC ; GU -5051 ; 3 650±50 B P ; a nd 2 140 1 780 c a l B C ; GU -5338 ; 3 590±50 B P , F ig . 7 . 62 ) . T he re w a s ac hange f r om t h e p redom inan t u se o fh aze l r od s i n t h e N eo l i th ic t ot h e u se o f p o le s f r om a n umbe r o ft r ee s pec ie s . T h i s s ugge s t st h a tt h e g row th h ab i t o ft h e se o the r s pec ie sa sp o le sw a sb e ing e ncou raged .
F e l l ing t ime
S ec t ion Who le Who le
D iame ter 1 40 6 5 7 0
Who le
7 0
w in te r
Who le
5 5
w in te r
S p l i t r ad ia l Who le Who le Who le Who le
s umme r
8 5 8 0
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1 00
Who le w ho le
9 0 8 0
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1 40
T ab le 7 . 6S tak e sc u tw i th b ronze t o o l s .
2 06
R ing w id th
1 7+ 2 _5 t o1 2 .5 t o1
3 2
1 0 i n4 0
1 2+
SU B S I STENCE I NT H E CO ASTAL ZO NE s i gna tu re s a ta n a ng le t ot h e b l ade e dge . T he s t ake s h ad c l ea r t oo l s i gna tu re s a nd s ome j amb c u rve s w he re t h e e dge c u rve o ft h e b l ade c ou ld b e r e co rded . T he se b l ade s w e re v e ry c u rved ,b u tb ecau se o ft h es ma l ld i ame te ro ft h e
U n iden t 1% H aze l
s t ake s a nd b ecau se t h ey w e re c u t w h i l s t h e ld v e r t ica l ly , o n ly p a r t o ft h e b l ade ma rk s u rv ived o n t h e p o in t s . T he c u rve o ft h eb l ade e dge s i nd ica te st h a ta n a xe w a s u sed t o p o in tt h e s t ake s a nd n o t ab i l lh ook . T he r ad ioca rbon d a te
2 1%
M ap le 5%
o fs t ake 1 072 f r om s t ruc tu re B 49 ( 2 300 -1940 c a l BC ; GU 5 337 ;3 710±60 B P )s ugge s t st h a tt h i s wo rk w a sc a r r ied o u t a ta ne a r ly s t age i nt h ed eve lopmen to fm e ta lt oo ls ,o rt h a t p a ls tave s w e re b e ing u sed e a r l ie rt h an h ad b een a s sumed . R af te ry ( 1992 ) h a s n o ted s im i la r e a r ly w o rkman sh ip o n I r i sh s t ake p o in t s .
O ak 2 1% \
A sh 1 6%
B i rch 5 %
A lde r
V i l ow / p o p l a r / 5 %
E l de r
1%
L a te B ronze A ge / Iron A ge l o ng shore s t ake a l ignmen t s o n t he Woo t ton Quarr c oa s t
5%
As e r ie so fl o ng sho re s t ake a l ignmen t sw a sr e co rded d u r ing t h e p ro jec t . O fd if e r ing a ge s a nd i nv a r iou s p o s i t ion s i n r e la t ion t ot h ep a laeochanne l s wh ich c r o s st h eb ea ch ,t h e se a l ignmen t sa r ed if i cu l tt oi n te rp re t .
F igur e 7 . 62 W ood s pec ie su sedf or s t ak e sc u tw i th B ronze A ge m e ta lt o o l s B ronze A ge w ood t e chno logy
F i shbourne a l ignmen tF 32 /34
S t ake 1 515 f r om s t ruc tu re B 80 a nd s t ake 1 520 f r om s t ruc tu re B 8 1 h ad m a t ch ing t oo l s i gna tu r e s i n d ica t ing t h a t t h e se t wo s t ake sw e r ec u tw i th t h e s ame a xe .A st oo l s i gna tu re s a r e s oon r emoved b y r e sha tpen ing o r r e hamme r ing o f t h e b l ad e e dge t h e se t wo s t ake s a nd , t h e ref o re , s t ruc tu re s B 80 a nd B 8 1 , mu s t b e c on tempo ra ry . T he s t ruc tu re s w e re t h e s ame s i ze a nd s hape , a l so s ugge s t ing t h a t t h ey w e re c on tempo ra ry , a l though t h e r a d ioca rbon r e su l t s a r e s t a t is t ica l ly s i gn if ican t ly d if e ren t ( T '= 12 .5 ; T ' (5% )=3 .8 ; v = 1 ; Wa rd a nd W i l son 1 978 ; GU -5599 , 2 250±50 B Pa nd GU -5584 ,2 500±50 B P ) .
A t F i shbou rne , s t ruc tu re F 32 /34 , a n a l ignmen t o f mo re t h an e i gh ty s t ake s w a s e r ec ted s ome t ime d u r ing t h e m id 1 s t m i l lenn ium BC . Two s t ake s h ave y i e lded d a te s o f 8 40 -600 c a l BC ( GU -5052 ; 2 600±50 B P ) a nd 8 00 -400 c a l BC ( GU -5598 ; 2 470±50 B P ) . T h is a l ignmen t f o l low s t h e p r e sen t m ean l ow w a te r m a rk w he re i t s f unc t ion i s u nc lea r ( F ig . 7 . 6 1) . I tw a s c on s t ruc ted u s ing q u i te l a rge s t ake s wh ich m ay o r ig ina l ly h ave h ad h o r izon ta lp l ank ing b e tween t h em . P o s s ib le i n te rp re ta t ion s f o r t h i s s t ruc tu re a r et h a ti ts e rved a s al a rge f i sh w e i r , a l though i t sp o s i t ion a tp re sen t l ow w a te ra nd p a ra l le l t ot h e c oa s t l ine d oe sn o t
T he B ronze A ge s t ake p o in t s
s uppo r tt h is ,o ra l te rna t ive ly i tm igh th ave b een s ome k i nd o fe a r ly c oa s ta lr e ve tmen t . H oweve r , w hy s uch as t ruc tu re w ou ld h ave b een n ece s sa ry a tt h a tt ime i su nc lea r .
T he t oo l m a rk s o n t h e B ronze A ge s t ake p o in t s w e re a l made b y c u rved -edged b l ade s . T he se h ave l e f t t oo l
. . . . . . Q 137
. . .
0 14
K 15
K 16
Q 11 Q 12 . .
