CHINA ETHNIC STATISTICAL YEARBOOK 2020. 9783030490232, 3030490238

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RONGXING GUO

CHINA ETHNIC STATISTICAL YEARBOOK 2020

China Ethnic Statistical Yearbook 2020

Rongxing Guo

China Ethnic Statistical Yearbook 2020

Rongxing Guo Capital University of Economics and Business Beijing, China

ISBN 978-3-030-49023-2    ISBN 978-3-030-49024-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49024-9 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and ­transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover illustration: ZUMA Press, Inc. / Alamy Stock Photo This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Preface

Project Coordinator: Luc Changlei Guo (CNKI and Intercultural Press, Beijing, China) Members of International Editorial Committee: Uradyn E. Bulag (University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK) Carla Freeman (Johns Hopkins SAIS, Washington, DC, USA) Thomas Heberer (Universität Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany) Xihui Li (Minzu University of China, Beijing) James A Millward (Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA) Gerard A. Postiglione (University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong) Morris Rossabi (Columbia University, New York, USA) Paolo Urio (University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland) The objective of this book is to collect and estimate a set of data on the socioeconomic situations of China’s 56 ethnic groups. Although the majority of China’s population is of the Han nationality (which accounts for more than 90% of China’s population), the non-­ Han ethnic groups have a population of more than 100 million. China has officially identified, except for other unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship, 55 ethnic minorities. In addition, ethnic minorities vary greatly in size. With a population of more than 15 million, the Zhuang are the largest ethnic minority, and the Lhoba, with a population of only about three thousand, the smallest. v

vi Preface

China’s ethnic diversity has resulted in a special socioeconomic landscape for China itself. However, till present, a complete socioeconomic picture of China’s ethnic groups—especially of its smallest ethnic minorities—still remains unclear. How different have been China’s ethnic groups in every sphere of daily life and economic development during China’s fast transition period? In order to answer these questions, we need a detailed and comparable set of data for each of China’s ethnic groups. There has not been any official statement of China’s socioeconomic development from a multi-ethnic dimension. The only official data released can be found in China Ethnic Statistical Yearbook (released by the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People’s Republic of China since 1994). However, as the above Yearbook has only reported the socioeconomic statistics for the minority-based autonomous areas, a complete set of China’s multi-ethnic data cannot be derived from it. For instance, only five provincial level minority-based autonomous regions (i.e., Inner Mongolia, Tibet, the Zhuang-based Guangxi, the Hui-based Ningxia, and the Uygur-based Xinjiang) and 30 ethnic minority autonomous divisions at prefecture-level and 120 ethnic minority autonomous divisions at county-level—all of the latter cover China’s 16 provinces, three autonomous regions and one municipality directly under the central government—are included in this Yearbook. The entire minority-­ based autonomous areas, however, account for only less than a half of their total population of the ethnic minorities (see Appendix C for details). This means that the Han Chinese has now become the majority of many, if not all of the above minority-based autonomous areas. In addition, still quite a few of non-Han minority people are found in the Han-based administrative areas (see Appendix B for details)—the breakdowns of their socioeconomic data have never been mentioned in China’s existing statistical reports. Another reason why the data of an ethnic minority autonomous area should not represent as those of that ethnic people stems from two facts in China: first, there usually exist two or more ethnic peoples in each ethnic minority autonomous area; second, each ethnic group is usually included geographically in at least two administrative divisions (provinces, prefectures, counties and others). For instance, according to the composition of population, the Mongol people have now become a true

 Preface 

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minority in Inner Mongolia, hometown of the ethnic Mongols, as a result of the large-scale Han immigration during the twentieth century.

Organization of This Book This book sets out to present, in an easy-to-use format, a broad collection of social and economic indicators on China’s 56 ethnic groups. It is a resource book that profiles the general social and economic situations for each of these ethnic groups. In this book, data are presented on an ethnic group-by-ethnic group basis, and the ethnic groups are ordered alphabetically, from the Achang to the Zhuang. Though most of the data are as of 2018—the latest year when our research was conducted, we have also provided some historical data for a few of indicators and have spent the past years developing these data sets and indicators for analysis. This is intended to help readers to conduct time-series comparisons and analyses. This book is organized as follows. This book focuses on the following topics: population growth and structural changes (Chap. 1); economic growth and expenditure (Chap. 2); employment and income distribution (Chap. 3); living conditions and the means of livelihood (Chap. 4); agricultural production and other rural activities (Chap. 5); education, science and technological progress (Chap. 6); health care and social security (Chap. 7); and entertainment and other cultural activities (Chap. 8). There are four appendices in this book. Appendix A presents a short introduction to each of China’s 56 ethnic groups. Appendix B provides ethnic populations of 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities and of China as a whole, which are derived from China’s two recent national population censuses (2000 and 2010). In Appendix C the administrative and demographic statistics of the minority-based administrative divisions at different levels (including autonomous regions as the first-class administrative divisions; cities, prefectures and autonomous prefectures as the second-class administrative divisions; and cities, counties, autonomous counties and banners (Qi) as the third-class administrative divisions) are presented. Appendix D provides selected indicators on

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the social and economic development of ethnic minority autonomous areas. At last, in Appendix E, using the multiethnic statistical data, we provide an in-depth quantitative analysis of the Chinese spatial economy. At the end of this book, some notes on the data as well as the main statistical indicators are provided. Lake Yanqi, Huairou, Beijing Springer 2020

Rongxing Guo

A List of 56 Ethnic Groups in China

Name

Chinese name

Name in Pinyin

Achang Bai Baonan Blang Bouyei Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhen Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz

阿昌族 白族 保安族 布朗族 布依族 傣族 达斡尔族 德昂族 独龙族 侗族 东乡族 鄂温克族 高山族 仡佬族 汉族 哈尼族 赫哲族 回族 京族 景颇族 基诺族 哈萨克族 柯尔克孜族

Āchāng Zú Bái Zú Bǎo'ān Zú Bùlǎng Zú Bùyī Zú Dǎi Zú Dáwò'ěr Zú Dé'áng Zú Dúlóng Zú Dòng Zú Dōngxiāng Zú Èwēnkè Zú Gāoshān Zú Gēlǎo Zú Hàn Zú Hāní Zú Hèzhé Zú Huí Zú Jīng Zú Jı ̌ngpō Zú Jīnuò Zú Hāsàkè Zú Kē'ěrkèzī Zú

Other name(s)

Bao’an, Bonan Bulang Buyi, Buoyei, Buoyi

Benglong Drung, Dulong

Taiwan aborigines Gelo Akha Hezhe Gin Juno Kazakh

Population share (%) 0.0030 0.1451 0.0015 0.0090 0.2153 0.0946 0.0099 0.0015 0.0005 0.2161 0.0466 0.0023 0.0003 0.0413 91.6474 0.1246 0.0004 0.7943 0.0021 0.0111 0.0017 0.1097 0.0140 (continued)

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A List of 56 Ethnic Groups in China

(continued) Name

Chinese name

Name in Pinyin

Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uyghur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

朝鲜族 拉祜族 珞巴族 黎族 傈僳族 满族 毛南族 苗族 门巴族 蒙古族 仫佬族 纳西族 怒族 鄂伦春族 普米族 羌族 俄罗斯族 撒拉族 畲族 水族 塔吉克族 塔塔尔族 藏族 土族 土家族 维吾尔族 乌孜别克族 佤族 锡伯族 瑶族 彝族 裕固族 壮族

Cháoxiǎn Zú Lāhù Zú Luòbā Zú Lí Zú Lìsù Zú Mǎn Zú Máonán Zú Miáo Zú Ménbā Zú Měnggǔ Zú Mùlǎo Zú Nàxī Zú Nù Zú Èlúnchūn Zú Pǔ mı ̌ Zú Qiāng Zú Éluósī Zú Sālā Zú Shē Zú Shuı ̌ Zú Tǎjíkè Zú Tǎtǎ'ěr Zú Zàng Zú Tǔ Zú Tǔ jiā Zú Wéiwú'ěr Zú Wūzībiékè Zú Wǎ Zú Xībó Zú Yáo Zú Yí Zú Yùgù Zú Zhuàng Zú

Other name(s)

Luoba

Man Hmong, Xiong, Hmu Menba Mongolian Mulam Nakhi Oroqin Primi

Shanha

Dada Zang Monguor Uigur Ozbek Wa Sibe

Yugu

Population share (%) 0.1374 0.0365 0.0003 0.1098 0.0527 0.7794 0.0076 0.7072 0.0008 0.4488 0.0162 0.0245 0.0028 0.0006 0.0032 0.0232 0.0012 0.0098 0.0532 0.0309 0.0038 0.0003 0.4713 0.0217 0.6268 0.7555 0.0008 0.0322 0.0143 0.2098 0.6538 0.0011 1.2700

Notes: (1) Population shares are based on the Sixth National Populaiton Census of the People’s Republic of China that was conducted on November 1, 2010. (2) See Appendix A for a historical and geographical description of each of the 56 ethnic groups

Maps

Map 1  The spatial distribution of China’s ethno-linguistic groups. Source: Courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, University of Texas at Austin

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xii Maps

Map 2  The minority-based autonomous administrative divisions in mainland China

Acknowledgments

It is a challenging task for us to prepare the statistical data that cover various fields of all ethnic groups in China. The major obstacle is that China has not established any ethnically-oriented statistical reporting or surveying system. During the process when this research was conducted, we have received generous help from the following organizations: • • • • • • • • • • •

Association of Power Generation Enterprises of China (APGE) China Mobile Corp. Ltd. China Telecom Corp. Ltd. China Unicom Corp. Ltd. Department of Financial Management, Ministry of Culture (MOC) Department of Financial Management, State Administration of Broadcasting, Film and Television (SABFT) Department of Financial Management, General Administration of Press and Publication (GAPP) Department of Planning and Development, Ministry of Education (MOE) Department of Population and Employment Statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) Department of Urban Socio-economic Survey, National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) Finance Department, General Administration of Sport (GAS) xiii

xiv Acknowledgments

• Information Center, Ministry of Health (MOH) • Inspection and Quarantine and State Intellectual Property Office (IQSIPO) • Ministry of Health (MOH) • Rural Socio-economic Survey Organization, National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) • State Administration for Industry and Commerce (SAIC) • General Administration of Press and Publication (GAPP) This book has also benefited from the skilful assistance from many individuals. They are (in alphabetical order by family name): Ba Yunhong, Bian Lihua, Chang Wenli, Cui Ruchun, Deng Weiping, Ding Yong, Du Weiqun, Du Yan, Guan Xiaojing, Guo Dong, Guo Dong, Guo Dong, Hao Shenglong, Hou Rui, Ju Chuanling, Li Jiao, Li Junbo, Li Suoqiang, Liang Erwei, Liu Huiping, Long Ling, Lu Shan, Luan Jinhui, Luo Weihua Fan Xiaoyu, Qian Chunlin, Que Xiaoqing, Sheng Laiyun, Shi Faqi, Shi Yihua, Song Shaoying, Tan Xiaomei, Tang Ping, Wan Zhongbing, Wang Ping, Wang Qi, Wang Yixuan, Wu You, Xiao Li, Xu Lan, Yan Xianpu, Yang Hongjun, Ye Liqi, Yin Yi, Yu Hongwen, Zhang Huiying, Zhang Lei, Zhang Peng, Zhang Xin, Zhang Yanhua, Zhong Shouyang, and Zhu Hong Last but not least, we are grateful to various anonymous reviewers whose comments and suggestions have helped us refine many parts of this research. However, all views and errors in this book certainly are those of the respective authors only and not necessarily those of the book’s editors and of the organizations and individuals who provided the original data.

Notes on the Text

The ethnic groups and their socioeconomic indicators reported in this book are only based on the geographical scope of mainland China. National-level data in this book do not include those of Hong Kong or Macau. The classification of ethnic groups is based on China’s official criteria, which sometimes may not satisfy academia. For example, the Pumi are also called Mongolians or Naxi, depending on where they live; and most of the Yao on Hainan island are now classified as Miao. Unless stated otherwise, all data reported in this book are as of 2018 and indicators in monetary values are measured at current prices, while their time-series indices are calculated at constant prices. The data on a selected set of social and economic indicators of China’s 56 ethnic groups for 2005, 2010, 2011 and 2014 can be found in China’s Ethnic Minorities—Social and Economic Indicators (Routledge, London, 2013), China’s Multicultural Economies—Social and Economic Indicators (Springer, New York, 2013), Multicultural China—A Statistical Yearbook (Springer, Berlin, 2015), and China Ethnic Statistical Yearbook 2016 (Springer, Berlin, 2017), respectively. In addition, the following notes are also of usefulness for those who want to apply the data reported in this book:

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Notes on the Text

1. Data have been adjusted for all those Han majority who changed to ethnic minority (shaoshu minzu) status in the 1980s. 2. Unless states otherwise, all data reported in this book are compiled and estimated based on the regional and local data gathered from a variety of sources. (Details about the estimation methodology can be found in China’s Multicultural Economies—Social and Economic Indicators (Springer, New York, 2013, pp. 165–8); or China’s Ethnic Minorities—Social and Economic Indicators (Routledge, London, 2013, pp. 208–10). 3. Data may be overestimated if an ethnic group is mainly located in geographically remote and economically poor areas (since geographically remote areas usually have less attractions to statistical officers who either had little professional ethics or wanted to reduce the costs of data collection). 4. Statistical discrepancies due to rounding are not adjusted in the book. 5. Blank space indicates that the figure is not large enough to be measured with the smallest unit in the table, or data are unknown or are not available. 6. Due to reasons that are beyond our control, estimation errors may exist in the indicators reported in the book. While the definitions of some of the terms and statistical indicators that have been used in this book are consistent with those that have adopted by various international organizations (including the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank), many others are only defined with Chinese characteristics. The explanations of all the terms shown in the following are mainly based on the official definitions provided by the National Bureau of Statistics of China.1 Average Real Wage refers to the average wage of employed persons after removing the effects of the price changes. Average Wage refers to the average per capita wage in money terms during a certain period of time for employed persons. It shows the general level of wage income of staff and worker during a certain period of time, one major indicator to reflect the wage level.  More details are available in Chinese at http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zbjs/, accessed on 2016-08-18.

1

  Notes on the Text 

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Average Wage Index refers to the ratio of average wage of employed persons the reference period to that at the base period, which reflects the relative increasing or decreasing level of real wage of employed persons at the different period. Birth Rate (or Crude Birth Rate) refers to the ratio of the number of births to the average population (or mid-period population) during a certain period of time (usually a year), expressed in ‰. Birth rate in the chapter refers to annual birth rate. Number of births refers to live births, i.e. when a baby has breathed or showed any vital phenomena regardless of the length of pregnancy. Annual average population is the average of the number of population at the beginning of the year and that at the end of the year. Sometimes it is substituted by the mid-year population. Budgetary Fund for Education refers to education funding that is planned to be allocated to various schools and education institutions by central and local financial departments at various levels within the reference year, which is within the State budgetary expenditure, including: appropriated funds for education, for science and research, for capital construction and others. Business Volume of Post and Telecommunications refers to the total amount of postal and telecommunication services, expressed in value terms, provided by the post and telecommunications departments for society. This indicator reflects the overall results of development of postal and telecommunication services. It can be classified as postal services and telecommunication services. Business volume of post and telecommunications is the sum of each service in kind multiplying with its correspondent unit price (constant price). Cash Income refers to income received by rural households and their members in the form of cash during the reference period. It is classified, by source of income, into income from wages and salaries, cash income from household operations, income from properties and income from transfers. Certified Grade Athletes refer to those who are awarded the title of athletes through assessment. The titles rank from high to low as: international level athletes, national level athletes, first grade athletes, second grade athletes and third grade athletes.

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Notes on the Text

Children Dependency Ratio also called children dependency coefficient, refers to the ratio of the children population to the working-age population, expressed in %. It describes the number of children population that every 100 people at working ages will take care of. Consumer Price Index reflect the trend and degree of changes in prices of consumer goods and services purchased by urban and rural households during a given period. China’s nation-wide consumer price indices are obtained by combining the consumer price indices of both urban and rural households. The Indices enable the observation and analysis of the degree of impact of the changes in the prices of retailed goods and services on the actual living expenses of urban and rural residents. Consumption Expenditure of Urban Households in Cash refers to total cash expenditure of households for consumption in daily life, including expenditure on the eight categories of food; clothing; housing; household appliances; transport and communications; education, cultural and recreational activities and medical care. Cotton Output refers to cotton production in the whole country including cotton planted in spring and in autumn. Output is measured as the weight of ginned cotton. Ceiba is not included. Currency refers to currency that is in circulation in the market, including local and foreign currencies. Death Rate (or Crude Death Rate) refers to the ratio of the number of deaths to the average population (or mid-period population) during a certain period of time (usually a year), expressed in ‰. Death rate refers to annual death rate. Designs refer to the aesthetics and industrially applicable new designs for the shape, pattern and color of the product, or their combinations. This indicator reflects the appearance design achievements with independent intellectual property. Disposable Income refers to the actual income at the disposal of members of the households which can be used for final consumption, other non-compulsory expenditure and savings. This equals to total income minus income tax, personal contribution to social security and subsidy for keeping diaries in being a sample household.

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Electricity Consumption per Unit of GDP refers to the electricity consumption per unit of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the same reference period. Employed Persons refer to persons aged 16 and over who are engaged in gainful employment and thus receive remuneration payment or earn business income. This indicator reflects the actual utilization of total labor force during a certain period of time and is often used for the research on China’s economic situation and national power. Energy Consumption per Unit of GDP refers to the energy consumption per unit of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the same reference period. Energy Consumption per Unit of Industrial Value-added refers to the energy consumption per unit of industrial value-added in a country or region in the same reference period. Expenditure of basic pension insurance program refer to payment made on pensions and funeral subsidies to those retired and resigned people covered in pension insurance programs according to related national policies on scope and standard of expenditure. Final Consumption Expenditure refers to the total expenditure of resident units for purchases of goods and services from both the domestic economic territory and abroad to meet the needs of material, cultural and spiritual life. It does not include the expenditure of non-resident units on consumption in the economic territory of the country. The final consumption expenditure is broken down into household consumption expenditure and government consumption expenditure. Floating population is a terminology used to describe a group of people who reside in a given population for a certain amount of time and for various reasons, but are not generally considered part of the official census count. Government Appropriation for Education refers to State budgetary fund for education, taxes and fees collected by governments at all levels that are used for education purpose, education fund for enterprise-run schools, income from school-run enterprises, work-study program and social services that are used for education purpose. Government Consumption Expenditure refers to the consumption expenditure spent for the provision of public services provided by the

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Notes on the Text

government to the whole country and the net expenditure on the goods and services provided by the government to households free of charge or at reduced prices. The former equals to the output value of the government services minus the value of operating income obtained by the government departments. The latter equals to the market value of the goods and services provided by the government free of charge or at reduced prices to the households minus the value received by the government from the households. Government Expenditure refers to the distribution and use of the funds which the government finance has raised, so as to meet the needs of economic construction and various undertakings. Government expenditure is divided into central government expenditure and local government expenditure according to the different functions of the governments played in economic and social activities. Government Revenue refers to income for the government finance through participating in the distribution of social products. The government revenue includes the following main items: (1) various tax revenues including domestic value added tax (VAT), domestic consumption tax, VAT and consumption tax from imports, VAT and consumption tax rebate for exports, business tax, corporate income tax, individual income tax, resource tax, city maintenance and construction tax, house property tax, stamp tax, urban land use tax, land appreciation tax, tax on vehicles and boat operation, ship tonnage tax, vehicle purchase tax, tariffs, farm land occupation tax, deed tax, and tobacco tax, etc.; and (2) non-tax revenue, including special program receipts, charge of administrative and institutional units, penalty receipts and others non-tax receipts. Grain Output refers to the total output in the whole country including grains produced by state farms, collective units, rural households, as well as by farms affiliated to industrial and mining enterprises and other production units. Grain includes rice, wheat, corn, sorghum, millet and other miscellaneous grains as well as tubers and beans. Output of beans refers to dry beans without pods. The output of tubers (sweet potatoes and potatoes, not including taros and cassava) are converted into that of grain at the ratio of 5:1. Tubers supplied as vegetables (such as potatoes) in cities and suburbs are calculated as fresh vegetables and their output is

  Notes on the Text 

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not included in the output of grain. Output of all other grains refers to husked grain. Gross Dependency Ratio refers to the ratio of non-working-age population to the working-age population, expressed in %. Describing in general the number of non-working-age population that every 100 people at working ages will take care of, this indicator reflects the basic relation between population and economic development from the demographic perspective. The gross dependency ratio is the sum of Children Dependency Ratio and Old Dependency Ratio. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) refers to the final products at market prices produced by all resident units in a country during a certain period of time. Gross domestic product is expressed in three different perspectives, namely value, income, and products respectively. GDP in its value perspective refers to the balance of total value of all goods and services produced by all resident units during a certain period of time, minus the total value of input of goods and services of the nature of non-fixed assets; in other words, it is the sum of the value-added of all resident units. GDP from the perspective of income includes the primary income created by all resident units and distributed to resident and non-resident units. GDP from the perspective of products refers to the value of all goods and services for final demand by all resident units plus the net exports of goods and services during a given period of time. In the practice of national accounting, gross domestic product is calculated from three approaches, namely production approach, income approach and expenditure approach, which reflect gross domestic product and its composition from different angles. Gross Output Value of Agriculture, Forestry, Animal Husbandry and Fishery refers to the total value of products of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, and total value of services in support of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery activities. It reflects the total scale and results of agricultural production during a given period. The gross output value is obtained by multiplying the output of each product or by-product by its price, resulting in the output value of each single item. For a small number of products, annual output of which is not available or difficult to get due to the long production (growing) process involved, the output value is estimated through an indirect

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Notes on the Text

approach. The sum of output values of all products of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery and services in support to those industries is then equal to the gross output value of agriculture. Hospitals include general hospitals, hospitals specialized in traditional Chinese medicine, hospitals of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine, nationalities hospitals, specialized hospitals and nursing hospitals. Households refer to resident individuals or groups of resident individuals who share common living facilities, pool together entire or part of their income and properties for their common disposal, and share their housing, food and other consumer goods and services. All households together make up the sector of households. Household Consumption Expenditure refers to the total expenditure of resident households on the final consumption of goods and services. In addition to the consumption of goods and services bought by the households directly with money, the household consumption expenditure also includes expenditure on goods and services obtained by the households in other ways, i.e. the so-called imputed consumption expenditure, which includes the following: (a) the goods and services provided to households by employers in the form of payment in kind and transfer in kind; (b) goods and services produced and consumed by the households themselves, in which the services refer to the owner-occupied housing and services offered by paid family employees; (c) financial intermediate services provided by financial institution. Income from Household Operations refers to income by the rural households as units of production and operation. Operations by rural households are classified according to their economic activities namely agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, manufacturing, construction, transportation, post and telecommunications, wholesale, retail and catering, social service, culture, education, health, and other household operations. Income from Properties refers to the income received as returns by owners of financial assets or tangible non-productive assets by providing capitals or tangible non-productive assets to other institutional units. Income from Transfers refers to the receipt by rural households and their members of goods, services, capital or rights of assets without giving

  Notes on the Text 

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or repaying accordingly, excluding capital provided to them for the formation of fixed assets. In general, it refers to all income received by rural households through redistribution. Income from Wages and Salaries refers to income from labor earned by the members of rural households employed by other units or individuals. Internet Users refer to the number of Chinese citizens aged 6 and over who use the Internet in the past six months. Inventions refer to new technical proposals to the products or methods or their modifications. This is universal core indicator reflecting the technologies with independent intellectual property. Investment in Fixed Asset refers to the urban investment in fixed assets under the previous statistical coverage plus project investments by rural enterprises and institutions. Length of Highways refers to the actual length of highways at the end of reference period. It covers public roads running vehicles among cities, city and rural areas, township (villages), highways passing through streets at small cities and towns, length of bridges and tunnels, width of ferry piers. It does not include the length of streets in cities, dead end highways, the length of streets built for agricultural (forest) production and inside factories (mines). It can only be calculated with the actual mileage having been completed, checked and accepted or put into operation. If two or more highways go the same section of the way, the length of the section is only calculated for once. Length of Railways in Operation refers to the total length of the trunk line for passenger and freight transportation in full operation or temporary operation. Licensed Assistant Doctors refer to the medical workers who have obtained the licenses of qualified assistant doctors and are employed in medical treatment, disease prevention or healthcare institutions, excluding the licensed assistant doctors engaged in management job. The classification of licensed assistant doctors is clinician, Chinese medicine, dentist and public health. Licensed Doctors refer to the medical workers who have obtained the licenses of qualified doctors and are employed in medical treatment, disease prevention or healthcare institutions, excluding the licensed doctors

xxiv 

Notes on the Text

engaged in management job. The licensed doctors are divided into 4 categories: clinician, Chinese medicine physicians, dentist and public health physicians. Life expectancy is the expected (in the statistical sense) number of years of life remaining at a given age. It is important to note that life expectancy is an average. In countries with high infant mortality rates, life expectancy at birth is highly sensitive to the rate of death in the first few years of life. For example, in a hypothetical stationary population in which half the population dies before the age of five, but everybody else dies at exactly 70 years old, the life expectancy at age zero will be about 37 years. Medical and Health Care Institutions refer to the units which have been qualified the Certification of Health Care Institution by the administration of public health, or qualified the Certification of Corporate Unit by the civil affairs, administration for industry and commerce, commission office for public sector reform, and engaging in medical care, disease prevention and control, health supervision and inspection, medicine research and on-job training, etc., including: hospitals, health care institutions at grass-root level, specialized public health institutions, and other medical and health care institutions. Natural Growth Rate of Population refers to the ratio of natural increase in population (number of births minus number of deaths) in a certain period of time (usually a year) to the average population (or mid-­ period population) of the same period, expressed in ‰. Net Enrolment Ratio of Primary Schools refers to the proportion of school age children enrolled at schools to the total number of school age children both in and outside schools (including retarded children, but excluding blind, deaf and mute children). Net Income of Rural Households refers to the total income of rural households from all sources minus all corresponding expenses (including household operation expenses, taxes and fees-depreciation of fixed assets for production, and gifts to rural relatives). Net income is mainly used as input for reinvestment in production and as consumption expenditure of the year, and also used for savings and non-compulsory expenses of various forms. “Per capita net income of farmers” is the level of net income

  Notes on the Text 

xxv

averaged by population, reflecting the average income level of rural population in a given area. New Rural Cooperative Medical System is proposed by the central government to finance farmers who face high medical costs for severe diseases or injuries. It is a multi-channel fundraising system composed by the government, collectives and individuals. Under this system, each farmer pays 20 yuan to join in the fund while the governments contribute 80 yuan (in 2008, this amount has increased to 120 yuan in 2010, 200 yuan in 2011, and 240 yuan in 2012) for each participant. By the end of 2009, about 833 million rural residents had joined in the system, accounting for more than 90 percent of the rural population. Old Dependency Ratio also called old dependency coefficient, refers to the ratio of the elderly population to the working-age population, expressed in %. It describes the number of the elderly population that every 100 people at working ages will take care of. Old dependency ratio is one of the indicators reflecting the social implication of population aging from the economic perspective. Output of Oil-bearing Crops refers to the total production of oil-­ bearing crops of various kinds, including peanuts (dry, in shell), rapeseeds, sesame, sunflower seeds, flax seeds, and other oil-bearing crops. Soybeans, oil-bearing woody plants, and wild oil-bearing crops are not included. Patent is an abbreviation for the patent right and refers to the exclusive right of ownership by the inventors or designers for the creation or inventions, given from the patent offices after due process of assessment and approval in accordance with the Patent Law of the People’s Republic of China. This indicator reflects the achievements in science and technology and in design with independent intellectual property. Patents are granted for three types—“Inventions”, “Utility Models” and “Designs”. Price Index for Means of Agricultural Production reflects the trend and degree of changes in the prices of the means of agricultural production during a given period. Compilation of these indices helps to understand the price changes of material input in agricultural production and facilitate the compilation of national accounts. Before 1994, price indices for means of agricultural production were a sub-category in the retail

xxvi 

Notes on the Text

price indices for commodities, and it has been compiled separately since 1994. Primary Industry refers to agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery industries. Private Enterprises refer to enterprises which have been registered at the departments of industrial and commercial administration for which the business operation are situated at a county town (i.e. a town where the county government is located), or at urban areas with administrative hierarchy higher than a county town. Producer Price Index reflects the trend and degree of changes in producers’ prices during a given period. These indices depict the change in the level and structure of producer prices for products of the country and meet the needs of national accounts statistics. The producer price index for a given product is calculated as the geometrical mean of individual indices for all surveyed units which sell such product, and the indices for a product category is obtained as the weighted mean of price indices for all products in the category. Radio Coverage of Population refers to the percentage of population, which can receive central, provincial, city, prefecture, and county radio programs relayed by wireless, cable, satellite and other technical means, in the surveying area, to national total population. Registered Unemployed Persons in Urban Areas refer to the persons with non-agricultural household registration at certain working ages (16  years old to retirement age), who are capable of working, unemployed and willing to work, and have been registered at the local employment service agencies to apply for a job. Registered Unemployment Rate in Urban Areas refers to the ratio of the number of the registered unemployed persons to the sum of the number of persons employed in various units (minus the employed rural labor force, re-employed retirees, and Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan or foreign employees), laid-off staff and workers in urban units, owners of private enterprises in urban areas, owners of self-employed individuals in urban areas, employees of private enterprises in urban areas, employee of self-­ employed individuals in urban areas, and the registered unemployed persons in urban areas.

  Notes on the Text 

xxvii

Regular Institutions of Higher Education refer to educational establishments set up according to the government evaluation and approval procedures, recruiting graduates from senior secondary schools as the main target by the national matriculation test. They include full-time universities, colleges, institutions of higher professional education, institutions of higher vocational education, institutions of higher vocational education and others (non-university tertiary, branch schools and undergraduate classes). Retail Price Index reflects the trend and degree of change in retail prices of commodities during a given period. The change in retail prices of commodities is related to government revenue, the equilibrium of market supply and demand, and the ratio of consumption to accumulation. Therefore, the retail price indices are useful from an oblique perspective for observing and analyzing the changes of the above economic activities. Revenue of the basic pension insurance program refers to payments made by employers and individuals participating in the pension insurance program in accordance with the basis and proportion stipulated in State regulations, and income from other sources that become source of pension insurance fund, including the premium paid by employers and staff and workers, interest income, subsidies from higher level agencies, income as transfer from subordinate agencies, transferred income, government financial subsidies and other income. Rural Households refer to usual resident households in rural areas. Usual resident households in rural areas are households residing on a long term basis(for more than one year) in the areas under the administration of township governments (not including county towns), and in the areas under the administration of villages in county towns. Households residing in the current addresses for over one year with their household registration in other places are still considered as resident households of the locality. For households with their household registration in one place but all members of the households having moved away to make a living in another place for over one year, they will not be included in the rural households of the area where they are registered, irrespective of whether they still keep their contracted land. Rural Population refers to population other than Urban Population.

xxviii 

Notes on the Text

Rural Residents Entitled to Minimum Living Allowances refers to those receiving the minimum living allowances from the local government or community in the rural areas where this allowances system is in place as of the end of the reference period. Secondary Industry refers to mining and quarrying, manufacturing, production and supply of electricity, water and gas, and construction. Self-Employed Individuals in Urban Areas refer to persons who hold the certificates of residence in urban areas or have resided in the urban areas for a long time and have been registered at the departments of industrial and commercial administration and approved to be engaged in individual industrial or commercial business, including self-employed persons as well as helpers and hired laborers who work in individual households. Television Coverage of Population refers to the percentage of population, which can receive central, provincial, city, prefecture, and county television programs relayed by wireless, cable, satellite and other technical means, in the surveying area, to national total population. Tertiary Industry refers to all other economic activities not included in the primary or secondary industries. Three Strata of Industry Classification of economic activities into three strata of industry is a common practice in the world, although the grouping varies to some extent from country to country. In China economic activities are categorized into the three strata of primary, secondary and tertiary industries. See more details under the separate entries of “Primary Industry”, “Secondary Industry”, and “Tertiary Industry” Total Disposable Income Total income from primary distribution is re-distributed through current transfer, resulting in the total disposable income of various institutional sectors. The sum of total disposable income of all institutional sectors makes up the total national disposable income. Total Expenditure of Urban Households refers to all actual expenditure of households except expenditure on lending. It includes cash expenditure; property expenditure, transfer expenditure, social insurance expenditure and expenditure on house purchasing or house building. Total Income of Urban Households refers to the sum of wage, net business income, income from properties, and income from transfers of

  Notes on the Text 

xxix

members of the households. Income from selling of properties and income from borrowing are not included. Total Population refers to the total number of people alive at a certain point of time within a given area. The annual statistics on total population is taken at midnight of 3l December, not including residents in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau and Chinese citizens residing abroad. Total Wage Bill It is revised according to the “Provision of Composition of Total Wages” (Order No.1 by National Bureau of Statistics on January 1,1990), total wage bill refers to the total remuneration payment to all employed persons in various units during the reporting period (by quarter or by year), including hourly-paid wages, piece-rate wages, bonuses, allowance and subsidies, overtime wages and wages paid under special circumstances. It equals to the sum of total wages of employed staff and workers, dispatch labors and other employed persons. Total wage bill is pre-tax wages, including the room charges, utility bills, housing funds and social insurance paid or withheld by employee’s units. Total wage bill, whether or not included in cost, whether or not paid in money or in kind, shall be included in the calculation of total wage. Urban Population refers to all people residing in cities and towns. Before 2005 urban population does not include Floating Population. Since then, part of the latter is also included in urban population. See more details under the entry “Usual Resident Population”. Urban Residents Entitled to Minimum Living Allowances refers to those whose average family income is below a minimum local standard by the end of the reporting period, including both the employed and unemployed, laid off and retired, and those jobless people without stable residence or valid IDs. Usual Resident Population refers to persons staying at home regularly or for over 6 months during a year and integrated with the household economically and in terms of living. Members of the household staying away from the household for over 6 months but keeping a close economic relation with the household by sending the majority of income to the household are regarded as usual resident of the household. Government staff and workers or retirees living as close members of the household are also considered as usual resident. However, servicemen, students of secondary technical schools or schools of higher education

xxx 

Notes on the Text

and persons with stable jobs and residence outside the household (excluding those visiting relatives or seeking medical service) are not included as resident population of the household. Utility Models refer to the practical and new technical proposals on the shape and structure of the product or the combination of both. This indicator reflects the condition of technological results with certain technical content.

Contents

1 Population Growth and Structural Change  1 2 Macroeconomic Growth and Structural Change 31 3 Employment and Income Distribution 61 4 Living Conditions and the Means of Livelihood117 5 Agricultural Production and Other Rural Activity163 6 Education, Science and Technological Progress187 7 Health Care and Social Security221 8 Entertainment and Other Cultural Activity245 Appendix A: A Brief Description of China’s 56 Ethnic Groups253 Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province285

xxxi

xxxii Contents

 Appendix C: China’s Ethnic Minority Autonomous Areas: General Background351  Appendix D: China’s Ethnic Minority Autonomous Areas: Principal Statistical Indicators355  Appendix E: China’s Spatial (Dis)integration as a Multiethnic Paradox363 References393

List of Figures

Fig. E.1 Partial correlations between trade and ethnic linkage, 2000 and 2010. (Sources: Table E.5 for the estimated coefficients (2010) and Annex for ethnic population) 378 Fig. E.2 Ethnic influence on interprovincial trade decreases with the size of ethnic population 386

xxxiii

List of Tables

Table 1.1 Table 1.2 Table 1.3 Table 1.4 Table 1.5 Table 1.6 Table 1.7 Table 1.8 Table 1.9 Table 1.10 Table 1.11 Table 1.12 Table 1.13 Table 1.14 Table 1.15 Table 2.1 Table 2.2 Table 2.3

Population at year-end (10,000 persons) Total population, birth rate, death rate, and natural growth rate Population life expectancy Household, population, and sex ratio Household size and population by gender Population residing in the townships, towns and street communities by sex (person) Age composition and dependency ratio of population Population by marital status (I) Population by marital status (II) Population by marital status (III) Population by educational attainment (person) (I) Population by educational attainment (person) (II) Population by educational attainment (person) (III) Illiterate population aged 15 and over by sex Family households by size (household) Gross domestic product (GDP), 2007–2011 (100 million yuan) and per capita GDP (yuan) Gross domestic product—indices (preceding year = 100) Gross domestic product (GDP) by three strata of industry (100 million yuan)

3 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 19 21 22 24 25 27 29 33 36 37

xxxv

xxxvi 

Table 2.4 Table 2.5 Table 2.6 Table 2.7 Table 2.8 Table 2.9 Table 2.10 Table 2.11 Table 2.12 Table 2.13 Table 3.1 Table 3.2 Table 3.3 Table 3.4 Table 3.5 Table 3.6 Table 3.7 Table 3.8 Table 3.9 Table 3.10 Table 3.11

List of Tables

Gross domestic product of tertiary industry (100 million yuan)39 Composition of gross domestic product (GDP) (%) 42 Indices of gross domestic product (GDP) (preceding year = 100)43 Government expenditure in selected sectors (100 million yuan)45 Final consumption expenditure (100 million yuan) 48 Composition of final consumption expenditure 49 Household consumption expenditure 52 Total investment in fixed assets by status of registration (100 million yuan) 54 Indicators of energy consumption 55 Consumer price indices and retail price indices (preceding year = 100)57 Number of employed persons in urban units at year-end (10,000 persons) (I) 62 Number of employed persons in urban units at year-end (10,000 persons) (II) 64 Number of employed persons in urban units at year-end (10,000 persons) (III) 66 Number of employed persons in urban units at year-end (10,000 persons) (IV) 68 Number of engaged persons in private enterprises and self-employed individuals at year-end (10,000 persons) (I) 70 Number of engaged persons in private enterprises and self-employed individuals at year-end (10,000 persons) (II) 71 Number of engaged persons in urban private enterprises and self-­employed individuals at year-end (10,000 persons) (I) 73 Number of engaged persons in urban private enterprises and self-­employed individuals at year-end (10,000 persons) (II) 74 Number of engaged persons in private enterprises at year-end (10,000 households, 10,000 persons) 76 Number of self-employed individuals at year-end (10,000 households, 10,000 persons) 77 Total wage bill of employed persons in urban units 79

  List of Tables 

xxxvii

Table 3.12 Indices of total wage bill of employed persons in urban units (preceding year = 100) Table 3.13 Average wage of employed persons in urban units (yuan) Table 3.14 Indices of average wage of employed persons in urban units (preceding year = 100) Table 3.15 Indices of average real wage of employed persons in urban units (preceding year = 100) Table 3.16 Average wage of employed persons in urban units by status of registration (yuan) (I) Table 3.17 Average wage of employed persons in urban units by status of registration (yuan) (II) Table 3.18 Total wage bill of employed persons in urban units (100 million yuan) (I) Table 3.19 Total wage bill of employed persons in urban units (100 million yuan) (II) Table 3.20 Total wage bill of employed persons in urban units (100 million yuan) (III) Table 3.21 Total wage bill of employed persons in urban units (100 million yuan) (IV) Table 3.22 Average wage of employed persons in urban private units (yuan) (I) Table 3.23 Average wage of employed persons in urban private units (yuan) (II) Table 3.24 Average wage of employed persons in urban private units (yuan) (III) Table 3.25 Average wage of employed persons in urban private units (yuan) (IV) Table 3.26 Average wage of employed persons in urban units (yuan) (I) Table 3.27 Average wage of employed persons in urban units (yuan) (II) Table 3.28 Average wage of employed persons in urban units (yuan) (III) Table 3.29 Average wage of employed persons in urban units (yuan) (IV) Table 3.30 Registered unemployed persons and unemployment rate in urban area Table 4.1 Savings deposit of urban and rural households at year-end (100 million yuan)

80 82 83 85 87 88 90 92 94 96 98 99 101 103 105 107 108 110 113 119

xxxviii 

List of Tables

Table 4.2

Per capita annual income of urban households by sources (yuan)121 Consumer price indices by category (preceding year=100) (I) 122 Consumer price indices by category (preceding year=100) (II) 124 Consumer price indices by category (preceding year=100) (III) 126 Consumer price indices by category (preceding year=100) (IV) 127 Consumer price indices by category (preceding year=100) (V) 129 Consumer price indices by category (preceding year=100) (VI) 131 Consumer price indices by category (preceding year=100) (VII) 133 Consumer price indices by category (preceding year=100) (VIII) 135 Consumer price indices by category (preceding year=100) (IX) 136 Ownership of major durable consumer goods per 100 urban households at year-end (I) 138 Ownership of major durable consumer goods per 100 urban households at year-end (II) 140 Per capita net income of rural households (yuan) 142 Per capita annual net income of rural households by sources (yuan) 144 Per capita consumption expenditure of rural households (yuan) (I) 145 Per capita consumption expenditure of rural households (yuan) (II) 147 Per Capita Consumption Expenditure of Rural Households (2018) (I) 148 Per Capita Consumption Expenditure of Rural Households (2018) (II) 150 Per capita consumption of major foods by rural households (kg) (I) 152 Per capita consumption of major foods by rural households (kg) (II) 153

Table 4.3 Table 4.4 Table 4.5 Table 4.6 Table 4.7 Table 4.8 Table 4.9 Table 4.10 Table 4.11 Table 4.12 Table 4.13 Table 4.14 Table 4.15 Table 4.16 Table 4.17 Table 4.18 Table 4.19 Table 4.20 Table 4.21

  List of Tables 

Table 4.22 Per capita consumption of major foods by rural households (kg) (III) Table 4.23 Main Durable Goods Owned Per 100 Rural Households at Year-end (I) Table 4.24 Main Durable Goods Owned Per 100 Rural Households at Year-end (II) Table 4.25 Housing conditions of rural households Table 4.26 Electricity consumption (100 million kwh) Table 5.1 Gross output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery (100 million yuan) Table 5.2 Indices of gross output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery (preceding year=100) Table 5.3 Major agricultural machinery at year-end Table 5.4 Original value of productive fixed assets of rural households at year-­end (yuan/household) Table 5.5 Original value of productive fixed assets of rural households at year-­end (yuan/household) Table 5.6 Number of major productive fixed assets per 100 rural households at year-end Table 5.7 Output of major farm products per hectare (kg/hectare) (I) Table 5.8 Output of major farm products per hectare (kg/hectare) (II) Table 5.9 Per capita output of major farm products (kg) Table 5.10 Per capita major farm products sold by rural households (kg) Table 5.11 Sales of livestock, poultry, small animals and fishery per capita rural household (kg) Table 5.12 Price indices for means of agricultural production by category (preceding year=100) (I) Table 5.13 Price indices for means of agricultural production by category (preceding year=100) (II) Table 5.14 Producer price indices for farm products Table 6.1 Number of students in undergraduate or specialized courses in institutions of higher education Table 6.2 Situations on teachers and staff in regular schools (institutions) of higher education Table 6.3 Statistics on Secondary Vocational Schools Table 6.4 Statistics on Regular Senior Secondary Schools Table 6.5 Statistics on Regular Junior Secondary Schools

xxxix

155 156 158 160 161 164 166 167 169 171 172 174 175 177 178 180 181 183 185 189 191 193 196 198

xl 

List of Tables

Table 6.6 Table 6.7 Table 6.8 Table 6.9 Table 6.10 Table 6.11 Table 6.12 Table 6.13 Table 7.1 Table 7.2 Table 7.3 Table 7.4 Table 7.5 Table 7.6 Table 7.7 Table 7.8 Table 7.9 Table 7.10 Table 7.11 Table 7.12 Table 8.1 Table 8.2 Table 8.3 Table 8.4 Table B.1

Statistics on Regular Primary Schools 201 Student-Teacher Ratio by Level of Regular Schools (number of teachers=1) 204 Number of Students per 100 000 Population by Level 206 Basic statistics on educational funds (10000 yuan) 208 Statistics on R&D Activities and Patents of Industrial Enterprises211 Three Kinds of Domestic Patent Applications and Granted (piece) 214 Transaction value in technical markets (10000 yuan) 216 Main indicators on Internet development (year-end) 218 Medical technical personnel in health care institutions per 1000 persons (person) 222 Village clinics 223 Number of beds in health institutions by urban and rural areas (bed) 225 Hospitaliztion services in health institutions 228 Statistics on Medical Aid 229 Beds of Civil Affairs Institutions with Accommodations (10000 bed) 231 Statistics on social relief (10000 persons) 233 Medical aid of civil affairs offices (10000 persons or person-times)235 Statistics on urban employee basic pension insurance 237 Statistics of unemployment insurance 239 Persons covered of urban basic medical care insurance (10000 persons) 240 Revenue and expenses of urban basic medical care insurance (100 million yuan) 242 Population Coverage of Radio and TV Programs, and Radio and TV Programs Produced and Broadcasted 246 Transmission Trunk and Users of Cable Radios and TVs 247 Number of books published for children and textbooks 249 Number of certified athletes at various technical grades (person)251 China’s total populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses 286

  List of Tables 

Table B.2 Table B.3 Table B.4 Table B.5 Table B.6 Table B.7 Table B.8 Table B.9 Table B.10 Table B.11 Table B.12 Table B.13 Table B.14 Table B.15 Table B.16 Table B.17 Table B.18 Table B.19 Table B.20

Anhui’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Beijing’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Chongqing’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Fujian’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Gansu’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Guangdong’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Guangxi’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Guizhou’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Hainan’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Hebei’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Heilongjiang’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Henan’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Hubei’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Hunan’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Inner Mongolia’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Jiangsu’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Jiangxi’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Jilin’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Liaoning’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses

xli

288 290 292 294 296 298 300 302 304 306 308 310 312 314 316 318 320 322 324

xlii 

List of Tables

Table B.21 Ningxia’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Table B.22 Qinghai’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Table B.23 Shaanxi’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Table B.24 Shandong’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Table B.25 Shanghai’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Table B.26 Shanxi’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Table B.27 Sichuan’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Table B.28 Tianjin’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Table B.29 Tibet’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Table B.30 Xinjiang’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Table B.31 Yunnan’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Table B.32 Zhejiang’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Table E.1 Changes of China’s domestic and interprovincial trade from 2000 to 2010 Table E.2a Descriptive statistics for the data on selected variables, 2000 Table E.2b Descriptive statistics for the data on selected variables, 2010 Table E.3 Basic regressions—56 ethnic groups as a single variable, 2000 and 2010 Table E.4 Regressions based on pooled data—56 ethnic groups as a single variable Table E.5 The estimated coefficients on the ethnic variables defined in Eq. (E.2) Table E.6 Quantifying the ethnic groups’ contributions to interprovincial trade (%)

326 328 330 332 334 336 338 340 342 344 346 348 365 374 375 376 377 379 382

1 Population Growth and Structural Change

Data in this chapter are prepared by the Department of Population and Employment Statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics. In Table 1.1 figures for the years of 2000 and 2010 are the census year estimates; and the rest of the figures covered in those tables are estimates from the annual national sample survey on population changes and data for selected years have been revised according to the census results. In Table 1.2 data are estimates from the national sample survey on population changes. In Table 1.3 data are calculated by using the results of the 2000 and 2010 censuses. The statistical surveys on population, which are conducted by Department of Population and Employment Statistics of the NBS, are as follows: The national population censuses are conducted in the years ending with 0; the 1 percent nation-wide population sample surveys are conducted in the years ending with 5; and the sample surveys on population changes are conducted in the rest of the years which cover about 1 per thousand of the total population of the country. The sample survey on population change takes the whole nation as the population and each province, autonomous Ethnic group or municipality as sub-populations, and the stratified multi-stage systematic © The Author(s) 2020 R. Guo, China Ethnic Statistical Yearbook 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49024-9_1

1

2 

R. Guo

probability proportional to size (PPS) cluster sampling scheme is used. The PPS is a sampling procedure under which the probability of a unit being selected is proportional to the size of the ultimate unit, giving larger clusters a greater probability of selection and smaller clusters a lower probability. It is most useful when the sampling units vary considerably in size because it assures that those in larger sites have the same probability of getting into the sample as those in smaller sites, and vice verse.

2000

126,743 3.4 187.7 1.7 9.2 315.8 116.1 13.6 1.8 0.7 312.1 51.5 3.1 0.5 61.6 115,190.4 144.2 0.5 997.5 2.4 13.2 2.1 125.3 16.1 194.6

Ethnic group

National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean

131,448 3.6 195.6 1.7 9.7 311.4 122.6 13.9 1.9 0.8 306.9 52.7 3.2 0.5 60.7 118,425.7 152.3 0.5 1045.1 2.4 14.0 2.2 138.8 17.8 197.9

2006 132,129 3.6 196.5 1.7 9.8 307.0 123.4 13.9 1.9 0.8 304.9 52.8 3.2 0.5 59.8 119,210.6 153.4 0.5 1053.2 2.4 14.1 2.2 141.9 18.2 198.6

2007

Table 1.1  Population at year-end (10,000 persons) 2008 132,802 3.6 197.4 1.7 9.8 304.3 124.2 14.0 1.9 0.8 304.2 53.0 3.2 0.5 59.3 120,150.2 154.4 0.5 1062.9 2.5 14.2 2.2 144.3 18.5 199.1

2009 133,450 3.7 198.2 1.7 9.9 299.8 125.0 14.1 1.9 0.8 302.3 53.2 3.2 0.5 58.4 121,075.9 155.3 0.5 1071.7 2.5 14.3 2.3 146.2 18.8 199.8

2010 134,091 3.9 199.4 1.7 10.0 295.3 125.8 14.1 1.9 0.8 300.4 53.4 3.2 0.5 57.5 122,156.0 156.4 0.5 1083.2 2.4 14.4 2.3 148.0 19.0 200.9

2012 135,404 3.7 201.6 1.7 10.1 296.0 127.4 14.2 2.0 0.8 302.3 53.8 3.3 0.5 57.6 123,423.8 158.3 0.5 1100.2 2.4 14.5 2.3 151.2 19.4 201.6

2018

(continued)

139,538 3.9 209.0 1.8 10.5 306.1 132.1 14.4 2.1 0.8 313.8 55.7 3.3 0.5 59.5 127,768.8 164.1 0.5 1151.6 2.5 15.1 2.4 168.4 21.6 199.5

1  Population Growth and Structural Change 

3

Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia

45.4 0.3 130.3 63.6 1075.6 11.5 929.7 0.9 590.5 22.4 30.9 2.9 0.8 3.4 31.0 1.6 11.1 71.8 43.3 4.1 0.5 547.7 25.5 801.9

Table 1.1 (continued) 48.0 0.3 137.6 67.1 1102.4 11.4 922.4 1.0 603.6 22.2 32.6 3.0 0.9 3.6 30.4 1.7 11.7 75.8 42.7 4.5 0.5 576.9 26.9 792.2

48.3 0.3 138.9 67.5 1109.3 11.5 917.7 1.0 607.2 22.4 32.8 3.1 0.9 3.6 30.2 1.7 11.8 76.5 42.1 4.6 0.6 581.1 27.1 791.6

48.6 0.3 140.3 67.9 1115.2 11.5 916.3 1.0 611.1 22.6 33.1 3.1 0.9 3.6 30.3 1.7 11.8 77.1 41.8 4.7 0.6 586.6 27.2 793.4

48.9 0.3 141.8 68.3 1122.2 11.6 912.0 1.0 614.7 22.7 33.3 3.1 0.9 3.6 30.5 1.8 11.9 77.7 41.2 4.8 0.6 592.9 27.3 793.9

49.3 0.3 142.4 68.8 1136.8 11.1 909.2 1.0 619.1 21.7 33.5 3.1 0.9 3.6 30.0 1.8 12.0 78.7 40.5 4.8 0.6 595.9 27.6 800.8

49.9 0.3 145.3 69.6 1145.1 11.2 915.9 1.0 623.9 22.0 33.9 3.2 0.9 3.7 30.1 1.8 12.2 79.6 40.6 4.9 0.6 605.6 28.0 809.1

51.7 0.4 152.9 72.2 1151.2 11.8 950.5 1.2 635.5 23.1 35.1 3.3 0.9 3.8 31.1 2.0 12.9 83.4 42.0 5.5 0.7 652.0 29.4 839.4

4  R. Guo

841.4 1.2 39.7 19.0 279.3 784.9 1.4 1738.0

932.4 1.4 41.9 19.7 278.8 806.4 1.4 1740.3

952.8 1.4 42.2 19.8 281.2 807.5 1.4 1758.6

969.2 1.4 42.5 20.0 283.7 810.2 1.4 1776.6

981.7 1.4 42.7 20.1 286.0 813.2 1.4 1792.1

993.8 1.5 43.0 20.3 280.4 811.7 1.4 1715.6

1015.4 1.5 43.6 20.5 284.3 819.1 1.4 1741.9

1130.6 1.7 45.2 20.9 298.2 848.1 1.5 1831.8

Notes: Data of 2000 and 2010 are the census year estimates; the rest are the estimates from the annual national sample survey on population changes. Since 2005, all data are of usual resident population

Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

1  Population Growth and Structural Change 

5

6 

R. Guo

Table 1.2  Total population, birth rate, death rate, and natural growth rate Total population (year-end) (10,000 Ethnic group persons) National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan

Natural growth rate (‰)

Birth Rural Urban population population rate (‰) (%) (%)

Death rate (‰)

139,538

59.58

40.42

10.94

7.13

3.81

3.87 209.01 1.76 10.47 306.05 132.08 14.40 2.05 0.84 313.76 55.70 3.32 0.50 59.53 127,768.75 164.13 0.49 1151.57 2.53 15.07 2.38 168.35 21.61 199.53 51.71 0.38 152.91 72.15 1151.21 11.75

47.97 48.63 48.12 48.03 48.11 47.96 61.52 47.88 50.46 51.31 48.15 62.65 58.48 48.01 60.11 47.95 60.55 56.44 50.78 47.97 47.95 50.92 51.04 60.08 47.97 33.60 58.60 48.08 63.93 49.79

52.03 51.37 51.88 51.97 51.89 52.04 38.48 52.12 49.54 48.69 51.85 37.35 41.52 51.99 39.89 52.05 39.45 43.56 49.22 52.03 52.05 49.08 48.96 39.92 52.03 66.40 41.40 51.92 36.07 50.21

13.18 13.16 11.19 13.17 13.81 13.17 7.72 13.18 12.63 13.30 11.06 8.24 11.44 13.85 11.20 13.17 6.48 11.68 13.98 13.18 13.17 10.69 10.64 6.76 13.17 14.89 14.42 13.11 7.65 14.01

6.32 6.42 6.56 6.33 6.80 6.32 6.15 6.32 6.34 6.77 6.41 6.02 6.44 6.81 6.40 6.32 6.61 6.15 5.99 6.32 6.32 4.57 4.59 6.48 6.33 4.74 6.04 6.34 6.86 6.21

6.86 6.73 4.63 6.84 7.00 6.84 1.57 6.86 6.29 6.53 4.64 2.22 5.00 7.03 4.80 6.85 −0.13 5.54 7.99 6.86 6.84 6.12 6.06 0.29 6.85 10.15 8.37 6.77 0.79 7.81 (continued)

1  Population Growth and Structural Change 

7

Table 1.2 (continued) Total population (year-end) (10,000 Ethnic group persons)

Birth Rural Urban population population rate (‰) (%) (%)

Death rate (‰)

Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

51.64 32.78 62.22 50.55 48.04 47.85 61.63 48.03 52.37 56.18 53.71 64.44 48.06 51.23 51.37 42.88 53.99 57.78 50.97 51.15 48.21 64.25 53.23 49.16 48.18 50.91

6.79 4.66 6.16 6.06 6.33 6.30 6.34 6.32 7.00 5.20 6.23 6.02 6.78 4.63 4.71 5.71 6.26 7.03 4.57 4.59 6.34 6.75 6.19 6.57 6.58 5.94

950.50 1.17 635.53 23.12 35.14 3.29 0.88 3.83 31.07 1.95 12.86 83.43 42.02 5.49 0.65 651.99 29.41 839.41 1130.58 1.66 45.17 20.88 298.19 848.12 1.46 1831.77

48.36 67.22 37.78 49.45 51.96 52.15 38.37 51.97 47.63 43.82 46.29 35.56 51.94 48.77 48.63 57.12 46.01 42.22 49.03 48.85 51.79 35.75 46.77 50.84 51.82 49.09

13.13 14.98 8.49 14.01 13.11 13.19 7.32 13.15 11.07 9.80 13.76 12.69 13.82 10.71 10.70 13.62 13.69 12.09 10.69 10.72 13.15 7.34 13.41 12.66 11.09 13.98

Natural growth rate (‰) 6.34 10.32 2.33 7.95 6.78 6.89 0.99 6.83 4.07 4.61 7.53 6.68 7.04 6.08 5.99 7.91 7.43 5.06 6.12 6.13 6.81 0.59 7.22 6.09 4.50 8.03

Notes: Data in the table are estimates from the 2018 National Sample Survey on Population Changes. The national total population was adjusted on the basis of sampling errors and survey errors. Similar adjustments were not made to regional figures. The military personnel were included in the national total population, but were not included in the population by ethnic group

8 

R. Guo

Table 1.3  Population life expectancy

Ethnic group

Life expectancy in 2000 Male

National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan

71.40 65.57 66.03 67.43 65.60 66.22 65.58 70.74 65.53 66.73 68.24 67.47 70.25 71.58 66.16 71.89 65.56 72.38 69.97 71.04 65.57 65.56 67.42 67.47 72.97 65.58 64.89 72.59 65.73 72.89 69.76

69.63 64.31 64.72 66.67 64.34 64.77 64.32 69.02 64.28 65.37 66.65 66.69 68.61 69.73 64.72 70.05 64.30 70.44 68.44 68.89 64.31 64.30 65.99 66.03 71.17 64.32 63.06 70.37 64.45 71.07 67.78

Female

Life expectancy in 2010 Male

Female

73.33 66.98 67.50 68.30 67.01 67.85 67.00 72.77 66.93 68.25 70.04 68.38 72.21 73.58 67.79 73.89 66.97 74.62 71.66 73.42 66.98 66.97 69.14 69.21 74.99 66.99 66.69 74.90 67.16 74.92 71.97

74.83 69.62 70.18 72.16 69.64 71.27 69.63 74.95 69.58 70.70 72.83 72.24 74.67 75.07 71.24 75.34 69.60 75.97 73.65 74.90 69.62 69.60 72.35 72.39 76.18 69.62 68.72 76.06 69.76 75.99 73.96

77.37 72.51 73.07 74.02 72.53 74.27 72.52 77.75 72.47 73.55 75.84 74.15 77.49 77.92 74.25 77.99 72.50 78.74 76.09 78.73 72.51 72.50 74.86 74.91 78.60 72.51 70.69 79.72 72.65 78.50 77.60

72.38 67.13 67.68 70.50 67.16 68.61 67.14 72.55 67.09 68.24 70.19 70.56 72.27 72.55 68.58 72.98 67.12 73.55 71.49 71.65 67.13 67.12 70.31 70.34 74.00 67.14 66.83 72.98 67.27 73.73 70.83

(continued)

9

1  Population Growth and Structural Change  Table 1.3 (continued)

Ethnic group

Life expectancy in 2000 Male

Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

68.01 64.78 70.48 70.62 65.72 65.62 71.34 65.62 71.17 68.75 66.34 72.27 66.31 67.57 67.61 66.67 66.60 70.22 67.44 67.51 65.73 72.12 70.78 67.18 67.56 70.95

66.45 62.93 68.84 68.51 64.44 64.34 69.55 64.36 69.23 67.23 64.95 70.27 64.85 66.12 66.19 64.98 65.19 68.53 66.01 66.07 64.45 70.37 68.79 65.71 66.81 68.79

Female

Life expectancy in 2010 Male

Female

69.76 66.57 72.41 72.96 67.16 67.04 73.44 67.03 73.36 70.56 67.92 74.49 67.96 69.31 69.32 68.43 68.19 72.12 69.17 69.25 67.15 74.10 72.98 68.83 68.40 73.33

72.52 68.56 74.67 74.60 69.75 69.65 75.33 69.66 74.73 73.41 70.40 75.80 71.32 72.45 72.49 70.52 70.63 74.35 72.37 72.42 69.75 75.58 74.65 71.21 72.29 74.76

75.48 70.48 77.41 78.37 72.64 72.53 78.13 72.55 77.57 76.02 72.50 78.58 74.35 74.98 74.98 72.71 72.77 77.11 74.88 74.94 72.64 78.08 78.09 74.10 74.15 78.57

69.92 66.70 72.32 71.39 67.27 67.18 72.92 67.17 72.23 71.24 68.56 73.40 68.64 70.40 70.45 68.52 68.76 71.93 70.32 70.37 67.27 73.36 71.70 68.70 70.63 71.53

Note: Data in this table are calculated according to the 2000 and 2010 National Population Censuses

Number of households (household)

378,643 9 508 4 25 766 320 44 5 2 776 132 10 1 149 340,591 397 2 2969 6 36 6 442 57 614 125 1

Ethnic group

National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba

371,225 9 503 4 25 779 314 41 5 2 794 137 9 1 152 327,467 390 1 2822 6 36 6 394 51 578 123 1

Family household

Table 1.4  Household, population, and sex ratio

7419 0 7 0 0 5 4 0 0 0 9 2 0 0 1 7065 5 0 48 0 1 0 2 0 3 2 0

Collective household 1,144,648 32 1713 14 86 2507 1082 118 17 7 2570 457 27 4 488 1,047,261 1345 4 9438 21 123 20 1379 177 1636 424 3

Population (person) 585,299 16 887 7 44 1309 561 60 9 4 1328 232 14 2 255 535,514 697 2 4780 11 64 10 689 88 827 220 2

Male 559,349 15 826 7 41 1198 521 58 8 3 1242 225 13 2 233 511,745 648 2 4658 10 59 9 690 89 809 204 2

Female 104.64 107.63 107.37 103.68 107.60 109.27 107.60 103.58 107.64 106.90 107.03 103.23 104.20 104.61 109.37 104.49 107.63 102.90 102.75 108.42 107.65 107.63 99.78 99.81 102.19 107.61 99.56

Sex ratio (female = 100)

10  R. Guo

334 175 3458 28 2368 2 1924 56 85 8 3 9 86 5 32 228 105 14 2 1519 72 2143 2968 4 110 63 718 2137 3 4376

316 172 3213 28 2409 2 1770 55 84 8 3 9 83 5 30 215 107 13 2 1405 68 2194 2649 4 107 58 714 2096 4 4292

15 2 27 0 27 0 15 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 7 1 0 0 27 2 44 14 0 1 0 11 25 0 83

1254 591 9439 96 7787 10 5211 189 288 27 7 31 255 16 105 684 344 45 5 5342 241 6878 9262 14 370 171 2443 6950 12 15,007

642 306 4752 50 4018 5 2652 99 149 14 4 16 127 8 55 356 180 22 3 2689 125 3510 4626 7 192 86 1265 3567 6 7816

612 285 4687 46 3769 5 2560 91 139 13 4 15 128 8 51 328 165 23 3 2653 116 3368 4636 7 178 85 1179 3383 6 7190

104.97 107.36 101.38 108.80 106.67 99.21 103.59 108.72 107.35 107.48 103.48 107.57 98.80 101.58 107.40 108.35 109.23 99.94 100.10 101.44 107.63 104.30 99.79 99.91 107.49 100.58 107.21 105.37 103.60 108.67

Notes: Data in this table are obtained from the 2018 National Sample Survey on Population Changes. The sampling fraction is 0.820‰

Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

1  Population Growth and Structural Change 

11

Family household population (person)

1,113,633 31 1672 14 84 2486 1055 117 16 7 2529 447 27 4 484 1,018,020 1311 4 9216 20 120 19 1370 176 1623 413

Ethnic group

National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu

566,631 16 858 7 43 1295 541 59 8 3 1307 226 14 2 252 517,838 672 2 4676 11 62 10 683 88 820 212

Male 547,002 15 814 7 41 1191 514 58 8 3 1222 221 13 2 232 500,179 639 2 4540 10 59 9 687 88 803 201

Female

Table 1.5  Household size and population by gender

31,015 1 41 0 2 21 27 1 0 0 41 9 0 0 4 29,241 34 0 223 0 3 0 9 1 13 11

Collective household population (person) 18,668 1 29 0 2 14 20 1 0 0 21 6 0 0 3 17,674 25 0 105 0 2 0 5 1 7 8

Male 12,347 0 12 0 1 7 7 0 0 0 20 3 0 0 1 11,568 9 0 118 0 1 0 3 0 7 3

Female 3.00 3.30 3.29 3.41 3.30 3.25 3.30 2.64 3.30 3.22 3.26 3.39 2.63 3.10 3.25 3.02 3.30 2.63 3.13 3.38 3.30 3.30 3.10 3.09 2.65 3.30

Average family size (person/household)

12  R. Guo

3 1191 577 9298 95 7652 9 5143 187 281 26 7 31 250 16 103 660 341 45 5 5237 235 6673 9203 14 361 169 2385 6804 12 14,741

2 627 295 4706 49 3943 5 2605 97 144 13 4 16 125 8 53 341 178 22 3 2625 121 3397 4590 7 185 85 1232 3467 6 7658

2 564 281 4592 46 3709 5 2538 90 137 13 4 15 126 8 50 320 164 22 3 2612 114 3277 4613 7 176 84 1153 3337 6 7083

0 62 15 141 1 135 0 68 3 7 1 0 1 4 0 3 23 3 0 0 105 6 204 60 0 9 2 58 146 0 265

0 15 11 46 1 74 0 46 2 5 1 0 1 2 0 2 15 2 0 0 64 4 113 36 0 7 1 32 100 0 158

0 47 4 95 1 60 0 22 1 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 9 1 0 0 41 2 91 24 0 2 2 26 46 0 108

3.79 3.57 3.29 2.70 3.35 3.24 3.81 2.68 3.36 3.29 3.30 2.62 3.29 2.91 2.92 3.26 2.93 3.26 3.10 3.11 3.46 3.26 3.12 3.10 3.10 3.29 2.67 3.33 3.19 3.41 3.38

Notes: Data in this table are obtained from the 2018 National Sample Survey on Population Changes. The sampling fraction is 0.820‰

Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

1  Population Growth and Structural Change 

13

14 

R. Guo

Table 1.6  Population residing in the townships, towns and street communities by sex (person)

Ethnic group National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu

With permanent household registration elsewhere having been away from that places for more than 6 months.

With permanent household registration Sub-total

Male

Female

Sub-total

Male

Female

902,280

460,014

442,266

235,999

122,062

113,937

27 1463 13 74 2113 929 89 14 6 2148 394 19 3 411 822,463 1155 3 7571 18 106 17 1109 142 1257 364 3 959 507 7492

14 756 6 38 1113 480 45 7 3 1120 199 10 2 217 419,050 596 2 3850 9 55 9 553 71 642 188 1 511 262 3818

13 707 6 36 1000 449 44 7 3 1028 194 10 2 194 403,412 559 2 3721 9 51 8 556 71 615 176 1 448 245 3675

4 243 2 12 380 149 29 2 1 409 61 8 1 74 218,953 185 1 1826 3 17 3 262 34 356 58 0 284 82 1886

2 127 1 6 189 79 15 1 1 201 31 4 0 37 113,493 99 0 910 1 9 1 133 17 173 31 0 125 44 903

2 116 1 6 191 70 14 1 1 207 30 4 0 37 105,458 87 0 916 1 8 1 130 17 182 27 0 159 39 983 (continued)

1  Population Growth and Structural Change 

15

Table 1.6 (continued)

Ethnic group Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

With permanent household registration elsewhere having been away from that places for more than 6 months.

With permanent household registration Sub-total 83 6471 9 3800 162 247 23 6 27 203 12 83 478 291 36 4 4624 189 5483 7447 11 318 135 2038 5848 10 12,850

Male 43 3367 4 1938 85 127 12 3 14 102 6 43 244 153 18 2 2313 97 2820 3712 5 164 68 1058 3007 5 6702

Female 39 3104 4 1863 78 119 11 3 13 101 6 40 234 138 18 2 2311 92 2663 3735 5 154 67 981 2841 5 6148

Sub-total 13 1277 1 1389 26 40 4 2 4 51 4 22 197 51 9 1 701 51 1363 1762 3 51 35 391 1075 2 2060

Male 7 632 0 703 13 21 2 1 2 24 2 12 107 26 4 1 367 27 674 891 1 27 17 200 547 1 1071

Female 6 645 0 686 13 19 2 1 2 27 2 10 90 26 4 1 333 24 689 871 1 24 18 190 528 1 988

Notes: Data in this table are obtained from the 2018 National Sample Survey on Population Changes. The sampling fraction is 0.820‰

Population (person)

1,144,648 32 1713 14 86 2507 1082 118 17 7 2570 457 27 4 488 1,047,261 1345 4 9438 21 123 20 1379 177 1636 424 3

Ethnic group

National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba

192,963 6 317 3 16 549 196 15 3 1 538 84 4 1 107 174,591 243 0 1727 4 22 4 312 40 195 77 1

Aged 0–14 815,039 23 1225 10 62 1674 783 90 12 5 1736 324 21 3 325 746,267 973 3 6724 14 89 14 969 124 1235 306 2

Aged 15–64

Table 1.7  Age composition and dependency ratio of population

136,645 3 171 2 8 283 104 13 2 1 296 49 3 0 55 126,401 129 0 987 2 12 2 99 13 206 41 0

Aged 65 and over 40.44 38.29 40.10 40.58 38.32 49.91 38.31 30.73 38.26 38.52 48.31 40.84 30.41 41.69 50.16 40.95 38.28 30.55 40.87 46.28 38.31 38.26 42.41 42.28 32.58 38.32 41.39

Gross dependency ratio (%) 23.68 24.99 26.04 25.08 24.99 32.95 24.98 16.82 25.00 24.53 31.22 25.58 17.16 25.47 33.17 23.75 24.98 14.63 25.92 31.53 25.01 24.97 32.18 32.01 15.83 25.00 32.60

Children dependency ratio 16.77 13.29 14.06 15.50 13.33 16.97 13.33 13.90 13.27 13.99 17.10 15.26 13.25 16.21 17.00 17.19 13.30 15.92 14.95 14.75 13.30 13.29 10.21 10.26 16.76 13.32 8.78

Old dependency ratio

16  R. Guo

1254 591 9439 96 7787 10 5211 189 288 27 7 31 255 16 105 684 344 45 5 5342 241 6878 9262 14 370 171 2443 6950 12 15,007

242 107 1184 21 1581 2 715 41 52 5 1 6 42 3 20 114 75 10 1 1104 46 1257 2093 3 67 23 500 1255 2 3200

908 427 6981 65 5311 7 3942 129 208 19 6 23 175 12 77 498 230 32 4 3786 175 4759 6505 10 267 127 1686 4920 9 10,315

105 58 1273 10 895 1 555 19 28 3 1 3 38 1 8 72 39 3 0 453 20 862 665 1 36 22 256 775 1 1492

38.31 38.50 35.37 47.67 46.98 41.17 32.31 46.89 38.48 38.36 30.48 38.31 45.61 37.77 37.85 37.51 49.76 42.38 42.15 41.35 37.95 44.69 42.41 42.34 38.48 35.06 45.22 41.63 40.58 45.66

26.70 24.95 17.04 32.29 30.02 32.64 18.14 31.89 24.97 25.10 15.82 24.97 23.88 26.06 26.73 23.09 32.91 31.93 31.49 28.75 26.46 26.52 32.16 32.05 25.02 17.36 29.87 25.59 24.87 31.15

11.61 13.55 18.33 15.38 16.97 8.53 14.17 15.00 13.51 13.26 14.66 13.34 21.72 11.71 11.12 14.42 16.86 10.44 10.65 12.60 11.49 18.17 10.23 10.29 13.46 17.70 15.35 16.05 15.72 14.51

Notes: Data in this table are obtained from the 2018 National Sample Survey on Population Changes. The sampling fraction is 0.820‰

Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

1  Population Growth and Structural Change 

17

18 

R. Guo

Table 1.8  Population by marital status (I)

Ethnic group

Population aged 15 and over Male

Female

Never married

Male

Female

National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian

951,684 26 1396 12 70 1958 887 103 14 6 2032 373 24 3 380 872,670 1102 4 7712 16 101 16 1067 137 1441 347 2 1012 485 8254 75 6206 7 4497 148 236 22 6 26 213 13

470,326 13 678 6 34 949 430 51 7 3 996 186 12 2 184 431,327 534 2 3849 8 49 8 540 69 717 168 1 503 235 4126 36 3044 4 2218 72 114 11 3 12 108 6

172,875 5 289 2 15 415 185 16 3 1 413 74 4 1 81 157,232 230 1 1460 4 21 3 208 27 211 72 1 281 101 1296 17 1256 2 725 33 49 5 1 5 37 2

103,409 4 186 1 10 256 120 10 2 1 255 45 2 0 50 93,928 149 0 839 2 14 2 123 16 123 47 0 151 65 731 10 776 1 436 21 32 3 1 3 21 1

69,466 2 103 1 5 159 65 6 1 0 158 29 1 0 31 63,302 81 0 621 1 7 1 84 11 88 25 0 130 36 565 6 480 1 288 12 17 2 0 2 16 1

481,358 13 718 6 36 1009 457 52 7 3 1036 188 12 2 196 441,343 568 2 3863 8 52 8 528 68 724 179 1 509 250 4128 39 3162 4 2279 77 122 11 3 13 105 6

(continued)

19

1  Population Growth and Structural Change  Table 1.8 (continued)

Ethnic group Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

Population aged 15 and over Male 85 570 269 35 4 4238 195 5620 7170 11 303 149 1943 5695 10 11,807

Female

44 293 139 17 2 2112 101 2830 3543 5 156 74 996 2900 5 6106

41 277 130 18 2 2125 94 2790 3627 5 147 74 947 2796 5 5701

Never married 17 98 57 7 1 991 38 1083 1394 2 63 25 414 1139 2 2659

Male

Female

10 62 35 4 0 568 24 662 828 1 41 14 260 716 1 1679

6 37 22 3 0 423 15 421 566 1 22 11 155 423 1 980

Notes: Data in this table are obtained from the 2018 National Sample Survey on Population Changes. The sampling fraction is 0.820‰

Table 1.9  Population by marital status (II) Ethnic group National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao

First married (1)

Male

Female

Re-married (2) Male

Female

705,367

352,315

353,052

14,647

7005

7642

18 992 9 50 1361 630 78 10 4 1440 268 18 2 264

9 491 4 25 681 312 39 5 2 714 132 9 1 132

9 502 4 25 680 319 39 5 2 726 137 9 1 132

0 23 0 1 36 15 2 0 0 34 6 0 0 7

0 12 0 1 18 8 1 0 0 17 3 0 0 4

0 11 0 1 18 7 1 0 0 17 3 0 0 3

(continued)

Table 1.9 (continued) Ethnic group

First married (1)

Male

Female

Re-married (2) Male

Female

Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

648,563 783 3 5653 11 72 11 769 99 1090 247 2 677 345 6206 52 4409 5 3435 103 168 16 5 18 156 10 61 431 187 25 3 2870 139 4067 5167 8 216 109 1377 4070 7 8240

324,104 388 1 2816 6 36 6 374 48 549 122 1 341 171 3118 26 2184 2 1719 52 83 8 2 9 76 5 31 218 93 12 1 1425 71 1999 2514 4 107 55 685 2008 3 4122

324,466 396 1 2837 6 36 6 395 51 541 125 1 335 174 3088 26 2225 2 1716 52 85 8 2 9 80 5 30 213 93 13 2 1444 68 2068 2653 4 109 55 692 2063 4 4119

13,107 18 0 139 0 2 0 50 6 26 6 0 9 8 145 1 108 0 90 2 4 0 0 0 4 0 2 8 5 2 0 55 4 100 335 0 5 3 25 100 0 142

6870 9 0 70 0 1 0 24 3 13 3 0 4 4 76 1 54 0 49 1 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 4 2 1 0 29 2 51 161 0 2 2 13 50 0 71

6237 9 0 69 0 1 0 26 3 12 3 0 5 4 69 1 54 0 41 1 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 4 2 1 0 27 2 48 174 0 3 2 12 50 0 71

Notes: (1) Data are obtained from the 2018 National Sample Survey on Population Changes. The sampling fraction is 0.820‰. (2) Data are obtained from the 2012 National Sample Survey on Population Changes. The sampling fraction is 0.831‰

1  Population Growth and Structural Change 

21

Table 1.10  Population by marital status (III) Ethnic group

Divorced

Male

Female

Widowed

Male

Female

National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar

20,082 1 33 0 2 56 20 3 0 0 51 7 1 0 11 18,034 25 0 185 0 2 0 39 5 57 8 0 12 11 282 1 157 0 119 3 5 1 0 1 6 0 3

11,095 0 18 0 1 36 11 2 0 0 31 4 0 0 7 9989 14 0 98 0 1 0 18 2 30 4 0 7 6 149 1 94 0 66 2 3 0 0 0 3 0 2

8986 0 15 0 1 21 9 1 0 0 20 3 0 0 4 8045 12 0 87 0 1 0 21 3 27 4 0 5 5 132 1 63 0 53 1 2 0 0 0 3 0 1

53,360 1 82 1 4 125 51 5 1 0 128 23 1 0 24 48,835 63 0 413 1 6 1 51 7 84 20 0 42 28 470 5 384 0 218 9 14 1 0 1 14 1 5

14,538 0 23 0 1 36 14 1 0 0 36 6 0 0 7 13,323 18 0 109 0 2 0 12 2 23 6 0 10 8 130 1 108 0 57 2 4 0 0 0 4 0 1

38,821 1 59 1 3 89 37 4 1 0 92 17 1 0 17 35,515 46 0 304 1 4 1 39 5 61 14 0 32 20 341 3 276 0 161 7 10 1 0 1 10 0 4

(continued)

22 

R. Guo

Table 1.10 (continued) Ethnic group She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

Divorced 11 8 1 0 118 7 131 265 0 7 6 35 140 0 192

Male 6 5 1 0 49 3 74 121 0 4 3 21 78 0 117

Female

Widowed

5 3 1 0 69 3 57 143 0 3 3 15 62 0 75

30 17 2 0 259 11 339 344 1 17 8 116 346 1 716

Male

Female

7 5 0 0 69 3 95 80 0 5 2 31 97 0 188

23 12 1 0 190 8 244 264 0 13 6 85 249 0 528

Notes: Data in this table are obtained from the 2018 National Sample Survey on Population Changes. The sampling fraction is 0.820‰

Table 1.11  Population by educational attainment (person) (I)

Ethnic group

Population aged 6 and over Male

Female

National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani

1,064,195 29 1580 13 79 2278 1000 112 15 6 2347 421 26 4 443 974,453 1243

521,826 14 764 7 38 1094 483 55 7 3 1140 208 13 2 212 477,832 600

542,369 15 816 7 41 1184 517 57 8 3 1207 213 13 2 230 496,620 643

No schooling 57,483 2 126 1 6 220 82 5 1 0 166 40 1 0 43 51,553 101

Male

Female

16,481 1 40 0 2 60 26 2 0 0 46 12 0 0 12 14,560 33

41,001 2 86 1 4 160 55 3 1 0 119 28 1 0 31 37,000 69

(continued)

1  Population Growth and Structural Change 

23

Table 1.11 (continued)

Ethnic group Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

Population aged 6 and over Male 4 8712 19 114 18 1244 160 1566 392 3 1154 547 8984 88 7131 9 4917 172 266 25 7 29 238 15 97 632 313 41 5 4875 221 6356 8355 12 342 162 2236 6430 11 13,683

2 4397 10 59 9 621 80 790 203 1 586 282 4518 45 3664 4 2502 90 138 13 4 15 118 7 50 327 163 20 2 2446 114 3230 4168 6 177 81 1153 3291 6 7107

Female 2 4315 9 55 9 623 80 776 189 1 568 264 4466 42 3467 4 2416 83 129 12 3 14 120 7 47 305 150 20 2 2430 107 3126 4187 6 165 81 1082 3139 5 6576

No schooling 0 622 1 9 1 57 7 49 32 1 51 45 275 5 519 3 242 8 22 2 0 2 18 1 11 40 30 2 0 1018 25 335 380 1 28 5 97 525 1 608

Male 0 191 0 3 0 24 3 15 10 0 15 14 91 1 148 1 82 3 7 1 0 1 5 0 4 10 8 1 0 376 8 96 159 0 9 2 30 160 0 195

Female 0 431 1 6 1 33 4 34 22 1 37 30 184 4 371 2 160 6 15 1 0 2 13 0 7 30 22 1 0 642 17 239 220 0 19 3 66 365 1 413

Notes: Data in this table are obtained from the 2018 National Sample Survey on Population Changes. The sampling fraction is 0.820‰

24 

R. Guo

Table 1.12  Population by educational attainment (person) (II)

Female

Junior secondary school

Male

Female

127,947

141,004

401,864

216,604

185,260

5 271 2 14 403 176 12 3 1 358 64 3 0 79 115,346 219 0 1148 3 20 3 175 22 169 69 1 102 96 869 13 1119 2 534 24 47 4 1 5

5 278 2 14 378 181 14 3 1 360 68 3 0 74 127,780 225 0 1220 3 21 3 183 23 189 71 0 113 99 986 14 1125 1 598 26 48 4 1 5

10 539 4 27 780 339 43 5 2 856 127 9 1 152 369,033 421 2 3026 8 39 6 420 54 655 133 1 486 185 3829 36 2531 2 1822 73 90 8 3 10

6 305 2 15 449 193 23 3 1 472 70 5 1 87 198,750 240 1 1647 4 22 3 216 28 345 76 0 263 105 2004 20 1400 1 979 40 51 5 1 6

4 234 2 12 331 146 20 2 1 384 57 4 1 64 170,283 181 1 1379 4 17 3 204 26 310 57 0 223 80 1825 16 1131 1 843 33 39 4 1 4

Ethnic group

Primary school

Male

National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi

268,951 10 549 4 28 781 357 26 6 2 718 132 6 1 152 243,132 443 1 2367 5 41 6 358 46 358 140 1 215 194 1855 26 2244 3 1132 50 95 9 2 10

(continued)

1  Population Growth and Structural Change 

25

Table 1.12 (continued) Ethnic group Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

Primary school 78 4 32 174 107 12 1 1652 73 1754 2403 4 121 34 621 2236 3 3944

Male

Female

39 2 16 82 55 6 1 856 36 847 1176 2 60 16 294 1109 2 1866

39 2 16 92 52 6 1 795 37 907 1227 2 62 18 327 1127 2 2078

Junior secondary school 76 5 27 230 108 14 2 1187 64 2244 2822 4 116 68 917 2151 3 5869

Male

Female

41 3 16 131 62 7 1 665 37 1190 1449 2 66 35 499 1209 2 3242

36 2 12 99 46 7 1 522 27 1054 1373 2 50 33 419 942 1 2626

Notes: Data in this table are obtained from the 2018 National Sample Survey on Population Changes. The sampling fraction is 0.820‰

Table 1.13  Population by educational attainment (person) (III) Ethnic group National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang

Regular senior secondary schools Male

Female

College students

Male

Female

138,751

77,363

61,388

78,481

41,065

37,416

2 141 2 7 205 82 14 1 1 278 50

1 83 1 4 115 49 8 1 0 157 29

1 57 1 3 89 33 7 1 0 121 21

2 90 1 5 112 57 11 1 0 132 31

1 48 1 2 58 30 6 0 0 66 16

1 43 0 2 54 26 5 0 0 65 15

(continued)

26 

R. Guo

Table 1.13 (continued) Ethnic group

Regular senior secondary schools Male

Female

College students

Male

Female

Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va

3 0 40 128,740 102 1 1038 2 9 1 129 17 218 32 0 141 45 1198 9 808 1 621 18 22 2 1 2 25 2 9 73 28 4 1 379 21 919 867 1 28

2 0 17 56,867 41 0 489 1 4 1 63 8 104 13 0 56 18 583 4 352 0 293 8 9 1 0 1 12 1 4 30 12 2 0 169 9 419 421 1 11

3 0 22 72,264 71 0 682 1 6 1 133 17 108 22 0 87 31 710 4 415 0 481 8 15 1 1 2 17 2 7 43 15 4 1 262 16 450 891 1 20

1 0 11 37,869 38 0 349 0 3 1 66 8 55 12 0 46 17 368 2 212 0 253 4 8 1 0 1 8 1 4 22 8 2 0 137 9 230 443 1 10

1 0 10 34,400 33 0 333 0 3 0 67 9 52 10 0 41 15 342 2 203 0 228 4 7 1 0 1 9 1 3 20 7 2 0 125 7 220 449 1 9

2 0 22 71,870 61 0 550 1 6 1 66 9 114 19 0 85 27 614 5 456 0 328 11 13 1 0 1 13 1 5 43 16 2 0 209 12 500 446 1 17

(continued)

1  Population Growth and Structural Change 

27

Table 1.13 (continued) Ethnic group Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

Regular senior secondary schools Male 21 285 571 1 1484

10 164 328 1 853

Female 10 121 243 1 630

College students 14 126 386 1 672

Male

Female

7 64 199 0 353

7 62 187 0 320

Notes: Data in this table are obtained from the 2018 National Sample Survey on Population Changes. The sampling fraction is 0.820‰

Table 1.14  Illiterate population aged 15 and over by sex

Ethnic group

Population aged 15 and over (person) Male

National 951,685 total Achang 26 Bai 1396 Baonan 12 Blang 70 Buyi 1958 Dai 887 Daur 103 Deang 14 Derung 6 Dong 2032 Dongxiang 373 Ewenki 24 Gaoshan 3 Gelao 380 Han 872,670 Hani 1102 Hezhe 4 Hui 7712 Jing 16 Jingpo 101 Jino 16

Female

Percentage of illiterate population to total aged 15 and over (%) Male

Female

481,358

470,327

4.94

2.42

7.52

13 718 6 36 1009 457 52 7 3 1036 188 12 2 196 441,343 568 2 3863 8 52 8

13 678 6 34 949 430 51 7 3 996 186 12 2 184 431,327 534 2 3849 8 49 8

8.11 7.93 10.12 8.10 9.68 8.11 3.76 8.12 7.43 6.95 9.61 4.33 4.76 9.74 4.94 8.11 2.59 6.83 3.54 8.11 8.11

4.71 4.48 5.39 4.71 4.58 4.71 2.19 4.73 4.25 3.28 5.16 2.48 2.31 4.59 2.39 4.72 1.49 3.77 1.55 4.71 4.72

11.72 11.58 14.94 11.71 15.09 11.72 5.38 11.74 10.78 10.80 14.13 6.24 7.27 15.20 7.54 11.73 3.71 9.91 5.64 11.72 11.72

(continued)

28  

R. Guo

Table 1.14 (continued)

Ethnic group

Population aged 15 and over (person) Male

Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

1067 137 1441 347 2 1012 485 8254 75 6206 7 4497 148 236 22 6 26 213 13 85 570 269 35 4 4238 195 5620 7170 11 303 149 1943 5695 10 11,807

528 68 724 179 1 509 250 4128 39 3162 4 2279 77 122 11 3 13 105 6 44 293 139 17 2 2112 101 2830 3543 5 156 74 996 2900 5 6106

Female 540 69 717 168 1 503 235 4126 36 3044 4 2218 72 114 11 3 12 108 6 41 277 130 18 2 2125 94 2790 3627 5 147 74 947 2796 5 5701

Percentage of illiterate population to total aged 15 and over (%) Male 3.70 3.67 2.68 8.10 32.52 4.24 8.09 2.50 5.17 7.17 33.75 4.25 4.12 8.19 8.46 3.44 8.10 7.47 4.05 9.97 6.01 9.50 3.72 3.96 20.68 9.82 4.97 3.69 3.69 8.05 2.15 3.61 8.11 10.07 3.55

2.77 2.75 1.47 4.71 24.06 2.06 4.69 1.42 2.33 3.51 25.04 2.43 1.82 4.77 5.00 1.97 4.71 3.88 2.68 5.58 2.42 4.50 2.74 2.84 14.39 5.44 2.42 2.76 2.75 4.67 1.41 1.69 4.47 5.34 1.60

Female 4.61 4.58 3.90 11.71 40.72 6.46 11.70 3.60 8.17 11.02 42.17 6.13 6.57 11.82 12.14 4.94 11.71 10.94 5.42 14.66 9.80 14.81 4.68 5.07 26.90 14.50 7.59 4.60 4.62 11.65 2.89 5.62 11.89 14.89 5.62

Notes: Illiterate population in this table refers to the population aged 15 and over who are unable or have difficulty in reading. Data in this table are obtained from the 2018 National Sample Survey on Population Changes. The sampling fraction is 0.820‰

1  Population Growth and Structural Change 

29

Table 1.15  Family households by size (household) Ethnic group National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi

Number of family households

One person

Two persons

Three persons

Four persons

Five persons

371,225

61,961

105,040

86,851

61,107

31,873

9 508 4 25 766 320 44 5 2 776 132 10 1 149 340,591 397 2 2969 6 36 6 442 57 614 125 1 334 175 3458 28 2368 2 1924 56 85 8 3 9

1 68 0 3 121 42 7 1 0 118 15 1 0 24 57,267 52 0 422 1 5 1 60 8 101 16 0 45 23 595 5 361 0 288 9 11 1 0 1

2 113 1 6 183 70 16 1 0 185 32 4 0 35 97,157 87 1 796 1 8 1 107 14 223 27 0 66 39 1199 6 568 0 655 12 19 2 1 2

2 113 1 6 157 71 14 1 0 168 30 3 0 30 79,549 89 0 717 1 8 1 113 15 174 28 0 69 39 954 6 517 1 591 12 19 2 1 2

2 107 1 5 153 68 5 1 0 153 26 1 0 30 55,547 85 0 545 1 8 1 93 12 67 27 0 78 37 414 6 463 0 256 11 18 2 0 2

1 59 0 3 82 38 2 1 0 82 15 0 0 16 28,986 47 0 271 1 4 1 43 5 33 15 0 41 21 192 3 250 0 87 6 10 1 0 1 (continued)

30 

R. Guo

Table 1.15 (continued) Ethnic group Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

Number of family households 86 5 32 228 105 14 2 1519 72 2143 2968 4 110 63 718 2137 3 4376

One person

Two persons

Three persons

16 1 5 47 16 2 0 244 13 342 405 1 14 11 114 316 0 708

25 2 7 62 25 4 0 320 17 556 719 1 24 21 157 513 1 905

20 2 7 46 22 4 0 343 16 501 758 1 25 18 155 475 1 916

Four persons 13 1 6 36 21 3 0 270 13 380 627 1 23 8 142 414 1 883

Five persons 8 0 3 20 11 1 0 156 7 206 285 0 13 4 79 236 0 503

Notes: Data in this table are obtained from the 2018 National Sample Survey on Population Changes. The sampling fraction is 0.820‰

2 Macroeconomic Growth and Structural Change

Data on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) are computed by the Department of National Accounts of the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) based on different approaches in the light of the different features of various sectors, various expenditure structures and different data sources. GDP is a measurement of value which changes depending on changes of price and production. GDP at constant prices converts the gross domestic product based on the current price into a value based on the price of the base period. When adjusted for price changes, the values of two different periods can be compared to reflect changes of both products and production activities. GDP is a measurement of value which changes depending on changes of price and production. GDP at constant prices converts the gross domestic product based on the current price into a value based on the price of the base period. When adjusted for price changes, the values of two different periods can be compared to reflect changes of both products and production activities. GDP index is derived from the constant-­ price GDPs of the two periods. As economy grows, changes will take place in the price structures of various industries, and the base period for the measurement of constant-price GDP thus needs to be adjusted every © The Author(s) 2020 R. Guo, China Ethnic Statistical Yearbook 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49024-9_2

31

32 

R. Guo

few years in order to better reflect the impact of price change on the economy. Since China started GDP calculation, eight constant-price base periods have been used, i.e., 1952, 1957, 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015 and the current base period is 2015. That is to say, the 2016 GDP is calculated on the basis of the 2015 prices. As the calculation of constant-price GDP is based on different base periods, the constant-­price GDP data in this yearbook shall also be announced in accordance with various periods. The coefficient for the conversion of electric power into standard coal equivalent (SCE) is calculated on the basis of the heat value equivalent. One kilowatt is equal to 0.1229 kg SCE. Data on investments in fixed assets by individuals in rural areas are provided by the Department of Rural Social and Economic Survey of the NBS through its rural social and economic survey. Other data on investments in fixed assets are from surveys conducted by the Department of Investment and Construction Statistics of the NBS. All data on investments in fixed assets are collected by the system of reporting form with complete enumeration, except data on individual investments in fixed assets in rural areas, which are collected through sample surveys. Data for compilation of the consumer price indices and the retail price indices in China are collected by the Department of Urban Social and Economic Survey, NBS and the Department of Rural Social and Economic Survey, NBS through a combination of sample surveys and surveys of key units. Areas distributed in different economic regions are selected as the sample areas and representative commodities are selected as the sample commodities. Regular surveys are conducted to collect data on their market prices. Population parameters are inferred on the basis of the sample data. At present, 500 cities and counties of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government have been selected for this purpose.

