Clockwork Cosmos: Bernardo Facini and the Farnese Planisferologio 882100553X

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STUDI Ε E TESTI TESTΙ 317 317

CLOCKWORK COSMOS CLOCKWORK

COSMOS

BERNARDO FACIlI PACINI AID AND THE THE BERNARDO FARNESE PLANISFEROLOGIO PLANISFEROLOGIO FARNESE

by A. BEDINI BEDINI SILVIO A.

CITTÀ DEL VATICANO VATICANO CITTA DEL Biblioteca APOSTOLICA Apostolica VATICANA Vaticana BIBLIOTECA 1985

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E TESTI STUDI Ε TEST Ι

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M, Geschichte Geschichte der der kirchlichen kirchlichen Τarchnl νi1Ι, M. 153. Prete, S. TIIl Codice Codice Bembino Bembino di di Terenzio. Terenzio, 185. TarchniSvili, ?ref°,S. georgischen Literatur. Literatur. 1955. 1955. pp. pp. 540. 540. georgiachen 1950. 110, 55 tav. tav. 1950. pp. pp. 110, 186. Loenertz, R, J.J,Démétrius Démétrius Cyd Cydonès, CorLoenertz, R. 154. Mercati, G. 11Il frammento frammento MalTeiano Maffeìano di di Neοω s, CorMercati. G. Τ erespondance. Vol. Vol. ΙI... 1956. pp. xvi, 220. 220. reapondance. ... 1956. atorioσ ee la la catena catena dei dei Salmi Salmi dd'onde fu tratto. tratto. pp. xvI, atiri οnde fu 1950. vili, 40. 40. 1950. pp. pp. viii, 187. Bidawîd, R. J.J. Les Les lettres lettres du du patriarche patriarche Bldawid, R. nestorien 1er. Etude critique... 155. Blur, Blum, R. R. La La biblioteca biblioteca della della Badia Badia FiorenFiorennestorien Timothée Τimοthe Tar. 15. 1956. Xlll, 132 132 [48]. [48]. Etude critique... tina ee ii codici codici didiAntonio Antonio Corbinelli. Corbinelli, 1951. 1951. 1956. pp. pp. xiii, tina pp. xTT, XTI, 190. 190. pp. 188. Aly, W. De Strabonis codice codice rescripto, cuiui cuius My, W. De Strabonis reliquiae in codicibua codicibus Vaticanis Vaticanisrescripto, Vat, gr. gr. 2306 2306 156. Clan, V. Un Un illustre illustre nunzio nunzio pontificio pontificio del del reliquiae in Clan, Ν. Vat. et 2061 A servatae sunt. Corollarium adiecit Rinascimento: Baldassar Castiglione. 1951. Rinascimento: Baldassar Casti1i οne. 1951. et 2061 A aervatae aunt. Corollarium adiecit Fr. Sbordone... 1956. pp. xiv, 285, 36 tav. pp. XI, 340. XI, 340. Fr. Sbordone... 1956. pp. xiv, 285. 36 tav. Tm. 157. Mercati, A. Dall'Archivio Dall'Archivio Vaticano Vaticano... 1951. 189. Pásztor, L. •- Pirri. Pirri, Ρ. P. L'Archivio L'Archivio dei dei GoGoMercatI, Α. ... 1951. FYsztor, L. pp. ΝΤ, VI, 119. 119. verni provvisori didi Bologna Bologna ee delle delle Provincie Provincie verni provvisori pp. Unite del del 1831 1831 ... ... 1956. 1956. pp. pp. Lxxx, LXXX, 635. 635. Unite 158. Mercati, G. Alla Alla ricerca ricerca dei dei nomi nomi degli degli ««alMercatI, G. altri traduttori nelle nelle Omilie Omilie sui sui Salmi Salmi di di s.8. 190. Santifaller, tri ι» traduttori L. Quellen und und Forsch Forschungen Santifaller, L. un gen zum zum Giovanni Crisσstomo Crisostomo ee variazioni variazioni su su alcune alcune Giovanni Urkunden- und undQuellen Kanzleiwesen Papst Gregors UrkundenKanzleiwesen Papat Gregora catene del del Salterio. Salterio. 1952. 1952. pp. pp. vis vili,ι, 248, 248, 10 10 tav. catene tav. VII. I. Teil... 1957. pp. xxvi, 479, 25 tav. tav. VII. Τ. Teil... 1957. pp. xxvi, 479, 25 159. Rossi, E. IlTI s« Kitàb-i Dede Qorqut Qorqut»;s; racconti racconti 191. Incisa Ressi, Ε. Kittb-i Dede della Rocchetta, Rocchetta, G. G. -- Vlan, Vian, N. N. Ii Il Incisa della epico-cavallereschi dei turchi turchi Oguz Oguz tradotti tradotti epico-cavallereschi dei primo processo per per S.S. Filippo Filippo Neri. Neri. Vol. Vol. 1.I. primo processo annotati con con «s facsimile ms. Vat. Vat. turco turco facsimile»s del del ma. ee annotati Testimonianze dell'inchiesta romana: 1595... Teqtimonianze dell'inchiesta romana: 1595... 102. 1952. 2, [364]. [364]. 102. 1952. pp. pp. 2, 1957. xxvii, 419. 419. 1957. pp. pp. xxvi!, 160. Perfusi, A. Costantino Costantino Porfirogenito De 192. Van Pertusl, Α. Ροrόrοgenιtο:: De Lantschoot, A. Les « Questions de de Van Lantachoot, A. Lea s Questions thematibus. 1952. 210, 33 tav. tav. thematibus. 1952.pp. pp. XV, xv, 210, Théodore »... 1957. pp. pp. vili, vili, 303. 303. TModore s... 1957. 161. Rallones decimarum Italiae. Italiae. Umbria, Umbria, aa 193. Patzes, Rationes decimarum M. Κιτο9 Kqitoû τοϋ toO Πατ narÇ-î]ή Τ' Ti^oùhsitoç. Patzes. Μ. σύκειτσς. cura di Ρ. P. Sella. Sella. Τ.I. Testo. Testo. 1952. 1952. pp. pp. [4], 916. cura di (4], 916. Librorum LX LX Basilicorum Basilicorum Summarium. Summarium. Libros Librorum Libros 162 - - Π. Indice. Carta geogr. . II. Indice. geogr. delle XLIX-LX edid. Carta St. et Ε. E.diocesi. Seidl... delle diocesi. XLIX-LX edict. St. Hoermann Hoermann et Soldi.,, 1952. pp. 204. 1957. pp. xii, 351. 1952. pp. 204. 1957. pp. xii, 351. 163. Monneret de Ililard, Villard, U. leggende ocienorien- 194. Rouët Monneret de Le leggende de Journel, Journel, M. M. J.J. Nonciatures Nonciatures do do Η. Le Rου9t de tali sui Magi Magi evangelici. evangelici. 1952. 1952. pp. pp. 262. 262. Russie. Vol. 1: V;Tnterim Interim de de Benvenuti, Benvenuti, 17991799tali sui Rusais. Vol. 1803... 1957. pp. XL, 471. 1803... 1957. pp. XL, 471. 164. Mercati, G., card. card. Note Note per per lala storia storia di di alalMercatI, G., cune biblioteche romane romane nei neiaecoli secolixvT-xiz. xvi-xix. 195. Petrarca, F. IiII «De otio religioso religioso»... a cura cune bibliotecbe s De odo Petrarca, F. 1952. pp. 190, 99 tav. tav. di G. G. Rotondi... Rotondi... 1958. 1958. pp. pp. xv, xv, 113. 113.s... a curs 1952. pp. [5], di F5], 190, 165. Miscellanea archivistica Angelo Angelo Mercati. Mercati. 196. Incisa della Rocchetta, Rocchetta, G. G. -- Vlan, Vlan, N. Il Miscellanea archivistica Tnclaa della Ν. Il 1952. xxvii, 462, 462, ant. ant. (ritt.), (ritr.), 10 10 tav. tav. primo processo per per s.s. Filippo Filippo Neri. Neri. Vol. Vol. IT. II. 1952. pp. pp. xxvii, primo processi Testimonianze dell'inchiesta romana: romana: 15961596Testimonianze dellinchieata 166-169. Rouët de de Journel, Journel, M. M. J.J. Nonciatures Nonciatures 166-169. Rου9t 1609. 1958. XVI, 366. 366. 1609. 1958. pp. pp. xvi, de Russie d'aρra d'après les les documents documents authentide Russie authentiques. 1922-52. voli. 4. ιpies. 1Η22-52. voll. 4. 197. Pratesi, A. Carte Carte latine latine didi sbbazie abbazie calabresi calabresi Pratesi, A. provenienti dall'Archivio Aldobrandmi... Aldobrandini... 1958. provenienti dall'Archivio 1958, 170. Maier, A. Cσdices Codices Burgheaiani Burghesiani Bibliothecae Bibliothecae Maier, Α. pp. lv 585. pp. Lv, 585. 7 Vaticanae. 1952. pp. Vil, 496. Vaticanae. 1952. pp. vii, 496. 198. Cerulli, E. Scritti teologici etiopici dei sec, Corail!, Ε. Scritti teologici etiopici dei sec, 171. Franchi de' Caνa11erξ Cavalieri, Ρ. P. Conatantiniana. Constantiniana. Franchi de' xvi-xvil. Vol. Vol. T.I. Tre Tre opuscoli opuscoli dei dei Mihaeliti... Mikaeliti... xvI-xvIi. 1953. pp. 207, [1]. [1]. 1953. pp. 207. 1958. pp. xxii, 331. 331. 1958. pp. xxIi, 172. Graf, G. Geschichte Geschichte der derchristlichen christlichen araaraGraf. G. N. TI Il a« Messale Messale io didi Giovanni Giovanni BuRessuli, N. Bubischen Literatur. V. V. Bd. Bd. Register. Register, 1953. 1953, 199. Ressuli, bischen Literatur. zuku. Riproduzione ee trascrizione... trascrizione... 1958. 1958. zulu. Riproduzione pp. 1, 196. 196, pp. I. pp. xix, 407. pp. xix, 407. 173. Honigmann, E. Patriatic Patristic Studies. Studies. 1953. 1953. pp. pp. Honigmann, Ε. 200. Tavole e indici indici general! generali dei dei volumi volumi 101101Tavole e vu, 255. vI!, 255. 200 Studi ee Testi Testi s... e... 1959. 155. 200 di di a« Studi 1959. pp. pp. 155. 174. Rossi, E. Elenco dei manoscritti manoscritti turchi turchi della della Rossi, Ε. Εlencο dai 201. Devreesse, R. Les Les anciens anciens commenteurs commenteurs grecs grecs Devreesse, R. Biblioteca Vaticana. 1953. 1953. pp. pp. xx", XXII, 416. 416. Biblioteca Vaticana. de l'Octateuque et et des des Rois... Rois... 1959. 1959. pp. pp. xv, XV, de i'Octateuque 175. Franchi de' Cavalieri, Cavalieri, Ρ. P, Note Note agiograflagiografiFrench' de' 208, ill. 208. ill. che. Fascicolo 9.9. 1953. 1953. pp. pp. [5], [5], 253. 253. che. Fascicolo Llorens, J. M. M.Capellae CapellaeSiztinae Sixtinaecod codices Llorens, J. ices 176. The Haran Gawaita Gawalta and and The The Baptism Baptism 0f of 202. musicis The Haran musicis nοtίs notis instructi instructi aile sive manuacripti manuscripti sisîve Ιe Hibil-Ziwa ......translation, and commencommenHibil-Ziwa translation, notes notes and praelo excussi... 1960. pp. xxn, 555, tav. prado excusai... 1960. pp. xx!!, 555, tav. tary S. Drower. Drower.1953. 1953. pp. pp. xi, XI, 96. 96. Facs. Facs. tary by by E. E. S. 203. Manzini, L. M. M. Il Il cardinale cardinale Luigi Luigi Lambru. LambruManzln!, L. 177. Andreu, F. Le Le lettere lettere di di a.8. Gaetano Gaetano da da Thiene. Andreu, F. Thiene. schini. 1960... 1960... pp. xxvm, 686. 686. achini. pp. xxvIii, 1954. pp. 144, 33 tav. tav. 1954. pp.xxxiv, mlv, 144, Cerulli, E. Scritti Scritti teologici teologici etiopici etiopici dei dei sec. sec. Cerulli, Ε. 178. Mercati, A, ΤI coatituti costituti di di Niccolò Franco 204. xvτ-xντι. Mercati, A. Νiccσlό Franco XVI-XVII. Vol. La storia storia dei dei Quattro Quattro ConConVol. II, II. La (1568-1570) dinanzi dinanzi l'Inquisizione l'Inquisizione didi Roma, Roma, (1568-1570) cili ed altri opuscoli monofisiti... 1960. pp. dit ed altri opuscoli m σnοόaiti... 1960. pp. esistenti nell'Archivio nell'Archivio Segreto Segreto Vaticano. Vaticano. 1955. 1955. esistenti XX, 246. 246. xx, pp. [2], [2], 242. 242. pp. 205. Incisa della Rocehetta, Rocchetta, G. G. .• 1jan. Vian, Ν. N. IlIl Tncisa della 179. Patzes, M. Kqitou Tl^o6xeitoç. Petzes, M. Κριτο9 toó) το9 Πα cl ή Τίπού%ε ίΤος. primo processo processo per per s.s. Filippo Filippo Neri. Neri. Vol. Vol. III. III. primi Lìbrorum LX LX Basilicorum Basilicorum summazium. summarium. Libros Libros Librorum Testimonianze dell'inchiesta romana: 1610. Testimonianze dell'inchiesta romana: 1610. XXXIX-XLVIII edid. edid. St. St. Hoermann Hoermann et et Ε. E. XXXIX-XLV1II Testimonianze s«extra Urbem»; 1595-1599... Testimonianze extra Urbem s: 1595-1599.,. Seidl. 1955. 1955. pp. pp. xxiv, xxiv, 287. 287. Seidl. 1960. xvi, 458. 458. 1960. pp. pp. xvi. 180. Baur, C. Initia Initia Patrum Patrumgraecorum. graecorum. Vol. Vol. Τ.I. 206. Laurent, Baur, C. Guillou, A. A. Le Le s« Liber Liber Laurent, M.-H. 1.-H. -- GuIllou, -- A-A. A-A. 1955. 1955. pp. CXill [2], [2], 661. 661. pp. cxiii visitationis s» d'Athsnaae d'Athanase ChalkYopoulos Chalkéopoulos (1457(1457visitationis 181 - - Vol. II. Μ -0. 1955. . Vol. 1960. IL M-Q. 1955. pp. tav.; xlvi,carta 720.geogr. 1458)... pp. li, 392, tav.; carta geogr. pp. xLvi, 720. 1458)... 1960. pp. 1.1, 392, 182. Gullotta, G. Gli Gli antichi antichi cataloghi cataloghi ee ii codici codici 207. Silvino da ladro. Nadro,O.F.M. O.F.M. Cap., Cap., Sinodi Sinodi diodioGullotta, G. SIlvino da della abbazia abbazia didiNonantola. Nonantola. 1955. 1955. pp. pp. cesani italiani. italiani. Catalogo Catalogo bibliograilco bibliografico degli degli della cesani xxviii, 539. 539. atti a stampa (1534-1878)... 1960. pp. xii, 516. xxviii, atti a stampa (1534-1878)... 1960. pp. xii, 516. 182-bÎ8. Ruysschaert, J.J. Les manuscrits de de l'abbaye l'abbaye 208. Loenertz, H. I.J. Démétrius Démétrius Cydonls, Cydonès, CorCor182 -bis. Ruyaschaert, Les manuscrits Loenertz, R. de Nonantola. 1955. 1955. pp. 76. respondance. Vol. Vol. ΤΙ... II... 1960. 1960. pp. pp. xvi, xvi, 479. 479. de Nonantola. 76. respondance. pp. 183. Devreesse, R. Les manuscrits grecs de l'Ita209. Rossi, E. Bombaci, A. Elenco di drammi Devreesse, R. Lea manuscrits greca de l' ΤtaRossi, Ε. - Bombaci, A. Elenco di drammi lie méridionale. 1955. 1955, pp. 67, 11 tav. tav. religiosi persiani persiani (Fondo (Fondo Mas. Mss. Vaticani Vaticani Ce.. Celie mόridiοnaΙe. religiosi pp. 67, rnili)... 1961. 1961. pp. pp. LX, rulli)... LX, 416. 416. 184. Biedl, A. Zur Zur Textgeachichte Textgeschichte des dea Laertioa Laertios Biedl, A. Diogenes. Das Das Grosse Grosse Exzerpt Exzerpt Φ. (T). 1955. 1955. pp. pp. 210. De Maio, R.R.Alfonso Alfonso Carafa, Carafa, cardinale cardinale di di Diogenes. De Majo, 132, ill. ül. Napoli (1540-1565)... (1540-1565)... 1961. pp. xxxii. xxxii, 348. 348. 132, Napoli 1961. pp. www.torrossa.com - For non-commercial use by authorised users only. License restrictions apply.

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CLOCKWORK CLOCKWORK COSMOS COSMOS BERNARDO FACIlI BERNARDO PACINI AND AND THE THE

FARNESE PLANISFEROLO GIl FARNESE PLANISFEROLOGIO by by SILVIO A. A. BEDINI BEDINI

CITTA DEL CITTÀ DEL VATICANO VATICANO BIBLIOTECA APOSTOLICA Biblioteca Apostolica VATICANA Vaticana 1985

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STUDI Ε STUDI E TESTΙ TESTI

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DR' GIOBSAM'. G1rn 4Μ· \yM DEI VEN ΑΤΙ4USΡENJSCELST^A CNLO. VENERAT&.UUSPICIJS D0 ΤΈΜ SOPHIE SΟΡΗL ^V fDOWTHKE Ε4Ρ'ΝΕS )^§^^^EABNESL^\ \

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Convinta di di Falso by Geminiano Geminiano Montanari, 1685, Title-page of Astrologia Convinta MÜ Figure 3. Title-page Falso by Montanari, 168.5, dedicated Duke of Sabbioneta. Sabbioneta. (Courtesy (Courtesy of of Jos€ José Ibanez Ibanez-Cerda, Istituto de de dedicated to to the Duke -Cerda, Istituto Cooperación Iberoamericano, Madrid) Madrid). ¡ ; :í í Cooperaciσn Iberoamericano - For non-commercial use by authorised users only. License restrictions apply. WISwww.torrossa.com M 11 JNIfe

Chapter ΙI - The The Predecessors

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plenipotentiary of the Viennese Viennesecourt courtat atthe the diet dietof ofRatisbon. Ratisbon. Emperor Emperor οf Bozzolo, ΒQΖΖοΙο, which was Mattias invested him with the the principality principality of was confirconfirmed by by his his successor, successor, Emperor Emperor Ferdinand Ferdinand ΙΙ. IL InIn1636 1636 he he obtained obtained investiture from from the the emperor also as as Duke investiture emperor also Duke of of Sabbioneta. Sabbioneta. Upon Upon Scipione's death Scipione's death in in 1672, 1672, Gian Gian Francesco Francesco succeeded succeeded to his his properties properties his two two brothers brothers had had died died earlier. earlier. Little and titles since since his Little is is known known about about bim except him except that he he was was the the first first to toinitiate initiate cultivation cultivation of of corn com in in his his domiώons and that dominions and that he he was was an an avid avid amateur amateur of of the the sciences. sciences. He He amassed an amassed an important important collection collection of of timepieces timepieces and andscientific scientific instruments, but there instruments, there is is no no surviving surviving record record of of communication communication with with other men men of of science science of ofhis histime. time.(16) (16) The date on which Ferrari received Gonzaga's commission to make for him aa mechanized mechanized globe globe is not known known but itit is is estimated estimated to to have have been that it must been about 1680. 1680. The The duke duke specified specified that must have have aa splendor splendor appropriate to a prince bis level, prince of his level, and Ferrari complied complied by by designing designing an instrument of of sculptural sculptural form form featuring featuring aa celestial celestial globe globe supported supported by the figure figure of Atlas. Atlas. The The globe globe was was made made of of copper copper and and measured measured one Roman palm in in diameter. diameter. The The surface surface of of the the globe globe was was painted painted with forty-eight celestial images in ultramarine in chiaroscuro. with forty-eight celestial images in ultramarine in chiaroscuro. Disposed in in their proper places were the stars Disposed stars of of the the first, first, second, second, third third and fourth magnitudes, the most most important of the fifth. magnitudes, and many many of of the fifth. horizon, meridian meridian and other parts The horizon, parts of of the the armillary armillary Primum Primum Mobile Mobile including the equator and including and ecliptic, ecliptic, within within which which the the globe globe itself itself was was placed were executed in fire gilt, gilt, to to enhance enhance the ornamentation and and to to add distinction distinction to these these parts. parts. The globe globe was was suspended upon upon two two poles riveted through through the the fixed fixed meridian, was supported upon a statue of cast meridian, and the whole was Atlas of stame of Atlas silver. The The duke duke had directed directed that the silver. the statue statue be made by an excellent sculptor or silversmith silversmith and it was was commissioned commissioned separately. separately. The The sculptor and it figure, the ground ground and and the theother otherelevated, elevated, figure, depicted depicted with with one one knee knee on the was positioned under the weight of globe. The The lower lower meridian meridian was positioned the weight of the globe. features aa siren siren or or harpy harpy as as one one of of its its decorations, decorations, shown shown held heldtightly tightly in in the of Atlas. Atlas. Supported Supported against against one one knee knee is is aa shield shield on on the right hand of 16

(()) POMPEO Pompeo Litta, Giusti, 1835), 1835), vol. Lrrτλ, Famiglie Famiglie celebri celebriItaliani Italiani(Milano: (Milano: Giusti, voL I,Ι, Gonzaga Gonzaga Parte Parte III, Tavola Tavola XV, Gonzaga Gonzaga di di Mantova. Mantova. "Principi "Principi dell'Impero dell'Impero daI dal 1565. 1565. Principi Principi di ΙΙΙ, di Bozzolo, Bozzoli, estinti nel 1703"; GIUSEPPE Giuseppe CONIGLIO, Coniglio, 1Ι Gonzaga (Mantova: Arco dell'Oglio, 1967), pp. Gonzaga (Mantova: deΠ'OgΙΙo, ed., ed., 1967), pp.

460-93; Gian Gian Fιλνcasco Francesco Marini, Piccolo Atene Atene (Casaimaggiore: (Casalmaggiore: Giovanni Μλmνι, Sabbioneta. Piccolo Giovrnini 1914), pp. 116-95; Ε. E. Αaosτλ Agosta DEL del Forte, Toscani, 1914), FORTE, Sabbioneta Sabbioneta e il il suo suo Comune (Sabbioneta, (Sabbioneta, pp. 116-95; N.P., 1981), 1981), pp. 330-33, 342-43; Archivio di Gonzaga di 342-43; Mantua, Mantua, Archivio di Stato Stato di dι Mantova. Mantova. Fondo Fondo Gonzaga di pp. 330-33, Mantova, Serie Serie E, E, Lii. LIV. 2, 2, busta busta 1811, 1811, Correspondence rulers of of Bozzoli Bozzolo and and Correspondenceof of the the rulers Sabbioneta with with the the Gonzaga Gonzaga of of Mantua Mantua1672-1701. 1672-1701.

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32

Βεdiώ Clockwork S. A. Bedini, S. Clockwork Cosmos Cosmos

which are arc indicated the hours, minutes rnhmtcs and seconds. seconds. Both Both French French arid and his left Italian hours hours could be indicated. Italian could be indicated. Resting Resting Ms left arm arm against against the shield, Atlas bs thumb and lbs holds sMeld, holds suspended suspended from from Ms and index index finger finger the pendulum regulator regulatorterminating terminatingininaa bob bob in in the form pendulum form of of mi an eighteightpointed staL star. Ferrari noted that ail all of of the the fixed fixed stars stars were were indicated indicated in in gilt gilt and and that this that this instrument instrumentwould would serve serve to to the theyear year1750 1750 without without the the necessity necessity of modification. modification. In the sun sim completed cοmρι ted its its motion motion in in the the In this tMs instrument the ecliptic in 365 days mid ό hours, and required no correction for the ecliptic 365 and 6 hours, required no correction for the Bisextile Bisexfile but but only only for for the the Gregorian Gregorian calendar. calendar. The The instrument instrument was was designed Bozzoli, but could be designed for the latitude latitude of of 45 45 degrees, degrees, that that of of Bozzolo, used also also anywhere anywhere in in Tuscany Tuscany and andthe theVenetian VenetianRepublic.. Republic. Upon the shield indicated the hours, minutes, and Upon sMeld were indicated and seconds seconds three indices or hands that with tMee that revolved revolved around aroimd the same center, center, the multiple being particularly particularly useful when when maidrig making astronomical multiple hands being observations. After globe had been been completed, completed, Ferrari Ferrari produced produced aasmall small After the the globe octavo describing its appearance appearance and and functions functions entitled: entitled: octavo tract describing Description Sferologio, and Its Its Operations Operations constructed constructed by Descriptionof of the Sferologio, by Bartolomeo Ferrari, Ferrari,atatthe the request requestof of His His Excellency ΕχceΙεncy Don Gian Bartolomeo Gian Francesco Duke of ofSabbioneta, Sabbioneta, Prince Francesco Gonzaga, Gυnaga, Duke Prince of of Bozzolo, Bozwio, and of the Holy Roman Empire, Empire, Of Of the the Marquis Marquis of of Mantua, Mantua, Marquis Marquis of of the Holy Ostiano, Ostiano, and and Pomara, Pomarn, Count Count of of Pomponesco, Pomponesco,Signore Signoreof of the the four four properties properties of of Riparalo, Riparolo, San. San. Martino Martino in in Argine, Argine, Comestadio, and and the the island island of of Dovaresi, Dovaresi,etc. etc.(17()) The work published at Bologna Bologna by Giacomo Giacomo Monti Monti with The work was was published with a lavish dedication dated dated August August 7, 7, 1683 1683 to Gornaga, Gonzaga, who, who, Ferrati Ferrari said, said, had provided provided him "with a profusion profusion of of gold" gold" to to produce produce the the bad him "with instrument. He wrote: wrote; instrument. He TMs own hands, hands, but but This celestial celestial representation representationisis the the work work of of my own 17 ΙΗΑ ((17) ) [Bartolomeo Operazione, Fabbricato Fabbricato RΤΌLΟΜΕΌ Ferrari], ΙΕm λm], Descrizione Sferologio e Sue Dεsευizione Dello Sferologio Sue Operazirnze, da Gio. Fro.ncesc'i Francesco Gonzaga Gonzaga Duca di Duca di do Bartolomeo Ferrari FerrariAd Ad istanza dell'Eccellenza dellΤccellenzα del Sig. Oie. Sabbioneta, Marchesi di Mantona, Mantoua, Sabbioneta, Principe Principedi diBozzolo, Borro/o,ee del del Sacro SacraRomano Romano Imperio, Dei Marchesi Marchese d'Oristano, ee Forare, Pomara, Conte Conte di di Pomponesco, Pomponesco, Signore Signore delle delle quel/re quattre Terre Terre di di Marchese d'Oristano, Riparalo, S. Martino Martino in in Argine. Argine, Comestadio, Comestadio, ed Isle (Bologna; Giacomo Isle de'Douaresi, de Ι)ουaresi, &c. &c. (Bolognaz Ripamlo, S. Monti, The Sferologio Sferologio is illustrateti frontispiece by Francesco Maria leda Francia Francia Monti, 1683). 1683). The rnusstated in aa frontispiece by Francesco (1657-1735) and etcher etcher who who studied studied with with Francesco Francesco Corti Curri and and (1657-1735)of ofBologna, Bologna, an an engraver ami Bartolomeo is noted noted in in Targioni Notizie degli degli BartolomeoMorelli lire111. This This work workby by Feirari Fermi is Τµ «nοντ Tozzetti, ΤozΖmτι, Notitie Aggrandimenti, I, p. 524; 524; Ciiern, Cinelli, Biblioteca Volante, Volante, Tome ni, 308; and Rιccλarn, ΙΙΙ, p. 308; and Riccardi, Αggrιmdimenti vol νd. 1, Matematica, voL vol. Ι, I, coL col 451). 450. Biblioteca Matematica.

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In Bologna, t In iacomo Monti. de's up. 130107,,Έ12, per ρcr GGiacomo ρ. Monti. Ι1685. Con lie. Ιic.de'S; 63. Con Figure 4. 4. Titìe-page Descrizione Dello Dello Sferologio Sferologio by by Bartolomeo Bartolomeo Ferrari, Ferrari, 1683. 1683. Figure Title-page of Descrizione (Courtesy Biblioteca Universitaria Universitaria di di Bologna). Bologna). (Courtesy of of the Biblioteca

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3

34

S. A. Bedini, S. Bedini, Clockwork Clockwork Cosmos Cosmos

because it is clumsy, we have placed placed under underititby byyour yourgenerosity generosityau an Atlas of pteYious tό uphold it. To Atlas precious meta1 metal to uphold it. To this this has has been been given given a motion which which succeeded succeeded in in being being made made to to obey obey by by the stars, motion stars, but because the materials materials produced produced aadefect, defect, there therewas wasneed needfor formotive motive power in in order power order to to sustain sustain the themotion, motion, which whichwas wassuccessfully successfully when IΙ was constructing this Sferologio (under the solved when the direction direction of Sig. Sig. Geminiano Gemiriiano Montanari, formerly professor of Mathematics in this Studio this Studio of of Bologna, Bologna, and and now now lecturer lecturer in in Astronomy Astronomy and and that of Padua) Meteorology in that Padua) and andterminated terminatedhere heremy myefforts. efforts.(18) (18)

his debt to Montanari in in his his letter letter to Ferrari again acknowledged acknowledged his the reader, th e dilettante the reader, whom whom he addressed addressed as ""the dilettante of of astronomy": astronomy": It was always in my mind to make make aa globe, globe, not not in in any any way way similar similar to to so greatly greatly praised praised and and [the reputation of the globe of Archimedes Archimedes so of which] possibly possibly was was amplified amplified by by the the poets of old, which] old, for in truth truth we we was made, made, some some having having written written that that it was of do not know how it was glass and and others others that that it was glass was of other other materials. materials. But But IΙ had had the inspiration to make a globe inspiration globe in which which IΙ could represent something more than the more the celestial celestial motions, motions, and and in infrequent frequentconversations conversations which ΙI had many many times times with with mathematicians mathematicians of of the the first first level level at at our glorious glorious Studio Bologna, and particularly with most Studio of Bologna, and particularly with the most virtuous Dr. virtuous Dr. Geminiano Geminiano Montanari, Montanari, who who from from this this chair chair of of mathematics passed passed then then to to that thatof ofAstronomy Astronomyand andMeteorology Meteorology at at have received received the the Studio of Padua, and and from from whose whose courtesies courtesies IΙ have most relevant information information and greatest greatest assistance assistance in in perfecting perfecting most relevant these my thoughts in which IΙ hope you as well well as as other other students students of this material will will find been find something something more more than this simpleton has been able to express. express. ΙI have seen accounts of other clocks clocks and spheres spheres various other means than than those have in which the makers utilized various those IΙ have of them, them, and and have proposed: ΙI revere revere and and honor honor aΠ all of have no wish wish to compete glory of the the Campani's, Campani's, of of Guastaferri, Guastaferri, and of of compete for for the glory others, even foreign, foreign, who their inventions inventions have have illustrated illustrated others, even who with their this noble noble profession. profession. (19) (19) Although Campani brothers brothers to to whom whom Ferrari Ferrari referred referred are are Although the Campani readily may have have been been Fabrizio Fabrizio readily identified, identified,Guastaferri Guastaferriisisnot. not. He may Guastaferri, an obscure obscure man man of of science science of Rome and author author of of aa se series ries 1S ((12) ) FERRARI, Ferrari, Descrizione. Descrizione, pp. pp. 5-10. 5-10. 19 ((19) ) FERRARI, Ferrari, Descrizione, Descrizione, pp. pp. 11-15. 11-15.

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5. Ferrari's Ferrari's Sferologio. Sferologio. Frontispiece Frontispiece by byFrancesco Francesco Maria Maria Francia Francia from from Figure 5. (Courtesy of of the the Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna). Descrizione Dello Sferologio. (Courtesy

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S. Α. A. Βediώ, Bedini, Clockwork Clockwork Cosmos Cosmos S.

36 36

of published published letters letters to Francesco Francesco S1it Salitiι in which some some form form of of of in which planetarium may may have havebeen beendescribed. described.(20) (20) the name name "Sferologio" "Sferologio" for for his his instrument, instrument, aaword word Ferrari created the which exist in the the Italian Italian laxiguage language and found in in which does does not not exist and is is not found dictionaries. It It was was first first used used by byFerrari Ferrariand andprovides provides an anexcellent excellent dictionaries. description of the instrument's nature nature and andfunction functionby bycombining combiningthe the description two words sfera sfera meaning meaning "sphere "sphere or or globe" globe" and and irologio orologio meaning meaning two words "clock or or clockwork". clockwork". "dock That which which is known known of of the the mechanized mechanized globes globes of of Generini Generini and and Ferrari is is derived derived from from contemporary contemporary accounts accounts and the two two Ferrari and the publications makers describing describing and and illustrating illustrating them. them. AA publications by by the makers suggests that that the the comparison of the illustrations of the two instruments suggests concept was inspired by the the famous famous marble marbleFarnese FarneseGlobe Globeformerly formerlyin in the Palazzo Palazzo Farnese in Rome and now now at at the the Royal Royal Museum Museum in Naples. This sculpture features the the gigantic gigantic figure figure of of Atlas Atlas in in his histraditional traditional This sculpture pose, on one knee, bent bent over over by by the the burden burdenof ofthe thecelestial celestialglobe globe upon upon 21 ) The TheGenerini Generiniglobe globe differs differs from from the the Famese FarneseAtlas Atlas in in his shoulders. ((21) the figure figure isisshown shownbowed bowedbut butstanding, standing,while whileFerrari's Ferrari'sAtlas Atlas that the duphcates the Famese Farnese Globe Globe in in almost almost all duplicates α11 details. The Famese Farnese Globe Globe was famous throughout throughout the world world after after its its The was famous recovery in sixteenth century century and itit isis unlikely unlikely that that Montanari Montanari recovery in the sixteenth and Ferrari Ferrari would On the the other other hand, hand, itit may may would not not have have known knownof ofit. it. On have been been Gonzaga Gonzaga who who had had seen seen ititininRome Romeand andprovided provided have specifications for copy for for his his instrument. instrument. specifications for aa copy globe incorporated many more features features and and indications indications Ferrari's globe did Genedrii's, Generini's, undoubtedly as as aa consequence consequence of of Montanan's Montanari'srole role than did as adviser adviser in its its design design and and construction. construction. (See (See Appendix lb). as Appendix Ib). 20

( ) Fabrizio Guastaferri, Gio. Francesco Francesco Saliti, Saliti, con la quale quale gli da FλrniΖιo Guλsτλι mυυ, Letlera...al Lettern...al Signor Gio. de suoi trattenimenti trattenimenti (Roma: (Roma: Dragondelli, Dragondelli,1663-68); 1663-68); Giornale Giornale dei dei Letterati Letterati di Roma, parte de 1668, pp. I, col. 43, vol. 2, 2, cols. cols. 78-79. 78-79. 1668, pp. 34-36. 34-36. Noted in Riccardi, Biblioteca matematica, vol. Ι, (21) MATTEO Matteo Fromm, Fiorini, Sfere Sfere Terrestri Terrestri e Celesti Celesti di autore Italiano Italiano oppure oppure conservate conservate in in Italia (Roma: Presso Presso la la Sοcietα Società Geografica Italiana, Italiana, 1899), 1899), pp. 1-25;EDWARD Edward LUTHER Luther pp. 1-25; Stevenson, Terrestrial Terrestrial and Celestial Celestial Globes. Their History History and Construction Construction Including STEVENSON, Globes. Their Including a Consideration of Value as Aids in in the theStudy StudyofofGeography Geographyand andAstronomy Astronomy (New Consideration of Their Their Value Haven: Yale Yale University University Press, Press,1921), 1921), vol. vol. I,I, p. 15; Α. A. F.F.GORI, Gori, Thesaurus Thesaurus gemmarum gemmarum p. 13; antiquarum astriferarum (Firenze: (Firenze: Mbiziniana, Albiziniana, 1750), 1750), vol. vol. III, Ill, passim; G. B.B.PASSERINI, Passerini, antiquarum astriferarum "Atlas Farnesianus Famesianus Marrnoreus Marmoreus insigne vetustatis vetustatis monumentum;" monumentum;" Enciclopedia Enciclopedia Italiana Italiana "Atlas Istituto della della Enciclopedia Enciclopedia Italiana, Italiana, 1930), 1930), vol. vol. 1, V, p. 208, "Atlante." "Atlante." (Roma: Istituto p. 208, The earliest description description of Farnese Globe Globe appears appears in in the the works works ofof Ulisse Ulisse The earliest of the the Famese Aldrovandi seen itit in in the the home home of of Bernardo Bernardo Fabio Fabio in in Rome Rome in' 1550. ItIt became became Aidrovandi who had seen in 1550. the property property of of Paolo Paolo del del Bufalo Bufalo who who sold sold ititinin1562 1562 totoCardinal CardinalAlessandro Alessandro Farnese. Farnese. Correspondence with Dott. Enrico Enrico Pozzi, Pozzi, sovrintendente sovrintendente reggente, reggente, Soprintendenza Soprintendenza Correspondence with Dott. Archeologica delle delle Provincie Provincie di di Napoli Napoli eeCaserta, Caserta, 77March March1984. 1984.

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The Predecessors Predecessors Chapter ΙI -- The

37

The Ferrari Sferologio was indeed an an impressive impressive achievement achievement and and drew from aΠ all who who saw saw it. it. Giovanni Giovanni Cinern Cinelli nοted noted it it in in his his drew praise from Volante: "Ι "I have have seen seen this this beautiful beautiful ορeratΊόn, operation, from from which which Biblioteca Volante: author reports reports he he had had received received an an abundance abundance of ofprizes prizes from from that that the author most generous generous Prince, Prince, who lover of of clocks; clocks; and and this this Sferologio Sferologio who was a lover was fact aa clock clock that that not notonly only hdicated indicated the the hours, hours, but but also also the the was in fact motions of Moon, the the Planets, Planets, and and aΠ all the the Stars, Stars, which which were were motions of the Moon, sculptured upon globe sustained sustained by an an Atlas Atlas one one foot foot [piede] \piede\ in in sculptured upon a globe height." (22) height." (22) As events turned out, out, Gonzaga Gonzaga found found little little time time to to enjoy enjoy his his new new As events turned acquisition. Ever since he had inherited the duchy, he had found acquisition. Ever since had inherited the duchy, he had found himself constant conflict conflict with with the theGuzman Guzman family family who who occupied occupiedit. it. himself in constant despite Now, in in the the year year after after the the Sferologio's Sferologio's despite his his clear clear title title to to it. it. Now, completion, was confronted confronted with with yet yet another anotherenemy, enemy, Francesco Francesco completion, he he was Theopulently opulentlywealthy wealthy Spinola was Maria Spinola, Duke of San Pietro. Pietro. The another contender contender for for the the duchy duchy of of Sabbioneta although it it was was clearly clearly the property of of Gonzaga, and he sυccessfυΠy successfully schemed to purchase the the duchy from the court of Spain. Enlisting Enlistingthe theassistance assistance0f ofthe theSpanish Spanish governor gove rn or of Milan, the marchese di Leganes, Spinola took possession of Sabbioneta by by force. force. Gonzaga Gonzaga petitioned petitioned the the emperor emperor and and the the Consiglio Aulico, Aulico, but but even even their their in intervention did not avail him. tervention not avail him. When War of of the theSpanish SpanishSuccession Succession broke broke out, out, Gonzaga Gonzaga When the War remained the Austrian Austrian emperor emperor despite despite the the effo efforts of the the remained loyal loyal to to the rt s of "Gallispani", the combined combined French French and andSpanish Spanishforces, forces, to toentice enticehim himto to "Garnspani", their cause. As Asaaconsequence, consequence, his his principality principality of of Bozzoli Bozzolo was forcibly occupied in 1701 1701 and Gonzaga Gonzaga had to to flee flee to to San San Martino, Martino, another another of of his possessions. possessions. Even Even here, here, however, however, the the French Frenchand andSpanish Spanishforces forces attacked, narrowly escaped escaped being Hefled fledin in attacked, and he narrowly being taken taken prisoner. prisoner. He disguise moved on to Venice. Venice. When When the theimperial imperial disguise to to Parma Parma and then moved troops under under Prince Prince Eugene Eugene of of Savoy Savoy penetrated penetratedItaly Italy in 1702, 1702, Gonzaga left Venice Venice to follow follow the military military action. action. While Whileon onhis hisway, way,however, however, died at at San SanMartino Martino near nearVerona Verona on onApril April 24, 24, 1703, 1703, at the the age age of of he died fifty-two. (23) fifty-two. (23) (2223) Cinelli, Biblioteca, Tome Tome ΙΙΙ, III, p. p. 308. 308. CINELLI, Biblioteca, ( ) Federigo Amadei, Cronaca Cronaca universale universale della della citta città di di Mantova. Edizione Edizione integrale integrale FEDERIGO AMADEI, (Mantova: Citer, Citem, 1957), 1957), νοΙ. vol. II., IL, pp. pp. 358-63; 358-63; voL vol. IV, IV, pp. 22-24, 168-69, 168-69, 181; L. L. MAZZOLDI, Mazzoldi, (Mantova: pp. 22-24, (Mantova: Fondazione Renato Giusri Giusti ee RINALDO Rinaldo SALVADOR', Salvadori, Mantova. Mantova. La La Storia Storia (Mantova: Fondazione Carlo Carlo RENATO d'Arco, 1962), 1962), )701. vol. III, Ill, pp. 168-72, 189; 189; RobLo RomoloOuAzzA, Guazza, Mantova attraverso attraverso i secoli (Mantod'Arco, pp. 168-72, BrITON, va: Tipografia editoriale editoriale de de 'La 'La Voce Voce di di Mantova', Mantova', 1933), 1933), pp. 173-243; SELwYN Selwyn Brinton, va: Tipografia pp. 173-243; The Gonzaga Gonzaga — — Lords Lords of ofMantua Mantua (London: Methuen & & Co., Co., Ltd., Ltd., 1927), 1927), pp. 237-64; (London: Methuen The pp. 237-64; RomoloQUAZZA, Guazza, "Il Sacco di Mantova," Convivium, Convivium, Anno 1930, pp. 895-905; L. LUCCHINI, Lucchini, Airo 2, 1930, RobLo pp. 895-905;

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Figure 6. The Globe. (Courtesy (Courtesy of of the the Museo Museo Nazionale Nazionale della della Archeologia, Archeologia, The Farnese Famese Globe. Naples).

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Chapter ΙI -- The The Predecessors Predecessors

39 39

Meanwhile as as the the conflict conrnct reached reached Mantua Mantua and raged around Meanwhile around the the city and its environs, Ferdinando Carlo, the last duke of Mantua, found environs, Carlo, the last Mantua, it expedient to visit visit his properties in the domairiof·Montferrato domain of Monti errato some some ΙsabeΠa to to reign reign in distance from from the the fighting, fighting, leaving leaving the the Duchess Duchess Anna Anna Isabella his absence. absence. The The battle battle went went in in favor favor of of the the French French and and their their Spanish Spanish ames, and alhes, and in in due due course course all all his his hereditary hereditary properties properties were were restored restored to to him by order of King Felipe Ν of Spain. him order of King Felipe V of Spain. Gian Francesco Gonzaga, aa bachelor, bachelor, whose whose brothers having having died died was without heirs or successors. many years before, before, was successors. Thereupon ThereuponAnna Anna Isabella, the duchess of Mantua, lost no time in taking action in support support of her husband's rights in his absence. She sent two emissaries, husband's rights his absence. She sent two emissaries, the the Marchese Ardisoni and and the Ducal Marchese Ardisoni Ducal Questator Questator Ferdinando Ferdinando Sordi, Sordi, to to Bozzolo to to take takepossession possession of of the theprincipality principality with with all all its its feudal feudal properties and dependencies. properties and dependencies. After After the the populace populace of of Bozzolo Bozzolo had had demonstrated its its obedience obedience to to the the duchess duchess and and sent a deputation demonstrated deputation to to Mantua to to pay Mantua pay homage homage and and swear swear fealty, fealty, the theduchess duchesspromptly promptly submitted aa petition submitted petition to to the the emperor emperor to toobtain obtainpossession possession of of Sabbioneta. Within Sabbioneta. Within the the next next two two years years Mantua Mantua regained regained not not only only Bozzolo and and Sabbioneta Sabbioneta but but Guastalla Guastalla and and Luzzara Luzzara as as well, well, and the the duchy's former former territories territories were wereagain againreunited. reunited.(24) (24) Then in 1706 Gonzaga's properties properties and and estates were ceded by Then 1706 Gonzaga's by the the imperial court to the French and Spanish conquerors, and in 1708 they French and Spanish conquerors, and in 1708 they were consigned were consigned to the duke duke of of Guastalla, Guastalla, aa brother-in-law brother-in-law of of the the late late Duke Gian Francesco. Francesco. With Withthe thetreaty treatyof ofAcquisgrana, Acquisgrana, the the domains domains of of Gastalla, Luzzara Luzzara and Reggiolo passed to to the duke of Castalia, Reggiolo passed of Parma Parma while while the the priricipailty of Bozzoli principality Bozzolo and and the the duchy duchy of ofSabbionta Sabbionta came came under under Austrian domination, where they remained for some time. Austrian domination, where they remained some time. Duke Gian Francesco's personal property, including including his his collections collections of timepieces and scientific scientific instruments, instruments, were were inherited inheritedby byhis his universal universal heir, the duke heir, duke of of Mantua. Mantua. According to to a probate According probate court court document document dated datedMay May20, 20,1703: 1703; "Consignment has has been been made by the executors of the last "Consignment last will will and Duke of Sabbioneta testament of of the the late late Gio. Gio. Francesco Francesco Gonzaga Duke and Prince of Bozzolo to Dr. Dr. of of Physics Physics Francesco Francesco Maria Maria Nigresoli Nigresoli in ando Carlo the Procurator Procurator of of Ferd Ferdinando Carlo Duke Duke of Mantua Mantua of of various various

Bozzolo suoi dominii domimi (Cremona: (Cremona; Montaldi, Montaldi, 1893), 1893), pp. 129-32; E. AGOSTA Agosta DE de FORTE, Forte, Bozzoli ee ii suoi pp. 129-32; Sabbioneta ee il suo Comune (Sabbioneta: N.P.. 1981), pp. 330-33. il Comune (Sabbioneta: N.P., 1981), pp. 330-33. 24 FοcΗΕssλΡι, Ι ((24) ) GITJSEPPE Giuseppe Fochessati, I Gonzaga Gonzaga di di Mantova ee l'Ultimo l'Ultimo Duca Duca (Milano: (Milano: Casa Casa Editrice Ceschina, Ceschina, 1930), 1930), pp. pp. 219-62. 219-62.

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40 40

S. A. A. Bedini, Bedini, Clockwork Clockwork Cosmos Cosmos cases containing writings interests of of the the aforesaid aforesaid cases containing writings relating relating to the interests Francesco." Gian Francesco."

possessions owned owned by byDuke Duke Ferdinando Carlo, An inventory of the possessions compiled after his death death in in1708, 1708, noted noted compiled "the inheritance of furniture furniture goods goods of of Gonzaga Gonzaga [[the Duke of of "the inheritance th e Duke Sabbioneta] in Venice Venice are are assembled assembled in the the Palazzo Palazzo San San Sabbioneta] found in Sofía [which faced faced the Grand Canai]. Canal]. In In the the first first Sofia [wich the Grand th e arcade of the floor of the aforenamed palace are placed the paintings listed as th e are placed the paintings listed as having been transported from house in in Santa Santa Fosca, Fosca, now now having been transported from the house evacuated." (25) evacuated." (25) It went on to list "a compass compass or or rather ratheraaclock clockfor fornavigating, navigating, with with aa partly of of silver silver and and partly partly of of brass, brass, aa mappamondo of bronze, lodestone partly a microscope, a telescope, and another another telescope telescope having having aa length length of ofsix six drawtubes." Seven Sevenclocks clockswere werelisted, Usted,one onehaving havingaagilt giltbrass brasscase, case,two two having silver silver columns of which which was was larger larger columns with with figurines figudnes in front, one of than the other, other, two two clocks clocks attached attachedby bycords cordsto toeither eitherside sideofofaamirror, mirror, than the one having enamel flowers flowers and the other other diverse diverse stones, stones, another another clock clock upon smaU brass enamel watches watches with with dark darkblue bluestones, stones, upon aa sma]1 brass pedestal, two enamel leather case, case, aa wooden wooden clock clock case case covered covered an ivory clock or watch in aa leather with green velvet velvet having having two gilt plates plates and and attachments, attachments, aa white white with green two gilt wooden clockcase, and and various various envelopes envelopes of of leather leathermaterial materialfor forclocks. clocks. Included was small case one and and Included was "a small case three quarters in length and one one-half quarters in width, width, upon upon which which was was written written "Sig. "Sig. Lamberto Lamberto one-half VanaU Venezia" Venezia" and noted noted that that"Sig. "Sig.Vans111 VanalU stated contained Vanali stated that itit contained instruments for for repairing repairing the theclocks clocks of ofthe theDuke, Duke, and andwhich whichisisnailed." nailed." instruments Νam ΙΙi was VanalU was described described in in the inventory as as "a "a cavalier cavaUer [knight] [knight] and and th e inventory assistant of the Duke's Duke's chamber," and and had hadbeen beenassigned assignedaasmall smaUroom room in the the Palazzo PalazzoSan SanSofia. Sofia.(26) (26) Whether these these were were previously previously owned owned possessions possessions of of Duke Duke Whether Carlo, in addition addition to to items items he heacquired acquiredfrom fromGonzaga's Gonzaga's Ferdinando Carlo, properties, cannot No mention mention is made of of the properties, cannotbe be determined. determined. No is made th e Sferologio. As As later events events proved, proved, this instrument instrument either either had had fa fahen Sferologio. Πen of the the conquering conquering forces forces at at the thetime timeof ofGonzaga's Gonzaga's flight flight into the th e hands of Bozzolo or or was was taken from his premises premises after from Bozzolo after his his departure. departure. ItIt was lost lost for aa time time and andseveral several decades decades elapsed elapsed before before itit came came to to was Ught once more, more, in Venice. light 25

( ) Mantua, Archivio Archivio di di Stato Stato di Mantova, Magistrato Camerale Antico, 1557-1703, Aa Antico, 15574703, 1703, 20 20 maggio, maggio. Consegna. Consegna. II, 1703, (ss) v Archivio di di Stato Stato di di Verona, Verona, Antico Antico Archivio Archivio dei del Comune, Comune, reg. reg. 609, 609, fols. fols. eronaj Archivio Verona, 66r, 79ν, 79v, 85r, 85r, 156r, 156r, 164v, 164v, 211v, 21 Iv, 212ν, 212v, 222r, 222r, 225r, 225r, 99v. 99v.

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CHAPTER II II CHAPTER

BERNARDO FACIlI BERNARDO PACINI VENETIAN VENETIAN ARTISAN ARTISAN

Santo Bernardo FacΙώ, in bom in Santo Pacini, the son of of Benedetto Benedetto Facin Pacini,Ί was was bom Venice in in 1665. οrginaΙ[y belonged Venice 1665. The The Facini Pacini family family originally belonged to Bolognese Bolognese nobility and in the late sixteenth century century some some of of its members members migrated migrated with property holdings to Venice Venice and established established themselves themselves with holdings in the the region Biagio. AA certain certain Giovanni Giovanni Facini Pacini may may have have been been the the region of of San Biagio. first to come to seek seek employment employmentatatthe the arsenal. arsenal. By first come to Venice, Venice, to By the the beginning of of the seventeenth beginning seventeenth century, century, the the family family was was permanently permanently established in in Venice Venice and and owned owned aa burial burial vault vault in in the church established church of of San San Biagio. (I) Biagio. (1) Nothing is is known known about Facini's but it is is possible possible that that he Pacini's schooling, schooling, but was educated was educated at one one of of the themonastic monastic schools schools or orseminaries, seminaries, and and he he probably eci1ized in in studies of mathematics and astronomy. astronomy. He probably sρ specialized studies of mathematics and He may have have been directed to one of of the the trades trades and and provided provided training training in in metalworkingas as well. well. There is in fact aa strong metalworking strong probability probability that after after his secondary secondary education he found employment in the studio completing his of the the celebrated celebrated Benedictine Benedictine cosmographer cosmographerPadre PadreVincenzo VincenzoCoroneili. Coronelli. Coronern trained tr ώied and Coronelli and employed employed engravers, engravers, painters and and various various other other artisans artisans in his his studio studio for for the the production production of ofmaps, maps,atlases atlasesand andglobes. globes. Pacini may have served an apprenticeship apprenticeship as as an an engraver, engraver, aa craft craft There Facini in which which he subsequently subsequently proved himself himself to be be aa master. master. (2) (2) in (1) Venice, Venice, Archivio di Stato di Venezia, MS, Tassini Tassini Cittadini, vol. cc. 48. 48, 798; 798; voL voi. vol. II, cc. III, c. Ili, c. 317; 317; TEODORO Teodoro TODCRIM, Toderini, Genealogie Genealogie delle famiglie venete venete ascritte ascritte alla alla cittadinenza cittadinenza originaria, MS, originaria, MS, vol. vol. II, Il, c.c. 798; 798; Avogaria Avagaría di Comun, Comun, b. b. 185/2, 185/2, n. 48. 48. 2 ((1) ) [Comune [Comune di di Venezia], Venezia], Vincenzo Coronelli nel nel Terzo Terzo Centenario Centenario dalla dalla Nasdt'1 Nascità Vincenzo Coronelli (Venezia: Officine Officine Grafiche Grafiche C. C. Ferrari, 1950), 1950), pp. 7-26; 7-26; IlIi P. P. Vincenzo Coronelli dei dei Frati Frati Νiienz ο Coronelli Minori Conventuali Minori Conventuali 1650-1718 1650-1718 nel nel III III Centenario Centenario della della Nascità (Roma: A A cura cura dl di Ναscitό (Roma: `ΜisceΠaυea Francescana,' 'Miscellanea Francescana,' 1951), 1951), Parte Parte Uno, Uno, pp. pp.37-79, 37-79, 108-89, 108-89, 313-28; 313-28; Isidoro Isidoro Gatti, Gatti, OFMConv., Il P. P. Vincenzo Vincenzo Coronelli Coronelli dei Prati Frati Minori Minori Conventuali Conventualinegli neglianni anni del dei generato generato 1701-1707 (Roma: Gregoriana Editrice, (Roma; 11Μνersità Università Gregoriana Editrice, 1976), 1976), passim-, Maria Luisa passim; Μλmλ Luιsλ Bonelli, Boiarn, Catalogo dei Globi Antichi Catalogo Olschki, Editore, 1960), pp. Antichi conservati in Italia Italia (Firenze: (Firenze: Leo S. Olschki, Editore, 1960), pp. Εaµλννο 1-12; Ermanno Armao, Vincenzo Vincenzo Coronelli. Coronelli. Cenni Cenni sull'uomo sull'uomo ee la la sua sua vita... vita... (Firenze: ARMAI, (Firenze: "Bibliopolis," "Bibliopolis," 1944), 1944), pp. 3-33. 3-33. Vincenzo Maria Coronelli (1650-1718), (1650-1718), cosmographer, cosmographer, was bom bom in in Venice Veniceand and became became (Ι)

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(Courtesy of Gustav Thorban, Satteldorf). Nautical quadrant, Figure 8. www.torrossa.com - For non-commercial use by authorised users only. License restrictions apply.