Qua r r
0
N
Q 129
• • • , B 42
B ins tead H a rd
1km
F igur e 7 . 63 L ong shore a l ignmen t sa tQ uar r /B in s tead
2 07
P 103
CO A STAL AR CHAEOLOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONMENT : ASO LENT C A SE S T UDY T he I r on A ge t i mbe r s w e re l a rg e rt h an t h o se u s ed i na ny o t he rp e r iod ( F ig . 7 . 65 ) . T he i rp o in t sw e re m ad eu po ft h e s p l i t e nd s o fp oo r q ua l i ty w ood w h ich h ad b een r ough ly h ewn t o ap o in t w i th c u rved -edg ed a xe s . D e sp i te t h e p oo rq ua l i ty o ft h ep o in t s , n o c omp le te b l ad e i mp r e s s ion s r ema ined s ow e d o n o t k now h ow w id e t h e se a xe s w e re . T h i si sd i sappo in t ing a sv e ry l i t t le i sk nown a bou tI r on A ge w oodwo rk ing .
l e e
1 00 m
F igu r e 7 . 64 S t ruc tur eB 18 t o o ls i gna tur e s . *i n d i ca te sa m a t ch ing t o o ls i gna tur e
A l ignmen tB 18 S t ru c tu r eB 18 w a s al o ng sho re a l ignmen tr unn ing SW -NE w i th in t h e B in s tead p a laeochanne l ( F ig . 7 . 64 ) . Twen ty e i gh ts t ak e sc omp r i s ing r oundwood a nd s p l i tt imbe r sw e r e r e co rd ed . Two o ak s t ake s w e r e d a ted t o4 00 -200 c a l BC ( GU -5253 ; 2 270±50 B P ) a nd 4 00 190 c a l BC ( GU -5583 ; 2 250±50 B P ) . T he f unc t ion o ft h i s s t ru c tu re i su nc lea r , a l though t h e s t ake s a r e h eav ie r t h an t h o se n o rma l ly u s ed t oc on s t ru c tf i sh w e i r s . T he a l ignmen tw a sc on s t ruc ted f r om o ak t i mbe r so f c0 . 3m d i ame te r . T he t w i s ted a nd u neven g row th p a t te rn o ft h e se t imbe r s s ugge s ted t h a t t h ey w e r e e i the r b r anch w ood o f s l ow gown t r ee so rs t em so ft r ee sg r ow ing u nd e rs t r e s sed c ond i t ion s . N e i the rg row th h ab i tw ou ld b e e xpec ted t ob e p rodu ced u nde rw ood land m anagemen t . S u ch p oo rq ua l i ty o ak c an c ome f r om a ny w ood land r e sou rce ,b u tb ef o r et h e a dven t o ft h e c ha in saw t h e e f o r t i n vo lved i nf e l l ing a nd c onve r t ing w ood o ft h i sq ua l i ty m ean tt h a ti tw a sn o tu sed u n le s si tw a st h eo n ly w ood a va i lab le ,o rw a s ab y -p rodu c t , s u ch a sb r an ch w ood f r om at i mbe rt r ee . I t su se h e re m ay s ugge s tt h a tB 18 w a s al ow s t a tu ss t ru c tu r e . T oo ls i gna tur e sf r om a l ignmen tB 18 T imbe rp o in t s 9 24 , 9 29 , 9 31 , a nd 9 32 h ad t o o l s i gna tu re s t h a tm a tched ( F ig . 7 . 64 ) . T he c r udene s s o ft h e p o in t s a nd d if e ren ta ng le so ft h ea xe b l ow sm ade t h e se p o in t sr a the r o dd . T he p o in t s w e r e c r ude ly s haped m ak ing u s e o fs p l i t s u rf a ce s a nd t h e n a tu ra l c u rve o f t h e w ood . T he a ng le o ft h e a xe b l ow s s ugge s t s t h a t t h e se h eavy t imbe r s w e r e s haped a st h ey l a y o n t h e g round . N o th ing d i s t ingu i she s t h e se a xe m a rk sf r om S axon a xe m a rk s .
0 1 10 1 1CI E C I I I IE M 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 0 cm
F igur e 7 . 65 I r on A g eo ak s t ak ef r om a l ignmen tB 18
2 08
SU B S I ST ENCE I NT H E CO A STAL ZO NE
F igur e 7 . 66 R oman t i mbe r 1 000004 d e ta i l
7 . 4 .3
R oman t imber s
S t ru c tu r e F 35 c on s i s ted o f ad oub le l i ne o f o ak s t ake s w h ich w e re u sua l ly b u r ied b enea th t h e s t o rm b ea ch a t F i shbour n e . T wo s t ake s p rodu ced d a te s o f 10 c a l BC c a l AD 1 20 ( GU -5262 ; 1 990±50 B P ) a nd 10 c a l BC -ca l AD 1 30 ( GU -5263 ; 1 970±50 B P ) . T he f u nc t ion o ft h i s a l ignmen ti su nc lea ra nd i t sp o s i t ion i sd if i cu l tt or e con c i le w i th t h a to fF 160 , as a l t -mak ing k i ln o fR oman d a te ,w h ich i sa t as im i la r h e igh t OD b u t , i no r d e r t of u nc t ion , mu s t h ave b een a bove h igh w a te r . S i t eQ 4 T he R oman s t ruc tu re a ts i t e Q 4 d if e r ed f r om t h e o t he r s t ru c tu r e sf ound o nt h eb each .T h i sw a s aj o in ted s t ru c tu r e . S amp led t i mbe r 1 0 w a s af a s t g r own o ak p o le 0 . 11m i n d i ame te ra nd 5 . 2m l o ng ( F ig s . 7 . 66 a nd 7 . 67 ) . I td i sp layed a xe -cu t e nd s , o ne o fw h ich w a s t h e f e l l ing c u t . T he o n ly R oman t o o l s i gna tu re t ob e r e co rd ed d u r ing t h e p ro jec t w a so nt h ef e l l ing c u to ft h i st i mbe r . T h i st i mbe rh ad n i ne teen 8 0mm -w ide l a pj o in t ss awn i n to o ne s i de a t0 . 26m a pa r t . T he se l a p s w e re 3 0mm d eep a nd v a r ied b e tween 5 8 a nd 7 0mm i nw id th . I tw a s c l ea rf r om t h e c u t s o n t h e b a se o ft h e l a pj o in t t h a t , a l though t h e re w e r e s aw c u t s a te ach e nd o ft h e l a p , t h e w ood h ad b een c u to u tw i th a na xe .E a ch l a ph ad as i ng le c en t ra ln a i l .O ne f i t t ing t i mbe ro r ig ina l ly l a yi ns i tu a si fi t se nd l a pped o nt o t h ep o le .T he r ei sn oe v id en ce f o rt h ef u nc t ion o ft h ef r ame b u t c on tempo ra ry b ru shwood w h ich m ay h ave f o rmed a f l oo rs ugg e s t s t h a tt h e s t ru c tu r e c ou ld h ave b een ap l ank b u i l tb r idg ei fas e cond l a pped p o le h ad o nce b een p r e sen t . T h es i d e so ft h el a pj o in t so ve rhang g i v ing t h ei mp re s s ion t h a t t h ey w e re d ove ta i led i ns h ape . T h i s s l op ing o f t h e s i d e s i sn o t r e gu la r , b u t a s a l o ft h e l a p s r e pea ted t h i s a r rangemen t i tmu s t b e a s sumed t ob e i n ten t iona l . I ft h e p i ece s t h a t f i t ted i n to t h e se l a p s w e r e c u t i nr ound w ood t h er e su l t ing j o in tc ou ld b et i gh tf i t t ing .