2008

4.63 256.09 2.21 12.57 328.12 157.72 41.73 2.43 1.21 426.63 71.02 10.77 1.16 62.69 312,399.25 196.01 1.15 2347.98 3.72 18.01 2.84 283.34 36.52 505.18

Ethnic group

Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean

5.02 279.08 2.36 13.63 359.96 171.03 46.43 2.63 1.32 473.67 75.41 12.25 1.28 68.79 342,370.85 212.52 1.20 2565.61 4.11 19.53 3.08 289.77 37.36 559.76

2009 5.88 328.64 2.88 15.97 424.15 200.36 55.80 3.08 1.56 570.32 92.46 14.68 1.53 81.00 409,254.77 248.91 1.45 3107.43 5.04 22.87 3.61 368.29 47.46 669.40

2010 7.23 403.89 3.51 19.63 522.56 246.41 68.27 3.79 1.90 698.58 112.62 18.00 1.82 99.89 487,614.46 306.12 1.75 3753.42 6.16 28.12 4.44 447.69 57.68 810.85

2011 8.37 467.16 3.95 22.73 621.04 285.32 75.30 4.39 2.17 802.72 126.94 19.89 2.02 119.01 538,440.14 354.47 1.91 4188.98 6.86 32.56 5.14 508.28 65.46 906.34

2012 14.49 820.34 5.83 39.36 1302.81 494.31 86.48 7.61 3.55 1481.30 189.33 22.23 3.16 252.09 855,860.52 614.06 2.39 6458.47 10.87 56.40 8.90 826.03 106.10 1128.15

2018

Table 2.1  Gross domestic product (GDP), 2007–2011 (100 million yuan) and per capita GDP (yuan) Per capita GDP

(continued)

37,546.23 39,375.24 32,820.97 37,694.94 42,442.15 37,528.36 59,606.11 37,320.05 42,206.90 46,940.78 33,581.20 66,530.35 61,576.82 42,233.82 65,598.97 37,516.91 47,463.63 54,776.63 42,959.05 37,527.39 37,457.47 49,473.72 49,500.42 55,597.71

2  Macroeconomic Growth and Structural Change 

33

Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek

Ethnic group

61.86 0.47 245.09 86.84 3253.69 15.81 1286.87 1.45 1961.51 33.45 42.40 3.98 2.45 4.61 47.28 4.46 21.41 232.64 45.01 9.34 1.12 882.52 49.76 1445.91 1907.30 2.83

2008

Table 2.1 (continued) 67.08 0.53 269.64 94.25 3588.50 17.43 1426.44 1.61 2222.38 36.86 46.02 4.31 2.70 4.99 53.05 4.83 22.73 256.91 49.41 9.57 1.15 970.76 53.00 1628.15 1951.30 2.90

2009 78.57 0.61 335.65 110.53 4314.31 21.25 1711.74 1.86 2667.95 45.09 53.97 5.05 3.24 5.85 64.40 5.93 28.31 309.30 58.33 12.14 1.45 1159.74 65.68 1982.60 2479.29 3.68

2010 96.61 0.73 409.92 135.90 5193.93 26.03 2103.11 2.21 3264.06 55.03 66.34 6.21 3.95 7.20 78.76 7.22 34.90 366.47 71.93 14.75 1.76 1407.97 80.75 2439.72 3013.36 4.47

2011 111.85 0.84 464.26 157.24 5764.78 29.36 2422.42 2.54 3616.68 61.47 76.74 7.18 4.35 8.33 89.38 8.07 39.52 404.51 85.37 16.73 2.00 1608.95 91.23 2768.89 3420.74 5.07

2012 193.69 1.72 790.06 271.91 6703.11 49.63 4469.33 5.22 4113.66 99.87 132.92 12.45 5.05 14.40 152.28 11.19 60.02 706.61 177.52 27.16 3.24 2895.42 139.47 4877.61 5558.84 8.24

2018

Per capita GDP 37,571.44 45,100.21 51,783.80 37,837.57 57,122.45 42,241.15 46,943.49 45,083.94 64,529.68 43,088.13 37,931.56 37,972.48 56,769.58 37,708.71 49,071.17 58,071.24 46,438.60 84,432.94 42,207.42 49,871.78 49,899.76 44,706.57 47,184.97 58,151.57 49,587.93 49,903.65

34  R. Guo

Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

Ethnic group

55.20 57.78 489.01 1069.81 1.84 2738.99

2008 59.88 63.43 540.19 1173.81 1.97 3015.27

2009 70.16 77.28 656.86 1391.52 2.40 3688.57

2010 86.13 93.16 797.30 1708.99 2.91 4495.62

2011 99.54 104.20 887.26 1971.47 3.28 4997.31

2012 171.76 118.54 1439.20 3463.79 4.83 7916.68

2018 38,147.52 56,738.54 47,936.51 41,179.16 32,817.15 43,094.72

Per capita GDP

2  Macroeconomic Growth and Structural Change 

35

36 

R. Guo

Table 2.2  Gross domestic product—indices (preceding year = 100) Ethnic group

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2018

Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar

110.61 110.92 110.28 110.63 111.30 110.61 115.28 110.61 111.04 112.23 110.23 116.95 112.38 111.31 112.17 110.62 112.00 112.02 112.66 110.62 110.62 111.00 111.02 114.56 110.62 110.29 110.37 110.62 112.91 112.32 112.07 110.16 116.18 112.52 110.62 110.62 114.48 110.63 111.01 113.28 112.99

112.10 112.14 110.23 112.11 111.42 112.11 114.49 112.10 112.14 112.32 110.07 116.13 112.08 111.41 111.97 112.10 111.55 111.32 113.67 112.09 112.11 108.11 108.15 113.00 112.10 112.32 111.68 112.16 112.44 113.10 112.37 112.36 115.33 113.42 112.16 112.10 113.86 112.11 114.45 111.31 110.09

112.31 112.53 111.91 112.33 112.81 112.32 113.97 112.31 112.64 113.50 111.70 114.70 113.35 112.81 113.43 112.31 112.77 112.97 114.08 112.31 112.32 110.61 110.63 113.57 112.31 112.38 115.81 112.39 113.55 113.76 113.54 112.34 114.49 113.95 112.39 112.32 113.73 112.33 115.07 112.26 114.69

113.68 113.74 112.54 113.68 114.83 113.69 113.43 113.69 113.55 113.90 112.47 113.98 112.30 114.88 112.32 113.68 112.30 112.42 112.38 113.68 113.69 112.00 112.00 113.14 113.68 112.74 112.13 113.72 112.21 113.06 114.12 112.67 113.70 112.61 113.71 113.65 113.13 113.68 114.97 112.72 113.30

112.93 112.85 112.51 112.93 113.41 112.93 110.95 112.95 112.56 112.44 112.48 111.26 110.72 113.45 110.70 112.94 110.12 111.40 111.30 112.93 112.94 111.96 111.94 111.14 112.93 111.78 109.34 112.92 109.95 111.89 112.63 111.73 111.16 111.49 112.91 112.89 110.67 112.92 112.54 111.62 112.24

108.88 108.81 106.34 108.87 109.01 108.88 105.18 108.89 108.43 108.38 106.29 105.30 107.15 109.03 107.08 108.88 104.90 106.90 106.94 108.88 108.88 106.10 106.09 104.84 108.88 108.94 105.97 108.85 105.71 107.47 108.36 109.00 105.56 107.12 108.85 108.86 105.10 108.86 107.99 105.87 107.06 (continued)

37

2  Macroeconomic Growth and Structural Change  Table 2.2 (continued) Ethnic group

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2018

She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

112.10 111.34 111.05 111.01 111.03 112.88 113.28 111.01 111.02 110.66 112.93 112.71 110.80 110.20 112.54

111.41 111.51 108.25 108.35 112.24 110.23 113.32 108.13 108.18 112.11 112.11 113.33 112.68 110.29 113.59

113.30 112.84 110.73 110.76 113.53 114.61 114.70 110.62 110.66 112.34 113.42 114.01 113.13 111.84 113.99

111.61 114.77 112.03 112.02 113.40 113.26 114.02 112.00 111.99 113.65 112.20 112.40 114.18 112.50 112.32

110.55 113.37 111.93 111.92 112.13 112.17 112.00 111.95 111.92 112.88 110.11 111.17 112.88 112.49 111.27

108.03 108.96 106.13 106.13 108.20 107.11 107.68 106.11 106.12 108.83 105.74 107.26 108.65 106.31 106.95

Table 2.3  Gross domestic product (GDP) by three strata of industry (100  million yuan) Ethnic group

GDP

Primary industry

Secondary industry

Tertiary industry

Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing

14.49 820.34 5.83 39.36 1302.81 494.31 86.48 7.61 3.55 1481.30 189.33 22.23 3.16 252.09 855,860.52 614.06 2.39 6458.47 10.87

2.00 108.43 0.65 5.41 180.94 68.27 10.17 1.06 0.43 171.47 22.02 2.27 0.24 35.32 58,189.23 84.81 0.36 515.64 1.53

5.64 319.86 2.04 15.35 508.86 192.41 30.84 2.96 1.40 585.86 66.88 8.51 1.28 98.28 353,116.68 239.20 0.65 2597.50 4.32

6.84 392.05 3.14 18.60 613.01 233.64 45.46 3.59 1.73 723.97 100.43 11.45 1.63 118.49 444,554.61 290.05 1.39 3345.34 5.03 (continued)

38 

R. Guo

Table 2.3 (continued) Ethnic group

GDP

Primary industry

Secondary industry

Tertiary industry

Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

56.40 8.90 826.03 106.10 1128.15 193.69 1.72 790.06 271.91 6703.11 49.63 4469.33 5.22 4113.66 99.87 132.92 12.45 5.05 14.40 152.28 11.19 60.02 706.61 177.52 27.16 3.24 2895.42 139.47 4877.61 5558.84 8.24 171.76 118.54 1439.20 3463.79 4.83 7916.68

7.79 1.23 114.35 14.71 100.34 26.71 0.15 159.54 37.31 555.36 7.09 515.78 0.44 399.18 13.87 18.12 1.69 0.62 1.98 16.46 1.28 5.70 41.76 24.93 3.70 0.43 276.52 12.89 428.36 767.55 1.12 23.30 10.97 160.47 448.03 0.53 1088.80

21.96 3.46 333.09 42.69 431.51 75.54 0.73 186.08 105.89 2546.02 19.62 1761.99 2.19 1610.64 39.58 51.66 4.87 1.71 5.61 57.40 4.35 25.41 321.33 69.38 10.95 1.29 1190.71 59.13 1999.24 2241.92 3.31 67.16 45.94 574.15 1335.88 1.65 3144.42

26.65 4.21 378.59 48.70 596.30 91.44 0.84 444.44 128.72 3601.73 22.93 2191.56 2.60 2103.83 46.41 63.14 5.90 2.72 6.81 78.42 5.56 28.91 343.53 83.21 12.51 1.52 1428.19 67.45 2450.01 2549.38 3.80 81.30 61.63 704.58 1679.88 2.65 3683.47

Industry

2.82 160.97 1.48 7.68 208.05 96.16 34.27 1.47 0.81 304.62 46.93 9.48 0.86 39.53 234,639.84 119.37 0.73 1707.83 2.76 10.97 1.73 192.95

Ethnic group

Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak

0.78 40.77 0.37 2.11 41.41 26.57 4.89 0.41 0.18 51.45 11.70 1.31 0.13 7.87 32,775.95 33.03 0.11 329.30 0.50 3.03 0.48 42.74

0.21 15.47 0.22 0.56 57.68 6.99 4.95 0.11 0.07 54.72 6.98 1.43 0.10 11.34 25,563.97 8.68 0.09 234.31 0.33 0.81 0.13 24.24

Transport, storage and Construction post 0.84 45.35 0.27 2.29 48.52 28.72 6.86 0.44 0.21 65.22 8.64 1.80 0.18 9.21 51,826.23 35.79 0.19 344.68 0.53 3.28 0.52 28.97

Wholesale and retail trade

Table 2.4  Gross domestic product of tertiary industry (100 million yuan)

0.27 14.53 0.09 0.72 22.95 9.08 1.99 0.14 0.06 23.16 2.92 0.54 0.05 4.46 11,578.60 11.28 0.05 84.74 0.19 1.04 0.16 7.36

Hotels and catering services 0.44 23.63 0.14 1.20 33.63 15.03 2.66 0.23 0.11 34.37 4.57 0.68 0.11 6.45 28,694.87 18.65 0.08 240.25 0.31 1.71 0.27 24.45

Financial intermediation

(continued)

0.20 11.69 0.10 0.55 17.63 6.88 2.15 0.10 0.06 24.27 3.30 0.52 0.09 3.35 23,422.48 8.54 0.08 151.84 0.26 0.79 0.12 13.20

Real estate

2  Macroeconomic Growth and Structural Change 

39

Industry

24.87 402.51 37.77 0.10 88.88 53.60 2572.13 11.44 910.82 0.28 1716.01 24.58 25.99 2.41 1.92 2.82 39.39 3.41 18.07 176.02 28.68 6.38 0.76 476.34

Ethnic group

Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan

Table 2.4 (continued)

5.49 57.41 10.41 0.20 45.22 14.55 358.55 2.10 168.13 0.62 241.02 4.36 7.14 0.68 0.27 0.77 6.65 0.59 4.00 29.20 5.78 1.39 0.17 259.88

3.12 39.23 2.75 0.03 22.24 3.91 322.96 1.72 151.69 0.10 248.60 3.21 1.91 0.18 0.27 0.21 2.70 0.48 1.57 19.91 7.76 0.80 0.10 59.44

Transport, storage and Construction post 3.76 81.25 11.28 0.05 48.49 15.63 515.48 2.26 199.88 0.17 320.44 4.80 7.62 0.72 0.41 0.84 5.11 0.62 2.37 37.28 6.66 0.98 0.12 98.49

Wholesale and retail trade 0.96 19.26 3.56 0.03 16.01 4.97 115.21 0.88 69.29 0.08 92.16 1.75 2.42 0.23 0.11 0.26 2.32 0.17 0.50 7.65 3.14 0.25 0.03 40.65

Hotels and catering services 3.14 29.38 5.87 0.04 21.46 8.26 247.67 1.37 115.28 0.13 127.07 2.85 4.07 0.38 0.16 0.44 4.90 0.36 1.78 24.18 4.56 0.81 0.10 75.67

Financial intermediation

1.71 26.95 2.70 0.03 37.75 3.81 229.78 1.06 76.53 0.08 100.65 2.35 1.88 0.18 0.14 0.20 2.67 0.23 0.74 21.13 2.42 0.45 0.05 42.02

Real estate

40  R. Guo

41.71 1154.07 1299.46 1.92 34.04 46.58 362.98 728.41 1.20 2017.91

8.94 186.64 287.13 0.42 9.15 7.00 58.00 167.35 0.30 360.13

Note: All data are as of 2012

Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

3.69 140.53 163.13 0.24 2.53 5.36 41.19 64.39 0.18 231.29

5.77 222.18 195.68 0.30 10.06 8.88 75.22 167.06 0.23 399.80

1.25 62.26 49.59 0.07 3.13 2.02 22.58 60.12 0.08 138.45

4.11 127.95 164.73 0.25 5.20 4.39 36.97 105.20 0.12 228.42

1.89 97.35 89.12 0.14 2.46 4.14 33.43 51.57 0.09 195.19

2  Macroeconomic Growth and Structural Change 

41

42 

R. Guo

Table 2.5  Composition of gross domestic product (GDP) (%) Ethnic group

Primary industry

Secondary industry

Tertiary industry

Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian

13.91 13.52 11.18 13.87 14.30 13.90 12.84 13.93 12.88 12.38 11.44 10.71 9.23 14.37 8.17 13.90 16.65 9.31 14.45 13.90 13.90 13.85 13.89 9.78 13.88 8.93 20.22 13.81 9.15 14.57 12.32 8.72 9.96 14.42 13.79 13.76 13.74 13.86 10.87 12.09

38.92 38.99 34.53 38.95 38.96 38.92 34.50 38.92 39.23 39.39 34.69 38.01 41.67 38.93 41.63 38.94 26.81 41.11 39.68 38.94 38.92 40.28 40.15 38.24 38.96 42.35 23.70 38.91 38.99 39.47 39.28 42.28 39.39 39.61 38.90 39.02 32.42 38.94 37.71 39.50

47.17 47.48 54.30 47.18 46.73 47.18 52.68 47.15 47.89 48.22 53.86 51.29 49.10 46.70 50.20 47.16 56.60 49.57 45.88 47.17 47.17 45.81 45.90 52.00 47.16 48.73 56.09 47.27 51.86 45.97 48.39 48.99 50.65 45.98 47.31 47.21 53.87 47.20 51.37 48.37 (continued)

2  Macroeconomic Growth and Structural Change 

43

Table 2.5 (continued) Ethnic group

Primary industry

Secondary industry

Tertiary industry

Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

9.69 6.53 14.38 13.68 13.52 9.71 9.60 9.30 13.83 13.77 13.76 9.54 12.21 13.12 11.15 14.34

42.18 45.46 38.98 40.28 39.90 40.78 42.01 40.82 40.30 40.23 39.02 38.97 39.73 38.60 34.20 39.65

48.13 48.02 46.64 45.98 46.53 49.50 48.39 49.86 45.81 45.95 47.22 51.47 48.06 48.27 54.65 46.02

Table 2.6  Indices of gross domestic product (GDP) (preceding year = 100) Ethnic group

GDP

Primary sector

Secondary sector

Tertiary sector

Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo

108.88 108.81 106.34 108.87 109.01 108.88 105.18 108.89 108.43 108.38 106.29 105.30 107.15 109.03 107.08 108.88 104.90 106.90 106.94 108.88

106.26 106.10 104.96 106.25 106.75 106.26 103.37 106.28 105.69 105.56 104.96 103.21 103.47 106.80 103.14 106.27 103.47 103.77 105.53 106.27

111.23 110.74 104.00 111.21 109.39 111.23 104.09 111.26 110.16 108.12 103.89 104.85 106.47 109.39 106.24 111.25 102.59 106.22 104.72 111.23

107.61 107.92 108.32 107.62 109.42 107.62 106.28 107.61 107.66 109.35 108.35 106.12 108.43 109.46 108.45 107.61 106.49 108.00 109.31 107.61 (continued)

44 

R. Guo

Table 2.6 (continued) Ethnic group

GDP

Primary sector

Secondary sector

Tertiary sector

Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

108.88 106.10 106.09 104.84 108.88 108.94 105.97 108.85 105.71 107.47 108.36 109.00 105.56 107.12 108.85 108.86 105.10 108.86 107.99 105.87 107.06 108.03 108.96 106.13 106.13 108.20 107.11 107.68 106.11 106.12 108.83 105.74 107.26 108.65 106.31 106.95

106.27 104.70 104.68 102.47 106.26 103.47 104.03 106.19 102.91 105.94 105.60 103.30 103.22 105.69 106.17 106.19 103.35 106.23 103.61 103.95 104.52 103.33 106.74 104.65 104.62 103.86 104.54 104.09 104.69 104.67 106.19 103.36 104.98 105.59 104.94 105.57

111.24 104.20 104.19 104.12 111.23 116.51 105.03 111.13 105.71 105.86 108.34 116.91 105.38 105.09 111.16 111.28 103.72 111.20 107.49 104.60 107.21 107.97 109.28 104.25 104.25 111.81 107.24 106.71 104.21 104.23 111.11 106.40 105.80 110.00 103.89 104.89

107.61 108.00 107.98 105.78 107.61 104.51 106.94 107.66 106.26 109.40 109.13 104.32 106.23 109.36 107.65 107.57 106.30 107.61 109.39 107.30 107.12 108.73 109.41 108.02 108.00 106.39 107.22 109.38 108.00 108.00 107.63 105.61 109.08 108.31 108.37 109.20

Expenditure for public security

0.27 15.81 0.16 0.74 35.76 9.26 1.62 0.14 0.06 31.64 5.13 0.42 0.04 7.02 10,470.34 11.52 0.04 107.60 0.20 1.06 0.17 20.54 2.63

Ethnic group

Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz

0.54 28.92 0.26 1.46 42.59 18.45 2.39 0.29 0.12 40.94 8.21 0.57 0.07 8.28 18,324.42 22.94 0.07 190.56 0.31 2.11 0.33 32.07 4.11

Expenditure for education 0.03 1.50 0.01 0.07 2.62 0.91 0.17 0.01 0.01 2.69 0.40 0.04 0.01 0.51 2107.25 1.13 0.01 17.70 0.02 0.10 0.02 2.24 0.29

Expenditure for science and technology 0.05 2.66 0.04 0.13 4.24 1.70 0.38 0.03 0.01 3.64 1.12 0.11 0.01 0.82 1861.73 2.11 0.01 23.22 0.02 0.19 0.03 4.62 0.59

Expenditure for culture, sport and media

Table 2.7  Government expenditure in selected sectors (100 million yuan)

0.35 18.30 0.21 0.95 20.25 11.99 2.15 0.19 0.08 21.42 6.13 0.54 0.04 3.91 10,823.93 14.90 0.06 138.30 0.15 1.37 0.22 15.44 1.99

(continued)

0.21 11.39 0.10 0.58 17.02 7.29 0.89 0.11 0.05 16.00 3.17 0.22 0.03 3.31 6498.01 9.06 0.02 70.85 0.13 0.83 0.13 9.88 1.27

Expenditure for Expenditure for medical and social safety and employment effort health care

2  Macroeconomic Growth and Structural Change 

45

Expenditure for public security

18.14 3.63 0.16 16.16 5.05 111.58 1.05 92.25 0.49 78.51 1.94 2.52 0.25 0.09 0.27 2.08 0.24 1.70 6.66 4.85 0.66 0.08 172.40 3.76

Ethnic group

Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu

Table 2.7 (continued)

32.68 7.22 0.10 25.75 10.04 182.55 1.47 127.23 0.32 108.95 2.85 4.92 0.47 0.14 0.54 3.72 0.36 3.42 12.01 5.82 1.04 0.12 151.39 7.55

Expenditure for education 2.68 0.36 0.01 1.96 0.50 21.75 0.10 8.03 0.02 8.33 0.21 0.25 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.23 0.03 0.15 1.36 0.36 0.07 0.01 7.80 0.35

Expenditure for science and technology 3.48 0.66 0.03 3.19 0.93 20.47 0.12 11.45 0.08 18.70 0.23 0.46 0.05 0.02 0.05 0.45 0.06 0.39 1.08 0.58 0.15 0.02 29.77 0.85

Expenditure for culture, sport and media 24.22 4.69 0.07 17.01 6.53 154.77 0.70 71.47 0.22 100.89 1.36 3.20 0.30 0.13 0.35 2.54 0.23 3.46 4.81 2.78 0.50 0.06 118.95 7.57

11.08 2.85 0.04 9.72 3.97 58.14 0.62 49.49 0.12 41.39 1.20 1.95 0.18 0.05 0.21 1.58 0.12 1.20 4.11 2.33 0.32 0.04 57.42 2.67

Expenditure for Expenditure for medical and social safety and employment effort health care

46  R. Guo

72.95 137.87 0.20 3.17 2.33 23.55 63.05 0.13 143.12

Note: All data are as of 2012

Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

109.40 215.22 0.32 6.30 3.60 36.48 114.09 0.21 223.75

7.60 15.07 0.02 0.32 0.43 2.81 6.06 0.01 16.92

8.85 30.96 0.05 0.58 0.43 2.86 11.36 0.03 17.86

71.83 103.62 0.15 4.09 3.04 19.34 72.83 0.17 110.08

40.34 66.31 0.10 2.48 1.05 14.60 45.95 0.08 94.29

2  Macroeconomic Growth and Structural Change 

47

48 

R. Guo

Table 2.8  Final consumption expenditure (100 million yuan) Ethnic group

Final consumption Household Rural Urban Government expenditures consumption household household consumption

Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang

5.09 275.21 2.30 13.79 352.33 173.57 32.61 2.68 1.21 411.50 74.09 8.06 0.93 67.83 250,440.59 215.70 0.99 2067.48 3.44 19.80 3.13 288.63 37.12 397.59 67.96 0.52 226.43 94.99 2467.47 15.14 1263.72 1.61 1475.43 31.16 46.42 4.35 1.95 5.05 44.67

3.66 199.44 1.50 9.94 259.68 125.09 19.87 1.93 0.87 307.93 47.52 4.92 0.67 50.05 180,659.64 155.41 0.62 1368.98 2.58 14.27 2.25 160.63 20.68 270.79 48.97 0.21 153.95 68.53 1779.81 11.34 938.50 0.63 933.44 23.42 33.40 3.11 1.20 3.64 34.00

1.30 69.03 0.49 3.52 85.87 44.44 4.17 0.69 0.28 93.18 15.35 0.98 0.16 16.55 41,477.50 55.20 0.14 339.02 0.74 5.06 0.80 45.74 5.88 62.53 17.40 0.08 42.66 24.37 344.59 3.37 284.59 0.25 188.88 6.69 11.84 1.10 0.25 1.29 12.07

2.36 130.41 1.01 6.41 173.82 80.65 15.69 1.24 0.59 214.75 32.16 3.94 0.51 33.50 139,182.14 100.20 0.48 1029.95 1.84 9.20 1.45 114.89 14.80 208.26 31.57 0.12 111.28 44.15 1435.22 7.97 653.91 0.38 744.56 16.72 21.56 2.01 0.95 2.35 21.93

1.42 75.77 0.81 3.86 92.65 48.48 12.74 0.75 0.34 103.57 26.57 3.14 0.26 17.79 69,780.96 60.29 0.37 698.51 0.86 5.53 0.88 127.99 16.44 126.80 18.99 0.32 72.48 26.46 687.67 3.80 325.22 0.98 541.99 7.75 13.02 1.24 0.75 1.41 10.68 (continued)

2  Macroeconomic Growth and Structural Change 

49

Table 2.8 (continued) Ethnic group

Final consumption Household Rural Urban Government expenditures consumption household household consumption

Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

3.92 21.05 178.11 48.33 9.44 1.13 922.34 48.27 1309.53 1940.48 2.87 59.86 45.45 440.87 1124.56 1.91 2532.49

2.30 12.50 135.47 35.58 5.30 0.64 487.40 29.37 968.74 1081.13 1.61 43.14 32.97 334.12 824.60 1.25 1904.42

0.54 3.89 32.32 11.81 1.50 0.18 179.72 8.94 251.93 307.33 0.45 15.19 6.18 90.36 291.48 0.40 537.81

1.76 8.61 103.14 23.76 3.81 0.46 307.69 20.42 716.81 773.80 1.15 27.94 26.79 243.77 533.12 0.85 1366.61

1.62 8.55 42.64 12.75 4.14 0.49 434.93 18.90 340.79 859.35 1.26 16.72 12.48 106.74 299.95 0.66 628.07

Note: All data are as of 2012 Table 2.9  Composition of final consumption expenditure Final consumption expenditures = 100

Household consumption expenditures = 100

Ethnic group

Household consumption

Government consumption

Rural household

Urban household

Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki

72.04 72.51 65.34 72.05 73.68 72.07 61.01 72.02 71.85 74.62 64.83 61.11

27.96 27.49 34.66 27.95 26.32 27.93 38.99 27.98 28.15 25.38 35.17 38.89

35.62 34.93 32.89 35.57 33.78 35.64 21.62 35.69 33.36 31.51 32.58 20.22

64.38 65.07 67.11 64.43 66.22 64.36 78.38 64.31 66.64 68.49 67.42 79.78 (continued)

50 

R. Guo

Table 2.9 (continued) Final consumption expenditures = 100

Household consumption expenditures = 100

Ethnic group

Household consumption

Government consumption

Rural household

Urban household

Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia

72.70 73.72 72.49 72.05 62.40 67.26 75.05 72.06 72.05 55.67 55.71 68.14 72.05 39.25 68.04 72.16 72.59 74.80 74.16 37.83 63.78 75.07 72.01 71.54 61.83 72.03 76.17 58.49 59.68 75.99 73.66 56.24 56.57 53.73 60.94 73.98

27.30 26.28 27.51 27.95 37.60 32.74 24.95 27.94 27.95 44.33 44.29 31.86 27.95 60.75 31.96 27.84 27.41 25.20 25.84 62.17 36.22 24.93 27.99 28.46 38.17 27.97 23.83 41.51 40.32 24.01 26.34 43.76 43.43 46.27 39.06 26.02

26.55 33.79 25.79 35.64 23.84 27.50 29.20 35.61 35.64 28.50 28.44 24.29 35.62 43.17 27.94 35.64 21.05 30.42 31.50 43.78 20.96 29.43 35.65 35.67 22.00 35.58 35.65 25.00 31.54 25.02 33.75 28.38 28.41 38.64 31.26 26.98

73.45 66.21 74.21 64.36 76.16 72.50 70.80 64.39 64.36 71.50 71.56 75.71 64.38 56.83 72.06 64.36 78.95 69.58 68.50 56.22 79.04 70.57 64.35 64.33 78.00 64.42 64.35 75.00 68.46 74.98 66.25 71.62 71.59 61.36 68.74 73.02 (continued)

2  Macroeconomic Growth and Structural Change  Table 2.9 (continued) Final consumption expenditures = 100

Household consumption expenditures = 100

Ethnic group

Household consumption

Government consumption

Rural household

Urban household

Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

55.72 55.97 72.07 72.59 75.53 73.38 65.71 75.09

44.28 44.03 27.93 27.41 24.47 26.62 34.29 24.91

28.48 28.39 35.43 19.71 28.57 35.45 32.78 29.07

71.52 71.61 64.57 80.29 71.43 64.55 67.22 70.93

Note: All data are as of 2012

51

All households

9843.24 9897.72 8714.72 9863.60 8726.97 9843.71 13,930.26 9806.92 10,660.66 10,093.30 8812.59 15,005.67 13,515.55 8652.03 14,294.22 9841.37 12,286.46 12,220.45 10,712.94 9841.53 9835.57 10,679.91 10,703.16 13,300.83 9844.07 6054.42

Ethnic group

Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba

Level (yuan)

5673.00 5630.36 4668.42 5680.78 4641.07 5676.24 6858.88 5655.51 5958.55 5348.17 4675.89 7071.59 7179.41 4576.91 7629.66 5673.14 6733.09 6431.28 5481.60 5667.08 5668.55 5413.29 5429.63 7245.41 5673.57 3449.39

Rural household 16,564.31 16,608.66 15,156.00 16,581.53 15,739.60 16,560.30 19,297.33 16,532.71 17,158.93 16,836.10 15,334.53 20,875.61 19,301.51 15,687.57 19,882.28 16,563.32 16,394.65 18,106.47 17,558.33 16,565.15 16,554.39 17,442.45 17,439.22 17,866.85 16,566.60 13,512.79

Urban household

Table 2.10  Household consumption expenditure

2.92 2.97 3.26 2.92 3.43 2.92 2.81 2.92 2.90 3.22 3.28 2.96 2.80 3.45 2.70 2.92 2.45 2.90 3.22 2.93 2.92 3.22 3.21 2.47 2.92 4.07

113.65 112.86 112.07 113.65 109.26 113.66 109.80 113.68 113.00 109.31 112.25 111.03 109.76 109.20 110.03 113.66 106.47 111.02 110.31 113.64 113.67 115.84 115.75 109.57 113.65 108.74

114.41 113.83 113.20 114.42 110.95 114.42 111.53 114.43 114.12 110.94 113.18 113.16 111.58 110.89 112.32 114.41 107.40 113.75 109.72 114.40 114.42 116.18 116.09 109.51 114.41 107.72

108.83 108.26 108.89 108.83 105.59 108.82 108.16 108.85 108.58 105.83 109.28 109.11 106.86 105.53 107.09 108.84 105.38 107.86 107.47 108.82 108.83 114.79 114.71 109.06 108.83 109.35

Index (preceding year = 100) Urban/rural consumption ratio (rural All Rural Urban household = 1) households household household

52  R. Guo

10,631.02 9877.69 15,430.81 10,074.39 10,193.22 5982.47 14,947.76 10,590.72 9881.93 9836.57 13,627.22 9867.18 11,309.97 12,775.87 10,215.24 16,857.94 8726.88 10,781.93 10,851.19 8206.21 10,461.11 11,941.48 10,702.34 10,785.02 9928.33 16,213.41 11,663.36 10,103.17 8775.68 10,907.23

5983.70 5714.41 7735.09 5165.00 5405.64 3425.63 7143.17 5380.06 5713.04 5669.01 6892.52 5687.86 7139.75 6280.05 5956.17 9859.00 4644.52 5467.97 5514.24 4885.65 6030.30 6147.19 5425.06 5464.26 5706.58 7916.95 5932.79 5953.45 4676.20 5530.63

Note: All data are as of 2012

Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

15,208.41 16,560.38 20,496.61 17,028.39 16,866.95 13,463.69 20,799.08 17,505.79 16,565.31 16,559.15 18,614.22 16,575.28 16,689.95 19,117.44 15,235.76 21,900.29 15,742.57 17,504.93 17,531.17 14,584.59 15,556.50 17,993.14 17,460.81 17,525.13 16,638.56 21,539.57 18,366.79 16,486.26 15,241.60 17,790.00

2.55 2.91 2.67 3.31 3.19 4.10 2.93 3.27 2.91 2.94 2.70 2.92 2.34 3.10 2.59 2.29 3.42 3.21 3.20 3.28 2.61 2.98 3.22 3.22 2.92 2.76 3.11 2.82 3.28 3.22

109.28 113.62 109.49 109.95 109.98 108.66 111.28 110.09 113.59 113.55 108.71 113.64 112.16 113.79 114.74 107.36 109.38 115.64 115.45 111.17 114.34 109.82 115.82 115.72 113.59 111.16 110.09 112.75 111.88 110.46

111.75 114.49 112.41 109.89 111.88 107.50 113.61 109.66 114.44 114.29 110.27 114.41 116.82 114.93 119.83 110.28 110.97 116.05 115.88 112.97 119.21 113.24 116.16 116.07 114.41 114.09 110.25 114.69 112.89 109.78

106.96 108.74 107.07 106.91 106.23 109.42 109.12 107.22 108.75 108.82 107.18 108.82 105.91 112.32 110.49 105.06 105.71 114.54 114.27 108.79 110.13 106.08 114.77 114.65 108.79 108.91 107.12 107.65 108.73 107.60

2  Macroeconomic Growth and Structural Change 

53

54 

R. Guo

Table 2.11  Total investment in fixed assets by status of registration (100  million yuan) Ethnic group

Total

State-owned Private firms firms

Self-employed individuals

Others

Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang

6.32 348.93 3.58 17.16 498.77 215.58 55.21 3.33 1.61 577.16 113.39 14.64 1.34 95.99 339,610.03 267.92 1.32 3162.55 5.05 24.59 3.89 416.82 53.59 693.96 84.55 0.77 347.17 118.76 4573.67 22.16 1770.27 2.30 2735.51 44.97 57.85 5.42 3.14 6.29 63.64

2.30 124.70 1.57 6.23 188.43 78.51 17.85 1.22 0.54 184.93 49.03 4.71 0.31 36.62 81,203.21 97.54 0.40 921.35 1.24 8.95 1.42 169.39 21.73 159.12 30.70 0.47 88.65 42.95 948.69 6.08 587.31 1.45 828.37 11.46 21.06 1.99 0.99 2.28 20.00

0.29 15.58 0.10 0.78 18.62 9.82 1.11 0.15 0.06 24.48 3.47 0.22 0.04 3.58 10,501.36 12.21 0.05 102.27 0.29 1.12 0.18 21.60 2.77 23.22 3.85 0.04 13.79 5.36 103.31 1.19 70.68 0.11 45.73 2.51 2.61 0.25 0.07 0.29 2.14

0.17 9.54 0.23 0.46 6.48 5.75 1.44 0.09 0.05 17.92 6.77 0.31 0.06 1.17 14,673.87 7.11 0.06 110.72 0.24 0.65 0.10 6.00 0.78 32.78 2.27 0.06 9.63 3.28 162.81 0.91 50.54 0.20 64.66 2.06 1.60 0.15 0.10 0.17 3.57

1.20 66.58 0.54 3.27 70.10 40.87 8.77 0.63 0.33 116.96 17.43 2.20 0.34 13.11 85,002.48 50.93 0.26 775.67 1.43 4.66 0.74 65.06 8.39 163.86 16.10 0.06 36.06 22.55 1437.81 5.60 348.88 0.15 495.47 12.19 10.89 1.02 0.53 1.20 10.56

(continued)

2  Macroeconomic Growth and Structural Change 

55

Table 2.11 (continued) Ethnic group

Total

State-owned Private firms firms

Self-employed individuals

Others

Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

6.12 38.27 240.41 68.82 13.62 1.61 1443.21 85.68 1920.21 2800.83 4.12 74.84 88.11 585.54 1474.28 2.92 3588.69

2.20 17.46 64.01 25.69 5.48 0.65 737.44 38.43 562.88 1136.21 1.66 26.78 20.08 150.63 517.03 1.26 885.28

0.20 1.51 6.93 2.63 0.70 0.08 59.38 3.32 66.10 145.04 0.21 3.38 2.09 30.87 60.67 0.08 205.63

0.11 1.13 6.19 0.99 0.21 0.03 89.87 2.61 75.21 40.44 0.06 2.10 2.71 27.21 50.35 0.19 172.90

0.96 4.38 57.53 10.16 2.16 0.25 147.92 10.21 454.12 438.28 0.65 14.40 28.39 154.92 261.91 0.45 1004.30

Note: All data are as of 2012

Table 2.12  Indicators of energy consumption

Energy consumption per 10,000 yuan of GDP (equivalent value)

Energy consumption per 10,000 yuan of Industrial value-­ added change

Electricity consumption per 10,000 yuan of GDP change

Ethnic group

Index (ton of SCE/10,000 yuan)

Above designated Change size, equivalent weight (±%) (±%)

(±%)

Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung

1.16 1.19 1.43 1.16 1.67 1.16 1.27 1.16 1.15

−3.21 −3.29 −1.72 −3.22 −3.50 −3.23 −2.50 −3.21 −3.18

5.40 4.09 2.66 5.37 −1.51 5.37 1.61 5.44 4.35

−9.86 −9.56 −1.14 −9.85 −7.94 −9.88 −4.22 −9.88 −8.96

(continued)

56 

R. Guo

Table 2.12 (continued)

Energy consumption per 10,000 yuan of GDP (equivalent value)

Energy consumption per 10,000 yuan of Industrial value-­ added change

Electricity consumption per 10,000 yuan of GDP change

Ethnic group

Index (ton of SCE/10,000 yuan)

Above designated Change size, equivalent weight (±%) (±%)

(±%)

Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui

1.33 1.43 1.35 0.94 1.68 0.92 1.16 1.03 1.42 0.83 1.16 1.16 1.63 1.62 0.97 1.16 0.11 0.74 1.16 1.11 1.06 1.31 0.05 1.33 0.92 1.15 1.14 1.19 1.16 1.00 1.48 1.96 0.70 1.64

−3.55 −1.40 −2.63 −3.24 −3.51 −3.49 −3.22 −3.45 −0.07 −3.32 −3.22 −3.23 6.92 6.83 −3.57 −3.23 −0.20 4.70 −3.25 −3.49 −3.40 −3.47 −0.17 −2.38 −3.39 −3.24 −3.17 −3.08 −3.22 −4.20 2.81 7.77 −3.25 −3.49

−1.67 3.52 3.31 0.18 −1.63 −0.45 5.41 −3.93 5.43 −0.15 5.38 5.40 14.63 14.47 −3.68 5.39 0.08 3.62 5.20 −2.36 −0.70 −0.84 −0.04 2.85 −0.50 5.17 5.28 −0.34 5.35 −1.83 9.61 5.93 1.84 −1.38

−7.84 −0.63 −4.53 −5.97 −7.94 −6.27 −9.89 −5.27 −0.06 −6.15 −9.87 −9.88 9.22 9.09 −4.76 −9.88 −0.41 11.32 −9.82 −5.56 −6.65 −7.83 −0.30 −4.25 −6.36 −9.78 −9.68 −4.94 −9.84 −7.74 3.19 7.98 −2.78 −7.93

(continued)

2  Macroeconomic Growth and Structural Change 

57

Table 2.12 (continued)

Energy consumption per 10,000 yuan of GDP (equivalent value)

Energy consumption per 10,000 yuan of Industrial value-­ added change

Electricity consumption per 10,000 yuan of GDP change

Ethnic group

Index (ton of SCE/10,000 yuan)

Above designated Change size, equivalent weight (±%) (±%)

(±%)

Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

1.61 1.59 0.80 1.89 1.05 1.63 1.61 1.15 1.19 0.85 1.17 1.41 0.82

6.58 6.19 0.59 6.82 −3.68 6.89 6.75 −3.23 −1.51 −3.45 −3.53 −2.19 −3.34

14.12 13.56 1.12 5.30 −2.41 14.59 14.36 5.26 0.23 −0.45 2.62 2.38 0.09

8.72 8.20 −0.35 6.80 −7.26 9.18 8.97 −9.82 −2.49 −6.97 −9.08 −1.67 −6.31

Notes: GDP (gross domestic product) and industrial value-added are at 2010 constant prices. SCE denotes standard coal equivalent. All data are as of 2012 Table 2.13  Consumer price indices and retail price indices (preceding year = 100) Consumer price index

Retail price index

Ethnic group

Urban Rural Urban Rural General household household General household household

National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung

101.91

101.91

100.66

101.56

101.54

100.58

101.58 101.63 102.06 101.58 101.77 101.58 101.90 101.58 101.67

101.65 101.70 101.94 101.65 101.96 101.65 101.88 101.65 101.73

101.40 101.31 102.21 101.14 101.26 101.35 100.85 101.40 99.20

101.51 101.59 101.65 101.51 101.83 101.51 101.40 101.51 101.55

101.46 101.57 101.78 101.46 101.95 101.46 101.34 101.45 101.50

101.78 101.60 101.08 101.52 101.13 101.73 100.76 101.78 99.47 (continued)

58 

R. Guo

Table 2.13 (continued) Consumer price index

Retail price index

Ethnic group

Urban Rural Urban Rural General household household General household household

Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia

101.89 102.05 101.86 102.12 101.76 102.10 101.58 102.00 102.17 102.28 101.58 101.58 102.03 102.03 102.13 101.58 101.74 102.43 101.59 102.35 102.15 101.84 101.72 101.96 102.24 101.59 101.59 101.93 101.59 101.74 101.98 102.46 101.82 101.78 102.03 102.03 101.91 102.42 101.94

102.01 101.92 101.83 102.16 101.96 102.11 101.65 102.02 102.13 102.35 101.65 101.65 101.85 101.85 102.11 101.65 101.39 102.41 101.65 102.39 102.26 101.95 101.35 101.95 102.33 101.65 101.65 101.93 101.65 101.75 101.86 102.44 101.83 101.97 101.86 101.87 101.73 102.41 101.98

101.45 102.25 100.89 96.36 101.11 96.02 101.35 99.40 97.31 101.88 101.41 101.22 102.35 102.35 100.17 101.34 101.06 102.42 101.42 99.07 101.85 95.78 100.77 100.88 101.85 101.28 101.39 100.56 101.37 101.51 99.83 102.00 101.53 101.36 101.76 101.29 101.97 102.02 83.53

101.93 101.58 101.56 102.00 101.84 101.91 101.51 101.21 102.05 101.65 101.51 101.51 100.88 100.89 101.97 101.51 101.52 102.48 101.51 101.66 101.70 101.83 101.51 101.62 101.68 101.50 101.51 101.37 101.51 101.39 101.20 102.01 101.65 101.82 100.91 100.95 101.61 102.02 101.70

102.00 101.70 101.52 101.99 101.95 101.89 101.46 101.11 102.03 101.64 101.46 101.46 100.78 100.79 101.91 101.46 101.35 102.53 101.46 101.63 101.73 101.89 101.33 101.58 101.69 101.45 101.46 101.30 101.46 101.40 101.12 101.95 101.65 101.93 100.82 100.86 101.52 101.97 101.72

101.33 101.13 100.79 96.43 100.97 96.02 101.73 99.38 97.34 101.43 101.78 101.60 101.94 101.95 100.38 101.72 101.32 102.10 101.77 98.78 101.47 95.73 101.04 100.74 101.42 101.63 101.76 100.49 101.74 101.14 99.56 101.93 101.43 101.22 101.36 100.87 101.93 101.93 83.45 (continued)

2  Macroeconomic Growth and Structural Change 

59

Table 2.13 (continued) Consumer price index

Retail price index

Ethnic group

Urban Rural Urban Rural General household household General household household

Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

102.03 102.03 101.60 102.35 102.15 101.65 102.05 102.26

101.85 101.86 101.66 102.38 102.20 101.71 101.93 102.33

102.31 102.10 101.06 100.97 101.93 101.41 101.82 102.01

100.89 100.90 101.52 101.35 101.84 101.51 101.65 101.65

100.79 100.80 101.47 101.33 101.84 101.50 101.79 101.64

101.90 101.70 101.43 100.40 101.69 101.52 100.66 101.60

3 Employment and Income Distribution

Data on basic conditions of employment, total wage bills of staff and workers are collected and compiled through The Reporting Form System on Labor Statistics, The Sample Survey System on Labor Force, and The System of Rural Social and Economic Surveys by the Department of Population and Employment Statistics, the NBS. The Reporting Form System on Labor Statistics covers corporate units (does not include township enterprises, private units or self-employed individuals). The scope of survey and estimate of The Sample Survey System on Labor Force are the whole country. The scope of statistics in the chapter is the population aged 16 and over of the whole country. The System of Rural Social and Economic Surveys covers all rural areas below township level in China. Data on the number of registered unemployed persons in urban areas are collected through The Reporting Form System on Training and Employment Statistics, which provided by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security. The Reporting Form System covers all agencies and units providing employment services. Data on the number of employed persons in private enterprises and self-employed individuals are provided by the State Administration for Industry and Commerce.

© The Author(s) 2020 R. Guo, China Ethnic Statistical Yearbook 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49024-9_3

61

62 

R. Guo

The scope of statistics on private enterprises and self-employed individuals covers the whole country. A complete reporting form system from lower-level statistical bureaus to higher level statistical bureaus is used in the labor statistics. The Sample Survey on Labor Force is conducted by using sampling methods. Statistics on training, employment, private enterprises and self-employed individuals are collected and compiled on basis of administrative registering records. Table 3.1  Number of employed persons in urban units at year-end (10,000 persons) (I) Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water

Total

Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery Mining Manufacturing

National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani

17,258.2

192.6

414.4

4178.3

369.2

0.34 18.56 0.17 0.93 27.02 11.74 1.59 0.18 0.08 27.43 5.44 0.37 0.06 5.24 16,057.36 14.59

0.00 0.18 0.00 0.01 0.08 0.13 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.10 0.03 0.00 0.01 168.02 0.16

0.01 0.49 0.01 0.02 0.93 0.31 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.63 0.20 0.02 0.00 0.18 379.16 0.39

0.05 2.75 0.02 0.14 3.16 1.74 0.19 0.03 0.01 4.13 0.64 0.05 0.01 0.60 3995.69 2.17

0.01 0.46 0.01 0.02 0.77 0.28 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.74 0.25 0.02 0.00 0.15 334.14 0.35

Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak

0.06 132.10 0.21 1.34 0.21 20.67

0.01 1.94 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.69

0.00 5.41 0.00 0.04 0.01 0.99

0.01 22.17 0.03 0.20 0.03 2.20

0.00 4.17 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.65

Ethnic group

(continued)

3  Employment and Income Distribution 

63

Table 3.1 (continued)

Ethnic group

Total

Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery Mining Manufacturing

Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

2.65 22.23 4.60 0.04 16.27 6.41 130.69 0.97 85.94 0.13 70.22 1.93 3.14 0.29 0.10 0.34 2.93 0.24 1.35 13.62 3.68 0.67 0.08 67.09 3.11 84.76 138.86 0.21 4.04 2.49 26.52 76.35 0.14 153.83

0.09 1.26 0.05 0.00 0.62 0.07 5.30 0.01 0.45 0.00 3.89 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.62 0.06 0.55 4.62 0.01 0.04 0.10 0.26 0.61 0.00 2.11

0.13 0.87 0.12 0.00 0.09 0.17 5.03 0.02 2.02 0.00 3.20 0.02 0.08 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.06 0.04 0.12 0.03 0.00 1.57 0.14 1.09 6.66 0.01 0.11 0.11 0.24 1.93 0.00 1.35

0.28 4.11 0.69 0.00 1.27 0.95 24.29 0.13 13.04 0.00 9.93 0.29 0.46 0.04 0.01 0.05 0.48 0.03 0.19 4.00 0.42 0.07 0.01 5.77 0.48 16.46 14.88 0.02 0.61 0.46 5.33 11.36 0.02 25.39

Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water 0.08 0.74 0.11 0.00 0.36 0.16 4.05 0.03 2.23 0.00 3.08 0.05 0.08 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.08 0.01 0.05 0.21 0.10 0.02 0.00 2.34 0.11 1.94 4.35 0.01 0.10 0.08 0.64 1.97 0.01 3.83

64 

R. Guo

Table 3.2  Number of employed persons in urban units at year-end (10,000 persons) (II)

Ethnic group National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu

Construction

Transport, storage and post

Information transmission, computer service and software

Wholesale and retail trades

Hotels and catering services

2710.9

819.0

424.3

823.3

269.8

0.06 3.18 0.02 0.16 4.02 2.03 0.09 0.03 0.01 4.47 0.71 0.02 0.01 0.77 2559.20 2.52 0.00 14.40 0.04 0.23 0.04 1.48 0.19 1.55 0.80 0.00 1.01 1.11 9.67

0.01 0.75 0.01 0.04 1.05 0.47 0.11 0.01 0.00 1.12 0.32 0.03 0.00 0.20 757.81 0.59 0.00 7.31 0.01 0.05 0.01 1.13 0.14 1.29 0.18 0.00 1.22 0.26 8.13

0.00 0.23 0.00 0.01 0.33 0.14 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.06 0.01 0.00 0.06 403.03 0.17 0.00 3.24 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.22 0.03 0.58 0.05 0.00 0.36 0.08 4.14

0.02 0.98 0.00 0.05 1.07 0.65 0.06 0.01 0.00 1.08 0.16 0.01 0.00 0.21 774.78 0.81 0.00 5.94 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.59 0.08 0.98 0.25 0.00 0.89 0.35 5.93

0.01 0.32 0.00 0.02 0.25 0.22 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.29 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.05 254.05 0.27 0.00 1.85 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.16 0.02 0.25 0.09 0.00 0.95 0.12 1.77 (continued)

3  Employment and Income Distribution 

65

Table 3.2 (continued)

Ethnic group

Construction

Transport, storage and post

Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

0.16 14.45 0.01 4.44 0.32 0.54 0.05 0.01 0.06 0.60 0.02 0.13 3.52 0.55 0.05 0.01 6.72 0.32 16.07 9.95 0.01 0.70 0.18 4.27 13.64 0.02 25.29

0.04 3.62 0.00 4.83 0.09 0.13 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.14 0.01 0.10 0.46 0.14 0.04 0.00 2.94 0.21 4.04 7.58 0.01 0.16 0.16 1.20 3.22 0.01 7.32

Information transmission, computer service and software

Wholesale and retail trades

Hotels and catering services

0.01 1.17 0.00 1.50 0.03 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.02 0.26 0.04 0.01 0.00 1.00 0.05 1.37 1.46 0.00 0.05 0.06 0.43 1.16 0.00 2.25

0.03 3.65 0.00 2.48 0.07 0.17 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.10 0.01 0.05 0.56 0.14 0.02 0.00 1.97 0.11 3.96 4.00 0.01 0.22 0.10 1.04 3.69 0.00 5.58

0.01 1.06 0.00 0.85 0.02 0.06 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.20 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.80 0.03 1.09 1.05 0.00 0.08 0.03 0.37 1.23 0.00 2.01

66 

R. Guo

Table 3.3  Number of employed persons in urban units at year-end (10,000 persons) (III)

Ethnic group National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu

Leasing and business Financial Real intermediation estate services

Scientific research, technical services, and geological prospecting

Management of water conservancy, environment and public facilities

699.3

466.0

529.5

411.5

260.6

0.01 0.50 0.01 0.02 0.79 0.29 0.08 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.17 0.02 0.00 0.15 652.28 0.36 0.00 5.97 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.65 0.08 1.14 0.11 0.00 0.80 0.16 7.52

0.01 0.59 0.00 0.03 0.76 0.38 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.72 0.10 0.01 0.00 0.15 436.17 0.47 0.00 3.39 0.00 0.04 0.01 0.35 0.04 0.51 0.15 0.00 1.36 0.21 3.18

0.01 0.52 0.00 0.03 0.67 0.34 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.66 0.09 0.01 0.00 0.13 495.32 0.42 0.00 4.27 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.68 0.09 0.66 0.13 0.00 0.34 0.18 4.25

0.01 0.43 0.00 0.02 0.59 0.27 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.58 0.14 0.01 0.00 0.11 382.93 0.34 0.00 3.96 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.44 0.06 0.63 0.11 0.00 0.33 0.15 3.98

0.01 0.31 0.00 0.02 0.44 0.20 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.44 0.13 0.01 0.00 0.09 238.21 0.24 0.00 2.62 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.40 0.05 0.53 0.08 0.00 0.58 0.11 2.74 (continued)

3  Employment and Income Distribution  Table 3.3 (continued)

Ethnic group

Leasing and business Financial Real intermediation estate services

Scientific research, technical services, and geological prospecting

Management of water conservancy, environment and public facilities

Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

0.04 2.97 0.00 3.66 0.07 0.08 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.12 0.01 0.05 0.46 0.11 0.02 0.00 2.18 0.11 3.17 4.35 0.01 0.10 0.13 1.05 2.28 0.00 5.91

0.02 1.86 0.00 1.65 0.04 0.07 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.08 0.01 0.05 0.19 0.08 0.01 0.00 1.78 0.10 1.88 2.96 0.00 0.09 0.06 0.52 1.82 0.00 2.92

0.02 1.38 0.00 1.86 0.03 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.13 0.06 0.01 0.00 1.07 0.06 1.33 2.70 0.00 0.07 0.05 0.42 1.24 0.00 2.67

0.02 2.46 0.00 1.44 0.04 0.10 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.08 0.00 0.02 0.33 0.10 0.01 0.00 0.90 0.05 2.39 2.36 0.00 0.13 0.05 0.68 2.36 0.00 3.57

0.03 2.20 0.00 1.62 0.06 0.09 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.02 0.37 0.09 0.02 0.00 1.24 0.04 2.16 4.57 0.01 0.12 0.07 0.77 2.07 0.00 4.81

67

68 

R. Guo

Table 3.4  Number of employed persons in urban units at year-end (10,000 persons) (IV)

Ethnic group National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao

Services to households and other services

Health, social securities Culture, sports and social and entertainment Education welfare

Public management and social organization

77.4

1735.6

912.4

146.6

1817.5

0.00 0.10 0.00 0.01 0.13 0.07 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02 72.70 0.08 0.00 0.55 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.01 0.18 0.03 0.00 0.07 0.04 0.94 0.00 0.36

0.05 2.64 0.02 0.13 4.64 1.66 0.19 0.03 0.01 4.15 0.79 0.04 0.01 0.91 1573.02 2.06 0.01 15.67 0.03 0.19 0.03 3.12 0.40 2.53 0.65 0.01 2.15 0.90 13.98 0.16 12.63

0.05 2.64 0.02 0.13 4.64 1.66 0.19 0.03 0.01 4.15 0.79 0.04 0.01 0.91 1573.02 2.06 0.01 15.67 0.03 0.19 0.03 3.12 0.40 2.53 0.65 0.01 2.15 0.90 13.98 0.16 12.63

0.00 0.16 0.00 0.01 0.21 0.10 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.04 134.83 0.13 0.00 1.50 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.18 0.02 0.26 0.04 0.00 0.22 0.06 1.39 0.01 0.72

0.05 2.74 0.03 0.13 5.24 1.68 0.25 0.03 0.01 4.64 1.09 0.06 0.01 1.03 1612.93 2.09 0.01 19.71 0.03 0.19 0.03 5.37 0.69 2.75 0.66 0.02 2.57 0.92 16.43 0.16 13.83 (continued)

3  Employment and Income Distribution 

69

Table 3.4 (continued)

Ethnic group

Services to households and other services

Health, social securities Culture, sports and social and entertainment Education welfare

Public management and social organization

Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

0.00 0.27 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.29 0.26 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.08 0.36 0.00 0.38

0.02 8.47 0.30 0.44 0.04 0.01 0.05 0.36 0.03 0.17 1.12 0.63 0.10 0.01 9.93 0.38 10.13 20.92 0.03 0.57 0.27 3.56 10.67 0.02 23.37

0.05 11.77 0.29 0.45 0.04 0.01 0.05 0.38 0.05 0.27 1.04 0.71 0.17 0.02 21.05 0.60 10.62 36.01 0.05 0.57 0.39 3.52 11.08 0.03 21.55

0.02 8.47 0.30 0.44 0.04 0.01 0.05 0.36 0.03 0.17 1.12 0.63 0.10 0.01 9.93 0.38 10.13 20.92 0.03 0.57 0.27 3.56 10.67 0.02 23.37

0.00 0.80 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.09 0.03 0.01 0.00 1.15 0.04 0.76 1.21 0.00 0.04 0.02 0.22 0.63 0.00 1.24

70 

R. Guo

Table 3.5  Number of engaged persons in private enterprises and self-employed individuals at year-end (10,000 persons) (I) Ethnic group Total National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen

Transport, storage and Manufacturing Construction post

37,413.0

5775.8

1765.4

963.7

0.68 37.33 0.32 1.86 63.45 23.32 2.85 0.36 0.16 60.63 9.94 0.76 0.13 12.33 34,974.21 29.03 0.08 243.24 0.49 2.67 0.42 27.71 3.55 49.26 9.15 0.12 36.02 12.67 252.12 2.30 194.17 0.36 145.13 4.56 6.22 0.59 0.17

0.07 3.57 0.02 0.18 5.33 2.27 0.24 0.03 0.02 5.41 0.79 0.07 0.02 0.99 5530.12 2.84 0.01 26.87 0.05 0.26 0.04 2.88 0.37 4.76 0.90 0.01 1.44 1.24 37.31 0.20 17.25 0.02 14.35 0.43 0.61 0.06 0.01

0.04 1.86 0.02 0.10 2.44 1.25 0.11 0.02 0.01 2.03 0.74 0.03 0.01 0.47 1647.58 1.55 0.00 11.87 0.02 0.14 0.02 1.00 0.13 2.66 0.49 0.02 2.78 0.67 12.01 0.08 7.33 0.07 6.28 0.16 0.34 0.03 0.01

0.01 0.48 0.00 0.02 0.62 0.31 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.97 0.09 0.03 0.00 0.12 773.40 0.38 0.00 0.01 0.68 0.01 0.03 1.62 0.39 0.11 0.01 0.00 1.59 0.18 0.03 0.00 0.32 893.50 0.49 0.00 6.33 0.02 0.04 (continued)

3  Employment and Income Distribution 

71

Table 3.5 (continued) Ethnic group Total

Transport, storage and Manufacturing Construction post

Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

0.07 0.31 0.04 0.19 6.87 0.72 0.10 0.01 10.24 0.49 20.14 19.46 0.03 0.80 0.68 5.88 12.93 0.02 34.60

0.68 4.29 0.38 2.44 36.26 8.62 0.92 0.11 155.29 5.78 212.78 186.48 0.28 8.08 4.40 58.10 143.83 0.27 360.06

0.04 0.15 0.02 0.12 1.23 0.34 0.03 0.00 21.53 0.28 7.93 6.72 0.01 0.43 0.21 1.84 6.89 0.02 12.62

0.01 0.72 0.09 2.76 0.15 0.00 0.81 0.21 11.42 0.07 4.73 0.01 5.11 0.15 0.11 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.08

Table 3.6  Number of engaged persons in private enterprises and self-employed individuals at year-end (10,000 persons) (II) Ethnic group National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan

Hotels and Wholesale and catering services retail trades

Leasing and business services

Services to households and other services

14,495.2

2945.1

3038.4

2200.2

0.24 13.39 0.13 0.66 23.91 8.31 1.17 0.13 0.06 23.23 4.10 0.32 0.05

0.08 4.07 0.04 0.20 6.86 2.56 0.34 0.04 0.02 6.22 1.16 0.08 0.01

0.04 2.09 0.02 0.10 4.22 1.23 0.18 0.02 0.01 4.32 0.52 0.05 0.01

0.04 2.52 0.02 0.12 4.36 1.53 0.26 0.02 0.01 4.45 0.73 0.07 0.01 (continued)

72 

R. Guo

Table 3.6 (continued) Ethnic group

Hotels and Wholesale and catering services retail trades

Leasing and business services

Services to households and other services

Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

4.66 13,542.81 10.33 0.03 94.58 0.21 0.95 0.15 11.17 1.43 19.83 3.26 0.04 12.88 4.53 93.78 0.97 72.97 0.11 59.43 1.97 2.22 0.21 0.07 0.24 1.88 0.15 0.91 16.46 3.26 0.37 0.04 52.58 2.18 81.54 75.15 0.11 2.89 1.62 24.35 54.08 0.11 157.09

0.82 2863.50 1.53 0.00 17.10 0.04 0.14 0.02 2.04 0.26 2.46 0.48 0.01 3.82 0.67 15.42 0.19 14.12 0.03 9.48 0.39 0.33 0.03 0.01 0.04 0.31 0.03 0.14 3.09 0.58 0.07 0.01 11.57 0.33 16.76 13.74 0.02 0.43 0.28 4.86 8.38 0.01 31.06

0.85 2027.74 1.91 0.01 17.38 0.03 0.18 0.03 2.42 0.31 3.90 0.60 0.01 2.57 0.84 18.25 0.14 13.71 0.02 12.26 0.27 0.41 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.34 0.03 0.21 1.46 0.59 0.08 0.01 10.89 0.48 14.81 16.27 0.02 0.53 0.34 3.85 9.95 0.02 21.19

1.34 2692.47 3.18 0.01 25.58 0.04 0.29 0.05 3.61 0.46 4.76 1.00 0.02 4.23 1.40 21.52 0.21 19.84 0.05 14.76 0.40 0.69 0.07 0.02 0.07 0.60 0.04 0.37 1.93 0.93 0.12 0.01 22.16 0.85 20.00 24.26 0.04 0.88 0.40 5.13 16.70 0.03 31.20

3  Employment and Income Distribution 

73

Table 3.7  Number of engaged persons in urban private enterprises and self-­ employed individuals at year-end (10,000 persons) (I) Ethnic group Total National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi

Transport, storage and Manufacturing Construction post

24,391.9

3007.9

1176.2

592.3

0.39 20.57 0.18 1.06 26.29 13.24 2.17 0.20 0.10 29.58 5.73 0.56 0.09 5.05 22,823.53 16.47 0.06 157.84 0.31 1.51 0.24 24.48 3.14 29.42 5.19 0.11 28.39 7.18 148.78 1.32 101.99 0.33 101.93 2.81 3.55 0.34 0.13 0.39

0.03 1.56 0.01 0.08 2.14 0.99 0.16 0.02 0.01 2.45 0.38 0.04 0.01 0.39 2874.67 1.24 0.00 13.36 0.03 0.11 0.02 2.45 0.31 2.88 0.39 0.01 1.01 0.54 17.38 0.10 7.98 0.02 8.19 0.23 0.27 0.03 0.01 0.03

0.03 1.28 0.01 0.07 0.83 0.90 0.08 0.01 0.01 0.92 0.40 0.02 0.00 0.15 1091.93 1.12 0.00 7.15 0.01 0.10 0.02 0.88 0.11 1.94 0.35 0.02 2.25 0.49 7.77 0.05 4.08 0.06 4.35 0.10 0.25 0.03 0.00 0.03

0.01 0.42 0.00 0.02 0.43 0.27 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.64 0.09 0.02 0.00 0.08 549.93 0.34 0.00 3.95 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.65 0.08 1.35 0.11 0.00 0.61 0.15 6.59 0.04 2.13 0.00 3.34 0.09 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.01 (continued)

74 

R. Guo

Table 3.7 (continued) Ethnic group Total

Transport, storage and Manufacturing Construction post

Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

0.17 0.03 0.12 3.33 0.29 0.08 0.01 8.04 0.30 10.09 16.48 0.02 0.35 0.37 3.29 5.84 0.01 19.07

2.54 0.31 2.00 24.30 3.62 0.80 0.10 131.67 4.63 128.15 164.62 0.24 4.57 2.80 37.67 79.38 0.15 233.36

0.14 0.01 0.09 0.90 0.12 0.03 0.00 19.86 0.20 5.40 5.90 0.01 0.31 0.14 1.34 4.89 0.01 8.84

0.05 0.01 0.09 0.34 0.06 0.02 0.00 2.46 0.19 2.97 4.39 0.01 0.09 0.13 1.04 1.57 0.00 7.21

Table 3.8  Number of engaged persons in urban private enterprises and self-­ employed individuals at year-end (10,000 persons) (II) Ethnic group National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao

Hotels and Wholesale and catering services retail trades

Leasing and business services

Services to households and other services

9838.2

2151.5

2273.6

1563.6

0.15 7.87 0.08 0.40 11.08 5.00 0.93 0.08 0.04 12.56 2.53 0.25 0.04 2.14

0.05 2.76 0.02 0.14 4.02 1.76 0.27 0.03 0.01 3.95 0.74 0.06 0.01 0.78

0.03 1.49 0.01 0.08 1.73 0.96 0.14 0.01 0.01 2.21 0.34 0.04 0.01 0.33

0.03 1.65 0.01 0.08 2.35 1.04 0.22 0.02 0.01 2.50 0.45 0.05 0.00 0.46 (continued)

3  Employment and Income Distribution  Table 3.8 (continued) Ethnic group

Hotels and Wholesale and catering services retail trades

Leasing and business services

Services to households and other services

Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

9197.59 6.21 0.02 63.90 0.14 0.57 0.09 10.03 1.29 11.66 1.96 0.03 10.07 2.71 58.04 0.59 41.87 0.10 44.54 1.27 1.34 0.13 0.05 0.15 1.03 0.13 0.77 12.00 1.52 0.33 0.04 44.32 1.81 53.00 67.46 0.10 1.73 1.10 16.56 30.81 0.06 105.23

2151.52 1.19 0.00 12.17 0.03 0.11 0.02 1.72 0.22 1.46 0.37 0.01 3.06 0.52 9.23 0.11 8.45 0.03 6.89 0.25 0.26 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.23 0.02 0.11 2.52 0.24 0.06 0.01 9.89 0.28 12.05 11.58 0.02 0.33 0.17 3.41 6.01 0.01 21.21

1442.46 1.29 0.01 12.39 0.02 0.12 0.02 2.15 0.28 2.65 0.41 0.01 2.11 0.56 12.07 0.09 8.25 0.02 9.57 0.18 0.28 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.19 0.03 0.18 1.06 0.32 0.07 0.01 9.37 0.41 9.37 14.45 0.02 0.36 0.23 2.54 6.29 0.01 14.26

1967.24 2.18 0.01 19.41 0.03 0.20 0.03 3.22 0.41 3.05 0.69 0.02 3.54 0.95 14.67 0.14 12.94 0.05 10.64 0.28 0.47 0.05 0.02 0.05 0.33 0.04 0.33 1.44 0.55 0.10 0.01 19.44 0.74 13.65 21.64 0.03 0.60 0.29 3.70 10.69 0.02 21.97

75

76 

R. Guo

Table 3.9  Number of engaged persons in private enterprises at year-end (10,000 households, 10,000 persons) Number of Ethnic group households

Number of engaged persons

Urban area

Rural area

National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen

3143.3

21,375.4

13,951.6

7423.7

0.05 2.65 0.02 0.13 4.96 1.62 0.20 0.02 0.01 4.73 0.73 0.05 0.01 0.96 2957.82 2.01 0.01 22.30 0.04 0.18 0.03 1.96 0.25 3.18 0.63 0.01 3.48 0.89 21.68 0.17 14.64 0.02 9.97 0.34 0.44 0.04 0.01

0.34 18.68 0.17 0.93 33.16 11.60 1.24 0.18 0.08 31.37 5.36 0.37 0.07 6.45 20,139.70 14.45 0.02 122.50 0.26 1.33 0.21 12.72 1.63 20.12 4.55 0.07 21.32 6.25 118.68 1.22 104.32 0.21 70.60 2.45 3.09 0.30 0.07

0.21 10.81 0.09 0.58 10.89 7.19 0.90 0.11 0.05 13.05 3.01 0.26 0.05 2.07 13,175.81 8.94 0.02 75.06 0.16 0.82 0.13 11.26 1.44 12.51 2.82 0.06 16.50 3.88 69.59 0.62 51.00 0.19 48.62 1.40 1.93 0.19 0.05

0.13 7.87 0.08 0.35 22.27 4.41 0.34 0.07 0.03 18.32 2.35 0.10 0.03 4.38 6963.90 5.51 0.01 47.45 0.11 0.51 0.08 1.45 0.19 7.61 1.73 0.01 4.82 2.37 49.09 0.59 53.32 0.02 21.97 1.06 1.16 0.11 0.02 (continued)

3  Employment and Income Distribution 

77

Table 3.9 (continued) Number of Ethnic group households

Number of engaged persons

Urban area

Rural area

Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

0.34 1.50 0.19 1.00 20.34 4.50 0.43 0.05 78.16 2.46 116.78 85.70 0.13 4.04 2.14 31.63 67.41 0.15 194.24

0.21 1.25 0.15 0.71 12.51 1.50 0.37 0.04 67.55 1.75 69.71 75.81 0.11 2.49 1.30 20.06 41.11 0.08 120.07

0.13 0.24 0.04 0.28 7.83 3.00 0.05 0.01 10.62 0.72 47.07 9.89 0.02 1.55 0.84 11.57 26.29 0.07 74.16

0.05 0.47 0.03 0.18 2.41 0.67 0.07 0.01 9.89 0.42 14.43 13.22 0.02 0.56 0.35 4.58 11.35 0.02 27.09

Table 3.10  Number of self-employed individuals at year-end (10,000 households, 10,000 persons) Ethnic group

Number of households

Number of engaged persons

Urban area

Rural area

National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao

7328.6 0.18 9.87 0.08 0.49 16.62 6.16 0.76 0.10 0.04 15.62 2.41 0.19 0.02 3.23

16,037.6 0.34 18.65 0.15 0.93 30.29 11.73 1.61 0.18 0.08 29.27 4.59 0.39 0.06 5.88

10,440.3 0.18 9.75 0.09 0.48 15.40 6.05 1.27 0.09 0.04 16.53 2.73 0.29 0.04 2.98

5597.4 0.17 8.89 0.06 0.45 14.89 5.68 0.34 0.09 0.03 12.73 1.86 0.10 0.02 2.90 (continued)

78  

R. Guo

Table 3.10 (continued) Ethnic group

Number of households

Number of engaged persons

Urban area

Rural area

Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

6739.42 7.66 0.02 58.38 0.10 0.70 0.11 8.54 1.10 11.50 2.41 0.02 8.05 3.37 61.42 0.51 47.85 0.07 35.67 0.96 1.64 0.15 0.05 0.18 1.53 0.10 0.64 5.24 2.26 0.28 0.03 34.82 1.48 44.17 57.33 0.08 2.11 1.13 12.70 40.77 0.06 74.06

14,834.50 14.58 0.05 120.74 0.23 1.34 0.21 14.99 1.93 29.14 4.60 0.05 14.70 6.42 133.44 1.08 89.85 0.16 74.53 2.11 3.13 0.30 0.10 0.34 2.79 0.19 1.44 15.92 4.12 0.49 0.06 77.13 3.32 96.00 100.77 0.15 4.04 2.26 26.47 76.42 0.12 165.83

9647.72 7.53 0.04 82.78 0.16 0.69 0.11 13.22 1.70 16.91 2.37 0.05 11.89 3.30 79.20 0.69 50.99 0.15 53.30 1.41 1.62 0.16 0.08 0.18 1.28 0.16 1.28 11.79 2.12 0.43 0.05 64.12 2.88 58.43 88.81 0.13 2.09 1.50 17.61 38.27 0.07 113.29

5186.78 7.05 0.01 37.96 0.07 0.65 0.10 1.77 0.23 12.23 2.22 0.00 2.81 3.12 54.25 0.39 38.86 0.01 21.23 0.70 1.51 0.14 0.02 0.16 1.51 0.04 0.16 4.13 2.01 0.06 0.01 13.01 0.44 37.56 11.97 0.02 1.95 0.76 8.86 38.15 0.05 52.54

3  Employment and Income Distribution 

79

Table 3.11  Total wage bill of employed persons in urban units (100 million yuan) Ethnic group National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi

Total

State-owned Urban collective-­ Units of other types units owned units of ownership

141,480.0

51,126.6

2082.3

88,271.1

2.57 139.34 1.21 6.96 210.81 87.73 11.67 1.35 0.60 207.25 39.06 2.79 0.51 40.92 132,133.22 108.93 0.40 1116.51 1.49 10.01 1.58 161.55 20.70 163.12 34.28 0.46 124.41 47.86 1016.29 7.04 653.04 1.42 533.40 13.96 23.63 2.22 0.71 2.55

1.40 75.08 0.74 3.78 118.84 47.72 6.47 0.74 0.31 108.24 23.54 1.53 0.18 23.15 46,347.62 59.29 0.21 496.72 0.80 5.44 0.86 87.59 11.23 75.84 18.66 0.37 56.57 26.03 419.97 3.90 335.62 1.16 280.33 7.45 12.83 1.22 0.38 1.39

0.05 2.44 0.02 0.13 3.17 1.58 0.18 0.02 0.01 3.22 0.60 0.04 0.01 0.61 1955.56 1.96 0.01 13.10 0.03 0.18 0.03 0.99 0.13 2.14 0.62 0.00 1.24 0.87 14.84 0.13 9.97 0.00 8.10 0.26 0.42 0.04 0.01 0.05

1.12 61.82 0.45 3.05 88.80 38.43 5.01 0.59 0.29 95.79 14.93 1.22 0.31 17.15 83,830.05 47.68 0.19 606.68 0.66 4.38 0.69 72.97 9.34 85.15 15.00 0.08 66.60 20.97 581.48 3.01 307.45 0.26 244.98 6.25 10.38 0.96 0.31 1.12 (continued)

80 

R. Guo

Table 3.11 (continued) (100 million yuan) Ethnic group

Total

State-owned Urban collective-­ Units of other types units owned units of ownership

Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

22.46 1.96 11.38 106.23 28.53 5.27 0.64 640.71 25.89 638.59 1086.00 1.61 30.12 18.29 195.53 576.46 1.02 1106.15