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Reverse of nautical quadrant, 1701. (Courtesy 0fPeter P. Brophy, Paris). Figure 10. www.torrossa.com - For non-commercial use by authorised users only. License restrictions apply.

46

S. A. A. Bedirii, Bedini, Clockwork Clockwork Cosmos Cosmos S.

early age. age. He Hewas wasonly onlysixteen sixteen when when in in Facini was married at an early December 1681 contract of of marriage marriage was was negotiated negotiated between between his his December 1681 aa contract Benedetto Facini Pacini and Antonio Antonio Pedrini Pedrini for the marriage marriage of of the the father Benedetto 3 (3) daughter Francesca Francesca to toBernardo. Bernardo. ( ) ItItisislikely likely that that he he was was latter's daughter for the the next next few few years years until until he he was was able able to toestablish establish employed by others for It himself as as a maker maker of of mathematical mathematical instruments instruments with with his hisown ownshop. shop. It was probably situated near the waterfront where he served the was probably situated near the waterfront where he served the maritime trade, selling new instruments and and repairing repairing others others for for maritime trade, selling new instruments shipmasters who He may mayhave havebeen beenworking working for for shipmasters who came came into into port. port. He about 1690, 1690, although the the earliest earliest known known example example of ofhis his himself from about semi-circle for angle angle measurement measurementdated dated1694, 1694, when whenhe hewas was work is aa semi-circle twenty-nine years is unlikely unlikely that had much much ifif any any twenty-nine yearsofofage. age. It is that he had competition in his trade for for no no other other instrument instrumentmakers makers are areknown knownto to competition been working working in in Venice Venice at at that thattime. time.(4) (4) have been 1695 Facini Facini published published a short short treatise treatise entitled entitled Anatomia Anatomia dei del In 1695 Circolo sua Quadratura Quadratura Manifestata Manifestata da da Bernardo Bernardo Facini Facini Veneto Veneto Circolo nella sua [Anatomy Circle in its its Quadrature Quadrature Demonstrated Demonstrated by Bernardo Bernardo [Anatomy of of the Circle Facini of of Venice]. Venice]. He Hededicated dedicated the thework work "To "To the theSacred SacredRoyal Royal Faciώ Majesty of Louis Louis XIV, XIV, the the Most Most Christian Christian King King of of France France and and Majesty Navarre." The Thepublisher publisherof ofthe thework workisisnot notidentified identified and andthe theplace placeof of Navarre." 5 is given given as as"Coloniae", "Coloniae",ororVenice. Venice.(5) () publication is Facini stated stated that that ititwas wasa proposition a proposition ofofthe theVenetian Venetian Minorite friar in 1655. He He received received aa degree degree in in theology theology in 1674 1674 atat Rome. Having an an aa Minorite in 1655. Rome. Having interest in in globes globes and and maps maps from from his hisyouth, youth, he hebuilt builthis hisfirst firstpair pairofofglobes globesiiiinabout about1678 1678 interest for the the duke duke of of Parma. Parma. The Thequality qualityofofhis hiswork workimpressed impressedCesar Cesar Cardinal Cardinal d'd'Estrées, for Εstrόes, French ambassador ambassadortotothe theHoly HolySee, See,and andled ledtotoananirnritation invitationfor forCoroneili Coronellitotocome cometotoParis Paris French in 1681. 1681. There There he he spent spenttwo twoyears yearsconstructing constructingaapair pairofofglobes globesfor forLouis Louis XIV, the the largest largest in been made made until untilthe thepresent presentcentury. century.Returning Returning Veniceinin1684, 1684,CoroneHi Coronelli which had been to to Venice established the the first first geographical geographical society, society, the the Accademia Accademia Cosmografica Cosmografica degli degli Argonauti. Argonauti. established He was was appointed appointed Cosmographer Cosmographer of the Venetian Venetian Republic Republic and produced produced two two major major He of the atlases, traveled and achieved achieved aa reputation reputation as asaacivil civilengineer engineerand and atlases, traveled throughout throughout Europe Europe and geographer. InIn1701 1701 he hewas waselected electedminister-general minister-general of of his his order order and andthree threeyears yearslater laterhe he geographer. returned to to Venice. Venice. More More than thanone onehundred hundredofofhis hisglobes globes have have survived survived in in addition addition to to returned maps and and seven seven volumes volumes of of an an encyclopedia encyclopedia which which he he did didnot notcomplete. complete. [Dictionary maps [Dictionary of 0f Scientific Biography Biography (New Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971), vol. Ill, p. 421]. (New York; York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971), vol. III, p. 421]. (3) Piacenza, Archivio Archivio di di Stato dl di Piacenza. Piacenza. Fondo notariιe, notarile, Notaio Notaio Francesco Francesco Maria Maria Fantini, b.b. 16698, 16698, filza filza I,I, nur. num. 24, 24, 26, 26, and and 27, 27, "Contratto "Contratto dotale dotale relativo relativo alia alla moglie moglie di di Pantini, Bernardo Facini." Facini." 4 ( ) [Maria Catalogo con Aggiornamenti. Aggiornamenti. 1.α La Esposizione Nazionale Nazionale di [MAniA Luisa Lmsλ Bonelli], BONELLI], Catalogo Scienze (Firenze (Firenze Maggio-Ottobre 1929) (Firenze: Leo Leo S. S. Olschki, Olschki, Editore, Editore, 1952), 1952), Storia delle Scienze p. 95; Venezia, Museo Storico Navale, Item Item 394, 394, "Goniometro "Goniometro per per rilevamento con con bussola, bussola, 1694, di Bern. Bern. Faccini, Faccini, cm. cm. 50." 50." veneziano, 1694, (5) [Bernardo Facini] Anatomia Anatomia del del Circolo Circolo nella sua sua Quadratura Quadratura Manifestata Manifestata da da [BaRiAnno FAdM] Bernardo Facini Veneto Veneto (In Coloniae Coloniae [Venice], [Venice], N.P., Cited in in Riccardi, Riccardi, Biblioteca Biblioteca N.P., 1695). 1695). Cited vol. 1,1, col. col. 455. 455. Mathematica, vol.

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Chapter II -- Bernardo Chapter Bernardo Fachii Pacini Venetian Venetian Artisan Artisan

47 47

Queririithat that had had led led him him to a solution mathematician Giovanni Giovanni Querini solution of the age-old problem of of squaring squadng the circle, age-old problem circle, which which he expounded expounded in his his work describing describing two two separate separatesystems. systems.(6) (6) As part part of As of this this project, project, he he also also invented invented aanew newmathematical mathematical instrument which he named the "proportional ciclometer." instrument which he named the "proportional ciclometer." He He claimed that that by means of claimed of this this instrument instrument itit was was possible possible to reduce reduce to to the utmost of practical geometry. With utmost simplicity simplicity aΠ all of practical geometry. With it one one could could undertake mathematical undertake mathematicaloperations operations more moreeasily easily than thanwould would be be possible possible with with the side side of of aa triangle, triangle, without without the the tediousness tediousness of of havkig having to to use use logarithmic tablesto toproduce producethe the area area of of the the same. same. It logarithmic tables It served served also also to to determine the the area of determine of any any segment segment of of aa circle circle as as well well as as to to know know the the nature of a curved line line and and to to measure measure it. it. "With "With this," this," he he stated, stated, "one "one may make any operation operation and andititisis possible possible to to use useititalso also for fordesigning." designing." No specimen of the instrument No instrument is is known known to to have have survived, survived, but but from from the the mustration in his it appears to consist of two rules or bars, Anatomia, illustration appears to consist of two rules or bars, one attached attached at at the center of the other one other to form form the the letter letter "T". "T". Two Two are attached at one alidades, each with two sights, sights, are one end end to to the the longer longer of of the two rules or bars and and fixed fixed in in such such aa manner mannerthat thatthey theycould couldswivel swivel over the the other rule over rule or or bar. bar. The treatise The treatise included five five pages pages of of diagrams, diagrams, among among which which was was included an illustration mustration of the proportional ciclometer. ciclometer. Facini in Pacini noted noted in his work his work that he he had had refrained refrained from from providing providing more more details details about about it, it, and reserved further fiirther description description for for another anotherwork workhe heplanned plannedto towrite, write, Meccanica] "which I hope will not a treatise on mechanics mechanics [Trattato [Trattato di Meccanica] will not be tοtaΠy useless to the World: therefore with this will be brought be totally useless the World: therefore with this will be brought as can can be be deterto light my new new 'Ciclometro 'Ciclometro proportionale'." As As weΠ well as determined the promised mined promised treatise treatise on on mechanics mechanics was was never never published, published, nor has the the manuscript manuscript been been found. found. (7) (7) In 1697 1697 Facini Pacini produced produced an an unusual unusualnavigational navigational compendium compendium which he he designed in cooperation with Coronelli. Coronelli. It It bears which designed in cooperation with bears the the inscription

(6) EMANUELE Emanuele Antonio Delle Iscrizione Iscrizione Veneziane Veneziane (Venezia: (Venezia: Giuseppe Giuseppe ΑΝΤΟΝΙΟ Cicogna, CICOGNA, Delle III, pp. Orlandelli, 1824-53), 1824-53), 1701. vol. Ill, pp. 126-27, 126-27, vol. vol. IV, IV, pp. 679-80; Cinern, Cinelli, Biblioteca, Biblioteca, vol. vol. IV, IV, pp. 679-80; pp. 109-10. 109-10. Giovanni Querini (b. 1639) Giovanni 1639) was bom in Venice, Venice, the illegitimate illegitimate son patrician son of a patrician senator woman of low low origin origin from He attended attended the the schools schools of of the the senator and arid a woman from Murano. Murano. He Congregation There he came came under under the the Congregationofofthe theSomaschi Somaschiand andlater latermoved movedtotoPadua. Padua. There patronage of of Count Count lacopo IacopoCajmo Cajmo of ofUdino Udino and andhe hereceived received the thedegree degreeof ofdoctor doctorofoflaws laws in patronage in 1659. 7He He was was legitimized legitimized by by the the Venetian Venetian Senate Senate inin1674. 1674. 1659. ( ) FAcili, Pacini, Anatomia, Anatomia, p. p. 2. 2. (G)

(7)

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ANATOMIA DEL CIRCOLO

anatomia del circolo NELLA SVA NElLA δΙΑ

QIADRATIRA

QVADRATVRA MANIFESTATA MAN Ι FE STATA

DA •S^vvV^-Î;:! BERNARDO IFAC1NI Ura1 .,1¾

ΒΕ RΈΝΙΑΙΖDΟ

FACIlI VENETO VENETO 1 S ■

:4

/s\

Ι ΙΠ Α Ι ΈΙΙΈL r W

-

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Colonia s16j$ S¿S in Ca[onrn

Figure 11. Anatomìa dei del Circolo, Circolo, 1695, 1695, by Fcini. Facmi. (Courtesy (Courtesy of of the the Figure Ii. Title-page Title-page of Anatomia Biblioteca Nazionale Nazionale di di San SanMarco, Marco, Venice). Venice).

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imi

44

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50

S. A. S. A. Bedini, Bedini, Clockwork Clockwork Cosmos Cosmos

determining latitude, latitude, meridian, meridian, longitude, longitude,hour hour of of day day and and night, night, For determining and other things. invented and and made made and things. Bernardo Bernardo Facini, Pacini, Venetian, Venetian, invented this nautical this nautical compendium compendium [refugius] [refugius] and which which PPM PPM Vincenzo Vincenzo Coronelli,Cosmographer Cosmographer theMost Most Serene Serene Republic Republic of of the Coronelli, ofofthe the Venetians, embellished embellishedwith with some some elements Venetians, elements by by means means of ofhis hiskeen keen 8 insight. The insight. Theyear year1697 1697 in inVenice. Venice. ((8) ) Consisting primarily primarily of of aa composite timetelling timeternng device, device, itit features a Consisting mechanical equinoctial equinoctial dial dial mounted on a fixed fixed arc arc which which serves serves as as aa meridian, apparently apparentlywith withtwo two latitude latitudearcs. arcs. It meridian, It isiscombined combined with with several other components including aa compass, compass, aa nocturnal nocturnal and a lunar phase indicator. indicator. The instrument was The was originally originally owned by Feofan Prokopovich, Prokopovich, the renowned Russian Russian archbishop archbishop and and statesman renowned statesman whose whose sermons sermons and and theories for church reform had interested theories interested Peter Peter the the Great. Great. According According to the accession accession records of the the Hermitage, Hermitage, in in which which the the instrument instrument is is presently found, Prokopovich presented it to Peter Peter the the Great, Great, who who may may have found it useful at the th e time that he was was building building the Russian Russian fleet. fleet. the year year that that Facini In 1697, 1697, the Pacini made the the compendium, compendium, aa Russian Russianmission mission visited Venice Venice and and itit is is conceivable conceivable that that it was was acquired by the mission visited mission at that that time, time, possibly possibly as asaagift giftfrom fromCoronelli. Coronelli.(9) (9) The instrument Pro inuenienda (s) The instrument bears bears the thefollowing followinginscription: inscription: Pro inuenienda Latitudine, Latitudine,

Meridiana, Longitudine Hora Diei, et fecit fecit Diei, Noctisque 8 cc. cc. hoc Refugium Nauticum Nauticum inventi et Bernardus Bemardus Facinus Facinus lens. Pens, et et PPM PPM lincentius Vincentius Coronelli Coronelli Cosm. Cosm. SRI SRV sua sua perspicacitate perspicacitate aliquibus oomant. Anno 1697 1697 lenetys. Venetys. rnant. Anno XVIII Veka Russkoi Kul'tury Ieka [Relics [Relics of of Russian Russian Culture of Pamiatniki Russkoi Kul'tury Pervoi Pervoi Chetverti XVIII the First the First Quarter Quarter of of the theEighteenth Eighteenth Century]. Century]. Catalogue Catalogue No. No. 1919(Leningrad: (Leningrad; State State ΤΧ.1204. L. L. E. Ε. Maistrov, ed., ed., Nauchnye pribory. Hermitage Museum, Museum, N.D.), N.D.), p. 117, 117, Item TX-1204. pribory. Pribory iiinstrumenty instrumentyisturicheskogo isturicheskogo znacheniia znacheniia [Scientific [Scientific apparatus: apparatus: apparatus apparatus and and instruments of scientific instruments scientific importance] importance] (Moscow: (Moscow; N.P., N.P., 1969), 1969), pp. pp. 105-24, 105-24, Zinaida Zinaida K. K. Novokshanova-Sokolovskaje, "Geodesic "Geodesic and and Navigating Novokshanova-Sokolovskaje, Navigating Instruments;" Instruments;" Ν. V. U. U. Matreev, Matreev, Solar, Stellar Clocks Catalogue of the Solar, Lunar, Lunar, and Stellar Clocks From From the the Collection Collectionof of the the Hermitage. Hermitage. Catalogue Series 17, 30 (Leningrad: (Leningrad: The The Hermitage, Hermitage, in press). Exhibition. Series 17, CatYlogue Catalogue 30 press). 9 Feofan Prokopovich Russianarchbishop archbishop and and statesman, ( ) Feofan Prokopovich (1681-1736), (1681-1736), Russian statesman, became became one of the most capable coadjutors coadjutors of of Peter Peter the the Great. Great. After Afterstudying studyinglaw lawatatKiev, Kiev,Poland, Poland, and Rome, he returned to Russia Russia as an orthodox orthodox monk monk and became became aa professor professor and and later later rector of the the academy academy of of Kiev, Kiev, where where he he accomplished accomplished a complete complete reformation reformation of the the theology. Impressed teaching of theology. Impressedby byone oneofofhis hissermons, sermons,Peter Peterthe theGreat Greatinin1716 1716 called called him him to Saint Saint Petersburg, Petersburg, where where Prokopovich Prokopovich interpreted interpreted and and justified justified the to the new new ideas, ideas, much much to the dismay dismay of the the Russian Russian clergy, clergy, but advantage of of the the civil civil authorities. Hewas was the but to the advantage authorities. He appointed Archbishop Archbishop of of Novgorod Novgorod in 1724 1724 and and formed formed what what became known as ""the the holy holy synod" which he became became vice-president. vice-president. After death of of Peter Peter the theGreat, Great, synod" of of which After the the death Prokopovich became the main power power behind behind the thereforming reforming party. party. [Encyclopedia Prokopovich became the main [Encyclopedia Brittanica, Eleventh Eleventh edition, edition, (Cambridge: (Cambridge: University University Press, Press, 1911), 1911), vol. vol. XXII, XXII, p. p. 434; 434; (New York: York: St. Martin's Nouvelle Chamber's Biographical Martin's Press, Press, 1962), 1962), p. 1042; Nouvelle Biographical Dictionary Dictionary (New p. 1042; Generale, voL vol. 41, 41, cols. cols. 79-80]. 79-80]. Biographie Generale,

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Figure 13. 13. Universal navigational compendium compendium made by by Fachii Pacini in in Figure Universal Instrument Instrument or navigational cooperation with with PPM. PPM. Vincenzo Vincenzo Coronelii, Coronelli, 1697. 1697. Formerly Formerly owned owned by by Feofan Feofan cooperation and Peter Peter the theGreat. Great. (Courtesy (Courtesyofofthe theState StateHermitage HermitageMuseum, Museum, Prokopovich and Leningrad).

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hσstrυment. (Courtesy other side οf of the UώνersaΙ Universal Instrument. (Courtesy of of the the State State Figure 14. View View of οtherside

Hermitage Museum, Museum, Leningrad). Leningrad).

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rn ardo Facini Chapter Π II - Be Bernardo Pacini Venetian Venetian Artisan

53 53

During the next few years Facini in the production of During the Pacini specialized specialized in of navigational and surveying instruments. Several navigational and surveying instruments. Several examples examples in these these categories made made in this period categories period are are known, known, including including aa semi-circle semi-circle for for angle measurement, quadrants of various angle measurement, quadrants various forms, forms, and and plane plane tables. tables. Several of the the plane table compasses have survived. survived. They Several of They feature feature a windrose inscribed on metal having a lifting pin for locking the metal the needle and sealed under glass. glass. Attached Attachedto toIts itsunder undersurface surfaceare aretwo twofolding folding brass plates which constitute in place place by by constitute aa rule rule when when aligned aligned and and fixed fixed in means means of of two two supporting supporting spurs. spurs. An An incomplete incomplete plane plane table table also also survives. survives. Its Its alidade alidade is is inscribed inscribed "Bernardo "Bernardo Faciui Pacini Ven.a Ven.a 1698". 1698". A A scale labeled Peso gro.o is engraved scale gro.o di di Venetia Venetia is engraved on the obverse:

PΡ

33) 100. 100

50 50 100. 100

100

5

50 _____ ■»! η 50.

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A proportional proportional scale scale divided to 12 12 is is engraved engraved on on the side A divided 0O to side carrying carrying 10 the sighting vanes. (W) sighting vanes. ( ) Facini for at least Pacini produced produced instruments instruments for least one one titled titled patron, patron, the the Margrave Wilhelm Wilhelm Friedrich Friedrich of of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Brandenburg-Ansbach, who who visited visited Venice in the spring Venice in spring of of1709. 1709. Dring During bis his sojourn from from April April 29th 29th to the city June 10th, 10th, the margrave margrave and and his his entourage entourage went about about the city and visited its important important landmarks. landmarks. Although visited its Although no no mention mention of of Facini Pacini was was included the travel included in the travel diary diary maintained maintained by by his his secretary, secretary, Johann Johann Gottfried Neuberger, he he may may have have also also visited visited the the instrument maker's Gottfried Neuberger, shop at at this this time. time. In following year year Pacini Facini produced produced a fine cased shop In the following set which he he presented set of of military military surveying surveying instruments instruments which presented to the the 11 margrave with a suitable inscription. (11) with a suitable inscription. ( ) 10 ((iO) ) In In the the collections collections of the Museo Correr, Correr. Venice, Venice, Courtesy Courtesy of of Antony Antony J.J. Turner. Turner: 11 Wilhelm Friedrich Friedrich von von Brandenburg-Ansbach Brandenburg -Ansbach ( ) GuNman GuntherScHuMAnN, Schumann, "Mit Margraf Wilhelm nach Venedig," -franken, 1962/63, pp. Venedig," BO. BO. Jahrbuch Jahrbuch des des Historischen Historischen Vereins Vereins fur Mittel Mittel-franken, 1962/63, pp. 94-177; Correspondence Schumann, Ltd. Ltd. Archivdirektor, Archivdirektor, Staatsarchiv 94-177; Correspondence with with Dr. Dr. Gunther Schumann, Νϋrnberg, Niimberg, May May 18, 18, 1983. 1983. (ΙΙ)

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View of reverse of alidade. (Courtesy 0fthe Museo Correr, Venice). Figure 15α. www.torrossa.com - For non-commercial use by authorised users only. License restrictions apply.

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Chapter II -- Bernardo Bernardo Facini PaciniVenetian Venetian Artisan Artisan Chapter

57

The wooden traveling case covered in shagreen shagreen is is fitted fitted for forfifteen fifteen miniature instruments. Included are are aafour-part four-partfolding folding square square with with miniature instruments. Included scales and stone stone balls balls in inNuremberg Nurembergcalibres, calibres, aafolding foldingsector sector scales for iron and third folding folding member, member, aa folding folding parallel an erasing knife, knife, ρaιaΠeΙ rule, rule, arι with a third and pencil pencil holders, holders, aa plane plane table tablecompass, compass, aabubble bubblelevel, level, aascale scale pen and polygonal angles, angles, two of calipers calipers with with unusual unusual retractable retractable for polygonal two pairs of points, a circular circular slide slide rule rulewhich whichalso alsoincorporates incorporatestrigonometrical trigonometrical points, scales, Pacini's invention of the "Trigonometron" "Trigonometron" equipped equipped scales, and finally Facini's with a mounting mounting head. head. Facini Pacinidescribed describedthe theTrigonometron Trigonometron in in bis his with instructions for the the use use of ofhis hisLogaiithmical LogarithmicalSpirals: Spirals: instructions But even more appropriate appropriate [for [for measuring measuring the thesides sides of oftriangles] triangles] is is my other Instrument called the Trigonometron, which in two my other Instrument called the Trigonometron, which in two the three three sides sides of ofaaTriangle Triangle without without considering considering stations measures the Angles, of which it is is almost almost impossible impossible to obtain obtain accurate accurate the Angles, of which information, particularly particularly with with smilI small Instruments. Instruments. Meanwhile Meanwhile II information, develop the said said Trigonometron Trigonometron and also also another another have worked to develop with which it is to a distance in [[instrument] strument] with which it is possible also measure a distance in with which can be be measured measured and andresolved resolved aagiven given one station, and with Triangle without moving oneself from one of of the the extremities extremities of of an an Triangle Angle of Thisone oneIIhave havenever nevershown, shown,as aswe well Angle of the the same. same. This Π as another used to to measure measure the theexact exactMeridian Meridianeven evenwhile whiletraveling, traveling, with with used many other things related to its use, and others of major many other things related to its use, and others of major importance will reserve for a more opportune opportune time timeifif itit pleases pleases the the importance II will Supreme Creator. Creator. The second unnamed unnamed invention invention to which he he referred, referred, for for The second to which measuring the meridian while while traveling, traveling, may been the the measuring the meridian may have have been had made made in in1697 1697 or or another another instrument instrument navigational compendium he had similar it. similar to it. The Trigonometron included included with with the cased instruments instruments is is The Trigonometron th e cased inscribed Trigonometron Tot.s Latus 100 100 Tot.s Bernardo Facini Pacini made made from from his his own ownresources resources in in 1710 1710

The inscriptions inscriptions are follows; (on surface of the the lid lid ofofthe thecase) case) The are as as follows: (on the the upper surface SERENISSIMO GVLIELMO FRIDERICO/BRANDEMB SER ENISSIMO GIL IELMO FR IDERICO/BRA IDEMB VRGENSI/MARGGRA IR GENSI/MARGGRA VIO III ONSPA CHIΙ! Bemardus ONSPACHU/ nouo opere praeparauit Anno 1710. (On Bernardus Pacini FaciniVenetus/ Ienetus/ foui praeparauitet D.D./ Anno Trigonometron) TRIGONOMETRVM/ Totus Latus Latus 100/ 100/ Facini Pacini suo Marte Marte fecit fecit 1710. 1710. the Trigonornetron) TRIGONOMETRIM/ Titus (On the circular circular slide slide rule) rule) Bernardus Bemardus Facini Pacini auxit et fecit fecit An.o An.o 1710. 1710. (On the auxit et

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60

Βedii, Clockwork S. A. S. A. Bedini, Clockwork Cosmos Cosmos

The totality The totality of the the scale scale is is 100 100 and and ititisisdivided dividedaccordingly. accordingly. The reverse reverse of 0f the circular Developed The circular slide slide rule rule bears bears the the words words Developed by Bernardo Facini by Pacini in in the the year year 1710. 1710. The outer outer surface The surface of the lid lid of of the the case case identifies identifies the the patron patron for for whom the set whom set was was made: made: For His His Most Serene For Serene fHighnessj [Highness] Wilhelm Wilhelm Friedrich Friedrich Margrave of at Ansbach Margrave of Brandenburg Brandenburg at In the the year year 1710 1710 Bernardo Bernardo Facini, Pacini, Venetian Venetian In aa new new style style of ofconstruction construction Preparedand andpresented presented[this] [this]asasa agift gift Prepared Among Pacini's Facini's clients was was an unidentified owner Among owner of of aa fleet fleet of of ships ships family of of Venice. Venice. A and member of the the patrician patrician Dandol Dandoloο family A surviving surviving undated undated letter letter from from Facirii Pacini to to Dandolo Dandolo relates relates to to compasses compasses and and lodestones he made for the shipowner. It is a curious letter, in which lodestones he made for the shipowner. It is a curious letter, in which Facini made excuses Pacini excuses for for illness illness and and indisposition indisposition which which delayed delayed bis his delivery of the delivery theinstruments. instruments.(12) (12) A graphometer graphometer made by Facini, formed part of A Pacini, now lost, originally originally formed of instrument collection the instrument collection of the astronomical astronomical observatory observatory of of Padua. Padua. An eighteenth instruments made made An eighteenth century inventory of the observatory's instruments by Giuseppe Giuseppe Toaldo Toaldo included included the thefollowing: following; No. 7. A Graphometer Graphometer with Νο. 7. with a fine fine nautical container having having aa needle needle in length and with with other elements. The of four fingers fingers in length and other elements. The work work of of the skilled craftsman the craftsman Facino Facino [sic], [sic], Venetian. Toaldo was the first first director director of of the the observatory, observatory, which which was was begun begun in 1767. 1767. While While awaiting awaiting Its its completion completion during during the the next next few fewyears, years, assembled instruments The graphometer graphometer may may have have been been aa he assembled instruments for for it. it. The part of ofthis thisfirst firstcollection. collection.(13) (13) (12) Venice, Civici MS. Dandolo, Civici Musei Musei Veneziani Veneziani d'Arte e di Storia. MS. Dαndolo, P.D. P.D. (Provinienze Undated letter letter from from Bernardo BernardoFacini Pacini to to an an unidentified unidentifiedship-owning ship-owning Diverse), c. c. 1074/428. 1074/428. Undated member Dandolo family. family. ItItisisnot notpossible possible to to identify identify him him in in the the manuscript manuscript member of the Dandolo Barbaro Genealogie in in the the museum museum files. files. Genealogie 13 ( ) Prof. Massimiliano Massimiliano Tono, "Del "Del Planisferologlo Planisferologio di Bernardo Facini Pacini Veneto," Veneto," Atti del Lincei, Anno LVI, LVI, Sessione V 1903, dei Pontificia Accademia Romana di Novi liii Lincei, V del dei 19 19 Aprile Aprile 1903, pp. 91-95; 91-95; correspondence correspondence with Professore L. L. Resino, Rosino, Istituto di Astronomia Astronomia dell'Università deΙ1'Univeτsitέ di Padova, Padova, 29 29 July, July, 33 September September1983, 1983, and and1515March March1984. 1984. Abate (1719-1797), astronomer University Αbate Giuseppe Toaldo (1719-1797), astronomerand and meteorologist meteorologist at at the University of Padua, Padua, was was born bom iii in Pianezza Pianezza near near Vicenza Vicenza and and received received aa degree degree in in theology theology at at the the University He edited edited and andpublished published the thefirst firstedition edition of ofthe theworks worksofofGalileo Galileo Universityof of Padua. Padua. He Galilei. InIn1764 1764he hewas was given given the the chair chair of of astronomy astronomy and and meteorology meteorology at at Padua, Padua, and and three three years later he he received received an an appointment appointment from from the theVenetian Venetian Republic Republic to tosupervise supervise the years later the

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Obverse 0fcircular slide rule in set 0fcased instruments. (Courtesy 0fthe Adler Planetarium and Astronomical

C

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64

S. A. A. Bedini, Bedini, Clockwork Clockwork Cosnios Cosmos

addition to to navigational navigational arid and surveying surveving instruments instruments of of the the In addition period, time that that were were his his own own period, Pacini Fackii produced produced others others from from time time to time inventions. inventions. Among Among these these was was the last last of of the theinstruments instruments known known to to made by byFachii Paciniin inVenice, Venice, in in 1714, 1714, aa cased cased logarithmic logarithmic calcalhave been made 14 named the the"Logarithmic "LogarithmicSpirals". Spirals". ((14) ) The Theinstrument instrument was was culator he named accompanied, in accordance accordance with with Faci Pacini's practice, by aa manuscript manuscript ώ's practice, accompanied, description and instmctions instructions for its use. The Theinstructions instructionswere werewritten written description in and hik ink in aa booklet booklet of of sixteen sixteen pages pages shaped shaped hi in circular circular form. form. in pen and Entitled "Information "Information about the the Logarithmic Logarithmic Spirals Spirals of ofBernardo Bernardo Entitled Pacini", they listed the advantages of such an instrument, instrument, noting noting that thatitit Facini", was of small size size and little weight weight so could be be readily readily kept kept in in aa so that itit could pocket, and that that itit was was intended intendedtotofacilitate facilitatethe theuse useofoflogarithmic logarithmic pocket, tables. As exercises exercises for for familiarizing familiarizing oneself of the the tables. As oneself with with the the use of instrument, Facini Pacini provided provided eight eight examples examples which which he he called called "practices". "practices". instrument, his instructions instructions Facini Pacini noted the Spirals Spirals was was one one of of two two In bis noted that the instruments he had devised. devised. ItItconsists consists of of aa round roundbrass brassplate plate12 12 such instruments upper surface surface of ofwhich which is is inscribed inscribed with with aa scale scale of of cm. in diameter, the upper 10 and on the other other side side is is the the mantissa mantissa or or decimal decimal numbers from 11 to 10 parts of the logarithms these numbers. numbers. Pinned logarithms of these Pinnedto tothe thecenter centerof ofthe the Eachindex indexisis made made in in the theform formof oftwo two plate is an index on each side. side. Each form an an angle angle of of any any size size desired: desired: the the rules which may be opened to form index on the reverse reverse side is attached in in such such aa manner mannerthat thatwhatever whatever angle is formed on obverse, is duplicated by index on on the the angle is formed on the obverse, is duplicated by the index reverse. At At the the center center of ofthe theinstrument instrument on onthe thereverse reverse the thescale scale of of reverse. labelled "Logar.' Nu.'"" (Logarithms (Logarithms of the the Numbers) Numbers) logarithms is labelled "Lοgαr.ί de Νυ.1 and "Car." 1.2.3" relating to the characteristics characteristics of of the the numbers numbershaving having2,2, "Car. 1.2.3" 3, The obverse obverse is is labeled labeled "N.i "N.i de Logaritmi." Logaritmi. " The Thescales scales 3, or 44 ciphers. ciphers. The on the obverse obverse prove prove to to be beArchimedean Archimedean spirals spirals and andnot notlogarithmic logarithmic spirals, the reverse reverse are are spirals spirals of oflogarithms. logarithms. spirals, while while those those on the Pacini introduced introduced his instructions instructions with with the statement statement that that profit profit Facini construction of an an astrοnοmicJ astronomical observatory observatory at his University. University. There There he he continued continued the the construction and published them between meteorological studies initiated by by Giovanni Giovanni Poleni in 1725, 1725, and between meteorological 1773 1798. 1773 and 1798. (14) 1929the theinstrument instrument was was owned by the (") InIn 1929 the Ingegniere Α. A. Picchi Picchi of Florence Florence and subsequently became the the property propertyof ofhis hisheir heirDr. Dr. Ermanno Picchi. Picchi. ItItwas was displayed displayed at the subsequently became a ja I Esposizione Nazionale Nazionale di Storia della Scienza in Florence Florenceinin1929 1929 (Catalogue (CatalogueNo. No.4474). 4474). In 1977 was owned owned by by aa Florentine Florentine antiquarian named 1977 itit was named Mei11 Melli and in in February February1980 1980 itit was was sold at auction auction by by Sotheby Sotheby Parke Parke Bernet, Bemet, Inc. Inc.ininNew NewYork York to to the theAdler AdlerPlanetarium Planetariumand and Aggiornimenti, p. 47. Astronomical Museum. [Einem], [Bonelli], Catalogo Catalogo con Aggiomimenti, 47. The The maker makerisis listed listed As tronomical Museum. sf1sùun therein as as "Pacini". "Pacini". Guglielmo Guglielmo and and Maria Maria Luisa Luisa ,'Nota Righini, "Nota un calcolatore calcolatore lolotherein garitmico di di Eernardo Bernardo Facini," Facini," Annali Annali dell'Istituto dell'Istituto e Museo Museo di Storia della Scienza, Scienza, Ansio Anno V, fascicolo fascicolo I,I, 1980, 1980, pp. 61-74. V, pp. 61-74.

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Logarithmic Spirals, Spirals, 1714. 1714. (Courtesy of the Adler (Courtesy of Adler Planetarium Planetarium and and Figure 21. Logarithmic Figure 21. Astronomical Museum, Museum, Chicago). Chicago).

55

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Figure (Courtesy 0f of the the Adler Adler Planetarium Planetarium and and Figure 22. Reverse Reverse of 0f Logarithmic Logarithmic Spirals. Spirals. (Courtesy Astronomical Museum, Museum, Chicago). Chicago).

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68

S. Α. A. Bediiii, Bedini, Clockwork Clockwork Cosmos Cosmos

may be derived from the the use use of of logarithmic logarithmic tables tables in in all all numerical numerical and and geometrical calculations according to the consensus of such notable geometrical calculations according to the consensus notable mathematicians as mathematicians as Napier, Napier, Vlacq, Vlacq, and and more more recently recently of ofMillet Miliet de de Sales, Sales, others. As Geminiano Rondinelli, Rondinelli, and Ozanam, Geminiano Ozanam, among among others. As an an example example of the variety of uses of the Logarithmic Spirals, Facini noted that he Spirals, Pacini he had had calculated a "chronometrical" table to determine calculated "chronometrical" table determine the the lengths lengths of of480 480 pendulums for for clocks clocks of otherwise differing combinations and was able to accomplish by the use to accomplish itit by use of of logarithms logarithms in less less than than four four hours, hours, 15 including the many operations required. (15) including many operations required. ( ) The maker's signature appears at at the the center center on on the the obverse obverse side side

Venice 1714. 1714. Made Venice Made by by Bernardo Bernardo Facini Pacini with his with his own ownresources. resources. Facini appears to have Pacini have attached attached particular particular significance significance to the unusual unusual phrase sua Marte Marte f. f.' [made [made with with his his own own resources] resources] and and he he inscribed inscribed it on it on several several of of the the surviving surviving instruments. instruments. In In each each instance instance the the Appendix ΙΙ). instrument appears appears to to be be one instrument one of his his inventions. inventions. (See (See Appendix 11). No examples examples are are known of Facini's No Pacini's work between the production production of his Logarithmic Spirals in 1714 and the next major event Logarithmic Spirals 1714 and major event of of his his life, life, his employment employment in in Parma Parma and and Piacenza. Piacenza. ItItisis not his notknown known when when he he left left Venice to work work in in Piacenza Piacenza but all indications suggest that it Venice to it occurred occurred between about about 1716 1716 and and1717. 1717. in noted that "Faccini" had lived Giovanxii Moschini Moschini erroneously Giovanni erroneously noted lived in Padua for some some time and and had had made madeinstruments instrumentsfor forthe theUniversity University of of Padua. He Padua. He based based this thisassumption assumption on on the the occurrence occurrence of of the the name name the University Universityfaculty. faculty. This "Faccini" on the rolls of the This is confirmed in the which includes includes an an entry for patavini published in 1757, Fasti Gymnasii patavini Fasti 1757, which est ad ad PhiloPhilo"Cornus Faccinus Faccinus"" [Count Facini?] "Comus Pacini?] who who in in 1666 1666 "conductus est [was hired for philosophy (physics)] and that sophiarn ordinariam ordinariarn [was sophiam for philosophy (physics)] and that he abandoned the chair chair "legaturn "legatum venetum secutus et substiluit Gabrielem Gabrielem Zerburn Zerbum qui suo nomine nomine doceret" [to [to follow follow the Venetian Venetian ambassador ambassador Zerbus to to teach teach in in his his name]. name]. This and substituted Gabriel Zerbus This entry entry obviobviously does does not relate ously relate to to Bernardo Bernardo Facini, Pacini, who who was was born bominin1665, 1665, may have been a member 0f his family. (16) Cornus Faccinus although Comus been a member of his family. (16) (15) "Informazione delle delle Spire Spire Logaritmiche Logaritmiche di di Bernardo Bernardo Facini," Facini," final final page page of Facial's the instrument. instrument. Courtesy Pacini's manuscript manuscript instructions instructions accompanying accompanying the Courtesy of ofthe theAdler Adler and Planetarium and Astronomical Astronomical Museum, Museum, Chicago. Chicago. 16 (Venezia: Tipi dei Fratelli G. Giomo, Glum, L'archivio ( ) G. L'archivio antico antico dell'Universitό dell'Università di Padova Padova (Venezia: Tipi dei Fratelli

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ί' ¿íx"yi £) s*? ^ ^CÁ~/^^Q) aeteusrat^è) e '- /^*.¿¿0 (L/O/è K^rsM^cYíO ¿fíl Sω t^tn^Ç, p. ^jS^f^-^j..' ". ¡¡s* -/#£%J0S£Í Α4 » '.' & 4&1

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άΙ) W . j^-aD^' s'a. jS^S rnS tsU ^.9€ -¡¿f '¿Vil * íj^s-ííveΟ ^ -,Sít.*- Q^C O 'íZ. • cSP^USv* 7 .7 ' e .'! C4)104,4,0 -• Figure 24. Undated letter from from Facini Facini to to aaVenetian Venetian shipowner shipowner named named Dandolo. Dandolo. Figure (Courtesy Civici Musei Musei Veneziani Veneziani d'Arte d'Arte ee di di Storia, Storia, Venice). Venice). (Courtesy of the Civici -

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70

S. Α. A. Βeώni, Bedini, Clockwork Clockwork Cosmos Cosmos

The possibility exists been aa The possibility exists nonetheless nonethelessthat that Pacini Facini may may have been teacher of mathematics mathematics for for aa time, time, although although not notatatthe theUniversity Universityof of Padua. As Aslater laterevents eventsrevealed, revealed, he he was was personally personally acquainted acquainted with with the the notable mathematician mathematician Giovanni early years years in in notable Giovanni Poleni Poleni during during his his early Venice. Poleni Poleniwas was also also aanative nativeof ofVenice Venice and andeighteen eighteenyears yearsFacini's Pacini's Venice. junior. Pacinimay mayhave havetaught taughtatatthe theschool schoolofofthe theSomaschi Somaschiorder, order, junior. Facini where Poleni Poleni had studied, or they they may may have have been beenassociated associated in in where had studied, other ways. ways. Evidence Pacini made made several several instruments instruments for for the the Evidence exists exists that that Facini University of commissioned by by Poleni, Poleni, soon soon after after University of Padua, undoubtedly commissioned appointment to to the the chair chair of of physics physics in in 1715. 1715. In In addition addition to to the latter's appointment graphometer already already noted, Pacini also dip needle needle or or the graphometer noted, Facini also made made a dip declination compass. survivinginventory inventoryin inPoleni's Poleni's hand handisislisted listed compass. InIna asurviving Item "92U, "92U, aa compass compass [Bussola] [Bussola] (of (of the thefamous famousBernardo BernardoFacini, Pacini, Item Venetian) octagonal, and with with aaneedle needlesix six Pollici in length, Venetian) octagonal, graduated and with aa lifting lifting lever. lever. For Forvarious various experiments: experiments: but butprincipally principally for for with 17 determining the Declination Declination of of the thecompass. compass.[Marked] [Marked]XIXJ." XIXJ."(17) ( ) determining

Visentini, 1893), 1893), ms. 242-43: 242-43: "Rotoli "Rotoli dei professori che leggevano nell'Università nell'Universita artista con 1520-1806;" ms. ms. 305-380. 305-380. "λttι "Atti del Sacro Collegio Collegio dei dei l'indicazione delle materie insegnate, 1520-1806;" filosofie medici, 1367-1804;" 1367-1804;" Biblioteca Biblioteca Universitaria Universitaria di di Padova, Padova, Ms. 571, 571, "Catalogo "Catalogo dei dei filosofie sec. Χ114760; XII-1760;"" Fasti Gymnasiipatavini (Padova, N.P., 1757), 1757), professori e materie insegnate, sec. (Padova, N.P., 114-15. pp. 114-15. 17 (Τ) ( ) Giovanni Giovanni Poleni Poleni (1685-1761), (1685-1761), mathematician and engineer, engineer, was was bom bom in in Venice. Venice. mathematician and Although destined for aa career career in in jurisprudence, jurisprudence, he hesoon soonabandoned abandonedthe thelaw lawfor forcivil civiland and Although military architecture, physics, astronomy, Heexperimented experimentedwith with military architecture, then physics, astronomy, and and mathematics. mathematics. He constmction of of the the barometer barometerand andthermometer, thermometer,studied studiedthe theprinciples principlesofofcalculating calculating the construction constmcted one one of of his his own own design, design, about which he published. At Attwentytwentymachines and constructed six he to the the chair chair of of astronomy astronomy and and meteorology meteorology at at the the University University of of Padua Padua six he was appointed to 1715, he In and in 1715, he was was given giventhe the chair chair of of physics physics while whilecontinuing continuingisisastronomical astronomical studies. studies. In 1719 mathematics. He Hepublished publishedextensively extensively 1719he he succeeded succeeded Nicola Nicola Bernoulli Bernoullito to the the chair of mathematics. many interests, interests, including including hydraulics archeology. In In on his many hydraulics and and navigation navigation and and later later on archeology. 1738 of experimental experimental philosophy philosophy at at Padua. Padua. [Enciclopedia [Enciclopedia Italiana, 1738he he occupied occupied the the chair of Ita liana, XI, p. 618; Dictionary of of Scientific ScientificBiography, Biography, vol. vol. XI, XI, pp. 65-66]. Venice, Venice, Biblioteca Biblioteca vol. XI, p. 618; pp. 65-66]. Nazionale Marciana. Cod. XIX.1 XIX.1 [Giovanni [Giovanni Poleni], "Indice "Indice delle Macchine." Courtesy Courtesy of of Gian Antonio Antonio Saladin, Saladin, Uniνersità Università degli di Padova. Padova. professor Gian degli Studi di

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CHAPTERIII III CHAPTER

MISSION TO MISSION TO PARMA PARMA

The circumstances circumstances that led Facini The Pacini to Parma and and Piacenza, Piacenza, and and the the nature of of his his work work and and the the events events of of his his life life thereafter thereafter are are related related in in an undated memorial memorial or petition petition he he submitted submitted to to Duke Duke Francesco Francesco of of Parma in in about about1719. 1719. (Ι) (1) weΠ as can be established, was approached at As well estabhshed, Facini Pacini was at some some time time after 1714, withaa request request to to make make what what appeared to be aa routine after 1714, with appeared to routine ώi Giovanni Giovanni appraisal of an instrument then then in in the the possession possession of a cert certain 2 Battista Santirota Santirota in in Venice. Venice. (2) () Apparently Santirota Santirota was was a gentleman Apparently gentleman who who owed owed an anextremely extremely Neapolitan consul large sum of money to Pietro Pietro Rombencb Rombenchi,Ι th thee acting Neapohtan to the who was was serving in the absence th e to the Venetian Venetian Republic, Republic, who serving in absence of of the 3 (3) resident consul, consul, Count Count Fenocchietti. Fenocchietti. ( ) Finding Findinghimself himself unable to pay his debt Saritirotaoffered offeredtotodeposit depositaa mechanized mchan ιzed his debt immediately, immediately, Santirota celestial globe globe with with Rombenchi Rombenchi as as coliateral υ1d find celestial collateral until he co could find the funds. Impatient necessary funds. Impatientto tovoid voidthe thedebt, debt, Rombencbi Rombenchi contemplated contemplated selling the th e globe globe and for that reason reason Facini Pacini was brought in to to inspect inspect and evaluate evaluate the instrument. instrument. globe It proved in fact to be none other than than the the clockwork-driven clockwork-driVen globe Sabbioneta. How Ηo ν it it came came made by Bartolomeo Ferrari for the Duke of Sabbioneta. into Santirota's possession possession is Hisownership ownership of of itit suggests suggests is not not known. known. His the probability that that he he acquired acquireditit in in Venice, Venice, the which Gonzaga th e city in which! Gonzaga 51, spoglio spoglio di filzi fiIzi busta 51, (1) Parma, Archivio di Stato di Parma. Raccolte RaccolteManoscritti, Manoscritti, busta di Parma," Parma," undated, undated, 10 ΙΟ pp. pp. The The document document Facini al Duca Duca di correnti, "Memoriale di Bernardo Pacini is torn, heavily folded and in aa poor is heavily folded poorstate stateofofpreservation. preservation. busta 200 Venice, Archivio Mchivio di ώ Venezia. Inquisitori di Stato, busta (2) Venice, Inquisitori di 200, lettera lettera 164 164 ώ Stato di Senato, Corti, Corti, reg. 98, cc. 122V-123r (1721, 11 11 ottobre); lettera 168 (1722, 21 febbraio); Senato, 122v-123r (1721, 6ό settembre); settembre); Senato, Corti, Corti, f.f. 194 194 (1721, (1721, 10 10 settembre, settembre, 18 18 settembre, settembre, and 11 11 ottobre); ottobre); Santirota's Muse Zuccoli, ρrotocoΠe 1, 1, cc. 30v-32r, 30ν-32r,Santirota's Notarile Zuccoli, protocolle Notariιe Testamenti, busta 1122, notaio Alvise di novembre; Giudici Giudici di last will and testament, testament,drawn drawn1758, 1758, 12 12 aprile and published published1760, 1760, 28 novembre; 457, n. 3, inventory of Sautirota's estate. Petizion, Inventari, filza 457, n. 3, inventory Santirota's estate. Inventari, 28 (3) Venice, Archivio di Stato di Venezia. Secreta, Secreta, Ceremoniali, Ceremoniali, reg. 5, c. 82 (1778, (1778, 28 Collegio, Esposizioni Esposizioni Principi, Principi, reg. reg. 118, 118, c. c. 37 37 (1778, (1778, 8 dicembre); dicembre); Secreta, Secreta, novembre); C'ollegio, Ργincιρ4 reg. reg. 120, Ceremoniali, reg. 6, 6, c. c. 52v 52v (1783, (1783, 24 luglio); Collegio, 120, c.c. 21r Collegio, Esposizioni Esposizioni Principi, (1783, luglio). (1783, 24 luglio).

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Plane table compass (transporteur), 1708. (Courtesy of Raymond Baptis, New York). ,

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Ν cιι tuι 4.1

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Figure 27. Reverse of plane table compass, 1708. (Courtesy 0fRaymondBaptis, New York). www.torrossa.com - For non-commercial use by authorised users only. License restrictions apply.