F igu r e 7 . 67 R oman t i mbe r 1 000004 i ns i tu Sma l l , s t ra igh t R oman o ak t r unk s w i thou t s i d e b r anche s , s u ch a s t i mbe r 1 0 f r om s i t e Q 4 , a r e e xa c t ly t h e g row th h ab i tp rodu ced b y o ak s e ed l ing s g r ow ing u p i nw ood land c l ea r ing s w he re c opp ic ing , c l ea r -f e l l ing o r w ood land r e g ene ra t ion h a s o ccu r r ed o n c l ea r ed g round . G row th i n m o r e o pen c ond i t ion s w ou ld h ave e ncou rag ed t h e
2 09
CO ASTAL AR CHAEOLOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONMENT : ASO LENT C A SE S TUDY d eve lopmen t o f s i de b ranche s . T he re a r e n o t s uf i c ien t n umbe r s o ft r ee s t oc onf i rm w ood land m anagemen t , b u t c omponen t s i n s t ruc tu re s s uch a s R oman t imbe r -f ramed b u i ld ing s i n L ondon ( Goodbu rn 1 99 1) a nd w e l l l in ing s
p a r t o f t h e s ame s t ruc tu re . T he re w a s a n a ppa ren t g ap
i n t h e R oman s e t t lemen t a t S co le , N o rf o lk ( Da r rah f o r thcom ing a ) , a l so p rov ide e v idence f o r t h e u se o f a s im i la rt r ee s . T he P runu s s p . b ru shwood u sed f o rf l oo r ing a t s i te Q 4 c ou ld h ave c ome f r om e i the r h edge row o r
d e te rm ina t ion s a r e s t a t is t ica l ly c on s is ten t w i th t h e h ypo the s i st h a tt h e s t ruc tu re w a sa l l b u i l t a to nce ( T '= 1 .3 ;
w ood land s ou rce s . 7 . 4 .4 S axon s t ake s t ruc ture s A l ignmen t sQ 137 ,Q 14 ,Q 15 ,K 16 a nd B 17 T he mo s te x ten s ive s t ruc tu re o nt h e b each b e tween Q ua r ta nd B in s tead c omp r i sed al o ng sho re a l ignmen t o fs t ake s s t re tch ing i n af r agmen ta ry f o rm f o r 1 . 25 km ( F ig .7 . 68 a nd s ee F ig . 7 . 63 ) . I tw a so r ig ina l ly r e co rded a sf i ve i n d iv idua l a l ignmen t s( Q 137 ,Q 14 ,Q 15 ,K 16 a nd B 17 ) ,u n t i ls amp le s s ubm i t ted f o rr ad ioca rbon d a t ing f r om e ach s egmen tw e re f ound t ob e b road ly c on tempo ra ry . T he se d a te s c ove r t h e m idd le S axon p e r iod ( Q 137 : c a l AD 5 90 -710 , GU -5597 , 1 380±50 B P ; Q 14 : c a l AD 5 40 -680 , GU -5256 , 1 420±50 B P ; K 15 : c a l AD 6 00 -780 , GU -5254 , 1 350±50 B P ; K 16 : c a l AD 6 00 -770 , GU -5255 , 1 350±50 B P ; c a l AD 6 00 7 70 , GU -5591 , 1 370 50 B P a nd B 17 : c a l AD 5 60 -690 , GU -5400 , 1 390±50 B P ) . A l though a l l s egmen t s w e re o n t h e s ame a l ignmen t , i ti su nknown w he the r a l l f o rmed
i nt h e a l ignmen t w he re t h e Qua r r p a laeochanne l f l owed s e awa rd b u t t h is may b e b ecau se t h e s t ake s w e re mo re e a s i ly d i s lodged i nt h es of te rs ed imen t .A l lt h er a d ioca rbon
T ' (5% )= 9 . 5 ; v =4 ; Wa rd a nd W i lson 1 978 ) . Af u r the r l i ne o fs t ake s , s t ruc tu re P 103 , w a s r e co rded s ome 7 00m t ot h e e a s t . T h i s a l so p roduced c on s is ten t r ad ioca rbon d a te s ( c a l AD 6 30 -790 ; GU -5592 ; 1 320±50 B Pa nd c a l AD 5 40 -670 ; GU -54 11 ; 1 450±50 B P ; T '=4 .8 ; T ' (5% )= 12 .6 ; 1 , "6 ; Wa rd a nd W i l son 1 978 )a nd s o may b ep a r to ft h e s ame e p isode o fc on s t ruc t ion . A c ompa r i son o f t h e w oodwo rk ing t e chn ique s u sed o n t h e s t ake s o f P 103 a nd t ho se o f t h e i nd iv idua l s e c t ion s o fa l ignmen t Q 137 / 14 17 w a s i n conc lu s ive ( s ee b e low ) . A l though a l o ft h e s t ake sw e re o f ac ompa rab le s i ze , t oo l s i gna tu re s c ou ld n o t b e ma tched b e tw een t h e i nd iv idua l s e c t ion s o ft h e a l ignmen t . T h is c ou ld m ean e i the rt h a tt h e s e c t ion sw e re n o tc on tempo ra ry o rt h a tt h ey w e re b u i l tb y d if e ren t g roups o fw o rke r s . I nd iv idua l t imbe r s d i sp layed d if e r ing l e ve ls o f w oodwo rk ing p rof ic iency , a l though n one w a s s haped w i th t h e s k i l l o f ac r af t sman . T h is s ugge s t st h a ta l lo ft h es e c t ion sw e re b u i l tb y al a rge g roup w o rk ing h u r r ied ly a nd u s ing a l l a va i lab le t o o ls . T he c omp le te a l ignmen t c omp r ised at o ta l o f3 84 v er t ica l r oundwood s t ake s , r ang ing i n d i ame te r f r om 1 0mm t o 2 30mm . T he s t ake s , o n a ve rage , w e re l e ss t h an 1 ma pa r t . S amp led s t ake s i n c luded o ak , a sh , m ap le , w i l low , a nd a l de r . D u r ing t h e s u rvey a nd t h e e x t ra c t ion o fi n d iv idua l s t ake s f o r s amp l ing n o h o r izon ta l t imbe r s n o r a ny t r ace s o fh u rd l ing w e re o b se rved . T h is h a s l ef t t h e p u rpo se o f t h is a l ignmen t u nc lea r . T he mo s t o bv iou s i n te rp re ta t ion w ou ld b e t h a t i tw a s a s soc ia ted w i th f i sh ing . L ong sho re a l ignmen t s , s ome o fw h ich a r e a l so o fS axon d a te , h ave b een r e co rded i nt h e B lackwa te rE s tua ry , E s sex ( Godbo ld a nd T u rne r 1 993 , A non 1 992 , 1 993 ) . H e r e , t h ey t a ke a v a r ie ty o ff o rm s , i n c lud ing s i ng le l i ne s , d oub le l i ne s a nd s e r ie so fs ma l lV -shape s . S ome a r ed emon s t rab ly f i sh t rap s , i n c lud ing t h es ma l lV shaped s e t t ing sa nd e xamp le sw h ich a r e c on s t ruc ted w i th w a l ls o f woven p ane l s w h ich f e ed i n to l a rge b a ske t s( Godbo ld a nd T u rne r 1 993 ) . Wh i ls t i n b road o ve ra l l p l an t h e E s sex a l ignmen t s a r e g ene ra l ly s im i la r t o s t ru c tu re Q 137 /Q 14 -B 17 ( A l len e t a l 1 997 f i g . 8 3 ) , t h e re a r e an umbe r o f d if e rence s , n o t l e a s tt h e v a r ie ty o fc on s t ru c t ion m e thod s a nd t h e f a c tt h a t m any o ft h eE s sex a l ignmen t sa ppea rt ob em o re c omp lex . T he s t ruc tu re s i n c lude l i ne s o fV -shaped p o s t s e t t ing s a nd a l ignmen t s w i th h ooked e nd s whe re , p r e sumab ly , t h e f i sh w e re c augh t . T he ma in o b jec t ion s t o t h e i n te rp re ta t ion o f t h e Q ua r r a l ignmen t a s af i sh w e i r a r e t ha t n o h u rd l ing o r s im i la r m a te r ia l w a s f ound i n a s soc ia t ion w i th t h e s t ake s , a nd t h a t t h e re w a s n o e v idence o fr epa i r o rr ebu i ld a l ong t h e l e ng th o ft h e a l ignmen t . A lso , t h e re w a s n o i n d ica t ion o f at r app ing d ev ice , a l though i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t n e t s c ou ld