10.95 0.99 7.00 33.49 16.18 2.83 0.34 474.24 15.54 280.99 587.77 0.86 16.28 8.08 92.38 306.73 0.61 578.39

0.45 0.02 0.14 1.37 0.44 0.03 0.00 4.97 0.33 8.37 6.67 0.01 0.54 0.25 3.45 10.51 0.02 21.23

11.06 0.95 4.24 71.37 11.91 2.41 0.30 161.51 10.02 349.22 491.56 0.74 13.30 9.95 99.70 259.21 0.40 506.53

Table 3.12  Indices of total wage bill of employed persons in urban units (preceding year = 100) Ethnic group

Total

State-­owned Urban collective-­ Units of other types units owned units of ownership

National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan

108.9

104.6

94.0

112.0

110.86 110.21 106.60 110.85 107.19 110.88 105.24 110.87 110.47 107.27 106.08 106.67 107.02

106.40 106.59 99.56 106.40 106.06 106.40 101.97 106.39 105.89 107.32 98.54 102.18 105.95

90.71 91.77 90.45 90.68 103.85 90.76 96.77 90.71 91.10 97.75 90.14 96.74 93.99

118.20 116.32 122.25 118.16 108.92 118.21 110.68 118.24 117.54 107.84 122.26 114.13 109.09 (continued)

3  Employment and Income Distribution 

81

Table 3.12 (continued) Ethnic group

Total

State-­owned Urban collective-­ Units of other types units owned units of ownership

Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

107.12 108.47 110.87 102.91 106.92 108.06 110.85 110.88 101.63 101.63 102.81 110.84 114.08 112.22 110.85 106.80 107.72 107.79 114.44 106.74 107.94 110.88 110.90 104.79 110.86 110.56 103.98 109.90 112.01 107.22 101.88 102.11 112.11 110.03 107.08 101.64 101.78 110.73 105.21 108.39 110.37 106.57 108.35

106.07 105.24 106.39 102.69 104.95 107.72 106.39 106.39 91.95 92.05 94.13 106.40 110.59 110.06 106.41 98.51 107.36 107.18 110.87 101.22 107.68 106.44 106.44 102.45 106.38 107.46 96.39 111.17 107.68 106.09 92.43 92.79 109.66 111.07 106.76 91.99 92.24 106.36 94.99 108.55 106.65 99.34 107.88

104.06 93.68 90.71 96.44 90.53 98.84 90.73 90.70 94.59 94.63 82.21 90.67 72.11 94.05 90.89 88.14 100.38 96.34 71.00 94.72 99.49 90.88 90.50 96.60 90.75 97.99 95.26 106.81 107.71 103.60 94.52 94.41 86.76 106.10 91.27 94.58 94.63 90.49 88.15 94.43 94.22 89.94 98.18

108.75 112.18 118.22 103.16 110.94 108.88 118.18 118.24 116.51 116.35 114.65 118.15 140.77 114.59 118.12 116.11 108.59 109.29 142.22 115.06 108.65 118.21 118.52 108.58 118.20 114.56 115.67 108.23 114.53 108.98 116.37 116.55 126.62 108.69 107.79 116.47 116.41 117.93 116.51 108.86 116.16 122.59 109.41

82 

R. Guo

Table 3.13  Average wage of employed persons in urban units (yuan) Ethnic group National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi

Total

Staff and workers

State-­ owned units

Units of Urban other types collective-­ owned units of ownership

82,413

84,744

89,474

60,664

79,453

75,730.41 75,737.25 71,551.20 75,748.94 78,362.54 75,754.86 70,137.31 75,712.81 75,515.08 75,426.42 71,360.40 73,300.78 74,083.79 78,432.75 76,209.32 75,742.67 64,163.10 76,593.85 71,386.61 75,731.92 75,757.15 75,474.02 75,345.48 68,379.78 75,700.83 112,543.86 76,076.65 75,762.46 69,657.29 73,162.67 76,006.21 114,820.94 73,246.09 72,288.06 76,004.81 76,333.05 68,336.78 75,760.24

80,521.82 80,333.56 74,443.28 80,530.94 82,569.41 80,544.39 72,856.12 80,517.78 79,819.18 79,082.71 74,174.68 75,347.17 76,320.36 82,650.58 78,548.48 80,540.66 68,417.79 79,220.48 74,364.75 80,521.62 80,556.87 76,733.51 76,632.61 70,776.35 80,486.50 116,368.92 77,982.24 80,498.84 72,007.63 76,474.36 79,769.46 118,682.39 75,164.08 75,371.68 80,741.35 81,089.31 71,499.36 80,534.24

97,016.10 94,665.46 76,500.73 97,050.17 85,051.92 97,009.65 70,744.58 96,989.29 94,402.34 83,383.41 75,768.10 74,657.14 85,159.83 84,769.83 89,534.98 97,049.13 64,474.81 84,702.25 78,547.65 96,953.18 97,035.80 74,501.99 74,380.38 70,346.21 96,990.94 119,017.79 84,199.83 96,793.70 71,194.82 79,643.96 86,461.50 120,967.41 75,087.12 79,136.31 97,002.89 97,389.49 68,992.26 96,959.72

80,152.91 78,448.15 50,352.14 80,070.00 85,719.13 80,104.77 68,358.93 80,234.08 76,284.73 70,658.51 51,614.49 74,901.34 60,383.14 86,023.77 60,095.62 80,207.12 53,106.29 62,522.44 53,944.82 80,145.36 80,176.31 73,190.73 73,045.48 54,159.58 80,117.08 50,981.48 56,124.77 79,552.99 48,866.07 62,252.73 72,195.71 49,976.40 70,595.56 56,985.60 79,473.47 79,563.94 63,796.86 79,982.00

59,269.03 60,923.72 65,709.28 59,311.40 70,754.32 59,305.78 69,992.11 59,207.19 61,507.68 68,297.24 66,211.79 72,031.86 68,810.54 70,950.71 70,706.63 59,258.68 65,794.79 71,135.49 65,079.48 59,302.13 59,275.88 76,726.43 76,618.93 67,728.89 59,244.19 88,811.31 70,709.41 59,517.00 69,683.49 66,693.72 67,595.41 90,262.67 71,700.76 66,046.29 59,721.48 59,832.59 68,624.79 59,375.65 (continued)

3  Employment and Income Distribution 

83

Table 3.13 (continued) Ethnic group Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

Total

Staff and workers

State-­ owned units

Units of Urban other types collective-­ owned units of ownership

77,726.64 76,017.19 83,559.69 78,145.24 78,066.29 75,474.37 75,801.57 95,815.70 83,087.96 74,845.65 75,488.29 75,633.72 75,674.89 69,556.74 72,482.46 76,557.30 71,311.74 71,731.72

80,508.76 77,616.86 85,274.12 80,259.71 82,261.02 76,773.88 77,184.48 98,921.75 84,908.83 77,814.62 76,748.51 76,912.80 80,402.41 71,404.36 75,481.31 80,732.54 74,269.61 74,745.79

90,423.41 76,674.58 90,395.67 104,224.39 84,812.21 74,950.50 75,627.18 103,990.97 90,762.48 86,860.14 74,558.45 74,934.43 96,816.75 69,853.19 82,284.30 93,784.12 76,307.01 79,766.71

59,335.27 73,349.18 64,724.66 69,337.76 84,914.75 72,664.19 71,844.35 55,841.47 64,497.25 58,367.80 73,172.87 72,937.79 79,636.41 49,401.12 54,245.92 75,045.12 49,746.56 54,305.45

68,930.49 75,914.65 74,501.04 70,197.59 70,395.40 76,501.96 76,522.20 79,356.88 73,960.19 67,914.11 76,729.13 76,765.16 59,421.70 70,583.18 65,459.69 63,211.96 65,567.71 64,980.54

Table 3.14  Indices of average wage of employed persons in urban units (preceding year = 100) State-­ owned units

Urban collective-­ owned units

Units of other types of ownership

Ethnic group

Total

Staff and workers

National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong

110.9

111.3

110.3

109.8

111.4

109.51 109.54 111.62 109.51 109.17 109.52 109.93 109.51 109.71 109.73

109.51 109.70 112.13 109.52 110.03 109.53 110.76 109.51 109.81 110.49

108.52 108.45 107.53 108.54 106.53 108.54 106.88 108.51 108.80 108.03

114.60 113.79 112.14 114.59 110.01 114.60 113.70 114.65 113.54 110.15

112.97 112.71 120.41 112.96 112.84 112.98 114.76 112.99 112.84 111.72 (continued)

84 

R. Guo

Table 3.14 (continued)

Ethnic group

Total

Staff and workers

Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu

111.54 110.47 111.06 109.16 110.68 109.51 108.76 111.09 110.56 109.51 109.51 111.10 111.07 110.57 109.52 106.94 111.85 109.57 109.90 110.18 109.79 106.80 110.61 110.42 109.56 109.47 109.58 109.52 111.87 110.85 112.56 110.34 109.19 111.09 111.09 109.61 112.42

112.07 111.41 111.58 110.03 111.10 109.51 109.33 111.72 110.70 109.52 109.52 111.80 111.77 110.96 109.52 104.45 112.37 109.59 110.42 110.51 110.45 104.16 111.46 110.64 109.57 109.44 110.33 109.53 112.27 111.62 113.31 110.59 110.02 111.78 111.77 108.66 113.15

State-­ owned units

Urban collective-­ owned units

Units of other types of ownership

107.81 106.56 110.24 106.47 110.39 108.52 107.15 109.56 109.21 108.51 108.52 111.78 111.74 105.30 108.53 105.19 113.42 108.63 108.34 108.42 108.42 104.95 107.10 108.92 108.61 108.48 106.86 108.55 112.44 109.73 109.01 111.37 106.60 111.76 111.57 107.78 108.99

111.43 114.79 110.35 109.92 109.23 114.63 112.56 107.80 111.44 114.59 114.64 100.25 100.36 110.07 114.61 96.36 98.25 114.41 109.60 111.03 110.38 95.82 113.24 111.23 114.36 114.30 113.72 114.57 107.34 106.11 106.45 112.99 110.14 100.53 101.07 102.18 106.97

119.69 116.80 112.05 112.85 111.77 112.97 111.16 113.45 112.06 112.98 112.99 109.63 109.62 117.97 112.97 123.10 111.38 112.95 111.57 112.26 111.86 123.69 116.03 112.09 113.00 113.11 113.86 112.98 112.40 112.46 117.19 111.01 112.81 109.69 110.10 119.38 117.07 (continued)

3  Employment and Income Distribution 

85

Table 3.14 (continued)

Ethnic group

Total

Staff and workers

Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

110.73 111.10 111.10 109.53 110.24 110.52 110.13 111.57 110.56

111.30 111.80 111.79 109.54 110.72 110.84 110.34 112.08 110.67

State-­ owned units

Urban collective-­ owned units

Units of other types of ownership

110.04 111.79 111.77 108.55 109.10 109.76 109.38 107.46 109.33

108.89 100.26 100.40 114.40 107.29 111.06 112.10 112.48 111.57

111.51 109.62 109.66 112.93 110.83 111.32 112.81 120.51 112.05

Table 3.15  Indices of average real wage of employed persons in urban units (preceding year = 100) State-­ owned units

Urban collective-­ owned units

Units of other types of ownership

Ethnic group

Total

Staff and workers

National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo

108.6

109.0

108.0

107.5

109.1

107.26 107.29 109.32 107.26 106.93 107.27 107.67 107.26 107.46 107.48 109.25 108.20 108.77 106.91 108.40 107.25 106.52 108.81 108.29 107.26

107.26 107.44 109.82 107.27 107.77 107.27 108.48 107.26 107.55 108.21 109.76 109.12 109.28 107.77 108.81 107.26 107.08 109.42 108.42 107.26

106.29 106.22 105.32 106.31 104.34 106.31 104.68 106.28 106.57 105.81 105.59 104.36 107.97 104.28 108.12 106.29 104.95 107.31 106.96 106.28

112.24 111.45 109.83 112.23 107.75 112.24 111.36 112.29 111.21 107.89 109.14 112.43 108.08 107.66 106.98 112.28 110.25 105.59 109.15 112.24

110.65 110.40 117.93 110.64 110.52 110.65 112.40 110.67 110.51 109.43 117.22 114.40 109.75 110.53 109.47 110.65 108.87 111.12 109.75 110.66 (continued)

86 

R. Guo

Table 3.15 (continued)

Ethnic group

Total

Staff and workers

Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

107.26 108.82 108.79 108.30 107.26 104.74 109.55 107.32 107.64 107.91 107.54 104.60 108.34 108.15 107.31 107.22 107.32 107.27 109.57 108.57 110.24 108.07 106.95 108.80 108.81 107.36 110.11 108.45 108.81 108.81 107.28 107.98 108.24 107.86 109.28 108.29

107.26 109.50 109.47 108.68 107.27 102.30 110.06 107.33 108.15 108.24 108.18 102.02 109.17 108.36 107.32 107.19 108.07 107.28 109.96 109.33 110.98 108.32 107.76 109.48 109.47 106.42 110.82 109.01 109.50 109.49 107.29 108.44 108.56 108.07 109.78 108.40

State-­ owned units

Urban collective-­ owned units

Units of other types of ownership

106.29 109.49 109.45 103.13 106.30 103.02 111.09 106.39 106.11 106.19 106.19 102.79 104.90 106.68 106.38 106.25 104.67 106.31 110.13 107.47 106.77 109.07 104.41 109.46 109.28 105.56 106.75 107.78 109.49 109.47 106.32 106.86 107.50 107.13 105.25 107.08

112.28 98.19 98.29 107.81 112.25 94.38 96.23 112.06 107.35 108.75 108.11 93.85 110.91 108.94 112.01 111.95 111.38 112.21 105.13 103.92 104.26 110.67 107.88 98.47 98.99 100.08 104.77 106.65 98.20 98.33 112.05 105.08 108.77 109.79 110.17 109.28

110.67 107.38 107.37 115.55 110.65 120.57 109.09 110.63 109.27 109.95 109.56 121.14 113.64 109.79 110.68 110.79 111.52 110.66 110.09 110.14 114.78 108.73 110.49 107.44 107.84 116.93 114.67 109.22 107.36 107.40 110.60 108.55 109.03 110.49 118.03 109.75

3  Employment and Income Distribution 

87

Table 3.16  Average wage of employed persons in urban units by status of registration (yuan) (I) Ethnic group National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu

Total

State-­ owned units

Urban collective-­ Cooperative owned units units

Joint ownership units

82,413

89,474

60,664

77,751

72,107

75,730.41 75,737.25 71,551.20 75,748.94 78,362.54 75,754.86 70,137.31 75,712.81 75,515.08 75,426.42 71,360.40 73,300.78 74,083.79 78,432.75 76,209.32 75,742.67 64,163.10 76,593.85 71,386.61 75,731.92 75,757.15 75,474.02 75,345.48 68,379.78 75,700.83 112,543.86 76,076.65 75,762.46 69,657.29 73,162.67 76,006.21 114,820.94 73,246.09 72,288.06 76,004.81 76,333.05

97,016.10 94,665.46 76,500.73 97,050.17 85,051.92 97,009.65 70,744.58 96,989.29 94,402.34 83,383.41 75,768.10 74,657.14 85,159.83 84,769.83 89,534.98 97,049.13 64,474.81 84,702.25 78,547.65 96,953.18 97,035.80 74,501.99 74,380.38 70,346.21 96,990.94 119,017.79 84,199.83 96,793.70 71,194.82 79,643.96 86,461.50 120,967.41 75,087.12 79,136.31 97,002.89 97,389.49

80,152.91 78,448.15 50,352.14 80,070.00 85,719.13 80,104.77 68,358.93 80,234.08 76,284.73 70,658.51 51,614.49 74,901.34 60,383.14 86,023.77 60,095.62 80,207.12 53,106.29 62,522.44 53,944.82 80,145.36 80,176.31 73,190.73 73,045.48 54,159.58 80,117.08 50,981.48 56,124.77 79,552.99 48,866.07 62,252.73 72,195.71 49,976.40 70,595.56 56,985.60 79,473.47 79,563.94

63,338.90 72,809.93 67,172.98 63,452.32 145,648.49 63,374.60 83,366.65 63,244.57 67,177.74 120,362.67 72,496.87 89,650.82 82,152.77 147,590.18 77,801.68 63,280.90 61,937.12 82,451.90 116,122.41 63,552.27 63,279.51 141,241.74 140,581.50 56,525.52 63,319.72 84,750.17 71,457.71 63,657.38 58,979.91 126,971.48 114,100.30 82,673.03 85,988.69 121,455.93 63,809.07 63,819.43

50,418.02 50,774.51 43,191.95 50,477.30 54,530.83 50,536.51 47,452.43 50,280.37 51,230.42 51,974.78 44,069.77 46,561.61 64,540.09 54,403.40 64,727.24 50,384.10 50,766.19 58,025.37 47,290.62 50,392.83 50,380.20 49,996.06 50,024.17 52,745.71 50,500.22 30,006.62 71,168.15 51,253.72 41,751.93 48,591.90 53,030.31 29,384.84 46,233.59 47,878.09 51,221.27 50,225.65 (continued)

88 

R. Guo

Table 3.16 (continued) Ethnic group Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

Total

State-­ owned units

Urban collective-­ Cooperative owned units units

Joint ownership units

68,336.78 75,760.24 77,726.64 76,017.19 83,559.69 78,145.24 78,066.29 75,474.37 75,801.57 95,815.70 83,087.96 74,845.65 75,488.29 75,633.72 75,674.89 69,556.74 72,482.46 76,557.30 71,311.74 71,731.72

68,992.26 96,959.72 90,423.41 76,674.58 90,395.67 104,224.39 84,812.21 74,950.50 75,627.18 103,990.97 90,762.48 86,860.14 74,558.45 74,934.43 96,816.75 69,853.19 82,284.30 93,784.12 76,307.01 79,766.71

63,796.86 79,982.00 59,335.27 73,349.18 64,724.66 69,337.76 84,914.75 72,664.19 71,844.35 55,841.47 64,497.25 58,367.80 73,172.87 72,937.79 79,636.41 49,401.12 54,245.92 75,045.12 49,746.56 54,305.45

48,284.19 50,555.54 82,196.66 49,614.12 35,444.93 68,953.51 53,983.07 50,333.43 50,280.76 43,623.47 37,259.28 51,833.94 50,073.58 50,314.97 50,791.08 40,809.64 49,433.38 59,638.25 43,691.46 33,678.07

75,473.05 63,364.27 77,378.29 118,373.82 80,319.20 83,683.99 144,286.18 139,299.31 135,702.59 78,931.86 79,345.07 100,266.18 141,128.40 140,207.90 63,764.04 66,424.77 99,741.51 76,510.46 66,022.75 113,208.30

Table 3.17  Average wage of employed persons in urban units by status of registration (yuan) (II)

Ethnic group National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang

Limited liability corporations

Share-­ holding corporations

Others

Units with funds from Hong Kong, Foreign funded Macau & units Taiwan

72,114

93,316

61,666

82,027

99,367

66,173.80 65,889.73 62,934.39 66,171.42 66,495.10 66,187.16 69,607.86 66,169.21

79,395.85 80,517.20 74,696.65 79,416.91 92,617.77 79,403.42 72,637.84 79,371.95

41,461.70 43,663.96 44,650.29 41,552.99 56,391.72 41,517.44 53,445.19 41,275.30

60,860.85 61,695.15 65,165.27 60,883.85 68,762.77 60,903.77 63,828.42 60,795.19

61,290.57 63,338.39 89,937.72 61,332.76 71,893.19 61,364.87 72,971.01 61,201.69 (continued)

3  Employment and Income Distribution 

89

Table 3.17 (continued)

Ethnic group

Limited liability corporations

Share-­ holding corporations

Others

Units with funds from Hong Kong, Foreign funded Macau & units Taiwan

Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan

66,426.69 64,596.16 63,416.71 71,832.24 65,246.32 66,539.47 67,538.21 66,181.25 65,008.51 68,932.55 63,186.73 66,188.02 66,198.64 72,419.29 72,353.52 64,852.62 66,138.70 87,652.57 64,981.62 66,149.73 65,410.87 63,972.63 65,004.55 89,063.66 70,425.63 63,687.97 66,303.39 66,527.76 68,187.92 66,198.79 65,823.58 72,860.08 69,500.69 66,497.46 66,343.53 72,235.60 72,218.83 77,087.84

79,833.81 85,293.98 76,427.73 72,594.03 80,915.76 93,023.03 82,041.64 79,401.19 70,909.56 80,821.02 74,824.08 79,445.11 79,422.73 104,287.62 103,972.49 74,136.91 79,354.58 88,609.30 83,329.84 79,292.46 77,268.15 79,697.34 85,409.77 89,126.13 74,656.33 77,226.83 79,447.81 79,556.65 71,279.25 79,395.72 77,875.63 92,761.67 88,010.27 84,923.14 91,898.22 103,550.23 102,855.78 84,565.66

44,901.23 54,651.46 44,447.08 58,314.87 62,038.03 56,488.91 63,867.39 41,419.55 46,423.28 55,151.27 57,093.08 41,472.72 41,408.87 40,998.77 41,049.42 61,163.83 41,472.14 49,520.22 66,543.88 42,098.11 55,996.71 56,944.87 53,810.27 49,577.32 57,914.25 57,412.85 42,135.32 41,809.39 52,141.83 41,627.67 64,521.44 49,201.70 42,802.13 72,713.43 56,132.02 41,676.95 42,085.30 50,688.72

62,015.06 64,325.19 65,727.40 68,040.13 66,491.57 68,849.30 67,530.10 60,843.41 55,272.48 70,970.80 53,857.21 60,849.68 60,869.73 74,148.76 73,945.93 63,701.02 60,825.35 72,559.11 84,427.66 61,191.83 66,669.81 57,513.15 65,268.24 73,455.46 68,613.45 55,409.35 61,347.53 61,105.71 61,184.29 60,933.85 73,743.55 73,288.39 69,489.76 69,561.74 68,087.37 73,860.76 74,186.49 71,380.63

64,410.46 72,436.86 90,194.67 76,251.24 75,823.19 71,988.73 77,558.20 61,270.05 66,875.17 76,148.30 73,876.21 61,308.78 61,303.29 80,937.14 80,738.10 77,268.03 61,254.83 121,750.54 87,081.73 61,775.34 80,411.06 73,527.34 71,277.15 124,861.22 77,477.90 74,074.90 62,160.25 62,356.56 71,154.24 61,476.98 80,047.64 81,007.40 62,755.02 74,150.90 71,772.87 80,761.88 81,808.48 96,669.62 (continued)

90 

R. Guo

Table 3.17 (continued)

Ethnic group

Limited liability corporations

Share-­ holding corporations

Others

Units with funds from Hong Kong, Foreign funded Macau & units Taiwan

Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

69,276.80 64,868.18 72,420.54 72,454.32 66,101.17 65,151.73 63,831.31 66,097.30 62,849.92 63,619.21

87,381.31 80,152.24 104,263.77 104,101.26 79,370.70 82,864.09 77,363.13 80,434.00 74,172.12 75,387.04

44,310.61 56,121.54 41,087.59 41,496.42 41,900.18 49,503.50 55,209.86 49,476.47 45,066.53 56,665.46

69,007.42 64,106.24 74,140.69 74,201.58 60,945.60 68,409.69 56,639.09 65,278.77 65,247.78 53,884.79

63,563.93 74,889.70 80,913.11 81,079.38 61,456.44 84,034.45 72,965.04 67,656.27 91,131.22 73,518.24

Table 3.18  Total wage bill of employed persons in urban units (100  million yuan) (I)

Ethnic group National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan

Total

Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery

Production and distribution of electricity, gas and Mining Manufacturing water

141,480.0

716.1

3413.4

30,385.0

3704.0

2.57 139.34 1.21 6.96 210.81 87.73 11.67 1.35 0.60 207.25 39.06 2.79 0.51

0.02 0.85 0.01 0.05 0.43 0.61 0.52 0.01 0.00 0.58 0.44 0.10 0.00

0.05 2.92 0.05 0.15 6.04 1.85 0.83 0.03 0.02 4.05 1.88 0.19 0.01

0.32 17.38 0.14 0.86 23.34 10.75 1.32 0.16 0.08 29.03 4.39 0.34 0.10

0.08 4.32 0.06 0.21 7.97 2.68 0.61 0.04 0.02 7.12 1.99 0.16 0.01 (continued)

3  Employment and Income Distribution 

91

Table 3.18 (continued)

Ethnic group

Total

Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery

Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu

40.92 132,133.22 108.93 0.40 1116.51 1.49 10.01 1.58 161.55 20.70 163.12 34.28 0.46 124.41 47.86 1016.29 7.04 653.04 1.42 533.40 13.96 23.63 2.22 0.71 2.55 22.46 1.96 11.38 106.23 28.53 5.27 0.64 640.71 25.89

0.08 628.33 0.76 0.02 7.90 0.01 0.07 0.01 2.06 0.27 4.24 0.24 0.00 2.99 0.33 14.24 0.05 2.12 0.00 14.93 0.10 0.16 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.05 0.03 0.14 0.23 0.07 0.07 0.01 2.93 0.30

Production and distribution of electricity, gas and Mining Manufacturing water 1.18 3087.78 2.31 0.03 55.20 0.01 0.21 0.03 12.54 1.61 6.47 0.73 0.01 0.64 1.02 39.67 0.10 12.96 0.02 32.91 0.14 0.50 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.47 0.13 0.75 0.26 0.81 0.40 0.05 17.34 1.60

4.48 29,120.82 13.36 0.05 157.07 0.20 1.23 0.19 15.87 2.04 30.74 4.21 0.01 8.93 5.89 177.16 0.87 90.66 0.04 70.94 1.92 2.88 0.27 0.08 0.31 3.33 0.21 1.23 27.30 3.11 0.53 0.06 40.43 3.16

1.56 3373.74 3.32 0.01 41.64 0.05 0.31 0.05 6.27 0.80 6.26 1.05 0.01 3.20 1.47 34.35 0.25 21.38 0.04 28.59 0.47 0.72 0.07 0.03 0.08 0.82 0.08 0.48 2.43 1.08 0.20 0.02 22.30 1.07 (continued)

92 

R. Guo

Table 3.18 (continued)

Ethnic group

Total

Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery

Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

638.59 1086.00 1.61 30.12 18.29 195.53 576.46 1.02 1106.15

2.20 13.80 0.02 0.21 0.24 1.12 2.98 0.01 8.99

Production and distribution of electricity, gas and Mining Manufacturing water 7.49 84.05 0.12 0.65 0.97 1.43 12.68 0.04 8.38

113.23 107.18 0.16 3.78 3.30 36.24 73.59 0.12 164.18

17.91 42.05 0.06 0.92 0.65 5.90 19.05 0.05 35.95

Table 3.19  Total wage bill of employed persons in urban units (100  million yuan) (II)

Ethnic group National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani

Transport, storage Construction and post

Information transmission, computer service and software

Wholesale and retail trades

Hotels and catering services

15,949.5

7273.3

6204.1

6628.5

1293.0

0.28 15.33 0.12 0.76 23.93 9.50 0.55 0.15 0.06 25.01 3.89 0.12 0.06 4.59 150,59.97 11.80

0.12 6.61 0.08 0.33 9.05 4.21 0.90 0.06 0.03 9.45 2.67 0.22 0.03 1.76 6736.33 5.22

0.04 2.19 0.02 0.10 3.79 1.22 0.34 0.02 0.01 4.28 0.52 0.08 0.03 0.74 5947.39 1.49

0.11 5.95 0.03 0.30 7.68 3.84 0.38 0.06 0.03 7.41 0.86 0.09 0.02 1.50 6294.93 4.78

0.03 1.29 0.01 0.07 1.11 0.86 0.09 0.01 0.01 1.27 0.22 0.02 0.01 0.21 1220.64 1.07 (continued)

3  Employment and Income Distribution 

93

Table 3.19 (continued)

Ethnic group

Transport, storage Construction and post

Information transmission, computer service and software

Wholesale and retail trades

Hotels and catering services

Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

0.02 91.27 0.19 1.08 0.17 14.69 1.88 9.14 3.72 0.01 4.75 5.23 60.43 0.85 79.92 0.04 27.59 1.68 2.55 0.24 0.03 0.28 3.15 0.15 0.83 20.00 3.27 0.48 0.06 36.19 1.96 91.21 98.76 0.15 3.27 1.26 22.19 67.79 0.10 131.00

0.02 49.14 0.03 0.14 0.02 2.28 0.29 6.64 0.46 0.01 4.39 0.68 56.29 0.13 13.16 0.03 16.24 0.30 0.36 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.82 0.06 0.21 3.57 0.49 0.08 0.01 11.17 0.47 16.11 15.48 0.03 0.42 0.70 4.98 11.65 0.02 24.00

0.02 47.61 0.05 0.44 0.07 4.30 0.55 6.43 1.50 0.01 5.88 2.07 43.38 0.22 24.52 0.03 16.83 0.44 1.03 0.10 0.03 0.11 0.70 0.07 0.31 4.16 1.03 0.14 0.02 14.27 0.73 25.70 29.04 0.04 1.31 0.65 6.83 22.77 0.02 35.30

0.00 8.97 0.01 0.10 0.02 0.77 0.10 1.18 0.34 0.00 5.33 0.47 8.91 0.04 4.58 0.01 3.89 0.09 0.23 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.15 0.01 0.06 0.93 0.15 0.03 0.00 4.44 0.14 4.67 5.22 0.01 0.29 0.14 1.54 4.87 0.01 8.04

0.03 65.52 0.08 0.48 0.08 11.37 1.46 10.39 1.64 0.01 10.02 2.30 68.28 0.37 30.63 0.04 40.44 0.75 1.13 0.10 0.05 0.12 1.19 0.14 0.89 4.04 1.23 0.37 0.04 27.33 1.96 32.99 76.38 0.11 1.44 1.34 10.12 28.10 0.07 60.99

94 

R. Guo

Table 3.20  Total wage bill of employed persons in urban units (100  million yuan) (III) Management of water conservancy, environment and public facilities

Ethnic group

Financial Real intermediation estate

Scientific research, Leasing technical services, and and business geological services prospecting

National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao

8907.3

3507.8

4453.3

5045.1

1456.5

0.12 6.68 0.04 0.31 11.33 3.97 0.76 0.06 0.03 12.01 1.33 0.18 0.03 2.20 8367.48 4.92 0.03 74.73 0.09 0.45 0.07 6.40 0.82 11.46 1.55 0.03 9.49 2.17 81.56 0.41 36.82

0.06 3.32 0.02 0.17 5.04 2.09 0.17 0.03 0.01 4.86 0.51 0.04 0.01 0.99 3312.33 2.59 0.01 24.46 0.03 0.24 0.04 1.85 0.24 3.11 0.82 0.00 9.67 1.14 22.76 0.16 16.30

0.05 2.60 0.02 0.13 3.77 1.61 0.26 0.02 0.01 3.90 0.54 0.05 0.02 0.74 4234.22 1.99 0.01 36.11 0.04 0.18 0.03 3.59 0.46 4.69 0.62 0.01 2.27 0.87 34.34 0.16 12.31

0.08 4.09 0.04 0.20 5.33 2.59 0.36 0.04 0.02 5.33 1.31 0.08 0.02 1.04 4749.35 3.20 0.02 48.47 0.04 0.29 0.05 4.01 0.51 6.17 1.00 0.01 3.04 1.42 45.83 0.17 17.59

0.03 1.69 0.02 0.09 2.07 1.10 0.20 0.02 0.01 2.16 0.73 0.05 0.01 0.40 1340.16 1.36 0.01 15.35 0.02 0.13 0.02 2.08 0.27 2.31 0.43 0.00 2.87 0.60 12.74 0.08 7.09 (continued)

3  Employment and Income Distribution 

95

Table 3.20 (continued)

Ethnic group

Financial Real intermediation estate

Leasing and business services

Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

0.08 35.21 0.83 1.09 0.10 0.05 0.12 1.16 0.11 0.53 5.78 1.52 0.21 0.03 32.82 1.19 35.99 43.14 0.07 1.37 1.22 11.73 27.57 0.04 65.06

0.03 10.68 0.35 0.45 0.04 0.02 0.05 0.42 0.06 0.12 2.43 0.51 0.12 0.02 10.14 0.28 12.36 24.21 0.04 0.55 0.45 4.80 10.51 0.02 28.14

0.01 8.13 0.32 0.56 0.05 0.01 0.06 0.55 0.03 0.12 2.47 0.67 0.06 0.01 5.88 0.30 16.53 12.50 0.02 0.72 0.34 4.86 13.81 0.01 25.53

Scientific research, technical services, and geological prospecting

Management of water conservancy, environment and public facilities

0.04 15.74 0.35 0.71 0.07 0.02 0.08 0.95 0.06 0.48 2.21 0.72 0.13 0.02 20.69 1.04 19.00 27.02 0.04 0.88 0.59 5.05 18.72 0.04 27.46

0.01 8.71 0.17 0.29 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.24 0.03 0.18 0.79 0.28 0.07 0.01 6.28 0.40 7.45 13.97 0.02 0.38 0.23 2.19 6.75 0.02 13.39

96 

R. Guo

Table 3.21  Total wage bill of employed persons in urban units (100  million yuan) (IV)

Ethnic group National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao

Services to households and other services

Health, social securities Culture, sports and social and entertainment Education welfare

Public management and social organization

423.8

15,928.1

8857.8

1450.7

15,882.8

0.01 0.46 0.00 0.02 0.55 0.30 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.52 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.11 400.23 0.38 0.00 2.92 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.19 0.03 0.88 0.12 0.00 0.30 0.16 4.88 0.01 1.70

0.49 25.75 0.20 1.32 39.35 16.62 1.58 0.26 0.10 34.33 6.54 0.38 0.06 7.67 14,531.21 20.67 0.05 142.13 0.24 1.90 0.30 24.12 3.09 20.31 6.51 0.08 19.00 9.02 117.37 1.22 108.91

0.20 10.79 0.09 0.53 16.28 6.70 0.77 0.10 0.04 17.50 2.78 0.18 0.03 3.16 8158.10 8.32 0.03 74.00 0.15 0.76 0.12 11.36 1.46 11.13 2.62 0.02 9.51 3.67 64.14 0.68 53.07

0.03 1.41 0.01 0.07 1.84 0.87 0.14 0.01 0.01 2.05 0.41 0.03 0.01 0.36 1346.90 1.08 0.01 15.14 0.01 0.10 0.02 1.46 0.19 2.05 0.34 0.01 1.61 0.47 13.12 0.06 6.31

0.48 25.68 0.25 1.30 41.93 16.34 1.86 0.25 0.10 36.41 8.01 0.47 0.06 8.17 14,223.31 20.31 0.05 158.88 0.23 1.86 0.29 36.35 4.65 19.55 6.39 0.21 20.53 8.90 116.86 1.20 113.01 (continued)

3  Employment and Income Distribution 

97

Table 3.21 (continued)

Ethnic group

Services to households and other services

Health, social securities Culture, sports and social and entertainment Education welfare

Public management and social organization

Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

0.00 1.34 0.03 0.08 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.28 0.07 0.01 0.00 0.75 0.02 1.51 1.30 0.00 0.10 0.08 0.44 1.65 0.00 2.02

0.24 72.51 2.30 4.42 0.42 0.09 0.48 2.98 0.27 1.67 11.10 5.35 0.78 0.09 105.13 3.77 88.22 161.87 0.24 5.67 2.16 28.43 100.43 0.17 178.75

0.64 87.31 2.22 4.42 0.43 0.10 0.47 3.41 0.37 2.46 11.04 5.68 1.17 0.14 231.55 5.41 87.88 243.86 0.36 5.57 2.61 28.15 103.05 0.20 169.80

0.07 35.12 1.38 1.80 0.17 0.05 0.19 1.87 0.13 0.78 6.37 2.23 0.37 0.04 39.60 1.77 51.55 76.34 0.11 2.30 1.19 17.65 45.18 0.07 109.16

0.03 6.29 0.13 0.24 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.17 0.02 0.15 0.84 0.25 0.05 0.01 11.47 0.32 6.59 9.82 0.01 0.30 0.18 1.89 5.29 0.01 9.99

98 

R. Guo

Table 3.22  Average wage of employed persons in urban private units (yuan) (I)

Ethnic group National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi

Total

Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery

Mining

Manufac­ turing

Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water

49,575

36,375

44,096

49,275

44,239

43,663.76 43,442.70 39,825.81 43,680.71 43,785.13 43,643.34 38,776.67 43,604.86 43,695.99 42,573.50 40,054.09 40,095.90 44,488.42 43,792.17 45,896.99 43,649.42 36,466.52 42,978.89 40,653.91 43,652.02 43,632.54 41,785.12 41,730.86 36,742.45 43,652.01 4258.66 49,272.96 43,630.08 39,195.69 41,299.54 43,441.99 2407.40 40,131.47 41,013.78 43,474.01

41,775.43 39,976.17 32,192.22 41,759.01 30,652.65 41,735.23 33,856.18 41,758.19 40,354.81 31,980.52 32,513.13 35,310.86 34,292.29 30,425.19 35,742.28 41,772.97 30,659.34 34,119.80 33,927.23 41,730.47 41,745.34 34,589.02 34,561.45 27,391.99 41,759.59 3208.04 38,725.34 41,589.96 31,469.22 32,778.35 33,557.59 1773.84 34,512.61 33,453.23 41,405.29

36,705.23 38,614.16 42,209.26 36,754.60 49,915.19 36,692.98 43,984.59 36,636.69 38,395.60 47,368.00 43,152.03 45,521.58 42,571.97 50,130.46 44,342.00 36,673.92 39,220.97 43,811.77 43,332.99 36,721.69 36,653.35 54,026.14 53,903.07 35,852.85 36,702.02 4403.94 44,390.75 36,860.97 37,023.78 45,283.24 46,760.77 1807.77 44,168.05 44,190.24 36,723.44

45,550.91 44,968.90 39,735.06 45,574.21 43,914.92 45,535.73 40,747.84 45,513.32 45,357.62 42,571.37 40,135.40 43,024.10 44,343.64 43,896.61 45,962.01 45,550.62 36,061.22 44,145.06 41,760.91 45,539.79 45,534.45 43,872.21 43,799.85 36,418.88 45,548.44 4277.78 42,445.44 45,488.36 38,837.43 42,160.03 43,719.49 2371.38 42,470.95 41,981.02 45,316.64

39,251.72 40,667.17 43,679.56 39,301.94 53,122.61 39,255.11 42,487.10 39,198.85 40,290.31 47,254.73 44,193.27 45,768.54 42,716.08 53,368.41 44,684.86 39,244.67 34,288.82 46,411.74 40,989.13 39,273.10 39,213.62 51,888.69 51,722.50 32,852.93 39,263.80 4401.30 32,851.98 39,434.68 40,099.66 44,454.43 47,042.08 2278.70 45,302.86 42,493.12 39,268.04 (continued)

3  Employment and Income Distribution 

99

Table 3.22 (continued)

Ethnic group

Total

Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery

Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

43,077.31 38,141.44 43,628.97 43,401.06 41,784.85 38,873.43 51,316.62 43,632.06 41,910.95 42,060.88 22,702.35 39,449.35 43,515.87 41,802.59 41,938.38 43,775.89 39,230.94 41,817.11 43,564.31 40,033.85 40,957.69

41,149.28 32,985.24 41,681.95 35,278.90 34,973.74 29,501.57 39,991.44 30,820.74 34,615.40 34,611.58 18,087.91 30,003.40 33,474.14 34,595.04 34,643.49 41,758.28 31,868.46 34,875.51 38,686.02 32,358.97 34,547.74

Mining

Manufac­ turing

Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water

36,292.20 42,265.69 36,723.16 43,037.03 50,309.30 42,826.69 49,991.28 49,575.95 53,739.99 53,274.19 23,400.06 42,640.18 46,464.43 54,002.08 53,867.69 36,958.31 39,035.73 42,982.06 39,918.48 42,146.77 42,731.49

44,931.47 39,428.20 45,513.65 43,741.20 44,027.75 39,049.86 50,627.16 43,838.66 43,940.90 43,955.25 22,846.97 39,552.30 43,711.41 43,885.11 43,961.67 45,640.30 38,866.87 42,288.15 44,836.29 39,907.56 42,069.35

38,800.22 39,956.63 39,265.68 44,891.37 49,642.94 48,830.33 44,897.34 52,627.42 51,614.08 51,403.25 25,440.76 48,347.12 43,922.73 51,864.73 51,732.36 39,521.89 40,821.67 40,135.11 42,354.30 43,520.00 40,557.92

Table 3.23  Average wage of employed persons in urban private units (yuan) (II)

Ethnic group National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi

Transport, storage Construction and post

Information transmission, computer service and software

Wholesale and retail trades

Hotels and catering services

50,879

50,547

76,326

45,177

39,632

40,332.35 41,227.79 38,493.99 40,381.52 45,194.56

43,071.18 42,536.03 40,673.82 43,098.25 40,982.55

57,219.97 58,014.90 40,931.76 57,205.36 66,553.33

41,379.49 40,402.13 39,798.13 41,390.21 38,389.22

38,482.84 37,793.42 37,844.17 38,482.20 36,929.70 (continued)

100 

R. Guo

Table 3.23 (continued)

Ethnic group

Transport, storage Construction and post

Information transmission, computer service and software

Wholesale and retail trades

Hotels and catering services

Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik

40,327.30 39,262.44 40,258.98 41,415.90 44,980.28 39,013.54 40,763.18 45,994.12 45,266.11 47,650.25 40,320.01 36,094.26 44,459.04 40,514.86 40,339.33 40,294.45 45,551.25 45,466.20 38,555.30 40,346.69 4413.81 43,221.81 40,438.10 40,868.67 41,632.91 45,095.07 2391.25 41,300.76 41,102.41 40,276.40 39,846.62 38,363.98 40,345.12 44,665.07 44,065.05 40,508.09 53,298.45 44,934.96 45,606.55

57,165.39 39,332.37 57,123.38 56,437.75 61,276.01 41,101.79 38,385.09 55,930.03 66,914.54 58,344.76 57,199.04 43,589.47 49,335.62 48,818.87 57,260.02 57,186.93 42,444.70 42,444.66 42,663.26 57,160.86 5739.83 61,356.80 56,860.87 45,618.10 53,482.44 61,369.19 3279.73 39,734.33 51,247.85 56,738.21 56,414.51 40,633.45 57,097.66 47,934.09 42,705.59 40,379.69 73,286.20 65,757.27 42,953.59

41,354.58 36,121.84 41,330.37 41,106.55 36,832.34 39,335.63 37,865.72 41,464.05 38,333.45 42,302.24 41,365.47 33,260.35 40,403.68 39,257.83 41,363.47 41,344.13 35,178.61 35,147.44 32,825.28 41,372.47 3802.61 42,454.81 41,301.15 37,433.93 38,900.02 38,015.97 2200.86 38,054.51 39,276.16 41,142.65 40,815.52 35,475.88 41,336.89 39,203.91 36,894.12 43,517.51 47,067.08 38,389.50 35,380.70

38,460.62 35,367.28 38,448.09 38,162.32 34,976.46 38,030.53 36,927.11 36,864.16 36,894.29 38,151.88 38,475.56 32,088.95 36,877.99 33,727.82 38,463.93 38,454.89 37,818.01 37,758.92 32,851.32 38,473.01 3512.07 40,967.35 38,427.85 34,056.78 34,399.52 35,930.05 1975.12 36,553.73 33,993.22 38,270.56 37,946.31 34,426.50 38,444.39 36,802.68 37,703.77 33,788.52 40,499.92 36,834.64 37,796.47

43,031.01 42,886.64 42,991.08 43,602.97 40,571.90 41,343.13 43,557.43 44,739.05 40,887.53 47,260.64 43,041.40 40,741.57 45,064.30 40,812.44 43,038.69 43,009.82 51,520.28 51,437.18 37,050.96 43,054.91 4311.78 57,634.60 43,056.24 40,518.22 40,570.14 41,903.32 2422.52 43,101.69 40,813.37 42,875.23 42,518.60 42,074.91 43,035.00 43,353.68 48,391.23 46,294.88 51,878.31 40,906.93 51,373.91

(continued)

3  Employment and Income Distribution 

101

Table 3.23 (continued)

Ethnic group

Transport, storage Construction and post

Information transmission, computer service and software

Wholesale and retail trades

Hotels and catering services

Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

45,409.75 23,211.77 40,922.33 46,881.71 45,573.64 45,611.35 40,591.20 41,714.31 42,915.37 42,044.49 38,510.34 40,581.32

43,462.76 24,539.31 42,391.30 57,201.69 42,516.48 42,989.70 57,213.92 44,479.37 54,545.48 55,630.83 41,409.22 49,917.36

35,752.93 22,818.63 43,746.67 37,757.37 35,189.34 35,367.65 41,468.88 37,584.55 38,625.52 40,397.45 39,848.88 39,763.09

37,918.85 19,704.26 34,169.22 35,551.72 37,812.47 37,843.43 38,535.63 34,454.42 33,847.35 37,815.63 38,042.95 33,967.03

51,003.76 24,421.87 46,262.28 43,018.91 51,517.85 51,495.53 43,252.55 41,775.77 41,607.61 42,851.28 40,482.19 41,168.19

Table 3.24  Average wage of employed persons in urban private units (yuan) (III)

Ethnic group National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao

Scientific research, technical services, and geological prospecting

Management of water conservancy, environment and public facilities

Financial intermed­ iation

Real estate

Leasing and business services

62,943

51,393

53,382

61,876

42,409

36,689.98 40,601.62 44,735.40 36,803.43 60,197.84 36,699.10 43,492.28 36,564.64 39,517.92 57,447.42 45,749.84 42,443.98 51,473.47 60,532.66

45,891.22 46,642.24 43,454.55 45,872.50 52,598.19 45,854.78 37,421.08 45,800.18 45,788.72 50,270.50 43,813.98 37,344.11 48,006.53 52,769.72

46,352.13 45,148.40 43,927.30 46,344.30 39,830.65 46,323.02 40,041.54 46,290.73 45,791.34 39,999.00 43,860.88 40,509.39 44,760.69 39,694.36

55,944.51 54,050.14 54,914.45 55,941.50 44,944.18 55,910.02 44,395.16 55,925.85 54,640.44 45,753.81 54,341.02 44,536.34 50,405.83 44,760.93

37,514.22 36,861.77 40,178.24 37,533.42 32,634.73 37,518.44 34,331.05 37,474.47 37,481.99 33,849.19 40,123.73 35,611.16 38,097.64 32,518.80 (continued)

102 

R. Guo

Table 3.24 (continued)

Ethnic group

Financial intermed­ iation

Real estate

Leasing and business services

Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek

52,647.99 36,665.54 46,426.75 48,228.44 48,043.05 36,727.64 36,672.21 51,385.02 51,324.48 44,419.96 36,690.97 5387.55 44,968.61 36,952.45 44,657.10 51,553.99 56,397.85 2991.33 42,536.72 49,727.95 36,954.09 36,406.28 44,010.35 36,754.78 47,116.47 49,563.55 32,814.45 65,840.80 59,466.61 51,457.88 51,858.61 22,114.09 33,670.48 58,547.78 51,408.10 51,574.95

48,133.66 45,841.04 38,360.69 43,676.82 46,563.80 45,879.79 45,833.70 41,962.12 41,915.11 36,583.12 45,841.10 4595.04 75,450.96 45,845.24 40,537.25 48,105.83 50,449.43 2478.46 38,055.25 47,297.13 45,716.76 45,240.23 37,632.48 45,813.37 46,894.39 41,001.08 32,156.75 55,344.23 52,255.15 42,187.11 42,519.81 22,187.16 33,511.89 49,826.25 41,983.43 42,245.95

46,176.37 46,332.50 40,105.69 41,824.72 40,999.41 46,320.74 46,316.99 36,612.61 36,637.30 35,811.51 46,331.62 4082.09 55,410.78 46,251.95 39,845.23 40,383.65 41,396.28 2489.59 40,026.74 40,875.60 46,093.15 45,692.29 40,198.18 46,284.60 44,130.99 38,920.83 31,556.41 50,763.38 39,821.76 36,915.52 37,480.04 21,507.93 32,918.45 40,999.82 36,634.88 36,895.33

Scientific research, technical services, and geological prospecting

Management of water conservancy, environment and public facilities

52,349.22 55,942.95 44,880.86 50,802.19 47,587.79 55,918.12 55,940.61 48,152.79 48,093.20 45,163.15 55,926.84 4738.03 52,975.12 55,702.56 44,001.50 46,560.66 47,664.26 2862.80 44,674.23 47,365.39 55,514.54 55,129.38 44,437.29 55,859.34 48,494.31 47,493.56 56,929.05 56,685.99 45,014.15 48,280.59 48,827.60 29,371.19 57,078.83 47,732.66 48,148.46 48,333.42

39,608.42 37,498.82 31,765.28 38,341.95 34,259.05 37,500.47 37,497.31 37,641.26 37,572.60 31,449.78 37,514.92 3493.19 39,200.59 37,627.49 34,666.15 33,581.23 34,976.48 2123.86 35,639.22 34,113.26 37,474.15 37,014.26 33,582.94 37,496.06 41,713.39 37,265.23 37,341.60 41,654.18 32,607.70 37,678.60 37,913.08 21,852.18 37,664.04 36,366.41 37,639.58 37,722.92 (continued)

3  Employment and Income Distribution 

103

Table 3.24 (continued)

Ethnic group

Financial intermed­ iation

Real estate

Leasing and business services

Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

37,111.41 42,497.41 49,041.63 42,174.51 45,623.54 46,935.06

45,946.64 40,565.69 47,498.53 46,869.37 44,085.70 46,584.81

46,394.22 39,798.85 42,300.52 44,952.99 44,594.56 41,673.84

Scientific research, technical services, and geological prospecting

Management of water conservancy, environment and public facilities

55,924.16 43,696.73 49,466.23 52,594.41 55,007.60 48,635.51

37,661.01 34,572.59 35,985.11 38,085.95 40,370.24 34,769.90

Table 3.25  Average wage of employed persons in urban private units (yuan) (IV) Ethnic group National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino

Services to households and other services 41,058 42,665.39 41,335.27 37,263.91 42,675.46 34,549.48 42,636.77 31,739.81 42,655.24 41,434.40 35,304.10 37,011.23 31,935.94 37,281.88 34,407.35 38,834.83 42,672.49 31,575.34 37,942.21 35,341.66 42,640.43 42,652.92

Education

Health, social securities and social welfare

Culture, sports and entertainment

46,228

52,343

44,592

46,142.46 45,638.37 44,236.51 46,155.70 43,259.79 46,136.16 37,259.35 46,135.18 45,285.26 42,396.31 43,902.95 38,846.05 41,949.07 43,237.53 44,081.02 46,157.48 34,704.61 42,265.03 35,026.59 46,137.22 46,150.63

42,551.04 43,221.67 42,343.21 42,601.68 45,944.63 42,557.96 41,817.94 42,471.01 43,622.27 45,999.23 43,378.80 43,227.61 47,263.89 45,979.99 49,854.06 42,540.11 38,752.45 44,611.83 42,566.07 42,558.68 42,527.21

34,458.89 34,618.46 35,416.87 34,501.69 36,077.44 34,451.76 34,329.73 34,374.95 35,370.32 35,393.77 35,630.51 35,861.93 38,739.71 36,082.39 41,479.16 34,431.14 31,261.81 38,728.49 33,176.70 34,449.01 34,417.43 (continued)

104 

R. Guo

Table 3.25 (continued) Ethnic group

Services to households and other services

Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

35,222.10 35,175.02 33,201.76 42,670.29 3497.74 32,439.98 42,520.63 34,224.06 34,886.93 36,690.12 1980.02 32,770.02 35,163.73 42,327.45 42,045.79 31,700.50 42,596.13 37,264.78 34,350.03 40,666.15 41,127.53 34,625.01 35,316.04 35,487.54 21,548.78 40,699.56 37,541.44 35,227.36 35,285.12 42,727.05 34,123.73 36,721.40 40,225.38 37,218.63 35,873.64

Education

Health, social securities and social welfare

Culture, sports and entertainment

38,642.48 38,577.85 38,690.43 46,147.31 4044.25 34,453.85 46,076.66 39,836.67 36,910.15 43,465.59 2357.80 39,402.35 35,812.10 45,906.89 45,485.03 36,579.61 46,102.11 43,589.51 39,584.85 42,201.75 42,507.92 42,987.08 38,784.15 39,299.37 23,880.57 42,534.55 43,309.25 38,650.00 38,763.27 46,182.48 38,522.11 38,972.49 45,092.06 44,473.54 35,539.75

52,631.75 52,504.57 42,226.81 42,546.46 4642.20 44,534.22 42,670.20 44,022.47 43,315.48 46,377.75 2706.67 43,775.59 43,201.82 42,540.62 42,052.60 40,793.43 42,566.36 47,932.60 49,400.27 36,705.10 55,513.50 45,679.29 52,522.79 52,308.68 23,297.67 37,617.19 46,899.20 52,642.45 52,674.22 42,743.23 46,218.19 45,642.80 44,373.39 42,621.86 43,019.23

41,092.76 40,997.67 32,324.46 34,448.64 3742.11 46,487.39 34,597.60 35,148.52 33,691.11 36,321.17 2251.81 36,098.56 33,581.01 34,468.00 34,047.42 33,359.23 34,466.90 40,286.14 39,607.50 42,035.71 42,159.63 35,856.42 41,088.72 41,081.19 22,236.67 42,018.59 37,725.99 41,101.09 41,183.35 34,687.13 35,614.19 35,143.95 36,196.11 35,284.25 33,553.95

3  Employment and Income Distribution 

105

Table 3.26  Average wage of employed persons in urban units (yuan) (I)

Ethnic group National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol

Total

Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery Mining

Production and distribution of electricity, gas and Manufacturing water

82,413

36,466

81,429

72,088

100,162

75,730.41 75,737.25 71,551.20 75,748.94 78,362.54 75,754.86 70,137.31 75,712.81 75,515.08 75,426.42 71,360.40 73,300.78 74,083.79 78,432.75 76,209.32 75,742.67 64,163.10 76,593.85 71,386.61 75,731.92 75,757.15 75,474.02 75,345.48 68,379.78 75,700.83 112,543.86 76,076.65 75,762.46 69,657.29 73,162.67 76,006.21 114,820.94 73,246.09

47,697.89 47,840.49 46,765.38 47,722.91 51,877.35 47,769.84 38,859.12 47,647.66 46,907.75 48,019.57 45,218.12 42,543.57 43,089.27 51,919.07 46,782.92 47,693.78 32,819.63 47,109.01 42,515.25 47,689.59 47,704.70 29,805.38 29,796.14 35,387.93 47,710.77 35,265.44 44,037.84 48,172.02 25,559.72 45,011.63 48,682.35 35,298.35 40,009.05

59,602.87 60,088.81 86,852.40 59,732.31 64,686.55 59,743.21 97,906.37 59,539.73 64,587.82 62,431.31 88,685.86 104,234.40 74,252.71 64,714.46 81,521.25 59,575.25 80,255.69 92,854.17 62,385.35 59,645.12 59,616.55 123,174.83 122,805.61 71,872.41 59,619.36 111,451.75 68,854.43 60,577.54 76,012.40 62,846.13 64,129.69 113,689.74 99,183.89

61,942.90 63,514.41 68,316.69 61,973.40 73,676.18 61,979.64 68,014.49 61,905.55 63,105.07 69,867.10 68,672.36 69,611.48 65,971.45 73,908.63 67,903.31 61,948.07 65,099.07 66,664.37 61,276.73 61,965.73 61,967.18 71,907.98 71,828.92 72,059.82 61,914.16 88,290.41 67,343.82 62,152.89 69,630.64 64,624.00 69,386.23 89,515.07 69,695.75

94,722.03 94,464.66 79,368.88 94,735.66 103,201.26 94,749.45 87,803.77 94,621.00 94,674.51 94,584.74 80,220.89 93,345.92 95,642.35 103,295.94 10,0882.11 94,732.42 76,965.78 97,945.67 91,919.40 94,726.87 94,699.67 97,229.74 97,051.74 84,214.25 94,679.09 99,977.45 89,613.77 94,822.10 83,387.67 94,940.94 94,901.45 100,682.54 92,204.38 (continued)

106 

R. Guo

Table 3.26 (continued)

Ethnic group

Total

Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery Mining

Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

72,288.06 76,004.81 76,333.05 68,336.78 75,760.24 77,726.64 76,017.19 83,559.69 78,145.24 78,066.29 75,474.37 75,801.57 95,815.70 83,087.96 74,845.65 75,488.29 75,633.72 75,674.89 69,556.74 72,482.46 76,557.30 71,311.74 71,731.72

43,540.40 48,118.90 47,537.09 37,279.43 47,721.60 65,094.37 35,839.23 54,021.35 50,179.88 51,443.67 30,346.33 31,187.91 47,401.88 53,987.89 44,361.85 29,830.99 30,120.89 47,890.92 22,485.75 43,094.90 52,965.21 46,744.78 42,517.68

63,207.50 60,796.84 60,588.76 91,900.37 59,893.81 93,924.80 114,756.99 113,282.70 63,546.23 64,319.84 121,757.33 120,521.44 106,242.22 110,351.59 68,601.45 123,064.60 122,490.65 60,107.68 82,602.86 64,005.67 69,631.14 85,552.69 63,379.27

Production and distribution of electricity, gas and Manufacturing water 62,775.66 62,322.51 62,413.16 67,098.55 62,021.01 69,835.84 71,799.11 65,061.31 67,470.88 73,174.18 71,734.67 71,972.16 77,396.59 65,171.19 68,062.00 71,902.64 71,915.59 61,981.63 69,960.98 63,089.03 65,444.22 68,494.94 61,125.53

93,665.04 94,933.55 94,945.50 84,656.77 94,767.12 99,188.89 97,310.71 94,699.79 113,380.90 102,703.74 97,181.25 97,046.81 97,091.31 95,265.54 90,599.59 97,274.01 97,461.38 94,674.05 81,292.85 90,444.78 96,860.37 79,108.84 92,653.03

3  Employment and Income Distribution 

107

Table 3.27  Average wage of employed persons in urban units (yuan) (II)

Ethnic group National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi

Transport, storage Construction and post

Information transmission, computer service and software

Wholesale and retail trades

Hotels and catering services

60,501

88,508

147,678

80,551

48,260

49,242.41 51,008.64 52,968.89 49,296.47 62,299.37 49,274.25 51,830.80 49,208.55 50,961.95 59,026.15 53,140.69 52,269.25 58,186.08 62,572.04 58,832.77 49,247.72 50,623.57 58,176.18 55,378.36 49,289.23 49,249.32 62,473.19 62,349.08 51,113.60 49,252.99 57,432.08 46,989.08 49,404.46 55,357.88 57,428.76 58,123.80 57,616.15 53,508.32 56,409.81 49,490.53

88,950.68 88,083.82 82,954.65 88,919.18 86,225.01 88,952.79 80,614.25 88,979.61 87,753.52 84,130.13 83,793.01 81,739.26 81,450.58 86,223.83 83,147.05 88,961.14 76,457.09 83,732.22 82,188.12 88,950.36 88,971.40 99,984.29 99,767.02 76,648.12 88,905.24 102,646.63 84,726.67 88,816.57 77,605.06 83,174.88 84,608.42 103,749.77 81,774.22 82,716.39 88,931.98

85,542.33 89,113.56 77,194.07 85,669.04 108,869.13 85,603.96 80,019.05 85,284.40 88,759.93 104,866.71 78,950.37 84,575.86 102,192.47 109,094.78 109,961.64 85,496.43 71,485.87 97,227.30 93,797.25 85,546.95 85,482.02 105,146.07 104,839.92 84,310.06 85,483.60 122,482.68 117,476.63 86,140.28 94,027.09 97,787.60 104,406.98 124,276.70 88,169.47 96,377.26 86,507.64

59,717.62 61,072.13 52,711.29 59,754.04 71,302.42 59,759.58 59,563.73 59,667.26 60,395.31 66,956.95 53,758.66 61,450.91 63,589.64 71,511.83 64,736.68 59,726.52 55,005.63 61,361.85 60,875.68 59,731.21 59,729.90 73,190.05 73,034.89 54,606.84 59,692.18 80,624.86 64,976.90 59,872.03 56,646.27 63,727.94 66,516.41 81,889.82 61,167.98 62,305.25 60,069.80

39,297.37 39,944.60 38,938.63 39,304.64 43,856.67 39,290.63 46,436.62 39,248.54 40,168.89 42,683.19 39,391.68 44,769.46 43,930.33 43,897.60 44,175.50 39,272.70 49,627.12 43,426.92 39,495.73 39,288.76 39,259.50 48,651.01 48,685.16 43,753.89 39,279.86 63,065.75 55,413.63 39,406.95 45,873.35 40,542.46 42,513.80 64,016.55 44,582.02 39,962.76 39,521.26 (continued)

108 

R. Guo

Table 3.27 (continued)

Ethnic group

Transport, storage Construction and post

Information transmission, computer service and software

Wholesale and retail trades

Hotels and catering services

Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

49,459.72 51,271.78 49,328.32 55,243.87 59,460.86 67,351.96 59,966.67 61,964.36 62,337.73 62,275.86 58,538.54 66,480.56 58,551.62 62,479.16 62,476.70 49,439.32 56,603.78 54,888.29 52,370.43 52,593.95 55,024.36

86,419.40 77,315.35 85,672.83 110,604.57 99,828.87 87,640.94 127,124.35 107,795.17 105,155.37 104,747.28 108,382.22 89,088.63 108,018.68 105,232.04 105,546.84 85,851.67 99,371.90 98,314.97 94,968.98 77,195.77 94,176.65

60,129.41 57,887.07 59,770.18 66,880.03 69,463.15 65,640.38 73,129.70 70,826.39 72,879.95 72,463.91 72,113.25 65,356.06 63,457.77 73,206.31 73,197.14 59,718.47 60,036.28 61,728.01 62,979.73 52,315.50 60,858.17

39,705.81 47,210.52 39,331.07 43,913.20 47,074.91 45,977.74 46,166.66 43,625.91 48,473.95 48,209.10 53,338.33 45,629.32 42,329.62 48,654.52 48,616.73 39,382.62 47,399.35 40,436.33 41,061.20 38,657.31 39,421.80

89,148.03 78,825.72 88,911.16 85,138.17 92,848.63 94,405.48 88,060.33 86,093.58 99,403.98 98,858.81 95,698.19 93,613.22 81,818.39 99,949.56 99,781.27 88,735.12 81,674.97 83,161.86 87,568.31 82,383.21 82,784.38

Table 3.28  Average wage of employed persons in urban units (yuan) (III)

Ethnic group National average Achang Bai Baonan

Scientific research, technical services, and geological prospecting

Management of water conservancy, environment and public facilities

Financial intermed­ iation

Real estate

Leasing and business services

129,837

75,281

85,147

123,343

56,670

136,829.26 134,498.63 75,242.27

55,469.59 56,975.54 50,603.26

47,271.74 48,860.73 59,083.29

94,272.37 93,329.30 94,223.75

55,586.90 54,566.72 55,302.48 (continued)

3  Employment and Income Distribution 

109

Table 3.28 (continued)

Ethnic group

Financial intermed­ iation

Real estate

Leasing and business services

Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang

136,771.34 142,616.99 136,727.57 83,551.51 136,852.72 130,558.46 124,309.15 76,025.17 88,749.64 114,114.85 143,170.69 111,659.62 136,883.95 75,507.81 102,580.10 106,395.46 136,839.31 136,885.94 99,905.03 99,663.80 90,096.85 136,759.28 209,358.88 121,493.81 135,552.82 89,235.60 115,978.51 127,380.01 214,398.54 91,151.15 110,745.68 136,158.51 137,737.07 81,062.53 136,546.71 97,214.56

55,540.80 63,285.24 55,497.41 48,794.00 55,355.30 56,971.24 64,677.45 50,763.50 48,290.54 65,416.61 63,382.82 66,665.00 55,448.37 51,296.28 59,938.24 70,556.75 55,475.08 55,435.78 52,751.97 52,732.89 51,940.53 55,462.38 80,822.18 69,210.80 55,713.71 59,664.55 68,915.54 63,908.46 81,928.80 50,834.84 70,354.34 55,868.94 55,978.65 49,670.69 55,537.77 65,685.88

47,301.64 56,719.82 47,301.57 58,543.58 47,162.26 49,401.26 56,413.33 58,738.19 55,318.09 59,463.85 56,835.49 61,490.87 47,241.50 66,879.80 56,133.20 57,877.14 47,296.72 47,241.24 54,669.86 54,774.03 56,400.65 47,245.18 99,097.92 68,403.92 47,553.61 54,423.07 57,655.41 55,129.94 101,996.83 53,964.65 58,230.85 47,850.34 48,203.04 60,866.68 47,383.80 59,085.60

Scientific research, technical services, and geological prospecting

Management of water conservancy, environment and public facilities

94,384.45 88,998.67 94,436.44 82,989.47 94,187.83 94,731.70 88,777.63 93,649.94 82,556.25 97,156.14 88,745.33 103,982.51 94,288.22 85,591.75 95,875.24 89,174.18 94,243.68 94,330.89 89,658.36 89,591.59 81,534.59 94,267.58 123,697.11 90,841.88 95,115.04 89,100.58 88,609.56 91,581.45 126,193.11 84,099.92 89,439.90 95,335.48 94,908.94 83,635.44 94,435.63 124,240.96

55,629.59 46,596.33 55,603.12 44,136.58 55,586.48 54,771.02 49,263.81 54,387.22 45,775.06 52,859.41 46,368.46 55,144.85 55,610.92 41,157.63 55,897.49 48,117.36 55,548.96 55,613.30 51,468.45 51,337.67 42,857.47 55,587.19 53,531.62 50,538.95 55,551.81 43,989.01 47,314.27 50,745.23 53,954.00 46,381.65 47,896.63 55,613.93 55,592.82 43,112.75 55,597.60 55,119.44 (continued)

110 

R. Guo

Table 3.28 (continued)

Ethnic group

Financial intermed­ iation

Real estate

Leasing and business services

Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

99,134.55 100,642.65 123,831.70 141,489.79 100,273.20 100,332.55 151,674.52 102,126.55 113,096.61 100,027.03 100,579.08 136,122.20 90,865.50 108,954.91 126,462.23 74,846.25 108,330.75

52,499.47 50,434.69 72,988.86 63,369.07 53,245.55 53,418.22 68,489.56 51,622.00 66,538.45 52,824.69 53,163.28 55,686.42 60,056.96 68,967.15 59,133.78 50,885.62 70,505.27

56,159.84 56,575.24 64,549.57 56,487.15 54,865.85 55,523.70 77,914.29 57,034.52 55,583.40 54,699.09 54,986.15 47,529.27 52,458.74 57,766.97 51,556.76 59,406.01 57,906.84

Scientific research, technical services, and geological prospecting

Management of water conservancy, environment and public facilities

89,043.57 98,233.98 112,259.44 88,728.43 90,055.03 90,796.35 116,655.45 99,017.38 97,492.43 89,705.06 90,060.73 94,404.87 88,168.10 91,548.09 101,916.77 94,347.00 90,302.00

50,369.43 71,605.90 61,411.22 46,639.91 51,565.02 52,075.90 58,315.36 70,692.15 55,298.30 51,473.94 51,617.51 55,520.94 44,458.89 51,237.19 54,416.77 54,835.21 48,795.04

Table 3.29  Average wage of employed persons in urban units (yuan) (IV)

Ethnic group National Average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang

Services to households and other services Education

Health, social securities and social welfare

Public Culture, sports management and social and entertainment organization

55,343

92,383

98,118

98,621

87,932

46,215.07 47,060.94 56,447.87 46,260.36 44,223.55 46,222.53 51,431.79 46,183.97

101,159.71 97,978.64 84,575.25 101,165.08 85,333.40 101,094.97 83,336.27 101,161.82

87,550.45 88,282.98 75,584.15 87,644.02 87,649.23 87,604.53 76,419.62 87,454.45

83,483.66 84,416.36 70,566.72 83,496.73 87,408.87 83,475.08 69,991.94 83,421.46

98,062.03 94,541.82 75,531.59 98,088.76 80,700.81 98,056.23 73,066.46 98,038.11 (continued)

3  Employment and Income Distribution 

111

Table 3.29 (continued)

Ethnic group

Services to households and other services Education

Health, social securities and social welfare

Public Culture, sports management and social and entertainment organization

Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu

47,077.59 50,492.93 56,265.22 48,153.35 50,957.88 44,064.29 52,010.52 46,218.54 58,368.21 50,541.10 54,653.99 46,201.04 46,194.77 50,452.40 50,526.45 47,662.96 46,218.52 102,701.31 44,769.98 46,273.68 48,815.81 51,892.87 49,327.85 105,420.59 47,594.82 53,721.89 46,556.74 47,190.22

87,734.72 90,761.68 76,203.10 77,486.20 91,536.35 87,502.72 94,924.09 87,559.90 75,534.84 88,333.86 89,446.75 87,525.87 87,559.77 85,683.33 85,586.64 75,864.47 87,539.86 121,887.24 86,177.31 87,790.00 75,772.35 88,704.46 91,265.83 123,812.57 77,624.00 89,569.52 88,087.24 88,254.31

82,433.74 87,528.15 70,883.32 72,279.42 80,902.15 87,506.33 84,071.73 83,494.39 66,184.51 79,396.55 79,046.54 83,488.43 83,467.72 79,851.49 79,712.22 66,323.69 83,442.52 106,746.48 76,641.76 83,325.10 68,841.13 81,224.78 86,562.40 108,452.37 72,205.62 80,442.30 83,549.57 83,913.01

98,514.88 82,839.45 83,487.49 85,685.64 85,672.85 85,018.36 90,598.73 101,192.89 80,285.39 88,385.33 76,106.61 101,090.41 101,168.19 78,316.74 78,317.53 78,472.56 101,117.69 134,341.12 88,863.67 100,628.22 79,684.21 77,773.90 86,467.09 136,729.42 84,529.23 76,784.79 100,864.64 101,650.71

94,822.75 78,704.79 74,384.82 74,818.47 82,920.19 80,291.46 88,716.90 98,103.41 71,840.70 81,245.31 77,812.46 97,977.05 98,078.71 69,046.76 69,061.56 70,127.82 98,024.86 115,838.47 80,395.27 97,800.49 68,897.16 77,777.02 82,448.96 117,849.01 73,971.64 77,912.92 97,982.33 98,377.96 (continued)

112 

R. Guo

Table 3.29 (continued)

Ethnic group

Services to households and other services Education

Health, social securities and social welfare

Public Culture, sports management and social and entertainment organization

Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

53,337.63 46,283.56 49,183.21 49,643.35 47,713.36 59,146.00 44,527.88 50,495.24 50,771.44 75,511.18 48,091.72 53,497.88 50,457.45 50,517.70 46,274.36 51,368.93 55,916.57 46,789.61 56,732.69 54,583.51

75,973.02 87,621.71 98,273.01 84,477.65 79,197.56 114,471.14 87,480.06 85,969.91 86,219.25 103,941.13 80,237.24 95,151.92 85,756.91 86,093.57 87,643.12 75,795.99 92,926.53 90,462.55 75,800.33 89,874.67

68,682.58 83,457.87 80,298.71 78,751.70 80,163.85 90,911.96 87,029.52 79,923.48 80,274.28 92,475.87 80,712.61 85,200.03 79,904.69 80,188.33 83,413.21 69,477.28 84,723.84 82,979.17 70,501.26 79,866.10

82,564.86 101,068.79 83,210.64 82,813.14 98,546.09 99,389.88 85,093.36 78,691.08 79,546.93 112,276.93 98,440.41 86,806.89 78,348.59 78,662.52 100,879.34 77,838.80 80,461.29 94,354.94 84,332.41 77,511.38

72,862.53 97,999.34 90,043.29 73,093.24 90,699.19 106,230.24 80,647.34 69,619.03 70,393.60 102,567.89 91,252.16 83,647.65 69,106.18 69,530.70 97,752.01 67,051.92 80,120.68 93,822.57 75,280.85 79,271.05

1990

383.20 0.01 0.38 0.01 0.02 0.89 0.22 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.85 0.26 0.02 0.00 0.17 345.49 0.27 0.00 4.61 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.65

Ethnic group

National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak

839.00 0.01 0.63 0.01 0.03 1.04 0.36 0.10 0.01 0.00 1.37 0.20 0.02 0.00 0.20 660.90 0.44 0.00 5.94 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.75

2005 922.00 0.01 0.74 0.01 0.03 1.08 0.44 0.12 0.01 0.00 1.41 0.23 0.03 0.00 0.21 691.13 0.55 0.00 6.65 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.75

2011 917.00 0.01 0.80 0.01 0.04 1.09 0.48 0.13 0.01 0.00 1.41 0.22 0.03 0.00 0.21 687.37 0.60 0.00 6.41 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.80

2012

Unemployed persons (10,000 persons) 790.57 0.02 0.93 0.01 0.05 1.29 0.57 0.14 0.01 0.00 1.46 0.21 0.03 0.00 0.25 726.47 0.71 0.00 7.03 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.65

2018 2.50 2.50 2.67 4.84 2.50 4.01 2.51 3.16 2.50 2.51 3.55 4.69 3.58 2.81 4.04 2.56 2.50 2.22 3.65 3.79 2.51 2.50 3.00

1990 4.20 4.16 4.17 3.31 4.16 4.18 4.17 4.28 4.17 4.13 4.18 3.34 4.24 3.87 4.18 3.79 4.16 4.33 3.91 4.11 4.16 4.17 3.92

2005 4.10 4.04 4.01 3.14 4.04 3.62 4.04 3.85 4.05 3.95 3.76 3.13 3.79 3.46 3.62 3.50 4.04 3.98 3.61 3.45 4.04 4.04 3.22

2011

Unemployment rate (%)

Table 3.30  Registered unemployed persons and unemployment rate in urban area

3.39 3.38 2.78 3.39 3.15 3.40 3.64 3.40 3.37 3.16 2.74 3.58 3.13 3.15 3.12 3.40 3.85 3.19 2.42 3.39 3.40 2.36 2.38

2018

(continued)

4.10 4.02 3.95 2.74 4.02 3.30 4.02 3.83 4.03 3.91 3.57 2.77 3.73 3.34 3.29 3.39 4.02 4.01 3.47 3.40 4.02 4.02 3.39

2012

3  Employment and Income Distribution 

113

1990

0.08 0.86 0.08 0.00 0.57 0.12 4.79 0.03 2.35 0.00 3.43 0.06 0.06 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.14 0.01 0.08 0.18 0.12 0.02 0.00 1.80 0.19 1.67

Ethnic group

Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia

0.10 1.96 0.14 0.00 0.82 0.20 11.40 0.04 3.99 0.00 4.75 0.09 0.10 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.13 0.01 0.07 0.35 0.14 0.02 0.00 1.59 0.16 5.14

2005 0.10 1.66 0.17 0.00 0.47 0.24 8.98 0.04 4.09 0.00 5.15 0.09 0.12 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.14 0.01 0.09 0.36 0.15 0.02 0.00 2.79 0.19 5.13

2011 0.10 1.73 0.19 0.00 0.59 0.26 9.03 0.04 4.13 0.01 5.37 0.09 0.13 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.15 0.01 0.08 0.37 0.15 0.03 0.00 3.34 0.18 4.68

2012

Unemployed persons (10,000 persons)

Table 3.30 (continued)

0.08 1.95 0.22 0.00 0.89 0.32 10.12 0.04 4.40 0.01 6.19 0.08 0.15 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.20 0.01 0.09 0.42 0.18 0.02 0.00 4.11 0.21 4.44

2018 2.99 2.04 2.50 0.26 3.04 2.53 2.02 3.93 3.24 0.13 3.38 3.86 2.52 2.47 2.89 2.51 3.68 3.18 5.36 2.56 4.00 2.98 3.05 2.48 5.23 2.19

1990 3.92 4.36 4.16 0.37 3.58 4.18 4.82 4.14 4.18 0.16 4.35 4.11 4.16 4.10 4.31 4.16 4.60 4.00 3.84 3.80 4.18 3.91 3.88 2.28 3.82 4.21

2005 3.23 3.74 4.04 3.23 1.84 4.05 3.68 3.50 3.77 3.22 3.74 3.46 4.04 4.02 3.90 4.04 4.15 3.42 3.66 3.42 3.63 3.23 3.22 3.55 3.64 3.90

2011

Unemployment rate (%) 3.40 3.70 4.02 2.66 2.09 4.02 3.59 3.36 3.59 2.62 3.66 3.37 4.01 3.99 3.88 4.02 4.01 3.48 3.29 3.34 3.31 3.39 3.35 3.13 3.28 3.74

2012

3.59 3.40 2.85 2.35 3.40 3.67 2.59 3.20 2.85 3.53 2.47 3.39 3.38 3.74 3.39 3.46 2.83 2.92 3.31 3.13 2.39 2.40 3.02 2.94 3.08 2.36

2018

114  R. Guo

Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

4.36 0.01 0.07 0.10 0.75 2.13 0.01 4.93

5.07 0.01 0.12 0.23 1.26 2.67 0.01 6.72

5.06 0.01 0.15 0.16 1.31 3.08 0.01 6.93

5.39 0.01 0.16 0.16 1.33 3.34 0.01 7.02

4.35 0.01 0.20 0.18 1.23 4.11 0.01 6.39

3.00 3.00 2.51 2.37 3.34 3.00 4.82 3.72

3.92 3.91 4.15 5.13 4.06 4.29 3.29 4.09

3.22 3.22 4.03 3.60 3.62 4.03 3.12 3.46

3.39 3.38 4.01 3.53 3.60 3.94 2.72 3.42

2.37 3.39 3.60 2.77 3.39 2.78 2.43 3.39

3  Employment and Income Distribution 

115

4 Living Conditions and the Means of Livelihood

Data in this chapter show the people’s living conditions and their changes in China, mainly include basic conditions and living conditions, income and expenditure, housing of households. Data of the year from 2013 onwards come from Household Survey on Income and Expenditure and Living Conditions. Data from 1978 to 2012 are estimated based on the historical data of Urban Household Survey and Rural Household Survey according to the definition of main income and consumption indicators of Household Survey on Income and Expenditure and Living Conditions. The NBS has launched its reform on the household survey programme, to form an integrated survey, instead of the two separate urban and rural household surveys and has started household survey since the fourth quarter of 2012. The main contents of the survey include: income and expenditure of the household, and surveys of employment, social security participation, housing, family operation, production investment, and also influence factors of income distribution. The household survey is conducted by selecting sampled houses randomly, deciding surveyed households, with all households in the province as the population, with stratified sampling, multi-stage sampling, probability sampling in proportion to population scale. 16,000 © The Author(s) 2020 R. Guo, China Ethnic Statistical Yearbook 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49024-9_4

117

118 

R. Guo

communities of 1800 counties in the total country are selected, more than 1.6 million households in them are surveyed comprehensively, and then on this basis, randomly select about 160,000 households for keeping diaries. Communities and households surveyed rotate regularly. Survey on Income and Expenditures and Living Conditions is required that the sampling error should not exceed ±1%, with a confidence probability as 95%. Methods of collecting income and expenditure data are keeping diaries of the households, and questionnaires as assistance to collect other relevant data. All survey works are conducted by investigation team of NBS independently. Coding, check, entering of original data are conducted by investigation teams at city level with the same methods and data processing program, and then basic data are transferred to NBS to tabulate the data. Urban Household Survey was conducted by the Office of Urban Household Surveys of the NBS prior to 2012. The main contents of the survey include persons in the household and the household composition; cash income and expenditure of the household; quantity of major commodities purchased and expenditure; the employment of household members; the housing condition; and the possession of durable consumer goods. The survey had covered only non-farm households prior to 2001. From 2002 to 2012, the survey covers the households in district areas of all city and county towns. Sample cities and towns in urban areas are selected by using stratified random sampling method. Firstly, all the urban areas and towns of all provinces autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) are stratified into three strata according to population size: large and medium-sized cities (at and above prefecture level), county cities and county towns; secondly, the sample size is decided by proportion of population in selected stratus to the provincial total; thirdly, cities and towns are arranged in ranking the annual average wages of the employed persons, then with the accumulative population in each city and town sample cities and towns are selected by systematic sampling scheme according to the size of the samples. The selection of sample households in urban areas is done by two steps: the first step is to have a one-off large sample survey; the second step is to select a small sample from the large sample to be used as regular sample households for diaries.