Chapter Mission To To Parma Parma Chapter III -- Mission

75

had found found refuge refuge before before leaving leaving it it to to join jointhe theimperial imperialtroops. troops. Pacini did did not not then thenhave haveany anyknowledge knowledge of ofits itsorigin originarid andhistory, history, Facini however. wasgenerally generallyreferred referredto tothen thenand andthereafter thereafterasasthe the"Atlas" "Atlas" however. ItItwas [Atlante] because because of of the the figure figure supporting supporting the globe. globe. The Theinstrument instrument suffered considerable considerable damage damage as a consequence consequence of the the abuses abuses itit had suffered received was in in aa state state of ofserious serious received during during the the course course of of the the war and was disrepair. Nonetheless Nonetheless it was was aa valuable valuable piece piece and and Facini Pacini estimated estimated disrepair. that in its its present present condition condition itit was was worth worth three three thousand thousand piccoli ducati. that in He signed a statement to to that that effect effect and andwas was paid paidfor forthe theconsultation. consultation. Santirota had had promised promised to to repay repay Rombenchi Rombenchi promptly, promptly, Although Santirota time he did did not not do do so. so. Rombenchi Rombenchi kept press pressing t ime passed and he in g him for threatening to to sell sell the the Sferologio. Sferologio. FinaΠy, Finally, he he reluctantly reluctantly payment, tbreatening allow Santirota one more day day of grace. grace. Finding Finding himself himself in in agreed to aflow that occurred occurred to to Santirota was to dire circumstances, the only recourse that College of Venice. apply to the scalco or maggiordomo of the CοΠege Venice. The scalco made aa pledge pledge to to the theVenetian Venetian Republic Republic of of six six hundred hundred luigi, luigi, and and had made Santirota planned to cοΠect collect the amount amount of of the the pledge pledge and and use use itit terntemporarily to repay Rombenchi. He Hewould wouldthen thenrestore restore ititas as soon soon as as he he could resolve his difficulties, with one the thewiser. wiser. could resolve his ffinancial in ancial difficulties, with no one Meanwhile, it to recover recover the the Sferologio at Meanwhile, it was was imperative for him to all costs, had expressed expressed an an interest interest in in itit and andhe he ail costs, he he stated, stated, for the pope had was committed to present it it to to him. him. was committed to present to Rombenchi on the the following following day with with When Santirota returned to the money in hand, he was shocked to discover that the latter latter had had sold sold Sferologio to to aa certain certain Maschera, Maschera, who who appears appears to have have been been aa the Sferologio dealer, for the sum sum of of three three thousand thousand piccoli piccoli ducati, ducati, an an amount dealer, for the approximately five five hundred hundredtwenty-six twenty-six luigi. luigi. Santirota Santirota equivalent to approximately was greatly distressed and resentful resentful of of Rombenchi's precipitous action, action, and pa particularly latter's obvious obvious lack confidence. He He now now and rticularly of the latter's lack of of confidence. embarrassed by by the found himself considerably embarrassed th e loss of the th e instrument. Harsh words words led led to toa aviolent violentquarrel, quarrel,culminating culminatingininlitigation. litigation. A A Harsh French Jewish merchant named named Nitf Nitfario residing in Mantua, Mantua, became became ario residing and Facini Pacini was brought into the case case involved in resolving resolving the dispute, and once more. He was called upon to testify to the document he had been more. He was called upon to testify to the document he had been sign specifyng specifyng that that the established had been three three required to sign th e pprice ri ce established Asaaconsequence, consequence, Facini's Pacini's statement became became thousand piccoli ducati. As basis of of aasubsequent subsequent scandal scandal and andthe thegenesis genesisofofconsiderable considerable the basis persecution which was to to suffer suffer in the the period periodthat thatfollowed. followed.(4) (4) persecution which he he was (4) ItIt has not not been been possible possible to to identify identify Maschera Maschera and and Nitfario. Nitfario. The The pontiff pontiff in in this this (4) period was Pope PopeClement ClementXI XI(1700-1721), (1700-1721), known had an aninterest interestirinι the sciences. period was known to have had

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S. A. Bedhii, Bedini, Clockwork Cosmos S. Α. αοckwοτk Cosmos

Some time later later Facini Facini was was secretly secretly approached approached by byGiuseppe Giuseppe Some time Anzeloni, aa Venetian the duke duke Anzeloni, Venetian citizen, citizen, who who sought sought him him out out on behalf of the 5 Heoffered offeredFacini Facinian anopportunity opportunityto towork workfor forthe theduke duke of Parma. ((5)) He of the the work work for for which which he he would would without, however, revealing revealing the the nature nature of be hired. Facini Paciniwas wasurged urgedtotoaccept acceptthe thecommission commissionby byCount Count Αbate Abate Vezzi, aa member member of of the theParmesan Parmesan court, court, who who contacted contacted him him Jacopo Vezzi, under even even greater greatersecrecy secrecy and andprovided providedhim himwith withmoney moneyiii inadvance advanceifif under Hisonly onlycondition conditionwas was that thatunder underno no he would undertake the project. His circumstances was Facini ever to reveal the price paid for the circumstances was Facini ever to reveal the price paid for the Sferologio should arise arise in in conversation conversation while while he was was in in Sferologio if if the the subject should Parma. At Atthis thispoint pointFacini Pacinibegan began to to suspect suspect that thatthe theproject projectfor forwhich which duchy of of Parma Parma might might be be related relatedto tothe themechanized mechanized he was to go to the duchy globe he had appraised appraised for forSmitirota. Santirota. (&) (6) The The prospect prospect of of working working at at aa great princely court court intrigued intrigued Fachii, Pacini, and, and, impressed impressed with with the the great princely approaches made by by Anzeloni Anzeloni and and Vezzi, he accepted accepted the the commission. commission. approaches made He expected expected it would would be of of limited limited duration, duration, so so he he closed closed his his shop shop temporarily and and leaving leaving his his family family behind, left left for for Piacenza, Piacenza, where where he he temporadly was to work. He took his older son Giambattista with him, as he later work. He took his older son Giambattista with him, later wrote, "to remove him him from from the the temptations temptations of of his his own own evil evil wrote, "to remove inclinations." The The boy boy was was sixteen sixteen or or seventeen seventeen years years of age age and and inclinations." apparently required required strict strict parental parentalsupervision. supervision. In this period period the the duchy duchy of of Parma Parmaand andPiacenza Piacenzawas wasruled ruledby byDuke Duke Francesco and the theDuchess Duchess Dorotea Dorotea Sofia. Sofia. Their Theirofficial official Francesco Farnese Famese I and residence ducal palace palace at at Parma Parma although although they they spent spent the the residence was was the the ducal summer months splendid new new palace palace the duke duke had had built built atat summer months at at the splendid Colomo. However, However, the the duke duke and andduchess duchessparticularly particularlyfavored favored th the Colorno. e Farnese Palace in Piacenza and they spent as much of their time there Famese iii much of their time there possible. as possible. The Parmesan Parmesan court court reflected reflected th the latest European European vogues, vogues, The e latest particularly those France. Many Manywere wereoften often ύarried carried to such an an particularly those of of France. to such extreme that they became ludicrous. wassaid saidthat thatalmost almosteveryone everyone ludicrous. ItItwas made compliments compliments in French, French, and and the the curtsy, curtsy, which which also also had had been been imported many versions. versions. So So complicated complicated had had itit imported from from France, France, had had many become at the court court of of Parma, Parma, for forexample, example, that thatititwas wassaid saidthat thatoften often entire ballet ballet had had to to be beperformed performed before before one one was was permitted permitted to to an entire (5) (5) G. G. GAIiIccaoLI, Galliccioli, Delle Delle memorie memorie veneta venete antiche, antiche, profane ed ed ecclesiastiche ecclesiastiche (Venezia: (Venezia: D. Fracasso, Fracasso, 1795), Tomo Tomo IV, IV, p. p. 330. 330. D. 1795), 6 (σ) ( ) (No (No author authorgiven), given), Raccolte Raccolte di poesie poesie in lode lode di diNicolo licοlο Veniero procur. procur. di S. Marco merito dedicata dedicata a a Samaritana Samaritana Dolf Dolfina Veniera cognata cognata del del medesimo medesimo (Venezia: (Venezia: per merito ina Veniera Piacentini, 1740). 1740). Piacentini,

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S. A. Bedini, S. Bedini, Clockwork Clockwork Cosmos Cosmos

speak. Dinner speak. Dinnersilver sñver of of great great variety variety and quantity quantity was was used at at court. court. Particularly popular popular were were new new beverages. beverages. Coffee Particularly Coffee had been been imroduced introduced and was and was greatly greatly in fashion. fashion. Chocolate Chocolate had had been been imported imported from from America and and was was served served with with essence essence of of lemon lemon or or lime. lime. Tobacco America Tobacco was also a recent also recent innovation, innovation, but itit was was chewed chewed and andnot notsmoked. smoked. (7) (7) not only in the palaces and The keynote at court court was elegance, not and their their furnishings but also in dress, the styles of which were extremely furnishings but dress, the styles of which were extremely rich rich and greatly and greatly exaggerated. exaggerated. This This was was reflected reflected also also in in personal personal appearance; status was was measured by the size appearance; status measured by size and adornment adornment of of the the wigs, which which often often achieved achieved perilous perilous heights heights and and were were further enhanced wigs, enhanced and enlarged enlarged by the the addition addition of of ribbons, ribbons, laces, laces, artificial artificial flowers flowers and other other decorations. decorations. High High life life of of the the court court had hadreached reachedexhorbitant exhorbitant proportions, and prominent families competed competed with with each each other proportions, and prominent families other in in ruinous luxury to to such ruinous luxury such aa degree degree that thatoften oftenthey theyaccumulated accumulated considerable debts. debts. Many considerable Many of of them themborrowed borrowed heavily heavily from from bankers bankers in in against rents which had not yet been Genoa against been collected, collected, and were were forced forced to pawn their family jewels at at the mint to family jewels mint in in Milan, Milan, and their their silver silver in pawnshops in in Bologna. pawnshops Bologna. Duke Duke Ranuccio Ranuccio ΙΙ II Farnese, Farnese, father father of the the incumbent, had had made incumbent, made periodic periodic attempts attempts to tocontrol controlthese theseexcessive excessive but without without success. success. Such indulgences Such was the situation situation at the the time time indulgences but 8 of Facini's Pacini's arrival. arrival. (8) () at the in 1694 Francesco ΙI had had succeeded succeeded his his father father in 1694 at the age age of of seventeen, and was approaching approaching forty forty years years of of age age when when Facini Pacini came came to to Piacenza. His Piacenza. His was was aa dubious dubious inheritance inheritance when when he assumed assumed the crown crown of Parma arid and Piacenza, for the state of the duchy's duchy's economy economy had had never never been worse, and war being waged on its confines repercussions confines had had repercussions even within Afteraavisit visit to to the the region region in in the the first first decade decade of of within the the duchy. duchy. After eighteenth century, century, the the English English essayist, essayist, poet and statesman statesman Joseph Joseph the eighteenth Addison wrote; Addison wrote: There and well well There subjects subjects would would live live in in great great plenty plenty amidst amidst so rich and cultivated soil, were were not not the taxes and and impositions impositions so so very very cultivated aa soil, the taxes exorbitant; are much much too too splendid splendid and and magnificient magnificient exorbitant; for the courts are for the territories territories that lie about about them, them, and and one one cannot cannot but but be be for the that he amazed see such such aa profusion profusion of of wealth wealth laid laid out out in coaches, coaches, amazed to to see trappings, tables, cabinets, and and the the like like precious toys in which there (') Giovanna Solari, The The House House of of Farnese Farnese (Garden City, City, Ν.Υ.: N.Y.: Doubleday Doubleday and Gιονλννλ R. SOLARI, Company, Inc., 1968), 1968), pp. pp. 255-56. 255-56. Company, Inc., s ( ) Solari, of Farnese, Farnese, pp. pp. 254-79, 254-79, 286-93; Farnese. Grandezza Grandezza SOLARI, House of 286-93; Giovanni Giovanni Drei, IΙ Farnese. Libreria dello Stato, 1954), pp. 242-85. Dinastia Italiana Italiana (Roma: (Roma: La Libreria e Decadenza di una Dinastia pp. 242-85.

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Figure 29. 29. Portrait of Francesco Francesco ΙI Farnese, Farnese, Duke Duke of of Parma, Parma, shown shown wearing wearing the the ccollar Figure Portrait 0f οπar and mantle of of the the Grand Grand Master Master of of the theConstantine Constantine Order Order of of Saint Saint George. George. Artist Artist unknown, 1700-27. 1700-27. (Courtesy (Courtesy of of the the Galleria Galleria Nazionale, Nazionale, Palazzo Palazzo della della Pilotta, Pilotta, Parma). Parma). unlmown,

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80 80

S. A. A. Bedini, Bedini, Clockwork Clockwork Cosmos Cosmos S. are few princes equal them, them, when when at at the the same same time time princes in in Europe who, whoequal not had hadthe thegenerosity generosityto tomake makebridges bridgesover overthe therivers... rivers... they have not convenience of their subjects. subjects. () (9) for the convenience

Although not not aaparticularly particularly cultivated cultivated man, man, Duke Duke Francesco Francescowas was Mthough nonetheless most favorably inclined arts, letters letters and and nonetheless most favorably inclined towards towards the the arts, sciences. He He supported supported the the Studio Studio of of Parma Parma and andthat thatof ofPiacenza, Piacenza, as as sciences. well as the College of Nobles from which were derived numerous weΠ as the College of Nobles from which were derived numerous members of the the duchy's duchy's admkiistrative administrative staff staff and anddiplomatic diplomatic corps, corps, members distinguished themselves He many of whom distinguished themselvesin inthe the European European courts. courts. He acquire the theimportant importantnumismatic numismaticcollection collectionof ofMonsieur Monsieur managed to acquire 10 Foucault which considered to the finest finest iii in Europe. Europe. ((W) ) He He Foucault which was was considered to be the enriched art ga gallery paintings and and precious precious tapestries, tapestries, enriched the ducal art Πery with paintings and patronized the theatre theatre as as we well Mature beyond beyond poets. Mature Π as artists and poets. his years, he had been been trained trained in in government government from from his his boyhood, boyhood, and and his years, demonstrated aa sincere sincere concern for the well-being well-being of In the the demonstrated ofthe thepeople. people. In year following following bis his succession, succession, he married married Dorotea Dorotea Sofia Sofia von von PfalzPfalzthe widow widow of of his his brother brother Odoardo, Odoardo, who who had had died died from from Neuburg, the excessive obesity. obesity. (") (11) excessive When Odoardo Farnese had brought Dorotea Sofia to Parma Parma as as his his bride, there had been been disappointment disappointment on both sides. sides. The TheParmesan Parmesan bride, community felt that that she she was was overendowed overendowed with with Teutonic Teutonic pedantry, pedantry,neat neat community excess, and totally devoid Familiaronly onlywith with to excess, devoid of of a sense of humor. Familiar the modest modest courts courts ofofGerman Germanprincelings princelingswhich whichemphasized emphasized the ceremonials and had few diversions, and raised to observe absolute ceremonials and few diversions, raised to observe absolute order and and economy, economy, she and and her her German German attendants attendantswere wereoverwhelmed overwhelmed conviviality of Furthermore, by the richness and conviviality of the the Parmesan Parmesan court. court. Furthermore, subjects were were disappointed disappointed that she was was not not as as beautiful beautiful and and her subjects that she talented as they felt the duke duke deserved. deserved. InIntheir theireyes eyesher herheavy heavybuild, build, blonde hair and and blue blue eyes eyes that that as as often often reflected reflected sharpness sharpness as as they they did did ducal benevolence made her her typically typically Germanic Germanic and andtherefore thereforealways always to be be aa stranger. stranger. .

(9) [JOSEPH [Joseph ADDISON], Addison], The The Works Worksofofthe theRight RightHonourable HonourableJoseph JosephAddison. Addison. With (9) "Remarks on of Notes by Richard Hurd, Hurd, D.D. D.D. (London: HenryG.G.Bohn, Bohn,1854), 1854), vol. I, p. 504, "Remarks (Lοndοn Henry Notes p. 504, Several10 Parts Parts of ofItaly, Italy,&c. &c.ininthe theYears Years1701, 1701,1702, 1702,1703." 1703." Several (il) ( ) Nicolas-Joseph Nicolas-JosephFoucault Foucault(1643-1721), (1643-1721), French andarcheologist, archeologist, was was French administrator administrator and born in Paris. He Heoccupied occupiedimportant importantgovernment governmentposts postsininthe theFrench Frenchprovinces provincesand andwas was responsible for Greatly interested interested in literature and the the arts, arts, he he responsible for many many public public works. works. Greatly in literature amassed an an extensive extensive library library and and collection collection of of antiquities, antiquities, including including an an important importantcabinet cabinet of medals. [Nouvelle Biographie GύnύraΙe, Générale, vol. vol. 18, 18, col. col. 256]. 256]. of medals. {Nouvelle Biographie (Il) (") Drei, Ι1 Farnese, Farnese, pp. pp.245-85. 245-85. DaEl,

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Chapter III III -Mission Chapter Mission To To Parma Parma

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Dorotea Sofia's marriage was no no more than marriage to her brother-in-law brother-in-law was wasnot love with with the the younger Francesco, cοnνeώence, for she was one of convenience, not in love eight years years her her junior. junior. He eight He had hadbeen beenurged urged into into the themarriage marriage by by his his father for two reasons. One father Onewas wasto toavoid avoid the the necessity necessity of of returning returning her her dowry in in the the event she was to marry another, since the ducal dowry ducal treasury treasury had been been made made virtually virtually barikmpt bankrupt by by the the excessive excessive costs costs of her her wedding and and was was now now bare. bare. Also, wedding Also, it it was was eminently eminently desirable desirable to tie up the destinies destinies of the the Famese Farnese dynasty dynasty with the power power of of the the Austrian Austrian Ι). A court (one of her older older sisters sisters was married to Emperor Emperor Leopold Leopold I). A papal dispensation was obtained and the marriage took place privately dispensation was obtained and the marriage took place privately court. ItIt could and without the customary customary pomp of the Farnese court. could not not have been aa happy have happy marriage marriage for for Francesco, Francesco, for for as as the the years yearspassed passed Dorotea Sofia's Sofia's customary customary somberness sombemess ripened ripened into into willfulness willfulness and sheer meanness. She had strange ideas on health; her sheer meanness. She had strange ideas on health; her first first son son by by illness Odoardo had died in an during which she had insisted had died an during which she had insisted on only with with brandy. brandy. She treating him only Shealienated alienated the thepeople people by by forbidding forbidding α11 other masques and public masques public festivities festivities during during carnival carnival time, time, when when all Italian cities cities were were filled filledwith withmerriment. merriment.(12) (12) Eli sabetta, a child of her first marriage, was even less Her daughter Elisabetta, attractive than the attractive the mother, mother, described described as asbeing beingbony, bony, pox-faced, pox-faced, with with pale blue eyes and an indomitable disposition. InIn1714 1714 she she was was married married to the to the widowed widowed King King Felipe Felipe Ν V of of Spain, Spain, aa marriage marriage arranged arranged by by Cardinal Giulio Cardinal Giulio Alberoni, Alberoni, and and held held by byproxy proxy with with her her stepfather stepfather stand in g in for standing forthe theking. king.(13) (13) Francesco's first first act act upon upon assuming assuming rule rule of the the duchy duchy was was to to impose economies. economies. He the court's impose He immediately immediately disposed disposed of of many many of of the trappings, dismissing dismissing buffoons, buffoons,musicians musiciansand and dwarfs. dwarfs. He trappings, He assigned assigned

des Prinzen (12) Marzio dell'Acqua, "Dorothea Sophia von Pfalz-Neuburg, Gemaialen Gemahlen des Odoardo Odoardo Famese Farnese und und des des Herzogs Herzogs Francesco Francesco Farnese Farnese von von Parma," Parma," Zeitschrift Zeitschrift fiir fiir bayerische Landesgeschichte, pp. 303-16; 303-16; Marzio dall'Acqua and M. Lucchesi, Parma, Parma, Città Citta d'Oro (Parma: (Parma: Ermairno Ermanno Mbertern, Albertelli, 1979), 1979), unpaginated; unpaginated; Archivio Archivio di di Stato Stato di di Parma. Parma. Raccolta Manoscritti della Biblioteca, MS. 37/1-5, Giustiniano Borra, Birra, Diario Diariodi di Parma, Parma, 16941694MS. 37/1-5, 1732; Archivio Archivio di di Stato Stato di di Milano. Milano. Feudi FeudiImperiali, Imperiali, cart. cart. 527, 527, fasc. fase. 8; Autografi -- case case fasc. 24; Potenze Estere, Estere, cart. 97, 98; regnanti, cart. 62, 62, fasc. fase. 9; 9; "Galletti"Autografi, "Galletti" Autografi, lettera F, fase. (No author (No author given), given), Breve elogio elogio yy cenida ceñida relaciσn relación de de la la vida, vida, enfirmidad, enfirmidad, yy muerte dei del Senor Francesco Farnesio, primero de este este nombre yy séptimo septimo Duque Duque de de Parma, Parma, Serenissimo Señor Francesco Famesio, Placenta yy Castro, Castro, etc. etc.padre padre de de la la Reine Neustra, y de las las exequias Placenta exequias etc. (Madridi (Madrid; Rezola, Rezóla, 1728); 13Drei, Drei, I Farnese, Farnese, pp. pp. 232-92. 232-92. Gιusnn MAGGIALI, Μaestό di Filippo Filippo V Vee di di Elisabetta Elisabetta ( ) Giuseppe Maggiali, Ragguaglio delle nozze delle Maestà Farnese...Principessa di in Parma (Parma: Farnese—Principessa di Parnza...so[ennemente Parma...solennemente celebrate celebrate in Parma l'anno l'anno 1714 1714 (Parma: Ac'roi, The (London: Stamperia Reale, Reale, 1717); 1717); HARoLD Harold Acton, The Bourbons BourbonsofofNaples Naples(1734-1825) (1734-1825) (London: Farnese, pp. Methuen & & Co., Co., Ltd., Ltd., 1956), 1956), pp. pp. 11-26; 11-26; SoLARI, Solari, House House of Farnese, pp. 245-94. 245-94.

ό

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Figure 30. 30. Portrait of Dorotea Sofia Sofía von Pfalz-Neuburg Famese, Farnese, Duchess of Parma. (Courtesyof of the the Galleria Nazionale, Palazzo della Pilotta, Parma). Artist unknown. imknown. (Courtesy

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each courtier several functions functionswhich whichmade madeitit possible possibletdtoabolish bolish aa each courtier several number of unnecessary offices. He levied taxes and invented number unnecessary offices. He levied taxes and invented new new ones, including one on wigs which were were then then often as much as wigs which as two two feet feet height. Despite in height. Despite the theempty emptyducal ducal treasury, treasury, he he found found ways ways to feed the poor, often at poor, at his his personal personal expense. expense. From the moment that From that he he assumed assumed rule rule of ofthe theduchy, duchy,Francesco Francesco remained under under the shadow war hi remained shadow of impending impending war in Italy, Italy, but he he was was determined to emerge emerge from from the the confusion confusion of of European Europeanaffairs affairs with with the the damage. With least possible possible damage. With the the duke dukeof ofSavoy Savoy joining joining the the league league of of formed by the the Hapsburg empire, Spain, Holland and Sweden Augsburg formed to counteract counteract the the growing growing power power of of France, France, itit was was impossible impossible to to gauge gauge which of the two th e one one hand and which two factions, factions, France France on on the and Austria Austria and Savoy on the th e other, would emerge the winner, and Francesco Francesco managed managed to maneuver to maneuver among among the the powers powers with with aa fair fairdegree degree ofofsuccess. success. Francesco's patriotism was aroused by the th e military and political events th e in which he found found the theduchy duchyinvolved, involved, and andzealously zealously supported supported the league proposed by He waited waited impatiently impatiently for for the the end end of league by England. England. He ροΙiticεΥ conflict conflict raging ragingin h England fοΠοwιng political following the death of of Queen Queen Anne. Anne. He had aiready already established established representatives representatives in the the principal principal European European Ηoπand and Austria. courts of England, England, Spain, Spain, Holland Austria. Meanwhile Meanwhile northern northern Italy was invaded by German troops and the states which were and the states which were imperial imperial vassals, including Tuscany, Tuscany, Lucca, Lucca, Modena, Modena, Mantua and Genoa, vassals, including Genoa, were were forced to contribute heavliy th e soldiers. soldiers. Parma heavily to the maintenance of the was was required required to help help subsidize subsidize the imperial imperial army army in Italy Italy with with the the promise that it would would be reimbursed. reimbursed. For Forthree threeyears years German German soldiers soldiers with their rapacious appetites were were quartered quartered in in the duchy. with rapacious appetites duchy. Despite Despite the extreme poverty and danger of the duchy the duchy as as aa consequence consequence of of the the constant passage passage through through it it of constant of the the soldiers soldiers of of Spain, Spain, Austria, Austria, and and France, and and the the heavy heavy cost cost of of his neutrality, he he demonstrated demonstratedhimself himselfto to be be an an outstanding outstanding prince prince and and diplomat. diplomat. His Hisrepeated repeated sacrifices sacrifices of of personal wealth wealth to to save personal save the populace populace from from misery misery and and slavery slavery to to strangers led led the the people people to to look look upon upon him him as as aa father. father. His strangers His first first chore chore upon assuming the rule of the the amount amountof of30,000 30,000 th e duchy, was to raise the dobles required required to to pay pay for for the thecost costofofwithdrawal withdrawal of of the theimperial imperial army from After he he had haddone doneso, so, hostilities hostilities ended ended for for the army from his his lands. lands. After th e time being. being.(14) (14) maintainer of justice and Francesco proved himself to be a severe maintainer and aa 14 ((') ) Dan', Drei, 1Ι Farnese, Vianti, "Francesco IΙ Farnese, duca di Fαrnese, pp. Iberio Vianti, di Parma Parma ee pp. 247-56; Alberto Piacenza' " Strenna Piacentina, Francesco Piacenza," 1877, pp. 110-12; E, Ottolenghi, "Il duca Piacentina, Anno III, 1877, duca Francesco pp. 110-12; Farnese," La La Scure, Scure, 27 27 Febbraio Febbraio 1927. 1927.

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Palazzo Farnese as it appears today. (Courtesy Ente Provinciale per il Turismo, Piacenza). '.4

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enemy of the the oppression oppression and and tyranny tyranny of of the the feudal feudal system system in iii a harsh enemy period when it it was was still still ρσwerfυΙ. powerful. One Oneday, day,according according to to the the historian historian Poggioli, the the duke duke was was confronted confronted by by aanobleman nobleman who who Cristoforo Poggioli, appeared at at his his door door requesting requestingpermission permission to to shoot shoot the thecelebrated celebratedman man appeared letters Scipione Scipione Maffei Maffei with with an arquebus arquebus because because in one one of of the the of letters published works works he had had embarrassed embarrassed the the duke. duke. Francesco Francesco latter's published refused, responding proposal was was not not appropriate appropriate to to either eitheraa refused, responding that the proposal Christian. Maffei Maffeiwas was to to figure figure later later in in relation relation to to Facini's Pacini's prince or a Christian. work in in Parma Parmaand andPiacenza. Piacenza.(15) (15) Pacini Piacenza. The Thecity city Facini was confused at first when he arrived at Piacenza. was very different from from his his native native Venice Venice and and he hewas wasdazzled dazzledby bywhat what Afterfinding findinghis hisway wayabout, about, he heinquired inquiredfor for he saw of life life at at the court. After Count Ignazio Rocca, the minister of finance, for whom he had brought brought a letter letter of of introduction introduction from from Anzeloni Anzeloni in in Venice. Venice. Rocca Rocca had had been been elevated to to the thenobility nobilityin in1684 1684 by by Francesco's father father Duke Duke Ranuccio II, elevated and was celebrated celebrated in his his time time for for his his great greatwisdom wisdom and andexperience experience and his ability ability to manage manage affairs affairs of of state. state. He Hewas wasgiven givenmany many and his responsibilities by addition to to being being minister minister of of responsibilities byFrancesco FrancescoI. I. In addition he served served also also as as chief chief constable constableof ofthe theprovince, province,commissioner commissioner finance, he the Piacent Piacentino and of of the the valley valley of of the the Trebbia, and as as of the waters of the in i and treasurer-general of the ducal rents. He was the duke's closest treas urer-general of the ducal rents. He was the duke's closest confidant arbiter. (Ιό) (16) confidant and arbiter. No for Facini's Pacini's maintenance maintenance in Piacenza Piacenza had been been No arrangements for but he he eventually eventually managed managed to to find find accomodations for made in advance but It was was there there himself and his son at a hostelry called called the the Croce Croce Bianca. Bianca. It that Count Count Rocca Rocca finaΠy finally found found him. him. He Hebrought brought with with him him the the Sferologio. This Thisisisthe thefirst firstknowledge knowledge that that Facini Pacini had had of of the the exact exact nature of the project fir for which which he had had been hired. The Theinstrument instrumentwas was

(15) Scipione Scipione Maffei Maffei (1675-1755), (1675-1755), distinguished was bom bom in in Verona, Verona, distinguished man man of letters, was where he spent spent most most of of his his life. life. He Hestudied studiedatatthe theJesuit Jesuitcollege collegeatatParma, Parma,fought foughtAustria Austria where in the the war war of of the theSpanish SpanishSuccession, Succession,and andwith withAntonio AntonioVaHisneri Vallisneri and and A. A. Zeno Zeno founded foundedthe the in Giornale dei letterati. When Whenthat thatpublication publicationbecame becamedefunct, defunct,he hepublished published Osservazioni from 1737 1737 to 1740. He wrote wrote poetry, poetry, plays plays for for the the theatre, theatre, works works on onhistory historyand and letterarie from to 1740. the sciences. sciences. His Hiscollected collectedworks workswere werepublished publishedinintwenty-one twenty-onevolumes volumes inin1790. 1790. the [Enciclopedia vol. XXI, XXI, pp. pp. 863-64; 863-64; CitisToroRo Cristoforo POGGIOLI, Poggioli, Memorie storiche storiche della della [Enciclopedia Italiana, Italiana,vol. città di di Piacenza Piacenza (Ρiacenϊ (Piacenza, 1757-66; repr. F. F. Borrotti, Borrotti,1927-33), 1927-33), passim-, Luigi Piccioni, Piccioni, 11 E cittό za, 1757-66; passim; LUIGI (Torino/Roma: Ermarino Ermanno Loescher, Loescher, Giornalismo Letterario in Italia, Saggio Storico-Critico (Torino/Roma: 1894), 16 vol. Ι,I, pp. pp. 99-107]. 99-107], vol. ( ) Count Ignazio Ignazio Rocca Rocca (1662-1742), (1662-1742), minister Parma and and ministerof offinance finance of ofthe the duchy duchy of of Parma Piacenza, was friend ofofCardinal CardinalGiulio GiulioMberoni. Alberoni. [L. [L. misi, Mensi, Dizionario Biografico Biografico Piacenza, was aa friend (Piacenza: Del Del Mamo, Maino, 1899), 1899), pp. 361-62; Drei, Drei, ΙI Farnese, Farnese, pp. pp. 253, 253, 257, 257, 260, 260, Piacentino (Piacenza: pp. 361-62; 280-83]. 280-83].

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in a greatly damaged state and and the the count count expressed expressed his his distress distress at at such such wanton destruction destructionof ofaa masterpiece, masterpiece, as aswell well as as the the loss loss of two thousand wanton thousand luigi which which it had cost cost him. Facini Faciniwas wassurprised surprisedby bythis thisinformation, information, for he was was weπ well aware Maschera had had paid paid only only five five hundred hundred for aware that Maschera twenty-six luigi for the instrument, and and must must have have made madeaaconsiderable considerable profit when he sold it to Rocca. Rocca. However, However, Facini Facini did did not not comment comment on on it at at the thetime. time.(17) (17) carefully examined examined the Sferologio Sferologio and Rocca that he he He caιefυΠy and assured Rocca original state, that he he could could in in fact fact renovate renovate could restore it to its original state, and that it to the the utmost utmost perfection. perfection. He Hepromised promised that thathe hecould couldeven evencorrect correct several errors he could see had originally been made in its operation. οrιgΙnaΠy several errors could see had made in its operation. As this instrument, instrument, he he decided decided that thatititwould would As concerned concerned the the price for this secret he he would would not not reveal. reveal. To ToRocca's Rocca'srelief, relief,Facini Paciniagreed agreed remain a secret proceed with with the the restoration. restoration. to proceed at the the Croce Croce Bianca Bianca with with his son for for the the next next eight eight Facini remained at days own expense. expense. Rocca Rocca had had urged urged him him to to move move to to the theinn inn days at his own called the Albergo dei Barbieri Barbieri and finally agreed Rocca and he finally agreedto to do do so. so. Rocca also for him him to to have have the theassistance assistanceof ofthe theskilled skilledclockmaker clockmaker also arranged for Claudio Cavagnola proposed proposed that thatFacini Facinishould shouldmove moveinto into Claudio Cavagnola. Cavagnola. Cavagnola his own house, for in his shop he would find all the tools he would his for his shop he would find all the tools he would need. Such Suchan anarrangement arrangementwould wouldenable enableCavagnola Cavagnolato tocontinue continuehis his need. own work Facini was was easily easily persuaded persuaded to to accept accept the theoffer, offer, for for work as as well. well. Facini although he had had brought brought some some tools tools with with him, he had had been been uncertain uncertainof of thee nature of of the the project project on on which which he he would would be be engaged, engaged, and and did did not not th have atι all he needed. He Heaccordingly accordingly moved moved with with his his son son into into have he needed. Cavagnola's looked forwards forwards to to aaproductive productiveassociation association Cavagnola's house house and looked clockmaker. In Inthe theshop shopFacini Faciniimmediately immediately began began the thework work with the clockmaker. of the "Atlas," the generally used for for the the of the th e restoration of th e "Atlas," the name he generally Sferologio. He dismantled dismantled it, it, cleaned cleaned each part, and found found that that many many Sferologio. He of the minute fragments fragments which which had broken broken off off from from the major th e minute th e major component would serve serve as useful useful models models of of the original work upon component would th e original to base basereplacements. replacements.(18) (18) which to had received received as an an advance advance from from Vezzi By this this time time the money he had

17

( ) For information information about about the the monies monies mentioned mentioned see see PAOLO Paolo FALcoiI, Falconi, Le Le monete monete (Piacenza: Enrico EnricoChiolini, Chiolini,1920), 1920), vol. vol. 2, 2, pp. 63-68; D:011/1100 Eduardo Martinori, La Piacentine (Piacenza: MARTINORI, La pp. 63-68; Moneta. Vocabolario (Roma; Istituto Italiano di Numismatica, 1915), passim. Moneta. Vocabolario Generale (Roma: Istituto Italiano dl Numismatica, 1915), 1S

( ) Claudio first half half of ofthe the Claudio Cavagnola, Cavagnola, Piacenza Piacenza clockmaker, clockmaker,was was working workingin in the the first eighteenth century. Several of of his hisclocks clocks are areininmodern modemcollections, collections,including including one one eighteenth century. Several described having an an armillary armillary sphere sphere and and another another as as a astrildng strikinglantern lanternclock. clock. described as as having [Morpurgo, Dizionario, p. p. 41]. 41], [Mom'uRGo, Dizionario,

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had already and he continued already been been exhausted, exhausted, and continued to work work at at his his own own expense for almost a full month until he found himself totally without expense he found himself totally any money. any money. He He appealed appealed to toCount Count Rocca Rocca for for funds funds with with which which to to work, but the latter continue his work, latter advised advised that that itit would would be be necessary necessary for for inasmuch as the project him to make financial arrangements arrangements with with Vezzi inasmuch was was his particular particular concern. concern. This Thisresponse response surprised surprised Facirii, Pacini, and and he protested that it was only because he had been given a commission that it was only because he had been given a commission for for the duke duke of of Parma Parma that that he he had hadrelinquished relinquished his his shop shop and and family family to to come to Piacenza. come Piacenza. He Hewas was not notabout abouttotobeseech beseechanyone anyoneprivately privately on on beh1f in order to be able to continue the project, his own behalf project, and and as as far far as as he was rn ed he was was conce concerned was inclined inclined to leανe leave at at once once and and return return to to Venice. Rocca attempted to placate him then, and urged him to Venice. Rocca attempted to placate him then, and urged him to abandon his resώutΙon, resolution, assuring assuring him that he needed needed only only to deal with reiterated that that he had been himself. Facirii Pacini stubbornly stubbornly reiterated been brought brought from from his home in Venice to serve serve only only His His Serene Serene Highness Highness and and that he did Venice to did not intend intend to to work work for for others. others. Thus matters remained until the foΠοwΙng Thus following day, day, when Rocca came again. He to see him again. Hetold toldhim himthat thatthe thework workwas was indeed indeed in in the the duke's duke's personal interest, interest, but Facini personal Pacini refused to be be convinced convinced until the count count took the court court and and presented presented him duke. He He then then took him him to to the him to to the the duke. discussed with with Rocca arrangements for discussed for his his future futuremaintenance maintenancewhile while he remained remained in in Piacenza, Piacenza, which had had never never previously previously been established. established. He requested the the sum sum of of twelve twelve louis a month, as well well as as a bonus bonus due completion of the restoration, the amount amount to to be be left left to the the him upon the completion discretion Rocca assured assured him him that that itit was was not not the the intention intention discretion of of the the duke. duke. Rocca of the duke duke to to retain retain him him in in the the same same miserable miserable condition condition as he had experienced until until now, now, but but that His experienced His Highness Highness had in fact fact commanded commanded that Facinii Pacini was to be be given given whatever whatever he required required when when he he requested requested it, not only only for for himself himself but but for for his his family family as as well. well. it, Despite the duke's duke's generosity, generosity, Facini Pacini exercised exercised the the greatest greatest Despite frugality continued his work, work, restricting restricting his requests for funds funds frugality as as he continued his requests οnΙyto only To cover cover the basic basic needs needs for for food, food, clothing, clothing, shelter shelter and and working working materials. Sorestrained restrained were were his his requests requests that thatwhen whenthe theproject projectwas was materials. So finished funds which which he had had received received in in Piacenza, Piacenza, including including the the finished all all funds advance Venice, did exceed a total of of one one hundred hundred advance obtained obtained in in Venice, did not not exceed forty louis louis [luigi]. [luigi]. In the course of of time time Rocca Rocca paid paid more more visits visits to to Facini Pacini at at In the course Cavagnola's shop shop to to determine determine his progress. progress. The The count count again again found found occasion price occasion to to introduce introduce the the subject subject of the p ri ce paid paid for the Sferologio, which now he stated to have been been two two thousand thousand ducati doppie. doppie. At At this this

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S. A. S. A. Bedini, Bedini, Clockwork Clockwork Cosmos Cosmos

time Facini to explain time Facini decided decided to explain the entire entire substance substance of of the the contract contract Rombenchi. He made between Maschera and Rombenchi. He assured assured Rocca Rocca that the instrument instnunent had been been sold sold for for not not more more than thanfive fivehundred hundredtwenty-six twenty-six and one-half luigi luigi and that that if Count Vezzi had had made the price appear to have been greater, it could have been been only only for for the the purpose purpose of of cheating cheating His or Count Count Rocca. Rocca. Rocca His Serene Serene Higlmess Highness or Rocca was was less less than than pleased pleased with with the the revelation, revelation, and, and, instead instead of ofappreciating appreciating the theinformation, information, responded with extreme extremeresentment. resentment. Facini re1ized too too late late that he responded with Facini realized he bis had been been indiscreet indiscreet and had had made made aaserious serious mistake mistake in in revealing revealing his knowledge of of the circumstances relating to the knowledge the sale sale of of the theSferologio. Sferologio. It was not clear to him what had had in in fact fact transpired transpired behind behind the thescenes, scenes, but it soon became apparent that the Sferologio was the subject of aa soon became that the Sferologio was fraud in which Count Vezzi must have played played aa major role and that that his involvementin in its its sale sale would would inevitably inevitablybring bring him him harm. ham. involvement The reaction to his revelations came sooner than than he he had hadexpected. expected. Shortly thereafter he was informed that hereafter he would be that hereafter he would be refused refused entry to the ducal entry ducal court. court. ItItwas wasnot notlong longbefore beforehe hereceived receivedseveral several letters from him a scapegrace, letters from Vezzi Vezzi calling calling him scapegrace, a harebrain, harebrain, and other other unseemlynames. names. As As time unseemly time passed passed he he detected detected that that Rocca Rocca had had developed aa great aversion developed aversion to him which which he he demonstrated demonstrated at atevery every opportunity. Faciώ opportunity. Facini was alarmed to discover that Rocca attempted attempted to to take away from The count count reproved reproved him from him him any any honor honor for for his his work. work. The publicly and discredited his achievements achievements when when he he was was in in the the presence presence of the duchess, duchess, denigrating denigrating his work work and and attributing attributing to to the theoriginal original maker of the instrument instrument the the research research and andinventiveness inventiveness required required for for its its restoration which which had hi restoration in fact fact been beenFacini's. Pacini's. MeanwhileFacini Faciniwas was faced faced with with other other serious problems of an Meanwhile serious problems immediate nature. He immediate Hewas wasexperiencing experiencinggreat greatdifficulty difficulty in in controlling controlling his son who had had become involvedinin all all sorts his son Giambattista Giambattista who become involved sorts of of misdemeanors and debauchery. misdemeanors and debauchery. The The boy boyhad hadfled fledfrom fromCavagnola's Cavagnola's house and and had had found found refuge refuge at atthe theconvent conventof ofSan SanFrancesco FrancescoGrande Grandein in Piacenza. Facini Facini claimed claimed that that Rocca Rocca had had conspired conspired with the guardian guardian Piacenza. or father superior superior to to continue continue to to maintain maintain Giambattista Giambattista in in that that or father establishment, in an attempt establishment, attempt to to render renderFacirii Facini even even more more hateful hatefulto tohis his son. Roccaeven even resorted resorted to toaccusing accusing Facini Pacini of of having having promoted promoted his his son. Rocca son's debauchery son's debauchery by his his own own bad badexample. example. Facini was beside himself himself with events but but there there was was with this this turn of events little could do ameliorate it. Heresponded responded by by attempting attempting to to little he he could do to ameliorate it. He placate Rocca's Rocca's contempt and anger with silence. silence. There There was was virtually νirtuaΠy that he he could could do do or or say say in in his nothing that bis own own defense, defense, since he he was was among

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Basilica of ii San Francesco Piacenza. (Courtesy Figure 32. Francesco Grande, Grande, Piacenza. (Courtesy of the Biblioteca 32. Basilica Comunale Passerini-Landi, Piacenza). Piacenza). Comi.male

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A. Bedirii, Bedini, Clockwork Clockwork Cosmos Cosmos S. A.

strangers at court, and and among among Rocca's Rocca's friends. friends. When WhenFacini Pacini strangers at the court, duke that thatthe theamount amountpledged pledgedininVenice Venicefor for overheard Rocca tell the duke the Sferologio Sferologio had been one thousand ducati doppie, he made no had one thousand ducati doppie, he made no had informed informed the the count counton onmore morethan thanone oneoccaoccacomment although he had sion of the price actually paid. Consequently Consequentlyeven evenwhen whenthe theduke dukehimhimsiσn self interrogated interrogated him concerning the price price paid paid for forthe theSferologio, Sferologio, self him concerning Pacini remained remained silent, silent, a&aid afraid to reveal reveal what what he heknew. knew. Facini Living and working in Cavagnola's home, Living and working in Cavagnola's home, Pacini Facini was was now now in in aa position to demonstrate the the quality quality of of work work he he was was capable capableof ofdoing. doing. position had successfully successfully completed completed two commissions commissions given the He had given him him by the duchess. He Heheld heldthem themfor forthe thetime timebeing beingso sothat, that, in the event the duke duke visited him, display them them as as examples examples of of his his skill skill and anddispel dispel visited him, he could display that had hadbeen beenwidely widely circulated circulated by by the impressions of his incompetence that Rocca. Hefelt feltcertain certainthat thatthe theDuke Dukewould would be be able able to tojudge judgeFacini's Pacini's Rocca. He competence himself. Rocca's Rocca's program program of ofdenigration denigrationaffected affected competence for for himself. Pacini iiinι other other quarters quarters as as we well, Cavagnola began to find find himself himself Facini π, for Cavagnola disadvantaged by his his association association with with Facini Pacini and and gradually graduallydeveloped developedaa disadvantaged by lasting dislike Hegave gavevent ventto toititin incountless countlessforms formsof ofaffronts, affronts, dislike for for him. him. He so Pacini finally finally had no recourse recourse but to to seek seek another another place place to to so that Facini live and work. live work. was suggested suggested to him him that that the thehouse houseofofGiuseppe GiuseppeNicern Nicelli would would It was be suitable, but but he he rejected rejectedititbecause becauseititlacked lackedthe thenecessary necessaryfacilities facilities He fina finally accomodations and tools he required for his his work. work. He Πy accepted accomodations silversmith Savini Savini who This offered him by the silversmith who worked worked with with his his son. son. This appeared to to be be an an ideal ideal situation, situation, because because Savirii Savini had had aall Π the necessary tools Pacini required required and andSavini's Savini's skills skills in inworking working with withsliver silver tools that Facini would invaluable. After he had moved moved into into the the Savini Savini would be be invaluable. After he had estabhshment, to continue continue with with his his work, work, however, however, he he establishment, and and prepared to discovered that the silversmith's promises of cooperation did not discovered that the silversmith's promises of cooperation did not materialize. Saviniwas wasnot notavailable availabletotowork workwith withhim himafter afterall, all, and andthe the materi1ize. Savini entire burden of of the the project project remained remained on onhis hisown ownshoulders, shoulders, and andhis his entire progress consequently slow. Furthermore, Savini Savini required required him him progress was was consequently slow. Furthermore, to pay even even for for the the charcoal charcoal provided provided for his his use use at at aacost costof ofninety ninety ducats, an an unanticipated unanticipatedexpense. expense. However, his Savini had had accepted accepted aa However, his problems problemshad had only only begun. begun. Savini commission to belonging to Count Count Rocca Rocca and and being being commission to mould mould platters belonging occupied with work, he attempted to to persuade persuade Facini Pacini to to occupied with other other work, he attempted undertake Paciniangered angeredSavini Savini by byrefusing, refusing, insisting insisting he had had to to undertake it. it. Facini the work work for for which which he he was was being being paid paid by by the the duke. duke. spend his time on the Pacini also discovered that advantage was was being being taken taken of of the the Facini also discovered that great advantage

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duke by the duke the silversmith; silversmith; some some precious precious silver silver brought iii in by by Count Count Sanseverirto was was not not only only being being diminished diminished in in weight weight in in the the course of Sanseverino melting but but also melting also the the quality quality of of the thesilver silver itself itself was was being being changed. changed. Facini estimated that he would be able to build a monument Pacini estimated that he would be able to build a monument in in Piacenza with the the gains Piacenza with gains Savini Savini was was making making from from the duke's duke's gold gold which did did not not endear him further to the and silver, silver, aa statement statement which endear him the silsilversmith. (19) (19) The Savkiis finally obtained obtained Pacini's Facini's reluctant agreement to their The Savinis finally their claim that a great quantity of the core of the silver medals brought claim great quantity of the core of the silver medals broughtto to was actually actually made made of of tin. tin. They them by a man named Pighetti Pighetti was They cut cut one one of the medals apart before before Facini's Pacini's eyes eyes to prove prove that it was was made made of of base metal, metal, a fact fact which which had had been beendetermined determinedlong longbefore before by bySavhii. Savini. Fachii suspected suspected that that the particular Pacini particular medal had been been preselected preselected but but dared not suggest it. it. He discovered the theft of more and more ounces He discovered the theft of more and more ounces of silver silver belonging belonging to the Duke, Duke, including including entire entire medals medals which which Savini Savini had had taken taken and and presented presented as as aa gift gift to to the the court court physician. physician. Fachii's Pacini's awareness of of this increased the the tension awareness this misappropriation misappropriation increased tension with with the the Savinis and and their which they they did did not Savinis their growing growing dislike, dislike, which not restrain restrain themselves from expressing. themselves expressing. Finally,the the Savinis Saviniseven eventhreatened threatenedhis hisperson. person. Under Finally, Under the pretext pretext violent quarrel quarrel between father and son, of a violent son, they scuffled and managed managed to bring bring Facini Pacini into into the conflict conflict to attempt attempt to to pacify pacify and and separate separate them. them. This Thisproved provedto tobe beextremely extremelydangerous, dangerous, for for ititwas was the theexcuse excuse they needed to turn on him and attack him with an unsheathed on him and attack him with an unsheathed knife. knife. Fortunately he received received only only aa slight slight wound. wound. Facini Pacini realized realized they had good reason reason to to mistreat mistreat him him and and threaten threaten his his life, life, for for he he was good was in aa position to to reveal reveal their their swindles. swindles. He position He no no longer longer dared dared remain remain in in the the same house house and shop, same shop, for now now he was not only only in fear fear of of his his peace peace of mind but also of also of of his his very very life. life. It was a particularly frustrating frustrating period period for for Facini Pacini and and his his work work was was as he he had planned. not progressing progressing as planned. The Therestoration restorationof ofthe theSferologio Sferologio had to be put put aside aside again again and and again again either either because because of of other otherassignments assignments he was given by members of the court court which which had had to tobe begiven givenpriority, priority, or as as a time lost lost because because of of his his conflicts conflicts with with Vezzi Vezzi and and Rocca, Rocca, or time 19 distinguished diplomat, served as ((19) ) Count 1725), distinguished as Count Ottavio Sanseverino of Aragon (d. 1725), to other Duke Francesco's emissary to Frankfort, Duke Francesco's emissary Frankfort, Utrecht, Utrecht, and and Cambrai Cambrai in in addition addition to other assignments. [Drei, ΙI Farnese, Farnese, pp. pp. 256, 256, 271-74, 271-74, 278, 278, 283; 283; Giorgio Giorgio Fiori, Fiori, "I "I Sanseverino Sanseverino assignments. [Dani, dei Duci Duci la Versailles Versailles dei Colori e di Olza," Colomo Colimo la d'Aragona di Parma Parma ee Piacenza: Piacenza: i Conti di Colomo pp. 61-77]. 61-77]. Giuseppe Nicelli has not 1969], pp. Nicelli has [Parma: Deputazione di Storia Patria, 1969], di Parma Parma [Parma; identified. been identified.