F igur e 7 . 68 L ong shor eS axon a l ignmen tQ 16
h ave b een s t r ung b e tween t h e s t ake s , i no rde rt ot r ap f i sh
2 10
Suss1STENCE IN THE CoASTAL ZoNE
caught with the falling tide. Alternatively lines may have been set. This was practised at Colwyn Bay in the 19th century when fishermen set 'long lines for Cod during the winter months, going out as far as the Constable Bank (nearly 5 miles) at times, and with fair success' (Walker 1893). lf this were the case at Quarr, however, it seems unnecessary to have hammered in the stakes at such close intervals. Significantly, a netted trap constructed in 1975 off Foulness had stakes hammered in at 1 O foot intervals (Crump and Wallis 1992). lt has also been suggested that the alignments were possibly defensive. Longshore rows of posts are believed to have served a defensive role on the Island in the past (Cox 1770). It is also possible that the posts formed sorne sort of territorial boundary, for example to conserve inshore oyster beds.
structure. Twenty two roundwood stakes of diameter 30160mm were recorded here but none was dated. Saxon woodland management The long Saxon alignments give us the best opportunity for assessing evidence for woodland exploitation. These have also been discussed by Rowena Gale in section 4.6. Forty-eight stakes were collected from these alignments (Table 7.7, Figs. 7.69 and 7.70). Six different species were identified. Of these, 47% were stakes of oak, 23% were ash, 14% were maple, 7% willow, and the remainder was alder and apple. Table 7.7 shows the breakdown of species in each of the alignments. Although the sample was small it hints that the stakes for P l 03 were cut from an ash-maple woodland, and those used in B17 were cut from a wetter woodland of alder and willow.
Arguments against the alignment being associated with fishing include the fact that the stakes do not cross the palaeochannels at Quarr and Binstead which, in an environment of salt marsh and mudflats, would be the best places for catching fish. The same argument may be applied when these channels are seen as convenient landing places in need of defence. In the absence of detailed analogies, the temptation to interpret these structures as fish traps because of their current intertidal position should be treated with caution. Unlike the prehistoric structures which do, to sorne extent, have associated environmental evidence, the sediments which hold the key to the environmental history of the later past are largely missing from this intertidal zone. Consequently, the Solent sea-leve! chronology for the last 2000 years is incomplete (see Long and Scaife, sections 5.5 and 5.6). Whatever the purpose of these stake alignments, the reason why such a large scale operation was being hastily carried out at this location is not fully understood.
Wide 25%
Narrow 56% l\tledium 19%
Structure P103 is perhaps more easily equated with a fishing function. This was a longshore alignment of thirty two roundwood stakes of diameter 70-170mm, two of which were sampled. One was identified as ash and was dated to cal AD 540-670 (GU-5411; 1450±50 BP). The other was oak and was dated to cal AD 630-790 (GU-5592; 1320±50 BP). W hether this structure performed the same function as Ql 37/Ql 4-Bl 7 is unclear but seems doubtful. The stakes were set in silt, on average more than 2m apart, and they straddled a palaeochannel flanked by fallen trees (see Quarr-Binstead Beach plan on CD*). These trees have been dendrochronologically dated to around 3000BC. It seems likely that in the more recent past, this was a creek within salt marsh. If this were the case, the stake alignment might represent the remains of a fish trap similar to a type recorded in Cornwall which consisted of a row of stakes stretching across a creek with a net fastened to them (Halliday 1953, Hutchinson 1994). The use of nets would account for the fact that no infilling horizontal timbers or hurdling were noted.
Figure 7. 69 Saxon oak polesfirst ring widths
P184, an irregular, almost linear group of stakes at the eastern end of P 103, may have formed part of the same
Figure 7. 70 Saxon non-oak polesfirst ring widths
Narrow 17%
l\tledium 6%
77%
*Please note that this plan is shown at the end of this ebook
211
CO ASTAL AR CHAEOLOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONMENT : ASO LENT C A SE S T UDY
3 0
W ide f i rs t W ide f i rs t W ide f i rs t W ide f i rs t W ide f i rs t N a r row f i r s t
G row th p at tern r i ng w id ths 3mm 2mm 2t o 3mm 3 +mm 6mm 3t o 5mm 5t o 1 mm 4mm 2 .5mm
3 6+ 2 8+
N a r row f i rs t N a r row f i rs t
1t o 3mm 3mm
S t ruc ture
N umber
S pec ies
F e l l ing t ime
D iam ( mm )
Age ( y rs )
P 103 P 103 P 103 P 103 P 103 P 103 P 103 P 103 P 103 P 103 P 103 P 103 Q 14 B 17 B 17 B 17 B 17 B 17 B 17 B 17 B 17 B 17 B 17 B 17 K 15 K 16 K 16 K 16 K 16 K 16 K 16 K 16 K 16 K 16 K 16 K 16 K 16 K 16 K 16 K 16 K 16 K 16 K 16 K 16 K 16 K 16 K 16 Q 137 Q 137 B 48 Q44
2 246 2 255 2 260 2 273 2 245 2 252 2 253 2 24 1 2 267 2 268 2 248 2 279 8 8 55 8 95 4 8 53 8 78 C on tex t 6 41 C on tex t6 43 8 63 9 09 8 72 9 03 6 7 03 7 00 7 02 7 11 7 3 1 7 0 1 7 6 83 6 88 6 92 6 94 6 96 6 97 6 98 6 99 7 56 7 73 7 88 7 97 7 99 8 10 C on tex t 6 27 2 611 2 613 1 047 2 212
Map le Map le Map le Map le A sh A sh A sh
S umme r S umme r 1/3 S umme r S umme r 1 / 2 S umme r 1 / 2
1 40 1 90 1 05 1 80 1 60 1 60 9 0 1 50 1 40 2 00 1 60 1 50
3 0+ 2 2 1 8+ 3 1 2 3 1 9+ 2 3
S umme r 1 / 2
O ak O ak P o rn W i l low A lde r A lde r A sh A sh
O ak O ak W i l low W i l low O ak Map le A sh A sh A sh A sh O ak O ak O ak O ak O ak O ak Oak O ak Oak Oak O ak Oak O ak O ak O ak O ak A sh
S umme r 1 / 2
S umme r S p r ing R eused s p S umme r 1 / 3 L a te s p r ing S p r ing L a te s p r ing S umme r S umme r 1 / 2 S umme r S umme r 1 / 3 S umme r 1 / 3
S umme r 1 / 3 S p r ing
1 40 1 20+ 1 30 1 30 1 30 1 60 10 1 30 9 0+ 1 00 8 0+ 1 60 1 20 1 50 10 1 40 15 1 80 8 0
1 50 1 20 L a te s p r ing L a te s p r ing L a te s p r ing S p r ing S p r ing S p r ing S p r ing
1 80 9 5 1 20 10 10 1 20 1 80 1 40 1 00 1 00 6 0
1 7 1 2+ 1 3
F i rs t r i ngs w id ths W ide f i rs t W ide f i rs t
W ide f i rs t Med ium W ide f i rs t
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2 14
T ab le 7 . 8 T he A ng lo -Saxon s t ak ea l ignmen t s ,f e l l ing t i me s , t o o ls i gna tur e sa nd a xe p o in t ing t e chn ique s .