119

4  Living Conditions and the Means of Livelihood 

Rural Household Survey was organized by the Office of Rural Household Survey of the NBS prior to 2012. The main contents of the survey include the basic condition of rural households, housing conditions, income, consumption expenditure, consumption of major consumer goods and the quantity of durable consumer goods owned. Sample survey on rural households is conducted by first selecting sampled villages and then selecting households in the selected villages in each province, with all rural households in the province as the population. A combination of various sampling approaches is used to identify a total of 74,000 households selected from 7000 villages throughout the whole country. It is required that the sampling error should not exceed ±3%, with a confidence probability as 95%. In order to overcome the tedium of respondent households and to ensure that the sample is accurately representative over time and reflects the changing rural social and economic situation, a rotation sampling scheme is implemented, and the complete cycle of rotation is 5 years. Table 4.1  Savings deposit of urban and rural households at year-end (100 million yuan) Ethnic group

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

National 172534.2 217885.4 260771.7 303302.5 343635.9 399551.0 total Achang 2.5 3.1 3.8 4.6 5.4 6.27 Bai 135.0 167.8 205.7 250.1 291.7 341.09 Baonan 1.3 1.7 2.0 2.4 2.9 3.42 Blang 6.7 8.3 10.3 12.6 14.6 17.00 Buyi 166.3 208.0 248.9 300.4 361.1 437.55 Dai 84.4 104.9 129.3 158.2 184.0 214.17 Daur 15.9 19.9 23.8 27.7 32.0 37.90 Deang 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.30 Derung 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.56 Dong 208.1 258.0 308.3 365.7 432.2 516.90 Dongxiang 41.3 52.9 64.8 77.3 91.0 108.65 Ewenki 3.6 4.5 5.4 6.4 7.4 8.94 Gaoshan 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.37 Gelao 31.8 39.8 47.6 57.4 69.2 83.96 Han 161224.8 203873.8 243098.2 282215.2 320675.9 372678.70 Hani 104.7 130.1 160.4 196.3 228.3 265.66 Hezhe 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.34 Hui 1215.9 1550.4 1872.9 2206.3 2536.3 3008.33

2018 28228.0 16.24 895.93 14.26 43.97 1575.42 551.23 136.77 8.57 4.08 1453.42 401.32 35.81 3.45 306.22 771014.38 685.39 3.47 16944.91

(continued)

120 

R. Guo

Table 4.1 (continued) Ethnic group Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

2007 1.7 9.6 1.5 139.3 18.0 265.4 33.0 0.2 140.2 46.5 1851.9 7.4 646.3 0.6 720.2 15.7 22.8 2.1 1.0 2.5 27.9 1.9 9.8 111.5 22.6 4.6 0.6 416.2 23.0 720.0 938.0 1.4 29.2 33.0 239.0 587.5 1.1 1297.8

2008 2.1 12.0 1.9 173.2 22.3 330.2 41.0 0.2 172.1 57.9 2339.9 9.1 802.9 0.7 909.5 19.2 28.3 2.6 1.3 3.1 36.1 2.4 12.7 140.9 28.2 5.7 0.7 519.5 29.9 893.0 1165.6 1.7 36.3 41.5 292.5 740.5 1.4 1578.3

2009 2.6 14.7 2.3 206.9 26.7 389.3 50.5 0.3 208.4 71.3 2780.2 11.0 965.5 0.9 1097.9 23.2 34.9 3.2 1.5 3.8 43.3 2.9 15.6 170.9 33.8 6.8 0.8 632.4 36.4 1075.6 1393.0 2.1 44.8 49.3 349.5 902.5 1.7 1907.8

2010 3.1 18.0 2.9 251.8 32.4 439.0 61.8 0.3 269.7 87.1 3177.5 13.3 1151.4 1.0 1283.0 28.0 42.6 3.9 1.8 4.6 51.1 3.5 18.9 197.3 40.9 8.3 1.0 753.5 44.1 1270.5 1694.7 2.5 54.7 56.6 415.3 1089.9 2.1 2308.1

2011 3.6 21.0 3.3 299.8 38.6 495.5 71.9 0.4 303.8 101.4 3582.6 15.6 1360.1 1.2 1487.1 32.7 49.6 4.6 2.0 5.4 60.4 4.1 22.6 223.3 49.1 9.9 1.2 896.0 52.5 1488.6 2017.2 3.0 63.6 64.0 480.4 1278.1 2.4 2677.8

2012 4.26 24.41 3.86 358.09 46.05 576.59 83.69 0.50 352.35 118.10 4146.77 18.60 1622.50 1.54 1778.96 38.72 57.81 5.35 2.36 6.24 72.65 4.84 27.53 256.06 59.52 11.78 1.43 1098.89 63.60 1769.61 2408.74 3.58 74.00 74.41 563.92 1509.12 2.89 3157.04

2018 11.58 62.97 10.00 1457.38 186.62 1619.01 215.33 18.03 3853.51 298.06 8364.88 54.17 4728.11 56.68 6608.24 104.40 154.11 16.26 7.68 16.15 86.94 19.18 391.66 624.36 213.50 47.31 5.73 21490.70 848.79 4270.08 9777.92 14.47 188.43 158.99 1243.15 3323.39 10.57 8084.37

4  Living Conditions and the Means of Livelihood 

121

Table 4.2  Per capita annual income of urban households by sources (yuan) Income from Net business wages and income salaries

Income Income from from transfers properties

Ethnic group

Disposable income

National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang

28228.0

15829.0

4852.4

2378.5

5168.1

20196.22 20485.87 17817.92 20229.82 18995.95 20191.41 26454.02 20130.84 21510.07 21538.36 17991.35 28121.19 26880.52 18856.38 28030.41 20190.42 23970.25 24100.83 21842.73 20186.31 20174.69 21509.62 21546.14 24572.24 20196.99 18102.33 24406.06 20250.42 27763.51 20855.49 21550.07 18137.03 27788.43 21604.89 20282.73 20261.83 25985.13 20237.22 22522.91

9695.92 9976.65 9877.20 9717.29 9860.11 9688.08 13734.51 9647.10 10690.50 11096.10 9935.77 14906.73 14703.18 9795.17 15678.61 9686.92 11931.47 13506.04 10598.99 9694.63 9676.00 11661.82 11668.89 12903.06 9692.87 9411.23 14156.92 9726.98 15020.32 10241.20 11061.94 9423.73 14807.73 10593.43 9749.07 9760.18 13359.29 9722.51 11128.71

4888.20 4809.06 3282.42 4887.64 4108.50 4883.93 6180.32 4882.30 4901.23 4542.78 3429.75 6800.01 4858.14 4077.85 4861.48 4887.10 4829.75 4280.84 5388.87 4884.04 4881.29 5145.72 5150.74 4981.80 4888.76 4594.40 4453.91 4877.52 4782.77 5049.28 4523.77 4559.44 6376.90 5262.43 4873.59 4889.72 5830.71 4885.32 4557.07

1969.96 1911.47 1152.69 1970.13 1380.08 1967.91 1382.73 1964.04 1946.88 1602.07 1123.84 1507.66 2189.34 1359.23 2316.38 1970.61 1351.89 1663.05 1521.12 1968.05 1968.65 790.10 794.21 1261.55 1968.14 1188.93 1881.55 1952.43 1593.24 1444.23 1637.15 1229.53 1488.92 1515.82 1959.82 1965.76 1401.91 1968.60 1457.35

3642.14 3788.69 3505.61 3654.78 3647.26 3651.48 5156.46 3637.40 3971.45 4297.41 3501.98 4906.79 5129.86 3624.13 5173.94 3645.79 5857.15 4650.89 4333.74 3639.58 3648.74 3912.00 3932.30 5425.84 3647.21 2907.76 3913.68 3693.49 6367.19 4120.78 4327.21 2924.33 5114.89 4233.21 3700.26 3646.18 5393.21 3660.79 5379.77 (continued)

122 

R. Guo

Table 4.2 (continued) Ethnic group

Disposable income

Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

24867.82 20647.44 34062.66 18978.82 21690.61 21826.20 19418.20 21003.87 24799.08 21550.56 21700.08 20338.75 27935.74 23517.49 20668.64 17928.97 21984.66

Income from Net business wages and income salaries 13448.34 12028.28 19742.02 9790.60 11768.73 11879.88 10246.07 12245.70 12766.13 11685.00 11788.45 9803.38 14758.41 12023.76 10082.18 9929.88 10755.36

5677.43 3131.80 6019.31 4148.65 5132.16 5040.52 4160.40 3216.19 4841.78 5149.06 5139.02 4897.67 5135.49 5226.79 4704.94 3275.22 5402.49

Income Income from from transfers properties 1259.95 1110.56 3406.44 1374.53 832.91 909.71 1213.07 1210.49 1785.91 796.54 835.88 1967.30 1319.50 1823.65 1756.35 1199.98 1586.47

4482.09 4376.81 4894.88 3665.03 3956.80 3996.10 3798.66 4331.48 5405.26 3919.96 3936.73 3670.40 6722.34 4443.29 4125.18 3523.90 4240.34

Table 4.3  Consumer price indices by category (preceding year=100) (I) Meat, poultry and processed products

Eggs

Aquatic products

Ethnic group

General index

Food

Grain

Oil or fat

National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong

102.1

101.8

100.8

99.2

105.5

112.0

102.3

101.58 101.63 102.06 101.58 101.77 101.58 101.90 101.58 101.67 101.89

100.24 100.31 101.07 100.25 100.40 100.24 101.81 100.24 100.55 100.57

100.5 101.4 98.2 100.8 100.2 102.1 100.9 101.6 100.9 99.9

96.37 96.47 100.67 96.38 95.30 96.37 97.97 96.36 96.87 96.81

103.79 104.17 102.24 103.79 106.12 103.79 103.21 103.77 104.03 106.09

107.98 108.09 111.50 108.01 108.99 107.99 111.59 107.98 108.88 108.62

102.62 102.47 102.73 102.61 102.73 102.61 102.91 102.62 102.56 102.17 (continued)

4  Living Conditions and the Means of Livelihood 

123

Table 4.3 (continued)

Ethnic group

General index

Food

Grain

Oil or fat

Meat, poultry and processed products

Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia

102.05 101.86 102.12 101.76 102.10 101.58 102.00 102.17 102.28 101.58 101.58 102.03 102.03 102.13 101.58 101.74 102.43 101.59 102.35 102.15 101.84 101.72 101.96 102.24 101.59 101.59 101.93 101.59 101.74 101.98 102.46 101.82 101.78 102.03 102.03 101.91 102.42 101.94

101.13 102.18 101.47 100.38 101.66 100.24 100.88 102.10 100.47 100.24 100.24 102.82 102.80 101.34 100.24 101.72 100.89 100.28 102.04 100.43 100.59 101.74 102.22 100.47 100.28 100.28 101.53 100.25 101.33 102.57 102.97 101.72 100.38 102.78 102.72 101.85 102.82 101.08

101.3 100.4 100.9 101.1 100.8 101.2 101.1 101.1 100.5 100.9 101.5 100.9 100.4 100.3 100.2 100.3 99.2 102.4 100.0 102.1 100.5 100.5 101.4 98.2 100.8 100.2 102.1 100.9 101.6 100.9 99.9 101.3 100.4 100.9 101.1 100.8 101.2 101.1

100.59 97.49 98.81 95.24 99.23 96.37 98.98 99.42 97.45 96.37 96.36 99.31 99.30 99.52 96.38 99.34 98.63 96.42 99.49 96.81 96.79 99.44 97.89 97.21 96.43 96.44 98.24 96.39 98.01 98.67 99.97 99.04 95.35 99.30 99.37 99.23 99.87 98.58

102.27 103.39 105.64 106.15 105.40 103.78 102.95 103.81 106.83 103.79 103.78 103.37 103.37 103.68 103.79 101.59 104.91 103.84 104.31 106.70 105.77 101.40 103.71 106.79 103.83 103.77 103.19 103.79 105.73 103.47 103.41 107.67 106.12 103.44 103.38 102.91 103.51 105.68

Eggs

Aquatic products

111.86 111.60 111.94 108.99 111.73 107.98 110.91 112.88 108.61 107.99 107.99 116.48 116.43 111.59 108.01 103.69 108.32 108.04 111.90 108.66 109.01 103.29 111.85 108.60 108.02 107.94 111.25 108.02 109.66 114.48 112.44 109.98 108.96 116.34 116.11 107.30 112.12 110.11

103.14 103.35 102.37 102.74 101.75 102.61 101.38 102.16 103.99 102.62 102.61 107.10 107.06 101.96 102.61 104.18 101.48 102.57 103.60 103.77 102.10 104.21 103.51 103.98 102.58 102.64 102.38 102.60 100.94 105.43 100.65 102.59 102.77 106.93 106.73 102.49 100.71 100.62 (continued)

124 

R. Guo

Table 4.3 (continued)

Ethnic group

General index

Food

Grain

Oil or fat

Meat, poultry and processed products

Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

102.03 102.03 101.60 102.35 102.15 101.65 102.05 102.26

102.82 102.80 100.28 102.32 100.62 100.56 100.99 100.47

101.1 100.5 100.9 101.5 100.9 100.4 100.3 100.2

99.31 99.31 96.44 99.58 98.00 96.70 100.69 97.46

103.38 103.41 103.84 104.52 106.22 104.58 102.21 106.65

Eggs

Aquatic products

116.47 116.37 108.10 112.46 108.27 108.56 111.43 108.49

107.09 107.02 102.60 104.90 103.11 102.16 102.73 104.09

Table 4.4  Consumer price indices by category (preceding year=100) (II)

Ethnic group National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe

Fresh Vegetables vegetables

Dried and fresh melons Fresh and fruits fruits

Dining out

Tobacco, liquor and articles

106.6

107.1

104.1

105.6

102.4

101.2

104.38 104.46 101.54 104.39 103.82 104.39 106.28 104.36 104.78 104.47 101.35 106.60 105.92 103.77 106.69 104.38 106.43

104.61 104.72 101.51 104.63 104.16 104.63 106.80 104.59 105.06 104.84 101.30 107.11 106.39 104.12 107.23 104.61 107.05

104.50 104.27 101.76 104.50 102.85 104.50 104.40 104.51 104.47 102.89 101.75 104.20 103.66 102.81 104.17 104.51 105.02

106.10 105.81 102.89 106.10 104.14 106.10 105.92 106.11 106.10 104.05 102.93 105.54 105.15 104.09 105.81 106.12 106.82

101.49 101.51 101.24 101.49 102.04 101.48 101.64 101.48 101.59 101.83 101.44 101.68 102.21 102.05 102.24 101.48 101.28

100.21 100.34 100.65 100.21 100.73 100.21 101.28 100.20 100.38 100.89 100.74 100.96 101.24 100.73 101.21 100.20 101.89 (continued)

4  Living Conditions and the Means of Livelihood 

125

Table 4.4 (continued)

Ethnic group Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

Fresh Vegetables vegetables 105.51 103.24 104.38 104.38 99.67 99.73 106.73 104.39 103.09 103.94 104.50 107.01 103.28 104.64 103.07 106.41 103.24 104.49 104.38 106.55 104.41 108.36 102.68 102.93 107.04 103.77 99.89 100.03 104.19 103.13 105.86 99.69 99.78 104.46 105.28 104.12 105.42 101.60 103.23

105.83 103.50 104.61 104.61 99.45 99.53 107.36 104.62 103.20 104.14 104.75 107.64 103.56 105.01 103.17 106.90 103.51 104.73 104.62 107.12 104.64 109.10 102.78 102.97 107.74 104.11 99.70 99.85 104.42 103.21 106.38 99.48 99.58 104.70 105.71 104.44 105.80 101.58 103.49

Dried and fresh melons Fresh and fruits fruits

Dining out

Tobacco, liquor and articles

103.22 100.54 104.50 104.50 101.35 101.39 103.91 104.51 101.52 96.34 104.47 105.93 101.07 103.03 101.43 104.34 100.73 104.45 104.45 104.68 104.50 102.90 102.53 101.04 103.21 102.79 101.43 101.46 101.75 101.22 103.69 101.36 101.36 104.50 105.63 101.74 103.88 101.81 100.68

102.02 102.92 101.49 101.48 104.43 104.40 101.74 101.49 104.83 102.58 101.47 101.84 102.71 101.77 104.92 101.81 102.85 101.49 101.55 101.46 101.49 100.97 103.32 102.17 102.71 102.06 104.35 104.22 103.09 102.10 101.89 104.43 104.40 101.50 102.32 102.28 101.40 101.18 102.88

100.95 100.53 100.21 100.20 101.62 101.62 101.36 100.21 100.77 100.01 100.25 101.38 100.59 100.75 100.77 101.01 100.57 100.25 100.22 101.44 100.22 101.71 101.34 100.23 100.76 100.71 101.60 101.57 100.83 100.26 100.74 101.62 101.61 100.23 101.69 100.80 100.68 100.66 100.53

104.78 101.00 106.10 106.11 103.02 103.07 104.98 106.12 101.20 95.65 106.08 107.83 101.71 104.31 101.01 105.77 101.25 106.05 106.03 106.28 106.11 104.46 104.08 102.17 104.12 104.05 103.10 103.10 102.26 102.35 105.28 103.04 103.02 106.11 107.49 102.43 105.44 102.95 101.16

126 

R. Guo

Table 4.5  Consumer price indices by category (preceding year=100) (III)

Ethnic group National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu

Clothing

Garments

Garments material

Footgear and hats

House­ hold Clothing facilities, manufac­ articles and turing services service

101.2

101.4

101.9

100.4

104.1

102.4

101.36 101.35 101.06 101.36 100.95 101.35 101.29 101.35 101.33 101.28 100.88 101.60 101.11 100.94 101.38 101.36 100.98 101.29 101.49 101.36 101.35 98.89 98.91 101.81 101.36 102.12 103.90 101.35 100.96 101.34 101.29 102.17 101.43 101.44 101.35 101.37

100.93 101.04 100.82 100.93 101.21 100.92 101.59 100.91 101.01 101.50 100.61 101.89 101.22 101.21 101.58 100.92 101.34 101.37 101.08 100.92 100.92 98.63 98.65 101.96 100.92 101.75 103.66 100.95 101.03 101.11 101.44 101.78 101.65 101.11 100.94 100.94

99.93 100.64 102.35 99.94 104.87 99.94 101.34 99.91 100.31 103.59 102.28 101.99 101.87 104.95 102.05 99.92 100.09 101.83 100.50 99.94 99.93 101.43 101.41 102.51 99.93 101.28 102.54 100.06 100.89 101.69 103.19 101.21 101.96 100.96 100.06 99.97

100.9 99.0 100.2 100.8 101.1 99.4 100.0 100.4 102.6 100.7 99.7 100.2 99.8 100.1 101.1 101.5 100.2 101.5 100.4 101.1 101.5 99.8 101.5 100.8 101.0 99.5 101.1 101.0 99.2 100.5 100.0 100.9 99.0 100.2 100.8 101.1

103.57 103.54 105.76 103.57 102.24 103.57 102.22 103.56 103.45 103.60 105.67 102.32 103.72 102.20 103.84 103.57 102.09 103.55 106.53 103.56 103.57 103.68 103.65 103.66 103.57 107.89 105.26 103.59 102.36 105.45 103.39 108.20 102.46 106.12 103.61 103.64

102.07 102.25 103.25 102.07 102.85 102.06 101.73 102.06 102.10 103.19 102.87 102.19 102.49 102.86 102.48 102.06 101.31 102.16 104.08 102.07 102.06 97.89 97.91 101.88 102.06 101.17 103.36 102.08 101.84 103.82 102.97 101.13 102.09 104.00 102.07 102.05 (continued)

4  Living Conditions and the Means of Livelihood 

127

Table 4.5 (continued)

Ethnic group

Clothing

Garments

Garments material

Footgear and hats

House­ hold Clothing facilities, manufac­ articles and turing services service

Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

101.28 101.36 101.14 100.01 101.26 100.21 100.97 98.97 99.06 101.69 101.31 101.34 98.89 98.94 101.37 100.19 101.62 101.25 101.08 101.52

101.60 100.93 101.70 99.97 101.93 100.61 101.20 98.72 98.82 101.77 101.95 101.49 98.63 98.68 100.96 99.98 101.44 101.17 100.81 101.08

101.00 99.95 104.54 101.70 102.30 103.33 104.68 101.44 101.48 102.26 102.30 102.18 101.43 101.43 99.99 100.63 100.94 101.76 102.34 100.29

99.4 100.0 100.4 102.6 100.7 99.7 100.2 99.8 100.1 101.1 101.5 100.2 101.5 100.4 101.1 101.5 99.8 101.5 100.8 101.0

102.16 103.58 104.64 103.27 103.61 102.60 102.40 103.67 103.78 106.11 103.64 104.10 103.67 103.70 103.57 102.12 105.82 103.71 105.84 106.50

101.74 102.06 102.64 99.75 102.47 102.43 102.89 98.05 98.27 101.97 102.59 102.97 97.90 97.98 102.08 100.89 103.73 102.31 103.34 104.01

Table 4.6  Consumer price indices by category (preceding year=100) (IV)

Ethnic group National average Achang Bai Baonan

Durable consu­ mer goods

Daily use house­ Interior hold decora­ Bed tions articles articles

102.3

100.5

101.34 101.32 100.76

100.51 100.51 100.37

100.7

101.4

99.84 101.49 99.92 101.45 99.61 101.01

House­hold services and mainten­ ance and renovation

Health care and personal Health articles care

101.0

104.3

104.4

100.49 100.58 100.83

104.05 103.74 107.92

106.34 105.93 104.56

(continued)

128 

R. Guo

Table 4.6 (continued)

Ethnic group

Durable consu­ mer goods

Daily use house­ Interior hold decora­ Bed tions articles articles

Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang

101.35 101.25 101.35 100.59 101.33 101.41 101.23 100.76 100.86 102.03 101.24 102.24 101.34 100.16 102.10 101.39 101.34 101.34 101.25 101.24 102.14 101.34 101.58 102.59 101.41 101.60 101.32 101.42 101.62 101.13 101.35 101.41 101.35 100.49 101.35 103.84

100.50 100.45 100.50 100.78 100.50 100.47 100.54 100.33 101.22 100.81 100.44 100.55 100.51 99.96 101.28 100.74 100.50 100.50 100.00 100.00 101.78 100.51 102.18 102.19 100.48 100.41 100.67 100.44 102.25 101.13 100.69 100.49 100.53 100.58 100.51 99.71

99.84 100.27 99.84 100.79 99.82 100.00 100.35 99.55 100.96 100.78 100.26 100.77 99.83 100.71 100.82 100.61 99.83 99.83 99.04 99.06 101.37 99.83 101.18 105.96 99.87 100.47 100.51 100.35 101.21 100.82 100.56 99.87 99.86 100.82 99.84 101.29

101.49 100.90 101.49 100.83 101.49 101.41 101.31 101.05 100.77 101.06 100.89 101.38 101.49 101.01 100.98 101.94 101.49 101.49 100.90 100.90 101.41 101.49 100.93 100.33 101.48 100.68 101.67 101.32 100.93 100.74 101.84 101.48 101.48 100.88 101.49 101.11

House­hold services and mainten­ ance and renovation 100.49 100.88 100.48 100.89 100.48 100.56 101.03 100.82 100.66 101.12 100.88 101.01 100.48 101.37 100.98 101.15 100.49 100.48 101.11 101.11 101.24 100.49 102.24 101.56 100.49 101.00 101.09 100.94 102.29 100.72 101.13 100.49 100.52 101.02 100.49 100.52

Health care and personal Health articles care 104.06 102.11 104.05 105.21 104.07 104.24 102.51 108.40 103.40 104.93 102.07 104.38 104.05 108.08 105.11 104.45 104.05 104.06 112.44 112.40 106.56 104.06 102.29 103.53 104.03 108.75 103.77 102.81 102.14 104.41 104.15 104.02 104.03 105.80 104.06 102.84

106.33 103.32 106.33 103.27 106.35 105.90 104.02 104.21 102.85 104.67 103.26 104.59 106.34 104.58 104.44 104.56 106.33 106.34 101.32 101.34 106.04 106.34 103.93 107.39 106.29 104.96 104.19 104.26 103.93 103.26 104.40 106.27 106.29 103.71 106.32 104.43

(continued)

4  Living Conditions and the Means of Livelihood 

129

Table 4.6 (continued)

Ethnic group

Durable consu­ mer goods

Daily use house­ Interior hold decora­ Bed tions articles articles

Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

101.21 101.72 101.68 101.25 101.28 101.27 102.09 101.72 101.95 101.26 101.27 101.37 101.05 101.31 102.02 100.74 101.38

100.49 101.02 100.14 100.47 100.01 100.03 101.27 100.97 100.08 100.01 100.01 100.51 99.87 100.63 100.28 100.35 100.71

99.84 100.19 100.80 100.27 99.10 99.14 100.90 100.22 100.24 99.05 99.09 99.86 100.04 100.50 100.28 99.61 100.56

100.88 99.83 100.74 100.95 100.91 100.92 100.72 99.92 101.60 100.90 100.90 101.48 100.37 101.83 101.32 101.06 101.94

House­hold services and mainten­ ance and renovation 100.94 101.69 100.46 100.89 101.11 101.10 101.64 101.61 101.09 101.11 101.11 100.50 100.80 101.12 100.54 100.80 101.12

Health care and personal Health articles care 108.58 104.25 103.00 102.19 112.18 111.95 103.07 104.10 103.33 112.41 112.28 104.06 110.76 103.90 103.50 107.93 104.47

102.04 106.94 103.93 103.39 101.42 101.56 104.89 106.85 103.96 101.32 101.37 106.32 103.66 104.86 105.47 104.50 104.70

Table 4.7  Consumer price indices by category (preceding year=100) (V)

Ethnic group National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai

Medical applia­ nces and articles

Health care applia­ Traditi­ Health nces onal care Chinese Western and medi­cine medicine articles services

Perso­ nal articles and services Cosme­tics

104.3

105.02

100.30

102.54

100.70

102.63

101.27

102.18 102.00 110.40 102.19 101.21 102.18

104.76 105.21 108.32 104.76 108.01 104.76

98.90 99.31 102.33 98.91 100.82 98.90

100.51 100.62 100.63 100.52 99.84 100.51

100.34 100.40 102.64 100.34 100.62 100.34

103.07 103.04 102.47 103.07 102.79 103.07

101.62 101.47 103.70 101.62 100.29 101.62 (continued)

130 

R. Guo

Table 4.7 (continued)

Ethnic group

Medical applia­ nces and articles

Health care applia­ Traditi­ Health nces onal care Chinese Western and medi­cine medicine articles services

Perso­ nal articles and services Cosme­tics

Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui

106.39 102.20 102.85 101.52 111.22 103.76 105.15 101.19 104.25 102.18 110.38 105.33 104.36 102.19 102.19 117.13 117.07 106.95 102.19 101.19 100.53 102.17 111.45 103.48 101.81 100.97 105.14 103.99 102.18 102.18 107.19 102.20 101.66 111.40 102.21 102.46 101.30

105.53 104.76 104.86 106.94 108.39 105.01 104.98 108.10 105.07 104.76 106.39 105.20 103.64 104.77 104.77 107.31 107.30 106.15 104.76 103.54 106.50 104.78 104.97 104.82 106.78 103.37 104.97 104.09 104.78 104.74 105.68 104.76 105.57 106.31 104.26 104.19 107.86

103.47 103.08 102.99 102.88 102.59 103.40 102.86 102.79 102.76 103.07 103.55 102.92 102.76 103.07 103.07 103.33 103.33 103.39 103.07 101.65 102.55 103.05 103.28 102.76 102.82 101.58 103.29 102.75 103.04 103.05 103.49 103.07 102.22 103.30 101.01 101.93 102.80

100.90 98.90 99.27 101.13 102.41 100.51 100.81 100.86 100.42 98.90 101.50 100.37 100.90 98.91 98.90 101.94 101.93 100.50 98.90 97.97 101.35 98.89 101.09 100.93 100.78 97.75 100.54 100.92 98.89 98.89 101.03 98.91 98.63 101.28 99.55 100.42 100.81

101.15 100.50 100.77 100.92 100.77 101.08 101.86 99.80 102.03 100.51 101.25 102.55 100.56 100.51 100.51 102.14 102.13 101.39 100.52 100.06 103.57 100.53 101.10 100.30 100.92 100.05 101.12 100.45 100.54 100.52 101.15 100.52 101.25 101.76 100.66 102.97 99.84

100.33 100.34 100.43 100.70 102.51 100.58 100.70 100.63 100.76 100.34 99.80 100.84 100.82 100.34 100.34 100.40 100.39 100.02 100.34 102.15 100.39 100.37 100.21 100.78 100.65 102.23 100.57 100.81 100.38 100.38 100.19 100.35 101.47 100.49 101.39 101.91 100.62

101.06 101.63 101.58 100.74 103.68 101.47 101.52 100.26 101.35 101.63 100.12 101.70 101.05 101.62 101.63 101.96 101.94 100.97 101.63 100.90 100.67 101.60 101.45 100.82 100.85 100.88 101.54 100.95 101.59 101.61 100.79 101.62 100.59 101.76 100.73 101.53 100.32 (continued)

131

4  Living Conditions and the Means of Livelihood  Table 4.7 (continued)

Ethnic group

Medical applia­ nces and articles

Health care applia­ Traditi­ Health nces onal care Chinese Western and medi­cine medicine articles services

Perso­ nal articles and services Cosme­tics

Tajik Teatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

116.72 116.38 101.81 102.11 102.96 117.09 116.88 102.21 115.21 103.29 101.93 110.52 104.30

107.23 107.26 104.36 104.35 106.40 107.30 107.26 104.76 104.90 104.40 105.36 108.43 103.55

103.30 103.27 101.66 101.10 102.76 103.33 103.31 103.06 103.01 102.85 102.81 102.52 102.77

101.90 101.90 98.62 99.59 101.29 101.93 101.91 98.94 101.20 100.95 99.04 102.41 100.79

102.13 102.08 100.45 100.67 102.37 102.14 102.14 100.56 101.30 101.21 100.64 100.64 100.55

100.41 100.49 101.87 101.40 100.76 100.40 100.40 100.36 100.28 100.79 100.68 102.68 100.81

101.94 102.00 100.95 100.81 101.18 101.95 101.94 101.62 101.36 101.23 101.19 103.78 101.11

Table 4.8  Consumer price indices by category (preceding year=100) (VI)

Ethnic group National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong

Transport and Commun­ ications Transport

Fuels for Transport Transport Facility Facility

Use and Mainte­ nance of Transport Facility

Traffic Fee

101.7

103.2

98.5

112.6

102.8

101.3

101.74 101.84 101.18 101.74 102.04 101.74 101.30 101.74 101.68 102.21

103.59 103.68 102.67 103.58 103.96 103.58 102.39 103.59 103.44 104.00

100.09 99.94 100.03 100.08 99.00 100.08 97.34 100.10 99.69 99.10

112.02 112.14 112.03 112.03 112.57 112.02 112.85 112.02 112.15 112.64

101.69 101.68 101.33 101.69 101.11 101.68 101.40 101.68 101.79 101.71

98.89 99.23 100.01 98.89 99.33 98.89 102.16 98.87 99.31 100.66 (continued)

132 

R. Guo

Table 4.8 (continued)

Ethnic group

Transport and Commun­ ications Transport

Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia

101.17 101.37 101.67 102.05 101.60 101.74 101.18 101.69 101.66 101.74 101.74 101.19 101.20 100.99 101.74 101.47 103.26 101.72 101.15 101.76 102.03 101.47 101.36 101.70 101.72 101.73 101.27 101.74 101.24 101.28 101.51 101.27 102.03 101.21 101.21 101.41 101.53 101.96

102.61 102.18 103.15 103.97 103.12 103.59 102.95 103.18 103.09 103.59 103.59 102.20 102.20 102.42 103.59 103.61 105.12 103.56 102.51 103.32 103.86 103.63 102.26 103.19 103.56 103.58 102.55 103.58 102.80 102.24 103.45 102.84 103.93 102.23 102.26 103.35 103.47 103.77

Fuels for Transport Transport Facility Facility

Use and Mainte­ nance of Transport Facility

Traffic Fee

99.80 96.41 98.68 99.00 98.40 100.09 99.36 99.91 97.92 100.09 100.09 97.66 97.67 98.24 100.09 100.14 99.92 99.99 98.21 98.16 99.09 100.19 96.82 97.98 100.00 100.07 97.89 100.07 96.93 97.21 101.74 98.96 98.99 97.68 97.78 99.84 101.60 98.89

101.35 101.26 102.72 101.09 102.66 101.69 101.85 101.98 102.68 101.69 101.68 101.79 101.79 103.61 101.69 101.45 102.56 101.66 102.54 102.26 101.59 101.43 101.59 102.53 101.66 101.69 101.54 101.69 100.81 101.65 101.47 101.62 101.17 101.81 101.81 101.28 101.53 101.81

100.11 102.32 100.92 99.31 101.11 98.88 101.88 100.38 100.91 98.89 98.88 100.86 100.88 100.54 98.89 101.86 107.82 98.94 101.20 100.48 100.36 101.98 101.92 100.75 98.95 98.95 102.10 98.90 100.84 101.43 98.84 99.09 99.35 100.87 100.87 100.79 98.91 101.70

112.00 112.97 112.64 112.58 112.63 112.02 112.67 112.41 112.31 112.03 112.02 111.88 111.89 112.73 112.03 111.54 111.21 112.03 112.88 112.39 112.55 111.49 112.93 112.35 112.03 112.02 112.83 112.03 112.13 112.33 112.53 112.38 112.56 111.90 111.91 111.91 112.53 112.71

(continued)

133

4  Living Conditions and the Means of Livelihood  Table 4.8 (continued)

Ethnic group

Transport and Commun­ ications Transport

Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

101.20 101.21 101.74 101.40 101.99 101.64 101.17 101.66

102.20 102.22 103.58 102.67 103.54 103.41 102.66 103.11

Fuels for Transport Transport Facility Facility

Use and Mainte­ nance of Transport Facility

Traffic Fee

97.66 97.67 100.05 98.95 98.59 99.09 99.97 97.99

101.80 101.81 101.71 102.80 102.64 101.38 101.33 102.71

100.87 100.89 98.94 101.06 101.35 99.47 100.06 100.84

111.88 111.89 112.04 112.77 112.47 112.11 112.02 112.30

Table 4.9  Consumer price indices by category (preceding year=100) (VII) Ethnic group National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui

Education, Culture and Communi­cations Recreation

Education

Education Articles

Education Services

98.8

102.2

102.9

102.5

102.9

98.74 98.87 98.48 98.73 99.31 98.74 99.21 98.73 98.77 99.46 98.55 99.78 99.03 99.32 98.88 98.74 97.96 98.91

102.34 102.38 100.67 102.34 103.31 102.33 101.62 102.34 102.28 102.67 100.59 101.11 102.42 103.34 102.21 102.34 102.83 102.15

102.32 102.23 100.88 102.32 101.76 102.32 101.88 102.31 102.37 101.95 100.81 101.09 103.18 101.74 102.83 102.32 103.72 102.70

101.54 101.57 100.73 101.55 102.48 101.54 100.81 101.53 101.78 101.82 100.65 100.62 102.64 102.49 102.87 101.54 101.45 103.09

102.37 102.28 100.90 102.38 101.73 102.37 101.94 102.37 102.41 101.98 100.82 101.14 103.22 101.71 102.84 102.37 103.83 102.64 (continued)

134 

R. Guo

Table 4.9 (continued) Ethnic group

Education, Culture and Communi­cations Recreation

Education

Education Articles

Education Services

Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

99.18 98.74 98.73 98.76 98.76 98.40 98.74 98.67 100.35 98.73 98.58 99.24 99.19 98.68 99.60 99.20 98.72 98.73 98.89 98.74 98.61 99.11 97.44 98.46 99.31 98.76 98.73 98.35 97.54 98.99 98.76 98.76 98.74 98.88 99.31 98.77 98.51 99.15

103.18 102.32 102.32 101.39 101.41 102.87 102.32 100.44 104.10 102.32 103.13 102.79 102.04 100.39 101.44 103.03 102.32 102.29 102.41 102.32 102.54 101.39 103.99 102.82 101.80 101.44 101.45 101.76 103.87 102.16 101.39 101.42 102.33 102.98 102.75 102.32 100.82 103.17

102.14 101.54 101.54 101.07 101.07 103.48 101.55 100.40 100.86 101.56 102.99 102.24 101.87 100.29 101.21 102.18 101.55 101.54 101.04 101.56 102.13 101.03 103.76 102.91 102.47 101.13 101.12 101.55 103.66 101.36 101.08 101.09 101.57 102.71 101.65 101.81 100.65 102.09

103.28 102.37 102.37 101.40 101.43 102.84 102.38 100.46 104.46 102.38 103.14 102.86 102.08 100.41 101.47 103.12 102.37 102.34 102.49 102.38 102.58 101.41 104.00 102.81 101.77 101.46 101.46 101.78 103.88 102.24 101.41 101.44 102.39 102.99 102.86 102.36 100.83 103.27

102.55 102.34 102.34 101.29 101.31 102.41 102.34 100.60 102.68 102.31 102.24 102.78 102.67 100.49 101.32 102.64 102.31 102.31 101.97 102.33 101.51 101.28 104.11 102.26 103.29 101.33 101.32 101.61 103.98 102.12 101.30 101.31 102.34 101.99 102.23 102.22 100.57 102.51

135

4  Living Conditions and the Means of Livelihood  Table 4.10  Consumer price indices by category (preceding year=100) (VIII)

Ethnic group National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu

Cultural and Recreational Articles

Durable Consumer Goods for Culture and Recreation

Other Articles

Cultural and Recreational Services

Touring and Outing

101.4

98.3

101.9

100.8

103.3

102.36 102.55 100.29 102.36 105.15 102.35 101.13 102.36 102.15 103.44 100.20 101.13 101.30 105.23 101.31 102.36 101.18 101.30 101.51 102.36 102.36 101.11 101.11 101.60 102.35 100.73 100.59 102.30 100.68 102.54 103.36 100.59 101.11 101.93 102.30 102.32

98.74 98.89 99.15 98.74 98.93 98.72 98.60 98.74 98.69 99.47 99.06 99.51 98.82 98.94 98.52 98.74 96.81 98.86 98.93 98.74 98.73 97.88 97.87 99.39 98.74 100.32 100.02 98.67 98.22 98.95 99.20 100.36 99.39 98.93 98.67 98.76

101.94 101.80 100.59 101.94 101.40 101.95 101.45 101.94 101.86 101.27 100.64 101.77 101.86 101.38 101.90 101.94 100.84 101.85 102.26 101.94 101.94 100.99 100.99 101.59 101.94 100.40 103.03 101.96 101.32 102.00 101.37 100.37 101.72 102.13 101.96 101.92

102.10 101.82 100.62 102.09 100.09 102.09 100.03 102.10 101.81 100.56 100.54 100.03 100.65 100.05 100.80 102.10 100.09 100.63 101.27 102.09 102.10 99.97 99.97 100.18 102.09 101.29 100.96 102.06 100.21 100.93 100.72 101.34 100.11 101.12 102.05 102.07

106.02 106.64 101.10 106.02 115.20 106.01 103.46 106.04 105.51 109.51 100.74 102.69 103.28 115.47 103.09 106.03 104.89 104.18 103.44 106.04 106.03 105.99 105.98 103.82 106.01 100.80 99.15 105.90 102.35 106.79 109.27 100.30 102.88 104.81 105.89 105.92 (continued)

136 

R. Guo

Table 4.10 (continued)

Ethnic group

Cultural and Recreational Articles

Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

101.13 102.35 100.49 101.14 104.32 101.38 105.04 101.11 101.09 101.46 104.16 101.99 101.11 101.11 102.33 100.22 101.40 102.16 100.15 101.46

Durable Consumer Goods for Culture and Recreation 98.14 98.73 96.30 98.53 98.94 98.28 98.95 97.90 97.94 99.03 98.94 99.21 97.88 97.89 98.74 97.75 99.36 98.08 99.16 98.90

Other Articles

Cultural and Recreational Services

Touring and Outing

101.30 101.94 102.58 101.34 100.31 101.96 101.44 101.01 101.00 100.90 100.40 101.06 100.99 101.00 101.94 101.12 101.71 102.06 100.62 102.21

100.06 102.09 100.80 100.05 101.30 100.98 100.15 100.01 100.04 101.20 101.29 100.86 99.98 99.99 102.07 100.15 101.31 101.51 100.60 101.35

103.71 105.99 101.74 104.67 120.24 103.03 114.83 105.89 105.73 105.44 119.14 104.99 105.98 105.92 105.94 101.75 102.95 105.88 100.40 103.29

Table 4.11  Consumer price indices by category (preceding year=100) (IX)

Medical Services

Other Articles and Services

Ethnic group

Health Care

Medicine and Medical Instrument

National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai

104.3

104.4

104.3

101.2

99.1

102.8

104.05 103.74 107.92 104.06 102.11 104.05

105.4 101.5 104.4 104.0 104.6 103.4

102.18 102.00 110.40 102.19 101.21 102.18

100.79 100.76 100.78 100.79 100.66 100.79

100.31 100.15 98.87 100.31 99.71 100.31

101.63 101.64 102.44 101.64 101.41 101.64

Other Articles

Other Services

(continued)

4  Living Conditions and the Means of Livelihood 

137

Table 4.11 (continued)

Ethnic group

Health Care

Medicine and Medical Instrument

Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar

105.21 104.07 104.24 102.51 108.40 103.40 104.93 102.07 104.38 104.05 108.08 105.11 104.45 104.05 104.06 112.44 112.40 106.56 104.06 102.29 103.53 104.03 108.75 103.77 102.81 102.14 104.41 104.15 104.02 104.03 105.80 104.06 102.84 108.58 104.25 103.00 102.19 112.18 111.95

104.6 103.2 107.6 107.3 104.5 105.6 102.3 105.5 102.6 104.2 101.4 107.2 104.1 102.6 107.6 104.4 106.1 101.1 104.0 104.4 104.3 103.9 101.3 106.4 105.3 105.4 101.5 104.4 104.0 104.6 103.4 104.6 103.2 107.6 107.3 104.5 105.6 102.3 105.5

Medical Services

Other Articles and Services

Other Articles

Other Services

106.39 102.20 102.85 101.52 111.22 103.76 105.15 101.19 104.25 102.18 110.38 105.33 104.36 102.19 102.19 117.13 117.07 106.95 102.19 101.19 100.53 102.17 111.45 103.48 101.81 100.97 105.14 103.99 102.18 102.18 107.19 102.20 101.66 111.40 102.21 102.46 101.30 116.72 116.38

100.37 100.78 100.81 100.70 100.74 100.59 101.14 100.65 101.14 100.78 100.01 101.00 101.29 100.78 100.79 100.13 100.13 100.59 100.79 101.06 101.76 100.83 101.11 101.13 100.73 101.12 100.73 101.23 100.83 100.79 100.29 100.79 102.37 100.40 100.50 100.48 100.68 100.16 100.20

99.13 100.32 100.09 99.36 98.75 99.50 99.12 99.70 99.16 100.32 98.55 99.02 98.64 100.31 100.32 97.68 97.68 99.32 100.31 99.14 97.97 100.29 99.13 98.90 99.48 99.16 99.45 98.73 100.29 100.29 99.02 100.31 99.44 98.45 99.44 98.89 99.69 97.72 97.78

101.36 101.63 101.77 101.82 102.47 101.47 102.78 101.40 102.75 101.63 101.12 102.73 103.40 101.63 101.63 102.41 102.39 101.57 101.63 103.04 104.80 101.71 102.62 102.89 101.80 103.13 101.76 103.21 101.71 101.66 101.29 101.65 104.18 102.13 101.53 101.74 101.48 102.42 102.43 (continued)

138 

R. Guo

Table 4.11 (continued)

Ethnic group

Health Care

Medicine and Medical Instrument

Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

103.07 104.10 103.33 112.41 112.28 104.06 110.76 103.90 103.50 107.93 104.47

102.6 104.2 101.4 107.2 104.1 102.6 107.6 104.4 106.1 101.1 104.0

Medical Services

Other Articles and Services

Other Articles

Other Services

101.81 102.11 102.96 117.09 116.88 102.21 115.21 103.29 101.93 110.52 104.30

101.24 100.54 100.65 100.14 100.15 100.79 100.72 101.06 101.21 100.81 101.29

99.31 99.46 99.05 97.68 97.70 100.29 98.61 98.85 100.01 98.87 98.69

102.93 101.58 102.00 102.41 102.42 101.66 102.44 102.90 102.31 102.48 103.38

Table 4.12  Ownership of major durable consumer goods per 100 urban households at year-end (I) Motorcycle (unit)

Electric Bicycle (unit)

Washing Machine (set)

Refrigerator (set)

Ethnic group

Automobile (unit)

National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han

41.0

19.5

55.0

97.7

100.9

52.65 49.87 30.73 52.57 40.22 52.56 37.68 52.66 49.83 38.06 31.01 45.17 39.22 40.00 40.39

32.74 32.21 12.55 32.66 25.60 32.70 12.01 32.77 29.65 29.91 12.34 14.60 20.43 25.68 20.21

38.69 35.38 24.50 38.68 17.15 38.52 30.68 38.43 39.65 27.72 25.52 38.37 63.01 16.13 57.71

100.27 100.60 99.74 100.28 101.37 100.28 97.96 100.29 99.83 101.51 99.80 98.79 97.59 101.42 98.07

97.55 98.40 97.88 97.58 101.12 97.55 101.90 97.52 98.25 102.17 98.21 103.37 100.36 101.15 100.91 (continued)

4  Living Conditions and the Means of Livelihood 

139

Table 4.12 (continued) Ethnic group

Automobile (unit)

Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

52.65 22.02 41.06 40.58 52.61 52.60 38.34 38.19 31.57 52.62 45.01 39.63 52.15 36.12 40.27 39.39 45.32 44.26 40.39 52.09 52.46 33.43 52.50 33.88 41.53 39.17 38.12 40.38 38.32 38.20 40.65 39.25 35.23 38.36 38.41 52.46 32.95 39.50 46.02 30.53 41.32

Motorcycle (unit) 32.74 7.47 14.81 32.28 32.74 32.74 10.00 9.97 8.98 32.68 15.26 30.97 32.29 8.19 30.63 28.95 14.79 13.84 31.79 32.24 32.34 10.93 32.57 19.46 11.92 12.93 27.60 25.91 10.38 10.36 15.77 14.22 30.64 10.05 10.33 32.38 7.44 34.66 28.24 12.63 33.03

Electric Bicycle (unit)

Washing Machine (set)

Refrigerator (set)

38.59 14.96 48.97 84.38 38.52 38.35 30.01 29.91 13.23 38.79 22.20 82.26 38.44 30.90 66.63 26.23 21.86 37.68 77.21 38.20 38.68 26.96 38.68 28.34 34.41 11.42 57.97 19.61 30.78 30.46 21.06 13.48 25.61 30.14 30.59 39.27 18.40 63.13 33.29 25.38 83.24

100.29 95.89 99.42 98.51 100.28 100.28 99.61 99.57 96.44 100.29 99.44 90.91 100.27 96.75 99.38 101.13 99.46 98.61 98.84 100.26 100.24 97.31 100.27 99.71 99.31 98.25 90.10 101.35 99.55 99.57 99.30 98.16 100.34 99.60 99.55 100.26 96.17 99.59 100.25 99.78 98.45

97.55 98.42 100.19 102.46 97.55 97.53 103.01 102.98 99.04 97.56 103.37 96.95 97.65 100.13 102.24 101.55 103.45 102.90 102.40 97.66 97.68 100.90 97.58 100.93 103.10 99.38 98.52 101.16 102.95 102.75 101.47 99.24 103.36 103.02 102.96 97.66 100.85 102.12 98.88 97.81 102.14

National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu

Ethnic group

121.3

107.54 108.49 102.03 107.68 107.44 107.60 102.09 107.44 108.71 111.84 102.01 103.10 116.23 107.07 120.19 107.59 101.31 107.80 110.84 107.47 107.52 100.19 100.21 101.65 107.60

58.85 55.79 49.65 58.89 40.96 58.83 41.49 58.88 57.33 43.95 48.91 43.91 52.79 40.51 53.68 58.90 37.62 52.91 63.36 58.78 58.88 41.21 41.14 46.77 58.86

Color TV Set (set)

55.2

Micro­wave Oven (set)

9.00 24.88 14.44 9.80 39.62 9.29 23.11 8.02 28.33 97.66 15.75 25.95 137.29 38.91 142.15 8.75 25.43 70.94 152.04 8.93 8.60 29.80 29.81 30.28 9.33

142.2

Air Condit­ioner (set)

99.50 99.21 82.57 99.51 94.64 99.49 77.18 99.46 98.09 98.26 83.65 78.43 96.69 94.52 97.35 99.51 74.17 92.43 102.88 99.47 99.46 92.04 91.88 78.06 99.50

97.2

Water Heater (set)

76.12 74.21 84.02 76.15 57.29 76.09 83.12 76.13 76.62 64.44 84.42 81.61 75.05 56.77 78.07 76.14 85.60 82.00 65.74 76.07 76.12 86.40 86.40 85.57 76.15

79.1

Exhaust Fan (set)

253.05 257.22 244.69 253.01 280.50 253.02 222.27 253.00 250.41 276.41 243.29 226.78 246.53 281.32 245.29 253.02 214.97 240.69 268.30 253.09 253.01 220.95 220.83 221.98 252.99

243.1

Mobile Phone (set)

Table 4.13  Ownership of major durable consumer goods per 100 urban households at year-end (II)

64.07 63.95 59.17 64.09 55.65 64.02 60.28 63.99 64.56 64.41 59.11 62.78 70.77 55.35 71.60 64.06 56.96 65.91 78.33 64.06 64.02 55.07 55.08 63.19 64.07

73.1

Computer (set)

15.52 15.09 19.99 15.53 9.85 15.50 16.29 15.49 16.10 13.49 19.81 18.00 18.14 9.67 19.04 15.51 13.19 17.96 19.92 15.51 15.50 15.17 15.13 15.35 15.52

20.2

Camera (set)

140  R. Guo

Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

46.72 33.72 58.57 56.29 57.37 45.81 47.02 46.92 60.92 58.50 58.70 40.80 58.83 46.36 43.73 52.28 52.28 41.99 41.61 42.19 48.36 52.31 46.68 41.24 41.44 58.70 53.05 56.45 53.38 49.82 63.58

120.84 103.96 107.93 105.14 109.33 112.19 121.81 103.96 110.07 108.06 108.00 102.13 107.68 120.93 102.63 97.64 133.01 107.49 100.77 100.96 114.36 98.86 119.93 100.28 100.49 107.70 103.94 112.34 111.21 102.36 110.07

22.92 146.85 12.51 62.72 122.64 89.36 20.90 35.24 142.52 12.59 10.46 25.34 9.84 139.43 35.19 6.60 175.77 41.84 33.73 33.40 42.49 13.99 155.32 30.40 32.38 12.32 45.87 154.52 48.21 16.24 148.89

52.39 96.86 99.43 86.05 100.68 98.12 50.27 81.07 102.06 99.22 98.79 76.27 99.43 97.44 87.39 75.63 105.57 94.98 92.21 91.85 69.28 77.05 100.69 92.09 92.20 99.49 86.94 102.78 98.36 82.93 102.99

48.39 64.00 76.04 83.05 62.79 66.18 47.46 81.56 64.41 75.90 75.73 83.62 76.14 72.11 84.29 79.81 71.15 57.62 86.09 86.12 62.89 79.23 72.90 86.37 86.18 76.27 86.45 69.81 72.86 84.12 66.34

213.92 274.35 252.81 215.68 272.60 272.58 211.68 226.31 270.30 252.70 252.33 220.38 252.87 249.17 224.18 235.82 249.17 280.08 221.87 222.67 228.55 237.86 267.31 221.01 221.57 252.80 210.30 268.19 255.06 245.26 267.45

45.67 65.05 63.92 65.53 72.38 63.32 45.19 63.04 76.32 63.83 63.90 59.79 64.05 58.11 59.28 53.29 76.88 56.33 55.59 55.96 50.77 54.59 69.35 55.14 55.48 64.24 57.91 77.13 61.42 59.74 78.59

13.96 13.59 15.48 21.41 17.24 13.54 14.12 18.62 18.99 15.47 15.55 15.61 15.53 13.50 16.94 14.67 17.27 10.16 15.28 15.65 14.32 14.90 15.85 15.18 15.28 15.67 20.36 19.25 14.29 20.32 20.10

4  Living Conditions and the Means of Livelihood 

141

1577.74

1020.14 1064.01 899.57 1018.97 1123.81 1019.07 1423.80 1014.43 1098.75 1282.23 911.59 1300.62 1603.12 1115.97 1673.09 1018.77 1771.46 1299.25 1453.05 1020.46 1016.32 1136.98 1144.25 1688.86 1018.82 1224.60

686.31

543.08 543.34 446.68 542.15 452.75 542.78 671.72 541.69 560.89 547.06 460.46 634.05 682.40 447.60 709.39 542.78 767.38 620.96 640.02 543.00 542.13 683.04 684.42 801.36 542.43 648.41

National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba

1995

1990

Ethnic group

1492.68 1543.03 1443.12 1495.98 1438.81 1492.20 2092.15 1484.52 1641.15 1760.53 1453.33 2092.32 2372.79 1423.84 2491.84 1491.26 2211.18 1980.70 1892.74 1491.98 1489.06 1619.29 1626.22 2161.66 1492.91 1410.87

2253.42

2000

2063.04 2137.30 2013.02 2068.78 1973.10 2062.84 3101.75 2051.15 2301.74 2435.63 2041.48 3074.01 3414.65 1947.22 3590.78 2061.27 3325.73 2887.72 2545.06 2061.56 2058.35 2483.31 2493.52 3393.99 2064.02 2178.88

3254.93

2005

Table 4.14  Per capita net income of rural households (yuan)

3985.32 4079.75 3502.27 3995.13 3634.74 3985.04 5814.46 3966.72 4367.80 4433.43 3572.22 5693.86 6171.88 3588.35 6439.14 3983.14 6348.72 5285.15 4628.90 3982.42 3978.60 4643.78 4664.73 6435.69 3988.05 4284.66

5919.01

2010

4761.08 4862.03 4012.33 4773.00 4334.23 4760.82 7011.71 4739.01 5214.96 5226.00 4095.29 6841.02 7306.48 4280.37 7636.87 4758.37 7707.04 6222.49 5351.26 4757.41 4753.31 5443.11 5471.01 7750.06 4764.43 5077.31

6977.29

2011

5460.00 5568.00 4630.80 5473.28 4963.41 5459.75 8004.18 5435.63 5967.31 5958.06 4733.68 7824.48 8299.37 4903.18 8657.82 5456.90 8736.72 7110.66 6137.48 5455.83 5451.40 6393.96 6423.52 8831.03 5463.72 5904.29

7916.58

2012

14322.22 14669.05 14781.38 14346.61 14135.98 14329.83 18797.35 14283.47 15260.31 15916.20 14826.09 19611.61 18900.42 14066.62 19724.82 14319.04 17701.44 17559.61 15223.63 14319.68 14316.53 16196.38 16215.59 18188.44 14321.85 12190.42

19853.1

2018

142  R. Guo

Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

686.71 543.11 778.64 585.85 509.28 662.05 650.38 623.79 544.38 546.99 699.66 544.05 558.89 675.96 554.33 824.94 456.85 681.22 679.10 590.87 560.46 518.66 683.86 685.98 543.21 800.79 667.82 536.40 445.72 647.55

1508.48 1023.23 1729.24 1359.79 1166.55 1241.20 1334.44 1434.90 1025.90 1031.59 1535.56 1023.29 1163.28 1246.10 1032.27 2172.95 1125.26 1147.60 1157.47 1131.76 1074.86 1173.95 1140.14 1152.77 1026.46 1640.99 1502.80 1068.62 907.47 1462.66

2156.90 1503.77 2368.50 1751.15 1720.67 1411.82 2096.86 1857.68 1505.54 1503.47 2149.65 1497.79 1908.06 1872.39 1510.58 3244.15 1439.90 1643.32 1658.25 1522.63 1571.75 2063.06 1623.91 1641.33 1510.96 2220.49 2062.16 1597.36 1458.91 1908.62

2968.81 2083.93 3609.25 2355.57 2395.71 2189.68 3108.52 2494.13 2088.13 2084.04 3195.36 2072.17 2807.84 2817.37 2179.16 4670.63 1970.89 2512.33 2529.81 2272.21 2249.37 2902.13 2489.83 2511.06 2092.58 3452.70 2799.48 2253.08 2033.33 2555.24

5220.90 4016.42 6651.98 4295.67 4399.04 4309.75 5749.22 4529.87 4024.66 4020.09 6015.18 4000.85 5095.44 5224.94 3905.82 7935.46 3635.28 4690.93 4710.34 4271.37 4016.55 5335.20 4655.39 4688.36 4033.96 6459.58 5049.32 4244.00 3533.85 4644.72

6370.28 4799.80 7966.53 4994.32 5217.26 5101.39 6891.96 5245.38 4808.12 4800.46 7270.46 4779.27 6136.66 6178.10 4631.66 9318.52 4330.27 5502.08 5517.46 5079.77 4763.20 6330.84 5457.25 5495.42 4819.33 7728.56 5877.84 5083.16 4042.21 5373.48

7317.97 5503.63 9029.71 5729.14 5952.41 5932.04 7877.74 6014.09 5513.01 5505.05 8276.03 5480.47 7010.06 7155.14 5383.33 10509.90 4961.21 6453.91 6463.28 5878.63 5520.00 7197.42 6409.30 6448.96 5524.90 8788.38 6704.44 5821.40 4659.18 6161.13

17430.17 14408.84 19943.94 14798.74 15883.05 12158.07 19518.99 15176.00 14426.52 14350.64 18610.41 14357.77 17677.95 17990.14 16441.62 23274.64 14089.62 16292.92 16411.81 14394.74 16616.55 18434.78 16217.91 16304.23 14412.88 20240.07 16811.33 15209.71 14836.88 15348.18

4  Living Conditions and the Means of Livelihood 

143

144 

R. Guo

Table 4.15  Per capita annual net income of rural households by sources (yuan) Ethnic group

Disposable Income

Income from Net Business Wages and Income Salaries

Net Income from Properties

Net Income from Transfers

National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang

28228.0

15829.0

4852.4

2378.5

5168.1

20196.22 20485.87 17817.92 20229.82 18995.95 20191.41 26454.02 20130.84 21510.07 21538.36 17991.35 28121.19 26880.52 18856.38 28030.41 20190.42 23970.25 24100.83 21842.73 20186.31 20174.69 21509.62 21546.14 24572.24 20196.99 18102.33 24406.06 20250.42 27763.51 20855.49 21550.07 18137.03 27788.43 21604.89 20282.73 20261.83 25985.13 20237.22 22522.91

9695.92 9976.65 9877.20 9717.29 9860.11 9688.08 13734.51 9647.10 10690.50 11096.10 9935.77 14906.73 14703.18 9795.17 15678.61 9686.92 11931.47 13506.04 10598.99 9694.63 9676.00 11661.82 11668.89 12903.06 9692.87 9411.23 14156.92 9726.98 15020.32 10241.20 11061.94 9423.73 14807.73 10593.43 9749.07 9760.18 13359.29 9722.51 11128.71

4888.20 4809.06 3282.42 4887.64 4108.50 4883.93 6180.32 4882.30 4901.23 4542.78 3429.75 6800.01 4858.14 4077.85 4861.48 4887.10 4829.75 4280.84 5388.87 4884.04 4881.29 5145.72 5150.74 4981.80 4888.76 4594.40 4453.91 4877.52 4782.77 5049.28 4523.77 4559.44 6376.90 5262.43 4873.59 4889.72 5830.71 4885.32 4557.07

1969.96 1911.47 1152.69 1970.13 1380.08 1967.91 1382.73 1964.04 1946.88 1602.07 1123.84 1507.66 2189.34 1359.23 2316.38 1970.61 1351.89 1663.05 1521.12 1968.05 1968.65 790.10 794.21 1261.55 1968.14 1188.93 1881.55 1952.43 1593.24 1444.23 1637.15 1229.53 1488.92 1515.82 1959.82 1965.76 1401.91 1968.60 1457.35

3642.14 3788.69 3505.61 3654.78 3647.26 3651.48 5156.46 3637.40 3971.45 4297.41 3501.98 4906.79 5129.86 3624.13 5173.94 3645.79 5857.15 4650.89 4333.74 3639.58 3648.74 3912.00 3932.30 5425.84 3647.21 2907.76 3913.68 3693.49 6367.19 4120.78 4327.21 2924.33 5114.89 4233.21 3700.26 3646.18 5393.21 3660.79 5379.77 (continued)

4  Living Conditions and the Means of Livelihood 

145

Table 4.15 (continued) Ethnic group

Disposable Income

Income from Net Business Wages and Income Salaries

Net Income from Properties

Net Income from Transfers

Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

24867.82 20647.44 34062.66 18978.82 21690.61 21826.20 19418.20 21003.87 24799.08 21550.56 21700.08 20338.75 27935.74 23517.49 20668.64 17928.97 21984.66

13448.34 12028.28 19742.02 9790.60 11768.73 11879.88 10246.07 12245.70 12766.13 11685.00 11788.45 9803.38 14758.41 12023.76 10082.18 9929.88 10755.36

1259.95 1110.56 3406.44 1374.53 832.91 909.71 1213.07 1210.49 1785.91 796.54 835.88 1967.30 1319.50 1823.65 1756.35 1199.98 1586.47

4482.09 4376.81 4894.88 3665.03 3956.80 3996.10 3798.66 4331.48 5405.26 3919.96 3936.73 3670.40 6722.34 4443.29 4125.18 3523.90 4240.34

5677.43 3131.80 6019.31 4148.65 5132.16 5040.52 4160.40 3216.19 4841.78 5149.06 5139.02 4897.67 5135.49 5226.79 4704.94 3275.22 5402.49

Table 4.16  Per capita consumption expenditure of rural households (yuan) (I) Ethnic group National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao

Food

Clothing

Residence

Household facilities and articles

12124.3

3645.6

647.7

2660.6

720.5

9168.75 9473.38 9146.53 9185.28 9374.26 9179.72 12144.47 9143.59 9719.10 10686.82 9126.09 12596.52 12131.85 9325.49

2704.80 2784.25 2719.53 2710.48 2672.67 2711.35 3340.29 2695.28 2881.52 3105.41 2714.03 3474.11 3614.71 2657.28

373.11 408.03 573.90 374.92 505.98 374.45 714.22 372.28 430.31 531.92 585.96 714.26 651.71 504.64

1895.37 2003.60 1733.07 1898.65 2169.47 1896.83 2203.38 1888.62 2014.71 2462.28 1728.69 2336.32 2712.59 2160.27

561.43 579.38 517.82 562.73 578.55 562.68 562.86 560.21 584.03 643.79 525.64 584.01 716.50 576.26

Consumption expenditure

(continued)

146 

R. Guo

Table 4.16 (continued) Ethnic group Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

Consumption expenditure 12712.46 9166.16 11626.66 11029.78 10697.74 9165.44 9163.57 9427.23 9453.18 11270.37 9170.80 7854.59 10920.29 9265.83 11671.50 10282.24 10550.53 7787.32 12265.85 10598.82 9272.34 9192.42 12090.56 9197.15 12705.11 10879.04 10233.72 15273.53 9366.43 9521.37 9587.26 9501.25 10379.17 12394.85 9443.22 9503.78 9225.01 11182.76 11438.43 10160.29 9176.31 10708.43

Food

Clothing

Residence

Household facilities and articles

3836.87 2702.79 3187.31 3144.42 3233.24 2703.07 2704.34 2825.34 2830.10 3116.20 2703.76 2771.46 4489.25 2753.11 3133.78 3057.70 3123.82 2789.81 3382.87 3189.23 2757.09 2718.85 3318.41 2714.50 4533.45 3136.08 3020.66 5092.92 2667.35 2858.64 2868.39 3211.92 3087.39 3713.73 2830.38 2853.05 2723.05 3058.01 3484.93 3203.09 2722.01 3256.31

672.40 373.24 698.60 688.59 348.22 373.42 373.23 797.94 797.39 655.30 374.29 943.85 327.43 383.57 685.46 384.09 526.46 963.47 706.60 363.16 386.42 385.37 706.00 376.61 714.65 767.40 706.47 726.03 496.90 792.19 786.52 810.83 691.02 649.87 797.99 794.20 379.89 688.78 430.15 482.54 568.03 341.40

2810.20 1894.67 2048.50 2229.08 2482.81 1894.99 1892.69 1718.76 1722.45 2054.40 1895.64 1306.97 2173.91 1911.34 2346.84 2386.42 2368.68 1266.07 2323.45 2459.02 1913.76 1899.05 2184.43 1901.25 2502.19 2046.96 1807.10 3786.78 2166.95 1749.59 1774.97 1689.64 1870.00 2696.20 1723.70 1745.04 1905.86 2170.12 2614.15 2091.47 1755.06 2464.02

752.44 561.45 527.49 674.95 610.04 561.30 561.33 610.17 609.46 481.50 562.02 383.96 519.83 570.09 619.20 598.48 642.64 376.11 592.30 608.84 569.86 561.12 553.49 563.30 857.04 621.03 508.41 807.70 577.07 613.91 616.93 522.13 519.17 758.52 611.08 613.69 566.08 583.34 658.76 644.73 522.60 610.34

4  Living Conditions and the Means of Livelihood 

147

Table 4.17  Per capita consumption expenditure of rural households (yuan) (II) Miscellaneous Goods and Health care and Services medical services Miscellaneous

Ethnic group

Transport and communications

Education, culture and recreation

National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi

1690.0

1301.6

1240.1

218.3

1511.36 1499.26 1117.27 1513.00 1400.99 1511.31 1909.75 1508.60 1546.19 1453.26 1110.87 2053.47 1674.49 1391.41 1780.62 1511.89 1683.34 1640.24 1534.83 1510.18 1510.42 1301.85 1306.73 1775.06 1511.40 1420.64 1129.96 1514.22 1820.81 1491.88 1460.56 1424.70 1984.58 1525.35 1514.91 1515.46 1866.49 1513.78

1155.72 1193.16 1184.96 1156.03 1170.91 1153.81 1582.14 1153.89 1192.31 1338.32 1180.40 1687.07 1310.22 1168.95 1329.94 1155.29 1409.65 1225.13 1248.92 1155.48 1154.38 1011.68 1016.04 1399.07 1155.51 488.15 1367.01 1148.57 1330.88 1225.86 1303.29 448.44 1589.59 1244.38 1146.70 1146.78 1548.73 1154.89

850.21 879.23 1136.61 852.27 730.80 852.09 1596.32 848.58 932.60 983.89 1121.61 1504.21 1233.27 722.44 1296.44 850.16 1839.56 1231.63 1077.06 850.21 850.45 1018.50 1027.07 1553.93 851.38 389.82 721.35 864.74 1494.18 981.29 961.06 367.99 1448.21 1047.04 863.13 847.38 1675.14 854.98

116.75 126.46 163.37 117.20 144.89 117.19 235.51 116.14 137.41 167.94 158.90 243.07 218.36 144.24 233.56 116.69 232.21 195.74 162.62 116.79 116.73 143.01 143.94 234.91 116.81 149.74 191.55 120.19 240.36 156.53 164.03 150.73 238.25 161.80 120.47 118.40 237.87 117.85 (continued)

148 

R. Guo

Table 4.17 (continued)

Ethnic group

Transport and communications

Education, culture and recreation

Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

1580.07 1629.99 1674.61 2001.75 1404.41 1313.34 1321.71 1494.16 1675.00 1603.40 1304.21 1311.48 1514.67 1728.33 1536.05 1516.54 1109.66 1543.16

940.15 1276.05 982.13 1432.18 1171.35 1022.07 1031.86 732.53 1010.82 1480.27 1012.92 1018.66 1157.80 1279.21 1372.35 1096.77 1198.36 1249.82

Miscellaneous Goods and Health care and Services medical services Miscellaneous 1340.32 1215.24 1298.14 1138.32 738.35 1026.11 1039.40 851.12 1289.83 1263.11 1019.58 1023.03 859.25 1448.60 1165.75 972.00 1138.57 1081.11

237.26 186.30 236.19 287.86 144.05 145.53 147.49 188.93 235.94 229.75 143.36 144.63 118.41 226.37 176.28 153.14 162.00 162.28

Table 4.18  Per Capita Consumption Expenditure of Rural Households (2018) (I)

Ethnic group

Consumption Expenditure

Food, Tobacco and Liquor

Clothing

Residence

Household Facilities, Articles and Services

National Average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung

12124.3

3645.6

647.7

2660.6

720.5

9168.75 9473.38 9146.53 9185.28 9374.26 9179.72 12144.47 9143.59 9719.10

2704.80 2784.25 2719.53 2710.48 2672.67 2711.35 3340.29 2695.28 2881.52

373.11 408.03 573.90 374.92 505.98 374.45 714.22 372.28 430.31

1895.37 2003.60 1733.07 1898.65 2169.47 1896.83 2203.38 1888.62 2014.71

561.43 579.38 517.82 562.73 578.55 562.68 562.86 560.21 584.03 (continued)

4  Living Conditions and the Means of Livelihood 

149

Table 4.18 (continued)

Ethnic group

Consumption Expenditure

Food, Tobacco and Liquor

Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia

10686.82 9126.09 12596.52 12131.85 9325.49 12712.46 9166.16 11626.66 11029.78 10697.74 9165.44 9163.57 9427.23 9453.18 11270.37 9170.80 7854.59 10920.29 9265.83 11671.50 10282.24 10550.53 7787.32 12265.85 10598.82 9272.34 9192.42 12090.56 9197.15 12705.11 10879.04 10233.72 15273.53 9366.43 9521.37 9587.26 9501.25 10379.17 12394.85

3105.41 2714.03 3474.11 3614.71 2657.28 3836.87 2702.79 3187.31 3144.42 3233.24 2703.07 2704.34 2825.34 2830.10 3116.20 2703.76 2771.46 4489.25 2753.11 3133.78 3057.70 3123.82 2789.81 3382.87 3189.23 2757.09 2718.85 3318.41 2714.50 4533.45 3136.08 3020.66 5092.92 2667.35 2858.64 2868.39 3211.92 3087.39 3713.73

Clothing

Residence

Household Facilities, Articles and Services

531.92 585.96 714.26 651.71 504.64 672.40 373.24 698.60 688.59 348.22 373.42 373.23 797.94 797.39 655.30 374.29 943.85 327.43 383.57 685.46 384.09 526.46 963.47 706.60 363.16 386.42 385.37 706.00 376.61 714.65 767.40 706.47 726.03 496.90 792.19 786.52 810.83 691.02 649.87

2462.28 1728.69 2336.32 2712.59 2160.27 2810.20 1894.67 2048.50 2229.08 2482.81 1894.99 1892.69 1718.76 1722.45 2054.40 1895.64 1306.97 2173.91 1911.34 2346.84 2386.42 2368.68 1266.07 2323.45 2459.02 1913.76 1899.05 2184.43 1901.25 2502.19 2046.96 1807.10 3786.78 2166.95 1749.59 1774.97 1689.64 1870.00 2696.20

643.79 525.64 584.01 716.50 576.26 752.44 561.45 527.49 674.95 610.04 561.30 561.33 610.17 609.46 481.50 562.02 383.96 519.83 570.09 619.20 598.48 642.64 376.11 592.30 608.84 569.86 561.12 553.49 563.30 857.04 621.03 508.41 807.70 577.07 613.91 616.93 522.13 519.17 758.52 (continued)

150 

R. Guo

Table 4.18 (continued)

Ethnic group

Consumption Expenditure

Food, Tobacco and Liquor

Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

9443.22 9503.78 9225.01 11182.76 11438.43 10160.29 9176.31 10708.43

2830.38 2853.05 2723.05 3058.01 3484.93 3203.09 2722.01 3256.31

Clothing

Residence

Household Facilities, Articles and Services

797.99 794.20 379.89 688.78 430.15 482.54 568.03 341.40

1723.70 1745.04 1905.86 2170.12 2614.15 2091.47 1755.06 2464.02

611.08 613.69 566.08 583.34 658.76 644.73 522.60 610.34

Table 4.19  Per Capita Consumption Expenditure of Rural Households (2018) (II) Health Care and Medical Services

Miscellaneous Goods and Services

Ethnic group

Transport and Communications

Education, Culture and Recreation

National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing

1690.0

1301.6

1240.1

218.3

1511.36 1499.26 1117.27 1513.00 1400.99 1511.31 1909.75 1508.60 1546.19 1453.26 1110.87 2053.47 1674.49 1391.41 1780.62 1511.89 1683.34 1640.24 1534.83

1155.72 1193.16 1184.96 1156.03 1170.91 1153.81 1582.14 1153.89 1192.31 1338.32 1180.40 1687.07 1310.22 1168.95 1329.94 1155.29 1409.65 1225.13 1248.92

850.21 879.23 1136.61 852.27 730.80 852.09 1596.32 848.58 932.60 983.89 1121.61 1504.21 1233.27 722.44 1296.44 850.16 1839.56 1231.63 1077.06

116.75 126.46 163.37 117.20 144.89 117.19 235.51 116.14 137.41 167.94 158.90 243.07 218.36 144.24 233.56 116.69 232.21 195.74 162.62 (continued)

4  Living Conditions and the Means of Livelihood 

151

Table 4.19 (continued)

Ethnic group

Transport and Communications

Education, Culture and Recreation

Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

1510.18 1510.42 1301.85 1306.73 1775.06 1511.40 1420.64 1129.96 1514.22 1820.81 1491.88 1460.56 1424.70 1984.58 1525.35 1514.91 1515.46 1866.49 1513.78 1580.07 1629.99 1674.61 2001.75 1404.41 1313.34 1321.71 1494.16 1675.00 1603.40 1304.21 1311.48 1514.67 1728.33 1536.05 1516.54 1109.66 1543.16

1155.48 1154.38 1011.68 1016.04 1399.07 1155.51 488.15 1367.01 1148.57 1330.88 1225.86 1303.29 448.44 1589.59 1244.38 1146.70 1146.78 1548.73 1154.89 940.15 1276.05 982.13 1432.18 1171.35 1022.07 1031.86 732.53 1010.82 1480.27 1012.92 1018.66 1157.80 1279.21 1372.35 1096.77 1198.36 1249.82

Health Care and Medical Services

Miscellaneous Goods and Services

850.21 850.45 1018.50 1027.07 1553.93 851.38 389.82 721.35 864.74 1494.18 981.29 961.06 367.99 1448.21 1047.04 863.13 847.38 1675.14 854.98 1340.32 1215.24 1298.14 1138.32 738.35 1026.11 1039.40 851.12 1289.83 1263.11 1019.58 1023.03 859.25 1448.60 1165.75 972.00 1138.57 1081.11

116.79 116.73 143.01 143.94 234.91 116.81 149.74 191.55 120.19 240.36 156.53 164.03 150.73 238.25 161.80 120.47 118.40 237.87 117.85 237.26 186.30 236.19 287.86 144.05 145.53 147.49 188.93 235.94 229.75 143.36 144.63 118.41 226.37 176.28 153.14 162.00 162.28

152 

R. Guo

Table 4.20  Per capita consumption of major foods by rural households (kg) (I) Edible Oil and Fats

Edible Vegetable Oil

Vegetable and Edible Mushroom

Ethnic group

Grain (Unprocessed)

Cereal

National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi

148.5

137.9

9.9

9.0

87.5

132.35 133.46 160.90 132.59 119.73 132.61 172.28 132.38 137.30 136.82 162.23 177.51 144.15 119.19 148.44 132.40 158.52 144.72 152.01 132.35 132.52 169.83 169.76 152.65 132.43 203.62 109.83 133.71 147.17 143.34 138.02 206.87 170.68 148.71 133.99 133.72 168.15 132.70

124.38 125.09 149.07 124.58 108.89 124.61 159.25 124.42 128.46 127.08 150.98 164.23 134.15 108.33 137.29 124.42 144.77 135.70 146.03 124.37 124.53 168.43 168.25 138.40 124.44 198.69 105.66 125.60 134.15 136.12 127.85 202.13 157.92 142.25 125.90 125.76 154.59 124.69

6.24 6.63 8.43 6.28 5.77 6.27 9.48 6.23 6.96 8.03 8.75 7.44 9.29 5.72 10.14 6.24 13.37 9.06 8.45 6.24 6.25 13.42 13.43 11.32 6.25 14.09 8.51 6.40 10.04 7.64 8.09 14.33 7.79 8.14 6.44 6.41 10.41 6.29

4.31 4.66 8.25 4.34 4.18 4.33 9.22 4.30 5.21 6.02 8.59 7.12 8.36 4.13 9.29 4.31 13.22 8.57 6.67 4.31 4.32 13.17 13.18 11.13 4.32 8.03 6.38 4.49 9.75 5.90 6.05 8.07 7.43 6.38 4.50 4.42 10.18 4.37

75.22 76.09 63.25 75.42 73.23 75.41 81.69 75.13 78.24 79.07 65.05 82.53 85.18 73.14 89.93 75.24 81.31 77.40 79.40 75.21 75.34 78.52 78.59 86.26 75.26 32.71 80.58 76.30 88.17 77.35 82.63 30.58 83.12 78.78 76.13 74.70 81.88 75.40 (continued)

153

4  Living Conditions and the Means of Livelihood  Table 4.20 (continued) Ethnic group

Grain (Unprocessed)

Cereal

Edible Oil and Fats

Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

177.98 170.89 139.94 156.93 120.60 169.34 168.47 180.97 139.83 152.35 169.78 169.34 132.78 151.16 153.76 143.60 161.14 151.73

165.92 164.58 134.06 146.19 109.96 167.61 166.31 173.82 133.45 141.05 168.36 167.82 124.73 139.67 146.87 134.16 148.99 145.86

11.91 10.93 9.79 10.61 5.80 13.33 13.10 12.22 9.63 11.24 13.42 13.36 6.32 11.06 9.39 7.75 8.33 8.38

Edible Vegetable Oil 10.40 10.62 9.17 9.06 4.21 13.04 12.83 8.73 8.96 9.15 13.16 13.09 4.42 10.76 7.28 5.98 8.17 6.59

Vegetable and Edible Mushroom 113.02 80.65 47.55 94.19 73.16 79.06 78.46 55.40 50.00 102.27 78.61 78.74 75.66 88.44 82.64 85.45 64.01 79.59

Table 4.21  Per capita consumption of major foods by rural households (kg) (II) Ethnic group

Products of Meat

Pork

National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han

27.5 33.07 32.79 18.02 33.08 30.71 33.15 29.31 33.07 32.12 31.48 17.96 32.23 26.82 30.74 27.71

23.0 30.80 30.55 12.91 30.80 29.30 30.87 21.35 30.79 29.26 29.44 12.10 23.38 22.52 29.38 23.26

Beef 1.1 1.18 1.12 1.10 1.18 0.59 1.18 1.50 1.18 1.17 0.81 1.02 1.67 1.05 0.58 1.04

Mutton 1.0 0.43 0.41 2.87 0.43 0.21 0.43 4.39 0.45 0.72 0.32 3.74 5.26 0.98 0.19 0.84 (continued)

154 

R. Guo

Table 4.21 (continued) Ethnic group

Products of Meat

Pork

Beef

Mutton

Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

33.08 24.05 22.03 33.40 33.06 33.13 22.34 22.38 24.92 33.04 21.56 31.67 33.38 23.92 32.76 32.41 21.45 30.67 33.30 33.35 32.86 28.02 33.07 44.95 26.27 26.97 32.67 30.77 22.60 22.43 28.12 27.32 32.73 22.38 22.53 32.94 24.33 33.75 36.09 17.75 33.78

30.81 19.87 14.33 30.73 30.78 30.86 1.45 1.63 21.33 30.76 6.41 28.75 31.05 19.64 30.48 30.31 5.84 22.23 30.76 30.97 30.36 21.56 30.76 40.90 10.61 9.89 28.77 29.33 2.27 2.74 15.71 11.51 29.95 1.52 1.93 30.61 17.40 30.90 33.43 13.27 31.07

1.18 0.87 2.53 0.97 1.18 1.18 3.82 3.79 0.92 1.18 10.79 1.25 1.17 0.88 0.85 0.82 11.24 1.71 0.92 1.22 1.33 1.24 1.18 1.00 2.93 8.77 1.20 0.61 3.73 3.62 7.64 8.19 0.90 3.81 3.77 1.17 1.44 1.06 1.06 0.79 1.00

0.43 0.74 3.47 0.51 0.43 0.43 16.45 16.31 0.52 0.43 4.00 0.57 0.43 0.94 0.42 0.33 4.01 4.82 0.47 0.45 0.50 2.96 0.44 0.37 11.51 7.66 0.51 0.22 15.92 15.35 3.79 6.86 0.41 16.41 16.17 0.44 3.62 0.49 0.39 2.51 0.51

4  Living Conditions and the Means of Livelihood 

155

Table 4.22  Per capita consumption of major foods by rural households (kg) (III) Aquatic Ethnic group Poultry Products National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang

Eggs

Milk and Dairy Products

Dried and Fresh Melons and Fruits Sugar

8.0

7.8

8.4

6.9

39.9

1.3

6.40 6.41 3.96 6.40 3.66 6.41 4.94 6.36 6.49 7.35 3.97 5.10 8.29 3.60 8.31 6.38 5.25 5.62 16.58 6.40 6.39 3.43 3.45 4.89 6.38 0.98 17.26 6.45 3.88 13.32 6.81 0.86 4.75 15.53 6.43 6.33 5.12 6.40 9.44

2.37 2.83 1.02 2.38 1.75 2.35 4.66 2.29 3.31 5.06 0.99 4.34 8.10 1.66 8.89 2.34 6.36 3.70 7.38 2.35 2.33 0.73 0.80 6.07 2.34 0.66 22.89 2.41 5.99 5.72 4.79 0.54 4.34 6.83 2.42 2.40 5.33 2.38 5.38

3.92 4.08 5.72 3.95 2.77 3.93 7.65 3.89 4.84 4.54 5.65 7.43 8.55 2.69 8.90 3.91 8.70 7.18 4.71 3.92 3.91 3.47 3.52 9.17 3.94 2.40 3.85 4.06 9.45 4.09 4.73 2.30 7.55 4.48 4.03 3.94 8.10 3.96 8.32

2.30 2.40 6.75 2.34 2.16 2.32 9.78 2.29 3.43 2.64 6.89 11.60 6.55 2.08 7.27 2.30 5.43 8.23 2.73 2.30 2.30 11.11 11.06 5.43 2.32 11.46 1.81 2.49 6.33 2.45 2.97 11.83 10.71 2.60 2.52 2.50 8.50 2.37 8.23

18.52 21.23 69.61 18.62 24.50 18.53 44.32 18.45 22.94 31.88 69.34 41.35 40.20 24.39 40.83 18.51 50.31 50.13 28.95 18.56 18.48 41.17 41.20 41.15 18.61 6.62 17.32 18.94 42.21 27.78 29.93 5.48 40.01 28.63 18.83 18.54 46.00 18.69 30.74

1.02 1.02 1.83 1.03 0.79 1.03 1.52 1.02 1.12 0.97 1.76 1.45 1.33 0.79 1.37 1.03 1.70 1.39 1.05 1.02 1.03 1.07 1.07 1.36 1.03 4.34 0.90 1.05 1.18 0.97 1.12 4.50 1.37 1.03 1.07 1.08 1.57 1.03 2.07 (continued)

156 

R. Guo

Table 4.22 (continued) Aquatic Ethnic group Poultry Products

Eggs

Milk and Dairy Products

Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

5.30 2.75 7.61 2.79 3.65 3.79 3.94 3.03 6.94 3.49 3.55 4.10 7.80 5.58 5.00 5.90 4.70

11.27 11.68 7.31 2.14 10.97 10.83 10.47 11.10 4.26 11.10 11.01 2.45 6.57 2.87 3.92 6.55 2.63

4.20 2.76 11.10 4.04 3.63 3.64 3.47 3.36 7.42 3.46 3.63 6.41 3.43 15.08 6.91 4.08 16.81

2.45 0.75 17.51 1.83 1.01 1.07 1.61 1.42 8.91 0.77 0.96 2.45 5.61 8.40 3.09 1.12 7.44

Dried and Fresh Melons and Fruits Sugar 41.41 23.07 37.19 24.43 41.12 42.44 18.73 24.15 36.63 41.12 41.07 19.22 37.47 33.04 22.57 71.34 28.38

1.22 1.85 1.80 0.79 1.09 1.11 3.14 1.83 1.44 1.07 1.07 1.04 1.09 1.16 1.29 1.82 1.07

Table 4.23  Main Durable Goods Owned Per 100 Rural Households at Year-end (I)

Ethnic group National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang

Automo­ Motor­ cycle bile (unit) (unit)

Electric Bicycle (unit)

Washing Refrig­ Machine erator (set) (set)

Micro­ wave Oven (set)

Color TV Set (set)

22.3

57.4

64.9

88.5

95.9

17.7

116.6

25.28 23.84 21.50 25.26 19.78 25.26 22.24 25.31 24.45 17.35 20.87

76.17 73.87 60.60 75.98 53.99 76.06 55.24 76.24 71.96 65.81 60.12

19.18 18.75 48.34 19.32 15.34 19.06 43.82 18.84 26.79 21.04 51.72

83.22 84.56 96.58 83.27 93.01 83.27 92.13 83.25 84.34 88.93 96.66

79.92 82.14 85.50 80.03 86.77 79.97 99.89 79.84 83.14 91.83 86.43

11.61 11.03 7.46 11.67 7.32 11.60 7.25 11.52 12.34 9.69 7.39

102.74 103.45 110.53 102.84 101.16 102.77 105.08 102.63 104.71 105.87 110.31 (continued)

4  Living Conditions and the Means of Livelihood 

157

Table 4.23 (continued)

Ethnic group

Automo­ Motor­ cycle bile (unit) (unit)

Electric Bicycle (unit)

Washing Refrig­ Machine erator (set) (set)

Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek

25.49 21.91 19.65 22.70 25.30 16.01 26.92 16.08 25.28 25.28 19.42 19.37 21.36 25.29 31.03 10.44 25.13 23.59 16.84 18.26 31.64 25.38 16.35 25.14 25.38 20.63 25.27 17.83 22.47 34.31 19.65 19.69 19.43 19.78 28.51 33.48 16.85 19.42 19.46

49.16 68.45 14.42 68.05 19.09 28.80 66.79 52.54 19.08 18.82 76.87 76.45 29.13 19.37 22.13 63.67 19.64 56.54 42.11 20.01 21.68 51.79 48.29 19.47 19.73 39.30 19.46 30.98 66.96 20.89 55.60 16.47 76.29 75.38 23.92 21.64 24.40 76.90 76.60

92.79 88.47 93.19 88.80 83.26 89.97 95.02 74.16 83.28 83.25 94.90 94.84 91.03 83.30 78.26 45.97 83.50 92.04 79.34 88.30 77.61 92.74 76.42 83.44 83.21 91.45 83.32 90.09 94.06 92.50 82.33 92.38 94.56 94.76 84.99 92.12 86.47 94.87 94.62