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consequence several times times he had had to tomove move since sincearriving arriving in in consequence of of the the several Heknew knewthat thatsooner sooneror orlater laterhe hewould wouldbe beheld heldaccountable accountablefor for Parma. He the delay in the restoration of of the the instrument, instrument, and and he he would would be be unable unable it. Furthermore, Furthermore, the theaspects aspectsof ofthe therestoration restorationon onwhich whichhe he to justify it. was presently engaged engaged required required considerable considerable study study and and utmost utmost was presently concentration. With these thoughts in mind, Facini Facini moved moved out of of the the Savini Savini With these thoughts in mind, establishment that that same same evening, evening, and and spent spent the the night night at atan anirin inn with with his bis son. In Inthe thenext nextday dayor orso so he he confided confided bis his troubles troubles to to Giuseppe Giuseppe Bassi, Bassi, son. the clockmaker clockmaker in charge of the the great great clock clock of of the the Duomo, Duomo, who who was was known provide assistance assistance to those of of his his profession profession who who were were known to to provide to those in need. need.(20) (20) own house house and anduse use Bassi generously invited Facini to move into his own his shop, shop, an offer offer which Facini Bassi shared shared half half Facini promptly promptly accepted. accepted. Bassi Belei. No No sooner sooner had had he he moved moved in that of his bis house with a man named Belei. Facini discovered that Belei apparently held a strong resentment Facini discovered that Belei apparently held a strong resentment vituperate him him to to his against him, and lost no opportunity to vituperate bis face and and to others, for cause. Facini Facini could could find find no no reason reason for forthis this others, for no no apparent cause. except possibly possibly that thatBelei Belei was was associated associated with withRocca Roccain insome some attitude except Facini about the the situation, situation, but butthe the manner. Fachii went went to Rocca to complain about count was still angry with him and sided sided with with Belel. Belei. Meanwhile MeanwhileBassi Bassi realized that Fadrii Facini was was being being persecuted persecuted without without cause cause and andordered ordered realized Belei to WhenBelei Beleirefused refusedto todo doso, so,Bassi Bassi Belei to move move out of his premises. premises. When legal action action to to evict evict him, him, and and Facird Facini found found himself himself to to be be brought [egal unwittingly the lawsuit. For Forsome someinexplicable inexplicable reason, reason. unwittingly the cause of the lawsuit. supported Facini Facini in This change change in in the the count's count's Rocca now supροrtώd in the the action. action. This agitated Facini reassured him. Having no no other other attitude agitated Facini rather rather than reassured him. Having recourse, he turned to to the duke for for assistance, assistance, but but the duke was not recourse, to resolve resolve the conflict without the advice of Count Count Rocca, Rocca, who who about to failed consult with with him him on onthe thematter. matter.(21) (21) failed to consult

20 ((20) ) Giuseppe served as as the keeper of of the the clock clock of of the the Giuseppe Bassi, Bassi, Piacenza Piacenza clockmaker, clockmaker, served the keeper Duomo from from 1703 1703 to 1731. Other Other clockmakers clockmakers of of the the same samefamily familyname namewere wereatatwork workinin to 1731. Milan [Piacenza, Duomo, Archivio del Duomo di Milan in in the the fifteenth fifteenth and and eighteenth eighteenth centuries. centuries. [Piacenza, Archivio dei Piacenza, scanzia IX, IX, casetta XXX, XXX, incarto 33; Idem, in incarto N. 37, 37, rogito notaio Giuseppe Giuseppe carto Ν. Antonio Fomasari; Piacenza, Piacenza, Biblioteca Comunale Passerini-Landi, Passerini-Landi, Manoscritti Pallastrelli, Pallastreili, n. 8, 8, p. 98; no. no. 121, 121, p. 197; Morpurgo, Morpurgo, Dizionario, Dizionario, p. p. 21; 21; Attilio Attilio Rapetti, Rapetti, "L'orologeria "L'orologeria in in p. 98; p. 197; Piacenza," La Ciessidra, Clessidra, Agosto Agosto 1951, 1951, pp. 13-18]. pp. 13-18]. Z1 ((20) ) Belei he may may have have been beenone. one. Beleiisisnot notidentified identifiedas as aa clockmaker clockmaker by by Facini, Facini, but but he Five Belloi were at work work in in Bologna Bologna and and Modena Modena in in the the eighteenth eighteenth Five clockmakers named ΒeΠoi were at century, may have have been been related related to to the Piacenza family. family. [Morpurgo, [Morpurgo, Dizionario, Dizionario, century, and and may the Piacenza pp. 13-18]. 13-18],

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do but to move once He There was nothing left for Pacini Fadni to todo once more. more. He house at athis his own own expense, expense, which which he he shared shared with with Bassi, who rented aa house Βassi who came live with with him. him. Bassi Bassi moved moved his his tools tools and and other other shop shop came to to live equipment into into Facini's Pacini's house house so so that thatthe thelatter lattercould couldalso alsohave havethe theuse use equipment continuation of of his work. Fachil Pacini brought brought his his son son with with of them for the continuation bis work. his new new dwelling, dwelling, convinced convinced that that at atlast lasthe hewoU[d would have have the the him into his peace and quiet quiet he he needed needed for forcompleting completing the the restoration restoration and and for forthe the Becauseof ofthe theseveral severalchanges changesof ofresidence residencewithin within studies it required. Because short space space of of time time since since his that he he the short bis arrival in Piacenza, he realized that all sides sides as aa troublemaker, troublemaker, aa disorderly disorderly and and was being looked upon on all restless individual. individual. Confusion Confusion and andviolence violence seemed seemed to tohave havefollowed followed restless him ever ever since since he left left Venice, Venice, yet he firmly firmly believed beheved that he he was was not not had beset beset him, him, and and personally responsible responsible for for any of the the problems problems that had attributed them the gossipy gossipy nature nature of of the ducal court. court. attributed them to the the ducal In his new home home Facini Pacini made made some someprogress progresswith withhis hiswork workat atfirst. first. maintained excellent excellent relations relations with Bassi Bassi and and bis his family, family, arid and it He maintained seemed as if his ButFacini Pacini had hadnot notcounted counted bis troubles were were over over at at last. last. But with his his son, son, Giainbattista. Giambattista. He was no no longer longer aa boy boy and andwas was with He was Hisescapades escapadessince sincearriving arriving in in Piacenza Piacenza had had approaching manhood. manhood. His minor compared compared to to the thenew newproblem problemhe he been extremely distressing, but but minor presented. In the course of events and as a consequence of the close presented. In the course of events and as a consequence of the close association with the Bassi Bassi family, family, Giambattista had had fallen fallen in in love love with with daughters. He Heannounced announcedthat thathe hewished wished to to marry marry her her one of Bassi's daughters. immediately. He He ignored ignored the theobjections objections of of Bassi Bassi arid and his his father, father, and and immediately. that he he would would marry marry her herat atail allcosts, costs, even even at atthe theexpense expenseof of proclaimed that life if necessary. So Soviolent violentdid didhe hebecome becomein in his his father's father's life bis arguments with Fachii Pacini over the even confronted confronted his the situation, that he even bis father father with a gun, so that Facini Pacini in in order order to to defend defend himself, himself, was was forced forced to to call call the the gun, police. Fearing Fearing the the law, law, the the boy boy ran ran off off and and sought sought sanctuary sanctuary with with the the police. was guardian of the convent of San Francesco Grande Grande in in the the piazza. piazza. ItItwas inevitable that this this new new conflict conflict would would be be publicized, publicized, and and itit provided provided inevitable Pacini's detractors with even more evidence that he was a disorderly Facini's even more evidence that he was a disorderly individual. They They went went on on to to invent invent further further calumnies calumnies and and attributed attributed individual. example. Greatly Greatlyconcerned concerned that that the son's behavior to the father's bad example. the Franciscans Franciscans in in the the convent convent would would arrange arrange for fora aclandestine clandestine the Pacini appealed to Bassi's other daughter, daughter, hoping marriage for his bis son, Facini to use her as as aa means means to to be be kept kept informed informed so so that thathe hecould couldimpede impede bis his son's marriage if one were to be scheduled. scheduled. This Thisassociation associationwith with the the young girl girl was was poorly poorly advised, advised, and worked even even more more to to bis his young and it worked forititprovided providedgossips gossipswith withfurther furtherevidence evidenceof ofwhat whatwas was disadvantage, fir

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claimed depravity. As As aaconsequence consequence the the gossip gossip not not only only claimed to to be be his depravity. damaged the good good name of of aa middle-aged middle-aged man man dedicated dedicated to to his his craft craft but also also maligned maligned the reputation of aa young young girl girl innocent innocent of of any any the reputation wrongdoing. Facini Pacini protested acted only only out out of of wrongdoing. protested vainly vainly that that he he had acted motives civility which progressed beyond limits of of motives of pure civility which never progressed beyond the limits modesty, protests did did not not avafl avail him. him. modesty, but but his protests It seemed as if there could be little more that that could could occur occur to to plague plague Pacini, but his troubles were by no means over. over. Two Two actions actions which which he he Facini, could not possibly have anticipated now were brought against against him him by by his detractors at court. The The first firstwas was the theaccusation accusation that that he hewas was aa his detractors at court. heretic, and an an adherent adherentto tothe theCopemicari Copernicansystem systemof ofthe theuniverse, universe, and and of being "opposed "opposed to the infa infallible of the the sacred sacred writings." writings." He He ΠibΙe truth of protested was aa supporter supporter of ofthe thePtolemaic Ptolemaic system, system, and and aa protested that that he was devout Catholic Catholic in way of life life and and his his aspirations aspirations after after death. death. devout in his his way The other devastating occurrence occurrence was was the the attempt attemptto toremove removefrom from his hands the incomplete Sferologio. Sferologio. In Infact, fact,the thebook bookwhich which explained explained the functions of the instrument, instrument, in in which which he he had had been been adding addingnotes notes as as he developed a parallel between the original original as he had had received received it it and and the new work of restoration adding, was restoration he he had been adding, was confiscated. confiscated. ItIt was this final blow As long long as as he had had blow that that totally totally disheartened disheartened Pacini. Facini. As the subject subject of of vile vile gossip, gossip, he had had been been able able to tomaintain maintain been made the appearance of of ignoring ignoring it, it, but but this this damage damage to tohis hisesteem esteemclimaxed climaxed an appearance his anguish. anguish.(22) (22) What would would be said, said, Facini Pacini asked the duke duke in in his his petition, petition, who who What would present the the Sferologio, Sferologio, who would complete it and what what was was to to be Its its final appearance? appearance? Meanwhfle Meanwhile because he had had not not been been able able to to complete work the movement, movement, the the Sferologio Sferologio would would be found found to to complete work on the have a year's year's variance, variance, and be many many hours hours in in discord discord with with the the true true have motion of the sun, sun, because because Facini Pacini was was being being denied denied the the short shortperiod period motion of aa few few days days he he required required to toput putinto intopractice practicehis hisnew newinvention invention of for keeping keeping it in motion motion at at the the same same time timeititwas wasbeing beingwound. wound. for it in Furthermore, how would would it be possible possible under these these circumstances circumstances to to Furthermore, globe properly, properly, and how would it be possible possible tto situate the globe ό install the and the the moon moon in in their their proper properplaces places without without representations of the sun and taken from from him? him? having the written explanation, which now had been taken essential key which necessarily should should have have remained remained Lacking this most essential in in Facini's Pacini's hands, hands, the theSferologio Sferologio would would remain remain in aa state state of of imperfection and Furthermore, he he would would be be imperfection and could could not not be completed. completed. Furthermore, 22

( ) The the Descrizione Descrizione dello dello Sferologio Sferologio by by Ferrari. Ferrari. (22) Thereference reference isis to the

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unable such aa brief brief ρ period of time time to to complete complete the the work work and and to to unable in in such rΙοd of description of of the themechanism mechanism and andits itsmultiple multipleoperations operations prepare aa description which were to take place over the course course of of aa year, year, so so that that itit would would be be useful to faculties of astronomical What astronomical and and mathematical academies. academies. What would be said, Facini Pacini went on, if the instrument was sent with aΠ all haste to Spain in the the same same condition condition itit had had arrived arrivedin in Parma, Parma, aIl all shattered? As shattered? As he had had indicated, indicated, under under the thebest bestcircumstances circumstances the theinstrument instrumentwould would be found to be be more more than than aa year year out out of oforder order and andmany manyhours hoursout outof of coordination The figure figure of of Atlas Atlas had had not not as as yet yetbeen been coordination with with the the sun. sun. The properly secured on its base nor attached attached to to the the figure figure of of the the siren, siren, and and all the screws necessary for it remained remained in in Facini's Pacini's possession. The key key possession. The for winding winding it was was still still imperfect imperfect and and also also remained remained in in Fachil's Pacini's for possession. He had had to to reject reject this this key key and and another another he he had had made made for for possession. He advancing minutes because because they were were imperfect imperfect and and new new ones ones advancing the the minutes would Upon seeing seeing the the Sferologio, Sferologio, one one could could not not would have have to to be be made. made. Upon but notice notice that that ititstill still lacked lacked certain certain ornaments ornaments required requiredto togive give itit help but ultimate perfection. perfection. its ultimate Many members of the court, court, Facini Pacini wrote, wrote, appeared to have have been been Many favor of serving the duke duke by by involved in obtaining for Pacini Facini this unique favor restoring the Atlas Atlas to perfection, perfection, according according to presentations presentations made made to to restoring Pacini, but but now now when when he he needed needed their their advice advice and and support, support, they they all all Fackii, seemed to have become become passive passive and and preoccupied preoccupied with with many many false false seemed to have suppositions. Some Some feared feared that that if if the the Sferologio were to be returned to suppositions. returned to would have no other other result result than than"to tohave haveititreduced reducedtotopieces. pieces. him it would beheved that Facini Pacini was using the instrument's instrument's unfinished unfinished state state Others believed in order order to to extend extend his his residence residence in in Piacenza, Piacenza, and and that thatwith withthe theexcuse excuseof of asking few more more days days he he would would extend extend them them into into many many more more asking for for a few ducal service, service, as it was claimed claimed that he had had done done in in the the months in the ducal first operation. Facini Pacini vainly insisted that they were doing doing him aa gross gross injustice, he would would never never commit commit such such an anenormous enormousdeception, deception, injustice, that he that he he had had no no intention intention of of remaining remaining in Piacenza any longer than than and that was necessary to complete complete his his work. work. was necessary As to dehberately extending the the restoration restorationof of As to the the claim that he was deliberately Sferologio, Facirii Pacini po pointed to the the duke duke that thatsince since his his arrival arrival his his the Sferologio, inted out to restoration been interrupted interrupted again and again again by by the the restoration work work had had been again and assignment of of other other projects projects which which had had to to take takepriority priority assignment of a number of Henoted notedthat thatfor forforty fortydays dayscontinuously continuously he he had had over the Sferologio. He been to work work on onthe thecrosses crossesofofthe theOrder OrderofofTeutonic TeutonicKnights Knights been put to which furthermore had had required required also also the the acquisition acquisition of of enamel enamel he he had had obtain had had had to to been forced to obta in from Venice Venice at at his his own ownexpense. expense. He had

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devote a total total of of fifty fifty days to to the the restoration restorationof ofthe thesilver silverfigure figureof ofAtlas Atlas required because although although Savhii Savini had been supposed supposed to assist assist with with it, nοted that events proved that events that he helacked lackedsufficient sufficientexpertise. expertise. Ρaciώ Pacini noted after the globe had been sent to after globe had to the the painter painter to to restore restore the the painted painted segments, it had had remained in his shop for three months before he began began work. He Facini's work. to work on it, further further delaying delaying Pacini's He went went on on to to complain complain in that most most recently recently he had had been been required required to tospend spendthirty-four thirty-four days days in Parma at the ducal court and and at at the the home home of of Count Count Rocca, and that that he he times, all ail of of which which kept kept him from cailed to the court yet oother th er times, had been called restoration. He his restoration. Healso alsopointed pointedout outthat thattime timealso also had had been been lost lost during during hrn for for lack of other other lodging, rema in at at the the inn which he had been forced to remain without a workbench and and other otherconveniences conveniences for for continuing continuing his his work, work, Facini all of which which totaled totaled approximately approximately nine nine months months of the time that that Pacini he had had been able had been in Piacenza. Piacenza. Deducting Deducting this this period period of of time time,r he th s. He to work to work on the the Sferologio Sferologio for for only only thirteen thirteen mon months. He reminded reminded the the Duke Duke that originaRy originally he he had had estimated estimated that aa full full year year would would be required. required. claimed, in in addition th e course of these thirteen In the thirteen months, months, Facirii Pacini claimed, to restoring the damaged damaged elements elements of of the the Sferologio, he had been able in strument that originally to accomplish accomplish much new work for the instrument originally had not not been been part part of ofhis hisassignment. assignment. This Thisincluded included designing designing and and constellations and and images images with with their names on the engraving all α11 of the th e constellations the α11 of three months celestial globe, globe, while while the the painter required celestial required all months just for painting them. Facini Pacini ruminated over over the the countless countless calculations calculations that that had had to be be made made in order order to to make make the thenecessary necessaryrestorations, restorations, the the which were were damaged damaged and had to number of wheels wheels which to be be replaced replaced with with new ones, he had been required new ones, the various various inventions inventions he required to to make make for for new totaΠy new replacements, and and how how he he had been forced to construct replacements, construct aa totally which had not been base for the Atlas, Atlas, which been part part of ofthe theoriginal original agreement. agreement. He also had to furnish aa new new magnetic compass, since the original had been lost. been lost. He He had hadfound found ititnecessary necessary to to form form the the quadrant quadrant and and ornament it. He had to make a chain to replace the original cord ornament it. He had to make a chain to replace the original cord by by means of of which which the the instrument instrument operated. operated. He means He also also had had to to design design and and constmct aanew construct newkey keywhich whichwould wouldwind windthe theclockwork clockwork without without difficulty. Thus difficulty. Thus far he had had been been able able to to restore restore the the only only one one of of the the th e others were new work original figures figures which which had had survived, original survived, and all the his own hands from made by his from his his own own imagination. imagination. Facini Pacini reported that some some critics critics had had found found fault fault with with this this kind kindof ofreconstruction. reconstruction. tions that that Foolishly he he had had ventured ventured to hope that instead Foolishly instead of of the the accusa accusations were heaped upon upon him, him, he he would would have have received received praises for for the the diligence diligence

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and speed and speed with with which which he he had had executed executed the the various various arid and diverse diverse elements of construction. : elements of Construction. now requested requested that On the basis of this report On report of of his his work, work, Facini Pacini now the duke allow only about twenty more days, certainly duke allow only about twenty more days, certainly less less than than one one month, to enable enable him to to complete complete the the work work and and bring bring itit to to perfection. perfection. Inasmuch as he had had accomplished accomplished so much of the work work on this this great great project in only only thirteen months, months, aa statement statement which which his his adversaries adversaries at at court undoubtedly would question, he believed believed that that the ad ditional time additional he he required required to to complete complete what what remained remained to to be bedone donewas waseminently eminently justified. justified. He Hepledged pledgedhimself himself and and his his faith, faith, and and felt felt that thatthere therewas was no no greater security security he could could offer. offer. befden him which which This long series series of of unfortunate unfortunate events events that had befallen This long he had had described, described, Facini Pacini wrote, wrote, and from which which he had omitted omitted the great number of his other successes, had been been due due to the fact that successes, had that he he had been aware aware of the price price paid for for the the Sferologio. Sferologio, of the resulting resulting contracts, and the discovery that the discovery that the price price paid paid for foritithad hadbeen beenfalsely falsely reported reported to the the duke. duke. Despite Despitethese thesemultitudinous multitudinous problems problems Faciώ Pacini reported reported that thathe he had hadnonetheless nonethelesscontinued continuedto towork workenergetically energetically on on the the duke's behalf. It was, however, for these reasons that he had been duke's behalf. It was, however, these reasons he had been reduced to the reduced the state state in in which which he hepresently presently found found himself, himself, with with the the Sferologio still sull not completed, overcome by by the the reverses he had completed, overcome reverses he had suffered at at the the hands hands of of his his enemies enemies and and even even from from his his own own son, son, whom whom by necessity he had been necessity he been forced forced to to desist desist from from pursuing, pursuing, and and from from demonstrations of other affairs and restraints. demonstrations affairs and restraints. Despite this this litany litany of of personal Despite personal abuses abuses and and difficulties difficulties he had had experienced while trying only experienced while only to to fulfill fulfill his hisassigned assignedresponsibilities, responsibilities, Faciul now now requested requested only only two two favors favorsfrom fromthe theduke. duke. The that Pacini The first first was that he be he be permitted permitted to to complete complete the the Sferologio's Sferologio's restoration restoration not only only own satisfaction and the bis own because it, but also because the duke duke wished it, also for his satisfaction and sake of his his own own professional professional dignity. dignity. The other favour was to protect him the plots plots of of his his angry angry enemies enemiesat atcourt. court. He him from from the He noted noted that that in in presenting this narrative presenting this narrative of his his many many misfortunes, misfortunes, he he could could provide provide evidence evidence and he had had witnesses witnesses who who had had asserted assertedthey theywere werewilling willing to to swear if necessary in order swear necessary in order to to expose expose his. his detractors detractors to the the duke. duke. Facini noted also that Pacini that aa messenger messenger had had come come from from Count Count Rocca Rocca Facirti that that he was was luigi and and informing informing Pacini disbursing less less than than one hundred luigi two weeks, weeks, and had brought to leave within two brought him him aa chair chair for fortraveling. traveling. that Shortly thereafter thereafter another messenger came from the count stating that the duke duke had had requested requested written written brief brief instructions instructions for for opening opening up up the the that it was Sferologio's globe globe and for for winding winding it. it. Facinl Pacini responded responded that was -

7

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impossible brief written written form, form, for for impossible to to provide provide accurate instructions in a brief the functions functions and and indications indications of of the theSferologio Sferologio were were too toonumerous numerous and too complicated complicated to to describe describe except exceptwith withconsiderable considerable detail. detail. and too Furthermore necessary to be familiar familiar with with the the proper proper Furthermoreitit was was necessary to be terminology, describing and mustrathig illustrating the the terminology, especially especially since since the the book book describing with all all its its parts parts aiphabeticafly alphabetically noted noted had had been beentaken takenfrom from instrument with him. The Themessenger messengerleft leftwith withFacini's Pacini's reply, reply, but but returned returnedwith withan anorder order to have the instructions instructions completed completed and ready by the the ffollowing οΠοwkιg Friday. Pacini replied order would would devastate devastate him, he Facini replied that that such such an order him, but that he would do his obey. As As he hewrote wrote to tothe theduke, duke,this thislast lastblow blowdid did his best to obey. not cause cause bim him to abandon abandon hope hope because because he he relied relied on on Providence Providence and and the duke's duke's mercy mercy and protection. protection. He He explained explained that that his his motive motive in in the confiding in Serene Highness Highness was was rio no more more than than the the customary customary confiding in his Serene relationship Because he he had had been been relationshipbetween betweenclient clientand and patron. patron. Because continually oppressed, and and so so that thathe hemight mightbe berelieved relievedfrom fromfurther furtherillillcontinuaJly from his his obstinate obstinate enemies, enemies, he he hoped hoped "for "forthe theinalterable inalterable treatment from justice heart of of the the same same God, God, and and of of the the justice that that resides resides in in the the heart magnanimous prince, whose feet he now now prostrates prostrates himself himself as as the the magnanimous prince, at whose most humble, humble, most most devoted, devoted, most most obligated, obligated, and and most most observant observant most servitor." Pacini's petition to the the duke duke isis not notdated, dated, but butwas wasprobably probably Facini's petition about 1719. 1719. AA search searchfor foradditional additionaldocumention documentionrelating relating presented in about his employment employment at the Famese Farnese court court has has proven proven fruitless. fruitless. Duke Duke to his Francesco granted Facini Pacini the additional additional time time required required to to complete complete the the restoration of the Sferologio, and ordered that Ferrari's volume restoration of the Sferologio, ordered that Ferrari's volume describing The fact fact that thatthe therestoration restoration of of the the describing itit be be returned returned to to him. him. The instrument completed is is confirmed confirmed by by later laterevents. events. instrument was completed Several comments in Facini's Pacini's petition petition are are of of significance. significance. He He Several comments mentioned Sferologio was mentioned that the Sferologio was intended intended to to be be sent sent to to Spain. Spain. ItItisis probable Duke Francesco Francesco had acquired it and and had had ititrestored restored in probable that Duke send it it as as aa gift gift to his stepdaughter, stepdaughter, Queen Queen Elisabetta of Spain, order to send of whom he was at at this this time time that thatshe she was was in in the he was was extremely extremelyfond. fond. ItIt was process of building her new palace at San San Ildefonso, and and he he may may have have the Sferologio Sferologio for for it. it. intended the Pacini had also also noted noted that thatamong amongthe thecommissions commissions he he had had Facini had completed work on "the "the Teutonic Teutonic crosses" crosses" for for which which he he completed was was his his work required These may may have have been been the the required enamel enamel brought brought from from Venice. Venice. These badges the knights knights and andchaplains chaplainsof ofthe thechivUlric chivalric Order Order of of badges worn by the Teutonic Knights consisting consisting of of silver silver crosses crosses enameled enameled in black black with with white edges, or they may may been been the the heraldic heraldic shields shields of of the Grand Grand white edges, or they

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Master. In Inthis thisperiod period the theGrand GrandMaster Master of of the theOrder Order was was Dorotea Dorotea Master. Sofia's brother, Franz Franz Ludwig Ludwig von von Pfalz-Neuburg, is most most likely likely Ρf17-Νeυbυrg, and itit is that she she had had commissioned commissioned Facini Facini to undertake undertake the the work work as as aafavor favor 23 (23) him. ( ) to him.

23

( ) The Teutonic Knights Knights was was founded founded iii in Jerusalem Jerusalem inin1 1190 by (23) TheOrder Orderof of the the Teutonic 190 by Frederick of of Schwaben, Schwaben, before before the the siege siege of of Acre, Acre, as Virgin Mary. was Frederick as the the Order Order of of the the Virgin Mary. ItItwas the last last of of the the great great orders orders originating at the the time time of of the the third third crusade. crusade. InIn1198 1198 ititwas was the οdghating at converted to to aa religious religious order order of of chivalry, chivalry, and accepted the the monastic monastic rule rule of ofthe theTemplars Templars converted and accepted to fight fight the the infidels infidels and to perform perform charitable charitable activities. activities. From Fromthe thekingdom kingdomofofJemsalem Jerusalem to and to the Knights Knights took took refuge refuge in in ΤransyΙνmΙia Transylvania and and then then traiisferred transferred their theiractivities activities to to Pmssia Prussia in in the 1321. In In time time they they acquired acquired large large estates estates and and the theOrder's Order'scenter centerwas wasestablished established in inthe the 1321. castle at Marienburg. Its Its influence influence began began to to decline decline after after the the defeat defeat atatthe thebattle battleofof castle at Marienburg. Tanneberg (Grilnewald). (Griinewald). Then Then as as aa consequence consequence of of the the German German Reformation, Reformation, the the Order Order Tanneberg was pushed pushed back back into into Catholic Catholic countries countries until untilititwas wasdissolved dissolved in 1809 1809 by I. It It was by Napoleon Napoleon Ι. was re-established Austria in 1839. The The Order's Order's symbol symbol isis aa black black Latin Latin cross cross worn worn on on was re-established in in Austria in 1839. the left left side side of of aa white white mantle. mantle. The Thebadges badgesfeature featurethe thesame samecross crossexecuted executed in black black the enamel with with white white edges. edges. enamel From 1694 1694 to 1732 the Grand Master Master of of the Order was was Franz Franz Ludwig Ludwig von von PfalzPfalzFrom to 1732 the Grand th e Order Neuburg, one one of of the the sons sons of of the the Pfalzgrafen Pfalzgrafen Philipp Philipp Wilhelm Wilhelm zu zu Neuburg. Neuburg. He Hewas was an an older brother brother of of th thee Duchess Duchess Dorotea Dorotea Sofia. Sofia. He Hesucceeded succeededhis hisbrother brotherLudwig LudwigAnton Anton older (1660-1694) totothe FranzLudwig Ludwigwas wasBf. Bf. i. v. Breslau Breslau in in 1683, 1683, of of (1660-1694) theposition positionof 0fGrand Grand Master. Master. Fraiiz Worms in 1694, 1694, Kurfurst Kurfurst of ofTrier Trierinin1716, 1716, and andofofMainz Mainzinin1729. 1729. [Encyclopedia [Encyclopedia Brittanica, Worms in Brittanica, Eleventh Edition, Edition, voL vol. XXVI, XXVI, pp. pp. 676-79; 676-79; JoΗλννns Johannes VOIGT, Voigt, Geschichte Geschichte des des Deutschen Deutschen Eleventh Ritter-Ordens in Deutschland Deutschland (Berlin: Drack und und Verlag Verlag von Georg Ritter-Ordens in seinen seinen zwolf zwolf Balleien in (Berlin: Druck von Georg Reimer, 1859), Band II, II, pp. 444-77;JAMEs JamesVAN vanDER derVELDT, Veldt, The Ecclesiastical Orders Reimer, 1859), The Ecclesiastical Orders of of pp. 444-77; Knighthood (Washington. C, The The Catholic Catholic University University ofofAmerica, America,1956), 1956), pp. 23-27; (Washington. D. D. C, pp. 23-27; Vaclav Mericka, Orders and Paul Hamlyn, Hamlyn,Ltd., Ltd.,1967), 1967), pp. 26-28, 3838VACLAV MERIcKA, Orders and Decorations Decorations (London: (London: Paul pp. 26-28, 39. Correspondencewith withClaus ClausMosler, Mosler, De Deutschherrenschatzkanzler, 39. Correspondence υtscbherrenschat Ζkιrn7ler, Deutschherrenbund Deutschherrenbimd [Koln], February February 28 28 and andMarch March27, 27,1984]. 1984], [Kbln],

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CHAPTER IV IV CHAPTER THE MECHANICIAN MECHANICIAN AND AND THE DUCHESS DUCHESS

not known known what what disposition disposition was was made made by by Duke Duke Francesco Francesco of of It is not the Ferrari Ferrari Sferologio Sferologio after completed. He He after its its restoration restoration had had been been completed. may have retained it in his palace or or he he may may have have sent sent itit to to Spain, Spain, as as Facini's comment suggests, suggests, to his stepdaughter, stepdaughter, Queen Queen Elisabetta. She She Faciώ's comment was then in the process process of of constmcting constructing aa new new palace palace at at San San Ildefonso, her favorite favorite residence, residence, and and Duke Duke Francesco Francesco may mayhave have which became her intended it as a gift to be installed there. If retained at Parma or intended it as gift to be installed there. If retained at Pamm or Piacenza, the Sferologio was the inventories inventories of of the the Piacenza, the Sferologio was not not noted noted in the Farnese palaces, palaces, although although admittedly admittedlythe theinventories inventories furnishings of the Famese are incomplete. incomplete. It It may may have havebeen beenamong amongthe theFarnese Farnesetreasures treasures are removed from Parma and and Piacenza Piacenza by Don Carlos de Borb Borbon in 1734 1734 or σn in later by bis his mother before the duchy duchy was was ceded ceded to to Austria. Austria. Whatever Whatever may have have been, been, it it did did indeed indeed find find its its way way to to Spain Spain either eitherin in the the the case may lifetime or or thereafter. thereafter.(1) (1) duke's lifetime an inventory inventory made made January January10, 10, 1780 1780 of of the the furnishings furnishings of of the the In an retreats are arenumerous numerouspages pagesdescribing describingthe the Spanish royal palaces and retreats collection of of timepieces timepieces owned owned by by the the Sprntsh Spanishroyal royalfamily, family, extensive cοΠectiοn by English English makers. makers. However, However, among among the th e timepieces in most of them by royal palace palace at at San San Ildefonso Ildefonso the the fourth fourth item item noted noted is: is: the royal Another clock clock without without bell bell with withhours, hours,minutes, minutes,and andseconds, seconds, Another [supported] upon upon aa silver silver figure figure representing representing Atlas globe fsupportedj Atlas with aa globe above and the bottom bottom aa compass. compass. The Themaker makerisisBartolomeo Bartolomeo above and at the Ferrari... Ds. (2) (2) Ferrari... 6 ό Ds. (12) Acton, Bourbons of ofNaples, Naples, p. 17; 17; Drei, Drei, ΙI Parnese, Farnese, p. p. 293. 293. AcToi, Bourbons ( ) Madrid, Archivo Archivo dello dello Palacio Reale, Reale, foIs. fols. 12741, 127-41, Carton III, III, AGP 260, Ymbentario Ymhentario Furrierade los R.s Tasación general muebles pertinecientes pertinecientes al R.l Oficio de Furriera R.s Palacios Ri Oficio general de de los muebles yy Tasaciσn de y Casa de Campo, cuyos cuyos muebles muebles quedaron por Fallecimiento del S.r de Mad.d, Maid, Retiro, Sitios, Rey D.n Carlos Carlos 30 3o que en en paz descanse descanse formado en en vrd vrd de de om om de de ΙΟ 10 de En. En. de de1789, 1789, yy Rey D.n egecutado de la la R.1 Casa: tome 2=. 2=. FoI. Pol. 397 397 al 399νίο. 399vto. Carlos Carlos ΠΙ m AGP AGP 261, 261, Ri Casa: egecutado p.r p.r los Oficios de S.n Yldefonso Yldefonso muebles, muebles, pp. pp. 1-2. 1-2. Courtesy Courtesy of of Jos€ José Luis Luis de de Ia la Pena, Pena, Archivio Archivio dei del Palacio Palacio S.f Real, Madrid. Real,

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San Ildefonso or "La Granja", as it was also also caΠed calledi, was was formerly formerly aa fifteenth century century convent convent dairy dairy farm farm of of the the Hieronymite Hieronymite monks monks bidden hidden in the the pine-clad pine-clad Guadarnirnas Guadarramas mountains mountains aa sh short distance from from in οrt distance Sejovia. When King King Felipe Felipe Ν V and and Queen Queen Elisabetta Elisabetta accidentally accidentally Sejovia. When discovered day wbile while hunting, its its secluded secluded wild wild verdant verdant beauty beauty discovered it one day appealed to so much much that that they they purchased it. Elisabetta Elisabetta appealed to them them so ρυτchased it. developed aa passion passion for it and and diverted diverted funds funds with with which which to to build build aa developed palace there there between between 1719 1719 and and 1722. 1722. The Thetwenty-seven twenty-seven fountains fountains palace Elisabetta added added to to the the gardens gardens in 1727 1727 were which Elisabetta were considered considered to be finer than those at Versailles. fiiter those at Versailles. The palace palace was was later later to to become become the the scene scene of ofmany manyimportant important The events. ItItwas wasthere therethat thatKing KingFelipe Felipe V son in events. Ν resigned his throne tbrone to his son 1724 and latter's death. death. There 1783 King King 1724 and resumed resumed it it again again after the latter's Ρhre inin1783 III of Spain (Don (Don Carlos de Borbon) received the the Comte Comte d'Artois, Carlos ΠΙ later to to become becomeKing KingCharles Charles Χ X of France, on bis his way to the who was later siege of Gibraltar. There There the the treaty treaty which which conveyed conveyed Spain Spain to to the the siege of Gibraltar. French was was signed signed in 1796. 1796. It It was was at at San San Ildefonso Ildefonso that that Queen Queen French spent the the final final years years of of her herlife lifeand andwhere whereshe shedied. died.(3) (3) Elisabetta spent The Sferologio Sferologio is is no no longer longer in in the the palace at San Ildefonso, nor is it found among among the the furnishings furnishings of of any any of of the the other otherSpanish Spanish royal royal to be found palaces. ItItmay maybe beowned ownedby byaaroyal royaldescendant, descendant,or orititmay mayhave havebeen been palaces. carried off off by by the the French Frenchin intheir theirinvasion invasionof ofSpain Spainduring during destroyed or carried Napoleonic wars. wars. (4) (4) the Napoleonic When the restoration restoration of of the theSferologio Sferologio was wasfinally finallycompleted, completed, When Pacini made return to to Venice, Venice, to to resume resume his his work work as asbefore. before. Facirii made plans plans to return at the the piincely princely court court had hadprovided provided him him with with aa rare rare intimate intimate His sojourn at view of same time time itit had had cost costhim him view of high high society, society,to to be be sure, sure, but but at the same Nowhe hewas wasrelieved relievedto tobe befinished finishedwith with bis his dearly in mental anguish. Now commission. He had been away from Venice for two years on a project commission. He had been away from Venice for two years on a project he had had expected expected to be be of of not more more than than aa year's year's duration, duration, and and the the that he of resuming resuming bis his old old life life must must have have been beenappealing. appealing. prospect of But destiny destiny had another fate in in store store for for himhim—to remain perperBut had another η-tο remain manently in Piacenza Piacenza in the the service service of of Duchess Duchess Dorotea Sofia. The The Dortea Sofia. earhest evidence relating to his continued employment is an undated earliest evidence relating continued employment an undated (3) Suoi Simon HARCOTJRT Harcourt SMITH, Smith, Cardinal York: Alfred Alfred A. A. Knopf, Knopf,1944), 1944), Cardinal of of Spain (New (New York: pp. 202-3; 202-3; ΚΜ KarlL BaeDmR, Baedeker, Spain Spain and and Portugal. Portugal. Handbook Handbook for forTravellers Travellers (Leipzig: Karl (Leipzig: Karl Baedeken, 1930), 1930), pp. pp. 123-25; 123-25; Drei, I Farnese, Farnese, pp. pp. 294-95; 294-95; correspondence with with Dr. Dr. Jos€ José Baedeken, Dam, Ι A. Garcia-Diego, Madrid. Α. Garcia-Diego, Madrid. (4) Cοπesροndence Correspondence with with Dr. Dr. Luis LuisSanchez SanchezBelda, Belda,Director, Director, Archivo Archivo Historico Histórico Nacional, Madrid, Madrid, May May 12, 12, 1983, 1983, mud and with with Margarita Margarita Gonzalez Gonzalez Crist Cristobal, Archivo dei del σbal, Archivo Nacional, Madrid, Madrid, June June17, 17, 1983. 1983. Patrimonio Nacional,

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.&-a -g iSÎOO

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Figure 34. Planisferologio, shown full (Courtesy 34. The Farnese Planisferologio, full view viewin inits itspresent present case. case. (Courtesy of the Biblioteca Biblioteca Apostolica Apostolica Vaticana).

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S. Α. A. Bedini, Bedini, Clockwork Clockwork Cosmos Cosmos

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engraver, he he began to design οΠοmιca engraver, design an an extremely extremely complicated complicated astr astronomical clock which which would would include every conceivable conceivable indication indication of horary and clock and celestial phenomena. phenomena. His celestial Hisintimate intimateknowledge knowledge of ofthe theFerrari FerrariSferologio Sferologio gahed from gained from restoring restoring it it served served him him iii in extremely extremely good good stead stead and and provided him with much of the technical background that he required. From it he From he had hadderived derivedconsiderable considerable knowledge knowledge about about mechanical mechanical representation of celestial representation celestial phenomena phenomena which which he supplemented supplemented from from published sources from bis pubhshed his own own and the ducal ducal library. library. The The copy copy of Ferrari's publication publication also also served served him him for for reference Ferrari's reference with with his his new new undertaking. Since undertaking. Since the the duchess duchess insisted insisted on on aa creation creation that that would would be be Facini made made no no attempt to copy any part of Ferrari's uniquely her own, own, Facini work, but but designed one of of a totally work, designed one totally different different form. form. Accustomed Accustomed to to designing and making mathematical mathematical instruments instrumentswhich whichwere werein inaasingle single plane, sphere to aa plane, he conceived conceived a new form by reducing the celestial celestial sphere planispheric form form having planispheric having its functions and indications indications shown shown on on two two flat sides flat sides instead instead of in in the the round. round. The form The form he he selected selected is is strongly strongly reminiscent reminiscent of of the the octagonal octagonal shaped planispheric planetaria and and eclipsarons by the shaped planispheric planetaria echpsarons designed designed by the Römer and and executed for him by distinguished Danish astronomer astronomer Olaus Rômer Isaac Thuret, clockmaker clockmaker to to King King Louis Louis XIV, and of of the the planetarium planetarium devised by by the devised the Dutch Dutch mathematician mathematician and and astronomer astronomer Christiaan Christiaan Huygens and made by Johannes van Ceulen. Ceulen. Completed Completedbetween between1680 1680 and 1682, and 1682, these demonstrations demonstrations of of celestial celestial phenomena phenomena were were weli well circles in in Europe, Europe, but it is known in scientific scientific circles is unlikely unlikely that knowledge knowledge in Piacenza. Piacenza. As of them would have reached Facini in As to to the the astronomical astronomical elements, he he had had no precedent for those he selected; the and clockwork elements, the complicated astronomical clock was a form that flourished only after comphcated astronomical clock was a form his time. time. (7) (7) he may may have have had had as It is is not not known known how how much much experience experience he as aa clockmaker No clocks clocks bearing clockmaker and and with with the the use of clockmakers clockmakers tools. tools. No the one one for for the his signature are known, and it is probable that that the th e duchess duchess was the only The apparatus apparatuswas was in in fact fact not merely a only one one that that he he made. made. The clock astronomical instrument clockwork. Facini Pacini clock but but an astronomical instrument operated by clockwork. had lived arid and worked with several several clockmakers clockmakers in Piacenza Piacenza during during the th e past two years, and he could acquire acquire any any tools for for his shop which he did not already already possess. possible that thatspecific specific parts parts which which he he was was possess. ItItisispossible (Paris: GauthierGauthier(7) C.C.WOLF, Wolf, Histoire de l'observatoire l'observatoire de Paris Paris de desa sa fondation fondation àό 1793 (Paris: Catalogue of 0f the Huygens Villars, 1902), 1902), pp. 201; C. C. A. A. Crommelin, Crommelin, Descriptive Descriptive Catalogue Huygens Collection Collection pp. 201; (Leiden: Rijksmuseum Rijksmuseum voor de Geschiedenis der Natuurwetenschappen, 1949), 1949), pp. 18-19; pp. 18-19; Stars, pp. 107-117. King, Geared Geared To To the Stars, pp. 107-117. (?)

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Chapter IV W - The Μechaώcian and the Chapter The Mechanician the Duchess Duchess

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incapable of of making due due to to lack lack of of skill skill or tools were produced produced for for him him by local local clockmakers clockmakers to to his his design. design. After completing an an overall overall plan, plan, he he designed After completing designed the dials with their thenmultiple indicators in the form of a monumental two-faced multiple indicators in the form of a monumental two-faced instrument. Α A considerable considerable amount of of time time was was required required to to compile compile the numerous so that that the the numerous calculations calculations so the indicators indicators and and dials dials could could functions. This perform their functions. This was was aa major major mathematical mathematical endeavor endeavor and and one for which one which he he was was weil well qualified. qualified. The result was was a magnificent timepiece which he he had enclosed The timepiece which enclosed in an elaborate case. Borrowing Borrowingthe thename nameof ofFerrari's Ferrari'scelestial celestialglobe, globe, he he modifieditit to to derive modified derive mother another that that would would be be suitable suitable for for bis his new new achievement. He He named it a "Planisferologio", achievement. named it "Planisferologio", coining coining a new new word word which reflected the several elements of which it was composed—its which reflected several elements of which it was composed—-its planispheric form, form, the the celestial celestial sphere sphere itit demonstrated, demonstrated, and and the the clockworkby bymeans meansof of which which itit operated. clockwork operated. The The Planisferologio Planisferologio combined ali all the indications indications that were were to be found found on on aa mechanized mechanized sphere and and more. sphere more. ItItwas wasa aremarkable remarkableachievement achievement because because of of its its complex mechanism mechanismand and its its numerous numerous indications. indications. Some complex Some of of these these were undoubtedly adaptationsof of some some features features of of the were undoubtedly adaptations the Ferrari Ferrari riginal with Pacini. Facini. That Sferologio, but many many of of them them were were o original That such such an elaborate mechanism could be produced at at aa time time and and place place where where the the horological art was not as advanced as in major major Italian Italian centers centers such such as as Rome or Florence Rome Florence makes makes it all all the themore moreimpressive. impressive. Pacini incorporated two inventions inventions in the Planisferologio, Facini in corporated at least two both of which were substantially in the the history of substantiafly in advance of his time in horology. He horology. He devised devised aa maintaining maintaining power power mechanism mechanism and aa double double pendulum intended to pendulum to compensate compensate for foratmospheric atmospheric changes. changes. Prior to the second second quarter quarter of of the the eighteenth eighteenth century, century, aa clock clock lost lost Prior power during winding sometimes reversed winding and it was sometimes reversed so so that that the time during the In train either stopped or ran backward during the action action of of winding. winding. In weight-driven clocks provision was made to overcome overcome this this defect defect by by the the use of aa bolt bolt and and shutter shutterdevice. device. Α A spr spring in g was was flexed flexed by by means means of a lever side of of the the movement movement which which kept kept the the time time tra train operating lever at the side in operating during the winding winding procedure, as as shutters shutters cover covering ing the winding holes were moved aside Anothersolution solution aside for winding winding by by means means of of the the bolt. bolt. Another for weight-driven weight-driven clocks clocks requiring a system system of of pulieys pulleys and cords cords had been devised devised by Christiaan Christiaan Huygens Huygens and described described in in aa classic classic work, work, 8 published in in 1658. 1658. ((8) ) Α A maintaining ma intain in g power power mechanism mechanism for for Horologium, published (8) [CHRIsTIAAN [Christiaan HUYGENS Huygens],, Christiani Christiani Hugenii Zulichem. Const. Const. F. F. Horologium Horologium Ηυgenii a Zulichem. (8)

]

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Figure Farnese PlrnYsferologio. Planisferologio. Detail dial, shown shown with with cover cover Figure 35. 35. The Famese Detail of of the the front front dial, open. (Courtesy of of the Biblioteca Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana). Vaticana). open. (Courtesy

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Chapter IV -- The The Mechanician Mechanician and the the Duchess Duchess Chapter W

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spring-driven in 1714 1714 in England by by Jeremy Jeremy spring-driven clocks clocks was was first proposed in At about about the the time time that that Faciώ Facini Thacker although no example example is is known. known. At completed construction of the the ΡlaώsferοΙogiο Planisferologio or or soon soon thereafter, thereafter, completed the construction English clockmaker clockmaker John John Harrison, Harrison, later later the the inventor inventor of of the the the English developed aa maintaining maintaining power power mechanism mechanism which which came came chronometer, developed usage among among clockmakers. He Heequipped equippedthe thefusee fusee with with into standard usage additional ratchet wheel wheel with teeth cut cut opposite opposite to to the the direction direction of of an addιtιουΙ 9 (9 those of main ratchet ratchet wheeL wheel. ( ) thοse of the main One of themost mostserious seriousproblems problems experienced experienced with with early early όf the clocks was the variance variance of of the the pendulum's pendulum'slength length pendulum-regulated clocks changes, rendering clocks inaccurate. The The resulting from atmospheric changes, efforts that were made to overcome this variance produced several efforts were made to overcome this variance produced several solutions. In In 1725, 1725, just at the time time that that the the Planisferologio was being solutions. completed, the the English English clockmaker clockmaker George George Graham Graham devised devised aa cσmρleted, compensated by the the addition addition of of a jar jar of of mercury. mercury. The The pendulum compensated upward expansion expansion of of the mercury mercury could could be be arranged arranged to to compensate compensate for for upward the downward downward expansion expansion of the metal of the pendulum. Many years of Many years had attempted attemptedunsuccessfully unsuccessfullyto toachieve achieve compensation compensation earlier, Graham had by bimetallic bimetallic means. Inabout about1726, 1726, while while attempting attempting to to produce produce an an means. In timekeeper for for use use atatsea, sea,Harrison Harrisoninvented invented aasuccessful successful accurate thuekeeper bimetallic gridiron pendulum. This Thisconsisted consisted of offive five steel steel rods rods and and birnetaHic or gridiron four brass rods rods combined combined to to produce produce aaseconds seconds bealiiig beating pendulum of exactcompensation. compensation.(11) (10) almost exact Pacini's "geometric pendulum" attempted attempted to to achieve achieve aa full full decade decade Facini's earlier the same result result that that Harrison Harrison accomplished accomplishedby by the theapplication applicationof of design, one made of gilt brass and and two pendulums, one of rhomboidal design, other of ofsilver. silver. the other Neither the rhomboidal form concept of aa double double Neither the rhomboidal form nor nor the the concept been first first proposed proposed in in the the seventeenth seventeenth pendulum were new, new, and had been pendulumof ofrhomboidal rhomboidalform formhad hadbeen beenfirst firstsuggested suggestedby by century. AApendulum the English English experimental experimental philosopher Robert Robert Hooke Hooke but but apparently apparentlyitit was The use use of oftwo two pendulums pendulums was was first first proposed proposed, by by was never applied. applied. The the Italian Italian parish parish priest priest and and man man of ofscience science Ma Matteo Campani degli tteo Campani degli described by him him in in aalittle little work work published published at at Rome Rome in Alimeni and described 1677. Campani's Campani's proposal, proposal, intended intended for for aatimepiece timepiece to todetermine determine (Hagae: Comitum: Comitum; Ex Ex officine officine Adriani Adriani Vlacq, Vlacq, 1658). 1658). See See also also Oeuvres Oeuvres Compites Complètes de de (Hagae: Chrìstiaan Huygens (1932), σ01. vol. XVII. Christiaan Huygens ΧΙΠ. 9 ( ) G. G. H. BAILLIa, Baillie, C. C. CLuπον, Cldtxon, C. C. A. A. ILBERT, Ilbert, eds. Old Clocks Watches and Clocks and and Watches eds. Britten's Oid (') Their Makers (London: E. E. & & F. F. Ν. N. Spin. Spon,Ltd., Ltd.,1956), 1956), pp. pp.188-89. 188-89. Their Makers (London: 10 (ΙΟ) ( ) Ruim, Baillie, CLuTroN, Clutton, and and ILBERT, Ilbert, Britten's Old Clocks, Clocks, pp. 116-17. 116-17. Βrιttens Old

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36. The Figure The Faruese Farnese Planisferologlo. Planisferologio. Back Back plate plate with with cover cover open. open. (Courtesy (Courtesy of of Figure 36. the Biblioteca Biblioteca Apostolica Apostolica Vaticana). Vaticana).

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Chapter IV IV -- The Mechanician Chapter Mechanician and the Duchess Duchess

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11 longitude at sea, received wide attention attention in in its its time. time. ((11) ) The The use use of of two pendulums such as pendulums as Facini Pacini applied applied was was re-invented re-invented in France France several several years after the years the Planisferologio's Planisferologio's completion. completion. In In 1728 1728 the the eminent eminent Parisian clock and watchmaker Jean-Baptiste Dutertre devised Parisian clock and watchmaker Jean-Baptiste Dutertre devised a timekeeper for use use at sea timekeeper for sea having having a pair pair of of pendulums pendulums geared geared to to each each 12 other, an other, an example example of ofwhich whichhas hassurvived. survived.(12) ( ) Facini was aware of Campani's concept and was inspired Whether Pacini by it but he by it cannot cannot be be determined, determined, but he went went further further in in adopting adopting aa rhomboidal form having hinged corners so that the the rhomboid rhomboid could could be be increased or lessened with changes of temperature. He also added an increased lessened with changes of temperature. He also an adjustable cross-bar to enable its width adjustable cross-bar to width to to be be increased increased or orreduced. reduced. Facini's pendulum arrangement Pacini's arrangement did did not not in in practice practice fulfill fulfill the the function function intended, but but itit is is nonetheless nonetheless of of considerable considerable importance importance as as one one of of the the earliest attempts to develop earliest attempts develop the the compensated compensated pendulum, pendulum, antedating antedating Harrison's successful successful gridiron gridiron pendulum. pendulum. Many of of the the surfaces surfaces of of the front and back plates Many plates not not required required for for in dications were were engraved engraved with with arabesques arabesques in the style indications style of of the the period, period, and Facini Pacini inscribed several of the major major visible visible components components as as well. well. The The central central dial dial on the the front front plate plate bears bears the thelegend: legend:

FΟR THE FOR THE INEXPRESSIBLE INEXPRESSIBLE GLORY GLORY OF OF GOD GOD UNDER THE VENERATED UNDER VENERATED AUSPICES AUSPICES OF HER SERENE SERENE HIGHNESS HIGHNESS DOROTEA DOROTEA SOFIA SOFIA OF OF THE THE PALATINE PALATINE FARNESE FARNESE BERNARDO FACINI, A BERNARDO PACINI, VENETIAN, VENETIAN, CONSTRUCTED CONSTRUCTED A PLANISFEROLOGIO WITH HIS OWN WITH OWN RESOURCES RESOURCES AND AND BY BY HIS OWN OWN HAND HAND FOR THE THE FIRST TIME FOR TIME AT PIACENZA. PIACENZA. A.D. A.D. 1725. 1725.

The highly The highly decorated backplate backplate was was inscribed: inscribed: in this In order order that that the prime prime mover mover in this mecanism mecanism may may guide guide Sun, Sun, Cλµλνι,Horologium Solo Naturae Motu, pp. (11) ΜΑΠΕΟ Matteo Campani, 13-16. See pp. 13-16. See also [Matteo L'Oriuolo Giusto Campani dei dei Alimeni], Alimeni], L'Orinolo Giusto d'Antimo d'Antimo Tempera Tempera utilissimo utilissimo a'Naviganti. a'Naviganti. Dedicato All'Eminentissimo Dedicato AIl'Eminentissimo Reverendiss.mo Reverendiss.mo Principe Principe Cardinal Cardinal de de Medici Medici (In (In Roma; Roma: Per Michele Ercole, 1668). reviewed in in the Gio 1668). Campani's Campani's Horologium was reviewed Giornale rnale de' de' Letterati Letterati for 30 Maggio Maggio 1677 1677 (pp. 65-69), in in the the Journal des desSçavans Janvier 1678 (pp. 50-54),and and S ςaνans for 7 Janvier (pp. 65-69), (pp. 50-54), in [Jacques [Jacques Allexandre], Allexandre], Traité Ρraitύ Général GύnύraΙ des Horologes. Horologes. Par Par le le R. R. P. P. Dom Dom Jacques Jacques Allexandre. Allexandre. Religieux Benedictin οn de Bénédictin de de la la Congrgati Congrégation de Saint-Maur. Saint-Maur. Ouvrage Ouvrage enrich& enriches de Figures Figures (À (A Paris: Chez Hippolyte Chez Hippolyte-Louis Jacques Guerin, 1734), pp. 321-22. -Louis Guerin Guerin & Jacques Guerin, 1734), pp. 321-22. 12 Machines et Inventions ((12) ) (JEAN-GAFFIN) (Jean-Gaffin) GALLON, Gallon, Machines Inventions approuvYes approuvées par l'l'Académie royale Αcadmie royale des sciences, depuis son établissement Gabriel Martin, J. J. B. B. Coignard Coignard ύtablissement jusqu'à jusqu'à présent prisent (Paris: (Paris: Gabriel fils, H. H. L. L. Guerin, Guerin,1735-1777), 1735-1777), vol. 1, V, pp. 79-80, fig. 71, Jean-Baptiste Dutertre, "Horloge "Horloge à pp. 79-80, double Pendule Pendule pour pour lele Marine." Marine." ( i ')

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ΡΙrn-ιιsferοΙοg ο. Detail Figure 37. The Famese Farnese Planisferologio. Detail of the movement movement viewed viewed from the the Figure 37. The

side. (Courtesy of the the Biblioteca Biblioteca Apostolica Apostolica Vaticana). Vaticana). side. (Courtesy

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Chapter Theiechaniciaii Mechanician and and the the Duchess Duchess Chapter IV IV -- Τh

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Moon and Firmament Moon Firmament in their their true true movements movements according according to the the accurate rigorousness accurate rigorousnessofofthe the calendars: calendars:and andininorder ordertoto keep keep the the TWIN PENDULUMS from fromundergoing undergoingany anyalteration alterationcaused causedby byheat heat TWINPENDULUMS and cold: cold: and order that thus be be less less at mercy of the the and in in order that they they thus at the mercy verticality of mechanism, Bernardo Bernardo Facini, Pacini, Venetian, Venetian, professor professor of of verticality of the mechanism, mathematics and maker, while while constructing constructing [the [the mechanismj mechanism] mathematics and maker, many very very special special elements elements by by the the GRACE GRACE OF OF GOD. GOD. AT AT invented many PIACENZA. (13) (13) PIACENZA. Planisferologio was is not not known known how how The Planisferologio was completed completedin in 1725. 1725. It is Pacini worked unlikely that he could could have have long FacirU workedon onthe the project, project, but but it is unlikely spent less than three three yearstb years to produce it, and more more probably probably as as many many 14 as five years years may may have have ben beenrequired. required.(14) ( ) as five Either while while the instrument instrument was was being being constructed constructed or orthereafter thereafter Pacini the series series of of fine fine aquarello aquarello drawings drawingsof of Facini is believed to have made the the major major componYnts components of the dials dials and and movement movement which which now now each of the from these these he he that he form Cod. Cod. Vat. Vat. lat. lat. 129464. 12946A. It was was probably probably from he produced aa similar similar series series in in copperplate copperplate engravings engravings to accompany accompany aa detailed description description of the Planisferologio Planisferologio and functions and and detailed of the and its functions his stated stated intention, intention, possibly possibly for for presentation presentation to to th thee indications, as was bis Thathe hefulfilled fulfilledhis hisintention intentionisis duchess or for subsequent publication. That one of of these these engravings, engravings, formerly formerly confirmed by the th e survival of at least one Frontispiece). owned by one of the old families families of Parma. (See (See th e old of Parma. owned by one Dorotea Sofia Sofia was was inordinately inordinately pleased pleased with with the the . Duchess Dorotea 4j INEXPLICABILEMIDEI VENERATIS. IS ΟRL4Μ/S ΠΒ VENERATIS. C3) AD INEXPLICABILEM/DEIGL GLORIAM/SUB IS AUSPICIIS AUSPICIIS CELS.IS/SERAE DOROTHAB DOROTHAE SOPHIAE/PALATINAE SOPHIAS/PALA TINAE FARNESIAE/ FARNESIAE/PiA-PLACELS.IS/SER.AE NISPHEROLOGIUM/ SUO SUO MARTE MARTE MANUl MANUO PROPRIA! PROPRIA/ PR[MUM PRIMUMPARAVIT PARAVITBER'US BER.US NISPHEROLOGIUMI PACINIVEN.US/ VEN.US/ ΡΙΑCΕΝΤL4Β PIACENTIAE Α.0 A.o D.i 1725. 1725. FACIlI Opera mobile ducat Sólem, et Firmamentum/ veris motibus, juxta Lunar, et Firmamentumi in yens Sώem, Lunam, Ut in hoc Opera ac-curatum rigorem,/ et et ne ne PENDULUM PENDULUM GEMINUM GEMINUM frigoris,/ frigoris,/ calorisque calorisque ac-curatum Ephemeridum rigorem,/ causa, ullam patiatur obnoxium,/ plurima causa, patiatur alterationem,/ alterationem,/ minusque verticalitati verticalitatiMachinae Machinaesitsitobnoxium,/ peculiaria novissime novissime DEI DEO DANTE! DANTE/ extruendo extruendo invenit inventiBernardus BernardasFacinii FaciniiVenetus,! Venetus,/ peculiaria Mathematicarum Professor, atque Executor PIACENTIAE. Executor PIACENTIAE. Professor, atqae 14

( ) GIUSEPPE Giuseppe1312118Α, Brusa, LL'arte dell'orologeria in in Europa, Europa, Sette Sette secoli secoli di orologi meccanici 'arte dell'orologeria

(Busto Arsizio: Arsizio: Bramante Editore, Editore, 1978), 1978), pp. 132, 427; KING, King, Geared pp. 247247Geared To To the Stars, pp. (Busk) pp. 132, 48; Η. H. Μλν Alan LLουn, Lloyd, Some Some Outstanding OutstandingClocks ClocksOver Over700 700Years Years 1250-1950 (London: (London; Leonard Leonard Hill Books, Ltd., Ltd., 1958), 1958), pp. 101-4, pis. 119-26; Stefano "Un capolavoro di orologeria pis. 119-26; Stefano Fermi, "Un pp. 101-4, astronomica costruito costruito aa Piacenza," Piacenza," Bollettino Bollettino Storico Storico Piacentino, Piacentino, Anno Anno XXXI, XXXI, 1941, 1941, pp. Moipnrgo, Dizionario, Dizionario, p. p. 64; 64; "Le "Le ρLrnphere planisphere de de Parme, Parme, im un chef chef d'oeuvre d'oeuvre 110-13; Morpurgo, mécanique loumal Suisse d'Horlogerie d'Horlogerie et de Bijouterie, vol. LΧΠΙ. LXIII, Nos. Nos. Xliiie siede," Journal mecanique du XVIIIe Septembre-Octobre 1938, 1938, pp. pp. 166-67; 166-67; Angelo Lipiiisky, Lipinsky, "Un "Un capolavoro capolavoro di orologeria 9-10, Septembre-Octobre alla Biblioteca Biblioteca Vaticana, Vaticana. Il Pmanisferologio Planisferologio Famesiano di Be Bernardo Facini," L'Osservatore L'Osservatore rn ardo Faciώ," alla Farnesiano dl Romano, Gennaio Gennaio 13-14, 13-14, 1941; 1941; Angelo Angelo Lipinsky, Lipinsky, "Un "Un capolavoro capolavoro di di orologeria orologeria alla alia Biblioteca Vaticana. Vaticana. 11 Il Planisferologio Famesiario Famesiano di Fe Femando Faccini [sic]," [sic]," La Clessidra, rn ando Facciώ Biblioteca Anno IV, IV, 1948, 1948, Agosto Agosto 1948, 1948, pp. 5-8. pp. 5-8.