0 )
SU B S I ST ENCE I NT H E CO A ST AL ZO NE
2 0 0 m
F igu r e 7 . 72 S t ruc tur eP 103 t o o ls i gna tu r e s .
t h e s ma l l r e gu la r n umbe r o ff a ce t s ( s ix t oe i gh t ) p e r s i de i n d ica t ing t h ea ccu ra te s upe r impo s ing o fa xe b l ow s . S t ak e s 245 a nd 2 246 b o th h ad t h es ame t o o ls i gna tu r ea nd w e re , t h e r ef o r e , c u t w i th t h e s ame t o o l . T he p o in t s w e re b o th r o ugh b u t r egu la r a nd h ad an umbe r o fs t op m a rk s w he r et h eb l ade h ad d ug i nt o od eep .T he se s t op m a rk sa nd t h e n umbe r o ff a ce t s p e r s i de w h ich v a r ied b e tw een s i x a nd t we lve s ugge s t sm u ch l e s sa c cu ra t es upe r impo s i t ion o f i n d iv idua la xe b l ow s .T he s im i la r i ty o ft h ep o in t ss ugge s t s t h a tt h ey w e re h ewn b yt h es ame p e r son . S t ak e s 248 , 2 253 , 2 267 ,2 268 a nd 279 a l h ad t h es ame t o o l s i g na tu r ef r om ac u rved -edged a xe a nd w e r ec u tw i th t h e s am e t o o l ( b lade I I ) . B u t w h i le 2 248 h ad ad i s t inc t b u l le t shaped p o in tw i th v i go rou s 5 0mm l o ng f a ce t s o n a 0 . 12m l o ng f i ve s ided p o in t ,t h eo t h e rp o in t sw e r es im i la r t o2 267 w h ich h ad as p i re shaped p o in t w i th 3 0mm l o ng f a ce t so n a0 . 25m l o ng n i ne s ided p o in t . U n le s s2 248 w a s af e l l ing c u t ,t h is d i s t inc tp o in tt y pe s ugge s t st wo d if e r en t w o rk e r s u s ed t h e s ame a xe f o r p o in t ing . T h i s g roup o f s t ake s w i th m a tch ing t o o l s i gna tu r e sw a ss c a t te red e ven ly a l ong t h e 1 80m l e ng th o fa l ignmen tP 103 ,e xcep tf o r2 267 a nd 268 w h ich w e r ea d jacen t . S t ak e 252 d if e r sa ga in i nt h a ti tw a sc u tw i th a na xe w i th aw e l ls h a rpened s t ra igh te dge m o r et h an 8 0mm w ide .T he b l ad e h ad n o n i ck s u n l ike t h e o t he r a xe s . T he p o in t t y pe
w a s d i s t inc t i nt h a t t h e c u t s o n t h e f ou r s ided p o in t w e r e a t4 5 ° t ot h e v e r t ica l a x i s o fg r ow th . T h i s i n d ica te s t h a t t h e s t ake w a s h e ld u p r igh t b u t a t ad if e r en t a ng le f r om t h e o t he r s t ake s w h ich w e r e b e ing p o in ted . T he p o s i t ion i nw h ich t h ea xe w a s h e ld a nd t h e l a ck o fp r om inen tt o o l s i gna tu r e p l u s t h e v i go rou s a nd a c cu ra te b l ow s s ugge s t t h a tt h i sp o in tw a sc u tb y ad if e r en tw oodwo rke r . H i sa xe h ad as t ra igh te re dge a nd w ide rb l ade t h an t h o se u s ed o n t h eo t he rp o in t si nP 103 . S t ake 2 255 w a s c r ude ly c u t w i th av e ry s h a rp a xe . I ti s s u rp r i s ing t os e es u ch as ha rp a xe u s ed s oi n compe ten t ly . S t ake 2 260 w a s a ga in c u t w i th aw e l l c a r ed -f o r s t ra igh t e dg ed a xe b l ade m o r e t h an 7 5mm w ide . D i rec t v i sua l c ompa r i son w a s m ade b e tween t h i s f o u r s ided p o in t a nd 2 252 w h ich w a s a no the r f ou r s id ed p o in t a l so c u t w i th a w e l l s ha rpened b l ade . T h i s i n d ica ted t h a t t h e se t wo s k i lf u l ly p o in t ed s t ake s h ad b een m ade b y d if e r en t w o rke r sw i th d if e r en ta xe s . T he t o o l s i g na tu re s a nd p o in t t y pe s o n a l ignmen t P 103 s ugge s tt h a ta tl e a s ts e ven a xe sw e r eb e ing u sed i np o in t ing t h e 0 . 15m d i ame te r s t ake s , a nd t h a t o ne a xe m ay h ave b een u s ed b y t wo d if e ren t p eop le w i th d i s t inc t h ew ing t e chn iqu e s .A st h ef i ve s t ak e sw i th t h es ame t o o ls i gna tu r e w e re s c a t te r ed o ve r 1 50m o f t h e a l ignmen t , w i th o t he r d i s t inc t s t ake p o in t s i nb e tw een , t h e s t ake s c u t w i th t h e
2 15
CO A STAL AR CHA EO LOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONMENT : ASO LENT C A SE S T UDY
F igur e 7 . 73 S t ruc tur e Q1 5 /K 16 . *i nd ica te s an on -ma t ch ing t o o ls i gna tur e s ame a xe w e r en o tb rough td own t ot h eb ea ch i n ag roup . T h e v a r ie ty o f a xe s a nd p o in t ing t e chn ique s s ugge s t s a g roup e f o r t . Al ignmen tK 16 S i x s t ake s ( 6 96 , 6 98 , 6 99 , 7 00 , 7 02 a nd 7 03 ) a l h ad t h e s ame a xe s i gna tu re f r om ab l ad e o ve r 7 3mm w ide ( F ig . 7 . 