59.36 58.90 53.91 56.36 76.12 46.75 56.66 88.81 76.18 76.14 60.24 60.10 55.67 76.02 87.62 91.07 75.27 54.06 80.03 63.90 88.64 59.27 85.86 75.32 76.10 52.95 75.90 49.18 58.98 72.00 62.04 55.27 60.19 59.84 74.54 72.26 67.57 60.24 60.49

101.99 96.46 86.72 96.78 79.92 94.91 95.17 94.05 79.93 79.90 101.75 101.72 96.02 79.97 73.92 77.49 80.39 98.49 92.20 90.57 72.95 101.28 93.49 80.35 80.02 98.52 80.08 95.71 101.75 94.63 100.32 86.88 101.55 101.00 83.66 94.06 98.06 101.77 101.63

Micro­ wave Oven (set) 7.56 18.59 7.08 20.08 11.62 8.08 14.14 20.33 11.56 11.57 7.61 7.61 9.38 11.61 4.06 12.42 11.57 13.71 16.75 9.96 4.06 8.77 19.08 11.58 11.63 7.74 11.66 10.49 9.06 9.69 27.48 7.83 7.97 8.34 6.73 10.28 11.87 7.67 7.93

Color TV Set (set) 106.07 116.13 100.74 118.92 102.76 104.56 110.19 104.90 102.70 102.71 101.02 101.05 105.67 102.78 105.65 102.61 103.04 109.78 103.24 105.95 105.91 106.73 104.24 103.13 103.06 105.26 102.87 112.78 104.23 96.88 139.90 101.07 101.48 102.08 105.22 98.33 113.88 101.08 101.31

(continued)

158 

R. Guo

Table 4.23 (continued)

Ethnic group

Automo­ Motor­ cycle bile (unit) (unit)

Electric Bicycle (unit)

Washing Refrig­ Machine erator (set) (set)

Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

25.26 19.00 16.06 22.60 21.17 16.50

20.57 53.53 39.83 21.89 49.29 51.04

83.46 90.50 78.65 86.26 96.67 74.35

75.52 57.66 87.79 66.15 60.04 90.59

Micro­ wave Oven (set)

80.34 99.31 94.60 85.05 85.20 93.43

11.69 11.67 17.24 10.78 7.71 20.36

Color TV Set (set) 102.95 107.40 107.45 105.30 111.22 104.55

Table 4.24  Main Durable Goods Owned Per 100 Rural Households at Year-end (II) Water Air Conditioner Heater (set) Ethnic group (set) National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo

Exhaust Fan (set)

Mobile Phone (set)

Computer Camera (set) (set)

65.2

68.7

26.0

257.0

26.9

2.5

2.61 8.12 2.15 2.96 8.31 2.67 5.12 2.09 11.49 31.55 2.13 6.40 65.90 7.58 73.02 2.52 8.43 36.42 38.26 2.55

71.36 69.74 35.68 71.38 54.24 71.34 20.84 71.24 68.23 63.05 36.59 24.26 68.50 53.80 71.14 71.36 14.58 65.35 73.54 71.28

8.86 10.35 13.53 8.93 8.84 8.84 14.92 8.72 11.76 15.94 13.45 16.16 25.16 8.57 28.65 8.83 13.87 22.10 12.49 8.86

278.53 279.69 296.29 278.41 286.47 278.47 230.64 278.60 272.25 286.45 289.89 236.13 259.49 287.05 256.05 278.52 225.49 262.91 292.39 278.55

10.25 11.74 20.69 10.32 11.86 10.24 21.27 10.14 13.14 18.05 20.36 21.73 27.45 11.68 28.48 10.23 22.29 24.20 19.95 10.27

1.48 1.48 1.76 1.48 0.89 1.48 1.32 1.47 1.63 1.37 1.68 1.50 2.40 0.85 2.83 1.48 1.21 2.24 1.02 1.47 (continued)

159

4  Living Conditions and the Means of Livelihood  Table 4.24 (continued) Water Air Conditioner Heater (set) Ethnic group (set) Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

2.34 3.14 3.19 8.42 2.81 4.87 54.20 3.92 27.13 29.24 29.10 4.23 10.78 35.63 3.97 3.35 7.00 3.04 49.42 9.62 2.30 88.21 8.55 5.23 6.14 12.90 6.13 61.87 3.46 4.61 4.24 9.71 48.07 16.00 3.21 37.95

71.26 44.16 43.86 17.78 71.38 13.58 64.89 71.26 34.74 67.99 63.72 11.52 28.62 71.55 71.03 70.54 19.16 71.25 69.26 39.05 34.76 91.19 54.90 44.96 44.98 32.07 37.34 72.77 44.30 44.83 71.46 30.69 74.85 68.76 36.26 74.35

Exhaust Fan (set)

Mobile Phone (set)

8.78 14.13 14.12 15.43 8.88 2.80 9.95 9.02 23.60 11.02 14.91 2.15 17.53 12.27 9.03 9.02 14.93 8.95 14.62 16.40 17.48 44.93 8.63 14.50 14.92 8.91 18.12 23.98 14.19 14.47 9.31 22.00 18.72 10.37 13.71 12.78

278.54 203.00 203.00 237.38 278.45 250.99 276.78 277.74 228.49 292.01 283.25 250.24 236.32 292.69 277.71 277.84 230.18 278.25 255.49 218.16 278.93 255.03 286.80 204.83 208.58 262.25 280.69 276.32 203.01 204.19 277.82 216.44 290.17 273.06 297.50 292.70

Computer Camera (set) (set) 10.20 13.63 13.70 27.19 10.30 5.20 10.39 10.47 28.52 17.66 16.70 4.63 22.59 19.34 10.45 10.37 21.99 10.36 17.10 17.90 15.56 33.07 11.91 14.03 14.60 10.74 16.26 24.28 13.68 13.91 10.69 23.51 22.33 12.28 21.18 19.87

1.47 0.93 0.93 1.45 1.48 1.49 1.02 1.51 2.50 0.92 1.44 1.54 1.68 1.02 1.51 1.49 1.33 1.49 2.42 1.39 2.05 3.48 0.87 0.98 1.09 1.83 2.10 2.15 0.94 0.98 1.50 1.94 1.60 1.66 1.80 1.10

160 

R. Guo

Table 4.25  Housing conditions of rural households Value of houses (yuan/ sq.m)

House structures (sq.m/person)

37.09

681.90

17.12

16.35

31.81 32.70 24.48 31.88 30.15 31.83 25.44 31.76 32.28 35.86 24.49 25.44 37.65 29.94 38.58 31.83 25.98 31.21 35.91 31.79 31.80 27.19 27.19 26.20 31.85 29.44 25.64 31.99 29.80 34.13 35.33 29.40 26.75 35.17 32.00 31.90 25.73 31.86

591.27 577.66 545.02 590.80 543.96 590.87 652.09 590.11 605.47 513.66 541.31 579.18 713.42 540.59 716.68 591.18 855.39 659.51 491.68 590.97 591.32 487.76 491.09 717.25 590.41 353.11 849.75 588.51 816.41 497.26 526.13 354.51 596.24 496.58 590.36 589.09 712.50 591.71

10.12 11.01 4.35 10.18 11.02 10.15 1.74 10.05 10.76 16.13 4.21 1.97 19.21 10.89 18.86 10.12 2.25 9.09 27.14 10.11 10.09 2.83 2.82 2.09 10.15 2.13 12.73 10.27 5.91 22.91 15.09 1.65 3.31 25.58 10.28 10.14 2.10 10.16

8.54 10.42 10.06 8.59 15.95 8.54 18.45 8.49 10.34 17.21 10.24 17.77 16.24 16.01 17.00 8.54 20.36 16.47 6.84 8.55 8.52 14.19 14.26 22.27 8.57 16.74 12.68 8.76 22.50 9.18 16.27 16.84 18.33 7.75 8.77 8.73 19.14 8.61

Per capita floor space of houses Ethnic group (sq.m/person) National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi

Reinforced Brick and concrete structure wood structure

(continued)

161

4  Living Conditions and the Means of Livelihood  Table 4.25 (continued) Value of houses (yuan/ sq.m)

House structures (sq.m/person)

Per capita floor space of houses Ethnic group (sq.m/person) Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

510.30 567.81 522.71 878.13 539.58 493.91 515.39 430.59 532.96 508.17 488.68 496.40 590.11 768.06 504.99 562.80 557.48 498.37

16.28 3.26 4.54 36.79 11.41 3.35 3.33 5.83 5.61 20.66 2.90 3.17 10.26 5.26 24.21 11.90 4.52 26.62

37.86 27.26 29.11 50.85 30.26 27.53 27.44 30.87 29.52 41.85 27.25 27.38 31.98 28.82 38.07 33.28 24.44 35.54

Reinforced Brick and concrete structure wood structure 15.32 15.90 13.77 11.78 15.59 14.26 14.23 15.12 13.55 18.06 14.22 14.19 8.81 21.02 11.30 11.25 9.99 6.46

Note: All data are as of 2012

Table 4.26  Electricity consumption (100 million kwh) Ethnic group 2000 Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao

0.22 12.52 0.20 0.60 24.62 7.54 1.53 0.12 0.06 23.16 5.99 0.34 0.05 4.80

2005 0.45 24.57 0.33 1.22 42.15 15.33 3.13 0.24 0.11 39.30 10.00 0.83 0.09 8.18

2010 0.81 43.83 0.57 2.19 72.29 27.58 6.44 0.43 0.20 68.05 16.97 1.85 0.15 14.00

2011 0.97 51.90 0.66 2.63 81.68 33.02 7.66 0.51 0.23 76.19 19.78 2.23 0.17 15.81

2012 1.06 56.60 0.72 2.87 90.21 36.07 8.29 0.56 0.25 82.26 21.85 2.41 0.18 17.48

2018 1.35 73.23 0.95 3.67 127.38 46.09 13.28 0.71 0.33 114.52 30.54 3.94 0.24 24.72 (continued)

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Table 4.26 (continued) Ethnic group 2000 Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

2005

2010

2011

2012

2018

12595.97 22976.44 38702.90 43178.69 45394.31 62259.31 9.37 19.06 34.31 41.09 44.88 57.35 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.15 143.54 275.68 503.14 612.70 650.33 914.03 0.17 0.27 0.52 0.59 0.61 0.90 0.86 1.75 3.15 3.77 4.12 5.27 0.14 0.28 0.50 0.60 0.65 0.83 12.42 21.04 44.86 56.84 73.83 144.56 1.60 2.70 5.75 7.28 9.45 18.48 23.76 32.64 49.62 54.09 55.33 67.54 2.95 6.01 10.81 12.95 14.14 18.08 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.09 6.65 13.89 26.75 31.08 34.82 54.26 4.13 8.39 15.07 18.02 19.67 25.16 163.42 255.12 413.65 454.96 469.20 589.02 0.82 1.35 2.51 2.82 2.98 4.34 69.86 118.36 205.59 232.62 251.30 348.08 0.01 0.01 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.25 69.56 155.46 332.10 396.51 427.32 682.17 1.58 2.61 4.91 5.49 5.75 8.40 2.01 4.07 7.32 8.75 9.55 12.23 0.19 0.38 0.68 0.82 0.89 1.15 0.10 0.18 0.34 0.40 0.43 0.66 0.22 0.45 0.80 0.96 1.05 1.34 1.96 3.55 5.84 6.60 6.91 9.29 0.17 0.34 0.72 0.88 1.04 1.86 2.17 4.06 8.98 10.80 11.64 14.47 8.51 16.94 29.12 32.98 34.32 49.68 3.33 5.71 9.84 11.12 12.28 17.34 0.41 0.69 1.46 1.85 2.39 4.65 0.05 0.08 0.18 0.22 0.28 0.54 39.43 72.76 167.16 197.90 213.98 300.16 4.86 9.11 19.89 23.86 25.65 31.79 66.35 102.74 176.57 196.36 206.03 286.70 83.38 141.34 301.15 381.44 495.33 969.67 0.12 0.21 0.44 0.56 0.73 1.42 2.61 5.29 9.51 11.37 12.40 15.91 3.00 4.56 7.43 8.32 8.95 12.52 20.10 34.59 62.43 69.71 72.89 102.42 51.79 99.82 174.81 205.22 222.33 290.86 0.16 0.27 0.45 0.52 0.57 0.75 120.79 202.97 384.30 431.51 450.01 653.19

Data are provided by the Association of Power Generation Enterprises

a

5 Agricultural Production and Other Rural Activity

The data in this chapter show the basic conditions of agricultural production and rural economy, including mainly cultivated land, quantity of agricultural machinery, output of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, output of major products, facilities of water conservancy and efforts to eliminate water-logging and combat alkalinity, productive fixed assets owned by rural households, basic conditions of State-owned farms. Statistics on agriculture cover all agricultural production activities except horse raising for military purpose and agricultural production activities undertaken by agriculture research institutions. In other words, included in agriculture statistics are production activities in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery undertaken by rural economic units of various types and by rural households; production activities of farms specializing in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery; production activities in agriculture undertaken by government agencies, institutions, schools and military units; production activities in agriculture undertaken by collective farms run by townships and villages; and production activities in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery undertaken by manufacturing and mining enterprises.

© The Author(s) 2020 R. Guo, China Ethnic Statistical Yearbook 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49024-9_5

163

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Data on agricultural production are provided by the Department of Rural Social and Economic Survey of the NBS using data from The Statistical Survey System on Agriculture, Forestry, Animal Husbandry and Fishery; The Statistical Reporting System on Agricultural Output and Price and The Statistical Reporting System on the Basic Condition of Social and Economic Activities of Counties. The Statistical Survey System on Agriculture, Forestry, Animal Husbandry and Fishery is composed of three parts: (i) the sample survey conducted by the nation taking the province as the population on major farm crops such as grain and cotton, on animal husbandry such as hog, cattle, sheep and poultry, and a sample survey on 362 pig output counties taking the county as the population; (ii) the comprehensive reporting system, statistical reporting forms are used on agricultural production conditions, tropical farm crops, garden crops, agricultural facilities and other poultry; and (iii) the statistical reporting forms of forestry and fishery industries from forestry department and fishery department. The Statistical Reporting System on the Basic Condition of Social and Economic Activities of Counties is a special survey designed by the NBS to understand the basic conditions of social and economic activities at county, township and rural level and the energy consumption of the units engaged in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery. Under this survey system, a complete enumeration is conducted every 3 years to collect information on the basic conditions of all towns, townships and villages, and a complete enumeration is conducted every year in counties administratively designated towns. Data on fixed assets, sales of farm products of rural households are collected and compiled by the Office of Household Surveys of the NBS through the System of Rural Household Survey. Table 5.1  Gross output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery (100 million yuan) Ethnic groups

Total

Farming

Forestry Animal husbandry Fishery

National total Achang Bai Baonan

113579.5 3.29 179.37 1.18

61452.6 1.79 98.68 0.81

5432.6 0.32 16.38 0.02

28697.4 0.99 52.21 0.25

12131.5 0.08 5.09 0.00 (continued)

5  Agricultural Production and Other Rural Activity 

165

Table 5.1 (continued) Ethnic groups

Total

Farming

Forestry Animal husbandry Fishery

Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar

8.90 303.17 112.29 18.20 1.74 0.72 289.26 41.43 3.91 0.43 59.18 102035.21 139.53 0.67 962.49 2.49 12.81 2.02 245.75 31.57 189.35 43.96 0.23 245.62 61.37 1050.16 11.64 862.59 0.67 698.65 22.67 29.80 2.78 1.12 3.26 26.79 2.55 8.99 72.15 41.74 7.92 0.92

4.84 190.04 61.08 10.37 0.95 0.39 168.28 28.96 2.04 0.23 37.23 54844.31 75.87 0.42 564.28 1.38 6.97 1.10 171.63 22.03 97.83 23.91 0.11 117.65 33.42 518.54 6.68 501.28 0.30 358.99 12.74 16.22 1.51 0.65 1.77 15.46 1.64 4.19 31.33 26.05 5.51 0.64

0.85 21.23 10.78 0.60 0.17 0.06 20.30 0.80 0.13 0.02 4.14 4819.15 13.41 0.02 31.17 0.19 1.23 0.19 4.24 0.55 6.57 4.21 0.00 17.64 5.81 38.45 0.87 61.80 0.01 23.89 1.72 2.82 0.26 0.04 0.31 1.34 0.06 0.23 6.07 2.94 0.14 0.02

2.67 71.00 33.75 6.52 0.52 0.21 69.45 8.37 1.60 0.11 13.81 25567.84 41.93 0.19 275.18 0.55 3.85 0.61 53.82 6.93 70.64 13.21 0.11 39.77 18.47 349.77 2.59 213.61 0.33 279.39 4.99 8.98 0.84 0.38 0.98 8.33 0.70 4.25 12.18 9.78 1.74 0.20

0.23 6.22 2.80 0.28 0.04 0.03 14.81 0.14 0.06 0.05 1.13 11479.75 3.48 0.02 42.18 0.26 0.32 0.05 1.91 0.25 7.64 1.10 0.00 60.43 1.55 95.64 0.93 41.23 0.00 19.21 2.13 0.75 0.07 0.02 0.08 0.94 0.03 0.09 19.96 0.94 0.07 0.01 (continued)

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Table 5.1 (continued) Ethnic groups

Total

Farming

Forestry Animal husbandry Fishery

Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

431.33 20.19 724.37 1649.14 2.41 38.39 22.17 265.38 736.67 0.96 1772.84

214.57 9.36 391.32 1151.25 1.68 20.88 11.76 142.58 414.40 0.66 976.76

12.89 0.57 41.49 28.58 0.04 3.63 0.69 20.27 59.80 0.02 138.19

185.35 9.35 176.76 361.26 0.53 11.51 6.54 62.30 217.50 0.19 394.91

5.82 0.36 70.35 13.13 0.02 1.02 2.12 25.93 19.68 0.00 179.69

Table 5.2  Indices of gross output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery (preceding year=100) Ethnic group

Total

Farming

Forestry

Animal husbandry

Fishery

National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz

103.5 106.25 106.10 103.77 106.23 106.85 106.25 103.17 106.27 105.64 105.65 103.85 102.98 103.51 106.90 103.13 106.25 103.25 103.66 105.54 106.25 106.25 105.14 105.12

103.9 106.74 106.62 105.36 106.72 108.21 106.73 103.97 106.75 106.08 106.47 105.40 103.81 103.56 108.28 103.32 106.74 103.92 103.57 106.68 106.74 106.74 105.25 105.24

106.5 109.89 109.69 105.31 109.86 108.30 109.86 103.36 109.91 108.95 108.41 105.20 101.83 106.84 108.32 106.44 109.89 106.23 106.43 106.44 109.90 109.88 108.55 108.52

101.7 104.19 103.95 102.51 104.18 104.26 104.18 101.51 104.21 103.71 103.06 102.52 101.85 100.91 104.32 100.64 104.19 100.32 102.13 102.64 104.19 104.19 103.33 103.30

102.7 109.74 108.02 96.94 109.71 95.73 109.73 101.32 109.79 108.08 100.07 97.59 98.55 102.48 95.45 102.35 109.75 105.68 101.82 104.52 109.71 109.74 109.40 109.39 (continued)

167

5  Agricultural Production and Other Rural Activity  Table 5.2 (continued) Ethnic group

Total

Farming

Forestry

Animal husbandry

Fishery

Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

102.46 106.24 105.40 104.25 106.18 102.57 105.97 105.57 105.36 103.01 105.71 106.17 106.21 103.13 106.22 103.93 104.09 104.43 103.30 106.83 105.08 104.96 104.80 104.43 103.94 105.13 105.10 106.18 103.04 105.00 105.68 103.69 105.58

102.86 106.73 107.68 105.23 106.67 102.17 107.22 106.31 107.75 103.57 106.91 106.67 106.72 103.90 106.71 104.63 104.32 103.90 104.42 108.18 105.19 105.06 106.07 104.04 104.12 105.24 105.20 106.67 102.90 105.69 106.33 105.31 106.70

98.31 109.88 104.70 105.56 109.64 103.71 106.91 108.05 104.39 102.25 106.62 109.67 109.77 103.90 109.84 101.80 106.59 113.84 105.22 108.29 108.47 108.71 106.12 113.20 107.41 108.55 108.61 109.81 105.43 107.45 107.46 105.15 106.57

101.90 104.18 102.53 103.84 104.14 102.36 103.15 103.35 102.36 102.21 102.81 104.11 104.11 101.14 104.16 102.42 102.30 104.28 97.34 104.25 103.26 103.04 103.01 104.13 102.61 103.31 103.24 104.12 102.90 102.25 103.72 102.32 102.71

99.18 109.75 101.97 101.00 109.61 101.71 101.96 100.70 101.92 99.19 103.41 109.55 109.57 102.27 109.69 104.84 104.45 104.68 103.31 96.14 109.16 108.48 103.17 104.36 101.22 109.40 109.24 109.58 104.43 105.62 106.81 96.47 105.06

Table 5.3  Major agricultural machinery at year-end Ethnic group

Total power of agricultural machinery (10,000 kw)

National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang

100371.7 2.16 123.57 1.43 5.86 (continued)

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Table 5.3 (continued) Ethnic group Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan

Total power of agricultural machinery (10,000 kw) 199.72 73.77 20.68 1.14 0.51 230.63 46.69 4.67 0.37 38.83 90674.10 91.76 0.72 972.32 1.87 8.43 1.33 184.67 23.79 238.37 28.99 0.58 92.68 40.43 948.33 8.51 655.10 1.79 790.42 16.89 19.77 1.90 1.27 2.15 17.19 2.25 10.21 30.43 27.62 5.96 0.70 733.94 (continued)

5  Agricultural Production and Other Rural Activity 

169

Table 5.3 (continued) Ethnic group

Total power of agricultural machinery (10,000 kw)

Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

22.62 607.14 1239.34 1.81 25.56 15.01 219.02 481.91 1.17 1323.66

Table 5.4  Original value of productive fixed assets of rural households at year-­ end (yuan/household)

Ethnic group National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe

Total original value

Transport, postal and tele-­ communication Agriculture Industry Construction services

16974.09

11406.20

1109.48 361.18

2283.42

18968.58 17532.01 20156.81 18955.75 12198.27 18948.38 29797.02 19009.96 18794.01 11099.50 21207.58 28897.84 15213.18 12015.33 15284.69 18978.98 29766.14

14341.50 13021.22 13816.39 14326.74 8080.81 14332.02 26089.63 14391.55 14100.77 7207.24 14882.41 25257.07 10188.29 7964.03 9757.43 14351.97 26065.97

239.36 245.05 137.90 243.53 189.92 234.49 193.09 227.92 339.63 283.48 226.59 148.35 887.42 153.41 1235.37 237.64 234.40

3732.60 3471.18 2571.77 3724.88 2512.25 3726.35 1884.01 3743.63 3426.43 2223.66 2529.07 1995.36 2170.96 2492.87 2103.70 3737.21 1593.40

79.83 106.75 83.68 81.55 196.35 79.48 244.60 79.20 133.84 227.77 179.87 245.05 291.49 195.44 329.64 79.72 116.01

(continued)

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Table 5.4 (continued)

Ethnic group

Total original value

Transport, postal and tele-­ communication Agriculture Industry Construction services

Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

20570.22 12054.17 18949.75 18974.43 34996.79 34983.75 25661.57 18965.95 49576.46 11446.22 18851.42 23797.48 11894.02 12211.38 50972.68 27342.91 11863.13 18973.55 19438.67 29427.69 18976.33 13785.68 31530.89 22049.75 14154.91 12245.79 34308.67 33695.13 33579.04 21124.12 10810.17 34942.32 34588.71 18901.42 26849.13 11354.99 16774.15 19818.11 12281.22

14263.88 9016.06 14329.73 14361.59 29010.99 29022.81 21680.38 14337.88 40738.28 8778.72 14242.07 17197.08 8641.35 8265.02 41985.74 23027.85 8732.49 14342.99 14715.06 25751.61 14345.51 10218.05 26329.19 15788.92 6816.54 8183.86 28374.43 27695.98 26670.59 14945.22 7198.59 28961.69 28624.59 14263.82 20043.89 7993.84 12506.83 13478.50 9209.56

Note: All data are as of 2012

755.76 297.71 234.18 229.60 1284.99 1277.61 309.03 240.06 113.49 396.07 245.27 1065.16 237.62 278.44 76.70 337.66 288.54 246.30 259.23 184.23 242.42 316.79 891.31 148.51 2291.67 177.33 1268.24 1246.23 130.78 179.31 373.03 1286.68 1282.68 259.19 1015.46 344.46 247.91 137.35 292.51

379.53 242.25 80.20 79.11 1428.67 1417.68 376.08 80.17 1497.99 49.14 80.98 479.76 230.16 216.85 1540.55 330.18 242.83 87.65 105.39 178.17 82.15 109.56 938.31 262.50 330.82 195.19 1391.02 1334.58 801.91 233.33 294.98 1427.09 1408.94 84.26 714.58 251.91 100.39 63.39 239.24

3066.78 1686.18 3730.46 3734.68 2311.99 2303.50 1738.25 3730.91 5966.87 827.23 3671.75 3005.35 1874.70 2352.91 6117.72 2266.86 1738.98 3684.51 3757.74 1806.42 3720.45 1428.95 2233.27 3358.22 2475.17 2502.69 2295.86 2320.56 4202.10 3290.05 1888.85 2309.87 2303.32 3689.14 3309.34 1855.90 2959.19 2546.32 1756.36

5  Agricultural Production and Other Rural Activity 

171

Table 5.5  Original value of productive fixed assets of rural households at year-­ end (yuan/household) Wholesale and retail trades and catering Ethnic group services National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen

Social services

Education, culture, and health care

Others

1279.80

261.14

121.18

151.69

413.96 479.61 2834.27 416.64 831.67 414.84 962.27 408.65 563.71 748.09 2711.10 868.85 1191.07 824.66 1310.62 412.05 1239.43 1599.01 476.39 413.38 410.28 606.53 607.60 1179.39 414.86 1037.36 1221.68 440.44 1490.18 559.26 730.63 1041.20 968.85 513.11 441.90 433.78 1054.95

16.29 40.88 259.41 16.89 62.80 17.01 121.35 14.84 60.48 133.39 253.60 92.48 235.18 58.98 279.65 15.83 194.02 208.55 85.73 16.43 15.50 122.85 123.27 180.83 16.59 79.21 86.49 25.44 342.18 76.22 112.83 76.36 135.74 85.76 25.58 20.63 144.59

60.63 79.72 166.34 60.83 214.99 60.58 107.33 60.19 71.81 161.74 170.27 83.91 129.05 216.81 121.48 60.49 148.77 106.32 64.24 60.90 60.26 163.60 163.49 119.62 60.89 13.18 63.66 62.16 128.80 106.10 151.13 4.41 91.13 81.67 62.06 60.90 116.40

84.41 87.59 287.04 84.69 109.48 83.61 194.74 83.99 97.33 114.12 254.67 206.77 119.72 109.12 146.80 84.08 174.15 190.39 185.62 84.47 83.42 67.17 67.79 77.99 84.60 130.08 23.24 83.30 88.98 168.61 103.57 129.99 184.64 179.75 82.55 85.94 191.31 (continued)

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Table 5.5 (continued) Wholesale and retail trades and catering Ethnic group services

Social services

Education, culture, and health care

Others

Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

18.54 310.48 123.86 129.84 387.66 59.09 126.17 134.11 150.68 138.21 165.18 123.17 125.06 21.22 299.66 144.84 102.40 266.20 84.62

60.85 106.62 129.32 55.79 187.77 207.92 161.62 161.15 48.65 59.77 105.98 163.38 162.05 62.47 122.11 70.66 90.68 168.82 58.45

84.50 33.71 122.25 680.92 104.69 111.68 69.54 77.40 248.13 647.10 78.93 66.80 67.66 88.47 57.77 150.40 72.76 273.91 181.82

421.91 1261.51 763.39 1625.06 1560.59 808.03 621.78 725.12 1326.21 1631.13 704.63 603.65 614.40 432.85 1286.32 542.99 693.99 2883.62 458.66

Note: All data are as of 2012

Table 5.6  Number of major productive fixed assets per 100 rural households at year-end

Ethnic group National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong

Motor vehicles (set)

Large and medium tractors (set)

Mini and walking tractors (set)

Motorized threshing machines (set)

Carts with rubber tyres (set)

Pumps (unit)

Draught animals (unit)

4.04

4.40

20.49

11.49

4.31

25.46

26.36

86.13

4.36 4.20 3.79 4.36 3.83 4.36 4.32 4.37 4.31 3.29

3.20 2.81 5.32 3.20 1.32 3.19 15.77 3.22 3.65 1.17

14.49 12.46 32.48 14.50 2.13 14.44 48.20 14.55 15.81 4.79

18.08 17.92 14.75 18.09 16.84 18.17 6.71 18.12 16.58 17.93

1.89 1.75 11.27 1.89 0.63 1.88 9.08 1.91 2.72 1.37

20.42 20.08 15.51 20.45 11.35 20.47 33.17 20.37 21.68 18.91

56.29 52.49 47.11 56.19 50.88 56.25 28.82 56.56 49.83 36.64

78.88 71.84 91.85 78.76 49.41 78.68 211.60 79.29 83.71 39.66

Commodity animals (unit)

(continued)

173

5  Agricultural Production and Other Rural Activity  Table 5.6 (continued)

Ethnic group

Motor vehicles (set)

Large and medium tractors (set)

Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

3.75 4.82 3.73 3.81 3.74 4.37 3.17 4.80 2.07 4.36 4.37 4.61 4.60 4.07 4.37 11.71 0.69 4.34 5.16 2.50 3.47 12.04 4.97 2.22 4.37 4.48 4.00 4.36 3.02 4.73 6.45 3.81 3.78 4.57 4.56 8.14 6.22 3.04 4.61 4.58 4.36 5.01 2.39 3.93 3.68 2.12

5.95 12.59 3.99 1.27 3.89 3.20 21.77 6.47 2.15 3.20 3.21 13.12 13.24 14.66 3.21 6.94 0.40 3.15 9.01 1.87 1.36 6.99 10.76 1.99 3.16 3.26 17.30 3.22 0.91 12.09 4.68 1.42 1.37 12.81 12.47 4.85 4.33 1.17 13.10 12.92 3.22 9.19 1.65 2.36 5.25 2.17

Mini and walking tractors (set)

Motorized threshing machines (set)

Carts with rubber tyres (set)

Pumps (unit)

Draught animals (unit)

Commodity animals (unit)

32.14 48.23 20.05 1.77 18.44 14.50 47.16 30.20 19.04 14.49 14.49 36.60 36.73 43.88 14.55 53.79 3.47 14.23 25.28 14.50 5.19 55.52 42.33 17.13 14.34 15.13 47.77 14.58 2.97 39.44 49.27 4.63 2.83 35.94 35.68 40.33 46.55 6.96 36.52 36.14 14.62 20.55 14.03 9.93 31.64 19.14

13.95 8.42 11.94 16.90 11.44 18.10 3.92 8.77 26.95 18.08 18.14 2.50 2.48 6.26 18.08 13.00 4.20 18.40 4.90 24.64 17.79 13.18 8.32 26.09 18.38 17.96 6.09 18.09 29.90 5.02 9.95 10.69 17.22 2.87 3.22 16.69 10.53 14.97 2.51 2.69 17.96 4.71 23.42 21.24 14.97 26.83

13.10 10.73 3.90 0.58 3.73 1.89 2.32 6.21 3.90 1.90 1.88 31.76 31.50 5.81 1.89 7.40 1.10 1.87 8.73 3.05 1.27 7.35 11.11 3.59 1.89 2.00 6.54 1.91 0.95 22.49 4.17 1.49 0.74 30.81 29.86 5.04 3.61 1.75 31.69 31.24 1.94 15.71 3.25 1.48 11.14 3.94

15.45 36.54 27.92 11.05 26.83 20.41 27.78 22.89 30.43 20.39 20.39 10.22 10.41 31.42 20.49 1.69 23.52 20.90 31.57 25.34 18.72 1.00 35.11 28.31 20.72 20.15 32.44 20.52 36.59 20.42 6.56 13.05 12.00 10.78 10.92 11.68 7.53 24.45 10.29 10.45 20.81 30.99 28.55 23.88 15.98 30.19

48.33 36.38 18.84 51.19 15.37 56.36 7.84 27.71 38.25 56.29 56.40 62.60 62.05 18.31 56.21 351.70 22.24 55.38 19.09 42.16 38.91 366.37 35.52 39.56 56.72 60.57 21.78 56.15 24.66 50.88 36.71 11.43 50.86 61.12 60.14 190.22 35.57 22.20 62.44 61.80 55.29 30.91 30.81 47.00 46.38 38.91

118.17 252.11 64.53 48.59 56.03 78.79 79.97 113.24 42.07 78.77 78.85 483.12 479.83 120.99 78.69 738.44 155.82 78.21 99.62 42.77 46.71 766.19 230.83 41.30 81.03 89.07 164.96 79.10 54.25 375.21 170.85 62.91 49.40 468.90 451.70 415.69 153.56 35.62 482.20 475.52 78.24 168.14 37.15 68.66 82.86 42.91

Note: All data are as of 2012

174 

R. Guo

Table 5.7  Output of major farm products per hectare (kg/hectare) (I) Ethnic group

Cereals

Cotton

Peanuts

Rapeseeds

Sesame

National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar

6120 4997.70 5106.39 4779.16 5005.49 4936.25 5002.09 6357.73 4991.93 5206.45 5498.28 4973.19 6253.69 6064.78 4920.06 6096.44 4997.84 6502.05 5695.42 5454.60 4996.80 4997.56 6843.42 6845.22 6644.81 5002.18 5691.83 5301.34 5035.71 6300.32 5292.08 5481.97 5701.99 6217.57 5391.69 5037.98 5020.07 6385.56 5008.85 6308.57 6575.58 3848.47

1819 384.23 514.78 1582.19 385.35 974.90 386.12 942.10 382.70 535.26 1078.64 1666.91 1234.36 1048.45 977.27 1000.49 384.07 141.53 904.25 1026.93 386.08 381.39 2047.96 2029.43 367.38 386.12 95.18 55.89 403.55 1501.83 1025.53 924.70 48.54 1365.88 1024.50 401.20 388.00 701.56 389.95 989.92 1708.96 273.73

3752 1716.27 1841.60 3796.40 1721.42 2236.43 1715.88 2881.99 1707.47 1990.82 2466.09 3967.37 2754.61 3380.66 2230.27 3367.71 1713.50 2980.61 3290.77 2921.96 1717.72 1708.48 4444.08 4430.14 3147.14 1722.78 2945.50 2699.62 1742.29 3023.99 2746.47 2344.78 2938.33 2807.96 2864.72 1742.78 1748.66 2873.87 1728.15 2571.49 3744.23 658.35

2027 2049.64 1996.12 2053.44 2053.01 1747.40 2052.79 1583.97 2051.43 2013.70 1666.80 2114.74 1603.86 1903.84 1740.16 2044.94 2052.21 1364.86 2180.83 1051.59 2049.33 2049.05 2789.57 2776.65 642.50 2054.61 2537.31 108.88 2062.20 1531.12 1210.39 1754.72 2573.45 1648.10 1114.84 2062.61 2059.47 1492.89 2052.81 2389.78 2311.46 1972.69

1645 842.42 936.89 60.04 844.03 1356.32 844.45 1268.82 835.75 985.10 1642.53 167.67 916.00 1814.02 1359.35 1616.77 839.99 2015.89 939.65 3706.42 843.90 838.64 1495.97 1505.09 1817.44 842.53 136.96 1367.02 860.97 2436.63 3163.48 1433.59 67.47 1180.37 3528.20 857.63 839.12 1488.65 847.68 1559.98 1269.91 77.80 (continued)

5  Agricultural Production and Other Rural Activity 

175

Table 5.7 (continued) Ethnic group

Cereals

Cotton

Peanuts

Rapeseeds

Sesame

She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

6284.33 4943.93 6817.80 6736.72 5307.82 3922.91 6176.21 6846.33 6827.90 5028.91 6501.70 5724.41 5352.33 4803.19 5429.39

1016.03 972.52 2008.87 1984.60 387.14 289.78 903.64 2044.89 2024.45 398.39 2040.16 999.73 619.11 1612.30 970.21

2901.35 2248.58 4401.04 4367.65 2320.44 784.39 2714.68 4441.42 4419.17 1762.15 3049.27 2779.40 2009.94 3888.20 2880.13

1789.78 1727.12 2757.19 2725.58 2349.60 1961.10 1898.24 2787.81 2767.39 2058.62 1865.73 1353.75 2109.88 2041.17 1094.63

1441.89 1430.40 1503.99 1442.16 404.68 142.41 1414.60 1500.24 1506.43 858.27 2849.85 2831.15 1098.24 69.83 3649.37

Table 5.8  Output of major farm products per hectare (kg/hectare) (II) Ethnic group National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui

Jute and ambary hemp

Flue-cured Sugarcane Beetroots tobacco

5008

76,891

52,174

2103

19.19 177.41 6.27 26.60 94.61 25.36 24.39 9.42 242.57 1043.56 2.79 49.87 2624.83 76.36 1833.91 13.82 83.67 935.79

62827.62 61076.17 179.00 62714.55 59104.48 62780.64 666.46 62813.96 55492.18 57481.01 133.07 1480.60 46398.85 59274.95 39220.29 62835.78 2161.25 18481.76

52.02 298.08 64780.90 66.91 256.21 132.93 43352.20 135.97 4873.72 953.68 66928.36 41242.74 12626.37 94.55 13718.74 51.99 41596.36 22990.64

2044.47 2016.05 2969.70 2043.76 1693.17 2046.49 3338.45 2046.92 2105.58 1830.07 2849.65 3758.18 2106.20 1693.86 2018.93 2045.98 2697.45 2383.76 (continued)

176 

R. Guo

Table 5.8 (continued) Ethnic group

Jute and ambary hemp

Flue-cured Sugarcane Beetroots tobacco

Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

2895.85 19.47 13.91 1.13 2.87 61.29 30.71 101.29 2852.56 63.23 64.78 2161.80 887.88 58.94 161.07 2622.70 70.08 33.30 56.02 30.58 1867.00 66.71 23.33 3075.01 153.85 67.43 47.80 458.11 126.33 1845.67 10.72 45.23 62.04 30.58 2485.81 537.18 20.08 2825.07

79564.13 62778.30 62785.83 50.56 91.85 1537.55 62804.49 3577.87 63561.03 61948.56 1278.67 75046.07 56228.39 1692.39 3361.37 78295.92 61861.54 61697.23 1434.15 62505.98 38842.07 1959.18 564.70 56698.82 59979.13 1416.16 1254.07 10965.83 4661.69 47153.88 230.54 1096.16 62031.90 797.10 70357.03 55755.14 594.11 80296.36

341.23 99.35 109.94 74032.32 73706.50 40865.02 48.09 1412.47 99.57 675.91 50450.32 141.27 1296.32 729.31 42255.47 192.74 615.45 204.01 41773.39 273.45 17246.11 58297.23 25379.81 229.64 166.41 71950.63 71239.83 13368.33 23758.02 9700.01 73782.15 72693.53 190.58 58993.47 109.42 4878.82 65238.34 158.27

1632.54 2048.48 2047.27 10.29 33.69 2571.52 2048.44 147.02 105.90 2048.49 2642.77 1646.53 1841.43 76.53 3410.63 1640.52 2034.80 2011.14 3259.54 2045.06 2055.68 1467.82 386.44 1622.82 1688.42 77.95 184.27 815.34 564.79 1877.32 12.56 36.97 2055.76 2224.87 1862.72 2011.33 3086.95 1669.64

5  Agricultural Production and Other Rural Activity 

177

Table 5.9  Per capita output of major farm products (kg) Ethnic group National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi

Grain

Cereal

Oil-­ bearing Cotton Crops

472

438

4.4

386.40 380.51 434.28 386.71 297.11 386.50 1517.69 387.01 428.23 336.18 455.59 1400.63 488.27 293.91 489.68 386.78 1780.50 519.34 287.59 386.49 387.05 609.11 622.67 1299.23 387.51 317.11 166.53 388.26 749.07 283.02 343.01 308.48 1172.46 279.40 386.78

328.85 0.02 12.80 322.61 0.15 16.32 349.68 8.41 27.55 329.10 0.03 12.87 211.06 0.10 30.42 328.74 0.02 12.92 1368.32 8.71 49.35 329.26 0.17 12.79 371.27 1.52 15.94 278.77 0.50 30.00 375.94 23.71 26.86 1261.22 0.52 69.49 456.40 2.43 30.19 206.83 0.06 30.75 454.66 2.13 25.70 329.14 0.02 12.78 1605.67 1.05 6.72 473.41 18.33 26.82 268.31 0.17 14.35 328.89 0.05 12.86 329.25 0.00 12.80 598.55 206.37 27.49 610.45 204.63 27.30 1232.54 0.23 24.15 329.99 0.02 12.93 305.06 2.34 17.82 145.58 0.02 10.20 330.05 0.03 13.68 706.88 1.03 20.22 245.80 0.05 18.78 279.99 0.51 28.14 298.37 0.27 17.51 1063.80 5.47 61.89 253.58 0.07 16.04 328.76 0.06 13.64

24.7

Total Pork, Beef and Aquatic Products Mutton

Milk

46.8

46.4

22.1

78.21 74.70 38.04 78.08 52.81 78.21 77.31 78.40 73.03 57.36 38.70 88.16 50.41 52.54 46.83 78.26 53.68 49.71 56.57 78.15 78.29 56.43 56.48 59.30 78.20 78.47 52.26 77.86 55.41 55.29 59.00 79.57 81.89 55.47 77.78

13.89 14.94 1.00 13.80 9.18 13.62 10.97 13.35 19.23 25.52 1.42 8.97 53.16 8.53 46.75 13.60 18.85 22.99 65.16 13.72 13.43 7.12 7.30 24.31 13.66 3.95 178.85 13.76 58.88 49.91 22.84 1.62 19.12 59.30 13.68

12.12 10.28 19.53 12.10 1.84 12.08 174.35 12.21 19.09 1.52 23.53 203.64 23.70 1.47 20.81 12.11 107.38 75.54 2.53 12.13 12.09 78.75 79.36 40.50 12.13 98.97 0.43 12.13 50.37 1.84 2.96 102.64 165.75 1.96 12.42 (continued)

178 

R. Guo

Table 5.9 (continued) Total Pork, Beef and Aquatic Products Mutton

Milk

0.15 12.92

77.90

14.04

13.54

1599.28 1441.28 0.42 37.92 388.57 331.00 0.07 12.99 419.01 339.87 0.25 43.22 866.71 810.07 118.70 43.05 220.07 155.03 7.62 43.87 175.02 152.45 0.28 9.81 298.41 214.49 0.18 29.72 605.20 593.55 199.53 27.33 596.46 582.04 190.85 27.18 320.66 276.19 0.36 30.17 223.20 158.04 2.63 42.24 400.02 351.92 1.51 34.99 609.10 598.65 205.94 27.49 603.33 592.69 202.68 27.28 389.77 332.63 0.07 13.35 613.23 588.40 37.97 20.15 317.55 297.07 0.41 19.01 386.40 319.49 0.06 23.25 441.35 355.69 5.84 26.78 282.26 263.47 0.10 13.50

71.06 78.04 64.82 67.15 56.12 30.46 53.37 56.15 55.22 68.99 55.14 58.66 56.45 56.20 77.68 55.98 59.34 71.70 37.16 57.26

14.74 13.78 18.64 9.26 3.21 140.74 10.48 8.40 8.12 5.72 6.40 40.26 7.30 8.31 14.49 75.75 55.03 14.38 1.32 64.13

156.62 12.29 7.89 121.28 50.26 3.12 1.90 76.80 74.54 62.54 46.37 1.92 78.64 77.61 12.30 46.09 2.38 9.81 18.54 2.70

Ethnic group

Grain

Nu

385.30

Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

Cereal

Oil-­ bearing Cotton Crops

328.72

Table 5.10  Per capita major farm products sold by rural households (kg) Ethnic group

Grain

Oil-bearing Cotton crops

Tobacco Vegetables Fruits

National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong

529.75

22.98

4.80

164.13

71.04

35.93 31.50 0.08 35.82 14.22 35.88 0.90 36.09 29.59 10.72

275.59 237.49 190.50 274.99 71.18 274.70 202.45 275.65 259.90 75.74

42.05 40.63 67.51 41.93 8.46 41.94 12.37 41.91 47.65 34.06

107.93 110.89 305.49 108.85 59.59 107.15 1873.60 107.65 221.18 118.55

18.52

0.19 6.02 2.27 6.76 29.97 26.25 0.25 6.05 0.37 8.24 0.14 6.07 16.29 73.97 0.38 6.04 4.53 10.50 9.66 9.36

(continued)

5  Agricultural Production and Other Rural Activity 

179

Table 5.10 (continued) Ethnic group

Grain

Oil-bearing Cotton crops

Tobacco Vegetables Fruits

Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va

364.57 1305.95 546.02 53.83 556.04 108.12 3096.50 558.83 147.54 108.62 108.83 1007.05 1030.94 2607.62 109.33 110.69 55.91 109.11 1444.07 112.45 115.20 84.42 1162.13 126.93 107.74 110.23 2216.32 113.23 101.24 1046.06 143.79 145.21 62.10 991.14 962.91 105.77 132.70 237.15 1006.77 993.13 116.87

56.83 28.56 1.55 103.05 11.70 18.31 0.21 8.21 17.57 17.03 0.17 6.00 2.99 8.48 42.19 24.37 0.71 3.85 0.25 6.05 0.09 6.03 371.20 66.02 368.04 65.55 1.86 36.10 0.23 6.07 4.81 5.72 0.14 9.14 0.27 6.49 9.21 24.53 0.20 4.80 8.13 9.49 0.67 5.10 11.53 89.56 0.37 4.08 0.24 6.43 0.52 6.07 1.65 55.48 0.34 6.19 0.50 21.61 214.47 77.38 15.69 44.71 2.35 3.62 0.44 8.03 359.28 64.28 344.33 62.49 2.07 18.91 7.30 41.55 34.66 22.45 370.47 65.89 364.67 64.99 0.71 6.39

0.07 0.45 5.70 14.05 4.43 36.01 2.05 4.02 4.36 35.89 36.01 0.01 0.03 1.03 35.91 0.69 0.73 35.13 2.17 6.52 13.84 0.21 1.10 4.83 35.00 35.12 1.26 35.67 7.13 0.34 0.08 8.78 14.26 0.16 0.19 2.56 0.86 8.09 0.03 0.08 35.25

203.38 227.98 171.44 67.39 171.97 275.43 131.11 217.95 149.27 275.03 275.07 297.09 295.69 154.19 275.39 15.49 266.37 271.87 265.79 124.66 104.84 7.90 238.47 137.72 269.86 270.62 181.73 274.20 131.73 265.28 85.64 158.44 75.23 292.73 288.14 67.93 88.78 106.15 296.73 294.66 275.79

76.27 6.32 69.14 7.17 72.61 41.88 10.76 62.39 56.68 42.01 41.82 154.29 152.95 24.27 41.92 8.58 102.45 42.34 101.25 42.29 33.58 5.39 29.74 50.53 42.18 41.89 9.52 42.03 50.39 96.24 14.35 136.89 9.49 151.26 147.21 20.32 15.39 61.90 154.12 152.88 42.49 (continued)

180 

R. Guo

Table 5.10 (continued) Oil-bearing Cotton crops

Ethnic group

Grain

Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

1330.73 68.80 147.02 6.98 101.85 0.22 307.69 25.81 134.71 0.33

32.77 5.50 10.60 24.92 3.59

Tobacco Vegetables Fruits 2.70 7.08 25.55 0.11 5.64

315.99 132.86 212.31 192.82 158.59

135.33 59.05 40.38 68.58 56.36

Note: All data are as of 2012 Table 5.11  Sales of livestock, poultry, small animals and fishery per capita rural household (kg) Milk

Aquatic products

8.09

10.13

9.32

9.71

2.68 2.47 5.93 2.76 0.94 2.66 4.60 2.64 4.78 1.55 6.36 5.45 10.38 0.78 11.60 2.69 3.13 8.56 2.12 2.66 2.67 9.32 9.26 18.12 2.72

17.62 2.06 14.49 2.46 2.20 0.05 17.52 2.06 0.44 0.99 17.56 2.04 99.33 1.23 17.70 1.94 18.89 3.09 0.11 5.01 2.93 0.04 131.73 0.93 8.08 10.42 0.13 0.90 6.88 11.41 17.63 2.00 31.78 3.09 26.32 3.60 0.60 8.81 17.60 2.02 17.64 1.98 10.94 0.01 11.30 0.05 10.75 1.98 17.58 2.01

Pork

National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu

30.74 3.32

3.34

37.40 35.70 9.94 37.40 22.85 37.47 18.02 37.35 36.20 26.98 9.75 15.04 37.34 22.41 34.07 37.40 28.16 22.93 26.59 37.35 37.44 4.81 5.05 52.37 37.44

0.57 0.56 5.22 0.57 0.62 0.56 28.21 0.58 2.05 0.51 6.38 39.40 2.95 0.60 2.23 0.56 2.58 7.19 0.52 0.57 0.56 22.46 22.32 3.04 0.57

1.78 2.37 1.70 2.38 5.69 1.23 1.78 2.39 1.83 2.74 1.78 2.32 13.95 3.15 1.80 2.26 2.48 3.97 1.33 3.22 6.41 1.48 16.03 2.68 3.14 8.54 1.82 2.67 2.41 9.96 1.78 2.34 8.23 4.88 7.31 6.54 1.37 7.55 1.78 2.36 1.79 2.29 16.75 4.27 16.69 4.28 8.54 11.72 1.77 2.37

3.59

5.11

Lhoba

Mutton Beef

Poultry Poultry eggs

Ethnic group

11.34

0.73

1.05

5.63

0.80 (continued)

5  Agricultural Production and Other Rural Activity 

181

Table 5.11 (continued) Ethnic group

Pork

Mutton Beef

Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

32.91 37.79 54.42 25.04 28.95 2.39 23.50 25.91 37.66 36.87 21.74 37.40 51.54 10.04 3.65 44.71 22.82 5.72 6.04 15.14 5.84 30.98 4.94 5.31 37.45 61.28 30.14 39.66 10.37 27.26

0.49 0.58 4.88 0.52 0.59 5.13 32.65 0.50 0.59 0.66 20.99 0.59 0.62 27.77 10.27 0.52 0.61 21.79 21.04 5.06 9.30 0.63 22.41 22.10 0.61 6.72 0.42 0.59 4.86 0.48

Poultry Poultry eggs

1.29 15.92 1.81 2.41 8.46 17.44 1.49 6.26 1.48 3.37 11.62 0.56 14.51 5.89 1.40 7.13 1.85 2.35 1.93 2.39 12.16 3.91 1.80 2.39 2.59 4.01 15.73 4.24 9.75 0.52 0.57 6.40 1.81 2.81 16.27 4.46 15.81 4.43 8.58 1.24 8.95 0.85 1.04 3.84 16.72 4.30 16.48 4.38 1.78 2.74 11.09 21.73 1.07 6.03 2.01 2.82 5.39 1.35 1.35 7.50

0.38 2.73 28.30 1.50 2.98 0.60 10.61 1.75 2.69 2.74 4.49 2.75 2.38 8.42 1.18 4.52 1.03 9.37 9.26 1.35 1.33 8.70 9.34 9.25 2.91 31.99 1.71 2.39 6.12 1.87

Milk

Aquatic products

0.09 42.42 17.17 2.17 13.97 3.72 0.08 6.45 2.19 4.96 5.83 0.47 104.83 1.42 0.11 8.01 17.11 2.18 17.34 2.09 82.06 1.97 17.54 2.07 0.27 8.63 55.60 0.72 7.94 0.16 0.82 25.04 0.61 1.15 10.83 0.36 10.66 0.38 5.02 2.18 7.75 1.19 0.15 16.37 10.95 0.06 10.90 0.33 17.30 2.11 6.51 4.64 1.34 9.51 10.90 3.69 2.46 0.13 1.33 9.01

Note: All data are as of 2012 Table 5.12  Price indices for means of agricultural production by category (preceding year=100) (I) General Farm Commodity Ethnic group index handtools Forage animals National average

103.1

103.8

102.9

89.5

Achang

101.64

103.11

102.90 86.05

SemiMechanized mechanized farm farm Tools machinery 101.4

101.8

100.39

100.60

(continued)

182 

R. Guo

Table 5.12 (continued) General Farm Commodity Ethnic group index handtools Forage animals

SemiMechanized mechanized farm farm Tools machinery

Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan

100.39 102.18 100.14 100.44 100.35 100.37 100.38 98.27 100.85 102.13 100.69 95.45 100.29 95.51 100.34 98.42 98.01 100.79 100.40 100.21 100.44 100.44 98.39 100.33 99.07 99.98 100.43 97.72 100.83 95.14 98.74 100.40 100.77 100.27 100.38 99.99 100.36 100.97 98.65 101.00 100.62 100.52 99.89 99.51 100.65

101.29 104.08 101.38 98.86 101.58 102.06 101.63 99.51 100.21 104.25 101.83 97.17 98.65 96.90 101.58 100.94 98.83 101.48 101.64 101.45 104.89 104.87 101.41 101.58 100.04 101.97 101.65 99.46 100.84 94.72 99.72 101.66 101.19 101.49 101.61 101.82 101.60 101.58 101.65 102.00 102.19 99.04 104.22 103.73 101.57

102.82 105.15 102.85 102.59 103.08 106.76 103.11 100.91 102.23 105.15 107.38 97.93 102.42 97.56 103.06 104.22 99.88 103.65 103.11 102.93 102.61 102.66 101.04 103.05 101.52 102.75 103.23 98.48 103.49 96.70 101.28 105.62 103.55 103.09 103.08 106.22 103.09 107.01 102.36 101.01 102.69 102.71 102.05 101.69 103.45

102.35 101.75 102.64 100.16 102.85 99.70 102.89 100.46 100.35 101.87 99.42 97.47 99.95 96.90 102.85 99.01 98.77 100.64 102.90 102.72 102.19 102.18 102.00 102.85 99.75 100.52 102.93 99.98 100.53 95.09 99.43 100.00 100.51 102.77 102.84 99.64 102.86 103.36 99.25 100.25 102.10 100.27 101.61 101.14 101.35

86.27 99.09 85.84 85.93 86.01 93.52 86.05 84.58 86.56 99.23 95.41 82.65 85.80 83.84 86.00 87.75 89.79 78.69 86.06 85.90 98.42 98.32 92.31 85.99 99.07 90.57 86.12 82.01 80.38 81.99 99.32 93.10 79.27 86.05 86.27 91.78 86.04 88.06 95.09 95.44 92.35 85.72 97.54 97.16 96.15

100.69 102.89 100.34 99.98 100.55 100.32 100.59 98.45 101.63 102.78 100.03 95.80 99.81 95.77 100.54 99.68 96.33 103.19 100.60 100.41 100.60 100.62 99.18 100.53 99.04 103.72 100.63 97.93 102.50 95.71 98.71 99.86 102.90 100.49 100.58 100.27 100.56 101.58 98.48 101.33 100.74 100.15 100.06 99.70 100.90

(continued)

5  Agricultural Production and Other Rural Activity 

183

Table 5.12 (continued) General Farm Commodity Ethnic group index handtools Forage animals

SemiMechanized mechanized farm farm Tools machinery

Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

101.05 82.73 100.40 100.20 100.10 99.28 101.12 100.55 101.86 100.87

102.00 83.09 104.84 104.59 101.34 101.38 101.93 101.30 103.74 101.69

101.25 83.25 102.56 102.37 102.75 99.76 103.01 104.13 104.93 103.75

100.38 82.22 102.15 101.94 102.59 101.64 100.99 102.71 101.41 100.85

95.07 74.84 98.34 98.00 85.79 81.88 82.96 86.57 98.72 78.96

101.39 84.10 100.56 100.39 100.29 99.73 103.36 100.79 102.57 103.25

Table 5.13  Price indices for means of agricultural production by category (preceding year=100) (II) Oil for farm machinery

Other means of agricultural production

Service for agricultural production

Ethnic group

Chemical fertilizer

Pesticide and its appliances

National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing

107.4

104.8

112.6

101.3

102.8

108.42 107.64 108.22 108.14 103.94 108.36 105.75 108.42 105.71 104.75 108.62 106.11 101.42 103.69 100.97 108.36 103.00 103.12 106.32

103.38 103.02 101.36 103.12 100.19 103.32 102.47 103.36 101.06 101.84 101.22 101.44 98.30 99.96 98.43 103.32 103.49 98.62 102.86

109.46 109.44 111.51 109.18 107.68 109.41 111.44 109.44 107.49 109.98 111.58 111.47 106.43 107.45 105.85 109.39 109.91 107.23 112.44

102.61 102.07 101.03 102.35 99.41 102.57 100.00 102.62 99.96 100.08 101.14 98.63 95.25 99.21 95.24 102.56 101.43 95.79 100.78

102.79 102.33 103.81 102.52 100.23 102.75 101.36 102.78 100.37 101.27 104.03 100.31 96.68 100.03 96.42 102.73 101.83 97.75 105.77 (continued)

184 

R. Guo

Table 5.13 (continued)

Ethnic group

Chemical fertilizer

Pesticide and its appliances

Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

108.41 108.22 111.85 111.80 105.05 108.36 99.51 106.42 108.39 103.40 105.75 99.29 98.91 106.13 106.03 108.19 108.26 104.99 108.36 106.74 107.44 105.83 105.73 104.15 111.07 110.44 103.60 105.80 86.16 111.80 111.50 108.06 105.75 106.43 107.44 107.84 106.62

103.38 103.18 101.70 101.75 101.57 103.32 99.22 102.20 103.40 100.16 102.20 96.25 98.81 101.31 102.56 103.22 103.32 102.94 103.34 103.55 99.69 105.88 103.95 100.37 101.18 100.72 102.43 105.73 84.44 101.67 101.49 103.12 101.10 103.61 103.05 100.84 103.09

Oil for farm machinery

Other means of agricultural production

Service for agricultural production

109.46 109.25 112.38 112.39 110.49 109.40 105.25 112.07 109.51 109.58 111.32 103.62 104.73 111.46 111.99 109.34 109.40 111.16 109.44 111.03 109.87 112.33 110.74 107.93 111.74 111.21 109.07 112.25 91.82 112.34 112.11 109.13 112.17 112.63 109.68 111.07 112.56

102.61 102.44 101.02 101.05 97.53 102.55 100.82 101.09 102.62 98.02 100.47 94.79 100.60 98.53 100.59 102.47 102.57 100.49 102.56 102.23 98.11 98.32 100.82 99.56 100.44 99.99 101.16 98.54 82.50 100.97 100.77 102.22 99.92 101.18 102.14 100.74 101.03

102.79 102.60 105.32 105.31 99.86 102.72 99.13 100.00 102.84 99.14 104.53 95.64 98.78 100.34 105.32 102.68 102.72 101.51 102.75 104.18 101.27 101.59 100.76 100.51 104.64 104.11 101.65 101.64 82.99 105.27 105.03 102.45 102.18 104.63 102.88 103.47 106.01

5  Agricultural Production and Other Rural Activity 

185

Table 5.14  Producer price indices for farm products General Ethnic group index

Planting products

Forestry products

Animal husbandry

Fishery products

National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu

99.1

101.2

98.9

95.6

102.6

96.93 96.40 101.69 96.93 93.00 96.94 101.75 96.92 97.63 94.31 102.21 101.84 99.78 92.87 100.18 96.93 101.06 101.74 97.25 96.93 96.94 106.31 106.26 104.38 96.93 9.17 97.09 97.04 103.64 95.98 94.88 5.00 102.19 96.76 96.65 95.60

100.65 100.54 101.39 100.65 101.41 100.66 104.54 100.65 101.08 100.22 102.00 105.04 101.78 101.44 101.75 100.66 103.30 102.46 99.33 100.66 100.68 105.94 105.92 107.80 100.65 9.49 97.57 100.69 105.44 99.87 100.72 5.08 105.05 99.54 100.30 99.24

105.82 104.42 4.71 105.75 97.05 105.82 102.38 105.78 103.56 98.88 13.46 100.76 98.18 96.91 96.36 105.85 102.01 60.18 102.53 105.79 105.79 120.91 121.04 104.94 105.84 9.02 90.83 105.69 101.05 100.90 99.11 4.42 99.88 101.81 105.20 104.25

89.05 88.93 102.28 89.06 86.15 89.08 95.99 89.02 90.60 88.60 102.62 97.90 95.53 86.01 96.38 89.03 90.73 100.06 91.74 89.05 89.04 106.20 106.04 93.75 89.05 8.74 95.30 89.34 99.81 90.12 88.96 4.81 98.82 91.19 88.96 87.87

100.25 99.82 94.24 100.19 99.37 100.25 99.49 100.22 100.03 98.91 95.23 99.26 80.62 99.37 94.34 100.26 98.79 92.22 103.12 100.23 100.27 107.70 107.64 96.80 100.03 9.13 102.36 100.30 103.10 102.18 99.09 4.91 98.88 102.81 99.86 98.90 (continued)

186 

R. Guo

Table 5.14 (continued) General Ethnic group index

Planting products

Forestry products

Animal husbandry

Fishery products

Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

104.16 100.63 101.74 105.40 97.79 101.37 101.35 105.80 105.66 55.18 97.95 100.56 105.93 105.85 100.68 105.42 99.14 101.05 101.63 99.33

102.01 105.67 101.13 110.13 5.53 105.31 97.38 120.05 114.73 27.32 9.53 98.60 121.09 120.42 105.68 106.98 102.24 103.54 4.26 102.85

94.33 89.09 98.59 102.66 104.84 94.78 86.28 105.84 105.68 55.89 104.11 91.21 106.16 106.00 89.22 101.56 92.18 91.34 102.18 91.92

99.17 100.17 101.00 103.78 99.25 103.99 99.54 107.33 106.74 54.86 99.12 99.06 107.64 107.51 99.89 104.54 101.09 100.32 94.11 103.15

101.47 96.93 100.13 104.28 100.48 100.84 93.13 106.08 105.91 55.37 100.31 96.23 106.28 106.18 97.00 104.01 96.98 97.37 101.79 97.39

6 Education, Science and Technological Progress

Data in this chapter show the development of China’s education and the basic conditions on China’s scientific and technological development. Data on education cover the situations on education funded by government and non-government agencies, and the education with and without academic credentials including higher education (education of postgraduates, general higher education and adult education), secondary education (senior and junior high schools), elementary education (primary schools), preschool education, special education (schools for the blind, deaf-mutes and mentally retarded) and their expenditure. The main indicators include the number of schools, the number of students enrolled, the number of new students enrolled, the number of graduates, the number of staff and workers, the number of full-time teachers, sources and outlay of education funding, and education expenditure from the State budget. The Ministry of Education provides statistical data on education undertakings and education funding. Data on technical training schools are provided by Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security. Detailed information can be found in “Statistical Yearbook on China’s Education” compiled by Department of Planning and Development, © The Author(s) 2020 R. Guo, China Ethnic Statistical Yearbook 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49024-9_6

187

188 

R. Guo

Ministry of Education; and the “Statistical Yearbook on National Education Funding” compiled by the Department of Finance, Ministry of Education. Data on technology mainly include: data on scientific and technological activities (R&D) all over the country, including industrial enterprises, scientific and technological institutions under the government and institutions of higher education, data on domestic and foreign patents application accepted and granted, data on production, research and development activities of high-tech enterprises, data on scientific and technological papers; data on import and export trade of high-­ technological products; data on technological markets; main economic indicators of high and new-tech industrial enterprises in development zones; data on the scientific and technological activities in the system of associations for science and technology; data on operation institutions and activities of the polytechnic departments of meteorology, earthquake, surveying and mapping, product quality supervision, inspection and quarantine. Data on research and development (R&D) activities of enterprises and institutions all over the country mainly include industrial enterprises above designated size, scientific research and technological development institutions and scientific and technological information and literature institutions of prefecture level and above cities under the government with independent accounting, full-time universities and colleges, affiliated hospitals and relatively R&D-intensive industries (such as agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, construction, transport, storage and post, information transmission, software and information technology service, financial intermediation, leasing and business services, scientific research and technical services, management of water conservancy, environment and public facilities, health and social service, culture, sports and entertainment). Data on the general national information and R&D activities of enterprises and institutions are from National Bureau of Statistics; data on scientific and technological institutions under the government are from Ministry of Science and Technology, and State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense; data on R&D of scientific research and technical service enterprises and institutions, scientific

6  Education, Science and Technological Progress 

189

and technological papers, technological markets information and high and new-tech industrial enterprises in development zones are from Ministry of Science and Technology; data on scientific and technological activities in institutions of higher education are from Ministry of Education; data on import and export trade of high-technological products are from General Administration of Customs; The China Association for Science and Technology provides data on the scientific and technological activities of associations for science and technology. Data on the development of surveying and mapping, meteorology, earthquake, product quality supervision and inspection and quarantine are provided separately by the State Bureau of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation, China Meteorological Administration, China Earthquake Administration, General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, and State Intellectual Property Office. Data on the Internet development come from China Telecom, China Mobile, and China Unicom. Table 6.1  Number of students in undergraduate or specialized courses in institutions of higher education Ethnic group National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao

Anticipated graduates for next Entrants Enrollment year

Graduates with degrees or diplomas

7909931 28310348

3807417

7876732

169 9637 90 458 18267 5769 722 89 39 18311 2842 164 29 3574

75 4132 44 204 5758 2574 373 40 18 6486 1360 79 14 1115

163 9139 83 441 15209 5558 747 86 38 16172 2597 174 28 2963

615 34385 316 1666 58246 20982 2666 324 141 60345 9952 608 103 11360

(continued)

190 

R. Guo

Table 6.1 (continued) Ethnic group

Anticipated graduates for next Entrants Enrollment year

Graduates with degrees or diplomas

Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

7282743 7162 26 60799 145 658 104 7741 995 12207 2259 12 8918 3168 65825 683 54364 34 32168 1331 1541 143 45 167 1690 93 471 4557 2499 254 30 23878 1107 51918 52028 77 1986 1163 16491 40818 75 102881

7293892 6903 27 58713 128 634 100 6208 800 12397 2178 12 8612 3051 67161 592 48723 36 33593 1167 1485 138 47 161 1583 84 447 4519 2084 206 25 23595 1057 49399 41761 62 1917 1163 15107 38300 70 91453

26136389 26058 97 216409 484 2394 378 25407 3269 45617 8218 43 30874 11507 243437 2245 181744 126 118791 4414 5600 520 167 609 5833 323 1622 16147 7984 838 100 85442 3827 179731 170809 253 7221 4264 55958 143843 266 345018

3542523 3198 16 28900 50 294 46 2164 281 7708 1008 6 3906 1410 40598 227 20188 19 16012 452 688 64 25 75 680 35 194 2329 789 73 9 11282 465 22617 14570 22 886 699 6193 16989 38 36010

191

6  Education, Science and Technological Progress 

Table 6.2  Situations on teachers and staff in regular schools (institutions) of higher education Ethnic group National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen

Full-time teachers

Senior

Sub-­ senior

1672753

217874 504719

655883 178390 115887

32 1820 19 88 3084 1103 163 17 8 3215 591 37 6 601 1550288 1369 6 13519 24 126 20 1411 182 2872 432 3 1647 606 15773 111 9748 9 7189 217 296 27 10

3 194 2 9 300 117 22 2 1 337 69 4 1 58 203237 146 1 1958 3 13 2 102 13 479 46 0 213 64 2520 12 1035 1 901 24 32 3 2

12 666 7 33 914 411 63 6 3 1096 231 14 2 177 609973 510 2 4772 9 47 7 577 74 1077 161 1 602 226 6252 41 3371 4 2801 83 110 10 4

9 516 6 24 949 307 54 5 2 966 192 12 2 185 468279 381 2 4094 6 35 6 389 50 956 120 1 476 168 5167 31 2906 3 2326 60 82 8 4

Middle Junior

5 259 2 13 505 160 14 2 1 417 66 3 1 99 164695 199 0 1686 2 18 3 151 19 278 63 0 172 88 1238 11 1303 1 687 18 43 4 1

No rank

3 185 1 9 416 107 10 2 1 400 33 3 0 82 104104 133 0 1009 4 12 2 193 25 82 42 0 182 58 596 17 1133 1 473 33 28 3 1

(continued)

192 

R. Guo

Table 6.2 (continued) Ethnic group

Full-time teachers

Senior

Sub-­ senior

Middle Junior

No rank

Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

32 325 19 108 960 421 47 6 5577 249 10062 9487 14 380 272 2847 7692 16 16813

3 36 2 16 123 41 3 0 635 37 1212 687 1 40 39 319 821 2 1854

9 88 6 34 289 129 13 2 1659 79 3094 2614 4 106 88 791 2149 5 4549

12 124 8 31 388 126 19 2 2044 73 3777 3878 6 142 112 1121 2816 6 6623

3 21 2 10 57 57 6 1 386 23 893 1295 2 37 12 377 712 1 2508

5 56 2 17 103 68 5 1 852 38 1086 1012 1 55 22 239 1194 2 1279

Schools Educational (unit) Personnel

799593

20 1096 11 54 1781 683 91 11 5 1759 349 23 3 346 732159 849 3 6543 14 78 12

7850

0 15 0 1 16 10 1 0 0 17 4 0 0 3 7116 13 0 69 0 1 0

Ethnic group

National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino 17 912 9 45 1472 572 68 9 4 1418 291 17 2 286 582211 711 2 5224 10 65 10

635461

Full-time Teachers

114 6392 41 308 12728 3892 321 60 25 11604 1291 78 15 2494 3604842 4828 9 33694 94 444 70

3969770 74 4247 34 199 9011 2522 194 39 16 8300 1075 46 11 1765 2755907 3123 6 23171 57 287 45

2997739

With Professional Qualification Graduates Certificates

Table 6.3  Statistics on Secondary Vocational Schools

148 8064 51 401 13927 5066 299 78 31 13017 1643 73 17 2723 3844339 6292 7 39650 123 578 91

404 22140 133 1093 39450 13799 943 214 85 36875 4252 232 47 7718 10921688 17145 25 108337 338 1574 249

4285024 12136280

(continued)

127 6980 42 343 12741 4328 322 67 27 11882 1332 79 16 2492 3668125 5373 9 34654 108 493 78

4056047

Estimated Graduates for Entrants Enrolment Next Year

6  Education, Science and Technological Progress 

193

11 1 16 4 0 12 6 81 1 55 0 55 1 3 0 0 0 2 0 1 4 2 0 0 30

Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan

925 119 1208 268 2 1022 375 7306 66 5307 6 4314 129 182 17 5 20 180 12 65 447 244 30 4 3555

Schools Educational (unit) Personnel

Ethnic group

Table 6.3 (continued)

724 93 913 224 2 738 313 5530 51 4314 6 3255 98 153 14 4 17 141 9 52 377 201 24 3 3088

Full-time Teachers 4634 594 3529 1522 6 5448 2140 26678 455 34195 18 15443 874 1039 96 19 113 1216 51 420 2367 1739 152 18 16219

3189 408 1984 985 1 1743 1402 16376 289 24339 3 9244 543 680 62 11 73 1083 33 269 2118 1223 104 12 9238

With Professional Qualification Graduates Certificates 6815 871 2947 1982 11 7188 2767 24874 572 38659 33 15148 1127 1345 125 16 147 1211 66 579 2602 1921 221 26 22530

17155 2194 10037 5402 26 19450 7523 78705 1579 108782 78 46821 3099 3657 341 53 399 3054 175 1547 7343 5432 558 65 56618

4954 634 3625 1693 8 5788 2371 27906 505 34972 23 15824 988 1152 107 18 125 1172 53 427 2476 1752 162 19 17526

Estimated Graduates for Entrants Enrolment Next Year

194  R. Guo

Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

2 45 72 0 3 1 17 58 0 96

150 4415 6210 9 234 123 1619 4579 9 10111

121 3532 4860 7 196 93 1238 3762 8 7580

956 24898 31126 46 1329 490 10176 28182 33 67049

621 18667 21424 31 863 293 6669 20542 28 40827

1296 27385 45744 67 1724 488 12717 33317 41 88390

3479 77800 115184 169 4702 1521 35258 89499 107 241937

969 24897 33274 49 1476 513 11222 29677 34 76881

6  Education, Science and Technological Progress 

195

196 

R. Guo

Table 6.4  Statistics on Regular Senior Secondary Schools Ethnic group

Schools Educational (unit) Personnel

Full-time Teachers

Graduates Entrants Enrolment

National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang

13737

2742521

1812584

7792443

7927063 23753709

0 23 0 1 39 14 2 0 0 35 8 0 0 8 12431 18 0 131 0 2 0 23 3 19 6 0 19 8 111 1 106 0 72 2 4 0 0 0 3

74 4098 41 201 7444 2541 293 39 16 6691 1324 72 10 1457 2494622 3155 8 24540 45 290 46 4802 614 3280 994 7 4474 1390 19928 229 20374 22 13423 427 677 63 17 74 648

47 2671 30 128 5540 1618 194 25 11 4817 970 46 7 1087 1645101 2011 6 17033 31 185 29 3027 387 2299 634 6 2219 884 14014 163 14273 19 8853 299 431 41 11 47 373

206 11849 133 558 27320 7034 789 109 46 23260 4205 188 29 5374 7054298 8736 24 73204 153 804 127 12037 1541 9687 2754 22 9495 3848 56240 805 68396 65 35919 1474 1874 175 46 204 1791

242 13584 116 655 27943 8261 732 128 52 24616 3657 172 30 5488 7149727 10268 23 72668 187 944 149 11177 1431 9333 3236 25 9506 4500 55068 932 72265 76 33528 1758 2191 206 43 239 1725

692 39124 368 1874 83424 23629 2322 366 150 72593 11696 544 90 16393 21428237 29363 72 219493 529 2700 426 37190 4761 29467 9255 70 28366 12884 171742 2678 213245 208 105433 5006 6273 588 136 684 5193 (continued)

6  Education, Science and Technological Progress 

197

Table 6.4 (continued) Ethnic group

Schools Educational (unit) Personnel

Full-time Teachers

Graduates Entrants Enrolment

Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

0 2 10 5 1 0 76 5 81 156 0 5 2 28 90 0 176

32 209 1088 751 98 12 10135 473 10858 20303 30 554 277 3631 10866 25 22295

127 848 4500 3701 390 46 38692 1931 50574 80747 118 2410 1106 17244 49395 110 108867

50 300 1870 1010 155 18 13433 678 16007 32216 47 868 387 5406 17123 34 32616

118 894 4633 3811 363 43 42108 2031 52484 75012 110 2823 1029 20252 54155 95 133248

385 2691 13883 11354 1206 142 120742 6099 155347 249532 366 8080 3314 57830 157729 302 376629

1296529 21 1179 12 56 2324 699 137 11 5 2315 376 31 4 454 1201955 869 5 10291 17 80 13 1480 190

51982 1 78 1 4 166 46 5 1 0 156 30 1 0 33 47361 57 0 446 1 5 1 63 8

National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz

3638999 106 5843 53 287 10704 3615 343 56 23 9722 1719 77 14 2096 3301764 4494 12 32545 71 413 65 5816 745

Schools (unit) Full-time Teachers City

Ethnic group 1779144 55 3099 29 148 6705 1868 166 29 12 5820 908 40 7 1318 1603849 2321 5 15688 44 213 34 2280 292

563326 31 1564 13 83 1675 1048 40 16 6 1587 435 6 2 325 495960 1305 2 6565 10 120 19 2056 262

Township Rural

Table 6.5  Statistics on Regular Junior Secondary Schools

16918809 288 16549 148 782 32304 9821 1567 151 70 32725 4784 358 60 6312 15669737 12193 56 137645 259 1123 177 18547 2383

Enrolment City 46525854 1489 81920 588 4028 150632 50802 3699 788 313 136720 18733 841 180 29515 42128152 63164 123 413310 1082 5802 916 62545 8009

6484062 414 20973 117 1119 22611 14131 361 220 79 20826 3943 56 27 4387 5684377 17598 15 72211 148 1613 255 19591 2501

Township Rural 23122983 787 44397 324 2128 95716 26851 1771 416 163 83169 10006 427 93 18816 20774038 33373 53 203453 675 3067 484 24407 3125

198  R. Guo

Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur

80 18 0 66 25 394 5 448 0 193 9 12 1 0 1 14 1 6 29 22 2 0 242 13 351 425

4766 1416 12 4334 1970 27241 352 28899 36 15148 664 960 90 21 105 766 59 356 2135 1460 188 22 18840 810 22004 39032

2046 274 3 1630 385 12284 82 6979 8 5937 162 188 18 9 20 211 18 97 807 315 48 6 4589 224 6895 9949

1890 732 7 2135 1020 11160 220 16893 21 7607 411 497 47 10 54 430 25 182 1001 915 74 9 10722 416 11709 15302

830 411 2 569 566 3796 50 5027 6 1604 91 275 26 2 30 124 16 77 327 230 66 8 3529 170 3399 13781

48964 19908 144 58369 27635 302677 5265 403637 434 168386 10063 13449 1263 221 1471 9785 637 4687 28116 20604 2035 239 233928 10698 294424 419916

22870 3849 30 24777 5395 137198 1210 98168 90 69434 2398 2629 246 97 286 2877 214 1309 11459 4392 607 71 55481 3033 94980 124657

19195 10520 85 27067 14626 127203 3328 239570 255 83085 6304 7118 668 104 777 5563 269 2461 12996 13095 800 95 133370 5636 158126 163884 (continued)

6899 5539 30 6525 7614 38276 727 65899 89 15868 1361 3702 348 20 408 1345 155 917 3660 3116 628 73 45077 2028 41318 131375

6  Education, Science and Technological Progress 

199

15 244 232 2146 5018 10 12586

1 16 7 115 334 1 646

Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

57 1237 531 8073 23317 44 50808

Schools (unit) Full-time Teachers City

Ethnic group

Table 6.5 (continued)

22 639 198 4633 12640 24 30893

20 355 101 1295 5660 10 7329

Township Rural 617 17354 5471 118547 320965 482 774613

184 3413 2517 31434 69711 122 187694

Enrolment City 241 9165 2014 69221 177212 266 476987

191 4776 940 17892 74041 94 109932

Township Rural

200  R. Guo

Full-time Teachers

6091908

183 9953 96 494 17410 6236 542 97 39 15913 3092 129 23 3406 5508817 7752 15 55747 132 712 112 10727 1372

Schools Ethnic group (unit)

161811

9 443 4 23 580 296 9 5 2 494 115 2 1 113 144144 368 0 1741 4 34 5 228 29

National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz 31 1784 17 84 3522 1049 183 16 8 3650 554 44 7 688 1860052 1302 6 15087 30 120 19 2050 263

50 3002 35 136 7315 1715 234 27 11 6636 1105 60 8 1438 2022217 2128 6 19157 46 196 31 3126 400

Enrolment City

Township Rural

102 5166 44 275 6574 3471 124 54 20 5627 1434 25 8 1280 1626548 4322 4 21503 56 396 63 5551 708

3040 168200 1295 8222 310885 103680 7191 1607 645 289842 42060 1739 401 60904 93691247 128872 192 904835 2419 11844 1869 164106 20970

597 34738 316 1618 69877 20332 2959 313 146 72526 10145 735 132 13674 34561211 25228 89 280734 599 2326 366 36751 4713

868 53509 528 2350 140640 29628 3049 458 195 129197 16507 779 154 27681 35984235 36758 75 327674 883 3384 533 46673 5969

(continued)

1576 79953 452 4254 100368 53720 1183 836 303 88120 15409 225 115 19548 23145801 66886 29 296426 937 6134 970 80682 10289

1864229 103392541 37221569 39506834 26664138

Township Rural

2002078 2225601

City

Table 6.6  Statistics on Regular Primary Schools

6  Education, Science and Technological Progress 

201

7262 2443 25 8302 3394 42345 630 47415 75 25523 1216 1655 156 31 181 1234 106 606 3623 2385 347 41 35645 1376 35171 71972

Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur

216 116 1 227 159 1087 20 1545 3 500 38 77 7 1 9 22 2 17 98 80 7 1 1147 39 961 1530

Full-time Teachers

Schools Ethnic group (unit)

Table 6.6 (continued)

2720 411 4 2574 576 16704 138 10839 12 8525 279 282 26 11 31 314 25 137 1375 479 67 8 6503 321 10605 13785

City 2463 672 7 2946 945 14068 232 19030 22 10992 431 461 43 13 50 556 35 229 1363 994 102 12 12074 521 14447 20977

2078 1361 13 2781 1873 11573 260 17546 41 6007 507 913 87 6 100 364 46 239 885 912 178 21 17068 533 10119 37210

Township Rural 88513 40628 361 136773 56436 624423 11530 847860 1090 357072 22376 27499 2589 400 3003 20777 1579 10321 65838 42604 5317 622 548223 23480 634484 1101543

42035 7963 60 53381 11157 283961 2763 214280 178 144537 5554 5445 510 176 591 6022 436 2619 27076 9507 1207 143 112066 6167 209228 247098

Enrolment City 30832 11607 107 50870 16329 203510 4490 363555 320 148982 8362 7948 742 170 859 9668 505 4128 25727 19112 1523 179 191809 9400 274647 313397

15647 21058 193 32522 28950 136952 4277 270025 592 63553 8460 14107 1338 54 1553 5087 638 3574 13035 13985 2587 300 244349 7912 150608 541047

Township Rural

202  R. Guo

Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

2 100 19 437 1536 3 3010

105 2131 817 14383 39299 79 94605

20 365 309 3701 7509 14 21979

31 590 243 5120 13065 29 31934

54 1176 265 5562 18725 36 40692

1616 35448 11920 265467 661453 1058 1736847

366 7058 5318 73605 145548 262 438008

461 10203 3257 99722 230420 433 616684

789 18186 3345 92139 285485 364 682155

6  Education, Science and Technological Progress 

203

204 

R. Guo

Table 6.7 Student-Teacher Ratio by Level of Regular Schools (number of teachers=1) Regular Senior Secondary School

Secondary Vocational School

Regular Institution of Higher Education

Ethnic group

Primary School

Junior Secondary School

National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi

16.97

12.79

13.10

19.10

17.56

16.63 16.92 13.50 16.63 17.85 16.63 13.04 16.62 16.48 18.27 13.51 13.35 17.11 17.88 16.87 16.63 12.33 16.19 18.38 16.63 16.62 15.30 15.27 12.14 16.63 14.76 16.49 16.63 14.40 18.31 17.91 14.61 13.84 18.39 16.62

14.06 14.01 10.99 14.05 14.06 14.05 10.79 14.06 13.65 14.03 10.90 10.93 13.11 14.08 12.67 14.06 10.57 12.64 15.29 14.05 14.05 10.75 10.75 10.24 14.06 12.07 13.46 14.02 10.94 15.02 13.93 12.01 11.05 15.18 14.01

14.60 14.63 12.06 14.60 15.04 14.60 12.05 14.61 14.24 15.06 12.05 11.73 13.90 15.08 13.08 14.60 12.74 12.95 17.05 14.60 14.61 12.29 12.29 12.86 14.60 10.99 12.78 14.58 12.25 16.63 14.91 10.81 11.92 16.88 14.56

24.13 24.26 14.44 24.10 26.86 24.13 13.86 24.15 22.99 25.98 14.60 13.53 21.05 26.99 19.16 24.13 13.58 20.95 32.31 24.13 24.12 23.70 23.61 11.12 24.11 13.81 26.34 24.03 14.11 31.24 25.19 13.26 14.47 31.91 24.00

20.40 20.00 17.39 20.39 18.22 20.41 16.79 20.42 19.85 18.18 17.57 17.23 17.72 18.20 17.65 20.41 15.67 17.74 18.36 20.40 20.41 19.00 18.97 17.31 20.40 15.18 17.72 20.38 17.15 18.30 18.42 15.06 17.42 18.31 20.35 (continued)

6  Education, Science and Technological Progress 

205

Table 6.7 (continued)