8

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S. A. A. Bedini, Bedini, Clockwork Clockwork Cosmos Cosmos

proudly in the Farnese Planisferologio and displayed it prominently and ρrουdΙy Famese palace at Piacenza, where many came to see it. palace Piacenza, where came to see it. Pacini that he had the the leisure leisure to work work on on such such other other Facini now found thαt One projects as he was inclined inclined and and to devote devote time time to to other other inventions. inventions. One of these these was named the the of was aa ttime-measuring ime-measuringinstrument instrumenthe he named "Horometrum" which which he he completed completed in in 1727 1727 and and dedicated dedicated to to the the duchess this inscription: inscription: duchess with this Under the venerated dominion dominion of of Her HerSerene Serene Highness, Highness, Dorotea Dorotea Under the venerated Sofia of of Pfalz, Pfalz, Farnese, Farnese, Bernardo Bernardo Facini, Pacini, Venetian, Venetian, professor Sofia professor of mathematics and executor, most most recently recently invented invented [this] [this] mathematics and executor, HOROMETRUM. At Piacenza. Piacenza. A.D. A.D.1727. 1727. HOR OME TR UM. At Horometrum, which which survives survives with with its its original original red red velvet velvet slipslipThe Horometrum, case, consists of a volvelle useful for indicating the times of of sunrise sunrise and and sunset lengths of day , and night throughout throughout the sunset and and the lengths of the the day the year. year. ItIt also correlates solar, solar, astroι astronomical The omica1 (or French), French), and and Italian Italian hours. hours. The scale of the calendar calendar provides provides for for aa period period of of four four years, years, from from one one leap leap year to the the next. next. () (15) year The inscription indicates indicates that that Facini Pacini was was aa professor professor of of mamaThe inscription thematics, presumably presumably at the the University University of of Piacenza, Piacenza, since since his his name name thematics, is recorded on on the the rolls rolls of ofthe theUniversity University of of Parma. Parma. Mthough Although the is not recorded University inoperative from 1600 to the the Universityof of Piacenza Piacenza was was inoperative from about about 1600 of 1700, 1700, it that beginning of it was functioning function in g once once more during the period that Pacini lived lived in possible that, that, with with the the influence influence of of the Facini in Piacenza. Piacenza. ItItisispossible the Pacini was was given given an an appo appointment the faculty faculty after after he he duchess, Facini intment on the entered her her employment. employment. The The title title would would scarcely scarcely have have been been entered warranted if he taught taught in one of of the local schools. schools. (16) (16) warranted th e local During this period the court court of of Parma Parma was was undergoing undergoing aa major major During this period about by by the the death deathof ofDuke Duke Francesco Francesco II in in1727. 1727. Well Well change brought about 15

( ) Acquired Acquired in in 1952 1952 by by the the Museum Museumofofthe theHistory HistoryofofScience, Science,Oxford OxfordUniversity. University. (5) Formerly in the CConstantini collection, itit was was owned owned and and sold sold by by the the Parisian Parisian dealer dealer Formerly in the οnstantiώ collection, Gertrude Hamilton. [Gertrude Hamilton], Catalogue la Collection Collection Mercator. Mercator. Gertrude Hamilton. [GeRTRUDE HAMILTON], Catalogue de de la Instruments de de Mathematiques Mathématiques Anciennes Anciennes (Paris: (Paris: Mercator, Mercator, e.c.1929), 1929), p. 1. Item Item 2, 2, Instruments p. 1. "Horometre perpetuel..." Correspondence with with Francis Francis R. R. Maddison Maddison and and Gerard GerardL'E. L'E. "Ηοrοmetre perpetuel.....Correspondence Turner of of the the Museum Museum of ofthe theHistory HistoryofofScience, Science,Oxford OxfordUniversity, University, and and Marjorie Marjorie K. K. Turner Webster, Winnetka, Winnetka, III. III. Webster, It isis inscribed inscribed SUB VENERA VENERATIS. DOMINIO CEL. CEL. SER. SER. DOROTHAE DOROTHAESOPHIAE SOPHIAE TΙS. DOMINIO PALATINAE novissime invenit invenitHOROMETRUM HOROMETRUMBernardus BernardasFacini Pacini Ven. Ven. PALA TINAE FARNESIAE novissime

Mathem.Prof. Prof. atq. atq. Exerc. Exerc. Piacenziae Piacenziae A.D. A.D. 1727. 1727. lather. 16 (('e ) L.L.SCARABELLI, Scarabelli, Della Della Universial Università di di Piacenza Piacenza (Piacenza; Del Mamo, Maino, 1877), 1877), passim; (Piacenza: Del Emilio Collegio dei dei dottori dottori d'arte d'arte ee medicina medicina di di Piacenza," Piacenza," Atti Atti ee EMILIO Nasalli NA5ALLIRocca, Roccλ, "Il Collegio 1, gennaio gennaio-marzo 1951, pp. 1-12. Memorie diStoria -marzo 1951, di Storia dell'Arte Sanitaria (Roma), vol. XVII, no. I, pp. 1-12.

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s£?C(hiú¿tus iCi^ryitìntafiUa. Jfcans :rjicziçfem lïutf. rfrutnrfífírp rum Anèitpftipfatn Sofiiy VÌlia óéfó ^ indi at zffaram^Horoîopij , ~ ' pro fíofis Astronomicfs.

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Figure 38. Horometrum invented invented by by Facini Pacini and and dedicated dedicated to to the theDuchess Duchess of ofParma, Parma, Figure 38. Horometrum 1727. (Courtesy (Courtesy of of the the Museum Museum ofofthe theHistory HistoryofofScience, Science,Oxford OxfordUniversity). University). 1727.

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Figure 39. View of of the the reverse reverse of the Horomet Horometrum. Museum of of the the Figure 39. View οf the rum. (Courtesy (Courtesy of of the the Museum History of Science, Science, Oxford Oxford University). ΤJnhζersity).

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Figure 40. De

of inscription on the Horomet

ourtesy of the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford University).

118

A. Bedini, Bedini, Clockwork Clockwork Cosmos Cosmos S. A.

beloved by his people, people, he was was given given aasumptuous sumptuous funeral, funeral, with with beloved by his magniloquent elegies. elegies. His Hisyounger youngerbrother brotherAntonio Antoniowas was crowned crowned Duke Duke magniloquent and soon soon after after was was married married to toEnrichetta Enrichetta d'Este. d'Este. of Parma and Duke duchess had hadexerted exertedevery everyeffort effortto tokeep keep Duke Francesco Francesco and the duchess Antonio from marrying, as had Queen Queen Elisabetta, Elisabetta, because because they they Antonio from marrying, as had intended the duchy duchy to to pass pass to toElisabetta's Elisabetta'soldest oldestson, son,Don DonCarlos Carlos de de Borbon. This Thisinterference interferencehad hadnot notameliorated amelioratedrelations relationsbetween between the the Borbσn. two brothers, brothers, particularly particularly since since Francesco Francesco had had deliberately deliberately kept kept two Antonio out public affairs affairs during during his his reign. reign. Upon UponAntonio's Antonio's Antonio out of public succession, his first concern was to deal with his sister-in-law, who was was succession, concern was to deal with his sister-hi-law, who living at the summer summer palace palace at at Coloro, Colomo, while while Antonio Antonio occupied occupied then living Farnese Palace Pàlace at at Piacenza. Piacenza. Attempting Attemptingto tomake makeovertures, overtures, he hesent sent the Famese gift of of aaset setofofFlanders Flanderslaces lacesbut butthe theduchess duchesswas wasunyielding. unyielding. her aa gift Their relationship best, so so tense tense that thatin in Their relationship had had always always been been strained strained at best, correspondence years of of correspondencebetween between the 1 thebrothers brothersduring duringthe the last last years Francesco's greeting for mention of of the the Francesco's life life there there was was never never a greeting for or aa mention duchess Antonio's letters. With each each year year she she had hadbecome become more more duchess in in Antonio's letters. With arrogant, and described as mean-spirited and difficult. difficult. Finding Findingherself herself now a widow widow at at the the command commandof ofher herbrother-in-law, brother-in-law, she she was was in in th thé now embarrassing negotiate with her future future embarrassing position position of of having having to to negotiate with him for her maintenance as the dowager dowager duchess. duchess. As As she wrote to her her daughter daughter in in Madrid, she intended to reduce reduce her to to the the most most Madrid, she felt felt certain certain that that he he intended straitened circumstances while while on the other other hand hand she she was was determined determined to be be given given an an allowance allowance of of not notless less than than9,000 9,000 doppie doppie annually. annually. She She requested daughter's protection, protection, complaining complaining that she she had had never never requested her daughter's been liked by the people people because because she she was was judged judged to to be betoo tooGermanic Germanic intractable person. person. She Shewas wasall allalone, alone,far farfrom fromher hernative nativeland, land, and an intractable and surrounded surrounded by by spies, spies, so so that that she she no no longer longer she wrote to Elisabetta, and knew whom Shenoted notedthat thatininaddition additiontotoher herother otherproblems, problems, whom to to trust. trust. She it could could be be to to her hergreat greatdisadvantage disadvantage and anddanger dangerififDuke DukeAntonio Antonio from Emperor Emperor Charles Charles of of Austria Austria how how Dorotea Sofia had should learn from attemped to to impede impede his his marriage. marriage. Elisabetta Elisabetta responded by repeatedly attemped own ministers ministers Monteleone Monteleone and and Trotti to advise advise and assist assist sending her own her mother. They Theyarrived arrivedininAugust, August,and andworking workingtogether togetherwith withCount Count Rocca, they managed to de devise amicable settlement concerning concerning the the Rocca, νΙse an amicable dowager future maintenance. maintenance. dowager duchess's future Meanwhile the political situation situation had had become become extremely extremely Meanwhile the political complicated. This requires mention because of its effect on the the complicated. This requires mention because of its effect on In1718 1718 a treaty treaty had had been been concluded concluded in in London London by by principals involved. involved. In sovereigns of of Great Great Britain, Britain, Holland, and Emperor EmperorCharles Charles the sovereigns ΗoΠand, France and

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Chapter IV IV Chapter

- The The Mechanician Mechanician and and the the Duchess Duchess

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119 119

VI of Austria Austria according according tto which, in the the event event that that the the Medici Medici and and ΝΙ of ό which, Farnese families became became extinct, extinct, as as seemed seemedlikely, likely, the the crowns crownsof ofParma, Parma, Farnese families Piacenza and and Tuscany Tuscany would would go go to to Don Don Carlos Carlos de de Borb Borbon, Spanish σn, the Spanish Infante and and son son of ofKing King Felipe Felipe Ν V and Queen Queen Elisabetta. Don DonCarlos Carlos in Infante turn would would become become the vassal of the emperor. This led to further the vassal of the emperor. This led to further emperor began began to to have have second second thoughts thoughtsabout aboutthetheproblems, when the emperor difficulties that might might arise arise from from the the agreement, realizing the potential difficulties introduction of a Spanish enclave enclave within Queen within his his Italian Italian dominions. dominions. Queen Elisabetta, on on the the other other hand, hand, was was furious furious that that the the emperor emperor dared dared to to designate her son his vassal. Then, as time passed, it appeared unlikely vassal. Then, as time passed, it appeared unlikely Duke Antonio Antonio and Enrichetta Enrichetta would would have have any any children, children, and and by by that Duke 1729 itit seemed virtual certainty certainty that that Elisabetta 1729 seemed to to have have become become such a virtual signed an agreement at at Sev Seville England which which voided voided ιΠe with France and England the agreement made made in in London. ItItprovided providedthat that6000 6000Spanish Spanishsoldiers soldiers would be sent sent immediately immediately to to occupy occupy the thefortresses fortresses ofofLivorno, Livorno, would Portoferrato, Parma and and Piacenza Piacenza without without waiting waiting for the death death of of the the reigning princes. The emperor emperorwas wasoffended offendedbecause becausethe theSeville Seville two reigning princes. The failed to mention mention him him or or his his imperial imperial vassalage vassalage of the the two two Italian Italian treaty failed states. He Heretorted retortedbybystationing stationing40,000 40,000 German German soldiers soldiers in in the the states. territories of Mantua and Milan ready to move into Parma, Piacenza territories and Milan ready to move into Parma, Piacenza and Tuscany Tuscany before Spanish arrived. arrived. The The emperor emperor planned planned that that before the the Spanish troops were were to to remain remain there thereuntil untilDon Don Carlos Carlos was made made to to adhere adhereto to the troops of the the original original treaty and and had had taken taken his his army army back backto toSpain Spain the terms of once more. more. To it was was during during this this period period that thatDuke Duke To complicate complicate matters further, it Antonio became Learning of of the the duke's duke's illness, illness, the the Antonio became seriously seriouslyill. ill. Learning instructed Count Count Carlo Carlo Borromeo, Borromeo, his his plenipotentiary plenipotentiary in in Italy, Italy, emperor instructed the event event of of the the Duke's Duke's death death he hewas wastotooccupy occupythe theduchies duchies that in the instantly by military force hold them them for for Don Don Carlos Carlos as as the the instantly by military force and and to hold designated heir. heir. Duke Antonio 20, 1731. mourned him him Duke Antonio died died on on January 20, 1731. The people mourned funeral was prepared. Four Fourdays dayslater laterGerman Germantroops troops and an elaborate funeral command of of the the general general of of arti artillery Count Carlo Carlo Stampa Stampa under the command Πery Count moved into duchy. His His orders orders from from the the emperor emperor were were to to take take moved into the the duchy. possession of the Farnese states and hold them until Don Carlos had possession of the Famese states and hold them until Don Carlos had comphed with The streets streets and and city city squares squares of of complied with the the London London treaty. treaty. The and Piacenza Piacenza were were filled filled with with German German soldiers soldiers and and cavalry cavalry as as Parma and occupation began. began. the occupation his death death Duke Duke Antonio Antonio had hadwilled willed to to his his widow widow the the On the eve of his sum of 60,000 doppie in gold and silver, with the express condition that sum of 60,000 doppie gold and silver, express condition that

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ιΈ οclίοί, Clockwork S. Α. A. Bedini, Clockwork Cosmos Cosmos

was to to receive receive the the amount amount at at one one time time from from the the heirs. heirs. This she was This placed placed Enrichetta in the hands ofj οf the greatly disliked Queen Elisabetta, who greatly disliked Queen who imposed on her her the requirement imposed on requirement that she she consign consign to the regent regent the the of which which until untilthen then she she had had custody. custody. Enrichetta ducal Farnese jewώs jewels of Enrichetta was forced was forced to do do so, so, although although she she had had received received neither neither the the marital marital donation specified specified by by Duke D4e Antonio donation Antonio nor nor her herdowry. dowry. rending of 4 Duke Duke Antonio's Antonio'swill, wrn,aabombshell bombshellfell. fell. He Then, with the reading had left his estate to "the "the pregnant pregnant stomach stomach of of my my wife," wife," and delegated delegated bis "son" became of of age. age. The a regent to govern until his The people people of Parma and Piacenza were overj ο ed for it Piacenza were overjoyed it meant meant the the continuation continuation of of the the Farnese dynasty. Εmρerόr Charles to be be to his Farnese dynasty. Emperor Charles ΝΙ VI considered considered itit to his Πowed him him to to keep his troops in advantage, for it gained him time and aallowed in Italy. Pope Italy. Pope Clement Clement XII agreed to a regency, but did not believe in the pregnancy, pregnancy, nor did the French French king. king. Elisabetta Elisabetta promptly pronounced the pregnancy pregnancy aa hoax. hoax. Α A regency regency was was formed formed which which protested protested the takeover by Count takeover Count Stampa Stampa for for the the emperor, emperor, claiming claiming that the the ducal ducal throne was not necessarily vacant because of the supposed necessarily [vacant supposed pregnancy pregnancy of Enrichetta. Enrichetta. The TheDowager DowagerDuchess Duchess Dorotea Dorotea Sofia, Sofia, who who was was then living support of of her her daughter daughter in in Spain, Spain, living in in Piacenza, Piacenza, and and with with the the support demanded that that she she be be made made the theregent regentuntil untilher hergrandson grandsonDon DonCarlos Carlos was of legal was legal age. age. Duchess Duchess Enrichetta Enrichetta became became confused confused by by all all the th e turmoil turmoil about her and could could no no longer longer be certain certain whether whether or or not not she she was in fact was fact pregnant. pregnant. By this this time the the pregnancy By pregnancy had assumed assumed the proportions proportions of an an international cause celebre! celebre. Ministers Ministers and andforeign foreignemissaries, emissaries, political political observers, doctors, doctors, men men of science, observers, science, spies, spies, and playboys playboys flocked flocked to to Parma from all over over Europe to to wait wait out out the thepregnancy pregnancy which which would would change the course of the duchy's history. Was Wasshe sheor orwas wasshe shenot? not?The The question everylevel level of of Parmesan Parmesan society. society. The The question led led to to heated heated debate debte atatevery court was almost between the th e "believers" "believers" and and the the "noncourt almost equally equally diVided divided between believers"; the th e former courted the support of th e Farnese, Farnese, and and the the latter support of the hoped fom Spain. hoped for for future future honors honors from Spain. The dowager duchess was among the th e most The dowager duchess nonmost adamant of the nonbehevers, sufferedconstantly constantlyfrom fromher hermaliciousness. mahciousness. believers, and and Enrichetta siffered The month of of May May at at the the Palazzo Palazzo Farnese Farnese in in The dowager dowager had had passed the month Piacenza and then moved to Parma Parma to to be be closer closer to the the events events that that now now Piacenza Ειιropean world. held the attention of the European There she she found found herself herself to to world. There somewhat restrained restrained in in her heractivities activities by by Count Count Stampa, the leader of be somewhat the occupation occupation forces, forces, whή who at the gave the impression impression of th e same time gave being most Inher hercontinuing continuing being most solicitous solicitousof oflier her health health and and honor. honor. In

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the maintenance maintenance of of Famese Farnese supremacy, Queen Queen Elisabetta Elisabetta concern for the solicited her mother to to substitute substitute herself herselfin inthe theregency regencyasas constantly solicited of Don Don Carlos Carlos until until he he was was of oflegal legalage. age. tutor of The Duchess Enrichetta, Enrichetta, with with the the urging urging of of Count Count Stampa, Stampa, The Duchess persisted with dubious pregnancy pregnancy until until the the deception deception could could no no persisted with the dubious longer be continued. continued. Finally, Finally, on onSeptember September13, 13,1731, 1731, after aftereleven eleven longer had passed, passed, the the announcement announcement was was made made that thatthere therewas was in in fact fact months had no pregnancy. pregnancy. Common Common sense sense prevailed prevailed once once more more in in the theforeign foreign no chancelleries, Emperor Charles Charles ΝΙ VI and and Queen Queen Elisabetta Elisabetta resolved resolved chancelleries, and Emperor their differences, differences, at for the the time time being. being. Duchess Duchess Enrichetta Enrichetta their at least least for retired from from public public view, view, and soon moved moved to Piacenza. Piacenza. There There she she retired and soon eventually met met and and married married aaGerman Germannobleman. nobleman. eventualiy The investiture of Ddn Don Carlos Carlos de Borbon Borbon as as the the successor successor to to the the crown of of Parma, Parma, Piacenza Piacenza and and Tuscany Tuscany took took place place at at Parma Parma on on crown December The fifteen fifteen year year old old Spanish Spanish [rifante Infante was was not not December 29, 29, 1731. 1731. The but was was represented represented in in the the ceremony ceremony by by his his grandmother grandmother the the present but dowager, appointed co-tutor dowager, who who had had achieved achieved her her wish wish and had been appointed and regent. regent. After Afterthe thevassals vassalsof ofthe theduchy duchyhad hadpledged pledgedallegiance allegiancetoto Don Carlos, Carlos, bread, wine, and silver silver coins were distributed among among the the Don bread, wine, people amid much much celebration. celebration. people amid It until almost almost aa year year later later that thatDon DonCarlos Carlos came came to to Italy. Italy. lt was not until When passed through through Tuscany Tuscany in in June June he hereceived received the thesovereign sovereign When he passed homage senate. He Hedid didnot nottake takepossession possession of ofParma Parma and and homage of of the the senate. October. He Hewas wasbarely barelysixteen sixteenyears yearsof ofage agewi with th a fine Piacenza until October. physique excessive charm, charm, and considered considered handsome handsome by by some some physique and excessive Thepurpose purposeof ofhis his despite his pock-marked pock-marked face face and enormous enormous nose. nose. The visit was to learn about about the the people, people, and andhe hewas waswell wellreceived receivedas as he herode rode about the the countryside, countryside, under aa canopy canopy of of gold gold and andsilver silverbrocade, brocade, about 17 preceded by cuirassiers, cuirassiers, Irish Irish guards, guards, noblemen, noblemen,priests priestsand andknights. knights. (() ) preceded by center of of what what was was happening happeningin inthe thepalace, palace, Although he was at the center Pacini's position and and activities activities probably probably were were little, little, affected affected by by these these Facini's position political The horometrum horometrum may may well well have have been been the last last of of political events. events. The Pacini's works, for no instruments of a later date are known. lmown. Facini's works, for instruments of later date are His name was included included in annual census census of of the the church church of of His name was in the annual Maria deg degli Speroni, which which provided provided information information about about his his Santa Maria li Speroni, and domicile: domicile: status and 284-92; Acton, 13; Drei, 1Ι Farnese, Farnese, 284-92; Actif, Last Bourbons, p. 13; pp. 283-84; 283-84; dall'Acqua dall'Acqua and and Lucchesi, Lucchesi, Parma, unpaginated; Contessa Contessa Leontina Leontina di Vistarino, pp. Pam-ia, impaginated; Enrichetta d'Este, d'Esté, Duchessa Duchessa di di Parma. Parma. Congiura Congiura ed intrighi intrighi intorno intomo a un un trono trono (Milano: (Milano: Enrichetta Garzanti, 1942), 1942), passim. (17)501Α111, Solari, House of Farnese, Farnese, pp. () pp.

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Figure 41. 41. Portrait of Don Carlos (Courtesy of Cαrlds de Borbon, King King of of Naples Naples and and Sicily. Sicily. (Courtesy the Museo Museo di di San San Martino, Martino, Νa,Ιes). Naples).

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1728 63, habitation habitation Palazzo Palazzo 1728— — Bernardo Bernardo Facini, Faciiii, engineer, engineer, age 63, Farnese 1729 — engineer, age age 64, 64, habitation habitationPalazzo Palazzo 1729 — Bernardo Bernardo Facini, Facini, engineer, 18 Farnese. (() ) Farnese. the foHowing following year year Facirti Facini became became ill ill with with aalong longlingering lingering In the malady, and died a year later. ItItwas wasprobably probablyby byreason reasonofofhis hisillness illness malady, incapacity to work that his his name name was was no no longer longer included included on on the the and incapacity church rolls, although he remained a member of the parish. His Hisillness illness was not described, but but itit may may have have been been malignant malignantfever, fever, an anepidemic epidemicof of which had been been raging raging through through Lombardy, Lombardy, particularly particularly in Parma Parma and and Piacenza, during the time time that thatFacini Faciniwas wasill ill, ending ending in April April 1730. On Piacenza, 1730. On December 8, 1730 1730 he testament, he formulated formulated a codicil to his last will and testament, in which which his full name — — Santo Santo Bernardo Bernardo Facini Facini — — was was given given for for the the first time. Because Because he he was was incapacitated incapacitated and and unable unable to to write, write, the the first time. document was written out, out, at at his his dictation, dictation, by by his hisnotary, notary,Pietro Pietro document was written Celati, stating stating that that he he had had been been ill ill for foraalong longtime: time: Giovanni Celati, ,

Facini, son of of the the late late Benedetto BenedettoFacini, Facini, of of Signor Santo Bernardo Facini, city of of Venice, Venice, under the Via Via di di S. S. Maria Maria degli degli Speroni, Speroni, who who is the city under the by the grace grace of of God God of of sound sound mind mind and and intellect although by the intellect although physically indisposed, wishing to those items items to provide in addition to those which are established, established, with this this particular particular disposition disposition which which he he which as his his ultimate ultimate wish, wish, has has determined determinedto tomake makethe thefollowing following intends as codicils in of the the omnipotent omnipotentGod, God, of ofthe themost mostglorious glorious codicils in the name of always Virgin Virgin Μaή Mary His mother, and of of aall court in in Π the celestial court and always the hour always always and and especiaΠy especially at at the the hour hour of of his his death, death, he he the hour recommends God and be disposed disposed of of as as recommends his his soul soul to to God and his body to be indicated below.(19) (19) indicated below. on August August 10, 10, 1731, 1731, at Facini died on at the the age age of 66, 66, and and was buried in the church of of S. S. Maria Maria degli degli Speroni [now [now the church church of of San San Fermo] Fermo] which attended first first alone alone and andthen thenwith withhis hisfamily familyfrom fromthe the which he had attended time had come come to toPiacenza. Piacenza. The Theparish parishincluded includedthe thePalazzo Palazzo time he had its confines, confines, and the arrangements arrangements for for his his burial burialwere were Farnese within Its made personally by the duchess. According Accordingto tothe the"Certificate "Certificateof ofdeath death

18

( ) Piacenza, Piacenza, Chiesa Chiesa di di San San Sisto. Sisto. Archivio Archivio de de S. S. Maria Maria degli degli Speroni, Speroni, Censimenti, Census19 of parish 0f of S. S. Maria Maria degli degli Speroni Speroni for for the theyears years1728 1728 and and1729. 1729. Census 0f the parish ( ) Piacenza, Archivio Archivio di di Stato Stato di di Piacenza. Piacenza. Archivio Notari Notarile, notaio Pietro Pietro Giovanni Giovanni ιe, notaio Celati, busta 16489, 16489, prot. 22, n. n. 71, 71, "C "Codicillo Bernardo Facini." Facini." Celati, prot. 22, οdiciΠο di Bernardo

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42. The Figure 42. of S. S. Maria Maria degli The church of San Férmo, Fermo, formerly the church of degli Speroni, which Facini Pacini and his family attended, (Courtesy of of the the attended, and in which he was was buried. buried. (Courtesy Biblioteca Comunale Comunale Passerini-Landi, Passerini-Landi, Piacenza). Piacenza).

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of the of the celebrated celebrated artisan artisan and andDucal Ducalclockmaker clockmaker and andmathematician mathematician Bernardo Facini" filed with the obituary notices of the Bernardo Pacini" filed with obituary notices the church church of ofS. S. Maria degli degli Speroni Speroni (See (See Appendix IV. IV, 2): 7)-. The 10th The 10th day of of August August in the the Year Year of of our ourLord Lord1731, 1731, Bernardo Bernardo Ρedriώ, aa Facini, who who was was the the husband of Pacini, of the the lady lady Francesca Francesca Pedrini, distinguished mathematician, being being approximately approximately in in the the 77th 77th [sic] [sic] the sacraments year year of his his age, age, having having fulfilled fulfilled aallΠ the sacraments of the the Lord, Lord, expired: his his body was was solemnly solemnly carried carried to to this this parish church after expired: after the final rites, and was buried in the left transept of the chapel of buried in the left transept of the chapel ofS. S. M. I. [Santa M. I. [Santa Maria Maria Immaculata] Immaculata] by order order of of Her HerMost Most Serene Serene Highness the Duchess Highness Duchess Dorotea Dorotea Sofia. Sofia. (20) (20) The estimated estimated age age noted noted in in the death is in error, The death certificate certificate is error, if if Facirii's estate estate and compared with with the the church church census. census. Ar compared Anι inventory of Pacini's personal possessions was was completed completed and anddocumented documentedon onJuly July19, 19,1732. 1732. Facini's daughter Pacini's daughter Maria Maria and and his his son son Giorgio Giorgio had died, died, possibly possibly as consequence of of the same aa consequence same epidemic, epidemic, each survived survived by aa spouse spouse and and a child. child. A careful accounting accounting was was made of his money, A careful money, possessions, possessions, and of his debts owed him. him. It his debts and the money money owed It appears appears that that he he still still owned owned aa house and Πecting rent. rent. Among and shop shop in in Venice, Venice, from which which he he was was co collecting Among to the the debts debts of of his his estate estate was was the the sum sum of of twenty twenty zecchini owed owed to British consul at Venice, which had been paid to Facini for British consul at Venice, which had been paid to Pacini for "a "a Mathematical Instrument, Instrument, which which is is found found unfinished unfinished in in his his shop Mathematical shop and which was was to have served which served the Englishman." Englishman." The The furnishings furnishings of of his his home were listed in considerable considerable detail, detail, even even to to descriptions descriptions of of his his two two wigs (one used used and wigs (one and one one new) new) and andhis hispersonal personalclothing, clothing, filling filling nine nine pages. Worthy of mention are a total of twenty-two paintings, of which Worthy of mention are a total of twenty-two paintings, of only five five were were of of religious religious subjects. subjects. Among only Among them them were were four fourviews views of of the Palazzo Palazzo Farnese and and three three old old paintings paintings of of the the"Casa" "Casa" or orPalazzo. Palazzo. Of particular interest was was "a portrait Of particular interest portrait of of Her Her Serene Serene Highness Highness the the Duchess Dorotea Sofia by Molinareto" Molinareto" which which is is presumed presumed to have been a gift gift from from his his patroness. patroness. Notable among his his personal were the the tools Notable among personal possessions possessions were tools and and Appendix equipment of his workshop, and his his personal library. (See equipment workshop, and personal library. (See Appendix 20 Piacenza, Chiesa ((20) ) Piacenza, Chiesa di di San San Spirito. Spirito. Archivio Archivio di di S. S. Maria Maria degli Speroni, Speroni, Obituari. Obituari. Finiti, "Architetti, "Obituario di Santo Santo Bernardo Bernardo Facini," Facini," 10 10 Aprile 1731; GIoRGIo Giorgio Fiori, "Architetti, scultori, ed artisti minori Bollettino Storico Storico Piacentini, ed minori Piacentini" Piacentini," Bollettino Piacentino, Anno Anno LXVI, LXVI, fasc. fase. 2, MaggioMaggioAgosto 1971, 1971, p. 69. 69.

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ΙΙΙ). AAreview III). review of of these these Items items made it apparent that that in in addition addition to to being a maker of mathematical mathematical instruments he also worked as a cloekmaker. instruments he also worked as a clockmaker. Included in the Included the inventory inventory were were clocks, clocks, some some complete complete and and others others requiring repair, lathes, bench vises, vises, a clock clock wheel cutter, and and aa range range materials. The of hand tools tools and stocks stocks of materials. The tools tools and and equipment equipment were were evaluated by Antonio Mazzochi. evaluated Antonio Mazzochi. Facini's library was impressive, consisting of fifty volumes, volumes, twenty Pacini's of which were considered by the appraiser appraiser to to be be of of little little significance significance or or value. However, value. However, thirty thirty volumes volumes were were set set aside aside as as being being of ofsufficient sufficient importance as to require individual in dividual evaluation. evaluation. Listed Listed by by short short titles, titles, it has been possible to identify identify most most of of them. them. No possible to No copy copy of of his his own own work work on the quadrature of the circle was among among them. them. ItIt isis an on circle was animpressive impressive working collection, collection, and and included ing to α11 working included works works relat relating all of of Facini's Pacini's endeavors and interests: endeavors interests: Mathematics Gnomonics Astronomy Mensuration Mechanics Fortification

Natural history Natural Cosmography Navigation Navigation Hydrography Hydrography Physics Miscellaneous. (21) Miscellaneous. (21)

Few invento ries of Few inventories of the the libraries libraries of of skilled skilled artisans artisans such such as as clockmakers and instrument makers, particularly in Italy, have come to instrument makers, in Italy, have light, general impression impression is that that these these craftsmen craftsmen were were indeed indeed light, and the general skilled with Suchwas was not not skilled with their their hands hands but but with with little little academic academic learning. learning. Such actually case, however. however. From From the the late latefifteenth fifteenthcentury, century, when when actually the the case, rior to books cities, and pprior books moved moved out of the monastic tradition into the cities, that the the industrial industrial revolution revolution reduced reduced aartisans the time that rt isans to to penury penury and and to membership in in the laboring the makers ine clocks membership laboring classes, classes, the makers of ffine clocks and scientific members of of the thescholarly scholarlycommunity. community. scientific instruments instruments were were members Such was Facini. Pacini. Such indeed was The survival survival of of these these "little "little men men of of science" science" was was contingent contingent upon upon a

21 ((21) ) Piacenza, Archivio di di Stato Stato di di Piacenza, Piacenza, Archivio Archivio Notariιe, Notarile, notaio notaio Francesco Francesco Piacenza, Archivio Maria Pairtrici, Pantrici, busta busta 16698, 16698, filza filza I, nn. nn. 24, 24, 26, 26, and and 27, 27, "Stima "Stima dell'apparato dell'apparato dotale dotale dl di Antonia Facchii Faccini [IC]"; [IC]"; "Contratto "Contratto dotale dotale relativo relativo alla alla moglie moglie dl di Bernardo Bernardo Faciiii"; Facini"; Antonia "Inventario del dei mobili mobili delreredit dell'ereditàα di Bernardo Facini;" Pacini;" busta busta 16692, 16692, prot. n. 56, 56, prot. 2, 2, n. dl Bernardo di "Inventario dell'eredità dell'eredità di Silvio A. A. BEDIM, Bedini, "La "La Biblioteca di di Bernardino Faccini [sic];" SILVIO Bernardo Facini Facini fabbricante fabbricante di di strumenti strumenti scientifici scientifici aa Venezia Venezia eePiacenza Piacenza(1665-1731)," (1665-1731)," Bollettino Piacentino, vol. vol. LXXIX LXXIX (1984), (1984), pp. 75-84. Bollettino Storico Storico Piacentini, pp. 75-84.

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limited market, early sixteenth sixteenth century century until until at at least least the the limited market, and from the early eighteenth century century they they expended expendedeffort effortand andingenuity ingenuityto to middle of the eighteenth gain and maintain maintain the the attention attention and and support support of ofwealthy wealthy patrons patrons on on gain Thiswas wasparticularly particularlythe thecase caseinin which their very existence existence depended. This France, Germany, Germany, and Italy. Italy. The Thenumber numberofofskilled skilledartisans artisansexceeded exceeded France, number of of princes, princes, prelates prelates and and wealthy wealthy members members of of the themiddle middle the number class who purchased their their products, products, with with the the consequence consequence that that upper class was considerable considerable competition competition among among them. them. there was Common routine mathematical mathematical instruments instruments Common domestic domestic clocks clocks and routine skills of The required primarily the skills of the the metalworker metalworker and and the the engraver. engraver. The makers of of complicated complicated clocks, clocks, mathematical mathematical and andastronomical astronomical makers and mechanical mechanical inventions only hand hand skills skills instruments and inventions required not only scientific knowledge knowledge and and were were generally generally men men of of sound soundeducation, education, but scientific specialized training in one or more more of of the the sciences sciences to to which which their thenwith specialized work related. The products products of of the the master master clockmakers and instrument work related. The makers had had another anothercharacteristic characteristic in inthat thatthey theywere werealso alsodistinguished distinguished artistry of of design design and andexecution. execution. by artistry Little is training and work work habits habits of of Little is presently presently known known about about the training artisans. Although Although itit has has been been assumed assumed that thatthey theywere were aware aware of of these artisans. newly pubhshed of the the latest latest newly publishedworks worksinin their their subject subject fields fields and and of developments in and sciences, sciences, there there has has been been little little ifif any any developments in the the arts arts and confirm it. This Thisisis particularly particularly true true in Italy, except for the the evidence to conf irm it. occasional giants science such such as asGalileo Galileo Galilei Galilei and and later later Luigi Luigi occasional giants of science and Messandro Alessandro Volta. Volta. Galvani and the personal personal possessions possessions of of other other Undoubtedly inventories exist of the and libraries, libraries, but but for for artisans, including listings of their their shop equipment and earlier periods and and particularly particularly in Italy Italy they they remain remain to to be befound. found. the earlier This lack knowledge is fact that that scholars scholars have have This lack of knowledge is due due primarily primarily to the fact as yet yet undertaken undertaken systematic systematic study study of of Italian Italian clockmakers clockmakers and and not as makers. instrument makers. The reason reason that Facini's Pacini's scientific scientific library library was identified identified in such such The been because because of of the thelarge large number numberof ofbooks booksititincluded, included, detail may have been which must have have been been unusual unusual for for someone someone other other than than aawealthy wealthy which must member of of the the ruling ruling class. class. His Hiscollection collectionof offifty fiftyvolumes volumes prelate or member constituted a substantial substantial investment undoubtedly had been been constituted investment and and undoubtedly assembled over years. Because Becauseititwas wasan anitem itemof ofnotable notable assembled over a number of years. acknowledgement inventory. Regrettably Regrettably value it required ac kn owledgement in an estate inventory. appraisal left left no no clue clue to to the the the librarian or bookdealer who made the appraisal nature of of the the twenty twentyvolumes volumes he hedismissed dismissedas asof oflittle littlevalue valueor orinterest, interest, nature might have have provided provided further further insight insight into into the the character character and and for they might

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personalityof 0f Pacini. Facini. In personality In the theearly earlyeighteenth eighteenthcentury century private private ownership 0f books except by the privileged or wealthy was not ownership of books except privileged wealthy not as as common in in Italy common Italy as it it was was later later to tobecome. become. which he he had had been Facini's primary interest was mathematics, h Pacini's inι which trained and which the basis basis of of all his work. work. The trained which formed formed the all his The substantial substantial number of works number works on on astronomy astronomy he he owned owned reflected reflected his his studies studies and endeavors to the and endeavors relating relating to the Planisferologio. Planisferologio. Other Other works, works, on on cosmography, hydrography, natural history and navigation, cosmography, hydrography, navigation, may have been acquired acquired as as aaresult resultofofhis hisassociation associationwith withVincenzo VincenzoCoronelli. CoroneUi.

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CHAPTER V 1 CHAPTER

OF PRINCELY OF PRINCELY POSSESSORS POSSESSORS

ΡΙ rnisferοΙοgiο on Ριb7Ζο Farnese on display display in in the Palazzo Famese in Piacenza The Planisferologio was of the was much much admired admired not only only by by the the intellectual intellectual members members of the Parmesan court court and and the the cultural cultural institutions of Parma and and Piacenza Piacenza but :ι1 sσ by also by all all who who came came on on state state business business or for other other reasons. reasons. The The duchess was was delighted with her new acquisition and ccongratulated duchess delighted with acquisition and οngτatυΙated herself on her herself on her foresight foresight in in having having commissioned commissioned it.it. She She was was inordinately proud of it and of her skillful mechrn ϋcian inordinately proud of and of her skillful mechanician who who had conceived and constructed constructedit.it. News of the the invention inventionreached reahed other conceived and News of other princely courts courts and princely and brought brought distinguished distinguished visitors visitors from from afar. afar. Notable among among them was the celebrated Notable celebrated physician physician and naturalist naturalist had learned learned of it of the the University University of of Padua, Padua, Antonio Antonio Vallisneri, Vallisneri, who who had it 1 (1) while visiting visiting aa friend in while in Milan. Milan. ( ) After After his his arrival arrival in in Piacenza Piacenza he examined examined the masterwork masterwork in the the company company of of aafriend, friend,while whileFacird Pacini explained its operation operation and functions explained its functions to them. them. On OnOctober October10, 10,1727 1727 ‚billisnerj wrote an an account of the visit in a letter from Piacenza to the Vallisneri wrote the mathematician andengineer engineerGiovanni Giovanni Poleni, Poleni, a fellow faculty member at mathematician and 2 the University of 0f Padua. ((2) ) The Theletter, letter,which whichappeared appearedin inthe thefollowing following collection of writings compiled by the journalist-editor journalist-editorAngelo Angelo year in aa collection Calogera, is earliest published published description description of ofthe thePlanisferologio. Planisferologio. Calogera, is the earliest letter Vallisneri Vallisneri wrote generally of new inventions that that were were In his letter frequently being Among them frequently beingmade madein in Italy. Italy. Among them he he noted noted aa new and Vallisneri (1661-1730), (1661-1730),a acelebrated celebratedphysician physicianand andnaturalist, naturalist, was bom born at (1) Antonio Vallisneri at Tresilico. He bis doctorate in Tresilico. He studied studied at at Bologna Bologna under Marcello Malpighi and received his medicine philosophy at at Reggio. Reggio. He medicine and philosophy He returned returned for forfurther furtherstudy studyunder underMalpigbi, Malpighi, then then completed his his medical medical training training in in 1687 and 1688 1688atatParma Parma and and Venice. Venice. In completed 1687 and In 1700 1700 he was appointed to the the chair chair of of modem modem experimental experimental philosophy philosophy at at the the University University of Padua and and from 1710 theoretical medicine. medicine. His 1710 until his occupied the first first cirnir chair of theoretical His major major bis death he occupied achievement was the study of of insects insects and and the thereproductive reproductive systems systems 0f ofmen menand andanimals. animals. He also made made excursions excursions into geophysics geophysics and geology geology and the evolution evolution of water plants. plants. [Enciclopedia Italiana, vol. XXVII, XXVII, p. p. 937; 937; Dictionary Scientific Biography, Biography, voL vol. XIII, XIII, [Enciclopedia Italiana, voL Dictionary of Scientific pp. 562-65]. ρρ. 562-651. 2 ( ) Giovanni Note 17. 17. Giovanni Poleni Poleni (1685-1761). (1685-1761). See See Chapter Chapter II, Note

9o

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ingenious machine with many uses ingenious uses called called the the "Planisferologio" "Planisferologio" which which had been brought to to his his attention attention by by the thedistinguished distinguished man man of of letters, letters, the marquis Landi of of Piacenza. Piacenza.(3() the marquis Ubertino Ubertino Landi ) He Hewrote: wrote: This was was invented invented and aid made by his own hands and This and most incredibly weΠ finished finished by Signor well Signor Bernardo Facini, Pacini, a Venetian, Venetian, your former friend friend and servitor servitor as as he he told told me mehimself, himself, who who isisextremely extremely we wellΠ informed of the laws of mathematics, on the foundation informed foundation of of which which he reduced to practice practice all all that that which which came came to to his his mind mind to to do. do. Ι I have been some days days previously previously in in Milan Milan in the home home of of my my always always who told told venerated heroine the Countess Countess Clelia Grilla Borromeo, (4) (4) who me me that an an English English doctor doctor had hadseen seenininPiacenza Piacenzathe thefollowing following which he called caΠed "a miraculous machine," advising that that IΙ should should not not fail to see it. He stated that in London, where there are many fail to see it. He stated that in London, where there are many master clockmakers, justifiably celebrated, celebrated, there there was master clockmakers, justifiably was nothing nothing similar. This similar. This coming coming from the mouth mouth of an Englishman seemed to me to be a eulogy of our our most most esteemed esteemedSignor SignorFacirii... Pacini... Praise Praise be be to to realized by by that that magnanimous the skies, Facini's Pacini's talents were were we wellΠ realized Sofia Palatine Famese, lady Her Serene Highness Highness Dorotea Sofia Farnese, [relict] [relict] of the late late Most Most Serene Serene Highness Highness the the Duke Duke of of Parma, Parma, Piacenza, Piacenza, «&c... describe Sferologio &c... Not Not having having time time myself to desc ribe the mentioned Sferologio [sic], IΙ submit that of a participating friend. Pacinihimself himselfhaving having friend. Facini that before already told me that before preparing preparingaadescription descriptionof ofit, it, in in order orderto to provide aa better understanding provide understanding of the instrument, instrument, he planned to to produce illustrations cut cut in in copper copper of ofthe theentire entiremechanism, mechanism, produce iΠυstratιοns inasmuch your rare rare talent talent and and vivid vivid and andprofound profound inasmuch as as with with your knowledge understand it. it. (5) (5) knowledge you you could understand 3 Υ ((3) ) Ubertino Landi, Count Count Rivalta Rivalta and Marchese Marchese di di Gambaro Gambaro (fi. (fi. 18th 18th c.) c.) was bertino Landi, was a member of a distinguished distinguished family was an an arcadian arcadian family with with feudal feudal origins originsof of Piacenza. Piacenza. He was poet and aaman manofofconsiderable considerablelearning learning who who studied studied literature literature and andthe thesciences. sciences. poet and [Enciclopedia Italiana, vol. XX, XX, p. p. 492]. 492]. [Enciclopedia Italiana, vol. 4 ( ) Clelia Clelia dei del Grillo Grillo Borromeo Borromeo (1684-1777) (1684-1777) was wife of of Giovanni Giovanni Benedetto Benedetto was the the wife Borromeo member He occupied occupied aaprepreBorromeo (1679-1744), (1679-1744), memberofofaacelebrated celebratedMilanese Milanesefamily. family. He eminent position position in the intellectual intellectual and and political politicalworld worldof ofhis histime. time. He supported Spain Empress Maria Maria Theresa Theresa of of Austria Austria with the the consequence consequence that thatall allhis hisproperties properties against the Empress were confiscated and he was was obliged obliged to spend spend the therest restofofhis hislife lifeIninexile. exile. [Enciclopedia [Enciclopedia Italiana, vol. VII, VII, p. 512], Italiana, vol. p. 512]. (5) ANGELO Angelo CALOGERA, Calogera, Raccolta d'Opuscoli d'Opuscoli Scientifici, e Filologici. Sotta la la Filologici. Tomo Primo Primo Sotta Protezione dell'Altessa Serenissima di Dorotea Dorotea Sofia Co: Co: Palatina Palatina del Reno Duchessa Duchessa di di Parma Piacenza &c. Appresso Cristoforo Cristoforo Zane, 1728), 1728), pp. 103-26. "Lettera "Lettera scritta scritta &c. (Venezia: Appresso pp. 103-26. al Sig. Giovanni Poleni, di Matematica &c. &c. dal dal Sig. Sig. Cavalier Sig. Marchese Giovanni Pueril, Pubblico Professore di Antonio Vallisneri Vallisneri intorno intomo al al Planisferulogio, Planisferologio, nuovamente nuovamente inventato inventato dal dal Sig. Sig. Bernardo Bernardo Pacini." Dated Piacenza, Piacenza, October October 10, 10, 1727. 1727. Informazione, Informazione, ee usi usi del del novissimo novissimo Facini." Dated Planisferologio Posseduto Posseduto dalla dalla Serenissima Serenissima Dorotea Dorotea Sofia Palatina Palatina Farnese Duchessa di di FarneseDuchessa Parma, Piacenza, Inventato ed ed eseguito eseguito da da Bernardo Bernardo Facini Pacini Veneto. Veneto. Parma, Piacenza, &c. &c. Inventato ')

(5)

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Figure 43. Title-page 0f of Calegora's Calegora's Raccolta d'opuscoli scientifici (1728) 43. Title-page (1728)in in which which the the first description description of of the the Planisferologio Planisferologio was was published. published. (Courtesy (Courtesy of ofthe theAmerican American Philosophical Society). Society).

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S. A. S. A. Bedini, Bedini, Clockwork Clockwork Cosmos Cosmos

Vs iiisneri's letter letter reveals reveals that that not only had he personally Vallisneri's personally observed observed the Planisferologio Piacenza,but but also also that Facini the Planisferologio inin Piacenza, Pacini himself himself had had demonstrated it to him. The instrument maker had told him that he demonstrated it to him. The instrument acquainted with in his was personally acquainted with Giovanni Giovanni Poleni, Poleni, a notable figure in his field of mathematics. field mathematics. The detailed The detailed description description of of the thePlirnisferologio Planisferologio compiled compiled by by Valiisneri's unidentified unidentified "participating Vallisneri's "participating friend" friend" was was unquestionably unquestionably based upon Facini's Pacini's own explanation explanation of the instrument, instrument, and for for that that reason reason is of of particular particular interest. interest. (See (See Appendix V). V). Facini's statement to that he was planning to produce aa Pacini's to Valiisneri Vallisneri that written description of the andthat that he he was written description of the Plariisferologio Planisferologio and was first first preparing drawings drawingsof of its Its components components parts parts to to be reproduced preparing reproduced by by copperplate is is significant. significant. There copperplate There is is sufficient sufficient reason to believe believe that years he completed not only the drawings during the next several years drawings but instrument in detail with instructions for also a "manual" describing the instrument Its operation. its operation. The duchess The duchess treasured treasured her new new acquisition acquisition above above her her other other possessions, and and made specific provision for for its protection even after possessions, specific provision after 3), she her death. death. In Inher herlast lastwill willand andtestament testament (See (See Appendix IV, IV, 3), included it among other other bequests bequests of ofher herJewelry jewelry and and personal personal treasures: treasures: To Her Royal Majesty Queen Marianna Marianna of of Spain Spainwidow, widow, my my sister, sister, 6 (6) sign of of gratitude gratitude and the and Lady, ( ) I leave as a sign the singular singular affection affection in which in which I have have always always held held her, her, and and the the benign benign regard regard and and distinction, the the coffer which which came came from Her Serene my distinction, Serene Electrice, my rock crystal crystal above above the the same. same. Also mother, having a clock of rock Also II leave leave to her the two large agate glove glove holders holders all all bound boundin insilver silverfiligree, filigree, and bordered bordered with with a gold gold thread, and and half half of of the theholy holy reliquary rehquary bound in silver which II shall shall have have at at the time of my death, and bound silver which and reserve that that of Saint reserve Saint Elizabeth Elizabeth which which I have have bequeathed, bequeathed, as as Raccolta, was Angelo Calogera Calogera (1696-1766), the compiler compiler of the Angelo (1696-1766), the the Raccolta, was a native native of Padua. Padua. and undertook studies in natural He joined the the Congregation Congregation of camaldolesi Camaldolesi in Venice, Venice, and history. With WithVailisneri's Vallisneri's encouragement encouragement he he directed directed his his efforts efforts to editing editing and and journalism, an editorial projects. projects. The bis Raccolta, Raccolta, an and became engaged engaged in various various editorial The first first volume volume of of his the publication publication important compilation important compilation of of eighteenth eighteenthcentury centuryscience, science,appeared appearedinin1728 1728 and and the was continued the end was continued to the end of his his life, life, and then posthumously. posthumously. He was was the author author of of Italiani (Roma: Istituto della numerous other other works. works. [Dizionario [Dizionario Biografici Biografico degli degli Italiani della Enciclopedia Italiana. clopedia Italiana, 1970), 1970), voL voi. Ιό, 16, ρρ. pp. 790-933. 790-93]. 6 Pfalzgrafen Philipp Philipp Marie Anne von Pfalz-Neuburg (1667-1740) (1667-1740)was wasaadaughter daughter of 0f Pfalzgrafen ((6) ) Marie Wilhelm zu zu Neuburg Neuburg and an an older older sister sister of Dorotea Sofia. Sofia. In In1690 1690 she she married married King King Carlos II of Spain, who died in 1700. Carlos 1700. He Hewas wassucceeded succeededby byKing KingFelipe FelipeV, V, whose whose second second marriage was was to Elisabetta, marriage Elisabetta, daughter daughter 0f of Dorotea Sofia. Sofía.