73 ) . T he p o in t s w e r e s k i lf u l ly b u tr ough ly c u t . S ome o f t h e se s t ake s h ad b een f e l led a tl e a s t t h ree mon th s a pa r t , s ugg e s t ing t h a t t h e h ew e r e i the r d i dn ' t s ha rpen t h e a xe v e ry f r equen t ly o rt h ew ood w a ss t ock -p i led a nd s haped a t t h es ame t ime .T he w ood w ou ld n o th ave d r ied s uf i c ien t ly o ve rt h ree m on th sf o rt h ep o in t ing t ob em o r ed if icu l t . T h e p i c tu r e i sc omp l ica ted b y s e ve ra l o f t h e se p o in t s h av ing t wo d i s t inc t s i gna tu r e s f r om d if e r en t a xe s o n t h e s ame f a ce o ft h e p o in t . T he se s how ed d if e ren t c u t t ing a ng le s . T hey w e r e n o t f e l l ing c u t s b u t w e re , p e rhap s , t h e w o rk o fs omeone u nnece s sa r i ly c l ean ing u p p r e -po in ted s t ake s o rc l a im ing s omeone e l se ' s w o rk . T he s t ake s w i th t h e se s i gna tu r e sw e re f ound c l o se t o ge the ri nt h ea l ignmen t a nd w e r ec u tf r om s e ve ra ls p ec ie s . O f t h e o t he r s t ake s s amp led f r om t h i s a l ignmen t , t h e r e co rdab le t o o l s i gna tu r e s d i d n o t m a tch u p w i th e a ch o t he ro rw i th t h eo t he rs i xs t ak e s . T he s t ake p o in t s i na l ignmen t K 16 s ugge s t t h a t s eve ra l a xe sw e re u sed . H ow eve r , i nt h i s a l ignmen tt h ep a t te rn o f w o rk w a sn o ta sc l ea ra st h a ti na l ignmen tP 103 . Al ignmen tB 17 O n ly t h r ee s i gna tu re s m a tched u p i nt h i s a l ignmen t ( F ig . 7 . 74 ) .T he se w e r eo ns t ake s9 09 ,6 4 13 ,a nd 6 439 .A l though
1 0 0 m
F igu r e 7 . 74 S t ruc tur eB 17 t o o ls i gna tu r e s . *i nd ica t e sa n on -ma t ch ing t o o ls i gna tu r e o ne o ft h e se h ad ad i s t inc tp o in tt h i s i sb e cau se t h ew ood w a sr e u sed i nt h ea l ignmen ta nd w ou ld a l ready h ave b een s e a soned a nd mu ch mo r ed if i cu l tt op o in t . T he re w e r e t h r ee p o in t s t h a t w e r e c u t w i th o ne o rm o r e b road a xe s ( B ) . T h e b road a xe h ad b e en u s ed w i th s k i l l b o th a l ong a nd a c ro s s t h e g r a in , b u tt o o ls i gna tu r e s c ou ld n o t b e m a t ched u p . I ti so dd t os e e ab r oad a xe u sed f o r p o in t ing s t ake sa si ti su sua l ly af i n i sh ing t o o l . I tw ou ld b e e xpec ted t h a t t h e o wne r o f ab road a x e w ou ld a l so h ave h ad an a r row b l aded c r o s s -cu t t ing a xe w h ich h e w ou ld
2 16
SU B S I ST ENCE I NT H E CO A ST AL ZO NE h ave u s ed f o rc u t t ing t i mbe r st ol e ng th a nd f o rr o ugh w o rk s u ch a sp o in t ing w ood . A t l e a s tt h r ee a xe s ,i n c lud ing t h eb r oad a xe , w e re u s ed o n t h i sa l ignmen t .O n ep o in t ,8 53 ,w a sc r ude ly c u ts ugge s t ing a n u n sk i l led a xe u s e r . T he u se o f ar e u sed a nd r e po in ted t imbe r i nt h e a l ignmen t s ugge s t s t h a t t h e b u i ld e r s w e r e c o l lec t ing w ood f r om m o r et h an o ne s ou rce . A l ignmen tQ 14 A s i ng le s t ake w a s s amp led f r om t h i s s e c t ion o f t h e a l ignmen t .N op o in ts u rv ived . A l ignmen tQ 15 T h i s s e c t ion o fa l ignmen tw a sc on t inuou sw i th Q 16 . O n ly as i ng le s t ake w a ss amp led ,t h et o o ls i gna tu r eo fw h ich d i d n o tm a t ch w i th t h eo t he r si nQ 16 . A l ignmen tQ 137 T he r ew e r e o n ly t wo s t ak e s s amp led f r om t h i s s e c t ion o f t h e a l ignmen t . A ga in t o o l s i gna tu r e s d i d n o t m a t ch w i th a ny o t he r s . T he S axon a l ignmen t s a s ag roup R e sha rpen ing o fa xe b l ade s d oe s n o t n ece s sa r i ly r emove t h et o o l s i gna tu r e , a si ti st h e s pa c ing b e tw een t h e c oa r se f e a tu r e s t h a t a r e r e co rded a nd t h e se m ay s u rv ive s e ve ra l s h a rp en ing s . I tw ou ld , t h e ref o r e , b e r e a sonab le t oe xpec t t h a t s e ve ra l h und red s t ak e s m igh t b e c r ea ted s h a r ing t h e s ame t o o l s i gna tu r e . B lad e I I w a s r e co rded a ti n te rva l s o ve r1 50m o ft h ea l ignmen t ,s oi ti sp o s s ib le t of i nd r e pea ted b l ade m a rk s o ve r c on s ide rab le d i s tance s . T he l a ck o f r e pea ted t o o lm a rk sb e tween t h es e c t ion so ft h ea l ignmen t m ay m ean t h a t t h e se a l ignmen t s w e r e n o t c on tempo ra ry , o rt h a t s e c t ion s o ft h e a l ignmen t w e r e b u i l t b y d if e r en t g r oup s o fw o rke r s . E a ch s e c t ion h ad s e ve ra l d i s t in c t t o o l s i gna tu r e s . B ecau se t h e e dge p rof i le s w e re d if e r en t , t h i s d oe s n o t r e la te t ot h e r e sha rpen ing o f as i ng le t o o l , b u t t ot h eu s eo f an umbe ro ft o o l s . T ha t an umbe ro fd i s t in c t t o o l s w e r e u sed i sc onf i rmed b y t h e d i s t in c t b l ade e dge s h ape s i na l ignmen tP 103 . T he s t ake s i nt h i s s e c t ion w e r e s h aped b y an umbe ro fw oodwo rke r sw i th v a r ied s k i l l s . S ome o ft h e se s t ake s w e r e s k i lf u l ly s haped w i th ab road a xe . T h eb r oad a xe i s af i n i sh ing t o o l , a nd n o tt h e s o r t o f t o o l t h a t w ou ld g ene ra l ly b e c ho sen t os hape p o in t s . T he c r o s s -cu t t ing a xe w ou ld b et h ep r ef e r r ed t o o lf o rt h i sw o rk . T he u s e o f t h e b r oad a xe s ugg e s t s e