Ethnic group

Primary School

Junior Secondary School

Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

16.60 12.84 16.62 16.84 14.65 17.07 18.15 17.87 15.35 15.26 15.67 17.07 18.04 15.31 15.34 16.64 14.35 18.48 16.82 13.39 18.35

14.01 10.75 14.04 12.78 10.86 13.17 13.12 14.11 10.82 10.80 12.47 13.20 13.28 10.76 10.80 14.03 10.20 14.67 13.70 10.93 15.25

Regular Senior Secondary School

Secondary Vocational School

Regular Institution of Higher Education

14.53 12.24 14.58 13.93 12.02 12.87 12.75 15.12 12.34 12.27 12.17 12.91 14.20 12.29 12.31 14.58 11.92 16.00 14.47 12.04 16.95

23.92 13.52 24.08 21.65 19.57 29.88 20.30 27.09 23.60 23.13 19.33 29.13 21.76 23.70 23.68 24.00 16.07 28.57 23.76 13.86 32.04

20.30 16.43 20.39 19.31 18.29 16.08 16.35 18.26 18.96 18.89 16.48 16.18 18.05 19.00 18.98 20.36 17.46 18.38 19.86 17.42 18.47

206 

R. Guo

Table 6.8  Number of Students per 100 000 Population by Level Ethnic group

Pre-school education

Primary education

Junior secondary

Senior secondary

Higher education

National average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi

3350

7438

3347

2828

2658

2987.58 3143.99 3687.87 2987.54 4276.69 2986.67 2264.23 2986.07 3018.32 3989.32 3896.61 2381.36 3649.19 4305.32 3309.81 2984.40 1575.43 3623.64 4407.80 2990.72 2981.92 6357.91 6312.96 1686.86 2988.20 3680.31 4046.67 2988.28 2258.60 4431.22 3812.76 3636.03 2566.69 4440.06 2992.50 3001.62 1964.75 2986.30

7904.32 8118.01 7351.06 7898.44 10236.69 7897.17 4935.66 7904.72 7695.26 9332.18 7527.82 5226.44 8129.29 10303.18 7385.22 7899.57 3874.42 7926.94 9640.31 7910.14 7893.77 9913.68 9854.65 4407.73 7904.43 9547.45 9030.09 7865.47 5376.22 9904.82 9010.97 9522.00 5595.10 9773.01 7871.26 7923.97 4527.48 7889.72

3872.30 3953.30 3345.03 3869.36 4962.61 3869.23 2562.75 3874.17 3735.92 4410.91 3370.79 2535.09 3659.22 4996.04 3336.80 3871.47 2508.45 3634.46 4315.11 3874.92 3869.49 3778.61 3765.86 2449.56 3872.78 3827.25 3859.04 3850.66 2625.45 4532.85 4296.00 3794.01 2648.87 4402.56 3849.55 3866.03 2518.53 3864.00

3144.74 3242.71 3003.75 3143.26 4297.81 3143.07 2372.75 3145.88 3083.21 3775.70 3033.07 2422.38 3030.88 4330.66 2812.27 3143.61 2129.68 3083.32 3711.79 3147.42 3142.84 3627.69 3613.08 2119.68 3144.37 2574.95 3400.60 3132.96 2324.64 3917.24 3681.42 2505.98 2501.46 3801.36 3130.60 3131.91 2270.14 3139.16

2171.44 2217.47 2217.52 2174.59 2265.85 2172.25 2174.80 2168.62 2242.29 2424.54 2222.55 2073.42 2643.77 2265.65 2671.13 2171.39 2497.28 2434.09 2585.67 2171.89 2172.34 1956.56 1960.73 2941.64 2172.69 1701.20 2307.58 2177.83 2776.54 2500.08 2418.76 1674.40 2196.68 2554.89 2177.93 2167.21 2279.33 2174.79 (continued)

6  Education, Science and Technological Progress 

207

Table 6.8 (continued) Ethnic group

Pre-school education

Primary education

Junior secondary

Senior secondary

Higher education

Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

3151.51 4713.42 3682.69 3971.77 4274.62 6255.44 6122.59 3502.15 3620.71 3371.61 6350.78 6309.34 2994.92 2870.72 4015.79 3176.59 3645.50 4361.11

6718.36 8020.20 8073.08 8008.08 10217.34 9828.51 9685.14 8402.21 8033.37 7589.31 9908.46 9879.59 7895.18 5518.47 8971.72 7837.59 7282.87 9571.00

3164.97 3267.18 3669.17 3424.59 4943.99 3765.90 3728.62 3607.70 3662.76 3526.23 3777.55 3771.82 3864.89 2573.62 4015.93 3800.44 3322.85 4272.44

2807.21 3116.75 3589.16 2821.37 4278.28 3604.41 3560.53 2870.04 3547.01 3017.32 3625.20 3614.62 3139.76 2463.68 3418.30 3182.09 2969.50 3673.45

2411.59 2077.78 1569.07 2414.04 2274.81 1980.37 2008.50 1842.38 1630.62 2758.26 1959.42 1972.62 2182.06 2683.28 2563.02 2248.23 2260.00 2568.41

Government appropriation for education

9204.91 495223.25 4424.40 24910.58 825861.85 313951.99 34583.19 4866.94 1990.23 729446.93 140848.10 8604.30 1122.21 161252.81 284942890.72 390399.44 939.85 3023134.14 5225.32 35837.83 5668.50

Ethnic group

Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino

7924.89 431935.95 3941.45 21448.65 762784.47 270297.82 29155.18 4189.61 1718.96 676614.60 125960.65 7053.55 999.41 149086.23 256207090.36 336108.79 845.44 2658285.66 4789.49 30862.28 4879.13

Budgetary (Public Expenditure on Education) 50.23 2941.11 6.25 135.16 6613.51 1698.88 76.24 26.14 11.04 6230.73 170.56 22.76 8.64 1295.18 2089884.23 2106.89 2.04 12954.20 36.43 194.19 30.55

Funds from private schools

Table 6.9  Basic statistics on educational funds (10000 yuan)

16.99 837.27 2.29 46.11 764.89 580.75 21.45 8.97 3.43 677.97 68.79 6.76 1.69 146.15 460497.73 721.80 0.32 3712.51 5.47 66.04 10.48

Donations and fund-raising for running schools 1125.08 63894.02 367.25 3049.59 105491.83 38390.96 3640.65 591.13 260.55 118630.06 11226.50 878.31 212.92 20527.32 56702475.82 47644.56 135.30 370712.53 917.54 4381.44 691.48

Income from teaching research and other auxiliary activity 912.05 51613.24 294.40 2471.93 82794.70 31118.25 3045.58 479.09 211.65 94609.27 9009.67 727.61 175.42 16101.16 46734459.01 38620.82 116.38 300411.71 737.03 3552.40 560.49

Tuition and miscellaneous fees

261.28 19880.76 108.06 705.48 112627.99 8892.28 840.67 137.77 56.57 71269.54 3486.41 246.64 32.01 22382.73 7238972.80 11080.56 8.99 83766.20 108.64 1025.74 160.52

Other educational funds

208  R. Guo

Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur

532936.48 68198.49 404028.72 122877.22 2508.00 444850.61 170596.62 2279678.39 26061.41 2250740.12 7800.58 1603403.11 49153.33 83988.48 8056.86 1957.36 9108.86 59279.11 5825.02 43909.18 204079.16 112375.03 17244.51 2040.13 3078837.01 97939.16 1765137.98 3576524.77

488264.33 62476.34 363511.84 105794.61 2298.31 361760.55 146973.68 1986355.72 23995.68 2050577.30 7144.88 1331148.59 45154.90 72410.25 6961.80 1669.60 7845.34 52458.20 5166.35 38577.34 187216.81 103761.73 15787.85 1865.40 2789769.37 86024.24 1603282.19 3276694.79

357.41 46.38 1429.96 664.96 0.66 16464.69 929.73 6718.21 187.67 19391.69 1.19 4442.51 349.05 452.19 41.71 4.49 49.12 493.10 8.06 159.09 1995.29 884.86 14.18 1.73 4506.24 386.54 17088.61 2452.41

162.46 20.81 246.08 227.21 1.76 170.05 316.66 1072.51 25.23 2604.65 5.45 1216.92 50.37 154.49 14.47 1.15 16.80 136.68 2.90 29.59 591.02 104.90 5.66 0.69 2540.72 73.14 2246.19 1099.97

21797.06 2820.75 69477.30 15028.01 35.38 79343.43 21058.61 433865.88 4188.64 354278.81 99.65 180376.17 8468.42 10255.67 948.07 234.31 1113.88 11497.53 380.14 2519.88 44406.28 14342.80 758.12 93.97 111864.47 6389.98 357657.33 147580.47

15927.40 2067.05 59271.77 12184.03 26.94 63257.11 17064.27 358246.16 3342.68 282333.32 75.63 148104.42 6795.49 8307.87 768.35 198.01 902.96 9190.48 298.52 1703.15 36244.36 11256.15 559.98 69.96 84470.63 4473.60 287718.58 107996.17 (continued)

17426.43 2223.03 6201.59 3477.86 7.67 11969.04 4779.73 25643.64 1521.22 198202.44 14.71 45062.77 1804.75 2336.44 218.89 39.55 256.81 934.41 180.73 1711.55 9026.61 14933.76 559.94 65.53 30218.87 3858.00 92083.78 116862.02

6  Education, Science and Technological Progress 

209

Government appropriation for education

5251.45 107053.17 45072.98 604951.92 1942470.00 3591.86 3791793.38

Ethnic group

Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

Table 6.9 (continued)

4808.59 92245.68 39128.38 553298.60 1697561.66 3199.20 3457812.95

Budgetary (Public Expenditure on Education) 4.29 584.57 72.80 4948.96 12311.95 4.87 26489.24

Funds from private schools 1.69 197.24 13.56 735.43 3551.26 1.89 4315.58

Donations and fund-raising for running schools 226.68 13235.56 7240.86 120451.36 268000.34 313.39 674724.46

Income from teaching research and other auxiliary activity 167.04 10739.33 5823.40 97911.86 215516.74 253.08 544255.68

Tuition and miscellaneous fees

170.84 3015.24 763.88 13602.66 76274.31 84.02 67113.59

Other educational funds

210  R. Guo

National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino

129548264 900 57492 319 2482 79397 30586 4984 462 281 140589 10227 1419 383 14933 124981433 38132 128 634281 602 3497 546

20 1292 5 56 2109 688 83 10 6 3224 168 23 9 397 2886996 857 3 12359 13 79 12

4 215 1 10 311 120 13 2 1 473 28 4 1 57 457078 150 0 2224 2 14 2

472299

Expenditure on R&D R&D Projects (10 000 yuan) (unit)

2981234

Full-time Equivalent of R&D Personnel Ethnic group (man-year)

5 346 2 15 640 180 21 3 2 942 73 6 3 122 928157 224 1 3970 5 21 3

957298

Number of Patent Applications (piece)

Table 6.10  Statistics on R&D Activities and Patents of Industrial Enterprises

2 126 1 5 268 60 9 1 1 401 26 2 1 52 359901 75 0 1609 2 7 1

371569

Inventions

6 382 2 15 697 190 26 3 2 1124 70 7 3 136 1059331 235 1 4673 5 22 3

1094200

(continued)

Number of Inventions In Force (piece) 6  Education, Science and Technological Progress 

211

74 10 224 47 0 101 67 1992 9 1482 0 745 20 33 3 1 4 45 2 5 555 40 3

30548 3942 69503 12097 32 21743 17064 665126 2614 420403 88 287820 5769 8309 785 300 903 12945 618 1746 114934 10497 1099

Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik

397 52 1345 272 1 417 383 12004 59 9573 2 4830 131 188 18 5 20 295 10 30 3182 272 15

Expenditure on R&D R&D Projects (10 000 yuan) (unit)

Full-time Equivalent of R&D Personnel Ethnic group (man-year)

Table 6.10 (continued)

243 31 384 71 0 127 101 3100 20 2768 1 1266 46 50 5 1 5 99 4 19 867 83 9

Number of Patent Applications (piece) 85 11 160 24 0 54 34 1311 8 1135 0 502 19 17 2 1 2 40 1 7 264 35 3

Inventions 222 29 570 74 0 240 107 4867 23 3200 1 1544 54 53 5 2 6 135 4 15 708 91 8

Number of Inventions In Force (piece)

212  R. Guo

Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

2 2134 119 13672 2747 5 250 203 3388 5431 5 10889

137 94652 5701 643641 208594 324 11274 11581 145631 236773 284 479738

0 323 20 2110 508 1 44 35 482 884 1 1650

1 766 60 3834 1653 3 66 54 1129 1597 2 3951

0 300 23 1589 579 1 23 23 478 599 1 1629

1 901 53 4424 1522 2 69 85 1441 1902 2 4749

6  Education, Science and Technological Progress 

213

Applications

4146772 31 1905 18 84 4217 1043 129 16 9 4658 557 29 13 811 3968075 1291 6 21303 27 119 19 1002 130 2700 408 2 1177

Ethnic group

National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li

1393815 8 555 4 22 1403 279 40 4 3 1630 124 8 4 270 1327596 344 2 7542 11 32 5 253 33 1049 109 1 386

Inventions 2063860 20 1148 11 53 2365 666 76 10 5 2380 348 18 6 456 1974870 827 3 11550 12 76 12 646 83 1399 261 1 611

Utility Models 689097 3 201 3 8 448 98 13 1 1 648 86 3 2 85 665609 120 1 2210 4 11 2 104 13 253 38 0 180

Designs 2335411 17 1029 9 47 1946 581 74 9 5 2300 287 17 7 371 2235790 719 4 11845 13 66 10 659 85 1463 227 1 604

Granted

Table 6.11  Three Kinds of Domestic Patent Applications and Granted (piece)

345959 2 126 1 5 216 67 13 1 1 315 27 2 1 41 326704 82 1 2071 2 8 1 64 8 317 26 0 87

Inventions 1471759 13 749 7 35 1355 440 52 7 4 1481 219 12 5 258 1409671 546 2 8129 8 50 8 502 65 959 172 1 377

Utility Models 517693 2 154 1 6 374 74 9 1 1 503 41 2 2 71 499415 91 0 1645 3 8 1 93 12 187 29 0 140

Designs

214  R. Guo

Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

584 18845 130 13812 7 6273 270 289 27 9 31 575 18 107 4057 557 36 5 5569 297 16130 6821 11 370 290 4730 9443 16 21395

158 7319 52 4684 2 1945 110 79 7 3 8 202 6 32 1080 187 9 1 1764 86 5746 1734 3 100 111 1684 2942 4 8559

369 9567 61 7309 3 3655 120 181 17 5 20 275 10 66 2144 312 23 3 2894 177 8223 4376 7 235 152 2145 5309 10 9349

56 1960 17 1819 1 673 41 28 3 1 3 98 2 9 833 57 4 1 911 34 2160 712 1 35 27 901 1192 2 3488

326 10558 62 7048 4 3583 133 162 15 5 17 328 11 63 2496 254 23 3 3097 173 8783 4479 7 207 161 2537 5192 8 10841

38 2305 10 946 0 532 23 19 2 1 2 44 2 8 260 29 2 0 370 20 1344 440 1 24 33 386 639 1 1894

245 6824 38 4656 2 2545 80 121 11 4 13 200 8 48 1576 178 17 2 1979 128 5730 3402 5 156 109 1486 3566 6 6400

43 1429 13 1446 1 505 30 22 2 1 2 84 2 6 660 47 3 0 748 25 1709 637 1 27 20 665 986 1 2547

6  Education, Science and Technological Progress 

215

2005

15513694 131 7464 112 357 2426 4516 955 69 39 9333 3406 216 69 452 14785404 5586 53 145861 63 515 82 5583 715 21167 1744 4

Ethnic group

National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba

18181813 71 5032 139 194 2045 2496 1098 38 31 9214 4165 240 85 410 16659829 3031 68 181060 26 283 46 5386 689 25525 931 5

2006 22265261 84 5847 173 227 2463 2949 1471 44 36 9935 5038 284 103 492 20278701 3573 101 228915 31 336 55 5159 666 32415 1097 6

2007 26652288 48 4568 198 133 3971 1753 1602 25 33 11814 5709 294 120 810 24171461 2054 118 267075 44 200 33 5362 693 37000 618 8

2008 30390024 90 6594 234 244 3962 3205 2001 48 43 11439 6599 388 140 795 27430833 3834 140 314660 43 365 60 1262 172 42594 1170 9

2009

Table 6.12  Transaction value in technical markets (10000 yuan)

39065753 98 7598 286 269 9409 3494 2702 52 52 15107 8085 578 176 1890 34792745 4165 167 396087 67 400 65 3612 472 49007 1271 11

2010 47635589 108 8638 353 292 14751 3828 2901 57 59 18643 9867 582 211 2947 42830708 4540 199 497046 84 439 71 3636 477 60490 1384 13

2011 64370683 379 21490 483 1020 13043 13119 6543 201 124 19932 13633 1631 276 2542 55837372 16029 281 648207 89 1499 240 4523 607 78718 4982 17

2012

176974213 764.31 57328.46 1231.93 2078.70 152633.17 26916.94 6579.43 400.03 275.68 156672.25 33602.55 1158.27 658.59 30077.76 163971618.11 32298.83 557.99 1563092.28 510.97 3043.08 486.19 4595.12 617.15 285427.49 10077.14 44.30

2018

216  R. Guo

Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

1872 2407 221929 205 32390 21 51954 544 1254 112 69 134 795 163 471 4354 332 193 34 10862 990 59835 37917 63 1578 3567 11842 24422 111 46525

1676 1314 256385 63 34081 28 56986 242 768 62 83 76 1074 197 786 3827 233 190 38 15823 1597 69642 36679 64 867 3618 9146 17866 141 17902

1569 1552 314376 75 33938 33 66508 291 913 73 116 90 1265 231 1377 4603 280 186 41 24298 2841 67333 35244 65 1020 4269 10098 21076 174 21443

6081 923 353603 132 41635 37 70551 435 635 44 130 57 1773 257 1874 5783 459 197 46 32698 3914 85518 36711 70 636 4682 12478 20012 199 31578

1459 1706 422959 116 38563 43 89135 413 1049 80 160 100 2204 277 2097 6340 462 69 36 37897 4348 79040 9307 33 1110 5472 11443 28912 237 29050

5924 1840 506260 229 55437 49 123587 647 1169 88 205 111 2274 379 2771 8580 1196 151 53 46785 5746 107782 25217 61 1231 6304 13808 31958 291 43784

6462 2023 612042 325 63790 57 132868 831 1311 97 229 123 2807 430 3897 9517 1902 158 61 63767 8136 119161 25543 67 1347 7638 15180 38463 355 53920

2200 7029 845671 272 74181 69 307285 827 3831 324 435 394 4488 721 4619 12280 1681 197 79 82324 9644 145865 31779 85 4461 10791 19064 87518 486 62727

16750.25 15871.84 1863071.09 2980.52 472411.54 167.67 335132.36 5617.94 8549.94 666.82 572.68 812.90 37443.93 1069.53 16814.58 44203.90 19920.23 300.70 153.08 384750.09 36431.44 791836.69 34799.02 134.32 9416.16 22255.15 96859.82 412737.24 1168.28 360237.22

6  Education, Science and Technological Progress 

217

218 

R. Guo

Table 6.13  Main indicators on Internet development (year-end)

Ethnic group National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi

Mobile Internet Subscribers Broad band subscribers (10 000 subscribers) port of Internet Mobile Internet (10000 ports)

Broadband subscribers of Internet (10000 subscribers)

86752.3

127481.5

40738.2

1.59 86.61 0.79 4.30 134.67 54.15 8.04 0.83 0.38 142.19 25.85 1.82 0.31 26.01 80126.58 67.14 0.28 695.98 1.42 6.17 0.97 113.55 14.57 118.97 21.17 0.22 116.63 29.96 762.80 6.20 441.56 0.67 363.30 12.73 14.64

3.15 171.78 1.48 8.52 283.20 107.40 13.12 1.66 0.70 273.60 46.51 3.24 0.45 55.21 117193.68 133.39 0.40 1045.03 2.15 12.25 1.94 134.96 17.32 173.79 42.02 0.30 149.47 58.74 1037.26 10.21 828.75 0.90 608.93 19.95 28.64

0.82 44.77 0.49 2.23 64.08 28.06 3.45 0.43 0.19 70.83 15.53 0.82 0.14 12.36 37763.68 34.81 0.11 319.78 0.64 3.19 0.51 43.82 5.62 45.71 10.98 0.09 45.17 15.50 298.60 2.81 219.49 0.27 160.00 5.72 7.55 (continued)

6  Education, Science and Technological Progress 

219

Table 6.13 (continued)

Ethnic group

Mobile Internet Subscribers Broad band subscribers (10 000 subscribers) port of Internet Mobile Internet (10000 ports)

Broadband subscribers of Internet (10000 subscribers)

Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

1.36 0.49 1.57 20.08 1.24 7.45 67.33 18.52 3.69 0.43 374.16 16.92 426.94 762.72 1.12 18.68 14.87 156.24 400.93 0.65 1021.02

0.70 0.21 0.82 9.75 0.50 3.31 32.86 8.81 1.43 0.17 165.74 7.63 217.13 294.37 0.43 9.66 5.41 74.45 201.60 0.41 458.87

2.67 0.78 3.11 27.35 1.70 11.78 83.78 38.62 4.42 0.53 538.27 27.11 701.98 906.66 1.34 36.76 18.34 254.95 713.75 1.23 1566.50

7 Health Care and Social Security

Data on public health are mainly from the Information Center under the Ministry of Health. Data on civil affairs are from the Ministry of Civil Affairs based on statistical reporting form scheme. Data on disabled persons are from the China Disabled Persons Federation. For detailed information please refer to Annual Statistical Yearbook on National Health Care (Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China), Statistical Yearbook on Civil Affairs of China (Department of Financial and Planning, Ministry of Civil Affairs) and China Statistical Yearbook on the Work for Persons with Disabilities (China Disabled Persons Federation). Data on labor and social security mainly include revenue and expenses of social insurance fund, urban employee basic pension insurance, urban basic medical care insurance, unemployment insurance, etc. Data are from the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security.

© The Author(s) 2020 R. Guo, China Ethnic Statistical Yearbook 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49024-9_7

221

222 

R. Guo

Table 7.1  Medical technical personnel in health care institutions per 1000 persons (person) Ethnic group National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen

Medical technical personnel

Licensed (assistant) doctors

County Total

Registered nurses

Total

City

6.83

10.91 4.63

2.59

4.01 1.82

2.94

5.08 1.80

6.26 6.33 6.07 6.26 6.81 6.26 6.98 6.25 6.36 6.66 6.11 7.31 6.72 6.82 6.79 6.26 6.33 6.97 6.52 6.26 6.26 7.09 7.08 6.74 6.26 5.67 6.82 6.27 6.82 6.61 6.64 5.63 7.25 6.57 6.27 6.25 6.80

13.02 12.61 9.70 13.00 9.84 13.00 12.66 13.03 12.64 10.48 9.91 13.45 11.15 9.78 10.82 13.02 10.69 11.58 9.26 13.01 13.01 14.44 14.42 11.04 13.01 8.68 13.85 12.90 10.84 9.30 10.63 8.58 13.06 9.25 12.89 12.93 12.02

2.07 2.13 2.29 2.07 2.27 2.07 2.72 2.07 2.17 2.38 2.30 2.85 2.54 2.27 2.58 2.07 2.46 2.62 2.17 2.07 2.07 2.55 2.55 2.75 2.07 2.43 2.38 2.08 2.78 2.19 2.35 2.43 2.84 2.19 2.08 2.08 2.65

4.53 4.41 3.50 4.53 3.46 4.53 4.68 4.54 4.45 3.72 3.60 4.95 4.07 3.44 3.96 4.53 3.99 4.23 3.18 4.53 4.53 5.46 5.45 4.41 4.53 3.81 4.85 4.50 4.23 3.21 3.76 3.80 4.84 3.18 4.50 4.52 4.45

2.84 2.85 2.48 2.84 3.03 2.84 2.84 2.83 2.85 2.91 2.50 2.97 2.89 3.03 2.93 2.84 2.57 2.95 2.86 2.84 2.84 2.91 2.91 2.81 2.84 1.75 3.20 2.84 2.88 2.91 2.93 1.70 2.98 2.88 2.84 2.82 2.77

6.30 6.11 4.54 6.29 4.80 6.29 5.78 6.30 6.08 5.12 4.61 6.14 5.26 4.77 5.09 6.30 4.89 5.39 4.40 6.29 6.30 6.42 6.41 4.98 6.29 3.17 6.85 6.24 4.97 4.45 5.19 3.08 5.98 4.40 6.23 6.24 5.50

4.97 4.86 4.20 4.97 4.31 4.97 4.96 4.97 4.89 4.34 4.34 5.18 4.32 4.29 4.68 4.97 4.27 4.71 4.17 4.96 4.97 6.42 6.40 4.77 4.97 3.81 4.24 4.96 4.23 4.19 4.43 3.79 5.05 4.18 4.96 4.95 4.72

City County Total City County

1.59 1.60 1.65 1.60 1.40 1.59 2.04 1.59 1.65 1.57 1.69 2.15 1.71 1.38 1.88 1.59 1.76 1.85 1.35 1.59 1.59 2.26 2.25 2.02 1.59 1.59 1.48 1.60 1.86 1.35 1.58 1.60 2.09 1.35 1.60 1.60 1.95

2.18 2.10 1.46 2.18 1.80 2.18 1.72 2.18 2.09 1.75 1.55 1.82 1.66 1.79 1.80 2.18 1.41 1.74 1.68 2.17 2.18 2.55 2.54 1.76 2.18 0.93 1.86 2.17 1.52 1.70 1.81 0.89 1.81 1.68 2.16 2.16 1.61

(continued)

223

7  Health Care and Social Security  Table 7.1 (continued) Medical technical personnel

Licensed (assistant) doctors

Registered nurses

Ethnic group

Total

City

County Total

City County Total City County

Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

6.26 6.75 7.24 7.23 6.76 6.80 7.07 7.06 6.27 7.16 6.69 7.09 7.09 6.27 6.98 6.47 6.45 6.05 6.51

12.99 9.10 13.98 13.77 11.03 9.84 14.31 14.17 9.99 13.49 10.48 14.44 14.40 12.96 11.61 10.44 11.57 9.54 9.46

4.96 4.73 5.84 4.88 4.96 4.31 6.35 6.25 4.27 4.83 4.54 6.42 6.38 4.96 4.47 4.28 4.82 4.14 4.21

4.53 3.21 5.23 4.69 4.07 3.46 5.41 5.35 3.85 4.60 3.74 5.46 5.44 4.52 4.45 3.66 4.05 3.45 3.25

2.07 2.46 2.69 2.63 2.52 2.26 2.54 2.55 2.46 2.61 2.52 2.55 2.55 2.08 2.72 2.30 2.20 2.28 2.16

1.60 1.77 2.19 1.90 1.87 1.39 2.24 2.22 1.70 1.88 1.80 2.26 2.25 1.60 1.82 1.54 1.62 1.63 1.36

2.84 2.97 2.97 2.87 2.94 3.02 2.91 2.90 2.31 2.86 2.97 2.91 2.91 2.84 3.03 2.81 2.89 2.47 2.86

6.28 4.39 6.28 6.49 5.07 4.80 6.38 6.32 4.28 6.37 5.16 6.42 6.41 6.27 5.36 5.01 5.60 4.47 4.49

2.17 1.89 2.22 1.55 2.02 1.80 2.52 2.46 1.31 1.55 1.82 2.54 2.53 2.17 1.70 1.70 2.05 1.45 1.70

Table 7.2  Village clinics Village clinics (unit) Ethnic group National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan

Total

Run by Township Jointly Run by village hospitals run private

Villages with clinics as % Others of total

622001 342062 65495

28353

141623 44468 94.0

11 683 11 29 1683 370 64 6 3 1682 331 17 2

0 27 1 1 45 16 2 0 0 44 17 1 0

0 65 3 1 521 11 17 0 0 443 73 5 1

8 465 4 22 728 275 28 4 2 890 125 7 1

1 72 3 3 229 40 12 1 0 162 86 3 0

1 54 1 2 159 28 5 0 0 143 30 1 0

99.89 99.85 99.95 99.88 99.57 99.92 99.53 99.97 99.41 99.62 99.98 99.57 97.25 (continued)

Table 7.2 (continued) Village clinics (unit) Ethnic group Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

Total

Run by Township Jointly Run by village hospitals run private

Villages with clinics as % Others of total

330 565184 458 1 5350 10 42 7 687 88 718 145 6 461 209 5546 53 4734 17 3256 99 103 10 4 11 207 9 92 338 228 22 3 7147 205 4033 4614 7 129 88 1288 3461 9 7275

142 314003 341 1 2417 7 31 5 139 18 333 108 2 154 152 2602 31 2535 7 1315 63 75 7 2 8 103 3 36 194 100 5 1 2986 83 2407 938 1 95 35 858 2061 4 4913

31 39934 34 0 491 0 3 1 73 9 34 11 1 28 15 262 3 410 2 243 4 8 1 0 1 12 1 11 30 21 2 0 894 23 324 493 1 10 4 72 244 1 260

45 55754 50 0 935 0 5 1 369 47 96 16 2 39 22 313 4 482 7 510 6 12 1 1 1 13 3 15 20 31 12 1 2380 31 374 2471 4 14 13 59 325 2 336

9 25959 20 0 364 0 2 0 72 9 56 6 0 5 9 119 1 136 0 113 1 5 0 0 0 9 1 11 7 6 2 0 312 25 193 479 1 6 3 21 146 0 78

103 129535 13 0 1143 3 1 0 35 4 199 4 0 235 10 2250 14 1171 0 1076 25 5 0 1 0 69 1 19 87 70 1 0 575 43 736 233 0 4 34 278 684 2 1688

99.76 94.98 99.91 98.84 97.16 99.83 99.91 99.94 99.98 99.97 98.99 99.89 99.72 99.91 99.89 98.87 99.88 99.62 99.61 99.55 99.73 99.85 99.77 99.38 99.89 99.94 99.08 99.82 87.03 99.79 99.89 99.61 99.94 99.66 99.55 99.97 99.86 99.67 99.57 99.93 99.92 99.83 99.90

233.23 12883.37 109.84 631.64 20654.89 7968.45 924.52 123.34 51.06 20760.25 3514.48 208.64 29.78 4028.36 7659091.82 9896.78 32.16 71058.87 133.42 908.21 143.69 12102.54

Total

8404088

Ethnic group

National total/ average Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak 65.85 3791.97 48.08 179.05 6612.91 2253.14 489.06 34.67 16.72 7285.83 1455.51 106.57 14.32 1286.92 3839512.72 2791.74 20.12 34234.06 57.38 256.54 40.58 2688.13

4141427

Urban

Beds of Medical Institutions

167.37 9091.40 61.76 452.59 14041.98 5715.32 435.46 88.68 34.34 13474.42 2058.97 102.07 15.45 2741.44 3819579.11 7105.05 12.04 36824.81 76.04 651.67 103.11 9414.41

4262661

Rural

6.03 6.18 6.22 6.03 6.76 6.03 6.42 6.03 6.07 6.64 6.28 6.28 6.00 6.78 6.05 6.03 6.56 6.18 5.28 6.03 6.03 7.19

6.03 10.34 10.26 8.92 10.33 8.61 10.33 11.47 10.35 10.15 9.36 9.03 11.24 9.11 8.58 8.92 10.34 11.72 9.30 6.65 10.34 10.34 11.29

8.70 5.22 5.15 4.69 5.22 4.55 5.22 4.56 5.23 5.10 4.64 4.86 4.58 4.24 4.54 4.49 5.22 4.13 4.63 3.74 5.22 5.23 7.11

4.56

(continued)

1.32 1.33 1.36 1.33 1.15 1.33 1.23 1.32 1.35 1.38 1.38 1.28 1.35 1.15 1.43 1.32 1.09 1.31 1.61 1.32 1.32 1.51

1.43

Beds of Medical Institutions Beds of Township Health per 1000 Population Centers per 1000 Rural Total Urban Rural Population

Table 7.3  Number of beds in health institutions by urban and rural areas (bed)

7  Health Care and Social Security 

225

Ethnic group

Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar

1552.82 12685.08 3118.70 19.24 7465.28 4371.12 75693.84 662.22 62851.27 57.65 40541.85 1248.36 2126.61 197.47 56.37 230.99 2224.58 132.75 833.34 4406.64 2814.99 392.97 46.29

Total 349.02 7239.88 880.74 9.54 3868.96 1251.84 45400.65 262.68 22346.31 29.31 20501.37 525.46 612.41 56.69 32.09 65.63 948.37 43.67 373.13 2127.97 902.31 90.00 11.09

Urban

Beds of Medical Institutions

Table 7.3 (continued)

1203.80 5445.20 2237.96 9.70 3596.31 3119.28 30293.19 399.54 40504.96 28.34 20040.48 722.89 1514.20 140.78 24.29 165.36 1276.21 89.08 460.21 2278.67 1912.68 302.97 35.19

Rural 7.18 6.37 6.03 5.02 4.90 6.06 6.61 5.67 6.64 4.95 6.39 5.42 6.06 6.01 6.43 6.03 7.16 6.79 6.47 5.29 6.71 7.15 7.10

11.30 10.50 10.34 7.21 9.41 10.28 9.95 7.06 9.38 7.11 10.91 6.77 10.27 10.27 11.49 10.33 8.44 11.10 10.79 7.91 8.57 11.21 11.12

7.08 4.52 5.22 3.60 3.22 5.24 4.57 3.93 4.78 3.54 4.70 3.79 5.22 5.19 4.36 5.22 5.62 6.00 4.94 4.14 4.53 7.02 6.89

1.51 1.13 1.32 1.51 0.92 1.35 1.33 1.49 1.42 1.51 1.31 1.56 1.34 1.32 1.18 1.32 2.15 1.41 1.11 1.07 1.17 1.51 1.50

Beds of Medical Institutions Beds of Township Health per 1000 Population Centers per 1000 Rural Total Urban Rural Population

226  R. Guo

Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

37812.19 1883.64 57162.85 81248.12 119.04 2726.15 1481.69 16967.32 54266.96 90.27 95993.30

17545.82 855.39 24414.36 18089.64 26.97 781.46 824.27 7031.28 17779.67 40.20 41243.78

20266.37 1028.26 32748.49 63158.48 92.07 1944.69 657.42 9936.05 36487.29 50.07 54749.53

5.89 6.40 6.82 7.19 7.16 6.04 7.10 5.72 6.43 6.19 5.24

8.41 10.60 9.68 11.29 11.24 10.31 10.63 8.33 9.62 8.82 6.74

4.42 4.85 5.05 7.10 7.05 5.21 5.19 4.19 5.26 4.63 3.77

1.56 1.12 1.77 1.51 1.51 1.33 1.43 1.60 1.53 1.36 1.61 7  Health Care and Social Security 

227

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R. Guo

Table 7.4  Hospitaliztion services in health institutions

Ethnic group National Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen

Number of inpatients (10000 persons)

Patients discharged (10000 persons)

Surgical operation of hospitalized (10000 person-times)

Inpatients per 100 outpatient and emergency visits (person)

25454.3

25384.7

6171.6

4.5

0.77 42.39 0.33 2.08 68.42 26.28 2.26 0.41 0.16 68.50 10.53 0.51 0.09 13.36 23172.25 32.65 0.08 208.42 0.48 3.00 0.47 36.75 4.71 30.88 10.29 0.04 20.22 14.38 188.88 2.33 206.12 0.11 101.23 4.46 6.99 0.65 0.14

0.77 42.20 0.32 2.07 67.96 26.17 2.26 0.41 0.16 68.22 10.49 0.51 0.09 13.27 23110.19 32.50 0.08 207.75 0.48 2.98 0.47 36.73 4.70 30.73 10.24 0.04 20.23 14.32 187.88 2.32 205.25 0.11 100.93 4.44 6.96 0.64 0.14

0.18 9.74 0.05 0.50 13.74 6.27 0.49 0.10 0.04 13.30 1.56 0.11 0.02 2.67 5690.55 7.79 0.02 44.21 0.10 0.71 0.11 7.38 0.95 6.85 2.45 0.01 4.41 3.42 43.47 0.46 41.47 0.02 20.97 0.90 1.66 0.15 0.03

5.39 5.80 6.17 5.40 6.95 5.40 5.93 5.40 5.43 7.28 6.20 5.42 5.24 7.00 5.20 5.40 6.83 5.18 5.33 5.40 5.40 6.30 6.30 5.91 5.40 3.25 3.39 5.40 5.55 5.79 7.00 3.07 5.40 5.48 5.39 5.35 6.15 (continued)

7  Health Care and Social Security 

229

Table 7.4 (continued)

Ethnic group

Number of inpatients (10000 persons)

Patients discharged (10000 persons)

Surgical operation of hospitalized (10000 person-times)

Inpatients per 100 outpatient and emergency visits (person)

Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

0.76 6.82 0.38 2.16 13.66 9.35 1.19 0.14 92.11 4.94 185.85 246.72 0.36 8.98 3.75 58.27 175.45 0.27 344.62

0.76 6.79 0.38 2.16 13.64 9.29 1.19 0.14 91.77 4.93 185.47 246.57 0.36 8.94 3.74 58.16 174.61 0.27 343.66

0.18 1.50 0.08 0.36 3.70 1.87 0.24 0.03 17.65 0.86 38.66 49.63 0.07 2.14 0.87 12.04 40.19 0.04 71.26

5.39 5.60 5.82 5.76 3.88 6.90 6.27 6.23 4.49 5.69 7.16 6.29 6.26 5.40 5.61 6.12 5.63 6.16 5.22

Table 7.5  Statistics on Medical Aid

Ethnic group National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi

Aid for Basic Medical Insurance (10 000 persons)

Outpatient and Hospitalization Medical Aid (10 000 persons)

Expenses of Aid for Basic Medical Insurance (10 000 yuan)

Expenses for Outpatient and Hospitalization Medical Aid (10 000 yuan)

6692.3

5361.0

1026748.8

2970236.8

0.53 25.85 0.54 1.43 25.54

0.15 7.36 0.03 0.41 5.29

51.66 2483.53 45.46 139.62 1677.38

79.12 4311.31 66.18 214.88 6954.08 (continued)

230 

R. Guo

Table 7.5 (continued)

Ethnic group

Aid for Basic Medical Insurance (10 000 persons)

Outpatient and Hospitalization Medical Aid (10 000 persons)

Expenses of Aid for Basic Medical Insurance (10 000 yuan)

Expenses for Outpatient and Hospitalization Medical Aid (10 000 yuan)

Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She

18.04 0.84 0.28 0.10 18.61 16.75 0.17 0.02 4.95 5758.45 22.48 0.03 123.08 0.10 2.06 0.33 25.11 3.20 10.46 7.07 0.02 7.30 9.70 36.27 0.59 67.11 0.04 33.36 0.99 4.71 0.44 0.05 0.52 1.36 0.22 1.50 2.66

5.07 0.33 0.08 0.03 5.67 0.99 0.09 0.02 0.98 5052.01 6.33 0.01 39.45 0.03 0.58 0.09 2.84 0.37 4.60 1.99 0.01 10.26 2.75 30.53 0.11 27.63 0.02 16.49 0.21 1.34 0.13 0.02 0.15 0.75 0.04 0.34 6.52

1758.92 116.35 27.43 10.23 1507.24 1449.12 19.58 2.76 316.28 914318.89 2193.69 4.80 14592.23 12.80 200.77 31.83 4473.47 571.20 1268.67 689.92 0.59 1281.60 943.31 3303.58 58.43 5891.06 1.26 3766.97 113.54 458.06 43.05 6.74 50.92 77.01 36.41 286.08 602.53

2702.13 431.61 41.92 17.83 6382.44 2036.62 104.67 9.10 1353.90 2687256.53 3359.42 12.10 31969.76 29.43 307.91 48.80 6109.59 782.21 4012.64 1057.80 22.66 2432.37 1475.94 18746.20 165.01 20847.55 70.16 18601.68 287.39 726.92 69.55 24.53 78.50 656.70 65.84 720.48 1896.43 (continued)

7  Health Care and Social Security 

231

Table 7.5 (continued)

Ethnic group

Aid for Basic Medical Insurance (10 000 persons)

Outpatient and Hospitalization Medical Aid (10 000 persons)

Expenses of Aid for Basic Medical Insurance (10 000 yuan)

Expenses for Outpatient and Hospitalization Medical Aid (10 000 yuan)

Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

3.50 0.80 0.10 47.65 3.40 37.52 167.82 0.24 6.09 1.17 12.45 91.09 0.46 80.82

0.71 0.10 0.01 14.46 0.79 39.83 19.12 0.03 1.74 0.47 4.33 27.56 0.03 18.50

233.66 142.85 16.81 5030.37 625.56 4883.91 29952.79 43.59 595.26 144.18 1528.90 8244.03 37.28 9980.86

935.82 197.15 23.27 32745.63 1585.37 20757.63 40954.56 59.80 922.33 437.65 4292.71 17699.15 53.01 21290.38

Table 7.6  Beds of Civil Affairs Institutions with Accommodations (10000 bed) Beds in Elderly Care Institutions per 1 000 Senior Other Citizens (bed)

Ethnic group

Number of Beds

The Aged

Child Welfare and Mental Assistance Illness

National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan

408.1

379.4

9.7

6.3

12.7

29.15

0.01 0.32 0.00 0.01 0.71 0.18 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.69 0.07 0.01 0.00

0.00 0.28 0.00 0.01 0.62 0.16 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.61 0.05 0.01 0.00

0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00

0.01 0.77 0.02 0.03 2.52 0.41 0.23 0.01 0.00 2.00 0.62 0.07 0.00 (continued)

232 

R. Guo

Table 7.6 (continued)

Ethnic group

Number of Beds

The Aged

Child Welfare and Mental Assistance Illness

Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe

0.14 381.23 0.22 0.00 2.67 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.34 0.04 0.87 0.07 0.00 0.09 0.10 3.99 0.02 2.09 0.00 2.19 0.03 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.12 0.01 0.02 0.22 0.09 0.01 0.00 1.77 0.04 2.40 2.30 0.00 0.06 0.07

0.12 356.45 0.19 0.00 2.35 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.25 0.03 0.81 0.06 0.00 0.08 0.09 3.76 0.02 1.86 0.00 2.04 0.03 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.01 0.21 0.08 0.01 0.00 0.71 0.03 2.21 1.70 0.00 0.05 0.06

0.01 8.08 0.01 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.44 0.01 0.06 0.34 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.01 5.39 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.05 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.00

Beds in Elderly Care Institutions per 1 000 Senior Other Citizens (bed) 0.01 11.14 0.01 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.59 0.00 0.07 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.49 741.90 0.52 0.00 18.83 0.01 0.05 0.01 1.12 0.14 1.60 0.16 0.01 1.90 0.23 7.32 0.07 5.94 0.03 11.04 0.12 0.11 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.11 0.02 0.57 0.60 0.34 0.04 0.00 15.57 1.24 4.85 7.49 0.01 0.14 0.12 (continued)

7  Health Care and Social Security 

233

Table 7.6 (continued)

Ethnic group

Number of Beds

The Aged

Child Welfare and Mental Assistance Illness

Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

0.47 1.76 0.00 2.36

0.41 1.55 0.00 2.05

0.02 0.07 0.00 0.13

0.01 0.07 0.00 0.08

Beds in Elderly Care Institutions per 1 000 Senior Other Citizens (bed) 0.02 0.08 0.00 0.10

1.28 3.20 0.02 8.63

Table 7.7  Statistics on social relief (10000 persons)

Ethnic group National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino

Number of Urban Residents Receiving Minimum Living Allowance

Number of Rural Residents Receiving Minimum Living Allowance

Rural Households with Centralized Livelihood Guaranteed in Five Aspects

Rural Households with Decentralized Livelihood Guaranteed in Five Aspects

1007.0

3519.1

86.2

368.8

0.04 2.04 0.03 0.10 2.83 1.32 0.24 0.02 0.01 2.55 1.06 0.05 0.00 0.55 885.16 1.63 0.01 13.18 0.01 0.15 0.02

0.20 10.62 0.15 0.55 18.61 6.92 0.59 0.11 0.04 13.79 4.83 0.15 0.01 3.65 2994.39 8.61 0.01 51.80 0.09 0.79 0.13

0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.05 79.35 0.04 0.00 0.55 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.01 0.48 0.01 0.02 0.45 0.29 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.86 0.17 0.01 0.00 0.09 337.74 0.36 0.00 2.54 0.01 0.03 0.01 (continued)

234 

R. Guo

Table 7.7 (continued)

Ethnic group

Number of Urban Residents Receiving Minimum Living Allowance

Number of Rural Residents Receiving Minimum Living Allowance

Rural Households with Centralized Livelihood Guaranteed in Five Aspects

Rural Households with Decentralized Livelihood Guaranteed in Five Aspects

Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

3.58 0.46 3.34 0.51 0.00 0.81 0.72 11.94 0.05 8.28 0.01 8.95 0.08 0.35 0.03 0.01 0.04 0.35 0.04 0.17 0.34 0.38 0.11 0.01 6.95 0.38 6.92 24.01 0.03 0.44 0.28 1.39 8.66 0.03 5.51

13.36 1.71 4.18 2.71 0.02 2.69 3.76 20.48 0.51 42.39 0.06 27.01 0.91 1.83 0.17 0.03 0.20 1.26 0.13 0.71 1.29 2.54 0.43 0.05 33.33 1.58 22.90 89.48 0.13 2.34 0.62 9.31 42.73 0.13 67.52

0.08 0.01 0.12 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.02 0.55 0.01 0.64 0.00 0.28 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.00 0.00 1.29 0.01 0.58 0.54 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.13 0.48 0.00 0.58

0.11 0.01 0.55 0.11 0.00 0.36 0.16 2.87 0.04 2.42 0.00 1.71 0.09 0.08 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.13 0.00 0.03 0.10 0.07 0.00 0.00 1.81 0.07 2.73 0.77 0.00 0.10 0.04 1.21 2.20 0.00 7.70

7  Health Care and Social Security 

235

Table 7.8  Medical aid of civil affairs offices (10000 persons or person-times) Medical aid in urban areas

Ethnic group National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol

Medical aid in rural areas

Aid for cooperative Aid for Medical medical Medical medical care insurance aid aid

Expenses of urban medical aid

689.90

1387.10

1483.80 4490.40

708801.60 1329104.80

0.01 0.75 0.02 0.04 0.52 0.48 0.13 0.01 0.00 0.91 0.46 0.02 0.00 0.10 614.75 0.59 0.01 12.47 0.00 0.05 0.01 2.27 0.29 1.96 0.19 0.00 0.87 0.27 5.04 0.02 3.79 0.00 4.27

0.08 4.04 0.02 0.22 4.10 2.74 0.46 0.04 0.02 3.62 0.69 0.10 0.00 0.80 1190.43 3.41 0.02 19.53 0.01 0.31 0.05 6.55 0.84 4.40 1.07 0.00 2.44 1.48 12.02 0.08 13.05 0.00 16.47

0.06 2.89 0.04 0.15 3.29 1.89 0.13 0.03 0.01 3.44 1.16 0.03 0.00 0.64 1314.05 2.34 0.00 24.84 0.02 0.21 0.03 3.14 0.40 1.55 0.74 0.00 1.63 1.06 6.17 0.11 12.06 0.01 6.29

17.59 946.47 16.57 47.69 1069.89 601.37 170.80 9.34 4.09 1261.28 540.40 32.45 2.12 206.30 631051.17 746.11 7.45 9385.31 6.31 68.38 10.87 2716.85 348.83 2233.48 234.71 0.86 1275.72 331.77 6353.02 30.12 4190.71 2.42 5551.07

0.39 20.70 0.07 1.06 41.01 13.36 0.64 0.21 0.07 27.99 2.13 0.16 0.02 8.08 3791.88 16.63 0.02 47.78 0.12 1.53 0.24 10.23 1.31 4.53 5.23 0.00 5.66 7.20 21.57 0.83 86.35 0.00 28.13

Expense of rural medical aid

61.77 3288.99 42.04 167.04 5534.32 2109.69 179.59 32.76 12.46 4541.64 1252.64 40.26 4.41 1083.00 1166855.88 2621.97 6.25 16735.77 28.77 240.37 38.09 2277.78 291.77 1966.30 824.68 11.85 2305.36 1149.57 6999.63 153.50 14140.97 36.73 7213.10 (continued)

236 

R. Guo

Table 7.8 (continued) Medical aid in urban areas

Medical aid in rural areas

Ethnic group

Aid for cooperative Aid for Medical medical Medical medical care insurance aid aid

Expenses of urban medical aid

Expense of rural medical aid

Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

0.04 0.13 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.29 0.02 0.46 0.24 0.07 0.07 0.01 7.41 0.99 5.64 15.22 0.02 0.16 0.12 0.89 4.13 0.01 3.49

55.34 161.29 14.80 10.89 17.49 211.32 25.90 223.91 239.38 145.92 87.03 10.12 4531.17 482.61 4603.87 18210.53 26.50 204.64 147.41 990.98 4255.38 12.96 4398.42

273.66 562.51 53.14 10.81 61.06 462.05 24.80 410.07 639.59 752.99 73.70 8.89 18319.01 905.23 9592.44 15249.70 22.33 713.31 138.25 3160.58 13510.54 34.04 20484.47

0.13 0.72 0.07 0.03 0.08 0.35 0.07 0.41 0.31 0.56 0.21 0.02 6.93 0.88 13.16 43.91 0.06 0.93 0.31 2.22 14.92 0.01 10.69

Note: All data are as of 2012.

0.22 0.51 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.92 0.03 0.88 0.68 0.45 0.10 0.01 18.72 1.90 12.11 21.04 0.03 0.64 0.16 3.00 15.14 0.03 17.57

1.31 3.49 0.32 0.03 0.39 1.51 0.11 0.82 2.11 5.54 0.33 0.04 19.40 1.84 44.27 68.62 0.10 4.50 0.50 13.11 77.47 0.05 89.23

237

7  Health Care and Social Security  Table 7.9  Statistics on urban employee basic pension insurance

Ethnic group National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba

Revenue and expenses(100 million yuan)

Urban employee basic pension insurance contributors at year-end (10000 persons)

Number of staff and workers

Number of retirees

Balance at Revenue Expenses year-end

41901.6

30104.0

11797.7

51167.6

44644.9

50901.3

0.50 29.70 0.32 1.37 56.50 17.21 4.52 0.26 0.14 61.83 10.49 1.00 0.14 10.96 38987.77 21.27 0.17 318.54 0.45 1.96 0.31 47.06 6.06 69.77 6.71 0.06 41.84 9.67 437.91 2.07 189.10 0.17

0.36 21.33 0.21 0.98 43.17 12.30 2.73 0.19 0.10 45.22 7.00 0.62 0.10 8.40 28108.68 15.21 0.10 225.85 0.31 1.40 0.22 32.79 4.21 41.98 4.80 0.04 30.49 6.87 276.43 1.48 136.37 0.13

0.14 8.37 0.11 0.39 13.32 4.91 1.78 0.08 0.04 16.61 3.50 0.38 0.04 2.56 10879.08 6.07 0.07 92.69 0.14 0.56 0.09 14.28 1.84 27.80 1.91 0.01 11.35 2.79 161.48 0.59 52.73 0.04

0.71 41.60 0.40 1.93 70.15 24.37 6.32 0.37 0.19 82.52 13.38 1.46 0.17 13.59 47085.01 30.19 0.22 420.21 0.65 2.77 0.44 70.49 9.06 86.31 9.51 0.13 52.74 13.55 544.89 2.92 247.40 0.39

0.56 32.68 0.37 1.53 55.99 19.20 6.33 0.29 0.16 65.55 12.19 1.42 0.15 10.79 40997.89 23.78 0.23 373.94 0.58 2.18 0.35 62.25 8.02 83.09 7.49 0.11 43.23 10.75 568.29 2.54 199.15 0.33

0.92 50.45 0.33 2.50 70.96 31.57 2.35 0.48 0.21 74.94 12.09 0.83 0.16 13.79 47602.60 39.03 -0.01 383.07 0.42 3.59 0.57 81.43 10.36 30.85 12.28 0.16 39.03 17.47 197.90 2.07 235.59 0.49

(continued)

238 

R. Guo

Table 7.9 (continued) Revenue and expenses(100 million yuan)

Ethnic group

Urban employee basic pension insurance contributors at year-end (10000 persons)

Number of staff and workers

Number of retirees

Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

196.51 4.16 4.74 0.43 0.29 0.50 9.46 0.58 3.07 27.47 7.61 1.54 0.18 127.15 7.03 209.97 316.38 0.47 6.01 8.51 59.58 152.71 0.26 325.92

123.00 2.95 3.38 0.31 0.17 0.36 6.20 0.39 2.12 21.19 5.80 1.07 0.13 90.67 4.91 142.73 220.45 0.33 4.30 5.31 43.02 105.94 0.18 230.16

73.50 1.21 1.36 0.12 0.12 0.14 3.27 0.19 0.94 6.28 1.82 0.47 0.06 36.48 2.12 67.24 95.93 0.14 1.71 3.20 16.56 46.77 0.09 95.77

Balance at Revenue Expenses year-end 276.69 5.95 6.67 0.62 0.39 0.71 10.75 0.85 4.54 26.41 9.57 2.29 0.27 211.68 10.15 267.75 473.68 0.70 8.42 10.56 82.71 195.16 0.33 470.18

273.10 5.20 5.29 0.49 0.39 0.56 9.43 0.77 4.53 22.77 7.67 2.02 0.24 190.52 10.03 231.51 418.26 0.61 6.67 11.39 66.55 160.73 0.30 409.62

159.76 4.18 8.63 0.80 0.09 0.92 13.73 0.85 1.66 31.36 9.47 2.63 0.31 213.75 4.09 208.04 547.07 0.81 10.79 4.02 75.56 244.78 0.29 340.83

7  Health Care and Social Security 

239

Table 7.10  Statistics of unemployment insurance

Ethnic group National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi

Revenue and expenses (100 million yuan)

Unemployment insurance contributors at year-end (10000 persons)

Beneficiaries of unemployment insurance fund (10000 persons)

Balance at year-­ Revenue Expenses end

19643.5

223.1

1171.1

915.3

5817.0

0.22 13.07 0.12 0.61 23.39 7.64 1.49 0.12 0.06 26.23 4.11 0.36 0.07 4.54 18461.66 9.46 0.05 141.24 0.18 0.87 0.14 22.26 2.85 23.05 2.98 0.02 27.77 4.23 159.13 0.84 81.25 0.07 71.11 1.74 2.09

0.00 0.21 0.00 0.01 0.21 0.14 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.04 208.40 0.17 0.00 1.52 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.23 0.03 0.24 0.05 0.00 0.36 0.08 2.07 0.01 0.86 0.00 0.77 0.02 0.04

0.01 0.82 0.01 0.04 1.40 0.50 0.11 0.01 0.00 1.41 0.26 0.03 0.00 0.27 1095.04 0.61 0.00 9.43 0.01 0.06 0.01 1.30 0.17 1.54 0.19 0.00 1.16 0.29 9.97 0.06 4.43 0.01 5.36 0.12 0.14

0.01 0.52 0.00 0.02 0.97 0.32 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.95 0.16 0.01 0.00 0.19 861.37 0.39 0.00 6.95 0.01 0.04 0.01 1.10 0.14 1.08 0.12 0.00 0.91 0.18 8.01 0.04 3.02 0.00 3.11 0.08 0.09

0.05 2.89 0.03 0.15 4.41 1.85 0.33 0.03 0.01 4.13 0.82 0.07 0.01 0.85 2707.94 2.30 0.01 24.77 0.04 0.21 0.03 3.97 0.51 4.86 0.72 0.01 4.18 1.02 30.84 0.17 13.09 0.02 14.25 0.34 0.50 (continued)

240 

R. Guo

Table 7.10 (continued) Revenue and expenses (100 million yuan)

Ethnic group

Unemployment insurance contributors at year-end (10000 persons)

Beneficiaries of unemployment insurance fund (10000 persons)

Balance at year-­ Revenue Expenses end

Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

0.19 0.09 0.22 3.28 0.26 0.97 14.00 3.13 0.73 0.09 44.56 2.30 89.69 149.69 0.22 2.67 3.13 27.44 60.77 0.10 139.25

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.01 0.12 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.62 0.02 0.81 1.54 0.00 0.05 0.04 0.32 1.48 0.00 2.07

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.39 0.02 0.09 0.66 0.19 0.04 0.01 5.32 0.21 4.26 8.71 0.01 0.17 0.18 1.48 5.13 0.01 9.13

0.01 0.00 0.01 0.30 0.01 0.07 0.46 0.13 0.04 0.00 2.51 0.16 2.92 7.40 0.01 0.11 0.16 0.97 3.65 0.00 6.27

0.05 0.02 0.05 0.60 0.05 0.32 2.05 0.60 0.13 0.02 13.65 0.71 11.62 26.69 0.04 0.64 0.63 4.21 13.07 0.02 27.37

Table 7.11  Persons covered of urban basic medical care insurance (10000 persons) Ethnic group National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai

Persons covered at year-end

Urban workers

Staff and workers

Urban non-­ Retirees employment

134458.6

31680.8

23307.5

8373.3

102777.8

3.62 201.10 1.69 9.81 355.47 123.74

0.41 23.36 0.23 1.12 38.83 14.11

0.29 16.54 0.16 0.79 28.63 9.95

0.12 6.83 0.08 0.33 10.20 4.16

3.21 177.73 1.46 8.69 316.64 109.63 (continued)

7  Health Care and Social Security 

241

Table 7.11 (continued) Ethnic group

Persons covered at year-end

Urban workers

Staff and workers

Urban non-­ Retirees employment

Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan

12.01 1.91 0.79 342.40 53.31 2.83 0.49 69.49 122802.13 153.69 0.39 1081.96 2.63 14.12 2.23 152.40 19.54 182.22 48.44 0.38 150.94 67.73 1038.53 12.65 1020.12 1.16 557.30 24.38 33.00 3.08 0.72 3.59 32.15 1.73 11.91 81.33 48.59 4.98 0.59 641.67

3.13 0.22 0.11 42.21 7.86 0.70 0.11 7.50 29571.04 17.48 0.12 233.95 0.32 1.61 0.25 39.22 5.04 49.07 5.51 0.05 36.35 7.84 332.50 1.46 130.73 0.16 140.68 2.99 3.86 0.36 0.20 0.41 6.23 0.46 2.15 21.26 5.24 1.28 0.15 98.20

2.08 0.15 0.08 30.56 5.34 0.48 0.08 5.54 21824.29 12.31 0.07 166.88 0.23 1.13 0.18 28.20 3.62 31.18 3.88 0.04 26.29 5.53 211.92 1.07 94.35 0.12 95.80 2.19 2.72 0.25 0.13 0.29 4.43 0.33 1.43 17.03 3.85 0.92 0.11 71.10

1.06 0.06 0.03 11.65 2.53 0.22 0.03 1.96 7746.75 5.16 0.05 67.07 0.09 0.47 0.08 11.01 1.42 17.89 1.63 0.01 10.06 2.32 120.58 0.40 36.39 0.04 44.87 0.80 1.13 0.10 0.07 0.12 1.79 0.13 0.72 4.23 1.39 0.36 0.04 27.10

8.87 1.70 0.68 300.20 45.45 2.13 0.39 61.99 93231.09 136.21 0.27 848.02 2.31 12.51 1.98 113.18 14.50 133.15 42.93 0.33 114.59 59.88 706.03 11.18 889.39 1.00 416.62 21.39 29.14 2.73 0.53 3.17 25.93 1.28 9.76 60.07 43.35 3.70 0.44 543.48 (continued)

242 

R. Guo

Table 7.11 (continued) Ethnic group

Persons covered at year-end

Urban workers

Staff and workers

Urban non-­ Retirees employment

Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

27.35 855.59 1023.57 1.51 42.35 18.88 302.11 836.13 1.40 1886.53

4.95 139.89 263.59 0.39 4.90 6.71 43.30 112.28 0.20 239.19

3.33 99.50 189.58 0.28 3.46 4.23 32.18 79.75 0.13 175.66

1.61 40.39 74.01 0.11 1.44 2.48 11.11 32.53 0.06 63.53

22.41 715.71 759.98 1.12 37.45 12.16 258.81 723.85 1.21 1647.34

Table 7.12  Revenue and expenses of urban basic medical care insurance (100 million yuan) Revenue Ethnic group National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe

Expenses

Total

Workers

Nonemployment Total

NonWorkers employment

21384.2

13537.8

7846.4

17822.5

10706.6 7115.9

0.46 24.93 0.20 1.25 35.00 15.80 1.99 0.24 0.11 36.40 6.36 0.46 0.08 6.77 19741.11 19.62 0.07

0.23 12.57 0.10 0.63 16.71 7.99 1.31 0.12 0.06 17.51 3.21 0.30 0.05 3.22 12593.48 9.92 0.05

0.23 12.36 0.10 0.62 18.28 7.81 0.68 0.12 0.05 18.89 3.15 0.16 0.03 3.55 7147.63 9.70 0.02

0.38 20.80 0.18 1.04 30.24 13.12 1.73 0.20 0.09 30.72 5.78 0.40 0.06 5.86 16483.85 16.29 0.06

0.18 9.50 0.08 0.48 12.13 6.06 1.09 0.09 0.04 12.95 2.71 0.25 0.04 2.33 9965.03 7.52 0.04

0.21 11.31 0.10 0.56 18.11 7.06 0.63 0.11 0.04 17.77 3.07 0.16 0.03 3.53 6518.81 8.78 0.02 (continued)

7  Health Care and Social Security 

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Table 7.12 (continued) Revenue Ethnic group

Total

Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

183.86 0.30 1.80 0.29 29.02 3.72 26.32 6.18 0.07 20.25 8.66 175.55 1.38 113.85 0.21 90.05 2.77 4.25 0.40 0.12 0.46 4.50 0.33 2.33 13.56 4.79 0.94 0.11 108.34 5.19 108.53 194.97 0.29 5.42 3.33 35.97 106.25 0.16 220.31

Expenses Workers

Nonemployment Total

NonWorkers employment

116.88 0.13 0.91 0.14 19.21 2.46 17.22 3.12 0.04 12.79 4.39 124.19 0.59 56.40 0.13 58.73 1.20 2.17 0.20 0.08 0.23 2.50 0.22 1.48 8.63 2.26 0.62 0.07 65.64 3.28 57.93 129.09 0.19 2.75 2.41 17.04 54.95 0.08 95.93

66.98 0.17 0.89 0.14 9.81 1.26 9.10 3.06 0.03 7.46 4.28 51.36 0.79 57.44 0.08 31.32 1.57 2.08 0.19 0.04 0.23 1.99 0.11 0.84 4.93 2.53 0.32 0.04 42.70 1.91 50.60 65.88 0.10 2.67 0.91 18.93 51.30 0.08 124.38

92.94 0.10 0.69 0.11 15.96 2.05 14.76 2.36 0.02 8.48 3.32 109.10 0.43 42.74 0.07 48.71 0.88 1.64 0.15 0.07 0.18 1.83 0.18 1.09 6.63 1.64 0.52 0.06 40.41 2.40 47.51 107.25 0.16 2.09 2.16 12.64 41.01 0.07 70.73

152.59 0.22 1.50 0.24 23.14 2.97 22.76 5.13 0.04 14.45 7.18 156.57 1.06 96.28 0.13 78.96 2.07 3.52 0.33 0.10 0.38 3.46 0.27 1.72 11.29 4.12 0.75 0.09 74.93 3.86 93.43 155.45 0.23 4.50 2.95 27.87 86.70 0.15 162.87

59.64 0.13 0.81 0.13 7.18 0.92 8.00 2.77 0.02 5.97 3.86 47.47 0.62 53.53 0.06 30.25 1.19 1.88 0.18 0.04 0.20 1.64 0.09 0.63 4.66 2.47 0.24 0.03 34.51 1.46 45.92 48.20 0.07 2.42 0.79 15.23 45.69 0.08 92.14

8 Entertainment and Other Cultural Activity

Data on culture are estimated based on the data provided by the Ministry of Culture. Data on radio broadcasting, films and television are from State Administration of Radio, Film and Television. Data on number of books published for children and textbooks are from General Administration of Press and Publication. Data on sports are from General Administration of Sport. For detailed information please refer to Collection of China News and Publication Statistical Information (Department of Publication Industrial Development, General Administration of Press and Publication), Statistics on National Development Indicators of Radio, Film and Television (Department of Arrangement and Finance, State Administration of Radio, Film and Television), and Statistical Yearbook of Sports (Finance Department, General Administration of Sport).

© The Author(s) 2020 R. Guo, China Ethnic Statistical Yearbook 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49024-9_8

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Table 8.1  Population Coverage of Radio and TV Programs, and Radio and TV Programs Produced and Broadcasted

Region National Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi

Population Coverage Rate of Radio Programs (%)

Population Coverage Rate of TV Programs (%)

Number of Public Radio Programs (set)

Number of TV Programs (set)

Number of TV Plays Broadcasted (set)

Number of Cartoons Broadcasted (hour)

98.94

99.25

2900

3559

217591

374485

98.69 98.24 98.44 98.70 94.21 98.69 99.11 98.69 98.71 96.11 98.38 99.22 98.73 94.10 99.06 98.69 99.04 98.81 97.58 98.68 98.69 97.83 97.85 99.05 98.70 97.19 98.83 98.67 99.15 96.54 96.47 97.23 99.12 97.15 98.66 98.67 99.14 98.69

98.90 98.74 98.78 98.91 96.91 98.90 99.13 98.90 98.95 97.97 98.73 99.21 99.09 96.85 99.31 98.90 99.09 99.12 98.76 98.90 98.90 98.07 98.08 99.13 98.91 98.24 98.98 98.90 99.20 98.21 98.09 98.26 99.16 98.54 98.90 98.90 99.16 98.91

0 3 0 0 4 2 1 0 0 5 2 0 0 1 2536 2 0 40 0 0 0 11 1 6 1 0 4 1 30 0 14 0 28 0 1 0 0 0

0 7 0 0 9 5 1 0 0 8 3 0 0 2 3022 6 0 48 0 1 0 15 2 5 2 0 3 3 32 0 25 0 28 1 1 0 0 0

8 391 5 21 395 260 41 4 2 422 171 11 1 76 189366 324 1 2894 3 30 5 1020 130 385 102 1 141 142 2106 15 1342 3 2002 30 69 6 2 8

14 746 9 39 695 489 43 8 3 846 306 10 1 134 321016 608 1 5194 5 56 9 1610 206 280 191 4 778 265 1927 24 2700 14 1929 46 130 13 2 14

(continued)

8  Entertainment and Other Cultural Activity 

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Table 8.1  (continued)

Region

Population Coverage Rate of Radio Programs (%)

Population Coverage Rate of TV Programs (%)

Number of Public Radio Programs (set)

Number of TV Programs (set)

Number of TV Plays Broadcasted (set)

Number of Cartoons Broadcasted (hour)

Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

97.84 98.42 98.58 98.87 94.33 97.87 97.91 97.77 98.58 98.31 97.84 97.86 98.70 98.86 98.17 97.94 98.45 97.73

98.79 98.57 98.66 99.21 96.97 98.12 98.15 98.51 98.70 99.04 98.08 98.10 98.91 98.97 99.08 98.64 98.81 98.83

1 0 1 2 1 0 0 42 2 13 77 0 1 1 5 13 0 28

1 0 1 2 1 0 0 93 2 17 99 0 2 1 7 28 0 44

61 10 42 95 55 33 4 1556 90 1259 6840 10 89 60 397 1607 4 2420

79 14 80 263 95 51 6 5285 173 2528 10795 16 166 73 786 2754 7 3811

Table 8.2  Transmission Trunk and Users of Cable Radios and TVs

Region National Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang

Total Length of Transmission Trunk for Cable Radios and TVs (10 000 km)

Users of Cable Radios and TVs (10 000 Users of households) Digital TV Pay TV

Popularization Rate of Cable TV Programs (%)

225.3

21832.4

20143.7

7729.9

49.01

0.37 22.89 0.14 1.01 58.85 12.71 1.70 0.20

0.35 21.66 0.11 0.95 58.66 12.00 1.62 0.18

0.24 13.73 0.06 0.66 34.04 8.29 0.80 0.13

33.26 36.49 24.78 33.31 53.08 33.19 30.79 33.06

0.00 0.14 0.00 0.01 0.10 0.08 0.02 0.00

(continued)

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Table 8.2  (continued)

Region

Total Length of Transmission Trunk for Cable Radios and TVs (10 000 km)

Derung 0.00 Dong 0.24 Dongxiang 0.05 Ewenki 0.00 Gaoshan 0.00 Gelao 0.02 Han 213.53 Hani 0.10 Hezhe 0.00 Hui 1.68 Jing 0.00 Jingpo 0.01 Jino 0.00 Kazak 0.32 Kirgiz 0.04 Korean 0.21 Lahu 0.03 Lhoba 0.00 Li 0.04 Lisu 0.04 Manchu 1.48 Maonan 0.00 Miao 0.74 Monba 0.00 Mongol 0.74 Mulao 0.01 Naxi 0.02 Nu 0.00 Oroqen 0.00 Pumi 0.00 Qiang 0.01 Russian 0.00 Salar 0.02 She 0.27 Shui 0.01 Tajik 0.01

Users of Cable Radios and TVs (10 000 Users of households) Digital TV Pay TV

Popularization Rate of Cable TV Programs (%)

0.09 54.64 4.55 0.34 0.08 11.55 20138.18 15.78 0.08 159.95 0.36 1.45 0.23 22.01 2.83 33.17 4.97 0.03 36.66 7.01 175.01 1.83 161.66 0.09 70.36 3.43 3.42 0.32 0.11 0.37 4.42 0.24 1.93 16.15 7.95 0.72

35.59 51.23 25.27 26.71 47.50 53.37 49.85 33.18 40.84 43.57 44.46 33.26 33.16 43.14 43.13 44.52 33.18 32.75 83.77 33.23 43.65 46.77 49.86 31.86 30.39 45.76 33.35 33.40 33.40 33.26 36.79 38.30 50.13 67.55 52.45 43.35

0.08 52.04 3.66 0.32 0.07 11.52 18574.45 14.89 0.08 149.93 0.32 1.37 0.22 21.17 2.72 31.81 4.69 0.03 25.05 6.62 161.62 1.69 151.87 0.08 66.12 3.09 3.23 0.30 0.11 0.35 4.20 0.23 1.88 15.91 7.91 0.69

0.05 25.77 1.78 0.20 0.03 6.70 7048.01 10.31 0.03 58.60 0.15 0.95 0.15 5.26 0.68 14.05 3.24 0.00 5.30 4.53 49.75 0.85 75.68 0.01 35.19 1.49 2.20 0.20 0.05 0.24 1.97 0.08 0.73 7.86 4.59 0.17

(continued)

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249

Table 8.2  (continued)

Region

Total Length of Transmission Trunk for Cable Radios and TVs (10 000 km)

Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang a

Users of Cable Radios and TVs (10 000 Users of households) Digital TV Pay TV

0.00 0.72 0.03 0.99 2.18 0.00 0.03 0.02 0.26 0.43 0.00 0.69

0.09 68.13 4.39 152.71 147.98 0.22 4.40 3.32 42.33 100.14 0.11 253.74

0.08 63.58 4.27 137.34 142.38 0.21 4.15 3.07 37.57 95.64 0.09 224.70

0.02 20.47 1.70 55.96 35.40 0.05 2.82 0.81 15.82 57.75 0.05 105.77

Popularization Rate of Cable TV Programs (%) 43.12 36.33 49.95 52.47 43.21 43.52 33.51 46.70 46.39 36.36 24.21 43.99

Total length of transmission trunk for cable radios include 41 900  km directly under the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television

Table 8.3  Number of books published for children and textbooks Number of publications Printed copies (10000 (kind) copies)

Printed sheets (1000 sheets)

Ethnic group

Books for children

Textbooks

Books for children Textbooks

Books for children

Textbooks

National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan

44196

82862

88858

348116

5412232

27458388

0 24 0 1 10 16 4 0 0 33 6 1 0

0 10 0 0 13 5 4 0 0 27 3 1 0

0.60 36.42 0.17 1.64 31.33 20.94 1.66 0.31 0.17 83.28 5.25 0.30 0.24

6.31 354.02 2.17 17.12 564.08 215.20 20.38 3.33 1.40 628.89 76.37 4.99 0.88

30.14 2121.87 13.96 82.15 1777.41 1049.32 90.16 15.69 8.90 6420.74 438.90 15.99 14.89

435.04 24250.15 163.13 1179.90 39762.61 14849.93 1496.14 229.84 96.96 42173.58 5658.19 366.97 62.16

(continued)

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Table 8.3  (continued) Number of publications Printed copies (10000 (kind) copies)

Printed sheets (1000 sheets)

Ethnic group

Books for children

Textbooks

Books for children Textbooks

Books for children

Textbooks

Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

2 31670 20 0 216 1 2 0 17 2 159 6 0 14 9 439 3 93 0 124 7 4 0 0 0 9 0 0 21 2 1 0 110 1 95 112 0 5 6 74 133 0 569

2 32455 6 0 188 0 1 0 41 5 72 2 0 4 3 488 1 104 0 224 2 2 0 0 0 8 1 3 12 2 1 0 191 6 225 273 0 2 11 32 83 0 180

5.56 67093.69 25.65 0.13 437.75 1.47 2.34 0.38 11.77 1.52 167.11 8.05 0.04 20.14 12.27 647.33 5.37 217.82 0.15 118.68 12.28 6.08 0.53 0.14 0.61 22.59 0.30 0.40 45.40 4.76 0.45 0.07 128.58 1.27 221.00 81.31 0.14 7.30 10.05 144.46 251.76 0.17 1014.03

310.49 4002171.44 1281.10 7.58 25074.63 95.16 117.38 18.75 942.08 121.10 9263.55 402.42 1.41 1201.76 621.69 40777.07 345.99 15951.40 5.18 6983.93 795.64 311.64 26.55 7.95 30.96 1278.92 20.10 32.19 3101.41 273.92 34.25 5.14 6665.21 86.57 17883.19 6451.93 10.58 367.33 640.88 10215.89 13684.82 13.86 65394.85

7748.97 16436905.29 18477.96 37.64 134755.69 358.04 1693.73 267.99 33669.81 4304.26 20513.03 5819.57 71.19 15509.30 8082.65 121675.49 1637.76 125070.14 221.61 73282.75 3261.44 3952.03 374.50 82.09 430.78 3012.09 327.00 1505.59 9559.61 5481.15 1087.80 125.98 95220.92 3390.26 112584.95 226097.86 330.52 5093.77 2669.10 41136.19 93542.08 131.14 256508.22

109.84 235081.02 267.92 0.51 1867.58 5.31 24.56 3.88 478.81 61.21 292.31 84.41 1.00 234.85 116.93 1634.40 24.07 1853.06 3.10 996.36 48.27 57.13 5.43 1.11 6.24 38.74 4.59 19.78 139.92 77.90 15.47 1.79 1304.20 44.74 1678.38 3215.54 4.70 73.94 35.22 627.61 1317.66 1.74 3813.91

251

8  Entertainment and Other Cultural Activity  Table 8.4  Number of certified athletes at various technical grades (person) Ethnic group

International master of sports

Master of First Female sports Female grade

Female

National total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi

167

85

1820

864

9690

3396

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 144 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 74 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 1586 0 0 11 0 0 0 1 0 4 0 0 1 0 27 0 8 0 10 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 761 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 14 0 3 0 4 0 0 0 0 0

0 2 0 0 16 0 1 0 0 15 3 0 0 3 8922 0 0 72 0 0 0 5 1 18 0 0 22 0 121 0 45 1 53 1 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 0 1 3122 0 0 21 0 0 0 2 0 6 0 0 7 0 45 0 16 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 (continued)

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Table 8.4  (continued) Ethnic group

International master of sports

Master of First Female sports Female grade

Female

Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 3 1 0 0 60 1 21 11 0 0 1 5 3 0 25

Note: All data are as of 2012

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 11 0 9 8 0 0 1 1 1 0 8

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 3

0 0 0 7 2 0 0 157 1 53 36 0 0 2 12 8 0 66

Appendix A: A Brief Description of China’s 56 Ethnic Groups1

Throughout history, race, language and religion have divided China as much as physical terrain, political fiat and conquest. However, it is always a politically sensitive issue to identify those non-Han people as different ethnic groups. As a result, the total number of ethnic groups has never been fixed precisely in China. For example, in 1953, only 42 ethnic peoples were identified, while the number increased to 54 in 1964 and 56 in 1982. Of course, this does not include the unknown ethnic groups as well as foreigners with Chinese citizenship.2 Specifically, China’s current 56 ethnic groups are, in alphabetical order, Achang, Bai, Baonan, Blang, Buyi, Dai, Daur, Deang, Derung, Dong, Dongxiang, Ewenki, Gaoshan, Gelao, Han, Hani, Hezhe, Hui, Jing, Jingpo, Jino, Kazak, Kirgiz, Korean, Lahu, Lhoba, Li, Lisu, Manchu, Maonan, Miao, Monba, Mongol, Mulao, Naxi, Nu, Oroqen, Pumi, Qiang, Russian, Salar, She, Shui, Tajik, Tatar, Tibetan, Tu, Tujia, Uygur, Uzbek, Va, Xibe, Yao, Yi, Yugur, and Zhuang. In the following, the general geographical and historical background of and the linguistic and religious features of each of them are briefly reported.

© The Author(s) 2020 R. Guo, China Ethnic Statistical Yearbook 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49024-9

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Achang The Achang ethnic minority lives mainly in the Dehong Dai-Jingpo autonomous prefecture of Yunnan province. They lived in the reaches of Nu river as long ago as the second century, and then migrated southwest to the present Longchuan and Lianghe counties. The Achang are mountain farmers. As one of the earliest people, they have their own language that belongs to the Tibetan-Burman family of the Sino-Tibetan phylum. However, the Achange language has no written form. Over time, they have accepted the language of the Dai ethnic minority as well as the written and spoken Mandarin of the Han people. In the past, some groups of the Achang believe in primitive spirits and practice ancestor worship, the others follow Theravada Buddhism, and they hold different religion festivals and activities to show their piety. Southern Buddhism is another popular religion among Achang people. Nearly in each of the villages, a Buddhist temple stands with various architecture styles. In addition, Taoism is also of great influences since the Ming dynasty (AD 1368–1644), which is reflected by the Imperial Pavilion Taoist Temple established by Achang people in Dehong of Yunnan.

Bai The Bai people are mainly dominant in the Dali Bai autonomous county of Yunnan province, together with Lijiang, Kunming, Yuanjiang, Guizhou and so on. A Tibetan-Burman people, the Bai were a major ethnic group and cultural elite in the kingdom of Nanzhao (AD 738–937) that dominated the region to China’s southwest. The Bai language derives from the Tibetan-Burman family of the Sino-Tibetan phylum. However, as a result of their close cultural ties with the Han people, the Bai have also applied Chinese characters as their written form of language. Although the Bai people believe in Buddhism, they also worship their village god (‘Benzhu’), Nature god, the Prince of the Nanzhao regime, or even a hero of folklore.

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255

Baonan Located in the southwest of Gansu province, the area of Mt. Jishishan is home to the Baonan ethnic minority. It is thought that the Baonan ethnic minority developed over a long period of time formed largely by Mongolians. During the Yuan, the Ming and the Qing dynasties, some people of the Hui, the Tibetan, and the Tu ethnic minorities were assimilated into the group, often through marriage and in this way the groups influenced each other. The Baonan people did, however, retain most of their Moslem traditions and customs. The Baonan are culturally close to the Hui and, like them, are Muslims. They speak a unique Baonan language which is part of the ‘Altai’ language family descended from Mongolian. Most can also speak and write Mandarin Chinese like the majority Han people. They continue to follow Islam and are part of the Sunni branch.

Blang The Blang ethnic minority is one of the oldest peoples in Yunnan province, living mainly in the mountain area of Menghai county of Dai autonomous prefecture in Xishuangbanna. Their earliest record can be traced back to the Han dynasty (BC 206–AD 220). The Blang speak a Mon-Khmer language (it belongs to the Austro-Asiatic phylum with an alveolar sound and pronunciation), and their culture is closely related to those of nearby Myanmer and Laos. As the Blang people live dispersedly, they speak different languages in separate regions. Without their own written characters, they use those of the Dai and the Han peoples. Like many other ethnic minorities, the Blang admire totems. However, the totems they admire are not fierce beasts like the tiger or lion, but the bamboo rat and toad. They believe that when they see those small animals, they must keep away from them, or their relatives will pass away. The Blang also believe in Theravada Buddhism, polytheism and ancestor worship.

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Bouyei The Bouyei ethnic minority have mainly inhabited Southwest China’s Guizhou province. Their main living areas are now the Bouyei-Miao autonomous prefecture, Anshun and Guiyang cities. The Bouyei’s way of life is quite similar to that of the Miao and their language is closely related to those of the Zhuang and the Dai. The Bouyei people speak their own language belonging to the Sino-Tibetan phylum; and some are able to read and write Mandarin and as well. The Bouyei people believe in many gods. There is a God for each Mountain; River, Lake or Pond; for each old and unusual tree, for megalith, caves, paddy field, and for when it rains or thunders, there are various gods. They also worship ancestors’ supreme might with each family setting niches in their home.

Dai The Dai ethnic minority is distributed throughout the Dai autonomous region and the Dehong Dai-Jingpo autonomous prefecture in Xishuangbanna in the southern part of Yunnan province. The Dai have two main branches—the Water Dai, who have a close affinity with the Thais; and the Han Dai, who are more or less identical with the Shan of the Myanmar. The Dai were one of the main ethnic groups dominating the kingdom of Nanzhao (AD 738–937). In the past, they were called ‘baiyue’, meaning a vast living area. Therefore, they have established a close relationship with ethnic groups like the Zhuang, the Dong, the Shui, the Bouyei and the Li, who are said to be the descendants of the Dai people. The Dai language belongs to the Zhuang-Dai branch of the Zhuang-Dong group of the Sino-Tibetan languages. The written language was derived from Devanagari and differs from region to region. The religion of the Dai people is Buddhism, which was adopted in the sixth to eighth century and had a profound influence on their politics, economy, culture and arts.

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257

Daur Daur is the title that the people of the Daur ethnic minority named themselves, meaning cultivator. With historical records dating back to the early seventeenth century, there are several stories about the origin of this minority. The most accepted is that they were descendants of the brave Khitan tribe (Qidan) in the Liao dynasty AD (916–1125). This minority helped guard the frontier during the Qing dynasty (AD 1644–1911) near Xinjiang. The population of the Daur ethnic minority is considerably smaller than many other minorities. They mainly inhabit Inner Mongolia autonomous region and Heilongjiang province, while some live in the Xinjiang Uyghur autonomous region. The Daur people have their own language, which has a strong affinity with that of the Mongolian dialect, both of which belong to the Altai phylum. As their land bordering upon the places where the Mongol, the Manchu, the Ewenki, the Han, and the Kazak minorities inhabited, they developed their vocabulary, benefiting from others. However, their language has no written form.

Deang The Deang ethnic minority lives exclusively in Yunnan province and primarily in Luxi and Zhenkang counties, along with the Dai, the Jingpo, and the Va ethnic minorities. Their language belongs to the Mon-Khmer group of the Austro-Asiatic phylum, much close to that of the Va. They have no traditional written language, so some of people use the written Chinese language along with that of the Dai and the Jingpo languages. Influenced by the Dai ethnic minority, the Deang people are faithful to Theravada Buddhism. Boys of less than ten years old are sent to the temples to become monks, learning sutras. Most of them are secularized after several years, with only few promoted as Buddhists who are highly esteemed as both educated and knowledgeable. Meanwhile, they also worship the original gods, such as Dragon King, God of Mountain, God of Land, etc.