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Chapter 'J V -- The The Pdxiceiy Princely Ρσ Possessors sessοrs Chapter

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indicated above, Holy Majesty, Majesty, the the Queen Queen of of Spain Spain indicated above, to to Her Holy [Elisabetta], and and of of others others of of which which II shall shall dispose dispose in the the following following is included included the half half of of the the reliquary reliquary of of Saint SaintAntony Antony of of Padua Padua is bound in gilt gilt metal metal and and bordered bordered with with diamonds diamonds and and having having aa bound pedestal on which which the the said saidreliquary reliquary reposes. reposes. pedestal To His Royal Hi·hiiess Highness Don Don Carlos Carlos of SSpain, Duke and ρ ώι, now Duke To Sovereign of these States, my grandson grandson and and my my lord, lord, first first born bomson son of Her Majesty Majesty the Queen Queen of of Spain Spain Elisabetta Elisabetta my daughter, daughter, and after him to to bis his successors successors in same State, State, II bequeath bequeath my my after in this same Planisferologio, singular constracted by by Plrniisferologio, singularmasterwdrk masterwork invention invention and and constructed mathematician Bernardo In the the event event that that the celebrated mathematician Bernardo Facini. Facirii. In before my death death II have have not notmade madeaagift giftof ofititto toHis HisRoyal RoyalHighness, Highness, determined that thatII wish wish to to make make as as aa demonstration demonstrationof of as I have just determined beg that thathe hewill will agree agree to to keep keepititalways always my most cordial cοrdi'1 affection, II beg and that thathe heobligate obligate bis his successors to do do in his abode in this State, and the same in this this same same State, State, in in such such aarummer manner that thatititwill willalways always keep alive alive th the memory of such such aagreat greatman. man.(7) (7) e memory owned aa collection collection of of other other timepieces timepieces which which she she kept kept The duchess owned in the the palace palace at atPiacenza, Piacenza, and and a apartial partialinventory inventorymade madeinin1708 1708 in described some some interesting interesting pieces: pieces: A clock in the form form of of aaReliquary Reliquary having having eight eight lion lion feet feet of ofgold, gold, Α and at the summit an Angel of gilt brass. and the summit an Αngel gilt brass. A large clock clock in of aa mappamondo having terrestrial terrestrial Α in the form 0f celestial globes, globes, and sphere, sphere, all all made made 0f ofgilt gilt brass brasswith withfalse false and celestial octagonal feet, with an an ebony ebony cornice, comice, and and eight eight lion lion enamel and octagonal with rings rings in their their moimths. mounths. heads with A comices of of gilt gilt or perhaps perhaps silver silver made made in in Panabiera [?] [?]with cornices Α Panabiera square and and engraved engraved with with aaBacchanal Bacchanal and and the horses of of a square th e horses Hannibal. Weight Weightseventy-eight seventy-eight and and aa quarter quarter onde, or 68-3/4. 68-3/4. HannibaL oncle, or At the head head of of the the same same Gallery Gallery in in the the room room called called the the At the mirror of crystal, in th the middle of of which which is is Babigotto: a large square mirrσr e middle

7 ((') ) Parma, Parma, Archivio Archivio di di Stato Stato di di Parma. Parma. Fondo Fondo di Casa Casa e Corte Corte Borbonica, Borbonica, busta 23, busta 23, fase. n. n. 10. 10. Last Lastwill will and andtestament testamentof ofDuchess Duchess Dorotea Dorotea Sofia; Sofia; Milan, Milan, Archivio Archivio diStato di Stato di di Milano, Potenze Potenze E Estere, busta 98/99, 98/99, e.c. 97, 97, "Testamento "Testamento della della Sra. Sra. Duchessa Duchessa Dorotea Dorotea degli degli Milano, stere, busta 11 7bre 7bre 1732," 1732," 44 pages. pages. 11 Dorotea Sofia von von Pfalz-Neuburg Pfaiz-Neuburg (1670-1748) (1670-1748) was daughters of of wasone oneof of the the younger younger daughters Dorotea Sofia Pfalzgrafen Philipp Philipp Wilhelm Wilhelm zu zu Neuburg. Neuburg. An Anolder oldersister, sister,Eleanore EleanoreMagdalene MagdaleneTherese Therese (1655-1720) married of Austria, other sisters sisters were were married married to to Peter Peter (1655-1720) married Emperor Emperor Leopold Leopold ΙI of Austria, and and other II of Portugal, Portugal, Carlos Carlos II of Spain, Spain, and and Jacob Jacob Sobieski Sobieski of of Ρο1and Poland. II of 11 of

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a clock with various ornaments cut cut in in bas-relief, bas-relief, in in which which is is inlaid inlaid 8 a crest in crystal of His Royal Highness. (8) crest in crystal of His Royal Highness. ( )

These were were years years of of constant constant tumult tumult arid These and upheaval for the duchy of Parma and and Piacenza. Piacenza. Α A treaty signed signed in in Vienna Vienna on on July July22, 22, 1731 1731 finally brought accord between the Spanish and the Austrians, brought accord between the Spanish the Austrians, and and the the emperor agreed to remove his troops of occupation from Parma and and to to recognize the the rights of Don σn to the duchies he had recognize Don Carlos Carlos de de Borb Borbon duchies he inherited. inherited. He He was was encouraged encouraged to to his his decision decision not not only only by byQueen Queen Elisabetta's menacing attitude but also Elisabetta's menacing also by by the the presence presence of of an anEnglish English flotilla off off Livorno. Livorno. Then flotilla Then in in late late October October King King Felipe Felipe V V of of Spain Spain informed Dorotea Sofia Sofia that the dubious dubious course course that that was was being being taken taken by events him to to send by events in Europe Europe motivated motivated him send Spanish Spanish troops troops of of occupation to Italy to protect the duchies for his son and her grandson, duchies her grandson, an action an action for for which which she she was was grateful. grateful. 1731was wasone oneof ofthe the most most memorable memorable days in Dorotea Dorotea December 29, 29,1731 life, as as she officially officially assumed assumed her her role as her grandson's Sofia's life, grandson's co-tutor duchy. Attended and as regent of the duchy. Attendedby byher hercourtiers courtiers and andwith with the the cocotutor, the tutor, the plenipotientiary plenipotientiary from from Tuscany, Tuscany, beside beside her, her, Dorotea Dorotea Sofia Sofia ascended the ducal throne in in the the great great salon salon of of the the palace palace in in Parma. Parma. One by one one she she received received the the gathered gathered representatives representatives of all the the One by of all seventeen communities of the state and and their their feudatories, feudatories, as as they they came came forward to swear σn. Upon th e completion completion forward swear fealty fealty to to Don Don Carlos Carlos de de Borb Borbon. Upon the th e entourage entourage to to the entrance of San Sau Michele of this ceremony, she led the Michele to receive receive the keys keys to the the city city from from Count Count Stampa. ItItwas was aa proud proud moment for the the duchess, for once once again again she she ruled. ruled. The moment duchess, for The event event was was appropriately memoriahzed memorializedinin an an engraving by the Venetian appropriately engraving by Venetian artist artist Novelli. The The inscription, inscription, in Italian Italian and and French, French, stated stated "The "The Princess Princess Novern. Dorotea Sofia mother [sic] of the late Serene Highness Antonio Farnese Famese Duke Parma and and Piacenza, Piacenza, constituted constituted tutor of of the the Infante Infante Don Don Duke of of Parma Carlo, takes takes possession Carlo, possession of the the duchies duchieson on2929December December1731." 1731."(9) (9) With acquisition of Parma and and Tuscany Tuscany as as his his With the acquisition of the duchies of Parma personal domain, Prince Prince Don Don Carlos Carlos began to relish the amenities amenities of of his his new position and consigned the government government and and defense defense of of his his states states to to a junta and and his his Spanish Spanish generals. generals. Then Then he hereceived received word word from from his his mother, Queen Elisabetta, that he had had been been created created titular titular commandercommandera

53, ( ) Parma, Archivio di Stato di Parma. Fondi Fondo di Case Case ee Corte Corte Famesiana, Farnesiana,busta 53, fasc. 5. Inventory fase. n.9 5. Inventorymade madeinin1708 1708 of of the the contents contentsof ofthe thePalazzo PalazzoFamese FarneseininPiacenza. Piacenza. ( ) Drei, 292. Engraving Engraving by Novelli by Antonio Antonio Latta & & Dtm, ΙI Farnese, Farnese, p. 292. livelli and printed by Figli of of Venice, Venice, in the the collections collections of the Biblioteca Biblioteca Palatina, Palatina, Parma. Parma.

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:

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S. A. S. A. Bedini, Bedini, Clockwork Clockwork Cosmos Cosmos

in-clef in-chiefof ofthe theSpanish Spanisharmy armyhi inItaly. Italy. Thereupon ThereuponononJanuary January20, 20,1734, 1734, his eighteenth birthday, birthday, he he officially officially declared declared himself himself to to be be of ofage age "free "free arid administer administer our States independently," and to rule and and with with his mother's mother's urging, prepared to proceed southward urging, prepared southward to to conquer conquer Naples Naples and andSicily. Sicily. Concerned for for the preservation of the Famese tu Concerned Farnese family family treasures in Parma arid and Piacenza Piacenza in the the event eventof ofGerman Germanaggression, aggression, which which was was anticipated in anticipated in the the next next few few months, months, Don Don Carlos Carlos arnmged arranged for for inventories inventories to be be made made secretly secretly of ofthe thejewels, jewels,me&ils, medals, tapestries, tapestries, paintings paintings and and important furniture furniture in in all all the the ducal ducal properties. properties. He later extended He later extended the of libraries libraries and and archives. arcbives. On project to include include inventories inventories of On February February ist, 1st, having been joined by the count count of of Montemar Montemar sent sent by by his his mother mother bis grand march of from Spain, Spain, he prepared to leave leave Parma Parma to to begin begin his conquest. Before conquest. Before bis his departure he selected selected the most important of the the Farnese heirlooms to take with him, then then consigned consigned the the regency regency to to the the his competent competent grandmother. grandmother. He bis way way to to care of his Hevisited visited Florence Florence on his review his bis army at at Perugia Perugia and andthen thenproceeded proceededtowards towardsNaples. Naples.(11) (10) by German German troops. troops. Preliminary In May the duchies were invaded by Preliminary negotiations for peace peace were were begun in Vienna negotiations for Vienna in in 1735, 1735, in which which the the Austria was wascontemplated. contemplated. Uncertain dueles to Austria ceding of the Farriese Farnese duchies Uncertain the about the outcome. about outcome. Queen Queen Elisabetta Elisabetta became became worried worried about about the remaining inventoried inventoried treasures treasures in in the the Farnese remaining Farnese palaces palaces at at Parma, Parma, Piacenza, Colimo and Sala, Piacenza, Colomo Sala, wbich which she considered to be in fact part part of of family heritage. heritage. Fearing her family Fearingthey they were were in hazard, she promptly ordered those items Items to to be be transported to Naples Naplesto to her her son's son's care. care. The those transported to The Plirnisferologlopresumably presumablyremained remainedin in Piacenza Piacenza in in accordance with Planisferologio with of the the dowager dowager duchess. duchess. However, the wishes of However, there there is is no certainty certainty that that such was the case and it may have been included among the, items such was case and it may have been included among the.items removed first by Don removed Don Carlos Carlos and and later laterby byhis hismother. mother.(11) (11) The successful completion of of the Planisferologio had constituted The successful completion Planisferologio had the culmination culmination of Facini's Pacini's career, career, and its its acclaim acclaim from from all all sides sides had had satisfaction. When brought him great praise and satisfaction. Whenhe hedied diedsix six years years after after its completion it was its completion it was with with the the conviction conviction that that bis his work work had had been been recognized as one of the world's world's greatest greatest horological horological achievements achievements and and that would continue to bring honor to his bis name name in in perpetuity. perpetuity. No one that No one that only one could could have have foretold foretold that only a few few years years after after bis his death death the authorship of 0f the PJrnisferologio wouldbe be questioned questioned and and that that the authorship Planisferologio would the 10 ((") ) AcnIoi, Action, Last Last Bourbons, Bourbons, pp. 14-18; 14-18; Drei. Drei, IΙ Farnese, Farnese, p. 293. 293. 11 ((')) Parma, Parma, Arcivio Arcivio di Stato di Parma. Fondo Fondo di Casa ee Corte Corte Borbonica, di Casa Borbonica, busta busta 34, 34, fasc. 12, fase. 12, "Documenti diversi sul trasporto delle spoglie spoglie dei dei Farnesi Farnesi ee dei dei Borbonici"; Borbonici"; Drei, Drei, IΙ Farnese, pp. Farnese, pp. 293-94. 293-94.

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Chapter V1 The - ThePrincely PrincelyPossessors Possessors Chapter

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perpetuation of of aa bibliographical bibliographical error error woukl would take away from bim him that perpetuation honor more than than two two hundred hundred and andfifty fiftyyears. years. honor for more misattribution caine came about about ten ten years years after after Valiisneri Vallisneri visited visited The misalkibution Piacenza to see the Firnisferologio Planisferologio and ext,olled extolled its wonders. In1737 1737 it wonders. In again became the the subject subjectof ofpublished publishedwritings, writings, in inaavolume volumeof of literary hterary essays by the erudite scholar and poet poet Scipione Maffei Maffei of essays of Verona. Verona. In description the first volume of his bis Osservazioni Letterarie he included aa description made aastartling startling statement: statement: and made We must neglect to speak of aa Sferologio Sferologio [sic], [sic], that is, is, an an We must not neglect to speak admirable astronomical astronomical mechrniism mechanism, ininthe thepossession possession of of Her Her admirable Serene Highness the Duchess of Parma, Dorotea. ItItisisdiscussed discussed in Ρarma Dorotea. the first first volume volume [of [of the the Raccolta d'Opuscoli d'Opuscoli Scientifici], Scientifici], a letter in the noted as as the the invention invention of of Bernardo Bernardo Facini, Pacini, but but in in truth truth the the and noted invention was Montanari, the thecelebrated celebrated mathema mathematician. invention was that of Μοntanarι tician. Pacini worked on it later, an excellent artisan, butitit was was said said Faciώ artΙsan but kter, being an having wished wished to add add other othermovements movements and anddivisions divisions and and that having Whenititwas was first first made, made, indications he rendered it entirely useless. useless. When also explained explained by means means of of aa small small book, book, which which is is now now it was was also ThisClock Clock certainly certainly does does not not appear appear to to be be inferior inferior difficult to find. find. This of Cbristian Christian Huygens, and according according to the Automatic Planetarium of that have have been been produced produceduntil until to some it surpasses any of its type that present; but but the thebrief briefdescription description which which has has been been given given until until the present; which becomes becomes even even more more obscure obscure for for not not having having been been now, wich accompanied by any any mustrations. illustrations, does does not not make make itit possible possible to to accοmρ rnied by comprehend it in in α11 all its its parts. parts. comprehend of not not more more than than13 13 oncie On a vertical plane of onde in the form of the most accurate astronomical tables are displayed the the various various most accurate astronomical tables are displayed Sun and and of of the theMoon, Moon, and andthe therevolutions revolutionsof ofthe the movements of the Sim most conspicuous conspicuous fixed By means means of ofdiverse diverse circles circles are are most fixed Stars. Stars. By diurnal motions motions of of the the O Orient the shown the diurnal rient in the Occident, and of the motions of Occident in Orient. Other Othercircles circles are are annual motions of the Occident in the Orient. fixed, and most of of them them indicate indicate the theAstronomical Astronomical hours hours with with fixed, and most minutes. minutes. The The Italian Italian hours hours are areindicated indicated by by means means of of aamobile mobfle which under under the theAstronomical Astronomical hours hours always always change changeplace, place, circle, wich demonstrate the the difference difference between between the theAstronomical Astronomical and and and demonstrate Italian hours in true motion and and serves serves for for all the latitudes latitudes between between 35 and At the the center centerof ofthe theclock's clock'sface faceis is aa second seconddial dial 35 and 55 55 degrees. degrees. At which does not not move, move, above above wich which are the the indices indices for for the the hours hours wich are the the first, first, in indicating continuing motion and minutes, which are dicating the continuing mimber of its revolutions of the imaginary Primum Mobile Mobile and and the number

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138

S. A. A. Bedini, Bedini, Clockwork Clockwork Cosmos Cosmos denoting the year, the month, and and the theweek week in the mean mean motion. Sun as as we well On the the Ecliptic is is shown shown the the diurnal motion of the Sun Π indicates at at which which degree degree of of the the Equator Equatorthe the as its retrograde and indicates corresponds at all all times, times, obser observing exactly the the irreguladties irregularities Sun corresponds νhg exactly respect to to the the Earth, Earth, deriving from the eccentricity of its orbit with respect and its declination from the Equator, from which come the and its decHnation from Equator, from which come the inequality of the the days. days. apparent inequality the communal communal years years by by means means of of aa spiral spiral of of Indicated also are the four volutes volutes intersected intersected by diagonals advising in the the four by diagonals advisingthat that in retrograde Sun there there were were some some differences differences of of 11.20 11.20 m retrograde of of the Sun r [minutes] which runs runs between between the the Solar SolarYear Year and and [minutes] the second of which the Julian Julian Year. Year. The Equinoxes Solstices are also also indicated indicated with with their their Equinoxes and the Solstices anticipations. But inasmuch as Astronomers in order to facilitate anticipations. But inasmuch as Astronomers in order to facilitate their calculations, have invented the the mean mean motion motion which whichisis always always equal, and have have therefore therefore imaghied imagined almost almost another another Sun, Sun,which which equal, begins year with with the the true true Sun, Sun, which which is is not not begins and and ends ends the the year subjugated to inequality of own, by means means of of which which aa subjugated to that inequality of its its own, natural day day then then runs runsin in the the Zodiac Zodiac some some minutes minutes sometimes sometimes more, more, natural sometimes less, our Clock Clock over an arc arc sometimes less, appears appears this this false false Sun Sun in our placed above above it; and running running with with aa motion motion always always equal equal it it is is placed it; and sometimes preceding and sometimes sometimes fo following seen sometimes Πowing the the apparent Sun, indicating indicating punctually minutes the equation equation of of each each Sun, punctually the the m inutes of the Solar day. day. This is sufficient to provide provide some some idea idea of of this thisadmirable admirable This is sufficient mechanism; addιtiοnaΠy, additionally, the the motions motions of the the Moon, Moon, and and Its its mechanism; appearances, eclipses, represented in the the same same appearances, eclipses,and and nodes nodes are are represented manner as those those of of the the Sun. Sun. manner is singularly singularly observable, observable, that is possible possible to to correct correct and and It is that it is thee defects attributable to Clock Clock pendulums. As to to this this implement th pendulums. As [in this example] such such correction correction is is [achieved] [achieved] with with aa new new problem, [in manner that that when when the the pendulum penduluminclines inclines invention made in such a manner in any way out of its vertex, it does not not suffer suffer alteration alteration of ofmotion: motion: and because of the clock clock can can be be used used at atsea. sea. and because of it the Furthermore, to overcome overcome its bad bad effects, effects, which which result result from from Furthermore, thee inequalities of the motive force, and from atmospheric atmospheric pressure pressure th and sometimes sometimes less, less, the the pendulum pendulum which is sometimes more dense and requires the same same amount amount of of time timefor forits itsvibrations, vibrations, whether whetherthey they are greater or or sma smaller. Finally, as the motion of the pendulum Πer. Finally, as the motion of the pendulum and in summer, summer, itit is is remedied remedied here here also also in in the themost most varies in winter and

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SSERiAZIiN1

OSSERVAZIONI it

LETTERARIE LETTERARIE

CHE POSSONO POSSONO SΕ SERVIR DI CονΤΙCONTIRΝΙ. DI NUAZIONE AL GIORNAL DE' NUAZJONE AL DE'

IYITALIA.

LETTERATI LETTERATI D'ITALIA. Sotto la Protezione la Protezione DELL'AUGUSTI SS. IMPERADORE DELL' AUGUSTISS. IMPERADORE

CARLO IL

CARLO T O M O

VL

/.

VERONA.MDCCXXXra IN VERONA .MDCCXXXVIL Dalla Stamperia Stamperia di di Jacopo Jacopo Έrαllαrfi Vallarli, Dalia Con Licenza de' '5'R Superiori, CQn Liζcza dc' ρcτ;ο ϊi ,

Figure 45. 45. Title-page of of Scipione Scipione Maffei's Maffeì's Osservazioni Osservazioni Letterarie Letterarie (1737). (1737). (Courtesy (Courtesy Figure The Library Library of ofCongress). Congress).

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ii Clockwork S. A. Βeώ S. Bedini, Clockwork Cosmos Cosmos

14Ό 140

ingeώουs maimer. ingenious manner. Much Much use use could could be be made made of of such such an an instrument, augmenting augmentingthe the inventions inventions of of many many great great men, men, for instrument, investigating [determining] [determining]the thelongitude longitudeat at sea sea with with the use investigating use 0f of clocks. (12) clocks. (12) ΡΙ rnisferοΙοgιο to to Maffei's attribution attribution of the the invention invention of of the the Planisferologio

Montanari instead of to Fadni Paciniisis extremely extremely puzzling puzzling at at first, first, and and itit was was to have have far-reacbing far-reaching consequences. consequences. lt It was was to to become become aa standard standard source for the history of the Planisferologio. His misaLIdbution source history of the Planisferologio. His misattribution was was sources. The derived from two eιτors bis sources. errors made by Maffei or his The first first was his confusion made by by Pacini Facini for for the duchess his confusion of the Plmiisferologio Planisferologio made duchess With the Sferdogio with the Sferologio made by Ferrαri Ferrari for Gonzaga and which which Facini Pacini it was the Sferologio that was the restored for the duke of Parma. Ιso, duke of Also, it was the Sferologio that the subject of of the not the subject the Descrizione Descrizione by byBartolomeo Bartolomeo Ferrari, Ferrari, not the Pianisferologio. (13) the Planisferologio. (13) ItItisisevident evidentthat thatMaffei Maffei had had never never seen seen or read the work himselfbut but had had learned learned of ofitit from from another. another. His work himself His source source in turn Μοntrnari's had mistaken mistaken Ferrari's Ferrari's generous generous acknowledgements acknowledgements of of Montanari's assistrnce Montanari who who had had in in fact fact conceived the assistance to mean that that it it was Montanari Sferologio. The Sferologio. The second second error errorderives derives from fromVailisneri's Vallisneri's misuse misuse of of the the term "Sferologio" "Sferologio" for the "Planisferologio". "Planisferologio". Had HadMaffei Maffei seen seen Ferrari's Ferrari's immediately that that it was concerned book, he he would would have have reahzed re1 ιzed immediately book, concerned with an entirely entirely different different instrument. instrument. Montanan's role in the Montanari's the production production of of Ferrari's Ferrari's Sferologio Sferologio was to to Is clearly clearlystated. stated. His furnish advice and astronomical information, and is His reputation as an an astronomer astronomer and and mathematician mathematician was was well well established established particiibwly in the particularly institutions of of learning learning of of northern northern Italy, Italy, the courts and institutions and the the design design of of an anastronomical astronomical clockwork clockwork was was quite quite witbin within his his potential. There that he he had at potential. There is is no no evidence, evidence, however, however, that at any any time time contemplated contemplated or was responsible responsible for the production of aa mechanized mechanized planetary sphere. sphere. No clue clue exists exists to to the the identity identity of Maffei's Maffei's source. source. ItItisis conceivable No conceivable that there may may have have been been another another published published account account of of the the that there ΝΙΙιsneιi's letter Planisferologio publication of of Vallisneri's letter and and Phrnisferologiobetween between the the publication Maffei's statement,but but ififso soitithas hasnot fit come to notice. notice. The Maffei's statement, The description description given Undoubtedly given by by Maffei Maffei appears appears to to have have been been original original with withhim. him. Undoubtedly he had had personally personally observed observed the the Planisferologio Planisferologio at Piacenza Piacenza and and may may

(12) Scirioie Scipione MAFFE!, Maffei, Osservazioni Osservazioni letterarie letterarie che che possono possono servire servire di di continuare continuare aί al Tomo Ι, art. 1, 135-40. Giornale dei Vallarsi, 1737-38), I, art. v, pp. 135-40. Giornale dei Letterati (Verona: Vallarsi, 1737-38), pp. (13)Frnmλm, Ferrari, Descrizione. Descrizione. (See (See Chapter Chapter ι, I, Note Note 17). 17). () (' s)

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Chapter 1V -- The ThePrhicely PrincelyPossessors Possessors Chapter

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even have met met Facini, Pacini, for for Verona Verona was was aashort short‚Itstance distancefrom fromPiacenza Piacenza Maffei often often visited visited mere. there. Α A remote possibility possibility which which nonetheless nonetheless and Maffei be considered considered is is that that the themisatkibudon misattributionwas wasdeliberate; deliberate;Maffei Maffei must be Duke Francesco Francesco ΙI had had had had aamost mostunfortunate unfortunateencounter encountersome some and Duke Maffei maligned one of of his his works works and and years earlier when Maffei maligned the the duke in one the latter prohibited its sale and distribution anywhere in the duchy. (14) the latter prohibited its sale and distribution anywhere in the duchy. (14) The ΡΙaώsferoΙοgιο Planisferologio was again described in in 1739 1739 in an unidentified Verona, Μaffeis Maffei's place of residence. was no no residence. ItIt was periodical pubhshed published in Νerοna briefre-statement re-statementalmost almostverbatim verbatimof ofMaffei's Maffei's account account more than aabrief although Maffei mentioned. Nonetheless Nonetheless it helped helped to to although Maffei was was not not mentioned. perpetuate the myth of of Montanari's authorship of of the themechanical mechanical Μοntanarι s authorship perpetuate the myth masterpiece: do not not wish wish to to neglect neglect to to mention mention aaplanisferologio planisferologio that is an an ΙI do admirable astronomical astronomical machine possessed by the theDuchess Duchess admirable machine possessed Sofía of of Parma. Parma. — — This This machine machine is be the the is stated stated to to be Dorotea Sofia invention of Bernardo Bernardo Faccini Faccini [sic]; [sic]; but butacturilly actually the theinvention invention invention was Montanari the the celebrated celebrated mathematician. mathematician. Faccini Faccini was made by Montanari but it it was said that that worked on it later, and was an excellent artisan; but wishing to add other other movements movements and and other otherdivisions divisions and and wishing to add demonstrations he the machine machine almost almost impossible impossible to to use. use. demonstrations he made the — made by Montanari, it it was was explained explained also also in a — As As for for the first made little which is is now nowdifficult difficulttotofind. find.(15) (15) little book which When Maffei's Maffei's association association of of the thePlanisferoiogio Planisferologio with with Montanari Montanari attention of of Girolamo Tiraboschi, the scholar librarian librarian later came to the attention duke of of Modena, Modena, the Inaawork work of the duke the latter latter perpetuated perpetuated the the error. error. In Biblioteca Modenese Modenese published published in in 1783, 1783, Tiraboschi Tiraboschi compiled compiled entitled Biblioteca and bibliographies bibliographies of of published pubhshed and and manuscript manuscript biographical sketches and works of writers native to or resident in Modena and its environs. works of writers native or resident in Modena and its environs. 14

( ) In 1698 Duke Francesco II arnese Farnese purchased purchased for for his his family family the the chivalric chivalric (14) In about about 1698 military Costantino Ordine di di San San Giorgio. Giorgio. Confirmed Confirmed by the Austrian Austrian emperor emperor and sud Pope militaiT Costantino Ordine Innocent solemnly Master in in 1700, 1700, although other otherclaimants claimants installed as as Grand Master emιi1yinstalled Ιιmoceπt X, Χ, he he was wassο to the position position had contested the appointment. The Theduke dukealso alsoobtained obtainedconfirmation confirmationfrom from to Pope Innocent XL XI. iaffei, Maffei, whowas wasananinvited invitedmember memberofofthe theCollege CollegeofofNobles Nobles at atParma, Parma, Pope who published in Paris aa dissertation dissertation on on the the Order Order which which displeased displeased Duke The Duke Francesco Francesco I.L The in Paris latter prohibited prohibited distribution distribution of of the the publication publicationwithin within his his states, states, and andattempted attemptedtotokeep keepitit latter from being being distributed distributed elsewhere elsewhere in in Italy; Italy; in in 1715 1715 he arranged anranged to to have have the the work work placed placed on on the Prohibitorum. [T. [T. Copelli, Capelli, "Scipione "Scipione Ma//ei, Maffei, il duca Francesco Farnese Farnese the Index Index Librorwn Librorum Prohibirorum. ee l'Ordine Costantino inediti," Nuovo Veneto, 1906, 91-135]. 1906, pp. 91-135]. Costantino con documenti documenti inediti," Nuovo Archivio Veneto, (15) The The notice notice in in the the unidentified unidentified Veronese Veronese periodical periodical is quoted in in part part by by Tono, is quoted () "Del Planisferologio," p. 94. No Nocopy copyhas hasbeen beenfound foundin in Verona Verona repositories. repositories. See SeeChapter Chapter "Del Planisferologio," ρ.94. II, Note 13. 13. II, Note

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S. A. A. Bedini, Bedini, Clockwork Clockwork Cosmos Cosmos

was Montanari, and and in in aa listing listing of of his his publications publications Among these writers was Tiraboschi included Tiraboschi included the the ffollowing; οΠοwirιg: XX. Descrizione di uno Sferologio [Description [Description of aa Sferologio], Sferologio], in xx. Descrizione Bologna [printed [printed by] by]Giacomo GiacomoMonti, Monti,1683, 1683, in in12.mo. 12.mo. ΙI have not seen this little work, probably written written by by Montanari on work, but it was probably the occasion occasion [of [of the the production] production]of ofaabeautiful beautifulPlanisferologio, Planisferologio,or, or, an admirable admirable Astronomical Astronomical machine machine which which he heexecuted, executed, this is, of an which is is now now which indicates exactly all the celestial motions, and which preserved the Duchess Duchess Dorotea Dorotea of of Parma. Parma. There There is is aa preserved by by the in T. T. Ι1 [Tomo [Tomo I] of the Raccolta Raccolta Calogeriana, Calogeriana, in which which description in however the maker is given given as Butas asM. M.Maffei Maffei as Bernardo Pacini. Fachii. But the work work of of Montanari, and and Facini Pacini wishing to stated, it was actually the make additions additions to it, it, rendered rendered itituseless. useless. (Ιό) (16) make Montanari's works works published pubhshedby byAngelo Angelo In a similar compilation of Montanan's in 1779, 1779, however, however, the the Descrizione Descrizione was was not notincluded. included.(17) (17) Fabroni in The persistence Montanari's authorship authorship of ofaawork work The persistence of the claim to Montanan's Sferologio recently recently led led several several historians historians of of science science and andhorology horology on the Sferologio massive survey survey of of the the co collections European libraries libraries to undertake aa massive Πectiοns of European search for for aa copy. copy. Each Eachtime timethe theattempt attemptwas was unsuccessful. unsuccessful. ItIt in aa search present work work was was in in progress progress that that aa book book was was noted noted was not until the present had been been published pubhshed by by the the which had almost exactly the same title and had same printer in the same city in the same year but written by same printer in the same city in the same year but written by Bartolomeo Ferrari instead of of Montanari. Montanari. The Thesource source of of the Bartolomeo Ferrari instead th e Although Ferrari's work work had had misattribution was immediately immediately clarified. clarified. Although than one one eighteenth eighteenthcentury centurypublication, publication, been clearly described in more than its identity as the the work work erroneously erroneously claimed claimed for for Montanari Montanari had had been been its overlooked. previously overlooked. It was was Maffei's Maffei's misattribution misattribution and its repetition repetition later later by by the and its th e Veronese writer and by Tiraboschi Tiraboschi that that were were responsible responsible for for unknown Veronese unjustly casting Pacini's identity the creator creator of of the the unjustly casting doubt doubt on on Facini's identity as as the (16) [Girolamo Tiraboschi], Biblioteca Modenese o Notizie Notizie della Vita Vita e delle opere de [GmoLAMo TIRABOScHI], gli scrittori nati nati negli Stati dei del Serenissimo Serenissimo Signor Duca di Modena Raccolte e ordinate ordinate dal dal Cavaliere Girolamo Tiraboschi... Tiraboschi... (Μοdena (Modena: Sοcietα Società Tipografica, 1783), 1783), vol. vol. III, Ill, pp. pp. 254-59, 254-59, Cavaliere 273. The The work work presumed presumed to to have have been been by by Montanari is cited also also in in Riccardi, Riccardi, Biblioteca 273. Matematica under under "Montanari", "Montanari", vol. vol. 1,1, p. 175. p. 175. Girolamo Tiraboschi Tiraboschi (1731-1794), (1731-1794), librarian Duke of Modena, Modena, published published his his librarianof of the the Duke work, Storia Storia della della letteratura letteratura Italiana, Italiana, between between 1771 1771 and and 1782 1782 in thirteen thirteen volumes. volumes. chief work, shorterwork workwhich whichappeared appearedinin1783. 1783. [Enciclopedia [Enciclopedia Italiana, Italiana, Biblioteca Modenese was aa shorter XXXIII, p. 908]. 908]. vol. XXXIII, p. 17 ( ) Angelo Fabroni, Vitae Vitae Italorum doctrina excellentium excellentium qui saeculis XVII XVII et XXVIII AN GELO FARAONI, VIII floruerunt... (Pisis: G. Ginesius, Ginesius, 1778-1805), 1778-1805), vol. vol. III, Ill, pp. 68 et et seq., seq., 108-13. 108-13. (Pisis: excudebat G. pp. 68

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Chapter V ThePrincely PrincelyPossessors Possessors Chapter 1 -- The

143 143

Planisferoiogio, aa doubt doubt that that has has persisted persisted to the the present present day. day. The The Planisferologlo, evidence that Facini Pacini was was indeed indeed the maker maker of of the the Planisferologlo Planisferoiogio is is evidence incontrovertible, not the least least of of which which were were the the repeated repeatedappearances appearances incontrovertible, of his name name upon upon the the instrument instrument and and Ν1Ιisneri's Vallisneri's account account of of bis his of his with Facini, Pacini, but but also also in inthe theduchess's duchess's instructions instructions for for its its encounter with disposition. Pacini assigned to his his achievement achievement also also deserves deserves The name which Fackii attention, for it too added to the confusion. confusion. In Inhis hispetition petitionto tothe theduke duke attention, of Parma he he generally generally referred referred to to the theFerrari Ferrari Sferologio as the the "Atlas" "Atlas" [Atlante] but but he he also also occasionally occasionally spoke of it as the "Sferologio." "Sferologio." The The name was appropriate appropriate and andrepresentative representativeof ofFerrari's Ferrari'sachievement, achievement,and and it is not surprising that that Facini Pacini devised a variation of the name name to to apply apply to his his own own invention. invention. The bitter ones ones for for the the The years years following followingher her husband's husband's death were bitter aging dowager duchess. The conflict with her brother-in-law, the agin g dowager duchess. The conflict with her brother-in-law, the tumult over over the dubious dubious pregnancy pregnancy and and then thenthe theongoing ongoing struggle struggle for for the succession succession of the duchy all had taken taken their their toΠ. toll. Austria Austriaoccupied occupied Parma and Piacenza Piacenzafrom from1735 1735 until until the the treaty treatyof ofAachen Aachen in 1748 1748 ended Parma and ended the struggle struggle for the the rights rights of of succession succession and and established established her hergrandson grandson Felipe of of Borb Borbon on the the ducal ducal throne. throne. She Shemade madeher herlast lastpublic public Felipe σn on appearance on May May 1, 1, 1739, 1739, when Empress Maria Maria appearance on when she she accompanied the Empress Theresa Parma and and Piacenza Piacenza during during the the latter's latter's visit visit to the the Theresa about about Parma duchy. Thereafter Dorotea Dorotea Sofia Sofia became became aatotal totalrecluse, recluse,devoting devoting duchy. Thereafter herself entirely to meditation and and prayer, prayer, and and surrounding surroundingherself herselfwith with religious paintings and relics. relics. She She spent spent many many hours hours in in religious books, books, pa int in gs and correspondence, to Don Don Carlos, Carlos, who whocustomarily customarily correspondence, writing writing frequently to through his his secretary. secretary. She She wrote wrote often oftento tomissions missionsin inAfrica Africa responded through urging teach Catholicism Cathohcism to natives. She Shecorresponded corresponded urging them them to teach to the natives. all the the princes princes in Europe, Europe, her her letters letters reflecting reflecting her her utter utter with almost all boredom and sense of aloneness, separated by great distances from her boredom and sense of aloneness, separated by great distances from her daughter and and grandsons. grandsons. Dorotea Sofia Sofia died died on on September September 15, 15, 1748 1748 at the the age age of ofseventyseventyeight. Graf von von Koenigseck Koenigseck arranged arranged aa great great festive festive funeral. funeral. The The eight. Graf duchess the great palace in in Parma Parma for for two two duchess lay in state in the gr eat salon of the palace days and then was buried in the Capuchin church in Parma which had days was in the Capuchin church in Parma which had been the bu burial place for the the Famese Farnese dukes dukes since since Ranuccio Ranuccio I.I.(18) (18) been ri al place 18 ((18) ) dall'Acqua, dall'Acqua, "Dorothea "Dorothea Sophia," Sophia," pp. 314-16; Parma, Parma, Biblioteca Biblioteca Palatina, MS., Paltina, MS., pp. 314-16;

Miscellanea Erudita, Erudita, Tomo Tomo ΙΟ, 10, "Funerali "Funerali celebrati celebrati nella nella Steccata;" Steccata;" Ε. E. Casa, Casa, "Memorie "Memorie

storiche dl di Parma. Della morte dei del duca duca Antonio ala Dominazione Dominazione de! dei Borboni di Parma. Della Antonio Farnese Famese ala Borboni dl Spagna (1731-1749)," Archivio Storico per le le Provincie Parmence, 1893, 1893, vol. II, II, pp. 1-48. Spagna (1731-1749)," Archivio Storico pp. 1-48.

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S. A. Bedini, Clockwork S. Clockwork Cosmos

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Soon after the demise Soon demise of the dowager dowager duchess, duchess, the great Famese Farnese ρΙace in Piacenza fell upon uixil eevil νιΙ days. days. Her palace Piacenza fell Her successors successors did not make make use of it when they came to Piácenza, Ρikeτniό, but instead resided use resided in in aa sma1 small portion of the ancient citadel, using the palace only for special state portion ancient citadel, using the palace only for special state functions. In Inthe thecourse courseofoftime timethe themassive massivestructure structurewas wasdespoiled despoiledof of its furnishings furnishings one one by by one, one, and and left left in in neglect neglect and and decline. decline. When its When the the French invaded the duchies in the late eighteenth century they brought French brought more destruction and converted the palace into into aa barracks. barracks. In 1803 In 1803 the French invaders sacked the private ducal apartments apartments which which until until then then had remained remained closed. closed. They Theydamaged damaged and andremoved removedmarbles, marbles, inlays, inlays, ornaments, the portieres portieres and and ironwork. ironwork. In the ornaments, and even even the In 1813 1813 part of of the palace was used as a prison, and after the ducal governor ceded the city after the ducal governor ceded the city thepalace palace remained remained a barracks except to the Austrians in 1822 1822 the except for for brief brief intervals to to the end intervals end of ofthe thenineteenth nineteenthcentury. century.09) (19) Meanwhile, what what of the the Pianisferologlo? Despite the the duchess's Meanwhile, Planisferologio? Despite duchess's wishes that it must always remain in Piacenza, the turbulent political wishes must always remain in Piacenza, the political the Farnese Famese properties prcperties events confirmed Don Carlos's earlier fears for the and made made it it necessary necessary at at some some point point to to remove remove ititfor forsafekeeping safekeeping from from σn, now now King King the palace palace in in Piacenza Piacenza to to properties propertiesof ofDon DonCarlos Carlos de deBorb Borbon, Carlos of of Naples Naples and and Sicily. Sicily. When the Carlos the masterwork masterwork was removed from Piacenza is is not not known, but it seems that it remained Piacenza known, but seems likely likely that remained with with the the duchess until until her death in 1748, 1748,and andwas wasthen then sent sent by by her gmndson duchess grandson Felipe, who who took took over over the the duchy duchy at at that time, Felipe, time, to his his brother's brother's royal royal palace at at Caserta. Caserta. The Planisferologio was certainly certainly in in Naples The Planisferologio was Naples by 1759, when when by 1759, Ferdinando I succeeded Carlos as as king kingof of Naples. Naples. In that succeeded Don Don Carlos that year year and Sicily Sicily to become king King Carlos Carlos vacated vacated the the throne of Naples and king of of the death of his half-brother Spain following following the half-brother Fernandez Fernandez VI. His oldest oldest ΝΙ. His son Felipe was ineligible by reason of idiocy, second son son Carlos Carlos was idiocy, his hissecond to succeed him to to the Spanish throne, so so it it was third son son to succeed him Spanish throne, was to his his third Ferdinando that that he he turned turned over over the therule raleof ofNaples. Naples. Ferdinando proved to be aa most most incompetent incompetentmonarch, monarch,ill-bred, ill-bred,illilleducated and preferring the company company of of ruffians ruffians to to his his peers. peers. Upon educated preferring the Upon married Maria Maria Carolina, Carolina, the daughter daughter of of the the reaching his majority he married Empress Maria Maria Theresa Theresa of of Austria, Austria, who who soon soon began began to to dominate Empress dorninate her idle With the the idle husband husband and to exert strong strong influence influence on on state state matters. matters. With (19) S'rEraio Stefano Fermi, FERMΙ, "II 'Η Palazzo Farnese nella storia e nell'arte," nell'arte," Libertà Libértil di di Piacenza, Piacenza. E. Naselli, "Il palazzo Vos 24 and and 31 Dicembre 1922. 1922. Rocca R. ρaΙaz ο Farnese Farnese da da reggia reggia aa caserma," caserma," Vos dei Campanon, Aprile Aprile 1971. 1971. del Campanon, (19)

.

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French Re Revolution, thecoalition coalitionof of1793 1793 outbreak of the French νιΙ tιοn, Naples jjoined οind the against Frmice France and then dining during Napoleon's Napoleon's absence absence in in Egypt Egypt against and then Ferdinando marched agώnst against the the French French arid and entered entered French Frenchoccupied occupied FerdΙnmιdο Rome. Suffering a severe defeat, he retreated to Naples. With the Rome. Suffering a severe defeat, retreated to Naples. With the French in pursuit, pursuit, he fled fled to to Sicily, Sicily, leaving leaving his capital in state of of French his capital in aa state anarchy. The The French French entered entered the thecity cityof ofNaples Naples and andestablished estabhshed the the anarchy. Republic. When Whenthe theFrench Frenchwere wererecailed recalled to tonorthern northern Parthenopaean Republic. Ferdinando sent sent an anexpedition expedition totoNaples Napleswhich whichsuccessfully successfully Italy, Ferdinando reconquered the city. city. When WhenNapoleon Napoleon sent sent an an army army to to southern southern Italy Italy Frenchvictory victoryatatAusterlitz Austerlitzearly earlyinin1806, 1806, Ferdinando fled following the French to Palermo Palermo and and again again the the French Frenchtook tookNaples Naples while while Ferdinando Ferdinando to continued to rule rule Sicily Sicily under British British protection. protection. When When the theBritish British continued demanded a reform reform ofofhishis government'sfeudal feudalparliamentary parliamentary demanded government's procedures, Ferdinando Ferdinando appointed appointed his son Francesco Francesco as With as regent. regent. With fall of ofNapoleon, Napoleon, Ferdinando Ferdinando returned returned to to Naples Naples and and inin1816 1816 the fall proclaimed the of bis his two two states states into into aa single single kingdom kingdom to be be proclaimed the union of known as the the Kingdom Kingdom of of the the Two Two Skilies, Sicilies, which which was was subservient subservient to Austria. When Whenhe hedied diedinin1825 1825 he he left left im an odious memory and a record record Austria. of perjury and and tyranny tyranny in in wich which bis his wife wife was was an anaccessory. accessory.(20) (20) the reign reign of of Ferdinando I the the Planisferologio Planisferologio At some time during the the attention attentionof ofNicolo Nicolo Anito, the royal royal state state engineers. engineers. came to the Αώto, one of the Relatively little According to his own statements, Relatively little is is known knoim about him. According bis cwn Anito had been been in in the the service service of of the theroyal royalcourt courtsince since1744 1744 and and had hadbeen been Aiuto certified in the the position position of of royal royal state state engineer engineer [Reg.o Ingeg.e Camlet Cam Ιe.] on [Reg.o October 6, 6, 1760 1760 by King Ferdinando I. Thereafter Thereafterhe he had had been been "taken "taken October Palermo where where he he pursued pursued bis his profession." profession." On OnOctober October5,5, 1762 1762 to Palermo Anito received from the senate senate of of Palermo Palermo for for bis his assistrnce assistance Anito received payment &orn production of of aa wooden wooden model model of of an an altar altar for for the Cappellone in the production the Cappellone A plan thee city of Palermo Anuo di San Giuseppe in in Palermo. Palermo. A pian of th Paleimo which Anito compiled in in 1777 1777 for bis his monarch is is the the only only known known surviving surviving example example of his his engineering engineering work. In 1777 1777 he he applied applied for for an anappointment appointment 0f work. In vacant piazza or post post of of royal royal state state engineer engineer in Naples. Naples. The The to aa vacant Becausesuch suchposts postswere were few few and andbecame became appointments were for life. life. Because vacant infrequently, infrequently, the positions were were avidly avidly sought. sought. They They were were vacant the positions awarded by the Sommaria Sommaria of of Naples Naples in in competitions competitions which which required required oral examination examination mid and aa written written project. Anito was was appointed appointed to to project Anito an oral January 1778 1778 without without th thee requirement of of examination examination in in a piazza in January view of bis his experience. experience. view 20

( ) Encyclopedia Brittanica, 11th 11th edition, edition, vii. vol. 10, 10, pp. pp. 264-65. 264-65. (20) Encyclopedia Brittanicci,

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In 1796 1796 Anito Anito petitioned King King Ferdinando ΙI for the post post of of state state extraordinary for engineer extraordinary for his son son Basilio. In Inhis hisrequest request he he noted noted that for the past past fifty-two fifty-two years he had had served served the the royal royal court court"with "withfidelity, fidelity, zeal and honesty, honesty, and with the most laborious laborious effort demonstrated the the construction of the planisferologio of Parma with 24 drawings and construction of planisferologio of Parma with 24 drawings and a description in two volumes; having most humbly presented this description volumes; having this work work merited sovereignly at the the foot footofofYour YourThrone, Throne,itithad had merited sovereignlyapproval. approval. Regarding then my son, son, he has has practised practised locally locally as as aa civil civil architect architect for for seventeen years years with with honesty seventeen honesty and and universal universal approval approval in in ali all the the commissions he received either by order order of of magistrates magistrates or orfrom fromprivate private individuals. Furthermore, individuals. Furthermore, for forthe the past pastten tenyears years he he has has been been employed employed ΙοcaΠy in in association with the engineer Schiantarelli who was in charge locally of the preparation preparation of of plans plans approved approved by by Your Your Majesty Majesty and and with with their their execution for the structure execution structure of of the the new newRoyal Royal Museum, Museum, without without having having had any any acknowledgement acknowledgement for for such sucha alaborious laboriousassignment." assignment."(21) (21) The two volumes volumes to which Anito Anito referred consist consist of of aa series series of of24 24 drawings magnificently magnificentlyexecuted executedin in aq υareΠο delineating deikeating with drawings aquarello with considerable precision every every part and considerable precision and feature feature of ofthe thePlanisferologio, Planisferologio, and aa manuscript manuscript manual manual describing describing each part part and and function function in in detail. detail. It is apparent that the drawings were produced by a skillful is apparent that the drawings were produced by a skillful and and experienced artist artist and and that the experienced the manuscript manuscript was was written written by bysomeone someone extremely knowledgeable knowledgeablenot notonly only on on the subject extremely subject of ofcomplicated comphcated clockwork but also clockwork but also of of celestial celestial phenomena phenomena and and their theirmechanical mechanical manifestation. The each of of the the plates plates of of The title-page title-page of of the the manuscript manual and each drawings bears the the signature signature of ofAnito, Anito, his his title, title, and and the thedate date"1796." "1796." Α A careful examinationreveals revealsthat that in in every every instance instance the the ink careful examination ink of of the the signature, title, title, and and date date varies from that used signature, varies from used in in the themanuscript manuscript and drawings. drawings.(22) (22) Were drawings and manuscript manuscript in in fact fact the thework workofofAnito? Anito? Were these these drawings Mthough Although there is evidence that that he he was was aa competent competentcivil civil engineer, engineer, it is is

FaAico STRAZZULLO, Napolitani dal '500 '500 al al '700 '700(Napoli: (Napoli: Edi(21) Franco Strazzullo, Architetti e Ingegneri Napolitani Edizioni di Gabriele e Mariateresa Mariateresa Benincasa, Benincasa,1969), 1969), p. 85; Naples, Biblioteca Biblioteca Nazionale "VitNazionale "Vitp. 85; torio Emanuele III," Palot. Palai. XXXVII-69, ΧΧΧΝΙΙ-69, P. P. 19.1.49, 19. 1.49, [Nicola Anito], "Pianta geometrica ee nonovella secondo io lo stato presente de della città di Palermo;" Naples, Archivio di Πa clttYi di Stato Stato di dl Napoli, Napoli, Sommario, Consulte, vol. 464, Sommaria, Consulte, voi. 464, fols. "Documenti del la la fols. 92v-93v; 92v-93v; Franco Franco Strazzullo, Strazzuilo, "Documenti del'700 '700per per storia deΙΙ'eduΙi7ia dell'edilizia e dell'urbanistica dell'urbanistica nel Napoli," Napoli vol. XVII, XVII, fel Regno di Napoli," Napoli Nobilissima, voL fasc. V, Settembre-Ottobre 1978, fase. 1978, p. Signorelli, "Gli sep. 188; 188; P. P. Napoli Sigriorern, "Gli artisti artisti napolitani napolitani della seconda metà series. Vol. Vol. II, 1922, 1922, passim; metα del secolo XVIII," Napoli Nobilissima, Nobilissima, new series, passim; Füippo Filippo Meli, Degli di Palermo Palermo nel net sec. XVII XVII e XXVIII p. 384. 384. Degli architetti del Senato di VIII (S.N.T.), p. (22) Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vaticana, MS., Cod. Cod. Vat. lat. lat. 12946 12946AAand and B. Β.

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' f)

fa" 'fécinv/io o ή ' ;q'7Ο:i /îVesto ij- dieenièn. '-."