i the r t h a t t h i s w a s t h e o n ly a xe t h a t t h e c r af t sman p o s se s sed o rt h a t h e w a s l e nd ing h i sc r o s s -cu t t ing a xe t os omeone e l se . T he p o in t s w e r e a l m u l t if ace ted b u tt h ey v a r ied b e tween t h o se t h a t w e r e s k i lf u l ly c u t a nd t h o se t h a t w e r e r ough ly c u t . T h e s k i lf u l ly c u t o ne s d i d n o t p o s se s s t h e f i n i sh e xpe c ted f r om A ng lo -Saxon c r af t smen .T he r ei sat e ndency f o r c r af t smen t oc u t s t ake p o in t s e l egan t ly . A t Woo t tonQ ua r rt h i se l egan ce i ss e en i no ne B ronze A ge s t ake p o in t , a nd i nt h em a jo r i ty o ft h eh i gh m ed ieva l s t ak ep o in t s . T he a b sence o ft h i s e l egan ce i nt h e S axon s t ru c tu r e s s ugge s t s
t h a t t h e s t ake sw e re b e ing c u tb y ag roup o fp eop le u nd e r p r e s su re . T h i s m igh t , p e rhap s , r e p r e sen t m embe r s o f a c ommun i ty a l w o rk ing o n ap ro jec t w i th w h ich t h ey a r e u nf am i l ia r . I n w o rke r s w ho r e gu la r ly p e rf o rm ap a r t icu la r j ob i ti s u sua lt os e e ap a t te rn e me rg ing , w he re t h ew o rk w i l lt e nd t o b e p e rf o rmed i n as im i la r w ay t o p r odu ce a s im i la r p r odu c t . T he l a ck o fs e t s o fs im i la rs t ake p o in t s i n d ica t e s n o to n ly p r e s su re ,b u t al a ck o fp o in t -mak ing s k i l li n mu ch o ft h eg roup . T he re w a s n o m a tch o ft o o l m a rk s b e tw een t h e d i f f e ren t p a r t so ft h ea l ignmen t ,b u tt h es t ak es i ze sw e r es im i la r .T he p o in tt y pe sw e r ed i s t inc ti nt h a tt h ey w e r ea l mu l t if a ce t ed b u t v a r iab le . T h i s m ean s t h a t v i sua l c ompa r i son o fp o in t s h ape s w i th in ag roup c anno t d i s t ingu i sh t h e s t y le o fo ne w o rke r . B u t a sw e m a tch t h et o o l s i gna tu r e s i ti sp o s s ib le t os a yw he the rc e r ta in s t ake s a r e s im i la re nough t ob et h e w o rk o fo ne w o rke r . I ti st h e r ough a pp roach t op o in t ing w h ich s ugg e s t s t h a t t h es t ru c tu re w a sb u i l tb y al a rge g r oup w o rk ing h u r r ied ly , p o s s ib ly w i th a l a va i lab le t o o l sb e ing u s ed . S eve r a lp o le s h ad l o s t t h e i r b a rk a nd h ad d r y ing s h ake s , s how ing t h a t t h ey w e re s e a soned b ef o re t h e i ru s e .H ow eve r ,t h em a jo r i ty o fs t ake sw e re c u ta nd s haped w i th in as ho r tt i me o ff e l l ing b ecau se t h eb a rk w a sp r e sen ta nd t h el e ng th o ft r ave lo ft h e a xe c u t ss ugge s ted w o rk ing w i th g r een w ood .T h i sa ppea r s t ob ef u r the re v idence o fh a s te . T he S axon s t ake p o in t s T he f o r ty e i gh tS axon p o in t sr e cove r ed f r om t h el o ng sho re a l ignmen t s h ad a l b een h ewn t os h ape w i th a xe s . T he se c ou ld b ei d en t if ied a st h ree s p ec if ic t y pe s .T he m a jo r i ty o f t h e se c omp r i sed n a r row -b laded a xe s w i th ac u rved e dge a nd b l ade w id th o f a r ound 7 0mm . Ac omp le te e xamp le h ad a b l ade w id th o f 6 6mm . A w ide r , s t ra igh t -edged t o o l w a s a l so e v id en t w i th ab l ad e w id th o f8 0 t o9 0mm . E v idence w a sa l so s e en f o r ab road a xe w i th ab l ade w id th o fo ve r 1 67mm . T h i s s how st h a tw he re t h es amp le i sw e l l p r e se rved s p ec if ic a xe t y pe sc an b ei d en t if i ed ( F ig . 7 . 75 ) . A l though f o r ty e i gh t p o in t s f r om t h e a l ignmen t w e r e e xam ined a nd s ome o ft h e se w e re c u tb ys k i l led a xe u s e r s , n one s how ed t h e e l egance o f p o in t s h ap ing w h ich m ay b e s e en i no t he r S axon w o rk s u ch a st h a t a tB a rk ing o r B randon ( Da r rah , f o r thcom ing b a nd c ) . S u ch e l egance n o rma l ly s ugge s t s p r ide i nt h e s hap ing o f ap o in t a nd a w i l l ingne s st os pend e x t ra t ime i nt h i sw o rk . S axo -Norman f i sh w e ir B 48 /110 o nB in s tead B each O n ly o ne s t ru c tu re t h a t w a s u ndoub ted ly af i sh w e i rw a s f ound d u r ing t h es u rvey .T h i sw a ss t ru c tu r eB 48 / 102 / 110 ,a V shaped f i sh w e i rs t radd l ing t h eB in s tead p a laeochanne l . I tw a s s e t a tr i gh t a ng le s t ot h e c oa s t w i th i t sa pex a tt h e s e awa rd e nd ( F ig . 7 . 76 ) . Am ap le s t ake f r om i t sw e s te rn a rm w a s d a ted t oc a l AD 8 90 1040 ( GU -5399 ; 1 040 50 B P ) a nd a n a l de r s t ake f r om i t s e a s ter n a rm h ad ad a te o fc a l AD 8 10 1020 ( GU -5398 ; 100±50 B P ) . T he t wo
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CO A STAL AR CHAEOLOGY I N AD YNAM IC E NV IRONM FNT : ASO LENT C A SE S T UDY
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1E 1 1 113 1 1 1 1 :3 1 1 1: 11: 1 11 1 1 1M I I I I IC .