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Derung The Derung (also spelt Drung or Dulong) people are located in a canyon surrounded by the Tibetan plateau in the north, the Gaoligong Mountain in the east, and the Dandanglika Mountain in the west. The inhabitant area of the Derung ethnic minority is quite isolated. Their population is mainly found in the Nujiang autonomous prefecture of Yunnan province, in the Dulong valley, while a few others can be found east of the Dulong valley, living in the mountains above the Nujiang river near the village of Binzhongluo in northern Gongshan county. The Derung language, which is closely related to that of Jingpo, belongs to the SinoTibetan phylum and is without written form. The traditional religion of the Derung people is nature worship, with beliefs that there are spirits controlling their fortune and the change of nature, so they often worship and charm away those spirits. Recently, there are also some Christians.

Dong The Dong ethnic minority lives primarily in the border regions between Guizhou, Hunan and Hubei provinces. The Dong people trace their origins back to about the third century BC and, during the Tang dynasty (AD 618–907), they separated from the mixed minority ‘Baiyue’, naming themselves Dong. The Dong are thought to be the modern-day descendants of the ancient Liao people. Dong legends generally maintain that the ancestors of the Dong migrated from the east. According to the legends of the Southern Dong people, the ancestors of the Southern Dong came from Guangzhou, Guangdong and Wuzhou, Guangxi. The Northern Dong maintain that their ancestors fled Zhejiang and Fujian because of locust swarms. The Dong people speak a Dai language—a branch of the Zhuang-Dong group of the Sino-Tibetan phylum though many of them also speak Chinese. The Dong’s beliefs remain original, believing that all things have spirits and gods—of land, water, ox, and the spirit of ancestors, etc.

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Dongxiang The Dongxiang ethnic minority derived their name from their native region—Dongxiang. Today, the Dongxiang people mainly inhabit the Dongxiang autonomous county in Gansu province, with a small number in Xinjiang Uyghur and the Ningxia Hui autonomous regions. Historians are divided in their views about the origin of the Dongxiang ethnic minority. Some hold that they are descendants of Mongolian troops posted in the Hezhou area by Genghis Khan (AD 1162–1227) during his march to the west. Other historians say they are a mixture of many ethnic groups—Hui, Mongolian, Han and Tibetan. The Dongxiang language is similar to Mongolian, both of which belong to a branch of the Mongolian Austronesian of the Altaic phylum. Since the Dongxiang have no written language, literature developed orally. Huaer, a popular form can be sung in both daily life and at festivals, absorbing fully, the essence of their oratory creativity, though most can speak and write in Chinese. The Dongxiang ethnic minority holds firm faith in Islam.

Ewenki The Ewenki ethnic minority treasures their name of nationality which means ‘people living in the mountain forests’. This ethnic minority is distributed across seven banners (counties) in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region and in Nahe county of Heilongjiang province, where they live together with Mongolians, Daurs, Hans, and Oroqens. Nantunzhen, the seat of the banner government, is a rising city on the grassland. A communication hub, it is the political, economic and cultural center of the Ewenki autonomous banner (Qi). The Ewenki are a Tungus people and speak a Tungus language which belongs to the Tungus-Manchu branch of the Altaic phylum. Interestingly it has no written characters. In the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), the Ewenki group learned to write in the Manchu form whilst today they can master Mongolian and Chinese languages. Most of the Ewenki people are disciples of shamanism. Meanwhile, they also believe that there are gods controlling their life. The god of mountain, in their eyes, is a long bearded senior man.

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Gaoshan The Taiwanese aborigines in maninland China are collectively known as the “Gaoshan”. They now mainly live in Henan, Fujian, Liaoning and Hebei provinces and Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region. It is said these Taiwanese aborigines originated from one branch of the ancient Yue people living along the coast of the mainland China during the Stone Age. They were later joined by immigrants from the Philippines, Borneo and Micronesia. The Gaoshan people do not have their own script, and their spoken language belongs to the Indonesian Austronesian branch of the Malay-Polynesian Phylum. They altogether have more than 20 languages, 13 of which are still in use. As they have lived with Han people for a long time, many of them can speak southern Min language. The Gaoshan people are animists who believe that everything in nature has a soul. They believe in strength of spirit, ancestors and totem. They think that after a person’s death, his soul stays to protect his descendants.

Gelao The Gelao are mountain subsistence farmers and hunters in Guizhou and Yunnan provinces and Guangxi autonomous region. They are an old ethnic minority. Over 2000 years ago, the Gelao people lived in many places in China. At present, some bridges, graves, wells, and even villages in Guizhou province still bear Gelao names. The ethnic minority’s name dates back to the Ming dynasty (AD 1368–1644). Before then, they were called the “Liao”. The Gelao people have their own language which belongs to the Zhuang-Dong Group of the Sino-Tibetan phylum. But their dialects are quite different from each other. Some cannot communicate with each other, although they live in the same county. Only one fourth Gelao people actually speak the Gelao language, while the other use Chinese language as well as those of the Miao, the Yi and the Bouyei ethnic minorities. They write in Chinese as they don’t have their own written form of characters. The Gelao people believe in the blessing of many gods as well as their ancestors.

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Han Members of the ethnic majority in China have traditionally been referred to as the Han race. This may well be because of the relatively long period of social, political, economic, and military consolidation and stability enjoyed by the Chinese nation during the period of the Han dynasty (206 BC–AD 220). The term ‘Han’, however, does not offer a full account of the cultural and ethnic origins of the Chinese people. It was, instead, an inclusive name for the various tribes that lived together on the Central China Plains well before the time of Christ. The trend over the ages was for many ethnic groups living adjacent to the Hua-Xia people to be assimilated at different times and to different degrees into what the Chinese have ultimately termed the Han culture. The original ethnic stock for this amalgam seems to have primarily included the Hua-Xia, the Eastern Yi, the Chu-Wu, and the Baiyue groups. Other non-Han peoples were assimilated into the Han culture at different points in China’s history. They are, for example, the Huns (Xiongnu) and Xianbei between the third and fifth century AD, the Eastern Hu and the Jurchens (ancestors of the Manchus) from the tenth through the early thirteenth century, and the Manchus through their conquest of China in the seventeenth century.

Hani The Hani people mainly inhabit an area within the reaches of the Yuan and the Lantsang rivers. This is a branch of the ancient Qiang people who had been nomadic on the Tibetan plateau and then emigrated southward. Most of the Hani people live in the valleys between the Yuanjiang and Lancang (Mekong) rivers—a vast area between the Ailao and the Mengle mountains in southern Yunnan province. They are under the jurisdiction of Honghe Hani-Yi autonomous prefecture, which includes Honghe, Yuanyang, Luchun and Jinping counties. Others dwell in Simao prefecture, Xishuangbanna, etc. The Hani are subsistence farmers who speak a Tibetan-Burman language, which belongs to the Sino-Tibetan

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phylum. The language has no characters of its own, so in 1957 the Chinese government created a set of spelling characters based on Latin. The Hani people are convinced that everything has soul, so they worship many gods and their ancestors. Since the early twentieth century, Christianity and Buddhism have spread to them, but with little influence on the Hani society.

Hezhen The Hezhen ethnic minority is one of the smallest minorities of China. From generation to generation, they lived in the reaches of the Amur river (Heilongjiang river), the Songhua river, and the Ussuri river (Wusuli river) and appropriately named themselves ‘Hezhen’, meaning people of the eastern lower reaches. They are descendants of Heshui Tribe which reigned during the Sui (AD 581–618) and the Tang (AD 618–907) dynasties. Among China’s least populous ethnic group, the Hezhen people speak a Manchu-Tungus language. The Hezhen people speak a language that belongs to the Altaic phylum. But they do not have their own characters, so most of them write in Chinese. The Hezhen people are shamanists, believing all have spirits and worship as many gods are there as varieties of animals and plants.

Hui One of China’s largest ethnic minorities, the Hui people can be found in most of the counties and cities throughout China, especially in Ningxia Hui autonomous region and Gansu, Qinghai, Henan, Hebei, Shandong and Yunnan provinces and Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region. The name Hui is an abbreviation for “Huihui,” which first appeared in the literature of the Northern Song dynasty (AD 960–1127). The Hui minority is descended from the Arabic and Persian merchants who came to China during the seventh century. During the early years of the thirteenth century when Mongolian troops were making their western

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expeditions, group after group of Islamic-oriented people from Middle Asia, as well as Persians and Arabs, either were forced to move or voluntarily migrated into China. Chinese is the native language. In addition, they retain some of the Arabic and Persian words. Islamism plays a vital role in the development of the Hui ethnic minority in China. There is typically a mosque in each community. In fact, the religious thought has influenced the Hui people in all walks of life.

Jing The Jing ethnic minority has a small population. Most live on the three islands of Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, and the rest live and mingle with the Han, Zhuang and Yao ethnic groups. The Jing cultivate rice and are good fishermen. The ancestors of the Jing emigrated from Vietnam to Southwest China in the early sixteenth century and settled on the uninhabited lands beyond the neighborhood which had been populated by people of the Han and the Zhuang ethnic groups. The Jing’s spoken language is similar to Vietnamese while many now speak Cantonese. The Jing are descendants of Vietnamese migrants who arrived in China from the fifteenth century. The word ‘jing’ is an equivalent of the Vietnamese Kinh, a name given to the majority people of Vietnam. Most of the Jing people believe in Taoism together with some thoughts of Buddhism and wizardry. They believe there are many gods who control their life, which include the god who is said to have made manitou to pacify the sea.

Jingpo The Jingpo ethnic minority lives mainly in the Dehong and the DaiJingpo autonomous prefectures with some in Nujiang Lisu autonomous prefecture of Yunnan province, as well as in Myanmar. According to local legends and historical records, Jingpo ancestors in ancient times inhabited the southern part of the Xikang-Tibetan plateau. They gradually migrated south to the northwestern part of Yunnan, west of the Nujiang

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river. The local people, together with the newly-arrived Jingpos, were called “Xunchuanman,” who lived mainly on hunting. The Jingpo live in the mountain areas along the border with Myanmar and speak a language closely related to that of the Derung, both of which belong to the TibetanBurman group of the Sino-Tibetan phylum. They do, however, also use the Chinese language. The main traditional religion is polytheism. The Jingpo people think everything has a soul that can never die, so, if a Jingpo meets with misfortune, she or he will turn to worship the spirits. However, some Jingpo people are Christian as a result of missionaries who first came to these areas in the early twentieth century.

Jino The Jino ethnic minority, which was not officially recognized as a nationality until 1979, lives mainly in Jino town of Jinghong county, Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture of Yunnan province. It is said that the Jinos migrated to Jinoluoke from Pu’er and Mojiang or places even farther north. Jinoluoke is a mountainous area stretching for 70 kilometers from east to west and 50 kilometers from north to south. The expression Jino refers to an ethnic group that respects the mother’s brother as a prominent person in the family. The Jino people have their own language, which belongs to a Tibetan-Burman branch of the SinoTibetan phylum. However, they have no written characters. The Juno’s religion is animism. It is said that their ancestors who were part of the troops of Zhuge Lian during the Three Kingdoms Period (AD 220–280) were dispersed from the main force. Therefore, they regard Zhuge Lian as a distinguished joss (god).

Kazak The Kazaks (also spelled Kazakhs) are a Turkic people of Eastern Europe and the northern parts of Central Asia (largely Kazakhstan, but also found in parts of Uzbekistan, Russia, Mongolia, and China). Kazakh

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identity is of medieval origin and was strongly shaped by foundation of the Kazak Khanate in AD 1456–1465. In China, the Kazak ethnic minority is mainly in Ili Kazak autonomous prefecture, Mori and Barkol autonomous counties of Xinjiang Uyghur autonomous region, as well as in Qinghai and Gansu provinces. The Kazaks are Turkic people, speaking a language which belongs to the Turkic group of the Altaic phylum. The Kazak language has two scripts, one based on Arabic, the other on Latin letters. However, many Kazak people can use Chinese, Uyghur and Mongolian languages. In the past, they believed in the shamanism. In about the eleventh century, they began to turn to Islam while some continued to admire nature, soul and fire like the shamanists.

Kirgiz The Kirgiz ethnic minority is named after a word meaning forty girls. Its population is mostly distributed throughout the Kirgiz autonomous prefecture, Ili, Dacheng, Aksu, Kashgar, the southwest of Xinjiang autonomous region, as well as in Heilongjiang province. The forefathers of the Kirgiz lived on the upper reaches of the Yenisey river. In the mid-sixth century the Kirgiz tribe was under the rule of the Turkic khanate. After the Tang dynasty (AD 618–907) defeated the Eastern Turkic khanate, the Kirgiz came into contact with the dynasty. Most of them speak the Kirgiz language, which belongs to the Turkic group of Altaic phylum, and has a written form based on Arabic letters. The Kirgiz people have used different spoken languages in Xinjiang. While those living in the south of Xinjiang speak Uyghur language, those in the north of Xinjiang speak Kazak. Most Kirgiz people believe in Islam, but a few of the other follow the Tibetan Buddhism.

Korean The Korean (also called “Chaoxian” in China) ethnic group is scattered mainly in Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces. Smaller populations of Korean people live in other areas in the Inner Mongolian

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autonomous region, and Beijing, Xi’an and other cities. Members of this ethnic minority living in Yanbian Korean autonomous prefecture of Jilin province speak and write in Korean while those living in other parts of China usually speak Chinese. The ancestors of the present Korean people were immigrants from the Korea peninsula. When they settled in China they gradually formed unique customs and evolved into a Chinese ethnic group. The Korean ethnic group does not follow one particular religion. While most of them are atheists, some believe in Buddhism, a belief that has influenced Korean life in the past, and others follow Christianity which spread to them from South Korea.

Lahu Most of the Lahu people are scattered around three autonomous counties of Lancangjiang Lahu, Menglian, and Shuangjiang, with the others living in Simao, Lincang and Xishuangbanna of Yunnan province. The forebears of the Lahu people, who were hunters, began migrating southward to lush grassland which they discovered while pursuing a red deer. In the eighth century, after the rise of the kingdom of Nanzhao in present Yunnan province, the Lahu people were compelled to move south. By no later than the beginning of the eighteenth century they already had settled in their present-day places. The Lahu ethnic minority have their own language, which belong to the Yi branch of the Tibetan-Burman group of the Sino-Tibetan phylum. Most Lahu people also speak Chinese or Dai, as a result of their close relations to the Han and the Dai peoples. Their written characters were not formed until 1957. Lahu, in their language, means to roast the meat of the tiger. It indicates that this ethnic group was quite good at hunting. Some Lahu people practice nature and ancestor worship, but still others believe in Mahayana Buddhism. In addition, a few of them are Christians.

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Lhoba Scattered primarily throughout the Luoyu region of southeast Tibet, the Lhoba is the smallest of China’s 56 ethnic groups. The name “Lhoba” is derived from the Tibetan word for southerners. The majority of the Lhoba ethnic minority have their homes in Mainling, Medog, Lhunze and Nangxian counties in southeastern Tibet. Additionally, a small number of them live in Luoyu in southern Tibet. Living at the foot of Himalayas, almost completely isolated from the outside world, the Lhoba lagged behind the rest of the world. The Lhobas speak a distinctive language belonging to the Tibetan-Myanmese language family, a branch of the Sino-Tibetan phylum. Few of them know the Tibetan language. Having no written script, Lhoba people used to keep records by notching wood or tying knots. The Lhoba’s traditional religion is nature worship, not Tibetan Buddhism. They pray to the spirits, seeking blessings, and believe that shamans have the power to control them.

Li The Li ethnic minority live mainly in Li-Miao autonomous prefecture in the center and south of Hainan province, with a small number of the others being mixed with the Han people. As a branch of the ancient Baiyue groups, the Li people had a close relationship with such present ethnic minorities as the Buyi, the Dong, the Dai, the Shui, and the Zhuang. The name “Li” is derived from their pronunciation of ‘mountains’. The Li’s language, which has diverse dialects, belongs to the Zhuang-Dong group of the Sino-Tibetan phylum. Because of long association with the Han people, some of the Li can also speak Chinese. In 1957, they created the written form of their language based on Roman script. The Li people believe all things have spirits and in some places, there are still relics of totem adoration. Owing to the spread of Christianity, some of Li have taken to this religion.

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Lisu The Lisu ethnic minority mainly inhabit in Nujiang Lisu autonomous prefecture in Yunnan province, with a few others living in the other cities within Yunnan and Sichuan provinces. They can also be found in the mountain areas of Myanmar, Thailand, and the northeast Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. According to their clan history, which is passed from one generation to the next in the form of songs, the Lisu originate from eastern Tibet. They had close ties with the Yi and the Naxi ethnic minorities. The Lisu’s language belongs to the Tibetan-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibentan phylum. There have been three distinct forms of writing, with the last one, created in 1957 and based on the Latin alphabet, being widely used now. The Lisu people believe the existence of gods and totem; but in the late nineteenth century some of them began to turn to the Christian faiths as a result of the preaching of missionaries in China.

Manchu Arising from the Jurchen tribes and establishing the Jin dynasty (AD 1115–1234) and the Qing dynasty (AD 1644–1911), the Manchu people have greatly influenced Chinese history. Today, the Manchu ethnic minority has a population mainly in Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces of northeast China although they can also be found in many other cities as well. In the sixteenth century, the written language of the Manchu people was created from characters based on the Mongolian language. The Manchu language is part of the Tungus-Manchu group, a branch of Altaic phylum. As the Manchu people migrated from the northern to the central China, they learned and adopted the language of the dominant Han Chinese. The ancient Manchu people believed in shamanism. Later, with the influence of Buddhism, Daoism and Confucianism, their beliefs took on a pluralistic quality.

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Maonan The Maonan ethnic minority lives mostly in Huanjiang county of Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, especially in the three regions of Shangnan, Zhongnan, and Xianan. Interestingly, more than 80% of the Maonan share the same surname: Tan. Maonan with the surname “Tan” believe that they are descended from the old inhabitants of the province of Hunan that emigrated to Guangxi and married Maonan women. Their language belongs to the Zhuang-Dong group of the Sino-Tibetan phylum; nearly all of the Maonan people can speak Chinese and the Zhuang language. Traditional Maonan religion is both animistic and polytheistic, with heavy Taoist influences. Many deities and rituals are borrowed from Chinese folk religion. They think that there are many gods who can control their life and they must sacrifice during festive days.

Miao The Miao ethnic minority is one of the largest minority groups in China. They live mainly in Guizhou, Yunnan, Hunan, Hubei, and Hainan provinces and in Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region. As early as the Qin and Han dynasties (2000 years ago), the ancestors of the Miao people lived in the western part of present-day Hunan province and the eastern part of present-day Guizhou province. As a result of large-scale migrations over many centuries the Miao became widely dispersed. The Miao are now divided into several branches, such as Black Hmong, White Hmong, Striped Hmong, etc. The Miao language, which belongs to the Miao-Yao group of the Sino-Tibetan phylum, has developed into three dialects: the dialect of western Hunan province, the one of eastern Guizhou province and the one of the border area of Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan provinces. As a result of the long time living with the Han and other people, the Miao can also speak Chinese and the Dong and Zhuang languages. They have been writing their own Miao language based on Latin since 1956. The Miao people believe that everything in nature has a spirit. They worship their ancestors. Some also believe in Catholicism or other forms of Christianity.

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Monba The Monba ethnic minority has a long history. Their name, ‘Monba’, pronounced ‘Menba’ in Chinese, derives from Tibetan, referring to the people living in Menyu in the lower reaches of the Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) river. The area became the hereditary manor of  Tibet during the mid fourteenth and early eighteenth centuries. In the mid-seventeenth century, the Fifth Dalai Lama sent two of his disciples to Menyu to set up an office there. As a result, the Tibetan rule of religion and politics over the area was integrated. The Monba now occupy Tsona, Metog, and Nyingchi counties in Tibet. Thanks to their proximity to the Zang people (Tibetan people), the Monba’s customs, traditions and life styles appear very similar to those of the Tibetans. The Monba language is a member of the Tibetan-Burman group of the Sino-Tibetan phylum. The Monba are sub-divided into six sub-groups because of their variations in their language. There is no written language; instead Tibetan is used. The Monba are generally adherents of the Gelugpa sect of Tibetan Buddhism (Lamaism), which they adopted in the seventeenth century as a result of the evangelical influence of the Bhutanese-educated Mera Lama. In addition, some still follow traditional religions.

Mongol The Mongol ethnic minority is distributed primarily in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region along with the other areas in Qinghai, Gansu, Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang provinces. They originated from a tribe in northern China and Mongolia during the seventh century. “Mongolian” originally was the name of one of the Mongolian tribes roaming along the Erguna river. At the beginning of the thirteenth century, a Mongolian tribe headed by Genghis Khan unified all the Mongolian tribes, giving birth to a new people—the Mongolian ethnic minority. In AD 1206, he was elected the Great Khan of all Mongols with the title of Genghis Khan. Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan founded the Yuan dynasty (AD 1206–1368) in 1272, and subdued

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the Southern Song dynasty (AD 1127–1279) in 1279, bringing the whole of China under his centralized rule. The Mongol language belongs to the Mongolian group of the Altaic phylum and has three main dialects. The written form is derived from that of the thirteenth century and experienced many changes. They once believed in shamanism but have turned to Lamaism (Tibetan Buddhism) since the Yuan dynasty.

Mulao The majority of the Mulao ethnic minority live in Luocheng county of Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region. Others are scattered in other, neighboring counties. In their own language, Mulao means mother. Historical records trace the Mulao ethnic minority back to the period of the Yuan dynasty (AD 1271–1368). The Mulaos lived in Luocheng city of present Guangxi autonomous region and called themselves Lings or Jins, but the neighboring Zhuang people called them Bujins and the Hans called them Mulao. The Mulaos were mostly inhabited by families sharing the same surname. The Mulao language is a member of the Zhuang-Dong branch of the Sino-Tibetan phylum. But because of their extensive contacts with the Han and local Zhuang peoples, many Mulaos speak one or both of these languages in addition to their own. The Mulaos have no written language of their own, and the Chinese characters are commonly used for communication. Although the religion no longer plays a main role in their daily life, traditionally the Mulao have been mostly animists. Some of them also practice Daoism and Buddhism.

Naxi The Naxi are an ethnic group inhabiting the foothills of the Himalayas in the northwestern part of Yunnan province (mostly living in Naxi autonomous county in Lijiang), as well as the southwestern part of Sichuan province and Tibet autonomous region. The Naxi are thought to have come originally from Northwest China, migrating south toward Tibetan populated regions, and usually inhabiting the most fertile river-side land.

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According to historical documents, the Naxi’s forefathers were closely related to a tribe called “Maoniu Yi” in the Han dynasty (206 BC–AD 220), “Mosha Yi” in the Jin dynasty (AD 265–420) and “Moxie Yi” in the Tang dynasty (AD 618–907). In the name Naxi, Na means ‘black’ and Xi means people. The Naxi people speak a language belonging to the Yi branch of the Tibetan-Burman group of the Sino-Tibetan phylum. Before 1949, most of the Naxi people were Lamaists, with some also holding the faiths of Dongba (a form of shamanism), believing that all have spirits and those spirits could never die. Although there was Buddhism, Taoism and Christianity being taught there, few Naxi people turned to those religions.

Nu The Nu people are divided into the Northern, Central and Southern groups. Their homeland is a country of high mountains and deep ravines crossed by the Lancang (Mekong), Dulong and Nujiang rivers. The name “Nu” comes from the fact that they were living near the Nujiang river, and the name of their ethnic group derives from there. There is also a sparse distribution of the Nu in Weixi county in Diqing Tibetan autonomous prefecture of Yunnan province and in Zayu county of Tibet autonomous region, particularly around the border between Yunnan and Tibet. In comparison to the other ethnic groups in China, the Nu population is relatively small. The Nu language belongs to the Tibetan-Burman subgroup of the Sino-Tibetan language family. The dialects within the Nu language, however differ so much that Nu people from different regions cannot communicate with each other. The language has no written characters, so most Nu people use written Chinese. The religious beliefs remain primitive and animistic, believing everything has spirits and admiring the power of nature. Some of them believe in Lamaism (Tibetan Buddhism) and Christianity.

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Oroqen The Oroqen mainly live in the Oroqen autonomous banner (Qi) of Hulunbuir League of Inner Mongolia autonomous region and in the Greater and Lesser Xing’an Mountains of Heilongjiang province, an area known for its abundant wild animal resources. A small number of others are scattered in the neighboring provinces. For generations the Oroqens had lived a life of hunting and fishing in the forests. The name Oroqen appeared as early as the Qing dynasty (AD 1644–1911). The Oroqen people speak a language that belongs to the Tungus-Manchu group of the Altaic phylum. Since there is no written form of the language they usually use Chinese whilst some use Mongolian. The Oroqen hold their faith in the power of nature, ancestors and totems. This is a kind of shamanism. There are many gods such as the god of the sun, moon, fire, wind, mountains, etc. To the Oroqen people, bears and tigers are known as god, lord, and governor.

Pumi The Pumi ethnic minority is mainly distributed in Lanping, Lijiang, Weixi and Yongsheng counties of Yunnan province, as well as in the Yi autonomous county of Ninglang. Some live in Muli and Yanyuan counties of Sichuan province as well. According to Pumi legends and historical records, ancient Pumis were a nomadic tribe, roaming the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Their descendents later moved south to warmer, more verdant areas along valleys within the Hengduan mountain range. By the seventh century, the Pumis were living in Sichuan’s Yuexi, Mianning, Hanyuan, Jiulong and Shimian areas, constituting one of the major ethnic minorities in the Xichang prefecture. After the thirteenth century, the Pumis gradually settled down in their present places. The Pumi people speak a language that belongs to the Tibetan-Burman group of the Sino-Tibetan phylum. In the past, the Pumi used Tibetan characters, however, today, most write in Chinese. Though a few of the Pumi do follow Lamaism and Taoism, most believe that many gods and their ancestors influence their lives, They are led by wizards in their ceremonies for peace, happiness and harvest.

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Qiang This ethnic minority lives mainly in Aba Tibetan autonomous prefecture of Sichuan province. And Maowen Qiang autonomous county is the largest area that is home to the Qiang. They have a profound history as evidenced by inscriptions on oracle bones. “Qiang” was a name given by ancient Hans to the nomadic people living in western China. The Qiangs were not a single distinctive ethnic group then. According to historical records, a clan group made their homes in what is today’s Sichuan province. The Han dynasty (206 BC–AD 220) court in the second century had set up an administrative prefecture for the area. During AD 600 to 900 when the Tibetans gradually expanded their rule over the region, some Qiangs were assimilated by the Tibetans. Closely related to the Tibetans, the Qiangs speak a similar language that belongs to the TibetanBurman group of the Sino-Tibetan phylum. The Qiang language is divided into two dialects. But the Qiangs do not have a written language; instead, most of them can write in Chinese. The Qiangs believe that everything in nature has a spirit. They especially consider white quartz stone as the symbol of rightness having the power of gods, while the black quartz represents evil.

Russian The Russian ethnic minority descends from Russian immigrants to China in as early as the eighteenth century. The largest Russian population arrived in Northeast China and Xinjiang after the Russian Civil War of 1918–22. Most of the ethnic Russians now live in Ili, Tacheng, Altay and Urumqi of Xinjiang Uyghur autonomous region whilst a few live in the Heilongjiang province and Inner Mongolian autonomous region. These immigrants were called “Guihua people” and their villages “Guihua village”. The Russians use their own language (Russian) and written script, which belongs to the Slavic group of the Indo-European language family, when they communicate with each other. They also use the Chinese language and script in their social or official activities. Culturally and

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linguistically, the Russians are the same as those in Russia. While the Russians speak and write Russian, most of them also use Chinese. The Russians believed in Eastern Orthodox, with fewer people believing in Christianity, but in the recent years, they are more and more tended to hold no religious thoughts.

Salar The Salar people live mostly in the Qinghai-Gansu border region, on both sides of the Yellow river, namely in Xunhua Salar and Hualong Hui autonomous counties of Qinghai and the adjacent Jishishan Bonan, Dongxiang and Salar autonomous county of Gansu province. There are also Salars in Xinjiang (especially in the Ili Kazakh autonomous prefecture). Having arrived and settled in the Qinghai province 700 years ago, they originally made their living by hunting, forestry and livestock farming. More recently, they thrive on agriculture, handicrafts and horticulture. Living in a semi-desert area, the Salars are Muslims. The Salars’ ancestors were migrating Oghuz Turks who intermarried with the Han, the Tibetans, and the Hui Chinese. They have their own Turkic language which is a subfamily of the Altaic language family that includes Turkish. Most Salar people can also speak Chinese and Tibetan and use Chinese script.

She The She people live primarily in the mountain areas of Fujian and Zhejiang provinces, and to a lesser extent in Jiangxi, Guangdong, and Anhui provinces. They refer to themselves as ‘Shanha’ where Shan means mountain and Ha means customers, ‘customers of the mountain’. Though scholars disagree about the true origins of the She, most believe that the She’s ancestors originally lived in the Phoenix mountains in Chaozhou of Guangdong province. They left their native place to escape the oppression of their feudal rulers. That’s why they called themselves “guests from the mountains.” The only ethnic minority to live in the provinces of

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Zhejiang and Jiangxi, the She are in many ways quite similar to the Han. Always most She nowadays speak Chinese, some use a language that belongs to the Miao branch of the Miao-Yao group of the Sino-Tibetan phylum. The She language is similar to the Hakka language, one of the seven dialects in China. Because they do not have their own written language, they choose to write in Chinese. Some She are Buddhists, while others are polytheists or ancestor worshippers.

Shui Most of the Shui people dwell on the upper reaches of the Longjiang and Duliu rivers that meander across plains and rolling land interspersed with vast expanses of forests in southern Guizhou province. Some Shuis have their homes in the northwestern part of the Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region. The She live in villages of several dozen households or live along with Hans. Most reside in hilly country 500 to 1500 meters high. Rivers have carved out their valleys. The Shui people have a language that is closely related to that of the Dong, both of which belong to the ZhuangDong group of the Sino-Tibetan phylum. As no written form of the Shui language exists, they usually write using Chinese characters. Historically there was a written form of the Shui language whose characters were called ‘Shui Shu’, but it was used only for religious activities. The Shuis are believers of polytheism. In former days a shaman would be employed to say prayers and animals slaughtered to be offered to evil spirits when someone fell ill or died or when something bad happened. Catholicism that came to the area in the late Qing dynasty (AD 1644–1911) won very few converts.

Tajik According to folklore, the word Tajik means crown and this is usually how they refer to themselves. The Tajik ethnic minority is mainly distributed across the Tashi Ku’ergan Tajik autonomous county in Xinjiang

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Uyghur autonomous region. Although the Tajik is among the smaller ethnic groups of China, they boast a rich history. The origin of the Tajik ethnic group can be traced to tribes speaking eastern Iranian who had settled in the eastern part of the Pamirs more than twenty centuries ago. In the eleventh century, the nomadic Turkic tribes called those people “Tajiks” who lived in Central Asia. Of Iranian stock, the Tajiks speak an Iranian language that belongs to the Iranian group of the Indo-European language family. Some Tajik people can also speak the Uyghur language and most of them write in Uyghur since the Tajik language has no written form. The Tajik follow the faith of Islam but usually only go to mosque during major festivals.

Tatar The Tatars were a native people of the Volga region of Russia, Tatarstan and Bashkortostan. Most Tatars live in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, and Russia. The Tatar ethnic minority live mainly in Yining, Tacheng and Urumqi of Xinjiang Uyghur autonomous region. Historically this minority was known as “Dada” in China. The name Tatar likely originated amongst the nomadic Tatar confederation in the north-eastern Gobi desert in the fifth century. Their history in China dates from the Tang dynasty (AD 618–907), when the Tatar tribe was ruled by the nomadic Turkic khanate in northern China. As this state fell into decline, the Tatars grew in strength, and their name was used to refer to several tribes in the north after the Tang dynasty. Their homeland was later annexed by the Mongols, and when the Mongols pushed west, many Central Asians and Europeans called them Tatars. The Tatars have their own language which is a member of the Turkic subgroup of the Altaic phylum. They also speak and write Uyghur and Kazak as a result of their proximity to these minorities. The Tatars now follow Islam.

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Tibetan The Tibetan ethnic people (also known as Zang in Chinese) mainly live in the Tibetan autonomous region on the Tibetan Plateau, with some groupings in Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan provinces. According to archeological findings, their ancestors lived in the Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) river delta. Historical records suggest that the Tibetans were part of the Xiqiang group during the Han dynasty (206 BC–AD 220). The Tibetans first settled along the middle reaches of the Yarlung Tsangpo river in Tibet. At the beginning of the seventh century, King Songzan Gambo began to rule the whole of Tibet and made Losha (today’s Lhasa) the capital. He designated official posts, defined military and administrative areas, created the Tibetan script, formulated laws and unified weights and measures, thus establishing the slavery kingdom known as “Bo,” which was called “Tubo” in Chinese historical documents. The Tibetan language that belongs to the Tibetan-Burman group of the Sino-Tibetan language family is divided into three dialects and has both spoken and written forms. The Tibetans believe in the Indian Mahayana form of Buddhism but have gradually developed a distinctive Tibetan Buddhism which is also called Lamaism.

Tu The Tu (or Monguor) ethnic minority is located mainly in Huzhu, Minhe, and Datong counties of Qinghai province as well as in Gansu province. Chinese term “Tu” was derived from the name of Tuyühu Khan, who was the older son of the King of Murong Xianbei who migrated westward from the northeast in AD 284. The last character of Tuyühu, pronounced as “hun” today, may have been pronounced “hu” in some dialect of ancient Chinese language. The Tu people speak a language belongs to the Mongolian group of the Altaic phylum. However, no written form exists. They can write in Chinese and today they are also using the characters created in recent years. The Tu people practice the faith of animism and some are the followers of Daoism. After the Ming

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dynasty (AD 1368–1644), many turned to Lamaism. There are over 40 temples of that religion as the center of Buddhist activities where they live. Dignitaries had also edited many Buddhist sutras and spread widely. In most villages, a Buddhist temple and a Taoist shrine coexist. There have also been multiple Catholic churches constructed in the past.

Tujia The Tujia are an ethnic minority found in the provinces of Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, and Guizhou. The Tujia people have a long history, dating back more than 2000 years, when the Ba kingdom reached the zenith of its power between 600 BC and 400 BC but was destroyed by the Qin in 316 BC. Their ancestors first immigrated to the western parts of Hunan and Hubei provinces. After being referred to by a long succession of different names in ancient documents, the Tujia people appear in historical records as their present status from about fourteenth century onwards. The Tujia speak a language that is very similar to the one used in Tibet autonomous region and Myanmar. Because the Tujia language has no written form, many Tujia people use Chinese. The Tujia people believe in the power of ancestors and gods, and hold sacrificial ceremonies during festivals. White tigers are highly revered and are thought to prevent evil.

Uyghur The Uyghur ethnic minority lives mainly in Xinjiang Uyghur autonomous regions, especially to the south of Mt. Tianshan. The name Uyghur, which they also use to refer to themselves, means alliance or assistance. The Uyghurs have a profound history. Historical records indicate that Uyghur people had strong trade and communication links with a variety of middle Asian countries and other ethnic groups of China. The origin of the ethnic group can be traced back to the Dingling nomads in northern and northwestern China and in areas south of Lake Baikal and between the Irtish river and Lake Balkhash in the third century BC. The Uyghurs have their own language and alphabet which belongs to the

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Turkic group of the Altaic phylum. Much of the written Uygur literature has been passed down from the eleventh century. Originally the Uyghurs had believed in shamanism, Manicheanism, Jing, Zoroastrianism, and Buddhism. Since the eleventh century the Uyghur people have gradually turned to Islam. This has strongly influenced their way of life and most festivals celebrated today relate to this religion.

Uzbek The Uzbek people live in Yining, Tacheng, Kashgar, Shache, Yecheng and Urumqi cities of Xinjiang Uyghur autonomous region. The name, Uzbek means ‘leader of self ’. It originated from the Uzbek Khan, one of the local rulers under the Mongol Empire in the fourteenth century. The ancestors of the Uzbek group moved to China’s Xinjiang from Central Asia in ancient times. In the Yuan dynasty (AD 1271–1368), Uzbek merchants often traveled along “the Silk Road” through Xinjiang to do business in inland areas. Their language belongs to Turkic group of the Altaic phylum, and they write in Uyghur character. Living along the famous Silk Road, the Uzbek people were mainly involved in commerce and trade until the Qing dynasty (AD 1644–1911). The Uzbek people are Islamic, and their adherence to Islamic customs is reflected in their food, clothing and culture, which are similar to those of the Uyghur and Tatar people.

Va The Va (or Wa) live mainly in northern Myanmar, especially in the northern part of Shan state and the eastern part of Kachin state, near and along the Sino-Myanmar border. In China, the Va ethnic minority lives primarily in Ximeng, Cangyuan and Menglian counties of Yunnan province. The Va were known as the “Wild Wa [Va]” by British administrators during Britain’s colonial control of Myanmar due to their practice of headhunting. The Va speak a Mon-Khmer language that belongs to the

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281

Austro-Asiatic phylum, and the Va people use three different dialects. In 1957 a written formal language was created for the Va, since there were no characters that had been widely used. Traditionally the Va believe in the power of natural things and believe that all things have their spirits, including for example water, mountain, and wood. In recent years, some of the Va have become followers of Buddhism and Christianity.

Xibe The Xibe ethnic minority mainly inhabits Liaoning and Jilin provinces, and Xinjiang Uyghur autonomous region. The Xibes think they are descendants of the ancient Xianbei people—a branch of the ancient Donghu ethnic group in northern China. Between AD 158 and 167, the Xianbei people formed a powerful tribal alliance and, between the third and sixth centuries, established political regimes in central China, where they mixed with Han people. But a small number of the Xianbei people never strayed very far from their native land. They were probably the ancestors of the Xibe people. They traditionally lived in the northeast of Liaoning with the Manchus, but in AD 1764 many were sent to the west as guards on the border with Russian frontier. At present, the Xibe living in Xinjiang speak the Xibe language, part of the Tungus-Manchu group of the Altaic phylum; whereas those in Northeast China usually speak Chinese and Mongolian. The Xibe people once were animists, shamanists, Lamaists. More recently, as they assimilated other cultures, a few of them also observed Confucianism and Tibetan Buddhism.

Yao The Yao ethnic minority is a typical nationality living in the mountain regions of the southern China. Their main habitats are Hunan, Yunnan, Guangdong, Guizhou, and Jiangxi provinces together with Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region. They are divided into several branches. Their language belongs to the Miao-Yao sub-group of the Sino-Tibetan language family. While most people speak the Yao language, some speak

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a language similar to the Miao language, and a few even use the Zhuang and Dong languages. They can also speak Han and Zhuang languages. As to the written characters, Nv Shu—a special written language in South China used only by women—is used. Han characters are widely used among Yao people, but written words were created in 1982. Traditional religions include nature worship, ancestor, and Daoism. However, the Yao people living in different regions have differing beliefs.

Yi Although different groups of the Yi refer to themselves in different ways (including Nuosu, Nisu, Sani, Axi, Lolo, etc.), they have been grouped into a single ethnicity by the Chinese. The Yi minority lives mainly in the hillside and basin areas in Yunnan, Sichuan, and Guizhou provinces together with the northwestern part of Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region. Nearly all the Yi people live in mountain areas. The altitudinal differences of the Yi areas are the basis of the old saying that “weather is different a few miles away”. This is the primary reason why the Yi in various areas are so different from one another in the ways they make a living. Divided into six mutually unintelligible dialects—Northern Yi (Nuosu), Western Yi (Lalo), Central Yi (Lolopo), Southern Yi (Nisu), Southeastern Yi (Sani), and Eastern Yi (Nasu), their language derives from the TibetanBurman family of the Sino-Tibetan phylum. With regard to its characters, the Yi ethnic minority created the earliest syllable letters in the thirteenth century. Various beliefs are treasured, such as the belief of the spirit, the worship of their ancestors, and the adoration of nature, along with the cherishing of Catholicism, Christianity, and Buddhism.

Yugur In Chinese, ‘Yugur’ means ‘wealth and solidity’. Most of the Yugur people live in the four areas of Sunan Yugur autonomous county, and the rest in the Yugur village of Huangnibao area in Jiuquan city (in western Gansu province). Though descended from the Uyghurs of the ninth century and

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283

originally speaking a Turkic language, three languages are being used by the Yugurs: the western Yuhur language, a Turkic branch of the Altaic language family, used by the Yugur people who live in the western part of Sunan Yugur autonomous county; the eastern Yuhur language, a Mongolian branch of the Altaic language family, used by the Yugur people living in the eastern part of the autonomous county; and Chinese language. However, they don’t have their own written language. Chinese characters are widely used amongst all the Yugur people. The Yugur people believe in Tibetan Buddhism (Lamaism). Other forms of spirit worship, such as an original belief called the God Khan, are also cherished by them.

Zhuang The Zhuang ethnic minority is the largest minority group in China. Over 90 percent of the population is dominant in Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region. The remaining Zhuang people reside in Yunnan, Guangdong, Guizhou and Hunan provinces. Thousands of years ago, ancestors of the Zhuang settled down in southern China. During the Spring and Autumn Period (770–221 BC), they were one branch of the Baiyue people. “Zhuang” was one of the names the ancestors of this ethnic minority gave to themselves. The Zhuang used to call themselves by at least a dozen other names, too. The Zhuang have a language of their own that belongs to the Zhuang-Dai branch of the Sino-Tibetan phylum. The language is divided into two dialects. Chinese characters were used before 1955 for writing. Since 1957, a writing system—which is based on the Latin alphabet—has been created. Since ancient times, the Zhuang have had numerous kinds of beliefs. They believe in the totem and their ancestors. Other religions include Buddhism, Daoism, and Christianity.

Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province

© The Author(s) 2020 R. Guo, China Ethnic Statistical Yearbook 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49024-9

285

Population

1,242,612,226 33,936 1,858,063 16,505 91,882 2,971,460 1,158,989 132,394 17,935 7426 2,960,293 513,805 30,505 4461 579,357 1,137,386,112 1,439,673 4640 9,816,805 22,517 132,143 20,899 1,250,458 160,823 1,923,842 453,705 2965 1,247,814

Ethnic group

Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li

2000 640,275,969 17,189 947,019 8416 47,534 1,530,887 578,938 65,699 9032 3649 1,566,575 264,453 14,740 2418 310,775 586,159,888 751,899 2289 5,002,072 11,328 65,291 10,596 633,875 81,695 956,946 234,144 1484 647,547

Male 602,336,257 16,747 911,044 8089 44,348 1,440,573 580,051 66,695 8903 3777 1,393,718 249,352 15,765 2043 268,582 551,226,224 687,774 2351 4,814,733 11,189 66,852 10,303 616,583 79,128 966,896 219,561 1481 600,267

Female 1,332,810,869 39,555 1,933,510 20,074 119,639 2,870,034 1,261,311 131,992 20,556 6930 2,879,974 621,500 30,875 4009 550,746 1,220,844,520 1,660,932 5354 10,586,087 28,199 147,828 23,143 1,462,588 186,708 1,830,929 485,966 3682 1,463,064

Population

2010 682,329,104 19,751 978,998 10,016 61,230 1,455,720 625,176 64,866 10,039 3349 1,511,959 317,490 14,668 2029 289,369 625,032,848 863,370 2651 5,373,741 14,416 71,318 11,744 747,368 94,645 910,535 247,667 1803 756,992

Male

Table B.1  China’s total populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses

650,481,765 19,804 954,512 10,058 58,409 1,414,314 636,135 67,126 10,517 3581 1,368,015 304,010 16,207 1980 261,377 595,811,672 797,562 2703 5,212,346 13,783 76,510 11,399 715,220 92,063 920,394 238,299 1879 706,072

Female

286  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province

634,912 10,682,262 107,166 8,940,116 8923 5,813,947 207,352 308,839 28,759 8196 33,600 306,072 15,609 104,503 709,592 406,902 41,028 4890 5,416,021 241,198 8,028,133 8,399,393 12,370 396,610 188,824 2,637,421 7,762,272 13,719 16,178,811

326,274 5,547,750 56,443 4,656,974 4428 2,875,453 107,154 154,971 14,857 3872 17,043 155,981 7365 53,715 381,038 213,488 20,954 2550 2,697,807 123,571 4,196,469 4,272,863 6498 202,626 98,737 1,391,332 3,989,391 6935 8,376,754

308,638 5,134,512 50,723 4,283,142 4495 2,938,494 100,198 153,868 13,902 4324 16,557 150,091 8244 50,788 328,554 193,414 20,074 2340 2,718,214 117,627 3,831,664 4,126,530 5872 193,984 90,087 1,246,089 3,772,881 6784 7,802,057

702,839 10,387,958 101,192 9,426,007 10,561 5,981,840 216,257 326,295 37,523 8659 42,861 309,576 15,393 130,607 708,651 411,847 51,069 3556 6,282,187 289,565 8,353,912 10,069,346 10,569 429,709 190,481 2,796,003 8,714,393 14,378 16,926,381

355,374 5,401,812 52,836 4,870,328 5261 2,999,520 110,516 162,635 18,907 4033 21,433 156,539 7284 66,281 383,213 213,644 26,112 1899 3,155,625 148,055 4,307,260 5,097,594 5673 216,439 99,571 1,458,842 4,456,382 7325 8,689,488

347,465 4,986,146 48,356 4,555,679 5300 2,982,320 105,741 163,660 18,616 4626 21,428 153,037 8109 64,326 325,438 198,203 24,957 1657 3,126,562 141,510 4,046,652 4,971,752 4896 213,270 90,910 1,337,161 4,258,011 7053 8,236,893

Note: Total population includes servicemen (while ethnic breakdowns do not include them) as well as unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship

Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province 

287

Population

58,999,948 5 761 1 33 3103 373 93 1 99 1917 9 17 80 199 58,602,112 679 8 337,521 28 20 3 24 1 2660 219 8 225

Ethnic group

Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li

2000

41 423 3 4 38 73 30,247,912 55 2 169,697 15 2 1 7 1 1292 29 3 57

7 970 43 42

30,437,820 1 117

Male

1368 190 5 168

28,562,128 4 644 1 26 2133 330 51 1 58 1494 6 13 42 126 28,354,200 624 6 167,824 13 18 2 17

Female 59,500,468 25 692 15 78 3413 831 77 18 26 2147 112 11 89 448 59,104,826 1138 23 328,062 92 166 8 1203 14 1200 347 2 1610

Population

2010 30,245,513 5 284 5 13 845 191 29 1 2 571 83 5 38 196 30,054,506 166 8 165,284 39 27 4 603 9 570 45 1 672

Male

Table B.2  Anhui’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses

29,254,955 20 408 10 65 2568 640 48 17 24 1576 29 6 51 252 29,050,320 972 15 162,778 53 139 4 600 5 630 302 1 938

Female

288  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province

102 8688 26 6995 4 14,354 47 71 13 13 36 87 22 26 1563 307 98 10 2263 223 2196 1733 4 305 93 406 5607 2 4331 3730 14 14 1 7 8 37 11 15 848 47 46 6 935 59 766 912 2 86 52 108 1683 1 1599

15 4204 9 1758

87 4484 17 5237 4 10,624 33 57 12 6 28 50 11 11 715 260 52 4 1328 164 1430 821 2 219 41 298 3924 1 2732

589 8516 58 13,856 65 2809 123 87 182 7 20 183 33 78 1682 562 3 9 1279 493 6185 710 4 1019 143 1171 6667 43 6998

126 4373 17 4071 29 1260 41 19 77 5 8 85 19 41 921 201 2 3 511 219 2978 409 3 354 72 390 2656 23 2298

463 4143 41 9785 36 1549 82 68 105 2 12 98 14 37 761 361 1 6 768 274 3207 301 1 665 71 781 4011 20 4700

Note: Total population includes servicemen (while ethnic breakdowns do not include them) as well as unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship

Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province 

289

Population

13,569,194 6 1554 7 8 1035 265 853 4 8 1616 101 164 101 272 12,983,696 164 84 235,837 22 37 6 400 45 20,369 28 6

Ethnic group

Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba

2000 7,074,518 4 816 4 4 525 105 399 2 5 825 65 74 50 169 6,779,560 78 38 117,222 8 13 4 190 23 9416 9 2

Male 6,494,676 2 738 3 4 510 160 454 2 3 791 36 90 51 103 6,204,136 86 46 118,615 14 24 2 210 22 10,953 19 4

Female 19,612,368 28 3493 24 68 2768 1022 2043 19 14 3774 484 433 103 1307 18,811,154 680 201 249,223 56 112 20 1602 189 37,380 202 11

Population

2010 10,126,430 14 1778 17 35 1393 463 868 14 9 1865 345 182 46 771 9,729,984 329 81 122,993 22 48 9 685 71 17,437 95 5

Male

Table B.3  Beijing’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses

9,485,938 14 1715 7 33 1375 559 1175 5 5 1909 139 251 57 536 9,081,170 351 120 126,230 34 64 11 917 118 19,943 107 6

Female

290  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province

343 48 250,286 31 5291 19 37,464 192 246 7 78 14 177 216 413 629 100 22 29 2920 396 8372 3129 23 48 1491 1112 1919 52 7322

176 23 128,173 20 2835 8 18,247 102 130 5 33 8 95 78 305 399 50 13 17 1557 225 4579 1798 9 19 709 623 963 24 3630

167 25 122,113 11 2456 11 19,217 90 116 2 45 6 82 138 108 230 50 9 12 1363 171 3793 1331 14 29 782 489 956 28 3692

1078 264 336,032 124 12,957 31 76,736 358 554 50 165 46 661 343 644 1515 340 21 23 5575 554 23,601 6975 51 324 2569 3213 5849 95 14,994

501 142 167,963 51 6698 16 36,758 162 282 22 77 22 308 124 399 842 168 12 9 2746 285 12,088 3430 25 180 1201 1511 3418 39 7275

577 122 168,069 73 6259 15 39,978 196 272 28 88 24 353 219 245 673 172 9 14 2829 269 11,513 3545 26 144 1368 1702 2431 56 7719

Note: Total population includes servicemen (while ethnic breakdowns do not include them) as well as unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship

Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province 

291

Population

30,512,763 12 1140 3 261 2401 604 47 6 129 2585 25 22 60 1191 28,539,156 959 9 10,064 27 16 31 22 2 1044 459 17

Ethnic group

Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba

2000 Male 15,841,429 3 464 1 33 772 126 20 1 58 1354 13 9 26 340 14,812,506 182 6 5019 13 5 6 8 1 525 51 6

14,671,334 9 676 2 228 1629 478 27 5 71 1231 12 13 34 851 13,726,650 777 3 5045 14 11 25 14 1 519 408 11

Female 28,846,170 19 1569 9 288 3383 881 118 5 9 3271 102 25 45 2808 26,909,061 1398 12 9056 25 82 27 259 28 637 479 2

Population

2010 14,608,870 6 712 8 45 1310 239 47 1 5 1724 56 12 24 1298 13,617,247 365 6 4658 14 21 9 104 11 331 82 2

Male

Table B.4  Chongqing’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses

14,237,300 13 857 1 243 2073 642 71 4 4 1547 46 13 21 1510 13,291,814 1033 6 4398 11 61 18 155 17 306 397

Female

292  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province

770 25 192 1397

1445 52 474 4531 3 2764 1380

108 42 1620 5 266,237 6 3228 38 80 3 2 3 168 4 13 56 52 121 2 931 81 742,694 572

228 219 3079 15 502,421 15 7846 111 217 10 5 11 365 12 36 92 120 177 6 2292 220 1,424,352 1194 675 27 282 3134 3 1384

120 177 1459 10 236,184 9 4618 73 137 7 3 8 197 8 23 36 68 56 4 1361 139 681,658 622

587 328 4571 63 482,714 16 5688 208 421 28 3 51 675 40 71 252 197 2 1 3086 715 1,398,707 1162 4 577 143 1045 6336 27 4634 1250 351 717,687 605 2 112 70 455 2598 14 2066

277 117 2431 33 248,537 8 2890 80 171 11 3 28 317 15 40 146 93 1 23 358 25 31 106 104 1 1 1836 364 681,020 557 2 465 73 590 3738 13 2568

310 211 2140 30 234,177 8 2798 128 250 17

Note: Total population includes servicemen (while ethnic breakdowns do not include them) as well as unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship

Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province 

293

Population

34,097,947 3 608 3 10 4206 169 24 1 47 5768 15 12 416 618 33,514,147 92 1 109,880 67 31 4 6 7 1785 26 26 524

Ethnic group

Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li

2000

3 2 895 4 12 202

61,664 18 4

23 3452 10 4 218 411 17,251,899 24

302 2 4 2130 56 12

17,568,535

Male 16,529,412 3 306 1 6 2076 113 12 1 24 2316 5 8 198 207 16,262,248 68 1 48,216 49 27 4 3 5 890 22 14 322

Female 36,894,217 62 4008 5 226 22,172 2401 96 22 11 15,608 339 16 423 3249 36,097,362 1373 43 115,978 260 295 16 1492 50 2157 375 16 3551

Population

2010 18,981,054 29 2127 2 117 12,141 1230 43 13 5 9111 199 6 224 1878 18,544,219 749 22 65,663 120 137 5 709 32 1088 203 10 1660

Male

Table B.5  Fujian’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Female 17,913,163 33 1881 3 109 10,031 1171 53 9 6 6497 140 10 199 1371 17,553,143 624 21 50,315 140 158 11 783 18 1069 172 6 1891

294  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province

5 3716 29 12,925 10 2741 69 22 8 7 2 53 4 7 201,710 227 14 526 515 17,638 611 3 49 20 560 1239 1 3909

21 7094 86 22,065 24 6114 131 49 27 25 7 99 13 13 375,193 353 22

1290 890 29,046 1080 8 108 53 1226 2615 3 10,818

764 375 11,408 469 5 59 33 666 1376 2 6909

16 3378 57 9140 14 3373 62 27 19 18 5 46 9 6 173,483 126 8

403 8372 372 88,017 23 5830 527 123 307 12 47 458 30 80 365,514 2433 19 17 1739 4000 89,824 1159 9 1325 142 5669 13,536 34 29,696

193 4258 203 50,024 9 2948 245 53 160 8 28 247 13 43 196,573 1301 13 11 711 2268 51,104 632 4 723 51 3163 7630 15 15,037

210 4114 169 37,993 14 2882 282 70 147 4 19 211 17 37 168,941 1132 6 6 1028 1732 38,720 527 5 602 91 2506 5906 19 14,659

Note: Total population includes servicemen (while ethnic breakdowns do not include them) as well as unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship

Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province 

295

1453 7 804 9 32

58

158 7690 3 376 5 57 6 22 208 231,589 9 25 7 11,888,144 20 12 620,249 3 6

13,021,654

25,124,282 1 272 15,170 9 768 13 115 7 37 380 451,622 16 55 18 22,925,063 40 21 1,184,930 7 11 1 2963 13 1565 10

Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li

Male

Population

Ethnic group

2000

26

12,102,628 1 114 7480 6 392 8 58 1 15 172 220,033 7 30 11 11,036,919 20 9 564,681 4 5 1 1510 6 761 1

Female 25,575,263 1 291 18,170 12 366 89 95 2 8 136 546,255 13 27 98 23,164,817 88 42 1,258,641 109 19 5 4444 48 559 14 1 517

Population

2010

250

13,064,193 1 181 8908 5 201 43 45 1 4 77 276,107 7 15 64 11,841,566 36 26 642,356 54 13 1 2124 12 273 6

Male

Table B.6  Gansu’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Female

110 9262 7 165 46 50 1 4 59 270,148 6 12 34 11,323,251 52 16 616,285 55 6 4 2320 36 286 8 1 267

12,511,070

296  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province

115 17,285 77 1509 24 15,774 30 28 7 10 11 64 55 11,784 201 88 99 186 443,228 30,338 1341 2131 18 143 312 228 1722 12,962 1308

62 8958 35 721 12 6485 20 9 4 7 6 29 22 6195 132 36 53 90 222,362 15,410 754 987 7 75 166 121 772 6567 642

53 8327 42 788 12 9289 10 19 3 3 5 35 33 5589 69 52 46 96 220,866 14,928 587 1144 11 68 146 107 950 6395 666

28 14,206 12 1212 89 10,935 39 53 101 10 8 115 48 13,517 245 50 13 18 488,359 30,781 2092 1937 15 97 299 354 870 13,001 1647

13 7444 6 738 41 5351 24 26 44 5 5 62 16 6852 154 31 4 10 245,262 15,154 1269 853 7 50 138 181 493 6640 824

15 6762 6 474 48 5584 15 27 57 5 3 53 32 6665 91 19 9 8 243,097 15,627 823 1084 8 47 161 173 377 6361 823

Note: Total population includes servicemen (while ethnic breakdowns do not include them) as well as unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship

Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province 

297

Population

85,225,007 40 5905 5 98 23,237 1256 158 7 64 55,870 61 249 142 5782 83,955,870 1061 13 25,307 285 261 17 46 15 10,463 350 8 6550

Ethnic group

Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li

2000 43,381,720 13 2983 2 35 11,089 293 72 1 34 25,767 34 82 71 2687 42,777,757 425 7 12,394 111 107 3 22 7 5309 26 4 2292

Male 41,843,287 27 2922 3 63 12,148 963 86 6 30 30,103 27 167 71 3095 41,178,113 636 6 12,913 174 154 14 24 8 5154 324 4 4258

Female 104,320,459 623 16,692 25 495 64,253 6675 411 62 51 83,574 403 92 161 10,897 102,253,138 5987 298 45,073 484 677 26 4602 577 17,615 1335 8 19,579

Population

2010 54,400,538 389 9419 15 258 35,809 3554 208 38 27 46,825 309 49 81 5910 53,273,872 3585 150 24,357 232 387 7 2504 314 9118 723 5 9950

Male

Table B.7  Guangdong’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses

49,919,921 234 7273 10 237 28,444 3121 203 24 24 36,749 94 43 80 4987 48,979,266 2402 148 20,716 252 290 19 2098 263 8497 612 3 9629

Female

298  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province

162 17,972 1263 120,606 22 20,669 4814 144 38 26 32 340 50 89 28,053 1948 95 10 7020 4500 135,431 3057 42 655 322 202,667 8700 9 570,200 260,335

56 9044 502 59,446 8 8215 2089 79 15 12 10 164 21 46 15,322 1028 41 4 2859 2385 68,464 1682 22 215 151 102,744 4062

106 8928 761 61,160 14 12,454 2725 65 23 14 22 176 29 43 12,731 920 54 6 4161 2115 66,967 1375 20 440 171 99,923 4638 9 309,865

1693 29,557 5017 251,970 62 14,331 10,961 499 584 52 121 1886 125 823 29,549 6525 165 55 5604 10,161 212,513 6438 73 4718 705 276,266 36,264 53 877,509

1069 15,200 2866 141,661 26 7495 5918 277 277 24 61 1058 38 508 16,743 3675 98 28 2723 5629 117,141 2602 41 2723 341 148,395 20,632 32 473,900

624 14,357 2151 110,309 36 6836 5043 222 307 28 60 828 87 315 12,806 2850 67 27 2881 4532 95,372 3836 32 1995 364 127,871 15,632 21 403,609

Note: Total population includes servicemen (while ethnic breakdowns do not include them) as well as unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship

Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province 

299

Population

43,854,538 19 831 2 49 20,826 847 60 2 28 303,139 98 35 409 3820 27,024,974 214 13 32,512 20,123 95 5 49 9 2008 65 1 2997

Ethnic group

Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li

2000

1535

23,239,376 13 392 1 19 9484 339 23 2 15 156,153 48 16 228 1961 14,471,260 90 10 16,433 10,256 46 1 27 5 1055 38

Male

13 146,986 50 19 181 1859 12,553,714 124 3 16,079 9867 49 4 22 4 953 27 1 1462

20,615,162 6 439 1 30 11,342 508 37

Female 46,023,761 26 2489 1 81 20,072 796 83 7 21 305,565 17 46 278 3885 28,916,096 474 63 32,319 23,283 41 4 1884 28 2701 111 3 4542

Population

2010

32 8094 276 37 2 9 153,819 10 19 159 2048 15,156,624 222 34 16,420 12,047 5 2 977 16 1417 42 3 2251

23,924,704 14 1255

Male

Table B.8  Guangxi’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Female

2291

22,099,057 12 1234 1 49 11,978 520 46 5 12 151,746 7 27 119 1837 13,759,472 252 29 15,899 11,236 36 2 907 12 1284 69

300  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province

59 9576 73,578 462,956 3 8651 170,225 52 43 20 21 115 13 30 418 15,476 135 4 2194 438 4630 1550 47 248 118 1,471,946 9712 48 14,207,143

30 4842 39,083 237,672 2 2872 87,729 25 21 10 5 62 4 17 253 8332 71 2 998 237 2586 753 22 119 56 775,032 5033 21 7,403,064

29 4734 34,495 225,284 1 5779 82,496 27 22 10 16 53 9 13 165 7144 64 2 1196 201 2044 797 25 129 62 696,914 4679 27 6,804,079

154 11,159 65,587 475,492 77 3017 172,305 149 119 8 25 169 8 128 829 13,559 2 24 815 1501 9155 1795 13 662 146 1,493,530 9700 7 14,448,422 13 393 665 4830 930 8 304 79 772,111 5045 2 7,406,315

63 5695 34,112 241,305 27 1485 87,513 69 65 4 18 87 2 59 496 7025

91 5464 31,475 234,187 50 1532 84,792 80 54 4 7 82 6 69 333 6534 2 11 422 836 4325 865 5 358 67 721,419 4655 5 7,042,107

Note: Total population includes servicemen (while ethnic breakdowns do not include them) as well as unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship

Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province 

301

Population

35,247,695 28 187,362 3 30 2,798,200 755 120 2 82 1,628,568 412 46 228 559,041 21,911,687 891 13 168,734 641 413 6 226 17 1192 82 70

Ethnic group

Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba

2000 Male

43 869,205 186 21 127 300,372 11,470,182 373 3 87,683 340 222 1 98 8 610 29 41

18,464,477 12 101,312 2 14 1,449,457 281 58

Female 16,783,218 16 86,050 1 16 1,348,743 474 62 2 39 759,363 226 25 101 258,669 10,441,505 518 10 81,051 301 191 5 128 9 582 53 29

34,748,556 26 179,510 8 49 2,510,565 1217 32 16 87 1,431,928 958 1 191 495,182 22,344,156 1092 8 184,788 1143 572 10 2093 2 664 182 85

Population

2010 17,905,471 9 95,923 4 16 1,271,051 488 11 6 44 750,208 433 1 90 258,935 11,517,873 403 4 95,009 620 282 3 1072 1 318 53 49

Male

Table B.9  Guizhou’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Female

101 236,247 10,826,283 689 4 89,779 523 290 7 1021 1 346 129 36

16,843,085 17 83,587 4 33 1,239,514 729 21 10 43 681,720 525

302  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province

56,082 120 21,932 31,240 4,299,954 5 47,531 28,435 294 21 8 4 1431 31 87 44,926 369,723 16 2 1787 2942 1,430,286 1149 1 148 171 44,392 843,554 1 52,065 826 17 42 24,009 194,337 5 1 864 1531 748,222 543 1 58 85 23,912 441,058 1 27,061

29,735 45 11,392 16,426 2,247,415 2 26,282 15,500 135 9 5

25,004

90 86 20,480 402,496

26,347 75 10,540 14,814 2,052,539 3 21,249 12,935 159 12 3 4 605 14 45 20,917 175,386 11 1 923 1411 682,064 606 345 89 21,428 429,553 1 26,500

1 585 2755 736,526 335

3 1281 5154 1,436,977 548 831 185 40,879 834,461 1 52,577

69,980 150 11,932 14,243 2,040,932 6 23,203 13,293 162 8 13 8 899 14 61 19,096 180,317

135,173 337 23,086 27,332 3,968,400 9 41,561 24,956 353 28 24 16 1605 25 99 36,558 348,746

26,077

486 96 19,451 404,908

2 696 2399 700,451 213

65,193 187 11,154 13,089 1,927,468 3 18,358 11,663 191 20 11 8 706 11 38 17,462 168,429

Note: Total population includes servicemen (while ethnic breakdowns do not include them) as well as unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship

Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province 

303

16 900 73 17 7 762 4 37 41 52 3,319,929 45 2 4206 39 20 15 8 422 2

23 1544 197 55

17 1350 11 67 80 89 6,245,329 93 9 8372 123 37

36 16 786 3 1 1,172,181 609,534

4,002,445 16 101

7,559,035 43 222

Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li

Male

Population

Ethnic group

2000

21 8 364 1 1 562,647

10 588 7 30 39 37 2,925,400 48 7 4166 84 17

7 644 124 38

3,556,590 27 121

Female

1,262,262

1819 19 14 111 406 7,246,067 154 13 10,670 189 15 1 1553 1 973 48

655,504

1096 9 2 64 246 3,853,244 70 5 5405 92 5 1 793 1 456 24

65 971 417 21

150

305 120 1789 902 58 1

4,592,283

Male

8,671,485

Population

2010

Table B.10  Hainan’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses

606,758

517 24

760

723 10 12 47 160 3,392,823 84 8 5265 97 10

55 818 485 37 1

155

4,079,202

Female

304  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province

17 1694 46 61,264 1 1888 151 16 2 1 4 62 14 49 274 72 38 9 450 250 3321 354 29 37 35 6984 596 1 50,507 26,688

1 33 4 42 144 41 22 3 202 157 1900 175 17 16 16 3784 316

680 75 9 1

6 846 27 30,891

11 848 19 30,373 1 1208 76 7 1 1 3 29 10 7 130 31 16 6 248 93 1421 179 12 21 19 3200 280 1 23,819 1679 97 11 713 1 2 56 4 12 227 67

111 220 2289 211 85 30 3833 564 1 23,914

248 399 4286 393 154 72 7302 1086 3 45,909

13 1853 40 37,555

20 3750 61 74,482 2 3463 168 28 1385 4 3 104 17 21 403 130

69 42 3469 522 2 21,995

137 179 1997 182

7 1897 21 36,927 2 1784 71 17 672 3 1 48 13 9 176 63

Note: Total population includes servicemen (while ethnic breakdowns do not include them) as well as unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship

Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province 

305

4 1073 49 273 1 15 869 12 42 147 68 32,463,709 81 19 271,936 14 10 1 12 5 5301 13 1

15 4258 229 705 6 36 2317 37 127 274 161 63,781,603 301 46 542,639 29 36 4 29 15 11,783 89 5

Male 33,936,333 5 197

Population

66,684,419 8 946

Ethnic group

Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba

2000 Female

11 3185 180 432 5 21 1448 25 85 127 93 31,317,894 220 27 270,703 15 26 3 17 10 6482 76 4

32,748,086 3 749

71,854,210 15 859 7 50 3630 447 962 7 21 1451 78 172 208 425 68,861,333 387 90 570,170 77 70 24 320 25 11,296 175 6

Population

2010 36,430,286 5 380 4 14 1188 134 398 2 7 584 52 63 107 247 34,894,643 109 45 286,331 25 22 12 163 14 5358 50 2

Male

Table B.11  Hebei’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Female 35,423,924 10 479 3 36 2442 313 564 5 14 867 26 109 101 178 33,966,690 278 45 283,839 52 48 12 157 11 5938 125 4

306  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province

238 1355 2,118,711 76 8088 10 169,887 344 299 33 85 15 122 102 30 226 383 35 6 3096 341 6354 1785 2 148 746 1491 3721 13 20,832 60 50 11 135 63 14 2 1275 117 2900 973 1 48 351 400 1149 6 4561

67 94 1,093,798 20 2756 1 83,397 102 41 3 32

171 1261 1,024,913 56 5332 9 86,490 242 258 30 53 15 62 52 19 91 320 21 4 1821 224 3454 812 1 100 395 1091 2572 7 16,271

861 1974 2,169,311 76 9703 17 180,849 291 259 200 142 14 407 103 131 396 282 8 17 1935 598 8061 864 7 674 851 1776 4632 33 17,295

340 282 1,128,634 23 3726 9 92,087 90 71 73 67 4 241 50 76 230 93 6 7 869 259 4071 466 4 355 421 692 2207 20 4780

521 1692 1,040,677 53 5977 8 88,762 201 188 127 75 10 166 53 55 166 189 2 10 1066 339 3990 398 3 319 430 1084 2425 13 12,515

Note: Total population includes servicemen (while ethnic breakdowns do not include them) as well as unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship

Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province 

307

19 727 195,224 2

7

Male 18,520,747 2 142 4 6 413 15 21,670 1 28 552 42 1263 34 31 17,588,318 26 1957 62,634 20 3

Population

36,237,576 3 278 7 10 856 23 43,608 3 55 940 64 2706 61 51 34,465,039 78 3910 124,003 36 8 1 48 1473 388,458

Ethnic group

Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba

2000 Female

5

17,716,829 1 136 3 4 443 8 21,938 2 27 388 22 1443 27 20 16,876,721 52 1953 61,369 16 5 1 29 746 193,234 8 217 19 2648 25 90 36,939,181 105 3613 101,749 22 11 1 165 1431 327,806 11 4

38,313,991 3 149 3 12 425 76 40,277

Population

2010

106 709 164,200 1 3

2 129 11 1191 7 54 18,696,097 51 1803 51,338 11 2

83 1 4 220 29 19,985

19,426,106

Male

Table B.12  Heilongjiang’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Female

6 88 8 1457 18 36 18,243,084 54 1810 50,411 11 9 1 59 722 163,606 10 1

18,887,885 3 66 2 8 205 47 20,292

308  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province

32 8 565,269 4 1655 67,960 34 17 2 1851 10 13 121 1 73 65 40 7 766 62 1265 623 1 42 5053 209 935 16 1432

83 18 1,037,080 7 3173

141,495 52 36 4 3871 17 25 265 4 112 118 73 11 1655 113 2217 1189 1 73 8886 358 2060 28 2700 31 3833 149 1125 12 1268

73,535 18 19 2 2020 7 12 144 3 39 53 33 4 889 51 952 566

51 10 471,811 3 1518

477 39 748,020 5 2575 2 125,483 46 45 21 3943 4 34 312 7 94 47 9 3 589 101 2175 884 5 64 7608 437 730 28 2070

198 16 414,472 1 1407 1 63,393 22 27 8 1872 2 21 158 3 61 29 5 2 312 60 1350 553 4 26 4294 234 428 14 1060

279 23 333,548 4 1168 1 62,090 24 18 13 2071 2 13 154 4 33 18 4 1 277 41 825 331 1 38 3314 203 302 14 1010

Note: Total population includes servicemen (while ethnic breakdowns do not include them) as well as unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship

Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province 

309

Population

91,236,854 15 946 2 77 2244 500 144 9 44 1314 29 17 946 115 90,093,286 425 17 953,531 17 85 1 38 15 4312 1151 8

Ethnic group

Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba

2000

9 7 2126 88 3

10 904 67 68 3 17 633 13 7 626 64 46,468,976 44 7 478,488 7 6

47,046,599 3 225

Male 44,190,255 12 721 2 67 1340 433 76 6 27 681 16 10 320 51 43,624,310 381 10 475,043 10 79 1 29 8 2186 1063 5

Female 94,029,939 148 581 4 80 5958 511 122 11 55 558 72 23 780 240 92,908,354 373 30 957,964 120 130 7 4805 37 1457 700

Population

2010

27 254 47 7 397 119 46,924,281 83 13 479,252 51 12 1 2330 20 664 51

47,493,063 67 245 2 18 2604 105 42

Male

Table B.13  Henan’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses

46,536,876 81 336 2 62 3354 406 80 11 28 304 25 16 383 121 45,984,073 290 17 478,712 69 118 6 2475 17 793 649

Female

310  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province

241 212 61,705 19 5425 10 82,170 41 186 4 15 29 75 54 92 134 80 73 8 3953 419 5122 4623 10 1715 292 408 5364 6 4888

79 28 35,649 4 2180 4 44,437 15 40 2 8 8 48 24 61 70 32 32 4 1491 175 2516 2542 2 145 142 183 2026 3 2185

162 184 26,056 15 3245 6 37,733 26 146 2 7 21 27 30 31 64 48 41 4 2462 244 2606 2081 8 1570 150 225 3338 3 2703

1002 167 55,493 23 4321 45 63,473 72 123 186 14 9 216 32 279 200 333 23 4 1811 576 5287 3035 16 1572 273 763 1764 52 5361

405 25 31,697 6 1683 16 39,117 30 35 92 6 2 103 12 168 104 172 8 2 598 236 2642 1646 13 337 123 276 672 21 2004

597 142 23,796 17 2638 29 24,356 42 88 94 8 7 113 20 111 96 161 15 2 1213 340 2645 1389 3 1235 150 487 1092 31 3357

Note: Total population includes servicemen (while ethnic breakdowns do not include them) as well as unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship

Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province 

311

18 1 1620 8 2

7 38,418 46 11 38 261 29,614,784 63 3 40,114 29 5

21 69,947 78 24 63 385 56,911,968 151 9 77,759 42 15 1 40 4 2949 30 5

Male 30,982,241 2 3940 1 4 683 62 22

Population

59,508,870 2 7173 3 9 1214 141 37

Ethnic group

Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba

2000 Female

14 31,529 32 13 25 124 27,297,184 88 6 37,645 13 10 1 22 3 1329 22 3

3233 2 5 531 79 15

28,526,629

57,237,727 12 6410 6 36 2152 353 92 20 18 52,121 67 24 162 585 54,769,192 314 16 67,185 93 38 10 2191 36 1960 108 2

Population

2010 29,391,247 4 3288 4 10 961 162 41 9 8 27,604 39 8 88 323 28,128,850 117 10 34,858 54 11 4 1057 20 1025 46

Male

Table B.14  Hubei’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Female 27,846,480 8 3122 2 26 1191 191 51 11 10 24,517 28 16 74 262 26,640,342 197 6 32,327 39 27 6 1134 16 935 62 2

312  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province

390 26 7581 30 117,904 2 4935 102 71 3 1 6 153 6 42 1571 54 20 1 803 390 1,140,541 813 28 104 856 1152 3 4480

706 50 14,540 50 214,266 4 10,887 177 126 4 7 12 224 26 58 2523 94 36 2 1648 636 2,177,409 1457

66 215 1569 2117 4 7824

38 111 713 965 1 3344

316 24 6959 20 96,362 2 5952 75 55 1 6 6 71 20 16 952 40 16 1 845 246 1,036,868 644

2709 138 12,899 151 177,490 25 10,318 276 179 156 11 26 256 26 135 3058 577 9 10 2175 1963 2,100,052 2577 9 532 228 2709 2748 19 12,240

1327 59 6762 62 94,179 10 5415 88 86 81 7 12 146 13 88 1890 309 6 4 974 958 1,069,839 1457 4 255 109 1242 1434 10 5422

1382 79 6137 89 83,311 15 4903 188 93 75 4 14 110 13 47 1168 268 3 6 1201 1005 1,030,213 1120 5 277 119 1467 1314 9 6818

Note: Total population includes servicemen (while ethnic breakdowns do not include them) as well as unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship

Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province 

313

Population

63,274,173 29 125,597 6 100 3173 587 116 15 66 842,123 28 34 189 397 56,863,479 1337 5 97,368 46 136 13 110 10 2693 480 15

Ethnic group

Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba

2000 Male 32,993,704 1 65,371 4 9 1241 102 56 6 36 448,292 13 17 86 241 29,639,115 285 3 50,412 25 18 2 54 3 1330 27 9

Female 30,280,469 28 60,226 2 91 1932 485 60 9 30 393,831 15 17 103 156 27,224,364 1052 2 46,956 21 118 11 56 7 1363 453 6

65,700,762 26 115,678 13 138 4039 837 39 9 36 854,960 62 4 128 911 59,149,353 1055 36 94,705 86 135 17 2775 62 1180 383 3

Population

2010

20 452,380 41 2 66 430 30,385,867 182 15 49,291 34 21 2 1409 31 583 38 2

33,776,459 8 59,088 7 9 1463 208 20

Male

Table B.15  Hunan’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Female 31,924,303 18 56,590 6 129 2576 629 19 9 16 402,580 21 2 62 481 28,763,486 873 21 45,414 52 114 15 1366 31 597 345 1

314  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province

862 145 8206 52 1,921,495 7 15,869 719 113 29 8 22 73 25 272 2891 270 105 16 2930 1097 2,639,534 7939 22 803 93 704,564 4116 3 23,559

430 45 4112 20 998,820 2 5384 389 60 18 4 8 34 7 126 1736 91 58 8 1339 570 1,376,741 4148 8 260 44 378,435 1793 1 12,168

432 100 4094 32 922,675 5 10,485 330 53 11 4 14 39 18 146 1155 179 47 8 1591 527 1,262,793 3791 14 543 49 326,129 2323 2 11,391

2350 199 7566 199 2,060,426 60 3693 906 126 210 5 24 180 24 79 3059 598 3 15 1622 5137 2,632,452 6716 33 915 136 713,191 3183 18 30,387

1040 73 3944 74 1,061,107 26 1824 462 56 103 2 12 88 7 39 1735 283 1 8 758 2544 1,355,212 3696 15 359 71 377,080 1374 6 12,964

1310 126 3622 125 999,319 34 1869 444 70 107 3 12 92 17 40 1324 315 2 7 864 2593 1,277,240 3020 18 556 65 336,111 1809 12 17,423

Note: Total population includes servicemen (while ethnic breakdowns do not include them) as well as unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship

Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province 

315

Population

23,323,347 6 248 7 1 822 96 77,188 1 190 540 118 26,201 144 20 18,465,586 92 54 209,850 13 28 1 20 153 21,859 35

Ethnic group

Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba

2000

10 84 10,726 13

91 257 74 12,851 69 12 9,630,944 30 24 106,491 4 10

409 34 38,535

12,061,615 2 108 4

Male 11,261,732 4 140 3 1 413 62 38,653 1 99 283 44 13,350 75 8 8,834,642 62 30 103,359 9 18 1 10 69 11,133 22

Female 24,706,291 16 443 90 15 537 179 76,255 5 7 438 574 26,139 120 249 19,650,665 320 50 221,483 25 39 11 377 141 18,464 347

Population

2010 12,838,243 11 194 73 3 260 74 37,684 2 3 246 374 12,578 62 194 10,306,496 106 23 113,289 10 7 4 206 79 9016 77

Male

Table B.16  Inner Mongolia’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses

11,868,048 5 249 17 12 277 105 38,571 3 4 192 200 13,561 58 55 9,344,169 214 27 108,194 15 32 7 171 62 9448 270

Female

316  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province

449 145 499,911 15 2159 11 3,995,349 30 31 9 3573 11 109 5020 26 94 54 29 6 2062 437 1678 1259 8 206 3023 231 2089 27 1895

176 42 254,193 6 939 4 1,994,916 14 17 2 1702 2 52 2472 20 53 23 11 1 906 211 823 685 4 82 1549 107 813 14 929

273 103 245,718 9 1220 7 2,000,433 16 14 7 1871 9 57 2548 6 41 31 18 5 1156 226 855 574 4 124 1474 124 1276 13 966

981 443 452,765 14 3349 7 4,226,090 37 60 18 3632 5 144 4673 53 202 122 6 6 3259 557 3096 658 6 519 3000 318 2854 38 2319

444 109 233,007 9 1953 5 2,108,197 24 29 3 1699 5 81 2276 34 127 67 3 2 1821 297 1822 385 4 130 1555 169 1620 22 1239 63 2397 19 75 55 3 4 1438 260 1274 273 2 389 1445 149 1234 16 1080

537 334 219,758 5 1396 2 2,117,893 13 31 15 1933

Note: Total population includes servicemen (while ethnic breakdowns do not include them) as well as unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship

Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province 

317

Population

73,043,577 42 2300 3 180 8229 1083 103 9 35 9528 35 57 120 721 72,783,674 2049 13 132,582 90 60 9 73 30 5048 610 9

Ethnic group

Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba

2000 Male

11 2134 15 13 47 307 36,875,556 123 1 66,614 19 4 1 33 15 2434 29 1

36,982,038 5 453 1 10 2062 90 45

Female 36,061,539 37 1847 2 170 6167 993 58 9 24 7394 20 44 73 414 35,908,118 1926 12 65,968 71 56 8 40 15 2614 581 8

78,660,941 98 4020 32 265 16,689 2189 283 14 26 12,280 420 49 120 2488 78,276,015 2916 68 130,757 218 298 24 2124 61 9525 1042 1

Population

2010 39,626,707 44 1723 16 67 7315 693 136 5 10 4889 277 20 54 1291 39,442,857 953 36 67,024 101 92 5 985 30 4920 187 1

Male

Table B.17  Jiangsu’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Female 39,034,234 54 2297 16 198 9374 1496 147 9 16 7391 143 29 66 1197 38,833,158 1963 32 63,733 117 206 19 1139 31 4605 855

318  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province

738 842 11,880 54 22,246 14 14,167 167 256 66 25 66 215 67 51 742 2775 39 10 2659 706 16,539 2213 5 378 207 1159 8244 7 8934

233 53 5699 19 5123 5 4771 41 61 5 9 9 82 30 18 401 1369 16 5 1073 237 6112 1245 1 56 94 315 1960 2 2419

505 789 6181 35 17,123 9 9396 126 195 61 16 57 133 37 33 341 1406 23 5 1586 469 10,427 968 4 322 113 844 6284 5 6515

2447 1447 18,074 184 49,535 136 10,691 522 329 356 43 38 954 109 353 1738 13,089 17 19 3358 2263 41,258 4367 15 1481 433 3575 18,896 41 20,880

974 383 8865 94 21,979 65 5160 223 123 158 16 14 486 48 187 958 7056 5 11 1451 986 20,177 2038 6 701 189 1644 8576 25 9272

1473 1064 9209 90 27,556 71 5531 299 206 198 27 24 468 61 166 780 6033 12 8 1907 1277 21,081 2329 9 780 244 1931 10,320 16 11,608

Note: Total population includes servicemen (while ethnic breakdowns do not include them) as well as unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship

Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province 

319

9972 278 12 1 9 8 1703 12 1

13 1762 75 52 3 16 1564 8 5 134 122 40,271,881 63

Population

40,397,598 1 337

Ethnic group

Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba

2000 Male

873 1

5091 153 8 1 3

4 797 3 2 84 52 20,924,958 12

6 680 30 20

119

20,990,240

Female

6 8 830 11 1

4881 125 4

7 1082 45 32 3 12 767 5 3 50 70 19,346,923 51

19,407,358 1 218 31 2156 484 57 1 3 2189 49 19 132 336 44,415,487 265 8 8902 301 65 5 1718 46 543 140 1

44,567,797 14 1621

Population

2010

2 1170 31 6 80 156 22,919,893 124 5 4679 170 23 3 861 24 226 33 1

16 838 225 18

23,003,521 4 815

Male

Table B.18  Jiangxi’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Female

15 1318 259 39 1 1 1019 18 13 52 180 21,495,594 141 3 4223 131 42 2 857 22 317 107

21,564,276 10 806

320  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province

98 11 2684 17 2533 2811 35 11 13 3 4 120 1 7 43,457 33 24 760 78 753 591 3 55 42 596 1013 1 1375

301 21 5075 35 5414

9010 72 31 26 5 5 205 4 12 77,650 77 57

1649 148 1551 1142 6 111 82 1198 2271 1 3046 1671

889 70 798 551 3 56 40 602 1258

6199 37 20 13 2 1 85 3 5 34,193 44 33

203 10 2391 18 2881

1536 96 4942 86 9125 78 3479 181 89 87 5 6 155 7 44 91,068 782 33 4 1150 576 4815 852 9 759 81 2599 1850 18 7979

699 34 2638 41 4369 30 1770 81 45 44 2 4 85 2 26 53,907 374 15 3 595 272 2372 420 2 327 35 1227 946 11 3363

837 62 2304 45 4756 48 1709 100 44 43 3 2 70 5 18 37,161 408 18 1 555 304 2443 432 7 432 46 1372 904 7 4616