ZOen/i

..-4H h! fi-'/ // 7 / zfi 7.ς -

ΡΙaώsferοΙοgiο. Table for re-setting Figure 72. Table re-setting the mean mean motion motion indicator indicator of of the the Planisferologio. Figure 72. ο, Rome). (Courtesy of & CCo., (Courtesy of Hausmann &

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186 186

S. Α. A. Bedini, Bedini, Clockwork Clockwork Cosmos Cosmos S.

was again again noted noted in print. print. InInananarticle articleon onItalian Italianpublic publicclocks clocks it was published in in 1868, 1868, the historian historian L. L. T. T. Beigrano Belgrano summarized summarizedVarnsneri's Vallisneri's published quoted Maffei's Maffei's account, account, thus thus perpetuating perpetuatingonce onceagain againthe the letter and quoted (39) InIna apopular popularwork workon onhorological horologicalhistory history attribution to Montanari. (39) pubhshed three three years years later, later, Innocenzo Innocenzo Golfarern Golfarelli discussed discussed four major major published on the the Verona Verona periodical periodical horological masterworks, basing his comment on his sole sole source: source: as his The first, first, according to the the chronological chronological order in in which which they they The are recorded recorded by by Maffei Maffei which he believed was created by the which he believed was created by the Geminiano Montanari Montanari and and executed executed by by Bernardo Bernardo mathematician Geminiano Pacini for the the Duchess Duchess Dorotea Dorotea Sofia Sofia of Parma, Parma, which which it it was was said said Facini namedthe thePlanisferologio, Planisferologio,&c. &c.(40) (40) was named It was was not not until until ititbecame became known known that that the the count countofofCaserta Caserta to present presentthe thePlanisferologio Planisferologio as as aagift giftto toPope PopeLeo Leo XIII that intended to interest of of writers. writers. Having Havinglearned learned the instrument again attracted the interest the papal papal gift, gift, Professor Professor Massimiliano Massimiliano Tono Tono of of Rome Rome undertook undertook of the extensive research Planisferologio in effort to to recreate recreate its its extensive research on on the Planisferologio in an an effort history, even succeeding in finding aa copy copy of of the theVerona Verona periodical periodical of of history, 1739. He examined examined the the mechanism mechanism and and the accompanying accompanying 1739. He shop and and attributed attributedtheir theirauthorship authorship documentation in the Hausmann shop Tommaso Felicetti Felicetti instead instead of of Nicola Nicola Anito. Anito. Tono Tono was was particularly particularly to Tommaso that according according to to the themanuscript, manuscript,ititwas waspossible possible intrigued by the fact that incline the the Planisferologio Planisferologio in any position position out out of oflevel levelwithout without to incline in any interrupting its action, action, making making it useful useful for for determining determining longitude longitude at at interrupting sea. OnApril April19, 19,1903 1903 Tono Tono presented presented aa paper paperon onthe thePlanisferologio Planisferologio sea. On before his his fellow fellow members members of the the Pon Pontificia Accademia dei dei Nuovi Nuovi before tificia Accademia Lincei, which which was was later later published pubhshed in that that august august body's body's Atti. Atti. (41) (41) Another quarter of aa century centurypassed passedbefore beforethe thePlanisferologio Planisferologio Another quarter of again found found its its way way into into print, print, and andthen thenfrom from1938 1938 to to1948 1948 it became became the subject of at at least least four four accounts accounts in horological horological books books and and periodicals. periodicals. was aa brief briefarticle article by byan ananonymous anonymouswriter, writer,possibly possibly The first of these was in 1938 1938 in the the Journal Suisse d'Horologerie Angelo Lipinsky, pubhshed published in d'Horologerie et et de Bijouterie. Bijouterie. (42) (42) ItItwas wasfollowed followed early early in 1941 1941 by a historical historical article article (39) L. L. T. T. Beigrano, Belgrano, "Degli "Degli antichi antichi orologi orologi pubblici pubblici d'Italia d'Italia con con aggiunta aggiunta di di notizie notizie della posta in Genoa," Archivio Storico Storico Italiano, series 3, 3, Tome VII, 1,1868, 44. Italiano, series ΙΙΙ, parte Ι, 1868, p. p. 44. 40 ( ) Innocenzo Golfarelli, Cenni Cenni storici dell'Orologeria varie mezzi mezziimpiegati impiegati alla Iiiocaizo G0LFARaLLI, dell'Orologeria e dei varie tempo, (Firenze, 1871). Cited in Tono, "Del Planisferologio," pp. 91-95. "Del 91-95. del tempo, 1871). Cited in misurazione pp. (4142) Tono, "Del Planisferologio," Planisferologio," pp. pp. 91-95. 91-95. ΤΟΝΟ, "Del ; (()) "Le "Le planisphere planisphere de de Parme. Parme. Un Un chef-d'oeuvre chef-d'oeuvre mécanique mécanique du du dix dix-septieme -septieme siècle," vol. LXIII, nos. nos. 9-10, 9-10,1938, pp. 166-67. sicΙe," Journal Suisse d'Horologerie 1938, pp. d'Horologerie et et de de Bijouterie, voL ,

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Piacentino which which described described by Stefano Fermi in the Bollettino Storico Piacentini the Planisferologio and and its its association association with with local local history, and and noted noted also also 43 (43) Almost immediately the several several eighteenth eighteenth century century accounts. accounts. ( ) Almost immediately thereafter Angelo Lipinsky Lipinsky published published aa popular popular account. account of in the the of it in thereafter Angelo Vatican Romano. The article, was reprinted reprinted Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore L 'Osservatore Romano. in the Italian Itahan horological horological journal, journal, La Clessidra Clessidra in inAugust August1948. 1948.(44) (44) in the Possibly inspired of these these articles, articles, the theEnglish English horological horological Possibly inspired by by one one of historian G. G. Η. H. Β Bailhe produced an an extensive extensive feature feature in in twelve twelve parts parts d11ie produced "The Farnese Planisphere. Planisphere. The TheWonder WonderClock Clock of of the the Vatican" Vatican" entitled "The presentation of basicaΠy a presentation of the the plates plates Journal. It was basically in The Horological Journal. 12946 with translations by Lipinsky from the of the manuscript Vat. lat. 12946 Italian of of their their descriptions descriptions ininthe themanuscript manuscriptmanual. manual.(45) (45) The misinterpretation misinterpretation of of Anito's Anito's role role in in relation relation to to the the PiaPlaThe nisferologio appears appears to to have have had had its its inception inception at at the the beginning beginning of of the the nisferoiogio century when when Hausmann Hausmannand andCo. Co. received received the themechanism mechanismfor for present century together with with the the accompanying accompanying documents documents and anddrawings. drawings. restoration together The prevalent presence presence of of Anito's name name implied implied authorship, authorship, leading leading to to supposition that he he had hadrestored restoredthe theinstrument, instrument,an anassumption assumption the supposition accepted by by α11 all subsequent subsequent writers writers on on the the subject. subject. Although various articles articles written the Planisferologio Planisferologio Although the the various written about the past century century have have added added nothing nothingto towhat whatwas was already alreadyknown known within the past about it, it, they served served nonetheless nonetheless to bring bring itit to to wide wide attention attention among among modem horological writers and to establish establish it among among the the world's world's most most important horological achievements achievements deserving deserving consideration consideration in future future impo rt ant horological riefly In1950 1950 the the Planisferologio was described b briefly histories of 0f horology. horology. In Itahan clockmakers (46), (46), and and in di ctionary of Italian by Enrico Morpurgo in his dictionary 1958 aa desc description of it formed formed pa part of Η. H. Alan Alan Lloyd's Lloyd's major major work work rt of 1958 ription 0f

43 ((43) ) STEFANO Stefano FERMΙ, Fermi, "Un "Un capolavoro capolavoro di di orologeria astronomica costruito costruito aa Piacenza," Piacenza," Bollettino Piacentino, Anno Anno XXXII, XXXVI, 1941, 1941, pp. pp.110-13. 110-13. Bollettino Storico Piacentini, 44 (c'4)) ANGELO Angelo Lipinsky, "Un capolavoro capolavoro di di orologeria orologeria aHa alla Biblioteca Biblioteca Vaticana. Vaticana. Il Il Lιρινsκυ, "Un Planisferologio Famesiano Famesiano di di Bernardo BernardoFachsi," Facini," L'Osservatore L'Osservatore Romano, Romano, Gennaio Gennaio 13-14, 13-14, Planisferologio 1941; reprinted as "Un capolavoro capolavoro di di orologeria orologeria aΠa alla Biblioteca Biblioteca Vaticana. Vaticana.11 Il Planisferologio 1941; reprinted as Farnesiano dl di Fernando Faccini [sic]," [sic]," La La Clessidra, Anno IV, no. 8' 8, agosto 1948, 1948, pp. 5-8. It Farnesiano Femando Faccini pp. 5-8. is to be be noted that the Lipinsky account fraught with many errors. noted that the Lipinsky account isis fraught with many errors. 45 ((") ) G. G. Η. H. BAILLΙE' Baillie, "The "The Famese Farnese Planisphere. Planisphere. The TheWonder WonderClock Clockofofthe theVatican," Vatican," Horological Journal, 1941, pp. pp.46-48, 46-48,March March1941, 1941,pp. pp.78-80, 78-80,April April1941, 1941,pp. pp.114-16, 114-16, February 1941, Journal, February Horological May 1941, 1941, pp. pp. 146-48, 146-48, June June 1941 1941,' pp. pp. 176-78 176-78,' July July1941 1941,' pp. pp. 212-14, 212-14, August 1941, pp. pp. 238-39, 238-39, August 1941, May September 1941,' pp. pp. 270-75' 270-75, October October1941 1941,' pp. pp. 311-14, 311-14, November 1941, pp. 343-45, January January November 1941, September 1941 pp. 343-45, 1942, pp. 14-15, February 1942,' pp. pp. 38-39, 38-39, April April 1942 1942,' pp. pp. 87-88; 87-88; G. G. H. H.BMLLm, Baillie, Clocks Clocks and 1942, February 1942 pp. 14-15, Watches. An AnHistorical HistoricalBibliography Bibliography (London: N.A.G. N.A.G. Press Press Ltd., Ltd., 1951) 1951),' pp. pp. 356-57. 356-57. The The Watches. entry lists Cod. Vat. lat. 12946 under the caption "Anito, Canite Nicola" for the year 1796. under the caption "Anito, Canite Nicola" for the year 1796. entry lists Cod. Vat, lat. 12946 (46MORPTJRGO, ) Morpurgo, Dizionario, Dizionario, p. p. 64. 64. ()

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Some OutstandingClocks ClocksOver Over700 700Years Years1250-1950, 1250-1950, based primarily on on Some Outstanding 49) InIn1978 work of of Baillιe. Baillie. (47 1978 the the Planisferologio two Ρ1aisferοΙοgιο was noted in two the work comprehensive retrospective works produced in two two different different parts partsof of comprehensive the world. ItItwas wasdescribed describedininsome somedetail detailby byHenry HenryC. C. King King in in Geared 48 To the Stars Stars published in Toronto Toronto ((45) ), and andmore more briefly briefly by Giuseppe Το the his massive massive L'arte L'arte deΙϊοrοΙοgeria dell'orologeria in in Europa Europa which appeared appeared Brusa in his in Italy. Italy.(49) (49) comprehensive technical technical study studyof ofthe thePlanisferologio Planisferologio was was The most comprehensive undertakenby byLudwig LudwigOechsliri Oechslin aι and undertaken d published in exhaustive detail in a four-volume work German in 1982 1982 by the the Biblioteca Biblioteca Apostolica Apostolica four-volume work in in German Vaticana. This Thisproject projectderived derivedfrom froma astudy studyofofthe thePlanisferologio's Planisferologio's begun in in recent recenttimes timesby byKarel KarelFischer Fischerwho whoenlisted enlistedOechsBri's Oechslin's history begun assistance. The The latter latter proceeded proceeded to make make aa technical technical study study of of the the assistance. mechanism by means of which which he was able to restore restore it it to to operating operating mechanism condition with cooperation of of the theVatican VaticanLibrary. Library. (50) condition with the cooperation Like many of the the eighteenth eighteenth century century mechanized mechanized globes globes and and many of monumental astronomical astronomical clocks, clocks, the the Planisferologio Planisferologio was based on the the monumental Ptolemaic system system of of the the universe, universe, although althoughFacini Pacinimade made geocentric or Ptolemaic provision to to demonstrate demonstrate the theheliocentric heliocentric or orCopemican Copemican provision to enable it to system as well. That the use of the Ptolemaic system persisted forsuch such well. That the use of the Ptolemaic system persisted for a long time after the the Copernican Copemican system system had had gained gained wide wide acceptance acceptanceis is at first first puzzling, puzzling, but there appears appears to to have have been beengood goodreason reasonfor forit.it. Although the heliocentric system system provided provided a more more accurate accurate Mthough the heliocentric representation of celestial phenomena it had some shortcomings when representation of celestial phenomena it had some shortcomings when reduced to aa mechanical mechanical form. Due to tothe thereverse reverseof ofthe therotational rotational reduced form. Due motions was not not possible possible to todemonstrate demonstratesome somecelestial celestial motions required, required, it was phenomena with with respect respect to to the the observer observer such such as asthe therising risingand andsetting setting phenomena of sun and and moon. moon. On Onthe theother otherhand, hand,the the geocentricsystem system of the sun geocentric provided means fir forrepresenting representingastronomical astronomicalphenomena phenomena provided a practical means as they would wasfor for would be be seen seen by by an an observer observer on on the the earth's earth's surface. surface. ItItwas this reason that that prominent prominent eighteenth eighteenth and and nineteenth nineteenth century century this reason clockmakers of mechanized mechanized globes globes and and clockmakers specializing specializing in in the the production 0f spheres frequently frequently produced producedcelestial celestial models models in in pairs pairsincluding includingeach eachof of the two systems. systems. In Inthis thismaimer manneraacomplete completeunderstanding understandingof ofcelestial celestial ()

(4748) Lloyd, SomeOutstanding OutstandingClocks, Clocks, pp. 101-4. LLoYn, Some pp. 101-4. (49) King, Geared To the Stars, Stars, pp. 246-48. 246-48. To the KING. Geared (50) Brusa, L'arte dell'orologeria, dell'orologeria, pp. pp. 132, 132, 427. 427. BRTJSA, L'arte ( ) LUDWIG Ludwig OEcHsuN, Oechslin, Die Die Famesianische Uhr. Der Der Astronomische Bernardo Automat Bernardo Astronomische Automat Farnesianische Uhr. Pacinis und die die Zeichnungen Zeichnungen Nicola Nicola Anisas Anitos in in der der Vatikanischen Vatikanischen Bibliothek Bibliothek (Città (Città del Facinis und Vaticano: Biblioteca Apostolica Apostolica Vaticana, Vaticana, 1982), 1982), 4 vols. vols. Vaticano: Biblioteca (58)

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Chapter The Princely Princely Possessors Possessors Chapter V 1 -- The

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possible. An An iimovation innovation introduced in the the late late phenomena was made possible. spherical enclosure enclosure of of transparent transparent glass glass for for eighteenth century was aa spherical the mechanized globe, on which the celestial phenomena were the rnechrned globe, on which the celestial phenomena were engraved. Mechanized globes globes and and monumental monumental astronomical astronomical clocks clocks had aa Μcchrni7ed revival during the eighteenth century, and enjoyed enjoyed aa long long remarkable revival period of of great great popularity popularity particularly particularly in in Germany Germany and andFrance. France. period Notable among the the clockmakers clockmakers engaged engaged in in this this endeavor endeavorwere werePbiiip Philip Hahn and and Mitide Antide Janvier, Janvier, with with many many examples examples made by by Mattheus Hahn other nυ makers well. Several Severalelaborate elaboratemonumental monumentalastronomical astronomical other kers as well. in the the period periodfollowing following Facini's Pacini's achievement achievement by by clocks were produced in David a San Cajetano. Cajetano, Aurelius Aurelius aa San San Daniele, and the the priest priest Francesco Francesco Borghesi. (Sl) (51) Borghesi Few of these these can can compare. compare, however, however, with with the the complexity complexity and and Few the Planisferologio. Planisferologio. Nor Norcmi can they theycompete competewith withits itscolorful colorful artistry of the (and duchesses) duchesses) and and battles battles to to history, peopled with kings kings and queens (and which the the Plan Planisferologio half winch isferologiowas waswitness witness during during more more than than two and aa half existence. As As for for the theingenious ingenious mind mind that thathad hadcreated created centuries of its existence. mechanical marvel, marvel, bistory history has been most The name name of of such aa mechanical most unkind. mddnd. The Bernardo Facini Pacini has been been obscured obscured by byclouds cloudsofofconfusion confusionderived derived Bernardo from the the perpetuation perpetuation of error error with with the theconsequence consequence that that bis his from achievement has been been sensibly sensibly diminished diminished mid and almost almost lost lost to tohistory. history. The Planisferologio Planisferologio survives man and and bis his The survivesasasaa monument monument to to the the man expressed the the grandeur grandeurof ofcelestial celestial ingenuity, a memorial with which he expressed manifesting the magnificence magnificence of creation, creation, and which which he he phenomena manifesting in the thePlanisferologio's Planisferologio's inscription inscription— — Ad Ad inexplicabilem inexplicabilem Dei Dei dedicated in gloriam — — "For "For the the inexpressible inexpressible glory glory of of God." God." gloriar

51

(ί50) Kiic, King, Geared Geared Το To the the Stars, 245-68; H. "Clockwork-driven Orreries Orreries Stars, pp. pp. 245-68; H. von von Bertele, Bertele, "Clockwork-driven the 18th 18th Century Century md and Their Their Predecessors," Predecessors," Horological Journal, ‚rol. vol. C, C, Io. No. 1203, 1203, of the Hon logical !punted, December 1958, pp. pp. 800-14. 800-14. December 1958.

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APPENDIX I APPENDIX THE MECHANIZED MECHANIZED CELESTIAL CELESTIAL GLOBES GLOBES

A. Generini's "Globo "Globo Andante" Andante" GenerΙώ's freely translated summarized from from freely translated and summarized Design for the the Mechanized Mechanized Globe Globe Design circles, of the fixed horizon situated according according to to The globe globe is is enclosed by circles, height of of the the Artic Artie pole, pole, with with.24 artificial (planetary) (planetary) the height 24 lines lines depicting depicting the artificial hours in the the Tropic Tropic of ofCancer; Cancer; The natural hours, although although not marked, marked, are are suspended suspended from from the theTropic Tropic The Capricorn; of Capricorn; A fixed circle representing representing the Tropic Tropic of of Cancer Cancer containing containing the theartifiartififixed circle hours; cial hours; A semicircle semicircle having nadir at at Α havingthe the image image of ofthe the sun sun at at one one end end and the sun's nadir other, as itit turns turns upon upon an anaxis axisofofthe theecliptic; ecliptic; the other, A margheretina placed placed to to indicate indicate the the common common hours hours as as opposed opposed to to the the hours; natural hours; ends between between the the19th 19thand and26th 26thnatunatuThe line of the 26th artificial hour ends hour; ral hour; A semicircle semicircle with the image of moon at one one end and and Its its nadir nadir at at the the Α όf the moon and monthly monthly motion motion in in the the axis axis of of the zodiac; other, moving with concentric and A circle ecliptic, the immutable immutable path path of of the sun sun where where the circle marking marking the ecliptic, degrees 30 30 appear divide divide to conform conform with with the the leagues leagues of of the zodiac; zodiac; degrees 30 in in 30 A circle marking the equinoctial equinoctial which also divides divides the circle circle into into two two circle marking which also equal parts; A circle Tropic of of Cancer; Cancer; circle indicating the Tropic A semicircle meridian; semicircle for the meridian; Location the Antartic Antartic pole; pole; Location of the A leather falling lion" lion" through through which which passes passes the leather border border of of ""the the falling counterweights by globe is operated; operated; and and counterweights by means means of of which which the globe A projection water is is channeled channeled when when the the globe globe is is projection through through which which water hydraulically operated. hydraulically .

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Appendix ΙI - The The Mechanized Mechanized Globes Globes

IQI 161

B. Β. Ferrari's "Sferologio" "Sferologio" freely summarized from from freely translated translated and summarized Descrizione dello dello Sferologio Sferologio The one revolution revolution in in 24 24 equirioctial equinoctial hours, hours, which which were were The globe completes one fact 23 23 hours hours 56 56 minutes, minutes, or or the the approximate approximate length length of of aasidereal sidereal day; day; in fact It indicates the hours hours and and their theirparts, parts,ininequinoctial equinoctialas aswell well as as solar solar time; time; As the globe revolves revolves itit advances movement of in its its As the globe advances the the true true movement of the the sun in ecliptic and solar days days consisting consisting of of aarevolution revolution of of the theprime primemover mover ecliptic and the solar [Primum sun gradually gradually touching touching the meridian meridian at at each each [Primum Mobile] Mobile] with with the the sun advance. It It isis possible: possible: advance. To location of of the the sun sun in inthe theecliptic, ecliptic, indicated indicated by bythe the To determine determine the true location small sun as itit advances advances from from one one day day to to the the next; next; small image image of of the the sun It is also possible to indicate the location of the sun sun inthe theworld world according according to the Primum ΡrΙmιιm Mobile, Mobile, so that by this means means the the year yearcan canbe beobserved observedtotobegki, begin, develop, meridian at at night night or or during during the that this this circle circle develop, and and arrive arrive at the meridian th e day that touches touches the heavens; heavens; To observe the azimuth and and its its almucantar almucantarabove aboveand andbelow belowititat atany anyhour; hour; semi-degrees of the the right right ascension ascension of of the To determine the th e degrees and semi-degrees th e sun, located above above the pole and to to observe observe the distance distance to sun at at any any sun, located th e pole to the sun moment; To observe the sun's oblique oblique ascension, ascension, which at the the height height of of To observe which could could be at thee pole pole to to 45 45 degrees, degrees, at at any any moment; moment; th To half sky sky and the the oblique oblique ascension ascension of of To observe observe the right ascension of the half ascendant to to the the pole pole ofof45 45degrees; degrees; the ascendant To note astronomical hours, called called Oltramontane, or "French hours"; note the astronomical Also the hours, determined determined more more accurately accurately than thanisispossible possiblewith with th e Italian hours, other timepieces; timepieces; Also Babylonian hours; hours; Also the Babylonian And the planetary hours, hours, useful usefulfor forastrological astrologicalpurposes; purposes; th e planetary The phases phases of the the moon moon in in the thezodiac; zodiac; The The place place of the the moon moon ith ith respect respect totothe thePrimum PrimumMobile; Mobile; The The azimuth of the the moon, moon, the the right rightascension; ascension; The azimuth The hour at The at which which any bom; any star is born; Any the fourth fourth azimuth; azimuth; Any hour hour of the Which approach the sun on on any any day; day; Which stars approach th e sun The location of the celestial celestial meridian, meridian, by means of aa compass compass situated situated The location by means at the the feet feet of ofAtlas; Atlas; It is is possible possible to determine at any hour when when the sun sun and and moon moon are are in in to determine at any world; the world; To establish the four cardinal cardinal points points and and the subordinate points points of the the To establish the four th e subordinate horoscope horoscope and the Seven Houses Houses of of Heaven; Heaven; th e Seven To establish the To circle of of positions positions of of the planets; and and th e circle th e planets; To calculate calculate distances and directions. directions. distances and .

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APPENDIX II APPENDIX SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS BY BY BERNARDO BERNARDO FACIlI PACINI SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS No. Νο.

Typee Τ

Date Date

Place Place

CoEection Collection Museo Storico Storico _. Navale. Navale, Venice Venice

Sources Sources (1)

1.

Semi-circle

1694

Venice

2.

Compendium

1697

Venice

Hermitage

(2)

3.

Plane Plane table alidade

1698

Venice

Museo Museo Correr Correr

(3)

4.

Quadrant

1698

Venice

G. Thorban G.

(4)

5.

Quadrant

1701

Venice

P. P. Brophy P. Brophy

(5 (5)

6. ό.

Plane Plane table compass

1704

Venice

H. Michel Michel (Sold)

ό) ((6)

7.

Plane table Plane compass

1704

Venice

Galerie Keller (Sold) (Sold) Killer

(7)

8.

Plane table Plane compass

1708

Venice

Μ. M. Baptis Baptis

(8)

9.

Graphometer

Venice

Specola Padua Padua (Lost)

(9)

10.

Cased Instruments

1710

Venice

Adler Planetarium

(10)

11.

Logarithmic Spirals

1714

Venice

Adler Planetarium

(11)

12.

Dip Dip Needle

c. 1715 1715

Venice

Univ. Padua Univ.

(12)

13.

Planisferologio

1725

Bibi. Apσst Piacenza Bibl. Apost. Vaticana

(13)

14.

Horometrum

1727

Piacenza Oxford

(14)

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Appendix Pacini's Scientific Scientific Instruments Instruments Appendix II II -- Fachii's

193 193

SOURCES a

(1). [Maria Luisa Bonern], Bonelli], ΙI Esposizione Esposizione Internationale Internationale di Storia Storia della della Scienza Scienza [Maria Luisa Catalogo Con Con Aggiornimenti, Istituto ee Museo di Storia della (Firenze, Maggio-Ottobre 1929). Catalogo Aggiornimenti, Istituto Museo di Storia della Scienza, Firenze 1952 1952 (Firenze: Leo S. S. Olschki, Editore, 1952), 1952), p. p. 95, 95, Item Item 394. 394. (Firenze: Leo Scienza. Firenze Ο1schki Editore, (2). Leningrad, Hermitage Museum, Museum, Catalogue Catalogue Νο, No, 19, 19, p. p. 117, 117, Item Item 9, 9, Cat. Cat. IXIXLeningrad, State Hermitage 1204; L. L. Ε. E. Maistrov, Maistrov, ed.. ed., Nauchnye Nauchnye pribory. pribory. Pribory Pribory ii instrument}' isturicheskogo znachenila znachenila 1204; instrumenty isturicheskogo (Moscow; N.P., 1960), 1960), pp. pp.105-24. 105-24. (Moscow: N.P., (3). R. S. S. sud and Μ. M. K. K. Webster, Webster, An An Index to to Western Western Scientific Scientific Instrument InstrumentMakers Makerstoto 1850. C-F. C-F. (WΙmetka, (Winnetka, Ill.: 111.: Privately Privately printed. printed, 1971), 1971), p. p. 73; 73; Information Information from fromAnthony Anthony J. Turner, Le-Mensil-le Le-Mensil-Ie-Roi, France, J. Turner, -Roi, France, (4). Correspondence with Gustav Gustav Thorban, Thorban, Satteldorf. Satteldorf. Correspondence with (5). Correspondence Correspondence with Peter P. P. Brophy, Brophy, Paris. Paris. with Peter (6). Oxford, the History History of ofScience. Science. MS. MS. Catalogue Catalogue d'une d'une Collection Collection Oxford, Museum Museum of of the d'INSTRUMENTS DE Μ'4ΤΗΕΜΑΤΙQΠΕS MATHEMATIQUES Appartenant Appartenant àό HENRI HENRI MICHEL MICHEL Ingenieur Ingénieur d'INSTR UMENTS DE (unpaginated) "Boussoule kà rapparteur" rapparteur"purchased purchasedinin1935 1935from fromFievey; Fievey; correspondence correspondence (unpaginated) "Boussoule with Francis Francis R. R. Maddison, Maddison, 11 11 May May1983; 1983; Webster, Webster, Index, p. 73. with p. 73. (7). Galerie Zurich. La Collection Collection Greppin. Greppin. Instruments Instruments Scientifiques Scientifiques Auction Auction Galerie KoOer ΚoΠer Zurich. November 1975, 1975, Item Item 3237. 3237. "Transporteur "Transporteur en en laiton"; laiton"; Antiquorum Antiquorum Galerie Galerie d'Horlogerie d'Horlogerie November Ancienne Geneve, Geneve, Auction Auction October October1978, 1978, Catalogue IX, lot. lot. 47. 47. Ancienne Catalogue IX, (8). Christie, Christie, Manson & Woods Woods GaΠeries, Galleries, New New York. York. Auction Auction sale sale October October24, 24,1983, 1983, Manson & Lot 32, "A "A Rare Rare Italian Italian Brass BrassSighting SightingCompass..... Compass...". Lot 32, (9). Massimiliano Tono, Tono, "Del "Del Planisferologio Planisferologio di di Bernardo Bernardo Facini PaciniVeneto," Veneto," Atti Atti dei del Pontificia Accademia Anno LVI, LVI, Sessione Sessione V, V, 19 19 Aprile Aprile 1903, 1903, p. 94. Pontificia Accademia Romana Romana di Nuovi Lincei, Lined, Anno p. 94. (10). Correspondence Correspondence with Roderick S. S. and and Marjorie Marjorie K. K.Webster. Webster. with Roderick (11). [Bonelli], [Bonelli], Catalogo Catalogo Con Aggiornimenti, p. 47. 47. Guglielmo Guglielmo and and Maria Maria Luisa Aggiornimenti, p. Luisa Righini, Righini, "Nota calcolatore logaritmico logaritmico dl di Bernardo Bernardo Facini," Pacini," Annali Annali dell'Istituto dell'Istituto ee Museo Museo di di "Nota su un calcolatore della Scienza, Scienza, Anno Anno V. V. fasc. fase. I,I,1980, 1980, pp. 61-74; correspondence correspondence with S. and and Storia delia with R. R. S. pp. 61-74; M. K. K. Webster. Webster. Μ. (12). Venice, Biblioteca Naxionale Nazionale Marciana. Marciana. Cod. Cod. XIX XIX Ι1 [Giovanni [Giovanni Poleni], Poleni], "Indice "Indice Venice, Biblioteca delle Macchine". Macchine". Correspondence Correspondence with with Prof. Prof. Gian Gian Antonio Antonio Salandin, Salandin, Dipartimento Dipartimento di di delle Fisica 'Galileo 'Galileo Galilei', Galilei', Universitk Università degli degli Studi Studi di di Padova. Padova. Fisica (13). Angelo Calogera, Raccolta d'Opuscoli Scientifici, Tomo Primo Sotta Sotta la Angelo Calogera, Scientifi ci, e filologici. Tomo Protezione dell'Altessa dell'Altessa Serenissima Serenissima di di Dorotea Dorotea Sofia Sofia Ci: Co: Palatina Palatina Duchessa Duchessa di di Parma, Parma, Piacenza, & & c. (Venezia: Appresso Cristoforo Cristoforo Zane, Zane, 1728), 1728), pp. 103-126, [Antonio (Venezia: Appresso ΝΙΙ isneri], [Antonio Vallisneri], pp. 103-126, "Lettera scritta scritta al al Sig. Sig. Marchese Marchese Giovanni Giovanni Poleni,,,"; Poleni,,,"; Biblioteca Biblioteca Apostolica Apostolica Vaticana, Vaticana, MS. MS. "Lettera Vat. lat. lat. 12946 12946 A and B. B. A and (14). [Gertrude Hamilton], Catalogue Collection Mercator. Mercator. Instruments [Gertrude Hamilton], Catalogue de de la Collection Instruments de Mathématiques (Paris, Mercator, Mercator, ca. ca. 1929), 1929), p. 1, No. Peipetuel..."; Mat hematiques Anciennes An ciennes (Paris, p. 1, No. 2, 2, "Horometre "Horometre Perpetuel..."; Correspondece with with G Gérard L'E. Turner, Turner, Museum Museum of of the theHistory HistoryofofScience, Science,Oxford Oxford Correspondece ώrard L'E. University, and with M. M. K. K. Webster. Webster. University, and with

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13

APPENDIX APPENDIX III III PACINI'S LIBRARY LIBRARY AND AND SHOP SHOP EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT BERNARDO FACINI'S

deΠ'Εredit Archivio di Stato di Piacenza. Fondo Notarile. "Stima dei Mobili dell'Eredità del S.r. Bernardo BernardoFacchii... Faccini...1733, 1733,19 Francesco Maria Maria Pantririi, Pantrini, 19 Aprile." Notaio Francesco dei fu S.r. 16698, filza filza I, I, nn. nn. 24, 24, 26, 26, and and 27. 27. b. 16698,

Personal Library Personal Library L. 150. 1. Magia universale della Natura, e dell'arte di Gasparo Scotti, 6ta L. 150. dei Pozzi 2. Tratto di Gnomoriica, Gnomonica, Geometriae, et Aritmetica del 8. 3. Discipline Matematiche, Matematiche, ristretto ristretto di di Aritmetica, Aritmetica, Geometria, Geometria, ee 5. Trigonometria di Valeriano Bonvicini 9. 4. Gioseppe Viola Lanini Pittore et Architetto demonstrativa 5. Sfera del 5. dei Mondo, o sia Cosmografia demonstrativa il. ie osservationi osservatiorii di Copernico dei 6. Nuova scienza de Cieli, con le del Magini 10. 7. Modo di di misurare misurare ie le distanze, distanze, ie le superficie, superficie, ii corpi corpi di di Cosimo Cosimo Bartoli 3. 8. Idea dall vera Amicizia, di Gio. Batta. Batta. Giglij Giglij 6. 9. Istoria naturale di Plino 8. 'storia naturale Puno Secondo 10. Nautica Mediteranea di Bartolomeo 7. Bartoiomeo Crescentio 11. Delli del P. Gio. Batta. Batta. Virnercati Vimercati 3. Dem Orologi solari soiari dialogo dei 12. Dalli 5. DaiJi Orologgi solari, di Mutio Oddi 13. La Sfera del 3. dei Mondo d'Alessandro Picalomini di Gio. Varisio Gauderitio Roberti 14. Miscelánea 6. Miscelanea Italiana fisicomatematica di Gaudentio Gio. Sacrobosco Sacrobosco dichiarata dal Sansovino 15. Sfera di Gio. 5. 16. Istoria naturale dl di Ferrante Imperati 15. 'storia naturale 17. Tavoli de Moti Luminari e de Pianeti 8. 18. Avvisi 10. il. Avvisimatematici matematici d'Archimedeo Tori 2 19. Caiepino Calepino di sette lingue Tomi 38. 20. L'Effemeridi 15. LΕffemeridi del dei Manfredi Man&edi 21. Cosmografia di Vincenzo Coronern Coronelli 3.10 Coronern 22. Regno di Negroponte, et Isole endicenti dei del P. Coronelli 3. 23. Cosmografia di Claudio Tolomeo 5. 2. 24. Elementi d'Euclida 25. Giulio 2.10 Giulio Cesare Claudiano Medico Bolognese 26. Spirituali d'Erone d'Erone Alessandrino Alessandrino 2. 2. 27. Efemeridi di Franc.o Montebruno 28. Miscelánea disertatione de Barometri e Termometri di Gio. Gio. Poleni 2. Miscelanea disertatione

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Appendix III - Facini's Appendix III Pacini's Library Library and Shop Shop Equipment Equipment

29. Le fortificazioni del dalla Vilba dei Cav.o Ant. Aft, dalia Vliba (?) () 30. Trattato dei del Radio Latino osia un strumento per misurare ribecco (?) (?) valutati in tutto Altri venti pezzi di libri di poco ribecco

195 2. 2.10 16.

... 29 Alessandro Borabis (?) (?) Libraio Libraio ho ho estimato estimato questi questi suddetti suddetti Libri Libri... 29 Alessandro aprile 1733. apdle 1733.

Reconstruction of the the Titles Titles on on the theForegoing Foregoing List List Reconstruction NoTn: α11 the published Note: No No attempt attempt has has been been made made totoinclude include all published editions editions of these these works only those those which which may may have have been beenavailable available totoBernardo BernardoFacini. Pacini. works but only

Naturae et Ιe recondita 1. Gaspar Schott. Schott. Magia Magia Universalis Universalis Naturae et Aflis, Art is, sisive recondita Naturalium Naturalium et et artificialium rerum rerum Scientia, Scientia, cujus cujus ope ope per variar variamapplicationem applicationem activorum activorum cum cum passivis, passivis, admirandorum effectuum spectacula, admirandorum spectacula, abditarumque abditarumque inventionum inventionum nimiracule, nimiracule, ad varios varios vitae usus usus eruuntur (Herbipoli: haeredum J.J. G. G. Schonwetteri Schonwetteri16571657humanae vitae (Herbipoli: Sumptibus haeredum 77), 4 vols. vols. 77), 2. Agostino dei del Pozzo. Pozzo. Gnomonicae Gnomonicae Biformis, Biformis,Geometricae. Geometricae, scilicet, scilicet, & & Arithmeticae Arithmeticae in Quatuor Quatuor partes diuisa. diuisa. Quarum qualibet est completus complétas Gnomonicae Tractatus Tractatus Synopsis, in (Venetiis: Antonij Antonij Bosij, Bosij, 1679). 1679). (Venetiis: [laleriano Bonvicino]. 3. [Valeriano Bonvicino], Matematiche discipline per uso dell'Illustrissima Accademia Delia Padova: dove sei trattati trattati brevemente brevemente si si ristringono ristringono aritmetica, aritmetica, geometria, geometria, Delia di di Padova: dove in in sei trigonometrìa pratiche, Valeriano trigonometria pratiche. fortificatione, sfera e geografia. Di Vale riano Bonvicino (Padova: per eredi di di Paolo Paolo Frambotto, Frambotto,1666). 1666). gli eredi 4. Gioseffo Viola Viola Zanini. Zanini. Della Della architettura architettura (Padova: (Padova: Cadorino, Cadorino, 1678). 1678). 5. [Giuseppe Biancaiii]. Biancani]. Sphera mundi, seu seuCosmographia Cosmographie demonstrativa, demonstrativa, ac ac facili facili .Sphera mundi, tradita: in in qua qua totius totius mundi mundi fabrica, fabrica, una una cum cum nov novis Tychonis, Kepleri, Kepleri, Galilei, Galilei, methodo tradita: ιs Tychonis, aliorumq., astronomorum astronomorum adinuentis adinuentis continentur. continentur. Accessere Accessere Ι. I. Brevis Brevis introductio introductio ad ad aliorumq., II. Apparatus ad mathematicarum studium. III. Geographiam. ΙΙ. ΙΙΙ. Echometria, idest geometrica Ιaώ Bonomi, tradito de de Echo. Echo. Authore AuthoreGiuseppe Giuseppe Biancani. Biancani. (Bononiae; Sebastiani Bonomi, 1620; 1620; tradito (Bononiae: typis Sebast buur instrumentum typis luliani Cassimil, Cassiani, 1630, 1630, 1635 of IV. Nouum Mutinae: typ ιs luliani 1635 [with [with the the addition of horologia describenda, descrìbenda, opus opus postumum]; postumum]; Mutinae: typis Andreae Andreae && Hieronymi Hieronymi ab horologia Mutinae: ex typis Cassiani, 1653). 1653). Cassiaiii, 6. [Giovanni Antonio Magini]. Magini]. Ephemerides Ephemerides Coelestium Coelestium Motuum Motuum Io. Io. Antonii Antonii Magini Magini anno Domini Domini 1581, 1581, usque annum 1620. 1620. Secundum SecundumCopemici Coperniciphpotheses, phpotheses, Patavini. Ab anno usque ad annum Prutenicosq; cánones, atq; Gregorianum Gregoridnum Anni Annicorrectionem correctionemaccuratissime accuratissime supputate... supputate... Prutenicosq; canones, atq; Addita est eiusdem eiusdem in in Stadium Stadium animaduersio, animaduersio, qua errores errores eius quamplurimi quamplurimi perpendutur. tractatus quatuor quatuor absolutissimi, absolutissimi, nempe nempe Isagoge Isagoge in in ludiciariam ludiciariam Astrologiam, Astrologiam, De Item tractatus De usu Ephemeridum, De annuis revolutionibus revolutionibus & De De Stellis Stellis fins fixis (Venetiis: (Venetiis: Apud Apud Damiaiium Damianum Ephemeridum, De annuls 1582, 1589, 1589, 1612) 1612) or Zenarium, 1582, [Giovanni Antonio Magini]. Magini], Ephemerides Ephemerides Coelestium Coelestium Motuum Motuum ιο. Io. Antonii Magini Magini [Giovanni Antonio Patavini, ab anno Domini 1611 1611 usque ad annum annum 1630, 1630, ecc. (Venetiis: (Venetiis: apud Hoer. Hoer. Damiani Damiani 1612). Zenarij, 1612). 7. [Cosimo Bartoli]. Cosimo Cosimo Bartoli. Bartoli. Gentil'huomo Gentil'huomo & & Accademico Accademico Fiorentino. Fiorentino. Del Del [Cosimo Bartoli]. Modo di misurare le le distantie, distantie, le le supe superficie, le piante, le le provincie, Provincie, le le prospettive, & & rficie, i corpi, le tutte le le altre altre cose cose terrene, terrene, che che possono possono occurere occurere aa gli gli huomini. huomini. Secondo Secondo le le vere vere regole regole & de de gli gli altri più (Venetia: Per Per Francesco Francesco Franceschini, Franceschini, Sanese, Sánese, d'Euclide & piΖ lodati scrittori scrittori (Venetia: 1564, 1589, 1614). 1614). 1564, 1589, 8. Giovanni Battista Battista Giglij. Gigli]. Idea Idea della della vera vera amicicia. amicicia. [Not [Not identified]. identified]. 9. Plinius Gaius. Historia Historia naturale, naturale, tr. tr. ee note notedidiLodovico LodovicoDomenichi Domenichi Plinius Secundus Gaius. (Venezia: Gabriele Gabriele Giolito Giolito de'Ferrari, de'Ferrari, 1562). 1562).

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196 196

S. A. A. Bedini, Bedini, Clockwork Clockwork Cosmos Cosmos

10. Bartholomeo Crescentio. Crescentio. Nautica Nautica Mediterranea. Mediterranea. All. All. Ilustriss. Ilustriss. eé Reveren. Reveren. S. S. Card. Card. lo. Bartholomeo Aldobrandino (Romae: Bart. Bart.Bonfadirio, Bonfadino,1602, 1602,1607). 1607). Mdobrandino (Romae: 11. [Giovanni Battista Battista Vimercato]. Vimercato], Dialogo Dialogo del del Molto Rev.do Rev.do Gio. Gio. Battista Battista Vimercato Vimercato Milanese Monaco Certosa. De De gli Horologi Morologi Solari: Solari: Nel Nel quale quale con con ragioni ragioni Speculative, Speculative, et et Milanese Monaco di di Certosa. prattiche facilmente s'insegna le sorti di Posto s 'insegna il modo di di fabricar fabricar tutte le di horologi; horologi; Nuovamente Nuovamente Posto in Luce Luce con con lele Figure Figure aa proposito con con le le postille in in margine, margine, & & con con le le tavole tavole copiosissimo copiosissimo (Vinegia: Appresso Gabriele Giolito Giolito de'Ferrari, 1565, 1565,1566,1567,1584,1585; Presso 1566, 1567, 1584, 1585; Venezia: Venezia: Presso il Bongo, 1557; Ferrara: per per Valente Valente Panizza Panizza Mantovano, 1565; Padova: Pasquato,1672). 1672). Dingo, 1557; Mantovano, 1565; Padova: Pasquato, 12. [Muzio Oddi]. Oddi], De De gli Horologi superfìcie piane. Trattato Trattato di di Mudo Oddi Horologi Solari Solari nelle superficie Mudo Oddi Urbino (Milano; Per Giacomo Giacomo Lantoni, Cantoni, 1614; 1614; Milano: Milano: Appresso Appresso Bartolomeo Bartolomeo Fobella, Fobella, da Urbino (Milano: Per 1625, 1633; Per ilil Gkammi, Ginammi, 1638). 1638). 1625, 1633; Venetia: Venetia: Per 13. Alessandro Piccolomini. La La Sfera del del Mondo. Di Nuove ripolita, accresciuta Mondo. Di Nuove da lui ripolita, & fino a sei libri, di di quattro che che erano ampliata, & quasi per ogni parte rinovata riformata. ampliata. & quasiper ogniparte rinovata & &riformata. De la stelle fisse libro libro uno. Dove di di tutte le le XLVII imagin celesti celesti minutissimamente uno. Dove XLVII imagin minutissimamente si si tratta... tratta... Giovanni Varisco, Varisco, 1579). 1579). (Venezia: Giovami! 14. [Gaudenzio Roberti]. Roberti], Miscellanea Italica Physico Physico-Matematica Collega Gaudentius Gaudentius -Matematica Collegit Robertas Carm. Carm. Cong. Cong. (Bononiae: Ex Ex Typographia Typographia Pisariana, 1962). [Includes [Includes Gugliemo Gugliemo Robertus Ρisariana 1962). Dominici hydrostatics, Evangelista Evangelista Torricelli Torricelli on on spheres spheres and andsolids, solids, Flaminio Flaminio de de Domiriici on on hydrostatics, Mezavachis earthquakes, Giovanni Giovanni Domenico Domenico Cassini Cassini on on the the sun sunand andcomets, comets, Mezavachis on earthquakes, Montanari on on comets, comets, and and Matteo Matteo Campani Campani degli degli Alimeni Alimeni on on physicophysicoGeminiano Montanari mechanical barometrical experiments]. experiments]. mechanical and barometrical 15. Joannes de Sacrobosco. Sacrobosco. Sfera de de Gio: Gio: Sacro Sacro Bosco, Bosco, trado tradotta dichiarata da Don Don tta ee dichiarata Francesco Piffe Pifferi Sansovino... con con nuove nuove aggiunte aggiunte di di molte molte cose cose notabili, notabili, ee varie varie ri Sansovino... demostrazioni vtili, vtili, ee dilettevoli... dilettevoli... (in (in Siena: Siena: Appresso Appresso Saluestro Saluestro Marchetti, Marchetti, 1604). 1604). 16. Ferrario Dell'Historia Naturale Libri XXVIII, ordinamente si Ferrado Imperato. DellΗistoυια XXVIII, nelle quale ordinamente tratta della diversa diversa condition condition di di miniera, ee pietre. Con Con alcune historie historie di di Piante, Piante, & & Animali tratta fin'ora non non date date in luce luce (Napoli: (Napoli; Cost. Cost. Vitale, Vitale, 1599; 1599; Venetia: Venetia: Combi, Combi, 1672). 1672). 17. [Giovanni Bianchini]. Luminarium atque atque planetarum motuum motuum tabulae tabulae octaginta octaginta [Giovaniii Bianchkii]. quinqué omnium omnium ex ex his hisquae quaeAlphonsum Alphonsum sequuntur sequuntur quam quam faciles. faciles. Auctoribus Auctoribus lonne lonne quinque Bianchina, Nicolao Prugnero, Prugnero, Georgio Georgia Peurbachio, Peurbachio, ecc. ecc. (Basmae: (Basiliae: Per Per banner IoannemHeruagHeruagBianchino. fum,1553). 1553). fur, 18. Avvisi matematici matematici d'Archimedeo. d'Archimedeo. [Not [Not identified]. identified]. 19. Ambrosius Calepirius. Calepinus. Dictionarium tanta tanta tamque tamque multa multaverborum, verborum, turn tum Latinorum, tum etiarn edam Graecorum... praeterea singulis vocibus Latinis Latinorurn, Graecorum... adjuntae adjuntae sunt suntpraeterea Latinis Italicae, Italicae, Galliae Hispanicae interpretationes interpretationes cum selectiorum Adagiorum Nonnullarum Galliae et et Hispanicae cum selectiorum Adagiorum ac ac Nonnullarum Etymologiarum, Oppositorum, Metaphorum additione additione (Paris: (Paris: Ν. N. P., P., 1570; 1570; Venetis: Veneris: In Etymologiarurn. Oppositorum, et Metaphorurn aedibus Manutianis, Manutianis, 1575). 1575). Ephemerides motuum coelestium 20. Eustachio Manfredi. Ephemerides coelestium exex anno anno MDCCXV MDCCXV in in Eustacbio Manfredi. ιs ad annum MDCCXXV MDCCXXV eeCassinianis Cassinianis tabul tabulis ad meridianum meridianum Bononiae Bononiae supputate supputate ad usum, usum, ecc. (Bononiae: (Bononiae: Typ. Typ. Constantini Constantini Pisarri, Pisani, 1715). 1715). 21. P. P. Vincenzo Vincenzo Coronern, Coronelli, OPI OFM Coni. Conv. Epitome Epitome Cosmografica, Cosmografica, oo Compendiosa Compendiosa rica Introduttione all'Astronomia, all'Astronomia, Geografia, Geografia, & & Idrografia, per l'uso, l'uso, dilucidatione, dilucidatione, ee Fabb Fabbrica delle Sfere, Sfere, Globi, Globi, Planisferi, Planisferi, Astrolabi, Astrolabi, & & Tavole Tavole Geografiche... Geografiche... (Colonia (Colonia [Venice]: [Venice]; Ad Ad istanza di di Andrea AndreaPoletti, Poletti,1693, 1693,1713). 1713). Morea, e di Negroponte e ria del Regni di Marea, 22. P. Conv. Histo Historia P. Vincenzo VincenzoCoronelli, Coronern,OFM 0Fl Coni. Paesi conterminanti conterminanti (Venezia: (Venezia: N.P., N.P., 1695), 1695), 22 voIs. vols. 23. Claudio Tolomei. Tolomei. Cosmografia Cosmografia (Bononiae: (Bononiae: 1477). 1477). ri quindici 24. [Federico Commandino]. Commandino]. De De gli gli elementi elementi d'Euclide d'Euclide lib libri quindici con con gli gli sciolti sciolti antichi, ti-. tr. e comm. comm. didiFederico Federico Commandino Commandino (Urbino: (Urbino: Domenico Domenico Frisolino, Frisolino, 1575). 1575). Responsuum et consultationum Giulio Cesare 25. Giulio Cesare Claudini. Claudini. Responsuum consultationum medicinalium. medicinalium. Torus Tomus αzαrί Zetzneri, Unicus (Frankfurt: (Frankfurt: Sumptibus Sumptibus LLazari Zetzneri, 1607). 1607).

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Appendix III Pacini's Library Library and and Shop Shop Equipment Equipment Appendix III -- Facini's

197 197

26. Erone Messandrino. Alessandrino. Gli Gli artificiosi artificiosi et curiosi curiosi moti spirituali spirituali di Henne, Herone, tradotti tradotti ee note M. Gio Gio-Battista Aleotti d'Αrgentό d'Argenta (Ferrari: (Ferrari: per perVittorio Vittorio Βa1ώn1 Baldini, 1589) 1589) or note di Μ. -Battista Aleotti [Alessandro Giorgi]. Giorgi]. Spiritali Spiritali di Henne Herone Alessandrino Alessandrino Ridotti Ridotti in in lingue lingue Volgare Volgare da da Alessandro Giorgi Giorgi da da Urbino Urbino (Urbino: Appresso Appresso Bartholomeo Bartholomeo ee Simone Simone Ragusij Ragusij frafraAlessandro telli, 1592). tern, 1592). 27. Francesco Montebruni. Ephemerides Ephemerides novissimae novissimae motuum motuum coelestium. coelestium. Ad Ad Francesco Montebrurii. urbis Bononiae Bononiae ab ab anno anno 1640. 1640. ad annum annum 1645. 1645. Ex Philippi Philippi Lansbergi longitudinem inclyte urbis mathematici celeberrimi recentissimis, recentissimis, && exactissimis exactissimis observationibus observaiionibus summo summo studio studio mat hematici celeberrimi supputate. Praemissis Praemissis edam etiam nonnullis supputate. nonnullis ad ad constrictionem constrictionem Coelestis Coelestis figurae figurae necessariis necessariis (Bononiae: typis Jo. Bapt. Bapt. Ferronij, Ferronij, 1640) 1640) or or (Bononiae: typis Jo. Francesco Montebruni. Montebruni. Ephemerides Ephemerides novissimae novissimae motuum motuumcoelestis coelestis ab ab anno anno 1641 1641 ad Francesco earqmq: oriu, onu, & accasu occasu pro pro annum fixarum ab ah anno 1650, 1650, earqmq: annum 1650. 1650. Cum catalogo insigniorum fixarum poli gr. gr. 44 44 Ex., Ex., ecc. ecc. (Bononiae: (Bononiae: typis typis Jo. Jo. Bapt. Bapt.Ferronij, Ferronij,1650). 1650). altitudine poli 28. [Giovanni Poleni]. Poleni]. bannis Ioannis Poleni Poleni Miscellanea, Miscellanea, hoc est I. Dissertatio de Barometris & Thermometris, Thermometris, II. II. Machinae Machinae aritmetica, aritmetica, ejusque ejusque usus ususDescniptio, Descriptio, ΙΙΙ. III. De De Sectionibus Sectionihus & Conicis Parallelorum Horologiis Solaribus Tractatus (Venetils: (Venetiis: apud apud Aloysium Aloysium Favi Pavi-Conicis Parallelorum in in Honologiis Solaribus Tractatus num, 1709). 1709). nmn, 29. [Cavagliero Antonio Antonio della della Vilba]?. Vilba]?. Le Lefortificatione. fortificatione. [Not [Not identified]. identified], facile... giustissimo 30. [Latino Orsini]. Trattato del Radio Latino, {strumento giustissimo facile... per [Latino Orsini]. Trattato del Radio Latino, istrumento prendere qual si voglia misura, & positione di luogo, tanto tanto in in Cielo Cielo come come in in Terra Terra (Roma: prendere Moretti & & Brianzi, Brianzi, 1586). 1586). Moretti

Contents of of Facini's Pacini's Workshop Workshop Contents A wall clock clock repeating wall Α repeating A repaired Α clock dial with silver case to be repaired Another clock, damaged, valuing valuing only the case Two used clock chains chains A or engine engine platform or Α clock-wheel cutting platform A for various various turnings turnings attachments for Α lathe with attachments A small lathe of good arc Α smaller Another even smaller A pair of dividers Α A bench Α bench vise Another smaller smaller vise vise Another Four used used hand hand held held vises vises ό6 pliers of various types and large large ffiles iles ό6 dozen small and 60 wheels 60 wheels of small clocks 9 large clock wheels 6ό used drills 3 hammers 3 3 files 3files 3 Lead screws 3 4 steel rods for for spools, two with brass brass 2 rolls of brass wire wire 1 Proportional compass 1 Proportional compass Two pairs of dividers, one large and and one one small small

200. 163. 32. 19. 216. 300. 80. 32. 15.10 54. 20. 23. 24. 42. 75. 72. 4.20 3. 3. 10. 16. 4. 300. 15.10

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198

S. A. A. Bedini, Bedini, Clockwork Clockwork Cosmos Cosmos The following items not priced: priced: The following items were were listed listed but not

A brass graduated graduated semicircle, semicircle, encased encased in in wood wood Α A Α work bench A cabinet with with various various drawers drawers Α cabinet Alodestone lodestone Α A Α work bench Two cut blades ; Various works completed works on on brass, brass, begun begun but not completed A for Venetian weight haiid balance for Α small hand

.....

