China at War: Regions of China, 1937-45 9781503626232

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China at War

China at J1lar Regions of China, 1937-1945

EDITED BY STEPHEN R. MACKINNON, DIANA LARY, AND EZRA F. VOGEL

Stanford University Press Stanford, California 2007

Stanford University Press Stanford, California ©2007 by the Board of Trustees of the Le! and Stanford Junior University. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission of Stanford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data China at war : regions of China, 1937-1945 I edited by Stephen R. MacKinnon, Diana Lary, and Ezra F. Vogel p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-o-8047-5509-2 (cloth : alk. paper) I. MacKinnon, Stephen R. 1. Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945· II. Lary, Diana. Ill. Vogel, Ezra F. DS777.s3r3C4s6 940.53'5r-dc22

2007 2007018538

Typeset by Westchester Book Group in ro.yu Dembo

Once we confronted each other in hostility Now we sit together and discuss our academic work Academic battles are so much better than military battles Like the debates at Goose Lake we seek truth through discussion - Yang Tianshi NOTF.:

Goose Lake is a temple in Shanggao, Jiangxi, where, in 1175, Zhu Xi and Lu

Jiuyuan had heated philosophical debates.

Contents

Illustrations

tx

Priface: Regional Patterns in the China War, 1937-1945 xt Ezra F. Vogel

xix

Abbreviations

Introduction: The Context of the War Diana Lary Part One. State Formation: Japan and Guomindang Efforts at Nationwide Coordination r. The Structures and Ideologies of Conquest

17

John W Dower 2.

Occupation State Building 22 Timothy Brook

3· The Koa-in Kubo Toru

44

4· Chiang Kai-shek's Coordination by Personal Directives 65 Chang ]ui-te Part Two.

The Early Occupied Areas

5· Taiwan in Wartime 91 Shao Minglnwng 6. The Penetration of Manzhouguo Rule in Manchuria 110 Tsukase Susumu

vm

Contents

7· The Organization and Grassroots Structure of the Manzhouguo Regime Xie Xueshi 134 8. The Inner Mongolian "United Autonomous Government" Lu Minghui 148 Part Three.

The Later Occupied Areas

9. Food Shortage and Japanese Grain Extraction in Henan

Odoric Y. K. Wou

175

IO.

Labor Conscription in North China: 1941-1945 Ju Zhifen 207

11.

Japan's Exploitative Labor System in Qingdao: 1933-1945 Zhumv; ]ianping 227

Part Four.

Unoccupied or Partially Occupied Areas

12.

Commerce in Wartime: The Jinjiluyu Base Area vVei Hongyun 247

I}.

Occupied Shanghai: The Struggle Between Chinese and Western Medicine Frederic Wakeman, Jr. 265

14. The Guomindang Regions ofJiangxi

Peter Merker

rs.

288

One Province's Experience ofWar: Guangxi, I937-I945 Diana Lary 314 Conclusion: Wartime China Stephen R. MacKinnon 335

Conference Participants Character List Contributors Index

359 363

367

355

Illustrations

A1aps China in the 1930s

xii

Manchuria in the 1930s North China

111

209

Jinjiluyu Base Area Jiangxi Province Guangxi Province

249 290 316

Tables 3.1. Koa-in Personnel by Region

47

3.2. Reports Submitted to the Koa Technology Committee 9.1. Grain Production in Henan, 1936-1946

50

177

10.1. Price Index ofVarious Commodities in Beijing, 210 1936-1940 10.2. Japan's System of Exploiting Labor in North China (After 1942) 214 10.3. Destinations and Numbers of North China Forced Laborers, 1942-August 1945

218

Labor Recruited by the Daito Company and the Manchurian Labor Association 231 II. I.

11.2. Japan's Planned and Fulfilled Quotas for Laborers for Manzhouguo, 1942-1945

238

12.1. Products Exported in 1943

257

x

Illustrations

12.2. Products Imported in 1943

257

12.3. Exports from Taihang Region for 1943 12.4. Price Increases in 1943 14.1. Tungsten Output

259

261

307

14.2. Tin Production in Southern Jiangxi Province 14.3. Imports into Jiangxi Province 14.4. Exports fromJiangxi Province

309 310

308

Priface: Regional Patterns in the China TVar, 1937-1945

T

HE TENSIONS IN EAST ASIA that now seem most dangerous, those between North and South Korea and between mainland China and Taiwan, may well be resolved within the next few decades. The tension in the region that is likely to remain well beyond the next few decades is that between the two great powers, China and Japan. Will the rivalry between these two nations intensify as they compete to acquire oil and other natural resources, sell high-technology products and automobiles, and gain influence in Southeast Asia and elsewhere? Can they make concessions to each other to achieve peace while keeping the support of their own people? Will their search for security lead them to expand their production of weapons, setting off an arms race and conflict over disputed territories? Or will the two countries in the decades ahead contain their rivalry and work together for their common interests as Germany and France did after World War II? How China and Japan deal with each other is inextricably linked to the question of how they look at their most bitter conflict, the China War, 1931-45.* The first conflict between China and Japan, the Sino-Japanese War of I894-95, was fought on the periphery of China on a small scale over a brief period of time. The China War brought the conflict to all major regions of the country over a long period of time and resulted in tens of millions of casualties. During the China War, death and destruction were on a scale beyond anything the Chinese had ever experienced, not only from the fighting itself but also from the dislocations of people, of transport routes, and of sources oflivelihood. The war divided families and communities. It created splits between people who cooperated more with the Japanese, those who cooperated

* In this volume we refer to the conflict between China and Japan as the China War or the War of Resistance. This volume focuses on the period 1937-45. Other scholars also refer to the conflict as the Anti-Japanese War, the Great War, the Asian War, or the Sino-Japanese War.

xu

Preface

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