Note: Total population includes servicemen (while ethnic breakdowns do not include them) as well as unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship

Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province 

321

584 34 241

272 32 53 51 12,473,142 78 107 63,542

1074 60 490

519

75 99 90 24,348,815 212 190 125,620 1 32 21 89 10 1,145,688 12 5 10 13 46 5 571,437 5 1

161 6

298 8

Male 13,720,747

Population

26,802,191

Ethnic group

Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba

2000 Female

43 46 39 11,875,673 134 83 62,078 1 22 8 43 5 574,251 7 4

247

490 26 249

137 2

13,081,444

27,452,815 22 276 6 9 362 253 587 2 1 231 32 104 100 71 25,267,110 142 212 118,799 8 457 19 467 36 1,040,167 33 3

Population

2010

130 17 46 49 48 12,792,641 40 106 59,299 5 50 13 209 16 517,257 8 1

13,907,218 1 148 4 4 191 46 258

Male

Table B.19  Jilin’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Female 13,545,597 21 128 2 5 171 207 329 2 1 101 15 58 51 23 12,474,469 102 106 59,500 3 407 6 258 20 522,910 25 2

322  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province

71 13 521,439 2 785 6 82,524 12 11 50 7 14 37 4 24 8 2 1 721 28 517 868 1 1649 127 1068 864

157 30 993,112 3 1531 11 172,026 28 15

125 19 26 64 9 45 14 3 2 1615 49 933 1500 1 5 3168 220 2253

1655

791

75 12 12 27 5 21 6 1 1 894 21 416 632 1 4 1519 93 1185

86 17 471,673 1 746 5 89,502 16 4

545 100 866,365 6 1446 18 145,039 30 14 27 111 4 238 48 50 82 50 2 5 652 128 1523 1127 2 132 3113 308 558 8 1547

253 22 458,840 2 749 8 71,851 11 8 8 39 2 120 21 30 34 27 1 2 264 60 864 517 2 43 1622 148 326 4 738 89 1491 160 232 4 809

292 78 407,525 4 697 10 73,188 19 6 19 72 2 118 27 20 48 23 1 3 388 68 659 610

Note: Total population includes servicemen (while ethnic breakdowns do not include them) as well as unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship

Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province 

323

21,323,383 1 223 2 569 46 558 80 430 5 85 143 53 17,873,551 83 33 133,155 3 18 51 22 118,885 6 6

41,824,412 2 449

4 1214 104 1282

169 799 8 221 305 89 35,105,991 157 82 264,407 6 24

121 45 241,052 14 9

Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba

Male

Population

Ethnic group

2000

70 23 122,167 8 3

89 369 3 136 162 36 17,232,440 74 49 131,252 3 6

2 645 58 724

20,501,029 1 226

Female 43,746,323 10 559 2 19 991 231 1858 5 6 821 27 448 211 211 37,103,174 304 154 245,798 15 80 10 448 125 239,537 48 11

Population

2010 22,147,745 7 292 1 9 511 64 801 2 2 454 16 198 96 145 18,737,977 131 72 123,200 10 26 6 182 62 118,896 17 8

Male

Table B.20  Liaoning’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses

21,598,578 3 267 1 10 480 167 1057 3 4 367 11 250 115 66 18,365,197 173 82 122,598 5 54 4 266 63 120,641 31 3

Female

324  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province

335,109 34 40 1 63 9 40 60 29 121 21 15 3 953 102 2327 1302 1 60 69,915 279 1169

669,972 53 86 3 161 16 81 150 45 200 44 46 9 2017 171 3757 2407 1 129 132,615 505 2641 1 3576 1812

304 20 2,779,918 8 1626

615 152 5,385,287 20 3009

69 62,700 226 1472 1 1764

334,863 19 46 2 98 7 41 90 16 79 23 31 6 1064 69 1430 1105

311 132 2,605,369 12 1383

1765 646 5,336,895 19 3952 9 657,869 71 125 76 196 14 171 185 88 257 89 10 14 1881 264 5190 1917 5 220 132,431 774 1693 17 4285 99 69,961 421 1088 8 2160

846 96 2,750,732 12 2342 5 330,787 28 63 20 72 4 89 83 59 170 51 7 4 890 135 3185 1081

919 550 2,586,163 7 1610 4 327,082 43 62 56 124 10 82 102 29 87 38 3 10 991 129 2005 836 5 121 62,470 353 605 9 2125

Note: Total population includes servicemen (while ethnic breakdowns do not include them) as well as unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship

Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province 

325

2,813,517 17 10 41 2 10

67 1191 1 10 9 1,850,231 8 2 947,187 1 25 2 227

5,486,393

39 14

72 11 26

128 2168 4 15 9 3,590,563 12 3 1,862,474

1

69 5 472

Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba

Male

Population

Ethnic group

2000

44 3 245

1,740,332 4 1 915,287

61 977 3 5

31 9 16

22 4

2,672,876

Female 6,301,350 4 213 21 2 183 44 42 1 2 345 1261 7 10 42 4,086,367 52 4 2,173,820 5 6 2 190 12 403 13 1

Population

2010

2 1 70 6 207 5

1 222 748 2 8 31 2,103,760 29 1 1,102,835

98 24 17

3,227,404 1 106 12

Male

Table B.21  Ningxia’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses

3,073,946 3 107 9 2 85 20 25 1 1 123 513 5 2 11 1,982,607 23 3 1,070,985 5 4 1 120 6 196 8 1

Female

326  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province

10,723 6 187 2054 2 3 7 20 9 18 60

1 255 95 362 165 1 94 38 57 23 283

4898 2 7

9

28 21 38 88 3

2 506 191 758 312 2

216 63 137 43 575

13

24 1 21,962 15 407

122 25 80 20 292

1 251 96 396 147 1

8 12 20 28 3

2

4

2844

11 1 11,239 9 220

146 17 24,902 26 1113 2 6661 10 17 7 6 6 89 18 72 122 35 1 2 656 326 1441 613 3 26 184 197 530 48 977 316 176 847 272 2 14 88 108 359 24 495

3174 4 8 3 4 3 53 6 38 76 15

69 8 12,287 9 732

77 9 12,615 17 381 2 3487 6 9 4 2 3 36 12 34 46 20 1 2 340 150 594 341 1 12 96 89 171 24 482

Note: Total population includes servicemen (while ethnic breakdowns do not include them) as well as unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship

Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province 

327

149 337 6 86 2 17 5 3 98 1564 4 9 7 1,364,527 1 7 388,789

1 213 3 230 5 3

3 407 8 453 7 5

2,489,590

4,822,963 1 242 635 22 170 4 47 9 6 148 2498 12 22 17 2,606,050 3 15 753,378

Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba

Male

Population

Ethnic group

2000

2 194 5 223 2 2

2,333,373 1 93 298 16 84 2 30 4 3 50 934 8 13 10 1,241,523 2 8 364,589

Female 5,626,723 1 320 904 2 251 31 26 1 4 161 6331 5 20 69 2,983,521 17 11 834,298 10 5 1 680 4 312 8

Population

2010

332 1 152 4

174 477 2 185 13 15 1 3 123 3976 2 8 59 1,574,280 8 9 423,527 6 3

2,913,793

Male

Table B.22  Qinghai’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses

1 38 2355 3 12 10 1,409,241 9 2 410,771 4 2 1 348 3 160 4

66 18 11

2,712,930 1 146 427

Female

328  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province

9 58 7788 23 436 11 86,301 23 17 4 1 12 86 48 87,043 20 20 15 12 1,086,592 187,562 978 431 1 6 142 105 274 140 618

4 39 4008 11 209 6 43,562 7 8 4 1 6 50 26 44,393 8 9 7 7 543,708 96,038 534 216 1 2 77 55 133 72 308 4 65 50 141 68 310

6 36 22 42,650 12 11 8 5 542,884 91,524 444 215

5 19 3780 12 227 5 42,739 16 9

139 21 8029 8 911 4 99,815 15 32 5 2 3 104 38 107,089 53 30 3 2 1,375,059 204,412 1537 209 2 20 128 209 683 163 980 693,995 104,572 969 124 1 10 52 115 550 78 543

61 19 53,669 32 16 1

67 13 4172 6 576 1 50,744 7 16 4 1

72 8 3857 2 335 3 49,071 8 16 1 1 3 43 19 53,420 21 14 2 2 681,064 99,840 568 85 1 10 76 94 133 85 437

Note: Total population includes servicemen (while ethnic breakdowns do not include them) as well as unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship

Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province 

329

1 267 44 28 5 310 15 7 14 29 18,289,425 17 70,003 7 16

9 509 26 11 27 44 35,188,651 40

139,232 9 19 1 122 19 1620 44 4

Male

61 11 820 1 1

18,378,759 4 193

Population

35,365,072 4 338 1 2 450 68 75

Ethnic group

Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba

2000 Female

69,229 2 3 1 61 8 800 43 3

4 199 11 4 13 15 16,899,226 23

145 1 1 183 24 47

16,986,313

731 116 24 15 205 37,137,743 99 4 138,716 28 22 9 794 23 1129 35 7

37,327,379 2 486 4 6 727 117 93 1

Population

2010

69,739 11 7 3 407 6 534 14 1

413 71 14 7 122 19,191,534 42

19,287,575 1 276 2 2 371 31 42 1

Male

Table B.23  Shaanxi’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Female

318 45 10 8 83 17,946,209 57 4 68,977 17 15 6 387 17 595 21 6

18,039,804 1 210 2 4 356 86 51

330  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province

161 16 15,801 16 1388 9 6060 27 69 1 6 4 54 69 22 104 17 7 1 3048 290 1721 1187 6 44 446 273 854 23 1987 1 4 27 28 15 66 10 3 1 1407 180 1113 661 5 22 237 179 472 8 1220

88 12 7930 8 798 3 2913 14 34

1641 110 608 526 1 22 209 94 382 15 767

27 41 7 38 7 4

73 4 7871 8 590 6 3147 13 35 1 5

441 32 16,291 19 2787 18 6976 44 101 31 8 4 182 73 156 212 83 3 1 6345 499 3876 1570 7 160 416 605 1644 29 3555 2827 265 2362 725 2 86 219 313 988 12 1765

199 15 8442 8 1659 9 3509 18 48 13 3 2 80 35 95 132 50 2

242 17 7849 11 1128 9 3467 26 53 18 5 2 102 38 61 80 33 1 1 3518 234 1514 845 5 74 197 292 656 17 1790

Note: Total population includes servicemen (while ethnic breakdowns do not include them) as well as unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship

Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province 

331

Population

89,971,789 92 2405 3 279 2426 1797 541 18 100 1245 28 107 86 97 89,339,046 3041 33 497,597 7 343 17 49 16 27,795 1403 7 297

Ethnic group

Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li

2000

8 4 22 6 13,032 69 3 55

30 508 10 34 32 52 45,245,932 103 11 248,501

13 860 98 224

45,542,060 2 220

Male 44,429,729 90 2185 3 266 1566 1699 317 18 70 737 18 73 54 45 44,093,114 2938 22 249,096 7 335 13 27 10 14,763 1334 4 242

Female 95,792,719 99 1247 7 317 1839 2468 960 50 30 867 126 220 66 597 95,066,830 3023 68 535,679 80 608 17 1116 90 61,556 1880 2 1202

Population

2010 48,446,944 15 411 3 99 757 426 432 10 5 453 77 95 30 364 48,090,616 345 35 269,871 35 59 7 459 35 31,229 237 1 466

Male

Table B.24  Shandong’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Female 47,345,775 84 836 4 218 1082 2042 528 40 25 414 49 125 36 233 46,976,214 2678 33 265,808 45 549 10 657 55 30,327 1643 1 736

332  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province

1919 33,527 35 6949 5 23,743 130 249 97 60 81 41 68 21 330 95 81 9 2733 304 2719 2386 4 4693 356 468 6208 7 5444 1520

7104 34 24 10 28 5 13 24 8 210 20 40 4 1045 80 1262 1294 1 269 158 109 1366

91 15,658 9 1813

1828 17,869 26 5136 5 16,639 96 225 87 32 76 28 44 13 120 75 41 5 1688 224 1457 1092 3 4424 198 359 4842 7 3924

1841 46,521 50 8414 20 17,669 126 256 373 98 55 243 128 609 363 191 32 11 2146 651 5730 4635 13 5619 661 878 8298 76 5822

208 23,274 25 3586 10 8448 46 69 161 33 10 121 58 354 226 85 17 4 875 270 3188 1551 6 1315 291 353 3422 33 2273

1633 23,247 25 4828 10 9221 80 187 212 65 45 122 70 255 137 106 15 7 1271 381 2542 3084 7 4304 370 525 4876 43 3549

Note: Total population includes servicemen (while ethnic breakdowns do not include them) as well as unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship

Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province 

333

6 410 44 8 97 2654 33 40 707 2 1 73 127 4502 48 2

38 212 6468 62 86 1642 5 5

246 226 9087 103 7

8,379,320 2 2942 3 9 2369 49 36

16,303,862 5 5296 6 15 5120 99 89 1 18 798 77

Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba

Male

Population

Ethnic group

2000

173 99 4585 55 5

30 115 3814 29 46 935 3 4

7,924,542 3 2354 3 6 2751 50 53 1 12 388 33

Female 23,019,196 51 3893 16 133 5840 1289 449 15 8 7787 362 63 81 2684 22,743,033 3185 40 78,163 45 142 23 639 58 22,257 500 4

Population

2010 11,854,916 28 1979 11 80 3043 540 186 10 5 4156 282 30 36 1496 11,716,435 1628 20 39,480 20 68 6 274 25 10,292 232 2

Male

Table B.25  Shanghai’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses

11,164,280 23 1914 5 53 2797 749 263 5 3 3631 80 33 45 1188 11,026,598 1557 20 38,683 25 74 17 365 33 11,965 268 2

Female

334  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province

9 52 1011 123 634 2 28,491 23 2 2 6 11 6 10 1 28 17 2 11 1052 78 124 2566 31 450 244 1138 3 517

27 87 1970 215 1443 4 57,514 54 4 5 14 24 10 41 14 52 20 3 19 1701 172 381 4808 76 859

506 2923 6 976

262 1785 3 459

18 35 959 92 809 2 29,023 31 2 3 8 13 4 31 13 24 3 1 8 649 94 257 2242 45 409

1725 580 25,165 160 31,351 3 11,238 441 287 65 55 38 505 209 941 3020 745 14 12 2406 1009 33,584 5254 14 1353 696 3627 7113 15 16,219 5295 180 125 28 23 14 246 78 603 1538 375 8 4 1031 545 17,648 2725 4 807 315 1892 3497 10 7894

676 318 11,892 66 16,418

1049 262 13,273 94 14,933 3 5943 261 162 37 32 24 259 131 338 1482 370 6 8 1375 464 15,936 2529 10 546 381 1735 3616 5 8325

Note: Total population includes servicemen (while ethnic breakdowns do not include them) as well as unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship

Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province 

335

Population

32,471,242 2 353 2 6 912 68 92 2 127 632 9 24 7 55 32,368,083 55 2 61,690 4 52 4 23 1 1813 35 2

Ethnic group

Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba

2000 Male

867 7

67 318 5 8 3 33 16,751,349 10 2 31,152 1 1 1 7

2 375 15 39

120

16,800,758

Female

30,538 3 51 3 16 1 946 28 2

15,670,484 2 233 2 4 537 53 53 2 60 314 4 16 4 22 15,616,734 45 22 373 187 85 6 1 280 30 26 9 121 35,618,454 214 12 59,709 29 108 1 277 6 663 136

35,712,101 4 183

Population

2010

144 2 316 14

194 21 11 4 78 18,290,925 34 4 30,210 13 9

7 134 58 43 3

96

18,338,760

Male

Table B.26  Shanxi’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Female

15 239 129 42 3 1 86 9 15 5 43 17,327,529 180 8 29,499 16 99 1 133 4 347 122

17,373,341 4 87

336  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province

2 109 1 4 156 2 42 678 116 1301 566 1 43 79 88 775 3 534

1544 236 2362 1084 3 120 152 202 2473 8 2084

3399 9 17 2

1160

47 9 7198

92 101 13,665 8 2805 8 9446 35 57 9 1 11 159 8 8 251 20 94 866 120 1061 518 2 77 73 114 1698 5 1550

45 92 6467 8 1645 8 6047 26 40 7 1 9 50 7 4 95 18 52

521 159 11,741 21 2205 3 5070 28 42 88 3 3 286 5 43 171 30 1 1 1047 200 2936 670 3 427 158 325 2867 7 2007 494 98 1858 414 1 117 93 164 1426 3 830

266 23 6314 16 1124 2 2707 12 17 40 2 1 214 2 26 117 15 1 1 553 102 1078 256 2 310 65 161 1441 4 1177

255 136 5427 5 1081 1 2363 16 25 48 1 2 72 3 17 54 15

Note: Total population includes servicemen (while ethnic breakdowns do not include them) as well as unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship

Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province 

337

Population

82,348,296 26 7335 16 138 8215 6642 73 11 51 1940 60 18 101 520 78,229,697 1104 14 109,960 38 79 48 94 14 3137 512 5

Ethnic group

Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba

2000 42,561,620 11 3441 8 22 4063 2956 38 1 22 959 40 10 47 273 40,472,128 290 5 55,504 20 10 4 45 5 1555 59 1

Male 39,786,676 15 3894 8 116 4152 3686 35 10 29 981 20 8 54 247 37,757,569 814 9 54,456 18 69 44 49 9 1582 453 4

Female 80,417,528 54 9449 43 164 8756 7652 124 24 47 2376 191 30 100 1235 75,509,724 1566 84 104,544 264 173 54 1882 74 1548 521 8

Population

2010 40,827,834 17 4683 33 46 4292 3380 57 8 20 1142 135 15 42 630 38,343,974 469 38 52,797 126 51 12 927 41 787 104 2

Male

Table B.27  Sichuan’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses

39,589,694 37 4766 10 118 4464 4272 67 16 27 1234 56 15 58 605 37,165,750 1097 46 51,747 138 122 42 955 33 761 417 6

Female

338  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province

316 18,674 13,849 36 147,526 113 42,316 116 8725 57 8 166 300,757 48 108 232 257 58 7 1,269,120 646 41,246 2158 3 1475 216 742 2,122,389 4 6905 170 96 362 1,089,245 1 3671

111 9294 7064 15 77,078 40 19,719 64 4448 19 4 61 153,012 21 68 154 121 31 4 631,389 350 22,358 1076

205 9380 6785 21 70,448 73 22,597 52 4277 38 4 105 147,745 27 40 78 136 27 3 637,731 296 18,888 1082 3 1305 120 380 1,033,144 3 3234

1688 21,082 15,920 88 164,642 26 36,646 225 10,149 312 18 137 296,931 57 223 447 1178 23 15 1,496,524 1333 59,231 1945 17 1334 381 1795 2,643,953 48 10,050

744 10,381 8355 43 84,997 7 18,350 110 5098 113 9 55 149,730 27 122 265 537 4 6 747,138 639 31,106 994 8 343 187 770 1,348,832 26 4781

944 10,701 7565 45 79,645 19 18,296 115 5051 199 9 82 147,201 30 101 182 641 19 9 749,386 694 28,125 951 9 991 194 1025 1,295,121 22 5269

Note: Total population includes servicemen (while ethnic breakdowns do not include them) as well as unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship

Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province 

339

94 1 5 217 8 157 7 214 29 35 14 36 4,885,974 7 4 84,999

184 1 8 507 24 353

16 521 51 84 34 63 9,581,775 20 9 172,357 1 6 4 34 13 11,041 7 4 19 6 5030 2 2

4

5,016,375

9,848,731

Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba

Male

Population

Ethnic group

2000

9 307 22 49 20 27 4,695,801 13 5 87,358 1 2 4 15 7 6011 5 2

3 290 16 196

90

4,832,356

Female

3 912 121 130 29 374 12,607,276 190 28 177,734 32 29 7 476 41 18,247 44

12,938,693 9 686 10 21 839 184 629

Population

2010

2 454 95 59 15 260 6,739,522 81 16 88,336 14 14 1 212 17 9303 27

6,907,091 7 374 8 18 437 100 300

Male

Table B.28  Tianjin’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses

1 458 26 71 14 114 5,867,754 109 12 89,398 18 15 6 264 24 8944 17

6,031,602 2 312 2 3 402 84 329

Female

340  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province

25 8 28,548 7 767 4616 20 16 3 4 10 22 25 47 15 15 5 600 86 2097 618 3 21 169 135 357 1256

54 10 56,548 40 1582

11,331 47 29 3 10 1 20 60 32 78 36 30 12 1271 159 3677 974 7 42 343 345 780

4055

2799

6 1 10 38 7 31 21 15 7 671 73 1580 356 4 21 174 210 423

6715 27 13

29 2 28,000 33 815

564 63 83,624 49 3751 8 20,328 116 81 41 38 16 180 119 122 263 291 11 4 1775 350 7052 2170 19 209 536 785 1825 39 6123

304 33 43,293 14 2354 6 9817 59 45 25 16 15 114 52 85 147 166 9 2 911 199 4059 970 8 133 282 408 1217 20 2608

260 30 40,331 35 1397 2 10,511 57 36 16 22 1 66 67 37 116 125 2 2 864 151 2993 1200 11 76 254 377 608 19 3515

Note: Total population includes servicemen (while ethnic breakdowns do not include them) as well as unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship

Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province 

341

6683

7 22 13 1353

8

51 19 2691

25 98,589 19

32 158,570 24 1 9031

3 34 91

505 22 7 192 10 2

722 24 16 437 14 3 1 6 66 111

Male 1,325,371

Population

2,616,329

Ethnic group

Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba

2000 Female

29 6 1338

1

7 59,981 5 1 2348

217 2 9 245 4 1 1 3 32 20

1,290,958

Male

8263 2 1 1182 1338 18 3 1696

1 2143 2678 26 4 3489

1 15 151,158 16

2 27 245,263 23 12,630 5

19 100 523

247 11 1 61 17 3

1,542,652

37 179 757

395 15 4 81 35 5

3,002,165

Population

2010

Table B.29  Tibet’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses Female

961 1340 8 1 1793

4367 3

1 12 94,105 7

18 79 234

148 4 3 20 18 2

1,459,513

342  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province

1 9 88 246 4255 341 5 603 209 10 15 9 157 2 4 1,208,765 212 215 394 1 4 20 199 3 106

3 17 153

389 8481 690 5 1223 408

15 20 20 228 6

4

2,427,168 335 303 701 1 7

26 287 3 192 86

6 88

3

1,218,403 123 88 307

5 5 11 71 4

620 199

143 4226 349

2 8 65

2,716,388 1068 451 205 4 43 6 137 396 4 173

16 94 3 255 8 14

26 25 718 1 416 9663 307 2 1133 492

1,368,355 634 321 138 2 30 3 85 293 2 128

11 59 1 163 8 8

16 10 391 1 292 4876 187 2 557 242

1,348,033 434 130 67 2 13 3 52 103 2 45

6

5 35 2 92

576 250

124 4787 120

10 15 327

Note: Total population includes servicemen (while ethnic breakdowns do not include them) as well as unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship

Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province 

343

9,552,181 1 216 311 3 555 23 2813 9 26 560 29,153 37 18 70 3,972,142 25 6 431,196 4 15 631,268 80,687 745 13 20

18,459,511 2 409 571 9 977 59 5541 14 51 946 55,841 72 41 110 7,489,919 62 22 839,837 12 27

1,245,023 158,775 1463 28 33

Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba

Male

Population

Ethnic group

2000

613,755 78,088 718 15 13

8,907,330 1 193 260 6 422 36 2728 5 25 386 26,688 35 23 40 3,517,777 37 16 408,641 8 12

Female 21,815,815 5 407 568 23 797 121 5536 3 11 753 61,613 26 44 260 8,829,994 190 33 983,015 69 33 3 1,418,278 180,472 1128 73 4

Population

2010 11,270,147 3 216 342 11 516 42 2851 1 5 501 32,781 11 15 166 4,674,383 79 20 506,076 40 13 3 725,515 91,506 558 41 2

Male

Table B.30  Xinjiang’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses

692,763 88,966 570 32 2

10,545,668 2 191 226 12 281 79 2685 2 6 252 28,832 15 29 94 4,155,611 111 13 476,939 29 20

Female

344  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province

115 34 19,493 9 7006 11 149,857 29 73 18 14 10 284 8935 3762 166 301 39,493 4501 6153 2837 15,787 8,345,622 12,096 68 34,566 723 1593 302 5642

64 13 9910 3 3749 7 74,450 19 34 8 9 6 162 4206 1965 91 153 20,170 2360 3124 1525 8495 4,243,646 6371 32 17,416 369 892 153 2780

51 21 9583 6 3257 4 75,407 10 39 10 5 4 122 4729 1797 75 148 19,323 2141 3029 1312 7292 4,101,976 5725 36 17,150 354 701 149 2862

418 104 18,707 28 7626 4 156,280 77 89 58 12 12 317 8489 3728 167 90 47,261 3242 8316 3455 17,850 10,001,302 10,114 142 34,399 942 2954 391 5646

233 53 9786 21 4288 1 79,063 50 43 31 8 5 162 4067 1998 105 68 24,000 1757 4346 1777 9811 5,064,182 5444 60 17,416 534 1756 198 3113

185 51 8921 7 3338 3 77,217 27 46 27 4 7 155 4422 1730 62 22 23,261 1485 3970 1678 8039 4,937,120 4670 82 16,983 408 1198 193 2533

Note: Total population includes servicemen (while ethnic breakdowns do not include them) as well as unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship

Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province 

345

Population

42,360,089 33,519 1,505,644 7 90,388 54,695 1,142,139 152 17,804 5884 3498 179 16 91 2835 28,201,274 1,424,990 13 643,238 508 130,212 20,685 199 42 1693 447,631 5

Ethnic group

Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba

2000 22,194,343 17,083 763,316 5 47,279 29,667 573,780 84 8994 2934 2169 135 7 48 1637 14,894,380 749,084 7 326,023 196 64,712 10,549 91 26 884 233,563 4

Male 20,165,746 16,436 742,328 2 43,109 25,028 568,359 68 8810 2950 1329 44 9 43 1198 13,306,894 675,906 6 317,215 312 65,500 10,136 108 16 809 214,068 1

Female 45,966,766 38,059 1,564,901 49 116,573 58,790 1,222,836 294 20,186 6353 4389 181 23 131 3461 30,617,580 1,629,508 42 698,265 878 142,956 22,759 896 34 1343 475,011 7

Population

2010 23,856,696 19,017 786,370 36 60,117 31,341 609,021 135 9889 3096 2505 123 10 66 2018 16,017,198 851,064 24 351,169 351 69,718 11,611 456 18 698 244,774 5

Male

Table B.31  Yunnan’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses

22,110,070 19,042 778,531 13 56,456 27,449 613,815 159 10,297 3257 1884 58 13 65 1443 14,600,382 778,444 18 347,096 527 73,238 11,148 440 16 645 230,237 2

Female

346  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province

1426 609,768 12,187 99 1,043,535 7 28,110 244 295,464 27,738 6 32,923 506 32 55 499 12,533 17 12 128,432 3157 3907 1161 6 383,023 130 190,610 4,705,658 10 1,144,021

759 316,149 6537 57 547,298 2 14,549 150 148,805 14,467 4 16,838 380 10 28 290 6742 10 8 64,352 1712 2498 815 2 199,783 65 100,176 2,423,233 7 598,142

667 293,619 5650 42 496,237 5 13,561 94 146,659 13,271 2 16,085 126 22 27 209 5791 7 4 64,080 1445 1409 346 4 183,240 65 90,434 2,282,425 3 545,879

3231 668,336 13,490 154 1,202,705 18 22,624 304 309,858 31,821 11 42,043 552 26 265 848 8834 7 10 142,257 5632 5963 1282 11 400,814 158 219,914 5,041,210 8 1,215,260

1622 340,729 7161 93 621,721 3 12,104 164 154,835 16,240 3 21,055 323 8 150 552 4789 3 6 71,239 2988 3694 773 6 204,648 69 113,812 2,576,570 4 628,603

1609 327,607 6329 61 580,984 15 10,520 140 155,023 15,581 8 20,988 229 18 115 296 4045 4 4 71,018 2644 2269 509 5 196,166 89 106,102 2,464,640 4 586,657

Note: Total population includes servicemen (while ethnic breakdowns do not include them) as well as unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship

Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province 

347

23,581,512 5 920 4 9726 77 21 4 9524 28 8 44 1269 23,383,689 94 5 10,500 20 5 1 6 17 881 17 2

45,930,651 25 2659

74 21,457 540 69

14 17,906 55 21 79 2179 45,535,266 883 17 19,609 51 43 5 19 37 1767 306 4

Total Achang Bai Baonan Blang Buyi Dai Daur Deang Derung Dong Dongxiang Ewenki Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhe Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazak Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba

Male

Population

Ethnic group

2000

10 8382 27 13 35 910 22,151,577 789 12 9109 31 38 4 13 20 886 289 2

70 11,731 463 48

22,349,139 20 1739

Female 54,426,891 93 11,685 17 300 125,838 5973 204 43 26 88,106 322 40 88 17,785 53,212,194 4300 48 38,192 148 444 21 695 279 6496 1661 1

Population

2010 27,965,641 44 5981 10 107 67,119 2883 93 20 7 48,560 202 17 50 9777 27,320,326 1754 20 20,732 87 183 8 311 178 3288 431 1

Male

Table B.32  Zhejiang’s populations reported by the 2000 and 2010 national population censuses

26,461,250 49 5704 7 193 58,719 3090 111 23 19 39,546 120 23 38 8008 25,891,868 2546 28 17,460 61 261 13 384 101 3208 1230

Female

348  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province

1640 454 5089 178 53,418 8 3604 786 553 75 2 20 168 21 45 170,993 1421 7 3 1084 941 55,310 785 8 274 71 1928 6344 2 18,998

780 17 2447 60 26,882 3 1368 380 63 17 2 3 77 5 24 88,990 459 3 1 456 480 31,194 537 6 44 26 808 2427 1 5263 17 91 16 21 82,003 962 4 2 628 461 24,116 248 2 230 45 1120 3917 1 13,735

860 437 2642 118 26,536 5 2236 406 490 58

9391 1514 11,271 1199 309,064 21 6872 2792 634 109 21 47 1482 40 424 166,276 11,815 3368 9 2850 4709 227,012 5377 86 2987 200 10,710 49,243 14 72,820 1274 2539 123,951 2460 45 1368 105 5688 26,212 7 35,324

4759 598 5705 639 167,566 9 3452 1432 161 40 9 21 797 16 253 85,601 6181 1880

4632 916 5566 560 141,498 12 3420 1360 473 69 12 26 685 24 171 80,675 5634 1488 9 1576 2170 103,061 2917 41 1619 95 5022 23,031 7 37,496

Note: Total population includes servicemen (while ethnic breakdowns do not include them) as well as unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship

Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Naxi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uygur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang

  Appendix B: China’s Ethnic Populations by Province 

349

Appendix C: China’s Ethnic Minority Autonomous Areas: General Background

© The Author(s) 2020 R. Guo, China Ethnic Statistical Yearbook 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49024-9

351

National total Hebei Inner Mongolia Liaoning Jilin Heilongjiang Zhejiang Hubei Hunan Guangdong Guangxi Hainan Chongqing Sichuan

3

14

3

1 1

1 1

14

1

9

12

30

1

38

77

3

7

2 1

6

11

6 103 8 11 1 1 10 15 3 111 6 4 51

78

711

8 3 1 1 2 7 3 12 6 4 4

6 3

120

323.17 318.56 23.53 17.10 460.64 498.82 52.96 4926.00 176.36 277.23 790.78

213.93 2533.98

19,141.30

176.11 109.86 5.15 2.02 261.53 416.53 20.49 2204.51 91.16 206.22 498.42

136.39 561.64

9774.64

54.49 34.49 21.87 11.81 56.78 83.50 38.70 44.75 51.69 74.39 63.03

63.75 22.16

51.07

Ethnic minority population Number as Total of percentage population regions to total in minority Cities at Number of Provinces population Ethnic areas county at regions at Cities at and in minority minority county Autonomous (10,000 autonomous prefecture prefecture Autonomous level population areas (%) level counties (Qi) persons) (unit) prefecture level (unit) level regions

352  Appendix C: China’s Ethnic Minority Autonomous Areas…

3 8 7 2 6 5 14

5 4

6

5

2 6

3 8

46 78 74 21 35 22 105 2 3 2 24

5 12

6

7 7

11 29

1834.05 2415.82 343.82 376.52 382.91 688.11 2487.00

1102.95 1422.29 309.60 236.03 258.72 257.29 1497.72

60.14 58.87 90.05 62.69 67.57 37.39 60.22

Notes: Ethnic minority autonomous areas refer to the areas of 5 ethnic minority autonomous regions, 30 ethnic minority autonomous prefectures and 120 ethnic minority autonomous counties. Data on the administrative divisions of the ethnic minority autonomous areas, shown below, are tabulated and prepared in accordance with A Concise Book of the Administrative Divisions of the People’s Republic of China (in Chinese) (edited by the Ministry of Civil Affairs (MCA) of the People’s Republic of China and published by SinoMaps Press, Beijing, China, 2019)

Guizhou Yunnan Tibet Gansu Qinghai Ningxia Xinjiang

  Appendix C: China’s Ethnic Minority Autonomous Areas… 

353

Appendix D: China’s Ethnic Minority Autonomous Areas: Principal Statistical Indicators

© The Author(s) 2020 R. Guo, China Ethnic Statistical Yearbook 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49024-9

355

Population and employment population (10,000 persons) Population at year-end Ethnic minority population Employment Persons employed in various units (0000 persons) Macro economy Gross regional product (100 million yuan) Primary industry Secondary industry Tertiary industry Per capita gross regional product (yuan) Government finance (100 million yuan) Public Budgetary Revenue Public Budgetary Expenditure Industry Agriculture Cultivated area (10,000 hectares)

Item

595

1508

304.4

1763

2022 2834 2629 4451

1629 1747 1526 3055

248

7486

4901

166.7

1733

1672

1543

2086

1173

476

7767

7232

6880

2000

16,044 16,818

1995

15,296

1990

Aggregate data

2033

3050

1026

3300 6419 5987 8991

15,706

1202

8239

17,311

2005

2380

10,512

3257

6198 18,809 13,982 22,060

38,989

1297

8814

18,531

2010

2793

25,655

7262

10,737 28,152 33,157 39,622

72,046

1580

9680

18,943

2017

2854

28,025

7575

11,274 30,036 36,412 42,437

77,722

1787

9775

19,141

2018

161.9

9206.7

4544.2

115.8

142.1

125.1

1990

189.2

4709.3

3053.2

340.3 1829.9 1110.7 1389.2

1072.3

106.8

135.2

119.3

1995

136.8

2389.4

1592.9

259.0 1086.8 690.7 953.4

695.3

103.1

125.9

113.8

2000

Indices (2018 as percentage)

Indices and growth rates (%)

140.4

918.7

738.1

196.5 521.4 402.4 472.0

399.5

148.6

118.6

110.6

2005

119.9

266.6

232.6

148.7 222.1 215.7 192.4

204.5

137.8

110.9

103.3

2010

102.2

109.2

104.3

105.1 106.0 107.9 107.1

106.8

113.1

101.0

101.0

2017

1.7

17.5

14.6

0.5

1.3

0.8

1991– 2018

2.8

18.2

16.0

5.5 13.5 11.0 12.1

10.9

0.3

1.3

0.8

1996– 2018

1.8

19.3

16.6

5.4 14.2 11.3 13.3

11.4

0.2

1.3

0.7

2001– 2018

Average growth rate

264

5618

11,906 13,076

7240

6.9 191

208

5286

11,362

5668

7.4 94

5.0 175

8201

5566

353

146

95

47

3200

2537

6381

936

838

2000

5801

764

Irrigated areas (10,000 hectares) Gross output value of agriculture, forestry, animal Husbandry and fishery (100 million yuan) Output of major farm products Grain output (10,000 tons) Cotton output (10,000 tons) Oil-bearing crops output (10,000 tons) Number of large domestic animals (year-end) (10,000 heads) Goats and sheep (10,000 units) Hogs (year-end) (10,000 heads) Industry Output of major industrial products Cloth (100 million m) Machine-made paper and paperboard (10,000 tons)

1995

5373

1990

Item

Aggregate data

3.5 273

8526

16,391

6153

372

188

7187

5349

1027

2005

3.6 385

8141

14,885

6068

422

248

8308

10,374

1156

2010

3.9 470

8312

16,751

5182

576

457

10,118

18,888

1378

2017

6.1 446

7026

16,144

5135

533

511

10,362

19,709

1394

2018

81.8 474.1

124.0

142.1

97.1

256.1

1088.0

192.9

4404.6

182.4

1990

87.7 233.3

97.1

135.6

91.4

201.8

540.5

178.6

315.9

166.3

1995

120.8 254.3

85.7

123.5

92.3

150.8

349.7

162.4

240.7

148.9

2000

Indices (2018 as percentage)

Indices and growth rates (%)

172.9 163.5

82.4

98.5

83.5

143.2

272.1

144.2

176.6

135.6

2005

166.6 115.8

86.3

108.5

84.6

126.1

205.8

124.7

112.2

120.5

2010

156.0 94.9

84.5

96.4

99.1

92.5

111.9

102.4

105.3

101.1

2017

−0.7 5.7

0.8

1.3

−0.1

3.4

8.9

2.4

14.5

2.2

1991– 2018

1.1 5.3

−0.9

1.2

−0.4

2.3

7.2

2.7

5.0

2.2

2001– 2018

(continued)

−0.6 3.8

−0.1

1.3

−0.4

3.1

7.6

2.6

5.1

2.2

1996– 2018

Average growth rate

240

1.7 1610 1187

700

555 4296

1.70

33

223

1.2 1265 739

368

417 1958

1.31

29

Refined sugar (10,000 tons) Coal (100 million tons) Crude oil (10,000 tons) Electricity (100 million kwh) Crude steel (10,000 tons) Pig iron (10,000 tons) Cement (10,000 tons) Construction Number of employed persons (10,000 persons) Gross output value of construction (100 million yuan) Floor space of buildings under construction (10,000 sq.m) Floor space of buildings completed (10,000 sq.m) Transportation, postal and telecommunication services Length of railways in operation (10,000 km) Highways (10,000 km)

1995

1990

Aggregate data

Item

(continued)

1656

15,964

8072

754

9232

5326

42

59

1.69

142

132

1.43

2087 10,156

1846

3.8 2833 3052

678

2005

725 5703

647

1.5 2292 1712

498

2000

91

2.12

15,418

35,052

5203

194

4447 21,653

4005

10.4 3059 6730

907

2010

124

3.16

20,119

57,713

11,097

272

5371 36,507

5659

12.2 2889 15,764

1208

2017

126

3.17

18,710

54,985

12,037

276

5929 35,195

5822

13.3 2944 19,249

1287

2018

429.7

1421.9 1797.7

1580.9

1099.4 232.7 2605.5

578.1

1990

380.0

1068.9 819.3

832.2

801.4 182.8 1622.4

537.3

1995

297.9

222.0

351.3

595.6

1595.8

210.0

818.0 617.1

899.8

909.7 128.4 1124.1

258.3

2000

Indices (2018 as percentage)

Indices and growth rates (%)

214.0

187.5

231.8

344.4

726.9

195.0

284.1 346.5

315.4

350.1 103.9 630.7

189.8

2005

138.4

149.2

121.4

156.9

231.3

142.3

133.3 162.5

145.4

128.0 96.2 286.0

141.9

2010

102.1

100.2

93.0

95.3

108.5

101.8

110.4 96.4

102.9

108.7 101.9 122.1

106.5

2017

5.3

9.9 10.9

10.4

8.9 3.1 12.3

6.5

1991– 2018

6.0

10.9 9.6

9.7

9.5 2.7 12.9

7.6

1996– 2018

6.3

4.5

7.2

10.4

16.6

4.2

12.4 10.6

13.0

13.1 1.4 14.4

5.4

2001– 2018

Average growth rate

78

107

9

88

Business volume of postal and telecommunication Services (100 million yuan) Total length of postal routes and rural delivery routes (10,000 km) Foreign trade Total value of imports and exports (100 million USD) Exports Imports International tourism Number of international tourists (10,000 person-times) Foreign exchange earnings from international Tourism (100 million USD) Finance Deposits of national banking system (100 million yuan) Loans of national banking system (100 million yuan)

1995

1990

Item

Aggregate data

110

467

13

16,324

11,300

269

8

7906

6548

892

2005

110

297

2000

30,579

46,622

30

820

127

2456

2010

4308 3679

3924 3181

91,256

113,907

88

95,135

118,138

95

2210

7956

7099

1936

203

5841

2018

244

2382

2017

230.7

1990

190.1

1995

1452.9

1494.3

1261.7

821.5

185.4

1967.4

2000

Indices (2018 as percentage)

Indices and growth rates (%)

841.9

723.7

744.1

473.2

185.1

655.0

2005

311.1

253.4

317.5

269.5

160.3

237.8

2010

104.3

103.7

108.8

114.1

109.8 115.7

112.1

83.3

245.2

2017

3.0

26.2

1991– 2018

16.0

16.2

15.1

12.4

3.5

18.0

2001– 2018

(continued)

2.8

20.6

1996– 2018

Average growth rate

Education, culture and public health education Total enrollment (10,000 persons) Regular institutions of higher education Regular secondary schools Regular primary schools Full-time teachers (10,000 persons) Regular institutions of higher education Regular secondary schools Regular primary schools Culture Publications Books (10,000 volumes) Number of magazines issued (10,000 volumes) Newspapers (10,000 copies)

Item

(continued)

1889

3.7

41.5

85.8

42,275 42,310

7881

94,985 123,277

1853

2.8

41.5

84.8

30,166

7866

79,120

8332

89.9

47.9

3.6

1886

873

632

610

34.2

2000

18.6

1995

13.6

1990

Aggregate data

169,518

10,280

41,958

88.1

61.1

6.3

1668

1082

100.0

2005

174,848

8276

43,099

90.7

67.4

9.5

1536

1050

161.9

2010

172,137

9886

68,020

91.0

76.3

11.9

1539

1031

223.4

2017

170,706

9298

71,371

94.7

78.2

12.2

1573

1072

231.1

2018

215.8

118.2

236.6

111.6

188.4

434.8

84.9

175.9

1699.2

1990

179.7

118.0

168.8

110.3

188.6

329.0

83.2

169.7

1242.4

1995

138.5

111.6

168.7

105.3

163.3

334.5

83.4

122.8

675.7

2000

Indices (2018 as percentage)

Indices and growth rates (%)

100.7

90.4

170.1

107.5

128.0

193.2

94.3

99.1

231.1

2005

97.6

112.3

165.6

104.3

116.0

128.6

102.4

102.1

142.8

2010

99.2

94.0

104.9

104.0

102.5

102.4

102.2

104.0

103.4

2017

2.8

0.6

3.1

0.4

2.3

5.4

−0.6

2.0

10.6

1991– 2018

2.6

0.7

2.3

0.4

2.8

5.3

−0.8

2.3

11.6

1996– 2018

1.8

0.6

2.9

0.3

2.8

6.9

−1.0

1.1

11.2

2001– 2018

Average growth rate

1.23

35.7

33.2

1995

1.06

1990

36.1

1.25

2000

38.4

1.18

2005

99.0

35.5

1639.5

27.3

1907.4

5.33

2017

55.7

1.20

2010

1366

34.7

104.8

5.45

2018

315.7

515.5

1990

293.5

442.1

1995

290.1

436.4

2000

Indices (2018 as percentage)

Indices and growth rates (%)

272.6

460.2

2005

71.6

127.2

188.0

455.8

2010

83.3

97.9

105.9

102.3

2017

4.2

6.0

1991– 2018

4.8

6.7

1996– 2018

6.1

8.5

2001– 2018

Average growth rate

Notes: Data on the social and economic development in ethnic minority autonomous areas, shown below, are collected from the surveys conducted by areas. A statistical reporting form system on the economic and social development in the ethnic minority autonomous areas has been established jointly by the State Ethnic Affairs Commission (SEAC) and the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and implemented by the provincial and local ethnic affairs commissions and statistical bureaus. The reporting form system covers all units under the jurisdiction of the 5 ethnic minority autonomous regions, 30 autonomous prefectures and 120 autonomous counties. In addition, data on the public health are provided by the Ministry of Health (MOH)

Public health Number of hospitals (10,000 units) Number of beds in health care institutions (10,000 beds) Social services Beds on social welfare institutions (10,000 beds) Number of persons receiving minimum living allowance in urban and rural areas (10,000 persons)

Item

Aggregate data

Appendix E: China’s Spatial (Dis) integration as a Multiethnic Paradox3

Abstract Using China’s interprovincial panel data, this paper shows that the negative effect of distance-related transactions costs on trade tends to rise from 2000 to 2010. After constructing China’s 56 ethnic groups into a single, interprovincial similarity index, we cannot find any evidence that supports the view that ethnic links should serve as a factor promoting bilateral trade. However, our estimated coefficients on 37 major ethnic groups show that both positive and negative ethnic influences on trade exist in China. Specifically, 14 ethnic groups (Lahu, Qiang, Jingpo, Tu, Mongol, Manchu, Hui, Zhuang, Dongxiang, Daur, Kirgiz, She, Maonan, and Tibetan) are found to contribute to China’s interprovincial trade, while five ethnic groups (Han, Va, Kazak, Dai, and Blang) tend to retard China’s interprovincial trade and the remaining ethnic groups do not have any influences. Keywords  Trade; Spatial (dis)integration; Interprovincial relation; Ethnic linkage; Province; China

© The Author(s) 2020 R. Guo, China Ethnic Statistical Yearbook 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49024-9

363

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Appendix E: China’s Spatial (Dis)integration as a Multiethnic…

Introduction The first decade of the twenty-first century was unusual to China. Promoted by its entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) on December 11, 2001, China’s economic growth has significantly driven by its remarkable performance in foreign trade. WTO data shows that China’s exports and imports enjoyed an average annual growth rate of 18% and 16% from 2000 to 2010, respectively, much higher than the average annual growth rate of the global trade volume in the same period, which was only 3%.4 In 2000, for example, China was the 7th leading exporter and 8th largest importer of merchandise trade. Since 2001, China has steadily increased its share of global manufactured exports. Notwithstanding the global reductions in trade, which resulted from the US financial crisis in 2008, China replaced Germany as the world’s largest exporting nation in 2009. In 2010, China continued to be the leading merchandise exporter (US$1.58 trillion, or 10.4 percent of world exports), followed by the United States (8.4 percent of world exports), Germany (8.3 percent of world exports), and Japan (5.1 percent of world exports).5 When looking inside China, however, one can only find less encouraging news. For example, compared with its surging foreign trade as mentioned above, which has increased by more than four (for exports) or three (for imports) times from 2000 to 2010, China’s domestic trade has only achieved a growth of 86.26% during the same period (see Table E.1). This means that China’s domestic trade—both intra-provincial and interprovincial—has only had an average annual growth rate of about 6 percent from 2000 to 2010. Frankly speaking, this may not have been treated as a low figure in many other countries during that period of time. However, compared with its 16–18 percent of annual foreign trade growth rate and 10 percent of annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate from 2000 to 2010, China’s domestic trade performance can only but be labeled as “poor”. Even worse news comes from China’s interprovincial trade performance. China’s official statistics on interprovincial trade (in terms of freight exchange via national railways) are puzzling. For example, except for China’s two peripheral territories (i.e., Hainan and Tibet) whose data

365

  Appendix E: China’s Spatial (Dis)integration as a Multiethnic… 

Table E.1  Changes of China’s domestic and interprovincial trade from 2000 to 2010 Domestic trade (thousand tons) Provincial economy Anhui Beijing Chongqing Fujian Gansu Guangdong Guangxi Guizhou Hainan Hebei Heilongjiang Henan Hubei Hunan Inner Mongolia Jiangsu Jiangxi Jilin Liaoning Ningxia Qinghai Shaanxi Shandong Shanghai Shanxi Sichuan Tianjin Tibet Xinjiang Yunnan Zhejiang All

2000

2010

Change (%)

6087 2612 1613 2475 3236 4521 2815 3585 311 11,399 12,701 9655 3937 4668 9171 4076 2959 5630 12,520 1782 647 3280 10,585 1054 28,469 5516 2004

12,092 1571 2197 3704 6186 7505 6109 7991 542 16,481 16,888 13,374 5698 5783 37,698 6372 5376 7674 18,118 4414 3096 8836 18,285 959 60,812 7389 7240 30 6775 5209 3806 308,210

98.65 −39.85 36.21 49.66 91.16 66.00 117.02 122.90 74.28 44.58 32.97 38.52 44.73 23.89 311.06 56.33 81.68 36.31 44.71 147.70 378.52 169.39 72.74 −9.01 113.61 33.96 261.28 NA 102.06 80.74 97.30 86.26

3353 2882 1929 165,472

Ratio of interprovincial trade (%) 2000

2010

Change (%)

56.84 72.21 56.79 46.22 52.10 74.70 67.10 69.29 NA 60.61 54.47 78.92 62.81 65.62 69.55 63.67 57.92 60.55 34.03 73.12 81.14 65.95 52.24 89.56 91.96 46.79 81.64

47.93 95.23 65.95 53.48 61.27 79.72 75.82 82.98 10.89 56.09 49.19 71.53 66.57 61.27 77.00 85.75 51.95 69.53 29.94 86.45 61.66 69.09 62.67 93.53 92.76 51.59 54.46 100.00 74.05 67.92 41.59 69.06

−8.91 23.02 9.16 7.26 9.17 5.02 8.72 13.69 NA −4.52 −5.28 −7.39 3.75 −4.35 7.46 22.08 −5.97 8.98 −4.09 13.33 −19.48 3.15 10.43 3.97 0.80 4.80 −27.18 NA 0.39 8.41 −20.51 5.39

73.67 59.51 62.10 65.53

Notes: (1) “Trade” only includes freight exchange via national railways. (2) NA = data are not available Source: Calculated by the author based on China Association of Communications and Transportation and the National Development and Reform Commission of the PRC

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Appendix E: China’s Spatial (Dis)integration as a Multiethnic…

are not available in 2000, the proportions of interprovincial trade to total domestic trade have risen in only 17 provincial economies (i.e., Beijing, Jiangsu, Guizhou, Ningxia, Shandong, Gansu, Chongqing, Jilin, Guangxi, Yunnan, Inner Mongolia, Fujian, Guangdong, Sichuan, Shanghai, Hubei, and Shaanxi) from 2000 to 2010. By way of contrast, the proportions for the remaining provincial economies have either decreased (i.e., in Tianjin, Zhejiang, Qinghai, Anhui, Henan, Jiangxi, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Hunan, and Liaoning) or been kept almost unchanged (i.e., in Shanxi and Xinjiang) during the same period (see Table E.1 for more details).6 Indeed, the above phenomenon is unusual, especially after the following facts are taken into account: 1. Since the 1990s, there has been a significant improvement of transport infrastructures (including, inter alia, the completion of various expressways and high-speed railways across the nation) in China; 2. Since 1999, the “Western Regional Development Policy” has been implemented by the Chinese central government in order speed up the development of the western and central provinces by encouraging the economic cooperation between the East-West provinces; and 3. Since 2008, and as a result of the global reductions in trade, which resulted from the US financial crisis, the Chinese government has made various efforts in order to stimulate China’s domestic consumption. Then, what are the driving forces behind the dynamic patterns of China’s domestic trade and how to explain its interprovincial trade puzzle?

Analytical Framework Literature Review Past studies of the determinants of spatial economic interdependence seem controversial, or at least incomplete. According to the HeckscherOhlin theorem, if the two factors of production are capital and labor,

  Appendix E: China’s Spatial (Dis)integration as a Multiethnic… 

367

countries with dissimilar levels of per capita income (or, more precisely, dissimilar capital/labor ratios) will trade more than countries with similar levels.7 However, a number of empirical results indicate that the inclusion of income level as a determinant of trade contradicts the assumptions of traditional Heckscher-Ohlin theory.8 In order to fill up this gap, economists have put forward new theories that base international trade on, among others, economies of scale, market imperfections, and crossnational differences in technology.9 However, past studies have raised more questions than they have answered. For example, the effects of geographical proximity on trade have not been shown to fall over time. Rather, these effects have been shown to strengthen over time for 1950–1988 and 1965–1992.10 Similarly, Rauch provides no evidence that, as a result of technological innovation, declining distance-related transactions costs should have led to increased trade flows.11 One possibility is that these analyses exclude important explanatory variables, thereby biasing the estimates.12 To clarify related issues, it is necessary to isolate the influences of all distancerelated variables on trade. In particular, the inclusion of some relevant cultural variables might allow us to gain a better understanding of the black box containing the distance-related transactions costs that affect spatial economic activities. China has officially identified, except other unknown ethnic groups and foreigners with Chinese citizenship, 56 ethnic groups. Although the majority of China’s population is of the Han nationality (which accounts for more than 90% of China’s total population), the non-Han ethnic groups have a population of more than 100 million. Thanks to the easing migration policy that has been implemented since the 1980s, China’s interprovincial labor flows have increased dramatically. It is noteworthy that these flows have also been conducted by people coming from the inland, ethnic-minority, areas and moving into the coastal, Han-majority areas. Consequently, China’s interprovincial ethnic networks have been enhanced. As of 2010 when the Sixth National Population Census of the PRC was conducted, each of China’s 31 provinces has become home to almost all ethnic groups. How have these growing ethnic networks contributed to (or impeded) China’s interprovincial economic cooperation and integration?

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Appendix E: China’s Spatial (Dis)integration as a Multiethnic…

There is a widely held view that easily observable impediments, such as transportation costs, do not adequately capture transactions costs in international trade. Trade is also reduced by hidden transaction costs associated with unobserved trade barriers.13 In addition, some studies use international panel data and find that cultural distance or dissimilarity— as proxied by, among other things, the ethnic/linguistic and religious differences across national populations—is a robust determinant of the volume of international trade.14 Since the 1990s, numerous quantitative studies have examined the role that cultural factors play in international trade.15 These studies used linguistic or/and religious links as one or more explanatory variables. The estimated results suggest that countries which are similar to one another have been more likely to trade with each other in the postwar period. In other words, there is evidence of cultural barriers to trade. Indeed, trade and economic cooperation may be affected by cultural dissimilarities, as it is easier and more efficient for people with the same cultural identity (ethnicity, language, religion, or any other cultural element) to trust and communicate each other than for those with different cultural identities. In this paper, our particular interest is to test how ethnic differences have influenced China’s interprovincial trade and economic cooperation. Even though language is an effective tool of communication and that religion can provide insights into the characteristics of a culture, we would rather select ethnicity as the explanatory variable. The rationale is that most, if not all, of China’s ethnic groups are identified in terms of either linguistic or religious traditions. Another reason lies in the fact that, in China, it is more difficult, if not impossible, to collect interprovincial panel data on linguistic and religious groups than those on ethnic groups. The gravity model is most commonly used by international and regional economists to study trade. The classic early application of the model was by Linnemann, who continued work first reported in Tinbergen and then in Pöyhönen.16 Generally, a gravity model assumes that the volume of trade between any two economies will be directly proportional to the product of their economic masses (measured by GDP or GNP) and inversely proportional to the distance between them. Per capita incomes (measured by product of per capita GDPs or GNPs) have become a standard covariate in the gravity models.17

  Appendix E: China’s Spatial (Dis)integration as a Multiethnic… 

369

The Model In this paper, our particular interest is to test how various ethnic groups have influenced China’s interprovincial trade and economic cooperation. Recent gravity equations, compared to the earlier ones, have included multilateral trade resistance (MTR) terms.18 The MTR terms arise because in a general equilibrium model, trade flows between any two provinces not only depend on trade costs between the two provinces under consideration, but also on trade costs between all other trading pairs. However, in this paper, we intend to simplify the MTR terms. The rationale is that China’s domestic MTR terms, if they do exist, are much weaker than international ones. To this end, we only add country fixed effects to the gravity models. As noted by Adam and Cobham, these effects can be thought of theoretically as approximations to MTR terms.19 The basic form of the gravity model to be used in our empirical analysis of interprovincial trade is as the following:20 ln ( TRADE ij ) = α 0 + α1 ln ( GDPi GDPj ) + α 2 lnDISTANCE ij

+ α 3 ADJACENTij + α 4 ln ( GDPPCi GDPPC j ) (E.1) + α 5 PD + β ETHNIC56ij

In Eq. (E.1), ‘ln’ represents natural logarithm; TRADEij, measured in thousand tons, is the total freight exchange between provinces i and j. GDPiGDPj is the product of GDP (in Chinese currency) of the ith and jth provinces. DISTANCEij represents the distance between the geographical centers of gravity of the ith and jth provinces (in kilometers).21 ADJACENTij is a dummy variable, which takes the values of ‘1’ for provinces i and j to have a common border and of “0” otherwise. GDPPCiGDPPCj is the product of GDP per capita (in Chinese currency) of the ith and jth provinces. PD denotes a province dummy, which takes the values of “1” for provinces to be either a mountain-dominated or an island province (Chongqing, Guizhou, Hainan, Qinghai, Sichuan, Tibet, or Yunnan—we include these provinces since they have China’s most complicated geographical conditions and therefore have the most difficulties in transportation) and of “0” otherwise.

370 

Appendix E: China’s Spatial (Dis)integration as a Multiethnic…

ETHNIC56ij represents the extent to which the ith and jth provinces are ethnically linked each other (details about the measurement will be discussed in Eq. (E.6) in section “The Data”). Note that since ETHNIC56 is a comprehensive index for all of China’s 56 ethnic groups, it can only be used to derive a general pattern of correlation between interprovincial trade and ethnic linkage. If one wants to examine the role that each ethnic group plays, the gravity model can be now written as the following: ln ( TRADE ij ) = α 0 + α1 ln ( GDPi GDPj ) + α 2 lnDISTANCE ij

+ α 3 ADJACENTij + α 4 ln ( GDPPCi GDPPC j ) 37

(E.2)

k =1



+ α 5 PD + ∑β ETHNICijk

In Eq. (E.2), ETHNICijk represents the extent to which the kth ethnic group is linked between the ith and jth provinces (details about the measurement will be discussed in Eq. (E.5) in section “The Data”). Only 37 ethnic groups—each with a population of less than 100,000 persons (see Annex for more detailed information)—are included in this equation. Theoretically, cultural dissimilarity can result in both social transactions costs (a factor directly impeding trade) and ‘economic complementarity’ (an important factor directly facilitating trade) simultaneously. As a result, the relationship between trade and cultural similarity may follow a non-linear pattern.22 Our interest now goes to the clarification of specific cultural groups which may have different types of influences on trade with provinces differing in income levels. To go further, this paper employ a new explanatory variable: ln(GDPPCiGDPPCj)ETHNIC56ij. Consequently, a modified form of gravity model is written as: ln ( TRADE ij ) = α 0 + α1 ln ( GDPi GDPj ) + α 2 lnDISTANCE ij

+ α 3 ADJACENTij + α 4 ln ( GDPPCi GDPPC j ) 37

ETHNIC56ij + α 5 PD + ∑β k ETHNICijk k =1

(E.3)

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371

In Eq. (E.3), ethnicity variable is now entered into the gravity model linearly and also as a product with the natural log of per capita GDPs. Thus, the effect of an ethnic group on interprovincial trade is now allowed to exist separately and to depend on the income levels of trading partners, measured by the natural log of their per capita GDPs. As a matter of fact, since ETHNIC56ij can be written as Ethnicij1+Ethnicij2+ …+ Ethnicijk +…+Ethnicij56, the non-linear effects of some, if not all ethnic variables on interprovincial trade may be derived from Eq. (E.3). Specifically, as for the kth ethnic group (k = 1, 2, …, 37), if the estimated coefficients on Ethnicijk (that is, βk) and on ln(GDPPCiGDPPCj) ETHNIC56ij (that is, α4) have different signs (such as α4  0; or α4 > 0 and βk  0 ( withα 4 0and β k 0; ∗

k



or α 4 > 0and β k < 0 ) .

(E.4)

As for the case of α4  0: 1. If ln(GDPPCiGDPPCj)k is smaller than ln(GDPPCiGDPPCj)*k, the kth ethnic group has a positive effect on the trade between the ith and jth provinces; 2. If ln(GDPPCiGDPPCj)k is larger than ln(GDPPCiGDPPCj)*k, the kth ethnic group has a negative effect on the trade between the ith and jth provinces.

The Data The major task of this paper is to quantitatively investigate the sources for changes in China’s spatial economic integration over time. Thus, the use of the cross-sectional data from China’ s provincial economies in different years enables that the estimated results are not artifact of any particular

372 

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time period and to allow for changes in coefficients. Generally, a decadelong period is appropriate for this kind of research because analysis for a shorter period would not reflect relevant social and economic changes, while significant changes in transportation and communication technologies would have to be accounted for if a longer one is used. Of course, a longer period is still more helpful if three or more sets of cross-sectional data are available. However, this would increase inevitably the costs in data collection. In this paper, after taking into account data availability, we select two years—2000 and 2010. The data on interprovincial trade are cited from China Communications Yearbooks (2000 and 2010).23 China’s 2000 and 2010 provincial GDP and per capita GDP data are from China Statistical Yearbooks. Unlike those of many Western democratic economies, China’s provincial capitals usually are also the economic centers of their respective provinces. To this end, the following terms are used to express China’s interprovincial geographical proximity: “distance between capitals” and “interprovincial adjacency”. “Distance between capitals” is represented by the distance (in kilometers) between two provinces’ capitals via national railway. The data on “distance between capitals” are calculated by the author based on the data released by the Ministry of Railways of the PRC). In this paper, a comprehensive method is used to construct interprovincial ethnic linkages. Suppose that there are k ethnic groups in both provinces i and j. If the ith and jth provinces’ population shares for the kth ethnic group are expressed by xk (it ranges between 0 and 1) and yk (it ranges between 0 and 1), respectively, the kth ethnic group’s linkage index between provinces i and j can be measured by the following formula:

ETHNICijk = min ( xk ,yk ) , where xk Î ( 0,1) and yk Î ( 0,1) .



(E.5)

In Eq. (E.5), min (•) denotes the minimization of the variables within parentheses. The data on the population shares (xk and yk) are calculated by the author based on the data released by the Fifth and Sixth National Population Census of the PRC (conducted at 0:00 a.m. on November 1 of 2000 and 2010, respectively).

  Appendix E: China’s Spatial (Dis)integration as a Multiethnic… 

373

Since there are 56 ethnic groups in China, the overall ethnic linkage between provinces i and j can be measured by the following formula: ETHNIC56ij = ETHNICij1 + ETHNICij 2 + …+ ETHNICij 56 56



= ∑ min ( xk ,yk ) k =1

(E.6)

In Eq. (E.6), min (•) denotes the minimization of the variables within parentheses. For all k, xk∈(0, 1), yk∈(0, 1), and ∑xk  =  ∑yk  =  1. Consequently, ETHNIC56ij ranges between 0 and 1. In the extreme cases, when ETHNIC56ij = 1, provinces i and j have a common ethnic structure (i.e., for all k, xk = yk); when ETHNIC56ij = 0, the two provinces do not have any ethnic linkage with each other (i.e., for all k, xk (or yk) = 0). In other words, greater values of ETHNIC56ij indicate greater degrees of ethnic linkages between the two provinces.24 A brief statistical description of selected variables included in Eqs. (E.1), (E.2) and (E.3) is given in Table E.2a (for 2000) and Table E.2b (for 2010). The largest numbers of observations (i.e., interprovincial samples) are 465 for both 2000 and 2010. However, because the data on interprovincial trade are unavailable for the two provinces of Hainan and Tibet (including 59 province pairs) from 2000 as well as for 13 province pairs (i.e., Beijing-Hainan, Guizhou-Tibet, Hainan-Heilongjiang, Hainan-Jilin, Hainan-Liaoning, Hainan-Ningxia, Hainan-Shanghai, Hainan-Tianjin, Hainan-Tibet, Hainan-Xinjiang, Jilin-Tibet, NingxiaTibet, and Tibet-Yunnan) from 2010, the total numbers of observations that can be actually used for our regressions are reduced to 406 (i.e., 465−59  =  406) for 2000 and 452 (i.e., 465−13  =  452) for 2010 accordingly.

The Estimation Results The gravity models constructed in section “Analytical Framework” can be tested by using the data described in section “The Data”. We first run Eq. (E.1) by using both the data of 2000 and 2010 (the estimated results are

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Table E.2a  Descriptive statistics for the data on selected variables, 2000 Variable

N

Minimum

Maximum

Mean

SD

ln(TRADEij) ln(GDPiGDPj) ln(GDPPCiGDPPCj) ln(DISTANCEij) ETHNIC56ij k = 1. Bai k = 2. Blang k = 3. Buyi k = 4. Dai k = 5. Daur k = 6. Dong k = 7. Dongxiang k = 8. Gelao k = 9. Han k = 10. Hani k = 11. Hui k = 12. Jingpo k = 13. Kazak k = 14. Kirgiz k = 15. Korean k = 16. Lahu k = 17. Li k = 18. Lisu k = 19. Manchu k = 20. Maonan k = 21. Miao k = 22. Mongol k = 23. Mulao k = 24. Naxi k = 25. Qiang k = 26. Salar k = 27. She k = 28. Shui k = 29. Tibetan k = 30. Tu k = 31. Tujia k = 32. Uygur k = 33. Va k = 34. Xibe k = 35. Yao k = 36. Yi k = 37. Zhuang

406 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465

2.99573 5.73532 16.19674 4.91998 0.06160 0.00001 0.00000 0.00001 0.00000 0.00000 0.00001 0.00000 0.00000 0.06061 0.00000 0.00025 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00002 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00006 0.00000 0.00004 0.00008 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00002 0.00000 0.00003 0.00002 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00002 0.00005

11.59910 13.62832 20.00507 8.75037 0.99930 0.00532 0.00001 0.00129 0.00008 0.00120 0.01331 0.00303 0.00009 0.99682 0.00003 0.15621 0.00001 0.00012 0.00004 0.01072 0.00002 0.00159 0.00023 0.03705 0.00089 0.03037 0.01789 0.00081 0.00047 0.00004 0.00047 0.00372 0.00035 0.22530 0.00121 0.04172 0.00027 0.00005 0.00187 0.01114 0.02577 0.02701

6.84499 10.70744 17.70224 7.47203 0.75563 0.00004 0.00000 0.00005 0.00000 0.00001 0.00011 0.00001 0.00001 0.74690 0.00001 0.00371 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00013 0.00000 0.00001 0.00000 0.00118 0.00000 0.00069 0.00064 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00004 0.00001 0.00074 0.00002 0.00066 0.00004 0.00000 0.00001 0.00009 0.00022 0.00025

1.36932 1.43231 0.69716 0.64053 0.24827 0.00028 0.00000 0.00008 0.00001 0.00006 0.00077 0.00015 0.00001 0.25065 0.00001 0.00904 0.00000 0.00001 0.00000 0.00064 0.00000 0.00007 0.00001 0.00443 0.00004 0.00280 0.00164 0.00004 0.00002 0.00000 0.00003 0.00024 0.00003 0.01057 0.00006 0.00438 0.00002 0.00000 0.00009 0.00064 0.00196 0.00142

Notes: N = number of observations; and SD = standard deviation. Definitions of the variables shown in this Table E.are given in section “The Model”

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Table E.2b  Descriptive statistics for the data on selected variables, 2010 Variable

N

Minimum

Maximum

Mean

SD

ln(TRADEij) ln(GDPiGDPj) ln(GDPPCiGDPPCj) ln(DISTANCEij) ETHNIC56ij k = 1. Bai k = 2. Blang k = 3. Buyi k = 4. Dai k = 5. Daur k = 6. Dong k = 7. Dongxiang k = 8. Gelao k = 9. Han k = 10. Hani k = 11. Hui k = 12. Jingpo k = 13. Kazak k = 14. Kirgiz k = 15. Korean k = 16. Lahu k = 17. Li k = 18. Lisu k = 19. Manchu k = 20. Maonan k = 21. Miao k = 22. Mongol k = 23. Mulao k = 24. Naxi k = 25. Qiang k = 26. Salar k = 27. She k = 28. Shui k = 29. Tibetan k = 30. Tu k = 31. Tujia k = 32. Uygur k = 33. Va k = 34. Xibe k = 35. Yao k = 36. Yi k = 37. Zhuang

452 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465 465

2.30259 8.83243 19.15152 4.91998 0.08280 0.00000 0.00000 0.00001 0.00000 0.00000 0.00001 0.00000 0.00000 0.08176 0.00000 0.00020 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00001 0.00000 0.00001 0.00000 0.00011 0.00000 0.00005 0.00005 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00002 0.00000 0.00006 0.00001 0.00000 0.00000 0.00001 0.00002 0.00005

12.62984 16.76316 22.40275 8.75037 0.99870 0.00526 0.00016 0.00231 0.00011 0.00105 0.01301 0.00282 0.00033 0.99660 0.00014 0.14827 0.00002 0.00071 0.00089 0.00856 0.00003 0.00396 0.00026 0.03156 0.00080 0.03136 0.01774 0.00073 0.00038 0.00005 0.00053 0.00306 0.00029 0.24438 0.00120 0.04210 0.00036 0.00006 0.00158 0.01086 0.03288 0.02644

6.95446 13.75672 20.60043 7.47203 0.75979 0.00005 0.00000 0.00007 0.00001 0.00001 0.00013 0.00002 0.00001 0.75070 0.00001 0.00356 0.00000 0.00002 0.00000 0.00013 0.00000 0.00003 0.00001 0.00111 0.00000 0.00088 0.00056 0.00001 0.00000 0.00001 0.00001 0.00004 0.00001 0.00080 0.00003 0.00079 0.00004 0.00001 0.00001 0.00011 0.00027 0.00031

1.76181 1.38476 0.62203 0.64053 0.24414 0.00027 0.00001 0.00016 0.00002 0.00005 0.00076 0.00015 0.00003 0.24660 0.00001 0.00865 0.00000 0.00004 0.00004 0.00058 0.00000 0.00018 0.00001 0.00378 0.00004 0.00296 0.00157 0.00003 0.00002 0.00001 0.00003 0.00021 0.00003 0.01149 0.00007 0.00438 0.00003 0.00001 0.00008 0.00064 0.00220 0.00141

Notes: N = number of observations; and SD = standard deviation. Definitions of the variables shown in this Table E.are given in section “The Model”

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Table E.3  Basic regressions—56 ethnic groups as a single variable, 2000 and 2010 Explanatory variable

Coefficient in 2000

Coefficient in 2010

Constant ln(GDPiGDPj) ln(GDPPCiGDPPCj) ln(DISTANCEij) ADJACENTij ETHNIC56ij PD Coefficient of correlation (R2) Standard error of regression F-statistic Sig. of regression Number of observations

14.461a (1.462) 0.647a (0.046) −0.253a (0.072) −1.212a (0.097) 0.504a (0.149) −1.560a (0.324) −0.350a (0.099) 0.644 0.823 120.556 0.000 405

29.057a (2.447) 0.759a (0.063) −1.041a (0.108) −1.377a (0.127) 0.579a (0.196) −1.393a (0.367) −0.521a (0.134) 0.586 1.141 104.786 0.000 451

Notes: Dependent variable is the natural log of interprovincial trade. Figures within parentheses are standard errors. “a” denotes statistically significant at greater than the 1% level

shown in the second and third columns of Table E.3, respectively) and the pooled data (the estimated results are shown in Table E.4 in which the year-fixed effects on trade are also included in regression shown in the third column). Early comparative studies, using the international panel data of China and East Asia, show that geographical influence on international trade was reduced from the 1980s to 1990s.25 One of the major driving forces contributing to this tendency might be technological advance in transportation and communications. Intuitively, wide application of E-commerce and the declining of distance-related transactions costs have increasingly contributed to the growth of international trade. However, in this paper, the negative effect of “distance” on interprovincial trade is found to rise from 2000 to 2010. Obviously, this doesn’t reflect China’s improvement of transport infrastructures; neither does it conform to the general pattern of international trade. The main cause of China’s interprovincial trade barriers may be the market-segmenting behavior that the Chinese provinces carry on in order to maintain social stability and maximize fiscal incomes.26 Undoubtedly, our finding shows a sign of China’s spatial economic disintegration during the first decade of the twenty-first century.

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Table E.4  Regressions based on pooled data—56 ethnic groups as a single variable Explanatory variable

Coefficient (excl. year-fixed effects)

Coefficient (incl. year-fixed effects)

Constant ln(GDPiGDPj) ln(GDPPCiGDPPCj) ln(DISTANCEij) ln(DISTANCEij) in 2010 ADJACENTij ADJACENTij in 2010 ETHNIC56ij ETHNIC56ij in 2010 PD Coefficient of correlation (R2) Standard error of regression F-statistic Sig. of regression Number of observations

30.733a (1.840) 0.865a (0.047) −1.131a (0.081) −1.486a (0.095) – 0.429a (0.148) – −1.694a (0.274) – −0.587a (0.102) 0.598 1.229 225.620 0.000 856

30.764a (1.839) 0.862a (0.047) −1.129a (0.081) −1.450a (0.097) −0.064b (0.031) 0.466a (0.190) −0.065 (0.236) −1.939a (0.313) 0.487c (0.298) −0.587a (0.101) 0.600 1.228 151.267 0.000 856

Notes: Dependent variable is the natural log of interprovincial trade. Figures within parentheses are standard errors. “a”, “b” and “c” denotes statistically significant at greater than the 1%, 5% and 10% levels, respectively

The estimated coefficients on “ADJACENT”, which are statistically significant, slightly increase from 2000 to 2010 (see Table E.3). However, the year-fixed effect derived from the regression based on the pooled data (see the third column of Table E.4) does not show any statistical significance for this kind of increase. The estimated coefficients on “ETHNIC56” are statistically significant for 2000 and 2010. However, they are negative, suggesting that the interprovincial links of 56 ethnic groups as a whole have only but impeded China’s interprovincial economic activities. Obviously, this provides no evidence that supports the widely recognizable view that ethnic linkage index tends to encourage trade between provinces that are multi-ethnically linked. In fact, since the partial correlation between the natural log of TRADE and the ETHNIC56 scores yields an inverted-U shape curve for 2010 (see Fig. E.1), the above estimated coefficients on ETHNIC56 may be misleading (at least for 2010).

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Fig. E.1 Partial correlations between trade and ethnic linkage, 2000 and 2010. (Sources: Table E.5 for the estimated coefficients (2010) and Annex for ethnic population)

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379

Let us now run Eq. (E.2) constructed in section “Analytical Framework”. In China’s Fifth National Population Census conducted in November 2000, only permanent populations were counted (whereas in 2010, those who had stayed at their current residences for six months or longer were also counted). This could affect the final estimated coefficients in 2000 (remember that the “floating” populations may sometimes play more important roles in interprovincial marketing and trade than permanent residents). To this end, we will not use the pooled data of 2000 and 2010; instead, we will only run regressions based on the data of 2000 and 2010, respectively. The estimated results shown in Table E.5 are derived by excluding the variables whose VIFs (variance inflation factors) exceed 10 (a value that is often regarded as indicating multicollinearity). These results, compared with those shown in Tables E.3 and E.4, can help us to better explain the diverse ethnic influences on interprovincial trade: Table E.5  The estimated coefficients on the ethnic variables defined in Eq. (E.2) 2000

2010

Explanatory variable

Coefficient

Standard error

Coefficient

Standard error

1. Bai 2. Blang 3. Buyi 4. Dai 5. Daur 6. Dong 7. Dongxiang 8. Gelao 9. Han 10. Hani 11. Hui 12. Jingpo 13. Kazak 14. Kirgiz 15. Korean 16. Lahu 17. Li 18. Lisu 19. Manchu 20. Maonan 21. Miao

−114,466.708 −1989.870c −17,883.500 1432.134b 48.212 1284.739a 27,798.940a −1.350a −24,297.300b 10.359b 245,643.800a −9719.600 −17,486.600 −44.290 1913.425 −25,132.900a 8126.747 52.555a 2042.121c 2.001

83,123.810 1044.715 14,948.590 656.009 69.223 488.076 9578.905 0.319 11,902.110 4.765 75,461.210 11,494.670 19,645.340 70.080 34,644.910 9002.619 6308.788 11.183 1088.550 23.957

−192.637 −36,909.300b 767.807 −16,349.312a 2586.816a 68.102 1515.314a −4593.947 −1.421a −1843.340 13.374b 60,181.957a −10,010.414a 5896.574b −91.085 69,627.249a −249.689 7117.415 48.142a 4115.362b −7.926

341.756 17,153.46 753.124 5046.068 951.629 91.598 433.379 4339.398 0.359 8839.561 6.508 33,170.5 3264.211 2606.726 103.646 27,110.080 262.76 7282.878 17.541 1693.773 34.356 (continued)

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Table E.5 (continued) 2000 Explanatory variable 22. Mongol 23. Mulao 24. Naxi 25. Qiang 26. Salar 27. She 28. Shui 29. Tibetan 30. Tu 30. Tujia 31. Uygur 32. Va 33. Xibe 34. Yao 35. Yi 36. Zhuang Coefficient of correlation (R2) Standard error of regression F-statistic Sig. of regression Number of observations

2010

Coefficient

Standard error

Coefficient

Standard error

35.200

26.217

132.086a

36.313

4665.429

16,645.120

−2385.250 35,288.611a

8354.333 12,540.510

58.482

152.286

45.738 −415.235 −8.852 1081.944 12,915.170 −65.376 21.566 9.209 45.252 0.745

35.168 1047.778 11.024 2407.569 13,274.480 411.421 75.760 36.782 33.230

452.580c −4178.755 9.441b 3469.553c −8.700 1386.841 −42,682.902a −194.667 80.423 −4.697 98.107b 0.645

245.120 2932.771 4.825 2133.557 14.283 1977.202 11,427.990 660.486 101.235 40.519 42.746

0.725

1.095

29.877 0.000

20.337 0.000

405

451

Notes: Only the coefficients on ethnic variables are included in this table. The ethnic variables whose variance inflation factors (VIFs) are larger than 10 are omitted from regressions. “a”, “b” and “c” denote statistically significant at greater than the 1%, 5% and 10% levels, respectively

• As for 2000, seven ethnic groups (Jingpo, Gelao, Manchu, Hui, Dongxiang, Daur, and Maonan) have positive effects; four ethnic groups (Han, Li, Hani, and Buyi) have negative effects on interprovincial trade; and 26 ethnic variables (Bai, Blang, Dai, Dong, Kazak, Kirgiz, Korean, Lahu, Lisu, Miao, Mongol, Mulao, Naxi, Qiang, Salar, She, Shui, Tibetan, Tu, Tujia, Uygur, Va, Xibe, Yao, Yi, and Zhuang) are not found to have any significant influences on trade.

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• As for 2010, 14 ethnic groups (Lahu, Qiang, Jingpo, Tu, Mongol, Manchu, Hui, Zhuang, Dongxiang, Daur, Kirgiz, She, Maonan, and Tibetan) have positive effects on interprovincial trade; five ethnic groups (Han, Va, Kazak, Dai, and Blang) have negative effects; and 18 ethnic variables (Bai, Buyi, Dong, Gelao, Hani, Korean, Li, Lisu, Miao, Mulao, Naxi, Salar, Shui, Tujia, Uygur, Xibe, Yao, and Yi) are not found to have any significant influences on trade. Remember that there is a negative relationship between China’s interprovincial ethnic links and trade, which can be witnessed by the negative coefficients on ETHNIC56 in Tables E.3 and E.4. Then why there are fewer ethnic groups with negative influences on interprovincial trade than those with positive influences? This may plausibly stem from the very fact that the Han majority whose estimated coefficients are negative for both 2000 and 2010 (see Table E.5) has a much larger weight than any other ethnic minorities. Using the estimated coefficients reported in Table E.5, one may calculate each ethnic group’s contribution to interprovincial trade (the results are reported in Table E.6). Here take the Hui ethnic group as an example. As shown in Table E.2b, the minimum, maximum and mean values of interprovincial ethnic links—represented by ETHNICij11 in Eq. (E.2)— are 0.00020 (i.e., the one for Jiangxi and Zhejiang), 0.14827 (i.e., the one for Ningxia and Qinghai) and 0.00356, respectively, in 2010. Given that the estimated coefficient on ETHNICij11 is 13.374 (shown in Table E.5), the Hui’s contribution to interprovincial trade in 2010 ranges from 0.268 (that is, exp.(0.00020 × 13.374) × 100–100) percent to 626.423 (that is, exp.(0.14827  ×  13.374)  ×  100–100) percent, with the mean value being 4.876 (that is, exp.(0.00356 × 13.374) × 100–100) percent. It must be noted that the estimated coefficients on some important ethnic minorities—such as Miao, Tibet, Uygur, Xibe, Yao, Yi and Zhuang—are statistically insignificant in either 2000 or 2010 (see Table E.5). Technically, if an ethnic group is not found to exert any significant influences on China’s interprovincial trade, it may have, subject to different economic conditions, both positive and negative effects on the trade of different groups of provinces. In order to test this kind of non-linear

1. Bai 2. Blang 3. Buyi 4. Dai 5. Daur 6. Dong 7. Dongxiang 8. Gelao 9. Han 10. Hani 11. Hui 12. Jingpo 13. Kazak 14. Kirgiz 15. Korean 16. Lahu 17. Li 18. Lisu 19. Manchu 20. Maonan 21. Miao 22. Mongol 23. Mulao 24. Naxi

Ethnic group

−98.996 350.646 3668.286 882,465.122 −73.957 −96.533 364.588 6032.297

−10.000 425.169 412.995

0.085

0.047 6.748 −10.450 −6.241 0.207 0.000

−19.574

0.584 0.027

5.992 0.697

−57.647

2.256 51.102 −63.703 −22.619 3.762 53.249

1.170

−12.583

Maximum value Mean value

−2.057

Minimum value

2000

941.393

737.508

2.019

0.626

626.423 174.133 −99.922 19,224.296

0.268 0.000 −4.219 0.035

356.895 2598.034

−75.736

−10.968

0.535 0.054

7127.996

−83.380 1417.056

−99.734

0.056

−3.191 0.154

0.000

Maximum Minimum value value

2010

Table E.6  Quantifying the ethnic groups’ contributions to interprovincial trade (%)

7.657

5.475 1.410

28.358

4.876 11.025 −22.057 1.813

−65.587

2.666

−18.414 2.123

−2.643

Mean value

382  Appendix E: China’s Spatial (Dis)integration as a Multiethnic…

425.512 298.641 904.629 6409.243

−91.864

1238.236

3.181 0.096 0.015 0.919

−6.882

0.531

3.037

−37.559

0.759 10.314

1.680

28.270

Notes: Figures in each row, which are calculated based on Tables E.2 and E.5, represent percentages by which provinces that are linked by the left-side ethnic group would increase (or decrease if the figures are negative) bilateral trade as opposed to those that are not linked by the same ethnic group. Blank denotes unavailability since either the ethnic variables are omitted from the regressions or the estimated coefficients are statistically insignificant in Table E.5

25. Qiang 26. Salar 27. She 28. Shui 29. Tibetan 30. Tu 30. Tujia 31. Uygur 32. Va 33. Xibe 34. Yao 35. Yi 36. Zhuang

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383

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Appendix E: China’s Spatial (Dis)integration as a Multiethnic…

effects, let us run Eq. (E.3). Since, as mentioned earlier, the quality of 2000s ethnic data is less reliable than that of 2010s, we only test the regression by using 2010s data. Unfortunately, we cannot derive more encouraging results (the estimated coefficients are not reported here). Nevertheless, we do find that some ethnic groups (such as the Hui, the Mancu, the Mongol and the Zhuang) have some non-linear influences on interprovincial trade. Specifically, the above regression yields not only positive coefficients on these ethnic minorities (i.e., βk > 0) but also a negative coefficient (i.e., α4