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IV APPENDIX 1V

DOCUMENTS 1. Archivio di di Stato Stato di di Parma. Parma. Fondi Fondi di di Casa Casa ee Corte Corte Farnesina, Farnesina, Busta Busta 37, 37, Archivio n. 5. 5. Letter Letter to tothe theDuchess Duchess Dorotea Dorotea Sofia, Sofia, probably probably from from Count Count fascicolo n. Rocca, undated. undated. Rocca, Pron.a Seren.ma. Seren.ma. Bernardo Bernardo Facini Pacini mi fa sapere d'essere d'essere Ser.ma Altezza, ee Pron.a Cavalieri anche dl di Corte, Corte, per farlo Lavorare, Lavorare , oo su cosi assalito da Dame e Cavalieri al non non poter poter reuscire reuscire alla alla fatica, fatica, ee soddisfare soddisfare ai ai tutti; tutti; non non vorebbe vorebbe altre al ΜaestrΊ della deΠa sua professione, i quali si più di quel che e, a Maestri rendersi odioso piu che leva loro tutti il guadagno, onde onde per non non dispostar dispostar alcuno, ee dolgono, che dall' accennata accennata odi odiosità, desiderebbe che che V.A.S. V.A.S. si degnasse di per esimersi daΠ' οsit, desiderebbe perdonargli che che in in caso caso dι di bisogno, bisogno, potrebbe potrebbe dire dire da da qui qui avanti, avanti, ee sin sin che sappia qual abbia abbia da essere il sua destino d'essere d'essere impiegato impiegato almeno, che S. di V.A.S. V.A.S. Ιο Io ρerό però gli darò quella risposta, risposta, che piacera piacerà aΠ'Ν.Α. all'V.A.S. per servizio di daro quella uno si, si, oo con con uno uno no, no, e La La fa fa profond.mo profond.mo inchino. inchino. con uno 2. Chiesa di San Fermo. Fermo. Obituari Obituari di S. Maria Maria degli Speroni. Speroni. Atto Atto di di Piacenza, Chiesa morte del celeberrimo celeberrimo artefice artefice ed edorologialo orologiaio Ducale Ducale ee matematico matematico Bernardo Bernardo mo rt e del Pacini. Faciώ. Anno Domini Domini millesimo millesimo septingentesimo septingentésimo trigesimo trigesimo primo, primo, die die decima decima Dominus Bernardus Bemardus de de Facinis Facinis qui qui erat erat maritus maritusDominae Dominae Augusti. Dominus Franciscae Pedrini, Mathematicus Mathematicus insignis, insignis, agens agens etatis etatis suae suae annum annum Franciscae Pedrini, septuagesimum circiter omnibus omnibus muriitus munitus Sacrainentis Sacramentis inin septuagesimum septimum septimum circiter Domino expiravit, expiravit,cuius cuiuscadaver cadaversolemniter solemniterad adhanc hanc suam suar parrochialem Domino parrochialem Ecclesiam delatum post post solemnes solemnes exequias exequias in in co cornu sinistro sacern sacelli Ecclesiam delatum rnu sinistro Smi. Crucifixi Crucifixi de de ordine ordine Ser.mae Ser.mae Ducissae Ducissae Mostrae Mostrae Dorotheae Dorotheae Sophiae Sophiae Smi. sepultum fuit. fuit. 3. rte Borbonica, Archivio di di Stato Stato di di Parma. Parma. Fondi Fondi Casa Casa e Co Corte Borbonica, Busta 23, 23, fascicolo n. n. 10. 10. Last Last will will and and testament testament of of Dorotea Dorotea Sofia Sofia Palatino Palatino Farnese, Farnese, Duchess of Parma. Parma. Duchess

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200

S. Α. A. Bedini, Clockwork Clockwork Cosmos Cosmos II. Ser.mo D. Carlo Carlo di di Spagna, ora Duca e Sovrano Sovrano di di questi IL Ser.mo R.le R.le Infante D. M. la Regina di Spagna Stati, mio Nepote e Signore figlio Primogenito di S. M. Elisabetta mia miafiglia, figlia, e dopo di lui àsuoi suoiSuccessori Successori in questi stati stati medesimi, Elisabetta lascio il grande mio Planisferologio Planisferologio Capo Capo d'Opera d'Opera singolare singolare d'invenzione d'invenzione e del celebre Mattematico Mattematico Bernardo Facini; Pacini; in caso che prima di manifattura dei Dono311'Α. all'A. S. R., come ho gία già determinato mia morte non ne avessi fatto un Dono in dimostranza dimostranza del del cordialissimo cordialissimo mio affetto, supplicando supplicando a di voler fare, in commpiacersi di tenerlo tenerlo sempre sempre nella nella sua sua abitazioni abitazioni in in questi questi Stati, Stati, ed ed commpiacersi affinché in obbligare a far lo stesso anche i di lui Successori ne' med.i Stati, affinch€ essi Tesi Tesi sempre viva viva la memoria memoria di di un un cosi così grand' grand' Uomo. Uomo. essi

4. Cod. Vat, Vat. lat. lat. 12946. 12946. This A is is an an This manuscript manuscript consists consists of of two two parts. parts. Part A Cod. album 24 plates plates in 20 20 sheets sheets iflustrating illustrating each and function function of of the the each part and album of 24 Planisferologio, title-page: Planisferologio, with aa title-page: MATEMATICO BERNARDO PACINI IN PIACENZA, PIACENZA, NEL NEL MDCCXXV MDCCXXV FACIlI IN MATEMΑTICO BERNARDO DELINEATO E E D'STESSI DISTESSO FEDELMENTE FEDELMENTE IN IN TUTTE PARTI CHE CHE ΡUΙΙΕ LE SUE PARTI LO COMPONGONO, RIPORTATE IN NUM.O NUM.0 XXIV TAVOLE, NEL MDCCXVI. = Dal['Ingeg.e DallTngeg.e Cam.Ie Cam.le Nicola Nicola Anito Anito =. (Album (Album of 21 21 separate separate plates plates [several [several are double] double] with with title title sheet). sheet). Partt B B consists consists of of the thefollowing following reports reports and andrelated relatedwritten writtenmaterials: materials: ρώ 1. "Spiegazione, di di quell° quello si si contiene contiene feliu nelli disegni, disegni, delineati delineati in num.o num.o 24. 24. Tavole, del del Planisferologio Planisferologio di di Parma; Parma; Accbioche Acchioche se se ne ne considerino considerino li li di di loro loro di quanto quanto in in se se si si racchiude." racchiude." (37 (37 pages pages in in the the form form of of aa manual manual rapporti, di describing the plates, with with title title sheet). sheet). describing 2. "Del Planisferologio Planisferologio costrutto costrutto in in Piacenza Piacenza nel nel MDCCXXV MDCCXXV dal dal celebre celebre Bernardo Facirii Pacini Veneziano." (Cover (Cover sheet and 44 pages pages signed signed on on matematico Bernardo the final final page pageby by'Nicola 'NicolaAnito Anitoreg.o reg.oIngeg.e Ingeg.ecam.le cam.le++1796'). 1796'). 3. "Alia Real Maestà Francesco Primo Primo Sul Sul Planisfero Planisfero Farnese Farnese di di "Alla Sacra Real Μaestό di Francesco (20 pages, the last last of of which which is is signed signed 'Tommaso Felicetti Sovranna Pertinenza." (20 Restauravit'). 4. "Alia Real Maestà Planisfero Famese Farnese di "Alla Sacra Real Μaestό Di Francesco Primo Sul Planisfero Pertinenza." (16 (16 pages, pages, the the final final page page signed signed 'Tommaso 'Tommaso Felicetti Felicetti Sovranna Pertinenza." Presentation copy copy of of Item Item 3). 3). Restauravit'. Presentation 5. "DOCUMENTI PLANISFEROLOGIO di di PARMA". PARMA". (Single (Single "DOCUMENTI relativi alalPLANISFEROLOGIO sheet). 6. "N. B." (Appears (Appears to to be be original original draft draft made madeby byPadre PadreGiambattista Giambattista "1. B." Embriaco. 11 page). page). Embriaco. 7. "Planisferologio Famesiano. Copia Copia Resoconto Resoconto del del P. P. Embriaco. Embriaco. N. N. B." B." "Planisferologio Farnesiano. (Appears copy of of Item Item 6.6. 11 page). page). (Appears to to be be a copy

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Appendix IV IV Appendix

- Documents Documents

-

201 201

8. "Relazione dei del Padre Embriaco, Ν. N. Β B."" (Dated Ι2 12 Gennaio 1894. Appears Geιmώο 1894. be presentation presentation copy copy of of Item Item 6.6. 22pages). pages). to be 9. "Seguono Documenti." (1 (1 page. page. Cover Cover sheet). sheet). "Seguono Altri Mtri Documenti" 10. Letter Letter from fromMonsignor Monsignor Giuseppe Giuseppe Pizzardo, Pizzardo, SSostituto, Secretary of of lo. οstitυtο and Secretary Cipher, to to Monsignor Monsignor Giowrnni Giovanni Mercati, Prefect of the Biblioteca Apostolica the Cipher, transferring two twodocuments documentsrelating relatingtotothethe Planisferologio. Vaticana, transferring Pkrniqferologio. 11. "All Signor Duca Duca di di San San Martino Martino di di Montalvo Montalvo Did]. [sicl]. Breve Breve "ΑΠ Eccmò. Εccm. Signor sul Planisfero Farnese Farnesecostruito costruitonelAaimo nell'anno 1725 1725 dai dal matematico matematico Bernardo notizia sui Pacini di Piacenza." Piacenza." (Letter (Letter from fromPadre PadreAnseim AnselmRodriguer, Rodriguer,O.S.A., O.S.A., director director of of Facini the Specola Specola Vaticana, Vaticana, to to the theDuke, Duke, dated dated1616February February1903. 1903. 55 pages). pages). 12. (Untitled. (Untitled. Preliminary Item 13. 13. 77 pages). pages). Preliminary draft draft of Item 13. "Relazione Delle Delle Reparazioni Eseguite Eseguite dalla dalla Ditta Ditta Hausmami Hausmann and and Co. Co. 1903." (6 cover sheet. sheet. Signed Signed and dated dated on on final final page page nell'Anno 1903." (6 pages pages and and cover 'Ernesto Hausmann Hausmann and and by by Ermanno Ermanno Frielingsdorf, Frielingsdorf, 21 21 Dicembre Dicembre 1903.' 1903.' 'Ernesto Presentation copy of of Item Item12). 12). Presentation 13. (Miscellaneous Hausmann and andCo. Co. 13. (Miscellaneousdocuments documentsand and memoranda memoranda of Hausmann "Indicazioni astronomiche dei del Planisferologio Planisferologio Farnese," Farnese," aa typed typed copy copy Includes "Indicazioni same, text of of the the inscription inscription on silver silver plate plate at base base of of the the instrument, instrmnent, aa of same, typewritten biographical biographical sketch sketch of ofGeminiano Geminiano Montanari Montanari &om from Gelehrten Gelehrten typewritten Lexikon by C. C. G. sheet with with the the letterhead letterheadof of Lexikon G. Loescher, Loescher, to to which which is is appended appended a sheet Nicola Incisore Incisore in in Metalli" Metalli" listing listing the the craftsmen craftsmen who who were were employed employed to to "De Nicola case, and and aahandwritten handwrittennote noteby byAngelo AngeloLipinsky Lipinsky dated datedFebruary February22, 22, make the case, 1942 citing the Journal Suisse d'Horologerie d'Horologerie and and aaforthcoming forthcoming 1942 citing the the article article in the by G. G. H. H.Bail]ie, Baillie, 6ό pages). pages). article by 5.

Hausmann and andCo. Co. Archives. Archives. Manuscripts forming part of the firm's firm's bound bound Hausmann of the thePlirnisferologio's Planisferologio's restoration in 1903, 1903, which which were not not included included records of the foregoing. foregoing. in the A.

Indicazione per per rimettere rimettere ii divisi divisi quadranti quadranti al al loro loro posto. posto. •k * ic *"k * Mostrando l'orologio l'orologio bisogna bisogna badare badare che che le le ruote ruote con con ii denti denti disuguali disuguali 17a) sia sia messa messa con con ii denti denti1)111 più larghi ee mettere mettere poi poi la la data data del del 22 22 (Tavola 170 con questa questa data data fissa fissa si si girano girano le le sfere sfere fino fino al al primo primo Eclissi. Eclissi. Dicembre; con 1) Il disco lunare lunare d'argento d'argento volgere volgere verso verso destra. destra. II piccolo disco 2) Il cerchio rosso rosso per per l'eclissi l'eclissi lunare ee solare solare girare girare verso verso destra. destra. Ii cerchio 3) Dal lato dei del movimento si trovano 2 quadranti piccoli, i quali si girano per quadranti piccoli, il firmamento. firmamento. rimettere il 4) Sul movimento si trova trova un ponte con foro per un perno movibile; alzando

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S. A. A. Bedini, Bedini, Clockwork Clockwork Cosmos Cosmos

perno rimmovere tutto il meccanismo astronomico, astronomico, senza senza che si giri il il pe rn o si può ρυό dmmovere movimento delle delle sfere. sfere. 5) Il cerchio grande grande dorato dorato con con delineamento delineamento triangolari, triangolaro, quadrato quadrato ed ed Ii cerchio si gira gira aa sinistra. sinistra. esagonale si 6) Al di dietro della macchina si trova un rocchetto a vite perpetuo, questa leva dall'ingranaggio per rimettere al posto le 2 braccia che segnano l'alba vite si leνa il tramonto tramonto dei del soie. sole. e il B. Β. da corisultarsi consultarsi per per rimettere rimettere aa segno segno il il MOTUS MOTUS MEDIUS. MEDIUS. (See (See TAVOLA da 75). Figure 75). C. Die Uhr Uhr einzustellen: einzustellen: Im Die Nachdem die die zwei zwei Raeder Raeder fuer Motus Motus medium medium & & motus motus verus verus eingestellt eingestellt sind es sind dieses die 2 Raeder im Inneren der Uhr mit ja 365 (Die Sonne 365 Zaehne Zaehne (Die tragend). Bei Bei einem einem dieser dieser Raeder Raeder sind sind die die Zaelme Zaehne gleich; gleich; beim beim anderen anderen tragend). Beim ungleichen ungleichen Rade Rade befinden befinden sich, sich, an an den den Staffen Staffen die die Zur Zur ungleich. Beim Befestigung der Sonne dienen 79 Zaehnen nach aussen aussen gebogen gebogen und weiter weiter von einander entfernt. entfemt. Dan kommen zur rechten die Zaehnen nach oben zeigend (das Rad auf den Tisch liegend) 132 132 Zaehnen eng gescbnitten; geschnitten; dan 43 43 Zaehnen Zaehnen weiter geschnitten; dan dan wieder wieder 120 120 enggeschtnitten. enggeschtnitten. Zur einstellung einstellung bedient man man sich sich am am besten besten der der 43 43 Zaebne. Zaehne. Diese zaehlt man bis zur Haeifte Haelfte ab ab und setzt den 22ten Zahn in den Eingriff zeigt; dann staeilt staellt man zur aber so dass der kleine Zeiger des Motus verus auf 60 zeigt; Stemenhimmel mit Kalendar auf auf den 25teri 25ten Dezember; die die Uhr gleicher Zeit den Sternenhimmel Hauptsache eingestellt. eingestellt. Dann kommt Sonnen Sonnen Auf Auf & & Untergang; ist dann fuer die Hauptsache dieser wird das Grosse Grosse Rad Rad fuer die die 12 12 Kosteilationen Kostellationen eingestellt eingestellt indem wird durch das man des des Rad Rad vorsichtig vorsichtig auf auf sienen sienen ein ein Eingriff Eingriff mit mit Trieb Trieb ihnen ohnen Ende Ende man so die die zwei zwei Arme Arme zu zu gleicher gleicher Zeit Zeit einstellt. einstellt. Wenn Wenn dieses dieses herausdreueckt und so geschehen und die 2 Minutenzeiger mit den 2 Stundenzeiger fuer Astronomische Zeit Italienische Zeit Zeit uerberein stimmen stimmen wird wird auf auf der Seite des Werkes an Zeit und Italienische Schluessel zum einstellen passen so lange gedreht den 2 Vierecken die fuer den Schluessei bis sich der Kalendar auf den der Sonnenzeiger Sonnenzeiger zeigt zeigt den 25ten 25ten Dezember Dezember zeigt. Mo tus verιis verus auf 60 zeigt dreht Wenn dann der kleine Zeiger fuer Motus dreht' man an den 22 Vierecken weiter bis die die erste erste Eclisse Eclisse kommt und und stellt stelli dann dann diese diese ein ein wie wie die die Vierecken Taf el Ι1 genau genau zeigt. zeigt. Zeichnung Tafel der Mondzeiger Mondzeiger und Fasen Fasen eingestellt; eingestellt; dann dann der der Kalendar Kalendar mit mit Dann wird der Tagen, Wochen, Monate. Monate. Alle Alie Scheibe lassen sich sich einstellen einstellen und ist es falsch wie es nach der alten Beschreibung Beschreibung heist: Um die Uhr nach Jahren Jahren einzustellen einzustellen die Haemmung heraus nehmen nehmen und und immer immeraufziehen aufziehen und undimmer immerablaufen ablaufenlassen lassen bis alies ueberein ueberein stimmt, stimmi, der der Mechanismus Mechanismus leid leid durch durch diese diese Manipulation Manipulation bis alles zu viel. viel. Die Die Minuten Minuten der der sogenannten sogenannten Spanischen Spanischen Zeit Zeit stimmen stimmen nicht nicht mit mit den Minuten Minuten der der Italienischen Italienischen Zeit Zeit ueberein. ueberein. Die Die Kreise Kreise drehen drehen sich sich wie wie folgt: folgt:

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1) Die sub. silb. Mondscheide Mondscheide dreht dreht man man rechts. rechts. 2) 2) Der Der rote rote dunne dunne Streifen Streifen fuer fuer 1) Eclisse wird nach rechts rechts gedreht. gedreht. 3) Der grosse vergoldete Kreis mit Mond und Sonnenlinien wird wird links links gedreht. gedreht. 4) 4) Auf Auf dem dem Werk Werk hinter hinter der der 12 12 des des Sonnenlinien Astronomoschenzifferhlattes findet findet sich sicheine eineBruecke Brueckemit mitbewegligen hewegligen Astronomoschenzifferblattes Zapfenlager; hebt heht man man das das Zapfenlager Zapfenlager mit mit Trieb Trieb ausseinem ausseinem Eingriff Eingriff so so stellt stelli Zapfenlager; die Spanischen Spanischen Zeit Zeit mit mit der der Italienischen Italienischen ein. man die Die der mitte mitte des des Decksteins stehen. stehen. Um Um die die Die Gabelfuehrung muss genau in der den reichverziehrten reichverziehrten vergold. Sperrkegel Sperrkegel Uhr auf Longitudine einzustellen hebt den aus seinem Eingriff und dreht an den hohlen Vierecken Vierecken mit dem dem Schluessel Schluessel bis bis die Uhr Uhr wie wie z.B. z.B. wie wie Rom Rom zu zu 42 42 Grad Grad eingestellt eingestellt ist. ist.

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V APPENDIX Ν DESCRIPTION OF PLANISFEROLOGIO DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANISFEROLOGIO

following is free translation translation of ofthe thePlanisferologio's Planisferologio's description description by by The following is a free Vallisneri's Pacini's explanation, explanation, as as published published in in Valiisneri's unidentified unidentified friend friend based based on Facini's Angelo Calogera, Raccolta d'Opuscoli d'Opuscoli Scientifici Scientifici e Filologici, Tomo Tomo Primo, Primo, Sotta Sotta Protezionedell'Altessa dell'Altessa Serenissima Serenissima di di Dorotea Dorotea Sofia Sofia Co Co Palatina 'Palatina dei del Reno Reno la Ρrοteione Duchessa di di Parma, Parma, Piacenza, Piacenza, &c. &c. (Venezia: (Venezia: Appresso Appresso Cristoforo Cristoforo Zane, Zane, 1728), 1728), Tomo I. I. Infonnazione; Informazione; ee Usi Usi dei del Novissimo Novissimo Planisferologio Planisferologio Posseduto Posseduto dalla dalla Tomo Sofia Palatina Palatina Farnese Duchessa di di Parma, Parma, Piacenza, Piacenza, &c. &c. Serenissima Dorotea Sofia PartieseDuchessa Inventato ed eseguito eseguito da da Bernardo Bernardo Facini Pacini Veneto. Veneto. "Lettera "Lettera Scritta Scritta ai al Sig. Sig. Inventato ed Marchese Giovanni Poleni... Vallisneri intomo Poleni ... dal Sig. Antonio Antonio Vallisneri intorno al Planisferologio inventate dal dal Signor Signor Bernardo Bernardo Facini." Pacini. " pp. pp. 108-126. 108-126. nuovamente inventate THE PLANISFEROLOGIO PLANISFEROLOGIO is is aa small small machine machine [mechanism] [mechanism] which, which, on on aa vertical plane (having a diameter diameter of of 14 14 Onde Onde Regie) Regie) causes causes th thee effects effects of of vertical plane (having numerous inventions, inventions, to indicate in each instance all that that which whichfollows follows from from the Prime Prime Mover Mover [Primum [Primum Mobile], Mobile], the the most most conspicuous conspicuous stars of the the the stars of sun, the the moon, moon, its its epicycle, epicycle, and the the nodes nodes of of the the Dragon Dragon [lunar [lunar firmament, the suri, nodes], the essentials essentials of astronomy, astronomy, together with the most most accurate accurate calendar calendar [ephemeris]. Nevertheless glory Supreme Author, Author, creator creator of ofall all [ephemeris]. Nevertheless glory is is given given to to the Supreme things, named made by by man. man. things, named and made The inventions are are of ofsix sixtypes types The inventions The thatininaaflat flatarea areaofofthe thevertical verticalview viewappear appearseveral severalcircles circles The first is that taken from from the thePrimum PrimumMobile Mobile from fromeast eastto towest westfor fordaily dailymotions, motions,move move which taken one inside the other, some some going backwards towards the the east, east, others others preceding preceding west for for daily daily motions, motions, and and further. further. towards the th e west Other than the two two circles circles there are are other other stabile [elements], of which which th thee greatest of all all is is the dial dial for for astronomical astronomical hours representing representing th thee stationary stationary greatest equator, where minutes minutes are are distinguished distinguished in in the actual apparent apparent motion. motion. equator, th e actual dial there is In the the above-mentioned above-mentioned dial is another for for the minutes, and the Italian hours, which, which, being mobile, always always changes changes place under under th thee Astronomical Astronomical being mobile, [hours], continuously showing by true motion motion the the precise precise differences differences between between Astronomical and the the Italian Italian hours, hours, following following all anomalies in all all the the Polar Polar the Astronomical latitudes between 35 35 and and 55 55 degrees. degrees. latitudes thee center of the the prospect prospect is is another another stationary dial, on on which which the the Around th and Minutes Minutes indicate indicate th thee perennial motion motion of of the the imagined imagined indices of the Hours, and

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Appendix V1 - Description Description of of the the ΡΙaώsferοΙοgιο Planisferologio Appendix

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Primum Mobile, Mobile, and the the number number of of its itsrevolutious, revolutions, denoting denoting the days days of of the the year, of the the month, month, axid and of of the the week week ininaverage average motion. motion. year, The the Ecliptic into unequal parts "Te Equator is ς divided into hito equal parts, and the (with respect to the eccentricity eccentricity arid and the the declination) declination) these these are are above above most mostof ofthe the Circles, driven by the Primum Mobile thee west, Μοbπe from the moving Circles, driven around by th e Primiim th e east to th the Sun through its daisy daily motion. motion. The Sun with other backward backward and and leading the The Sim motion, always always appears different place place and and degree degree on on the thesaid said unequal motion, appears in in a different Echptic, and indicates indicates with with which which degree degree of of the the Equator Equatorititcorresponds; corresponds; Ecliptic, and meanwhile the Sun Sun each eachsolar solaryear, year,completes completesaarevolution revolutionininthe thecourse courseofof365 365 days, 55 hours, hours, 48 48 minutes, minutes, and and 40 40 seconds. seconds. And at the the same same time time the the natural days, moves as much much as as the thepreceding precedingeach eachday daymore morethan thanone onerevolution revolution equator moves towards the the Occaso Occaso [sunset, [sunset, setting, setting, west west decline], decline], compensating compensating as as much much towards Sun on on its its orbit orbit towards towards the the east; east; not not continuous backward motion as the said Sun of the the true true Sun, Sun, derived from the eccentricity eccentricity of of its own own omitting the Anomalies of orbit declination of the same same from from the the Equator; Equator; from fromwhich which apparent apparent orbit and declination natural days days follow follow either either more more or or less less than than aa revolution revolution of of the Primum Mobile; Mobile; natural the Primum just as, as, in in fact, fact, one one sees sees executed executed in in the thePlanisferologio Planisferologio in in exact exact imitation imitation of of the the just true solar solar motion. motion. indicated by by the the same same Sun Sun on on aa spiral spiral of of the the fourth fourthvolute volute The solar days are indicated intersected by by Diagonais, Diagonals, distinguish distinguish 366 366 days days of of intercalary intercalary years yearsfrom from which, intersected 365 days other years years which, which, averaged averaged out outeach eachyear yearhas has365-1/4 365-1/4days days 365 days of the other according to the the Juilan Julian [calendar]. [calendar]. accοrώng because each each solar solaryear yearisis less less than a Julian year, the said Sun, in order order But, because JόΙian year. to complete complete each each Juliari Julian year, retrogrades on the the Ecliptic Ecliptic for for aatime timeperiod periodofof IT --2'. O more more than thanan anentire entirerevolution: revolution: This This happens happens only only in in about about minutes l'i 2'. 0 127-1/17 Julian than the 127-1/17 Julianyears years that that it it retrogrades more than the value of a natural day in average motion, same years years the the Equator Equatorprecedes precedesfrom fromthe thePrimum Primum motion, and in the same Mobile does Mobile one one revolution revolution equivalent to a day, which the Gregorian [calendar] does give to one of of the Julian Intercalaries. Intercalarles. not give to one the Juhan Here are omitted omitted the thee Author Author [Faciώ], [Pacini], who if he will will the observations of th as he he related relatedto tome, me, wi will adjustmentuseless. useless. exhibit them, as Ιt not not make such an adjustment The natural days, days, or that is is apparently such, visible distinct distinct from from th thee such, are visible solar days, days, since since they are are indicated indicated by by means means of ofanother anotherinvention invention (from (from solar another Spiral Spiral of of the the above-mentioned above-mentioned type) type) in in the the central centralDial Dial of of the thePrimum Primum another Mobile, the revolutions of which are are counted. counted. Mobile, the revolutions The Equinoxes and the theSolstices Solstices are indicated indicated by by 44 small shields, the centers centers Equinoxes and numbers of of the of which correspond to the 4 cardinal points, where the numbers the Ecliptic degrees are with those those of of the Equator mentioned, mentioned, not notelsewhere. elsewhere. degrees are united with the Equator The Precession Precession of the the Equinoxes Equinoxes and of of the the Solstices Solstices is is indicated indicated by by th thee the same same Shields, Shields, when when th thee S Sun over the center center of of one one of of them them center of the un is over which, moving moving with with th thee Equator Equator in in its itsdaily dailymotion, motion, shows shows under under which which which, Meridian and at which hour hour it happens, by by means of of the the greater hourly dial, that that is, the stable stable Equator Equator indicated indicated by bythe theAstronomical Astronomical Hours. Hours. In In this thisway way in in th thee is, Sun are are undestood, undestood, whether whetherin inits itsdaily daily Planisferologio all the the movements of the Sim motion, and solar solar year year as as well well as diurnal diurnal and and natural naturalyear, year, imitating imitatinganomalies anomalies and exactly exactly following following th thee Juliαn Julian bissextile, bissextile, and the Gregorian Gregorian of the the true SSun, un, and .

correction. The artificial Sun conceived by the astronomer to to facilitate facilitate th thee calculations th e astronomer

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truthful testimoniYl testimonial of optimum execution. Considering Considering that seen on on aa is a truthful that it is seen small arch divided divided into into minutes of of the the hour hour appearing appearing superimposed superimposed on the the smaΠ Sun, where where the the artificial artificial Sun Sun moves moves with with average average armual annual and anddaily daily apparent Sun, motion always always equal, either receding receding or or preceding preceding the theapparent apparentSun, Sun, equal, it is seen either equation minutes minutes each each Solar Solar Day Day and and in in every every instant. instant. strictly indicating ΙικΙΙcatΙng the equation So much was perhaps perhaps already already thought thoughtto tobe beimpossible impossible of ofexecution execution by bythe the most mustrious illustrious schools. schools. But Author did did not not stop stophere, here,instead insteadplausible plausible But the Author advantages of his his wonderful wonderful work work grew grew with withhis hisinventions. inventions. advantages The Equation of of natural natural Days Days is different from from that that of ofsolar solardays, days, The is seen as different which are are shorter, shorter, as as ititis is exactly exactly indicated indicatedobserving observing the the th e difference between the Sun and andthose thoseof ofthe thecentral centraldial dialof ofthe thePrimum PrimumMobile. Mobile. indices of the apparent Sun th e apparent But further, the equation equation of Italian hours is understood by observing observing the the the dial dial of of the the Primum PrimumMobile Mobile where where the the difference differenceof ofthe theItalian Italian exact time on the hours are seen seen on on their their dial; dial; where where they they are are numbered numbered in in the the true trueapparent apparent hours motion as hi in that that ofofthe theAstronomical Astronomical hours. hours. motion variation by means of two two arms arms or or indices indices The artificial days show show their variation center to to the thecircumference, circumference, one onetowards towards the Orto [east, [east, which move from the center th e Orto Levant, sunrise, sunrise, beginning] beginning] and the the Occaso Occaso [see [see foregoing], foregoing], Levant, th e other towards the according to the dial, always always changing the size size of of the the angle angle which which they they th e noted dial, form; happens that the the daily daily arc arc ofofthe thecurrent currentday dayalways alwaysremains remains form; it it happens intercepted in in the the upper upperpart partof ofthe thevertical verticalplane, plane,and andalso alsoininthe thelower lowerpart part the intercepted th e noctural arc; arc; following following ail all the the anomalies anomalies caused caused by by the addition denotes the noctural the obliquity of solar orbit, orbit, and and by byits itseccentricity eccentricity by bywhich which almost almost 88days days obliquity of the solar more are contributed contributed from the the eastern eastern equinox equinox to to the the winter winter [lemale], [Iemale'], than than more thee winter winter to to summer. summer. from th The the West West ficcasol [Occaso] for for both both th thee Astronomical Astronomical and The East [Orto] [Ono] and the Italian hours; the both Ortive and Occidue [Oriental and th e Amplitude [extension] both Occidental?]; straight and and oblique oblique ascensions ascensions and and descensions descensions are are Occidental?];the the straight recognized by the motion of of the th e above-mentioned index arms. Considering that the Italian dial dial is always always moved by the the index of the the West West [Occaso] [Occaso] th e Italian index arm or index of which it guides with itself itself towards towards the the point pointof of24 24 hours hoursalways alwayschanging changingplace place in the astronomical astronomical dial; dial; and and in such a manner manner can can always always be seen seen the the hour hour of of [Orto] of midnight, of noon, and each point of each each natural natural day day the Italian East [Orto] of variance of th thee Italian Italian hours hours with with those thoseAstronomical, Astronomical, which which remain remain fixed fixed 12 at at noon noon and and atatmidnight. midnight. at 12 The fixed fixed stars stars most conspicuous conspicuous in the firmament firmament are are marked marked in straight and the ascension on a circle moving between between the two of the Equator Equator and th e Ecliptic. The said stars, although although carried carried away away by by the Mobile in the daily daily The th e Primum Mobile east to to west, west, have have their their own own motion motion directly directly toward toward the motion from east th e east with arrangementof ofcompleting completingone oneturn turninin25, 25,412 years with with the thetypical typical the precise arrangement 412 years anomalies; it is expected that that turning turning on on the thepoles polesof ofthe thesolar solarEcliptic Echpticcauses causes anomalies; greatest circle circle to keep the the same same declination declination which which itit has has from from the the Equator. Equator. their greatest The Passage of each one of the said stars under under the th e meridian corresponds to which of ofthese these may be under the Meridian, at which point the Sun or the Zenith: which under the Moon is subordinate to it: it: in which place each one of them may may be be found; found; all all in in subordinate to one time time and and all all time time ititisisi.mderstood understood on on the the same same plan, plan, adaptable adaptable to toall all one outlined. latitudes outlined. The Moon Moon with withits itsepicycle epicycleisis carried by the Mobile from th e Primum Mobile from the East to

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retrograding towards the the east, east, completes completes aa turn turneach eachmonth, month,that that the West, and retrograding is, 27 27 days, days, 7 hours, 43 43 minutes, 77 seconds seconds of of average average motion motion wi with center is, th the center the epicycle. epicycle. of the The lunar synodal months appear appear in in the the real real motion, motion, and andin in average average motion motion (apparentcloseness closenessofoftwo twoor ormore morecelestial celestialbodies). bodies). in all α11 the the conjunctions conjunctions (apparent The mean motion motion[Moto [Motomedic)] medio'] is measured from from the said center center of of th thee the said epicycle which, the conjunction), conjunction), retrogrades retrogrades more morethan than epicycle which, leaving leaving the the sun (after the one turn to to join join with with th thee sun where, in such time, it retrogrades after after the the same conjunction and and employs employs 29 29 days, days, 12 12 hours, hours, 44 44 minutes, minutes, 33 seconds seconds of ofaverage average before th thee said said center center rejoins rejoins th thee sun. sun. motion before motion follows it, th thee moon being being led led by by its its epicycle epicycle which, which, in in27 27 The true motion 13 hours, 18 18 minutes, and 34 34 second of of average average motion, motion, always always ends ends one one days, 13 in the the order orderof ofthe thezodiac zodiacsigns signs describing describing aa circle circle the the diameter diameter of ofwhich which turn in occupies 15 15 degrees, degrees, 20 the lunar lunarorbit. orbit.Therefore Therefore the disk occupies 20 minutes, minutes, of the the lunar disk the center center of of the when itit is in apogee apogee (less (less shows itself either further from the th e place, piace, when (because of of the epicycle) or closer when it is in more more retrograded retrograded retrograded) (because the epicycle) perigee, respecting the the celestial celestial moon, either more eastern eastern or or th e true motion of the more western; western; and and consequently consequently th thee s'mods, synods, oppositions, oppositions, functions, functions, and and more under the themeridian meridianemploy employeither eithermore moreor orless lesstime, time, diversely thee passages under diversely from th center of the epicyclical indicator of the motion: further further of of th e epicyclical th e average imagined motion: for the of what variation of time for the inequality of motion of the the solar disc imitator of thee celes celestial. th tial. The appear as as much much over over the The sun, sun, moon, moon, and fixed fixed stars stars are made to appear th e said with aspect and and exactly exactly following plane wi th regularity of time and aspect foΠοwing the th e anomalies. The light of of the the Moon Moon isis not omitted considering considering that that itit also also turns turns in initself, itself, and from from one one synod synod to to the theother, other,one oneturn turnisiscompleted completedcontinually continuallyshowing showing how much itit isis illuminated, illuminated, and and from from which which side side ititreceives receives the light from from how th e light sun. the sun. The nodes, be they head head or or tail tail of of the the Dragon Dragon diametrically opposed, each each is is with two intersected intersected lines, lines, which which occupy occupy 15 15 degrees degrees in inlength. length.These These marked wi th two the Primum Mobile Mobile on a circle circle running running inside inside nodes are evenly led around by the those outlined, outlined, and have a motibn motion directly towards the of 18 18 Julian Julian years, years, th e east, of 223 days, 6ό hours, hours, 13 13 minutes minutes [actually [actuallyshould shouldbebe18.61 18.61years], years],following following the 223 th e anomalies produced the obliqueness obliqueness of of the ecliptic. anomalies produced by the th e ecliptic. The solar eclipses eclipses appear in precise time and place place when when one one of of the the said said nodes is found in the th e synod of the the sun and the th e moon: moon: where it is noticed under occurs, from the the degrees degrees of of the which meridian the th e eclipse occurs, the stationary equator is the greatest dial); dial); the size size of of the eclipse is taken taken from from th thee said said ((that th at is th e greatest the eclipse lines, where point of of intersection intersection isis the real node, node, where where the the greatest greatest lines, where .the the point the real eclipses eclipses appear. The lunar darkenings [deliqui] [deliqui] happen happen when the over one the sun is found again over said Nodes, Nodes, and and th thee moon moon under under the the other: other; th thee size size and and place place are are of the th e said understood by the the condition condition of of the theeclipses. eclipses. understood Up told what what occurs occurs from from the the first first inventions; inventions; but but to to Up to this point ΙI have told satisfy [appagare] [appagare] th thee intellect intellect of the truth truth of of so so many many effects, effects, itit isis important important that showing th thee Beneficence of the Being at ΙI give some of the th th e cause, showing the Supreme Be ing towards towards the au author [maker], in the the execution execution of of what what has has never never been beenseen. seen. th or [maker],

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Inventions the the the second second sort sort Inventions of the The facility of each of the the assigned assigned Motions Motions is is great, great, since since they they ail all depend depend sole principle principle of of one one small small Wheel Wheel (which (which conducted conducted by by the the universal universal on the sole Mechanism) gives gives motion Primum Mobile Mobile which in turn turn motion of the Mechanism) motion to the Primum transmits it to all all other other Objects Objects outlined outlined in in the the Plane Plane of of the theProspect Prospect[dial. [dial, transmits Hand [pointer, [pointer, perspective, perspective, table, table, summary, summary, facade] facade] ifif the perspective] if the th e Hand th e [pointer, index] of of the hand, needs needs only only one one Hand [pointer, the Primum Mobile is Is turned turned by hand, Minute to move in proportion proportionto toeverything everythingmentioned. mentioned.Therefore Thereforefollowing following the th e of the Hand, one one can can see see the the effects effects of ofmany manyYears Years in in aafew fewhours. hours. turn of the Hand, But since there would be a need for for not not aa little little [considerable] [considerable] power power to to put put in motion motion the play of of so so many many wheel wheel movements movements (even (even though though derived derived from from th e play power source): source): for this this the industriousness of of the maker made made up up a ssingle ingle power the industriousness the maker sometimes with conchlea, sometimes sometimes with with retrograde retrograde motions, motions, while while with with sometimes with conchlea, diminishing resistance extent and and almost almostannhiliating annhiliatingit. it. wedges diminishing resistance to an extreme extent

Inventions of the the third third so sort Inventions rt The movements [of [of the wheel], although although dependent upon only only one one The said movements the wheel], force, separately moves moves each of of the the mentioned mentioned objects objects with with exact exact force, each each one separately precision of time; may have have at at first first been beenimpractical impracticalbefore before the th e precision time; although this may author found found aa ready readysolution solution with with very veryindustrious industrious invention invention by by new new author very laborious calculations; calculations; considering considering that that th thee constructions of wheels, after very times concurrent with with th thee motions of the objects are are ail all fractions, fractions, which which the said objects could adjust to to ordinary ordinary wheels wheels capable capable of whole whole parts parts only only in in the th e could never never adjust divisions teeth. divisions of of their teeth. Therefore the author author showed showed me me several several duplicate duplicate wheels wheels which, which, in each each of of turn with with interior interior contrivance, contrivance, leave leave behind behind whatever whatever is is needed needed to to equ equalize ΙΙ7e their turn thee time with with the the motion: motion: between between which which each each one one of ofits itsturns turnsleaves leaves5/14 5/14ofof th one of the 91 teeth which surround it; another another leaves leaves 45/58 45/58 of of one one of of the 97. the 97. the 91 Another leaves 85116266/88868569 85116266/88868569 [Note: ofone oneof ofthe the84, 84,with with Another leaves [Note: this is a fraction] fraction] of others, without which which th thee true motions motions could could never never be be initiated initiated in in their their others, etc. without times. Anomalies and aspects aspects of ofCelestial Celestial Objects. Objects. times. Anomalies

Inventions of the the fourth fourth so sort Inventions rt The universal universal movement movement of each thing thing proceeds proceeds from from three three springs springs of of The medium strength, but united, united, so so that thatin inwinding winding the first, the are also also th e others are th e first, me dium strength, wound; so so that their their actions actions are are united unitedasasthough thoughthey theywere wereonly onlyone. one. wound; In the snail [lumaca: [lumaca: horological term] where the chain is wrapped in order the said said springs springs there there isis such such industry industry that, that, winding winding them them every every 44 to wind up the days, delay is given given to the wheels; instead they are are forced forced to to follow follow their thendays, no delay th e wheels; motion; different different from from all all the other Chain Chain movements. movements. th e other usual motion;

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Appendix Ν V - Descriptioxi Description of of the Planisferologia Planisferologio Appeiidix -

209

Inventions of the the fifth fifthsort sort Inventions The pendulums the maker maker of of pendulums of all aH clocks are afflicted afflicted by many many defects but the work has has corrected corrected all of them them with withvery veryspecious specious inventions. inventions. this work α11 of The first is that the the said said movement movement [the [the most most united united to to a111 all] can can yield yield from every its own own vertix. vertix, without without any any altera alteration motion at the every part outside of its tion of motion pendulum; so that this this one, one, constmcted constructed in such a maimer, manner, coni could be placed in in clocks clocks for for use use by by navigators navigators at at sea; sea; doubtless doubtless the theagitation agitation of ofwaves waves use in would bring some detriment detriment of motion motion to the the pendulum; pendulum; with with more more which which would bring some follows. The second is that in order order to escape escape the the bad bad effects effects of of the the inequality inequality of of the the motive denser (or (or more more ruffled) rarified) air air motive power; power; no less less than the impression of the denser (causes described by by the the pendulums), pendulums), the the (causes which which change change and diminish the arcs described following Christian Huygens. Huygens, introduced cycloid in the same bob or or maker, following introduced the cycloid bythe thecontact contactofoftwo twosurfaces surfaces(one (onecyclic, cyclic, pendulnm where, weight [grave] [grave] of the pendulum where by other circular) circular) itit follows follows that that the the vibrating vibrating pendulum pendulum moves moves as as much much away away the other vertical points as itit is is shortened shortened because because the thelocation location change change of ofthe the from its vertical point of of said said contact contactbetween betweenthe thesaid saidsurfaces. surfaces.This Thispoint pointtakes takesits itsmo motion point tion from a hand fixed fixed to the the said said cydoidal cycloidal surface in the the pendulum pendulum weight, weight, this hand hand being pushed by the escapement escapement near near the the fulcrum fulcrum [ίροnτοο1:01 [ipomoclo], gives gives motion to pendulum, and and changing changing place place on on contact contactraises raises the the pendulmn pendulum weight or the pendulum, in proportion proportion to to the thearc arcwhich whichititdescribes. describes. The The ρendυbτm pendulum is is compelled compelled bob in always to employ the same time in each each vibration vibration whether whether itit is is more more or orless; less; always to employ still continues. continues. which still In the third cure case there is to be considered that that all aIl pendulums in the summer (a rarifier rarifier of of all all bodies) bodies) must must lengthen lengthen out, out, thereby therebyslowing slowing down down the the heat (a motion, as all theories theories agree. it isis agreed agreed that thatthey theyare are motion, as all agree. On On the the other hand it shortened (accelerating (accelerating th thee motion) motion) in the cold cold winter, winter, the the cοnsΙrictoϋ constrictor of solid bodies. Again, the maker maker conquers conquers this this very very great greatdifficulty difficulty with with aageometric geometric Aga in. the forming the rod [Astej [Aste] of of the the pendulum pendulum with with more more intertwined invention, by forming intertwined [linde], representing the the rhombuses rhombuses [rhombij [rhomb!] and triangles, triangles, with all index arms [lindeJ, comers [angles] untied; so that that the the pendulum pendulum bob bob could could the extremities of the corners descend, if it were not held held hack hack by by aalong long diagonal diagonal (in (in th thee lower rhombus) descend, where, with this diagonal, the center center of of where, diagonal. the the distance distance between between the fulcrum and the gravity of the the entire entire pendulum pendulum rema remains unchanged. gx'avity of ins unchanged. When the weather is hot hot (the (the entire entire figure figure being being less less dense) dense) the the center center of of gravity cannot move from from the the fulcrum; fulcrum; considering considering th that the same same diagonal diagonal gravity at the less dense, it expels the nodes nodes which which itit has has at its extremities extremities and its its becomes less angles are rendered more more acute; acute; consequently consequently itit moves moves ail all the theother othernodes, nodes, angles bob as as much much as asititwould would have havemoved movedfrom fromthe thefulcrum: fulcrum: raising the pendulum bob on th thee other hand hand ifif the the cold cold shrinks shrinks the the said said figure, figure, itit is is agreed agreed that that itit shortens shortens permits the the descent descentof of the the pendulum the two m bob; so that the said diagonal, and permits ρendυΙµ that the essential points of the the pendulum pendulum will will ma maintain intain an unchanged distance distance between the event event of ofheat heator orcold, cold,without withoutdisturbing disturbing the the good good effect effect of of the the them in the internal cycloid to bob, with with irniversal universal admiration for so many inte rn al cycloid to the pendulum bob, objects, seeing the the great great unification unification of of things things formerly formerly thought thought by by α11 all to objects, and seeing impractical. be impractical. .

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210

S. A. A. Bedini, Bedini, Clockwork Clockwork Cosmos Cosmos

Inventions the sixth sixth sort sort Inventions of the hours is also distinguished by a single single usage, without aa The beating of the hours separate movement for the the striking striking mechanism mechanism in in conformity conformity with the the second second hand [l'usato: [l'usato: pouch, pouch, container, container, truss] truss] but butby bythe thesame samewheel wheelwhich whichgives gives new new motion to the the pendulum pendulumwhich, which, by bymoving movingseveral severalwheels wheels continuously, continuously, knock knock regularly against two small small clappers clappers on on two two bells, bells, always always striking striking the the number numberof of of the the quarters quarters(not (notomitting omittingthe thehalf-hour) half-hour)triplicately triplicately(three (threetimes) times) the hours, of course of of each each minute. minute. Thus Thus the the astronomical astronomical clock clock does not make make any any in the course noise, but only continuously reveals the Italian hours; hours; although althoughthe theItalian Italianhours hours always change time with with respect respect to tothe theastronomical astronomical[also [alsocalled called always change place place and time French hours]; hours]; as as was was shown shown when when speaking speaking of of the the horizon. horizon. French maker — to grant such such This very new new invention invention did not go unnoticed imnoticed by the maker a fitting ending ending to to so so many manyworks worksmade madetotothe theGLORY GLORYOF OFGOD GOD and andtowards towards good service service to to HER HERMOST MOSTSERENE SERENEAND ANDMOST MOSTVENERATED VENERATED GRAND GRAND good SOVEREIGN. Until now have in in effect effect seen, seen, but but ΙI must Until now II have have said said no more than what II have much the the author authorisis truly truly certified certified by by aa great great number numberof ofsensible sensiblepeople people add how much [intelligenti] that that in in such such aawork work there thereisis much muchthat thatisisuseful usefulfor forinvestigating investigatingthe the sought after after determination determinationof of the thelongitude longitude at atsea, sea, which which has has preoccupied preoccupied much sought many, but only only with with words. words. As [clock] itit may may be seen seen with with the the many, As to to the work [clock] clement permission permission of of HER HERSERENE SERENEHIGHNESS. HIGHNESS. most clement IΙ shall shall leave leave to to the the maker makerfurther furtherexplanation, explanation, which which he he isisengaged engagedinin writing, giving explanations of its its use use with with illustrations. illustrations. Then Then writing, giving the the reasons, reasons, and explanations afterwards hopefully to give give information information about about other other most most afterwards hopefully he he may propose to remarkable and beneficial beneficial things; things; if indeed indeed the the Supreme Supreme Maker Maker will will permit permit remarkable him to do do so. so. him

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APPENDIX ΝΙ VI

CHRONOLOGY

ca. 1590 1 Francesco Generkii Genermi was was bom bom in in Florence Florence ca. Francesco Cenerini mechanized globe globe and and published published aade decription 1645 Generiώ completed his mechanized όrιρtiοn of it Generini in Florence Florence 1663 Generini died in 1665 Pacini was was bom bom in in Venice Venice Bernardo Facini 1670 Dorotea Sofia Sofia von von Pfalz-Neuburg Pfalz-Neuburg was was bom bom A marriage marriage contract contract was was negotiated negotiated for for the themarriage marriageofofBernardo Bernardo 1681 Α Pacini to to Francesca Francesca Pedrini Pedrini in in Venice Venice Facini 1683 Bartolomeo Ferrari Bologna completed completed aa mechanized mechanized globe globe he he Bartolomeo Ferrari of Bologna the "Sferologio" "Sferologio" named the published Descrizione Descrizione dello dello Sferologio Sferologio 1683 Ferrari published Ranucci ΙΙ II Duke of Parma attempted attempted to to ally ally the the duchy duchywith withFrance. France. 1691 Modena, Tuscany but but without without success success Modena, Mantua Mantua and Tuscany Imperial Austrian of Parma Parma and and 1692 Imperial Austrian troops troops were were lodged lodged in in the the duchy of remained until until 1694 1694 oldest son son of of Ranuccio Ranuccio ΙΙΙ, III, was was married married to to Dorotea Dorotea Sofia Sofia 1692 Odoardo, oldest von Pfalz-Neuburg Pfalz-Neuburg 1692 A daughter Elisabetta Elisabetta was was bom bom to to Odoardo Odoardo and and Dorotea Dorotea Sofia; Sofia; Α daughter Odoardo Farnese died died Odoardo Famese 1694 Duke Ranuccio II died died and and was was succeeded succeededby byhis his son sonFrancesco Francesco IΙ 1694 Pacini semicircle, now in the the Museo Museo Storico Storico Navale, Navale, Facini produced produced a semicircle, now in Venice 1695 On December 66 Francesco Francesco ΙI was was married married to to Dorotea Dorotea Sofia Sofia On 1695 Pacini Facial published a book on the quadrature of the circle in Venice and the "ciclometro "ciclometro proporzionale" proporzionale" invented the Francesco ΙI sent an an envoy envoy to to Vienna Vienna to to request requestremoval removalof ofimperial imperial troops from the duchy, duchy, but but without without succes succès troops 1697 Pacini worked with with P. P. Vincenzo Vincenzo CoroneHi Coronelli to produce produce aaUniversal Universal Facini Instrument or nautical nautical compendium compendium now now in in the theHermitage Hermitage Pacini plane table, table, the the alidade, alidade, of of which which now now in the the 1698 Facini produced produced a plane Correr, Venice, Venice, and aa quadrant quadrant owned owned in Satteldorf Satteldorf Museo Correr, 1701 Pacini quadrant, now now owned owned in Paris Paris Facini produced produced a quadrant, 1701 Spanish captured Mantua and and Sabbioneta Sabbioneta and and Duke Duke Gian Gian Spanish forces forces captured Martino Francesco Gonzaga fled first to Venice Venice and and then to San Martino 1702 Prince Prince Eugene of Savoy commanding imperialtroops troopsinvaded invadedParma Parma 1702 Eugene of Savoy commanding imperial and Piacenza, while while Francesco Francesco ΙI obtained support support from from the the pope, pope, who sent troops troops to to occupy occupy Parma Parma and andPiacenza Piacenza who .

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S. A. A. Bedini, Bedini, Clockwork Clockwork Cosmos Cosmos

1703 1704

Duke Gian Gian Francesco Francesco Gonzaga Gonzaga died died at Sau San Martino Martino Pacini produced two two plane plane table table compasses, compasses, present present ownership ownership not not Εaciώ known 1708 Pacini produced plane table table compass, compass, now now ο'ed owned NewYork York Facini produced aa plane inin New 1710 Pacini produced aa set setof ofcased casedminiature miniatureinstruments instrumentsfor formilitary military 171α Facini produced now owned owned surveying for the Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach now Chicago in Chicago 1713 The signing signing of of Utrecht Utrecht assmed assured Austrian of the treaty of Αυsiaυ predominance Italy in Italy 1714 Elisabetta Famese Farnese was married married by by proxy proxy to to King King Felipe Felipe Ν V of Spain, with DukeDuke Francesco ΙI standing standing in for the the king king 1714 Date the Logarithmic Logarithmic Spirals, Spirals, Facini's Pacini's invention invention and and Date appearing on the last surviving surviving mathematical instrument known to have been been the last in strument known made by him him in in Venice, Venice, now now owned owned in in Chicago Chicago 1715-16 Period in which Pacini appraised the Sferologio in lenke Venice 1715-Ιό Period in which Facini appraised the Sferologb in 1716-17 Period ininwhich whichthe theduke dukeofofParma Parmaacquired acquiredthethe Sferologio 1716-17 Period Sferologk> 1716-17 Period in in which which Fadai Pacininndertook undertook the thecommission commission to restore restore the the 1716-17 Period Sferologio and to Piacenza Piacenza Sferologio and moved to 1716 Borbon was bom, son son of of King King Felipe Felipe Ν V and and Queen Queen Don Carlos de Borb σn was of Spain Spain Elisabetta of 1718 The Treaty of London, London, also also called called the theQuadruple QuadrapleAlliance, Alliance, between, between, England, France, Holland and and Austria, Austria, established established that that Don Don England, Fance, Holland Carlos de Borbσn, Borbon, the Sρ Spanish succeed to the the Carlos rnish Infante, Infante, could could succeed duchy of Parma Parma and and Piacenza Piacenza and andTuscany Tuscany ififaasuccessor successorwas was duchy lacking 1719-20 Period which Facini Pacini completed completed the the Sferologio's Sferologio's restoralion restoration and and 1719-20 Period in which appointed meώanιcΙan mechanician to the the Duchess Duchess of of Parma Parma was appointed 1720-22 Approximately the design and and 1720-22 Approximately thetime time when when Pacini Facini began began the the design of the thePbrnisferologio Planisferologio constmction of 1725 Pacini completed the the Planisferologio Planisferologio Fachd completed 1727 Duke Francesco IΙ Farnese died on February February 26th 26th and and was was succeeded succeeded his brother brotherAntQnio Antonio by his was seen seen by byAntonio AntonioVs1 Vallisneri whose account of of 1727 The Planisferologio was was published in the the following following year year it was ρυb1ihed in Pacini invented made the theHorometrurn Horometram 1727 Fόcini invented and made 1728 Duke Enricfaetta d'Este d'Este Duke Antonio Antonio Farnese Famese was was married married to Emfchetta On 20th Duke Duke Antonio Antonio died died 1731 On January 20th 1731 August 10th 10th Facial Pacini died died at atPiacenza Piacenza On August On December 29th 29th Dorotea Dorotea Sofia Sofia became became co-tutor co-tutor of of Don Don Carlos Carlos On December regent of Parma Parma in his his name name and regent 1732 Don Carlos Carlos de Borbσn Borbon entered entered Parma Parma and andPiacenza Piacenza Don 1732 The war began with France and Spain on one one side side and Austria Austria and Russia on other for for the thesuccession succession to to the thePolish Polish throne throne Russia on the other 1732-33 Pacini's estate estate was was settled settled 1732-33 Facial's 1734 Don Carlos conquered Naples and and became becameKing Kingof of Naples Naples and andSicily Sicily conquered Naples 1736 The Spanish abandoned abandoned the the duchi duchv of of Parma Parma and and ceded ceded it to to The Spanish

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Cronology Appendix VI -- Cronology

1737

213

Charles ΝΙ VI as part part of of the thepreliminaries preliminaries to to the the peace peace of of Emperor Chades Vienna Maffei wrΌte wrote about about the Flaiiisferologio Planisferologio in bis his Osservazioni Osservazioni Scipione Maffei letterarie lettemrie troops possessed possessed Piacenza Piacenza and and entered entered Parma Parma Borbonic troops and returned returnedto to The duchy of Parma was abandoned by the Spanish and Austrian rule, with the treaty treaty of of Aquisgrana, Aquisgrana, Parma Parma and and Austrian rule, then then with Piacenza with Guastella Guastella were were given given to Spain Spain Piacenza On September September 15th 15th Duchess Duchess Dorotea Dorotea Sofia Sofia died died On King Carlos throne to to become become King King Carlos of of Naples Naples and and Sicily Sicilyvacated vacated his histhrone Carlos III of of Spain Spain and and was was succeeded succeeded by by his his son son Ferdinando Ferdinando ιI Cadis (Ferdinand TV Naples and Ferdinando Ferdinando 111 III of of Sicily) Sicily) (Ferdinand IV of Naples NicoloAnito Anito entered the service service of of King King Ferdinando Iι as royal engineer licou entered the Tiraboschi noted noted the the Planisferologio Planisferologio in in his his Biblioteca Biblioteca Girolamo Tiraboschi :

1745 1748 1748 1759 179

1760 1783

Modenese 1796 The Ρ1anι Planisferologio was examined examined by Nicola Nicola &lit), Anito, engineer engineer erοΙοgiο was succeeded by by his son' Francesco Iι 1825 King Ferdinando IΙ died and was succeeded bis sm. 1825The Ρ Planisferologio was examined examined and and possibly possibly repaired repaired by by 1825-30 The anΙsferώοgiο was Felicetti for for Kin,g King Francesco Francesco ιI of of Naples Naples Tommaso Felicetti Sicilies died and and was was succeeded succeeded by by his his son son 1830 King Francesco Iι of Two Sicmes II Ferdinando 11 1858 King Ferdinando Il II Όf of Two purchased the album of of drawing drawing Two Sicilies Skilies ρυrched and Flanisferologlo ffrom οm Michele Viola d descriptive manual of the Planisferologio II of of Two Two Sicilies died and was succeeded by bis his 1859 King Ferdinando 11 lies died son Francesco Francesco II 11 1861The Neapolitan Neapolitan court court fled fled to to Rome Rome and and lived lived there there in inexile exile 1861-70 The Francesco Π II of of the the Two Two Sicilies Sicilies died died in in Paris Paris 1893 King Francesco of Caserta inherited his share 1894 The Count Countof inherited the Planisferologio ΡΙanΙsferΌΙοgιq as part of ofhis the late late king's king's estate estate of rie Planisferologio, found in in the the ΡaΙazzΌ Palazzo Farnese in rnisferοlοgiο, which had been found 1894 The ΡΙ Rome, was examined examined by by Ρ. P. Giarnbattista Giambattista Embriaco, Embriaco, Ο.Π. O.P. Rome, Late in this this year year the the ΡbrnsferοΙοgiο Planisferologio was was consigned consigned to to Ηaυ Hausmann 1902 Late rnaim Co. for restΌratιοn restoration and Co. 1902The Fbnisferologii Planisferologio was was examined examined by the the dΙreεtοr director of of the the Specola Specola 1902-3 Vaticana In May the restored Plaidsferologio Planisferologio was presented to to Pope Pope Leo Leo Χ.111 XIII 1903 1r1 gift from from the the count count of of Caserta Caserta and and returned returned to toHausmann Hausmann as a gift Co. fΌr for the addition addition of the striking striking work work and Co. Όf the Pius X 1903 On July 20th Pope ΡΌρe Leo XIII died and was succeeded by Pope ?ins Χ December the the completed completed ΡΙanΙsferώogiο Planisferologio was was returned returned to to the the 1903 In December Vatican and accepted accepted by by ΡΌρe Pope Pius Pius Χ X Vatican 1980The Planisferologio and repaired repaired by by Ludwig Ludwig Oechslin. 1980-82 The Plardsferologio was ν as studied and Oechsiin.

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INDEX Cosmos Clockwork Cosmos Accademia Cosmografica Cosmografica degli degli Argonauti. Argonauti, Αc