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F igu r e 7 . 75 S i xS axon s t ak ep o in t s : 1a nd 4a l ignmen tB 17 , Q u e r cu ss p . a nd A lnu ss p . 2 ,3 , 5a nd 6a l ignmen tK 16 , Q u e r cu ss p . ( 2a nd 5 ) , F rax inu ss p . ( 3a nd 6 )
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SU B S I ST ENCE I NT HE CO A STAL ZO NE
F igur e 7 . 76 F i sh w e i rB 48 / 110
T he e a s ter n a rm w a s m o re c omp lex . When o r ig ina l ly r e co rd ed i ta ppea red t oc on s i s t o f ad oub le r ow o fs t ak e s w i th a l i ne o f Q ua r r l i me s tone r u bb le b l ock s r unn ing s e awa rd o f a nd p a ra l le l t o t h e s t ake a l ignmen t s . T he se b l ock s a l so e x tended a pp rox ima te ly 7 m p a s t t h e a pex o f t h ew ooden a rm sa nd t e rm ina ted i n ac i r cu la rp i le o fs t one o f6 md i ame te r .
T he s t ruc tu re o ft h i sf i sh w e i ri sd if i cu l tt oi n t e rp re ta nd i t i sl i ke ly t h a t i th a s u nde rgone r e bu i ld ing o rm od if ica t ion . Wh i l s t t h e d oub le r ow s o fs t ake s m igh t s ugg e s t t h a t t h e w a t t le f e nce s w e r e w edged b e tween p a i r s o fs t ake s , t h e r ow s a r et o of a ra pa r tf o rt h i st ob et h ec a se a nd p r obab ly t h e f e nce s w e re b r a ced b y a ng led p r op s . O n t h e w e s ter n a rm t h es ou the r ly l i ne o fs t ake sl e an t owa rd st h en o r the r ly l i ne a nd l a rge s h aped t i mbe r sn ow l y ing h o r izon ta l o nt h e s ou th s i de o ft h ee a s ter na rm a r ep r obab ly a l so p r op s . We i r s o f as im i la rc on s t ru c t ion a r er e co rd ed o nt h e L ow e rB ann i nI r e land . H e re w a t t le f e n ce sw e re a ta ched t ol a rge p i le s b y w i l low r od s . T he f e nce sw e r eh e ld i np l a ce b y s ma l le r s t ake s d r iven i nv e r t ica l ly o n t h e o t he r s i de o ft h e f e nce t ot h em a in p i le s . F i na l ly t h e f e nce sw e r e s uppo r ted f r om b eh ind b y l e an ing p r op s ( M i tche l 1 965 ) . T he B in s tead f i sh w e i r i sd if e r en t f r om m o s t p ub l i shed e xamp le s a nd r e con s t ruc t ion s .T h i sw a sd ef in i te ly b r a ced f r om t h ei n s ide o ft h ew a l ls a sw e l l a sp o s s ib ly f r om t h eo u t s ide ,w he r ea s o t he r s a r e s hown a sh av ing p rop s o n ly o n t h e o u te r s i de o ft h e w a l l s ( Sa l i sbu ry 1 98 1 , 1 99 1) . When o ne c on s ide r s t h e f o r ce t h a t t h e w e i rw ou ld h ave h ad t ow i th s tand o n a f l ood ing t i de t h i si sp e rhap sn o ts u rp r i s ing .
Af i sh w e i ro fs im i la rc on s t ru c t ion d a t ing t oc a l AD 6 50 9 00 ( Q -2030 ;1 260±65 B P )a nd c a l AD 8 10 -990 ( L IB -2351 ; 1 30±30 B P )i sk nown f r om t h eT r en ta tC o lw ick .T he u s e o fl a rg es t one sp i led a tt h eb a se o ft h es t ake st os t r eng then t h e w a l l s i sr e co rded i n af i sh w e i rw h ich w a s s t i l l i nu s e i n to t h e2 0 th c en tu ry a tB a l lyna t ray , C o . Wa te r f o rd ( W en t 1 95 1) . A t B in s tead , h oweve r , t h e s t ru c tu r e a ppea red t o b e m o r e c omp l ica ted . O n t h e n o r ther n , s e awa rd , s i d e o f t h e s t one t h e r ew a se v idence o f mo re s t ake sa nd h u rd l ing , a nd t h ew ho le s e qu ence o fs t ake s , s t one a nd o u te r s t ake s s p anned ab and r a ng ing b e tw een 3 . 5t o4 . 5m i nw id th .
Wh i l s tt h ew e s ter na rm o ft h et r ap c an b ee a s i ly u nde r s tood , t h e e a s ter n a rm i s mo r e c omp lex . I ft h e v a r iou s r ow s o f s t ake s d o n o t r e p re sen t r e bu i ld s a nd s t r eng then ing , i ti s p o s s ib le t h a t t h i s a rm o f t h e f i sh w e i r w a s c on s t ruc ted w i th t wo p a ra l le l f e nce sa nd t h eg ap b e tw een t h et wo w a s f i l led w i th m a te r ia l i no rde r t om ak e t h em i mpene t rab le t of i sh . B ryan ( 1 984 ) , q uo t ing C .S . C ur t i s ' N o te s o n e l w e i r s a nd Mao r i f i sh ing m e thod s 'd e sc r ibe st h e w e i r R ua T an iwha i nN ew Z ea land a sh av ing f e nce s f o rmed f r om ad oub le r ow o f s t ake s w i th t h e s p a ce b e tween p a cked w i th t r odden d own b ru shwood . I nt h ec a se o ft h eB in s tead
a rm s w e r e s e t a ta n a ng le o f 1 05 ° . T h e s u rv iv ing l e ng th o ft h e w e s te rn a rm w a s 1 28m a nd t h e e a s te rn a rm 6 6m . T he w e s t e rn a rm w a s f r agmen ta ry a nd h ad b een d amag ed b y t h e i n s ta l la t ion o f as ewage p i pe . T ra ce s o f w a t t le f e nc ing s u rv ived a l though i tw a sn o tp o s s ib le t or e co rd t h e d e ta i l s a nd d en s i ty o f i t s w eave d u r ing t h e s u rvey . T h i s i n f o rma t ion c ou ld h ave b een au sef u l i n d ica to ro ft h et y pe a nd s i z eo ff i sh w h ich w ou ld h ave b een c augh t . T he w e s ter n a rm o ft h e w e i r c omp r i sed ad oub le r ow o f s t ake s a pp rox ima te ly 1 . 50 -2m a pa r t , w i th t h e r ema in s o f a s so c ia ted w a t t lewo rk . T he s ou the rn l i ne o f s t ake s a ppea r ed t ob el e an ing t owa rd st h en o r the r ly l i ne ,p o s s ib ly t oa c ta ss uppo r t s .
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fish weir, the Quarr limestone slabs might equally have formed part of the packing between the fences. A Norman mill-dam excavated at Hemmington Fields adjacent to the Trent, although more massive, was ofsimilar construction, having a double row of stakes and wattle with a rubble infill (Salisbury 1985, 1991). This, however,